Split (2)

train · 307k rows

id stringlengths 15 20	title stringlengths 1 116	document stringlengths 629 523k	question stringlengths 15 100	long_answers list	short_answers list
-5464903725080048981	Agra	Agra - Wikipedia Agra This article is about the municipality in Uttar Pradesh India . For its namesake district , see Agra district . For other uses , see Agra ( disambiguation ) . City in Uttar Pradesh , India Agra City Taj Mahal in Agra Nickname ( s ) : Akbarabad ; The Taj City Agra Agra Show map of Uttar Pradesh Show map of India Show all Coordinates : 27 ° 11 ′ N 78 ° 01 ′ E / 27.18 ° N 78.02 ° E / 27.18 ; 78.02 Coordinates : 27 ° 11 ′ N 78 ° 01 ′ E / 27.18 ° N 78.02 ° E / 27.18 ; 78.02 Country India State Uttar Pradesh Division Agra District Agra Government Type Municipal Corporation Body Agra Municipal Corporation Mayor Naveen Jain ( BJP ) Divisional Commissioner Anil Kumar , IAS Deputy Inspector General Love Kumar , IPS District Magistrate and Collector Ravi Kumar N.G. , IAS Senior Superintendent of Police Amit Pathak , IPS Elevation 171 m ( 561 ft ) Population ( 2011 ) City 1,585,704 Rank 24th Metro 1,760,285 Languages , Official Hindi , English Time zone UTC + 5 : 30 ( IST ) Telephone code 0562 Vehicle registration UP - 80 Sex ratio 0.868 ♂ / ♀ Literacy 71.58 % Website Official District Website Agra ( / ˈɑːɡrə / ( listen ) ) is a city on the banks of the river Yamuna in the northern state of Uttar Pradesh , India . It is 378 kilometres ( 235 mi ) west of the state capital , Lucknow , 206 kilometres ( 128 mi ) south of the national capital New Delhi , 58 kilometres ( 31 mi ) south of Mathura and 125 kilometres ( 78 mi ) north of Gwalior . Agra is one of the most populous cities in Uttar Pradesh , and the 24th most populous in India . Agra is a major tourist destination because of its many Mughal - era buildings , most notably the Tāj Mahal , Agra Fort and Fatehpūr Sikrī , all of which are UNESCO World Heritage Sites . Agra is included on the Golden Triangle tourist circuit , along with Delhi and Jaipur ; and the Uttar Pradesh Heritage Arc , tourist circuit of UP state , along Lucknow and Varanasi . Agra falls within the Braj cultural region . The city was first mentioned in the epic Mahābhārata , where it was called Agrevaṇa ( derived from Sanskrit ( अग्रेवण ) meaning `` the border of the forest '' ) . However , the 11th - century Persian poet Mas'ūd Sa 'd Salmān writes of a desperate assault on the fortress of Agra , then held by the Shāhī King Jayapala , by Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni . It was mentioned for the first time in 1080 AD when a Ghaznavide force captured it . Sultan Sikandar Lodī ( 1488 -- 1517 ) was the first to move his capital from Delhi to Agra in 1506 . He governed the country from here and Agra assumed the importance of the second capital . He died in 1517 and his son , Ibrāhīm Lodī , remained in power there for nine more years and several palaces , wells and a mosque were built by him in the fort during his period , finally being defeated at the Battle of Panipat in 1526 . Between 1540 and 1556 , Afghans , beginning with Sher Shah Suri ruled the area . It was the capital of the Mughal Empire from 1556 to 1648 . Contents 1 Climate 2 Population 2.1 Demographics 2.2 Religion 3 History 3.1 Origins 3.2 Mughal era 3.3 Later periods 3.4 Legacies 4 Administration and politics 4.1 Administration 4.1. 1 General administration 4.1. 2 Police administration 4.1. 3 Infrastructure and civic administration 4.2 Politics 5 Transport 5.1 Air 5.2 Rail 5.2. 1 Railway stations 5.2. 2 Agra - Delhi Semi-High Speed Train -- Gatimaan Express 5.3 Road 5.4 Local transport 5.5 City low floor buses 5.6 E-rickshaw and Ola Cabs 5.7 Agra Metro Rail Transport 6 Monumental Mughal legacy 6.1 Tāj Mahal 6.2 Agra Fort 6.3 Fatehpur Sikri 6.4 I'timād - Ud - Daulah 6.5 Akbar 's Tomb , Sikandra 6.6 Jamā Masjid 6.7 Chīnī kā Rauza 6.8 Ram Bagh ( Aaram Bāgh ) 6.9 Mariam 's Tomb 6.10 Mehtāb Bāgh 6.11 Keetham Lake 6.12 Mughal Heritage Walk 7 Other places of interest 7.1 Mankameshwar Temple 7.2 Indrabhan Girls ' Inter College 7.3 Gurudwara Guru ka Taal 7.4 The Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception 7.5 Paliwal Park ( Hewitt Park ) 7.6 Soamibagh Samadhi 8 Economy 9 Development 10 Education 10.1 Universities and colleges 11 Media 11.1 Radio stations 12 Fairs and festivals 12.1 Taj Mahotsav 12.2 Ram Barat 12.3 Taj Literature Festival 12.4 Kailash Fair 12.5 Gangaur Fair 12.6 Taj Municipal Museum in Paliwal Park Agra 12.7 Balloon Festival 13 Notable individuals 14 Sister cities 15 See also 16 References 17 Further reading 18 External links Climate ( edit ) Main article : Climate of Agra Agra features a semiarid climate that borders on a humid subtropical climate . The city features mild winters , hot and dry summers and a monsoon season . However the monsoons , though substantial in Agra , are not quite as heavy as the monsoon in other parts of India . This is a primary factor in Agra featuring a semiarid climate as opposed to a humid subtropical climate . hide Climate data for Agra , India Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 33.0 ( 91.4 ) 35.6 ( 96.1 ) 42.8 ( 109 ) 46.5 ( 115.7 ) 48.6 ( 119.5 ) 48.5 ( 119.3 ) 46.5 ( 115.7 ) 43.0 ( 109.4 ) 41.4 ( 106.5 ) 41.1 ( 106 ) 36.1 ( 97 ) 31.0 ( 87.8 ) 48.6 ( 119.5 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 22.3 ( 72.1 ) 25.2 ( 77.4 ) 32.0 ( 89.6 ) 38.5 ( 101.3 ) 41.6 ( 106.9 ) 40.7 ( 105.3 ) 35.2 ( 95.4 ) 33.7 ( 92.7 ) 34.4 ( 93.9 ) 34.3 ( 93.7 ) 29.7 ( 85.5 ) 24.0 ( 75.2 ) 32.6 ( 90.7 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 15.1 ( 59.2 ) 17.8 ( 64 ) 24.0 ( 75.2 ) 30.5 ( 86.9 ) 34.0 ( 93.2 ) 34.6 ( 94.3 ) 31.1 ( 88 ) 29.6 ( 85.3 ) 29.4 ( 84.9 ) 27.0 ( 80.6 ) 21.7 ( 71.1 ) 16.6 ( 61.9 ) 26.0 ( 78.8 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 8.0 ( 46.4 ) 10.4 ( 50.7 ) 15.9 ( 60.6 ) 22.3 ( 72.1 ) 26.4 ( 79.5 ) 28.5 ( 83.3 ) 26.8 ( 80.2 ) 25.8 ( 78.4 ) 24.4 ( 75.9 ) 19.9 ( 67.8 ) 13.7 ( 56.7 ) 9.1 ( 48.4 ) 19.3 ( 66.7 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) − 2.2 ( 28 ) − 1.7 ( 28.9 ) 5.6 ( 42.1 ) 10.0 ( 50 ) 14.0 ( 57.2 ) 12.0 ( 53.6 ) 14.5 ( 58.1 ) 12.0 ( 53.6 ) 13.0 ( 55.4 ) 9.4 ( 48.9 ) 2.8 ( 37 ) − 0.6 ( 30.9 ) − 2.2 ( 28 ) Average rainfall mm ( inches ) 13.2 ( 0.52 ) 17.6 ( 0.693 ) 9.3 ( 0.366 ) 6.3 ( 0.248 ) 11.3 ( 0.445 ) 55.7 ( 2.193 ) 203.3 ( 8.004 ) 243.2 ( 9.575 ) 129.7 ( 5.106 ) 24.8 ( 0.976 ) 4.3 ( 0.169 ) 6.1 ( 0.24 ) 724.8 ( 28.535 ) Average rainy days ( ≥ 1.0 mm ) 1.6 1.5 1.6 2.0 4.7 13.6 13.7 6.5 1.5 0.6 0.8 49.2 Average relative humidity ( % ) 64 55 45 35 34 46 72 77 67 54 56 64 56 Source # 1 : NOAA ( 1971 -- 1990 ) , World Meteorological Organization ( precipitation 1901 -- 2000 ) Source # 2 : India Meteorological Department ( records ) Population ( edit ) Demographics ( edit ) See also : List of cities in Uttar Pradesh As of 2011 India census , Agra city has a population of 1,585,704 , while the population of Agra cantonment is 53,053 . The urban agglomeration of Agra has a population of 1,760,285 . Males constitute 53 % of the population and females 47 % . Agra city has an average literacy rate of 75 % , above the national average of 74 % . Literacy rate of males is considerably higher than that of women . The sex ratio in the city was 875 females per thousand males while child sex ratio stood at 857 . Agra district literacy rate is 62.56 % . According to the 2011 census , Agra district has a population of 4,380,793 , roughly equal to the nation of Moldova or the US state of Kentucky . This gives it a ranking of 41st in India ( out of a total of 640 ) . The district has a population density of 1,084 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 2,810 / sq mi ) . 52.5 % of Agra 's population is in the 15 -- 59 years age category . Around 11 % of the population is under 6 years of age . Religions in Agra Religion Percent Hindus 80.68 % Muslims 15.37 % Not Stated 1.66 % Jains 1.04 % Sikh 0.62 % Christian 0.42 % Buddhist 0.19 % Others 0.02 % Distribution of religions Religion ( edit ) Hindus are 88.8 % while Muslims are 9.3 % of the population in Agra district . Hinduism , Islam and Jainism are the major religions in Agra city with 80.7 % , 15.4 % viz. 1.0 % of the population adhering to them ; others are 1.5 % . The Catholic minority is served by its own Metropolitan Archdiocese of Agra . History ( edit ) Origins ( edit ) It is generally accepted that Agra was both an ancient city from the times of the Mahabharata ( see above ) and yet nevertheless Sultan Sikandar Lodī , the Muslim ruler of the Delhi Sultanate , founded Agra in the year 1504 . After the Sultan 's death , the city passed on to his son , Sultan Ibrāhīm Lodī . He ruled his Sultanate from Agra until he fell fighting to Mughal Badshah Bābar in the First battle of Panipat fought in 1526 . Mughal era ( edit ) The Red fort , Agra , c. 1820 The golden age of the city began with the Mughals . It was known then as Akbarabād and remained the capital of the Mughal Empire under the Badshahs Akbar , Jahāngīr and Shāh Jahān . Akbar made it the eponymous seat of one of his original twelve subahs ( imperial top - level provinces ) , bordering ( Old ) Delhi , Awadh ( Oudh ) , Allahabad , Malwa and Ajmer subahs . Shāh Jahān later shifted his capital to Shāhjahānabād in the year 1648 . Since Akbarabād was one of the most important cities in India under the Mughals , it witnessed a lot of building activity . Babar , the founder of the Mughal dynasty , laid out the first formal Persian garden on the banks of river Yamuna . The garden is called the Arām Bāgh or the Garden of Relaxation . His grandson Akbar the Great raised the towering ramparts of the Great Red Fort , besides making Agra a centre for learning , arts , commerce and religion . Akbar also built a new city on the outskirts of Akbarabād called Fatehpūr Sikrī . This city was built in the form of a Mughal military camp in stone . Kos Minar # 793 at 12 mile on Agra - Fatehpur Sikri Road section of National Highway 21 His son Jahāngīr had a love of flora and fauna and laid many gardens inside the Red Fort or Lāl Qil'a . Shāh Jahān , known for his keen interest in architecture , gave Akbarabād its most prized monument , the Tāj Mahal . Built in loving memory of his wife Mumtāz Mahal , the mausoleum was completed in 1653 . Shāh Jahān later shifted the capital to Delhi during his reign , but his son Aurangzeb moved the capital back to Akbarabād , usurping his father and imprisoning him in the Fort there . Akbarabād remained the capital of India during the rule of Aurangzeb until he shifted it to Aurangabad in the Deccan in 1653 . Later periods ( edit ) After the decline of the Mughal Empire , the city came under the influence of Marathas and was called Agra , before falling into the hands of the British Raj in 1803 . Agra , Main Street , c. 1858 Map of the city , c. 1914 In 1835 when the Presidency of Agra was established by the British , the city became the seat of government , and just two years later it was witness to the Agra famine of 1837 -- 38 . During the Indian rebellion of 1857 British rule across India was threatened , news of the rebellion had reached Agra on 11 May and on 30 May two companies of native infantry , the 44th and 67th regiments , rebelled and marched to Delhi . The next morning native Indian troops in Agra were forced to disarm , on 15 June Gwalior ( which lies south of Agra ) rebelled . By 3 July , the British were forced to withdraw into the fort . Two days later a small British force at Sucheta were defeated and forced to withdraw , this led to a mob sacking the city . However , the rebels moved onto Delhi which allowed the British to restore order by 8 July . Delhi fell to the British in September , the following month rebels who had fled Delhi along with rebels from Central India marched on Agra but were defeated . After this British rule was again secured over the city until the independence of India in 1947 . Legacies ( edit ) Agra is the birthplace of the religion known as Dīn - i Ilāhī , which flourished during the reign of Akbar and also of the Radhaswami Faith , which has around two million followers worldwide . Agra has historic linkages with Shauripur of Jainism and Runukta of Hinduism , of 1000 BC . The Tāj Mahal , Agra Fort and Fatehpur Sikri are all UNESCO World Heritage Sites . Administration and politics ( edit ) Administration ( edit ) General administration ( edit ) Agra division which consists of four districts , and is headed by the divisional commissioner of Agra , who is an IAS officer , the commissioner is the head of local government institutions ( including municipal corporations ) in the division , is in charge of infrastructure development in his division , and is also responsible for and is also responsible for maintaining law and order in the division . The district magistrate of Agra reports to the divisional commissioner . The current commissioner is K. Ram Mohan Rao . Agra district administration is headed by the district magistrate and collector ( DM ) of Agra , who is an IAS officer . The DM is in charge of property records and revenue collection for the central government and oversees the elections held in the city . The DM is also responsible for maintaining law and order in the city . The DM is assisted by a chief development officer ; six additional district magistrates for finance / revenue , city , administration , land acquisition , civil supply , and protocol ; one city magistrate ; and three additional city magistrates . The district has six tehsils viz . Sadar , Etmadapur , Kirawali , Fatehabad , Khairagarh and Bah , each headed by a sub-divisional magistrate . The current DM is Gaurav Dayal . Police administration ( edit ) Agra district comes under the Agra Police Zone and Agra Police Range , Agra Zone is headed by an additional director general ( ADG ) - ranked Indian Police Service ( IPS ) officer , and the Agra Range is headed by a deputy inspector general ( DIG ) - ranked IPS officer . The current ADG , Agra Zone is Ajay Anand , and DIG , Agra Range is Love Kumar . The district police is headed by a senior superintendent of police ( SSP ) , who is an IPS officer , and is assisted by six superintendents of police or additional superintendents of police for city , east , west , crime , traffic , and protocol , either from the IPS or the Provincial Police Service . Each of the several police circles is headed by a circle officer in the rank of deputy superintendent of police . The current SSP is Amit Pathak . Infrastructure and civic administration ( edit ) The development of infrastructure in the city is overseen by Agra Development Authority ( ADA ) , which comes under the Department of Housing and Urban Planning of the Uttar Pradesh government . The divisional commissioner of Agra acts as the ex-officio Chairman of ADA , whereas a Vice Chairman , a government - appointed IAS officer , looks after the daily matters of the authority . The current vice-chairman of ADA is Shubhra Saxena . The Agra Municipal Corporation oversees the city 's civic infrastructure . The head of the corporation is the mayor , but the executive and administration of the corporation is the responsibility of the municipal commissioner , who is a Uttar Pradesh government - appointed Provincial Civil Service officer of high seniority . The current mayor of Agra is Naveen Jain from the Bharatiya Janata Party , whereas the municipal commissioner is Arun Prakash . Politics ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Agra district has two Lok Sabha viz . Agra and Fatehpur Sikri , and nine Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Sabha ( Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly ) constituencies in it . The current member of parliament ( MP ) for Agra in the Lok Sabha ( House of the People ) is Ram Shankar , and the current MP for Fatehpur Sikri in the House of the People is Babulal Chaudhary . Transport ( edit ) Air ( edit ) Air India flies to Agra airport on the following route : Delhi -- Varanasi -- Agra -- Khajuraho -- Varanasi -- Delhi Rail ( edit ) Main article : Railways in Agra Agra Cantt Railway Station Agra City Comes Under the Jurisdiction Of Agra Division Of North Central Railways Zone Of the Indian Railways . Agra is on the Central Train line between Delhi ( Station Code : NDLS ) and Mumbai ( Station Code : CSTM ) and between Delhi and Chennai ( Station Code : MAS ) and many trains like Bhopal Shatabdi , Taj Express , Gatiman Express , Bhopal Express , Malwa Express , Gondwana Express , Jabalpur - Jammutawi Express , Shreedham Express , Garib Rath , Tamil Nadu Express , Chennai Rajdhani , Agra Mathura Express etc. connect Agra with all major Indian cities like New Delhi , Hyderabad , Mumbai , Kolkata , Chennai , Visakhapatnam , Bengaluru , Pune , Bhopal , Indore , Kochi , Gwalior , Jabalpur , Ujjain , Jaipur , Aligarh , Mathura , Alwar , Lucknow , Thiruvananthapuram etc. every day . Some east - bound trains from Delhi also travel via Agra , so direct connections to points in Eastern India ( including Kolkata ) are also available . There are close to 20 trains to New Delhi and Gwalior Junction every day , and at least three or four to Bhopal , Indore , Nagpur , Mumbai and Chennai . There are three main railway stations in Agra : Agra Cantt , Raja Ki Mandi , and Agra Fort . Railway stations ( edit ) Railway Stations served by the Agra Division , North Central Railways network at Agra are : Agra Cantonment Railway Station , Agra Agra Fort Railway Station , Agra Agra City Railway Station , Agra Raja Ki Mandi Railway Station , Agra Idgah Railway Station , Agra Yamuna Bridge Railway Station , Agra Agra Cantt . Railway Station Agra - Delhi semi-high speed train -- Gatimaan Express ( edit ) In July 2014 , a trial run of a `` semi-high speed train '' with 10 coaches and 2 generators reached a speed of 160 km / h ( 99 mph ) between New Delhi and Agra . The railways plan to introduce such trains commercially from November 2014 . New Delhi Agra Shatabdi Express is the same type of train , which takes 2 hours to complete its journey . A new semi-high speed train Gatimaan Express that reduces travel time between Delhi and Agra to 100 minutes has been started from 5 April 2016 . Road ( edit ) Inner Ring Road , Agra Idgah Bus Stand , Taj Depot , Fort Depot and Inter State Bus Terminal ( I.S.B.T. ) are the major bus stands in Agra , connecting Agra to most of the bigger cities in North India . It is a major junction of highways with three national highways and two expressways ( Yamuna Expressway & Agra Lucknow Expressway ) originating from Agra . From Delhi : NH 19 ( old number : NH 2 ) , a modern divided highway , connects the 200 km ( 124 mi ) distance from Delhi to Agra . From Delhi / Noida : Yamuna Expressway , a modern access controlled highway connects the 200 km ( 124 mi ) distance from Delhi to Agra . Yamuna Expressway ( formerly Taj Expressway ) is a six lane ( extendable to eight lanes ) , 165 km ( 103 mi ) long , controlled - access expressway , that connects New Delhi with Agra via Greater Noida and Mathura in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh . NH 509 ( old number : NH 93 ) connects Agra to Moradabad via Aligarh . Agra Lucknow Expressway is a six lane ( extendable to 8 lanes ) , 302 km ( 188 mi ) long , controlled - access expressway , that connects Lucknow with Agra via Kannauj and Etawah in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh . Local transport ( edit ) City low floor buses ( edit ) Bus services are run by the Agra Municipal Corporation . Other para-transit modes include rickshaws and autorickshaws . Polluting vehicles are not allowed near the Tāj Mahal . E-rickshaw and ola Cabs ( edit ) Electric rickshaws have been increasing in the city . Ola Cabs and Agra Cabs & Taxi also operate their services in the city round the clock and can be used via mobile app and website . Agra Metro Rail transport ( edit ) Rail India Technical and Economic Service ( RITES ) has proposed 30 stations , 11 underground and 19 elevated , for two corridors of the Metro Rail in the city . The two routes are Sikandra to the Taj Mahal 's east gate via Agra Fort and Agra Cantt to Kalindi Vihar . On 24 March 2017 , State Chief Minister Aditya Nath Yogi approved the project . In December 2017 , the cabinet of the UP Government approved the DPR as per New Metro Policy . Work was expected to commence in March 2018 . Monumental Mughal legacy ( edit ) Taj Mahal from Agra fort Tāj Mahal ( edit ) Main article : Taj Mahal The Taj Mahal is one of the most famous buildings in the world , the mausoleum of Shah Jahan 's favourite wife , Mumtaz Mahal . It is one of the New Seven Wonders of the world , and one of the three World Heritage Sites in Agra . Agra is commonly identified as the `` City of Taj '' . Tombs of Shah Jahan and his beloved wife , Mumtaz Mahal Completed in 1653 , the Tāj Mahal was built by the Mughal king Shah Jahan as the final resting place for his beloved wife , Mumtāz Mahal . Finished in marble , it is perhaps India 's most beautiful monument and is set amidst landscaped gardens . Built by the Persian architect , Ustād ' Īsā , the Tāj Mahal is on the south bank of the Yamuna River . It can be observed from Agra Fort from where Emperor Shāh Jahān gazed at it for the last eight years of his life , a prisoner of his son Aurangzeb . Verses of the Quran are inscribed on it and at the top of the gate are 22 small domes , signifying the number of years the monument took to build . The Tāj Mahal was built on a marble platform that stands above a sandstone one . The most elegant dome of the Tāj Mahal has a diameter of 60 feet ( 18 m ) , and rises to a height of 80 feet ( 24 m ) ; directly under this dome is the tomb of Mumtāz Mahal . Shah Jahān 's tomb was erected next to hers by his son Aurangzeb . The interiors are decorated with fine inlay work , incorporating semi-precious stones . A panoramic view of Taj Mahal Agra Fort ( edit ) Main article : Agra Fort Amar Singh Gate , one of two entrances into Agra 's Red Fort Agra Fort ( sometimes called the Red Fort ) , was commissioned by the conquering Mughal Emperor Akbar the Great in 1565 , and is another of Agra 's World Heritage Sites . A stone tablet at the gate of the Fort states that it had been built before 1000 but was later renovated by Akbar . The red sandstone fort was converted into a palace during Shāh Jahān 's time , and reworked extensively with marble and pietra dura inlay . Notable buildings in the fort include the Pearl Mosque or Motī Masjid , the Dīwān - e - ' Ām and Dīwān - e-Khās ( halls of public and private audience ) , Jahāngīr 's Palace , Khās Mahal , Shīsh Mahal ( mirrored palace ) , and the Musamman Burj . The forbidding exteriors of this fort conceal an inner paradise . The fort is crescent shaped , flattened on the east with a long , nearly straight wall facing the river . It has a total perimeter of 2.4 kilometres ( 1.5 mi ) , and is ringed by double castellated ramparts of red sandstone punctuated at regular intervals by bastions . A moat 9 metres ( 30 ft ) wide and 10 metres ( 33 ft ) deep surrounds the outer wall . Chhatrapati Shīvajī visited the Agra Fort , as a result of the conditions of the Treaty of Purandar entered into with Mirzā Rājā Jaisingh to meet Aurangzeb in the Dīwān - i - Khās ( Special Audience Chamber ) . In the audience he was deliberately placed behind men of lower rank . An insulted Shīvajī stormed out of the imperial audience and was confined to Jai Sing 's quarters on 12 May 1666 . Fearing the dungeons and execution he escaped on 17 August 1666 . The fort is a typical example of Mughal architecture , effectively showing how the North Indian style of fort construction differed from that of the South . In the South , the majority of forts were built on the seabed like the one at Bekal in Kerala . Fatehpūr Sikrī ( edit ) Main article : Fatehpur Sikri Dīwān - i - Khās -- hall of private audience The Mughal Emperor Akbar built Fatehpūr Sikrī about 35 km ( 22 mi ) from Agra , and moved his capital there . Later abandoned , the site displays a number of buildings of significant historical importance . A World Heritage Site , it is often visited by tourists . The name of the place came about after the Mughal Emperor Bābar defeated Rāṇā Sāngā in a battle at a place called Sikrī ( about 40 km ( 25 mi ) from Agra ) . Then the Mughal Emperor Akbar wanted to make Fatehpūr Sikrī his headquarters , so he built a majestic fort ; due to shortage of water , however , he had to ultimately move his headquarters to Agra Fort . Buland Darwāza or ' the lofty gateway ' was built by the great Mughal emperor , Akbar in 1601 CE . at Fatehpūr Sikrī . Akbar built the Buland Darwāza to commemorate his victory over Gujarat . The Buland Darwāza is approached by 52 steps . The Buland Darwāza is 53.63 metres ( 175.95 feet ) high and 35 metres ( 115 feet ) wide . it is made of red and buff sandstone , decorated by carving and black and white marble inlays . An inscription on the central face of the Buland Darwāza demonstrates Akbar 's religious broadmindedness , it is a message from Jesus advising his followers not to consider this world as their permanent home . I'timād - Ud - Daulah ( edit ) Main article : Itmad - Ud - Daulah 's Tomb The Itmad - Ud - Daulah 's Tomb The Empress Nūr Jahān built I'timād - Ud - Daulah 's Tomb , sometimes called the `` Baby Tāj '' , for her father , Mirzā Ghiyās Beg , the Chief Minister of the Emperor Jahāngīr . Located on the left bank of the Yamuna river , the mausoleum is set in a large cruciform garden , criss - crossed by water courses and walkways . The area of the mausoleum itself is about 23 m ( 250 sq ft ) , and is built on a base that is about 50 m ( 540 sq ft ) and about one metre ( 3.3 feet ) high . On each corner are hexagonal towers , about thirteen metres ( 43 feet ) tall . Small in comparison to many other Mughal - era tombs , it is sometimes described as a jewel box . Its garden layout and use of white marble , pietra dura , inlay designs and latticework presage many elements of the Tāj Mahal . The walls are white marble from Rajasthan encrusted with semi-precious stone decorations -- cornelian , jasper , lapis lazuli , onyx , and topaz in images of cypress trees and wine bottles , or more elaborate decorations like cut fruit or vases containing bouquets . Light penetrates to the interior through delicate jālī screens of intricately carved white marble . Many of Nūr Jahān 's relatives are interred in the mausoleum . The only asymmetrical element of the entire complex are the tombs of her father and mother , which have been set side - by - side , a formation replicated in the Taj Mahal . Akbar 's tomb , Sikandra ( edit ) Main article : Tomb of Akbar the Great Tomb of Akbar the Great Sikandra , the last resting place of the Mughal Emperor Akbar the Great , is on the Delhi - Agra Highway , only 13 kilometres ( 8.1 miles ) from the Agra Fort . Akbar 's tomb reflects the completeness of his personality . The vast , beautifully carved , red - ochre sandstone tomb with deers , rabbits and langurs is set amidst a lush garden . Akbar himself planned his own tomb and selected a suitable site for it . To construct a tomb in one 's lifetime was a Turkic custom which the Mughals followed religiously . Akbar 's son Jahāngīr completed construction of this pyramidal tomb in 1613 . The 99 names of Allah have been inscribed on the tomb . Jāma Masjid ( edit ) Main article : Jama Masjid ( Agra ) The Jāma Masjid is a large mosque attributed to Shah Jahan 's daughter , Princess Jahanara Begum , built in 1648 , notable for its unusual dome and absence of minarets . The inscription at its entrance shows that it cost Rs 5 Lakhs at that time for its completion . Chīnī kā Rauza Chīnī ka Rauza ( edit ) Main article : Chini Ka Rauza Notable for its Persian influenced dome of blue glazed tiles , the Chīnī kā Rauza is dedicated to the Prime Minister of Shāh Jahān , ' Allāma Afzal Khāl Mullā Shukrullāh of Shiraz . Ram Bāgh ( aaram Bāgh ) ( edit ) Main article : Ram Bagh ( Aaram Bagh ) The oldest Mughal garden in India , the Rām Bāgh was built by the Emperor Bābar in 1528 on the bank of the Yamuna . It lies about 2.34 km ( 1 mi ) north of the Tāj Mahal . The pavilions in this garden are designed so that the wind from the Yamuna , combined with the greenery , keeps them cool even during the peak of summer . The original name of the gardens was Ārām Bāgh , or ' Garden of Relaxation ' , and this was where the Mughal emperor Bābar used to spend his leisure time and where he eventually died . His body was kept here for some time before sending it to Kabul . On Ram Bagh to Tundla road near Etmadpur , there is a famed Yoga Ashram of Mahaprabhu Ramlal ji Maharaja ( First Guru Gaddi ) , Yogeshwar Mulakhraj Ji Maharaja ( Second Guru Gaddi ) & Yogeshwar DeviDayal Ji Mahadev ( Third GuruGaddi ) blessed Swami Chandra Mohan Ji Maharaj named Shri Siddha Gufa Sawai . Thousands of devotees and seekers visit this holy place . Mariam 's tomb ( edit ) Main article : Mariams Tomb Mariams Tomb , is the tomb of Mariam , the wife of great Mughal Emperor Akbar . The tomb is within the compound of the Christian Missionary Society . Mehtāb Bāgh ( edit ) Main article : Mehtab Bagh Plan of the Taj complex with the Mehtab Bagh gardens to the left The Mehtāb Bāgh , or ' Moonlight Garden ' , is on the opposite bank of the River Yamuna from the Tāj Mahal . Keetham lake ( edit ) Main article : Keetham Lake Also known as Sur Sarovar , Keetham Lake is situated about 7 kilometres ( 4.3 miles ) from the Akbar tomb in Agra , within the Surdas Reserved Forest . The lake has an impressive variety of aquatic life and water birds . Mughal Heritage Walk ( edit ) The Mughal Heritage Walk is a part of community development programme being implemented with support of Agra Municipal corporation , USAID and an NGO ; Center for Urban and Regional Excellence . It seeks to build sustainable livelihoods for youth and women from low resource communities and improve their living environments through infrastructure services and integration within the city . The Mughal Heritage Walk is a one - kilometre ( 0.62 - mile ) loop which connects the agricultural fields with the Rajasthani culture , river bank connected with the ancient village of Kuchhpura , the Heritage Structure of Mehtab Bagh , the Mughal aqueduct system , the Humanyun Mosque and the Gyarah Sidi . Other places of interest ( edit ) Mankameshwar Temple ( edit ) Main article : Mankameshwar Temple The Mankameshwar Temple is one of four ancient temples dedicated to Lord Shiva located on the four corners of Agra City . It is located near the Jāma Masjid and is about 2.5 kilometres ( 1.6 miles ) from the Tāj Mahal and less than 1 km ( 0.6 mi ) from Agra Fort . Being located in the old city , the temple is surrounded by markets , many of which date back to the Mughal Era . Indrabhan girls ' Inter college ( edit ) The college is widely considered to be the birthplace of great poet Mirza Ghalib . It is located near the Mankameshwar Temple and is about 3 kilometres ( 1.9 miles ) from the Tāj Mahal and less than 1 km ( 0.6 mi ) from Agra Fort . Being located in the old city , the College is surrounded by markets . Approximately four or five years ago , the birth room of Mirza Ghalib was hidden behind the wall by the Management of the college to keep the identity of the place secret . Gurudwara Guru ka taal ( edit ) Main article : Guru ka Tal Guru ka Tal was originally a reservoir meant to collect and conserve rainwater built in Agra , near Sikandra , during Jahangir 's reign next to the Tomb of I'tibār Khān Khwājasara in 1610 . In the 1970s a gurudwara was erected here . Guru ka Tal is a holy place of worship for the Sikhs . Four of the ten Sikh Gurus are said to have paid it a visit . Enjoying both historical and religious importance , this shrine attracts a large number of devotees and tourists . Boasting elaborate stone carvings and eight of the twelve original towers . It is located by national ( Delhi - Agra ) highway - 2 . The Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception ( edit ) The Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Agra . Paliwal Park ( Hewitt Park ) ( edit ) Paliwal Park , during the British Raj was known as Hewitt Park , is now renamed in memory of Shri Krishna Datta Paliwal , who was the first finance minister of Uttar Pradesh , when Shri Govind Ballabh Pant was the Chief Minister of the State . Paliwal Park is located in the heart of Agra , spread over an area of around 70 acres ( 280,000 m ) . It also has a small lake and a vast variety of trees . Paliwal Park links the residential areas of Vijay Nagar Colony and Gandhi Nagar to the financial Hub of the city i.e. Sanjay Place . John 's Public Library , also known as the Agra Municipal Library , is also located here and has rare books on diverse topics . Many people come here for morning walk , as a result this place is full especially during the summer holidays when youngsters play all sort of different games . Soamibagh Samadhi ( edit ) Located in Dayalbagh area , Soamibagh Samadhi is another magnificent marble building and a popular tourist attraction . The carving of the marble pillars and posts is intricate and exhibits good craftsmanship . It is a place of worship for Radhasoami Faith followers and is dedicated to the founder of Radhasoami Faith , Param Purush Puran Dhani Soami Ji Maharaj ( Sri Shiv Dayal Singh Seth ) . It is very quiet and peaceful inside the Satsang hall , an environment built for meditation . Economy ( edit ) A shopping mall situated on the Fatehabad Road A marble table top in Pietra Dura , a craft practised since the Mughal era in Agra The Sadar Bazar market An Agra craftsman working with marble stone inlays . The marble is coloured red to give contrast while working . Due to the presence of the Taj Mahal and other historic monuments , Agra has a booming tourism industry as well as royal crafts like Pietra Dura , marble inlay and carpets . Today 40 % of the population depends largely on agriculture , and others on the leather and footwear business and iron foundries . Agra is the second most self - employed in India in 2007 , behind Varanasi , followed by Bhopal , Indore and Patna . According to the National Sample Survey Organization , in 1999 -- 2000 , 431 of every 1,000 employed males were self - employed in the city , which grew to 603 per 1,000 in 2004 -- 05 . Tourism contributes to the economy of Agra . Agra is home to Asia 's largest spa called Kaya Kalp -- The Royal Spa , at the Hotel Mughal in Agra . Agra has many industries . Uttar Pradesh 's first plant biotech company Harihar Biotech is located near the Taj . There are about 7,000 small scale industrial units . Agra city is also known for its leather goods , the oldest and famous leather firm Taj Leather World is in Sadar bazar . The carpets , handicrafts , zari and zardozi ( embroidery work ) , marble and stone carving and inlay work . Agra is known for its sweets ( Petha and Gajak ) and snacks ( Dalmoth ) , garment manufacturers and exporters and an automobile industry . Carpet making was introduced to the city by Moghul Emperor Babur and since then this art has flourished . The city centre place at Agra has jewellery and garments shops . The silver and gold jewellery hub is at Choube Ji Ka Fatak . The Shah Market area is an electronics market while Sanjay Place is the trade centre of Agra . Development ( edit ) Agra ranked fifth on both the financial penetration index , which measures things like the presence of ATMs and bank branches , and on the consumption index , indicating the city 's transformation into an urban town . There are many new buildings , shopping complexes , malls , roads , flyovers and apartments coming up . On the India City Competitiveness Index , the city ranked 26th in 2010 , 32nd in 2011 and 37th in 2012 Education ( edit ) It was during the advent of the Mughal era that Agra grew as a centre of Islamic education . British people introduced the western concept of education in Agra . In the year 1823 , Agra College , one of the oldest colleges in India was formed out of a Sanskrit school established by the Scindia rulers . In the British era , Agra became a great centre of Hindi literature with people like Babu Gulab Rai at the helm . Universities and colleges ( edit ) Agra University was established on 1 July 1927 and catered to colleges spread across the United Provinces , the Rajputana , the Central Provinces and almost to entire North India , at present 10 institutes comprising various departments and around 700 Colleges are affiliated to this university . The historic Agra University was later rechristened as Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar University by the then Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh , Ms. Mayawati . Sachdeva Institute of Technology , Also known as SIT , Mathura since 2001 . The Institute of Mental Health and Hospital , formerly known as Agra Lunatic Asylum , was established in September 1859 governed by the State of Uttar Pradesh . It is spread over on extensive and beautiful ground of 172.8 acres ( 69.9 ha ) land and is well known centre for the treatment , training and research on mental disorders in Northern India . The institute was renamed as Mental Hospital , Agra in 1925 . It was being managed under the provisions of Indian Lunacy Act , 1912 till 1993 . Presently all admissions and discharges are being done under the provisions of Mental Health Act , 1987 . Following a public writ , the Supreme Court of India in the year 1994 , renamed the Institution as Agra Mansik Arogyashala , made it an autonomous institution and outlined the objectives to improve treatment and care of mentally ill persons including rehabilitation as well as to develop activities for professional teaching , training and research . In compliance of the order of the Supreme Court , the UP government declared the hospital as an autonomous institution on 31 January 1995 . In view of the objectives laid down by the court , it was renamed as Institute of Mental Health and Hospital on 8 February 2001 . Central Institute of Hindi , ( also known as Kendriya Hindi Sansthan ) is an autonomous institute under Ministry of Human Resource Development , Government of India engaged in teaching Hindi as a foreign and second language . Apart from running residential Hindi language courses for foreign students , the institute also conducts regular training programmes for teachers of Hindi belonging to non-Hindi states of India . The institute is situated at a 11 acres ( 4.5 ha ) campus on the outskirts of Agra city . Headquartered in Agra the institute has eight regional centres in Delhi , Hyderabad , Mysore , Shillong , Dimapur , Guwahati , Ahmedabad and Bhubneshwar . The institute is the only government run institution in India established solely for research and teaching of Hindi as a foreign and second language . Sarojini Naidu Medical College , is one of the three oldest medical colleges of India . It is located in Agra , Uttar Pradesh state . It is named after the first lady Governess of Uttar Pradesh , poet and freedom fighter , Bharat Kokila Smt . Sarojini Naidu . Agra College , is one of the oldest institutions in India . Pandit Gangadhar Shastri , a noted Sanskrit scholar founded the college in 1823 . Till 1883 the institute was a government college and after that a Board of Trustees and a Committee of Management managed the college . Agra College produced the first graduate in Uttar Pradesh and the first Law graduate to Northern India . St. John 's College , Agra , is a college established in 1850 , now part of the Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar University , earlier known as Agra University . It is amongst the oldest and one of the most beautiful Christian colleges in India . The college runs a study centre of Indira Gandhi National Open University ( ignou ) , a central university . Raja Balwant Singh College , Established in 1885 owes its existence to Raja Balwant Singh Ji of Awagarh who enabled the institution to grow as one of the oldest and biggest colleges of Uttar Pradesh . Raja Balwant Singh College is located at Bichpuri , Agra , Uttar Pradesh , India . The college is affiliated to Uttar Pradesh Technical University , Lucknow , and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar University , Agra . Dayalbagh Educational Institute , Radhasoami Satsang Sabha , started the Radhasoami Educational Institute , as a co-educational Middle School , open to all , on 1 January 1917 . It became a Degree College in 1947 , affiliated to Agra University . In 1975 , it formulated a programme of undergraduate studies which received approbation from the Government of Uttar Pradesh and the University Grants Commission , as a result of which in 1981 the Ministry of Education , Government of India , conferred the status of an institution deemed to be a University on the Dayalbagh Educational Institute , to implement the new scheme . UEI Global , consecutively ranked among the top management institutes of India by Competition Success Review for year 2013 and 2012 . The college has 12 campuses across India and provide programs in Hotel Management and Business Management . Media ( edit ) Agra is home to the Dainik Jagran newspaper , the most read Hindi newspaper in India . Other widely read papers include Amar Ujala , Rajasthan Patrika , Aaj , Hindustan , The Sea Express , Deepsheel Bharat , DLA . The English dailies published are The Times of India , Hindustan Times , Economic Times , and The Pioneer . The Urdy dailies published are Prabhanjan Sanket , and Inksaaf . There is also the Hindi and English mixed newspaper tabloid I - NEXT . Morphers Animation Studios LLP is an animation studio in Agra , which caters 3d visualisation services to clients . State - owned All India Radio has a local station in Agra which transmits various programs of mass interest . There are four private FM radio stations , 92.7 BIG FM ( Reliance Broadcast Network Limited ) , 93.7 Fever FM , 94.5 Tadka FM and Radio City 91.9 FM . There is a community Radio Station 90.4 FM . Radio stations ( edit ) 90.4 MHz -- Agra ki Awaaz 90.8 MHz -- Aap ki Awaaz 93.7 MHz -- Fever FM 91.9 MHz -- Radio City 92.7 MHz -- Big 92.7 FM 94.5 MHz -- Tadka FM 105.6 MHz -- IGNOU Gyan Vani Fairs and festivals ( edit ) Tāj Mahotsav ( edit ) Taj Mahotsav is a cultural festival that was started in year 1992 and has grown since then . The year 2017 is the 26th year of this Mahotsav . This festival also figures in the calendar of events of the Department of Tourism , Government of India . A large number of Indian and foreign tourists coming to Agra join this festivity in the month of February ( 18 to 27 ) . One of the objectives of this craft fair is to provide encouragement to the artisans . It also makes available works of art and craft at reasonable prices that are not inflated by high maintenance cost . Ram Barat ( edit ) Ram Barat ( Hindi : राम बारात ) is a part of Ramlila celebration in Agra . It is one of the biggest annual events in North India . Ram Barat literally means Baraat Marriage procession of Sri Ram . Every year a new locality is chosen in Agra and is elaborately decorated with lights & flowers . The area is given a major face lift befitting the venue for the divine marriage . Tāj literature festival ( edit ) Taj Literature Festival saw stars of the literary world manifest themselves on the earth of Agra . The galaxy included the stalwarts , Muzaffar Ali , Shobha De , Prahlad Kakker and Raghu Rai . The stage shone brilliant and the heritage city breathed life . This festival , an attempt to rejuvenate that aesthetic spirit which is a soul of this historically rich city , Agra . The city that nurtured the likes of Ghalib , Tansen , Surdas , Nazeer and many more . Kailash fair ( edit ) The Kailash Fair is held in the town of Kailash , about 12 km ( 7 mi ) from Agra , in the month of August / September . It is a major fair celebrated in honour of Lord Shiva who is believed to have appeared here in the form of stone Lingam . Gangaur Fair ( edit ) Gokulpura / Moti Katra , Agra Tāj Municipal museum in Paliwal Park Agra ( edit ) The museum - cum - public library is housed in an old heritage structure , built in 1922 and renovated in the 1940s . Queen Victori 's bronze statue 's are also exposed in this Museum . The other old statues and memories of the Mughal Era are exposed for the attraction of tourists , something new other than usual attraction . Balloon festival ( edit ) Agra Balloon Festival is organised in February every year . Notable individuals ( edit ) Abdul Karim ( the Munshi ) , Huzur Shiv Dayal Singh Hazur Rai Saligram Bahadur , second revered leader of Radhasoami faith , poet Surdas , Ram Sharma , Amrit Lal Nagar , Rajendra Yadav , Mirza Ghalib , Mir Taqi Mir , Nazir Akbarabadi Motilal Nehru , actress Nimmi and Raj Babbar are some notable people from Agra . Sister cities ( edit ) See also : List of twin towns and sister cities in India Agra is twinned with : Chengdu , Sichuan , China Petra , Jordan See also ( edit ) Nand Ram Ka Tila Runakta References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` जिलाधिकारी / मंडलायुक्त की सूची '' Devanagari ( List of District Magistrates and Divisional Commissioners ) . Department of Appointment and Personnel , Government of Uttar Pradesh ( in Hindi ) . Retrieved September 12 , 2018 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Officers posted at A ( gra ) '' . Uttar Pradesh Police . Retrieved September 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lavania , Deepak ( 2 December 2017 ) . `` BJP wins post of Agra mayor for fifth consecutive time '' . The Times of India . The Times Group . ^ Jump up to : `` Census 2011 '' . The Registrar General & Census Commissioner , India . Retrieved 21 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Uttar Pradesh ( India ) : State , Major Agglomerations & Cities -- Population Statistics , Maps , Charts , Weather and Web Information '' . citypopulation.de . Retrieved 11 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Centre , UNESCO World Heritage . `` Agra Fort '' . whc.unesco.org . Retrieved 11 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cities in India with population more than 100,000 '' . Census2011 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Williams , Monier . `` Sanskrit - English Dictionary '' . Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries . Cologne University . Archived from the original on 25 February 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Agra District profile '' . Official Website of Agra maintained by National Informatics Centre ( NIC ) of the Government of India . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Agra Fort '' . Archaeological Survey of India . Archived from the original on 3 December 2009 . Retrieved 8 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Agra Climate Normals 1971 -- 1990 '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 18 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World Weather Information Service -- Agra '' . World Meteorological Organization . Retrieved 18 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ever recorded Maximum and minimum temperatures up to 2010 '' ( PDF ) . India Meteorological Department . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 May 2013 . Retrieved 18 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/115-agra.html Agra City Population Census 2011 Jump up ^ `` Yadav village near Agra to boycott polls '' . Times of India . Retrieved 11 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` District Census 2011 '' . Census2011.co.in. 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ US Directorate of Intelligence . `` Country Comparison : Population '' . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 01 . Moldova 4,314,377 July 2011 est . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Resident Population Data '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 25 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 30 . Kentucky 4,339,367 Jump up ^ `` Muslim growth outsmarts Hindus for the first time in Mughal city Agra '' . Jump up ^ Richards , John F. ( 1995 ) . The Mughal Empire . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521566032 . Jump up ^ `` Agra City '' ( GIF ) . Imperial Gazetteer of India ( Digital South Asia Library of University of Chicago ) . 5 : 83 -- 84 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` CONSTITUTIONAL SETUP '' . Government of Uttar Pradesh . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Maheshwari , S.R. ( 2000 ) . Indian Administration ( 6th Edition ) . New Delhi : Orient Blackswan Private Ltd . pp. 563 -- 572 . ISBN 9788125019886 . Jump up ^ Singh , G.P. ( 1993 ) . Revenue administration in India : A case study of Bihar . Delhi : Mittal Publications . pp. 26 -- 129 . ISBN 978 - 8170993810 . Jump up ^ Laxmikanth , M. ( 2014 ) . Governance in India ( 2nd Edition ) . Noida : McGraw Hill Education . pp. 5.1 -- 5.2 . ISBN 978 - 9339204785 . ^ Jump up to : `` Contact Details Of Commissioners and District Magistrates Of U.P '' . Department of Home and Confidential , Government of Uttar Pradesh . Retrieved September 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Administration '' . Agra district website . Retrieved September 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Maheshwari , S.R. ( 2000 ) . Indian Administration ( 6th Edition ) . New Delhi : Orient Blackswan Private Ltd . pp. 573 -- 597 . ISBN 9788125019886 . Jump up ^ Laxmikanth , M. ( 2014 ) . Governance in India ( 2nd Edition ) . Noida : McGraw Hill Education . pp. 6.1 -- 6.6 . ISBN 978 - 9339204785 . Jump up ^ Singh , G.P. ( 1993 ) . Revenue administration in India : A case study of Bihar . Delhi : Mittal Publications . pp. 50 -- 124 . ISBN 978 - 8170993810 . Jump up ^ `` Officers posted at Agra Zone '' . Uttar Pradesh Police . Retrieved September 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Officers posted at Agra Range '' . Uttar Pradesh Police . Retrieved September 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` VDA Board Members '' . Varanasi Development Authority ( in Hindi ) . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Staff List '' . Agra Development Authority . Retrieved September 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PCS OFFICERS ( Posted as HOD ) '' . Department of Appointment and Personnel , Government of Uttar Pradesh . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Contact Details '' . Agra Municipal Corporation . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gopal , Madan ( 1990 ) . K.S. Gautam , ed. India through the ages . Publication Division , Ministry of Information and Broadcasting , Government of India . p. 173 . Jump up ^ Koroth , Nandakumar . History of Bekal Fort . Jump up ^ `` Samadhi Swamiji Maharaj Bagh '' . www.lonelyplanet.com . Jump up ^ `` India 's new Entrepreneurs '' . Mint. 16 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` ITC unveils Asia 's largest spa in Agra '' . Economic Times ( India ) . 9 March 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ Srikant Srinivas ; Amit Kapoor ( 13 December 2010 ) . `` Boulevards of Dreams '' ( PDF ) . Businessworld . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` India 's 50 most Competitive cities '' . Rediff. 13 December 2011 . Retrieved 6 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ranks of 50 Cities as per the India City Competitiveness Index 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Institute of Competitiveness , India . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on 21 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Radio City 91.1 FM Agra -- Top 10 Songs of the Week '' . www.radiocity.in . Retrieved 11 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Soamiji Maharaj '' . www.radhasoami-faith.info . Retrieved 11 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Huzur Maharaj '' . www.radhasoami-faith.info . Retrieved 11 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Agra , Chengdu of China are now sister cities - Times of India '' . Jump up ^ `` List of MoUs / Agreements signed during the Visit of the King of Jordan to India ( March 01 , 2018 ) '' . pib.nic.in . Further reading ( edit ) Cole , Henry Hardy ( 1873 ) . Illustrations of buildings near Muttra and Agra . India Office . Agra , Archaeological Society of ( 1874 ) . Transactions of the Archaeological Society of Agra , Jan -- June 1874 . Delhi Gazette Press . Mukerji , Satya Chandra ( 1892 ) . The Traveller 's Guide to Agra . Sen & Co. , Delhi . Fanthome , Frederic ( 1895 ) . Reminiscences of Agra . Thacker , Spink & Co . Latif , Muḥammad ( 1896 ) . Agra , Historical & Descriptive . Calcutta Central Press . Keene , Henry George ( 1899 ) . A Handbook for Visitors to Agra and Its Neighbourhood ( Sixth ed . ) . Thacker , Spink & Co . Smith , Edmund W. ( 1901 ) . Moghul Colour Decoration of Agra , Part I. Govt . Press , Allahabad . Havell , Ernest Binfield ( 1904 ) . A Handbook to Agra and the Taj , Sikandra , Fatehpur - Sikri , and the Neighbourhood . Longmans , Green & Co. , London . Agranama : The authentic book about the history of Agra by Mr. Satish Chandra Chaturvedi Vidhya Society , ( 2009 ) . Vidhya Society ( NGO ) is a leading charitable organisation of Uttar Pradesh ( India ) established under society registration act 21 - 1860 on the special occasion of World Disable Year 2009 . Director Mr. Pavan Upadhyay Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava , History and Culture of Agra ( Souvenir ) , 1956 External links ( edit ) Find more aboutAgraat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Official website of Agra district Agra at Curlie University of Washington digital collections Uttar Pradesh portal Links to related articles Agra district topics History Akbar Mughal empire United Provinces of Agra and Oudh Cities and towns Achhnera Agra Azizpur Bah Dayalbagh Dhanauli Etmadpur Fatehabad Fatehpur Sikri Jagner Kheragarh Kiraoli Nainana Jat Pinahat Shamsabad Swamibagh Buildings Agra Fort Buland Darwaza Taj Mahal Other districts Aligarh Allahabad Ambedkar Nagar Amethi Amroha Auraiya Azamgarh Badaun Bagpat Bahraich Ballia Balrampur Banda Barabanki Bareilly Basti Bhimnagar Bijnor Bulandshahr Chandauli Chitrakoot Deoria Etah Etawah Faizabad Farrukhabad Fatehpur Firozabad Gautam Buddha Nagar Ghaziabad Ghazipur Gonda Gorakhpur Hamirpur Hardoi Hathras Jalaun Jaunpur Jhansi Kannauj Kanpur Nagar Kanshi Ram Nagar Kaushambi Kushinagar Lakhimpur Kheri Lalitpur Lucknow Maharajganj Mahoba Mainpuri Mathura Mau Meerut Mirzapur Moradabad Muzaffarnagar Panchsheel Nagar Pilibhit Prabuddhanagar Pratapgarh Raebareli Ramabai Nagar Rampur Saharanpur Sant Kabir Nagar Sant Ravidas Nagar Shahjahanpur Shravasti Siddharthnagar Sitapur Sonbhadra Sultanpur Unnao Varanasi State of Uttar Pradesh Capital : Lucknow Topics History Geography Government Economy Culture Achitecture Tourism Demographics Education Administration Government Legislative Assembly Chief Ministers Governors High Court Police Seal Political Party Regions Western Uttar Pradesh Eastern Uttar Pradesh Central Uttar Pradesh Divisions Agra Aligarh Allahabad Azamgarh Bareilly Basti Chitrakoot Devipatan Faizabad Gorakhpur Jhansi Kanpur Lucknow Meerut Mirzapur Moradabad Saharanpur Varanasi Districts Agra Aligarh Allahabad Ambedkar Nagar Amethi Amroha Auraiya Azamgarh Badaun Bagpat Bahraich Ballia Balrampur Banda Barabanki Bareilly Basti Bijnor Bulandshahr Chandauli Chitrakoot Devaria Etah Etawah Faizabad Farrukhabad Fatehpur Firozabad Gautam Buddha Nagar Ghaziabad Ghazipur Gonda Gorakhpur Hamirpur Hardoi Hathras Jalaun Jaunpur Jhansi Kannauj Kanpur Dehat ( Akbarpur ) Kanpur Nagar Kanshiram Nagar Kaushambi Kushinagar ( Padrauna ) Lakhimpur Kheri Lalitpur Lucknow Maharajganj Mahoba Mainpuri Mathura Mau Meerut Mirzapur Moradabad Muzaffarnagar Pilibhit Pratapgarh Raebareli Rampur Saharanpur Sambhal Sant Kabir Nagar Sant Ravidas Nagar ( Bhadohi ) Shahjahanpur Shamli Shravasti Siddharthnagar Sitapur Sonbhadra Sultanpur Unnao Varanasi Major cities Kanpur Lucknow Ghaziabad Agra Varanasi Faizabad Meerut Allahabad Bareilly Aligarh Moradabad Saharanpur Gorakhpur Noida Jhansi Mathura Villages Adhkatiya Kala Khas Aharak Ahiran , Pindra Ahirani , Pindra Airla Aitha Ajaipur Akhari Akorha Amaut Amawar Amilo , Varanasi Araji Line Babhanpura Baghirua Baliakheri Bhelupura Chadpur Dabethuwa Deorai Eshipur Harora Aht . Harora Must . Janakpatti Jayapur Kathiraon Khanzadipur Kudi Lamhi Mehdiganj Phoolpur Raghunathpur Rajpur Saifai Tisaura Vyaspur Zafarabad Portal : Uttar Pradesh Agra division topics General Doab Braj Saman Sanctuary Mythology , history Mathura related Krishna Krishna Janmashtami Agra related Mughal Empire United Provinces of Agra and Oudh Places of tourist interest In and around Agra Taj Mahal Agra Fort Fatehpur Sikri Buland Darwaza Tomb of Akbar the Great I'timād - ud - Daulah 's Tomb Chini Ka Rauza Tomb of Mariam Zamani Gyarah Sidi Jama Masjid Moti Masjid Mankameshwar Temple Guru ka Tal Ram Bagh Mehtab Bagh Paliwal Park Taj Mahotsav Tourist attractions in Agra In and around Mathura Krishna Janmasthan Temple Complex Vrindavan Chandrodaya Mandir Prem Mandir Banke Bihari Temple Krishna Balaram Mandir Districts Agra Firozabad Mainpuri Mathura Rivers , dams , lakes , canals Yamuna Keetham Lake Agra Canal Languages , people Braj Bhasa Hindustani Khariboli Standard Hindi Urdu Jatav Transport National Highway 2 Grand Trunk Road National Highway 3 National Highway 11 National Highway 93 Lok Sabha constituencies Firozabad Agra Fatehpur Sikri Mathura Mainpuri See also Agra district topics Cities and towns in Firozabad district Cities and towns in Mainpuri district Cities and towns in Mathura district Villages in Agra district Villages in Firozabad district Villages in Mathura district People from Agra People from Firozabad People from Mainpuri People from Mathura Other divisions Aligarh Allahabad Azamgarh Bareilly Basti Chitrakoot Devipatan Faizabad Gorakhpur Jhansi Kanpur Lucknow Meerut Mirzapur Moradabad Saharanpur Varanasi Million - plus agglomerations in India North Chandigarh Delhi Haryana : Faridabad Jammu and Kashmir : Srinagar Punjab : Ludhiana Amritsar Rajasthan : Jaipur Jodhpur Kota Central Chhattisgarh : Raipur Bhilai Madhya Pradesh : Indore Bhopal Jabalpur Gwalior Uttar Pradesh : Kanpur Lucknow Ghaziabad Agra Varanasi Meerut Prayagraj Eastern Bihar : Patna Jharkhand : Jamshedpur Dhanbad Ranchi West Bengal : Kolkata Asansol Western Gujarat : Ahmedabad Surat Vadodara Rajkot Maharashtra : Mumbai Pune Nagpur Nashik Vasai - Virar Aurangabad Southern Andhra Pradesh : Visakhapatnam Vijayawada Karnataka : Bangalore Kerala : Kochi Kozhikode Thrissur Malappuram Thiruvananthapuram Kannur Kollam Tamil Nadu : Chennai Coimbatore Madurai Tiruchirappalli Telangana : Hyderabad Hindustani - speaking areas of India See also : Hindi Belt Bihar Araria Arwal Aurangabad Banka Begusarai Bhagalpur Bhojpur Buxar Darbhanga East Champaran Gaya Gopalganj Jamui Jehanabad Kaimur Katihar Khagaria Kishanganj Lakhisarai Madhepura Madhubani Munger Muzaffarpur Nalanda Nawada Patna Purnia Rohtas Saharsa Samastipur Saran Sheikhpura Sheohar Sitamarhi Siwan Supaul Vaishali West Champaran Chhattisgarh Bastar Bilaspur Dantewada Dhamtari Durg Janjgir - Champa Jashpur Kabirdham Kanker Korba Koriya Mahasamund Narayanpur Raigarh Raipur Rajnandgaon Surguja Delhi Central Delhi East Delhi New Delhi North Delhi North East Delhi North West Delhi South Delhi South West Delhi West Delhi Haryana Ambala Bhiwani Faridabad Fatehabad Gurgaon Hisar Jhajjar Jind Kaithal Karnal Kurukshetra Mahendragarh Mewat Panchkula Palwal Panipat Rewari Rohtak Sirsa Sonipat Yamuna Nagar Himachal Pradesh Bilaspur Chamba Hamirpur Kangra Kinnaur Kullu Lahul and Spiti Mandi Shimla Sirmaur Solan Una Jharkhand Bokaro Chatra Deoghar Dhanbad Dumka East Singhbhum Garhwa Giridih Godda Gumla Hazaribagh Jamtara Khunti Koderma Latehar Lohardaga Pakur Palamu Ramgarh Ranchi Saraikela Kharsawan Simdega Singhbhum Sahebganj Madhya Pradesh Anuppur Ashoknagar Balaghat Barwani Betul Bhind Bhopal Burhanpur Chhatarpur Chhindwara Damoh Datia Dewas Dhar Dindori Guna Gwalior Harda Hoshangabad Indore Jabalpur Jhabua Katni Khandwa Khargone Mandla Mandsaur Morena Narsinghpur Neemuch Panna Raisen Rajgarh Ratlam Rewa Sagar Satna Sehore Seoni Shahdol Shajapur Sheopur Shivpuri Sidhi Tikamgarh Ujjain Umaria Vidisha Rajasthan Ajmer Alwar Banswara Baran Barmer Bhilwara Bikaner Bharatpur Bundi Chittorgarh Churu Dausa Dholpur Dungarpur Ganganagar Hanumangarh Jaipur Jaisalmer Jalore Jhalawar Jhunjhunu Jodhpur Karauli Kota Nagaur Pali Pratapgarh Rajsamand Sawai Madhopur Sikar Sirohi Tonk Udaipur Uttar Pradesh Agra Aligarh Allahabad Ambedkar Nagar Amethi Amroha Auraiya Azamgarh Badaun Bagpat Bahraich Balarampur Ballia Banda Barabanki Bareilly Basti Bijnor Bulandshahr Chandauli Chitrakoot Devaria Etah Etawah Faizabad Farrukhabad Fatehpur Firozabad Ghaziabad Gonda Gorakhpur Gautam Buddha Nagar Ghazipur Hamirpur Hardoi Hathras Jalaun Jaunpur Jhansi Kannauj Kanpur Kanpur Dehat Kaushambi Kushinagar Khair City Lakhimpur Kheri Lalitpur Lucknow Maharajganj Mahoba Mainpuri Mathura Mau Meerut Mirzapur Moradabad Muzaffarnagar Pilibhit Pratapgarh Raebareli Rampur Saharanpur Sant Kabir Nagar Sant Ravidas Nagar Shahjahanpur Shravasti Siddharthnagar Sitapur Sonbhadra Sultanpur Unnao Varanasi Uttarakhand Almora Bageshwar Chamoli Champawat Dehradun Haridwar Nainital New Tehri Pauri Pithoragarh Rudraprayag Rudrapur Uttarkashi Tourist attractions in Agra World Heritage Sites Agra Fort Fatehpur Sikri Taj Mahal Mughal architecture Chini Ka Rauza Gyarah Sidi Itmad - Ud - Daulah Mariam 's Tomb Sikandra Mosques Jama Masjid Moti Masjid Other religious places Bateshwar Guru ka Tal Mankameshwar Temple Swamibagh Shopping Kinari Bazaar Loha Mandi Raja ki mandi Sadar Bazaar Sanjay Place Gardens Mehtab Bagh Paliwal Park Ram Bagh Wildlife sanctuaries Keetham Lake National Chambal Wildlife Sanctuary Patna Bird Sanctuary Fairs Ram Barat Taj Mahotsav WorldCat Identities GND : 4000745 - 5 VIAF : 153574610 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agra&oldid=865498671 '' Categories : Agra Cities and towns in Agra district Former capital cities in India Populated places established in 1504 Tourism in Uttar Pradesh Municipal corporations in Uttar Pradesh Cities in Uttar Pradesh Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unrecognized language CS1 Hindi - language sources ( hi ) Use Indian English from June 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from March 2013 Articles with short description Coordinates on Wikidata Articles with hAudio microformats Articles including recorded pronunciations ( English ) Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles needing additional references from September 2018 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2011 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013 Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar मैथिली മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Scots Shqip Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Twi Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語中文 डोटेली 86 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2018 , at 09 : 16 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who established the city of agra at its present location	[ "It is generally accepted that Agra was both an ancient city from the times of the Mahabharata (see above) and yet nevertheless Sultan Sikandar Lodī, the Muslim ruler of the Delhi Sultanate, founded Agra in the year 1504. After the Sultan's death, the city passed on to his son, Sultan Ibrāhīm Lodī. He ruled his Sultanate from Agra until he fell fighting to Mughal Badshah Bābar in the First battle of Panipat fought in 1526.\n" ]	[ "Sultan Sikandar Lodī, the Muslim ruler of the Delhi Sultanate" ]
-6685410517592411288	Cattle in religion and mythology	Cattle in religion and mythology - wikipedia Cattle in religion and mythology Jump to : navigation , search Due to the multiple benefits from cattle , there are varying beliefs about cattle in societies and religions . In some regions , especially Nepal and most states of India , the slaughter of cattle is prohibited and their meat may be taboo . Cattle are considered sacred in world religions such as Hinduism , Jainism , Zoroastrianism , and others . Religions in ancient Egypt , ancient Greece , ancient Israel , ancient Rome , and ancient Germany held similar beliefs . Contents ( hide ) 1 In Indian religions 1.1 Hinduism 1.2 Historical significance 1.2. 1 In Gandhi 's teachings 1.3 Jainism 1.4 Buddhism 2 Zoroastrianism 3 Judaism 4 Islam 5 Ancient Egypt 6 Ancient Europe 7 Modern day 7.1 In India 7.2 In Nepal 7.3 In Myanmar 7.4 In Sri Lanka 7.5 China 7.6 Japan 7.7 Indonesia 8 Leather 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 11.1 Bibliography 12 External links In Indian religions ( edit ) Hinduism ( edit ) A bull bas relief in Mamallapuram . Majority of scholars explain the veneration for cattle among Hindus in economic terms , which includes the importance of dairy in the diet , use of cow dung as fuel and fertilizer , and the importance that cattle have historically played in agriculture . Ancient texts such as Rig Veda , Puranas highlight the importance of the cattle . The scope , extent and status of cows throughout during ancient India is a subject of debate . According to D.N. Jha , cattle including cows were neither inviolable nor revered in the ancient times as they were later . A Gryhasutra recommends that beef be eaten by the mourners , after a funeral ceremony as a ritual rite of passage . In contrast , according to Marvin Harris , the Vedic literature is contradictory , with some suggesting ritual slaughter and meat consumption , while others suggesting a taboo on meat eating . The Chandogya Upanishad ( ~ 800 BCE ) mentions the ethical value of Ahimsa , or non-violence towards all beings . By mid 1st millennium BCE , all three major Indian religions -- Buddhism , Hinduism , and Jainism -- were championing non-violence as an ethical value , and something that impacted one 's rebirth . According to Harris , by about 200 CE , food and feasting on animal slaughter were widely considered as a form of violence against life forms , and became a religious and social taboo . Milk cows are called aghnya `` that which may not be slaughtered '' in Rigveda . Yaska , the early commentator of the Rigveda , gives nine names for cow , the first being `` aghnya '' . The Hindu god Krishna is often shown with cows listening to his music . The calf is compared with the dawn , in Hinduism . Here , with a sadhu . According to Nanditha Krishna , the cow veneration in ancient India during the Vedic era , the religious texts written during this period called for non-violence towards all bipeds and quadrupeds , and often equated killing of a cow with the killing of a human being especially a Brahmin . Nanditha Krishna stated that the hymn 10.87. 16 of the Hindu scripture Rigveda ( ~ 1200 -- 1500 BCE ) condemns all killings of men , cattle , and horses , and prays to god Agni to punish those who kill . Many ancient and medieval Hindu texts debate the rationale for a voluntary stop to cow slaughter and the pursuit of vegetarianism as a part of a general abstention from violence against others and all killing of animals . According to Harris , the literature relating to cow veneration became common in 1st millennium CE , and by about 1000 CE vegetarianism , along with a taboo against beef , became a well accepted mainstream Hindu tradition . This practice was inspired by the beliefs in Hinduism that a soul is present in all living beings , life in all its forms is interconnected , and non-violence towards all creatures is the highest ethical value . Vegetarianism is a part of the Hindu culture . The god Krishna , one of the incarnations ( Avatar ) of Vishnu , is associated with cows , adding to its endearment . According to Ludwig Alsdorf , `` Indian vegetarianism is unequivocally based on ahimsa ( non-violence ) '' as evidenced by ancient smritis and other ancient texts of Hinduism . He adds that the endearment and respect for cattle in Hinduism is more than a commitment to vegetarianism and has become integral to its theology . The respect for cattle is widespread but not universal . Some Hindus ( Shaktism ) practice animal sacrifice and eat meat including beef at certain festivals . According to Christopher Fuller , animal sacrifices have been rare among the Hindus outside a few eastern states and Himalayan regions of the Indian subcontinent . To the majority of modern Indians , states Alsdorf , respect for cattle and disrespect for slaughter is a part of their ethos and there is `` no ahimsa without renunciation of meat consumption '' . The interdiction of the meat of the bounteous cow as food was regarded as the first step to total vegetarianism . Puranas Prithu chasing Prithvi , who is in the form of a cow . Prithu milked the cow to generate crops for humans . The earth - goddess Prithvi was , in the form of a cow , successively milked of beneficent substances for the benefit of humans , by deities starting with the first sovereign : Prithu milked the cow to generate crops for humans to end a famine . Kamadhenu , the miraculous `` cow of plenty '' and the `` mother of cows '' in certain versions of the Hindu mythology , is believed to represent the generic sacred cow , regarded as the source of all prosperity . In the 19th - century , a form of Kamadhenu was depicted in poster - art that depicted all major gods and goddesses in it . Historical significance ( edit ) Main articles : Cattle slaughter in India and Cow protection movement A pamphlet protesting cow slaughter , first created in 1893 . A meat eater ( mansahari ) is shown as a demon with sword , with a man telling him `` do n't kill , cow is life - source for all '' . It was interpreted by Muslims in British Raj to be representing them . Redrawn the Raja Ravi Varma ( c. 1897 ) . The reverence for the cow played a role in the Indian Rebellion of 1857 against the British East India Company . Hindu and Muslim sepoys in the army of the East India Company came to believe that their paper cartridges , which held a measured amount of gunpowder , were greased with cow and pig fat . The consumption of swine is forbidden in Islam . Because loading the gun required biting off the end of the paper cartridge , they concluded that the British were forcing them to break edicts of their religion . A historical survey of major communal riots in India between 1717 and 1977 revealed that 22 out of 167 incidents of rioting between Hindus and Muslims were attributable directly to cow slaughter . In Gandhi 's Teachings ( edit ) The cow protection was a symbol of animal rights and of non-violence against all life forms for Gandhi . He venerated cows , and suggested ending cow slaughter to be the first step to stopping violence against all animals . He said : `` I worship it and I shall defend its worship against the whole world '' , and stated that `` The central fact of Hinduism is cow protection . '' Jainism ( edit ) See also : Ahimsa in Jainism Jainism is against violence to all living beings , including cattle . According to the Jaina sutras , humans must avoid all killing and slaughter because all living beings are fond of life , they suffer , they feel pain , they like to live , and long to live . All beings should help each other live and prosper , according to Jainism , not kill and slaughter each other . In the Jain religious tradition , neither monks nor laypersons should cause others or allow others to work in a slaughterhouse . Jains believe that vegetarian sources can provide adequate nutrition , without creating suffering for animals such as cattle . According to some Jain scholars , slaughtering cattle increases ecological burden from human food demands since the production of meat entails intensified grain demands , and reducing cattle slaughter by 50 percent would free up enough land and ecological resources to solve all malnutrition and hunger worldwide . The Jain community leaders , states Christopher Chapple , has actively campaigned to stop all forms of animal slaughter including cattle . Buddhism ( edit ) The texts of Buddhism state ahimsa to be one of five ethical precepts , which requires a practicing Buddhist to `` refrain from killing living beings '' . Slaughtering cow has been a taboo , with some texts suggest taking care of a cow is a means of taking care of `` all living beings '' . Cattle is seen in Buddhism as a form of reborn human beings in the endless rebirth cycles in samsara , protecting animal life and being kind to cattle and other animals is good karma . Not only do Buddhist texts state that killing or eating meat is wrong , it urges Buddhist laypersons to not operate slaughterhouses , nor trade in meat . Indian Buddhist texts encourage a plant - based diet . According to Saddhatissa , in the Brahmanadhammika Sutta , the Buddha `` describes the ideal mode of life of Brahmins in the Golden Age '' before him as follows : Like mother ( they thought ) , father , brother or any other kind of kin , cows are our kin most excellent from whom come many remedies . Givers of good and strength , of good complexion and the happiness of health , having seen the truth of this cattle they never killed . Those brahmins then by Dharma did what should be done , not what should not , and so aware they graceful were , well - built , fair - skinned , of high renown . While in the world this lore was found these people happily prospered . -- Buddha , Brahmanadhammika Sutta 13.24 , Sutta Nipāta Saving animals from slaughter for meat , is believed in Buddhism to be a way to acquire merit for better rebirth . According to Richard Gombrich , there has been a gap between Buddhist precepts and practice . Vegetarianism is admired , states Gombrich , but often it is not practiced . Nevertheless , adds Gombrich , there is a general belief among Theravada Buddhists that eating beef is worse than other meat and the ownership of cattle slaughterhouses by Buddhists is relatively rare . Zoroastrianism ( edit ) Further information : Vohu Manah The term geush urva means `` the spirit of the cow '' and is interpreted as the soul of the earth . In the Ahunavaiti Gatha , Zarathustra ( or Zoroaster ) accuses some of his co-religionists of abusing the cow . Ahura Mazda tells Zarathustra to protect the cow . The lands of Zarathustra and the Vedic priests were those of cattle breeders . The 9th chapter of the Vendidad of the Avesta expounds the purificatory power of gōmēz - cow urine . It is declared to be a panacea for all bodily and moral evils , understood as which it features prominently in the 9 - night purification ritual Barashnûm . Judaism ( edit ) Cattle at a temple , in Ooty India According to the Hebrew Bible , an unblemished red cow was an important part of ancient Jewish rituals . The cow was sacrificed and burned in a precise ritual , and the ashes were added to water used in the ritual purification of a person who had come in to contact with a human corpse . The ritual is described in the Book of Numbers in Chapter 19 , verses 1 - 14 . Observant Jews study this passage every year in early summer as part of the weekly Torah portion called Chukat . A contemporary Jewish organization called the Temple Institute is trying to revive this ancient religious observance . Traditional Judaism considers beef kosher and permissible as food , as long as the cow is slaughtered in a religious ritual called shechita , and the meat is not served in a meal that includes any dairy foods . Some Jews committed to Jewish vegetarianism believe that eating beef is prohibited . Islam ( edit ) Further information : Animals in Islam Islam allows the slaughter of cows and consumption of beef , as long as the cow is slaughtered in a religious ritual called dhabīḥah or zabiha similar to the Jewish shechita . Although slaughter of cattle plays a role in a major Muslim holiday , Eid al - Adha , many rulers of the Mughal Empire had imposed a ban on the slaughter of cows owing to the large Hindu and Jain populations living under their rule . The second and longest surah of the Quran is named Al - Baqara ( `` The Cow '' ) . Out of the 286 verses of the surah , 7 mention cows ( Al Baqarah 67 - 73 ) . The name of the surah derives from this passage in which Moses orders his people to sacrifice a cow in order to resurrect a man murdered by an unknown person . Per the passage , the `` Children of Israel '' quibbled over what kind of cow was meant when the sacrifice was ordered . Classical Sunni and Shia commentators recount several variants of this tale . Per some of the commentators though any cow would have been acceptable but after they `` created hardships for themselves '' and the cow was finally specified , it was necessary to obtain it any cost . Ancient Egypt ( edit ) The ancient Egyptians sacrificed animals but not the cow , because it was sacred to goddess Hathor , and due to the contemporary Greek myth of Io , who had the form of a cow . In Egyptian mythology , Hesat was the manifestation of Hathor , the divine sky - cow , in earthly form . Like Hathor , she was seen as the wife of Ra . In hieroglyphs , she is depicted as a cow with a headdress . Ancient Europe ( edit ) In Celtic mythology , the cattle goddess was known as Damona in Celtic Gaul and Boann in Celtic Ireland . In Greek mythology , the Cattle of Helios pastured on the island of Thrinacia , which is believed to be modern Sicily . Helios , the sun god , is said to have had seven herds of oxen and seven flocks of sheep , each numbering fifty head . A hecatomb was a sacrifice to the gods Apollo , Athena , and Hera , of 100 cattle ( hekaton = one hundred ) . In Norse mythology , the primeval cow Auðumbla suckled the ancestor of the Frost Giants , Ymir , and licked Odin 's grandfather , Búri , out of the ice . Among the Visigoths , the oxen pulling the wagon with the corpse of Saint Emilian lead to the correct burial site ( San Millán de la Cogolla , La Rioja ) . Modern day ( edit ) A cow shelter ( goshala ) at Guntur , India . A cow walking in Delhi . Today , in Hindu - majority countries like India and Nepal , bovine milk holds a key part of religious rituals . For some , it is customary to boil milk on a stove or lead a cow through the house as part of a housewarming ceremony . In honor of their exalted status , cows often roam free , even along ( and in ) busy streets in major cities such as Delhi . In some places , it is considered good luck to give one a snack or fruit before breakfast . In India ( edit ) Main article : Cattle slaughter in India Constitution of India mandates the protection of cows in India . The slaughter of cattle is allowed with restrictions ( like a ' fit - for - slaughter ' certificate which may be issued depending on factors like age and gender of cattle , continued economic viability , etc . ) , but only for bulls and buffaloes and not cows in fourteen states . It is completely banned in six states with pending litigation in the supreme court to overturn the ban , while there is no restriction in many states . This has created communal disharmony in India and frequently leads to unwanted incidents . Gopastami , a holiday celebrated by the Hindus once a year , is one of the few instances where cows receive prayers in modern - day India . While the cow is still respected and honored by most of the Indian population , there has been controversy over the treatment of the cows during the holiday . Because cow slaughtering is only legal in two Indian states , cows must be transported around the country in rather poor conditions , usually train or by foot . This lack of sacredness toward the cows alarms many animal activists and some dedicated Hindus . In Nepal ( edit ) In Nepal , the cow is the national animal . Cows give milk from which the people produce dahi ( yogurt ) , ghee , butter , etc . In Nepal , a Hindu - majority country , slaughtering of cows and bulls is completely banned . Cows are considered like the Goddess Lakshmi ( goddess of wealth and prosperity ) . The Nepalese have a festival called Tihar ( Diwali ) during which , on one day called Gaipuja , they perform prayers for cows . According to a Lodi News - Sentinel news story written in the 1960s , in then contemporary Nepal an individual could serve three months in jail for killing a pedestrian , but one year for injuring a cow , and life imprisonment for killing a cow . Cows roam freely and are sacred . Buffalo slaughtering was done in Nepal at specific Hindu events , such as at the Gadhimai festival , last held in 2014 . In 2015 , Nepal 's temple trust on announced to cancel all future animal sacrifice at the country 's Gadhimai festival . In Myanmar ( edit ) The beef taboo is fairly widespread in Myanmar , particularly in the Buddhist community . In Myanmar , beef is typically obtained from cattle that are slaughtered at the end of their working lives ( 16 years of age ) or from sick animals . Cattle is rarely raised for meat ; 58 % of cattle in the country is used for draught power . Few people eat beef , and there is a general dislike of beef ( especially among the Bamar and Burmese Chinese ) , although it is more commonly eaten in regional cuisines , particularly those of ethnic minorities like the Kachin . Buddhists , when giving up meat during the Buddhist ( Vassa ) or Uposatha days , will forego beef first . Almost all butchers are Muslim because of the Buddhist doctrine of ahimsa ( no harm ) . During the country 's last dynasty , the Konbaung dynasty , habitual consumption of beef was punishable by public flogging . In 1885 , Ledi Sayadaw , a prominent Buddhist monk wrote the Nwa - myitta - sa ( နွားမေတ္တာစာ ) , a poetic prose letter that argued that Burmese Buddhists should not kill cattle and eat beef , because Burmese farmers depended on them as beasts of burden to maintain their livelihoods , that the marketing of beef for human consumption threatened the extinction of buffalo and cattle , and that the practice and was ecologically unsound . He subsequently led successful beef boycotts during the colonial era , despite the presence of beef eating among locals , and influenced a generation of Burmese nationalists in adopting this stance . On 29 August 1961 , the Burmese Parliament passed the State Religion Promotion Act of 1961 , which explicitly banned the slaughtering of cattle nationwide ( beef became known as todo tha ( တိုးတိုးသား ) ; lit . hush hush meat ) . Religious groups , such as Muslims , were required to apply for exemption licences to slaughter cattle on religious holidays . This ban was repealed a year later , after Ne Win led a coup d'état and declared martial law in the country . In Sri Lanka ( edit ) In Sri Lanka , in May 2013 , 30 - year - old Buddhist monk Bowatte Indrarathana Thera of the Sri Sugatha Purana Vihara self immolated to protest the government allowing religious minorities to slaughter cows . China ( edit ) A beef taboo in Ancient China , known as niú jiè ( 牛戒 ) , was historically a dietary restriction , particularly among the Han Chinese , as oxen and buffalo ( bovines ) are useful in farming and are respected . During the Zhou Dynasty , they were not often eaten , even by emperors . Some emperors banned killing cows . Beef is not recommended in Chinese medicine , as it is considered a hot food and is thought to disrupt the body 's internal balance . In written sources ( including anecdotes and Daoist liturgical texts ) , this taboo first appeared in the 9th to 12th centuries ( Tang - Song transition , with the advent of pork meat . ) By the 16th to 17th centuries , the beef taboo had become well accepted in the framework of Chinese morality and was found in morality books ( 善書 ) , with several books dedicated exclusively to this taboo . The beef taboo came from a Chinese perspective that relates the respect for animal life and vegetarianism ( ideas shared by Buddhism , Confucianism , and Daoism , and state protection for draught animals . ) In Chinese society , only ethnic and religious groups not fully assimilated ( such as the Muslim Huis and the Miao ) and foreigners consumed this meat . This taboo , among Han Chinese , led Chinese Muslims to create a niche for themselves as butchers who specialized in slaughtering oxen and buffalo . Occasionally , some cows seen weeping before slaughter are often released to temples nearby . Japan ( edit ) Historically , there was a beef taboo in Ancient Japan , as a means of protecting the livestock population and Buddhist influence . Meat - eating had long been taboo in Japan , beginning with a decree in 675 that banned the consumption of cattle , horses , dogs , monkeys , and chickens , influenced by the Buddhist prohibition of killing . In 1612 , the shogun declared a decree that specifically banned the killing of cattle . This official prohibition was in place until 1872 , when it was officially proclaimed that Emperor Meiji consumed beef and mutton , which transformed the country 's dietary considerations as a means of modernizing the country , particularly with regard to consumption of beef . With contact from Europeans , beef increasingly became popular , even though it had previously been considered barbaric . Indonesia ( edit ) In Kudus , Indonesia , Muslims still maintain the tradition of not slaughtering or eating cows , out of respect for their ancestors , who were Hindus , allegedly imitating Sunan Kudus who also did as such . Leather ( edit ) In religiously diverse countries , leather vendors are typically careful to clarify the kinds of leather used in their products . For example , leather shoes will bear a label identifying the animal from which the leather was taken . In this way , a Muslim would not accidentally purchase pigskin leather , and a Hindu could avoid cow leather . Many Hindus who are vegetarians will not use any kind of leather . Judaism forbids the wearing of shoes made with leather on Yom Kippur , Tisha B'Av , and during mourning . Jainism prohibits the use of leather because it is obtained by killing animals . See also ( edit ) 1966 anti-cow slaughter agitation Ahir Bull ( mythology ) Etiquette of Indian dining Food and drink prohibitions Gangotri ( cow ) Golden calf Kamadhenu Khnum Nandi ( bull ) Panchamrita Red heifer Shambo Táin Bó Cúailnge Zebu , the common breed of cow from India Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The protection of cattle and prevention of cattle slaughter is not limited to Buddhists in India , but found in other Theravada countries such as Sri Lanka , Myanmar and others . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Animals and Society : An Introduction to Human - animal Studies , Margo DeMello , p. 314 , Columbia University Press , 2012 Jump up ^ Jha , Dwijendra Narayan . The Myth of the Holy Cow . London / New York : Verso 2002 Jump up ^ Achaya , K.T. ( 2002 ) . A Historical Dictionary of Indian Food . Oxford University Press . pp. 16 -- 17 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 565868 - X . ^ Jump up to : Marvin Harris ( 1990 ) , India 's sacred cow , Anthropology : contemporary perspectives , 6th edition , Editors : Phillip Whitten & David Hunter , Scott Foresman , ISBN 0 - 673 - 52074 - 9 , pages 201 - 204 Jump up ^ Christopher Chapple ( 1993 ) . Nonviolence to Animals , Earth , and Self in Asian Traditions . State University of New York Press . pp. 10 -- 18 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 1497 - 2 . Jump up ^ Tähtinen , Unto ( 1976 ) , Ahimsa . Non-Violence in Indian Tradition , London : Rider , ISBN 978 - 0091233402 , pp. 1 - 6 , 107 - 109 . ^ Jump up to : Lisa Kemmerer ( 2011 ) . Animals and World Religions . Oxford University Press . pp. 59 -- 68 ( Hinduism ) , pp. 100 -- 110 ( Buddhism ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 979076 - 0 . Jump up ^ V.M. Apte , Religion and Philosophy , The Vedic Age Jump up ^ Krishna , Nanditha ( 2014 ) , Sacred Animals of India , Penguin Books Limited , pp. 80 , 101 -- 108 , ISBN 978 - 81 - 8475 - 182 - 6 Jump up ^ Krishna , Nanditha ( 2014 ) , Sacred Animals of India , Penguin Books Limited , pp. 15 , 33 , ISBN 978 - 81 - 8475 - 182 - 6 Jump up ^ ऋग्वेद : सूक्तं १०. ८७ , Wikisource , Quote : `` यः पौरुषेयेण क्रविषा समङ्क्ते यो अश्व्येन पशुना यातुधानः । यो अघ्न्याया भरति क्षीरमग्ने तेषां शीर्षाणि हरसापि वृश्च ॥ १६ ॥ '' Jump up ^ Ludwig Alsdorf ( 2010 ) . The History of Vegetarianism and Cow - Veneration in India . Routledge . pp. 32 -- 44 with footnotes . ISBN 978 - 1 - 135 - 16641 - 0 . Jump up ^ John R. McLane ( 2015 ) . Indian Nationalism and the Early Congress . Princeton University Press . pp. 271 -- 280 with footnotes . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4008 - 7023 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Alsdorf , Ludwig ( 2010 ) . The History of Vegetarianism and Cow - Veneration in India . Routledge . pp. 2 -- 4 . ISBN 978 - 11351 - 66 - 410 . Jump up ^ Christopher John Fuller ( 2004 ) . The Camphor Flame : Popular Hinduism and Society in India . Princeton University Press . pp. 46 , 83 -- 85 , 141 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 12048 - X . Jump up ^ ( Achaya 2002 , p. 55 ) Jump up ^ `` milking of the Earth '' . Texts.00.gs . Retrieved 13 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Biardeau , Madeleine ( 1993 ) . `` Kamadhenu : The Mythical Cow , Symbol of Prosperity '' . In Yves Bonnefoy . Asian mythologies . University of Chicago Press . p. 99 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 06456 - 5 . Jump up ^ Smith , Frederick M. ( 2006 ) . The self possessed : Deity and spirit possession in South Asian literature and civilization . Columbia University Press . pp. 404 , pp. 402 -- 3 ( Plates 5 and 6 for the two representations of Kamadhenu ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 13748 - 5 . Jump up ^ R. Venugopalam ( 2003 ) . `` Animal Deities '' . Rituals and Culture of India . B. Jain Publishers . pp. 119 -- 120 . ISBN 81 - 8056 - 373 - 1 . Jump up ^ Raminder Kaur ; William Mazzarella ( 2009 ) . Censorship in South Asia : Cultural Regulation from Sedition to Seduction . Indiana University Press . pp. 36 -- 38 . ISBN 0 - 253 - 22093 - 9 . Jump up ^ W. and R. Chambers ( 1891 ) . Chambers 's Encyclopaedia : A Dictionary of Universal Knowledge for the People . 8 . p. 719 . Jump up ^ Banu , Zenab . `` Appendix IV '' . Politics of Communalism . pp. 175 -- 193 . Jump up ^ `` Report of the National Commission on Cattle - Chapter II ( 10 A. Cow Protection in pre-Independence India ) '' . DAHD . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 08 . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . ^ Jump up to : `` Compilation of Gandhi 's views on Cow Protection '' . Dahd.nic.in. 7 July 1927 . Archived from the original on 25 November 2011 . Retrieved 13 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Susan J. Armstrong ; Richard G. Botzler ( 2016 ) . The Animal Ethics Reader . Taylor & Francis . p. 44 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 42197 - 9 . Jump up ^ Paul Dundas ( 2003 ) . The Jains . Routledge . pp. 160 -- 162 . ISBN 978 - 04152 - 66 - 055 . ^ Jump up to : Lisa Kemmerer ; Anthony J. Nocella ( 2011 ) . Call to Compassion : Reflections on Animal Advocacy from the World 's Religions . New York : Booklight . pp. 57 -- 60 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59056 - 281 - 9 . Jump up ^ Christopher Chapple ( 2002 ) . Jainism and ecology : nonviolence in the web of life . Harvard Divinity School . pp. 7 -- 14 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 945454 - 33 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Lisa Kemmerer ( 2011 ) . Animals and World Religions . Oxford University Press . pp. 100 -- 101 , 110 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 979076 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : McFarlane , Stewart ( 2001 ) , Peter Harvey , ed. , Buddhism , Bloomsbury Academic , pp. 187 -- 191 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4411 - 4726 - 4 Jump up ^ Harvey , Peter ( 2013 ) . An Introduction to Buddhism : Teachings , History and Practices ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 83 , 273 -- 274 . ISBN 978 - 05216 - 767 - 48 . Jump up ^ Thich Nhat Hanh ( 2015 ) . The Heart of the Buddha 's Teaching : Transforming Suffering into Peace , Joy , and Liberation . Potter . p. 115 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 101 - 90573 - 9 . Jump up ^ Martine Batchelor ( 2014 ) . The Spirit of the Buddha . Yale University Press . p. 59 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 17500 - 4 . ; Quote : These five trades , O monks , should not be taken up by a lay follower : trading with weapons , trading in living beings , trading in meat , trading in intoxicants , trading in poison . '' ^ Jump up to : H. Saddhatissa ( 2013 ) . The Sutta - Nipata : A New Translation from the Pali Canon . Routledge . p. 33 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 77293 - 1 . Jump up ^ R Ganguli ( 1931 ) , Cattle and Cattle - rearing in Ancient India , Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute , Vol. 12 , No. 3 ( 1931 ) , pp. 216 - 230 Jump up ^ How Brahmins Lived by the Dharma , Early Buddhist texts , translations , and parallels , Sutta Central ^ Jump up to : Richard Gombrich ( 2012 ) . Buddhist Precept & Practice . Routledge . pp. 303 -- 307 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 15623 - 6 . Jump up ^ Matthew J. Walton ( 2016 ) . Buddhism , Politics and Political Thought in Myanmar . Cambridge University Press . pp. 34 -- 35 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 15569 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Clark , P. 13 Zoroastrianism Jump up ^ Vogelsang , P. 63 The Afghans ^ Jump up to : P. 72 Some Aspects of Ancient Indian Culture by D.R. Bhandarkar Jump up ^ Carmichael , Calum ( 2012 ) . The Book of Numbers : A Critique of Genesis . New Haven , Connecticut : Yale University Press . pp. 103 -- 121 . ISBN 9780300179187 . Jump up ^ `` Apocalypse Cow '' . New York Times . March 30 , 1997 . Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hersh , June ( 2011 ) . The Kosher Carnivore : The Ultimate Meat and Poultry Cookbook . Macmillan Publishers . pp. 19 -- 21 . ISBN 9781429987783 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Ari L. ( 2007 ) . Being Jewish : The Spiritual and Cultural Practice of Judaism Today . Simon & Schuster . p. 234 . ISBN 9781416536024 . Jump up ^ `` Rabbinic Statement '' . Jewish Veg . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Nussbaum , Martha Craven . The Clash Within : Democracy , Religious Violence , and India 's Future . p. 224 . Jump up ^ Diane Morgan ( 2010 ) . `` Essential Islam : A Comprehensive Guide to Belief and Practice '' . ABC - CLIO . p. 27 . ISBN 9780313360251 . Jump up ^ Thomas Hughes ( 1995 ) ( first published in 1885 ) . `` Dictionary of Islam '' . Asian Educational Services . p. 364 . ISBN 9788120606722 . Jump up ^ Avinoam Shalem ( 2013 ) . `` Constructing the Image of Muhammad in Europe '' . Walter de Gruyter . p. 127 . ISBN 9783110300864 . Jump up ^ Rosalind Ward Gwynne ( 2014 ) . `` Logic , Rhetoric and Legal Reasoning in the Qur'an : God 's Arguments '' . Routledge . p. 38 . ISBN 9781134344994 . Jump up ^ Mahmoud M. Ayoub ( 1984 ) . `` The Qur'an and Its Interpreters , Volume 1 '' . SUNY Press . p. 117 . ISBN 9780873957274 . Jump up ^ Analysis and summary of Herodotus , with a synchronistical table of principal events ; tables of weights , measures , money , and distances ; an outline of the history and geography ; and the dates completed from Gaisford , Baehr , etc. , by J. Talboys Wheeler , p. 57 Jump up ^ `` ANNEX II ( 8 ) '' . Dahd.nic.in. 30 August 1976 . Archived from the original on 9 November 2014 . Retrieved 13 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Tadeusz , Margul ( 1968 ) . `` Present Day Worship Of The Cow In India '' . ATLA Religion Database with ATLASerials . Numen. 15 ( 1 ) : 63 -- 80 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Agoramoorthy , Govindasamy ( 2012 ) . `` The significance of cows in Indian society between sacredness and economy '' ( PDF ) . Anthropological Notebooks . pp. 8 -- 9 . Retrieved 8 February 2015 . Jump up ^ 4 held for violating ban on cow slaughter , The Himalayan Times Jump up ^ `` Injured cow in Nepal is serious matter '' . Yahoo ! News . Retrieved 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Jolly , Joanna ( 24 November 2009 ) . `` Devotees flock to Nepal animal sacrifice festival '' . BBC . Retrieved 24 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Over 20,000 buffaloes slaughtered in Gadhimai festival '' . NepalNews.com. 25 November 2009 . Retrieved 25 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Ram Chandra , Shah . `` Gadhimai Temple Trust Chairman , Mr Ram Chandra Shah , on the decision to stop holding animal sacrifices during the Gadhimai festival : '' ( PDF ) . Humane Society International . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Devendra , , C. ; Devendra , C. ; Thomas , D. ; Jabbar , M.A. ; Kudo , H. ; Thomas , D. ; Jabbar , M.A. ; Kudo , H. Improvement of livestock production in crop - animal systems in rainfed agro-ecological zones of South - East Asia . ILRI . p. 33 . Jump up ^ Gesteland , Richard R. ; Georg F. Seyk ( 2002 ) . Marketing across cultures in Asia . Copenhagen Business School Press DK . p. 156 . ISBN 978 - 87 - 630 - 0094 - 9 . Jump up ^ U Khin Win ( 1991 ) . A century of rice improvement in Burma . International Rice Research Institute . pp. 27 , 44 . ISBN 978 - 971 - 22 - 0024 - 3 . Jump up ^ Meyer , Arthur L. ; Jon M. Vann ( 2003 ) . The Appetizer Atlas : A World of Small Bites . John Wiley and Sons . p. 276 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 41102 - 4 . Jump up ^ Simoons , Frederick J. ( 1994 ) . Eat not this flesh : food avoidances from prehistory to the present . Univ of Wisconsin Press . p. 120 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 14254 - 4 . Jump up ^ Spiro , Melford ( 1982 ) . Buddhism and society : a great tradition and its Burmese vicissitudes . University of California Press . p. 46 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 04672 - 2 . Jump up ^ Hardiman , John Percy ( 1900 ) . Gazetteer of Upper Burma and the Shan States . 2 . Government of Burma . pp. 93 -- 94 . ^ Jump up to : Charney , Michael ( 2007 ) . `` Demographic Growth , Agricultural Expansion and Livestock in the Lower Chindwin in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries '' . In Greg Bankoff , P. Boomgaard . A history of natural resources in Asia : the wealth of nature . MacMillan . pp. 236 -- 40 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4039 - 7736 - 6 . Jump up ^ King , Winston L. ( 2001 ) . In the hope of Nibbana : the ethics of Theravada Buddhism. 2 . Pariyatti . p. 295 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 928706 - 08 - 3 . Jump up ^ Fervour that ended in a fatal fire Jump up ^ Katz , Paul R. ( 2008 ) . Divine justice : religion and the development of Chinese legal culture . Academia Sinica on East Asia . Taylor & Francis US . p. 56 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 44345 - 6 . Jump up ^ Classic of Rites Jump up ^ 民間私營養牛業 ( 附私營牧駝業 ) Archived 13 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ http://www.eywedu.com/Huizuyanjiu/hzyj2007/hzyj20070208.html Jump up ^ Hutton , Wendy ( 2007 ) . Singapore food . Marshall Cavendish . p. 144 . ISBN 978 - 981 - 261 - 321 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Sterckx , Roel ( 2005 ) . Of tripod and palate : food , politics and religion in traditional China - Chapter 11 , The Beef Taboo and the Sacrificial Structure of Late Imperial Chinese Society , Vincent Goossaert . Macmillan . pp. 237 -- 248 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4039 - 6337 - 6 . Jump up ^ Elverskog , Johan ( 2010 ) . Buddhism and Islam on the Silk Road . University of Pennsylvania Press . p. 240 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 4237 - 9 . Jump up ^ 慈雲閣 -- -- 看靈牛遊地獄 Archived 5 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Cwiertka , Katarzyna Joanna ( 2006 ) . Modern Japanese cuisine : food , power , and national identity . Reaktion Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86189 - 298 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Lien , Marianne E. ; Brigitte Nerlich ( 2004 ) . The politics of food . Berg . pp. 125 -- 127 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85973 - 853 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Global Business Strategies : Text and Cases '' by U.C. Mathur , p. 219 Jump up ^ `` Wearing Shoes - Mourning Observances of Shiva and Sheloshim '' . Chabad.org . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 20 . Bibliography ( edit ) Achaya , K.T. ( 2002 ) , A Historical Dictionary of Indian Food , Oxford University Press , ISBN 0 - 19 - 565868 - X Sethna , K.D. ( 1980 ) , The Problem of Aryan Origins ( published 1992 ) , ISBN 81 - 85179 - 67 - 0 Shaffer , Jim G. ( 1995 ) , `` Cultural tradition and Palaeoethnicity in South Asian Archaeology '' , in Erdosy , George , The Indo - Aryans of Ancient South Asia , ISBN 3 - 11 - 014447 - 6 Shaffer , Jim G. ( 1999 ) , `` Migration , Philology and South Asian Archaeology '' , in Bronkhorst , Johannes ; Deshpande , Madhav , The Indo - Aryans of Ancient South Asia , ISBN 1 - 888789 - 04 - 2 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sacred cows . Sacredness of native Cow breeds of India Save Mother Cow Photo essay examining the changing place of the Holy Cow in India Cows in Hinduism Sacredness of cow in Rigveda and the words of Gandhi , from Hinduism Today Gau - Mata and her secret meanings Why Hindus Consider Cow as Sacred Mother Milk in a vegetarian diet , from Sanatan Society , a Hindu association Sacred No Longer : The suffering of cattle for the Indian leather trade , from Advocates for Animals Rise In Animal Slaughter in India , by Tony Mathews `` Pamela Anderson Lee Exposes Animal Cruelty in the International Leather Trade '' , from PETA Deonar Abattoir : Report on the Failure of Government and of Management to Meet Humane , Hygiene , Religious , and Legal Standards for Slaughter and Animal Handling , from PETA People for Animals , an Indian animal rights organisation India cow report , by Balabhadra das , ISCOWP Hinduism : Why do Hindus regard the cow as sacred ? Jainism & Status of Cows in India : - By Mr. Anil Kumar Jain Elephant who cried after being freed from abusive owners will remain free Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cattle_in_religion_and_mythology&oldid=815061922 '' Categories : Cattle Hindu philosophical concepts Indian culture Animal worship Hinduism and animals Animals in religion Cattle in religion Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from November 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2010 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from January 2016 Articles containing Burmese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Esperanto Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული नेपाल भाषा Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 December 2017 , at 14 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which of the following religions consider the cow to be scared	[]	[]
-2105416946799776037	Brazil v Germany (2014 FIFA World Cup)	Brazil v Germany ( 2014 FIFA World Cup ) - wikipedia Brazil v Germany ( 2014 FIFA World Cup ) `` 7 - 1 '' redirects here . For the calendar dates , see January 7 and July 1 . Brazil v Germany Scene inside Estádio Mineirão , twenty minutes before the start of the match Event 2014 FIFA World Cup Semi-final Brazil Germany 7 Date 8 July 2014 Venue Estádio Mineirão , Belo Horizonte , Brazil Man of the Match Toni Kroos ( Germany ) Referee Marco Rodríguez ( Mexico ) Attendance 58,141 Weather Clear night 22 ° C ( 71 ° F ) 51 % humidity The Brazil versus Germany ( German : Fußball - WM - Halbfinale Brasilien -- Deutschland 2014 ; Portuguese : Semifinal da Copa do Mundo de 2014 -- Brasil vs. Alemanha ) football match that took place on 8 July 2014 at the Estádio Mineirão in Belo Horizonte , Brazil , was the first of two semi-final matches of the 2014 FIFA World Cup . Both Brazil and Germany reached the semi-finals with an undefeated record in the competition , with the Brazilians ' quarter - final with Colombia causing them to lose striker Neymar to injury , and defender and captain Thiago Silva to accumulation of yellow cards . Despite the absences , a close match was expected , given both teams were traditional FIFA World Cup forces , sharing eight tournaments won and having previously met in the 2002 FIFA World Cup Final , where Brazil won 2 -- 0 and earned their fifth title . This match , however , ended in a shocking loss for Brazil ; Germany led 5 -- 0 at half time , with four goals scored within six minutes , and subsequently brought the score up to 7 -- 0 in the second half . Brazil scored a consolation goal in the last minute , ending the match 7 -- 1 . Germany 's Toni Kroos was selected as the man of the match . The game marked several tournament records . Germany 's win marked the largest margin of victory in a FIFA World Cup semi-final . The game saw Germany overtake Brazil as the highest scoring team in World Cup tournament history and become the first team to reach eight World Cup Finals . Miroslav Klose scored his 16th career World Cup goal and surpassed Brazil 's own Ronaldo as the tournament 's all - time record goalscorer . Brazil 's loss broke their 62 - match home unbeaten streak in competitive matches going back to Copa America 1975 ( over Peru 1 -- 3 ) , equalled their biggest ever margin of defeat in a match alongside a 6 -- 0 loss to Uruguay in 1920 , and broke the record for the most goals ever conceded by Brazil in an international match . Ultimately , the match was described as a national humiliation . The game has subsequently been dubbed the Mineirazo ( Mineiraço ( minejˈɾasu ) ) , evoking a previous `` spirit of national shame '' known as the Maracanazo ( Maracanaço ) in which Brazil unexpectedly lost the 1950 FIFA World Cup on home soil to Uruguay . Brazil subsequently lost the third place playoff to the Netherlands , and Germany went on to win the World Cup for the fourth time after defeating Argentina in the 2014 FIFA World Cup Final . Contents 1 Background 2 Match 2.1 First half 2.2 Second half 2.3 Details 2.4 Statistics 3 Records 4 Reactions 4.1 Professional 4.2 Society 4.3 Media 5 Aftermath 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) Brazil failed their appeal to rescind captain Thiago Silva 's suspension for the match . Brazil was hosting the FIFA World Cup for the second time ( after 1950 ) , and had won the tournament on five previous occasions . Germany was a three - time winner but had not won the tournament in 24 years . Brazil was in the semi-finals for the first time since 2002 , from which they emerged victorious and subsequently won the tournament against Germany ; while Germany was in a record - breaking fourth consecutive semi-final . Both teams had entered the tournament among the favourites to win , with Germany ranked 2nd and Brazil ranked 3rd in the FIFA World Rankings . It was only the second official match between the two sides . Germany 's Manuel Neuer practicing prior to the particular match on 7 July 2014 . Brazil 's route to the semi-final included a group stage with Croatia , Mexico and Cameroon in Group A , from which they advanced with seven points before beating Chile in the Round of 16 in a penalty shoot - out , and Colombia in the quarter - finals . Germany had been drawn with Portugal , Ghana and the United States in Group G , and advanced with seven points before beating Algeria in the Round of 16 ( after extra time ) and France in the quarter - finals . The two teams had met in 21 previous matches , but their only previous encounter in the single - elimination round of the World Cup was the final of the 2002 FIFA World Cup that was a 2 - 0 victory for Brazil , which was Luiz Felipe Scolari 's first tenure as manager of Brazil while Miroslav Klose was in Germany 's starting lineup . Brazil defender and captain Thiago Silva was suspended for the match due to accumulation of yellow cards , despite an appeal against the suspension by the Brazilian Football Confederation . Forward Neymar was also unavailable for the match , having been sidelined for the rest of the tournament after suffering a fractured vertebra in the quarter - final match against Colombia . Dante and Bernard , making their first starts of the tournament , replaced Thiago Silva and Neymar respectively with Luiz Gustavo replacing Paulinho in defensive midfield . Germany were unchanged from their quarter - final . Goalkeeper Júlio César and stand - in captain David Luiz paid tribute to Neymar by holding his shirt during the national anthem ceremony . Even with the absences , analysts expected a close match , feeling the home crowd could provide an advantage . Match ( edit ) Both teams had reached the semi-finals undefeated in their previous matches of the tournament . The officiating was led by Mexican referee Marco Antonio Rodríguez , in what proved to be the final match of his career . First half ( edit ) Brazil 's captain David Luiz ( back centre ) led a defence that was incapable of stopping the Germans from scoring four goals in six minutes , starting with Miroslav Klose 's ( left ) strike in the 23rd minute . Both teams started with attacking play , with Brazilian Marcelo 's shot going wide in the third minute and German Sami Khedira 's shot in the seventh minute being inadvertently blocked by his teammate Toni Kroos . In the 11th minute , the Germans scored from their first corner of the game . Thomas Müller escaped his marker , David Luiz , in the penalty box , and Toni Kroos 's delivery found him wide open for a side - footed shot into the net . In the following minutes Brazil tried to respond but their attacks came to nothing , although Philipp Lahm needed to deliver a brilliant tackle to keep Marcelo from setting up a chance in the penalty box . Instead , in the 23rd minute , Germany scored again after Kroos and Müller combined to set up Miroslav Klose , who scored on the rebound after his initial shot was saved by goalkeeper Júlio César . It was Klose 's 16th goal at a World Cup , passing the Brazilian Ronaldo as the all - time World Cup top scorer . Klose 's goal initiated a flurry of German scoring as Brazil lost control of the game . In the 24th minute , Kroos scored with a left - footed strike from the edge of the area after Lahm 's cross was deflected . Then , in the 26th minute , just a few seconds after Brazil kicked off , Kroos caught Fernandinho in possession in his own half and played a one - two with Khedira before scoring again . Kroos ' goals came just 69 seconds apart . Khedira himself scored in the 29th minute after exchanging passes with Mesut Özil . All five of Germany 's first half goals came within the first half - hour , with four of them coming in one six - minute period . Brazil had no shots on target in the first half . Many Brazil supporters in the crowd were visibly in shock or reduced to tears . The resulting fights in the Mineirão stands forced the Military Police to send a special forces squad into the stadium . Second half ( edit ) Brazil 's forward Fred is challenged by Germany 's defender Jérôme Boateng . Fred was heavily criticized for his performance and was booed by Brazilian fans when he was substituted . Brazil 's substitution of Paulinho for Fernandinho and Ramires for Hulk resulted in an improvement in their play after the restart ; Germany goalkeeper Manuel Neuer saved shots in quick succession from Oscar , Paulinho and Fred . By the 60th minute , though , the Germans came close to scoring again , with Júlio César denying Müller twice . Another German goal indeed came in the 69th minute -- Lahm 's low cross found substitute André Schürrle , who side - footed the ball into the net from close range . 10 minutes later , Schürrle ran onto Müller 's cross from the left and hit a powerful shot over Júlio César at the near post . At this point with the score at 7 -- 0 , the remaining home fans gave the Germans a standing ovation , applauding both Schürrle 's goal and Germany 's overall performance . Close to the end , Özil received a through ball but just missed the chance to make it eight . Seconds later , Oscar received a long ball and scored in the 90th minute to make it 7 -- 1 . The final score matched Brazil 's worst ever loss ( 6 -- 0 to Uruguay in 1920 ) and ended a run of 62 competitive home matches unbeaten for Brazil . The Brazilian players left the pitch in tears to a chorus of boos . Toni Kroos was selected Man of the Match , with three shots , two goals , 93 % pass accuracy , one assist and two chances created . Brazilian striker Fred , who was replaced by Willian in the 70th minute , received a particularly hostile reaction from the home fans . According to Opta Sports , Fred failed to make a single tackle , cross , run or interception during the match , and actually spent the majority of his time in possession of the ball on the centre spot due to six restarts . Details ( edit ) 8 July 2014 17 : 00 Brazil 1 -- 7 Germany Oscar 90 ' Report Müller 11 ' Klose 23 ' Kroos 24 ' , 26 ' Khedira 29 ' Schürrle 69 ' , 79 ' Estádio Mineirão , Belo Horizonte Attendance : 58,141 Referee : Marco Rodríguez ( Mexico ) Brazil Germany GK 12 Júlio César RB 23 Maicon CB David Luiz ( c ) CB 13 Dante 68 ' LB 6 Marcelo CM 5 Fernandinho 46 ' CM 17 Luiz Gustavo RW 7 Hulk 46 ' AM 11 Oscar LW 20 Bernard CF 9 Fred 70 ' Substitutes : GK Jefferson DF Dani Alves MF 8 Paulinho 46 ' DF 14 Maxwell DF 15 Henrique MF 16 Ramires 46 ' MF 18 Hernanes MF 19 Willian 70 ' FW 21 Jô GK 22 Victor Manager : Luiz Felipe Scolari GK Manuel Neuer RB 16 Philipp Lahm ( c ) CB 20 Jérôme Boateng CB 5 Mats Hummels 46 ' LB Benedikt Höwedes CM 6 Sami Khedira 76 ' CM 7 Bastian Schweinsteiger RW 13 Thomas Müller AM 18 Toni Kroos LW 8 Mesut Özil CF 11 Miroslav Klose 58 ' Substitutes : GK 12 Ron - Robert Zieler DF Kevin Großkreutz DF Matthias Ginter FW 9 André Schürrle 58 ' FW 10 Lukas Podolski MF 14 Julian Draxler 76 ' DF 15 Erik Durm DF 17 Per Mertesacker 46 ' MF 19 Mario Götze GK 22 Roman Weidenfeller MF 23 Christoph Kramer Manager : Joachim Löw Man of the Match : Toni Kroos ( Germany ) Assistant referees : Marvin Torrentera ( Mexico ) Marcos Quintero ( Mexico ) Fourth official : Mark Geiger ( United States ) Fifth official : Mark Hurd ( United States ) Match rules : 90 minutes . 30 minutes of extra-time if necessary . Penalty shoot - out if scores still level . Twelve named substitutes . Maximum of three substitutions . Statistics ( edit ) German players celebrating Toni Kroos ' ( centre , obscured ) first goal of the game . Statistic Brazil Germany Goals scored 7 Total shots 18 14 Shots on target 8 10 Ball possession 52 % 48 % Corner kicks 7 5 Fouls committed 11 14 Offsides 0 Yellow cards 0 Red cards 0 0 Records ( edit ) The game 's result was the biggest winning margin in a World Cup semi-final or final . The outcome was also the worst loss by a host country in World Cup history , as the six - goal difference doubled the previous record margin . By the end of the game , a total of 167 goals had been scored at the 2014 World Cup , the 2nd-most at a single World Cup , after 1998 with 171 goals . With 18 total shots on target , the match had the joint-most shots on target of any match in 90 minutes at the 2014 World Cup . The match also had the fastest four goals scored in World Cup history , with Germany scoring in the span of six minutes ( from 23 ' to 29 ' ) ; in 1954 , Austria took seven minutes ( 25 ' to 32 ' ) and in 1982 , Hungary also took seven minutes ( 69 ' to 76 ' ) to score four goals . Germany equalled the record for most goals scored against the host nation of the World Cup , with Austria defeating Switzerland 7 -- 5 in the 1954 World Cup . Germany also overtook Brazil to become the all - time highest - scoring team in FIFA World Cup history , their total of 223 at full - time passing Brazil 's 221 . Before the match Brazil and Germany were even with seven World Cup finals each , the German victory made them the only squad to reach 8 finals . For Brazil , the result became one of their two worst losses , equalling a 6 -- 0 defeat to Uruguay in 1920 , and was their worst - ever defeat at home ; their previous worst defeat at home was a 5 -- 1 defeat by Argentina in Rio de Janeiro in 1939 . The loss broke Brazil 's 62 - match home unbeaten streak in competitive matches , dating back to their 1 -- 3 loss to Peru in the 1975 Copa América ; this match was also played at Estádio Mineirão in Belo Horizonte . The last time Brazil had lost a World Cup semi-final was in 1938 , in a dramatic game against Italy in Marseille , and had emerged victorious from this stage the previous six times they had reached it , since the loss in 1974 against Netherlands was not formally a semi-final . Brazil had never before conceded seven goals at home , although they once conceded eight goals in a 4 -- 8 friendly defeat to Yugoslavia on 3 June 1934 ; the last time they conceded at least five was in a 6 -- 5 win in the 1938 World Cup versus Poland ; at least four was in a 2 -- 4 defeat at the 1954 World Cup against Hungary . Brazil 's previous largest losing deficit at the World Cup prior to the match was three goals , which came in the 0 -- 3 defeat to France in the 1998 final . The game 's outcome also marked Brazil 's worst result against Germany , passing a 0 -- 2 defeat in a 1986 friendly . Germany celebrate after striker Miroslav Klose ( centre , number 11 ) scored a record 16th World Cup goal , putting his team 0 -- 2 up against Brazil . For Germany , the final result meant that , for the fourth straight time , they were positioned among the tournament 's top 3 teams ; moreover , the victory allowed the Germans to become the first side to reach eight World Cup finals . The match was a record 12th time a German team played in a semi-final . Germany became the first team to score 7 goals in a World Cup semi-final . The last time a team scored six goals was West Germany in 1954 versus Austria , same as in both semi-finals in 1930 . It was Germany 's highest half - time lead in a World Cup match , with their previous best being 4 -- 0 against Saudi Arabia in 2002 , the match finished 8 -- 0 which is Germany 's biggest World Cup victory . Only two teams have previously trailed by at least five goals at half - time : Zaire ( versus Yugoslavia in 1974 ) and Haiti ( versus Poland in 1974 ) . The seven goals scored by Germany reflected a better goal - scoring record in the World Cup Finals than that of 28 other nations in their respective history of the World Cup . Germany 's Miroslav Klose equalled the Brazilian Cafu as the player with most matches being on the winning side at the World Cup , with 16 victories . Klose played his 23rd World Cup match , equalling Paolo Maldini on 2nd place on most World Cup matches , with only Lothar Matthäus remaining with more ( 25 ) . Klose has played in more knockout games than Matthäus or Cafu -- 13 , and also became the only player to take part in four World Cup semi-finals ( Uwe Seeler previously played in three semi-finals ) . In the match , he broke the record for the most goals scored at the World Cup with 16 , overtaking Brazil 's Ronaldo 's total of 15 ; Ronaldo was in attendance at the match as a commentator . Thomas Müller 's goal was Germany 's 2,000 th in the history of their national team . Müller became the third player in history to score five or more goals in two different World Cups ( after Klose and the Peruvian Teófilo Cubillas ) and the second player to score five or more goals in consecutive World Cups ( after Klose ) . Toni Kroos ' first - half double scored in 69 seconds was the fastest pair of goals scored in World Cup history by the same player . Reactions ( edit ) Professional ( edit ) Man of the Match Toni Kroos . Kroos scored two goals in 69 seconds , making it the fastest brace in the history of the FIFA World Cup . He would later express feeling sorry for the defeated adversary , who he considered `` not in their best performance '' . According to reports , after Germany had scored their seventh goal , Neymar , who was watching the match on television , switched off his set and went to play poker . Brazil manager Luiz Felipe Scolari said the result was the `` worst loss by a Brazilian national team ever '' and accepted all responsibility for the defeat . He called it `` the worst day of my life '' , and resigned after the tournament . Stand - in captain David Luiz and goalkeeper Júlio César both offered apologies to the people of Brazil . Fred , who was booed by Brazilian fans during the match , said it was the worst defeat in his and his teammates ' careers . He later announced his retirement from international football following the tournament . Recovering from his injury , Neymar expressed his support to his teammates and , despite the 7 -- 1 score , said he was proud to be a part of the team . During the match , the German team seemed to realise that what was unfolding was not a normal football event . In a post-match statement , Mats Hummels said that the German team had decided that they did not want to humiliate the Brazilians during the second half and after the match : We just made it clear that we had to stay focused and not try to humiliate them . We said we had to stay serious and concentrate at half - time . That 's something you do n't have to show on the pitch if you are playing . You have to show the opponent respect and it was very important that we did this and did n't try to show some magic or something like this . It was important we played our game for 90 minutes . Accordingly , the Germans cut theatrics from their goal celebrations ; arms were raised but there was no jumping or screaming after scoring . Coach Joachim Löw stated his team had `` a clear , persistent game - plan '' , and as they realised Brazil were `` cracking up '' , they took advantage as in contrast to the Brazilians ' nervousness the German players were `` extremely cool '' . Toni Kroos , who was chosen as Man of the Match , added that as the Germans felt that in `` no game of the Cup , ( the Brazilians ) played their best '' , the squad entered with the tactical knowledge on how to counter Brazil : `` we took all the balls , and scored the goals '' . Müller said he was `` shocked by just how open Brazil were '' as `` Gustavo , Luiz , Dante , Fernandinho and Marcelo were shambolic in their positioning '' , being confused and disorganized , noting that his German teammates benefited overwhelmingly as `` the spaces were bigger than against defence - minded teams '' . Löw also declared the team had `` no euphoria '' during or after the game , as they knew that the 7 -- 1 win meant nothing for the upcoming final , saying `` We did n't celebrate . We were happy , but we still have a job to do '' . Following the match , the German players and managers offered words of consolation to the Brazilians . Löw and players Per Mertesacker and Philipp Lahm even compared the pressure on the Brazilian team and resulting heartbreaking defeat with Germany 's own when they hosted the 2006 FIFA World Cup and also lost in the semifinals . Lahm added in an interview after the tournament that he had felt `` very uneasy '' during the match and `` not at all euphoric '' since the Brazilian team had made mistakes that `` do n't usually happen at this level '' , and Mertesacker noted that despite featuring the Germans at the top of their game , `` even from the bench , ( the semifinal ) was crazy to watch '' . Kroos stated that , despite Brazil having good players , `` they could n't show their best performance '' due to all the outside pressure , and expressed faith in `` them returning with a good squad '' . Löw observed in the immediate aftermath of the match that the Brazilian people were applauding his team . Later the Brazilian newspaper O Globo expressed appreciation for the gestures of the German players , calling them `` world champions of sympathy '' . Brazilian footballing icon Pelé tweeted , `` I always said that football is a box of surprises . Nobody in this world expected this result , '' followed by , `` ( Brazil ) Will try to get the sixth title in Russia . Congratulations to Germany . '' Carlos Alberto Torres , the captain of Brazil 's winning team in 1970 , said that the country lost due to a `` feeling of ' we 've already won ' '' . He added that `` Germany played how I like to see and Scolari 's tactics for this match were suicidal '' . Argentina coach Alejandro Sabella struggled to explain Brazil 's loss , saying `` Football is illogical '' . In contrast , Argentinian icon Diego Maradona was seen singing a song mocking the Brazilian defeat . Society ( edit ) In Germany , the match 's coverage by ZDF set a record for the country 's most watched TV broadcast ever , with 32.57 million viewers ( 87.8 % of all viewers ) , beating the Germany -- Spain match at the 2010 World Cup . This record was beaten five days later with the final . In contrast , despite a weekly spike in audience , the broadcast by Brazilian Rede Globo saw the viewers total fall with each German goal . Brazil 's defeat was lamented by the nation 's President , Dilma Rousseff . The match was the most discussed sports game ever on Twitter with over 35.6 million tweets , surpassing Super Bowl XLVIII , with 24.9 million tweets during the game . At first incentive hashtags such as `` # PrayForBrazil '' were common , but once Germany built a 5 -- 0 lead Brazilian users instead lent their frustration into self - deprecatory humor , comparing Germany 's goals with the Volkswagen Gol car and stating the Brazilian team looked like `` 11 Freds '' . Other Twitter users compared Germany 's dominating performance to their military efforts during World War II and The Holocaust , for example , dubbing it the `` Goalocaust '' . Bung Moktar Radin , a member of parliament of Malaysia , came under heavy criticism from the Malaysian public and the German ambassador , Holger Michael , for posting such a comment . The President of Brazil , Dilma Rousseff , stated on Twitter following the match that `` like all Brazilians , I am deeply saddened by our loss '' . The Israeli Minister of Foreign Affairs , Yigal Palmor , mentioned the match when countering Brazil 's claim that his country was using disproportionate force in the Gaza conflict , saying `` This is not football . In football , when a game ends in a draw , you think it is proportional , but when it finishes 7 -- 1 it 's disproportionate '' . Due to the pressure on the home nation Brazil to win the World Cup and the subsequent shock of the loss , the media and FIFA dubbed the game the Mineirazo ( Mineiraço in Brazil ) , meaning `` The Mineirão blow '' , evoking the Maracanazo ( Maracanaço ) in which Brazil were defeated on home soil by outsiders Uruguay in the de facto final of the 1950 World Cup . The daughter of goalkeeper Moacir Barbosa , who was scapegoated for the 1950 defeat , said the loss was enough to redeem her father 's legacy , while Uruguayan striker Alcides Ghiggia , responsible for the Cup - winning goal of the Maracanazo , felt that though both games were traumatic they could not be compared as the 1950 match had more at stake . Following the match , German fans were escorted out of the stadium by police and police were put on alert for possible riots . Observers noted that while the German supporters had shown respect to the defeated hosts , Argentinian fans were celebrating Brazil 's elimination . There were reports of a mass robbery at a fan party in Rio de Janeiro and of fans setting fire to Brazilian flags in the streets of São Paulo even before the match was over . A number of buses were burned across São Paulo and an electronics store was looted . Media ( edit ) Estado de Minas , Belo Horizonte 's biggest broadsheet newspaper , had a blank front cover ( left ) featuring a sad supporter , a graphical representation of the goalscorers , and the headline : `` Do you even want to remember what happened ? Then turn the page . '' The back cover ( right ) had the headline `` The Biggest Shame of Brazilian Football '' . Brazilian newspapers greeted the result with headlines such as `` The Biggest Shame in History '' ( Lance ! ) , a `` Historical humiliation '' ( Folha de S. Paulo ) and `` Brazil is slain '' ( O Globo ) . German paper Bild heralded the `` 7 -- 1 Madness '' by the `` Lightning DFB team '' . The French L'Équipe simply said , `` Le Désastre '' ( The Disaster ) . Writing for Sky Sports , Matthew Stanger described the game as the `` ultimate embarrassment '' , while Miguel Delaney of ESPN referred to the match as the Mineirazo , echoing the term invented for the event by the South American Spanish language press . Barney Ronay in The Guardian described it as `` the most humiliating World Cup host nation defeat of all time '' , and Joe Callaghan of The Independent described it as `` the darkest night in Brazil 's footballing history '' . Wyre Davies , the BBC 's Rio de Janeiro correspondent , said of Brazilian 's reactions at the stadium and fan parks that the `` collective sense of shock , embarrassment and national humiliation across Brazil was impossible to ignore '' . Football journalist Tim Vickery postulated that the result might be the catalyst for overdue reform of Brazilian club football , which in his opinion had become complacent in comparison to other countries , resting on the laurels of the national team 's history of success . In his words , this was a chance to `` recapture parts of its historic identity and reframe them in a modern , global context '' . Reports had many comparisons with the Maracanazo that cost Brazil a title at home in 1950 , with the Brazilian media even considering that the 2014 defeat redeemed the 1950 squad . Analysts deconstructed all the tactical and technical deficiencies that led to the blowout result . Scolari still relied on the team that won the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup despite many players going through dry spells , and most of them not having any World Cup experience . Brazil had not played particularly well during the group stage and first two knockout games , relying heavily upon Neymar in attack , and their flaws were exposed in the semi-finals where they faced a much tougher adversary in Germany . Neymar was such a focal point that the team barely trained any formations without him . In his absence , Scolari replaced Neymar with Bernard to maintain the attacking tradition of Brazilian football , instead of the `` ' logical call ' ( which ) was surely to bring in an extra midfielder '' against the Germans . The assistant coaches even supported bringing in the more defensive - minded Ramires and Willian . Thus , Fernandinho and Luiz Gustavo were overwhelmed by the Germany midfield trio of Toni Kroos , Sami Khedira and Bastian Schweinsteiger . The defense that had already been questioned in previous games collapsed as Dante was proven to be an inadequate replacement for the suspended Silva , while David Luiz made uncharacteristic errors during the semi-final . Other errors included setting up Marcelo to a more attacking play , while Gustavo was tasked with covering him , and the ineffective role of Fred who is often regarded as a tactical striker rather than goal - scoring striker . Aftermath ( edit ) As a result of being eliminated in the semi-finals , Brazil had to settle for the bronze medal match at the Estádio Nacional Mané Garrincha in Brasília , and never got to play at their home stadium in Rio de Janeiro for that tournament despite being hosts . Brazil finished fourth after being defeated 0 -- 3 in the third place play - off by the Netherlands on 12 July . The defeat matched Brazil 's previous worst loss at the World Cup , 3 -- 0 to France in the 1998 Final , and meant that they conceded a total of 14 goals throughout the tournament , which was the most Brazil had conceded in a single tournament , the most ever conceded by a World Cup host , and the most conceded by any team since Belgium allowed 15 during the 1986 tournament . Germany went on to win the World Cup for the fourth time , the first as a unified nation , after defeating Argentina 1 -- 0 in the final match on 13 July at the Maracanã . Germany had the support of the Brazilian crowd despite having eliminated the home team , given Brazil has a long - standing football rivalry with neighbours Argentina . The two consecutive losses , Brazil 's first consecutive home defeats since 1940 , led to coach Luiz Felipe Scolari 's resignation on 15 July . Two weeks later , the Brazilian Football Confederation brought back Dunga as head coach of the Brazil national team . He had managed the team from 2006 until 2010 , being dismissed following a 2 -- 1 loss to the Netherlands in the 2010 FIFA World Cup quarter - finals . He was dismissed for a second time , however , following Brazil crashing out at the group stage of the Copa América Centenario in the United States two years later . In the meantime , the result `` 7 : 1 '' ( Portuguese : `` sete a um '' ) has become a metaphor for a devastating and crushing defeat in Brazilian use of language , while `` Goal for Germany '' ( Portuguese : `` gol da Alemanha '' ) is used as an exclamation after a mishap . In the Men 's Football Gold Medal match of the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil defeated Germany in penalties , avenging their 7 - 1 loss in the World Cup and giving Brazil its first football Olympic gold medal . See also ( edit ) Association football portal Football in Germany portal Brazil portal 2010s portal FIFA World Cup records Austria v Switzerland ( 1954 FIFA World Cup ) Uruguay v Brazil ( 1950 FIFA World Cup ) 1958 FIFA World Cup Final 1920 South American Championship 2002 FIFA World Cup Final 2014 FIFA World Cup Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brazil played East Germany in 1974 , but FIFA -- in line with the political and legal process of German reunification -- considers the current Germany team to be identical with the former West Germany . Jump up ^ Germany chose an away kit similar to Rio de Janeiro - based team Clube de Regatas do Flamengo . The kit was released February 2014 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Tactical Line - up '' ( PDF ) . FIFA Official Website. 13 July 2014 . Retrieved 8 July 2014 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 7 July 2014 ) . `` Phil McNulty 's guide to the semi-finals '' . BBC . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Guthrie , Peter . `` A look at the FIFA World Cup favourites and roughies '' . The Roar . Retrieved 7 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2014 countries : Fifa world rankings '' . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 7 January 2015 . Jump up ^ https://www.11v11.com/teams/germany/tab/opposingTeams/opposition/Brazil/ Jump up ^ `` Germany -- Brazil : Head to head '' . FIFA . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil crowned world champions '' . BBC . 30 June 2002 . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Murray , Scott ( 30 June 2002 ) . `` Brazil 2 -- 0 Germany '' . BBC . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Belam , Martin ( 10 July 2014 ) . `` Calm down `` West Germany '' pedants - Germany HAS previously won the FIFA World Cup three times `` . Daily Mirror . Retrieved 9 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil appeal against Thiago Silva 's World Cup semi-final ban rejected '' . The Guardian . 7 July 2014 . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil lodge appeal to have Thiago Silva 's yellow card overturned '' . The Guardian . 8 July 2014 . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil forward out of 2014 Fifa World Cup with back injury '' . BBC . 5 July 2014 . Retrieved 8 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Charles ( 5 July 2014 ) . `` Neymar ruled out of World Cup : Striker to miss rest of tournament with broken vertebra as injury mars Colombia win '' . The Independent . Retrieved 8 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Orr , James ( 8 July 2014 ) . `` Brazil pay tribute to the injured Neymar by holding his shirt during the national anthem '' . The Independent . Retrieved 8 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Ley , John . `` Brazil v Germany : World Cup 2014 match preview '' . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 7 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Bonn , Kyle ( 16 July 2014 ) . `` Mexican referee Marco `` Chiquimarco '' Rodriguez retires `` . NBC Sports . Retrieved 28 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` As it happened : Brazil 7 -- 1 Germany '' . RTE Sport. 8 July 2014 . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Tyers , Alan . `` Brazil vs Germany , World Cup 2014 : as it happened '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 10 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brazil 1 - 7 Germany '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 10 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Oliveira , Luiza ( 8 July 2014 ) . `` Alemão leva soco ao comemorar gol no Mineirão e perde audição '' ( in Portuguese ) . Universo Online . Retrieved 4 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Brunner , Cody ( 13 July 2014 ) . `` Argentina 's World Cup final loss to Germany gives Brazil something to cheer about '' . Yahoo Sports . Retrieved 3 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil blown away by sharp Germany '' . ESPN . 8 July 2014 . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Sam ( 8 July 2014 ) . `` Brazil vs Germany match report World Cup 2014 : Utter humiliation for hosts as Thomas Muller and Toni Kroos help Germany hit seven past Selecao '' . The Independent . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil - Germany -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` In Numbers : How Germany systematically destroyed Brazil '' . FP Sports . Firstpost. 9 July 2014 . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Rice , Simon ( 8 July 2014 ) . `` Fred booed as Brazil fans turn on Selecao '' . The Independent . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ De Menezes , Jack ( 9 July 2014 ) . `` Was Fred 's performance the worst display by a striker in World Cup history ? His heat map makes comical viewing '' . The Independent . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` German Away Kit Inspired by Flamengo '' . Póg Mo Goal Magazine . Retrieved 11 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup Matches Round '' . FIFA . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup records tumble as Germany destroy Brazil 7 -- 1 '' . The Guardian . 9 July 2014 . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Arrowsmith , Richard ( 8 July 2014 ) . `` Germany 's 7 -- 1 humiliation of World Cup hosts Brazil sees the record books rewritten '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 FIFA World Cup Match Report Hungary - El Salvador '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 13 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Walters , John ( 8 July 2014 ) . `` Germany Embarrasses Brazil in World Cup Semifinal '' . Newsweek . Retrieved 9 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Winter , Henry ( 8 July 2014 ) . `` Miroslav Klose sets scoring record as hosts are dumped out in semi-final '' . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Klein , Jeff ( 8 July 2014 ) . `` World Cup 2014 : Germany Defeats Brazil , 7 -- 1 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 8 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Nick ( 8 July 2014 ) . `` Brazil lost a competitive match on home soil for the first time since 1975 '' . USA Today . Retrieved 8 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil boss Luiz Felipe Scolari on ' worst day ' '' . BBC Sport. 9 July 2014 . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Sheen , Tom ( 9 July 2014 ) . `` Hosts join Haiti and Zaire as the only sides to be down by five at half - time '' . The Independent . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Mineirazo in numbers '' . FIFA.com . FIFA. 8 July 2014 . Retrieved 8 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Clinical Klose smashes World Cup records '' . SBS. 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Miroslav Klose becomes all - time record scorer in World Cup finals '' . The Guardian . 8 July 2014 . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Andrade , Gustavo ( 8 July 2014 ) . `` Kroos aponta Brasil aquém de seu futebol na Copa e diz sentir pena por goleada '' ( in Portuguese ) . Superesportes ( Diários Associados ) . Retrieved 4 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Neymar Konnte Beim Debakel Nicht Hinschauen Aid '' . MRP ( in German ) . 10 July 2014 . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Fifield , Dominic ( 9 July 2014 ) . `` Brazil 's Luiz Felipe Scolari accepts blame after hammering by Germany '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Sam ( 9 July 2014 ) . `` Brazil vs Germany World Cup 2014 : ' This was the worst defeat in Brazil 's history , ' admits Luiz Felipe Scolari '' . The Independent . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2014 : Brazil boss Luiz Felipe Scolari on ' worst day ' '' . BBC . 9 July 2014 . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil captain David Luiz apologises after loss '' . BBC . 9 July 2014 . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Luiz and Cesar say sorry after Brazil 's 7 -- 1 loss '' . Sky Sports . 9 July 2014 . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fred describes Brazil 's 7 - 1 World Cup 2014 defeat to Germany as ' a scar that will live with us forever ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . 9 July 2014 . Retrieved 10 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fred retires from international football '' . ESPN . 13 July 2014 . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Neymar : '' J'aurais pu finir en chaise roulante `` ( Neymar : I could have ended up in a wheelchair ) '' . Le Monde ( in French ) . 11 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Riva , Alberto ( 9 July 2014 ) . `` After 7 - 1 Destruction Of Brazil , Classy Germans Tweet Support For The Losers '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 17 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Uribarri , Jaime ( 10 July 2014 ) . `` Germany made halftime pledge not to further humiliate Brazil in World Cup semifinal , says Mats Hummels '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved 9 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Wallace , Sam ( 9 July 2014 ) . `` ' We had a clear , persistent game - plan , ' says Germany coach Joachim Low after comprehensive victory '' . The Independent . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil cracked up , says Germany 's Joachim Low '' . BBC . 9 July 2014 . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Germany boss Joachim Low feels sympathy for Brazil after 7 -- 1 rout '' . Sky Sports . 9 July 2014 . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Barbara ( 17 July 2014 ) . `` Joachim Low 's heroes have inspired me to be a bit more German '' . Belfast Telegraph . Retrieved 3 August 2014 . Jump up ^ de Escudeiro , Leonardo ( 8 July 2014 ) . `` Seleção alemã deu exemplo de elegância com brasileiros '' ( in Portuguese ) . Trivela ( UOL ) . Retrieved 10 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Cross , John ( 9 July 2014 ) . `` Germany side that gave Brazil World Cup hiding a band of brothers claims Per Mertesacker '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved 4 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Das 7 : 1 gegen Brasilien war `` beklemmend '' '' ( in German ) . Stern . 17 July 2014 . Retrieved 28 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Lepiani , Giancarlo ( 8 July 2014 ) . `` Toni Kroos atropelou o Brasil . E depois disse sentir ' pena ' '' . Veja ( in Portuguese ) . Retrieved 4 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Sami , Sillanpää ( 17 July 2014 ) . `` Jalkapallo loi uuden Saksan '' ( Football created a new Germany ) . Helsingin Sanomat ( in Finnish ) . Helsinki : Sanoma . p . A4 . Retrieved 17 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Germany 7 -- 1 World Cup semi-final win over Brazil breaks Twitter record with 35.6 M tweets -- ESPN FC '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Kallás , Fernando ( 9 July 2014 ) . `` Carlos Alberto : `` La táctica de Scolari fue un suicidio '' ( Carlos Alberto `` Scolari 's tactics were suicidal '' ) `` . Diario AS ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 17 September 2013 ) . `` Argentina boss Alejandro Sabella at a loss to explain Brazil 's World Cup humiliation by Germany '' . Dailymail.co.uk . Retrieved 11 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Maradona sings song mocking Brazil 's 7 - 1 loss to Germany in World Cup semifinals '' . Fox News . 11 July 2014 . Retrieved 3 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Mantel , Uwe ( 9 July 2014 ) . `` Deutschland jubelt sich zum Allzeit - Quotenrekord '' . DWDL . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Vexame do Brasil na Copa do Mundo tem pior audiência na Globo '' ( in Portuguese ) . UOL. 8 July 2014 . Retrieved 10 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Tomchak , Anne - Marie ( 9 July 2014 ) . `` # BBCtrending : Brazil 's World Cup thrashing breaks Twitter records '' . BBC Online . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Pacelli , Shirley ( 9 July 2014 ) . `` Sem perder o humor '' . Estado de Minas ( in Portuguese ) . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Coscarelli , Joe ( 8 July 2014 ) . `` Twitter Sure Does Have a Lot of Nazi and Holocaust Jokes for the Germany - Brazil Game ! '' . New York . Retrieved 10 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Malaysian MP admires Germany win - and Hitler - in tweet '' . BBC News . 9 July 2014 . Retrieved 11 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dilma lamenta derrota e diz que sente pelos jogadores e por brasileiros '' ( Dilma laments the defeat and says that she feels for the players and for the Brazilians ) . O Globo ( in Portuguese ) . 8 July 2014 . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Israel calls Brazil a ' diplomatic dwarf ' -- and then brings up World Cup humiliation '' . Washington Post . 25 July 2014 . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Trágico ' Mineirazo ' ; Alemania destroza a Brasil '' ( Tragical ' Mineirazo ' : Germany destroys Brazil ) . Excelsior ( in Spanish ) . ^ Jump up to : `` '' Mineirazo '' titulan los diarios brasileños tras derrota contra Alemania '' ( ' Mineirazo ' , say Brazilian newspaper after defeat to Germany ) ( in Spanish ) . RCN radio . Archived from the original on 13 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Del Maracanazo al Mineirazo '' ( From Maracanazo to Mineirazo ) . Página 12 ( in Spanish ) . AR . ^ Jump up to : Nolen , Stephanie ( 9 July 2014 ) . `` Brazil , losers on the field , now turn to the blame game '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved 1 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` '' O Maracanazo é diferente porque foi uma final `` , afirma Ghiggia '' . Estado de S. Paulo ( in Portuguese ) . Agência EFE. 9 July 2014 . Retrieved 1 September 2014 . Jump up ^ work ( 9 July 2014 ) . `` CBC News -- World Cup 2014 : Brazil fans stunned as Germany routs home team '' . Cbc.ca . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Espejel , Denisse ( 14 July 2014 ) . `` Riots in Buenos Aires After Argentina 's World Cup Final Defeat '' . VICE News . Retrieved 3 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Goal , Goal , Goal , Goal , Goal , Goal , Goal : A Dark Day for Brazil '' . New York Times . 9 July 2014 . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Buses set ablaze after Brazil 's World Cup loss '' . SBS. 9 July 2014 . Retrieved 5 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 9 July 2014 ) . `` Sympathy after thrashing dilutes aura of Brazil 's yellow and greens '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 1 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Capas do EM tem repercussão internacional '' . Estado de Minas ( in Portuguese ) . 9 July 2014 . Retrieved 1 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How the world reacted to Brazil 's humiliation '' . BBC Sport. 9 July 2014 . Retrieved 10 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Stanger , Matthew ( 8 July 2014 ) . `` A World Cup night for Brazil that will never be forgotten '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Delaney , Miguel ( 9 July 2014 ) . `` Three points : Brazil left broken '' . ESPN . Retrieved 9 July 2014 ... The newly invented Spanish term was also immediately accepted by the Brazilian press in Portuguese , but with the Spanish , not its equivalent or native Portuguese spelling . Jump up ^ Ronay , Barney ( 9 July 2014 ) . `` Brazil World Cup humiliation by Germany should serve as a call to arms '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Callaghan , Joe ( 8 July 2014 ) . `` Joachim Low 's golden generation into World Cup final and can finally shine '' . The Independent . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Davies , Wyre ( 9 July 2014 ) . `` Shock and humiliation in Brazil after German rout '' . BBC News . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Vickery , Tim ( 9 July 2014 ) . `` Brazil must learn lessons from Germany humiliation '' . BBC News . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Avelar , André ( 9 July 2014 ) . `` Jogadores de 50 enfim são perdoados após Mineirazo '' ( in Portuguese ) . R7 ( Rede Record ) . Retrieved 5 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Itri , Bernardo ; Rizzo , Marcel ( 8 July 2015 ) . `` Felipão vai de pai do penta a gestor do fracasso '' . Folha de S. Paulo ( in Portuguese ) . Retrieved 5 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Ladyman , Ian ( 9 July 2014 ) . `` Brazil 's 7 - 1 defeat by Germany in the World Cup semi-final showed just how deep their flaws were ... they were always likely to be on the end of this kind of hiding '' . The Daily Mail . Retrieved 5 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Wilson , Jeremy ( 24 December 2014 ) . `` Brazil 1 Germany 7 : The World Cup match that will echo down the years to the shame of host 's proud history '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 5 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Fifield , Dominic ( 30 December 2014 ) . `` Looking back at Germany v Brazil , World Cup semi-final '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 5 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Raghav Chopra ( 9 Jul 2014 ) . `` World Cup 2014 : Five reasons why Brazil lost to Germany '' . CNN - News18 . Retrieved 27 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2014 : Netherlands pile more misery on Brazil in third place play - off '' . Sydney Morning Herald . 13 July 2014 . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Rose , Gary ( 12 July 2014 ) . `` BBC Sport - Brazil 0 - 3 Netherlands '' . BBC . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Trecker , Jamie ( 12 July 2014 ) . `` Netherlands add to Brazil 's misery , claim third place in World Cup '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved 13 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 13 July 2014 ) . `` Germany 1 - 0 Argentina ( aet ) '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Young , James ( 13 July 2014 ) . `` Brazil falls short , but its World Cup provides unforgettable theater '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 5 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil 's 3 - 0 loss to Netherlands spells first consecutive home defeats since 1940 '' . Live Soccer TV . 13 July 2014 . Retrieved 3 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Luiz Felipe Scolari : Brazil coach resigns after 2014 World Cup '' . BBC Sport. 15 July 2014 . Retrieved 18 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Peck , Brooks ( 22 July 2014 ) . `` Brazil brings back Dunga , might be pretending the 2014 World Cup never happened '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved 3 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Lusting , Nick ( 16 June 2016 ) . `` Dunga sacked as Brazil head coach following Copa America exit '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 18 September 2016 . Jump up ^ David Klaubert ( 8 July 2015 ) . `` Brasilien feiert 365 Tage ohne deutsches Tor '' ( Brazil celebrates 365 days without a German goal ) . faz.net ( in German ) . Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . External links ( edit ) Media related to 2014 FIFA World Cup Match 61 , Brazil v Germany at Wikimedia Commons 2014 FIFA World Cup Stages Group stage Group A Group B Group C Group D Group E Group F Group G Group H Knockout stage Brazil v Germany Final General information Qualification Awards Bids Broadcasting rights Controversies Discipline Marketing Matches Officials Opening ceremony Preparations Seeding Squads Statistics Venues Official symbols 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil ( video game ) Adidas Brazuca ( ball ) Caxirola ( musical instrument ) Fuleco ( mascot ) One Love , One Rhythm ( album ) We Are One ( Ole Ola ) ( song ) 2014 FIFA World Cup finalists Champions Germany Runners - up Argentina Third place Netherlands Fourth place Brazil Quarter - finals Belgium Colombia Costa Rica France Round of 16 Algeria Chile Greece Mexico Nigeria Switzerland United States Uruguay Group stage Australia Bosnia and Herzegovina Cameroon Croatia Ecuador England Ghana Honduras Iran Italy Ivory Coast Japan Portugal Russia South Korea Spain Brazil national football team matches FIFA World Cup Finals 1950 1958 1962 1970 1998 2002 FIFA Confederations Cup Finals 1997 1999 2005 2009 2013 Copa América Finals 1995 1997 1999 2007 CONCACAF Gold Cup Finals 2003 Superclásico de las Américas 2011 2012 2014 2017 Other matches Brazil 6 -- 5 ( a.e.t. ) Poland ( 1938 ) Brazil 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Czechoslovakia ( 1938 ) Hungary 4 -- 2 Brazil ( 1954 ) Italy 3 -- 2 Brazil ( 1982 ) Brazil 2 -- 0 ( w.o. ) Chile ( 1989 ) Brazil 1 -- 7 Germany ( 2014 ) Germany national football team matches FIFA World Cup Finals 1954 1966 1982 1986 2002 2014 FIFA Confederations Cup Finals 2017 UEFA European Championship Finals 1972 1976 1980 2008 Other matches Germany 8 -- 0 Denmark ( 1937 ) Italy 4 -- 3 West Germany ( 1970 ) Austria 3 -- 2 West Germany ( 1978 ) West Germany 1 -- 0 Austria ( 1982 ) West Germany 3 -- 3 ( 5 -- 4 pen . ) France ( 1982 ) England 0 -- 1 Germany ( 2000 ) Germany 1 -- 5 England ( 2001 ) Brazil 1 -- 7 Germany ( 2014 ) South Korea 2 -- 0 Germany ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brazil_v_Germany_(2014_FIFA_World_Cup)&oldid=855687399 '' Categories : 2014 FIFA World Cup FIFA World Cup matches Brazil national football team matches Germany national football team matches Football in Belo Horizonte Germany at the 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil at the 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil -- Germany relations Hidden categories : CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Pages with login required references or sources Good articles Use dmy dates from June 2018 Articles containing German - language text Articles containing Portuguese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 August 2018 , at 03 : 42 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what was the score of brazil vs germany	[]	[]
8913199213163926783	Red box (government)	Red box ( government ) - wikipedia Red box ( government ) Jump to : navigation , search Despatch boxes , also known as red boxes or sometimes ministerial boxes , are produced by Barrow Hepburn & Gale and are used by ministers in the British government to carry their documents . Similar in appearance to a briefcase , they are primarily used to hold and transport official departmental papers from place to place . They are not to be confused with the parliamentary despatch boxes from which speeches are given in Parliament , although ministerial boxes are also referred to as `` despatch boxes '' in government documents . Contents ( hide ) 1 Ministerial box 1.1 Use 1.2 Design 1.3 Cost 2 Other variations 2.1 Budget Box 2.2 Royal red boxes 2.3 Green box 3 Use in Singapore 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Ministerial box ( edit ) Use ( edit ) According to HM Treasury , `` Ministers are permitted to use ordinary lockable briefcases to transport information which has been classified ' Confidential ' or below . For information with a higher security level ( such as ' Secret ' ) they are required to use dispatch boxes , which offer a higher level of security , and which are usually red . However a travel version of the box is also available in black , which offers the same level of security as a red box , but is designed to be less conspicuous . In practice Ministers use despatch boxes for transporting the majority of their documents due to the greater level of security they offer . '' Design ( edit ) The design of ministerial boxes has changed little since the 1860s . The boxes are manufactured in London by Barrow Hepburn & Gale . Covered in red - stained rams ' leather , they are embossed with the Royal Cypher and ministerial title . The 2 -- 3 - kilogram ( 4 -- 7 lb ) boxes are constructed of slow - grown pine , lined with lead and black satin and , unlike a briefcase , the lock is on the bottom , opposite the hinges and the handle , to guarantee that the box is locked before being carried . The colour red has remained the traditional covering of the boxes . The lead lining , which has been retained in modern boxes , was once meant to ensure that the box sank when thrown overboard in the event of capture . Also bomb - proof , they are designed to survive any catastrophe that may befall their owner . Exceptions to the red colouring are those carried by the government whips , which are covered in black leather . Discreet black boxes are also available for ministers who need to travel by train . Cost ( edit ) One box cost £ 865.43 in 2010 . Between 2002 and 2007 the British Government spent £ 57,260 on new boxes . Other variations ( edit ) Budget box ( edit ) Gladstone 's Budget Box , made around 1860 Perhaps the best known red box is the Budget Box , which is held up for a photoshoot outside 11 Downing Street , when the Chancellor of the Exchequer announces the Cabinet 's annual budget plans . The first budget box was made for William Ewart Gladstone around 1860 and is lined in black satin and covered with scarlet leather . This box has been used by every Chancellor until 2011 , with the exceptions of James Callaghan ( 1964 -- 1967 ) and Gordon Brown ( 1997 -- 2007 ) , who had new ones commissioned in 1965 and 1997 respectively . Gladstone 's budget box was used by Alistair Darling ( 2007 -- 2010 ) and by George Osborne in June 2010 . It was subsequently retired due to its fragility , and will be displayed in the Cabinet War Rooms . Since March 2011 , a new budget box commissioned by The National Archives has been used . The Budget Box of 1997 is made of yellow pine with a brass handle and lock , covered in scarlet leather and embossed with the Royal Cypher and the words Chancellor of the Exchequer directly beneath it . Royal red boxes ( edit ) Other red boxes of note are the ones delivered to the British Sovereign every day ( except Christmas Day and Easter Sunday ) by government departments , via the Page of the Presence . These boxes contain Cabinet and Foreign and Commonwealth Office documents , most of which the monarch must sign and give Royal Assent to , before they can become law . Green box ( edit ) Permanent Secretaries , who are civil servants rather than MPs or Lords , have similar boxes but coloured green . These have exactly the same function as the ministerial red boxes . Use in Singapore ( edit ) Former Singapore Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew was said to have used a red box similar to the British ones , the exception being the logo . Education Minister Heng Swee Keat , formerly Principal Private Secretary to Lee , revealed in a Facebook post that Lee continued using the red box till 4 February 2015 , the day before his final hospitalisation . See also ( edit ) Barrow Hepburn & Gale References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Red Boxes - GOV.UK '' . www.gov.uk . HM Treasury . 1 March 2011 . Retrieved 1 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Vaidyanathan , Rajini ( 23 March 2010 ) . `` Thinking inside the box '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ Security Engineering : A Guide to Building Dependable Distributed Systems : Chapter 14 , Physical Tamper Resistance , p. 278 ( Online text on the Cambridge University Computer Laboratory website ) ^ Jump up to : Kevin Brennan MP . `` Black Box Business '' . Jump up ^ The Budget Box Jump up ^ Shipman , Tim ( 18 June 2010 ) . `` Gladstone 's box set to be pensioned off after next week 's Budget '' . Daily Mail . London . Jump up ^ Read , Simon . `` The Budget : Red Boxes and Booze ! '' . The Independent . London . Archived from the original on 24 May 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) External links ( edit ) Ruth Kelly refuses to take box home No 10 denies David Cameron red box security breach Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_box_(government)&oldid=820689579 '' Categories : Politics of the United Kingdom Legislatures Bags Hidden categories : EngvarB from June 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Use dmy dates from June 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Bahasa Indonesia Edit links This page was last edited on 16 January 2018 , at 01 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who presented the budget last week and what is the significance of the red box	[]	[]
-79564164557289513	Old Post Office (Washington, D.C.)	Old Post Office ( Washington , D.C. ) - wikipedia Old Post Office ( Washington , D.C. ) For similarly - named properties , see Old Post Office . Old Post Office and Clock Tower U.S. National Register of Historic Places U.S. Historic district Contributing property The Old Post Office in 2012 , before its remodeling into a hotel Show map of Washington , D.C. Show map of the US Show all Location Washington , D.C. Coordinates 38 ° 53 ′ 38.32 '' N 77 ° 1 ′ 40.71 '' W / 38.8939778 ° N 77.0279750 ° W / 38.8939778 ; - 77.0279750 Coordinates : 38 ° 53 ′ 38.32 '' N 77 ° 1 ′ 40.71 '' W / 38.8939778 ° N 77.0279750 ° W / 38.8939778 ; - 77.0279750 Built 1892 to 1899 Architect Willoughby J. Edbrooke ( original building ) Karn Charuhas Chapman & Twohey ( East Atrium ) Architectural style Romanesque Revival ( original building ) Modernist ( East Atrium ) Part of Pennsylvania Avenue National Historic Site ( # 66000865 ) NRHP reference # 73002105 Added to NRHP April 11 , 1973 The Old Post Office has been a Trump International Hotel since 2016 under a lease agreement between Donald Trump and the federal government . It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Old Post Office and Clock Tower and located at 1100 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington , D.C. , was begun in 1892 , completed in 1899 , and is a contributing property to the Pennsylvania Avenue National Historic Site . It was used as the city 's main General Post Office until 1914 at the beginning of World War I , succeeding an earlier 1839 edifice , G.P.O. of Classical Revival style , expanded in 1866 on F Street , which later was turned over to the Tariff Commission and several other agencies ( today , the Hotel Monaco ) . The Pennsylvania Avenue 1899 landmark structure functioned primarily as an federal office building afterward , and was nearly torn down during the construction of the surrounding Federal Triangle complex in the 1920s . It was again threatened and nearly demolished in the 1970s to make way for proposals for the completion of the enveloping Federal Triangle complex of similar Beaux Arts styled architecture government offices , first begun in the 1920s and 30s . Major renovations occurred in 1976 and 1983 . The 1983 renovation opened a whole new chapter in the structure 's history and use , added a food court and retail space that together with the building 's central atrium with an added roof skylight acquired the name of `` Old Post Office Pavilion '' . A glass - walled addition on a former adjacent parking lot was added to the structure in 1991 . In 2013 , the U.S. General Services Administration leased the property for 60 years to a consortium headed by `` DJT Holdings LLC '' , a holding company that Donald Trump owns through a revocable trust . Trump developed the property into a luxury hotel , the Trump International Hotel Washington , D.C. , which opened in September 2016 . The building is an example of Richardsonian Romanesque , part of the Romanesque Revival architecture of the nineteenth century United States . It is the third - tallest building in Washington , D.C. Its 315 - foot ( 96 m ) high Clock Tower houses the `` Bells of Congress '' and offers panoramic views of the city and its surroundings on an observation level . Contents 1 Construction and opening 2 First 50 years 3 1970s demolition attempt 4 Rejuvenation in 1970s 4.1 1979 -- 1983 renovation 5 New Year 's Eve celebrations 6 1988 -- 1992 expansion 6.1 Post-expansion 7 Redevelopment as a hotel 7.1 Non-hotel redevelopment attempts 7.2 Limited movement on redevelopment 7.3 Post-legislation redevelopment initiatives 8 Trump International Hotel Washington , D.C. 8.1 Lease to The Trump Organization 8.1. 1 Lease protests 8.1. 2 Trump lease negotiations 8.1. 3 Change in financing and receiving preliminary regulatory approval 8.1. 4 Final lease agreement 8.1. 5 Tax credit 8.2 2014 redevelopment 8.3 Opening of Trump International Hotel 8.3. 1 Opening 8.3. 2 Reviews 8.3. 3 Restaurant controversy 8.3. 4 Impacts on Pennsylvania Avenue 8.4 Legal challenges associated with Trump 's presidency 8.4. 1 Emoluments Clause lawsuits 8.4. 1.1 CREW v. Trump 8.4. 1.2 District of Columbia and Maryland v. Trump 8.4. 1.3 Blumenthal et . al. v. Trump 8.5 GSA contract 8.6 Trump response 8.7 Political protests 9 Clock tower and bells 10 See also 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 Further reading 14 External links Construction and opening ( edit ) The Old Post Office Building in 1911 The United States Congress approved construction of a new post office for Washington , D.C. , on June 25 , 1890 . The site , at the southwest corner of Pennsylvania Avenue and 12th Street , was chosen by Senator Leland Stanford in 1888 in the hope that the building would revitalize the Murder Bay neighborhood between the Capitol building and the White House . Willoughby J. Edbrooke , Supervising Architect of the Treasury Department , designed the structure in the tradition of the Romanesque Revival architecture of Henry Hobson Richardson . Construction began in 1892 , and the building was complete in 1899 . The total cost of construction was $3 million . At the time of its completion , the Post Office Building contained the largest uninterrupted enclosed space in the city . Its clock tower reached 315 feet ( 96 m ) into the air . It was also the city 's first building to have a steel frame structure , and the first to be built with electrical wiring incorporated into its design . The structure featured elevators with cages of highly intricate wrought iron , a glass covered atrium and mezzanine level , and floors , moldings , railings , and wainscoting made of marble . The atrium was 196 feet ( 60 m ) high , and 10 floors of balconies looked out onto the space ( which provided interior light in an era when indoor lighting was not common ) . It boasted more than 39,000 interior electric lights , and its own electrical generator . Girders and catwalks spanned the atrium at the third floor level to allow post office supervisors to look down on the workers . The fifth floor housed executive offices in the corners . Each office had a turret , ornately carved wooden moldings , and red oak paneling . But there were problems with the structure . The Washington Star newspaper reported that the skylights and windows leaked air and water , the marble floors were poorly laid , and much of the construction was shoddy . The ninth floor was to have served as a file room , but a post-construction inspection showed it could not accommodate the weight . Technological advances in electricity and electrical wiring , mechanical engineering , movement of air , heating , and more made the building out of date as soon as it opened . The anticipated economic development never occurred . At the 1898 meeting of the American Institute of Architects , the structure was criticized as supremely ugly during a plenary address by New York City architect George B. Post . That same year , Senator Joseph Roswell Hawley called it `` a cross between a cathedral and a cotton mill '' . By the time it opened , the building was also too small to accommodate the government agencies which occupied it . The city postmaster had advocated a building with a 50,000 - square - foot ( 4,600 m ) footprint , but only 10,000 square feet ( 930 m ) were purchased . The post office used the main floor and mezzanine , but these were already too crowded by January 1900 . Treasury Department offices were to have taken over the eighth floor , but the structure was so overcrowded that this move was suspended . A year after the building opened , an accident there took the life of D.C. Postmaster James P. Willett . On September 30 , 1899 , Willett fell 90 feet ( 27 m ) down an open elevator shaft . Nothing more than a flimsy wooden barrier prevented access to the shaft . Willett died a day later . First 50 years ( edit ) Atrium of the old 1899 General Post Office Building in June 1914 In the early 1880s , Senator Justin Smith Morrill and Senator John James Ingalls proposed razing all the structures between Pennsylvania Avenue and B Street ( now Constitution Avenue ) to the south to create a park . The influential McMillan Plan of 1902 , however , proposed retaining the structure . ( It could hardly have done otherwise , with the building only just having been completed . ) Nonetheless , the same year the Washington Post editorialized in favor of its demolition . In discussing plans to beautify Washington , essayist Sammuel E. Moffett disparagingly called the building in 1906 a `` Kansas City emporium so utterly out of keeping with the general atmosphere of official Washington that it sets the teeth of architects on edge '' . Later that year , Senator Weldon B. Heyburn introduced legislation to authorize the federal government to purchase all the land between Pennsylvania Avenue ( northeast side ) , the National Mall ( south side ) , 15th Street N.W. ( west side ) , and the U.S. Capitol grounds ( to the east ) for the construction of an architecturally `` harmonious '' set of massive office buildings . Heyburn 's plan retained the architecturally dominating Old General Post Office Building of 1899 with its commanding tower , but adjusted its Pennsvylania Avenue side to be parallel with the street . The clock in the building tower was originally mechanical in nature , and kept accurate time via gravity . A cable was wrapped around a drum , and a large weight attached to the end of the cable . As the cable unwound due to the force of gravity , the clock hands turned . The cable was rewound once or twice a day . On October 10 , 1956 , the weight came loose from the cable and plunged through two floors ( narrowly avoiding killing a man , who had just gotten up from his desk ) . The mechanical clock was later replaced with an electric one . In 1914 , the District of Columbia 's General Post Office moved to a larger Beaux Arts / Classical Revival building constructed next to recently completed Union Station of similar impressive style , taking advantage of heavy use of the national railroad system for speedier mail delivery . Although only now 15 years old , the building at 12th Street and Pennsylvania Avenue was now commonly called the `` old '' post office . For the next forty years , the GPO building served as office space for several government agencies . The Old Post Office Building was slated for demolition during construction of the Federal Triangle . In 1926 , the United States Congress enacted the Public Buildings Act , which authorized the construction not only of the Federal Triangle complex of buildings but also a new U.S. Supreme Court building opposite the east front of the United States Capitol on the site of the Civil War era Old Capitol Prison and just north of the recent 1897 Library of Congress first building , along with a major extension of the U.S. Government Printing Office building on North Capitol Street , and significant widening of B Street N.W. ( later renamed Constitution Avenue ) on the north side of the National Mall . Government officials , other experts , and the press believed that the demolition of the 1898 District Building ( `` city hall '' for the District of Columbia ) , the Old Post Office Building and the closure of many streets in the area would occur . A Board of Architectural Consultants was created on May 19 , 1927 , to advise the federal agencies developing Federal Triangle on how to proceed . By July 1927 , the board had fashioned a general plan for the area , but did not address whether the Old Post Office Building , the District Building , or the Southern Railway Building should be torn down or not . Planning for the complex was deeply influenced by the City Beautiful movement and the idea of creating a civic center to achieve efficiency in administration as well as reinforce the public 's perception of government as authoritative and permanent . For the architectural style of the buildings , the board adopted the McMillan Plan 's recommendation of the Neoclassical style . Rather than a mass of tall , imposing buildings , two unifying open spaces ( intended for ceremonial use , and under discussion by the Board at least by March 1928 ) would be utilized . The first would be a Circular Plaza ( inspired by the Place Vendôme ) bisected by 12th Street NW , and which would require the demolition of the Old Post Office Building . But by 1934 , although the government had cleared land around the Old Post Office Building , Congress was increasingly opposed to demolishing the structure . Tearing down a structurally sound 35 - year - old building during the Great Depression seemed foolish . But the executive branch agencies overseeing the Federal Triangle 's construction still wanted it gone . Yet , it was not demolished . Four years passed . Although a push was made to remove the Old Post Office Building again in 1938 , Senator Elmer Thomas defended it and attacked the erection of a Neoclassical office building in its place as financially unacceptable . The 1938 effort to remove the building was the last one for 30 years . Various reasons have been suggested for why the Old Post Office Building survived . A common claim is that the federal government , fighting the Great Depression , simply did not have the money . Press reports at the time , however , noted that voters would have punished congressmen who tore down a perfectly good building . Architectural historians have also argued that President Franklin D. Roosevelt ( who took office in March 1933 , five years into the Federal Triangle 's construction ) was not interested in completing the expensive complex of white marble office buildings or making the Federal Triangle architecturally harmonious . The Old Post Office Building 's tower slowly became an iconic one in the city . The United States Information Agency often used it as a backdrop for propaganda films to be shown in foreign countries . In one instance , a portion of a film about Soviet dissident Alexander Solzhenitsyn was taped in the tower . 1970s demolition attempt ( edit ) Looking southeast down Pennsylvania Avenue toward the Old Post Office Building and Tower on the right / south side and United States Capitol in the distance ( 2007 ) By the 1950s , and Eisenhower era , the neighborhood around the Old Post Office Building had also declined . Pennsylvania Avenue N.W. was marked by deteriorating homes , shops , and office buildings on the north side and monumental Neoclassical federal office buildings of the 1920s - 30s era Federal Triangle on the south . After observing the poor state of the Avenue during his inaugural parade from the Capitol to the White House , 35th President John F. Kennedy appointed a President 's Council on Pennsylvania Avenue to study ways to improve the area . The council 's draft plan was ready for Kennedy 's approval almost two and a half years later when he was assassinated in Dallas Texas on November 22 , 1963 . The draft plan retained the Old Post Office Building . Kennedy 's successor , 36th President Lyndon B. Johnson , agreed to move forward with the plan and appointed a Temporary President 's Commission on Pennsylvania Avenue , although it did not hold its first meeting until May 21 , 1965 . The new commission recommended that the Old Post Office be torn down in favor of completing the plan for the Federal Triangle . The temporary commission managed to prevent development of the avenue which was contrary to the draft plan , but it never was able to win congressional approval for its plan . It ceased to function on November 15 , 1969 , due to lack of funds . A permanent Pennsylvania Avenue Development Corporation ( PADC ) was finally created by Congress on October 30 , 1972 . An attempt to demolish the Old Post Office Building began in February 1970 . The National Capital Planning Commission , a federal agency with legal jurisdiction over major building projects in the Washington metropolitan area , agreed ( although it said the tower might be preserved ) . Within days , Wolf Von Eckardt , the influential architectural critic of The Washington Post , began campaigning for the structure 's preservation . No action was taken on the demolition project in 1970 , and Von Eckardt continued to press for the building 's preservation in 1971 . By early 1971 , a group of local citizens and architects formed a group known as `` Do n't Tear It Down '' ( predecessor to the D.C. Preservation League ) . The group 's members included Nancy Hanks , the politically influential chairwoman of the National Endowment for the Arts . Do n't Tear It Down began heavily lobbying the PADC , General Services Administration ( which owned the building for the federal government ) , White House , Congress , and D.C. city government to stop the demolition . Opposition to the demolition began to grow in the U.S. Senate , which held hearings on the buildings in April 1971 . Preservation forces received a major boost in May 1971 when the federal Advisory Council on Historic Preservation recommended retaining it . The Nixon administration , however , continued to seek its demolition so that Federal Triangle could be completed in time for the United States Bicentennial in 1976 . But by this time , Senator Mike Gravel , chair of the Subcommittee on Public Buildings and Grounds of the Committee on Public Works was strongly opposed to the effort . Gravel sought allies in the United States House of Representatives , and in June 1972 , the House Committee on Appropriations voted down Nixon 's request for money to demolish the Old Post Office . Rejuvenation in 1970s ( edit ) The Old Post Office was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 . That same year , the General Services Administration formally dropped its intention to demolish the building and instead developed a plan to preserve it . The National Capital Planning Commission agreed to the project . Major renovation of the structure was made possible in 1976 by enactment of the Public Buildings Cooperative Use Act . The law gave GSA the legal authority to lease federal buildings and use the money received for renovations and upgrades . It also legalized the use of a portion of federal office buildings for commercial retail and restaurant use . The Old Post Office was the first major project begun under the law . An $18 million renovation began in 1977 . The building badly needed it : The atrium roof had been covered over , making the interior dark ; the building leaked and had suffered extensive water damage ; there was mold throughout the building ; and the heating system often broke down . 1979 -- 1983 renovation ( edit ) The 1983 renovation added the grand staircase , seen from above ( 2009 ) Skylight above the grand staircase ( 2009 ) The GSA held a competition in 1978 to find a partner willing to redevelop the Old Post Office Building . The agency believed that the configuration of the interior space and downtown real estate market would only support a hotel . But the winning bid did not propose a hotel . A joint venture by four firms -- McGaughy , Marshall , and McMillan ; Arthur Cotton Moore Associates ; Associated Space Design , Inc. ; and Stewart Daniel Hoban & Associates -- won the competition . GSA and the bidding team reached an agreement for a 55 - year lease . GSA collected $166,000 a year in rent , which increased just 5 percent during the life of the lease . GSA also received a percentage of all profits from the enterprise . The $29 million renovation was completed in 1983 . Much of the building was gutted to utilize the interior space more efficiently , but some `` preservation zones '' were established to retain the interior 's historic character . Much of the old marble was replaced with new , pink marble , and the interior repainted in shades of cream , gray , green , and ivory pastels . A glass - enclosed elevator to the observation deck was also added , as well as a new grand staircase to the second floor and two 6,000 - square - foot ( 560 m ) restaurants . The renovated building was officially dedicated on April 19 , 1983 . Vice President George H.W. Bush presided over the event . The re-opening was celebrated with peals from the Bells of Congress from the clock tower . Federal tenants included the Institute for Museum Services , National Endowment for the Arts , the National Endowment for the Humanities , and the President 's Committee on the Arts and Humanities . ( Modular office furniture was used to allow more people to work in the offices , which proved controversial among federal employees used to traditional desks and chairs . ) The retail levels , which occupied the first three floors of the building , opened on September 13 , 1983 . The retail section included a performance space known as the Nancy Hanks Center . Hanks died on January 7 , 1983 , just weeks before the building 's re-opening . The clock tower and observation deck reopened to the public on May 1 , 1984 . The 1983 renovation won strong praise from architectural critic Benjamin Forgey . The commercial space was designed by the Boston firm of Benjamin Thompson & Associates , and it was leased by Evans Development Co. of Baltimore . More than 50 restaurants and boutique retail stores were anticipated to sublet portions of the three - story retail section , and it was 98 % leased at its opening . The building 's atrium and retail spaces thereupon acquired the name of `` Old Post Office Pavilion '' . During the mid-1980s , Hillman Properties bought out its partner , Evans Development , and took control of the Old Post Office Pavilion . In October 1986 , Congress enacted legislation formally renaming the Old Post Office the Nancy Hanks Center . New year 's Eve celebrations ( edit ) During 1983 , the District of Columbia government and the United States Postal Service created a 14 feet ( 4 m ) by 21 feet ( 6 m ) wooden replica of the Postal Service 's new 1984 twenty - cent `` Love '' stamp ( see Post-World War II United States postage stamps and postal history ) . Starting at the beginning of 1984 , replicas of the latest versions of the `` Love '' stamp were lowered from the spire of the Old Post Office Building 's Clock Tower around midnight during each New Year 's Eve . Musicians entertained ballroom dancers within the building while fireworks and searchlight beams illuminated the night - time sky and celebrities performed on outdoor stages . At midnight , bells pealed from the tower and neon signs flashed `` Happy New Year '' amid laser light shows . As 1985 waned , D.C. Mayor Marion Barry predicted : `` We 're going to outdo New York . We think we might just take over and become the best single event . '' The stamp became larger over the years . The celebration that marked the beginning of 1986 featured a 900 pounds ( 408 kg ) illuminated replica of that year 's twenty - two cent puppy `` Love '' stamp . By the beginning of 1990 , the neon - lighted stamp had reached a size of 20 feet ( 6 m ) by 30 feet ( 9 m ) and a weight of two tons ( 1814 kg ) . Up to 100,000 people celebrated at the event during each of its early years . However , after the celebration marking the beginning of 1986 had ended , clean - up crews found a strangled and raped 18 - year - old woman dead in a stairwell 100 yards away from an indoor stage at which Cab Calloway had earlier performed . Although the event that marked the beginning of 1988 was orderly and well - attended , the D.C. government withdrew its funding later that year because the event 's costs had become prohibitive . Attendance at the event then fell precipitously . As a result , the Postal Service decided in 1990 to stop dropping the stamp . Although the Pavilion hosted a party for 2,500 during which a smaller version of a `` Love '' stamp descended within the building 's atrium to mark the beginning of 1991 , the outdoor events disappeared . 1988 -- 1992 expansion ( edit ) Despite the positive news about the Old Post Office Pavilion , it was not doing well . GSA imposed conditions on the 1983 renovation that left the retail pavilion looking like an office building rather than a shopping mall . There was also too little retail space , the retail space was poorly configured due to the architectural design of the building , and GSA refused to allow any storefronts on the exterior that would signal that there was retail or restaurants inside . The pavilion 's revenues were generated in about equal parts from tourists , local office workers , and local residents . Although most retailers were making money , revenues fluctuated wildly on a seasonal basis . Restaurants had a difficult time earning money , and turnover among them was high . Old Post Office Joint Venture ( a group led by Hillman Properties ) , the developer of the pavilion , was also losing money . Old Post Office Joint Venture ( OPOJV ) received $166,000 a year in rent from GSA , but its agreement with the federal government called for doubling the size of the retail space to 100,000 square feet ( 9,300 m ) . Approval for that expansion had never been given . OPOJV originally proposed expansion of the retail space into the Internal Revenue Service Building , but this was rejected for security reasons . It then proposed an underground parking lot and pavilion expansion in the area occupied by the IRS building 's parking lot , but this , too , was not approved . With the financial situation at the Old Post Office Pavilion worsening , OPOJV proposed building a glass - enclosed annex on the IRS building 's parking lot . The proposal was strongly opposed by the D.C. Historic Preservation Review Board . Nonetheless , Congress appropriated $1.7 million for the project and OPOJV agreed to contribute another $15 million . The National Capital Planning Commission also gave its approval to the project . The new East Atrium opened on March 6 , 1992 . The three level structure had 100,000 square feet ( 9,300 m ) of interior space and a glass roof . Under the terms of the development agreement , the federal government owned the land beneath the structure , but the building was owned by Hillman Properties . As construction occurred , the Old Post Office Pavilion lost many of its high - end retailers and replaced them with low - end shops selling mugs , souvenirs , T - shirts , and other items aimed at tourists . The East Atrium , however , included larger and more upscale retailers . The addition also featured a 5,000 square feet ( 460 m ) miniature golf course and bar . The East Atrium was managed by General Growth Properties , which said about 78 percent of the space was leased . The East Atrium was not well received , critically . Architecture critic Benjamin Forgey acknowledged that the building achieved its goals ; incorporated many modern architectural design features ( such as glass curtain walls , setbacks , and good connections to sidewalks and pedestrian areas ) ; and it added a piece of the 1982 master plan for Federal Triangle . But Forgey called the design by the local architectural firm of Karn Charuhas Chapman & Twohey awkward , with `` clunky '' proportions and over-heavy elements . The interior , however , won praise for its lightness . Post-expansion ( edit ) A small fire broke out on the west side of the Old Post Office Building between the ninth floor ceiling and the roof on August 26 , 1992 . Workers repairing the roof accidentally caused the blaze , which began at 3 : 45 P.M. and was extinguished 45 minutes later . Although small , the fire snarled downtown traffic during the evening rush hour . By October 1993 , despite more than 3 million visitors a year , OPOJV was behind on its rent to GSA and in default on its mortgage to Collin Equities ( a subsidiary of Wells Fargo ) . Real estate experts blamed the cost of heating and cooling the vast atrium , heavy tenant turnover , and the lack of a theater for a space below the East Atrium . Although the D.C. Convention and Visitors Association said the Old Post Office was the eighth most - visited attraction in the District of Columbia , retail experts believed it had never made money , and the East Atrium did not bring in enough rent to support the Old Post Office Pavilion . Collin Equities / Wells Fargo foreclosed on OPOJV in October 1993 . The bank hired Hill Partners , a real estate management firm from Charlotte , North Carolina , to revitalize the retail aspects of the development . Hill Partners said that improving access to and shoppers ' awareness of the retail area , it could double the number of visitors to the Old Post Office to more than 7 million . Hill Partners began reevaluating its tenant mix with a view to adding retailers which D.C. residents needed . It also revealed that the East Atrium was a money - loser , never filling more than half its space . Whether the East Atrium would remain open was not clear . The company agreed , however , to keep the Pavilion area a `` festival marketplace '' ( one which offers a combination of entertainment , food , and retail shops ) . In March 1995 , the Cineplex Odeon Corporation said it would open a seven - screen movie theater in East Atrium ( which now had no tenants ) . But the company pulled out in May 1996 , saying it could not reach a lease agreement with Hill Partners . Hill Partners had a difficult time finding any new tenants for the East Atrium and for the Pavilion . Virgin Group said in June 1996 it might build a Virgin Megastore , eight - to - 12 screen Virgin Cinema , and possible a rock music - themed restaurant at the Old Post Office . But the company wanted the main building for its retail outlets , not the East Atrium . But nothing came of these discussions . In 1997 , a hotel development firm , Denhill D.C. LLC , approached GSA and offered to take over Collins Equities / Wells Fargo lease . The company said it would spend more than $100 million to turn the office space on the upper floors into hotel rooms and open the Pennsylvania Avenue walls to create more access and street - front retail space . In return , the company asked the GSA to extend the 55 - year lease to 65 years , and give it the option of adding three more decade - long lease extension options . According to Denhill D.C. officials , the negotiations were so far advanced that they had a management company ready to operate the hotel and retail tenants ready to take space . GSA said it then ended the negotiations over legal concerns that it was about to enter into a long - term lease without advertising it to other bidders . By August 2000 , business conditions at the Old Post Office had sunk even lower . Operations there had never turned a profit in 17 years , the vacancy rate in the Pavilion was 80 percent , the East Atrium was closed , and GSA had stopped charging Wells Fargo rent because no income was being generated . Realizing that a retail / office combination was not going to make money , GSA began negotiating with Collins Equities / Wells Fargo to cancel the lease . GSA by now had realized that if retail space was to be retained , it would need to open onto Pennsylvania Avenue NW . But the agency also was considered scrapping the retail floors and turning them into office space or getting rid of both retail and office space to allow the structure to be developed as a hotel . The hotel option was proving far more appealing than in the early 1980s because of the agency 's overwhelmingly positive experience in allowing Kimpton Hotels to transform the 170,000 - square - foot ( 16,000 m ) vacant Tariff Commission Building into a 172 - room luxury Hotel Monaco . Redevelopment as a hotel ( edit ) Evening view of the Old Post Office and Clock Tower in July 2012 On December 28 , 2000 , GSA submitted the plan for the Old Post Office , as required by the Omnibus Consolidated and Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act of 1999 . On June 15 , 2001 , Senators Robert Smith , Harry Reid , Ben Nighthorse Campbell , and Byron Dorgan sent a letter to GSA giving consent for GSA to expend such funds as necessary to acquire by purchase the leasehold rights of the lease at the Old Post Office , if certain conditions were followed . Non-hotel redevelopment attempts ( edit ) In 2002 , lobbyist Jack Abramoff engaged in extensive illegal discussions with GSA chief of staff David H. Safavian an attempt to secure the lease on the structure for a Native American tribal client . Abramoff took Safavian on an all - expenses - paid golf trip to Scotland , during which time they discussed turning the lease over to the unidentified tribe . Savafian was later convicted of perjury for lying about his relationship with Abramoff . The General Services Administration issued a Request for Expression of Interest in 2004 for developing the Old Post Office Building . Several companies expressed interest , but GSA did not proceed further . Beginning in 2002 , a major push was made to convert the building into the National Women 's History Museum and a bill to do so passed in the United States Senate in 2005 . However , local developers , city residents , and members of the House of Representatives were angry that the building would be given away for free . The bill was reintroduced in the 109th United States Congress , although this time the women 's museum asked for only the East Atrium . This effort , too , was unsuccessful , even though the East Atrium had broken floor tiles and unfinished interior construction that exposed beams and left gaping holes instead of storefronts . Limited movement on redevelopment ( edit ) In March 2005 , GSA issued a request for information ( RFI ) and received more than 20 responses . However , the agency did not receive approval from the Office of Management and Budget ( OMB ) to proceed to a request for proposals ( RFP ) . OMB did not believe that the responses to the RFI showed that redevelopment was in the best financial interest of the federal government , however . In June 2006 , as a result of the Mid-Atlantic United States flood of 2006 , record - setting rainfall of 12.11 inches ( 308 mm ) fell on Washington , D.C. The basement of the Old Post Office Building flooded , as did the William Jefferson Clinton Federal Building ( headquarters of the Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives ) , the Herbert C. Hoover Building ( headquarters of the United States Department of Commerce ) , the Internal Revenue Service Building , the National Archives Building , and the Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building . The Old Post Office Building , one of those on higher ground , reopened after two days . Most of the other buildings remained closed for a week . In 2007 , GSA estimated , that it would cost more than $100 million to modernize the structure . GSA also said that while it earned $5.4 million in rent at the Old Post Office Building in 2007 , it spent $11.9 million on administrative and maintenance , for a loss of $6.5 million . In 2008 , Eleanor Holmes Norton , D.C. 's Delegate to Congress , introduced the `` Old Post Office Building Redevelopment Act of 2008 '' ( H.R. 5001 ) to require GSA move faster on issuing a request for proposals . During hearings before the Subcommittee on Economic Development , Public Buildings and Emergency Management of the House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure , members of Congress singled out the Old Post Office Building for under - utilization. The legislation passed the House on June 23 , and the Senate on September 26 . President George W. Bush signed it into law ( P.L. 110 - 359 ) on October 8 . As enacted , the Redevelopment Act required the GSA to proceed with redevelopment of the Old Post Office Building and relocate all federal tenants . It required the GSA to report to the appropriate House and Senate committees regarding any redevelopment agreement , and barred any redevelopment plan from coming into force until 30 days of a continuous session of Congress had passed . On July 12 , 2008 , the National Capital Planning Commission issued its National Capital Framework , a plan designed to govern development in Washington , D.C. for the next 50 years . The plan was supported by the United States Commission of Fine Arts , the federal agency with legislative authority to approve the aesthetic design of all major buildings in the D.C. metropolitan area . The National Capital Framework specifically asked that the Old Post Office Building be renovated in order to improve public amenities and support the ongoing revitalization of Pennsylvania Avenue . Post-legislation redevelopment initiatives ( edit ) D.C. Delegate Eleanor Holmes Norton won passage of federal legislation in 2008 requiring the GSA to redevelop the Old Post Office Building By October 2010 , no major redevelopment goals had been met . The House Transportation and Infrastructure Committee strongly criticized GSA in a report for mismanaging the Old Post Office Building . The report specifically accused GSA of not moving to redevelop the property during a real estate boom in 2006 . When the boom ended , GSA was stuck with the property , and the House committee accused the agency of losing more than $25 million on maintenance rather than generating income . With pressure building on the White House to deal with billions of dollars worth of excess or underutilized federal property , the Barack Obama administration said it would take action to more quickly dispose of property like the Old Post Office . Rather than sell property at fire sale prices , the administration created a new independent advisory panel to help create a disposal plan for each individual building . D.C. area lawmakers pressed the advisory panel to act immediately on the Old Post Office . Douglas Firstenberg , a principal with StonebridgeCarras , a real estate property management firm that helped the federal government lease buildings , said that historic preservation restrictions and the large number of existing tenants made redevelopment difficult . In March 2011 , A new RFP was finally issued by GSA . In all , GSA received 10 bids , most of which were hotels . Among the proposals were a luxury hotel and a National Museum of the Jewish People . Other bidders included The Trump Organization , Carpenter , Monument Realty , JBG Smith , and a partnership of Hilton Worldwide and Metropolitan Partnership , Ltd . Trump International hotel Washington , D.C. ( edit ) Lease to the Trump Organization ( edit ) On February 6 , 2012 , GSA announced that it had chosen The Trump Organization as the potential redeveloper of the Old Post Office Building . The company partnered with Colony Capital , a private equity firm , in its bid . The Trump Organization bid pledged to spend $200 million to turn the structure into a 250 - room ( later sources said 261 - room ) luxury hotel . Much of the investment would be in cash , not debt . The hotel would include a conference center , spa , three high - end restaurants , and a 35,000 - square - foot ( 3,300 m ) meeting and banquet facility . The company also pledged to create a small museum dedicated to the history of the building and the Bells of Congress , and to maintain the historic exterior . The Trump Organization also tentatively agreed to pay GSA $3 million a year in rent . The Trump Organization bid touted the involvement of Arthur Cotton Moore , a noted local architect who had renovated historic buildings in the area before and who had helped design the Old Post Office Building renovations in the 1970s . Moore left the effort within less than a year for health reasons . Another preservationist architect , John Cullinane , working on the project resigned `` because I could n't support what they were doing to the building ... ( t ) hey were covering up or tearing out everything that was historic ... '' There were many concerns expressed by local residents and historic preservationists by the successful Trump bid . Preservationists believed Trump would not respect the historic nature of the building and had almost no experience renovating historic properties but government officials said any redesign would need to be approved by the Commission of Fine Arts ( whose secretary signaled heavy scrutiny for any changes ) . Trump dismissed concerns that he lacked experience with historic buildings , pointing to his redevelopment of Grand Central Terminal in New York City and the Mar - a-Lago Club in Palm Beach , Florida . Some city residents worried that Trump would block access to the clock tower . However , the National Park Service said it will retain control over the clock tower and observation deck and it will keep them open for tours . Washington Post business columnist Steven Pearlstein questioned the financial wisdom of selecting Trump / Colony Capital , given Trump 's extensive problems with bankruptcy and Colony Capital 's current problems keeping its hotel properties out of receivership . Pearlstein and local hoteliers argued that the market would not support the room rates Trump wished to charge , and therefore would not be able to support the excessive amount of redevelopment money and rent Trump was paying for the property . Robert Peck , Commissioner of the General Services Administration , defended the selection , arguing that the Trump / Colony Capital bid was by far the best in terms of financial commitment , experience in renovating and managing properties , and quality of design . Peck dismissed criticism about Trump 's numerous past bankruptcies , noting that these mostly concerned casinos rather than hotels . There was , however , also the opinion expressed by Washington Post business reporters Petula Dvorak and Jonathan O'Connell that the new Trump hotel would help spark an economic renaissance in the Downtown neighborhood . Lease protests ( edit ) In March 2012 , the Washington Post reported that Monument Realty offered a base rent much higher than that of The Trump Organization . Monument and development partner Angelo , Gordon & Co. proposed a 260,000 - square - foot ( 24,000 m ) office building with a media center on the first three floors . It also proposed demolishing the annex in favor of a parking garage . Monument Realty bid for the building with a lease price of $5.1 million annually , with rent increases based on the building 's performance . The Trump Organization , however , offered $200 million in redevelopment dollars , while Monument would have provided just $116.5 million . GSA scored submission based on experience and past performance , design concept , financial capacity and capability , and initial development investment . It was unclear , therefore , that Monument 's bid was superior to The Trump Organization 's bid . Another bidder , BP - Metropolitan Investors , filed an official protest in April 2012 against GSA for awarding the redevelopment to The Trump Organization . The bidding group , which included Hilton Worldwide , said GSA failed to take into account Trump 's repeated bankruptcies and unrealistic economic assumptions . GSA said Metropolitan lost the award because it offered to spend only $140 million to renovate the building . GSA responded to the protest by noting that since the redevelopment was not a procurement , there were no legal grounds for protesting its decision . Trump lease negotiations ( edit ) In the summer of 2012 , The Trump Organization asked the District of Columbia to waive possessory interest taxes on the Old Post Office Building . The possessory interest tax was estimated at about $3 million in 2012 , although it would likely be far more once the property was fully redeveloped . D.C. tax officials denied the waiver . Pedro Ribeiro , a spokesperson for Mayor Vincent C. Gray , said , `` It was never part of the bid proposal that the project would not be subject to the tax . '' David Orowitz , the Vice President for Acquisitions and Development in The Trump Organization , said that the denial of tax waiver was not a surprise and would not change the financial calculations of the company 's bid . Donald Trump later denied seeking any tax waiver . As the clock ticked on the one - year deadline to finalize a deal with GSA , The Trump Organization hired Streetsense , a real estate and retail design firm , to select restaurants and retailers for the Old Post Office Pavilion . Trump chose the company over local real estate developer Douglas Jemal and retail design firm Ashkenazy Acquisition . Tiffany & Co. was among the retailers the company talked to . Six development meetings were held with GSA , the CFA , D.C. government officials , and The Trump Organization between February and December 2012 . Determining what was acceptable redevelopment was critical if a final lease agreement was to be signed . The Trump Organization 's new design team consisted of the firms Beyer Blinder Belle and WDG Architecture ( formerly Edwin Weihe & Associates ) . The Trump Organization proposed extending 11th Street NW south of Pennsylvania Avenue NW . City officials asked that a half - block of C Street NW south of the hotel be reopened with redevelopment money , too , but The Trump Organization declined the request . The architectural team proposed adding retail on all four corners of the Old Post Office Building , and building a new mezzanine level inside it ( with a restaurant on top and a spa and fitness center below ) . Historic preservation agencies refused to allow various types of canopies or signs bearing the hotel 's name along Pennsylvania Avenue , and six alternative designs for the East Atrium were rejected out of hand by the CFA . But still under consideration was a proposal to convert the lower level of the East Atrium into parking with the upper level retained as a ballroom . By late January 2013 , no final lease agreement had been reached . However , both The Trump Organization and GSA said that they were closing in on a deal , and GSA said it was unlikely to reopen the bidding process if one was not reached by the 12 - month deadline . Trump officials and GSA attributed the delay to the length of the lease , which created complexities that needed time to be resolved . GSA also said there were also unique issues raised by the building 's historic status . Nonetheless , federal law required the GSA to reach a deal by June 2013 or reopen the bidding process . Change in financing and receiving preliminary regulatory approval ( edit ) Donald Trump asserted that a deal was `` weeks '' away in mid-April 2013 . But even as he said that , contrary to rumor , he was not seeking to renegotiate his initial agreement with GSA , The Trump Organization re-evaluated its partnership with Colony Capital . Trump said his company was likely to either replace Colony or finance the entire redevelopment deal in cash . GSA officials said any such change would not affect the negotiations . The Trump Organization cleared several regulatory hurdles in April and May 2013 . On April 28 , the Commission of Fine Arts gave non-binding , preliminary approval to the company 's draft redevelopment plan . On May 16 , GSA completed an environmental impact assessment ( EIA ) which concluded the redevelopment would have no significant adverse historic , land use , or transportation impacts . The EIA also concluded that the hotel would generate about $6.5 million per year in hotel bed tax revenue and $1.5 million in sales tax revenue . Final lease agreement ( edit ) On June 4 , GSA reached a final agreement with The Trump Organization regarding redevelopment of the Old Post Office building . The Trump Organization negotiated a 60 - year lease under which it paid $250,000 in rent per month , with annual increases tied to the Consumer Price Index . Rent payments were to begin either eight months after construction started or 20 months after the lease 's signing , whichever came first . The company had the option to extend the lease another 40 years . The Trump Organization agreed to spend at least $200 million redeveloping the property , with Trump using his personal funds to pay for the redevelopment . To allay concerns by critics that he too often defaulted on developments , Trump agreed to provide a $40 million personal guaranty as well as a `` bad acts '' ( to cover failure to pay taxes , fraud , or other forms of misconduct ) . The Trump Organization agreed to pay all taxes , although the lease did not bar the company from seeking a historic preservation tax credit . The Trump Organization agreed to turn the Old Post Office building into a 260 - room hotel ( although some sources said there would be 267 rooms , some said 270 , some said 271 , and others 275 ) . Many of the rooms would have 25 - foot ( 7.6 m ) high ceilings , although most ceilings would be 14 - to - 16 - foot ( 4.3 to 4.9 m ) high . The average room was expected to be 600 square feet ( 56 m ) in size , and the hotel would have a higher percentage of suites and larger - than - average rooms to draw corporate executive and diplomats . In what were formerly the offices of the Postmaster General of the United States , the company planned two `` presidential suites '' of 3,000 square feet ( 280 m ) each with 16 - foot ( 4.9 m ) ceilings . Each presidential suite would have a working fireplace , sauna , steam room , walk - in closet , direct - access elevators , and views of Pennsylvania Avenue NW and the National Mall . Redevelopment plans included an art gallery , café , bar , fitness center , library , lounge with fountain , meeting rooms , spa , two or three upscale restaurants , several luxury retail shops , a 4,000 - square - foot ( 370 m ) Mar - a-Lago brand spa , and a small museum about the building , its clock tower , and its bells . The Trump Organization agreed to continue to allow the public access to the clock tower and observation platform . The National Park Service agreed to operate the clock tower tours . The exterior of the building ( including the multicolor brick and granite pavement designed by Aleksandra Kasuba ) would be preserved in its historic state . Pending approval by regulatory authorities , The Trump Organization proposed building a floor over the ground level ( turning the mezzanine into a floor ) , although the grand staircase would remain . Most of the retail would occupy the ground and second floor , while the historic Stamp Counter on the east side of the ground floor would become the hotel registration desk . Major changes would be made to the 86,000 - square - foot ( 8,000 m ) East Atrium and the streets around it . The Trump Organization intended to convert the 34,400 - square - foot ( 3,200 m ) basement level into a 150 - space parking garage , with a 31,600 - to - 35,000 - square - foot ( 2,940 to 3,250 m ) ballroom on the ground level and 20,000 square feet ( 1,900 m ) of conference room space on the second floor . The ballroom 's size would make it the largest in any luxury hotel in the city . The city agreed to extend 11th Street NW into the Federal Triangle south to C Street NW to provide access for automobiles . The Old Post Office Building 's entrance on 11th Street NW would again be the structure 's main entrance ( opening the door on the long - closed side of the building ) . Pending final regulatory approval , a new steel and glass canopy will be constructed over the new entrance and a `` Trump International Hotel '' sign suspended inside the entrance arch . The 12th Street NW entrance would become the secondary entrance , providing public access to the restaurants and retail stores . Awnings would be over windows and the entrance on the ground floor , and a sign for the hotel added over the entrance . Outdoor seating would be added on the 12th Street NW , 11th Street NW , and Pennsylvania Avenue NW sides of the building . C Street NW would not be reopened to automobile traffic . The Trump Organization said it would remove the ahistoric glass and steel ground floor storefront on the C Street side and expand and renovate the public plaza there by adding outdoor seating and a performance space . With the lease signed , Ivanka Trump said construction would begin immediately after the building was turned over to The Trump Organization . Tax credit ( edit ) On November 14 , 2016 , the National Park Service approved Part 2 of the Trump organization 's application for a tax credit in the amount of 20 % of the rehabilitation cost of the building , estimated in the original application at $160 million . The final step would be the filing of Part 3 to collect the tax credit on the actual cost upon the completion of the construction . 2014 redevelopment ( edit ) Entrance to Old Post Office Pavilion before 2014 redevelopment ( 2013 ) Entrance to Old Post Office Pavilion after 2014 redevelopment ( 2018 ) Under the 2008 redevelopment law , Congress had 30 days to disapprove the lease or it would become final . Anticipating no problems from the legislature , GSA began relocating the existing federal tenants in the Old Post Office Building . Another major regulatory hurdle was cleared by The Trump Organization in early July 2013 . The staff of the National Capital Planning Commission recommended to the agency that it approve the redevelopment plans . The NCPC staff report suggested that GSA and The Trump Organization continue to work on exterior signage designs to ensure they are appropriate . The full commission approved the staff report and gave preliminary approval to the company 's building plans . The NCPC asked the organization to return in fall 2013 with final plans . On August 5 , 2013 , Congress allowed the lease between GSA and The Trump Organization to go into force . The Washington Business Journal reported that the lease called for a 263 - room ( another source said 270 - room ) hotel and for Trump to spend $250 million on renovations . The D.C. Preservation League ( the former Do n't Tear It Down ) said it supported the Trump redevelopment of the site . The Trump Organization hired the interior design firm of Hirsch Bedner Associates to work on the interior of the Old Post Office Building . The $200 million renovation began on May 1 , 2014 , with the closure of the clock tower . Changes to the structure 's exterior included the removal of the words `` OLD POST OFFICE '' from the central arch of the building 's main entrance and the placement beneath that arch of a bar containing the words `` TRUMP INTERNATIONAL HOTEL '' . Opening of Trump International hotel ( edit ) Opening ( edit ) The Trump International Hotel Washington , D.C. opened to paying guests with a `` soft opening '' on September 12 , 2016 . The hotel 's grand opening was celebrated on October 26 , 2016 . Reviews ( edit ) A Vanity Fair review described the hotel as grand on the outside , a complete disaster and `` a frightful dump '' on the inside . In December 2016 , Luxury Travel Intelligence reviewed the Trump Hotel and found major shortcomings in its service and operations . It called the decor `` garish '' , said that it was not suited to the discerning business traveler , and ranked it as the third worst hotel in the world . A Condé Nast Traveler article in May 2018 praised the restaurants and the service at the hotel . Restaurant controversy ( edit ) The Trump Organization initially entered into contracts with chefs José Andrés and Geoffrey Zakarian to open restaurants in the atrium and in the northwest corner of the Organization 's planned new hotel . However , both chefs pulled out of the deals after Donald Trump made controversial public comments about Mexicans in June 2015 , before the hotel had opened . The ensuing legal disputes were settled in April 2017 . Impacts on Pennsylvania Avenue ( edit ) For 16 years until 2015 , the Sakura Matsuri - Japanese Street Festival , the largest Japanese Cultural Festival in the United States , took place throughout a spring - time day on Pennsylvania Avenue in front of the Old Post Office Building . The Festival 's location enabled the event to be near the route of the annual Cherry Blossom Parade , which traveled nearby along Constitution Avenue during the same day ( see National Cherry Blossom Festival ) . However , in 2016 and 2017 , the Street Festival 's organizers were forced to move their event to a distant location in Washington , D.C. The Festival 's relocation became necessary after the Trump Organization negotiated a deal with the Government of the District of Columbia that requires a 20 feet ( 6 m ) - wide lane on Pennsylvania Avenue to remain open to the Trump International Hotel 's customers and valet parking service except during major events such as presidential inaugural parades , thus leaving insufficient space on the Avenue for the festival 's activities and for those of other events formerly held near the building . Legal Challenges Associated with Trump 's presidency ( edit ) After Donald J. Trump was inaugurated as President of the United States , the Trump International Hotel became the focus of legal controversy . World leaders stated Trump was encouraging emissaries to stay at Trump hotels while visiting . Trump family members , such as Ivanka , have profited from their stake in the hotel while Donald Trump has been president . Emoluments clause lawsuits ( edit ) CREW v. Trump ( edit ) Main article : CREW v. Trump In January 2017 , a lawsuit against Trump was brought by Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington ( CREW ) and several prominent legal scholars -- including Laurence Tribe of Harvard Law School , former White House Special Counsel for Ethics and Government Reform Norman L. Eisen , Erwin Chemerinsky of the UC Irvine , and Zephyr Teachout of Fordham University . The lawsuit argues that Trump is in violation of the Foreign Emoluments Clause of the United States because his hotels , as well as other businesses , are accepting payments from foreign guests . The suit is pending in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York . District of Columbia and Maryland v. Trump ( edit ) Main article : D.C. and Maryland v. Trump On June 12 , 2017 , the Attorney General Karl Racine of the District of Columbia and Attorney General Brian Frosh of Maryland filed a joint lawsuit in the United States District Court for the District of Maryland against President Trump alleging both foreign and domestic emoluments clause violations of the United States Constitution . Similar to CREW v. Trump , Attorneys General Racine and Frosh cite The Trump Organization receipt of foreign money at Trump Hotels and other businesses as a violation of the constitution , and that this transaction negatively affects the economy of Washington , D.C. and Maryland , as well as the best interests of the American public . Blumenthal et . Al. v. Trump ( edit ) Main article : Blumenthal v. Trump On June 14 , 2017 , lead by Senator Richard Blumenthal and Representative John Conyers , Jr. , more than a third of the voting members of Congress filed a lawsuit alleging violations of the Foreign Emoluments Clause seeking the right to be informed of and approve of gifts from foreign governments before they are received . The lawsuit makes specific allegations concerning attempts to solicit foreign governments at the Old Post Office building . GSA contract ( edit ) The Trump Organization 's lease contract with the U.S. General Services Administration , signed in 2013 , provides that `` no elected official of the government ... shall be admitted to any share or part of this Lease , or to any benefit that may arise therefrom . '' In a letter to the GSA , Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington wrote : `` Elected government officials are barred from receiving any benefit under the lease , and now that Mr. Trump has been sworn in today as President of the United States , Trump Old Post Office LLC , a company he largely owns , is in violation of the lease 's conflicts - of - interest provision . '' Since Trump 's election as president , Democrats have taken the position he `` must fully divest himself of all financial interests in the lease to be in compliance with the legal agreement . '' In February 2017 , Senators Tom Carper and Claire McCaskill ( the Democratic ranking members of the Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee and its Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations , respectively ) wrote a letter to the GSA inspector general , writing : `` Since President Trump took the oath of office , the Trump Old Post Office , LLC appears to be in breach of the plain language of the lease agreement . '' They requested an inspector general inquiry . In March 2017 the GSA announced that they considered the tenant of the property to be in full compliance with the terms of the lease , following a reorganization of the hotel 's organizational structure and the placing of the property in a revocable trust . On August 30 , 2017 , Bloomberg BNA reported that both the Government Accountability Office ( GAO ) and the GSA Inspector General 's Office of Inspections had confirmed that they were evaluating GSA 's management and administration of the lease . Trump response ( edit ) President Donald Trump responded to the emolument clause allegations by outlining a plan where payments from foreign guests would be paid into the U.S. Treasury and to the GSA contract issues by placing his holdings into a trust directed by his children . This plan was criticized by Walter M. Shaub , the Director of the U.S. Office of Government Ethics , who stated that `` the plan does not comport with the tradition of our Presidents over the past 40 years '' and was at odds with past practice , since `` ... every President in modern times has taken the strong medicine of divestiture . '' Political protests ( edit ) Protesters at Trump Hotel , April 15 , 2017 Protesters at Trump Hotel , March 24 , 2018 During the presidency of Donald Trump , the Old Post Office has become a frequent location of political protests . During the evening of May 15 , 2017 , artist Robin Bell projected messages onto the hotel 's facade that stated , among other things , `` Emoluments Welcome , '' along with an animation of the flags of nations in which Trump had business projects . On January 13 , 2018 , after Trump reportedly used the word `` shithole '' at a meeting , Bell projected onto the facade the message `` Not a D.C. resident ? '' / `` Need a place to stay ? '' / `` Try our shithole '' . Following the March for Our Lives anti-gun violence rally on March 24 , 2018 , many rally - goers left their signs by the hotel . Clock tower and bells ( edit ) One of the Bells of Congress hanging in the clock tower of the Old Post Office Building ( 2012 ) The Old Post Office Building 's 315 - foot ( 96 m ) clock tower is the third - highest building in Washington , D.C. , after the Washington Monument and the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception . The tower 's 270 - foot - high ( 82 m ) observation deck offers panoramic views of the city and its surroundings . The tower includes an exhibit depicting the building 's long struggle for survival and a view of the interior workings of the illuminated clock . The Clock Tower houses the Bells of Congress ( also known as the Ditchley Bells ) , which the Whitechapel Bell Foundry cast and are replicas of bells in Westminster Abbey . Sir David Wills , founder of the Ditchley Foundation , donated the bells to the United States in commemoration of the nation 's 1976 Bicentennial . However , the bells were not brought to the United States and installed in the Clock Tower until 1983 . The 10 - bell peal consists of bells ranging from 300 to 3,000 pounds ( 140 to 1,360 kg ) and from 2 to 4.5 feet ( 0.61 to 1.37 m ) in diameter . Their composition is 78 percent copper and 22 percent tin . Each bell features the Great Seal of the United States , the Great Seal of the Realm , and an image of the flower London Pride in relief . Because the tower was not designed to hold bells , the architectural firm of Skidmore , Owings and Merrill and the structural engineering firm Cagley & Associates were hired to modify the tower so that it could accommodate the weight of the bells and the stress of their swings . The Washington Ringing Society sounds the Bells of Congress every Thursday evening and on special occasions . The official bells of the United States Congress , they are one of the largest sets of change ringing bells in North America . Tower visitors can see the colored ropes that the bell - ringers pull to sound the bells but not the bells themselves , although plans are in the works to open a viewing area for the bells as well . Prior to the 2014 renovation , National Park Service rangers provided tours of the Clock Tower . After stopping for three years during the tower 's renovation , the ranger tours resumed in February 2017 . See also ( edit ) District of Columbia portal List of United States Post Offices References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : National Park Service ( 2010 - 07 - 09 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Meyer , Eugene L. ( May 27 , 2014 ) . `` A Trump Makeover for Washington 's Old Post Office '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 1 , 2016 . ( 2 ) O'Connell , Jonathan ( August 17 , 2012 ) . `` How the Trumps Landed the Old Post Office Pavilion '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 1 , 2016 . ( 3 ) Grant , Peter ( 2016 - 02 - 08 ) . `` Trump Hotel in Washington , D.C. , to Open Ahead of Schedule '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 08 . ( 4 ) Roston , Aram ; Wagner , Daniel ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` Trump Gave His Kids A Big Stake In Huge Government Deal , Document Shows '' . BuzzFeed News . Retrieved October 1 , 2016 . ( 5 ) Craig , Susanne ; Lipton , Eric ( February 3 , 2017 ) . `` Trust Records Show Trump Is Still Closely Tied To His Empire '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) September 12 , 2016 Trump International Hotel Opens in DC ; grand - opening ceremonies planned for October . Fox 5 DC . Retrieved : October 1 , 2016 . ( 2 ) Smith , David ( September 12 , 2016 ) . `` Trump not ' welcome here ' : opening of DC hotel met with protests '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Rhodan , Maya . `` Inside Donald Trump 's New Washington , D.C. Hotel '' . Retrieved 29 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Post Office Site '' . The Washington Post . August 30 , 1890 . ^ Jump up to : Struck , Myron. `` Old Post Office Revived '' . The Washington Post . April 16 , 1983 . ^ Jump up to : Benedetto , Donovan , and Du Vall , p. 166 . ^ Jump up to : Burke and Powers , p. 94 . ^ Jump up to : `` Architectural Description '' . Old Post Office , Washington , DC . Washington , D.C. : General Services Administration . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2017 . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pennoyer and Walker , p. 162 . ^ Jump up to : Moeller and Feldblyum , p. 129 . ^ Jump up to : Evelyn , Dickson , and Ackerman , p. 75 - 76 . Jump up ^ Wentzel , p. 34 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Post Office Building Is Not a Great Success '' . The New York Times . January 21 , 1900 . ^ Jump up to : Gamarekian , Barbara . `` Old Post Office Building Becomes a ' Star Project ' '' . The New York Times . March 4 , 1983 . Accessed 2013 - 09 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Too Crowded for Comfort '' . The Washington Post . September 15 , 1899 . ^ Jump up to : `` Congress and the Questions of Expansion and Increased Armaments Confronting It '' . The New York Times . November 6 , 1898 . Jump up ^ `` Fell Down the Shaft '' . The Washington Post . October 1 , 1899 ; `` Died '' . The Washington Post . October 2 , 1899 . ^ Jump up to : `` The New Municipal Building '' . The Washington Post . December 16 , 1902 . Jump up ^ Subcommittee on Public Buildings and Grounds , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Scott and Lee , p. 170 . Jump up ^ Moffett , Samuel E. `` Washington , Despite Departure from L'Enfant's Plans , to Be in Time the Most Beautiful Capital City in the World '' . The Washington Post . July 22 , 1906 . Jump up ^ `` Public Building Plan . ' The Washington Post . December 5 , 1906 . ^ Jump up to : Kelly , John ( March 1 , 2012 ) . `` Fond Memories of the Old Post Office '' . Local . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) `` Old P.O. Clock - Weight Goes Through 2 Floors '' . The Washington Post and Times Herald . October 11 , 1956 . p. 1 . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . ( 2 ) `` Negligence Is Ruled Out In Old PO Clock Mishap '' . Real Estate . The Washington Post and Times Herald . October 20 , 1956 . p . D9 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Applewhite , p. 16 . Jump up ^ `` $165,000,000 Public Building Measure Signed by Coolidge '' . The Washington Post . May 26 , 1926 . Jump up ^ Whitaker , Charles B. `` Building for the Glory of Washington '' . The New York Times . March 6 , 1927 . Jump up ^ `` Architects Chosen to Advise on Plans for Mall Triangle '' . The Washington Post . May 20 , 1927 . Jump up ^ `` Triangle Sites Studied by Architectural Board '' . The Washington Post . July 12 , 1927 . Jump up ^ Gutheim and Lee , p. 181 - 195 . ^ Jump up to : Speers , L.C. `` Washington 's Aspect Is Undergoing Change '' . The New York Times . March 18 , 1928 . Jump up ^ McCormick , Anne O'Hare . `` Building the Greater Capital '' . The New York Times . May 26 , 1929 . ^ Jump up to : Goode , P. 13 . ^ Jump up to : Adams , Mildred . `` Washington Triangle Grows '' . The New York Times . October 7 , 1934 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Triangle Buildings to Be Up Within Year '' . The Washington Post . November 7 , 1934 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas Renews Fight to Save 50 - Year - Old Post Office Building '' . The Washington Post . May 1 , 1938 . Jump up ^ Fodor 's Flashmaps Washington , D.C. , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Bednar , p. 24 ; Glazer , p. 151 . Jump up ^ Schrag , p. 68 ; Hess , p. 115 ; Hodgson , p. 80 . Jump up ^ White , Jean M. `` Pennsylvania Ave . Designs Must Win Johnson 's Support '' . The Washington Post . December 12 , 1963 . Jump up ^ `` White , Jean M. `` Kennedy - Inspired ' Grand Design ' For New Pennsylvania Ave . Unveiled '' . The Washington Post . May 31 , 1964 . Jump up ^ Hodgson , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Richard , Paul . `` Federal Triangle Action Asked '' . The Washington Post . September 10 , 1966 . Jump up ^ Blair , William . `` Fate of Panel on Restyling of Pennsylvania Avenue Is in Nixon 's Hands After Congress Deletes Funds '' . The New York Times . October 26 , 1969 . Jump up ^ `` Nixon Signs Avenue Bill '' . The Washington Post . October 31 , 1972 . Jump up ^ Eisen , Jack and Fiske , Phineas R. `` Drive Starts to Demolish Tower in NW '' . The Washington Post. February 6 , 1970 . Jump up ^ `` Clock Tower 's Time Draws Near '' . The Washington Post . March 5 , 1970 . Jump up ^ Von Eckardt , Wolf . `` Why Ca n't We Keep the Old Post Office and Enjoy It ? '' The Washington Post . March 8 , 1970 . Jump up ^ Von Eckardt , Wolf . `` Catalytic Castle in the Triangle '' . The Washington Post . January 30 , 1971 ; `` Pennsylvania Avenue Projects Changed ; Post Office to Open '' . AIA Journal . September 1981 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ DeFerrari , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Levy , Claudia . `` Rally Seeks to Save Old D.C. Landmark '' . The Washington Post . April 19 , 1971 . Jump up ^ Levy , Claudia. `` Old Post Office Hearing '' . The Washington Post . April 22 , 1971 . Jump up ^ Scharfenberg , Kirk . `` Restoration Considered For Post Office Building '' . The Washington Post . July 1 , 1971 . Jump up ^ Eisen , Jack . `` 76 Finish Sought for ' Triangle ' '' . The Washington Post . January 25 , 1972 . Jump up ^ Combes , Abbott . `` Gravel Seeks to Prevent Razing of Old Post Office '' . The Washington Post . April 21 , 1972 . Jump up ^ Green , Stephen . `` Funds Denied For Building Grand Plaza '' . The Washington Post . June 20 , 1972 . Jump up ^ Goodin , Emily . `` Trump Unveils Plan for Luxury Hotel at Historic Old Post Office Pavilion '' . The Hill . September 10 , 2013 . Accessed 2013 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ Scharfenberg , Kirk . `` GSA Moves to Save Old Post Office '' . The Washington Post . March 23 , 1973 . Jump up ^ Gorney , Cynthia . `` Historic Old Post Office Building Saved for Avenue 's Grand Plan '' . The Washington Post . September 5 , 1975 . Jump up ^ Conroy , Sarah Booth . `` Bold Renovation of Old Post Office Set '' . The Washington Post . June 3 , 1977 ; Eisen , Jack . `` $18 Million Appropriated to Convert Old Post Office '' . The Washington Post . July 28 , 1977 ; Bruske , Ed . `` The Case of The Vanishing Old Post Office '' . The Washington Post . July 12 , 1979 . ^ Jump up to : Spinner , Jackie . `` The Flop on Main Street '' . The Washington Post . August 7 , 2000 . Jump up ^ Ringle , Ken ( September 14 , 1983 ) . `` Renovated Interior Gets Boutique Stamp '' . The Washington Post . ^ Jump up to : Mayer , Caroline E. ( September 12 , 1983 ) . `` Old Post Office Awakens To New Life on the Avenue '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Pearson , Richard . `` Nancy Hanks , 55 , Dies '' . The Washington Post . January 9 , 1983 . Jump up ^ Guillermoprieto , Alma ( May 2 , 1984 ) . `` Bells Ring Out At Opening of Old Post Office Tower '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Forgey , Benjamin ( April 16 , 1983 ) . `` The Old Post Office Delivers '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Forgey , Benjamin ( September 13 , 1983 ) . `` Old Post Office : Brilliant Rebirth '' . The Washington Post . ^ Jump up to : Grimsley , Kirstin Downey ( October 22 , 1993 ) . `` Post Office Pavilion Faces Foreclosure ; Popular Attraction Is Behind in Its Rent '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Old Post Office Pavilion '' . The District : The Tourist 's Guide to Washington , D.C . Big Fish Design . 2016 . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2017 . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tuck , Lon ( October 7 , 1986 ) . `` Old Post Office Renamed After Nancy Hanks '' . The Washington Post . ^ Jump up to : Wan , William ( December 31 , 2008 ) . `` Forget the Big Apple -- Drop a Peach '' . Metro . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Barker , Karlyn ( December 21 , 1983 ) . `` City to Throw Downtown Bash New Year 's Eve '' . Politics . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : United Press International ( January 1 , 1984 ) . `` Celebrations Usher in New Year '' . TimesDaily . Florence , Alabama . p. 1 . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 -- via Google News . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) `` 20 - Cent Love Regular Stamp '' ( PDF ) . Postal Bulletin . Washington , D.C. : United States Postal Service . 104 ( 21437 ) : 1 . December 22 , 1983 . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . ( 2 ) `` 1984 Love Issue '' . Arago : People , Postage & The Post ( Philately ) . Washington , D.C. : Smithsonian National Postal Museum . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2018 . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Love '' ( PDF ) . American Philatelic Society . 2011 . pp. 6 -- 7 . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Winick , Les ( April 7 , 1985 ) . `` Usps Sends Its Fourth Message Of Love To Avid ` Special Regular ` Fans '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved May 13 , 2018 . The first of the four love stamps was issued on Jan. 26 , 1973 , and was designed by painter Robert Indiana ... The new stamp to be issued April 17 was drawn by Bostonian Corita Kent , who is well known for her bright and colorful paintings . The design had its debut at midnight Dec. 31 , 1984 , when an 1,100 pound , 12 - by 20 - foot replica of the design slid down a 240 - foot cable from the tower of the Old Post Office Building in Washington , D.C. More than 65,000 people saw the unveiling of the stamp . ^ Jump up to : Stevenson , Douglas ( December 5 , 1986 ) . `` Dazzling Fete To Ring In ' 87 '' . Local . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Twomey , Steve ( December 29 , 1990 ) . `` Should D.C. ' Love ' Stamp Be Forgot On New Year 's ? '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Associated Press ( January 2 , 1986 ) . `` Nation greets New Year with parades and parties '' . The Free Lance - Star . Fredericksburg , Virginia . p. 19 -- via Google News . A crowd estimated at 100,000 brought in the New Year on Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington , D.C. Jump up ^ ( 1 ) `` 22 - Cent Love Regular Stamp '' ( PDF ) . Postal Bulletin . Washington , D.C. : United States Postal Service . 106 ( 21546 ) : 1 . December 26 , 1985 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 7 , 2018 . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . ( 2 ) `` 1986 Love Issue '' . Arago : People , Postage & The Post ( Philately ) . Washington , D.C. : Smithsonian National Postal Museum . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2018 . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . ( 3 ) Winick , Les ( January 26 , 1986 ) . `` Comic Strip Theme Goes For Stamp Of Approval From Nation ` s Philatelists '' . The Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2018 . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . The new 22 - cent Love stamp will be issued Jan. 30 in New York City . The design shows a bright - eyed , cuddly looking puppy . The designer wants postal customers to look at the stamp and think of Charles Schulz saying , ` ` Happiness is a warm puppy. ` ` ( 4 ) Dunn , John F. ( February 2 , 1986 ) . `` Stamps ; Is It Too Cute ? '' . Arts : Stamps . The New York Times . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2018 . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sanchez , Rene ; Thomas , Pierre ( January 1 , 1988 ) . `` Old Post Office Crowd Stamps in New Year '' . Local . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . A vast and well - behaved throng of 100,000 high - spirited , hand - waving , horn - honking revelers burst into cheers last night as the descent of the new Love Stamp from the Old Post Office tower ended the old year and ushered in 1988 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Associated Press ( January 2 , 1986 ) . `` Woman found dead after D.C. gala '' . The Free Lance - Star . Fredericksburg , Virginia . p. 19 -- via Google News . ( 2 ) Walsh , Elsa ( July 8 , 1986 ) . `` New Year 's Eve Party Strangler Gets 10 Years '' . Local . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 ... ^ Jump up to : Iovino , Jim ( December 31 , 2009 ) . `` No `` Love '' for D.C. 's New Year 's Eve : Dropping a stamp seemed like good idea `` . NBC4 Washingon . NBCUniversal Media , LLC . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2018 . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tuck , Lon ( October 7 , 1986 ) . `` A GRAND VISION REALIZED '' . The Washington Post . ^ Jump up to : Hilzenrath , David S. `` Old Post Office Passes First Test for Expansion '' . The Washington Post . October 15 , 1988 . Jump up ^ Swisher , Kara . `` The New Look Down at the Old Post Office '' . The Washington Post . March 5 , 1992 . Jump up ^ Forgey , Benjamin . `` Facets of an Unpolished Jewel '' . The Washington Post . March 7 , 1992 . Jump up ^ `` Old Post Office Fire Snarls Traffic '' . The Washington Post . August 27 , 1992 . ^ Jump up to : Pressler , Margaret Webb and Haggerty , Maryann . `` Cineplex Odeon Plans Movie Theater at Old Post Office Pavilion '' . The Washington Post . March 29 , 1995 . Jump up ^ Pressler , Margaret Webb . `` Injecting New Life Into the Old Post Office '' . The Washington Post . September 6 , 1994 . ^ Jump up to : Pressler , Margaret Webb . `` Cineplex Odeon Quits Project '' . The Washington Post . May 2 , 1996 . Jump up ^ Faiola , Anthony and Pressler , Margaret Webb . `` Virgin Group Plans 2 D.C. Complexes '' . The Washington Post . June 21 , 1996 . ^ Jump up to : `` S. Rept. 110 - 501 - OLD POST OFFICE BUILDING REDEVELOPMENT ACT OF 2008 '' . United States Congress . September 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ OVERBY , PETER ( April 20 , 2006 ) . `` In Abramoff E-Mails , the Subtle and the Not - So '' . NPR . Jump up ^ Grimaldi , James V. ; Schmidt , Susan ( February 11 , 2006 ) . `` Abramoff Pressed GSA Contact on Getting Land '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Abramoff friend 's conviction upheld '' . United Press International . May 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` H. Rept. 110 - 724 - OLD POST OFFICE BUILDING REDEVELOPMENT ACT OF 2008 '' . United States Congress . 2008 . Jump up ^ Trescott , Jacqueline ( March 3 , 2006 ) . `` Women 's Museum Supporters Renew Efforts in the House '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` NATIONAL WOMEN 'S HISTORY MUSEUM ACT OF 2005 '' . U.S. Government Publishing Office . July 18 , 2005 . Jump up ^ KUCINICH , JACKIE ( March 2 , 2006 ) . `` Group tries to move stalled women 's history museum bill '' . The Hill . ^ Jump up to : O'Connell , Jonathan ( February 7 , 2012 ) . `` Trump to Turn Old Post Office Into Luxury Hotel '' . The Washington Post . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Krouse , Sarah ( November 7 , 2011 ) . `` GSA seeking Old Post Office redevelopment -- again '' . American City Business Journals . ^ Jump up to : Killian , Erin ( January 17 , 2008 ) . `` Norton bill would require faster action on Old Post Office site '' . American City Business Journals . Jump up ^ Ginsberg , Steven ; Samuels , Robert ( June 28 , 2006 ) . `` No Rest for the Wet and Weary '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Schwartzman , Paul ; Greenwell , Megan ( June 28 , 2006 ) . `` Justice Dept. , Archives and IRS to Stay Shuttered Rest of Week '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ THE OLD POST OFFICE BUILDING : THE GENERAL SERVICES ADMINISTRATION 'S PLANS FOR FUTURE USE ^ Jump up to : O'Keefe , Ed ; O'Connell , Jonathan ( October 28 , 2010 ) . `` Federal office space cost cuts underway '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Jonathan ( November 1 , 2010 ) . `` GOP blasts property oversight '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ O'Keefe , Ed ( March 2 , 2011 ) . `` White House revamping plan to sell federal buildings '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Pristin , Terry ( April 26 , 2011 ) . `` Government , Too , Has Trouble Selling Buildings '' . The New York Times . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ O'Keefe , Ed ; O'Connell , Jonathan ( October 19 , 2011 ) . `` Georgetown landmark to be sold by federal government '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Jonathan ( November 6 , 2011 ) . `` Old Post Office gets another suitor : Hilton '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Jonathan ( February 7 , 2012 ) . `` Old Post Office to Become 250 - Room Trump Hotel '' . The Washington Post . ^ Jump up to : O'Connell , Jonathan ( February 12 , 2012 ) . `` Trump deal could be first of several in downtown area '' . The Washington Post . ^ Jump up to : O'Connell , Jonathan . `` Trumps Discuss Plans for Old Post Office '' . The Washington Post . August 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Pearlstein , Steven . `` What D.C. Does n't Need : A Trump Tower '' . The Washington Post . February 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Veteran Architect Leaves Trump Team On Old Post Office Project '' . Washington Business Journal . October 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mahler , Jonathan , `` Win or Lose , Donald Trump Is Coming to Pennsylvania Avenue ( With His New Hotel ) , The New York Times , September 7 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : Dvorak , Petula ( February 10 , 2012 ) . `` Trump Will Fit Right in on Pennsylvania Avenue '' . Local . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2017 . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Goodin , Emily . `` Trump Unveils Plan For Luxury Hotel at Historic Old Post Office Pavilion '' . The Hill . September 10 , 2013 . Accessed 2013 - 09 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : O'Connell , Jonathan . `` Donald and Ivanka Trump Unveil Plans For Glitzy Hotel at Old Post Office Pavilion '' . The Washington Post . September 10 , 2013 . Accessed 2013 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Monument 's Idea for Old Post Office : Newseum and the National Press Club Wrapped Into One '' . Washington City Paper . July 22 , 2011 . Accessed 2013 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Jonathan . `` Monument Realty Offered Feds More Than Trump for Old Post Office Pavilion '' . The Washington Post . March 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Brune , Tom . `` Trump Sees Hotel in D.C. Landmark '' . Newsday . August 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Shoop , Tom . `` Despite Challenges , Trump and GSA Still a Team '' . Government Executive . June 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The federal government owns a large amount of property in the District of Columbia . The U.S. Constitution bars state and local governments from taxing the federal government . In order to prevent private businesses from evading property taxes by renting space from the federal government , the District of Columbia in 2000 enacted a `` possessory interest tax '' that captures much of the same revenue from those businesses leasing space from the federal government . Jump up ^ Neibauer , Michael . `` Trump Seeks Relief From D.C. Tax on Old Post Office Hotel '' . Washington Business Journal . January 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : O'Connell , Jonathan . `` D.C. Rebuffs Trumps ' Bid For Tax Relief '' . The Washington Post . January 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sernovitz , Daniel J. `` Donald Trump Says Old Post Office Talks Nearly Done '' . Washington Business Journal . April 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : O'Connell , Jonathan . `` Trump : Deal On Old Post Office Close '' . The Washington Post . April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Jonathan . `` Trumps Sign Up Local Advisers '' . The Washington Post . September 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Jonathan . `` Glamour Bends to Rules About History '' . The Washington Post . December 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Sernovitz , Daniel J. `` Trump Goes Into Overtime On Old Post Office Negotiations '' . Washington Business Journal . March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Jonathan . `` Trumps Weigh Partnership with Colony '' . The Washington Post . April 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Jonathan and Bhattarai , Abha . `` Design for Old Post Office Earns Early Approval '' . The Washington Post . April 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sernovitz , Daniel J. `` Donald Trump Clears Regulatory Hurdle on Old Post Office Redevelopment Plan '' . Washington Business Journal . May 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : O'Toole , James . `` U.S. Taps Donald Trump to Convert DC 's Old Post Office Into Luxury Hotel '' . CNNMoney.com . June 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sernovitz , Daniel J. `` Trump On the Hook for D.C. Possessory Interest Taxes '' . Washington Business Journal . June 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : O'Connell , Jonathan . `` Trumps Agree to Terms of Old Post Office Project '' . The Washington Post . June 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Clark , Charles S. `` GSA and Trump Ink Final Deal on Washington Old Post Office '' . Government Executive . June 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` GSA and Trump Organization Come to Agreement on Old Post Office Lease '' . Travel & Leisure Close - Up . June 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Neibauer , Michael . `` Inside Plans for Trump International Hotel , aka the Old Post Office '' . Washington Business Journal . July 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Trump Outlines Hotel Plans '' . The New York Times . September 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Trumps Promise Greatness for Downtown DC Hotel '' . Associated Press . September 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sernovitz , Daniel J. `` A By - the - Numbers Look At Donald Trump 's Old Post Office Unveiling '' . Washington Business Journal . September 10 , 2013 . Accessed 2013 - 09 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : O'Connell , Jonathan . `` Trump 's Place '' . The Washington Post . August 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Roston , Aram ( November 30 , 2016 ) . `` Trump 's Post-Election Tax Subsidy '' . BuzzFeed News . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fox , Emily Jane ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` It 's Happening : Donald Trump Already Got a Post-Election Business Break '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sernovitz , Daniel J. `` NCPC Preliminarily Backs Old Post Office Redevelopment '' . Washington Business Journal . July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Trumps Reach Lease Deal on Old Post Office in D.C. '' Politico . August 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sernovitz , Daniel J. `` Trump Organization Signs Lease for Old Post Office '' . Washington Business Journal . August 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nycz - Conner , Jennifer . `` A Glimpse Inside the New Interior of the Old Post Office '' . Washington Business Journal . September 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sernovitz , Daniel J. ( April 24 , 2014 ) . `` Want to Visit the Old Post Office Tower ? Better Hurry '' . Washington Business Journal . Retrieved April 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 2013 and 2016 photographs of arches in main entrance to Old Post Office Pavilion in Wikimedia Commons . Jump up ^ Wang , Jennifer . `` Trump 's D.C. Hotel Officially Opens , But Trouble Has Dogged The Iconic Property Since The Start '' . Retrieved 29 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Fox , Emily Jane ( November 11 , 2016 ) . `` Trump 's D.C. hotel is a frightful dump - and a scary metaphor for the Trump presidency '' . Vanity Fair . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Freed , Benjamin ( December 20 , 2016 ) . `` Luxury Travel Group Gives Trump 's DC Hotel a Brutal Review '' . Washingtonian . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . ( 2 ) Calfas , Jennifer ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` Luxury travel group puts Trump 's ' garish ' DC hotel on worst list '' . The Hill . ( 3 ) Gauthier , Brendan ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` Donald Trump 's new D.C. hotel ranks really badly , according to luxury travel site '' . Salon.com . ( 4 ) Sharman , Jon ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` Donald Trump 's new Washington DC hotel is branded one of the world 's worst '' . Independent . Jump up ^ Everson , Zach ( May 2 , 2018 ) . `` Inside the World 's Most Controversial Hotel '' . Condé Nast Traveler . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) `` How Donald Trump Lost His DC Restaurants '' . Washingtonian. 2016 - 10 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 24 . ( 2 ) Larson , Erik ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` Trump Settles Second Suit Against Chef Who Ditched D.C. Hotel '' . Bloomberg News . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) `` The 45th Annual Sakura Matsuri Japanese Street Festival '' . Japan - America Society of Washington DC . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2006 . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . ( 2 ) `` 51st Annual Sakura Matsuri Japanese Street Festival '' . Japan - America Society of Washington DC . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2011 . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . ( 3 ) `` 53rd Annual Sakura Matsuri Japanese Street Festival '' . Japan - America Society of Washington DC . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2013 . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . ( 4 ) `` 55th Annual Sakura Matsuri Japanese Street Festival '' . Japan - America Society of Washington DC . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2015 . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Stein , Patty ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` Thanks to Trump 's hotel , D.C. street festivals have to make a few changes '' . Local . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2016 . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . ( 2 ) Cooper , Rebecca ( March 2 , 2016 ) . `` Why the National Cherry Blossom Festival will have to move this year . ( Hint : Trump ) Plus , peak bloom ! '' . Washington Business Journal . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) `` 56th Annual Sakura Matsuri Japanese Street Festival '' . Japan - America Society of Washington DC . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2016 . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . ( 2 ) `` Sakura Matsuri -- Japanese Street Festival : April 16 , 2016 '' . National Cherry Blossom Festival . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . ( 3 ) `` 57th Annual Sakura Matsuri Japanese Street Festival '' . Japan - America Society of Washington DC . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2017 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . ( 4 ) `` Sakura Matsuri -- Japanese Street Festival : April 8 , 2017 '' . National Cherry Blossom Festival . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2017 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Laura Jarrett ( January 22 , 2017 ) . `` Trump 's DC hotel is the new legal hot spot in town '' . CNN . Jump up ^ `` Former Mexican ambassador says State Department is telling world leaders to stay at Trump hotels '' . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ Josh Gerstein and Darren Samuelsohn ( June 12 , 2018 ) . `` Ivanka Trump made $3.9 million from D.C. hotel in 2017 '' . Politico.com . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Lipton , Eric ; Liptak , Adam ( January 22 , 2017 ) . `` Foreign Payments to Trump Firms Violate Constitution , Suit Will Claim '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Jump up ^ Jonathan H. Adler , Does the emoluments clause lawsuit against President Trump stand a chance ? , Washington Post ( January 23 , 2017 ) . Jump up ^ Complaint , Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington v. Trump , 1 : 17 - cv - 00458 ( S.D.N.Y. Jan. 23 , 2017 ) . Jump up ^ https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/3862984/2017-6-12-DC-MARYLAND-vs-TRUMP.pdf Jump up ^ https://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/attorneys-general-maryland-d-c-plan-file-lawsuit-president-trump/ Jump up ^ Bykowicz , Julie ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` Democrats in Congress are the latest to sue President Trump '' . Boston Globe . Associated Press . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Complaint , Docket 1 ( PDF ) , 1 : 17 - cv - 01154 , D.D.C. , 2017 - 06 - 14 , pp. 39 -- 42 , retrieved 2017 - 06 - 15 ^ Jump up to : Eric Kelly , Democrats ask inspector general to review Trump 's hotel lease , USA Today ( February 2 , 2017 ) . Jump up ^ Hansler , Jennifer ; Fishel , Justin ( 2017 - 03 - 27 ) . `` Trump Hotel in DC not in violation of government lease , GSA says '' . ABC News . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ Skolnik / first = Sam ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` GAO , GSA Inspector General Open Probes Into Trump Hotel Lease '' . Bloomberg BNA . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Remarks of Walter M. Shaub , Jr. , Director , U.S. Office of Government Ethics , as prepared for delivery at 4 : 00 p.m. on January 11 , 2017 , at the Brookings Institution '' ( PDF ) . Brookings Institution . January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miranda , Carolina A. ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Meet Robin Bell , the artist who projected protest messages onto Trump 's D.C. hotel last night '' . Los Angeles Times . Los Angeles . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2018 . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Politi , Daniel ( January 14 , 2018 ) . `` Trump Gets `` Shithole '' Thrown Back in His Face : Vulgarity Projected Onto His D.C. Hotel `` . Slate . The Slate Group LLC . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2018 . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ David Boddiger . `` Hundreds of Thousands Join March for Our Lives to Show that ' We Are the Change ' '' . Splinter News ( March 24 , 2018 ) . Jump up ^ Luis Sanchez . `` Protesters leave their gun protest signs outside Trump Hotel in DC '' . Publisher ( March 24 , 2018 ) . ^ Jump up to : Noble , Andrea ( April 27 , 2014 ) . `` Old Post Office observation deck to close for building renovation '' . The Washington Times . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2017 . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kelly , John ( February 15 , 2012 ) . `` For Whom Will Old Post Office Bells Toll When Trump Comes to Town ? '' . Local . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sir David Wills '' . Ditchley Foundation . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ringle , Ken ( March 10 , 1983 ) . `` British Bicentennial Bells Installed in Old Post Office '' . Metro . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Harpaz , Beth J. ( Associated Press ) ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` Clock tower over the Trump hotel quietly reopens for tours '' . Travel . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Bibliography ( edit ) Appewhite , E.J. Washington Itself : An Informal Guide to the Capital of the United States . Lanham , Md. : Madison Books , 1993 . Bednar , Michael J. L'Enfant's Legacy : Public Open Spaces in Washington . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press , 2006 . Benedetto , Robert ; Donovan , Jane ; and Du Vall , Kathleen . Historical Dictionary of Washington . Lanham , Md. : Rowman & Littlefield , 2003 . Burke , Susan and Powers , Alice Leccese . DK Eyewitness Travel Guide : Washington , D.C. London : Dorling Kindersley , 2012 . DeFerrari , John . Lost Washington , D.C. Charleston , S.C. : History Press , 2011 . Evelyn , Douglas E. ; Dickson , Paul ; and Ackerman , S.J. On This Spot : Pinpointing the Past in Washington , D.C. 3rd rev . ed . Sterling , Va. : Capital Books , 2008 . Fodor 's Flashmaps Washington , D.C. New York : Fodor 's , 2004 . Glazer , Nathan . From a Cause to a Style : Modernist Architecture 's Encounter With the American City . Princeton , N.J. : Princeton University Press , 2007 . Goode , James . `` Introduction : The Creation of Monumental Washington in the 1930s '' . In Wentzel , Volkmar Kurt and Goode , James . Washington by Night : Vintage Photographs From the 30s . Reprint ed . James Goode , ed . Golden , Colo. : Fulcrum Publishing , 1998 . Gutheim , Frederick Albert and Lee , Antoinette Josephine . Worthy of the Nation : Washington , D.C. , From L'Enfant to the National Capital Planning Commission . 2d ed . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press , 2006 . Hess , Stephen . `` The Federal Executive '' . In Daniel Patrick Moynihan : The Intellectual in Public Life . Robert A. Katzmann , ed. 2d ed . Washington , D.C. : Woodrow Wilson Center Press , 2004 . Hodgson , Godfrey . The Gentleman From New York : Daniel Patrick Moynihan : A Biography . New York : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt , 2000 . Moeller , Gerard Martin and Feldblyum , Boris . AIA Guide to the Architecture of Washington , D.C. Baltimore , Md. : Johns Hopkins University Press , 2012 . Pennoyer , Peter and Walker , Anne . The Architecture of Delano and Aldrich . New York : W.W. Norton , 2003 . Scott , Pamela and Lee , Antoinette Josephine . Buildings of the District of Columbia . Oxford , U.K. : Oxford University Press , 1993 . Schrag , Zachary M. The Great Society Subway : A History of the Washington Metro . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press , 2006 . Sider , Sandra . `` Washington , D.C. '' In The Grove Encyclopedia of American Art . Joan M. Marter , ed . New York : Oxford University Press , 2011 . Subcommittee on Public Buildings and Grounds . To Review the Proposed Demolition of the Old Post Office Building and Other Landmark Buildings . Committee on Public Works . U.S. Senate . 92d Cong. , 1st sess . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office , April 21 , 1971 . Wentzel , Volkmar Kurt and Goode , James . Washington by Night : Vintage Photographs from the 30s . Reprint ed . James Goode , ed . Golden , Colo. : Fulcrum Publishing , 1998 . Further reading ( edit ) Shultz , Scott G. `` America 's Watchtower : Saving the Old Post Office , '' Cultural Resource Management No. 2 , 1998 . Von Eckardt , Wolf ( September 1983 ) . `` A preservation Victory Saves Washington 's Old Post Office '' . National Geographic . Vol. 164 no . 3 . pp. 407 -- 416 . ISSN 0027 - 9358 . OCLC 643483454 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Old Post Office ( Washington , D.C. ) . `` Trump International Hotel Washington , D.C. , web site '' . Trump International Hotels LLC . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2017 . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . `` Former Old Post Office Pavilion Management Company web site '' . Hill Partners , Inc . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2017 . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . `` Old Post Office Tower web site of the National Park Service '' . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2017 . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . `` Old Post Office web site of the General Services Administration '' . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2017 . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Records Preceded by United States Capitol Tallest Building in Washington , D.C. 1899 -- 1959 96m Succeeded by Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception Landmarks of Washington , D.C. Memorials Adams African American Civil War American Veterans Disabled for Life Belmont - Paul Women 's Equality National Monument Mary McLeod Bethune Boy Scout James Buchanan D.C. War Albert Einstein Emancipation John Carroll John Ericsson First Division James A. Garfield Samuel Gompers Ulysses S. Grant Holocaust Museum Holodomor Genocide Japanese American Patriotism During World War II Jefferson Memorial Lyndon Baines Johnson Grove John Paul Jones Marquis de Lafayette Law Enforcement Officers Lincoln Memorial Martin Luther King , Jr . Korean War Veterans George Mason George Meade National Statuary Hall Collection Navy -- Merchant Marine Nuns of the Battlefield Peace Monument Pentagon Second Division Signers of the Declaration of Independence The Extra Mile The Three Soldiers Jean de Rochambeau Franklin Delano Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt Island Taras Shevchenko Statues of the Liberators Oscar Straus Robert A. Taft Titanic United States Air Force United States Navy Victims of Communism Vietnam Veterans Vietnam Women 's Washington Monument Daniel Webster World War II Rainbow Pool Other Capitol Reflecting Pool Immaculate Conception Basilica Ford 's Theatre Petersen House Healy Hall Islamic Center Jefferson Pier John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts Library of Congress National Arboretum National Capitol Columns National Building Museum National Gallery of Art Lincoln 's Cottage at Soldiers ' Home Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool National Archives Newseum National Cathedral National Mall Old Post Office Pavilion Old Stone House Smithsonian Institution The Arts of War and The Arts of Peace Tidal Basin Treasury Building Tudor Place Union Station United States Capitol United States Supreme Court Building White House Willard Hotel Parks and plazas Constitution Gardens Dupont Circle East Potomac Park Freedom Plaza Lafayette Square L'Enfant Plaza Meridian Hill Park National Arboretum Pershing Park Rock Creek Park The Ellipse United States Botanic Garden West Potomac Park Boundaries Anacostia River Arlington Memorial Bridge Boundary Markers of the Original District of Columbia Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Constitution Avenue Francis Scott Key Bridge Pennsylvania Avenue Potomac River Zero Milestone Planned Adams Memorial Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial General Francis Marion Memorial Gold Star Mothers Monument National Desert Storm and Desert Shield War Memorial National Liberty Memorial Peace Corps Commemorative World War I Related National Capital Memorial Advisory Commission National Mall and Memorial Parks List of National Historic Landmarks in Washington , D.C. National Register of Historic Places in Washington , D.C. Public art in Washington , D.C. ( Outdoor sculpture , American Revolution Statuary , Civil War Monuments , commemorating African - Americans ) Shopping malls in the Washington , D.C. , metropolitan area Washington , D.C. Georgetown Park Mazza Gallerie The Shops at National Place Union Station Suburban Maryland Beltway Plaza Bethesda Row The Boulevard at the Capital Centre The Centre at Forestville The Collection at Chevy Chase Ellsworth Place Lakeforest Mall Langley Park Laurel Shopping Center The Mall at Prince Georges Marlow Heights Shopping Center St. Charles Towne Center The Shops at Iverson The Shops at Wisconsin Place Towne Centre at Laurel Westfield Montgomery Westfield Wheaton Northern Virginia Ballston Quarter Crystal City Shops Dulles Town Center Fair Oaks Mall Fairfax Square Fashion Centre at Pentagon City Manassas Mall Market Common Clarendon Pentagon Row Potomac Mills Reston Town Center Seven Corners Shopping Center Springfield Town Center Tysons Corner Center Tysons Galleria The Village at Shirlington Defunct centers Capital Plaza Mall Landmark Mall Landover Mall Laurel Mall Old Post Office Pavilion Rockville Mall Skyline Mall Virginia Square Shopping Center White Flint Mall Businesses of Donald Trump The Trump Organization Donald Trump Jr . Eric Trump Allen Weisselberg Legal affairs of Donald Trump Michael Cohen List of things named after Donald Trump Real estate NYC properties Trump Tower The Trump Building ( 40 Wall Street ) Trump Parc and Trump Parc East Trump Park Avenue Trump Village Trump World Tower Central Park Carousel Wollman Rink Hotels / Resorts Trump International Hotel and Tower Chicago Honolulu Las Vegas New York City Washington D.C. Baku Vancouver Mar - a-Lago Name licensing Riverside South / Trump Place Trump Bay Street Trump Palace Condominiums Trump Parc Stamford Trump Plaza Jersey City , NJ New Rochelle , NY New York City , NY West Palm Beach , FL Trump Tower Sunny Isles Beach , FL White Plains , NY Istanbul , Turkey Manila , Philippines Pune , India Punta del Este , Uruguay Former properties GM Building Grand Hyatt New York Plaza Hotel The Adelaide Hotel Toronto The Bahia Grand Panama Trump Hotel ( Brazil ) Trump SoHo Cancelled projects Trump International Hotel and Tower Dubai , UAE Fort Lauderdale , FL New Orleans , LA Phoenix , AZ Trump Tower Philadelphia , PA Tampa , FL Brazil Germany Israel Trump Ocean Resort Baja Mexico Twin Towers 2 Russian projects Golf courses U.S. Los Angeles , CA `` Doral '' Miami , FL Washington , D.C. Bedminster , NJ Ferry Point , NY Pine Hill , NJ Westchester , NY Jupiter , FL West Palm Beach , FL Europe Balmedie , Scotland ( Wind farm dispute ) Doonbeg , Ireland Turnberry , Scotland Other ventures Current Donald J. Trump Foundation Trump Home Trump Productions Trump Winery Former Donald Trump dolls GoTrump.com Miss Universe Miss USA Miss Teen USA New Jersey Generals Tour de Trump Trump Entertainment Resorts Trump 's Castle / Trump Marina Trump Plaza Hotel and Casino Trump Taj Mahal Trump World 's Fair Trump Casino Indiana Trump magazines Trump Model Management Trump Mortgage Trump Network Trump Shuttle Trump Steaks Trump University Trump Vodka Trump Ice Miscellaneous Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old_Post_Office_(Washington,_D.C.)&oldid=860773039 '' Categories : 1899 establishments in Washington , D.C. Buildings of the United States government in Washington , D.C. Clock towers in the United States Government buildings completed in 1899 Historic district contributing properties in Washington , D.C. Individually listed contributing properties to historic districts on the National Register in Washington , D.C. Office buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington , D.C. Post office buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington , D.C. Romanesque Revival architecture in Washington , D.C. Skyscraper hotels in Washington , D.C. Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Coordinates on Wikidata Commons category with page title different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons Deutsch Français Nederlands Polski Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 September 2018 , at 23 : 38 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	pictures of the old post office in washington dc	[]	[]
-3610877083946636739	World energy consumption	World energy consumption - Wikipedia World energy consumption See also : World energy resources and Worldwide energy supply This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( October 2014 ) The world 's energy consumption ( 2015 data ) World total primary energy consumption by fuel in 2015 Coal ( 30 % ) Natural Gas ( 24 % ) Hydro ( Renewables ) ( 7 % ) Nuclear ( 4 % ) Oil ( 33 % ) Others ( Renewables ) ( 2 % ) World energy consumption is the total energy used by the entire human civilization . Typically measured per year , it involves all energy harnessed from every energy source applied towards humanity 's endeavours across every single industrial and technological sector , across every country . It does not include energy from food , and the extent to which direct biomass burning has been accounted for is poorly documented . Being the power source metric of civilization , World Energy Consumption has deep implications for humanity 's socio - economic - political sphere . Institutions such as the International Energy Agency ( IEA ) , the U.S. Energy Information Administration ( EIA ) , and the European Environment Agency ( EEA ) record and publish energy data periodically . Improved data and understanding of World Energy Consumption may reveal systemic trends and patterns , which could help frame current energy issues and encourage movement towards collectively useful solutions . Closely related to energy consumption is the concept of total primary energy supply ( TPES ) , which - on a global level - is the sum of energy production minus storage changes . Since changes of energy storage over the year are minor , TPES values can be used as an estimator for energy consumption . However , TPES ignores conversion efficiency , overstating forms of energy with poor conversion efficiency ( e.g. coal , gas and nuclear ) and understating forms already accounted for in converted forms ( e.g. photovoltaic or hydroelectricity ) . The IEA estimates that , in 2013 , total primary energy supply ( TPES ) was 1.575 × 10 Wh ( = 157.5 PWh , 157,500 TWh , 5.67 × 10 joules , or 13,541 Mtoe ) or about 18 TW - year . From 2000 -- 2012 coal was the source of energy with the largest growth . The use of oil and natural gas also had considerable growth , followed by hydropower and renewable energy . Renewable energy grew at a rate faster than any other time in history during this period . The demand for nuclear energy decreased , in part due to nuclear disasters ( e.g. Three Mile Island 1979 , Chernobyl 1986 , and Fukushima 2011 ) . In 2011 , expenditures on energy totalled over 6 trillion USD , or about 10 % of the world gross domestic product ( GDP ) . Europe spends close to one - quarter of the world 's energy expenditures , North America close to 20 % , and Japan 6 % . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 1.1 Energy supply , consumption and electricity 1.2 Electricity generation 1.3 Trends 1.4 Emissions 2 By source 2.1 Fossil fuels 2.1. 1 Coal 2.1. 2 Oil 2.1. 3 Natural Gas 2.2 Nuclear power 2.3 Renewable energy 2.3. 1 Hydro 2.3. 2 Marine energy 2.3. 3 Wind 2.3. 4 Solar 2.3. 5 Geothermal 2.3. 6 Bio energy 3 By country 3.1 Oil 3.2 Coal 3.3 Natural gas 3.4 Wind power 4 By sector 4.1 European Union 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Overview ( edit ) Further information : Primary energy and List of countries by total primary energy consumption and production Energy supply , consumption and electricity ( edit ) Key figures ( TWh ) Year Primary energy supply ( TPES ) Final energy consumption Electricity generation Ref 1973 71,013 ( Mtoe 6,106 ) 54,335 ( Mtoe 4,672 ) 6,129 1990 102,569 -- 11,821 -- 2000 117,687 -- 15,395 -- 147,899 ( Mtoe 12,717 ) 100,914 ( Mtoe 8,677 ) 21,431 2011 152,504 ( Mtoe 13,113 ) 103,716 ( Mtoe 8,918 ) 22,126 2012 155,505 ( Mtoe 13,371 ) 104,426 ( Mtoe 8,979 ) 22,668 2013 157,482 ( Mtoe 13,541 ) 108,171 ( Mtoe 9,301 ) 23,322 2014 155,481 ( Mtoe 13,369 ) 109,613 ( Mtoe 9,425 ) 23,816 2015 168,519 ( Mtoe 13,647 ) converted from Mtoe into TWh ( 1 Mtoe = 11.63 TWh ) and from Quad BTU into TWh ( 1 Quad BTU = 293.07 TWh ) World total primary energy supply ( TPES ) , or `` primary energy '' differs from the world final energy consumption because much of the energy that is acquired by humans is lost as other forms of energy during the process of its refinement into usable forms of energy and its transport from its initial place of supply to consumers . For instance , when oil is extracted from the ground it must be refined into gasoline , so that it can be used in a car , and transported over long distances to gas stations where it can be used by consumers . World final energy consumption refers to the fraction of the world 's primary energy that is used in its final form by humanity . In 2014 , world primary energy supply amounted to 155,481 terawatt - hour ( TWh ) or 13,541 Mtoe , while the world final energy consumption was 109,613 TWh or about 29.5 % less than the total supply . World final energy consumption includes products as lubricants , asphalt and petrochemicals which have chemical energy content but are not used as fuel . This non-energy use amounted to 9,404 TWh ( 809 Mtoe ) in 2012 . 2014 World electricity generation ( 23,816 TWh ) by source ( IEA , 2016 ) Coal / Peat ( 40.8 % ) Natural Gas ( 21.6 % ) Hydro ( 16.4 % ) Nuclear ( 10.6 % ) Oil ( 4.3 % ) Others ( Renewables ) ( 6.3 % ) The United States Energy Information Administration ( EIA ) regularly publishes a report on world consumption for most types of primary energy resources . For 2013 , estimated world energy consumption was 5.67 × 10 joules , or 157,481 TWh . According to the IEA the total world energy consumption in past years was 143,851 TWh in 2008 , 133,602 TWh in 2005 , 117,687 TWh in 2000 , and 102,569 TWh in 1990 . In 2012 approximately 22 % of world energy was consumed in North America , 5 % was consumed South and Central America , 23 % was consumed in Europe and Eurasia , 3 % was consumed in Africa , and 40 % was consumed in the Asia Pacific region . Electricity generation ( edit ) The total amount of electricity consumed worldwide was 19,504 TWh in 2013 , 16,503 TWh in 2008 , 15,105 TWh in 2005 , and 12,116 TWh in 2000 . By the end of 2014 , the total installed electricity generating capacity worldwide was nearly 6.142 TW ( million MW ) which only includes generation connected to local electricity grids . In addition there is an unknown amount of heat and electricity consumed off - grid by isolated villages and industries . In 2014 , the share of world energy consumption for electricity generation by source was coal at 40.8 % , natural gas at 21.6 % , nuclear at 10.6 % , hydro at 16.4 % , other sources ( solar , wind , geothermal , biomass , etc . ) at 6.3 % and oil at 4.3 % . Coal and natural gas were the most used energy fuels for generating electricity . The world 's electricity consumption was 18,608 TWh in 2012 . This figure is about 18 % smaller than the generated electricity , due to grid losses , storage losses , and self - consumption from power plants ( gross generation ) . Cogeneration ( CHP ) power stations use some of the heat that is otherwise wasted for use in buildings or in industrial processes . In 2016 while total world energy came from 80 % fossil fuels , 10 % biofuels , 5 % nuclear and 5 % renewable ( hydro , wind , solar , geothermal ) , only 18 % of that total world energy was in the form of electricity . Most of the other 82 % was used for heat and transportation . Recently there has been a large increase in international agreements and national Energy Action Plans , such as the EU 2009 Renewable Energy Directive , to increase the use of renewable energy due to the growing concerns about pollution from energy sources that come from fossil fuels such as oil , coal , and natural gas . One such initiative was the United Nations Development Programme 's World Energy Assessment in 2000 that highlighted many challenges humanity would have to overcome in order to shift from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources . From 2000 -- 2012 renewable energy grew at a rate higher than any other point in history , with a consumption increase of 176.5 million tonnes of oil . During this period , oil , coal , and natural gas continued to grow and had increases that were much higher than the increase in renewable energy . The following figures illustrate the growth in consumption of fossil fuels such as oil , coal , and natural gas as well as renewable sources of energy during this period . Trends ( edit ) World primary energy consumption in quadrillion Btu Energy intensity of different economies : The graph shows the ratio between energy usage and GDP for selected countries . GDP is based on 2004 purchasing power parity and 2000 dollars adjusted for inflation . GDP and energy consumption in Japan , 1958 -- 2000 : The data shows the correlation between GDP and energy use ; however , it also shows that this link can be broken . After the oil shocks of 1973 and 1979 the energy use stagnated while Japan 's GDP continued to grow , after 1985 , under the influence of the then much cheaper oil , energy use resumed its historical relation to GDP . The energy consumption growth in the G20 slowed down to 2 % in 2011 , after the strong increase of 2010 . The economic crisis is largely responsible for this slow growth . For several years now , the world energy demand is characterized by the bullish Chinese and Indian markets , while developed countries struggle with stagnant economies , high oil prices , resulting in stable or decreasing energy consumption . According to IEA data from 1990 to 2008 , the average energy use per person increased 10 % while world population increased 27 % . Regional energy use also grew from 1990 to 2008 : the Middle East increased by 170 % , China by 146 % , India by 91 % , Africa by 70 % , Latin America by 66 % , the USA by 20 % , the EU - 27 block by 7 % , and world overall grew by 39 % . In 2008 , total worldwide primary energy consumption was 132,000 terawatt - hours ( TWh ) or 474 exajoules ( EJ ) . In 2012 , primary energy demand increased to 158,000 TWh ( 567 EJ ) . Energy consumption in the G20 increased by more than 5 % in 2010 after a slight decline of 2009 . In 2009 , world energy consumption decreased for the first time in 30 years by 1.1 % , or about 130 million tonnes of oil equivalent ( Mtoe ) , as a result of the financial and economic crisis , which reduced world GDP by 0.6 % in 2009 . This evolution is the result of two contrasting trends : Energy consumption growth remained vigorous in several developing countries , specifically in Asia ( + 4 % ) . Conversely , in OECD , consumption was severely cut by 4.7 % in 2009 and was thus almost down to its 2000 levels . In North America , Europe and the CIS , consumptions shrank by 4.5 % , 5 % and 8.5 % respectively due to the slowdown in economic activity . China became the world 's largest energy consumer ( 18 % of the total ) since its consumption surged by 8 % during 2009 ( up from 4 % in 2008 ) . Oil remained the largest energy source ( 33 % ) despite the fact that its share has been decreasing over time . Coal posted a growing role in the world 's energy consumption : in 2009 , it accounted for 27 % of the total . Most energy is used in the country of origin , since it is cheaper to transport final products than raw materials . In 2008 , the share export of the total energy production by fuel was : oil 50 % ( 1,952 / 3,941 Mt ) , gas 25 % ( 800 / 3,149 bcm ) and hard coal 14 % ( 793 / 5,845 Mt ) . Most of the world 's high energy resources are from the conversion of the sun 's rays to other energy forms after being incident upon the planet . Some of that energy has been preserved as fossil energy , some is directly or indirectly usable ; for example , via solar PV / thermal , wind , hydro - or wave power . The total solar irradiance is measured by satellite to be roughly 1361 watts per square meter ( see solar constant ) , though it fluctuates by about 6.9 % during the year due to the Earth 's varying distance from the sun . This value , after multiplication by the cross-sectional area intercepted by the Earth , is the total rate of solar energy received by the planet ; about half , 89,000 TW , reaches the Earth 's surface . The estimates of remaining non-renewable worldwide energy resources vary , with the remaining fossil fuels totaling an estimated 0.4 yottajoule ( YJ ) or 4 × 10 joules , and the available nuclear fuel such as uranium exceeding 2.5 YJ . Fossil fuels range from 0.6 to 3 YJ if estimates of reserves of methane clathrates are accurate and become technically extractable . The total power flux from the sun intercepting the Earth is 5.5 YJ per year , though not all of this is available for human consumption . The IEA estimates for the world to meet global energy demand for the two decades from 2015 to 2035 it will require investment of $48 trillion and `` credible policy frameworks . '' According to IEA ( 2012 ) the goal of limiting warming to 2 ° C is becoming more difficult and costly with each year that passes . If action is not taken before 2017 , CO emissions would be locked - in by energy infrastructure existing in 2017 . Fossil fuels are dominant in the global energy mix , supported by $523 billion subsidies in 2011 , up almost 30 % on 2010 and six times more than subsidies to renewables . Regional energy use ( kWh / capita & TWh ) and growth 1990 -- 2008 ( % ) kWh / capita Population ( million ) Energy use ( 1,000 TWh ) Region 1990 2008 Growth 1990 2008 Growth 1990 2008 Growth USA 89,021 87,216 − 2 % 250 305 22 % 22.3 26.6 20 % EU - 28 40,240 40,821 1 % 473 499 5 % 19.0 20.4 7 % Middle East 19,422 34,774 79 % 132 199 51 % 2.6 6.9 170 % China 8,839 18,608 111 % 1,141 1,333 17 % 10.1 24.8 146 % Latin America 11,281 14,421 28 % 355 462 30 % 4.0 6.7 66 % Africa 7,094 7,792 10 % 634 984 55 % 4.5 7.7 70 % India 4,419 6,280 42 % 850 1,140 34 % 3.8 7.2 91 % Others * 25,217 23,871 nd 1,430 1,766 23 % 36.1 42.2 17 % The World 19,422 21,283 10 % 5,265 6,688 27 % 102.3 142.3 39 % Source : IEA / OECD , Population OECD / World Bank Energy use = kWh / capita * billion capita ( population ) = 1 TWh Others : Mathematically calculated , includes e.g. countries in Asia and Australia . The use of energy varies between the `` other countries '' : E.g. in Australia , Japan , or Canada energy is used more per capita than in Bangladesh or Burma . Emissions ( edit ) Global warming emissions resulting from energy production are an environmental problem . Efforts to resolve this include the Kyoto Protocol , which is a UN agreement aiming to reduce harmful climate impacts , which a number of nations have signed . Limiting global temperature increase to 2 degrees Celsius , thought to be a risk by the SEI , is now doubtful . To limit global temperature to a hypothetical 2 degrees Celsius rise would demand a 75 % decline in carbon emissions in industrial countries by 2050 , if the population is 10 billion in 2050 . Across 40 years , this averages to a 2 % decrease every year . In 2011 , the emissions of energy production continued rising regardless of the consensus of the basic problem . Hypothetically , according to Robert Engelman ( Worldwatch institute ) , in order to prevent collapse , human civilization would have to stop increasing emissions within a decade regardless of the economy or population ( 2009 ) . Greenhouse gases are not the only emissions of energy production and consumption . Large amounts of pollutants such as sulphurous oxides ( SO ) , nitrous oxides ( NO ) , and particulate matter ( PM ) are produced from the combustion of fossil fuels and biomass ; the World Health Organisation estimates that 7 million premature deaths are caused each year by air pollution . Biomass combustion is a major contributor . In addition to producing air pollution like fossil fuel combustion , most biomass has high CO emissions . By source ( edit ) Total primary energy supply of 13,699 mega-toe by source in 2014 ( IEA , 2016 ) Oil ( 31.3 % ) Coal / Peat / Shale ( 28.6 % ) Natural Gas ( 21.2 % ) Biofuels and waste ( 10.3 % ) Hydro Electricity ( 2.4 % ) Others ( Renew . ) ( 1.4 % ) Nuclear ( 4.8 % ) Fossil fuels ( edit ) Main article : Fossil fuel The twentieth century saw a rapid twenty-fold increase in the use of fossil fuels . Between 1980 and 2006 , the worldwide annual growth rate was 2 % . According to the US Energy Information Administration 's 2006 estimate , the estimated 471.8 EJ total consumption in 2004 , was divided as given in the table above , with fossil fuels supplying 86 % of the world 's energy : Coal ( edit ) Main articles : Coal and List of countries by coal production In 2000 , China accounted for 28 % of world coal consumption , other Asia consumed 19 % , North America 25 % and the EU 14 % . The single greatest coal - consuming country is China . Its share of the world coal production was 28 % in 2000 and rose to 48 % in 2009 . In contrast to China 's ~ 70 % increase in coal consumption , world coal use increased 48 % from 2000 to 2009 . In practice , the majority of this growth occurred in China and the rest in other Asia . China 's energy consumption is mostly driven by the industry sector , the majority of which comes from coal consumption . World annual coal production increased 1,905 Mt or 32 % in 6 years in 2011 compared to 2005 , of which over 70 % was in China and 8 % in India . Coal production was in 2011 7,783 Mt , and 2009 6,903 Mt , equal to 12.7 % production increase in two years . If production and consumption of coal continue at the rate as in 2008 , proven and economically recoverable world reserves of coal would last for about 150 years . This is much more than needed for an irreversible climate catastrophe . Coal is the largest source of carbon dioxide emissions in the world . According to James Hansen the single most important action needed to tackle the climate crisis is to reduce CO emissions from coal . Indonesia and Australia exported together 57.1 % of the world coal export in 2011 . China , Japan , South Korea , India and Taiwan had 65 % share of all the world coal import in 2011 . Regional coal supply ( TWh ) , share 2010 ( % ) and share of change 2000 -- 2010 Region 2000 2008 2009 * 2010 * % * Change 2000 -- 2009 * North America 6,654 6,740 6,375 6,470 16 % − 1.2 % Asia excl . China 5,013 7,485 7,370 7,806 19 % 18.9 % China 7,318 16,437 18,449 19,928 48 % 85.5 % EU 3,700 3,499 3,135 3,137 8 % − 3.8 % Africa 1,049 1,213 1,288 1,109 3 % 0.4 % Russia 1,387 1,359 994 1,091 3 % − 2.0 % Others 1,485 1,763 1,727 1,812 4 % 2.2 % Total 26,607 38,497 39,340 41,354 100 % 47.9 % Source : IEA , * in 2009 , 2010 BP * Change 2000 -- 2009 : Region 's share of the world change + 12,733 TWh from 2000 to 2009 Top 10 coal exporters ( Mt ) Rank Nation 2011 Share % 2011 2012 Indonesia 162 309 29.7 % 383 Australia 298 285 27.4 % 302 Russia 89 99 9.5 % 103 US 57 85 8.2 % 106 5 Colombia 68 76 7.3 % 82 6 South Africa 68 70 6.7 % 72 7 Kazakhstan 33 34 3.3 % 32 8 Canada 24 24 2.3 % 25 9 Vietnam 21 23 2.2 % 18 10 Mongolia 17 22 2.1 % 22 x Others 19 14 1.3 % Total ( Mt ) 856 1,041 1,168 Top ten 97.8 % 98.7 % Oil ( edit ) Main articles : Petroleum , List of countries by oil production , and List of countries by oil consumption Coal fueled the industrial revolution in the 18th and 19th century . With the advent of the automobile , aeroplanes and the spreading use of electricity , oil became the dominant fuel during the twentieth century . The growth of oil as the largest fossil fuel was further enabled by steadily dropping prices from 1920 until 1973 . After the oil shocks of 1973 and 1979 , during which the price of oil increased from 5 to 45 US dollars per barrel , there was a shift away from oil . Coal , natural gas , and nuclear became the fuels of choice for electricity generation and conservation measures increased energy efficiency . In the U.S. the average car more than doubled the number of miles per gallon . Japan , which bore the brunt of the oil shocks , made spectacular improvements and now has the highest energy efficiency in the world . From 1965 to 2008 , the use of fossil fuels has continued to grow and their share of the energy supply has increased . From 2003 to 2008 , coal was the fastest growing fossil fuel . It is estimated that between 100 and 135 billion tonnes of oil has been consumed between 1850 and the present . Natural gas ( edit ) Main articles : Natural Gas , List of countries by natural gas production , and List of countries by natural gas consumption In 2009 , the world use of natural gas grew 31 % compared to 2000 . 66 % of this growth was outside EU , North America , Latin America , and Russia . Others include the Middle East , Asia , and Africa . The gas supply increased also in the previous regions : 8.6 % in the EU and 16 % in the North America 2000 -- 2009 . Regional gas supply ( TWh ) and share 2010 ( % ) Land 2000 2008 2009 % North America 7,621 7,779 8,839 8,925 27 % Asia excl . China 2,744 4,074 4,348 4,799 14 % China 270 825 1,015 1,141 3 % EU 4,574 5,107 4,967 5,155 16 % Africa 612 974 1,455 1,099 3 % Russia 3,709 4,259 4,209 4,335 13 % Latin America 1,008 1,357 958 nd nd Others 3,774 5,745 6,047 7,785 23 % Total 24,312 30,134 31,837 33,240 100 % Source : IEA , in 2009 , 2010 BP Nuclear power ( edit ) Main article : Nuclear Power As of 1 July 2016 , the world had 444 operable grid - electric nuclear power reactors with 62 others under construction . Since commercial nuclear energy began in the mid 1950s , 2008 was the first year that no new nuclear power plant was connected to the grid , although two were connected in 2009 . Annual generation of nuclear power has been on a slight downward trend since 2007 , decreasing 1.8 % in 2009 to 2558 TWh , and another 1.6 % in 2011 to 2518 TWh , despite increases in production from most countries worldwide , because those increases were more than offset by decreases in Germany and Japan . Nuclear power met 11.7 % of the world 's electricity demand in 2011 . Source : IEA / OECD Renewable energy ( edit ) Main articles : Renewable energy , List of renewable energy topics by country , and Renewable energy commercialization Strong public support for renewables worldwide in 2011 Renewable energy is generally defined as energy that comes from resources that are not significantly depleted by their use , such as sunlight , wind , rain , tides , waves and geothermal heat . Renewable energy is gradually replacing conventional fuels in four distinct areas : electricity generation , hot water / space heating , motor fuels , and rural ( off - grid ) energy services . Based on REN21 's 2014 report , renewables contributed 19 percent to our energy consumption and 22 percent to our electricity generation in 2012 and 2013 , respectively . This energy consumption is divided as 9 % coming from traditional biomass , 4.2 % as heat energy ( non-biomass ) , 3.8 % hydro electricity and 2 % electricity from wind , solar , geothermal , and biomass . Worldwide investments in renewable technologies amounted to more than US $214 billion in 2013 , with countries like China and the United States heavily investing in wind , hydro , solar and biofuels . Renewable energy resources exist over wide geographical areas , in contrast to other energy sources , which are concentrated in a limited number of countries . Rapid deployment of renewable energy and energy efficiency is resulting in significant energy security , climate change mitigation , and economic benefits . In international public opinion surveys there is strong support for promoting renewable sources such as solar power and wind power . At the national level , at least 30 nations around the world already have renewable energy contributing more than 20 percent of energy supply . National renewable energy markets are projected to continue to grow strongly in the coming decade and beyond . The following table shows increasing nameplate capacity , and has capacity factors that range from 11 % for solar , to 40 % for hydropower . Selected renewable energy global indicators 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Investment in new renewable capacity ( annual ) ( 10 USD ) 182 178 237 279 256 232 270 285 Renewables power capacity ( existing ) ( GWe ) 1,140 1,230 1,320 1,360 1,470 1,578 1,712 1,849 Hydropower capacity ( existing ) ( GWe ) 885 915 945 970 990 1,018 1,055 1,064 Wind power capacity ( existing ) ( GWe ) 121 159 198 238 283 319 370 433 Solar PV capacity ( grid - connected ) ( GWe ) 16 23 40 70 100 138 177 227 Solar hot water capacity ( existing ) ( GWth ) 130 160 185 232 255 373 406 435 Ethanol production ( annual ) ( 10 litres ) 67 76 86 86 83 87 94 98 Biodiesel production ( annual ) ( 10 litres ) 12 17.8 18.5 21.4 22.5 26 29.7 30 Countries with policy targets for renewable energy use 79 89 98 118 138 144 164 173 Source : The Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century ( REN21 ) -- Global Status Report Renewable energy 2000 - 2013 ( TWh ) 2000 2013 North - America 1,973 2,237 2,443 EU 1,204 2,093 2,428 Russia 245 239 271 China 2,613 3,374 3,847 Asia ( - China ) 4,147 4,996 5,361 Africa 2,966 3,930 4,304 Latin America 1 502 2,127 2,242 Other 567 670 738 Total renewable 15,237 19,711 21,685 Total energy 116,958 148,736 157,485 Share 13.0 % 13.3 % 13.8 % Total nonrenewable 101,721 129,025 135,800 From 2000 to 2013 the total renewable energy use has increased 6,450 TWh and total energy use 40,500 TWh . Hydro ( edit ) Main articles : Hydroelectricity and Hydropower Hydroelectricity is the term referring to electricity generated by hydropower ; the production of electrical power through the use of the kinetic energy of falling or flowing water . In 2015 hydropower generated 16.6 % of the world 's total electricity and 70 % of all renewable electricity , which continues the rapid rate of increase experienced between 2003 and 2009 . Hydropower is produced in 150 countries , with the Asia - Pacific region generating 32 percent of global hydropower in 2010 . China is the largest hydroelectricity producer , with 2,600 PJ ( 721 TWh ) of production in 2010 , representing around 17 % of domestic electricity use . There are now three hydroelectricity plants larger than 10 GW : the Three Gorges Dam in China , Itaipu Dam in Brazil , and Guri Dam in Venezuela . Nine of the worlds top 10 renewable electricity producers are primarily hydroelectric , one is wind . Marine energy ( edit ) Main article : Ocean energy Marine energy , also known as ocean energy and marine and hydrokinetic energy ( MHK ) includes tidal and wave power and is a relatively new sector of renewable energy , with most projects still in the pilot phase , but the theoretical potential is equivalent to 4 -- 18 million tonne of oil equivalent ( toe ) . MHK development in U.S. and international waters includes projects using devices such as , wave energy converters in open coastal areas with significant waves , tidal turbines placed in coastal and estuarine areas , in - stream turbines in fast - moving rivers , ocean current turbines in areas of strong marine currents , and ocean thermal energy converters in deep tropical waters . Wind ( edit ) Main articles : Wind power and Wind power by country Wind power is growing at the rate of 17 % annually , with a worldwide installed capacity of 432,883 megawatts ( MW ) at the end of 2015 , and is widely used in Europe , Asia , and the United States . Several countries have achieved relatively high levels of wind power penetration , such as 21 % of stationary electricity production in Denmark , 18 % in Portugal , 16 % in Spain , 14 % in Ireland and 9 % in Germany in 2010 . As of 2011 , 83 countries around the world are using wind power on a commercial basis . Continuing strong growth , by 2016 wind generated 3 % of global power annually . Solar ( edit ) Main articles : Solar energy , Solar power , and Solar power by country Solar energy , radiant light and heat from the sun , has been harnessed by humans since ancient times using a range of ever - evolving technologies . Solar energy technologies include solar heating , solar photovoltaics , concentrated solar power and solar architecture , which can make considerable contributions to solving some of the most urgent problems the world now faces . The International Energy Agency projected that solar power could provide `` a third of the global final energy demand after 2060 , while CO emissions would be reduced to very low levels . '' Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on the way they capture , convert and distribute solar energy . Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic systems and solar thermal collectors to harness the energy . Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun , selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light dispersing properties , and designing spaces that naturally circulate air . From 2012 to 2016 solar capacity tripled and now provides 1.3 % of global energy . Geothermal ( edit ) Main articles : Geothermal energy and Geothermal power Geothermal energy is used commercially in over 70 countries . In 2004 , 200 petajoules ( 56 TWh ) of electricity was generated from geothermal resources , and an additional 270 petajoules ( 75 TWh ) of geothermal energy was used directly , mostly for space heating . In 2007 , the world had a global capacity for 7010100000000000000 ♠ 10 GW of electricity generation and an additional 7010280000000000000 ♠ 28 GW of direct heating , including extraction by geothermal heat pumps . Heat pumps are small and widely distributed , so estimates of their total capacity are uncertain and range up to 7011100000000000000 ♠ 100 GW . Bio energy ( edit ) Main articles : Biomass , Biogas , and Biofuel Until the beginning of the nineteenth century biomass was the predominant fuel , today it has only a small share of the overall energy supply . Electricity produced from biomass sources was estimated at 44 GW for 2005 . Biomass electricity generation increased by over 100 % in Germany , Hungary , the Netherlands , Poland , and Spain . A further 220 GW was used for heating ( in 2004 ) , bringing the total energy consumed from biomass to around 264 GW . The use of biomass fires for cooking is excluded . World production of bioethanol increased by 8 % in 2005 to reach 33 gigalitres ( 8.7 × 10 US gal ) , with most of the increase in the United States , bringing it level to the levels of consumption in Brazil . Biodiesel increased by 85 % to 3.9 gigalitres ( 1.0 × 10 US gal ) , making it the fastest growing renewable energy source in 2005 . Over 50 % is produced in Germany . By country ( edit ) Main article : List of renewable energy topics by country See also : Energy by country , Worldwide energy supply , and List of countries by energy consumption per capita World total final consumption of 13,699 Mtoe by region in 2014 ( IEA , 2016 ) OECD ( 38.4 % ) Middle East ( 5.3 % ) Non-OECD Eurasia ( 8.2 % ) China ( 22.4 % ) Rest of Asia ( 12.7 % ) Non-OECD Americas ( 4.7 % ) Africa ( 5.6 % ) Bunkers ( 2.7 % ) Energy consumption is loosely correlated with gross national product and climate , but there is a large difference even between the most highly developed countries , such as Japan and Germany with an energy consumption rate of 6 kW per person and the United States with an energy consumption rate of 11.4 kW per person . In developing countries , particularly those that are sub-tropical or tropical such as India , the per person energy use rate is closer to 0.7 kW . Bangladesh has the lowest consumption rate with 0.2 kW per person . The US consumes 25 % of the world 's energy with a share of global GDP at 22 % and a share of the world population at 4.59 % . The most significant growth of energy consumption is currently taking place in China , which has been growing at 5.5 % per year over the last 25 years . Its population of 1.3 billion people ( 19.6 % of the world population ) is consuming energy at a rate of 1.6 kW per person . One measurement of efficiency is energy intensity . This is a measure of the amount of energy it takes a country to produce a dollar of gross domestic product . The World Bank : Kilograms of oil equivalent ( 2011 ) The World Bank : PPP $ per kg of oil equivalent ( 2011 ) Oil ( edit ) Main article : Petroleum Saudi Arabia , Russia and the United States accounted for 34 % of oil production in 2011 . Saudi Arabia , Russia and Nigeria accounted for 36 % of oil export in 2011 . Top 10 oil producers ( Mt ) Rank Nation 2005 2008 2009 2011 Share % 2011 2012 Saudi Arabia 519 509 452 471 517 12.9 % 544 Russia 470 485 494 502 510 12.7 % 520 United States 307 300 320 336 346 8.6 % 387 Iran 205 214 206 227 215 5.4 % 186 5 China 183 190 194 200 203 5.1 % 206 6 Canada 143 155 152 159 169 4.2 % 182 7 UAE nd 136 120 129 149 3.7 % 163 8 Venezuela 162 137 126 149 148 3.7 % 162 9 Mexico 188 159 146 144 144 3.6 % nd 10 Nigeria 133 nd nd 130 139 3.5 % nd x Kuwait nd 145 124 nd nd nd 152 x Iraq nd nd 114 140 nd nd 148 x Norway 139 nd nd nd nd nd nd Total 3,923 3,941 3,843 3,973 4,011 100 % Top ten 62 % 62 % 61 % 62 % 63 % Top 10 oil exporters ( Mt ) Rank Nation 2011 Share % 2011 2012 Saudi Arabia 333 17.0 % Russia 246 12.5 % Nigeria 129 6.6 % Iran 126 6.4 % 5 UAE 105 5.4 % 6 Iraq 94 4.8 % 7 Venezuela 87 4.4 % 8 Angola 84 4.3 % 9 Norway 78 4.0 % 10 Mexico 71 3.6 % x Others 609 31.0 % Total ( Mt ) 1,962 Coal ( edit ) Main article : Coal Top 10 coal producers ( Mt ) Rank Nation 2005 2008 2009 2011 Share % 2011 2012 China 2,226 2,761 2,971 3,162 3,576 46 % 3,549 US 1,028 1,076 985 997 1,004 13 % 935 India 430 521 561 571 586 8 % 595 Australia 372 397 399 420 414 5 % 421 5 Indonesia 318 284 301 336 376 5 % 443 6 Russia 222 323 297 324 334 4 % 354 7 South Africa 315 236 247 255 253 3 % 259 8 Germany nd nd nd nd 189 2 % 197 9 Poland 160 144 135 134 139 2 % 144 10 Kazakhstan 79 108 101 111 117 2 % 126 11 Colombia 65 79 73 74 1 % nd nd Total 5,878 6,796 6,903 7,229 7,783 100 % 7,831 Top ten 89 % 87 % 88 % 88 % nd 90 % * include hard coal and brown coal Top 10 coal importers ( Mt ) Rank Nation 2005 2008 2009 2011 China 25 nd 114 157 177 Japan 178 186 165 187 175 South Korea 77 100 103 119 129 India 37 58 66 88 101 5 Taiwan 61 66 60 63 66 6 Germany 38 46 38 45 41 7 UK 44 43 38 26 32 8 Turkey nd 19 20 27 24 9 Italy 24 25 19 22 23 10 Malaysia nd nd nd 19 21 x Spain 25 19 16 nd nd x France nd 21 nd nd nd x US 28 nd nd nd nd Total 778 778 819 949 1,002 Top ten 69 % 75 % 78 % 79 % 79 % Import of production 16 % 13 % 14 % 15 % 13 % * 2005 -- 2010 hard coal Natural gas ( edit ) Main article : Natural gas Top 10 natural gas producers ( bcm ) Rank Nation 2005 2008 2009 2011 Share % 2011 Russia 627 657 589 637 677 20.0 % US 517 583 594 613 651 19.2 % Canada 187 175 159 160 160 4.7 % Qatar nd 79 89 121 151 4.5 % 5 Iran 84 121 144 145 149 4.4 % 6 Norway 90 103 106 107 106 3.1 % 7 China nd 76 90 97 103 3.0 % 8 Saudi Arabia 70 nd nd 82 92 2.7 % 9 Indonesia 77 77 76 88 92 2.7 % 10 Netherlands 79 85 79 89 81 2.4 % x Algeria 93 82 81 nd nd nd x UK 93 nd nd nd nd nd Total 2,872 3,149 3,101 3,282 100 % 3,388 Top ten 67 % 65 % 65 % 65 % 67 % bcm = billion cubic meters Top 10 natural gas importers ( bcm ) Rank Nation 2005 2008 2009 2011 Share % 2011 Japan 81 95 93 99 116 13.9 % Italy 73 77 69 75 70 8.4 % Germany 91 79 83 83 68 8.2 % US 121 84 76 74 55 6.6 % 5 South Korea 29 36 33 43 47 5.6 % 6 Ukraine 62 53 38 37 44 5.3 % 7 Turkey 27 36 35 37 43 5.2 % 8 France 47 44 45 46 41 4.9 % 9 UK nd 26 29 37 37 4.4 % 10 Spain 33 39 34 36 34 4.1 % x Netherlands 23 nd nd nd nd nd Total 838 783 749 820 834 100 % Top ten 70 % 73 % 71 % 69 % 67 % Import of production 29 % 25 % 24 % 25 % 25 % bcm = billion cubic meters Wind power ( edit ) Top 10 countries by nameplate windpower capacity ( 2011 year - end ) Country Windpower capacity ( MW ) provisional % world total China 62,733 26.3 United States 46,919 19.7 Germany 29,060 12.2 Spain 21,674 9.1 India 16,084 6.7 France 6,800 2.8 Italy 6,747 2.8 United Kingdom 6,540 2.7 Canada 5,265 2.2 Portugal 4,083 1.7 ( rest of world ) 32,446 13.8 World total 238,351 MW 100 % Top 10 countries by windpower electricity production ( 2010 totals ) Country Windpower production ( TWh ) % world total United States 95.2 27.6 China 55.5 15.9 Spain 43.7 12.7 Germany 36.5 10.6 India 20.6 6.0 United Kingdom 10.2 3.0 France 9.7 2.8 Portugal 9.1 2.6 Italy 8.4 2.5 Canada 8.0 2.3 ( rest of world ) 48.5 14.1 World total 344.8 TWh 100 % By sector ( edit ) World energy use by sector , 2012 Sector 10 Btu Petawatt - hours percentage Residential 53.0 15.5 13 Commercial 29.3 8.6 7 Industrial 222.3 65.1 54 Transportation 104.2 30.5 26 Total * 408.9 119.8 100 Source : US DOE . PWh from 0.293 times Btu column . Numbers are the end use of energy The table to the right shows the amounts of energy consumed worldwide in 2012 by four sectors , according to the Energy Information Administration of the US Department of Energy : Residential ( heating , lighting , and appliances ) Commercial ( lighting , heating and cooling of commercial buildings , and provision of water and sewer services ) Industrial users ( agriculture , mining , manufacturing , and construction ) Transportation ( passenger , freight , and pipeline ) Of the total 120 PWh ( 7020432000000000000 ♠ 120 × 10 Wh ) consumed , 19.4 were in the form of electricity , but this electricity required 61.7 PWh to produce . Thus the total energy consumption was around 160 PWh ( ca 7020580280718941000 ♠ 550 × 10 Btu ) . The efficiency of a typical existing power plant is around 38 % . The new generation of gas - fired plants reaches a substantially higher efficiency of 55 % . Coal is the most common fuel for the world 's electricity plants . Another report gives different values for the sectors , apparently due to different definitions . According to this , total world energy use per sector in 2008 was industry 28 % , transport 27 % and residential and service 36 % . Division was about the same in the year 2000 . World energy use per sector Year 2000 2008 2000 2008 Sector TWh % * Industry 21,733 27,273 26.5 27.8 Transport 22,563 26,742 27.5 27.3 Residential and service 30,555 35,319 37.3 36.0 Non-energy use 7,119 8,688 8.7 8.9 Total * 81,970 98,022 100 100 Source : IEA 2010 , Total is calculated from the given sectors Numbers are the end use of energy Total world energy supply ( 2008 ) 143,851 TWh European Union ( edit ) The European Environmental Agency ( EEA ) measures final energy consumption ( does not include energy used in production and lost in transportation ) and finds that the transport sector is responsible for 31.8 % of final energy consumption , households 26.2 % , industry 25.6 % , services 13.5 % and agriculture 2.9 % in 2012 . The use of energy is responsible for the majority of greenhouse gas emissions ( 79 % ) , with the energy sector representing 31 % , transport 19 % , industry 13 % , households 9 % and others 7 % . While efficient energy use and resource efficiency are growing as public policy issues , more than 70 % of coal plants in the European Union are more than 20 years old and operate at an efficiency level of between 32 -- 40 % . Technological developments in the 1990s have allowed efficiencies in the range of 40 -- 45 % at newer plants . However , according to an impact assessment by the European Commission , this is still below the best available technological ( BAT ) efficiency levels of 46 -- 49 % . With gas - fired power plants the average efficiency is 52 % compared to 58 -- 59 % with best available technology ( BAT ) , and gas and oil boiler plants operate at average 36 % efficiency ( BAT delivers 47 % ) . According to that same impact assessment by the European Commission , raising the efficiency of all new plants and the majority of existing plants , through the setting of authorisation and permit conditions , to an average generation efficiency of 51.5 % in 2020 would lead to a reduction in annual consumption of 15 km ( 3.6 cu mi ) of natural gas and 25 Mt ( 25,000,000 long tons ; 28,000,000 short tons ) of coal . See also ( edit ) Renewable energy portal Energy portal Sustainable development portal Comparisons of life - cycle greenhouse gas emissions Cubic mile of oil Domestic Energy Consumption Earth 's energy budget Electricity generation Electric energy consumption Energy development Energy intensity Energy policy Environmental impact of aviation Energy security and renewable technology Environmental tariff Feed - in Tariff Kardashev scale Peak oil Renewable energy commercialization Renewable energy by country Sustainable energy A Thousand Barrels a Second : The Coming Oil Break Point and the Challenges Facing an Energy Dependent World ( book ) World Energy Outlook Regional Energy by country European countries by fossil fuel use ( % of total energy ) European countries by electricity consumption per person Energy use and conservation in the United Kingdom Energy use in the United States Asian brown cloud Making Sweden an Oil - Free Society Lists List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions List of countries by electricity consumption List of countries by electricity production List of countries by energy consumption and production List of countries by energy consumption per capita List of countries by energy intensity List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions List of countries by renewable electricity production References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : BP : Statistical Review of World Energy , Workbook ( xlsx ) , London , 2016 Jump up ^ Statistical Review of World Energy ( June 2016 ) ^ Jump up to : `` IEA - Key world energy statistics , 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 6 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : World Energy Assessment ( WEA ) . UNDP , United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , World Energy Council , New York Jump up ^ Nathalie Desbrosses , World Energy Expenditures , Leonardo Energy , Nov. 28 2011 ( accessed 30 January 2015 ) Jump up ^ `` 2012 Key World Energy Statistics '' ( PDF ) . www.iea.org . IEA. 2012 . pp. 6 , 24 , 28 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 1 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2013 Key World Energy Statistics '' ( PDF ) . www.iea.org . IEA. 2013 . pp. 6 , 24 , 26 , 28 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 5 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2014 Key World Energy Statistics '' ( PDF ) . www.iea.org . IEA. 2014 . pp. 6 , 38 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 5 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Key World Energy Statistics '' ( PDF ) . 2017 - 05 - 28 . pp. 27 , 37 . ^ Jump up to : `` Key World Energy Statistics '' ( PDF ) . IEA. 2017 - 05 - 28 . p. 38 . Jump up ^ `` Key World Energy Statistics '' ( PDF ) . IEA . September 2017 . p. 7 . Jump up ^ `` International Energy Outlook 2017 '' ( PDF ) . EIA. 2017 - 09 - 14 . p. 10 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics Search '' . IEA . ^ Jump up to : `` IEA - Key world energy statistics , 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 6 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Electricity - Installed generating capacity , 2014 '' . Retrieved 6 April 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.shell.com/energy-and-innovation/the-energy-future/scenarios/shell-scenarios-energy-models/world-energy-model/_jcr_content/par/textimage.stream/1510344160326/d62f12b8fe88e85dc3349c38b1ca5e44cc22c5ccc6f70beed634020cfb527c82/shell-world-energy-model.pdf pg4 Jump up ^ Nakićenović , Nebojša ; Grübler , Arnulf ; McDonald , Alan ( 1998 ) . Global energy : perspectives . Cambridge , New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0521642000 . Jump up ^ `` International Energy Statistics '' . Energy Information Administration . Retrieved 5 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` World Energy Intensity : Total Primary Energy Consumption per Dollar of Gross Domestic Product using Purchasing Power Parities , 1980 -- 2004 '' . Energy Information Administration , U.S. Department of Energy . 23 August 2006 . Archived from the original ( XLS ) on 6 February 2007 . Retrieved 3 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Statistics of Japan '' . Japan Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications . Retrieved 3 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Sluggish growth of World energy demand in 2011 '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Consumption by fuel , 1965 -- 2008 '' . Statistical Review of World Energy 2009 . BP . 8 June 2009 . Archived from the original ( XLS ) on 26 July 2013 . Retrieved 24 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` International Energy Statistics '' . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` World Energy Statistics -- Energy Supply & Demand '' . Enerdata . Jump up ^ IEA Key energy statistics 2010 and IEA Key energy statistics 2009 oil page 11 , gas p. 13 , hard coal ( excluding brown coal ) p. 15 and electricity p. 27 Jump up ^ Schreiber , William ( May -- June 2007 ) . `` Solving the Energy Problem '' . MIT Faculty Newsletter . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` IEA estimates $48 tn investments till 2035 to meet global energy demands '' . Bloomberg News . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ IEA World Energy Outlook 2012 Executive Summary Jump up ^ Table 55 , Regional energy use , 1990 and 2008 ( p. 48 ) , in `` Energy in Sweden -- facts and figures 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Swedish Energy Agency . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 October 2013 . ( see also Energy in Sweden 2011 ) , data from IEA Energy Balances of Non-OECD countries 2010 . Jump up ^ `` IEA Key energy statistics 2010 '' ( PDF ) . IEA. 2010 . p. 48 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 1 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Energiläget 2050 by prof . Cristian Azar and Kristian Lindgren Chalmers Göteborg ( in Swedish ) Jump up ^ State of the world 2009 , Worldwatch Institute ^ Jump up to : `` WHO - 7 million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution '' . Jump up ^ `` Ambient ( outdoor ) air quality and health '' . WHO . Jump up ^ `` WHO - Household air pollution and health '' . Jump up ^ http://www.pfpi.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/PFPI-biomass-carbon-accounting-overview_April.pdf ^ Jump up to : Table 52 Global supply of coal , 1990 -- 2009 ( pp. 44 - 45 ) , in `` Energy in Sweden -- facts and figures 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Swedish Energy Agency . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 October 2013 . ( see also Energy in Sweden 2011 ) , data from IEA Energy Balances of Non-OECD countries 2010 . Jump up ^ Ma , Damien . `` China 's Coming Decade of Natural Gas '' . Asia 's Uncertain LNG Future , NBR Special Report . November 2013 . Retrieved 8 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Key statistics 2012 , 2010 and 2006 IEA Jump up ^ The True Cost of Coal 27 November 2008 pp. 66 -- 69 Jump up ^ Key statistics 2012 IEA ^ Jump up to : Energiläget 2011 Archived 1 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : IEA Key World Energy Statistics 2013 , 2012 , 2011 , 2010 , 2009 , 2006 IEA October , crude oil p. 11 , coal p. 13 , gas p. 15 Jump up ^ Yergin , p. 792 Jump up ^ `` Key World Energy Statistics '' ( PDF ) . International Energy Agency . 2006 . Retrieved 3 April 2007 . pp. 48 -- 57 Jump up ^ Yergin , p. ? Jump up ^ How Much Oil Have We Used ? , Science Daily , 8 May 2009 . Retrieved March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Table 50 Global supply of gas 1990 -- 2009 ( p. 44 ) , in `` Energy in Sweden -- facts and figures 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Swedish Energy Agency . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 October 2013 . ( see also Energy in Sweden 2011 ) , data from IEA Energy Balances of Non-OECD countries 2010 . Jump up ^ World Nuclear Association , ( July 1 , 2016 ) ( 1 ) , www.world-nuclear.org Jump up ^ Trevor Findlay ( 2010 ) . The Future of Nuclear Energy to 2030 and its Implications for Safety , Security and Nonproliferation : Overview Archived 12 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine. , The Centre for International Governance Innovation ( CIGI ) , Waterloo , Ontario , Canada , pp. 10 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Mycle Schneider , Steve Thomas , Antony Froggatt , and Doug Koplow ( August 2009 ) . The World Nuclear Industry Status Report 2009 Archived 24 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Commissioned by German Federal Ministry of Environment , Nature Conservation and Reactor Safety , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Ipsos 2011 , p. 3 Jump up ^ `` The myth of renewable energy '' . Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists . 2011 - 11 - 22 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ REN21 ( 2010 ) . Renewables 2010 Global Status Report p. 15 . Jump up ^ REN21 ( 2014 ) . `` Renewables 2014 : Global Status Report '' ( PDF ) . pp. 13 , 17 , 21 , 25 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 September 2014 . Jump up ^ International Energy Agency ( 2012 ) . `` Energy Technology Perspectives 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Global Trends in Sustainable Energy Investment 2007 : Analysis of Trends and Issues in the Financing of Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency in OECD and Developing Countries '' ( PDF ) . www.unep.org . United Nations Environment Programme. 2007 . p. 3 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 13 October 2014 . Retrieved 13 October 2014 . Jump up ^ REN21 ( 2013 ) . `` Renewables global futures report 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Electricity generation : very different capacity factors ! '' . 21 September 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/GSR2015_Figure25.jpg Jump up ^ REN21 ( 2011 ) . `` Renewables 2011 : Global Status Report '' ( PDF ) . p. 15 . Jump up ^ REN21 ( 2012 ) . Renewables Global Status Report 2012 Archived 15 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine . p. 17 . Jump up ^ `` REN21 2013 Renewables Global Status Report '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 30 January 2014 . Jump up ^ REN21 . `` Renewables 2014 : Global Status Report '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 4 September 2014 . Retrieved 20 January 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/REN12-GSR2015_Onlinebook_low1.pdf Jump up ^ Energiläget i siffror 2016 Energimyndigheten Sweden ( See Renewable energy 12.3 Total energy 12.1 ) Jump up ^ http://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/GSR_2016_Full_Report_REN21.pdf ^ Jump up to : `` Use and Capacity of Global Hydropower Increases '' . Worldwatch Institute . January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tethys '' . Jump up ^ Global Wind Energy Council . `` GWEC Global Statistics '' . Jump up ^ Lars Kroldrup . Gains in Global Wind Capacity Reported Green Inc. , 15 February 2010 . Jump up ^ REN21 ( 2011 ) . `` Renewables 2011 : Global Status Report '' ( PDF ) . p. 15 . Jump up ^ Global wind energy markets continue to boom -- 2006 another record year Archived 7 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine . ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Beattie , David ( 18 March 2011 ) . `` Wind Power : China Picks Up Pace '' . Renewable Energy World . ^ Jump up to : `` World Wind Energy Report 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Report . World Wind Energy Association . February 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 September 2011 . Retrieved 30 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Renewables '' . eirgrid.com . Archived from the original on 25 August 2011 . Retrieved 22 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : REN21 ( 2011 ) . `` Renewables 2011 : Global Status Report '' ( PDF ) . p. 11 . Jump up ^ http://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/renewable-energy/wind-energy.html Jump up ^ http://www.iea.org/Textbase/npsum/solar2011SUM.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/renewable-energy/solar-energy.html ^ Jump up to : `` The Future of Geothermal Energy '' ( PDF ) . MIT . Retrieved 7 February 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Renewables , Global Status Report 2006 '' ( PDF ) . Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st century . 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 18 July 2011 . Retrieved 3 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Fridleifsson , , Ingvar B. ; Bertani , Ruggero ; Huenges , Ernst ; Lund , John W. ; Ragnarsson , Arni ; Rybach , Ladislaus ( 11 February 2008 ) . O. Hohmeyer and T. Trittin , ed . `` The possible role and contribution of geothermal energy to the mitigation of climate change '' ( PDF ) . Luebeck , Germany : 59 -- 80 . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on 22 July 2011 . Retrieved 6 April 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Population Prospects '' . United Nations . Retrieved 7 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : IEA Key World Energy Statistics 2012 , 2011 , 2010 , 2009 , 2006 IEA October , crude oil p. 11 , coal p. 13 gas p. 15 Jump up ^ IEA Key World Energy Statistics 2011 , 2010 , 2009 , 2006 IEA October , crude oil p. 11 , coal p. 13 , gas p. 15 Jump up ^ `` GWEC Global Wind Statistics 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Global Wind Energy Commission . Retrieved 15 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Worldwide Electricity Production From Renewable Energy Sources : Stats and Figures Series : Thirteenth Inventory -- Edition 2011 '' ( PDF ) . 2.2 Electricity Production From Wind Sources : Main Wind Power Producing Countries -- 2010 ( text & table ) : Observ'ER . Retrieved 29 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Table F1 of `` International Energy Outlook 2016 '' ( PDF ) . United States Department of Energy , Washington , DC . Archived from the original on 27 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Energy efficiency measures and technological improvements '' . e8.org . Archived from the original on 4 February 2007 . Retrieved 21 January 2007 . Article by group of ten leading electricity companies Jump up ^ `` Coal Facts 2006 Edition '' ( PDF ) . World Coal Institute . September 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2016 - 05 - 17 . Retrieved 8 April 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Table 56 , Total world energy use per sector 1990 -- 2008 ( pp. 48 - 49 ) , in `` Energy in Sweden -- facts and figures 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Swedish Energy Agency . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 October 2013 . ( see also Energy in Sweden 2011 ) , data from IEA Energy Balances of Non-OECD countries 2010 . Jump up ^ European Environmental Agency . `` Final energy consumption by sector and fuel ( CSI 027 / ENER 016 ) - Assessment published Jan 2015 '' . Retrieved 21 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Eva Hoos European Commission 2011 . A new Directive on Energy Efficiency . Retrieved 11 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : European Commission 2011 . Impact Assessment Accompanying the document Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on energy efficiency and amending and subsequently repealing Directives 2004 / 8 / EC and 2006 / 32 / EC . p. 106 . Retrieved 11 October 2011 . External links ( edit ) World Energy Outlook BP global energy outlook to 2035 BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2017 Energy Statistics and News from the European Union Official Energy Statistics from the US government Annual Energy Review , by the U.S. Department of Energy 's Energy Information Administration ( PDF ) International Energy Outlook 2017 , by the U.S. Energy Information Administration Renewable energy by country Africa Ethiopia Kenya Morocco Seychelles South Africa Asia Afghanistan Armenia Bangladesh Bhutan China India Kazakhstan Nepal Pakistan Palestine Philippines Taiwan Thailand Vietnam Europe European Union Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Spain Sweden United Kingdom Other Albania Iceland Norway Russia Turkey North America Canada Costa Rica Honduras Mexico United States Oceania Australia New Zealand Tuvalu South America Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Category Portals : Energy Renewable energy Sustainable development Petroleum industry Petroleum Primary energy Benchmarks Argus Sour Bonny Light Brent Dubai Indian Basket Indonesian Isthmus - 34 Light Japan Cocktail OPEC Reference Basket Tapis Urals West Texas Intermediate Western Canadian Select Data Natural gas Consumption Production Reserves Imports Exports Price Petroleum Consumption Production Reserves Imports Exports Price ( of gasoline and diesel ) Exploration Core sampling Geophysics Integrated asset modelling Petroleum engineering Reservoir simulation Seismic to simulation Petroleum geology Petrophysics Reflection seismology ( Seismic inversion ) Seismic source Drilling Blowout Completion ( Squeeze job ) Differential sticking Directional drilling ( Geosteering ) Drilling engineering Drilling fluid ( invasion ) Drill stem test Lost circulation Measurement Tracers Underbalanced drilling Well logging Production Petroleum fiscal regime Concessions Production sharing agreements Artificial lift Pumpjack Submersible pump ( ESP ) Gas lift Downstream Enhanced oil recovery ( EOR ) Steam injection Gas reinjection Midstream Petroleum product Pipeline transport Refining Upstream Water injection Well intervention XT History 1967 Oil Embargo 1973 oil crisis 1979 energy crisis 1980s oil glut 1990 oil price shock 2000s energy crisis 2010s oil glut Founders History of the petroleum industry Nationalization OPEC GECF Seven Sisters Standard Oil Oil market timelines Provinces and fields List of natural gas fields List of oil fields East Midlands Oil Province East Texas Gulf of Mexico Niger Delta North Sea Permian Basin Persian Gulf Prudhoe Bay Oil Field Russia Venezuela Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin Other topics Acronyms Oil shale gas Peak oil mitigation timing People Petrocurrency Petrodollar recycling Shale band Shale gas Swing producer Unconventional oil heavy crude oil sands oil shale Companies and organisations Major petroleum companies Supermajors BP Chevron Eni ExxonMobil Royal Dutch Shell Total National oil companies ADNOC ( UAE ) CNOOC ( China ) CNPC ( China ) Ecopetrol ( Colombia ) Equinor ( Norway ) Gazprom ( Russia ) Iraq National Oil Company Indian Oil Corporation KazMunayGas ( Kazakhstan ) Kuwait Petroleum Corporation Lotos ( Poland ) Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation NIOC ( Iran ) NISOC ( Iran ) OGDCL ( Pakistan ) ONGC ( India ) PDVSA ( Venezuela ) PKN Orlen ( Poland ) Pemex ( Mexico ) Pertamina ( Indonesia ) PetroBangla ( Bangladesh ) Petrobras ( Brazil ) PetroChina Petronas ( Malaysia ) Petrovietnam PTT ( Thailand ) Qatar Petroleum Rosneft ( Russia ) Saudi Aramco ( Saudi Arabia ) Sinopec ( China ) SOCAR ( Azerbaijan ) Sonangol ( Angola ) Sonatrach ( Algeria ) TPAO ( Turkey ) YPF ( Argentina ) Energy trading Glencore Gunvor Mercuria Naftiran Intertrade Trafigura Vitol Other Anadarko Apache BG Group Cenovus Energy Compañía Española de Petróleos ConocoPhillips Devon Galp Energia Hess Husky Energy Imperial Oil JXTG Holdings Lukoil Marathon Oil Occidental OMV Port Harcourt Refining Company Reliance Industries Repsol Suncor Energy Surgutneftegas TNK - BP Tullow Oil Tüpraş Major services companies Amec Foster Wheeler Baker Hughes Cameron CGG CH2M Hill Chicago Bridge & Iron Company China Oilfield Services Enbridge Ensco GE Oil & Gas Halliburton Nabors Industries Naftiran Intertrade National Oilwell Varco Petrofac Saipem Schlumberger Snam Subsea 7 TransCanada Transocean Weatherford Wood Group Other International Association of Oil & Gas Producers International Energy Agency International Petroleum Exchange OPEC Society of Petroleum Engineers World Petroleum Council Category Commons Global human population Major topics Biocapacity Optimum population Overpopulation Malthusian catastrophe Population Population ethics Population momentum Sustainable development Women 's reproductive rights Zero population growth Biological and related topics Family planning Pledge two or fewer Human population planning One - child policy Two - child policy Population biology Population decline Population density Physiological density Population dynamics Population growth Population model Population pyramid Projections of population growth Human impact on the environment Deforestation Desalination Desertification Environmental impact of agriculture of aviation of biodiesel of concrete of electricity generation of the energy industry of fishing of irrigation of mining of off - roading of oil shale industry of palm oil of paper of the petroleum industry of reservoirs of shipping of war Industrialisation Land degradation Land reclamation Overconsumption Pollution Quarrying Urbanization Loss of green belts Urban sprawl Waste Water scarcity Overdrafting Population ecology Carrying capacity Deep ecology Earth 's energy budget Food security Habitat destruction I = P × A × T Malthusian growth model Overshoot ( population ) World energy consumption World energy resources World3 model Literature A Modest Proposal Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind , Peopling of Countries , etc . An Essay on the Principle of Population `` How Much Land Does a Man Need ? '' Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth Population Control : Real Costs , Illusory Benefits The Limits to Growth The Population Bomb The Skeptical Environmentalist The Ultimate Resource Publications Population and Environment Population and Development Review Lists Population and housing censuses by country Metropolitan areas by population Population milestone babies Events and organizations 7 Billion Actions International Conference on Population and Development Population Action International Population Connection Population Matters Population Research Institute United Nations Population Fund Voluntary Human Extinction Movement World Population Day World Population Foundation Related topics Classic Maya collapse Fertility and intelligence Green Revolution Holocene extinction Migration Commons Human overpopulation Human activities with impact on the environment Human migration Lists of countries by population statistics Global Current population Current population ( United Nations ) ( Sub - ) Continents Africa Asia Europe North America Caribbean Oceania South America Intercontinental Americas Arab world Commonwealth of Nations Eurasia European Union Islands Latin America Middle East Cities / urban regions National capitals Cities proper Metropolitan areas Urban areas Megacities Megalopolises Past and future Past population ( United Nations ) Past and future population 1000 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 1907 1939 2000 2005 Future population Population density Current density Current real density based on food growing capacity Growth indicators Population growth rate Natural increase Birth rate Mortality rate Fertility rate Other demographics Age at first marriage Divorce rate Ethnic and cultural diversity level Foreign - born population Immigrant population Linguistic diversity Median age Net migration rate Number of households Sex ratio Urban population Urbanization Health Antiviral medications for pandemic influenza HIV / AIDS adult prevalence rate Infant and under - five mortality rates Life expectancy Percentage suffering from undernourishment Health expenditure covered by government Suicide rate Total health expenditure per capita Body Mass Index ( BMI ) Education and innovation Bloomberg Innovation Index Education Index International Innovation Index Innovation Union Scoreboard Literacy rate Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies Progress in International Reading Literacy Study Student skills Tertiary education attainment Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study Women 's average years in school World Intellectual Property Indicators Economic Development aid given Official Development Assistance received Employment rate Irrigated land area Human Development Index by country inequality - adjusted Human Poverty Index Imports Income equality Job security Labour force Number of millionaires ( US dollars ) Number of billionaires ( US dollars ) Percentage living in poverty Public sector Sen social welfare function Unemployment rate List of international rankings List of top international rankings by country Lists by country Globalization Journals Outline Studies Aspects Alter - globalization Anti-globalization Counter-hegemonic globalization Cultural globalization Deglobalization Democratic globalization Economic globalization Environmental globalization Financial globalization Global citizenship education Global governance Global health History of archaic early modern Military globalization Political globalization Trade globalization Workforce globalization Issues Global Disease Digital divide Labor arbitrage Population Warming Water crisis Other Brain drain reverse Climate change Climate justice Development aid Economic inequality Endangered languages Fair trade Forced migration Human rights Illicit financial flows Invasive species Investor - state disputes New international division of labour North -- South divide Offshoring Race to the bottom pollution havens Transnational crime McDonaldization Westernization American imperialism British Empire World war Theories Capital accumulation Dependency Development Earth system Fiscal localism Modernization ecological history of Primitive accumulation Social change World history World - systems Notable scholars Samir Amin Arjun Appadurai K. Anthony Appiah Daniele Archibugi Giovanni Arrighi Ravi Batra Jean Baudrillard Zygmunt Bauman Ulrich Beck Walden Bello Jagdish Bhagwati Robert Brenner Manuel Castells Noam Chomsky Alfred Crosby Christopher Chase - Dunn Andre G. Frank Thomas Friedman Anthony Giddens Peter Gowan Michael Hardt David Harvey David Held Paul Hirst Michael Hudson Paul James Ibn Khaldun Naomi Klein Antonio Negri George Ritzer Dani Rodrik Jeffrey Sachs Saskia Sassen John R. Saul Vandana Shiva Joseph Stiglitz John Urry Immanuel Wallerstein Portal Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_energy_consumption&oldid=840823967 '' Categories : Energy policy Energy economics Energy by region Energy consumption Human ecology Global environmental issues World Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles with Swedish - language external links Webarchive template wayback links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from February 2012 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from October 2014 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Italiano Português Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 May 2018 , at 11 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	fossil fuels account for roughly what percent of electrical generation in 2014 world wide	[]	[]
-7211365242643494371	Brett Favre	Brett Favre - wikipedia Brett Favre Brett Favre Favre at Super Bowl 50 in 2016 No. 4 Position : Quarterback Born : ( 1969 - 10 - 10 ) October 10 , 1969 ( age 49 ) Gulfport , Mississippi Height : 6 ft 2 in ( 1.88 m ) Weight : 222 lb ( 101 kg ) Career information High school : Kiln ( MS ) Hancock North Central College : Southern Miss NFL Draft : 1991 / Round : 2 / Pick : 33 Career history Atlanta Falcons ( 1991 ) Green Bay Packers ( 1992 -- 2007 ) New York Jets ( 2008 ) Minnesota Vikings ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Career highlights and awards Super Bowl champion ( XXXI ) 11 × Pro Bowl ( 1992 , 1993 , 1995 -- 1997 , 2001 -- 2003 , 2007 -- 2009 ) 3 × First - team All - Pro ( 1995 -- 1997 ) 3 × Second - team All - Pro ( 2001 , 2002 , 2007 ) 3 × AP NFL Most Valuable Player ( 1995 -- 1997 ) Sports Illustrated Sportsman of the Year ( 2007 ) AP NFL Offensive Player of the Year ( 1995 ) 4 × NFL passing touchdowns leader ( 1995 -- 1997 , 2003 ) 2 × NFL passing yards leader ( 1995 , 1998 ) Green Bay Packers No. 4 retired Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame NFL 1990s All - Decade Team Southern Miss Golden Eagles No. 4 retired Career NFL statistics Pass attempts : 10,169 Pass completions : 6,300 Completion percentage : 62.0 % TD -- INT : 508 -- 336 Passing yards : 71,838 Passer rating : 86.0 Player stats at NFL.com Player stats at PFR Pro Football Hall of Fame Brett Lorenzo Favre ( / ˈfɑːrv / ( listen ) ; born October 10 , 1969 ) is a former American football quarterback who spent the majority of his career with the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He was a 20 - year veteran of the NFL , having played quarterback for the Atlanta Falcons in 1991 , Packers from 1992 to 2007 , New York Jets in 2008 , and Minnesota Vikings from 2009 to 2010 . Favre was the first NFL quarterback to pass for 500 touchdowns , throw for 70,000 yards , complete 6,000 passes , and attempt 10,000 passes . A graduate of the University of Southern Mississippi , Favre played college football for the Southern Miss Golden Eagles for four years , setting many school records . He was selected in the second round of the 1991 NFL Draft by the Falcons , with whom he spent one season as a backup before being traded to Green Bay for the Packers ' first - round pick in the 1992 NFL Draft . Favre became the Packers ' starting quarterback in the fourth game of the 1992 NFL season and started every game through the 2007 season . He played for the Packers for 16 years before being traded to the Jets for the 2008 season and spending his final two seasons with the Vikings . In that time , he made an NFL - record 297 consecutive starts , 321 including the playoffs . Favre 's eleven Pro Bowl invitations is the third most among quarterbacks in NFL history . He is the only player to win the Associated Press NFL Most Valuable Player Award three consecutive times , doing so from 1995 to 1997 , and is one of only six quarterbacks to have won the award as well as the Super Bowl in the same season . He led teams to eight division championships , five NFC Championship Games , and two Super Bowl appearances : Super Bowl XXXI and Super Bowl XXXII . He and the Packers won Super Bowl XXXI over the New England Patriots . Favre holds many NFL records , including most career pass attempts , most career interceptions thrown , most consecutive starts by a player , most times sacked , and most fumbles . At the time of his retirement , he was the NFL 's all - time leader in passing yards , passing touchdowns and quarterback wins ; all three records have since been broken by Peyton Manning and Tom Brady respectively . Favre was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2016 . Contents 1 Early life 2 College career 2.1 College statistics 3 Professional career 3.1 Atlanta Falcons ( 1991 ) 3.2 Green Bay Packers ( 1992 -- 2007 ) 3.2. 1 Beginnings ( 1992 -- 94 ) 3.2. 2 MVP ( x3 ) and Super Bowl seasons ( 1995 -- 97 ) 3.2. 3 Mid-career ( 1998 -- 2002 ) 3.2. 4 Later career and personal tragedies ( 2003 -- 2006 ) 3.2. 5 Milestone season ( 2007 ) 3.2. 6 Retirements and returns ( 2008 ) 3.3 New York Jets ( 2008 ) 3.4 Minnesota Vikings ( 2009 -- 2010 ) 3.5 Post-NFL health issues 3.6 Post-NFL career analyst work 4 Career achievements 4.1 Honors and awards 4.2 Records and milestones 4.3 Consecutive starts streak 5 NFL career statistics 6 Retirement speculation 7 Personal life 7.1 Family 7.2 High school coaching 7.3 Charitable work 7.4 Business 7.5 Entertainment 7.6 Endorsements 7.7 NFL personal conduct issues 8 References 9 External links Early life Favre grew up in the small Mississippi gulf town of Kiln . Brett Favre was born in Gulfport , Mississippi , the son of Bonita Ann ( née French ) and Irvin Ernest Favre , and raised in the small town of Kiln . Both of his parents were schoolteachers in the Hancock County School District . He is of part French ancestry . One of his ancestors is Simon Favre , a Creole , was an influential figure in Spanish West Florida in the late 18th and early 19th centuries ; Brett descends from Simon 's Choctaw Native American mistress , Pistikiokonay , and thus his grandfather was affiliated with the Choctaw . Brett was the second of four children and attended Hancock North Central High School , where he played baseball and football . Favre started for the Hancock North Central baseball team as an eighth - grader and earned five varsity letters . He played quarterback , lineman , strong safety , placekicker , and punter in a primarily option , run - oriented offense coached by his father , Irvin Favre , who was the head coach of the Hawks football team . Favre spent his early years on the North Central Hancock High School football field , where his throwing ability led to a Southern Miss. scholarship . Irvin Favre said he knew his son had a great arm but also knew that the school was blessed with good running backs . As a result , in the three years Brett was on the team , his father ran the wishbone , a run - oriented offense . Favre rarely threw more than five passes in a game . Southern Mississippi assistant coach Mark McHale , who was scouting new football recruits for the school , watched Favre play during a Hancock North Central football game after receiving recommendation from many nearby coaches . McHale , observing Favre mostly hand the ball off in running plays in the two games he watched , was set on leaving when he suddenly saw Favre threw the ball in such a captivating way that he later described it by saying the ball , `` had smoke and flames coming off it . '' College career After high school , Southern Mississippi offered Favre a football scholarship at the urging of assistant coach McHale , which was the only one he received . Southern Miss wanted him to play defensive back , but Favre wanted to play quarterback instead . Favre began his freshman year as the seventh - string quarterback and took over the starting position in the second half of the third game of the year against Tulane on September 19 , 1987 . Favre , despite suffering a hangover from the night before and vomiting during warm - ups , led the Golden Eagles to a come - from - behind victory with two touchdown passes . Favre started ten games during his freshman year and won six of them . In his junior season , Favre led the Golden Eagles to an upset of # 6 Florida State on September 2 , 1989 . Favre capped a six - and - a-half - minute drive with the game - winning touchdown pass with 23 seconds remaining . On July 14 , 1990 , before the start of Favre 's senior year at Southern Miss , he was involved in a near - fatal car accident . When going around a bend a few tenths of a mile from his parents ' house , Favre lost control of his car , which flipped three times and came to rest against a tree . It was only after one of his brothers smashed a car window with a golf club that Favre could be evacuated and rushed to the hospital . In the ambulance , his mother was sitting with him . `` All I kept asking ( her ) was ' Will I be able to play football again ? ' '' Favre recalled later . Doctors would later remove 30 inches ( 76 cm ) of Favre 's small intestine . Six weeks after this incident , on September 8 , Favre led Southern Miss to a comeback victory over Alabama . Alabama coach Gene Stallings said , `` You can call it a miracle or a legend or whatever you want to . I just know that on that day , Brett Favre was larger than life . '' Favre formerly held several Southern Miss football records until most were surpassed by Austin Davis by the end of the 2011 season . Favre had 15 games over his career where he compiled more than 200 passing yards , making him fourth in school history on the all -- time list in that category . Of those 15 games , five were 300 - yard games , the most compiled by any of the school 's quarterbacks . Additionally , he was the seasonal leader in total passing and total offense in all four of his seasons at Southern Miss . College statistics Year Team Passing Rushing Cmp Att Pct Yds Y / A TD Int Rtg Att Yds Avg TD Southern Miss 79 194 40.7 1,264 6.5 15 13 107.6 57 169 3.0 Southern Miss 178 319 55.8 2,271 7.1 16 5 129.0 51 - 15 - 0.3 0 Southern Miss 206 381 54.1 2,588 6.8 14 10 118.0 43 - 25 - 0.6 0 Southern Miss 150 275 54.5 1,572 5.7 7 6 106.6 42 - 218 - 5.2 0 Career 613 1,169 52.4 7,695 6.6 52 34 116.6 193 - 89 - 0.5 Source : Favre earned a teaching degree with an emphasis in special education from the University of Southern Mississippi . Professional career Atlanta Falcons ( 1991 ) Favre was drafted by the Atlanta Falcons in the second round with the 33rd overall pick in the 1991 NFL Draft . On July 19 , 1991 , Favre agreed to a three - year , US $1.4 million contract with a reported signing bonus of $350,000 . Atlanta head coach Jerry Glanville did not approve of the drafting of Favre , saying it would take a plane crash for him to put Favre into the game . Favre 's first pass in an NFL regular season game resulted in an interception returned for a touchdown in a game against the Washington Redskins . He only attempted four passes in his career at Atlanta , was intercepted twice , and completed none of them . Favre took one other snap , which resulted in a sack for an eleven - yard loss . Green Bay Packers ( 1992 -- 2007 ) Green Bay Packers general manager Ron Wolf traded a first - round pick ( 19th overall , which would be used for running back Tony Smith ) for Favre after the 1991 season . Wolf , while an assistant to the general manager of the New York Jets , had intended to take Favre in the 1991 NFL Draft , but Favre was taken by the Falcons on the previous pick . According to the Milwaukee Journal - Sentinel and other sources , during the physical after the trade , Favre was diagnosed with avascular necrosis of the hip , the same degenerative condition that ended running back Bo Jackson 's football career , and doctors recommended his physical be failed , which would nullify the trade . Wolf overruled them . Favre played 16 seasons in Green Bay . During his time with the Packers , Favre was the first and only NFL player to win three consecutive AP MVP awards . He helped the Packers appear in two Super Bowls , winning Super Bowl XXXI and losing Super Bowl XXXII . Favre started every Packers game from September 20 , 1992 to January 20 , 2008 , a streak of 253 games . The record would continue after he left the Packers , reaching 297 games in the regular season . This remains the all - time record for consecutive starts in the NFL . Beginnings ( 1992 -- 94 ) In the second game of the 1992 season , the Packers played the Tampa Bay Buccaneers . The Buccaneers were leading 17 -- 0 at halftime when head coach Mike Holmgren benched starting quarterback Don Majkowski and Favre played the second half . On his first regular season play as a Packer , Favre threw a pass that was deflected by Buccaneers player Ray Seals and caught by Favre . Favre was tackled and the completion went for − 7 yards . The Packers lost the game 31 -- 3 , chalking up only 106 yards passing . In the third game of the 1992 season , Majkowski injured a ligament in his ankle against the Cincinnati Bengals , an injury severe enough that he would be out for four weeks . Favre replaced Majkowski for the remainder of the game . Favre fumbled four times during the course of the game , a performance poor enough that the crowd chanted for Favre to be removed in favor of another Packers backup quarterback at the time , Ty Detmer . However , down 23 -- 17 with 1 : 07 left in the game , the Packers started an offensive series on their own 8 - yard line . Favre then completed a 42 - yard pass to wide receiver Sterling Sharpe . Three plays later , Favre threw the game -- winning touchdown pass to wide receiver Kitrick Taylor with 13 seconds remaining . The next week 's game against the Pittsburgh Steelers began the longest consecutive starts streak for a quarterback in NFL history . The game ended in a 17 -- 3 victory and his passer rating was 144.6 . During the season , Favre helped put together a six - game winning streak for the Packers , the longest winning streak for the club since 1965 . They ended 9 -- 7 that season , missing the playoffs on their last game . Favre finished his first season as a Packer with 3,227 yards and a quarterback rating of 85.3 , helping him to his first Pro Bowl . The following season , Favre helped the Packers to their first playoff berth since 1982 and was named to his second Pro Bowl . Favre had his first career 400 yard passing game and led the NFC in pass attempts , pass completions , and pass interceptions . Favre also had four game winning drives giving him seven for his career up to that point . After the season , Favre became a free agent . General manager Ron Wolf negotiated Favre into a five - year , $19 million contract . The Packers finished the 1994 season with a 9 -- 7 record , advancing to the playoffs in back to back years , a feat they had not accomplished since the Vince Lombardi era . For the first time in his career , he was not eligible for the Pro Bowl . MVP ( x3 ) and Super Bowl seasons ( 1995 -- 97 ) Favre ( in a brown suit ) with teammate Reggie White presenting President Bill Clinton with a Packers jacket in a May 1997 ceremony following the Packers ' Super Bowl victory that year In 1995 , Favre won the first of his three AP MVP awards . Favre led the Packers to an 11 -- 5 record , Green Bay 's best record in nearly thirty years . Favre passed for a career - high of 4,413 yards , 38 touchdowns , and recorded a quarterback rating of 99.5 , which was the highest of his career until he recorded a rating of 107.2 during the 2009 season . Favre also tied an NFL record by passing for at least two touchdowns in twelve consecutive games , a feat he accomplished over the 1994 -- 1995 seasons . The Packers advanced to the NFC Championship Game after upsetting the San Francisco 49ers in the NFC Divisional Game . The Packers lost the NFC Championship game to the Dallas Cowboys , marking the third year in a row the Packers season was ended by the Cowboys in the playoffs . Favre helped the Packers advance farther in the playoffs than any other Packer team since 1967 , which was the season the Packers last won the championship in Super Bowl II . While being treated for various injuries , Favre developed an addiction to Vicodin , which became publicly known when he suffered a seizure during a hospital visit . Amid an NFL investigation , he went public to avoid any rumors about his condition . In May 1996 , he went into treatment and remained in rehabilitation for 46 days . Had he chosen not to go , the NFL would have imposed a $900,000 fine . Favre led the Packers to their best season in 30 years in the 1996 season , winning his second consecutive MVP award in the process . The Packers led the NFL in points scored ( 456 ) as well as fewest points allowed ( 210 ) , joining only the 1972 Dolphins as the only two teams to ever accomplish this . The defense also set a then NFL record for least amount of touchdowns allowed in a 16 - game season with 19 . Favre threw for 3,899 yards , a career - high 39 touchdown passes ( third highest ever at the time ) , only 13 interceptions , and passer rating of 95.8 ( the third highest of his career ) . Green Bay tied the Denver Broncos for the NFL 's best regular season record , 13 -- 3 , defeated the San Francisco 49ers ( 35 -- 14 ) and Carolina Panthers ( 30 -- 13 ) at Lambeau Field in the playoffs . The Packers advanced to Super Bowl XXXI at the Louisiana Superdome , a short drive from Favre 's hometown . In Super Bowl XXXI , Favre completed 14 - of - 27 passes for 246 yards and two touchdown passes . On the second play of the game , Favre called an audible and threw a 54 - yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Andre Rison . In addition , Favre completed an 81 - yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Antonio Freeman in the second quarter ( then a Super Bowl record for longest touchdown catch ) . Favre rushed for 12 yards and another touchdown , as the Packers won Super Bowl XXXI over the New England Patriots , 35 -- 21 . In their 19 games of the season , the Packers had a turnover ratio of plus 24 , and outscored their opponents 100 -- 48 in the playoffs . Favre became the first and only quarterback to score three touchdowns in the Super Bowl and fail to win MVP honors . Favre and the Packers continued their dominance of the NFC during the next season . Favre was named AP co-MVP of the league along with Detroit Lions ' running back Barry Sanders , his third straight award . He finished the season with 3,867 passing yards , 35 touchdown passes , 16 interceptions , and a passer rating of 92.6 . The Packers finished with a 13 - 3 record and became the only team to ever defeat six teams that would go on to make the playoffs . Also , Green Bay advanced through the playoffs to the Super Bowl for the second year in a row . After being heavily favored by 11 points , the Packers lost to the Denver Broncos in Super Bowl XXXII by the score of 31 -- 24 at Qualcomm Stadium in San Diego , ending the NFC 's 13 - year Super Bowl winning streak . Denver defeating Green Bay was one of the biggest upsets in NFL history . Favre completed 25 - of - 42 passes for 256 yards and three touchdowns , with one interception and one fumble in the losing effort . Super Bowl XXXII was Favre 's last appearance in a Super Bowl in his career . Mid-career ( 1998 -- 2002 ) Favre in 1998 The Packers lost to the San Francisco 49ers in a Wild Card Round playoff game in 1998 . Favre had rallied the team with a touchdown pass to wide receiver Antonio Freeman with 1 : 56 remaining in the game to put the Packers up 27 -- 23 . However , Steve Young responded with a touchdown of his own to wide receiver Terrell Owens with three seconds remaining to end the Packers season . Favre and the Packers failed for the first time since 1994 to at least reach the NFC Championship . In the regular season finale of 2001 , Favre was the target of minor controversy when , in a game against the New York Giants at Giants Stadium , he was sacked by the Giants defensive end Michael Strahan . It was Strahan 's lone sack of the game and gave him the NFL 's single -- season sack record of 22.5 , which topped Mark Gastineau 's record of 22 set in 1984 . The controversy ( Favre fell over unusually easily ) has followed Strahan continuously since he set the record . Jim Fassel , Strahan 's coach in 2001 , said that when a respected athlete like Strahan gets close to an all - time record , sometimes opponents want him to break it . On March 1 , 2001 , Favre signed a `` lifetime '' contract extension , which technically was a 10 - year contract extension worth around $100 million . Favre and the Packers continued posting positive results through the next few seasons . Through the 2004 season , the Packers had the longest streak of non-losing seasons ( 13 ) in the NFL , despite an 8 -- 8 record under head coach Ray Rhodes , a 9 -- 7 season under head coach Mike Sherman , and no playoff berths in either 1999 or 2000 . The streak ended in 2005 , with the Packers finishing with a 4 - 12 record . Later career and personal tragedies ( 2003 -- 2006 ) One day after his father died of a heart attack or stroke , Favre decided to play in a December 22 , 2003 , Monday Night Football game against the Oakland Raiders . The Packers traveled to Oakland where Favre passed for four touchdowns in the first half and 399 total yards in a 41 -- 7 victory over the Raiders on international television ( even receiving applause from `` Raider Nation '' ) . He completed 73.3 % of his passes and finished the game with a passer rating of 154.9 with having recorded a perfect 158.3 rating with four touchdowns and over 250 yards passing by halftime ( a feat accomplished by only four other passers in NFL history ) . Afterwards , Favre said , `` I knew that my dad would have wanted me to play . I love him so much and I love this game . It 's meant a great deal to me , to my dad , to my family , and I did n't expect this kind of performance . But I know he was watching tonight . '' After the game , he went to his father 's funeral in Pass Christian , Mississippi . Favre won an ESPY Award for his Monday Night Football performance . Favre dropping back for a pass during the 2004 season . A notable game in the 2004 season in which Favre and the Packers finished 10 -- 6 was against the New York Giants . During the game , Favre suffered a concussion . He did not receive medical clearance to re-enter the game . Despite the concussion , Favre threw a 28 - yard touchdown to Javon Walker on a fourth down play . Afterwards it was reported that Favre did not remember throwing the touchdown pass . Favre also had two significant touchdown streaks of note during the season . He had completed at least one touchdown pass in 36 consecutive games over the 2002 -- 2004 seasons which at the time was the second longest streak in NFL history . Also , during the 2004 post-season , he broke Dan Marino 's record for consecutive games with at least one touchdown pass in the post season . After the death of his father , a series of events related to Favre 's family were reported in the media . In October 2004 , ten months after the death of Favre 's father , his brother - in - law , Casey Tynes , was killed in an all - terrain vehicle accident on Favre 's Mississippi property . Soon after in 2004 , Favre 's wife , Deanna Favre , was diagnosed with breast cancer . Following aggressive treatment through 2004 , she recovered . She created The Deanna Favre Hope Foundation which supports breast cancer education and women 's breast imaging and diagnosis services for all women , including those who are medically underserved . Favre , third from the left ; his wife Deanna , second from the left ; and First Lady Laura Bush , third from the right ; attend a ribbon cutting ceremony in Kiln , Mississippi , after Hurricane Katrina In late August 2005 , Favre 's family suffered another setback : Hurricane Katrina blew through Mississippi , destroying his family 's home there ; however , none of his family members were injured . Brett and Deanna 's property in Hattiesburg , Mississippi was also extensively damaged by the storm . Favre elected to continue to play in the 2005 season . Favre in 2006 For the 2005 season , the Packers , despite throwing for over 3,000 yards for a record 14th consecutive time , Favre had a below average season with only 20 touchdown passes and a league - leading 29 interceptions . The loss of guards Marco Rivera and Mike Wahle to free agency along with key injuries to Javon Walker , Ahman Green , Bubba Franks , among others , hampered Favre and the team . His passer rating was 70.9 , 31st in the NFL and the worst single season rating of his career . After the disappointing season , many speculated that Favre would retire . However , on April 26 , 2006 , Favre announced that he would remain with the team for the 2006 season . Despite earlier comments that the 2006 season would be his last , Favre announced in a press conference on May 6 , 2006 , that he had not ruled out the possibility of returning beyond the 2006 season . In the 2006 season , Favre suffered his first career shutout against the Chicago Bears . Later in the season , the New England Patriots shut out the Packers in a game where he was injured before halftime and could not complete the game . On September 24 , 2006 , he became just the second quarterback in NFL history to record 400 touchdown passes ( Dan Marino being the first ) . He connected with rookie wide receiver Greg Jennings on a 5 - yard pass that Jennings turned into a 75 - yard touchdown play during a win against the Detroit Lions . He also became the first player ever to complete 5,000 passes in his career . On December 31 , 2006 , the Packers played their last game of the season , winning 26 -- 7 in the second game against the Chicago Bears . It was his 22nd career win versus the Bears , moving him to an all - time record of 22 -- 8 . Milestone season ( 2007 ) On February 26 , 2007 , Favre underwent minor arthroscopic ankle surgery in Green Bay , Wisconsin to remove a buildup of bone spurs in his left ankle . Favre began the 2007 season trailing in a number of career NFL passing records . On September 16 , 2007 , Favre and the Packers defeated the New York Giants to give Favre his record setting 149th win , passing John Elway . On September 30 , Favre threw a 16 - yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Greg Jennings in a game against the Vikings . This was his 421st NFL touchdown pass , and set a new all - time record , surpassing Dan Marino 's 420 . Favre with the Packers in 2007 On November 4 , 2007 , after the Packers defeated the Kansas City Chiefs 33 -- 22 , Favre became only the third quarterback to have defeated all thirty - one other current NFL teams . He joined Peyton Manning and Tom Brady as the only quarterbacks in NFL history to do this , just the week after the two of them achieved the accomplishment . On Thanksgiving 2007 , Favre led the Packers to a 37 -- 26 win over the Lions , and brought the Packers to a 10 -- 1 record . He won the Galloping Gobbler award , given by the broadcasters at Fox to the game 's MVP . Favre threw three touchdown passes for his 63rd career game with at least three touchdowns , surpassing Marino 's former record of 62 . Favre led the Packers to a 13 -- 3 regular season record , the NFC North championship , and the second seed in the NFC playoffs . Prior to the Packers ' playoff game against the Seattle Seahawks , Favre stated his desire to continue playing football for another season . In the Divisional Playoffs , Favre threw three touchdowns as the Packers cruised to a 42 -- 20 victory over the Seahawks at a snowy Lambeau Field . The Packers ' season ended the following week when they suffered a 23 -- 20 overtime loss in the NFC Championship Game to the eventual Super Bowl Champion New York Giants . Negotiating sub-zero temperatures , Favre amassed 236 passing yards and two touchdowns , but also threw an interception in overtime that set up the Giants ' game - winning field goal . Favre 's 90 - yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Donald Driver in the second quarter was the longest pass in Packers playoff history , and it extended Favre 's NFL record for consecutive postseason games with a touchdown pass to 18 . Favre stated after the game that he would make a decision more quickly than he has in the past regarding whether he would return for another season . Favre 's milestone 2007 season culminated with his selection to the 2008 Pro Bowl as the starting quarterback for the NFC , but an ankle injury forced him to withdraw from the game . Retirements and returns ( 2008 ) Beginning near the end of the 2006 season , word began to surface that Favre was considering retirement . In fact , playing in Soldier Field against the arch - rival Bears in the season finale , Favre was given a standing ovation in the closing seconds of the Packer victory as a show of respect from Chicago fans to their longtime nemesis . Moments later at the postgame interview , he gave a tearful interview with an NBC Sports correspondent , where he admitted his future was still questionable . However , after much debate , he returned for the 2007 season , during which his future was once again in doubt and an oft - discussed topic , with many in the media speculating that if the Packers made the Super Bowl , Favre would indeed retire and hand the reins to the unproven but talented Aaron Rodgers , who was drafted two years earlier as Favre 's heir - apparent . Ultimately , the Packers fell in the NFC Championship to the New York Giants ( who in turn upset the heavily favored and previously undefeated New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLII ) . On March 4 , 2008 , Favre formally announced his retirement . Although Favre stated that he had been willing to play another year , he felt that another season would only be successful if he led his team to another Super Bowl victory . He added the chances for a Super Bowl win were small , and that he was not up for the challenge . At his press conference , Favre openly wept about leaving the NFL . He stated that his decision , regardless of what was being said in the media , had nothing to do with what the Packers did or did n't do . Seeming to contradict statements made by his agent , Bus Cook , Favre said that his decision to retire was based on the fact that he did not want to play anymore . He said during the conference , `` I know I can play , but I do n't think I want to . And that 's really what it comes down to . '' On July 2 , 2008 , it was reported that Favre was in contact with the Packers about a possible return to the team . On July 11 , 2008 , Favre sent a letter to the Packers asking for his unconditional release to allow him to play for another NFL team . Packers general manager Ted Thompson announced he would not grant Favre an unconditional release and reaffirmed the organization 's commitment to Aaron Rodgers as its new quarterback . Complicating matters was Favre 's unique contract giving him the leverage to void any potential trade by not reporting to the camp of the team he might be traded to if the Packers elect to go that route . Favre spoke publicly for the first time about his potential comeback in a July 14 , 2008 , interview with Greta Van Susteren on the Fox News Channel 's On the Record with Greta Van Susteren . In the interview , Favre said he was `` guilty of retiring early '' , that he was `` never fully committed '' to retirement , and that he was pressured by the Packers to make a decision before the NFL Draft and the start of the free agent signing period . Favre disputed the notion that he does not want to play for Green Bay and said that while he understands the organization has decided to move on , they should now allow him to do the same . He made clear that he would not return to the Packers as a backup and reiterated his desire to be released rather than traded , which would allow him the freedom to play for a competitive team . Favre also accused the Packers of being dishonest , wishing the team would have been straightforward with him and the public . In the second part of the interview , which aired on July 15 , Favre expressed his frustration with Packer management , spoke of his sympathy for successor Aaron Rodgers 's predicament , and affirmed he is 100 percent committed to playing football in 2008 . FOXSports. com 's Jay Glazer reported on July 16 , 2008 , that the Packers filed tampering charges against the Minnesota Vikings with the league office , alleging improper communication between Vikings offensive coordinator Darrell Bevell and Favre , although one source suggested that Favre may have been in contact with Vikings head coach Brad Childress . After an investigation , NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell ruled there had been no violation of tampering rules . Favre formally filed for reinstatement with the NFL on July 29 , 2008 , and his petition was granted by Commissioner Goodell , effective August 4 , 2008 . Favre then flew to Green Bay to report to Packers training camp . After a lengthy meeting with head coach Mike McCarthy and general manager Ted Thompson , however , both sides agreed it was time for Favre and the organization to part ways . McCarthy sensed Favre was not in `` the right mind - set '' to resume playing for the Packers , while Favre felt that his relationship with Packer management had deteriorated to the point that a return to the team would be untenable . The Packers had announced plans to retire Favre 's # 4 jersey in the 2008 season opener . Those plans were dropped when he announced plans to return to the NFL . In March 2009 , the Packers indicated that the team still intends to retire Favre 's number , but due to the circumstances surrounding his departure from the team , no timeline had been set . New York Jets ( 2008 ) Favre with the Jets in November 2008 After negotiations with both the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and New York Jets , the Packers traded Favre to the Jets on August 7 , 2008 , in exchange for a conditional fourth - round pick in the 2009 NFL Draft with performance escalation . Favre 's season with the Jets started well ; in Week 4 of the 2008 season , he threw six touchdowns against the Arizona Cardinals , a personal best and one shy of the NFL record . This performance led to him being selected as the FedEx Air Player of the Week . By Week 12 , the Jets had compiled an 8 -- 3 record , including a win over the previously undefeated Tennessee Titans . However , the Jets lost four of the last five games of the season , including the final game against AFC East divisional opponent Miami , who had acquired quarterback Chad Pennington after he was released from the Jets to make room for Favre . In those five games , Favre threw eight interceptions and only two touchdown passes , bringing his season total to twenty - two of each . Favre had complained of shoulder pain and had an MRI performed on December 29 , 2008 , which revealed a torn biceps tendon in his right shoulder . After the 2008 season had ended , in mid January 2009 , Favre told Jets General Manager Mike Tannenbaum , `` it may be time to look in a different direction '' regarding the quarterback position . On February 11 , 2009 , Favre informed the Jets that he was retiring after 18 seasons . He remained part of the Jets organization until April 28 , 2009 , when the Jets released Favre from his contract , thus allowing him to sign anywhere he wanted . By May 2009 , he was officially cut from the Jets Reserve / Retired list . In September 2009 , Favre again made Jets news , as the NFL learned that the Jets were aware that Favre injured his arm in the eleventh game of the 2008 season , and fined the Jets $125,000 for not reporting the injury in any of the Jets ' five final games . Minnesota Vikings ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Favre during the 2010 season with the Vikings After an offseason of speculation , Favre officially signed with the Minnesota Vikings on August 18 , 2009 . He would go on to have a landmark season in which he surpassed former Vikings defensive end Jim Marshall for consecutive starts at one position , with 291 , became the first quarterback in NFL history to defeat every one of the league 's 32 franchises since the NFL first expanded to 32 franchises in 2002 , surpassed Dan Marino 's previous record for four - touchdown games , and was named to his 11th Pro Bowl . The Vikings finished 12 - 4 and advanced to the NFC Championship game , ultimately losing in overtime to the eventual Super Bowl XLIV champion New Orleans Saints . Despite the loss , Favre set playoff records for pass completions and passing yards previously held by Joe Montana . On August 3 , 2010 , NBC Sports reported the confirmation of Favre returning to the Vikings but saying that the 2010 season would be his final season . An announcement was given on August 17 , 2010 confirming his return to the team . That season , Favre achieved two milestones . He threw for his 500th touchdown and 70,000 th yard against the New York Jets . On November 7 , 2010 , in a game against the Arizona Cardinals , Favre threw for a career - high 446 yards while rallying the Vikings from a 14 - point fourth quarter deficit to win in overtime . On December 5 , 2010 , in a game against the Buffalo Bills , Favre was hit by Bills linebacker Arthur Moats while making a throw , causing him to sustain a sprain of the AC joint in his right shoulder . Favre missed the rest of the game and was replaced by Tarvaris Jackson , who helped lead the Vikings to victory despite throwing three interceptions . On December 13 , 2010 , due to his sprained shoulder , Favre was marked inactive for the game against the New York Giants ending his consecutive regular season start streak at 297 . Favre started a total of 321 games including post-season appearances . On December 20 , 2010 while playing the Chicago Bears outside at TCF Bank Stadium due to the collapse of the roof of the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome , Favre sustained a concussion after being sacked by Bears defensive end Corey Wootton . As a rattled Favre was helped to his feet by Vikings ' athletic trainer Eric Sugarman , he asked , `` Suge , what are the Bears doing here ? '' . This would be his final appearance in an NFL game . Favre at the 2008 Military Appreciation Weekend On January 2 , 2011 , Favre was unable to play against the Detroit Lions in the final game of the regular NFL season due to his inability to pass NFL - mandated post-concussion tests . In a press conference immediately following the game , Favre announced his intention to retire from professional football . On January 17 , 2011 , Favre officially filed his retirement papers with the NFL . Post-nfl Health issues In 2013 , Favre was asked to consider returning to the NFL to play for the injury - plagued St. Louis Rams . He turned down the offer , telling WSPZ radio in Washington , D.C. that he has suffered memory loss and that he feared it was related to the multiple concussions he suffered throughout his career . He was previously asked in a 2009 interview with NBC how many times he had played with a concussion that with the new standards would have resulted in him sitting out . ' A lot ' , he replied . Post-nfl career analyst work Favre was the analyst for his alma mater , Southern Miss , when they played the Rice Owls on October 1 , 2011 . He later joined the NFL Network for pregame coverage of Super Bowl XLVII . It has also been reported that Favre has turned down repeated offers from the NFL Network to become an on - air analyst . Career achievements For a more detailed list , see List of career achievements by Brett Favre . Favre 's number was retired by the Packers in 2015 Honors and awards Favre has received several awards including : 3 × Associated Press Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) ( 1995 , 1996 , and 1997 ; the last shared with Barry Sanders ) . 11 × Pro Bowl selection . 6 × First - or Second - team All - Pro selection . Named to the NFL 1990s All - Decade Team . Favre was inducted by the Green Bay Packers into the team Hall of Fame in July 2015 . On February 6 , 2016 , Favre was elected into the Pro Football Hall of Fame as a member of the class of 2016 . Favre with the Vikings in 2009 In addition , he has been honored by several organizations including Men 's Health Magazine , Sports Illustrated , Make a Wish Foundation , and United States Sports Academy . Records and milestones Favre owns several NFL records including : Most pass attempts ( 10,169 ) Most pass interceptions ( 336 ) Most starts ( 298 ) Favre owns a number of team records , including having printed his name into almost every passing category in the annals of Green Bay Packers history . Favre is the holder of several firsts in NFL history , including the only quarterback to win three consecutive NFL most valuable player awards , first quarterback to defeat every one of the league 's 32 franchises , and the first quarterback to win a playoff game over age 40 . In addition , Favre set a number of college records with Southern Mississippi . Consecutive starts streak Since first being named the starter of the Green Bay Packers before playing the Pittsburgh Steelers on September 27 , 1992 , Favre had never missed a game spanning over 18 ⁄ consecutive seasons . He holds the record for the most consecutive starts by any player in the NFL with 297 ( 321 including playoffs ) , and is one of eight quarterbacks to have started 100 consecutive games in NFL history . Favre has stated that of all the records he set , he is most proud of the consecutive starts accomplishment . Favre failed to finish a game due to injury on only eight occasions since taking control of the Packers as quarterback . Significant injuries suffered by Favre during the streak includes a first - degree shoulder separation , deep thigh bruise , severely bruised left hip , severely sprained left ankle , wind knocked out coupled with coughing up blood , sprained right thumb , right elbow tendinitis , left mid-foot sprain , sprained lateral collateral ligament of the left knee , broken left thumb , softball - sized bruise of the left hamstring , mild concussion , sprained right hand , injured ulnar nerve of the right elbow , bone spurs on the left ankle , torn right biceps , pulled groin , stress fracture of the left ankle coupled with an avulsion fracture of calcaneus , and a sprained sternoclavicular joint of the right shoulder . During Favre 's consecutive starts streak , 238 other quarterbacks have started in the NFL , 17 of them being back - ups to Favre at one point . The Pro Football Hall of Fame has as an exhibit displaying the jersey Favre wore during his record breaking 117th consecutive start as a quarterback , and a section of their website devoted to what the Hall of Fame calls an `` Iron man '' . In 2009 , Favre surpassed defensive end Jim Marshall for starts at any position with his record - breaking 271st start as a quarterback as the Vikings played the Lions . His streak ended at 297 , with the last start in the streak coming on December 5 , 2010 against the Buffalo Bills . Favre was unable to start the Vikings ' December 13 game against the New York Giants due to a shoulder injury , despite the game being delayed for a day because of the collapse of the Metrodome roof . NFL career statistics Favre 's professional statistics : Legend Led the league NFL record Won the Super Bowl AP NFL MVP Bold Career high Regular season Passing Rushing Year Team GP GS Cmp Att Cmp % Yds TD Int Lng Sk SKYds Rate Att Yds Avg TD Lng 1991 ATL 0 0 0.0 0 0 -- 11 0.0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 1992 GB 15 13 302 471 64.1 3,227 18 13 76T 34 208 85.3 8 5 47 198 4.2 19 1993 GB 16 16 318 522 60.9 3,303 19 24 66T 30 199 72.2 9 7 58 216 3.7 27 GB 16 16 363 582 62.4 3,882 33 14 49 31 188 90.7 9 7 42 202 4.8 36T 1995 GB 16 16 359 570 63.0 4,413 38 13 99T 33 217 99.5 11 5 39 181 4.6 40 GB 16 16 325 543 59.9 3,899 39 13 80T 40 241 95.8 13 49 136 2.8 23 1997 GB 16 16 304 513 59.3 3,867 35 16 74 25 176 92.6 13 58 187 3.2 16 1998 GB 16 16 347 551 63.0 4,212 31 23 84T 38 223 87.8 11 5 40 133 3.3 35 1999 GB 16 16 341 595 57.3 4,091 22 23 74T 35 223 74.7 8 8 28 142 5.1 0 20 2000 GB 16 16 338 580 58.3 3,812 20 16 67T 33 236 78.0 9 7 27 108 4.0 0 18 2001 GB 16 16 314 510 61.6 3,921 32 15 67T 22 151 94.1 12 38 56 1.5 14 2002 GB 16 16 341 551 61.9 3,658 27 16 85T 26 188 85.6 12 25 73 2.9 0 17 2003 GB 16 16 308 471 65.4 3,361 32 21 66T 19 137 90.4 10 6 18 15 0.8 0 7 GB 16 16 346 540 64.1 4,088 30 17 79T 12 93 92.4 10 6 16 36 2.3 0 17 2005 GB 16 16 372 607 61.3 3,881 20 29 59 24 170 70.9 12 18 62 3.4 0 20 2006 GB 16 16 343 613 56.0 3,885 18 18 82T 21 134 72.7 8 8 23 29 1.3 14 2007 GB 16 16 356 535 66.5 4,155 28 15 82T 15 93 95.7 13 29 12 0.4 0 21 2008 NYJ 16 16 343 522 65.7 3,472 22 22 56T 30 213 81.0 9 7 21 43 2.0 27 2009 MIN 16 16 363 531 68.4 4,202 33 7 63 34 247 107.2 12 9 7 0.8 0 MIN 13 13 217 358 60.6 2,509 11 19 53T 22 139 69.9 5 8 17 8 0.5 0 10 Career 302 298 6,300 10,169 62.0 71,838 508 336 99 525 3,487 86.0 186 112 602 1,844 3.1 14 40 Retirement speculation 2002 : In September , sportswriter Peter King conducted an interview with Favre during spring training . Favre told him that he missed home and was thinking more and more about retirement . When then -- head coach Mike Sherman told the players they could have off on Saturday and Sunday , Favre replied `` I wish I could be on my lawn mower back home . '' 2003 : Favre was constantly asked about retirement throughout the early part of the year . Favre jokingly responded by saying `` I ca n't even remember how the whole retirement thing started , but whoever started it needs to be shot . '' 2005 : After the Packers got off to a slow start , rumors that Favre might retire started to escalate . Favre responded by saying `` At 0 -- 3 , I think most people would say ' Oh , he 's gone after this year , or they wo n't even want him back . ' ... I do n't even think about when that time might come . '' 2006 : In an interview with ESPN in January , after the Packers had finished with a 4 -- 12 record , Favre admitted that if he had to make a decision right away he would not come back . He went on to say `` There 's other days , I go , ' What if it 's crunch time , two minutes left , do you want the ball ? ' I do n't know if I do . '' In March , Favre hears Phil Simms say on Sirius Radio that as long as Favre can physically play the game , he should . Shortly thereafter , Favre confirms he would return to play . After the Packers defeated the Chicago Bears the last game of the season 26 -- 7 , Favre choked up during an interview with Andrea Kremer by saying `` If today 's my last game , I want to remember it . It 's tough . It 's tough . I 'll miss these guys . I 'll miss this game . I just want every one to know that ... I did n't plan on doing this . Way to put me on the spot . '' Asked if he was indeed going to retire , Favre responded `` We 'll see . We 'll see . I do n't want to say anything right now . '' After the game , a Packers teammate said that Favre was just as emotional in a speech after the Seattle Seahawks game in 2005 at Lambeau Field when he was all but certain he was going to retire . 2007 : In February , Favre told the Biloxi Sun Herald that he plans to come back for another season with the Packers . 2008 : In early March , Favre announced that he is retiring from the Green Bay Packers . At a news conference he said `` I know I can play , but I do n't think I want to . It 's been a great career for me , but it 's over . As they say , all good things must come to an end . I look forward to whatever the future may hold for me . '' Later in the month Favre has second thoughts and wants to return . According to the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel , Favre backed out of a meeting with Packers management two days before re-entry talks were to begin . In April , Sam Farmer from the Los Angeles Times reported that Favre 's agent Bus Cook was making inquiries to other teams about Favre . Favre responded by saying `` I have no idea where that came from , but it certainly did n't come from me . I 'm happy about my decision and I have n't once said ' I wonder if I made the wrong decision . ' I know it 's the right one . It 's kind of funny . Even when I 'm retired , they wo n't let me stay retired . '' Also in April , the Packers placed Favre on the Reserve - Retired list and planned to have Favre 's number retired during the season opener against the Minnesota Vikings . In June , Favre said he told head coach Mike McCarthy he wanted to come back to the team . He said `` When he picked up the phone again after he dropped it , he said , ' Oh , God , Brett . You 're putting us in a tight spot . He said , ' Brett , playing here is not an option . ' Those were his exact , exact words . '' In July , Favre sent a letter requesting his release from the Packers . A couple months earlier Favre contacted Mike McCarthy about coming out of retirement and was `` rebuffed '' according to a Milwaukee Journal Sentinel report . Then a report came in from ESPN that said that Favre had wanted to come out of retirement but the Packers were reluctant to take him back . The Packers refused to give Favre an unconditional release . A few days later , Favre had an interview with Greta Van Susteren of Fox News where he accused general manager Ted Thompson of forcing him to make a decision on his return to the team too quickly . Two days after the interview , the Packers filed tampering charges with the NFL front office charging that the Minnesota Vikings had inappropriate contact with Favre . The Packers then offered Favre a retirement package of $25 million marketing agreement to remain retired . This offer was rejected and Favre was subsequently traded to the New York Jets . 2009 : In February , Favre said he retired although his agent Bus Cook asked for his release from the New York Jets . After the Jets released him in April , Bus Cook e-mailed Jarrett Bell of USA Today that `` He 's retired , working on his farm in Mississippi . '' In May , Minnesota Vikings head coach Brad Childress set up a meeting with Favre to discuss him possibly playing with the team . In July , Childress said Favre would not be coming out of retirement . However , in August Favre announced he would come back and play for the Vikings . 2010 : On February 7 , Favre appeared in a second quarter Super Bowl XLIV ad for Hyundai parodying his retirement indecisiveness . In the ad , set after the 2020 NFL season , a grayed 50 - year - old Favre accepts the season MVP award and ponders retirement , but can not commit one way or the other . In April , Favre indicated that if it were not for his Vikings teammates and fans , it would be easy to retire . In early August , Favre 's ankle ( which was injured during the 2009 playoffs ) had not responded after surgery and rehabilitation . As a result , he informed the team that he would not be coming back for another season . However , two weeks later he told teammates Jared Allen , Steve Hutchinson and Ryan Longwell he was coming back for another season . 2011 : In January , Favre filed retirement papers with the NFL . In December , a report from ESPN - Chicago indicated that Favre would be open to coming back from retirement if the Chicago Bears were interested . However , head coach Lovie Smith and Favre denied the report . Favre said `` In spite of reports about playing with various teams , I 'm enjoying retirement with my family and have no plans to play football . '' 2013 : Favre 's agent Bus Cook indicated early in the season that Favre could still play in the NFL . When asked about what his agent said , Favre responded `` I am ( in shape ) , but I am no way considering playing ... The stress level was much , much more ( when I played ) ... The demands are , do n't get me wrong , I want to win , but it 's not a job . '' A few weeks later , in late October , the St. Louis Rams called Favre after their starting quarterback Sam Bradford was lost for the season , but Favre declined their offer to bring him out of retirement . 2017 : Following Aaron Rodgers breaking his collarbone Week 6 against the Vikings , former ESPN reporter Ed Werder asked Favre if he would come back for the rest of the 2017 season . `` Absolutely not , '' Favre said . Personal life Deanna Favre in 2007 Family Favre married Deanna Tynes on July 14 , 1996 . Together , they have two daughters , Brittany ( born 1989 ) and Breleigh ( born 1999 ) . While Favre was still playing , Brittany gave birth to his first grandchild . The NFL stated that at the time it did not know of any other active players with grandchildren . Favre 's mother , Bonita , helps manage his holdings in agriculture and real estate , handle his endorsements and appearances , and oversee his charity work . Brett and Bonita Favre released a book in 2004 titled Favre ( ISBN 978 - 1 - 59071 - 036 - 4 ) which discusses their personal family and Green Bay Packers family , including the Monday Night Football game that followed the death of Brett 's father Irvin Favre . Favre 's nephew , Dylan , played quarterback for the Cedar Rapids Titans of the Indoor Football League in 2016 after playing in college at Mississippi State , Pearl River Community College and the University of Tennessee - Martin . High school coaching In 2012 , Favre became the offensive coordinator for Oak Grove High School . Favre won his first game as part of the Oak Grove coaching staff by a score of 64 -- 6 . In December 2013 , with Favre still serving as the offensive coordinator , Oak Grove High School won the Class 6A Mississippi high school state championship . In May 2014 , it was announced that Favre would continue to help out at Oak Grove , but would no longer be offensive coordinator . Charitable work Favre in 2011 Favre established the Brett Favre Fourward Foundation in 1996 . In conjunction with his annual golf tournament , celebrity softball game and fundraising dinners , the foundation has donated more than $2 million to charities in his home state of Mississippi as well as to those in his adopted state of Wisconsin . Favre is involved with youth that are ill . Favre was awarded the Chris Greicius Celebrity Award from the Make a Wish Foundation . He is also known to respond to requests made to his foundation regarding youth with serious illnesses such as cancer . Business In 1999 , Favre worked with NASCAR driver Dale Jarrett to operate Jarrett / Favre Motorsports in the Busch Series , which lasted two seasons . The Favre family owns and operates the Brett Favre 's Steakhouse , located in Green Bay , Wisconsin . In 2013 , Favre joined the Board of Directors of Sqor , a sport social media platform . Favre 's role includes product ambassador , sports insights , and advising Sqor on business interests with teams , leagues and sports conferences . Entertainment Favre made a cameo appearance in the 1998 romantic comedy film There 's Something About Mary as Cameron Diaz 's character 's former love interest . Endorsements Favre has been a spokesperson for multiple companies , including Nike , Snapper , Remington , Sears , Prilosec , Sensodyne , MasterCard , Wrangler , Bergstrom Automotive , and Hyundai . Prior to the Mississippi runoff election on June 24 , 2014 , Favre endorsed the incumbent Republican U.S. Senator Thad Cochran in his race against State Senator Chris McDaniel , a `` tea party '' favorite . NFL personal conduct issues In 1996 , Favre was temporarily banned by the NFL from drinking alcohol after he admitted he was addicted to Vicodin and spent 46 days at a drug rehab clinic before the start of the season . His condition was serious enough that he suffered a potentially deadly seizure . In 2010 , the NFL investigated Favre for allegedly sexting and leaving inappropriate voice messages for Jets `` Gameday host '' Jenn Sterger during the 2008 season . According to the NFL , forensic analysis failed to prove Favre sent the objectionable photographs to Sterger . Favre was found not to be in violation of the NFL 's personal conduct policy , but was fined $50,000 for failing to cooperate with the investigation . References Jump up ^ `` Mind - blowing stats for Super Bowl XLIX '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ `` Favre Watch '' . Packers.com . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved February 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Biloxi Daily Herald , October 15 , 1969 , Page 21 '' . newspaperarchive.com . Jump up ^ Press , ed. ( 1989 ) . `` Folklife in the Florida Parishes '' . Louisiana Folklife Program , Division of the Arts , Office of Cultural Development , Department of Culture , Recreation , and Tourism . Retrieved 13 July 2017 . Jump up ^ White , Beth , ed. ( 2016 ) . `` The Magnolia Duchess ( Gulf Coast Chronicles Book # 3 ) : A Novel '' . Revell . ISBN 9781493401666 . Retrieved 13 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Favre , Beauregard ( 1990 ) . Simon Favre and Pistikioknay . private . pp. 14 -- 15 . Jump up ^ `` Mississippi Choctaw chief to speak at Brett Favre Day '' . Indianz.com . May 7 , 2004 . Retrieved February 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ D'Amato , Gary ( October 10 , 2005 ) . `` Favre was toughened by brothers , dad '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved February 8 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Hanrahan , Phil ( 2011 ) . Life After Favre : The Green Bay Packers and their Fans Usher in the Aaron Rodgers Era . Sports Publishing . ISBN 1613210205 . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Amato , Gary ( October 17 , 2005 ) . `` Favre caught on quickly in college '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved February 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Traina , Jimmy ( October 5 , 2002 ) . `` Brett Favre Timeline '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved February 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` A visit with ex-Southern Miss QB Austin Davis at the NFL Scouting Combine '' . AL.com . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Southern Miss Football Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . Southern Miss Athletics . pp. 124 , 128 -- 129 , 137 . Retrieved July 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Brett Favre '' . sports-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brett Favre Biography '' . Wireimage.com . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2007 . Retrieved February 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Draft History -- 1991 '' . NFL.com . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2007 . Retrieved February 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` ROUNDUP ; Smerlas , Morris Try New Teams '' , The Washington Post , July 19 , 1991 . ^ Jump up to : D'Amato , Gary ( October 24 , 2005 ) . `` Trading places '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved February 8 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : TCIPF Staff ( February 11 , 2012 ) . `` This Day in Football : February 11 '' . Nflfilms.nfl.com . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Brett Favre -- Career Statistics '' . NFL.com . Retrieved February 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Silverstein , Tom ( August 17 , 2005 ) . `` What , his hip ? Favre reveals he has avascular necrosis '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2006 . Retrieved February 8 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : McGinn , Bob ( November 5 , 2005 ) . `` Year of great highs , lows '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved February 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Glazer , Jay ( August 6 , 2008 ) . `` Packers trade Favre to Jets '' . Fox Sports on MSN . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2008 . Retrieved August 6 , 2008 . The month - long saga has finally come to an end , with the Packers agreeing to trade their future Hall - of - Fame quarterback to the New York Jets , FOXSports.com has learned . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2015 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 28 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ Poliquin , Bud ( July 13 , 2015 ) . `` Ray Seals once again fails to hear the Greater Syracuse Sports Hall of Fame call his name '' . syracuse.com . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Box Score for 9 / 13 / 1992 '' . Databasefootball.com . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2007 . Retrieved February 7 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : McGinn , Bob ( October 1 , 2005 ) . `` Favre bursts onto the NFL scene in 1992 '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved February 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` La Salle University article on Brett Favre '' . Lasalle.edu . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved February 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 1992 Green Bay Packers '' . Databasefootball.com . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2007 . Retrieved February 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Brett Favre '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nickel , Lori ( October 8 , 2005 ) . `` Packers roll dice '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved February 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Season - by - season log '' . profootballreference.com . Retrieved February 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Brett Favre '' , NFL.com , National Football League Jump up ^ Silverstein , Tom ( October 15 , 2005 ) . `` Favre seizes first MVP '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved February 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ TheEditorInChief ( September 19 , 2006 ) . `` The NFL 's Punitive Substance Abuse Policy '' . Treatmentonline.com . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2007 . Retrieved February 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ D'Amato , Gary ( October 22 , 2005 ) . `` Drug abuse rocks his world '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved February 8 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : McGinn , Bob ( October 29 , 2005 ) . `` Having the time of his life '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved February 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Young stuns Packers with amazing TD pass in final seconds '' . CNNSI.com . January 4 , 1999 . Retrieved January 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` National Football Conference Champions '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved January 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Record and Fact Book : The Definitive Source for NFL Information '' . NFL.com . Retrieved November 15 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Strahan on NFL sack record : If you do n't like it , break it '' . NFL.com . October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Contract sets Favre for life '' . Journal Sentinel Inc . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2007 . Retrieved November 15 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Jones , Al ( December 21 , 2003 ) . `` Favre 's Father Dies At 58 '' . Packers.com . Associated Press . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2006 . Retrieved February 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Brett Favre : Game Logs '' . NFL.com . Retrieved November 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Packers - Raiders Recap '' . Packers.com . December 14 , 2003 . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2005 . Retrieved February 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The 2004 ESPY Awards winners '' . ESPN.com . December 25 , 2003 . Retrieved December 12 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Magnificent Monday Night for Favre Archived March 3 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` 11 amazing facts about Nick Foles ' touchdown bonanza - For The Win '' . For The Win . Jump up ^ Borzi , Pat ( October 4 , 2004 ) . `` Favre 's Concussion Adds to Packers ' Woes '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Favre 's amazing streak ends at 36 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Mark for consecutive playoff games with TD pass '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Weisman , Larry ( October 19 , 2005 ) . `` Deanna Favre gives Green Bay another reason to cheer '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ D'Amato , Gary ( August 13 , 2005 ) . `` Packers feel the effects of Katrina '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved February 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Favre 's family home destroyed , Packers say '' . MSNBC . Associated Press . August 31 , 2005 . Retrieved September 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Passing Stats 2005 '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved December 12 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Favre says he 's leaning toward retirement '' . ESPN.com . January 30 , 2006 . Retrieved February 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Favre to play ' 06 season for Packers '' . ESPN.com. April 26 , 2006 . Retrieved February 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Favre , Packers shut out by Bears 26 -- 0 '' . NFL.com . September 10 , 2006 . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2007 . Retrieved February 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ McGinn , Bob ( November 12 , 2006 ) . `` A painful lesson '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2007 . Retrieved February 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Braun , Rick ( December 27 , 2006 ) . `` The 400 Club : Favre joins Marino 's class '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved February 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Favre has ankle surgery ; Garcia shunned '' . The Japan Times Online . February 28 , 2007 . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2011 . Retrieved December 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Doug ( November 4 , 2007 ) . `` Green Bay improves to 7 -- 1 '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2007 . Retrieved November 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Favre completes 20 straight passes as Packers light up Lions '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved November 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Jones , Al ( January 10 , 2008 ) . `` Favre indicates he 's looking toward another season , Sun Herald reports '' . KansasCity.com . The Kansas City Star . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2008 . Retrieved January 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Manning , Giants head to Super Bowl for rematch with Pats '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved August 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Brett Favre Has Minor Ankle Surgery '' . CBS News . February 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Walker , Don ( March 4 , 2008 ) . `` Favre retiring , Fox Sports reports '' . Milwaukee Journal - Sentinel . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2008 . Retrieved March 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Brett Favre Set to Retire After 17 Years '' . Google . Associated Press . March 4 , 2008 . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Statement From Packers General Manager Ted Thompson '' . March 4 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Mortensen , Chris ( July 2 , 2008 ) . `` Favre has ' itch ' to ditch retirement , report to camp '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved July 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Favre seeks unconditional release from Packers , sources say '' . ESPN . July 11 , 2008 . Retrieved July 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Packers GM , coach say team wo n't release Favre despite request '' . ESPN.com . July 13 , 2008 . Retrieved July 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Chris . `` Favre Says He 's Tempted to Show Up at Packers Camp '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Favre now owns a unique no - trade clause '' . NFL.com . July 15 , 2008 . Retrieved July 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Favre to Fox News : Packers should let me play elsewhere '' . ESPN . July 14 , 2008 . Retrieved July 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Favre shares his side of the story in Fox News interview '' . CNNSI.com . July 14 , 2008 . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2008 . Retrieved July 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Brett Favre on His Packer Replacement and Playing Again '' . FoxNews.com . July 15 , 2008 . Retrieved July 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Glazer , Jay ( July 16 , 2008 ) . `` Source : Packers say Vikings tampered with Favre '' . FOXSports.com . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2009 . Retrieved July 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Vikings refuse to address Packers ' claims of Favre tampering '' . ESPN.com . July 17 , 2008 . Retrieved July 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Krawczynski , Jon ( August 4 , 2008 ) . `` Goodell says Vikings did n't tamper on Favre '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2008 . Retrieved August 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` NFL grants Favre reinstatement ; sources say QB job is open '' . ESPN.com . August 3 , 2008 . Retrieved August 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sources : Favre has spoken to Bucs and Jets as potential trade suitors '' . ESPN.com . August 5 , 2008 . Retrieved August 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Favre 's No. 4 to become sixth number retired by Packers Archived November 6 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . from NFL.com . Obtained April 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Favre 's No. 4 to be retired , but Packers will wait for ceremony Archived October 15 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . from CBSSports.com . Obtained April 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Favre 's next team may be Bucs or Jets '' . The Denver Post . August 7 , 2008 . Retrieved April 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Waszak , Dennis Jr . ( August 6 , 2008 ) . `` Favre 's 6 TD passes lead Jets past Cardinals 56 -- 35 '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2008 . Retrieved September 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Brett Favre 2008 statistics '' . Nfl.com . Retrieved April 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Favre told Jets to ' look in different direction ' '' . ESPN.com . January 4 , 2009 . Retrieved January 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Favre to call it quits -- again -- after 18 seasons '' . NFL.com . February 11 , 2009 . Retrieved February 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Graham , Tim . `` Jets release Favre , clear way for possible return -- AFC East Blog -- ESPN '' . Myespn.go.com . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2009 . Retrieved April 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jets fined $125,000 for not reporting Favre Injury '' . Newsday.com . September 16 , 2009 . Retrieved April 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ http://ballhype.com/article/favre-sets-starts-record-as-vikings-overtake-lions/ . Retrieved July 9 , 2010 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Green Bay Packers vs. Minnesota Vikings -- Recap -- October 05 , 2009 -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com . Retrieved April 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Pro Bowl rosters '' . December 29 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Saints edge Vikings to reach first Super Bowl '' . Reuters . January 24 , 2010 . Retrieved January 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Favre left limping away from another title game loss ; future unclear '' . NFL.com . January 25 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2010 . Retrieved January 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Favre to confirm return Tuesday night '' . NBC Sports . August 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wetzel , Dan . `` Favre faces age - old questions '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved December 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Favre throws TD No. 500 / Favre hits 70,000 yards '' . NFL.com . October 11 , 2010 . Retrieved October 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Favre 's career - high 446 yards rally Vikes to OT win '' . CBSSports.com . November 7 , 2010 . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2012 . Retrieved December 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Copeland , Kareem ( April 23 , 2013 ) . `` Brett Favre : Final play was first time I was knocked out '' . NFL . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marvez , Alex ( January 17 , 2011 ) . `` Favre turns in retirement paperwork '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved January 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sunday Morning Quarterback : Brett Favre 's memory loss puts a high - profile face on NFL 's concussion problem '' . Daily News . New York . October 26 , 2013 . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Favre to be color analyst for Southern Miss game '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ `` Brett Favre joins NFL Network 's Super Bowl coverage team '' . National Football League . Associated Press . January 30 , 2013 . Retrieved January 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Network `` trying all the time '' to get Brett Favre on the air `` . NBC Sports . August 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Brett Favre Career Notes '' . ESPN.com . August 1 , 2007 . Retrieved March 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Most Pro Bowls , By Position '' . Packers.com . December 20 , 2006 . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2007 . Retrieved December 20 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Brett Favre statistics '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2011 . Retrieved November 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 's All - Decade Team '' . NFL.com . November 15 , 2008 . Retrieved November 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Brett Favre praises staff and team at Packers Hall of Fame induction '' . Sports Illustrated . July 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Legwold , Jeff ( February 6 , 2016 ) . `` Brett Favre , Ken Stabler , Marvin Harrison among Hall 's 2016 class '' . Retrieved February 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seven stats that put Brett Favre in a class of his own '' . Jump up ^ `` Seven stats that put Brett Favre in a class of his own '' . Jump up ^ `` NFL Games Started Career Leaders ( since 1960 ) - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . ^ Jump up to : D'Amato , Gary ( November 28 , 2004 ) . `` 200 reasons to admire Favre '' . JSOnline.com . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved July 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Favre glad Archived October 11 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Packers QB Rodgers out for season ; Favre likely to play '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . November 22 , 2006 . Retrieved November 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Patriots rough up Favre , hold off Vikings for fifth consecutive win '' . NFL.com . Associated Press . October 31 , 2010 . Retrieved November 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Vikings lose Brett Favre to injury , but beat Buffalo Bills '' . The Saratogian . Associated Press . December 14 , 2010 . Retrieved December 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` How would Brett Favre 's various injuries throughout his career affect you ? -- ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ `` Favre 's record streak ends in Vikings ' loss to Giants '' . The Chicago Sun - Times . December 14 , 2010 . Retrieved December 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Man '' . www.profootballhof.com . November 30 , 2004 . Retrieved November 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Zulgad , Judd ; Scoggins , Chip ( September 20 , 2009 ) . `` Favre 's 271st consecutive start sets record '' . StarTribune.com . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2009 . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Brett Favre 's consecutive starts streak ends at 297 , tests due Tuesday '' . ESPN . December 14 , 2010 . Retrieved December 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Brett Favre 's profile Archived January 21 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , NFL.com Jump up ^ Brett Favre stats Archived May 14 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , Pro-Football Reference ^ Jump up to : `` Tracking Favre 's retirement ( s ) '' . Nbcsports.msnbc.com . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Timeline : Brett Favre 's retirement drama since 2006 '' . Usatoday.com . August 18 , 2009 . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Brett Favre Retirement Timeline '' . Nfl-facts-and-rumors.blogs.cbssports.com . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2012 . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brett Favre Watch timeline '' . Sports.espn.go.com . August 17 , 2010 . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Hyundai Super Bowl Ad `` Brett Favre Retirement '' `` . February 6 , 2010 . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Favre Submits Retirement Papers '' . Video.foxnews.com . January 17 , 2011 . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` No comeback : Favre harbors ' no plans to play football ' again '' . Nfl.com . December 7 , 2011 . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Brett Favre still could play in NFL , agent Bus Cook says '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ `` Brett Favre in great shape , not mulling NFL comeback '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Rams even called Brett Favre to replace Sam Bradford - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ Difilippo , Bill ( October 15 , 2017 ) . `` Brett Favre Is 48 , But He Still Got Asked If He 'll Replace The Injured Aaron Rodgers '' . Uproxx . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vikings ' Favre welcomes grandchild '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ `` NFL 's all - time passing leader now a ' proud ' grandfather '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ Longman , Jere ( January 19 , 1997 ) . `` A Bayou Town Catches Favre Fever '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Gutowski , Tim ( November 9 , 2004 ) . `` Bonita Favre Tackles Questions About Brett '' . OnMilwaukee.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Titans Sign Nephew of NFL QB Brett Favre '' . Indoor Football League . February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Agent : Favre will be assistant high school coach -- '' . Usatoday.com . July 20 , 2012 . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Brett Favre wins in high school coaching debut -- '' . Usatoday.com . August 18 , 2012 . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` For Love of the Game '' . MMQB . December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stan Caldwell , American Sports Writer ( May 6 , 2014 ) . `` Brett Favre taking on reduced role at Oak Grove '' . The Clarion Ledger . Jump up ^ `` The Brett Favre Fourward Foundation '' . Retrieved February 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Pockrass , Bob ( January 31 , 2014 ) . `` NFL and NASCAR : Former NFL stars who dabbled in stock - car racing '' . Sporting News . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2013 . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Brett Favre 's Steakhouse '' . Brett Favre 's Steakhouse . Retrieved January 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Brett Favre Named to Sqor Board of Directors '' . Marketwired.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 20 Greatest Athlete Movie Cameos '' . Bleacher Report . August 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Dan says : ( September 14 , 2010 ) . `` 20 Years of Brett Favre Endorsements : A Scorecard '' . Brandchannel.com . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Brett Favre turns out for Thad Cochran in new ad '' . politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Favre : NFL Lied About Alcohol Ban Review '' . Los Angeles Times . August 13 , 1997 . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Smith , Timothy W. ( May 15 , 1996 ) . `` PRO FOOTBALL ; Favre Says He Abused Painkillers And Will Enter Treatment Center '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dependence on painkillers brings Favre to a new low '' . Milwaukee Journal - Sentinel . October 22 , 2005 . Retrieved October 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sports Illustrated . May 27 , 1996 https://www.si.com/vault/1996/05/27/213302/bitter-pill-packer-brett-favre-tells-si-how-the-pain-of-playing-in-the-nfl-led-to-his-addiction-to-painkillers-and-nearly-his-death/nhl%2526norc%253D1%2526zx%253D1430450275468 . Retrieved October 25 , 2011 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` NFL probes allegations of Favre involvement with reporter '' . CBS Sports . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Daulerio , A.J. ( October 7 , 2010 ) . `` Brett Favre 's Cellphone Seduction Of Jenn Sterger ( Update ) '' . Deadspin . ^ Jump up to : `` news : Favre fined $50 K for ' failure to cooperate ' with NFL investigation '' . Nfl.com . Retrieved August 28 , 2011 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Brett Favre . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Brett Favre Career statistics and player information from ESPN CBS Sports Yahoo ! Sports Fox Sports SI.com Pro-Football - Reference Rotoworld Official website Minnesota Vikings biography Brett Favre Video on NFL.com Brett Favre Video on ESPN Video Archive Brett Favre Video & Audio on Boston.com Brett Favre Video on FoxSports Video Archive Brett Favre on IMDb Brett Favre : The NFL 's Greatest Gunslinger -- slideshow by Life magazine Brett Favre owner statistics at Racing - Reference Brett Favre -- awards , championships , and honors Awards and achievements Preceded by Ron Jaworski ( 116 ) Consecutive starts by a quarterback in the NFL ( 297 ) 1999 -- present Succeeded by Incumbent Preceded by Dan Marino ( 4,967 ) Total pass completions in the NFL ( 6,300 ) 2006 -- present Succeeded by Incumbent Preceded by John Elway ( 148 ) Wins as a starting quarterback in the NFL ( 186 ) 2007 -- present Succeeded by Incumbent Preceded by Dan Marino ( 420 ) Total touchdown passes in the NFL ( 508 ) 2007 -- 2014 Succeeded by Peyton Manning ( 510 ) Preceded by Dan Marino ( 61,361 ) Total passing yards in the NFL ( 71,838 ) 2007 -- 2015 Succeeded by Peyton Manning ( 71,940 ) Preceded by Jim Marshall ( 270 ) Consecutive starts by a player in the NFL ( 297 ) 2009 -- present Succeeded by Incumbent Preceded by Bruce Matthews ( 292 ) Total starts in the NFL ( 298 ) 2010 -- present Succeeded by Incumbent Southern Miss Golden Eagles starting quarterbacks Vernon Wells ( 1947 -- 1948 ) Bobby Holmes ( 1949 -- 1950 ) Tom LeGros ( 1951 ) Billy Jarrell ( 1952 ) Jim Davenport ( 1953 ) George Herring ( 1954 -- 1955 ) Bobby Hughes ( 1956 ) George Sekul ( 1957 -- 1958 ) Don Fuell ( 1959 -- 1961 ) Bobby Coleman ( 1962 ) Vic Purvis ( 1963 -- 1965 ) Mike McClellan ( 1966 ) Tommy Boutwell ( 1967 -- 1968 ) Rick Donegan ( 1969 -- 1971 ) Buddy Palazzo ( 1972 ) Jeff Bower ( 1973 -- 1975 ) Ken Alderman ( 1976 ) Dane McDnaiel ( 1978 -- 1979 ) Reggie Collier ( 1980 -- 1982 ) Robert Ducksworth ( 1983 -- 1984 ) Andrew Anderson ( 1985 -- 1986 ) Brett Favre ( 1987 -- 1990 ) Tommy Waters ( 1991 -- 1992 ) Kevin Bentley ( 1993 ) Heath Graham ( 1994 -- 1995 ) Lee Robert ( 1996 -- 1998 ) Jeff Kelly ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Micky D'Angelo ( 2002 ) Dustin Almond ( 2003 -- 2005 ) Jeremy Young ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Martevious Young ( 2007 , 2009 ) Austin Davis ( 2008 -- 2011 ) Chris Campbell ( 2012 ) Anthony Alford ( 2012 ) Ricky Lloyd ( 2012 ) Arsenio Favor ( 2012 ) Allan Bridgford ( 2013 ) Nick Mullens ( 2013 -- 2016 ) Cole Weeks ( 2014 ) Keon Howard ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Kwadra Griggs ( 2017 ) Jack Abraham ( 2018 ) Atlanta Falcons 1991 NFL draft selections Bruce Pickens Mike Pritchard Brett Favre Moe Gardner James Goode Erric Pegram Brian Mitchell Mark Tucker Randy Austin Ernie Logan Walter Sutton Pete Lucas Joe Sims Bob Christian Green Bay Packers starting quarterbacks Norman Barry ( 1921 ) Charlie Mathys ( 1922 -- 1926 ) Curly Lambeau ( 1925 ) Pid Purdy ( 1926 ) Red Dunn ( 1927 -- 1931 ) Bullet Baker ( 1928 -- 1929 ) Jack Evans ( 1929 ) Arnie Herber ( 1930 -- 1940 ) Paul Fitzgibbon ( 1931 ) Roger Grove ( 1931 ) Cecil Isbell ( 1938 -- 1942 ) Hal Van Every ( 1940 ) Tony Canadeo ( 1942 -- 1943 ) Irv Comp ( 1943 -- 1948 ) Roy McKay ( 1945 ) Cliff Aberson ( 1946 ) Jack Jacobs ( 1947 -- 1949 ) Perry Moss ( 1948 ) Earl Girard ( 1949 ) Stan Heath ( 1949 ) Tobin Rote ( 1950 -- 1956 ) Bobby Thomason ( 1951 ) Babe Parilli ( 1952 -- 1953 , 1957 -- 1958 ) Bart Starr ( 1956 -- 1971 ) Joe Francis ( 1958 ) Lamar McHan ( 1959 -- 1960 ) John Roach ( 1963 ) Zeke Bratkowski ( 1966 -- 1968 , 1971 ) Don Horn ( 1969 -- 1970 ) Scott Hunter ( 1971 -- 1973 ) Jerry Tagge ( 1973 -- 1974 ) Jim Del Gaizo ( 1973 ) John Hadl ( 1974 -- 1975 ) Jack Concannon ( 1974 ) Don Milan ( 1975 ) Lynn Dickey ( 1976 -- 1977 , 1979 -- 1985 ) Carlos Brown ( 1976 ) Randy Johnson ( 1976 ) David Whitehurst ( 1977 -- 1979 , 1981 ) Randy Wright ( 1984 -- 1988 ) Jim Zorn ( 1985 ) Don Majkowski ( 1987 -- 1992 ) Alan Risher ( 1987 ) Anthony Dilweg ( 1990 ) Blair Kiel ( 1990 -- 1991 ) Mike Tomczak ( 1991 ) Brett Favre ( 1992 -- 2007 ) Aaron Rodgers ( 2008 -- present ) Matt Flynn ( 2010 -- 2011 , 2013 ) Seneca Wallace ( 2013 ) Scott Tolzien ( 2013 ) Brett Hundley ( 2017 ) New York Titans / Jets starting quarterbacks Al Dorow ( 1960 -- 1961 ) Dick Jamieson ( 1960 ) Johnny Green ( 1962 ) Lee Grosscup ( 1962 ) Butch Songin ( 1962 ) Dick Wood ( 1963 -- 1964 ) Galen Hall ( 1963 ) Pete Liske ( 1964 ) Mike Taliaferro ( 1965 ) Joe Namath ( 1965 -- 1976 ) Al Woodall ( 1970 -- 1971 , 1973 ) Bob Davis ( 1971 -- 1972 ) Bill Demory ( 1973 ) J.J. Jones ( 1975 ) Richard Todd ( 1976 -- 1983 ) Matt Robinson ( 1977 -- 1979 ) Marty Domres ( 1977 ) Pat Ryan ( 1984 , 1986 -- 1989 ) Ken O'Brien ( 1984 -- 1992 ) David Norrie ( 1987 ) Tony Eason ( 1989 ) Kyle Mackey ( 1989 ) Browning Nagle ( 1992 ) Boomer Esiason ( 1993 -- 1995 ) Jack Trudeau ( 1994 ) Bubby Brister ( 1995 ) Frank Reich ( 1996 ) Neil O'Donnell ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Glenn Foley ( 1996 -- 1998 ) Vinny Testaverde ( 1998 -- 2003 , 2005 ) Ray Lucas ( 1999 ) Rick Mirer ( 1999 ) Chad Pennington ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Quincy Carter ( 2004 ) Brooks Bollinger ( 2005 ) Kellen Clemens ( 2007 , 2009 ) Brett Favre ( 2008 ) Mark Sanchez ( 2009 -- 2012 ) Greg McElroy ( 2012 ) Geno Smith ( 2013 -- 2014 , 2016 ) Michael Vick ( 2014 ) Ryan Fitzpatrick ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Bryce Petty ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Josh McCown ( 2017 ) Sam Darnold ( 2018 -- present ) Minnesota Vikings starting quarterbacks George Shaw ( 1961 ) Fran Tarkenton ( 1961 -- 1966 , 1972 -- 1978 ) Ron Vander Kelen ( 1963 , 1966 -- 1967 ) Bob Berry ( 1966 , 1974 ) Joe Kapp ( 1967 -- 1969 ) Gary Cuozzo ( 1969 -- 1971 ) Bob Lee ( 1970 -- 1971 , 1976 -- 1977 ) Norm Snead ( 1971 ) Tommy Kramer ( 1977 , 1979 -- 1989 ) Steve Dils ( 1980 -- 1981 , 1983 ) Wade Wilson ( 1983 -- 1991 ) Archie Manning ( 1984 ) Tony Adams ( 1987 ) Rich Gannon ( 1990 -- 1992 ) Sean Salisbury ( 1992 -- 1994 ) Jim McMahon ( 1993 ) Warren Moon ( 1994 -- 1996 ) Brad Johnson ( 1996 -- 1998 , 2005 -- 2006 ) Randall Cunningham ( 1997 -- 1999 ) Jeff George ( 1999 ) Daunte Culpepper ( 2000 -- 2005 ) Todd Bouman ( 2001 ) Spergon Wynn ( 2001 ) Gus Frerotte ( 2003 , 2008 ) Tarvaris Jackson ( 2006 -- 2008 , 2010 ) Kelly Holcomb ( 2007 ) Brooks Bollinger ( 2007 ) Brett Favre ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Joe Webb ( 2010 ) Donovan McNabb ( 2011 ) Christian Ponder ( 2011 -- 2014 ) Matt Cassel ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Josh Freeman ( 2013 ) Teddy Bridgewater ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Shaun Hill ( 2016 ) Sam Bradford ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Case Keenum ( 2017 ) Kirk Cousins ( 2018 -- present ) Associated Press NFL Offensive Player of the Year Award winners 1972 : Brown 1973 : Simpson 1974 : Stabler 1975 : Tarkenton 1976 : Jones 1977 : Payton 1978 : Campbell 1979 : Campbell 1980 : Campbell 1981 : Anderson 1982 : Fouts 1983 : Theismann 1984 : Marino 1985 : Allen 1986 : Dickerson 1987 : Rice 1988 : Craig 1989 : Montana 1990 : Moon 1991 : Thomas 1992 : Young 1993 : Rice 1994 : Sanders 1995 : Favre 1996 : Davis 1997 : Sanders 1998 : Davis 1999 : Faulk 2000 : Faulk 2001 : Faulk 2002 : Holmes 2003 : Lewis 2004 : Manning 2005 : Alexander 2006 : Tomlinson 2007 : Brady 2008 : Brees 2009 : Johnson 2010 : Brady 2011 : Brees 2012 : Peterson 2013 : Manning 2014 : Murray 2015 : Newton 2016 : Ryan 2017 : Gurley Associated Press NFL Most Valuable Player Award winners 1957 : J. Brown 1958 : J. Brown 1959 : Unitas 1960 : Van Brocklin 1961 : Hornung 1962 : J. Taylor 1963 : Tittle 1964 : Unitas 1965 : J. Brown 1966 : Starr 1967 : Unitas 1968 : Morrall 1969 : Gabriel 1970 : Brodie 1971 : Page 1972 : L. Brown 1973 : Simpson 1974 : Stabler 1975 : Tarkenton 1976 : Jones 1977 : Payton 1978 : Bradshaw 1979 : Campbell 1980 : Sipe 1981 : Anderson 1982 : Moseley 1983 : Theismann 1984 : Marino 1985 : Allen 1986 : L. Taylor 1987 : Elway 1988 : Esiason 1989 : Montana 1990 : Montana 1991 : Thomas 1992 : Young 1993 : Smith 1994 : Young 1995 : Favre 1996 : Favre 1997 : Favre & Sanders 1998 : Davis 1999 : Warner 2000 : Faulk 2001 : Warner 2002 : Gannon 2003 : Manning & McNair 2004 : Manning 2005 : Alexander 2006 : Tomlinson 2007 : Brady 2008 : Manning 2009 : Manning 2010 : Brady 2011 : Rodgers 2012 : Peterson 2013 : Manning 2014 : Rodgers 2015 : Newton 2016 : Ryan 2017 : Brady Bert Bell Award winners 1959 : Unitas 1960 : Van Brocklin 1961 : Hornung 1962 : Robustelli 1963 : J. Brown 1964 : Unitas 1965 : Retzlaff 1966 : Meredith 1967 : Unitas 1968 : Kelly 1969 : Gabriel 1970 : Blanda 1971 : Staubach 1972 : L. Brown 1973 : Simpson 1974 : Olsen 1975 : Tarkenton 1976 : Stabler 1977 : Griese 1978 : Bradshaw 1979 : Campbell 1980 : Jaworski 1981 : Anderson 1982 : Theismann 1983 : Riggins 1984 : Marino 1985 : Payton 1986 : Taylor 1987 : Rice 1988 : Cunningham 1989 : Montana 1990 : Cunningham 1991 : Sanders 1992 : Young 1993 : Smith 1994 : Young 1995 : Favre 1996 : Favre 1997 : Sanders 1998 : Cunningham 1999 : Warner 2000 : Gannon 2001 : Faulk 2002 : Gannon 2003 : Manning 2004 : Manning 2005 : Alexander 2006 : Tomlinson 2007 : Brady 2008 : Peterson 2009 : Brees 2010 : Vick 2011 : Rodgers 2012 : Peterson 2013 : Manning 2014 : Watt 2015 : Newton 2016 : Ryan 2017 : Wentz FedEx Air and Ground Players of the Year Air 2003 : Manning 2004 : Manning 2005 : Palmer 2006 : Brees 2007 : Favre 2008 : Brees 2009 : Brees 2010 : Rodgers 2011 : Brees 2012 : Manning 2013 : Manning 2014 : Rodgers 2015 : Palmer 2016 : Ryan 2017 : Wentz Ground 2003 : Green 2004 : Martin 2005 : Alexander 2006 : Tomlinson 2007 : Taylor 2008 : Peterson 2009 : Johnson 2010 : Charles 2011 : McCoy 2012 : Peterson 2013 : McCoy 2014 : Bell 2015 : Peterson 2016 : Elliott 2017 : Gurley Green Bay Packers Super Bowl XXXI champions 4 Brett Favre 7 Kyle Wachholtz 9 Jim McMahon 13 Chris Jacke 17 Craig Hentrich 18 Doug Pederson 21 Craig Newsome 25 Dorsey Levens 27 Calvin Jones 28 Roderick Mullen 30 William Henderson 32 Travis Jervey 33 Doug Evans 34 Edgar Bennett 36 LeRoy Butler 37 Tyrone Williams 39 Mike Prior 40 Chris Hayes 41 Eugene Robinson 46 Michael Robinson 51 Brian Williams 52 Frank Winters 53 George Koonce 54 Ron Cox 55 Bernardo Harris 56 Lamont Hollinquest 59 Wayne Simmons 62 Marco Rivera 63 Adam Timmerman 64 Bruce Wilkerson 65 Lindsay Knapp 67 Jeff Dellenbach 68 Gary Brown 71 Santana Dotson 72 Earl Dotson 73 Aaron Taylor 75 Ken Ruettgers 77 John Michels 80 Derrick Mayes 81 Desmond Howard ( MVP ) 82 Don Beebe 83 Jeff Thomason 84 Andre Rison 85 Terry Mickens 86 Antonio Freeman 87 Robert Brooks 88 Keith Jackson 89 Mark Chmura 90 Darius Holland 91 Shannon Clavelle 92 Reggie White 93 Gilbert Brown 94 Bob Kuberski 95 Keith McKenzie 96 Sean Jones 98 Gabe Wilkins Head coach : Mike Holmgren Coaches : Larry Brooks Nolan Cromwell Gil Haskell Johnny Holland Sherman Lewis Jim Lind Tom Lovat Marty Mornhinweg Andy Reid Gary Reynolds Fritz Shurmur Harry Sydney Bob Valesente Super Bowl champion starting quarterbacks I : Starr II : Starr III : Namath IV : Dawson V : Unitas VI : Staubach VII : Griese VIII : Griese IX : Bradshaw X : Bradshaw XI : Stabler XII : Staubach XIII : Bradshaw XIV : Bradshaw XV : Plunkett XVI : Montana XVII : Theismann XVIII : Plunkett XIX : Montana XX : McMahon XXI : Simms XXII : Williams XXIII : Montana XXIV : Montana XXV : Hostetler XXVI : Rypien XXVII : Aikman XXVIII : Aikman XXIX : Young XXX : Aikman XXXI : Favre XXXII : Elway XXXIII : Elway XXXIV : Warner XXXV : Dilfer XXXVI : Brady XXXVII : Johnson XXXVIII : Brady XXXIX : Brady XL : Roethlisberger XLI : P. Manning XLII : E. Manning XLIII : Roethlisberger XLIV : Brees XLV : Rodgers XLVI : E. Manning XLVII : Flacco XLVIII : Wilson XLIX : Brady 50 : P. Manning LI : Brady LII : Foles NFL annual passing yards leaders 1932 : Herber 1933 : Newman 1934 : Herber 1935 : Danowski 1936 : Herber 1937 : Baugh 1938 : Parker 1939 : O'Brien 1940 : Baugh 1941 : Isbell 1942 : Isbell 1943 : Luckman 1944 : Comp 1945 : Luckman 1946 : Luckman 1947 : Baugh 1948 : Baugh 1949 : Lujack 1950 : Layne 1951 : Layne 1952 : Graham 1953 : Graham 1954 : Van Brocklin 1955 : Finks 1956 : Rote 1957 : Unitas 1958 : Wade 1959 : Unitas 1960 : Unitas 1961 : Jurgensen 1962 : Jurgensen 1963 : Unitas 1964 : Johnson 1965 : Brodie 1966 : Jurgensen 1967 : Jurgensen 1968 : Brodie 1969 : Jurgensen 1970 : Brodie 1971 : Hadl 1972 : Namath 1973 : Gabriel 1974 : Anderson 1975 : Anderson 1976 : Jones 1977 : Ferguson 1978 : Tarkenton 1979 : Fouts 1980 : Fouts 1981 : Fouts 1982 : Fouts 1983 : Dickey 1984 : Marino 1985 : Marino 1986 : Marino 1987 : Lomax 1988 : Marino 1989 : Majkowski 1990 : Moon 1991 : Moon 1992 : Marino 1993 : Elway 1994 : Bledsoe 1995 : Favre 1996 : Brunell 1997 : George 1998 : Favre 1999 : Beuerlein 2000 : Manning 2001 : Warner 2002 : Gannon 2003 : Manning 2004 : Culpepper 2005 : Brady 2006 : Brees 2007 : Brady 2008 : Brees 2009 : Schaub 2010 : Rivers 2011 : Brees 2012 : Brees 2013 : Manning 2014 : Brees & Roethlisberger 2015 : Brees 2016 : Brees 2017 : Brady NFL annual passing touchdowns leaders 1932 : Herber 1933 : Newman 1934 : Herber 1935 : Danowski 1936 : Herber 1937 : Masterson 1938 : Monnett 1939 : Filchock 1940 : Baugh 1941 : Isbell 1942 : Isbell 1943 : Luckman 1944 : Filchock 1945 : Luckman & Waterfield 1946 : Luckman & Waterfield 1947 : Baugh 1948 : Thompson 1949 : Lujack 1950 : Ratterman 1951 : Layne 1952 : Finks & Graham 1953 : Thomason 1954 : Burk 1955 : Rote & Tittle 1956 : Rote 1957 : Unitas 1958 : Unitas 1959 : Unitas 1960 : Unitas 1961 : Jurgensen 1962 : Tittle 1963 : Tittle 1964 : Ryan 1965 : Brodie 1966 : Ryan 1967 : Jurgensen 1968 : Morrall 1969 : Gabriel 1970 : Brodie 1971 : Hadl 1972 : Kilmer & Namath 1973 : Gabriel & Staubach 1974 : Stabler 1975 : Ferguson & Tarkenton 1976 : Stabler 1977 : Griese 1978 : Bradshaw 1979 : Grogan & Sipe 1980 : Bartkowski 1981 : Fouts 1982 : Bradshaw , Fouts & Montana 1983 : Dickey 1984 : Marino 1985 : Marino 1986 : Marino 1987 : Montana 1988 : Everett 1989 : Everett 1990 : Moon 1991 : Kelly 1992 : Young 1993 : Young 1994 : Young 1995 : Favre 1996 : Favre 1997 : Favre 1998 : Young 1999 : Warner 2000 : Culpepper & Manning 2001 : Warner 2002 : Brady 2003 : Favre 2004 : Manning 2005 : Palmer 2006 : Manning 2007 : Brady 2008 : Brees & Rivers 2009 : Brees 2010 : Brady 2011 : Brees 2012 : Brees 2013 : Manning 2014 : Luck 2015 : Brady 2016 : Rodgers 2017 : Wilson NFL 's 1990s All - Decade Team Brett Favre John Elway Barry Sanders Emmitt Smith Terrell Davis Thurman Thomas Cris Carter Jerry Rice Tim Brown Michael Irvin Shannon Sharpe Ben Coates Willie Roaf Gary Zimmerman Tony Boselli Richmond Webb Bruce Matthews Randall McDaniel Larry Allen Steve Wisniewski Dermontti Dawson Mark Stepnoski Bruce Smith Reggie White Chris Doleman Neil Smith Cortez Kennedy John Randle Warren Sapp Bryant Young Kevin Greene Junior Seau Derrick Thomas Cornelius Bennett Hardy Nickerson Levon Kirkland Deion Sanders Rod Woodson Darrell Green Aeneas Williams Steve Atwater LeRoy Butler Carnell Lake Ronnie Lott Darren Bennett Sean Landeta Morten Andersen Gary Anderson Mel Gray Michael Bates Bill Parcells Marv Levy Green Bay Packers retired numbers 3 Tony Canadeo 4 Brett Favre 14 Don Hutson 15 Bart Starr 66 Ray Nitschke 92 Reggie White Members of the Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame Herb Adderley Lionel Aldridge Donny Anderson John Anderson Jerry Atkinson Nate Barragar Phil Bengtson Edgar Bennett Vernon Biever Ken Bowman Zeke Bratkowski William Brault Charley Brock Lou Brock John Brockington Robert Brooks Gilbert Brown Hank Bruder E.S. Brusky Willie Buchanon Cub Buck Wilner Burke LeRoy Butler Lee Roy Caffey George Whitney Calhoun Tony Canadeo Al Carmichael Fred Carr Don Chandler Mark Chmura Gerald Francis Clifford Chad Clifton Red Cochran Paul Coffman Nick Collins Irv Comp Fred Cone Larry Craig Dan Currie Carroll Dale Art Daley Boob Darling Willie Davis Lynn Dickey Bobby Dillon LaVern Dilweg Mike Douglass Boyd Dowler Donald Driver Red Dunn Jug Earp Gerry Ellis Ken Ellis Paul Engebretsen Lon Evans Brett Favre Howie Ferguson Marv Fleming Bill Forester Bob Forte Antonio Freeman Ted Fritsch Milt Gantenbein Kabeer Gbaja - Biamila Gale Gillingham Charles Goldenberg Johnnie Gray Ahman Green Forrest Gregg Hank Gremminger Dave Hanner Bob Harlan William Henderson Arnie Herber Clarke Hinkle Johnny Holland Paul Hornung Billy Howton Cal Hubbard Don Hutson Jim Irwin Cecil Isbell Chris Jacke Harry Jacunski Ed Jankowski Bob Jeter Lee H. Joannes Ezra Johnson Swede Johnston Frank Jonet Henry Jordan Carl Jorgensen W. Webber Kelly Gary Knafelc Greg Koch Ron Kostelnik Jerry Kramer Ron Kramer Curly Lambeau Joe Laws Mark Lee Fred Leicht Russ Letlow Dorsey Levens Verne Lewellen James Lofton Vince Lombardi Ryan Longwell Don Majkowski Bob Mann Chester Marcol John Martinkovic Charlie Mathys Larry McCarren Max McGee Johnny Blood Mike Michalske Tom Miller Bob Monnett Carl Mulleneaux Mark Murphy Ray Nitschke Dominic Olejniczak Robert J. Parins Elijah Pitts Baby Ray Lee Remmel Jim Ringo Marco Rivera Dave Robinson Tobin Rote Ken Ruettgers Al Schneider Ray Scott Sterling Sharpe Bob Skoronski Bart Starr Jan Stenerud Bud Svendsen George Svendsen Mark Tauscher Jim Taylor Deral Teteak Fred Thurston Pete Tinsley Al Treml F.N. Trowbridge , Sr . Andrew B. Turnbull Andy Uram Jack Vainisi Reggie White Jesse Whittenton Dick Wildung Travis Williams Frank Winters Ron Wolf Willie Wood Whitey Woodin Pro Football Hall of Fame Class of 2016 Eddie DeBartolo Tony Dungy Brett Favre Kevin Greene Marvin Harrison Orlando Pace Ken Stabler Dick Stanfel Members of the Pro Football Hall of Fame Quarterbacks Pre-modern era Baugh Clark Conzelman Driscoll Friedman Herber Luckman A. Parker Modern era Aikman Blanda Bradshaw L. Dawson Elway Favre Fouts Graham Griese Jurgensen J. Kelly Layne Marino Montana Moon Namath Stabler Starr Staubach Tarkenton Tittle Unitas Van Brocklin Warner Waterfield Young Running backs Pre-modern era Battles Canadeo Dudley Grange Guyon Hinkle Lambeau Leemans McAfee McNally Nagurski Nevers Pollard Strong Thorpe Van Buren Modern era M. Allen Bettis J. Brown Campbell Csonka T. Davis Dickerson Dorsett Faulk Gifford Harris Hornung J.H. Johnson L. Kelly F. Little Martin Matson McElhenny Moore Motley Payton Perry Riggins B. Sanders Sayers Simpson E. Smith Jim Taylor T. Thomas Tomlinson Trippi Walker Wide receivers / ends Pre-modern era Badgro Chamberlin Flaherty Halas Hewitt Hutson Millner Modern era Alworth Berry Biletnikoff T. Brown Carter Fears Harrison Hayes Hirsch Irvin Joiner Largent Lavelli Lofton Maynard McDonald Mitchell Monk Moss Owens Pihos Reed Rice Stallworth Swann C. Taylor Warfield Tight ends Casper Ditka Mackey Newsome C. Sanders Sharpe J. Smith Winslow Offensive linemen L. Allen B. Brown R. Brown Creekmur D. Dawson DeLamielleure Dierdorf Gatski Gregg Grimm Hannah Hickerson S. Jones W. Jones Kramer Langer L. Little Mack Matthews McCormack McDaniel Mix Munchak Muñoz Ogden Otto Pace J. Parker Ringo Roaf Shaw Shell Shields Slater St. Clair Stanfel Stephenson Tingelhoff Upshaw Webster Wright Yary Zimmerman Pre-modern era two - way players Edwards Fortmann Healey Hein Henry Hubbard Kiesling Kinard Lyman Michalske Musso Owen Stydahar Trafton Turner Wojciechowicz Defensive linemen Atkins Bethea Buchanan Culp W. Davis Dean Dent Doleman Donovan Eller Ford J. Greene Haley Hampton Humphrey D. Jones Jordan Kennedy Lilly Long Marchetti Nomellini Olsen Page Randle Robustelli Sapp Selmon B. Smith Stautner Strahan Ja . Taylor Weinmeister Ra . White Re . White Willis Youngblood Linebackers Bednarik Bo . Bell Brazile Brooks Buoniconti Butkus Carson Connor George K. Greene Ham Hanburger Hendricks Huff Jackson Lambert Lanier Lewis Nitschke Richter Robinson Schmidt Seau Singletary L. Taylor D. Thomas Tippett Urlacher Wilcox Defensive backs Adderley Barney Blount W. Brown Butler Christiansen Dawkins Easley Green Haynes Houston J. Johnson Krause Lane Lary LeBeau Lott Renfro D. Sanders E. Thomas Tunnell Wehrli Williams L. Wilson Wood Woodson Placekickers and punters Andersen Groza Guy Stenerud Coaches G. Allen P. Brown Chamberlin Conzelman Dungy Ewbank Flaherty Gibbs Gillman Grant Halas Lambeau Landry Levy Lombardi Madden Neale Noll Owen Parcells Shula Stram Walsh Contributors Beathard Be . Bell Bidwill Carr A. Davis DeBartolo Finks Halas Hunt J. Jones Lambeau T. Mara W. Mara Marshall Polian Ray Reeves A. Rooney D. Rooney Rozelle Sabol Schramm R. Wilson Wolf Sports Illustrated Sportsperson of the Year 1954 : Roger Bannister 1955 : Johnny Podres 1956 : Bobby Morrow 1957 : Stan Musial 1958 : Rafer Johnson 1959 : Ingemar Johansson 1960 : Arnold Palmer 1961 : Jerry Lucas 1962 : Terry Baker 1963 : Pete Rozelle 1964 : Ken Venturi 1965 : Sandy Koufax 1966 : Jim Ryun 1967 : Carl Yastrzemski 1968 : Bill Russell 1969 : Tom Seaver 1970 : Bobby Orr 1971 : Lee Trevino 1972 : Billie Jean King & John Wooden 1973 : Jackie Stewart 1974 : Muhammad Ali 1975 : Pete Rose 1976 : Chris Evert 1977 : Steve Cauthen 1978 : Jack Nicklaus 1979 : Terry Bradshaw & Willie Stargell 1980 : U.S. Olympic Hockey Team 1981 : Sugar Ray Leonard 1982 : Wayne Gretzky 1983 : Mary Decker 1984 : Edwin Moses & Mary Lou Retton 1985 : Kareem Abdul - Jabbar 1986 : Joe Paterno 1987 : Bob Bourne , Judi Brown King , Kipchoge Keino , Dale Murphy , Chip Rives , Patty Sheehan , Rory Sparrow , & Reggie Williams 1988 : Orel Hershiser 1989 : Greg LeMond 1990 : Joe Montana 1991 : Michael Jordan 1992 : Arthur Ashe 1993 : Don Shula 1994 : Bonnie Blair & Johann Olav Koss 1995 : Cal Ripken Jr . 1996 : Tiger Woods 1997 : Dean Smith 1998 : Mark McGwire & Sammy Sosa 1999 : U.S. Women 's Soccer Team 2000 : Tiger Woods 2001 : Curt Schilling & Randy Johnson 2002 : Lance Armstrong 2003 : David Robinson & Tim Duncan 2004 : Boston Red Sox 2005 : Tom Brady 2006 : Dwyane Wade 2007 : Brett Favre 2008 : Michael Phelps 2009 : Derek Jeter 2010 : Drew Brees 2011 : Mike Krzyzewski & Pat Summitt 2012 : LeBron James 2013 : Peyton Manning 2014 : Madison Bumgarner 2015 : Serena Williams 2016 : LeBron James 2017 : José Altuve & J.J. Watt Madden NFL Main series John Madden Football ( 1989 ) John Madden Football ( 1990 ) John Madden Football II John Madden Football ' 92 John Madden Football ' 93 ' 94 John Madden Football ( 1994 ) ' 95 ' 96 97 98 99 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 25 15 16 17 18 19 Other games Madden Football 64 NFL Head Coach NFL Head Coach 09 Madden NFL Football Related games Mutant League Football NCAA Football Madden NFL Mobile Related topics Jacksonville Landing shooting WorldCat Identities ISNI : 0000 0000 3524 2561 LCCN : n96079490 MusicBrainz : c322067d - 8496 - 4e16 - 905c - f3f822d6c7f7 VIAF : 23867858 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brett_Favre&oldid=865525493 '' Categories : Brett Favre 1969 births Living people American Conference Pro Bowl players American football quarterbacks American people of Choctaw descent American people of French descent American people of Swiss descent Atlanta Falcons players Catholics from Mississippi Green Bay Packers players High school football coaches in the United States Louisiana Creole people Minnesota Vikings players Mississippi Republicans NASCAR team owners National Conference Pro Bowl players Native American sportspeople New York Jets players People from Kiln , Mississippi Players of American football from Mississippi Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees Southern Miss Golden Eagles football players Sportspeople from Gulfport , Mississippi Sportspeople from Hattiesburg , Mississippi Super Bowl champions Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Archived copy as title Webarchive template wayback links Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected biographies of living people Use mdy dates from October 2015 NFL player missing current team parameter Infobox NFL biography articles missing alt text Articles with hAudio microformats Articles including recorded pronunciations ( English ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français Galego हिन्दी Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Malagasy Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Winaray 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2018 , at 13 : 19 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many times did brett favre come out of retirement	[]	[]
7498103112137171218	macOS	MacOS - Wikipedia MacOS Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the current Apple operating system for Mac computers . For pre-2001 versions , see Classic Mac OS . `` OSX '' and `` OS X '' redirect here . For other uses , see OSX ( disambiguation ) . macOS Screenshot of the macOS High Sierra desktop Developer Apple , Inc . Written in C++ Objective - C Swift OS family Macintosh , Unix Working state Current Source model Closed source ( with open source components ) Initial release March 24 , 2001 ; 17 years ago ( 2001 - 03 - 24 ) Latest release 10.13. 4 ( 17E202 ) ( April 24 , 2018 ; 36 days ago ( 2018 - 04 - 24 ) ) ( ± ) Latest preview 10.13. 5 beta 5 ( 17F70a ) ( May 14 , 2018 ; 16 days ago ( 2018 - 05 - 14 ) ) ( ± ) Marketing target Personal computing Available in 34 languages List of languages As of macOS Sierra : Arabic , Catalan , Croatian , Chinese ( Simplified ) , Chinese ( Traditional ) , Czech , Danish , Dutch , English , Finnish , French , German , Greek , Hebrew , Hungarian , Indonesian , Italian , Japanese , Korean , Malay , Norwegian , Polish , Portuguese ( Brazil ) , Portuguese ( Portugal ) , Romanian , Russian , Slovak , Spanish ( Mexico ) , Spanish ( Spain ) , Swedish , Thai , Turkish , Ukrainian , Vietnamese Update method Mac App Store ( 10.8 + ) Software Update ( 10.0 -- 10.7 ) Platforms x86 - 64 ( 10.4. 7 - present ) IA - 32 ( 10.4. 4 -- 10.6. 8 ; discontinued ) PowerPC ( 10.0 -- 10.5. 8 ; discontinued ) Kernel type Hybrid ( XNU ) Default user interface Graphical ( Aqua ) License Commercial software , proprietary software Preceded by Classic Mac OS Official website www.apple.com/macos Support status Supported macOS ( / ˌmækoʊˈɛs / ; previously Mac OS X and later OS X ) is a series of graphical operating systems developed and marketed by Apple Inc. since 2001 . It is the primary operating system for Apple 's Mac family of computers . Within the market of desktop , laptop and home computers , and by web usage , it is the second most widely used desktop OS , after Microsoft Windows . macOS is the second major series of Macintosh operating systems . The first is colloquially called the `` classic '' Mac OS , which was introduced in 1984 , and the final release of which was Mac OS 9 in 1999 . The first desktop version , Mac OS X 10.0 , was released in March 2001 , with its first update , 10.1 , arriving later that year . After this , Apple began naming its releases after big cats , which lasted until OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion . Since OS X 10.9 Mavericks , releases have been named after landmarks in California . Apple shortened the name to `` OS X '' in 2012 and then changed it to `` macOS '' in 2016 , adopting the nomenclature that they were using for their other operating systems , iOS , watchOS , and tvOS . The latest version is macOS High Sierra , which was publicly released in September 2017 . Between 1999 and 2009 , Apple sold a separate series of operating systems called Mac OS X Server . The initial version , Mac OS X Server 1.0 , was released in 1999 with a user interface similar to Mac OS 8.5 . After this , new versions were introduced concurrently with the desktop version of Mac OS X . Beginning with Mac OS X 10.7 Lion , the server functions were made available as a separate package on the Mac App Store . macOS is based on technologies developed between 1985 and 1997 at NeXT , a company that Apple co-founder Steve Jobs created after leaving the company . The `` X '' in Mac OS X and OS X is the Roman numeral for the number 10 and is pronounced as such . The X was a prominent part of the operating system 's brand identity and marketing in its early years , but gradually receded in prominence since the release of Snow Leopard in 2009 . UNIX 03 certification was achieved for the Intel version of Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard and all releases from Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard up to the current version also have UNIX 03 certification . macOS shares its Unix - based core , named Darwin , and many of its frameworks with iOS , tvOS and watchOS . A heavily modified version of Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger was used for the first - generation Apple TV . Releases of Mac OS X from 1999 to 2005 can run only on the PowerPC - based Macs from that time period . After Apple announced that they were switching to Intel CPUs from 2006 onwards , a separate version of Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger was made and distributed exclusively with early Intel - based Macs ; it included an emulator known as Rosetta , which allowed users to run most PowerPC applications on Intel - based Macs . Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard was the sole release to be built as a universal binary , meaning that the installer disc supported both Intel and PowerPC processors . Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard was the first release to be available exclusively for Intel - based Macs . In 2011 , Apple released Mac OS X 10.7 Lion , which no longer supported 32 - bit Intel processors and also did not include Rosetta . All versions of the system released since then run exclusively on 64 - bit Intel CPUs and do not support PowerPC applications . Part of a series on macOS Features ( show ) History Transition to Intel processors Architecture Technologies List of applications List of games Components Versions ( show ) Hera ( 1.0 ) Kodiak ( Public Beta ) Cheetah ( 10.0 ) Puma ( 10.1 ) Jaguar ( 10.2 ) Panther ( 10.3 ) Tiger ( 10.4 ) Leopard ( 10.5 ) Snow Leopard ( 10.6 ) Lion ( 10.7 ) Mountain Lion ( 10.8 ) Mavericks ( 10.9 ) Yosemite ( 10.10 ) El Capitan ( 10.11 ) Sierra ( 10.12 ) High Sierra ( 10.13 ) Applications ( show ) Automator Calculator Calendar Chess Contacts Dashboard Dictionary DVD Player FaceTime Finder Grapher iTunes ( version history ) Mac App Store Mail Messages Photo Booth Preview QuickTime Safari ( version history ) Stickies TextEdit Utilities ( show ) Activity Monitor AirPort Utility Archive Utility Audio MIDI Setup Bluetooth File Exchange ColorSync Console Crash Reporter DigitalColor Meter Directory Utility DiskImageMounter Disk Utility Font Book Grab Help Viewer Image Capture Installer Keychain Access Migration Assistant Network Utility ODBC Administrator Remote Install Mac OS X Screen Sharing System Preferences System Information Terminal Universal Access VoiceOver Related ( show ) Classic Mac OS Copland NeXTSTEP Rhapsody Darwin Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Development 1.2 Mac OS X 1.2. 1 Launch of Mac OS X 1.2. 2 Following releases 1.3 OS X 1.4 macOS 2 Architecture 2.1 Software compatibility 2.2 Hardware compatibility 2.3 PowerPC -- Intel transition 3 Features 3.1 Aqua user interface 3.2 Components 3.3 Multilingual support 3.4 Updating methods 4 Release history 4.1 Mac OS X Public Beta 4.2 Mac OS X 10.0 Cheetah 4.3 Mac OS X 10.1 Puma 4.4 Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar 4.5 Mac OS X 10.3 Panther 4.6 Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger 4.7 Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard 4.8 Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard 4.9 Mac OS X 10.7 Lion 4.10 OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion 4.11 OS X 10.9 Mavericks 4.12 OS X 10.10 Yosemite 4.13 OS X 10.11 El Capitan 4.14 macOS 10.12 Sierra 4.15 macOS 10.13 High Sierra 5 Reception 5.1 Usage share 5.2 Malware and spyware 5.3 Promotion 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History Development Simplified history of Unix - like operating systems Main article : History of macOS The heritage of what would become macOS had originated at NeXT , a company founded by Steve Jobs following his departure from Apple in 1985 . There , the Unix - like NeXTSTEP operating system was developed , and then launched in 1989 . The kernel of NeXTSTEP is based upon the Mach kernel , which was originally developed at Carnegie Mellon University , with additional kernel layers and low - level user space code derived from parts of BSD . Its graphical user interface was built on top of an object - oriented GUI toolkit using the Objective - C programming language . Throughout the early 1990s , Apple had tried to create a `` next - generation '' OS to succeed its classic Mac OS through the Taligent , Copland and Gershwin projects , but all of them were eventually abandoned . This led Apple to purchase NeXT in 1996 , allowing NeXTSTEP , then called OPENSTEP , to serve as the basis for Apple 's next generation operating system . This purchase also led to Steve Jobs returning to Apple as an interim , and then the permanent CEO , shepherding the transformation of the programmer - friendly OPENSTEP into a system that would be adopted by Apple 's primary market of home users and creative professionals . The project was first code named `` Rhapsody '' and then officially named Mac OS X . Mac OS X Launch of Mac OS X Mac OS X was originally presented as the tenth major version of Apple 's operating system for Macintosh computers ; current versions of macOS retain the major version number `` 10 '' . Previous Macintosh operating systems ( versions of the classic Mac OS ) were named using Arabic numerals , as with Mac OS 8 and Mac OS 9 . The letter `` X '' in Mac OS X 's name refers to the number 10 , a Roman numeral . It is therefore correctly pronounced `` ten '' / tɛn / in this context . However , it is also commonly pronounced like the letter `` X '' / ɛks / . The first version of Mac OS X , Mac OS X Server 1.0 , was a transitional product , featuring an interface resembling the classic Mac OS , though it was not compatible with software designed for the older system . Consumer releases of Mac OS X included more backward compatibility . Mac OS applications could be rewritten to run natively via the Carbon API ; many could also be run directly through the Classic Environment with a reduction in performance . The consumer version of Mac OS X was launched in 2001 with Mac OS X 10.0 . Reviews were variable , with extensive praise for its sophisticated , glossy Aqua interface but criticizing it for sluggish performance . With Apple 's popularity at a low , the makers of several classic Mac applications such as FrameMaker and PageMaker declined to develop new versions of their software for Mac OS X . Ars Technica columnist John Siracusa , who reviewed every major OS X release up to 10.10 , described the early releases in retrospect as ' dog - slow , feature poor ' and Aqua as ' unbearably slow and a huge resource hog ' . Following releases Apple rapidly developed several new releases of Mac OS X . Siracusa 's review of version 10.3 , Panther , noted `` It 's strange to have gone from years of uncertainty and vaporware to a steady annual supply of major new operating system releases . '' Version 10.4 , Tiger , reportedly shocked executives at Microsoft by offering a number of features , such as fast file searching and improved graphics processing , that Microsoft had spent several years struggling to add to Windows with acceptable performance . As the operating system evolved , it moved away from the classic Mac OS , with applications being added and removed . Considering music to be a key market , Apple developed the iPod music player and music software for the Mac , including iTunes and GarageBand . Targeting the consumer and media markets , Apple emphasized its new `` digital lifestyle '' applications such as the iLife suite , integrated home entertainment through the Front Row media center and the Safari web browser . With increasing popularity of the internet , Apple offered additional online services , including the . Mac , MobileMe and most recently iCloud products . It later began selling third - party applications through the Mac App Store . Newer versions of Mac OS X also included modifications to the general interface , moving away from the striped gloss and transparency of the initial versions . Some applications began to use a brushed metal appearance , or non-pinstriped titlebar appearance in version 10.4 . In Leopard , Apple announced a unification of the interface , with a standardized gray - gradient window style . In 2006 , the first Intel Macs released used a specialized version of Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger . A key development for the system was the announcement and release of the iPhone from 2007 onwards . While Apple 's previous iPod media players used a minimal operating system , the iPhone used an operating system based on Mac OS X , which would later be called `` iPhone OS '' and then iOS . The simultaneous release of two operating systems based on the same frameworks placed tension on Apple , which cited the iPhone as forcing it to delay Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard . However , after Apple opened the iPhone to third - party developers its commercial success drew attention to Mac OS X , with many iPhone software developers showing interest in Mac development . In 2007 , Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard was the sole release with universal binary components , allowing installation on both Intel Macs and select PowerPC Macs . It is also the final release with PowerPC Mac support . Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard was the first version of OS X to be built exclusively for Intel Macs , and the final release with 32 - bit Intel Mac support . The name was intended to signal its status as an iteration of Leopard , focusing on technical and performance improvements rather than user - facing features ; indeed it was explicitly branded to developers as being a ' no new features ' release . Since its release , several OS X or macOS releases ( namely OS X Mountain Lion , OS X El Capitan and macOS High Sierra ) follow this pattern , with a name derived from its predecessor , similar to the ' tick - tock model ' used by Intel . In two succeeding versions , Lion and Mountain Lion , Apple moved some applications to a highly skeuomorphic style of design inspired by contemporary versions of iOS , at the same time simplifying some elements by making controls such as scroll bars fade out when not in use . This direction was , like brushed metal interfaces , unpopular with some users , although it continued a trend of greater animation and variety in the interface previously seen in design aspects such as the Time Machine backup utility , which presented past file versions against a swirling nebula , and the glossy translucent dock of Leopard and Snow Leopard . In addition , with Mac OS X 10.7 Lion , Apple ceased to release separate server versions of Mac OS X , selling server tools as a separate downloadable application through the Mac App Store . A review described the trend in the server products as becoming `` cheaper and simpler ... shifting its focus from large businesses to small ones . '' OS X OS X logo from 2012 -- 2013 In 2012 , with the release of OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion , the name of the system was shortened from Mac OS X to OS X . That year , Apple removed the head of OS X development , Scott Forstall , and design was changed towards a more minimal direction . Apple 's new user interface design , using deep color saturation , text - only buttons and a minimal , ' flat ' interface , was debuted with iOS 7 in 2013 . With OS X engineers reportedly working on iOS 7 , the version released in 2013 , OS X 10.9 Mavericks , was something of a transitional release , with some of the skeuomorphic design removed , while most of the general interface of Mavericks remained unchanged . The next version , OS X 10.10 Yosemite , adopted a design similar to iOS 7 but with greater complexity suitable for an interface controlled with a mouse . From 2012 onwards , the system has shifted to an annual release schedule similar to that of iOS . It also steadily cut the cost of updates from Snow Leopard onwards , before removing upgrade fees altogether from 2013 onwards . Some journalists and third - party software developers have suggested that this decision , while allowing more rapid feature release , meant less opportunity to focus on stability , with no version of OS X recommendable for users requiring stability and performance above new features . Apple 's 2015 update , OS X 10.11 El Capitan , was announced to focus specifically on stability and performance improvements . MacOS In 2016 , with the release of macOS 10.12 Sierra , the name was changed from OS X to macOS to streamline it with the branding of Apple 's other primary operating systems : iOS , watchOS , and tvOS . macOS 10.12 Sierra 's main features are the introduction of Siri to macOS , Optimized Storage , improvements to included applications , and greater integration with Apple 's iPhone and Apple Watch . The Apple File System ( APFS ) was announced at the Apple Worldwide Developers Conference in 2016 as a replacement for HFS+ , a highly criticized file system . At the 2017 Worldwide Developers Conference Apple previewed macOS 10.13 High Sierra . It uses APFS , rather than HFS+ , on solid state drives . Architecture Main article : Architecture of macOS At macOS 's core is a POSIX compliant operating system built on top of the XNU kernel , with standard Unix facilities available from the command line interface . Apple has released this family of software as a free and open source operating system named Darwin . On top of Darwin , Apple layered a number of components , including the Aqua interface and the Finder , to complete the GUI - based operating system which is macOS . With its original introduction as Mac OS X , the system brought a number of new capabilities to provide a more stable and reliable platform than its predecessor , the classic Mac OS . For example , pre-emptive multitasking and memory protection improved the system 's ability to run multiple applications simultaneously without them interrupting or corrupting each other . Many aspects of macOS 's architecture are derived from OPENSTEP , which was designed to be portable , to ease the transition from one platform to another . For example , NeXTSTEP was ported from the original 68k - based NeXT workstations to x86 and other architectures before NeXT was purchased by Apple , and OPENSTEP was later ported to the PowerPC architecture as part of the Rhapsody project . Prior to macOS High Sierra , and on drives other than solid state drives ( SSDs ) , the default file system is HFS+ , which it inherited from the classic Mac OS . Operating system designer Linus Torvalds has criticized HFS+ , saying it is `` probably the worst file system ever '' , whose design is `` actively corrupting user data '' . He criticized the case insensitivity of file names , a design made worse when Apple extended the file system to support Unicode . Initially , HFS+ was designed for classic Mac OS , which runs on big - endian 68K and PowerPC systems . When Apple switched Macintosh to little - endian Intel processors , it continued to use big - endian byte order on HFS+ file systems . As a result , macOS on current Macs must do byte swap when it reads file system data . These concerns are being addressed with the new Apple File System , which is used for file systems on SSDs in macOS High Sierra . The Darwin subsystem in macOS is in charge of managing the file system , which includes the Unix permissions layer . In 2003 and 2005 , two Macworld editors expressed criticism of the permission scheme ; Ted Landau called misconfigured permissions `` the most common frustration '' in macOS , while Rob Griffiths suggested that some users may even have to reset permissions every day , a process which can take up to 15 minutes . More recently , another Macworld editor , Dan Frakes , called the procedure of repairing permissions vastly overused . He argues that macOS typically handles permissions properly without user interference , and resetting permissions should only be tried when problems emerge . The architecture of macOS incorporates a layered design : the layered frameworks aid rapid development of applications by providing existing code for common tasks . Apple provides its own software development tools , most prominently an integrated development environment called Xcode . Xcode provides interfaces to compilers that support several programming languages including C , C++ , Objective - C , and Swift . For the Apple -- Intel transition , it was modified so that developers could build their applications as a universal binary , which provides compatibility with both the Intel - based and PowerPC - based Macintosh lines . First and third - party applications can be controlled programatically using the AppleScript framework , retained from the classic Mac OS , or using the newer Automator application that offers pre-written tasks that do not require programming knowledge . Software compatibility See also : List of Macintosh software List of macOS versions and the software they run Operating system Safari Mail QuickTime iTunes Messages / iChat iWork 10.13 `` High Sierra '' 11.0 11.0 10.4 12.7 11.0 2017 10.12 `` Sierra '' 10.0 10.11 `` El Capitan '' 9.3 9.2 2016 10.10 `` Yosemite '' 9.1. 3 8.0 2014 10.9 `` Mavericks '' 7.3 10.3 12.6. 2 2013 10.8 `` Mountain Lion '' 6.1 ? 10.2 12.4. 3 ' 09 10.7 `` Lion '' 10.1 12.2. 2 8.0 b or 6.0. 1 10.6 `` Snow Leopard '' 5.1. 10 4.5 11.4 5.0 10.5 `` Leopard '' 5.0. 6 3.6 7.7 10.6. 3 4.0 10.4 `` Tiger '' 4.1. 3 2.1. 3 7.6. 4 9.2. 1 3.0 10.3 `` Panther '' 1.3. 2 1. x 7.5 7.7. 1 2.1 ' 05 10.2 `` Jaguar '' 1.0. 3 6.5. 3 6.0. 5 2.0 Keynote 10.1 `` Puma '' N / A 6.3. 1 4.7. 1 N / A N / A 10.0 `` Cheetah '' 5.0 2.0. 4 Jump up ^ Messages 8.0 b was a beta release that only functioned from February 16 to December 12 , 2012 . Afterwards , users could either revert to iChat or upgrade to a newer version of OS X ( 10.8 `` Mountain Lion '' for US $19.99 , or 10.9 `` Mavericks '' or newer for free ) to continue using Messages . Jump up ^ Keynote 1.0 is the only iLife program that is compatible with Mac OS X 10.2 `` Jaguar '' . Two minor updates , 1.1 and 1.1. 1 , can be applied to this version . Jump up ^ iTunes 2.0. 4 can only run if Classic is installed . Otherwise , Mac OS X 10.0 can only run iTunes 1.1. 1 natively . Apple offered two main APIs to develop software natively for macOS : Cocoa and Carbon . Cocoa was a descendant of APIs inherited from OPENSTEP with no ancestry from the classic Mac OS , while Carbon was an adaptation of classic Mac OS APIs , allowing Mac software to be minimally rewritten in order to run natively on Mac OS X . The Cocoa API was created as the result of a 1993 collaboration between NeXT Computer and Sun Microsystems . This heritage is highly visible for Cocoa developers , since the `` NS '' prefix is ubiquitous in the framework , standing variously for NeXTSTEP or NeXT / Sun . The official OPENSTEP API , published in September 1994 , was the first to split the API between Foundation and ApplicationKit and the first to use the `` NS '' prefix . Traditionally , Cocoa programs have been mostly written in Objective - C , with Java as an alternative . However , on July 11 , 2005 , Apple announced that `` features added to Cocoa in Mac OS X versions later than 10.4 will not be added to the Cocoa - Java programming interface . '' macOS also used to support the Java Platform as a `` preferred software package '' -- in practice this means that applications written in Java fit as neatly into the operating system as possible while still being cross-platform compatible , and that graphical user interfaces written in Swing look almost exactly like native Cocoa interfaces . Since 2014 , Apple has promoted its new programming language Swift as the preferred language for software development on Apple platforms . Apple 's original plan with macOS was to require all developers to rewrite their software into the Cocoa APIs . This caused much outcry among existing Mac developers , who threatened to abandon the platform rather than invest in a costly rewrite , and the idea was shelved . To permit a smooth transition from Mac OS 9 to Mac OS X , the Carbon Application Programming Interface ( API ) was created . Applications written with Carbon were initially able to run natively on both classic Mac OS and Mac OS X , although this ability was later dropped as Mac OS X developed . Carbon was not included in the first product sold as Mac OS X : the little - used original release of Mac OS X Server 1.0 , which also did not include the Aqua interface . Apple limited further development of Carbon from the release of Leopard onwards , announcing Carbon applications would not receive the ability to run at 64 - bit . A number of macOS applications continued to use Carbon for some time afterwards , especially ones with heritage dating back to the classic Mac OS and for which updates would be difficult , uneconomic or not necessary . This included Microsoft Office up to Office 2016 , and Photoshop up to CS5 . Early versions of macOS could also run some classic Mac OS applications through the Classic Environment with performance limitations ; this feature was removed from 10.5 onwards and all Macs using Intel processors . Because macOS is POSIX compliant , many software packages written for the other Unix - like systems including Linux can be recompiled to run on it , including much scientific and technical software . Third - party projects such as Homebrew , Fink , MacPorts and pkgsrc provide pre-compiled or pre-formatted packages . Apple and others have provided versions of the X Window System graphical interface which can allow these applications to run with an approximation of the macOS look - and - feel . The current Apple - endorsed method is the open - source XQuartz project ; earlier versions could use the X11 application provided by Apple , or before that the XDarwin project . Applications can be distributed to Macs and installed by the user from any source and by any method such as downloading ( with or without code signing , available via an Apple developer account ) or through the Mac App Store , a marketplace of software maintained by Apple by way of a process requiring the company 's approval . Apps installed through the Mac App Store run within a sandbox , restricting their ability to exchange information with other applications or modify the core operating system and its features . This has been cited as an advantage , by allowing users to install apps with confidence that they should not be able to damage their system , but also as a disadvantage due to blocking the Mac App Store 's use for professional applications that require elevated privileges . Applications without any code signature can not be run by default except from a computer 's administrator account . Apple produces macOS applications , some of which are included and some sold separately . This includes iWork , Final Cut Pro , Logic Pro , iLife , and the database application FileMaker . Numerous other developers also offer software for macOS . Hardware compatibility List of macOS versions , the supported systems on which they run , and their RAM requirements Operating system Supported systems RAM requirement 10.12 -- 10.13 Intel Macs ( 64 - bit ) released in : 2009 ( iMac and main MacBook line ) , 2010 ( other ) or later 2 GB 10.8 -- 10.11 Intel Macs ( 64 - bit ) released in : 2007 ( prosumer and iMac ) , 2008 ( other consumer ) , 2009 ( Xserve ) or later 10.7 Intel Macs ( 64 - bit ) Rosetta support dropped from 10.7 and newer . 10.6 Intel Macs ( 32 - bit or 64 - bit ) 1 GB 10.5 G4 , G5 and Intel Macs ( 32 - bit or 64 - bit ) at 867 MHz or faster Classic support dropped from 10.5 and newer . 512 MB 10.4 Macs with built - in FireWire and either a New World ROM or Intel processor 256 MB 10.3 Macs with a New World ROM 128 MB 10.0 -- 10.2 G3 , G4 and G5 iBook and PowerBook , Power Mac and iMac ( except PowerBook G3 `` Kanga '' ) Tools such as XPostFacto and patches applied to the installation media have been developed by third parties to enable installation of newer versions of macOS on systems not officially supported by Apple . This includes a number of pre-G3 Power Macintosh systems that can be made to run up to and including Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar , all G3 - based Macs which can run up to and including Tiger , and sub-867 MHz G4 Macs can run Leopard by removing the restriction from the installation DVD or entering a command in the Mac 's Open Firmware interface to tell the Leopard Installer that it has a clock rate of 867 MHz or greater . Except for features requiring specific hardware such as graphics acceleration or DVD writing , the operating system offers the same functionality on all supported hardware . As most Mac hardware components , or components similar to those , since the Intel transition are available for purchase , some technology - capable groups have developed software to install macOS on non-Apple computers . These are referred to as Hackintoshes , a portmanteau of the words `` hack '' and `` Macintosh '' . This violates Apple 's EULA ( and is therefore unsupported by Apple technical support , warranties etc . ) , but communities that cater to personal users , who do not install for resale and profit , have generally been ignored by Apple . These self - made computers allow more flexibility and customization of hardware , but at a cost of leaving the user more responsible for their own machine , such as on matter of data integrity or security . Psystar , a business that attempted to profit from selling macOS on non-Apple certified hardware , was sued by Apple in 2008 . PowerPC -- Intel transition Steve Jobs talks about the transition to Intel processors . Main article : Apple 's transition to Intel processors In April 2002 , eWeek announced a rumor that Apple had a version of Mac OS X code - named Marklar , which ran on Intel x86 processors . The idea behind Marklar was to keep Mac OS X running on an alternative platform should Apple become dissatisfied with the progress of the PowerPC platform . These rumors subsided until late in May 2005 , when various media outlets , such as The Wall Street Journal and CNET , announced that Apple would unveil Marklar in the coming months . On June 6 , 2005 , Steve Jobs announced in his keynote address at the annual Apple Worldwide Developers Conference that Apple would be making the transition from PowerPC to Intel processors over the following two years , and that Mac OS X would support both platforms during the transition . Jobs also confirmed rumors that Apple had versions of Mac OS X running on Intel processors for most of its developmental life . Intel - based Macs would run a new recompiled version of OS X along with Rosetta , a binary translation layer which enables software compiled for PowerPC Mac OS X to run on Intel Mac OS X machines . The system was included with Mac OS X versions up to version 10.6. 8 . Apple dropped support for Classic mode on the new Intel Macs . Third party emulation software such as Mini vMac , Basilisk II and SheepShaver provided support for some early versions of Mac OS . A new version of Xcode and the underlying command - line compilers supported building universal binaries that would run on either architecture . PowerPC - only software is supported with Apple 's official emulation software , Rosetta , though applications eventually had to be rewritten to run properly on the newer versions released for Intel processors . Apple initially encouraged developers to produce universal binaries with support for both PowerPC and Intel . There is a performance penalty when PowerPC binaries run on Intel Macs through Rosetta . Moreover , some PowerPC software , such as kernel extensions and System Preferences plugins , are not supported on Intel Macs at all . Some PowerPC applications would not run on macOS at all . Plugins for Safari need to be compiled for the same platform as Safari , so when Safari is running on Intel , it requires plug - ins that have been compiled as Intel - only or universal binaries , so PowerPC - only plug - ins will not work . While Intel Macs are able to run PowerPC , Intel , and universal binaries ; PowerPC Macs support only universal and PowerPC builds . Support for the PowerPC platform was dropped following the transition . In 2009 , Apple announced at its Worldwide Developers Conference that Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard would drop support for PowerPC processors and be Intel - only . Rosetta continued to be offered as an optional download or installation choice in Snow Leopard before it was discontinued with Mac OS X 10.7 Lion . In addition , new versions of Mac OS X first - and third - party software increasingly required Intel processors , including new versions of iLife , iWork , Aperture and Logic Pro . Features Aqua user interface Main article : Aqua ( user interface ) The original Aqua user interface as seen in the Mac OS X Public Beta from 2000 One of the major differences between the classic Mac OS and the current macOS was the addition of Aqua , a graphical user interface with water - like elements , in the first major release of Mac OS X . Every window element , text , graphic , or widget is drawn on - screen using spatial anti-aliasing technology . ColorSync , a technology introduced many years before , was improved and built into the core drawing engine , to provide color matching for printing and multimedia professionals . Also , drop shadows were added around windows and isolated text elements to provide a sense of depth . New interface elements were integrated , including sheets ( dialog boxes attached to specific windows ) and drawers , which would slide out and provide options . The use of soft edges , translucent colors , and pinstripes , similar to the hardware design of the first iMacs , brought more texture and color to the user interface when compared to what Mac OS 9 and Mac OS X Server 1.0 's `` Platinum '' appearance had offered . According to Siracusa , the introduction of Aqua and its departure from the then conventional look `` hit like a ton of bricks . '' Bruce Tognazzini ( who founded the original Apple Human Interface Group ) said that the Aqua interface in Mac OS X 10.0 represented a step backwards in usability compared with the original Mac OS interface . Third - party developers started producing skins for customizable applications and other operating systems which mimicked the Aqua appearance . To some extent , Apple has used the successful transition to this new design as leverage , at various times threatening legal action against people who make or distribute software with an interface the company says is derived from its copyrighted design . Apple has continued to change aspects of the macOS appearance and design , particularly with tweaks to the appearance of windows and the menu bar . Since 2012 , Apple has sold many of its Mac models with high - resolution Retina displays , and macOS and its APIs have extensive support for resolution - independent development on supporting high - resolution displays . Reviewers have described Apple 's support for the technology as superior to that on Windows . The human interface guidelines published by Apple for macOS are followed by many applications , giving them consistent user interface and keyboard shortcuts . In addition , new services for applications are included , which include spelling and grammar checkers , special characters palette , color picker , font chooser and dictionary ; these global features are present in every Cocoa application , adding consistency . The graphics system OpenGL composites windows onto the screen to allow hardware - accelerated drawing . This technology , introduced in version 10.2 , is called Quartz Extreme , a component of Quartz . Quartz 's internal imaging model correlates well with the Portable Document Format ( PDF ) imaging model , making it easy to output PDF to multiple devices . As a side result , PDF viewing and creating PDF documents from any application are built - in features . Reflecting its popularity with design users , macOS also has system support for a variety of professional video and image formats and includes an extensive pre-installed font library , featuring many prominent brand - name designs . Components Main article : List of macOS components The Finder is a file browser allowing quick access to all areas of the computer , which has been modified throughout subsequent releases of macOS . Quick Look is part of the Finder since version 10.5 . It allows for dynamic previews of files , including videos and multi-page documents without opening any other applications . Spotlight , a file searching technology which has been integrated into the Finder since version 10.4 , allows rapid real - time searches of data files ; mail messages ; photos ; and other information based on item properties ( metadata ) and / or content . macOS makes use of a Dock , which holds file and folder shortcuts as well as minimized windows . Apple added `` Exposé '' in version 10.3 ( called Mission Control since version 10.7 ) , a feature which includes three functions to help accessibility between windows and desktop . Its functions are to instantly display all open windows as thumbnails for easy navigation to different tasks , display all open windows as thumbnails from the current application , and hide all windows to access the desktop . Also , FileVault was introduced , which is an optional encryption of the user 's files with the 128 - bit Advanced Encryption Standard ( AES - 128 ) . Features introduced in version 10.4 include Automator , an application designed to create an automatic workflow for different tasks ; Dashboard , a full - screen group of small applications called desktop widgets that can be called up and dismissed in one keystroke ; and Front Row , a media viewer interface accessed by the Apple Remote . Moreover , the Sync Services were included , which is a system that allows applications to access a centralized extensible database for various elements of user data , including calendar and contact items . The operating system then managed conflicting edits and data consistency . All system icons are scalable up to 512 × 512 pixels as of version 10.5 to accommodate various places where they appear in larger size , including for example the Cover Flow view , a three - dimensional graphical user interface included with iTunes , the Finder , and other Apple products for visually skimming through files and digital media libraries via cover artwork . That version also introduced Spaces , a virtual desktop implementation which enables the user to have more than one desktop and display them in an Exposé - like interface ; an automatic backup technology called Time Machine , which provides the ability to view and restore previous versions of files and application data ; and Screen Sharing was built in for the first time . In more recent releases , Apple has developed support for emoji characters by including the proprietary Apple Color Emoji font. Apple has also connected macOS with social networks such as Twitter and Facebook through the addition of share buttons for content such as pictures and text . Apple has brought several applications and features that originally debuted in iOS , its mobile operating system , to macOS in recent releases , notably the intelligent personal assistant Siri , which was introduced in version 10.12 of macOS . Multilingual support There are 34 system languages available in macOS for the user at the moment of installation ; the system language is used throughout the entire operating system environment . Input methods for typing in dozens of scripts can be chosen independently of the system language . Recent updates have added increased support for Chinese characters and interconnections with popular social networks in China . Updating methods macOS can be updated using the Mac App Store application or the softwareupdate command line utility . Until OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion , a separate Software Update application performed this functionality . In Mountain Lion and later , this was merged into the Mac App Store application , although the underlying update mechanism remains unchanged and is fundamentally different than the download mechanism used when purchasing an App Store application . Release History Main article : History of macOS § Releases Box / Mac App Store artwork for every version of macOS . Left to right : Cheetah / Puma ( 1 ) , Jaguar ( 2 ) , Panther ( 3 ) , Tiger ( 4 ) , Leopard ( 5 ) , Snow Leopard ( 6 ) , Lion ( 7 ) , Mountain Lion ( 8 ) , Mavericks ( 9 ) , Yosemite ( 10 ) , El Capitan ( 11 ) , Sierra ( 12 ) , High Sierra ( 13 ) . Mac OS X , OS X , and macOS version information Version Codename Darwin version Processor support Application support Kernel Date announced Release date Most recent version Rhapsody Developer Release Grail1Z4 / Titan1U 32 - bit PowerPC 32 - bit PowerPC 32 - bit Unknown August 31 , 1997 DR2 ( May 14 , 1998 ) Mac OS X Server 1.0 Hera Unknown March 16 , 1999 1.2 v3 ( October 27 , 2000 ) Mac OS X Developer Preview Unknown May 11 , 1998 March 16 , 1999 DP4 ( April 5 , 2000 ) Mac OS X Public Beta Kodiak 1.2. 1 Unknown September 13 , 2000 N / A Mac OS X 10.0 Cheetah 1.3. 1 Unknown March 24 , 2001 10.0. 4 ( June 22 , 2001 ) Mac OS X 10.1 Puma 1.4. 1 / 5 July 18 , 2001 September 25 , 2001 10.1. 5 ( June 6 , 2002 ) Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar 6 32 / 64 - bit PowerPC May 6 , 2002 August 24 , 2002 10.2. 8 ( October 3 , 2003 ) Mac OS X 10.3 Panther 7 32 / 64 - bit PowerPC June 23 , 2003 October 24 , 2003 10.3. 9 ( April 15 , 2005 ) Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger 8 32 / 64 - bit PowerPC and Intel 32 / 64 - bit PowerPC and Intel May 4 , 2004 April 29 , 2005 10.4. 11 ( November 14 , 2007 ) Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard 9 32 / 64 - bit PowerPC and Intel June 26 , 2006 October 26 , 2007 10.5. 8 ( August 5 , 2009 ) Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard 10 32 / 64 - bit Intel 32 / 64 - bit Intel 32 - bit PowerPC 32 / 64 - bit June 9 , 2008 August 28 , 2009 10.6. 8 v1. 1 ( July 25 , 2011 ) Mac OS X 10.7 Lion 11 64 - bit Intel 32 / 64 - bit Intel October 20 , 2010 July 20 , 2011 10.7. 5 ( September 19 , 2012 ) OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion 12 64 - bit February 16 , 2012 July 25 , 2012 10.8. 5 ( 12F45 ) ( October 3 , 2013 ) OS X 10.9 Mavericks 13 June 10 , 2013 October 22 , 2013 10.9. 5 ( 13F1112 ) ( September 18 , 2014 ) OS X 10.10 Yosemite 14 June 2 , 2014 October 16 , 2014 10.10. 5 ( 14F27 ) ( August 13 , 2015 ) OS X 10.11 El Capitan 15 June 8 , 2015 September 30 , 2015 10.11. 6 ( 15G31 ) ( July 18 , 2016 ) macOS 10.12 Sierra 16 June 13 , 2016 September 20 , 2016 10.12. 6 ( 16G29 ) ( July 19 , 2017 ) macOS 10.13 High Sierra 17 June 5 , 2017 September 25 , 2017 10.13. 4 ( 17E199 ) ( March 29 , 2018 ) Timeline of versions ( not including 2016 's macOS Sierra and 2017 's High Sierra ) The PowerMac G5 had special Jaguar builds . Tiger did not support 64 - bit GUI applications , only 64 - bit CLI applications . 32 - bit PowerPC applications were supported on Intel processors with Rosetta . With the exception of Mac OS X Server 1.0 and the original public beta , OS X versions were named after big cats until OS X 10.9 Mavericks , when Apple switched to using California locations . Prior to its release , Mac OS X 10.0 was code named `` Cheetah '' internally at Apple , and Mac OS X 10.1 was code named internally as `` Puma '' . After the immense buzz surrounding Mac OS X 10.2 , codenamed `` Jaguar '' , Apple 's product marketing began openly using the code names to promote the operating system . Mac OS X 10.3 was marketed as `` Panther '' , Mac OS X 10.4 as `` Tiger '' , Mac OS X 10.5 as `` Leopard '' , Mac OS X 10.6 as `` Snow Leopard '' , Mac OS X 10.7 as `` Lion '' , OS X 10.8 as `` Mountain Lion '' , and OS X 10.9 as `` Mavericks '' . `` Panther '' , `` Tiger '' and `` Leopard '' are registered as trademarks of Apple , but `` Cheetah '' , `` Puma '' and `` Jaguar '' have never been registered . Apple has also registered `` Lynx '' and `` Cougar '' as trademarks , though these were allowed to lapse . Computer retailer Tiger Direct sued Apple for its use of the name `` Tiger '' . On May 16 , 2005 a US federal court in the Southern District of Florida ruled that Apple 's use did not infringe on Tiger Direct 's trademark . Mac OS X public Beta Main article : Mac OS X Public Beta On September 13 , 2000 , Apple released a $29.95 `` preview '' version of Mac OS X internally codenamed Kodiak in order to gain feedback from users . The `` PB '' , as it was known , marked the first public availability of the Aqua interface and Apple made many changes to the UI based on customer feedback . Mac OS X Public Beta expired and ceased to function in Spring 2001 . Mac OS X 10.0 Cheetah Main article : Mac OS X 10.0 Screenshot of OS X 10.0 On March 24 , 2001 , Apple released Mac OS X 10.0 ( internally codenamed Cheetah ) . The initial version was slow , incomplete , and had very few applications available at the time of its launch , mostly from independent developers . While many critics suggested that the operating system was not ready for mainstream adoption , they recognized the importance of its initial launch as a base on which to improve . Simply releasing Mac OS X was received by the Macintosh community as a great accomplishment , for attempts to completely overhaul the Mac OS had been underway since 1996 , and delayed by countless setbacks . Following some bug fixes , kernel panics became much less frequent . Mac OS X 101 Puma Main article : Mac OS X 10.1 Later that year on September 25 , 2001 , Mac OS X 10.1 ( internally codenamed Puma ) was released . It featured increased performance and provided missing features , such as DVD playback . Apple released 10.1 as a free upgrade CD for 10.0 users , in addition to the US $129 boxed version for people running Mac OS 9 . It was discovered that the upgrade CDs were full install CDs that could be used with Mac OS 9 systems by removing a specific file ; Apple later re-released the CDs in an actual stripped - down format that did not facilitate installation on such systems . On January 7 , 2002 , Apple announced that Mac OS X was to be the default operating system for all Macintosh products by the end of that month . Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar Main article : Mac OS X 10.2 On August 23 , 2002 , Apple followed up with Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar , the first release to use its code name as part of the branding . It brought great raw performance improvements , a sleeker look , and many powerful user - interface enhancements ( over 150 , according to Apple ) , including Quartz Extreme for compositing graphics directly on an ATI Radeon or Nvidia GeForce2 MX AGP - based video card with at least 16 MB of VRAM , a system - wide repository for contact information in the new Address Book , and an instant messaging client named iChat . The Happy Mac which had appeared during the Mac OS startup sequence for almost 18 years was replaced with a large grey Apple logo with the introduction of Mac OS X v10. 2 . Mac OS X 10.3 Panther Main article : Mac OS X Panther Mac OS X v10. 3 Panther was released on October 24 , 2003 . In addition to providing much improved performance , it also incorporated the most extensive update yet to the user interface . Panther included as many or more new features as Jaguar had the year before , including an updated Finder , incorporating a brushed - metal interface , Fast user switching , Exposé ( Window manager ) , FileVault , Safari , iChat AV ( which added videoconferencing features to iChat ) , improved Portable Document Format ( PDF ) rendering and much greater Microsoft Windows interoperability . Support for some early G3 computers such as `` beige '' Power Macs and `` WallStreet '' PowerBooks was discontinued . Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger Main article : Mac OS X Tiger Screenshot of Tiger Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger was released on April 29 , 2005 . Apple stated that Tiger contained more than 200 new features . As with Panther , certain older machines were no longer supported ; Tiger requires a Mac with 256 MB and a built - in FireWire port . Among the new features , Tiger introduced Spotlight , Dashboard , Smart Folders , updated Mail program with Smart Mailboxes , QuickTime 7 , Safari 2 , Automator , VoiceOver , Core Image and Core Video . The initial release of the Apple TV used a modified version of Tiger with a different graphical interface and fewer applications and services . On January 10 , 2006 , Apple released the first Intel - based Macs along with the 10.4. 4 update to Tiger . This operating system functioned identically on the PowerPC - based Macs and the new Intel - based machines , with the exception of the Intel release lacking support for the Classic environment . Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard Main article : Mac OS X Leopard Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard was released on October 26 , 2007 . It was called by Apple `` the largest update of Mac OS X '' . It brought more than 300 new features . Leopard supports both PowerPC - and Intel x86 - based Macintosh computers ; support for the G3 processor was dropped and the G4 processor required a minimum clock rate of 867 MHz , and at least 512 MB of RAM to be installed . The single DVD works for all supported Macs ( including 64 - bit machines ) . New features include a new look , an updated Finder , Time Machine , Spaces , Boot Camp pre-installed , full support for 64 - bit applications ( including graphical applications ) , new features in Mail and iChat , and a number of new security features . Leopard is an Open Brand UNIX 03 registered product on the Intel platform . It was also the first BSD - based OS to receive UNIX 03 certification . Leopard dropped support for the Classic Environment and all Classic applications . It was the final version of Mac OS X to support the PowerPC architecture . Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard Main article : Mac OS X Snow Leopard Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard was released on August 28 , 2009 . Rather than delivering big changes to the appearance and end user functionality like the previous releases of Mac OS X , Snow Leopard focused on `` under the hood '' changes , increasing the performance , efficiency , and stability of the operating system . For most users , the most noticeable changes were : the disk space that the operating system frees up after a clean install compared to Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard , a more responsive Finder rewritten in Cocoa , faster Time Machine backups , more reliable and user - friendly disk ejects , a more powerful version of the Preview application , as well as a faster Safari web browser . Snow Leopard only supported machines with Intel CPUs , required at least 1 GB of RAM , and dropped default support for applications built for the PowerPC architecture ( Rosetta could be installed as an additional component to retain support for PowerPC - only applications ) . Snow Leopard also featured new 64 - bit technology capable of supporting greater amounts of RAM , improved support for multi-core processors through Grand Central Dispatch , and advanced GPU performance with OpenCL . The 10.6. 6 update introduced support for the Mac App Store , Apple 's digital distribution platform for macOS applications . Mac OS X Lion was announced at WWDC 2011 at Moscone West Mac OS X 10.7 Lion Main article : Mac OS X Lion Mac OS X 10.7 Lion was released on July 20 , 2011 . It brought developments made in Apple 's iOS , such as an easily navigable display of installed applications called Launchpad and a greater use of multi-touch gestures , to the Mac . This release removed Rosetta , making it incompatible with PowerPC applications . Changes made to the GUI include auto - hiding scrollbars that only appear when they are being used , and Mission Control which unifies Exposé , Spaces , Dashboard , and full - screen applications within a single interface . Apple also made changes to applications : they resume in the same state as they were before they were closed , similar to iOS . Documents auto - save by default . OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion Main article : OS X Mountain Lion OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion was released on July 25 , 2012 . Following the release of Lion the previous year , it was the first of the annual rather than two - yearly updates to OS X ( and later macOS ) , which also closely alined with the annual iOS operating system updates . It incorporates some features seen in iOS 5 , which include Game Center , support for iMessage in the new Messages messaging application , and Reminders as a to - do list app separate from iCal ( which is renamed as Calendar , like the iOS app ) . It also includes support for storing iWork documents in iCloud . Notification Center , which makes its debut in Mountain Lion , is a desktop version similar to the one in iOS 5.0 and higher . Application pop - ups are now concentrated on the corner of the screen , and the Center itself is pulled from the right side of the screen . Mountain Lion also includes more Chinese features including support for Baidu as an option for Safari search engine , QQ , 163.com and 126.com services for Mail , Contacts and Calendar , Youku , Tudou and Sina Weibo are integrated into share sheets . Starting with Mountain Lion , Apple software updates ( including the OS ) are distributed via the App Store . This updating mechanism replaced the Apple Software Update utility . A screenshot of OS X Mavericks OS X 10.9 Mavericks Main article : OS X Mavericks OS X 10.9 Mavericks was released on October 22 , 2013 . It was a free upgrade to all users running Snow Leopard or later with a 64 - bit Intel processor . Its changes include the addition of the previously iOS - only Maps and iBooks applications , improvements to the Notification Center , enhancements to several applications , and many under - the - hood improvements . OS X 10.10 Yosemite Main article : OS X Yosemite OS X 10.10 Yosemite was released on October 16 , 2014 . It features a redesigned user interface similar to that of iOS 7 , intended to feature a more minimal , text - based ' flat ' design , with use of translucency effects and intensely saturated colors . Apple 's showcase new feature in Yosemite is Handoff , which enables users with iPhones running iOS 8.1 or later to answer phone calls , receive and send SMS messages , and complete unfinished iPhone emails on their Mac . As of OS X 10.10. 3 , Photos replaced iPhoto and Aperture . OS X 10.11 El Capitan Main article : OS X El Capitan Screenshot of El Capitan OS X 10.11 El Capitan was released on September 30 , 2015 . Similar to Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard , Apple described this release as containing `` refinements to the Mac experience '' and `` improvements to system performance '' rather than new features . Refinements include public transport built into the Maps application , GUI improvements to the Notes application , adopting San Francisco as the system font for clearer legibility , and the introduction of System Integrity Protection . The Metal API , first introduced in iOS 8 , was also included in this operating system for `` all Macs since 2012 '' . MacOS 10.12 Sierra Main article : macOS Sierra macOS 10.12 Sierra was released to the public on September 20 , 2016 . New features include the addition of Siri , Optimized Storage , and updates to Photos , Messages , and iTunes . MacOS 10.13. High Sierra Main article : macOS High Sierra The fall release of macOS 10.13 High Sierra was announced on June 5 , 2017 at Apple 's WWDC event . On September 12 , 2017 at Apple 's iPhone event , they announced its release to be September 25 , 2017 . Like OS X El Capitan and OS X Mountain Lion , High Sierra is a refinement - based update having very few new features . High Sierra uses the new Apple File System and includes enhancements to Safari , Photos , and Mail , among other changes . Reception Usage share See also : Usage share of operating systems As of July 2016 , macOS is the second-most - active general - purpose desktop client operating system in use on the World Wide Web following Microsoft Windows , with a 4.90 % usage share according to statistics compiled by the Wikimedia Foundation . It is the second most widely used desktop operating system ( for web browsing ) , after Windows , and is estimated at approximately five times the usage of Linux ( which has 1.01 % ) . Usage share generally continues to shift away from the desktop and toward mobile operating systems such as iOS and Android . Malware and spyware In its earlier years , Mac OS X enjoyed a near - absence of the types of malware and spyware that have affected Microsoft Windows users . macOS has a smaller usage share compared to Windows , but it also has traditionally more secure Unix roots . Worms , as well as potential vulnerabilities , were noted in 2006 , which led some industry analysts and anti-virus companies to issue warnings that Apple 's Mac OS X is not immune to malware . Increasing market share coincided with additional reports of a variety of attacks . In early 2011 , Mac OS X experienced a large increase in malware attacks , and malware such as Mac Defender , MacProtector , and MacGuard were seen as an increasing problem for Mac users . At first , the malware installer required the user to enter the administrative password , but later versions were able to install without user input . Initially , Apple support staff were instructed not to assist in the removal of the malware or admit the existence of the malware issue , but as the malware spread , a support document was issued . Apple announced an OS X update to fix the problem . An estimated 100,000 users were affected . Apple releases security updates for macOS on a regular basis , as well as signature files for Xprotect , an anti-malware feature part of File Quarantine present since Mac OS X Snow Leopard . Promotion As a devices company , most large - scale Apple promotion for macOS has been part of the sale of Macs , with promotion of macOS updates generally focused on existing users , promotion at Apple Store and other retail partners , or through events for developers . In larger scale advertising campaigns , Apple specifically promoted macOS as better for handling media and other home - user applications , and comparing Mac OS X ( especially versions Tiger and Leopard ) with the heavy criticism Microsoft received for the long - awaited Windows Vista operating system . See also Apple portal Macintosh operating systems Classic Mac OS ( 1984 -- 2001 ) Comparison of BSD operating systems Comparison of operating systems List of operating systems List of Macintosh software List of macOS technologies Dock ( macOS ) References Jump up ^ `` What 's New in Swift '' . Apple Developer ( Video ) . June 14 , 2016 . At 2 : 40 . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Juli Clover ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` Apple Releases macOS High Sierra 10.13. 4 Security Update '' . MacRumors . Jump up ^ `` macOS High Sierra 10.13. 4 ( 17E202 ) - Releases '' . Apple Developer . Apple Inc . April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Juli Clover ( May 14 , 2018 ) . `` Apple Seeds Fifth Beta of macOS High Sierra 10.13. 5 to Developers '' . MacRumors . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ macOS 10.13. 5 beta 5 now available for developers 9to5Mac Jump up ^ `` macOS High Sierra 10.13. 5 beta 5 ( 17F70a ) - Releases - Apple Developer '' . developer.apple.com . May 14 , 2018 . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` macOS -- How to Upgrade -- Apple '' . Apple . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Apple Events - WWDC Keynote June 2016 . Event occurs at 36 : 28 . Jump up ^ `` Desktop Operating System Market Share '' . Net Applications . Jump up ^ `` Top 8 Operating Systems from Sept 2011 to Aug 2015 '' . Jump up ^ Ha , Anthony ( June 10 , 2013 ) . `` Apple Has A New , California - Based Naming Scheme For OS X , Starting With OS X Mavericks '' . TechCrunch . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ macOS Server -- Mac App Store ^ Jump up to : `` Mac OS X Version 10.5 on Intel - based Macintosh computers '' . The Open Group . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mac OS X Version 10.6 on Intel - based Macintosh computers '' . The Open Group . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Apple technology brief on UNIX '' ( PDF ) . Apple . Retrieved November 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Mac OS X Version 10.8 on Intel - based Macintosh computers '' . The Open Group . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` OS X Version 10.9 on Intel - based Macintosh computers '' . The Open Group . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` OS X version 10.10 Yosemite on Intel - based Mac computers '' . The Open Group . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` OS X version 10.11 El Capitan on Intel - based Mac computers '' . The Open Group . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` macOS version 10.12 Sierra on Intel - based Mac computers '' . The Open Group . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` macOS version 10.13 High Sierra on Intel - based Mac computers '' . The Open Group . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Foresman , Chris ( September 2010 ) . `` Apple TV definitely running iOS , could be jailbreak target '' . Ars Technica . Condé Nast Digital . Retrieved November 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mossberg , Walter S. ( March 21 , 2007 ) . `` From PC to TV -- via Apple '' . All Things Digital . Dow Jones & Company . Retrieved May 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Facts '' . The Apple Museum . Retrieved December 15 , 2008 . a joint venture with IBM , called Taligent , but was discontinued soon thereafter Jump up ^ Markoff , John ( December 23 , 1996 ) . `` Why Apple Sees Next as a Match Made in Heaven '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . p . D1 . Jump up ^ Fawcett , Neil ( February 12 , 1998 ) . `` Rhapsody suffers an identity crisis '' . Computer Weekly . Reed Business Information . Retrieved April 19 , 2012 . ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : Siracusa , John . `` Rhapsody and Blues '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved 30 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` What is an operating system ( OS ) ? '' . Apple . July 15 , 2004 . Retrieved December 20 , 2006 . The current version of Mac OS is Mac OS X ( pronounced `` Mac O-S ten '' ) . Jump up ^ Siracusa , John ( March 24 , 2006 ) . `` Five years of Mac OS X '' . Ars Technica . Condé Nast Digital . Retrieved April 15 , 2009 . Even Steve Jobs still says `` ecks '' instead of `` ten '' sometimes . Jump up ^ Kelly , Spencer ( February 26 , 2011 ) . Click - BBC TV programme . BBC . Retrieved March 20 , 2011 . Of course X / ɛks / does mean 10 , but anyone who used to poke around on Unix systems will know that in those days anything Unix had an X ( ˈɛks ) in it , and OS Ten is written OS X ( ˈɛks ) in honour of the fact that it is based on UNIX , unlike its predecessors . So , hey , you can say it any way you want ; me , I 'm showing my age and sticking with X ( ˈɛks ) . ^ Jump up to : Siracusa , John ( May 13 , 2011 ) . `` Here 's to the crazy ones : a decade of Mac OS X reviews '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved November 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dalrymple , Jim ( March 23 , 2004 ) . `` Adobe discontinues FrameMaker for Macintosh '' . Macworld . Retrieved 30 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Siracusa , John . `` Lion review '' . Ars Technica . Jump up ^ Rubenstein , John ( July 1 , 2011 ) . `` Jon Rubinstein sends message to HP staff ; Addresses TouchPad reviews '' . WebOS Nation . Retrieved November 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Spolsky , Joel ( June 13 , 2004 ) . `` How Microsoft Lost the API War '' . Retrieved April 15 , 2009 . The developers of the Macintosh OS at Apple have always been in this camp ( i.e. not trying to be backwards compatible no matter what ) . It 's why so few applications from the early days of the Macintosh still work ... Jump up ^ Siracusa , John . `` OS X Panther review '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved 30 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Gregg Keizer ( January 29 , 2007 ) . `` Microsoft 's Vista Had Major Mac Envy , Company E-Mails Reveal '' . Information Week . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2013 . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Orlowski , Andrew . `` The Jagwyre Review '' . The Register . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Using Mac OS X is like touring a land of fabulous ancient treasures - with a tourist authority that 's still busy renovating them , and that has n't quite completed the infrastructure . The sights can be breathtaking , but the roads are potholed and incomplete , and sometimes you have to get out and push . There are a few magnificent modern additions - Rendezvous , AppleScript Studio , for example - but in places the modern Apple archaeologists seem to have forgotten their ancestors techniques , and have resorted to inferior contemporary methods such as the Windows bodge of using three letter extensions for identifying the file type . Jump up ^ Thompson , Ben . `` Apple and the Oak Tree '' . Stratechery . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Rizzo , John ( November 12 , 2003 ) . `` Mac OS X 10.3 Panther '' . Retrieved April 15 , 2009 . Once you reboot , you 'll notice that Apple has abandoned the light and airy Aqua interface for the darker , heavier brushed - metal look of iTunes . Jump up ^ W. , Jeff ( May 27 , 2008 ) . `` Mac OS X ( 10.5 ) -- User Interface Changes '' . University of Wisconsin . Retrieved April 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Siracusa , John . `` OS X Leopard review '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved 30 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mac OS X versions ( builds ) for computers -- Apple Support '' . support.apple.com . Retrieved May 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chartier , David . `` Apple announces Leopard delays due to the iPhone '' . Engadget . Retrieved 30 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Gruber , John . `` WWDC 2009 Wrap - Up '' . Daring Fireball . Retrieved 30 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Apple -- Press Info -- Apple to Ship Mac OS X Leopard on October 26 '' . www.apple.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard '' . Apple Store ( U.S. ) . Retrieved May 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Turner , Dan . `` Apple 's Snow Leopard -- an OS without new features '' . Macworld . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Brand , Thomas . `` Apple 's History of Skeuomorphism '' . Egg Freckles . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Andrew . `` Server , simplified : A power user 's guide to OS X Server '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Charles Arthur , technology editor ( 2012 - 10 - 30 ) . `` Apple 's Tim Cook shows ruthless streak in firing maps and retail executives Technology guardian.co.uk '' . London : Guardian . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 06 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Siracusa , John . `` OS X Mavericks review '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved 30 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Siracusa , John . `` OS X Yosemite review '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved 30 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Gruber , John . `` Mountain Lion '' . Daring Fireball . Retrieved 15 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Arment , Marco . `` Apple has lost the functional high ground '' . Retrieved 15 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Hattersley , Lucy . `` Mac OS X El Capitan review : The best ( and worst ) new features '' . Macworld UK . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Apple just renamed one of its oldest and most important products '' . Business Insider . June 13 , 2016 . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Introducing Apple File System . Apple . 2016 . Jump up ^ Grothaus , Michael ( April 12 , 2011 ) . `` Mac OS X Lion to tone down the Aqua '' . The Unofficial Apple Weblog . AOL . Retrieved April 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Raymond , Eric Steven . `` The Elements of Operating - System Style '' . Retrieved November 5 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cocoa Fundamentals Guide : A Bit of History '' . ADC Reference Library . Apple Developer Connection . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Swapnil Bhartiya ( January 13 , 2015 ) . `` Linus Torvalds : Apple 's HFS+ is probably the worst file system ever '' . CIO . Jump up ^ `` CVE - 2014 - 9390 aka `` Git on case - insensitive filesystems '' I did not give the ... `` . google.com . Jump up ^ Robin Harris . `` WWDC 's biggest disappointment '' . ZDNet . Jump up ^ `` Mac OS X 10.7 Lion : the Ars Technica review '' . Ars Technica . Jump up ^ Griffiths , Rob ( February 2005 ) . `` Prevent Mac Disasters '' . Macworld . IDG . Retrieved February 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Frakes , Dan ( August 2006 ) . `` Repairing permissions : what you need to know '' . Macworld . IDG . Retrieved February 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Frakes , Dan ( June 2008 ) . `` Five Mac maintenance myths '' . Macworld . IDG . Retrieved February 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` About the Technologies for Developing Mac OS X Software '' . Apple . Retrieved April 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Zepko , Tom ( November 6 , 2003 ) . `` Why Cocoa ? '' . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2009 . Retrieved April 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Adopting Universal Binaries on Mac OS X '' . Apple . February 22 , 2007 . Retrieved December 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Productions , Nyhthawk . `` AppleScript : Graphic User Interface ( GUI ) Scripting '' . www.macosxautomation.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` AppleScript Introduction '' . whitefiles.org . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The really simple guide to Automator in OS X on the Mac RAW Mac '' . www.rawinfopages.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes - Download iTunes Now '' . Apple . June 1 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2016 . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes - Download iTunes Now '' . Apple . September 16 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2015 . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Safari 5.1. 10 for Snow Leopard '' . Apple . September 12 , 2013 . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mac OS X v10. 6 : `` You ca n't use this version of Mail ... '' alert after installing Security Update 2012 - 004 `` . Apple . March 23 , 2016 . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes 11.4 for OS X 10.6 '' . Apple . September 9 , 2014 . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes 10.6. 3 '' . Apple . June 11 , 2012 . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes 9.2. 1 '' . Apple . July 19 , 2010 . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes 7.7. 1 for Panther '' . Official Apple Support Communities . August 25 , 2012 . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` iChat AV 2.1 '' . Apple . March 23 , 2004 . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2007 . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Introduction to Cocoa - Java Integration Guide '' . ADC Reference Library . Apple Developer Connection . Retrieved April 8 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Nack , John . `` Photoshop , Lightroom , and Adobe 's 64 - bit roadmap '' . Adobe Systems . Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Looking back at OS X 's origins '' . Macworld . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ Hall , Zac . `` Back to the Mac : Microsoft releases redesigned Office for Mac 2016 Preview w / Retina support , collaboration , more '' . 9to5 Mac . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Steele , Billy . `` NASA WISE Deputy Project Scientist Amy Mainzer '' . Engadget . As an astrophysicist , having the Unix core underlying the OS is key , since virtually all of our software is Unix - based in some sense Jump up ^ `` X11 for Mac OS X 1.0 '' . Apple . October 28 , 2003 . Retrieved December 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ben Byer ( October 27 , 2007 ) . `` Re : X11 in Leopard : xterm on start - up '' . Apple 's x11 - users mailing list . Retrieved January 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Michael Larabel ( May 28 , 2011 ) . `` X.Org Server 1.10. 2 Brings A Bunch Of Bug - Fixes '' . phoronix . Retrieved May 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Slivka , Eric ( February 17 , 2012 ) . `` Apple Removes X11 in OS X Mountain Lion , Shifts Support to Open Source XQuartz '' . MacRumors . Retrieved February 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Counsell , Dan ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` Not on the Mac App Store '' . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Distributing Apps Outside the Mac App Store '' . Apple Developer . Apple . Retrieved 1 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Kazmucha , Allyson . `` How to open apps from an unidentified developer in OS X Mountain Lion '' . IMore . Retrieved 1 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` About Gatekeeper '' . Apple . Retrieved 1 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Andrew Cunningham ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` Anything that can run macOS Sierra can also run macOS High Sierra '' . Ars Technica . ^ Jump up to : `` System requirements for OS X Lion and Mac OS X v10. 6 '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mac OS X : System Requirements '' . Apple . April 28 , 2005 . Retrieved December 20 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` iMac - Tech Specs - Apple '' . Apple Inc . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Home page -- footer '' . tonymacx86.com . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ K , M. `` Is installing Mavericks on Hackintosh legal ? '' . apple.stackexchange.com . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Choosing the right CPU for your hackintosh '' . www.macbreaker.com . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Arment , Marco . `` Far Too Much Analysis Of The Alleged New Mac Pro Geekbench Score '' . Marco.org . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Taub , Eric . `` Apple sues Psystar to block Macintosh clones '' . NYTimes.com . New York Times . Retrieved 1 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Rothenbourg , Matthew ; dePlume , Nick ( August 30 , 2002 ) . `` Apple Keeps x86 Torch Lit with ' Marklar ' '' . eWeek.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Clark , Don ; Wingfield , Nick ( May 23 , 2005 ) . `` Apple Explores Use Of Chips From Intel For Macintosh Line '' . The Wall Street Journal . Dow Jones & Company . Retrieved February 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kanellos , Michael ( May 23 , 2005 ) . `` Apple to Intel : Some advantage , lots of risk '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved April 28 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Gruber , John . `` I 'll See You Intel '' . Daring Fireball . Retrieved 31 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Gruber , John . `` Intel - Apple Odds and Ends '' . Daring Fireball . Retrieved 31 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Gruber , John . `` Bombs Away '' . Daring Fireball . Retrieved 31 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Siracusa , John . `` Picking up the pieces : John Siracusa mourns the Power PC '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved 31 March 2016 . Jump up ^ AppleInsider Staff ( February 26 , 2011 ) . `` Mac OS X Lion drops Front Row , Java runtime , Rosetta '' . AppleInsider . AppleInsider , Inc . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2011 . Retrieved February 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Apple to Use Intel Microprocessors Beginning in 2006 '' ( Press release ) . Apple . June 6 , 2005 . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Adopting Universal Binaries '' . Apple . January 2006 . Retrieved December 20 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Landau , Ted ( May 2006 ) . `` OS X First Aid '' . Macworld . IDG . Retrieved February 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Stevens , Tim ( June 10 , 2009 ) . `` Snow Leopard officially puts PowerPC Macs on endangered species list '' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved June 15 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Arnold Kim ( February 27 , 2011 ) . `` Mac OS X Lion : Drops PowerPC Emulation , Adds QuickTime Pro Features , Much More '' . MacRumors . Retrieved February 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Aqua Interface '' . Apple Human Interface Guidelines . Apple . June 9 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2008 . Retrieved December 16 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Davidson , James Duncan ( 2002 ) . Learning Cocoa With Objective - C. O'Reilly . p. 6 . ISBN 0 - 596 - 00301 - 3 . Jump up ^ Siracusa , John ( October 28 , 2007 ) . `` Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard : the Ars Technica review '' . Ars Technica . Condé Nast Digital . Retrieved December 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Tognazzini , Bruce ( February 2000 ) . `` OS X : A First Look '' . Retrieved November 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Matthew Paul ( February 16 , 2004 ) . `` My first 48 hours enduring Mac OS X '' . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2008 . Retrieved November 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Apple lowers boom on Aqua ' skins ' '' . ZDNet . CBS Interactive . February 2 , 2001 . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2001 . Retrieved May 22 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Castle , Alex . `` How to make the Windows desktop look good on high - DPI displays '' . PC World . Retrieved 9 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Andrew . `` Using the Retina MacBook as a Windows PC '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved 9 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Hutchinson , Lee . `` The Retina iMac and its 5K display ... as a gaming machine ? ( Updated ) '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved 9 July 2015 . Jump up ^ O'Malley , Kevin ( 2003 ) . Programming Mac OS X : A Guide for Unix Developers . Manning . p. 7 . ISBN 1 - 930110 - 85 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Mac OS X . It 's what makes a Mac a Mac '' . Apple . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2011 . Retrieved March 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Girard , Dave . `` Making the ultimate creative content OS from bits of Windows , Mac , and Linux '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Holwerda , Thom ( December 6 , 2007 ) . `` Review : Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard '' . OS News . Retrieved April 15 , 2009 . The next area where Apple claims to have made major improvements is the Finder . Jump up ^ Siracusa , John ( January 26 , 2006 ) . `` Finding Leopard '' . Ars Technica . Condé Nast Digital . Retrieved April 15 , 2009 . Unsurprisingly , each new Mac OS X release has been the vehicle for a parade of Finder fantasies . Jump up ^ Siracusa , John ( April 28 , 2005 ) . `` Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger '' . Ars Technica . Condé Nast Digital . Retrieved April 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Mac 101 : Spotlight '' . Apple . November 6 , 2008 . Retrieved April 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Mac 101 : Exposé '' . Apple . October 31 , 2008 . Retrieved December 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` About FileVault '' . Mac OS X 10.5 Help . Apple . Retrieved December 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Mac 101 : Automator '' . Apple . November 6 , 2008 . Retrieved December 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Mac 101 : Dashboard '' . Apple . November 11 , 2008 . Retrieved December 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Front Row '' . Apple . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2008 . Retrieved December 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Why Use Sync Services ? '' . Apple . October 31 , 2007 . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2008 . Retrieved December 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Spaces . Room for everything '' . Apple . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2008 . Retrieved December 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Time Machine . A giant leap backward '' . Apple . Retrieved December 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Finder '' . Apple . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2008 . Retrieved December 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Jeff Blagdon ( 2013 - 03 - 04 ) . `` How emoji conquered the world '' . The Verge . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Sternbergh , Adam . `` Smile , You 're Speaking EMOJI : the rapid evolution of a wordless tongue '' . New York magazine . Retrieved 15 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` OS X Mountain Lion : Share with iCloud , Facebook , Twitter , and other services '' . Apple . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 13 Things You Can Do with MacOS Sierra You Could n't Before '' . Gizmodo . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` How to use Siri in macOS Sierra : A look at using the Apple 's virtual assistant on the Mac '' . Macworld . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` System -- New system languages '' . Apple . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2011 . Retrieved June 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cheng , Jacqui . `` Apple 's Tim Cook visits China to talk expansion , expansion , expansion '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Foresman , Chris . `` Next version of OS X to be more iOS - like than ever with Mountain Lion '' . Ars Technica . Conde Nast . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Mikey . `` Apple targets China , Japan with new OS X El Capitan system fonts and input '' . Apple Insider . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Panzarino , Matthew ( February 16 , 2012 ) . `` Apple courts China with Sina Weibo , Baidu , Youku and more integrated in Mountain Lion '' . The Next Web . Retrieved March 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Editors , Macworld ( 2014 - 01 - 22 ) . Total OS X Mavericks Superguide : Everything you need to know about Apple 's newest operating system . IDG Consumer & SMB , Inc . ISBN 9781937821388 . Jump up ^ Davis , Jim ( May 11 , 1998 ) . `` OS X is the future for Apple '' . CNET . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Steven Borden - Weill ( April 15 , 2011 ) . `` Kodiak to Lion : 10 years of Mac OS X '' . Network World . Jump up ^ `` Apple Previews Next Version of Mac OS X '' ( Press release ) . Apple . July 18 , 2001 . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Previews `` Jaguar '' , the Next Major Release of Mac OS X '' ( Press release ) . Apple . May 6 , 2002 . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Previews Mac OS X `` Panther '' '' ( Press release ) . Apple . June 23 , 2003 . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Jobs to Kick Off Apple 's Worldwide Developers Conference 2004 with Preview of Mac OS X `` Tiger '' '' ( Press release ) . Apple . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Executives to Preview Mac OS X `` Leopard '' at WWDC 2006 Keynote '' ( Press release ) . Apple . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Road to Mac OS X Snow Leopard : 64 - bit to the Kernel '' . AppleInsider . October 28 , 2008 . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Previews Mac OS X Snow Leopard to Developers '' ( Press release ) . Apple . June 9 , 2008 . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Gives Sneak Peek of Mac OS X Lion '' ( Press release ) . Apple . October 20 , 2010 . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Older 64 - bit Macs out of the picture for Mountain Lion '' . CNET . July 11 , 2012 . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Releases OS X Mountain Lion Developer Preview with Over 100 New Features '' ( Press release ) . Apple . February 16 , 2012 . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mountain Lion Available Today From the Mac App Store '' ( Press release ) . Apple . July 25 , 2012 . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Releases Developer Preview of OS X Mavericks With More Than 200 New Features '' ( Press release ) . Apple . June 10 , 2013 . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Apple releases OS X 10.9 Mavericks with reliability enhancements , includes Safari 7.0. 6 '' . appleinsider . Retrieved on December 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Announces OS X Yosemite '' ( Press release ) . Apple . June 2 , 2014 . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Announces OS X El Capitan with Refined Experience & Improved Performance '' ( Press release ) . Apple . June 8 , 2015 . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Apple previews major update with macOS Sierra '' ( Press release ) . Apple . June 13 , 2016 . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ U.S. Trademark 78,257,226 Jump up ^ U.S. Trademark 78,269,988 Jump up ^ U.S. Trademark 78,270,003 Jump up ^ U.S. Trademark 78,271,630 Jump up ^ U.S. Trademark 78,271,639 Jump up ^ Kasper , Jade . `` Court sides with Apple over `` Tiger '' trademark dispute `` . AppleInsider . Retrieved April 25 , 2006 . Jump up ^ John Siracusa . `` Mac OS X Beta -- Page 1 -- ( 10 / 2000 ) '' . Ars Technica . Condé Nast Digital . Retrieved March 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mac OS X Public Beta Expires Today News '' . The Mac Observer . Retrieved March 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Although the version is now called Cheetah by users , rare evidences can be found to prove that it was called so internally . For instance , a Q&A was created in 2005 which mentions it . `` Technical Q&A '' . Apple . October 4 , 2005 . Retrieved December 20 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Mac OS X 10.0 '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mac OS X 10.0 - Page 17 - ( 03 / 2001 ) '' . archive.arstechnica.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Williams , Justin ( 2008 - 03 - 11 ) . Getting StartED with Mac OS X Leopard . Apress . ISBN 9781430205197 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Cease - And - Desists Stupidity Leak '' . Slashdot. 2001 . Retrieved November 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Makes Mac OS X the Default Operating System on All Macs '' ( Press release ) . Apple . January 7 , 2002 . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jaguar `` Unleashed '' at 10 : 20 pm Tonight '' ( Press release ) . Apple . August 23 , 2002 . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ The headline of the press release mention `` Jaguar '' , while the codename was not mentioned for earlier versions . See Apple 's `` Jaguar '' press release , compared to their Mac OS X v10. 0 press release and their Mac OS X v10. 1 press release Jump up ^ `` Mac OS X 10.2 Product Information Page '' . Apple . August 29 , 2002 . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2002 . Retrieved June 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Previews `` Jaguar , '' the Next Major Release of Mac OS X '' ( Press release ) . Apple . May 6 , 2002 . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Tommy . `` Murder on Macintosh Row : Happy Mac , 1984 - 2002 '' . lowendmac.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Announces Mac OS X `` Panther '' '' ( Press release ) . Apple . October 8 , 2003 . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mac OS X 10.3 Panther '' . Low End Mac . 2003 - 10 - 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Unleashes `` Tiger '' Friday at 6 : 00 p.m. '' ( Press release ) . Apple . April 28 , 2005 . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Apple unveils Intel iMacs '' . AppleInsider . January 2006 . Retrieved December 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Apple -- Mac OS X Leopard -- Features -- 300 + New Features '' . Apple . 2008 . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2008 . Retrieved June 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Apple -- BootCamp '' . Apple . 2006 . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2006 . Retrieved June 5 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Mac OS X Leopard -- Technology -- UNIX '' . Leopard Technology Overview . Apple . Retrieved October 26 , 2007 . Leopard is now an Open Brand UNIX 03 Registered Product , conforming to the SUSv3 and POSIX 1003.1 specifications for the C API , Shell Utilities , and Threads . Jump up ^ `` Do Classic applications work with Mac OS X 10.5 or Intel - based Macs ? '' . Knowledge Base . Apple . January 13 , 2006 . Retrieved October 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Cheeseman , Bill ( 2010 - 04 - 26 ) . Cocoa Recipes for Mac OS X . Pearson Education . ISBN 9780321702883 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Steven ( June 12 , 2008 ) . `` Mac OS X Snow Leopard Drops PowerPC Support '' . HardOCP . Retrieved October 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The 64 - Bitness of Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard '' . Low End Mac . 2009 - 08 - 19 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Reisinger , Don ( January 6 , 2011 ) . `` Mac App Store launches on Snow Leopard '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Jump up ^ `` Apple -- OS X Lion -- The world 's most advanced desktop operating system '' . Apple . October 20 , 2010 . Retrieved October 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mac OS X 10.7 Lion Review - Document Model '' . Ars Technica . July 20 , 2011 . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Apple -- OS X Mountain Lion -- The world 's most advanced desktop operating system '' . Apple . February 16 , 2012 . Retrieved February 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Inside OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion : Apple overhauls software updates , App Store '' . AppleInsider . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Slivka , Eric . `` Software Update to Move Inside Mac App Store in OS X Mountain Lion '' . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Gupta , Poornima ; Chan , Edwin ( Oct 22 , 2013 ) . `` Apple gives away Mac software , unveils iPad Air '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ `` OS X Mavericks Available Today Free from the Mac App Store '' ( Press release ) . Apple Inc . October 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Siracusa , John . `` Yosemite review '' . Ars Technica . Jump up ^ Gibbs , Samuel ( 16 April 2015 ) . `` Upgrading from iPhoto or Aperture to Apple 's Photos ? Read this '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Dhiraj , Rav ( June 2015 ) . `` What 's New in Metal , Part 1 '' ( pdf ) . Apple Developer . Apple . p. 84 . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` macOS '' . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Siri for Mac : How it works in Apple 's macOS Sierra and what it 's capable of '' . AppleInsider . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` MacOS 10.13 High Sierra Release Date Set for Fall '' . OS X Daily . 2017 - 06 - 05 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ Dillet , Romain . `` Apple is releasing macOS High Sierra on September 25 '' . TechCrunch . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Apple macOS High Sierra preview : the biggest Mac update you 'll never see '' . The Verge . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Wikimedia Traffic Analysis Report - Operating Systems , Jun27 - Jul31 , 2016 '' . Jump up ^ Welch , John ( January 6 , 2007 ) . `` Review : Mac OS X Shines In Comparison With Windows Vista '' . Information Week . Retrieved February 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Granneman , Scott ( October 6 , 2003 ) . `` Linux vs. Windows Viruses '' . The Register . Retrieved February 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Gruber , John ( June 4 , 2004 ) . `` Broken Windows '' . Daring Fireball . Retrieved April 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Operating System Market Share '' . September 2009 . Retrieved April 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Paul ( February 21 , 2006 ) . `` New Safari Flaw , Worms Turn Spotlight on Apple Security '' . eWeek . Retrieved November 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Conneally , Tim ( August 28 , 2009 ) . `` ' Macs do n't get viruses ' myth dissolves before public 's eyes '' . BetaNews.com . Jump up ^ Grimes , Roger A. ( May 23 , 2011 ) . `` 7 questions about the Mac malware scare Security '' . InfoWorld . Retrieved July 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mac Security Boasts Threatened by Malware Surge -- International Business Times '' . Ibtimes.com . May 26 , 2011 . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2011 . Retrieved July 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Trenholm , Rich ( May 20 , 2011 ) . `` Apple tells support staff not to confirm Mac Defender infections '' . UK : Crave . Retrieved July 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seltzer , Larry ( May 25 , 2011 ) . `` Mac Defender 2.0 Released -- Security Watch '' . PC Mag . Retrieved July 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Apple security updates '' . Apple . January 21 , 2009 . Retrieved January 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` XProtect Explained : How Your Mac 's Built - in Anti-malware Software Works '' . How - To Geek . May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nudd , Tim . `` Apple 's Get a Mac campaign '' . AdWeek . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Arthur , Charles . `` Apple tweaks Microsoft over Vista ad spending '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . External links macOS -- official site macOS History Architecture Components Technologies Server Software Versions Server 1.0 Hera Public Beta Kodiak 10.0 Cheetah 10.1 Puma 10.2 Jaguar 10.3 Panther 10.4 Tiger 10.5 Leopard 10.6 Snow Leopard 10.7 Lion 10.8 Mountain Lion 10.9 Mavericks 10.10 Yosemite 10.11 El Capitan 10.12 Sierra 10.13 High Sierra Applications App Store Automator Calculator Calendar Chess Contacts Dashboard Dictionary DVD Player FaceTime Finder Game Center Grapher iTunes ( version history ) Launchpad Mail Messages Notes Notification Center Photo Booth Photos Preview QuickTime Reminders Safari ( version history ) Stickies TextEdit Time Machine Discontinued Front Row iChat iPhoto iSync Sherlock Utilities Activity Monitor AirPort Utility AppleScript Editor Archive Utility Audio MIDI Setup Bluetooth File Exchange Boot Camp ColorSync Configurator Console Crash Reporter DigitalColor Meter Directory Utility DiskImageMounter Disk Utility Font Book Grab Help Viewer Image Capture Installer Keychain Access Migration Assistant Network Utility ODBC Administrator Screen Sharing System Preferences System Information Terminal Universal Access VoiceOver Discontinued Software Update Remote Install Mac OS X Technology and user interface AirDrop Apple File System Apple menu Apple Push Notification Service AppleScript Aqua Audio Units Bonjour CloudKit Cocoa ColorSync Command key Core Animation Core Audio Core Data Core Foundation Core Image Core OpenGL Core Text Core Video CUPS Cover Flow Darwin Dock FileVault Fonts Gatekeeper Grand Central Dispatch icns iCloud Inkwell I / O Kit Kernel panic Keychain launchd Mach - O Menu extra Metal Mission Control OpenCL Option key Preference Pane Property list Quartz QuickTime Quick Look Smart Folders Speakable items Spotlight Stacks System Integrity Protection Uniform Type Identifier Universal binary WebKit XNU XQuartz Deprecated Carbon HFS+ Discontinued BootX Brushed metal Classic Environment Rosetta Spaces Xgrid Links to related articles Darwin - derived operating systems History Pre-Darwin Unix BSD Mach NeXTSTEP OpenStep GNUstep Rhapsody Macintosh Mac OS X / OS X / macOS ( History ) Mac OS X Server Mac OS X Server 1.0 ( Hera / Rhapsody ) 10.0 ( Cheetah ) 10.1 ( Puma ) 10.2 ( Jaguar ) 10.3 ( Panther ) 10.4 ( Tiger ) 10.5 Leopard Server 10.6 Snow Leopard Server Mac OS X Public Beta ( Kodiak ) 10.0 ( Cheetah ) 10.1 ( Puma ) 10.2 ( Jaguar ) 10.3 Panther 10.4 Tiger 10.5 Leopard 10.6 Snow Leopard 10.7 Lion OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion 10.9 Mavericks 10.10 Yosemite 10.11 El Capitan macOS 10.12 Sierra 10.13 High Sierra Apple TV Apple TV Software Derived from Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger : 1 Derived from iOS 4 - 8 : 4 5 6 7 tvOS Derived from iOS 9 - 11 : 9 10 11 iPhone / iPod Touch / iPad iPhone OS / iOS Derived from `` OS X '' : iPhone OS 1 iOS 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Apple Watch watchOS Derived from iOS 8 - 11 : 1 HomePod audioOS Derived from iOS 11 : 11 Others OpenDarwin MacPorts / DarwinPorts PureDarwin macOS version history Server iOS version history watchOS version history tvOS version history audioOS version history Operating systems by Apple Inc . Apple II / III / Lisa Apple II series Apple DOS ProDOS GS / OS Apple III SOS Lisa Lisa OS MacWorks Macintosh ( overview ) Classic Mac OS System 1 System 2 , 3 , and 4 System 5 System 6 System 7 Mac OS 8 Mac OS 9 Mac OS X / OS X / macOS History NeXTSTEP OpenStep Rhapsody Public Beta Core Darwin Desktop Mac OS X 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 OS X 10.8 10.9 10.10 10.11 macOS 10.12 10.13 Server 1.0 macOS Server Other projects Shipped A / ROSE A / UX AIX for Apple Network Servers MAE MkLinux PowerOpen Environment Cancelled Star Trek Taligent Copland iPod / iPhone / iPad iPod Software iPhone OS iOS 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Other devices Newton Newton OS Apple Watch watchOS Apple TV Apple TV Software tvOS HomePod audioOS Italics indicate discontinued products List Category Software by Apple Inc . OS Darwin iOS version history 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 macOS Public Beta `` Cheetah '' `` Puma '' `` Jaguar '' `` Panther '' `` Tiger '' `` Leopard '' `` Snow Leopard '' `` Lion '' `` Mountain Lion '' `` Mavericks '' `` Yosemite '' `` El Capitan '' `` Sierra '' `` High Sierra '' tvOS watchOS Consumer iBooks Author iCloud iLife iMovie GarageBand iWork Keynote Pages Numbers Clips Professional FileMaker Final Cut Studio Final Cut Pro X Motion Compressor Logic Studio Logic Pro Mainstage Education Classroom Schoolwork Bundled Calendar iTunes history Mail Messages Photo Booth Photos QuickTime Safari version history TextEdit Server Apple Remote Desktop macOS Server WebObjects Xsan Developer Dashcode Instruments Interface Builder Quartz Composer Xcode iAd Producer Discontinued . Mac Aperture AppleWorks Bento Classic Mac OS System 1 6 7 8 9 Color DVD Studio Pro Final Cut Express Front Row HyperCard iChat iDVD iPhoto iWeb Logic Express MacDraw MacPaint MacProject MacTerminal MacWrite MobileMe ResEdit Shake Soundtrack Pro Apple Inc . History Outline Founders Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak Ronald Wayne Board of directors Current James A. Bell Tim Cook ( CEO ) Albert Gore Jr . Robert A. Iger Andrea Jung Arthur D. Levinson ( Chairman ) Ronald D. Sugar Susan L. Wagner Former Gil Amelio Fred D. Anderson Bill Campbell Mickey Drexler Al Eisenstat Larry Ellison Steve Jobs Delano Lewis Mike Markkula Arthur Rock Eric Schmidt John Sculley Edgar S. Woolard Jr . Jerry York Executives Current Tim Cook ( CEO ) Jony Ive ( CDO ) Jeff Williams ( COO ) Luca Maestri ( CFO ) Katherine Adams ( General Counsel ) Angela Ahrendts Eddy Cue Craig Federighi Lisa Jackson Dan Riccio Phil Schiller Johny Srouji Former Gil Amelio Fred D. Anderson John Browett Guerrino De Luca Paul Deneve Al Eisenstat Tony Fadell Scott Forstall Ellen Hancock Nancy R. Heinen Steve Jobs Ron Johnson Mike Markkula David Nagel Peter Oppenheimer Mark Papermaster Jon Rubinstein Michael Scott John Sculley Bertrand Serlet Bruce Sewell Michael Spindler Sina Tamaddon Avie Tevanian Ronald Wayne Steve Wozniak Products Hardware Mac iMac iMac Pro MacBook family Mac Mini Mac Pro iPod Classic Nano Shuffle Touch iPhone iPad Mini Air Pro Accessories Apple TV Apple Watch AirPods HomePod Software Classic Mac OS macOS History Server Software iOS Version history tvOS watchOS audioOS Core Foundation Developer Tools Final Cut Pro Logic Pro QuickTime CarPlay HomeKit Services Apple ID Apple Maps Apple Music Apple Pay Developer iAd TestFlight WWDC Game Center iCloud MobileMe iWork News Newsstand Stores App Store iOS macOS tvOS Apple Store iBookstore iTunes Store Support AppleCare Apple Specialist Certifications Genius Bar ProCare One to One Companies Subsidiaries Beats Electronics Beats Music Braeburn Capital FileMaker Inc . Acquisitions Anobit AuthenTec Inc . Beats Electronics Beats Music Cue Emagic FingerWorks Intrinsity Lala NeXT Nothing Real Metaio P.A. Semi PrimeSense Shazam Siri Spotsetter Texture Topsy Related Advertising 1984 Think different Get a Mac iPods Product Red Campus Park Design IDg Typography Book Didi Chuxing History Codenames Community Criticism Litigation FBI -- Apple encryption dispute iOS app approvals Apple Music Festival Welcome to Macintosh ( 2008 documentary ) Artistic depictions of Steve Jobs Original programs distributed by Apple Book Category Portal Unix and Unix - like operating systems BSD 386BSD FreeBSD NetBSD OpenBSD DragonFly BSD NeXTSTEP Darwin macOS iOS watchOS tvOS audioOS SunOS Ultrix Coherent GNU Linux Android Chrome OS LynxOS MINIX QNX BlackBerry 10 Research Unix System V A / UX AIX HP - UX illumos IRIX OpenServer Solaris Tru64 UNIX UnixWare Xenix more ... Italics indicate discontinued branches . Category Commons Book Operating systems General Advocacy Comparison Forensic engineering History Hobbyist development List Timeline Usage share Kernel Architectures Exokernel Hybrid Microkernel Monolithic Rump kernel Unikernel Components Device driver Loadable kernel module Microkernel User space Process management Concepts Context switch Interrupt IPC Process Process control block Real - time Thread Time - sharing Scheduling algorithms Computer multitasking Fixed - priority preemptive Multilevel feedback queue Preemptive Round - robin Shortest job next Memory management and resource protection Bus error General protection fault Memory protection Paging Protection ring Segmentation fault Virtual memory Storage access and file systems Boot loader Defragmentation Device file File attribute Inode Journal Partition Virtual file system Virtual tape library List AmigaOS Android BeOS BSD Chrome OS CP / M DOS GNU Haiku illumos IncludeOS iOS Linux Macintosh Classic Mac OS macOS MINIX MorphOS MUSIC / SP Nemesis NeXTSTEP NOS OpenVMS ORVYL OS / 2 OSv Pick QNX ReactOS RISC OS RSTS / E RSX - 11 RT - 11 Solaris TOPS - 10 / TOPS - 20 TPF Unix Visi On VM / CMS VS / 9 webOS Windows Xinu z / OS Miscellaneous concepts API Computer network HAL Live CD Live USB OS shell CLI GUI TUI VUI ZUI PXE GND : 4642298 - 5 LCCN : n96060065 VIAF : 8146152942405251549 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MacOS&oldid=843583119 '' Categories : MacOS Mac OS 1999 software Apple Inc. operating systems Apple Inc. software Computer - related introductions in 1999 Mach ( kernel ) Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from July 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Wikiversity Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Lingála Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Sardu Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 吴语粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 76 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 03 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the most recent version of mac os is based on the ... operating system	[ "At macOS's core is a POSIX compliant operating system built on top of the XNU kernel, with standard Unix facilities available from the command line interface. Apple has released this family of software as a free and open source operating system named Darwin. On top of Darwin, Apple layered a number of components, including the Aqua interface and the Finder, to complete the GUI-based operating system which is macOS.[59]" ]	[ "Unix" ]
5493695374636404871	Storming of the Bastille	Storming of the Bastille - wikipedia Storming of the Bastille Storming of the Bastille Part of the French Revolution Storming of The Bastile by Jean - Pierre Houël Date 14 July 1789 ; 229 years ago ( 1789 - 07 - 14 ) Location Paris , France 48 ° 51 ′ 11 '' N 2 ° 22 ′ 09 '' E / 48.85306 ° N 2.36917 ° E / 48.85306 ; 2.36917 Coordinates : 48 ° 51 ′ 11 '' N 2 ° 22 ′ 09 '' E / 48.85306 ° N 2.36917 ° E / 48.85306 ; 2.36917 Result Bastille captured , rebellion begins Belligerents French government Civilian insurgeants Gardes françaises Commanders and leaders Bernard - René de Launay Pierre - Augustin Hulin Jacob Job Élie Stanislas - Marie Maillard Joseph Arné Jean Baptiste - Humbert Strength 114 soldiers ( 82 Invalides ( veterans ) , 32 Swiss soldiers of the Salis - Samade Regiment ) , 30 artillery pieces Between 688 to 1,000 armed civilian insurgents ; 61 French Guards , at least five artillery pieces Casualties and losses One killed ; remainder captured ( at least seven killed after surrender ) 98 killed 73 wounded The Storming of the Bastille ( French : Prise de la Bastille ( pʁiz də la bastij ) ) occurred in Paris , France , on the afternoon of 14 July 1789 . The medieval fortress , armory , and political prison in Paris known as the Bastille represented royal authority in the centre of Paris . The prison contained just seven inmates at the time of its storming , but was seen by the revolutionaries as a symbol of the monarchy 's abuses of power ; its fall was the flashpoint of the French Revolution . In France , Le quatorze juillet ( 14 July ) is a public holiday , usually called Bastille Day in English . Contents 1 Background 2 Necker 's dismissal 3 Armed conflict 4 Storming the Bastille ( 14 July 1789 ) 5 Aftermath 6 In popular culture 7 References 7.1 Additional sources 8 Further reading 9 External links Background ( edit ) During the reign of Louis XVI , France faced a major economic crisis , caused in part by the cost of intervening in the American Revolution , and exacerbated by a regressive system of taxation . On 5 May 1789 , the Estates General of 1789 convened to deal with this issue , but were held back by archaic protocols and the conservatism of the second estate , consisting of the nobility and amounting to only 2 % of France 's population . On 17 June 1789 , the third estate , with its representatives drawn from the commoners , reconstituted themselves as the National Assembly , a body whose purpose was the creation of a French constitution . The king initially opposed this development , but was forced to acknowledge the authority of the assembly , which renamed itself the National Constituent Assembly on 9 July . France was under major changes during this time . The commoners had formed the National Guard , sporting tricolour cockades ( cocardes ) of blue , white and red , formed by combining the red and blue cockade of Paris and the white cockade of the king . These cockades , and soon simply their colour scheme , became the symbol of the revolution and , later , of France itself . Paris , close to insurrection and , in François Mignet 's words , `` intoxicated with liberty and enthusiasm '' , showed wide support for the Assembly . The press published the Assembly 's debates ; political debate spread beyond the Assembly itself into the public squares and halls of the capital . The Palais - Royal and its grounds became the site of an ongoing meeting . The crowd , on the authority of the meeting at the Palais - Royal , broke open the prisons of the Abbaye to release some grenadiers of the French guards , reportedly imprisoned for refusing to fire on the people . The Assembly recommended the imprisoned guardsmen to the clemency of the king ; they returned to prison , and received pardon . The rank and file of the regiment , previously considered reliable , now leaned toward the popular cause . Necker 's dismissal ( edit ) On 11 July 1789 , Louis XVI -- acting under the influence of the conservative nobles of his privy council -- dismissed and banished his finance minister , Jacques Necker ( who had been sympathetic to the Third Estate ) and completely reconstructed the ministry . The marshals Victor - François , duc de Broglie , la Galissonnière , the duc de la Vauguyon , the Baron Louis de Breteuil , and the intendant Foulon , took over the posts of Puységur , Armand Marc , comte de Montmorin , La Luzerne , Saint - Priest , and Necker . Jacques Necker ( 1732 -- 1804 ) , French minister of finance News of Necker 's dismissal reached Paris on the afternoon of Sunday , 12 July . The Parisians generally presumed that the dismissal marked the start of a coup by conservative elements . Liberal Parisians were further enraged by the fear that a concentration of Royal troops -- brought in from frontier garrisons to Versailles , Sèvres , the Champ de Mars , and Saint - Denis -- would attempt to shut down the National Constituent Assembly , which was meeting in Versailles . Crowds gathered throughout Paris , including more than ten thousand at the Palais - Royal . Camille Desmoulins successfully rallied the crowd by `` mounting a table , pistol in hand , exclaiming : ' Citizens , there is no time to lose ; the dismissal of Necker is the knell of a Saint Bartholomew for patriots ! This very night all the Swiss and German battalions will leave the Champ de Mars to massacre us all ; one resource is left ; to take arms ! ' '' The Swiss and German regiments referred to were among the foreign mercenary troops who made up a significant portion of the pre-revolutionary Royal Army , and were seen as being less likely to be sympathetic to the popular cause than ordinary French soldiers . By early July , approximately half of the 25,000 regular troops in Paris and Versailles were drawn from these foreign regiments . The French regiments included in the concentration appear to have been selected either because of the proximity of their garrisons to Paris or because their colonels were supporters of the reactionary `` court party '' opposed to reform . During the public demonstrations that started on 12 July , the multitude displayed busts of Necker and of Louis Philippe II , Duke of Orléans , then marched from the Palais Royal through the theater district before continuing westward along the boulevards . The crowd clashed with the Royal German Cavalry Regiment ( `` Royal - Allemand '' ) between the Place Vendôme and the Tuileries Palace . From atop the Champs - Élysées , the Prince de Lambesc unleashed a cavalry charge that dispersed the remaining protesters at Place Louis XV -- now Place de la Concorde . The Royal commander , Baron de Besenval , fearing the results of a blood bath amongst the poorly armed crowds or defections among his own men , then withdrew the cavalry towards Sèvres . Meanwhile , unrest was growing among the people of Paris who expressed their hostility against state authorities by attacking customs posts blamed for causing increased food and wine prices . The people of Paris started to plunder any place where food , guns and supplies could be hoarded . That night , rumors spread that supplies were being hoarded at Saint - Lazare , a huge property of the clergy , which functioned as convent , hospital , school and even as a jail . An angry mob broke in and plundered the property , seizing 52 wagons of wheat , which were taken to the public market . That same day multitudes of people plundered many other places including weapon arsenals . The Royal troops did nothing to stop the spreading of social chaos in Paris during those days . Armed conflict ( edit ) The Bastille of Paris before the Revolution . The regiment of Gardes Françaises ( French Guards ) formed the permanent garrison of Paris and , with many local ties , was favourably disposed towards the popular cause . This regiment had remained confined to its barracks during the initial stages of the mid-July disturbances . With Paris becoming the scene of a general riot , Charles Eugene , Prince of Lambesc ( Marshal of the Camp , Proprietor of the Royal Allemand - Dragoons ) , not trusting the regiment to obey his order , posted sixty dragoons to station themselves before its dépôt in the Chaussée d'Antin . The officers of the French Guards made ineffectual attempts to rally their men . The rebellious citizenry had now acquired a trained military contingent . As word of this spread , the commanders of the royal forces encamped on the Champ de Mars became doubtful of the dependability of even the foreign regiments . The future `` Citizen King '' , Louis - Philippe , duc d'Orléans , witnessed these events as a young officer and was of the opinion that the soldiers would have obeyed orders if put to the test . He also commented in retrospect that the officers of the French Guards had neglected their responsibilities in the period before the uprising , leaving the regiment too much to the control of its non-commissioned officers . However , the uncertain leadership of Besenval led to a virtual abdication of royal authority in central Paris . On the morning of 13 July the electors of Paris met and agreed to the recruitment of a `` bourgeois militia '' of 48,000 men from the sixty voting districts of Paris , to restore order . Storming the Bastille ( 14 July 1789 ) ( edit ) People in the Castle of Bastille , ( Musée de la Révolution française ) . On the morning of 14 July 1789 , the city of Paris was in a state of alarm . The partisans of the Third Estate in France , now under the control of the Bourgeois Militia of Paris ( soon to become Revolutionary France 's National Guard ) , had earlier stormed the Hôtel des Invalides without meeting significant opposition . Their intention had been to gather the weapons held there ( 29,000 to 32,000 muskets , but without powder or shot ) . The commandant at the Invalides had in the previous few days taken the precaution of transferring 250 barrels of gunpowder to the Bastille for safer storage . At this point , the Bastille was nearly empty , housing only seven prisoners : four forgers , two `` lunatics '' and one `` deviant '' aristocrat , the Comte de Solages ( the Marquis de Sade had been transferred out ten days earlier ) . The high cost of maintaining a garrisoned medieval fortress , for what was seen as having a limited purpose , had led to a decision being made shortly before the disturbances began to replace it with an open public space . Amid the tensions of July 1789 , the building remained as a symbol of royal tyranny . The regular garrison consisted of 82 invalides ( veteran soldiers no longer suitable for service in the field ) . It had however been reinforced on 7 July by 32 grenadiers of the Swiss Salis - Samade Regiment from the regular troops on the Champ de Mars . The walls mounted 18 eight - pound guns and 12 smaller pieces . The governor was Bernard - René de Launay , son of the previous governor and actually born within the Bastille . Arrest of de Launay , by Jean - Baptiste Lallemand , 1790 , ( Musée de la Révolution française ) Arrest of de Launay by an anonymous artist . A 2013 analysis of the Bastille dimensions showed that it did not tower over the neighborhood as was depicted in the paintings but was more of a comparable height to other buildings in the neighborhood . The official list of vainqueurs de la Bastille ( conquerors of the Bastille ) subsequently compiled has 954 names , and the total of the crowd was probably fewer than one thousand . A breakdown of occupations included in the list indicates that the majority were local artisans , together with some regular army deserters and a few distinctive categories such as 21 wine merchants . The crowd gathered outside around mid-morning , calling for the surrender of the prison , the removal of the cannon and the release of the arms and gunpowder . Two representatives of the crowd outside were invited into the fortress and negotiations began , and another was admitted around noon with definite demands . The negotiations dragged on while the crowd grew and became impatient . Around 1 : 30 , the crowd surged into the undefended outer courtyard . A small party climbed onto the roof of a building next to the gate to the inner courtyard and broke the chains on the drawbridge , crushing one vainqueur as it fell . Soldiers of the garrison called to the people to withdraw but in the noise and confusion these shouts were misinterpreted as encouragement to enter . Gunfire began , apparently spontaneously , turning the crowd into a mob . The crowd seems to have felt that they had been intentionally drawn into a trap and the fighting became more violent and intense , while attempts by deputies to organise a cease - fire were ignored by the attackers . The firing continued , and after 3 : 00 pm , the attackers were reinforced by mutinous gardes françaises , along with two cannons . A substantial force of Royal Army troops encamped on the Champ de Mars did not intervene . With the possibility of mutual carnage suddenly apparent , Governor de Launay ordered a cease - fire at 5 : 00 pm . A letter offering his terms was handed out to the besiegers through a gap in the inner gate . His demands were refused , but de Launay nonetheless capitulated , as he realised that with limited food stocks and no water supply his troops could not hold out much longer . He accordingly opened the gates to the inner courtyard , and the vainqueurs swept in to liberate the fortress at 5 : 30 . Ninety - eight attackers and one defender had died in the actual fighting , a disparity accounted for by the protection provided to the garrison by the fortress walls . De Launay was seized and dragged towards the Hôtel de Ville in a storm of abuse . Outside the Hôtel , a discussion as to his fate began . The badly beaten de Launay shouted `` Enough ! Let me die ! '' and kicked a pastry cook named Dulait in the groin . De Launay was then stabbed repeatedly and died . An English traveller , Doctor Edward Rigby , reported what he saw , `` ( We ) perceived two bloody heads raised on pikes , which were said to be the heads of the Marquis de Launay , Governor of the Bastille , and of Monsieur Flesselles , Prévôt des Marchands . It was a chilling and a horrid sight ! ... Shocked and disgusted at this scene , ( we ) retired immediately from the streets . '' The three officers of the permanent Bastille garrison were also killed by the crowd ; surviving police reports detail their wounds and clothing . Two of the invalides of the garrison were lynched , but all but two of the Swiss regulars of the Salis - Samade Regiment were protected by the French Guards and eventually released to return to their regiment . Their officer , Lieutenant Louis de Flue , wrote a detailed report on the defense of the Bastille , which was incorporated in the logbook of the Salis - Samade and has survived . It is ( perhaps unfairly ) critical of the dead Marquis de Launay , whom de Flue accuses of weak and indecisive leadership . The blame for the fall of the Bastille would rather appear to lie with the inertia of the commanders of the 5,000 Royal Army troops encamped on the Champ de Mars , who did not act when either the nearby Hôtel des Invalides or the Bastille were attacked . Engraving , c. 1789 : militia hoisting the heads of Flesselles and the Marquis de Launay on pikes . The caption reads `` Thus we take revenge on traitors '' . Returning to the Hôtel de Ville , the mob accused the prévôt dès marchands ( roughly , mayor ) Jacques de Flesselles of treachery , and he was assassinated en route to an ostensible trial at the Palais - Royal . Sans - culottes wearing iconic Phrygian caps and tricolor cockades The Place de la Bastille and the July Column where the Bastille once stood . The king first learned of the storming only the next morning through the Duke of La Rochefoucauld . `` Is it a revolt ? '' asked Louis XVI . The duke replied : `` No sire , it 's not a revolt ; it 's a revolution . '' At Versailles , the Assembly remained ignorant of most of the Paris events , but eminently aware that Marshal de Broglie stood on the brink of unleashing a pro-Royalist coup to force the Assembly to adopt the order of 23 June and then to dissolve . The vicomte de Noailles apparently first brought reasonably accurate news of the Paris events to Versailles . M. Ganilh and Bancal - des - Issarts , dispatched to the Hôtel de Ville , confirmed his report . By the morning of 15 July , the outcome appeared clear to the king as well , and he and his military commanders backed down . The Royal troops concentrated around Paris dispersed to their frontier garrisons . The Marquis de la Fayette took up command of the National Guard at Paris ; Jean - Sylvain Bailly -- leader of the Third Estate and instigator of the Tennis Court Oath -- became the city 's mayor under a new governmental structure known as the Commune de Paris . The king announced that he would recall Necker and return from Versailles to Paris ; on 17 July , in Paris , he accepted a tricolour cockade from Bailly and entered the Hôtel de Ville to cries of `` Long live the King '' and `` Long live the Nation '' . Aftermath ( edit ) Nonetheless , after this violence , nobles -- little assured by the apparent and , as it was to prove , temporary reconciliation of king and people -- started to flee the country as émigrés . Among the first to leave were the comte d'Artois ( the future Charles X of France ) and his two sons , the prince de Condé , the prince de Conti , the Polignac family , and ( slightly later ) Charles Alexandre de Calonne , the former finance minister . They settled at Turin , where Calonne , as agent for the count d'Artois and the prince de Condé , began plotting civil war within the kingdom and agitating for a European coalition against France . The news of the successful insurrection at Paris spread throughout France . In accord with principles of popular sovereignty and with complete disregard for claims of royal authority , the people established parallel structures of municipalities for civic government and militias for civic protection . In rural areas , many went beyond this : some burned title - deeds and no small number of châteaux , as the `` Great Fear '' spread across the countryside during the weeks of 20 July to 5 August , with attacks on wealthy landlords impelled by the belief that the aristocracy was trying to put down the revolution . On 22 July 1789 the populace lynched Joseph Foullon de Doué and his son - in - law Louis Bénigne François Bertier de Sauvigny . Both held official positions under the monarchy . Although there were arguments that the Bastille should be preserved as a monument to liberation or as a depot for the new National Guard , the Permanent Committee of Municipal Electors at the Paris Town Hall gave the construction entrepreneur Pierre - François Palloy the commission of disassembling the building . Palloy commenced work immediately . The demolition of the fortress itself , the melting down of its clock portraying chained prisoners , and the breaking up of four statues were all carried out within five months . On 16 July 1789 , two days after the Storming of the Bastille , John Frederick Sackville , serving as ambassador to France , reported to Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs Francis Osborne , 5th Duke of Leeds , `` Thus , my Lord , the greatest revolution that we know anything of has been effected with , comparatively speaking -- if the magnitude of the event is considered -- the loss of very few lives . From this moment we may consider France as a free country , the King a very limited monarch , and the nobility as reduced to a level with the rest of the nation . '' In 1790 , Lafayette gave the cast - iron , one - pound and three - ounce key to the Bastille to U.S. President George Washington . Washington displayed it prominently at government facilities and events in New York and in Philadelphia until shortly before his retirement in 1797 . The key remains on display at Washington 's residence of Mount Vernon . Palloy also took bricks from the Bastille and had them carved into replicas of the fortress , which he sold , along with medals allegedly made from the chains of prisoners . Pieces of stone from the structure were sent to every district in France , and some have been located . Various other pieces of the Bastille also survive , including stones used to build the Pont de la Concorde bridge over the Seine , and one of the towers , which was found buried in 1899 and is now at Square Henri - Galli in Paris , as well as the clock bells and pulley system , which are now in the Musée d'Art Campanaire . About 900 people who claimed to have stormed the Bastille received certificates ( Brevet de vainqueur de la Bastille ) from the National Assembly in 1790 , and a number of these still exist . The building itself is outlined in brick on the location where it once stood , as is the moat in the Paris Metro stop below it , where a piece of the foundation is also on display . In popular culture ( edit ) This section appears to contain trivial , minor , or unrelated references to popular culture . Please reorganize this content to explain the subject 's impact on popular culture , using references to reliable sources , rather than simply listing appearances . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) An annual reenactment of the Storming of the Bastille was held at the Eastern State Penitentiary in Philadelphia , hosted by the Bearded Ladies ( a cabaret troupe ) . Traditionally a Marie Antoinette reenactor declares `` Let them eat Tastykake '' and is promptly beheaded by the mob . The 24 year tradition was ended in 2018 . Austrian composer Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf wrote his Symphony in C Major as a tribute to the event . The first movement of the piece is known as La Prise De La Bastille . In Book 2 of Charles Dickens ' A Tale of Two Cities , the Defarges help lead the assault on the Bastille . 1789 : Les Amants de la Bastille , stage musical whose main characters are split up during the early stages , then reunited during the storming of the Bastille . The protagonist of Assassin 's Creed Unity , Arno Dorian , is depicted as being one of the prisoners in the Bastille when it gets stormed , and manages to escape in the confusion . Bastille Day was a song written in 1975 by the progressive rock band Rush about the siege , and was included on their album Caress of Steel . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lüsebrink and Reichardt p. 43 Jump up ^ Simon Schama , pp. 60 -- 71 Citizens : A Chronicle of the French Revolution , ISBN 0 - 670 - 81012 - 6 ^ Jump up to : Simon Schama , p. 402 Citizens : A Chronicle of the French Revolution , ISBN 0 - 670 - 81012 - 6 ^ Jump up to : M.J. Sydenham , p. 46 The French Revolution , B.T. Batsford Ltd London 1965 Jump up ^ Georges Lefebvre , p. 114 The Coming of the French Revolution , ISBN 9780691121888 ^ Jump up to : Mignet 1824 , § Chapter I Jump up ^ Simon Schama , pp. 370 -- 71 Citizens : A Chronicle of the French Revolution , ISBN 0 - 670 - 81012 - 6 Jump up ^ Simon Schama , p. 371 Citizens : A Chronicle of the French Revolution , ISBN 0 - 670 - 81012 - 6 Jump up ^ Simon Schama , p. 375 Citizens : A Chronicle of the French Revolution , ISBN 0 - 670 - 81012 - 6 Jump up ^ Munro Price , pp. 85 -- 87 The Fall of the French Monarchy , ISBN 0 - 330 - 48827 - 9 Jump up ^ Munro Price , p. 85 The Fall of the French Monarchy , ISBN 0 - 330 - 48827 - 9 Jump up ^ Munro Price , p. 76 The Fall of the French Monarchy , ISBN 0 - 330 - 48827 - 9 Jump up ^ Micah Alpaugh , `` The Politics of Escalation in French Revolutionary Protest : Political Demonstrations , Nonviolence and Violence in the Grandes journees of 1789 '' , French History ( Fall 2009 ) Jump up ^ Simon Schama , page 385 Citizens : A Chronicle of the French Revolution , ISBN 0 - 670 - 81012 - 6 Jump up ^ Richard Cobb and Colin James , p. 73 The French Revolution . Voices From a Momentous Epoch 1789 -- 1795 , CN 8039 Guild Publishing 1988 ^ Jump up to : Munro Price , page 88 The Fall of the French Monarchy , ISBN 0 - 330 - 48827 - 9 Jump up ^ Louis , Bergeron ( 1970 ) . Le Monde et son Histoire . Paris . p . Volume VII , Chapter VI . Micah Alpaugh , `` The Politics of Escalation in French Revolutionary Protest : Political Demonstrations , Nonviolence and Violence in the Grandes Journees of 1789 '' , French History ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Terry Crowdy , p. 6 French Revolutionary Infantry 1789 -- 1802 , ISBN 1 - 84176 - 660 - 7 Jump up ^ Munro Price , pp. 96 -- 97 The Fall of the French Monarchy , ISBN 0 - 330 - 48827 - 9 Jump up ^ Comments recorded in diary entries made by Louis - Philipp during 1789 ^ Jump up to : Richard Cobb and Colin James , p. 75 The French Revolution . Voices From a Momentous Epoch 1789 -- 1795 , CN 8039 Guild Publishing 1988 Jump up ^ Richard Cobb and Colin James , p. 68 The French Revolution . Voices From a Momentous Epoch 1789 -- 1795 , CN 8039 Guild Publishing 1988 ^ Jump up to : Simon Schama , p. 399 Citizens : A Chronicle of the French Revolution , ISBN 0 - 670 - 81012 - 6 Jump up ^ Civilisation : A Personal View , Kenneth Clark , Penguin , 1987 , p. 216 Jump up ^ Simon Schama , p. 398 Citizens : A Chronicle of the French Revolution , ISBN 0 - 670 - 81012 - 6 Jump up ^ Connelly , Owen ( 2006 ) . The Wars of the French Revolution and Napoleon 1792 -- 1815 . New York : Routledge . p. 18 . Jump up ^ Christopher J. Tozzi , p. 54 `` Nationalizing France 's Army . Foreign , Black and Jewish Troops in the French Military , 1715 -- 1831 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8139 - 3833 - 2 Jump up ^ Pfanner , Eric . `` ' Paris 3D , ' a Digital Model of the French Capital '' . Nytimes.com . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Hibbert , Christopher . The French Revolution ( 1980 ) , p. 82 ( 1982 Penguin Books edition ) ^ Jump up to : Simon Schama , p. 400 Citizens : A Chronicle of the French Revolution , ISBN 0 - 670 - 81012 - 6 Jump up ^ Simon Schama , pp. 400 -- 01 Citizens : A Chronicle of the French Revolution , ISBN 0 - 670 - 81012 - 6 Jump up ^ Munro Price , page 89 The Fall of the French Monarchy , ISBN 0 - 330 - 48827 - 9 Jump up ^ Simon Schama , p. 403 Citizens : A Chronicle of the French Revolution , ISBN 0 - 670 - 81012 - 6 Jump up ^ Simon Schama , pp. 403 -- 04 Citizens : A Chronicle of the French Revolution , ISBN 0 - 670 - 81012 - 6 Jump up ^ Simon Schama , p. 404 Citizens : A Chronicle of the French Revolution , ISBN 0 - 670 - 81012 - 6 Jump up ^ Simon Schama , p. 405 Citizens : A Chronicle of the French Revolution , ISBN 0 - 670 - 81012 - 6 Jump up ^ Rigby , Edward , Dr. Rigby 's Letters from France &C. in 1789 , HardPress Publishing , 2013 , 264 p. , ISBN 978 - 1313441636 Jump up ^ J.B. Morton , appendix The Bastille Falls : and other studies of the French Revolution , Longmans , Green & Co , London 1936 ^ Jump up to : `` Relation de la prise de la Bastille le 14 juillet 1789 par un de ses défenseurs '' , in Revue Rétrospective , vol. 4 ( Paris : M.J. Taschereau , 1834 ) Jump up ^ Christopher Hibbert , p. 70 The French Revolution , ISBN 978 - 0140049459 Jump up ^ Hibbert , Christopher ( 1980 ) . The Days of the French Revolution . New York : William Morrow and Co. pp. 69 -- 82 . ISBN 0 - 688 - 03704 - 6 . Jump up ^ Guy Chaussinand - Nogaret , La Bastille est prise , Paris , Éditions Complexe , 1988 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ `` The Séance royale of 23 June 1789 '' . Fitchburg State College . Retrieved 22 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Simon Schama , pp. 419 -- 20 Citizens : A Chronicle of the French Revolution , ISBN 0 - 670 - 81012 - 6 Jump up ^ Munro Price , p. 92 The Fall of the French Monarchy , ISBN 0 - 330 - 48827 - 9 Jump up ^ Terry Crowdy , p. 9 French Revolutionary Infantry 1789 -- 1802 , ISBN 1 - 84176 - 660 - 7 Jump up ^ François Furet and Mona Ozouf , eds . A Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution ( 1989 ) , pp. 519 -- 28 Jump up ^ M.J. Sydenham , p. 50 The French Revolution , B.T. Batsford Ltd London 1965 Jump up ^ Munro Price , page 93 The Fall of the French Monarchy , ISBN 0 - 330 - 48827 - 9 Jump up ^ Richard Cobb and Colin James , p. 129 The French Revolution . Voices From a Momentous Epoch 1789 -- 1795 , CN 8039 Guild Publishing 1988 Jump up ^ M.J. Sydenham , p. 54 The French Revolution , B.T. Batsford Ltd London 1965 Jump up ^ Richard Cobb and Colin James , p. 77 The French Revolution . Voices From a Momentous Epoch 1789 -- 1795 , CN 8039 Guild Publishing 1988 Jump up ^ M.J. Sydenham , p. 55 The French Revolution , B.T. Batsford Ltd London 1965 Jump up ^ Simon Schama , p. 412 Citizens : A Chronicle of the French Revolution , ISBN 0 - 670 - 81012 - 6 Jump up ^ Simon Schama , p. 414 Citizens : A Chronicle of the French Revolution , ISBN 0 - 670 - 81012 - 6 Jump up ^ Alger , John Goldworth . `` Englishmen in the French Revolution '' . Retrieved 14 July 2018 -- via Wikisource . Jump up ^ `` Bastille Key '' . Digital Encyclopedia of George Washington . Mount Vernon Ladies ' Association . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 11 Remnants of the Bastille You Can Still See Today '' . Mentalfloss.com. 14 July 2014 . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Brevet de vainqueur de la Bastille ( 1790 ) '' . Criminocorpus.org. 14 July 1790 . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bastille Day Farewell Tour 2018 '' . EasternState.org . Eastern State Pennitentiary . Retrieved 7 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Sasko , Clare ( 6 August 2018 ) . `` Eastern State Penitentiary Is Getting Rid of Bastille Day '' . Philadelphia Magazine . Retrieved 7 August 2018 . Additional sources ( edit ) Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Bastille '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 3 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 502 . This article incorporates text from the public domain History of the French Revolution from 1789 to 1814 , by François Mignet ( 1824 ) , as made available by Project Gutenberg . Further reading ( edit ) Paris portal History portal France portal Alpaugh , Micah . `` The Politics of Escalation in French Revolutionary Protest : Political Demonstrations , Nonviolence and Violence in the Grandes journees of 1789 '' , French History ( Fall 2009 ) . Alpaugh , Micah . `` A Self - Defining Bourgeoisie in the Early French Revolution : The Milice bourgeoise , the Bastille Days of 1789 , and their Aftermath '' , Journal of Social History 47 , no . 3 ( Spring 2014 ) , 696 -- 720 . Lüsebrink , Hans - Jürgen ; Reichardt , Rolf ; Schürer , Norbert ( 1997 ) . The Bastille . Duke University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8223 - 1894 - 1 . Mignet , Francois - Auguste ( 1 January 2006 ) . History of the French Revolution from 1789 to 1814 . Taylor , David ( 1997 ) . The French Revolution . Heinemann . pp. 16 -- 17 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 435 - 31694 - 5 . Stephens , Henry Morse ( 1886 ) . A History of the French Revolution . C. Scribner 's sons . pp. 128 -- 68 . Sewell , William H. `` Historical Events as Transformations of Structures : Inventing Revolution at the Bastille '' , Theory and Society 25 , no . 6 ( Dec. 1996 ) , 841 -- 81 . Abbott , John Stevens Cabot ( 1887 ) . The French Revolution of 1789 as Viewed in the Light of Republican Institutions . Jefferson Press . pp. 112 -- 22 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Storming of the Bastille . Place de la Bastille -- Official French website ( in English ) Thomas Jefferson 's letter to John Jay recounting the storming of the Bastille French Revolution Causes Timeline Ancien Régime Revolution Constitutional monarchy Republic Directory Consulate Glossary Museum Significant civil and political events by year 1788 Day of the Tiles ( 7 Jun 1788 ) Assembly of Vizille ( 21 Jul 1788 ) 1789 What Is the Third Estate ? ( Jan 1789 ) Réveillon riots ( 28 Apr 1789 ) Convocation of the Estates - General ( 5 May 1789 ) National Assembly ( 17 Jun -- 9 Jul 1790 ) Tennis Court Oath ( 20 Jun 1789 ) National Constituent Assembly ( 9 Jul -- 30 Sep 1791 ) Storming of the Bastille ( 14 Jul 1789 ) Great Fear ( 20 Jul -- 5 Aug 1789 ) Abolition of Feudalism ( 4 - 11 Aug 1789 ) Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( 27 Aug 1789 ) Women 's March on Versailles ( 5 Oct 1789 ) 1790 Abolition of the Parlements ( Feb -- Jul 1790 ) Abolition of the Nobility ( 19 Jun 1790 ) Civil Constitution of the Clergy ( 12 Jul 1790 ) Fête de la Fédération ( 14 Jul 1790 ) 1791 Flight to Varennes ( 20 -- 21 Jun 1791 ) Champ de Mars Massacre ( 17 Jul 1791 ) Declaration of Pillnitz ( 27 Aug 1791 ) The Constitution of 1791 ( 3 Sep 1791 ) Legislative Assembly ( 1 Oct 1791 -- Sep 1792 ) 1792 France declares war ( 20 Apr 1792 ) Brunswick Manifesto ( 25 Jul 1792 ) Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary ( Jun 1792 ) 10th of August ( 10 Aug 1792 ) September Massacres ( Sep 1792 ) National Convention ( 20 Sep 1792 -- 26 Oct 1795 ) First republic declared ( 22 Sep 1792 ) 1793 Execution of Louis XVI ( 21 Jan 1793 ) Revolutionary Tribunal ( 9 Mar 1793 -- 31 May 1795 ) Reign of Terror ( 27 Jun 1793 -- 27 Jul 1794 ) Committee of Public Safety Committee of General Security Fall of the Girondists ( 2 Jun 1793 ) Assassination of Marat ( 13 Jul 1793 ) Levée en masse ( 23 Aug 1793 ) The Death of Marat ( painting ) Law of Suspects ( 17 Sep 1793 ) Marie Antoinette is guillotined ( 16 Oct 1793 ) Anti-clerical laws ( throughout the year ) 1794 Danton and Desmoulins guillotined ( 5 Apr 1794 ) Law of 22 Prairial ( 10 Jun 1794 ) Thermidorian Reaction ( 27 Jul 1794 ) Robespierre guillotined ( 28 Jul 1794 ) White Terror ( Fall 1794 ) Closing of the Jacobin Club ( 11 Nov 1794 ) 1795 Constitution of the Year III ( 22 Aug 1795 ) Conspiracy of the Equals ( Nov 1795 ) Directoire ( 1795 -- 99 ) Council of Five Hundred Council of Ancients 13 Vendémiaire 5 Oct 1795 1797 Coup of 18 Fructidor ( 4 Sep 1797 ) Second Congress of Rastatt ( Dec 1797 ) 1799 Coup of 30 Prairial VII ( 18 Jun 1799 ) Coup of 18 Brumaire ( 9 Nov 1799 ) Constitution of the Year VIII ( 24 Dec 1799 ) Consulate Revolutionary campaigns 1792 Verdun Thionville Valmy Royalist Revolts Chouannerie Vendée Dauphiné Lille Siege of Mainz Jemappes Namur ( fr ) 1793 First Coalition Siege of Toulon ( 18 Sep -- 18 Dec 1793 ) War in the Vendée Battle of Neerwinden ) Battle of Famars ( 23 May 1793 ) Expédition de Sardaigne ( 21 Dec 1792 - 25 May 1793 ) Battle of Kaiserslautern Siege of Mainz Battle of Wattignies Battle of Hondschoote Siege of Bellegarde Battle of Peyrestortes ( Pyrenees ) First Battle of Wissembourg ( 13 Oct 1793 ) Battle of Truillas ( Pyrenees ) Second Battle of Wissembourg ( 26 -- 27 Dec 1793 ) 1794 Battle of Villers - en - Cauchies ( 24 Apr 1794 ) Battle of Boulou ( Pyrenees ) ( 30 Apr -- 1 May 1794 ) Battle of Tournay ( 22 May 1794 ) Battle of Fleurus ( 26 Jun 1794 ) Chouannerie Battle of Tourcoing ( 18 May 1794 ) Battle of Aldenhoven ( 2 Oct 1794 ) 1795 Peace of Basel 1796 Battle of Lonato ( 3 -- 4 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Castiglione ( 5 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Theiningen Battle of Neresheim ( 11 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Amberg ( 24 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Würzburg ( 3 Sep 1796 ) Battle of Rovereto ( 4 Sep 1796 ) First Battle of Bassano ( 8 Sep 1796 ) Battle of Emmendingen ( 19 Oct 1796 ) Battle of Schliengen ( 26 Oct 1796 ) Second Battle of Bassano ( 6 Nov 1796 ) Battle of Calliano ( 6 -- 7 Nov 1796 ) Battle of the Bridge of Arcole ( 15 -- 17 Nov 1796 ) The Ireland Expedition ( Dec 1796 ) 1797 Naval Engagement off Brittany ( 13 Jan 1797 ) Battle of Rivoli ( 14 -- 15 Jan 1797 ) Battle of the Bay of Cádiz ( 25 Jan 1797 ) Treaty of Leoben ( 17 Apr 1797 ) Battle of Neuwied ( 18 Apr 1797 ) Treaty of Campo Formio ( 17 Oct 1797 ) 1798 French invasion of Switzerland ( 28 January -- 17 May 1798 ) French Invasion of Egypt ( 1798 -- 1801 ) Irish Rebellion of 1798 ( 23 May -- 23 Sep 1798 ) Quasi-War ( 1798 -- 1800 ) Peasants ' War ( 12 Oct -- 5 Dec 1798 ) 1799 Second Coalition ( 1798 -- 1802 ) Siege of Acre ( 20 Mar -- 21 May 1799 ) Battle of Ostrach ( 20 -- 21 Mar 1799 ) Battle of Stockach ( 25 Mar 1799 ) Battle of Magnano ( 5 Apr 1799 ) Battle of Cassano ( 27 Apr 1799 ) First Battle of Zurich ( 4 -- 7 Jun 1799 ) Battle of Trebbia ( 19 Jun 1799 ) Battle of Novi ( 15 Aug 1799 ) Second Battle of Zurich ( 25 -- 26 Sep 1799 ) 1800 Battle of Marengo ( 14 Jun 1800 ) Battle of Hohenlinden ( 3 Dec 1800 ) League of Armed Neutrality ( 1800 -- 02 ) 1801 Treaty of Lunéville ( 9 Feb 1801 ) Treaty of Florence ( 18 Mar 1801 ) Algeciras Campaign ( 8 Jul 1801 ) 1802 Treaty of Amiens ( 25 Mar 1802 ) Military leaders French Army Eustache Charles d'Aoust Pierre Augereau Alexandre de Beauharnais Jean - Baptiste Bernadotte Louis - Alexandre Berthier Jean - Baptiste Bessières Guillaume - Marie - Anne Brune Jean François Carteaux Jean Étienne Championnet Chapuis de Tourville Adam Philippe , Comte de Custine Louis - Nicolas Davout Louis Desaix Jacques François Dugommier Thomas - Alexandre Dumas Charles François Dumouriez Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino Louis - Charles de Flers Paul Grenier Emmanuel de Grouchy Jacques Maurice Hatry Lazare Hoche Jean - Baptiste Jourdan François Christophe de Kellermann Jean - Baptiste Kléber Pierre Choderlos de Laclos Jean Lannes Charles Leclerc Claude Lecourbe François Joseph Lefebvre Jacques MacDonald Jean - Antoine Marbot Jean Baptiste de Marbot François Séverin Marceau - Desgraviers Auguste de Marmont André Masséna Bon - Adrien Jeannot de Moncey Jean Victor Marie Moreau Édouard Mortier , duc de Trévise Joachim Murat Michel Ney Pierre - Jacques Osten ( fr ) Nicolas Oudinot Catherine - Dominique de Pérignon Jean - Charles Pichegru Józef Poniatowski Laurent de Gouvion Saint - Cyr Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer Jean - Mathieu - Philibert Sérurier Joseph Souham Jean - de-Dieu Soult Louis - Gabriel Suchet Belgrand de Vaubois Claude Victor - Perrin , Duc de Belluno French Navy Charles - Alexandre Linois Opposition Austria József Alvinczi Archduke Charles , Duke of Teschen Count of Clerfayt ( Walloon ) Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze ( Swiss ) Friedrich Adolf , Count von Kalckreuth Pál Kray ( Hungarian ) Charles Eugene , Prince of Lambesc ( French ) Maximilian Baillet de Latour ( Walloon ) Karl Mack von Leiberich Rudolf Ritter von Otto ( Saxon ) Prince Josias of Saxe - Coburg - Saalfeld Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss - Plauen Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló ( Hungarian ) Karl Philipp Sebottendorf Dagobert von Wurmser Britain Sir Ralph Abercromby Admiral Sir James Saumarez Admiral Sir Edward Pellew Prince Frederick , Duke of York and Albany Dutch Republic William V , Prince of Orange Prussia Charles William Ferdinand , Duke of Brunswick - Wolfenbüttel Frederick Louis , Prince of Hohenlohe - Ingelfingen Russia Alexander Korsakov Alexander Suvorov Spain Luis Firmin de Carvajal Antonio Ricardos Other significant figures and factions Society of 1789 Jean Sylvain Bailly Gilbert du Motier , Marquis de Lafayette François Alexandre Frédéric , duc de la Rochefoucauld - Liancourt Isaac René Guy le Chapelier Honoré Gabriel Riqueti , comte de Mirabeau Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès Charles - Maurice de Talleyrand - Périgord Nicolas de Condorcet Feuillants and monarchiens Madame de Lamballe Madame du Barry Louis de Breteuil Loménie de Brienne Charles Alexandre de Calonne de Chateaubriand Jean Chouan Grace Elliott Arnaud de La Porte Jean - Sifrein Maury Jacques Necker François - Marie , marquis de Barthélemy Guillaume - Mathieu Dumas Antoine Barnave Lafayette Alexandre - Théodore - Victor , comte de Lameth Charles Malo François Lameth André Chénier Jean - François Rewbell Camille Jordan Madame de Staël Boissy d'Anglas Jean - Charles Pichegru Pierre Paul Royer - Collard Girondists Jacques Pierre Brissot Roland de La Platière Madame Roland Father Henri Grégoire Étienne Clavière Marquis de Condorcet Charlotte Corday Marie Jean Hérault Jean Baptiste Treilhard Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve Jean Debry Jean - Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil Olympe de Gouges Jean - Baptiste Robert Lindet Louis Marie de La Révellière - Lépeaux The Plain Abbé Sieyès de Cambacérès Charles François Lebrun Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot Philippe Égalité Louis Philippe I Mirabeau Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville Jean Joseph Mounier Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours François de Neufchâteau Montagnards Maximilien Robespierre Georges Danton Jean - Paul Marat Camille Desmoulins Louis Antoine de Saint - Just Paul Nicolas , vicomte de Barras Louis Philippe I Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint - Fargeau Jacques - Louis David Marquis de Sade Georges Couthon Roger Ducos Jean - Marie Collot d'Herbois Jean - Henri Voulland Philippe - Antoine Merlin de Douai Antoine Quentin Fouquier - Tinville Philippe - François - Joseph Le Bas Marc - Guillaume Alexis Vadier Jean - Pierre - André Amar Prieur de la Côte - d'Or Prieur de la Marne Gilbert Romme Jean Bon Saint - André Jean - Lambert Tallien Pierre Louis Prieur Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac Antoine Christophe Saliceti Hébertists and Enragés Jacques Hébert Jacques Nicolas Billaud - Varenne Pierre Gaspard Chaumette Charles - Philippe Ronsin Antoine - François Momoro François - Nicolas Vincent François Chabot Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte Jean - Baptiste - Joseph Gobel François Hanriot Jacques Roux Stanislas - Marie Maillard Charles - Philippe Ronsin Jean - François Varlet Theophile Leclerc Claire Lacombe Pauline Léon Gracchus Babeuf Sylvain Maréchal Others Charles X Louis XVI Louis XVII Louis XVIII Louis Antoine , Duke of Enghien Louis Henri , Prince of Condé Louis Joseph , Prince of Condé Marie Antoinette Napoléon Bonaparte Lucien Bonaparte Joseph Bonaparte Joseph Fesch Joséphine de Beauharnais Joachim Murat Jean Sylvain Bailly Jacques - Donatien Le Ray Guillaume - Chrétien de Malesherbes Talleyrand Thérésa Tallien Gui - Jean - Baptiste Target Catherine Théot List of people associated with the French Revolution Influential thinkers Les Lumières Beaumarchais Edmund Burke Anacharsis Cloots Charles - Augustin de Coulomb Pierre Claude François Daunou Diderot Benjamin Franklin Thomas Jefferson Antoine Lavoisier Montesquieu Thomas Paine Jean - Jacques Rousseau Abbé Sieyès Voltaire Mary Wollstonecraft Cultural impact La Marseillaise French Tricolour Liberté , égalité , fraternité Marianne Bastille Day Panthéon French Republican Calendar Cult of the Supreme Being Cult of Reason Temple of Reason Sans - culottes Metric system Phrygian cap Women in the French Revolution Symbolism in the French Revolution Historiography of the French Revolution Influence of the French Revolution BNF : cb119567399 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Storming_of_the_Bastille&oldid=854015329 '' Categories : Storming of the Bastille 1789 events of the French Revolution 18th century in Paris Conflicts in 1789 Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing French - language text Articles with trivia sections from July 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Interlanguage link template link number Use dmy dates from July 2018 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kreyòl ayisyen Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Português Română Русский Српски / srpski ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 吴语中文 Lingua Franca Nova 33 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 August 2018 , at 11 : 37 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how did the storming of bastille lead to the french revolution	[]	[]
421812891750827340	List of player salaries in the NHL	List of player salaries in the NHL - wikipedia List of player salaries in the NHL Jump to : navigation , search For a year - by - year list of each team 's payroll , see List of team payrolls in the NHL . Here are several lists of National Hockey League players ' salaries since the 1989 -- 90 NHL season . This list does not include income from corporate endorsements or salaries before 1988 -- 89 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Top 20 salaries in the NHL since 1989 2 Top five contracts by season 2.1 1989 -- 90 season 2.2 1990 -- 91 season 2.3 1991 -- 92 season 2.4 1992 -- 93 season 2.5 1993 -- 94 season 2.6 1994 -- 95 season 2.7 1995 -- 96 season 2.8 1996 -- 97 season 2.9 1997 -- 98 season 2.10 1998 -- 99 season 2.11 1999 -- 00 season 2.12 2000 -- 01 season 2.13 2001 -- 02 season 2.14 2002 -- 03 season 2.15 2003 -- 04 season 2.16 2004 -- 05 season 2.17 2005 -- 06 season 2.18 2006 -- 07 season 2.19 2007 -- 08 season 2.20 2008 -- 09 season 2.21 2009 -- 10 season 2.22 2010 -- 11 season 2.23 2011 -- 12 season 2.24 2012 -- 13 season 2.25 2013 -- 14 season 2.26 2014 -- 15 season 2.27 2015 -- 16 season 2.28 2016 -- 17 season 2.29 2017 -- 18 season 3 Sample salaries from earlier seasons 4 See also 5 Notes 6 External links Top 20 salaries in the NHL since 1989 This is a list of the twenty NHL players who have earned the most in salaries between the 1989 -- 90 season and the 2007 -- 08 season . These figures have been gleaned from different sources , and so may not be perfectly accurate . This is merely an estimation that , for the most part , does not take into account bonuses and sponsor contracts . These totals also do not take into account partial seasons played -- for which a player would only receive a partial salary -- except for the shortened 2004 -- 05 season , which affected every player . Thus , the listed totals are a sum of the amounts each player was contracted to receive for a full season . Top 20 NHL salary - earners from 1989 -- 90 to 2007 -- 08 Rank Player name Salary ( USD ) Years active Jaromir Jagr $ 99,874,893 19 ( 1990 -- 91 -- 2007 -- 08 ) ( 2011 - 12 - present ) Nicklas Lidstrom $ 94,065,000 19 ( 1991 -- 92 -- 2011 - 12 ) Joe Sakic $ 87,174,047 20 ( 1988 -- 89 -- 2008 -- 09 ) Mats Sundin $ 74,042,632 18 ( 1990 -- 91 -- 2008 -- 09 ) 5 Keith Tkachuk $ 73,848,674 17 ( 1991 -- 92 -- 2009 - 10 ) 6 Rob Blake $ 73,067,982 19 ( 1989 -- 90 -- 2009 - 10 ) 7 Paul Kariya $ 70,686,100 14 ( 1994 -- 95 -- 2010 - 11 ) 8 Peter Forsberg $ 70,405,214 12 ( 1994 -- 95 -- 2007 -- 08 ) 9 Mike Modano $ 70,087,650 19 ( 1989 -- 90 -- 2010 - 11 ) 10 Chris Pronger $ 66,200,500 15 ( 1993 -- 94 -- present ) 11 Steve Yzerman $ 64,672,616 22 ( 1983 -- 84 -- 2005 -- 06 ) 12 Sergei Fedorov $ 61,519,036 18 ( 1990 -- 91 -- 2008 -- 09 ) 13 Brian Leetch $ 59,501,250 18 ( 1987 -- 88 -- 2005 -- 06 ) 14 Mark Messier $ 58,958,639 25 ( 1979 -- 80 -- 2003 -- 04 ) 15 Brendan Shanahan $ 58,615,000 21 ( 1987 -- 88 -- 2008 -- 09 ) 16 Teemu Selanne $ 57,857,790 16 ( 1992 -- 93 -- present ) 17 Patrick Roy $ 56,771,988 19 ( 1984 -- 85 -- 2002 -- 03 ) 18 Pavel Bure $ 56,369,794 12 ( 1991 -- 92 -- 2002 -- 03 ) 19 Doug Weight $ 54,354,775 17 ( 1991 -- 92 -- 2010 - 11 ) 20 Dominik Hasek $ 54,152,300 16 ( 1990 -- 91 -- 2007 -- 08 ) † `` Years active '' excludes the 2004 -- 05 NHL season , as the league was not operating that year . It also includes seasons prior to the 1989 -- 90 NHL season , although the salaries paid during this time may not be included in the total due to scarcity of information . a Peter Forsberg missed the 2001 -- 02 NHL season and almost all of the 2007 -- 08 NHL season due to injury . b Dominik Hasek did not play the 2002 -- 03 NHL season because he had retired , though he returned the following season . Top five contracts by season 1989 -- 90 season Although Wayne Gretzky is considered one of the greatest hockey players of all time , his total salaries are not among the top 20 salary earners of all time . Mario Lemieux ( Pittsburgh Penguins ) $2 million Wayne Gretzky ( Los Angeles Kings ) $1.72 million Mark Messier ( Edmonton Oilers ) $0.86 million Steve Yzerman ( Detroit Red Wings ) $0.7 million Bryan Trottier ( New York Islanders ) $0.575 million 1990 -- 91 season Wayne Gretzky ( Los Angeles Kings ) $3 million Mario Lemieux ( Pittsburgh Penguins ) $2.18 million Steve Yzerman ( Detroit Red Wings ) $1.3 million Ray Bourque ( Boston Bruins ) $1.194 million Brett Hull ( St. Louis Blues ) $1.116 million 1991 -- 92 season Wayne Gretzky ( Los Angeles Kings ) $3 million Mario Lemieux ( Pittsburgh Penguins ) $2.34 million Brett Hull ( St. Louis Blues ) $1.5 million Pat LaFontaine ( Buffalo Sabres ) $1.4 million Steve Yzerman ( Detroit Red Wings ) $1.4 million 1992 -- 93 season Eric Lindros ( Philadelphia Flyers ) $3.5 million Wayne Gretzky ( Los Angeles Kings ) $3 million Mario Lemieux ( Pittsburgh Penguins ) $2.408 million Mark Messier ( New York Rangers ) $2.385 million Pat LaFontaine ( Buffalo Sabres ) $1.775 million 1993 -- 94 season Martin Brodeur is the highest - paid goaltender of all time , with approximately $82 million earned in salaries alone . Eric Lindros ( Philadelphia Flyers ) $3.35 million Steve Yzerman ( Detroit Red Wings ) $3.2 million Mario Lemieux ( Pittsburgh Penguins ) $3 million Wayne Gretzky ( Los Angeles Kings ) $3 million Patrick Roy ( Montreal Canadiens ) $2.6593 million 1994 -- 95 season After the 1994 -- 95 NHL season was shortened to 48 games due to a lockout , players earned only about 56 % of their predicted salary . Wayne Gretzky ( Los Angeles Kings ) $3.66 million ( Predicted salary of $6.54 million ) Mark Messier ( New York Rangers ) $3.45 million ( Predicted salary of $6.29 million ) Scott Stevens ( New Jersey Devils ) $3.24 million ( Predicted salary of $5.8 million ) Pavel Bure ( Vancouver Canucks ) $2.61 million ( Predicted salary of $4.5 million ) Mario Lemieux ( Pittsburgh Penguins ) $2.361 , 429 million ( Predicted salary of $4.071429 million ) 1995 -- 96 season Wayne Gretzky ( Los Angeles Kings / St. Louis Blues ) $6.54 million Mark Messier ( New York Rangers ) $6.29 million Keith Tkachuk ( Winnipeg Jets ) $6 million Mario Lemieux ( Pittsburgh Penguins ) $4.5714 million Pavel Bure ( Vancouver Canucks ) $4.5 million 1996 -- 97 season Mario Lemieux ( Pittsburgh Penguins ) $11.35 million Mark Messier ( New York Rangers ) $6 million Pavel Bure ( Vancouver Canucks ) $5 million Pat LaFontaine ( Buffalo Sabres ) $4.6 million Patrick Roy ( Colorado Avalanche ) $4.567 million 1997 -- 98 season Joe Sakic ( Colorado Avalanche ) $16.45 million Chris Gratton ( Philadelphia Flyers ) $10.15 million Wayne Gretzky ( New York Rangers ) $6.25 million Mark Messier ( New York Rangers ) $6 million Pavel Bure ( Vancouver Canucks ) $5.5 million 1998 -- 99 season Sergei Fedorov ( Detroit Red Wings ) $14.5 million Paul Kariya ( Anaheim Ducks ) $8.25 million Eric Lindros ( Philadelphia Flyers ) $8 million Dominik Hasek ( Buffalo Sabres ) $8 million Mats Sundin ( Toronto Maple Leafs ) $6.347 million 1999 -- 00 season Jaromir Jagr has earned more in salaries than any other hockey player -- more than $120 million . Jaromir Jagr ( Pittsburgh Penguins ) $11.7 million Paul Kariya ( Anaheim Ducks ) $11 million Peter Forsberg ( Colorado Avalanche ) $9 million Theoren Fleury ( New York Rangers ) $8.5 million Eric Lindros ( Philadelphia Flyers ) $8.5 million 2000 -- 01 season Peter Forsberg ( Colorado Avalanche ) $10 million Paul Kariya ( Anaheim Ducks ) $10 million Jaromir Jagr ( Pittsburgh Penguins ) $9.842708 million Pavel Bure ( Florida Panthers ) $9 million Keith Tkachuk ( St. Louis Blues ) $7.3 million 2001 -- 02 season Jaromir Jagr ( Washington Capitals ) $11 million Pavel Bure ( Florida Panthers / New York Rangers ) $10 million Paul Kariya ( Anaheim Ducks ) $10 million Joe Sakic ( Colorado Avalanche ) $9.832727 million Chris Pronger ( St. Louis Blues ) $9.5 million Teemu Selanne ( San Jose Sharks ) $9.5 million 2002 -- 03 season Jaromir Jagr ( Washington Capitals ) $11.483333 million Keith Tkachuk ( St. Louis Blues ) $11 million Nicklas Lidstrom ( Detroit Red Wings ) $10.5 million Pavel Bure ( New York Rangers ) $10 million Paul Kariya ( Mighty Ducks of Anaheim ) $10 million 2003 -- 04 season Pavel Bure amassed $56,369,794 in his twelve - year career . He would have earned $10 million in 2003 -- 04 , but due to injuries , he was forced to retire early , having played his final game around the time of his 32nd birthday . Peter Forsberg ( Colorado Avalanche ) $11 million Jaromir Jagr ( Washington Capitals ) $11 million Sergei Fedorov ( Mighty Ducks of Anaheim ) $10 million Nicklas Lidstrom ( Detroit Red Wings ) $10 million Keith Tkachuk ( St. Louis Blues ) $10 million 2004 -- 05 season Season cancelled ( see 2004 -- 05 NHL lockout ) . 2005 -- 06 season The team salary cap was $39 million . Under the latest NHL Collective Bargaining Agreement , no player could earn more than 20 percent of the team salary cap ( $7.8 million ) . Jaromir Jagr ( New York Rangers ) $8.36 million Nicklas Lidstrom ( Detroit Red Wings ) $7.6 million Keith Tkachuk ( St. Louis Blues ) $7.6 million Alexei Yashin ( New York Islanders ) $7.6 million Jarome Iginla ( Calgary Flames ) $7 million 2006 -- 07 season The team salary cap was $44 million . No player could earn more than $8.8 million . Jaromir Jagr ( New York Rangers ) $8.36 million Brad Richards ( Tampa Bay Lightning ) $7.8 million Nicklas Lidstrom ( Detroit Red Wings ) $7.6 million Mats Sundin ( Toronto Maple Leafs ) $7.6 million Alexei Yashin ( New York Islanders ) $7.6 million 2007 -- 08 season The team salary cap was $50.3 million . No player could earn more than $10.06 million . Daniel Briere ( Philadelphia Flyers ) $10 million Scott Gomez ( New York Rangers ) $10 million Thomas Vanek ( Buffalo Sabres ) $10 million Jaromir Jagr ( New York Rangers ) $8.36 million Kimmo Timonen ( Philadelphia Flyers ) $8 million 2008 -- 09 season The team salary cap was $56.7 million . No player could earn more than $11.34 million . Dany Heatley ( Ottawa Senators ) $10 million Sidney Crosby ( Pittsburgh Penguins ) $9 million Alexander Ovechkin ( Washington Capitals ) $9 million Mats Sundin ( Vancouver Canucks ) $8.6 million Miikka Kiprusoff ( Calgary Flames ) $8.5 million 2009 -- 10 season The team salary cap was $56.8 million . No player could earn more than $11.36 million . Vincent Lecavalier ( Tampa Bay Lightning ) $10 million Sidney Crosby ( Pittsburgh Penguins ) $9 million Evgeni Malkin ( Pittsburgh Penguins ) $9 million Alexander Ovechkin ( Washington Capitals ) $9 million Chris Drury ( New York Rangers ) $8.05 million 2010 -- 11 season The team salary cap was $59.4 million . No player could earn more than $11.88 million . Vincent Lecavalier ( Tampa Bay Lightning ) $10 million Roberto Luongo ( Vancouver Canucks ) $10 million Sidney Crosby ( Pittsburgh Penguins ) $9 million Evgeni Malkin ( Pittsburgh Penguins ) $9 million Alexander Ovechkin ( Washington Capitals ) $9 million 2011 -- 12 season The team salary cap was $64.3 million . No player could earn more than $12.86 million . Brad Richards ( New York Rangers ) $12 million Ilya Bryzgalov ( Philadelphia Flyers ) $10 million Christian Ehrhoff ( Buffalo Sabres ) $10 million Vincent Lecavalier ( Tampa Bay Lightning ) $10 million Sidney Crosby ( Pittsburgh Penguins ) $9 million 2012 -- 13 season The team salary cap was $70.2 million . No player could earn more than $14.04 million . Shea Weber ( Nashville Predators ) $14 million Tyler Myers ( Buffalo Sabres ) $12 million Zach Parise ( Minnesota Wild ) $12 million Brad Richards ( New York Rangers ) $12 million Ryan Suter ( Minnesota Wild ) $12 million 2013 -- 14 season The team salary cap was $64.3 million . No player could earn more than $12.86 million . Shea Weber ( Nashville Predators ) $14 million Sidney Crosby ( Pittsburgh Penguins ) $12 million Zach Parise ( Minnesota Wild ) $12 million Ryan Suter ( Minnesota Wild ) $12 million Eric Staal ( Carolina Hurricanes ) $9.25 million 2014 -- 15 season The team salary cap was $69 million . No player could earn more than $13.8 million . Shea Weber ( Nashville Predators ) $14 million Sidney Crosby ( Pittsburgh Penguins ) $12 million Henrik Lundqvist ( New York Rangers ) $11 million Zach Parise ( Minnesota Wild ) $11 million Ryan Suter ( Minnesota Wild ) $11 million 2015 -- 16 season The team salary cap was $71.4 million . No player could earn more than $14.28 million . Shea Weber ( Nashville Predators ) $14 million Patrick Kane ( Chicago Blackhawks ) $13.8 million Jonathan Toews ( Chicago Blackhawks ) $13.8 million Sidney Crosby ( Pittsburgh Penguins ) $12 million Phil Kessel ( Pittsburgh Penguins ) $10 million 2016 -- 17 season The team salary cap was $73 million . No player could earn more than $14.6 million . Anze Kopitar ( Los Angeles Kings ) $14 million Patrick Kane ( Chicago Blackhawks ) $13.8 million Jonathan Toews ( Chicago Blackhawks ) $13.8 million Shea Weber ( Montreal Canadiens ) $12 million Ryan O'Reilly ( Buffalo Sabres ) $11 million 2017 -- 18 season The team salary cap is $75 million . No player can earn more than $15 million . Patrick Kane ( Chicago Blackhawks ) $13.8 million Jonathan Toews ( Chicago Blackhawks ) $13.8 million Jamie Benn ( Dallas Stars ) $13 million Anze Kopitar ( Los Angeles Kings ) $13 million Shea Weber ( Montreal Canadiens ) $12 million Sample salaries from earlier seasons Newsy Lalonde was earning CAN $ 1,300 during the 1917 -- 18 NHL season , which is equivalent to approximately $25,000 CAD in today 's funds . Salary figures prior to the 1989 -- 90 season are not readily available . The following table presents a sample of salaries from various seasons ; the players listed were not necessarily the highest paid that year . Season Player name Salary 1917 -- 18 Newsy Lalonde CAN $1,300 1921 -- 22 Newsy Lalonde CAN $2,000 1923 -- 24 Howie Morenz CAN $3,500 1925 -- 26 Frank Fredrickson CAN $3,500 1953 -- 54 Jean Beliveau CAN $21,000 1954 -- 55 Jean Beliveau CAN $21,000 1955 -- 56 Jean Beliveau CAN $21,000 1956 -- 57 Jean Beliveau CAN $21,000 1957 -- 58 Jean Beliveau CAN $21,000 1959 -- 60 Doug Harvey CAN $25,000 1959 -- 60 Maurice Richard CAN $25,000 1962 -- 63 Frank Mahovlich CAN $25,000 1963 -- 64 ( NHL minimum salary ) CAN $7,000 1963 -- 64 Phil Esposito US $54,990 1965 -- 66 Gump Worsley CAN $28,000 1966 -- 67 Bobby Orr US $35,000 1967 -- 68 Bobby Orr US $35,000 1967 -- 68 Derek Sanderson US $10,000 1969 -- 70 Derek Sanderson US $13,000 1974 -- 75 Mario Tremblay CAN $80,000 1977 -- 78 Bobby Hull † US $1,000,000 1977 -- 78 Bernie Parent US $1,000,000 1977 -- 78 Derek Sanderson US $1,000,000 1982 -- 83 Brian Hayward US $65,000 † Bobby Hull was playing the World Hockey Association at this time , a short - lived rival to the NHL . See also Ice hockey portal List of team payrolls in the NHL , for yearly team payrolls Salary cap NHL Players Association Highest - paid NBA players by season List of highest paid Major League Baseball players Notes Jump up ^ Sources : Sports Illustrated , Forbes , l'Équipe magazine , NHL.com , and certain financial sites dedicated to professional sports . ^ Jump up to : The given salary includes a signing bonus . Jump up ^ $7.8 million + $0.56 million in arrears from the Washington Capitals . Jump up ^ Hockey Zone Plus : Historic Salaries External links USA Today Salaries Database NHL salaries from 2000 -- 2007 NHLSCAP - Up to date NHL Salary cap information CapGeek.com http://www.hockeybuzz.com/cap-central/index.php http://www.nhlnumbers.com/ NHL players ' salary history ( hide ) List of NHL - related topics History Pre-NHL seasons National Hockey Association 1917 -- 42 1942 -- 67 1967 -- 92 1992 -- present All - time standings All - time team performance Seasons Most frequent playoff series Retired numbers First NHL player by country Ice hockey in Canada Ice hockey in the United States Personnel Famous linemates Captains Head coaches General managers Owners Notable families Presidents and Commissioners Referees and linesmen Records League records ( individual , team ) Statistical leaders ( by country of birth ) Points , career ( min . 1000 ) Assists , career ( min . 1000 ) Goals , career ( min . 500 ) Points , season ( min . 100 ) Goals , season ( min . 50 ) 50 goals in 50 games Games , career ( min . 1000 ) Consecutive games , career ( min . 500 ) PIMs , career ( min . 2000 ) 5 + goals , game 8 + points , game 300 wins , goaltender Goaltenders who have scored Wayne Gretzky 's records Gordie Howe 's records Related International games with NHL teams International games with NHL players World Cup of Hockey Hockey Fights Cancer Other Trade deadline Player salaries Team payrolls Video games Mascots National Hockey League lore Advanced statistics NHL uniform Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_player_salaries_in_the_NHL&oldid=804649312 '' Categories : National Hockey League lists National Hockey League labor relations Income of sportspeople Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 09 : 08 . About Wikipedia	who gets paid the most in the nhl	[ "\nPatrick Kane (Chicago Blackhawks) $13.8 million\n\nJonathan Toews (Chicago Blackhawks) $13.8 million\n\n\nJamie Benn (Dallas Stars) $13 million\n\nAnze Kopitar (Los Angeles Kings) $13 million\n\n\nShea Weber (Montreal Canadiens) $12 million\n", "\nPatrick Kane (Chicago Blackhawks) $13.8 million\n\nJonathan Toews (Chicago Blackhawks) $13.8 million\n\n\nJamie Benn (Dallas Stars) $13 million\n\nAnze Kopitar (Los Angeles Kings) $13 million\n\n\nShea Weber (Montreal Canadiens) $12 million\n" ]	[ "Patrick Kane", "Jonathan Toews" ]
-1165940079930854630	Stan Lee	Stan Lee - wikipedia Stan Lee Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the comics creator . For other uses , see Stan Lee ( disambiguation ) . Stan Lee Lee in 2014 Stanley Martin Lieber ( 1922 - 12 - 28 ) December 28 , 1922 ( age 95 ) New York City , New York , U.S. Area ( s ) Comic book writer , editor , publisher Collaborators Jack Kirby Steve Ditko John Romita Sr . Awards The Will Eisner Award Hall of Fame Jack Kirby Hall of Fame Spouse ( s ) Joan Boocock Lee ( m . 1947 ; d . 2017 ) Children Signature therealstanlee.com Stan Lee ( born Stanley Martin Lieber / ˈliːbər / , December 28 , 1922 ) is an American comic - book writer , editor , film executive producer , and publisher . He was formerly editor - in - chief of Marvel Comics , and later its publisher and chairman before leaving the company to become its chairman emeritus , as well as a member of the editorial board . In collaboration with several artists , including Jack Kirby and Steve Ditko , he co-created fictional characters including Spider - Man , the Hulk , Doctor Strange , the Fantastic Four , Daredevil , Black Panther , the X-Men , and , with the addition of co-writer Larry Lieber , the characters Ant - Man , Iron Man and Thor . In addition , he challenged the comics industry 's censorship organization , the Comics Code Authority , indirectly leading to it updating its policies . Lee subsequently led the expansion of Marvel Comics from a small division of a publishing house to a large multimedia corporation . He was inducted into the comic book industry 's Will Eisner Award Hall of Fame in 1994 and the Jack Kirby Hall of Fame in 1995 . Lee received a National Medal of Arts in 2008 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Early career 2.2 Marvel revolution 2.3 Later career 3 Charity work 4 Fictional portrayals 5 Film and television appearances 5.1 Marvel television 5.1. 1 Animation 5.1. 2 Live - action 5.2 Marvel films 5.2. 1 Animation 5.2. 2 Live - action 5.3 Warner Bros. / DC properties 5.4 Other film , TV , and video 5.5 Video games and applications 6 Personal life 7 Filmography 7.1 Film 7.2 Television 7.3 Video games 8 Accolades 9 Bibliography 9.1 Books 9.2 Comics bibliography 9.2. 1 DC 9.2. 2 Marvel 9.2. 3 Simon & Schuster 9.2. 4 Other 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Early life Stanley Martin Lieber was born on December 28 , 1922 in Manhattan , New York City , in the apartment of his Romanian - born Jewish immigrant parents , Celia ( née Solomon ) and Jack Lieber , at the corner of West 98th Street and West End Avenue in Manhattan . His father , trained as a dress cutter , worked only sporadically after the Great Depression , and the family moved further uptown to Fort Washington Avenue , in Washington Heights , Manhattan . Lee has one younger brother named Larry Lieber . He said in 2006 that as a child he was influenced by books and movies , particularly those with Errol Flynn playing heroic roles . By the time Lee was in his teens , the family was living in an apartment at 1720 University Avenue in The Bronx . Lee has described it as `` a third - floor apartment facing out back '' . Lee and his brother shared the bedroom , while their parents slept on a foldout couch . Lee attended DeWitt Clinton High School in the Bronx . In his youth , Lee enjoyed writing , and entertained dreams of one day writing the `` Great American Novel '' . He has said that in his youth he worked such part - time jobs as writing obituaries for a news service and press releases for the National Tuberculosis Center ; delivering sandwiches for the Jack May pharmacy to offices in Rockefeller Center ; working as an office boy for a trouser manufacturer ; ushering at the Rivoli Theater on Broadway ; and selling subscriptions to the New York Herald Tribune newspaper . He graduated from high school early , aged 161⁄2 in 1939 , and joined the WPA Federal Theatre Project . Career Early career With the help of his uncle Robbie Solomon , Lee became an assistant in 1939 at the new Timely Comics division of pulp magazine and comic - book publisher Martin Goodman 's company . Timely , by the 1960s , would evolve into Marvel Comics. Lee , whose cousin Jean was Goodman 's wife , was formally hired by Timely editor Joe Simon . His duties were prosaic at first . `` In those days ( the artists ) dipped the pen in ink , ( so ) I had to make sure the inkwells were filled '' , Lee recalled in 2009 . `` I went down and got them their lunch , I did proofreading , I erased the pencils from the finished pages for them '' . Marshaling his childhood ambition to be a writer , young Stanley Lieber made his comic - book debut with the text filler `` Captain America Foils the Traitor 's Revenge '' in Captain America Comics # 3 ( cover - dated May 1941 ) , using the pseudonym Stan Lee , which years later he would adopt as his legal name . Lee later explained in his autobiography and numerous other sources that he had intended to save his given name for more literary work . This initial story also introduced Captain America 's trademark ricocheting shield - toss . He graduated from writing filler to actual comics with a backup feature , `` ' Headline ' Hunter , Foreign Correspondent '' , two issues later . Lee 's first superhero co-creation was the Destroyer , in Mystic Comics # 6 ( August 1941 ) . Other characters he co-created during this period fans and historians call the Golden Age of Comic Books include Jack Frost , debuting in U.S.A. Comics # 1 ( August 1941 ) , and Father Time , debuting in Captain America Comics # 6 ( August 1941 ) . When Simon and his creative partner Jack Kirby left late in 1941 , following a dispute with Goodman , the 30 - year - old publisher installed Lee , just under 19 years old , as interim editor . The youngster showed a knack for the business that led him to remain as the comic - book division 's editor - in - chief , as well as art director for much of that time , until 1972 , when he would succeed Goodman as publisher . Lee entered the United States Army in early 1942 and served in the US in the Signal Corps , repairing telegraph poles and other communications equipment . He was later transferred to the Training Film Division , where he worked writing manuals , training films , and slogans , and occasionally cartooning . His military classification , he says , was `` playwright '' ; he adds that only nine men in the US Army were given that title . Vincent Fago , editor of Timely 's `` animation comics '' section , which put out humor and funny animal comics , filled in until Lee returned from his World War II military service in 1945 . In the mid-1950s , by which time the company was now generally known as Atlas Comics , Lee wrote stories in a variety of genres including romance , Westerns , humor , science fiction , medieval adventure , horror and suspense . In the 1950s , Lee teamed up with his comic book colleague Dan DeCarlo to produce the syndicated newspaper strip , My Friend Irma , based on the radio comedy starring Marie Wilson . By the end of the decade , Lee had become dissatisfied with his career and considered quitting the field . Marvel revolution In the late 1950s , DC Comics editor Julius Schwartz revived the superhero archetype and experienced a significant success with its updated version of the Flash , and later with super-team the Justice League of America . In response , publisher Martin Goodman assigned Lee to come up with a new superhero team . Lee 's wife suggested him to experiment with stories he preferred , since he was planning on changing careers and had nothing to lose . Lee acted on that advice , giving his superheroes a flawed humanity , a change from the ideal archetypes that were typically written for preteens . Before this , most superheroes were idealistically perfect people with no serious , lasting problems . Lee introduced complex , naturalistic characters who could have bad tempers , fits of melancholy , and vanity ; they bickered amongst themselves , worried about paying their bills and impressing girlfriends , got bored or even were sometimes physically ill . The first superhero group Lee and artist Jack Kirby created together was the Fantastic Four , based on previous Kirby superhero team Challengers of the Unknown published by DC Comics The team 's immediate popularity led Lee and Marvel 's illustrators to produce a cavalcade of new titles . Again working with Kirby , Lee co-created the Hulk , Thor , Iron Man , and the X-Men ; with Bill Everett , Daredevil ; and with Steve Ditko , Doctor Strange and Marvel 's most successful character , Spider - Man , all of whom lived in a thoroughly shared universe . Lee and Kirby gathered several of their newly created characters together into the team title The Avengers and would revive characters from the 1940s such as the Sub-Mariner and Captain America . Comics historian Peter Sanderson wrote that in the 1960s : DC was the equivalent of the big Hollywood studios : After the brilliance of DC 's reinvention of the superhero ... in the late 1950s and early 1960s , it had run into a creative drought by the decade 's end . There was a new audience for comics now , and it was n't just the little kids that traditionally had read the books . The Marvel of the 1960s was in its own way the counterpart of the French New Wave ... Marvel was pioneering new methods of comics storytelling and characterization , addressing more serious themes , and in the process keeping and attracting readers in their teens and beyond . Moreover , among this new generation of readers were people who wanted to write or draw comics themselves , within the new style that Marvel had pioneered , and push the creative envelope still further . Lee 's revolution extended beyond the characters and storylines to the way in which comic books engaged the readership and built a sense of community between fans and creators . He introduced the practice of regularly including a credit panel on the splash page of each story , naming not just the writer and penciller but also the inker and letterer . Regular news about Marvel staff members and upcoming storylines was presented on the Bullpen Bulletins page , which ( like the letter columns that appeared in each title ) was written in a friendly , chatty style . Lee has said that his goal was for fans to think of the comics creators as friends , and considered it a mark of his success on this front that , at a time when letters to other comics publishers were typically addressed `` Dear Editor '' , letters to Marvel addressed the creators by first name ( e.g. `` Dear Stan and Jack '' ) . By 1967 , the brand was well - enough ensconced in popular culture that a March 3 WBAI radio program with Lee and Kirby as guests was titled `` Will Success Spoil Spiderman '' ( sic ) . Throughout the 1960s , Lee scripted , art - directed and edited most of Marvel 's series , moderated the letters pages , wrote a monthly column called `` Stan 's Soapbox '' , and wrote endless promotional copy , often signing off with his trademark motto , `` Excelsior ! '' ( which is also the New York state motto ) . To maintain his workload and meet deadlines , he used a system that was used previously by various comic - book studios , but due to Lee 's success with it , became known as the `` Marvel Method '' . Typically , Lee would brainstorm a story with the artist and then prepare a brief synopsis rather than a full script . Based on the synopsis , the artist would fill the allotted number of pages by determining and drawing the panel - to - panel storytelling . After the artist turned in penciled pages , Lee would write the word balloons and captions , and then oversee the lettering and coloring . In effect , the artists were co-plotters , whose collaborative first drafts Lee built upon . Lee recorded messages to the newly formed Merry Marvel Marching Society fan club in 1965 . Following Ditko 's departure from Marvel in 1966 , John Romita Sr. became Lee 's collaborator on The Amazing Spider - Man . Within a year , it overtook Fantastic Four to become the company 's top seller . Lee and Romita 's stories focused as much on the social and college lives of the characters as they did on Spider - Man 's adventures . The stories became more topical , addressing issues such as the Vietnam War , political elections , and student activism . Robbie Robertson , introduced in The Amazing Spider - Man # 51 ( August 1967 ) was one of the first African - American characters in comics to play a serious supporting role . In the Fantastic Four series , the lengthy run by Lee and Kirby produced many acclaimed storylines as well as characters that have become central to Marvel , including the Inhumans and the Black Panther , an African king who would be mainstream comics ' first black superhero . The story frequently cited as Lee and Kirby 's finest achievement is the three - part `` Galactus Trilogy '' that began in Fantastic Four # 48 ( March 1966 ) , chronicling the arrival of Galactus , a cosmic giant who wanted to devour the planet , and his herald , the Silver Surfer . Fantastic Four # 48 was chosen as # 24 in the 100 Greatest Marvels of All Time poll of Marvel 's readers in 2001 . Editor Robert Greenberger wrote in his introduction to the story that `` As the fourth year of the Fantastic Four came to a close , Stan Lee and Jack Kirby seemed to be only warming up . In retrospect , it was perhaps the most fertile period of any monthly title during the Marvel Age . '' Comics historian Les Daniels noted that `` ( t ) he mystical and metaphysical elements that took over the saga were perfectly suited to the tastes of young readers in the 1960s '' , and Lee soon discovered that the story was a favorite on college campuses. Lee and artist John Buscema launched The Silver Surfer series in August 1968 . The following year , Lee and Gene Colan created the Falcon , comics ' first African - American superhero in Captain America # 117 ( September 1969 ) . Then in 1971 , Lee indirectly helped reform the Comics Code . The U.S. Department of Health , Education and Welfare had asked Lee to write a comic - book story about the dangers of drugs and Lee conceived a three - issue subplot in The Amazing Spider - Man # 96 -- 98 ( cover - dated May -- July 1971 ) , in which Peter Parker 's best friend becomes addicted to pills . The Comics Code Authority refused to grant its seal because the stories depicted drug use ; the anti-drug context was considered irrelevant . With Goodman 's cooperation and confident that the original government request would give him credibility , Lee had the story published without the seal . The comics sold well and Marvel won praise for its socially conscious efforts . The CCA subsequently loosened the Code to permit negative depictions of drugs , among other new freedoms . Lee also supported using comic books to provide some measure of social commentary about the real world , often dealing with racism and bigotry . `` Stan 's Soapbox '' , besides promoting an upcoming comic book project , also addressed issues of discrimination , intolerance , or prejudice . In 1972 , Lee stopped writing monthly comic books to assume the role of publisher . His final issue of The Amazing Spider - Man was # 110 ( July 1972 ) and his last Fantastic Four was # 125 ( August 1972 ) . Later career Signed photo of Lee at the 1975 San Diego Comic - Con In later years , Lee became a figurehead and public face for Marvel Comics . He made appearances at comic book conventions around America , lecturing at colleges and participating in panel discussions . Lee and John Romita Sr. launched the Spider - Man newspaper comic strip on January 3 , 1977 . Lee 's final collaboration with Jack Kirby , The Silver Surfer : The Ultimate Cosmic Experience , was published in 1978 as part of the Marvel Fireside Books series and is considered to be Marvel 's first graphic novel . Lee and John Buscema produced the first issue of The Savage She - Hulk ( February 1980 ) , which introduced the female cousin of the Hulk and crafted a Silver Surfer story for Epic Illustrated # 1 ( Spring 1980 ) . He moved to California in 1981 to develop Marvel 's TV and movie properties . He has been an executive producer for , and has made cameo appearances in , Marvel film adaptations and other movies . He occasionally returned to comic book writing with various Silver Surfer projects including a 1982 one - shot drawn by John Byrne , the Judgment Day graphic novel illustrated by John Buscema , the Parable limited series drawn by French artist Mœbius , and The Enslavers graphic novel with Keith Pollard. Lee was briefly president of the entire company , but soon stepped down to become publisher instead , finding that being president was too much about numbers and finance and not enough about the creative process he enjoyed . Peter Paul and Lee began a new Internet - based superhero creation , production , and marketing studio , Stan Lee Media , in 1998 . It grew to 165 people and went public through a reverse merger structured by investment banker Stan Medley in 1999 , but , near the end of 2000 , investigators discovered illegal stock manipulation by Paul and corporate officer Stephan Gordon . Stan Lee Media filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in February 2001 . Paul was extradited to the U.S. from Brazil and pleaded guilty to violating SEC Rule 10b - 5 in connection with trading of his stock in Stan Lee Media . Lee was never implicated in the scheme . In 2001 , Lee , Gill Champion , and Arthur Lieberman formed POW ! ( Purveyors of Wonder ) Entertainment to develop film , television and video game properties . Lee created the risqué animated superhero series Stripperella for Spike TV . In 2004 POW ! Entertainment went public . Also that year , Lee announced a superhero program that would feature Ringo Starr , the former Beatle , as the lead character . Additionally , in August of that year , Lee announced the launch of Stan Lee 's Sunday Comics , a short - lived subscription service hosted by Komikwerks.com . On March 15 , 2007 , after Stan Lee Media had been purchased by Jim Nesfield , the company filed a lawsuit against Marvel Entertainment for $5 billion , claiming Lee had given his rights to several Marvel characters to Stan Lee Media in exchange for stock and a salary . On June 9 , 2007 , Stan Lee Media sued Lee ; his newer company , POW ! Entertainment ; and POW ! subsidiary QED Entertainment . In 2008 , Lee wrote humorous captions for the political fumetti book Stan Lee Presents Election Daze : What Are They Really Saying ? . In April of that year , Brighton Partners and Rainmaker Animation announced a partnership POW ! to produce a CGI film series , Legion of 5 . Other projects by Lee announced in the late 2000s included a line of superhero comics for Virgin Comics , a TV adaptation of the novel Hero , a foreword to Skyscraperman by skyscraper fire - safety advocate and Spider - Man fan Dan Goodwin , a partnership with Guardian Media Entertainment and The Guardian Project to create NHL superhero mascots and work with the Eagle Initiative program to find new talent in the comic book field . Lee promoting Stan Lee 's Kids Universe at the 2011 New York Comic Con In October , Lee announced he would partner with 1821 Comics on a multimedia imprint for children , Stan Lee 's Kids Universe , a move he said addressed the lack of comic books targeted for that demographic ; and that he was collaborating with the company on its futuristic graphic novel Romeo & Juliet : The War , by writer Max Work and artist Skan Srisuwan . At the 2012 San Diego Comic - Con International , Lee announced his YouTube channel , Stan Lee 's World of Heroes , which airs programs created by Lee , Mark Hamill , Peter David , Adrianne Curry , and Bonnie Burton among others . Lee wrote the book , Zodiac released in January 2015 , with Stuart Moore . The film Stan Lee 's Annihilator , based on a Chinese prisoner - turned - superhero named Ming and in production since 2013 , is set for a 2015 release . In his later career , Lee 's contributions continued to expand outside the style that he helped pioneer . An example of this is his first work for DC Comics in the 2000s , launching the Just Imagine ... series , in which Lee re-imagined the DC superheroes Superman , Batman , Wonder Woman , Green Lantern , and the Flash . Manga projects involving Lee include Karakuridôji Ultimo , a collaboration with Hiroyuki Takei , Viz Media and Shueisha , and Heroman , serialized in Square Enix 's Monthly Shōnen Gangan with the Japanese company Bones . In 2011 , Lee started writing a live - action musical , The Yin and Yang Battle of Tao . This period also saw a number of collaborators honor Lee for his influence on the comics industry . In 2006 , Marvel commemorated Lee 's 65 years with the company by publishing a series of one - shot comics starring Lee himself meeting and interacting with many of his co-creations , including Spider - Man , Doctor Strange , the Thing , Silver Surfer , and Doctor Doom . These comics also featured short pieces by such comics creators as Joss Whedon and Fred Hembeck , as well as reprints of classic Lee - written adventures . At the 2007 Comic - Con International , Marvel Legends introduced a Stan Lee action figure . The body beneath the figure 's removable cloth wardrobe is a re-used mold of a previously released Spider - Man action figure , with minor changes . Comikaze Expo , Los Angeles ' largest comic book convention , was rebranded as Stan Lee 's Comikaze Presented by POW ! Entertainment in 2012 . At the 2016 Comic - Con International , Lee introduced his digital graphic novel Stan Lee 's ' God Woke ' , with text originally written as a poem he presented at Carnegie Hall in 1972 . The print - book version won the 2017 Independent Publisher Book Awards ' Outstanding Books of the Year Independent Voice Award . Charity work The Stan Lee Foundation was founded in 2010 to focus on literacy , education , and the arts . Its stated goals include supporting programs and ideas that improve access to literacy resources , as well as promoting diversity , national literacy , culture and the arts . Stan Lee has donated portions of his personal effects to the University of Wyoming at various times , between 1981 and 2001 . Fictional portrayals See also : List of comics creators appearing in comics § Stan Lee Lee and Kirby ( bottom left ) as themselves on the cover of The Fantastic Four # 10 ( January 1963 ) . Art by Kirby and Dick Ayers . Stan Lee and his collaborator Jack Kirby appear as themselves in The Fantastic Four # 10 ( January 1963 ) , the first of several appearances within the fictional Marvel Universe . The two are depicted as similar to their real - world counterparts , creating comic books based on the `` real '' adventures of the Fantastic Four . Lee was parodied by Kirby in comics published by rival DC Comics as Funky Flashman . Kirby later portrayed himself , Lee , production executive Sol Brodsky , and Lee 's secretary Flo Steinberg as superheroes in What If # 11 ( October 1978 ) , `` What If the Marvel Bullpen Had Become the Fantastic Four ? '' , in which Lee played the part of Mister Fantastic . Lee has also made numerous cameo appearances in many Marvel titles , appearing in audiences and crowds at many characters ' ceremonies and parties , and hosting an old - soldiers reunion in Sgt . Fury and his Howling Commandos # 100 ( July 1972 ) . Lee appeared , unnamed , as the priest at Luke Cage and Jessica Jones ' wedding in New Avengers Annual # 1 ( June 2006 ) . He pays his respects to Karen Page at her funeral in Daredevil vol. 2 , # 8 ( June 1998 ) , and appears in The Amazing Spider - Man # 169 ( June 1977 ) . In 1994 , artist Alex Ross rendered Lee as a bar patron on page 44 of Marvels # 3 . In Marvel 's `` Flashback '' series of titles cover - dated July 1997 , a top - hatted caricature of Lee as a ringmaster introduced stories that detailed events in Marvel characters ' lives before they became superheroes , in special `` - 1 '' editions of many Marvel titles . The `` ringmaster '' depiction of Lee was originally from Generation X # 17 ( July 1996 ) , where the character narrated a story set primarily in an abandoned circus . Though the story itself was written by Scott Lobdell , the narration by `` Ringmaster Stan '' was written by Lee , and the character was drawn in that issue by Chris Bachalo . Lee and other comics creators are mentioned on page 479 of Michael Chabon 's 2000 novel about the comics industry The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier and Clay . Chabon also acknowledges a debt to Lee and other creators on the book 's Author 's Note page . On one of the last pages of Truth : Red , White & Black , Lee appears in a real photograph among other celebrities on a wall of the Bradley home . Under his given name of Stanley Lieber , Stan Lee appears briefly in Paul Malmont 's 2006 novel The Chinatown Death Cloud Peril . In Stan Lee Meets Superheroes , which Lee wrote , he comes into contact with some of his favorite creations . Stan Lee and Jack Kirby appear as professors in Marvel Adventures Spider - Man # 19 . In Lavie Tidhar 's 2013 The Violent Century , Lee appears -- under his birth name of `` Stanley Martin Lieber '' -- as a historian of superhumans . Film and television appearances See also : Stan Lee cameos Lee has had cameo appearances in many Marvel film and television projects . A few of these appearances are self - aware and sometimes reference Lee 's involvement in the creation of certain characters . Lee has been a credited executive producer on most Marvel film and television projects since the 1990 direct - to - video Captain America film . Marvel television Animation One of Lee 's earliest contributions to animation based on Marvel properties was narrating the 1980s Incredible Hulk animated series , always beginning his narration with a self - introduction and ending with `` This is Stan Lee saying , Excelsior ! '' Lee had previously narrated the `` Seven Little Superheroes '' episode of Spider - Man and His Amazing Friends , which the Hulk series was paired with for broadcast . Lee did the narration for the original 1989 X-Men animated series pilot titled X-Men : Pryde of the X-Men . Lee was an executive producer of the 1990s animated TV series Spider - Man . He appeared as himself in animated form in the final episode titled `` Farewell , Spider - Man '' . Spider - Man is transported by Madame Web into the `` real '' world where he is a fictional character . He meets Lee and the two swing around until Spider - Man drops him off on top of a building ; Madame Web appears and brings Spider - Man back to his homeworld . Realizing he is stuck on a roof , Lee muses , hoping the Fantastic Four will show up and lend a hand . He also voices the character `` Frank Elson '' in an episode of Spider - Man : The New Animated Series broadcast by MTV in 2003 , titled `` Mind Games '' ( Parts 1 and 2 , originally aired on August 15 and 22 , 2003 ) . He voiced a loading - dock worker named Stan on The Spectacular Spider - Man in the episode `` Blueprints '' . In several episodes of The Super Hero Squad Show , Lee voices the Mayor of Super Hero City . Lee has appeared in episodes of the Disney XD TV series Ultimate Spider - Man as a high school janitor named Stan , in which he makes references to Lee 's real - life career . In the pilot `` Great Power '' and the episode `` Why I Hate Gym '' , he mentions Irving Forbush , an in - joke character Lee co-created in 1955 as a literary device . Stan the Janitor also appears in Episode 18 , `` Out of Damage Control '' , as a part - time worker for Damage Control . In the episode `` Stan By Me '' , he , along with Mary Jane Watson , Agent / Principal Coulson , and Harry Osborn , helped Spider - Man fight the Lizard . At the end of the episode it is revealed that Lee 's character is secretly a top S.H.I.E.L.D. agent and is aware of Peter Parker 's secret identity as Spider - Man , and that he is a founding member of S.H.I.E.L.D. who named the organization , which Lee named in reality . Stan Lee has appeared in Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H. . He was first alluded to as Stan the Salesman in the first episode and later appeared in a recurring role as Mayor Stan of Vista Verde . Stan Lee will reprise his role as Fred 's dad in Big Hero 6 : The Series . The first episode implies that his name is Frederick Frederickson III . Live - action In the TV - movie The Trial of the Incredible Hulk ( 1989 ) , Lee 's first appearance in a Marvel movie or TV project is as a jury foreman in the trial of Dr. David Banner . Lee appears in `` T.R.A.C.K.S. '' , an episode of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. originally broadcast February 4 , 2014 . He appears in `` The Blitzkrieg Button '' , the Agent Carter episode originally broadcast January 27 , 2015 . Lee cameos in Marvel 's Netflix series via a photograph of Lee as a police officer of the New York City Police Department , appearing in Daredevil , Jessica Jones , Luke Cage , Iron Fist , The Defenders and The Punisher . In Iron Fist , he is identified as Captain Irving Forbush . Lee has a non-speaking cameo in the 2017 X-Men TV series The Gifted . Lee again appears as a limo driver in the Hulu series Runaways . Marvel films Animation In Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) , Lee 's voice and likeness are used for the father of character Fred . Though he appears in a portrait earlier in the film , Lee 's cameo is a post-credits scene in which he demonstrates to his son that they have many things to talk about . Lee was not involved with the creation of the original Big Hero 6 comic book from which the movie is sourced . Live - action In X-Men ( 2000 ) , Lee appears as a hotdog stand vendor on the beach when the newly mutated Senator Kelly emerges naked onshore after escaping from Magneto . In Spider - Man ( 2002 ) , he appeared during Spider - Man 's first battle with the Green Goblin , pulling a little girl away from falling debris . In the DVD 's deleted scenes , Lee plays a street vendor who tries to sell Peter Parker a pair of sunglasses . In Daredevil ( 2003 ) , as a child , Matt Murdock stops Lee from crossing the street and getting hit by a bus . This is also a reference to an incident in the comics which was omitted from the origin story of the film . In Hulk ( 2003 ) , he appears walking alongside former TV - series Hulk Lou Ferrigno in an early scene , both as security guards at Bruce Banner 's lab . It was his first speaking role in a film based on one of his characters . In Spider - Man 2 ( 2004 ) , Lee pulls an innocent person away from danger during Spider - Man 's first battle with Doctor Octopus . In a blooper scene that appears as an extra on the film 's DVD release , Lee has another cameo , saying , `` Look , Spider - Man stole that kid 's sneakers . '' In Man - Thing ( 2005 ) , a photograph of Lee is seen on a board of missing people . In Fantastic Four ( 2005 ) , Lee appears for the first time as a character that he created for the comics , Willie Lumpkin , the mail carrier who greets the Fantastic Four as they enter the Baxter Building . In X-Men : The Last Stand ( 2006 ) , Lee and Chris Claremont appear as two of Jean Grey 's neighbors in the opening scenes set 20 years in the past . Lee , credited as `` Waterhose Man '' , is watering the lawn when Jean telekinetically redirects the water from the hose into the air . In Fantastic Four : Rise of the Silver Surfer ( 2007 ) , Lee appears as himself at Reed Richards ' and Susan Storm 's first wedding , being turned away by a security guard for not being on the guest list . In Fantastic Four Annual # 3 ( 1965 ) , in which the couple married , Lee and Jack Kirby are similarly turned away . In Spider - Man 3 ( 2007 ) , Lee appears in a credited role as `` Man in Times Square '' . He stands next to Peter Parker , both of them reading a news bulletin about Spider - Man , and commenting to Peter that , `` You know , I guess one person can make a difference '' . He then says his catchphrase , `` ' Nuff said '' and leaves Peter to dwell on that thought . In Iron Man ( 2008 ) , Lee , credited as `` Himself '' , appears at a gala cavorting with three blondes , where Tony Stark mistakes him for Hugh Hefner . In the theatrical release of the film , Stark simply greets Lee as `` Hef '' and moves on ; another version of the scene was filmed where Stark realizes his mistake , but Lee graciously responds , `` That 's okay , I get this all the time . '' In 2008 , Stan Lee named this as his favorite cameo appearance to that date . In The Incredible Hulk ( 2008 ) , Lee appears as a hapless citizen who accidentally ingests a soft drink mixed with Bruce Banner 's blood , subsequently dropping it and leading to the discovery of Dr. Banner 's location in a bottling plant in Brazil . In Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) , during the Stark Expo , Lee , wearing suspenders and a red shirt and black and purple tie , is mistakenly greeted by Tony Stark as `` Larry King '' . In Thor ( 2011 ) , Lee appears among many people at the site where Thor 's hammer Mjolnir lands on earth . He tears the bed off his pickup truck in an attempt to pull Mjolnir out of the ground with a chain and causes everyone in the scene to laugh by asking , `` Did it work ? '' . His character is credited as `` Stan the Man '' , a nickname he 'd adopted in the Silver Age of Comic Books . In Captain America : The First Avenger ( 2011 ) , Lee plays a general in World War II who mistakes another man for Captain America / Steve Rogers , commenting , `` I thought he 'd be taller . '' Lee had nothing to do with the basic creation of the title character . However , Lee began his writing career in the character 's original series where he created the idea of Captain America using his shield as a throwing weapon . Furthermore , he was responsible for reviving the character in the Silver Age of Comic Books and co-wrote most of the character 's stories in The Avengers and his solo stories in that period . In The Avengers ( 2012 ) , Lee 's character is interviewed about the Avengers saving Manhattan . Lee 's character responds , `` Superheroes in New York ? Give me a break '' , and then returns to his game of chess . He also appears in a deleted scene in which , when a waitress flirts with Steve Rogers , Lee says to him , `` Ask for her number , you moron ! '' In The Amazing Spider - Man ( 2012 ) , Lee is a librarian at Midtown Science High School , comically oblivious to the fight between Spider - Man and the Lizard happening behind him ( a table nearly hits him as well ) due to the fact that he is listening to classical music . He walks out of the library as the fight continues . In Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) , Lee portrays a beauty pageant judge who appears on a television monitor and happily gives one of the contestants a 10 . In Thor : The Dark World ( 2013 ) , Lee appears as a mental ward patient who loans his shoe to Erik Selvig for a demonstration about `` the Convergence '' in his delusions . When Selvig finishes and asks if anyone has questions , Lee says , `` Yeah , can I have my shoe back '' ? In Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) , Lee plays a security guard at the Smithsonian Institution who after discovering that Captain America stole his own World War II uniform from an exhibit , says , `` Oh man , I am so fired . '' In The Amazing Spider - Man 2 ( 2014 ) , Lee is a guest at Peter Parker and Gwen Stacy 's graduation . He notes that he recognizes Peter Parker . In Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) , Lee appears as an elderly gentleman having a conversation with a significantly younger woman . Rocket , viewing him through a scanning device , dismisses him as part of what he saw was wrong with the planet Xandar . With the exception of Groot , Ronan and The Collector , Lee did not have a hand in the creation of the Guardians of the Galaxy . In Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) , he appears as a military veteran who attends the Avengers ' victory party . He claims he fought at Omaha Beach and that it proves he can handle a shot of Asgardian liquor from Thor , but is then carried away drunk , muttering his catchphrase , `` Excelsior ! '' Lee noted that this was his favorite cameo . In Ant - Man ( 2015 ) , Lee appears as a bartender in a story Luis tells to Scott Lang explaining that Falcon was looking for him . In Deadpool ( 2016 ) , Lee appears as himself , working as an MC at a strip club . Lee did not have a hand in the creation of the character Deadpool . In Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) , Lee appears as a FedEx postman , delivering a package from Steve Rogers to Tony Stark at the end of the film , mispronouncing Stark 's name as Tony `` Stank '' . In X-Men : Apocalypse ( 2016 ) , Lee is shown viewing the rising nuclear weapons launched by Apocalypse next to his wife Joan . In Doctor Strange ( 2016 ) , Lee appears as a bus rider reading Aldous Huxley 's The Doors of Perception , oblivious to a battle between Doctor Strange and Mordo and Kaecilius and his followers . Lee makes a cameo appearance in No Good Deed ( 2017 ) , a short film aired before Logan in North America , in which Lee plays himself and says to Deadpool `` Wow , nice suit ! '' to which Deadpool replies `` Zip it , Stan Lee ! '' . Lee 's cameo appearance was cut from the theatrical version of the short film but was restored in the version released on star Ryan Reynolds ' Youtube account page . Lee later thanked Reynolds for restoring his cameo . In Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( 2017 ) , Lee appears as an astronaut telling a story to The Watchers , mentioning his stint as a deliveryman in Captain America : Civil War . He appears again in one of the end credits scenes , where the Watchers leave , tired of his stories as he quotes to them that they are his only ride back to Earth . The Watchers , along with Ego , were co-created by Lee . Lee also makes an appearance in the music video for the song `` Guardians Inferno '' . In Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) , Lee appears as an annoyed neighbor named Gary who , after witnessing Spider - Man mistakenly accosting an innocent civilian says to him , `` Do n't make me come down there , you punk ! '' In Thor : Ragnarok ( 2017 ) , Lee appears as a servant to the Grandmaster on Sakaar who cuts Thor 's hair . In Black Panther ( 2018 ) , Lee appears as a patron of a casino in Busan , South Korea . In Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) , Lee appears as the driver of Peter Parker 's school bus . When the students on the bus watch Ebony Maw 's ship arriving , the driver says , `` What 's the matter with you kids ? You never seen a spaceship before ? '' In Deadpool 2 , Lee appears in graffiti art as Domino is flying through the city . Lee will make a cameo appearance in Ant - Man and the Wasp ( 2018 ) . Warner Bros. / DC properties Stan Lee mourning on Dan Turpin 's funeral . Above TV capture from original episode and below storyboard art by Bruce Timm and text comments by Paul Dini . In the original February 7 , 1998 , broadcast airing of the Superman : The Animated Series episode `` Apokolips ... Now ! Part 2 '' on the Kids ' WB programming block , an animated Funky Flashman was visible mourning the death of Daniel `` Terrible '' Turpin , a character based on his longtime Marvel Comics collaborator Jack Kirby . This shot was later modified to remove the likeness of Lee and of other background Marvel characters when the episode was released on DVD . Other film , TV , and video In the 1990s , Lee hosted the documentary series The Comic Book Greats and interviewed notable comic book creators such as Chris Claremont , Jim Lee , Todd McFarlane , Rob Liefeld , and Whilce Portacio . In the 1994 - 1995 syndicated television block The Marvel Action Hour , Lee appeared as himself to give brief introductions to each episode of Iron Man and the Fantastic Four animated series . Lee has an extensive cameo in the 1995 Kevin Smith film Mallrats . He plays himself , this time visiting the mall to sign books at a comic store . Later , he takes on the role of a sage - like character , giving Jason Lee 's character , Brodie Bruce ( a longtime fan of Stan 's ) , advice on his love life . He also recorded interviews with Smith for the non-fiction video Stan Lee 's Mutants , Monsters & Marvels ( 2002 ) . Lee made a second cameo in Smith 's 2016 film Yoga Hosers as a police officer . Lee is the host of the 2010 History Channel documentary series Stan Lee 's Superhumans . Lee plays himself in the 2011 Frankie Muniz film Pizza Man . Lee makes a cameo appearance as the `` Three Stooges Wedding Guest '' in the 2004 Disney film The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement . Lee hosted and judged contestants in the SyFy series Who Wants to Be a Superhero ? Lee appears with director Kevin Smith and 2000s Marvel editor - in - chief Joe Quesada in the DVD program Marvel Then & Now : An Evening with Stan Lee and Joe Quesada , hosted by Kevin Smith . Lee was interviewed on the History Channel show Superhuman by Daniel Browning Smith , who held several Guinness Records for extreme flexibility due to having Ehlers - Danlos syndrome , a genetic condition affecting collagen formation . Smith had created his own comic book to display his own struggles as an outcast for his flexibility , and legitimately surprised Lee with a quick demonstration of his talent . In the animated series Jim Henson 's Muppet Babies , Lee plays himself in a live - action scene of the `` Comic Capers '' episode . Lee appeared as himself in an extended self - parodying sketch on the episode `` Tapping a Hero '' of Robot Chicken . Lee appears as himself in writer - director Larry Cohen 's The Ambulance ( 1990 ) , in which Eric Roberts plays an aspiring comics artist . In `` I Am Furious ( Yellow ) '' , a season 13 episode of The Simpsons , Lee voices an animated version of himself . Lee also appeared on the commentary track along with other Simpsons writers and directors on the episode for The Simpsons Season 13 box set released in 2010 . In a later episode , `` Worst Episode Ever '' , Lee 's picture is seen next to several others on the wall behind the register , under the heading `` Banned for life '' . Lee later officiated Comic Book Guy 's wedding in `` Married to the Blob '' . Lee appears as himself in Mark Hamill 's 2004 film Comic Book : The Movie , a direct - to - video mockumentary primarily filmed at the 2002 San Diego Comic - Con . Lee made an appearance on December 21 , 2006 , on the NBC game show Identity . Lee appeared as himself in `` The Excelsior Acquisition '' , a third season episode of The Big Bang Theory , in March 2010 . He appears at the front door of his house wearing Fantastic Four pajamas ( ultimately calling back into the house , `` Joanie , call the police ! '' to get rid of Sheldon , who showed up after missing a comic book signing at the local store ) , and orders a restraining order against him . He plays a bus driver in the sixteenth episode of the first season of Heroes . Lee made a guest appearance as himself in `` Bottom 's Up '' , a season seven episode of the TV series Entourage . He guest - starred as Dr. Lee ( aka : Generalissimo ) in `` Glimpse '' , a season four episode of Eureka that aired in July 2011 . Lee appears in `` The Guardian '' , the October 7 , 2010 , episode of Nikita , as Hank Excelsior , a witness to a bank robbery who is interviewed by a TV reporter . Lee was interviewed in the 2011 documentary Superheroes . Lee appears in X Japan 's unreleased music video for their song `` Born to Be Free '' . Lee portrayed himself at a CIA holiday party in the fifth season of Chuck , in which it is revealed in that universe he secretly works for the government and has a romantic interest in General Beckman . Lee appeared in the eleventh episode of season five of The Guild , in which he was captured at a convention by the character Zaboo 's Master Chief cosplaying henchmen . Lee lent his voice to `` The Amazing Man - Spider '' , a segment of the May 13 , 2013 episode of the satirical animated TV series MAD . The segment depicts the story of what happened to the radioactive spider that bit Peter Parker . Lee portrayed a future version of Tony Stark in `` Episode 205 -- The Future ! '' of the comedy web series Avengers Assemble ! . In this episode , he delivered from the future a cryptic message to the rest of his fellow Avengers , but constantly frustrated his companions due to his ineptness with the technology of his future era . He was the subject of an April 2012 Epix cable - network documentary , `` With Great Power : The Stan Lee Story . '' Lee appeared as a judge in the second season premiere of the web series Video Game High School . In the Phineas and Ferb crossover special , Mission Marvel , Lee cameos as a New York City hot dog vendor . Lee is among the interview subjects in Superheroes : A Never - Ending Battle , a three - hour documentary narrated by Liev Schreiber , which premiered on PBS in October 2013 . Lee 's Chakra the Invincible was scheduled to premiere on Rovio Entertainment 's ToonsTV channel in 2014 . Lee filmed a cameo in the 2010 film Kick - Ass , as a man watching news footage of the title character but was cut out from the film . Lee made a brief cameo in the 2014 animated film Jay & Silent Bob 's Super Groovy Cartoon Movie . During his appearance , Lee visits Bluntman and Chronic to talk to them about the `` Avenger Initiative '' . Lee made a cameo in Bart Baker 's parody of `` Elastic Heart '' by Sia when he bails Sia ( played by Amanda Hosler ) out of jail for the pedophilia in her Elastic Heart video to star in her own superhero movie with Shia LaBeouf ( played by Baker ) and Kanye West ( played by Warren Barrow ) as the main villain . Lee appears several times in the refurbished version of The Amazing Adventures of Spider - Man . Lee was slated to portray himself in the sequel to Mallrats , Mallbrats . Lee made a cameo appearance in a web - series called `` Super Power Beat Down '' where he plays a man reading a newspaper who tells Spider - Man and Darth Maul to keep the noise down or else he will get angry . Lee makes a cameo in a short film called Spider - Man : Homecoming -- NBA Finals , which aired on ABC as a promotion for Spider - Man : Homecoming ; Lee utters the exact same dialogue as the Graduation guest he portrayed in the 2014 film The Amazing Spider - Man 2 . Lee makes a cameo as one of the Collector 's prisoners in Guardians of the Galaxy Mission Breakout . Video Games and applications Lee narrates the 2000 video game Spider - Man , the 2001 sequel Spider - Man 2 : Enter Electro , and 2010 's Spider - Man : Shattered Dimensions . Lee made his first - ever onscreen video game appearance as a senator named after himself in Marvel Ultimate Alliance 2 . Lee narrates The Avengers Origins : Hulk and Avengers Origins : Assemble ! apps for the iPad , iPhone , and iPod Touch , which were released by Disney Publishing Worldwide in February 2012 . Lee is a playable character in Activision 's The Amazing Spider - Man video game , which was released in June 2012 , as a tie - in to the film of the same name . In the game , Lee is depicted as having the same superpowers as Spider - Man , and uses them to retrieve the pages of a new comic book manuscript that he had lost and were subsequently scattered around Manhattan . He also voices a character with his first name in the main story mode , who calls Peter about the charges to his credit card when Peter 's walking to Dr. Connor 's sewer lab . Lee appears as a playable Lego version of himself in Lego Marvel Super Heroes where he was able to turn into Stan - Hulk released October 2013 . Lee reprised his role , appearing as himself in The Amazing Spider - Man 2 video game , which was released in April 2014 , as a tie - in to the film of the same name . Lee appears as a playable Lego version of himself in Lego Marvel 's Avengers where he is able to turn into Stan - Hulk , Iron Stan and the StanBuster . Lee appears as a playable Lego version of himself in Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2 where he has the powers of Thor , Galactus , and Spider - Man is able to complete Gwenpool missions Personal life Lee was raised in a Jewish family . In a 2002 survey of whether he believes in God , he stated , `` Well , let me put it this way ... ( Pauses . ) No , I 'm not going to try to be clever . I really do n't know . I just do n't know . '' From 1945 to 1947 , Lee lived in the rented top floor of a brownstone in the East 90s in Manhattan . He married Joan Clayton Boocock on December 5 , 1947 , and in 1949 , the couple bought house at 1084 West Broadway in Woodmere , New York , on Long Island , living there through 1952 . Their daughter Joan Celia `` J.C. '' Lee was born in 1950 . Another child , daughter Jan Lee , died three days after delivery in 1953 . The Lees resided at 226 Richards Lane in the Long Island town of Hewlett Harbor , New York , from 1952 to 1980 . They also owned a condominium at 220 East 63rd Street in Manhattan from 1975 to 1980 , and , during the 1970s , a vacation home on Cutler Lane in Remsenburg , New York . For their move to the west coast in 1981 , he and his wife bought a home in West Hollywood , California previously owned by comedian Jack Benny 's radio announcer , Don Wilson . In late September 2012 , Lee underwent an operation to insert a pacemaker , cancelling planned appearances at conventions . On July 6 , 2017 , his wife of 69 years , Joan , died of complications from a stroke . She was 95 years old . Filmography See also : Stan Lee cameos Film Year Film Role Notes 1973 L'An 01 Cameo 1989 The Trial of the Incredible Hulk Jury Foreman TV movie The Ambulance Himself Cameo 1995 Mallrats 2000 X-Men Hotdog Stand Vendor 2000 Citizen Toxie : The Toxic Avenger IV Narrator ( voice ) 2000 The Adventures of Cinderella 's Daughter Priest 2002 Spider - Man Man Saving Girl 2003 Daredevil Man Crossing Street 2003 Hulk Security Guard Spider - Man 2 Man Saving Innocent Person Comic Book : The Movie Himself The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement Three Stooges Wedding Guest 2005 Fantastic Four Willie Lumpkin 2005 Conflict Trevor Short film , cameo 2006 X-Men : The Last Stand Man with waterhose Cameo 2007 Fantastic Four : Rise of the Silver Surfer Himself 2007 Spider - Man 3 Man in Times Square 2007 Mosaic Stanley 2007 The Condor Grandfather 2008 Iron Man Himself ; Credited as `` Man mistaken as Hugh Hefner '' 2008 The Incredible Hulk Himself ; Credited as `` Hapless citizen '' Iron Man 2 Himself ; Credited as `` Man mistaken as Larry King '' 2011 Thor Himself ; Credited as `` Pickup truck driver '' 2011 Captain America : The First Avenger Himself ; Credited as `` General '' 2011 Pizza Man Himself 2012 The Avengers Himself ; Credited as `` Random citizen '' 2012 The Amazing Spider - Man Librarian 2013 Jay & Silent Bob 's Super Groovy Cartoon Movie Himself ( voice ) 2013 Iron Man 3 Himself ; Credited as `` Beauty pageant judge '' 2013 Thor : The Dark World Himself ; Credited as `` Mental ward patient '' 2013 Return to Nuke ' Em High Volume 1 Narrator ( Uncredited ) 2014 Captain America : The Winter Soldier Himself ; Credited as `` Smithsonian guard '' 2014 The Amazing Spider - Man 2 Graduation guest 2014 Guardians of the Galaxy Himself ; Credited as `` Xandarian ladies ' man '' 2014 Big Hero 6 Fred 's Dad ( voice ) Post-credits cameo 2015 Avengers : Age of Ultron Himself ; Credited as `` Military veteran '' Cameo 2015 Ant - Man Himself ; Credited as `` Bartender '' 2016 Deadpool Stripclub DJ 2016 Captain America : Civil War Himself ; Credited as `` FedEx delivery worker '' 2016 X-Men : Apocalypse Himself 2016 Yoga Hosers Dispatcher 2016 Doctor Strange Himself ; Credited as `` Bus passenger '' 2017 No Good Deed Himself Short film , aired before Logan , cameo only appears in online version . 2017 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Himself ; Credited as `` The Watchers ' Informant '' Cameo 2017 Spider - Man : Homecoming -- NBA Finals Himself ; Credited as `` Old Man on Street '' Short film , aired on ABC as a promotion for Spider - Man : Homecoming , Lee utters the exact same dialogue as the Graduation guest portrayed by him in the 2014 film The Amazing Spider - Man 2 . 2017 Spider - Man : Homecoming Himself ; Credited as `` Gary '' Cameo 2017 Thor : Ragnarok Himself ; Credited as `` Barber '' 2018 Black Panther Himself ; Credited as `` Thirsty Gambler '' 2018 Avengers : Infinity War Himself ; Credited as `` School Bus driver '' 2018 Ant - Man and the Wasp TBA Post-production , cameo 2019 Captain Marvel TBA 2019 Untitled Avengers film TBA Post-production , cameo Television Year Series Role Notes 1981 -- 1983 Spider - Man and His Amazing Friends Narrator ( voice ) 15 episodes ; Also Executive producer 1982 -- 1983 The Incredible Hulk 13 episodes ; Also Executive producer 1989 X-Men : Pryde of the X-Men Himself / Narrator ( voice ) Episode : `` Pilot '' 1989 Muppet Babies Himself ( voice ) Episode : `` Comic Capers '' 1991 -- 1992 The Comic Book Greats Himself ( host ) 13 episodes ; Also Creator , executive producer 1998 Spider - Man Himself ( voice ) Episode : `` Spider Wars , Chapter 2 : Farewell Spider - Man '' ; Also Executive producer 1994 Fantastic Four 2 episodes ; Also Executive producer The Incredible Hulk Cliff Walters ( voice ) Episode : `` Down Memory Lane '' ; Also Executive producer 2002 The Simpsons Himself ( voice ) Episode : `` I Am Furious ( Yellow ) '' 2003 Spider - Man : The New Animated Series Frank Elson ( voice ) Episode : `` Mind Games : Part 1 '' 2003 Stripperella Jerry ( voice ) Episode : `` Crime Does n't Pay ... Seriously , It Does n't '' ; Also Creator , Executive producer 2003 -- 2004 Madtv Himself 2 episodes 2006 Identity Himself Episode : `` 1.4 '' 2006 -- 2007 Who Wants to Be a Superhero ? Himself ( host ) 14 episodes ; Also Creator , Executive Producer 2007 -- 2013 Robot Chicken Himself ( voice ) 3 episodes 2007 Heroes Bus Driver Episode : `` Unexpected '' 2009 The Spectacular Spider - Man Stan ( voice ) Episode : `` Blueprints '' ; Also Executive producer 2009 -- 2011 The Super Hero Squad Show Mayor of Superhero City ( voice ) 12 episodes ; Also Creator , executive producer Black Panther General Wallace ( voice ) Episode : `` Pilot '' The Big Bang Theory Himself Episode : `` The Excelsior Acquisition '' Entourage Episode : `` Bottoms Up '' Nikita Hank Excelsior Episode : `` The Guardian '' 2010 -- 2014 Stan Lee 's Superhumans Himself ( co-host ) Also Creator , Executive Producer 2011 Eureka Himself Episode : `` Glimpse '' 2011 The Guild Episode : `` Costume Contest '' 2011 -- 2014 Avengers Assemble ! Future Tony / Future Tony Stark Episodes : `` The Future ! '' , `` Stop & Frisk '' , `` Copyright Infringement '' 2012 -- 2017 Ultimate Spider - Man Stan the Janitor ( voice ) Recurring Role 2013 Mad Bird Scientist , Papa Smurf , The Amazing Man - Spider Announcer ( voice ) Episode : `` Papa / 1600 Finn '' 2013 Phineas and Ferb New York City Hot Dog Vendor ( voice ) Episode : `` Phineas and Ferb : Mission Marvel '' 2013 Superheroes : A Never - Ending Battle Himself 3 Episodes 2013 Fangasm Himself Episode : `` Beam Me Up , Stan '' 2013 Lego Marvel Super Heroes : Maximum Overload Hot Dog Vendor ( voice ) Episode : `` Assault , Off - Asgard ! '' 2013 -- 2015 Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H. Stan the Salesman ( voice ) Recurring Role 2014 The Simpsons Himself ( voice ) Episode : `` Married to the Blob '' 2014 Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Himself ; Credited as `` Debonair Gentleman '' Episode : `` T.R.A.C.K.S. '' 2014 Hell 's Kitchen Himself Season 12 Episode 18 : 5 Chef 's Compete 2014 Marvel 75 Years : From Pulp to Pop ! Himself 2015 Agent Carter Himself ; Credited as `` Shoeshine customer '' Episode : `` The Blitzkrieg Button '' 2016 Captain America : 75 Heroic Years Himself 2016 Stan Lee 's Lucky Man Season 1 Episode 1 : More Yang Than Yin 2017 Big Hero 6 : The Series Fred 's Dad 2017 The Gifted Himself Episode : eXposed ( Non-speaking cameo ) 2017 Runaways Himself Episode : Metamorphosis Video games Year Video Game Voice 2000 Spider - Man Narrator Spider - Man 2 : Enter Electro 2009 Marvel : Ultimate Alliance 2 Senator Lieber Marvel Super Hero Squad Mayor of Superhero City Spider - Man : Shattered Dimensions Narrator 2012 The Amazing Spider - Man Himself 2013 Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2014 The Amazing Spider - Man 2 Family Guy : The Quest for Stuff 2016 Lego Marvel Avengers 2017 Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2 Accolades Year Award Nominated work Result Inkpot Award Won 1994 The Will Eisner Award Hall of Fame 1995 Jack Kirby Hall of Fame 2002 Saturn Award The Life Career Award 2008 National Medal of Arts 2009 Hugo Award Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation - Iron Man Nominated Scream Awards Comic - Con Icon Award Won 2011 Hollywood Walk of Fame 2012 Visual Effects Society Awards Lifetime Achievement Award Producers Guild of America Vanguard Award 2017 National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers Performance in a Comedy , Supporting The County of Los Angeles declared October 2 , 2009 `` Stan Lee Day '' . The City of Long Beach declared October 2 , 2009 `` Stan Lee Day '' . On July 14 , 2017 , Lee and Jack Kirby were named Disney Legends for their creation of numerous characters that would comprise Disney 's Marvel Cinematic Universe . On July 18 , 2017 , as part of D23 Disney Legends event , a ceremony was held on TCL Chinese Theatre in Hollywood Boulevard where Stan Lee imprinted his hands , feet and signature in cement . Bibliography Books Lee , Stan ; Mair , George ( 2002 ) . Excelsior ! : The Amazing Life of Stan Lee . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 2800 - 8 . Lee , Stan ( 1997 ) ( Originally published by Simon & Schuster in 1974 ) . Origins of Marvel Comics . Marvel Entertainment Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7851 - 0551 - 0 . Lee , Stan ; David , Peter ( 2015 ) . Amazing , Fantastic , Incredible . Simon & Schuster . Comics bibliography Lee 's comics work includes : DC DC Comics Presents : Superman # 1 ( 2004 ) Detective Comics # 600 ( 1989 , text piece ) Just Imagine Stan Lee creating : Aquaman ( with Scott McDaniel ) ( 2002 ) Batman ( with Joe Kubert ) ( 2001 ) Catwoman ( with Chris Bachalo ) ( 2002 ) Crisis ( with John Cassaday ) ( 2002 ) Flash ( with Kevin Maguire ) ( 2002 ) Green Lantern ( with Dave Gibbons ) ( 2001 ) JLA ( with Jerry Ordway ) ( 2002 ) Robin ( with John Byrne ) ( 2001 ) Sandman ( with Walt Simonson ) ( 2002 ) Secret Files and Origins ( 2002 ) Shazam ! ( with Gary Frank ) ( 2001 ) Superman ( with John Buscema ) ( 2001 ) Wonder Woman ( with Jim Lee ) ( 2001 ) Marvel The Amazing Spider - Man # 1 -- 100 , 105 -- 110 , 116 -- 118 , 200 , Annual # 1 -- 5 , 18 ( 1962 -- 84 ) ; ( backup stories ) : # 634 -- 645 ( 2010 -- 11 ) The Amazing Spider - Man , strips ( 1977 -- present ) Avengers # 1 -- 35 ( 1963 -- 66 ) Captain America # 100 -- 141 ( 1968 -- 71 ) ( continues from Tales of Suspense # 99 ) Daredevil , # 1 -- 9 , 11 -- 50 , 53 , Annual # 1 ( 1964 -- 69 ) Daredevil , vol. 2 , # 20 ( backup story ) ( 2001 ) Epic Illustrated # 1 ( Silver Surfer ) ( 1980 ) Fantastic Four # 1 -- 114 , 120 -- 125 , Annual # 1 -- 6 ( 1961 -- 72 ) ; # 296 ( 1986 ) The Incredible Hulk # 1 -- 6 ( continues to Tales to Astonish # 59 ) The Incredible Hulk , vol. 2 , # 108 -- 120 ( 1968 -- 69 ) Journey into Mystery ( Thor ) plotter # 83 -- 96 ( 1962 -- 63 ) , writer # 97 -- 125 , Annual # 1 ( 1963 -- 66 ) ( continues to Thor # 126 ) The Mighty Thor # 126 -- 192 , 200 , Annual # 2 ( 1966 -- 72 ) , 385 ( 1987 ) Nightcat # 1 ( 1991 ) Ravage 2099 # 1 -- 7 ( 1992 -- 93 ) Savage She - Hulk # 1 ( 1980 ) Sgt . Fury and his Howling Commandos # 1 -- 28 , Annual # 1 ( 1963 -- 66 ) Silver Surfer # 1 -- 18 ( 1968 -- 70 ) Silver Surfer , vol. 2 , # 1 ( 1982 ) Silver Surfer : Judgment Day ( 1988 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 87135 - 427 - 3 Silver Surfer : Parable # 1 -- 2 ( 1988 -- 89 ) Silver Surfer : The Enslavers ( 1990 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 87135 - 617 - 8 Solarman # 1 -- 2 ( 1989 -- 90 ) The Spectacular Spider - Man Annual # 10 ( 1990 ) Strange Tales ( diverse stories ) : # 9 , 11 , 74 , 89 , 90 -- 100 ( 1951 -- 62 ) ; ( Human Torch ) : # 101 -- 109 , 112 -- 133 , Annual # 2 ; ( Doctor Strange ) : # 110 -- 111 , 115 -- 142 , 151 -- 158 ( 1962 -- 67 ) ; ( Nick Fury , Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. : # 135 -- 147 , 150 -- 152 ( 1965 -- 67 ) Tales to Astonish ( diverse stories ) : # 1 , 6 , 12 -- 13 , 15 -- 17 , 24 -- 33 ( 1956 -- 62 ) ; Ant - Man / Giant Man : # 35 -- 69 ( 1962 -- 65 ) ( The Hulk : # 59 -- 101 ( 1964 -- 1968 ) ; Sub-Mariner : # 70 -- 101 ( 1965 -- 68 ) Tales of Suspense ( diverse stories ) : # 7 , 9 , 16 , 22 , 27 , 29 -- 30 ( 1959 -- 62 ) ; ( Iron Man ) : plotter # 39 -- 46 ( 1963 ) , writer # 47 -- 98 ( 1963 -- 68 ) ( Captain America ) : # 58 -- 86 , 88 -- 99 ( 1964 -- 68 ) Web of Spider - Man Annual # 6 ( 1990 ) What If ( Fantastic Four ) # 200 ( 2011 ) The X-Men # 1 -- 19 ( 1963 -- 66 ) Simon & Schuster The Silver Surfer : The Ultimate Cosmic Experience , 114 pages , September 1978 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 24225 - 1 Other Heroman How to Draw Comics the Marvel Way Ultimo ( manga original concept ) See also Biography portal Comics portal Film portal Greater Los Angeles portal New York City portal Speculative fiction portal Superhero fiction portal United States portal Characters created by Stan Lee List of American comics creators List of American Jews List of Eisner Award winners List of Harvey Award winners List of Jewish American authors List of Marvel Comics people List of pseudonyms List of science fiction authors Notes Jump up ^ Lee 's account of how he began working for Marvel 's predecessor , Timely , has varied . He has said in lectures and elsewhere that he simply answered a newspaper ad seeking a publishing assistant , not knowing it involved comics , let alone his cousin Jean 's husband , Martin Goodman : I applied for a job in a publishing company ... I did n't even know they published comics . I was fresh out of high school , and I wanted to get into the publishing business , if I could . There was an ad in the paper that said , `` Assistant Wanted in a Publishing House . '' When I found out that they wanted me to assist in comics , I figured , ' Well , I 'll stay here for a little while and get some experience , and then I 'll get out into the real world . ' ... I just wanted to know , ' What do you do in a publishing company ? ' How do you write ? ... How do you publish ? I was an assistant . There were two people there named Joe Simon and Jack Kirby -- Joe was sort - of the editor / artist / writer , and Jack was the artist / writer . Joe was the senior member . They were turning out most of the artwork . Then there was the publisher , Martin Goodman ... And that was about the only staff that I was involved with . After a while , Joe Simon and Jack Kirby left . I was about 17 years old ( sic ) , and Martin Goodman said to me , ' Do you think you can hold down the job of editor until I can find a real person ? ' When you 're 17 , what do you know ? I said , ' Sure ! I can do it ! ' I think he forgot about me , because I stayed there ever since . However , in his 2002 autobiography , Excelsior ! The Amazing Life of Stan Lee he writes : My uncle , Robbie Solomon , told me they might be able to use someone at a publishing company where he worked . The idea of being involved in publishing definitely appealed to me ... So I contacted the man Robbie said did the hiring , Joe Simon , and applied for a job . He took me on and I began working as a gofer for eight dollars a week ... Joe Simon , in his 1990 autobiography The Comic Book Makers , gives the account slightly differently : `` One day ( Goodman 's relative known as ) Uncle Robbie came to work with a lanky 17 - year - old in tow . ' This is Stanley Lieber , Martin 's wife 's cousin , ' Uncle Robbie said . ' Martin wants you to keep him busy . ' '' In an appendix , however , Simon appears to reconcile the two accounts . He relates a 1989 conversation with Lee : Lee : I 've been saying this ( classified - ad ) story for years , but apparently it is n't so . And I ca n't remember because I ( 've ) said it so long now that I believe it . '' ... Simon : `` Your Uncle Robbie brought you into the office one day and he said , ' This is Martin Goodman 's wife 's nephew . ' ( sic ) ... You were seventeen years old . '' Lee : `` Sixteen and a half ! '' Simon : `` Well , Stan , you told me seventeen . You were probably trying to be older ... I did hire you . '' References Jump up ^ Lee & Mair 2002 , p. 27 ^ Jump up to : Kupperberg , Paul ( 2006 ) . The Creation of Spider - Man . New York , New York : Rosen Publishing . p. 12 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4042 - 0763 - 9 . Jump up ^ Gilroy , Dan ( September 17 , 1986 ) . `` Marvel Now a $100 Million Hulk : Marvel Divisions and Top Execs '' . Variety . p. 81 . Archived from the original ( jpeg ) on February 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel Entertainment Group Inc . Form 10 - K / A '' . Securities and Exchange Commission . May 15 , 1997 . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stan Lee '' . POW ! Entertainment . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2017 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , John Jackson ( June 10 , 2005 ) . `` Comics Industry Birthdays '' . Comics Buyer 's Guide . Iola , Wisconsin . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Lee & Mair 2002 , p. 5 Jump up ^ The Celebrity Who 's Who -- World Almanac . Google Books . September 1986 . p. 213 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 33990 - 4 . Retrieved August 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lewine , Edward ( September 4 , 2007 ) . `` Sketching Out His Past : Image 1 '' . The New York Times Key Magazine . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2009 . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Lewine . `` Image 2 '' . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2009 . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kugel , Allison ( March 13 , 2006 ) . `` Stan Lee : From Marvel Comics Genius to Purveyor of Wonder with POW ! Entertainment '' . PR.com . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2011 . Retrieved May 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lee and Mair , p. 17 Jump up ^ Sedlmeier , Cory , ed . Marvel Masterworks : The Incredible Hulk Volume 2 . Marvel Comics . p. 244 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7851 - 5883 - 7 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Biography '' . StanLeeWeb.com ( fan site by minority shareholders of POW ! Entertainment . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2008 . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Apuzzo , Jason ( February 1 , 2012 ) . `` With Great Power : A Conversation with Stan Lee at Slamdance 2012 '' . Moviefone . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Stan Lee '' . WebOfStories . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ Lee and Mair , p. 18 Jump up ^ `` I Let People Do Their Jobs ! ' : A Conversation with Vince Fago -- Artist , writer , and Third Editor - in - Chief of Timely / Marvel Comics '' . Alter Ego. 3 ( 11 ) . Raleigh , North Carolina : TwoMorrows Publishing . November 2001 . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lee , Mair , p. 22 Jump up ^ `` Interview with Stan Lee ( Part 1 of 5 ) '' . IGN FilmForce . June 26 , 2000 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Boucher , Geoff ( September 25 , 2009 ) . `` Jack Kirby , the abandoned hero of Marvel 's grand Hollywood adventure , and his family 's quest '' . Hero Complex ( column ) , Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sanderson , Peter ; Gilbert , Laura , ed. ( 2008 ) . `` 1940s '' . Marvel Chronicle A Year by Year History . London , United Kingdom : Dorling Kindersley . p. 19 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7566 - 4123 - 8 . Joe Simon and Jack Kirby 's assistant Stanley Lieber wrote his first story for Timely , a text story called ' Captain America Foils the Traitor 's Revenge ' . It was also his first superhero story , and the first work he signed using his new pen name of Stan Lee . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Thomas , Roy ( 2006 ) . Stan Lee 's Amazing Marvel Universe . New York : Sterling Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4027 - 4225 - 5 . With the speed of thought , he sent his shield spinning through the air to the other end of the tent , where it smacked the knife out of Haines ' hand ! '' It became a convention starting the following issue , in a Simon & Kirby 's comics story depict the following : `` Captain America 's speed of thought and action save Bucky 's life -- as he hurls his shield across the room . Jump up ^ Sanderson `` 1940s '' in Gilbert ( 2008 ) , p. 19 Jump up ^ Brooks , Brad ; Tim Pilcher ( 2005 ) . The Essential Guide to World Comics . London , United Kingdom : Collins & Brown . p. 13 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84340 - 300 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Boatz , Darrel L. ( December 1988 ) . `` Stan Lee '' . Comics Interview ( 64 ) . Fictioneer Books . pp. 5 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Conan , Neal ( October 27 , 2010 ) . `` Stan Lee , Mastermind of the Marvel Universe '' . Talk of the Nation . National Public Radio . Jump up ^ McLaughlin , Jeff ; Stan Lee ( 2007 ) . Stan Lee : Conversations . Jackson , Mississippi : University Press of Mississippi . p. 59 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57806 - 985 - 9 . Jump up ^ Heintjes , Tom ( 2009 ) . `` Everybody 's Friend : Remembering Stan Lee and Dan DeCarlo 's My Friend Irma '' . Hogan 's Alley . Bull Moose Publishing ( 16 ) . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kaplan , Arie ( 2006 ) . Masters of the Comic Book Universe Revealed ! . Chicago Review Press . p. 50 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55652 - 633 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : McLaughlin , Jeff ; Stan Lee ( 2007 ) . Stan Lee : Conversations . Jackson , Mississippi : University Press of Mississippi . p. 138 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57806 - 985 - 9 . Jump up ^ Noted comic - book writer Alan Moore described the significance of this new approach in a radio interview on the BBC Four program Chain Reaction , transcribed at `` Alan Moore Chain Reaction Interview Transcript '' . Comic Book Resources . January 27 , 2005 . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2010 . : The DC comics were ... one dimensional characters whose only characteristic was they dressed up in costumes and did good . Whereas Stan Lee had this huge breakthrough of two - dimensional characters . So , they dress up in costumes and do good , but they 've got a bad heart . Or a bad leg . I actually did think for a long while that having a bad leg was an actual character trait . Jump up ^ Wright , Bradford W. ( 2003 ) . Comic Book Nation : The Transformation of Youth Culture in America . Baltimore , Maryland : The Johns Hopkins University Press . p. 207 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 7450 - 5 . Jump up ^ Kimball , Kirk ( n.d. ) . `` Secret Origins of the Fantastic Four '' . Dial B For Blog . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ DeFalco , Tom `` 1960s '' in Gilbert ( 2008 ) , p. 84 : `` It did not take long for editor Stan Lee to realize that The Fantastic Four was a hit ... the flurry of fan letters all pointed to the FF 's explosive popularity . '' Jump up ^ DeFalco `` 1960s '' in Gilbert ( 2008 ) , p. 85 : `` Based on their collaboration on The Fantastic Four , ( Stan ) Lee worked with Jack Kirby . Instead of a team that fought traditional Marvel monsters however , Lee decided that this time he wanted to feature a monster as the hero . '' Jump up ^ DeFalco `` 1960s '' in Gilbert ( 2008 ) , p. 88 : `` ( Stan Lee ) had always been fascinated by the legends of the Norse gods and realized that he could use those tales as the basis for his new series centered on the mighty Thor ... The heroic and glamorous style that ... Jack Kirby ( had ) was perfect for Thor . '' Jump up ^ DeFalco `` 1960s '' in Gilbert ( 2008 ) , p. 91 : `` Set against the background of the Vietnam War , Iron Man signaled the end of Marvel 's monster / suspense line when he debuted in Tales of Suspense # 39 ... ( Stan ) Lee discussed the general outline for Iron Man with Larry Lieber , who later wrote a full script for the origin story . '' Jump up ^ DeFalco `` 1960s '' in Gilbert ( 2008 ) , p. 94 : `` The X-Men # 1 introduced the world to Professor Charles Xavier and his teenage students Cyclops , Beast , Angel , Iceman , and Marvel Girl . Magneto , the master of magnetism and future leader of the evil mutants , also appeared . '' Jump up ^ DeFalco `` 1960s '' in Gilbert ( 2008 ) , p. 100 : `` Stan Lee chose the name Daredevil because it evoked swashbucklers and circus daredevils , and he assigned Bill Everett , the creator of the Sub-Mariner to design and draw Daredevil # 1 . '' Jump up ^ DeFalco `` 1960s '' in Gilbert ( 2008 ) , p. 93 : ( Stan Lee ) decided his new superhero feature would star a magician . Since Lee was enjoying his collaborations with Steve Ditko on The Amazing Spider - Man , he decided to assign the new feature to Ditko , who usually handled at least one of the backups in Strange Tales . Jump up ^ DeFalco `` 1960s '' in Gilbert ( 2008 ) , p. 87 : `` Deciding that his new character would have spider - like powers , ( Stan ) Lee commissioned Jack Kirby to work on the first story . Unfortunately , Kirby 's version of Spider - Man 's alter ego Peter Parker proved too heroic , handsome , and muscular for Lee 's everyman hero . Lee turned to Steve Ditko , the regular artist on Amazing Adult Fantasy , who designed a skinny , awkward teenager with glasses . '' Jump up ^ Wright , p. 218 Jump up ^ DeFalco `` 1960s '' in Gilbert ( 2008 ) , p. 94 : `` Filled with some wonderful visual action , The Avengers # 1 has a very simple story : the Norse god Loki tricked the Hulk into going on a rampage ... The heroes eventually learned about Loki 's involvement and united with the Hulk to form the Avengers . '' Jump up ^ DeFalco `` 1960s '' in Gilbert ( 2008 ) , p. 86 : `` Stan Lee and Jack Kirby reintroduced one of Marvel 's most popular Golden Age heroes -- Namor , the Sub-Mariner . '' Jump up ^ DeFalco `` 1960s '' in Gilbert ( 2008 ) , p. 99 : `` ' Captain America lives again ! ' announced the cover of The Avengers # 4 ... Cap was back . '' Jump up ^ Sanderson , Peter ( October 10 , 2003 ) . `` Continuity / Discontinuity '' . Comics in Context ( column ) No. 14 , IGN . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel Bullpen Bulletins '' . ( reprinted on fan site ) . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2010 . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Radio '' . The New York Times . March 3 , 1967 . Retrieved April 20 , 2013 . Abstract only ; full article requires payment or subscription Jump up ^ `` Audio of Merry Marvel Marching Society record '' . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2005 . Retrieved January 30 , 2006 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) , including voice of Stan Lee Jump up ^ Thomas , Roy ; Sanderson , Peter ( 2007 ) . The Marvel Vault : A Museum - in - a-Book with Rare Collectibles from the World of Marvel . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : Running Press . p. 98 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7624 - 2844 - 1 . Jump up ^ Manning , Matthew K. ; Gilbert , Laura , ed. ( 2012 ) . `` 1960s '' . Spider - Man Chronicle Celebrating 50 Years of Web - Slinging . London , United Kingdom : Dorling Kindersley . p. 37 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7566 - 9236 - 0 . ( Stan Lee ) knew that most readers tuned in every month for a glimpse of that side of Spider - Man 's life as much as they did to see the wall - crawler battle the latest supervillain . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Manning `` 1960s '' in Gilbert ( 2012 ) , p. 39 : The Amazing Spider - Man # 47 ( April 1967 ) `` Kraven 's latest rematch with Spidey was set during a going - away party for Flash Thompson , who was facing the very real issue of the Vietnam War draft . '' Jump up ^ Manning `` 1960s '' in Gilbert ( 2012 ) , p. 43 : The Spectacular Spider - Man # 1 ( July 1968 ) `` Drawn by Romita and Jim Mooney , the mammoth 52 - page lead story focused on corrupt politician Richard Raleigh 's plot to terrorize the city . '' Jump up ^ Manning `` 1960s '' in Gilbert ( 2012 ) , p. 46 : The Amazing Spider - Man # 68 ( January 1969 ) `` Stan Lee tackled the issues of the day again when , with artists John Romita and Jim Mooney , he dealt with social unrest at Empire State University . '' Jump up ^ David , Peter ; Greenberger , Robert ( 2010 ) . The Spider - Man Vault : A Museum - in - a-Book with Rare Collectibles Spun from Marvel 's Web . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : Running Press . p. 34 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7624 - 3772 - 6 . Joseph ' Robbie ' Robertson made his debut in The Amazing Spider - Man # 51 , in a manner that was as quiet and unassuming as the character himself . His debut was n't treated like the landmark event that it was ; he was simply there one day , no big deal . Jump up ^ Cronin , Brian ( September 18 , 2010 ) . `` A Year of Cool Comics -- Day 261 '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2010 . Retrieved September 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ DeFalco `` 1960s '' in Gilbert ( 2008 ) , p. 111 : `` The Inhumans , a lost race that diverged from humankind 25,000 years ago and became genetically enhanced . '' Jump up ^ Cronin , Brian ( September 19 , 2010 ) . `` A Year of Cool Comics -- Day 262 '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2011 . Retrieved September 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ DeFalco `` 1960s '' in Gilbert ( 2008 ) , p. 117 : Stan Lee wanted to do his part by co-creating the first black super hero . Lee discussed his ideas with Jack Kirby and the result was seen in Fantastic Four # 52 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Stan Lee 's Amazing Marvel Universe , pp. 112 -- 115 Jump up ^ Hatfield , Charles ( February 2004 ) . `` The Galactus Trilogy : An Appreciation '' . The Collected Jack Kirby Collector. 1 : 211 . Jump up ^ Cronin , Brian ( February 19 , 2010 ) . `` A Year of Cool Comics -- Day 50 '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2010 . Retrieved September 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ DeFalco `` 1960s '' in Gilbert ( 2008 ) , p. 115 : `` Stan Lee may have started the creative discussion that culminated in Galactus , but the inclusion of the Silver Surfer in Fantastic Four # 48 was pure Jack Kirby . Kirby realized that a being like Galactus required an equally impressive herald . '' Jump up ^ Greenberger , Robert , ed . ( December 2001 ) . 100 Greatest Marvels of All Time . Marvel Comics . p. 26 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Daniels , Les ( 1991 ) . Marvel : Five Fabulous Decades of the World 's Greatest Comics . Harry N. Abrams . p. 128 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8109 - 3821 - 2 . Jump up ^ DeFalco `` 1960s '' in Gilbert ( 2008 ) , p. 131 : `` When Stan Lee was told to expand the Marvel line , he immediately gave the Surfer his own title ... Since Jack Kirby had more than enough assignments , Lee assigned John Buscema the task of illustrating the new book . '' Jump up ^ Daniels , p. 139 : `` Beautifully drawn by John Buscema , this comic book represented an attempt to upgrade the medium with a serious character of whom Lee had grown very fond . '' Jump up ^ DeFalco `` 1960s '' in Gilbert ( 2008 ) , p. 137 : `` The Black Panther may have broken the mold as Marvel 's first black superhero , but he was from Africa . The Falcon , however , was the first black American superhero . '' Jump up ^ Wright , p. 239 Jump up ^ Saffel , Steve ( 2007 ) . `` Bucking the Establishment , Marvel Style '' . Spider - Man the Icon : The Life and Times of a Pop Culture Phenomenon . Titan Books . p. 60 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84576 - 324 - 4 . The stories received widespread mainstream publicity , and Marvel was hailed for sticking to its guns . Jump up ^ Daniels , pp. 152 and 154 : `` As a result of Marvel 's successful stand , the Comics Code had begun to look just a little foolish . Some of its more ridiculous restrictions were abandoned because of Lee 's decision . '' Jump up ^ van Gelder , Lawrence ( February 4 , 1971 ) . `` A Comics Magazine Defies Code Ban on Drug Stories ; Comics Magazine Defies Industry Code '' . The New York Times . p. 37 . Jump up ^ `` Comic Geek Speak : Episode 83 '' . 2005 - 12 - 12 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 National Medal of Arts -- Stan Lee '' . National Endowment for the Arts . November 17 , 2008 . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2009 . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . Biography linked to NEA press release `` White House Announces 2008 National Medal of Arts Recipients '' , Archived August 13 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . August 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Comtois , Pierre ; Montejo , Gregorio ( July 16 , 2007 ) . `` Silver Age Marvel Comics Cover Index Reviews '' . Samcci.Comics.org . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2007 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Manning `` 1970s '' in Gilbert ( 2012 ) , p. 61 : `` Stan Lee had returned to The Amazing Spider - Man for a handful of issues after leaving following issue # 100 ( September 1971 ) . With issue # 110 . Lee once again departed the title into which he had infused so much of his own personality over his near 10 - year stint as regular writer . '' Jump up ^ Sanderson `` 1970s '' in Gilbert ( 2008 ) , p. 157 Jump up ^ Saffel , `` An Adventure Each Day '' , p. 116 : `` On Monday January 3 , 1977 , The Amazing Spider - Man comic strip made its debut in newspapers nationwide , reuniting writer Stan Lee and artist John Romita . '' Jump up ^ Sanderson `` 1970s '' in Gilbert ( 2008 ) , p. 187 : `` ( In 1978 ) , Simon & Schuster 's Fireside Books published a paperback book titled The Silver Surfer by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby ... This book was later recognized as Marvel 's first true graphic novel . '' Jump up ^ DeFalco `` 1980s '' in Gilbert ( 2008 ) , p. 197 : `` With the help of artist John Buscema , ( Stan ) Lee created Jennifer Walters , the cousin of Bruce Banner . '' ^ Jump up to : Stan Lee at the Grand Comics Database Jump up ^ Catron , Michael ( August 1981 ) . `` Silver Surfer Special Set '' . Amazing Heroes . Seattle , Washington : Fantagraphics Books ( 3 ) : 17 . Jump up ^ Lee , Stan ; Buscema , John ( 1988 ) . Silver Surfer : Judgement Day . Marvel Comics . p. 64 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87135 - 427 - 3 . Jump up ^ Lofficier , Jean - Marc ( December 1988 ) . `` Moebius '' . Comics Interview ( 64 ) . Fictioneer Books . pp. 24 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Lee , Stan ; Pollard , Keith ( 1990 ) . Silver Surfer : The Enslavers . Marvel Comics . p. 64 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87135 - 617 - 8 . Jump up ^ Lee , Mair Jump up ^ Dean , Michael ( August 2005 ) . `` How Michael Jackson Almost Bought Marvel and Other Strange Tales from the Stan Lee / Peter Paul Partnership '' ( 270 ) . ( excerpt ) The Comics Journal . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ SEC Litigation Release No . LR - 18828 , August 11 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Stan Lee Media CEO Kenneth Williams Accused of Shareholder Fraud and Libel in Court Filing By Former Stan Lee Media Executive : Accusations Against Peter Paul Retracted and Corrected in Court Filing '' . Freund & Brackey LLP press release . May 7 , 2001 . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ United States Attorney 's Office ( March 8 , 2005 ) . `` Peter Paul , Co-founder of Stan Lee Media , Inc. , Pleads Guilty to Securities Fraud Fraud Scheme Caused $25 Million in Losses to Investors and Financial Institutions '' . press release . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2005 . Retrieved July 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Witt , April ( October 9 , 2005 ) . `` House of Cards '' . The Washington Post . p . W10 . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ringo Starr to become superhero '' . BBC News . August 6 , 2004 . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lee in Lovecedate = April 1 , 2007 , Frank . `` Fast Chat : Stan Lee '' . Newsday . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2010 . Retrieved September 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stan Lee Launches New Online Comic Venture '' . CBC . August 6 , 2004 . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel Sued for $5 Billion '' . Library Journal . March 21 , 2007 . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2015 . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` June 9 : Stan Lee Media , Inc . Files Expected Lawsuit Against Stan Lee '' . TheComicsReporter.com . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2012 . Retrieved September 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Stan Lee Media , Inc. v. Stan Lee , QED Productions , Inc. , and POW ! Entertainment , Inc . , CV 07 4438 SJO ( C.D. Cal . July 9 , 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Lee , Stan ( 2008 ) . Election Daze : What Are They Really Saying ? . Filsinger Publishing . p. 96 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9702631 - 5 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Stan Lee Launching Legion of 5 '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2014 . Retrieved April 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Boucher , Geoff ( April 19 , 2008 ) . `` Stan Lee to oversee Virgin Comics ' superheroes '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Stan Lee ' to create world 's first gay superhero ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . January 14 , 2009 . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Skyscraperman '' . skyscraperman.com . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NHL , Spider - Man creator Stan Lee join on new superheroes project '' . National Hockey League . October 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Langshaw , Mark ( August 2 , 2010 ) . `` Stan Lee backs Eagle Initiative '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2013 . Retrieved November 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kepler , Adam W. ( October 16 , 2011 ) . `` Monsters v. Kittens '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2011 . Retrieved October 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Moore , Matt ( October 14 , 2011 ) . `` Stan Lee 's got a new universe , and it 's for kids '' . Associated Press / MSNBC . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2011 . Retrieved October 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Greenberger , Robert ( July 11 , 2012 ) . `` Enter Stan Lee 's World of Heroes '' . ComicMix . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sacks , Jason ( n.d. ) . `` Peter David and Jace Hall Join the World of Heroes '' . Comics Bulletin . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2013 . Retrieved December 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Van , Alan ( July 12 , 2012 ) . `` SDCC : ' Stan Lee 's World of Heroes ' YouTube Channel '' . NMR . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Seifert , Mark ( July 13 , 2012 ) . `` The Stan Channel : Stan Lee , Peter David , Mark Hamill , Adrianne Curry , America Young , And Bonnie Burton On Stan Lee 's World Of Heroes '' . BleedingCool.com . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Publishing Worldwide Announces New Zodiac - Based Book with Comics Legend Stan Lee '' ( Press release ) . November 2 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Frater , Patrick ( February 27 , 2013 ) . `` Josephson joins Annihilator '' . Film Business Asia . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2013 . Retrieved February 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Aric ( February 21 , 2013 ) . `` Stan Lee 's Annihilator : Chinese Superhero Coming To Big Screen '' . The Inquisitr . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2013 . Retrieved February 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Konow , David ( February 25 , 2013 ) . `` Stan Lee is back with Annihilator '' . TG Daily . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2013 . Retrieved February 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cowsill , Alan ; Dolan , Hannah , ed. ( 2010 ) . `` 2000s '' . DC Comics Year By Year A Visual Chronicle . London , United Kingdom : Dorling Kindersley . p. 300 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7566 - 6742 - 9 . It was quite a coup . Stan `` The Man '' Lee ... swapped sides to write for DC . Teaming up with comicdom 's top artists , Lee put his own unique take on DC 's iconic heroes . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` NYCC 08 : Stan Lee Dives into Manga '' . IGN . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved April 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Stan Lee , Bones Confirmed to be Working on Hero Man '' . Anime News Network . April 10 , 2008 . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2013 . Retrieved March 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Stan Lee & Bones ' Heroman Anime Now in Production '' . Anime News Network . October 6 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2011 . Retrieved March 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam ( January 4 , 2011 ) . `` Stan Lee Encouraged by Spider - Man ; New Projects on the Horizon '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2011 . Retrieved July 31 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Richards , Dave ( August 24 , 2006 ) . `` The Man Comes Around : Lee talks Stan Lee Meets '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2014 . Archive requires scrolldown Jump up ^ `` Stan Lee : Marvel Legends '' . OAFE.net . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2014 . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Duke , Alan ( April 11 , 2012 ) . `` Stan Lee launches his own comic convention '' . CNN . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wiebe , Sheldon ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Comic - Con 2016 : POW ! Entertainment and Shatner Singularity Introduce Stan Lee 's God Woke ! '' ( Press release ) . Shatner Singularity . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2016 . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 -- via EclipseMagazine.com . Additional on December 22 , 2016 . ( WebCitation page requires text - blocking to make text visible ) Jump up ^ LeBlanc , Sarah ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Stan Lee puts philosophical spin on comic book adventure '' . Philadelphia Daily News . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2016 . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Niu , Mark ( July 24 , 2016 ) . `` Comic book legend Stan Lee treated like royalty at Comic - Con '' . China Central Television . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2016 . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McLaughlin , Jeff ( 2007 ) . Stan Lee : Conversations . Jackson , Mississippi : University Press of Mississippi . p . Chronology xvii . ISBN 978 - 1578069859 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Independent Publisher Book Awards '' . Independent Publisher Book Awards . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stan Lee Foundation official site '' . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Inventory of the Stan Lee Papers , 1942 -- 2001 '' . University of Wyoming . 2007 . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Christiansen , Jeff ( February 15 , 2014 ) . `` Stan Lee ( as a character ) '' . The Appendix to the Handbook of the Marvel Universe . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jensen , K. Thor . `` Jack Kirby 's Greatest WTF Creations '' . UGO.com . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2013 . Retrieved May 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Brick , Scott ( March 2007 ) . `` Alex Ross '' . Wizard Xtra ! . p. 92 . Jump up ^ Morales , Robert ( w ) , Baker , Kyle ( p ) , Baker , Kyle ( i ) . `` The Blackvine '' Truth : Red , White & Black 7 ( July 2003 ) Jump up ^ Lott , Rod ( July 18 , 2006 ) . `` Q&A with The Chinatown Death Cloud Peril 's Paul Malmont '' . Bookgasm.com . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Stuart ( October 25 , 2013 ) . `` The Violent Century by Lavie Tidhar -- review '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2013 . Retrieved January 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Why I Hate Gym '' . Ultimate Spider - Man . Season 1 . Episode 6 . April 29 , 2012 . Disney XD . Jump up ^ `` Out of Damage Control '' . Ultimate Spider - Man . Season 1 . Episode 18 . August 19 , 2012 . Disney XD . Jump up ^ `` Stan By Me '' . Ultimate Spider - Man . Season 2 . Episode 15 . August 4 , 2013 . Disney XD . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( January 31 , 2014 ) . `` Stan Lee Previews His Marvel 's Agents of SHIELD Cameo '' . IGN . Retrieved January 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Hero 6 ' : Maya Rudolph & More Reprise Roles for Disney XD Animated Series '' . Deadline . November 3 , 2016 . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Heneveld , Stephen and Ben Juwono ( director ) ; Sharon Flynn and Paiman Kalayen ( writer ) ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` Baymax Returns '' . Big Hero 6 : The Series . Season 1 . Episode 1 . Disney XD . Jump up ^ `` Declassifying Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : ' T.R.A.C.K.S. ' '' . Marvel.com . January 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stan Lee Travels Back to 1946 in New Marvel 's Agent Carter : ' The Blitzkrieg Button ' '' . February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dyce , Andrew ( April 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' Daredevil ' Easter Eggs , Trivia & Comic References '' . ScreenRant . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2015 . Retrieved April 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ White , Brett ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` '' Jessica Jones '' Stan Lee Cameo Spotted `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2015 . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Jack ( September 26 , 2016 ) . `` Luke Cage : Stan Lee cameo revealed in new trailer '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2016 . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Commandeur , Jordan ( March 25 , 2017 ) . `` Iron Fist : 15 Easter Eggs And References '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2017 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Jamie ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Stan Lee 's Cameo In ' The Gifted ' Premiere Revealed '' . ComicBook.com . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( 11 December 2017 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Runaways ' first look : Stan Lee to make cameo '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 25 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Andy Perez ( September 24 , 2016 ) . `` Stan Lee cameo in Man - Thing 2005 '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( May 4 , 2007 ) . `` Stan Lee 's Further Superhero Adventures '' . IGN . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2014 . Retrieved May 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Iron Man Ultimate 2 - Disc Edition DVD , disc 2 , I Am Iron Man documentary Jump up ^ `` Stan Lee : Santa Monica , CA , July 2 , 2008 '' . AtGoogleTalks . July 18 , 2008 . Retrieved September 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stan Lee Talks Upcoming Cameo Roles '' . SuperheroHype.com . May 17 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved July 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( August 29 , 2012 ) . `` Avengers Deleted Scene Focuses on Captain America , Features Bonus Stan Lee Cameo '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2013 . Retrieved August 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Douglas , Edward ( January 10 , 2011 ) . `` Stan Lee Back in Action for Next Spider - Man '' . SuperheroHype.com . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2014 . Retrieved January 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Stan Lee in Iron Man 3 is . '' LatinoReview.com . July 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2012 . Retrieved July 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NTF Scoop -- Stan Lee Confirms Cameo in Thor : The Dark World '' . NukeThe Fridge.com . September 15 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2012 . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Leston , Ryan ( July 13 , 2014 ) . `` Stan Lee Confirms Avengers : Age Of Ultron Cameo '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on August 12 , 2014 . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stan Lee Comments on Favorite Cameo '' . Tomorrow Show YouTube Channel . Retrieved October 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Errico , Marcus ( July 17 , 2015 ) . `` That Stealthy Spider - Man Reference and Every Other ' Ant - Man ' Easter Egg We Spotted ( Spoilers ) '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2015 . Retrieved July 18 , 2015 . Stan the Man makes his customary cameo , this time as a bartender in one of Luis 's scene - stealing stories , noting a patron is ' super fine . ' Lee does n't actually speak , but mimes his lines over the narration . Note : Click `` Read More '' link . Jump up ^ Wickline , Dan ( July 11 , 2015 ) . `` SDCC ' 15 : Stan Lee 's Cameo And More From Deadpool '' . BleedingCool.com . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2015 . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Buxton , Marc ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` Stan Lee Holds Forth On His Comic Book Origins & His Secret Disney Role '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2016 . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' I probably should have just called 911 ' ; Deadpool fails to save the day in new teaser trailer for sequel '' . Toronto Sun . Postmedia Network . March 4 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kaye , Don ( May 5 , 2017 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Stan Lee Cameo Explained '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved May 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Knapp , JD ( August 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' : James Gunn Shares Retro ' Inferno ' Music Video ( Watch ) '' . Variety . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tsirbas , Christos ( September 5 , 2016 ) . `` Stan Lee Reveals Next Three Marvel Cameos '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2016 . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shepard , Jack ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` Spider - Man : Homecoming : Easter Eggs and references to wider MCU '' . The Independent . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fitch , Adam ( September 11 , 2017 ) . `` Stan Lee Has Already Filmed Cameos for Black Panther Avengers 4 , & More '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2018 . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( May 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' : David Leitch on That Superhero Cameo and the Requisite Stan Lee Appearance '' . Collider.com . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Khouri , Andy ( August 28 , 2012 ) . `` Parting Thought : Jack Kirby Tribute From Superman : The Animated Series ( Video ) '' . ComicsAlliance . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The original sketches created by Bruce Timm and commented upon by Paul Dini appear in Eury , Michael ( 2006 ) . The Krypton Companion . Raleigh , North Carolina : TwoMorrows Publishing . pp. 226 -- 227 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 893905 - 61 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Contortionist Daniel Browning Smith the Rubberboy '' . Therubberboy.com . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2010 . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McCave , Joseph ( 2009 - 07 - 27 ) . `` SDCC 2009 : Stan Lee talks ' Time Jumper ' ! '' . Fearnet . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ Moody , Mike ( January 28 , 2010 ) . `` Stan Lee to play himself on Big Bang '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2014 . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Stan Lee to make Heroes cameo '' . SuperHeroHype.com . February 3 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Martin , Denise ( August 19 , 2010 ) . `` Exclusive : Stan Lee to Guest - Star on Eureka '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2013 . Retrieved August 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Yoshiki teams up with Stan Lee for comic book series '' . Tokyograph . October 10 , 2010 . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2012 . Retrieved October 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Becker , Sean Michael ( director ) ; Day , Felicia ( writer ) ( October 4 , 2011 ) . `` Costume Contest '' . The Guild . Season 5 . 8 : 28 minutes in . Xbox Live Marketplace . Jump up ^ Webb , Charles ( May 13 , 2013 ) . `` Watch Stan Lee Go MAD For Man - Spider '' . MTV . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 205 -- The Future ! '' . Avengersassembletheseries.com . September 1 , 2011 . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2014 . Retrieved September 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Jordan ( April 29 , 2012 ) . `` A Marvel in Comics '' . The Times of Israel . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2012 . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lazar , Shira ( July 27 , 2013 ) . `` Freddie Wong Brings Half Hour Video Game High School Season 2 To YouTube '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Michael ( June 28 , 2013 ) . `` Disney Channel Sets Premiere Date for Phineas and Ferb : Mission Marvel '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( October 14 , 2013 ) . `` The Comics ' Real Heroes '' . TV Guide . p. 27 . Jump up ^ `` Rovio Announces Second Season of Angry Birds Toons Series '' . The Hollywood Reporter . November 17 , 2011 . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2013 . Retrieved September 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Seven things to know about ' Kick - Ass ' '' . The Independent . UK . April 16 , 2010 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2010 . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 15 Hidden Secrets on The Amazing Adventures of Spider - Man at Universal Islands of Adventure '' . Theme Park Tourist . Jump up ^ Smith , Kevin ( March 20 , 2015 ) . `` Goin ' back to the MALL , ya 'll ! @ TheRealStanLee , @ JayMewes @ RookerOnline & me make a # 2 . A pre-review of the movie ? pic.twitter.com/vKOeotK2I1 '' . Retrieved June 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Doloff , Matt . `` Stan Lee 's Cameo in Guardians of the Galaxy Ride Revealed '' . screenrant.com . Jump up ^ Perry , Douglass C. ( August 25 , 2000 ) . `` Spider - Man : In a case of style over substance , Neversoft 's action game does almost all the right things '' . IGN . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Villoria , Gerald ( October 16 , 2001 ) . `` Spider - Man 2 : Enter : Electro Review '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lavallee , Jon ( August 4 , 2010 ) . `` Spider - Man : Shattered Dimensions Behind - the - Scenes with Stan Lee '' . Game Rant . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Stan Lee Appears in Activision 's Marvel : Ultimate Alliance 2 '' . IGN . July 22 , 2009 . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Freeberg , Brandon ( January 11 , 2012 ) . `` Stan Lee Narrates Two New Marvel Storybook Apps For Disney Publishing '' . MTV . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sunu , Steve ( February 28 , 2012 ) . `` Play as Stan Lee in the Amazing Spider - Man Video Game '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2013 . Archive requires scrolldown Jump up ^ Miller , Greg ( July 20 , 2013 ) . `` Lego Marvel Super Heroes : Characters and Cast Revealed '' . IGN . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lego Marvel Superheroes : Stan Lee Hulks Out -- Comic - Con 2013 '' . IGN . July 20 , 2013 . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2014 . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lee in `` Is there a God ? '' . The A.V. Club . October 9 , 2002 . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2009 . Retrieved February 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lewine . `` Image 2 '' . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2009 . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Stan & Joan Lee 's Love Story '' . Daily Entertainment News . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ Lee , Mair , p. 69 Jump up ^ Lewine . `` Images 4 -- 5 '' . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2009 . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lee , Mair , p. 74 Jump up ^ Lewine . `` Images 6 -- 7 '' . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2009 . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lewine . `` Image 10 '' . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2009 . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lewine . `` Image 8 '' . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2009 . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lewine . `` Image 11 '' . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2009 . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Comic Book Legend Stan Lee Gets a Pacemaker '' . City News Service . September 28 , 2012 . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2013 . Retrieved February 6 , 2013 -- via Beverly Hills Courier ... the procedure performed last week . Jump up ^ `` Pow ! Entertainment Releases a Message from Its Chairman Stan Lee '' ( Press release ) . POW ! Entertainment . September 28 , 2012 . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2013 . Retrieved February 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Andy ( July 6 , 2017 ) . `` Joan Lee , Wife of Marvel Comics Legend Stan Lee , Dies at 93 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kevin Feige Endorses Stan Lee MCU Cameo Fan Theory '' . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( July 30 , 2013 ) . `` Anthony Russo and Joe Russo Talk Captain America : The Winter Soldier , Stan Lee 's Cameo , the Post-Credits Scene , and Much More '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2013 . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Photos of Stan Lee Filming His Amazing Spider - Man 2 Cameo '' . SuperHeroHype.com . June 3 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2014 . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Stan Lee Will Appear in Guardians of the Galaxy After All '' . ign.com. April 28 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2014 . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Amazing Way Stan Lee Filmed Some Of His Future Marvel Cameos '' . September 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Khoury , Andy ( October 18 , 2013 ) . `` Fangasm : Unreality and the Devaluation of Geek Cultural Currency '' . ComicsAlliance . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2013 . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Disney XD Details ' Big Hero 6 ' Series Cast '' . November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Singer , Bryan ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` # throwbackthursday Shooting my 3rd cameo with my epic friend @ therealstanlee a few weeks ago at the famous # doublwide # bar in # Dallas # Texas . My first cameo with Stan was in # Xmen 1 , nearly two decades ago in # malibu , he 's a man of unstoppable energy and humor . Photo @ aelvishaye with @ dan_ryniker thank you @ brightidea # maxanderson '' . Instagram . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2017 . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Inkpot Award '' . San Diego Comic - Con . 2016 . Archived from the original on 29 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Will Eisner Hall of Fame '' . The Will Eisner Comic Industry Awards . 2014 . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Curry , Stormy ( October 31 , 2013 ) . `` Stan Lee : It 's All In The Cameos With Marvel Movies '' . KTTV . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Garreau , Joel ( November 18 , 2008 ) . `` Stan Lee and Olivia de Havilland Among National Medal of Arts Winners '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2016 . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TV : Video Highlights from the 2009 Spike TV Scream Awards '' . Bloody-disgusting.com . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2012 . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Simpson , David ( January 4 , 2011 ) . `` Video : Stan Lee Picks Up 2,428 th Star on Hollywood Walk of Fame '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2012 . Retrieved September 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Stan Lee to Receive 2012 Producers Guild Vanguard Award '' . The Hollywood Reporter . November 9 , 2011 . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2012 . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Awards '' . National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Meeks , Robert ( October 2 , 2009 ) . `` L.B. Comic Con : It 's Stan Lee Day ! '' . Insidesocal.com . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2012 . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McMillan , Graeme ( July 16 , 2017 ) . `` Jack Kirby to Be Named ' Disney Legend ' at D23 Expo in July '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2017 . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ News , A.B.C. ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Stan Lee imprints his hands and feet in concrete at TCL Chinese Theatre '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cassell , Dewey ( October 2010 ) . `` One Day at a Time : The Amazing Spider - Man Newspaper Strips '' . Back Issue ! . TwoMorrows Publishing ( 44 ) : 63 -- 67 . Lee has penned The Amazing Spider - Man newspaper strip since the beginning . Further reading McLaughlin , Jeff , ed. ( 2007 ) . Stan Lee : Conversations . Jackson , Mississippi : University Press of Mississippi . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57806 - 985 - 9 . Ro , Ronin ( 2005 ) ( first published 2004 ) . Tales to Astonish : Jack Kirby , Stan Lee , and the American Comic Book Revolution . Bloomsbury USA . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58234 - 566 - 6 . Jordan , Raphael ; Spurgeon , Tom ( 2003 ) . Stan Lee and the Rise and Fall of the American Comic Book . Chicago Review Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55652 - 506 - 3 . External links Find more aboutStan Leeat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Official website Stan Lee at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Stan Lee at the Unofficial Handbook of Marvel Comics Creators Stan Lee at the Comic Book DB Stan Lee at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database Stan Lee on IMDb Stan Lee interview video at the Archive of American Television Stan Lee at Web of Stories Business positions Preceded by Joe Simon Marvel Comics Editor - in - Chief 1941 -- 1942 Succeeded by Vincent Fago Preceded by Vincent Fago Marvel Comics Editor - in - Chief 1945 -- 1972 Succeeded by Roy Thomas Preceded by n / a Fantastic Four writer 1961 -- 1971 Succeeded by Archie Goodwin Preceded by Archie Goodwin Fantastic Four writer 1972 Succeeded by Roy Thomas Preceded by n / a The Amazing Spider - Man writer 1962 -- 1971 Succeeded by Roy Thomas Preceded by Roy Thomas The Amazing Spider - Man writer 1972 -- 1973 Succeeded by Gerry Conway Preceded by n / a The Incredible Hulk writer ( including Tales to Astonish stories ) 1962 -- 1968 Succeeded by Gary Friedrich Preceded by Gary Friedrich The Incredible Hulk writer 1968 -- 1969 Succeeded by Roy Thomas Preceded by n / a Thor writer ( including Journey into Mystery stories ) 1962 -- 1971 ( with Larry Lieber in 1962 ) ( with Robert Bernstein in 1963 ) Succeeded by Gerry Conway Preceded by n / a The Avengers writer 1963 -- 1966 Succeeded by Roy Thomas Preceded by n / a ( Uncanny ) X-Men writer 1963 -- 1966 Succeeded by Roy Thomas Preceded by n / a Captain America writer ( including Tales of Suspense stories ) 1964 -- 1971 Succeeded by Gary Friedrich Preceded by n / a Daredevil writer 1964 -- 1969 Succeeded by Roy Thomas Jack Kirby Bibliography Marvel Comics 2001 : A Space Odyssey Adam Warlock Amazing Adventures Astonishing Tales Avengers Black Panther Captain America Devil Dinosaur Doctor Druid Eternals Fantastic Four Mister Fantastic Invisible Woman Human Torch Thing Galactus Hank Pym Hercules Hulk Inhumans Black Bolt Medusa Karnak Triton Crystal Lockjaw Maximus Iron Man Jasper Sitwell Journey into Mystery Ka - Zar Machine Man Moon - Boy Nick Fury Peggy Carter Sharon Carter Silver Surfer Sgt . Fury and his Howling Commandos Dum Dum Dugan Gabe Jones Izzy Cohen Junior Juniper Rebel Ralston Happy Sam Sawyer Tales of Suspense Tales to Astonish Thor Uatu Wasp X-Men Professor X Cyclops Marvel Girl Beast Angel Iceman Zabu DC Comics Atlas Boy Commandos Challengers of the Unknown The Demon Dingbats of Danger Street Dubbilex Forever People Fourth World Guardian Kamandi Kobra Manhunter Mister Miracle Newsboy Legion New Gods OMAC Project Cadmus Sandman ( Garrett Sanford ) Superman 's Pal Jimmy Olsen Super Powers Jed Walker Other Black Magic Boys ' Ranch Captain 3 - D Captain Victory and the Galactic Rangers Destroyer Duck The Double Life of Private Strong Fighting American The Fly Jack Kirby 's Galactic Bounty Hunters The Kirbyverse Secret City Saga Silver Star Sky Masters Young Love Young Romance Television work Goldie Gold and Action Jack Mister T Thundarr the Barbarian Related articles Kirby Krackle Stan Lee Joe Simon Mainline Publications Kirby : Genesis Kirby : King of Comics Category Stan Lee Avengers Creators : Stan Lee Jack Kirby Initial members Ant - Man Captain America Hulk Iron Man Thor Wasp Antagonists Group enemies A.I.M. Black Order Chitauri Circus of Crime Enclave H.A.M.M.E.R. Hydra Kree Legion of the Unliving Lethal Legion Maggia Masters of Evil Secret Empire Sinister Six Skrull Sons of the Serpent Squadron Sinister Squadron Supreme U-Foes Wrecking Crew Zodiac Individual enemies Ares Baron Zemo Heinrich Zemo Helmut Zemo Blood Brothers Collector Count Nefaria Doctor Doom Enchantress Galactus Grandmaster Graviton Grim Reaper Immortus Hood Kang Korvac Loki Magneto Mandarin MODOK Norman Osborn Ronan the Accuser Red Skull Space Phantom Super-Adaptoid Super-Skrull Taskmaster Thanos Ultron Whirlwind Headquarters Avengers Mansion Avengers Island Avengers Tower Equipment Avengers Quinjet Variations A-Force A-Next Agents of Atlas Avengers A.I. Avengers Academy Dark Avengers Force Works Great Lakes Avengers Mighty Avengers New Avengers Members Secret Avengers Ultimates Members Uncanny Avengers U.S. Avengers West Coast Avengers Members Young Avengers In other media TV The Avengers : United They Stand The Avengers : Earth 's Mightiest Heroes Avengers Assemble Marvel Disk Wars : The Avengers Film Marvel Animated Features Marvel 's The Avengers accolades soundtrack Avengers Confidential : Black Widow & Punisher Avengers : Age of Ultron soundtrack Avengers : Infinity War soundtrack production Untitled Avengers film production Video games Avengers in Galactic Storm Captain America and The Avengers Disney Infinity : Marvel Super Heroes Marvel : Avengers Alliance Marvel Avengers : Battle for Earth Lego Marvel 's Avengers Marvel Avengers Academy Related articles List of Avengers titles Justice League Category Book Black Panther Stan Lee Jack Kirby Black Panthers T'Chaka T'Challa Kasper Cole Shuri Supporting characters Avengers Blade Brother Voodoo Captain America Dora Milaje Eden Fesi Everett K. Ross Fantastic Four Human Torch Invisible Woman Mister Fantastic Thing Gentle Junta Luke Cage Misty Knight Monica Rambeau Okoye Storm W'Kabi Zuri Antagonists Achebe Black Knight Doctor Doom Erik Killmonger Fenris Ghaur Kiber the Cruel Klaw Kraven the Hunter Malice Mephisto Moses Magnum Man - Ape Nightshade Psycho - Man Radioactive Man Venomm Windeagle Publications Jungle Action Marvel Comics Presents The Crew World of Wakanda Storylines `` Doomwar '' In other media Black Panther ( TV series ) Captain America : Civil War Black Panther film soundtrack Related articles Avengers Fantastic Four Fantastic Force Illuminati Ultimates Coal Tiger King Solomon 's Frogs Wakanda Vibranium Black Widow Characters Claire Voyant Natasha Romanoff Yelena Belova Supporting characters Iron Man Captain America Crimson Dynamo Daredevil Nick Fury Hawkeye Maria Hill Mockingbird Winter Soldier Falcon Teams Avengers Mighty Secret Champions Heroes for Hire Lady Liberators Red Room S.H.I.E.L.D. Thunderbolts Enemies A.I.M. Black Spectre Damon Dran HYDRA Femizons Red Guardian Madame Hydra Publications Amazing Adventures Marvel Fanfare Fury / Black Widow : Death Duty The Twelve Widowmaker In other media Avengers Confidential : Black Widow & Punisher Related articles Alternative versions of Black Widow Red Room Category Brotherhood of Mutants Creators Stan Lee Jack Kirby Original members Magneto Toad Quicksilver Scarlet Witch Mastermind Key members Blob Unus the Untouchable Vanisher Astra Burner Lifter Peeper Shocker Slither Mystique Destiny Avalanche Pyro Rogue Phantazia Sauron Masque Thornn Fatale Random Aurora Post Sabre Sabretooth Fever Pitch Juggernaut Domino Multiple Man Related topics List of Brotherhood of Mutants members X-Men Captain Marvel Stan Lee Gene Colan Characters Mar - Vell Monica Rambeau Genis - Vell Phyla - Vell Khn'nr Noh - Varr Carol Danvers Supporting characters Eon Eros Rick Jones Mentor Ms. Marvel Enemies Doctor Minerva Entropy ISAAC Mercurio the 4 - D Man Nitro Ronan the Accuser Skrull Super-Skrull Thanos Yon - Rogg Related topics Kree `` Kree -- Skrull War '' Mahr Vehl Civil War II Other media Captain Marvel Daredevil Stan Lee and Bill Everett Supporting characters Black Widow The Chaste Stick Stone Big Ben Donovan Milla Donovan Echo Elektra Gladiator Master Izo Brett Mahoney Jack Murdock Maggie Murdock Foggy Nelson Dakota North Karen Page Punisher Blake Tower Ben Urich White Tiger Antagonists Common antagonists Bullseye Gladiator The Hand Jester Elektra Kingpin Mister Fear Owl Purple Man Stilt - Man Typhoid Mary Group enemies Ani - Men Emissaries of Evil Enforcers Other supervillains Blackwing Black Tarantula Bullet Bushwacker Crusher Damon Dran Electro Fancy Dan Kirigi Lady Bullseye Leap - Frog Machinesmith Man - Bull Masked Marauder Matador Mister Hyde Montana Nuke Ox Shock Stunt - Master Synapse Tombstone Turk Barrett Other media Daredevil ( film ) soundtrack Daredevil ( video game ) Elektra ( film ) Daredevil ( TV series ) season 1 characters Publications Daredevil Daredevil / Batman : Eye for an Eye Batman / Daredevil : King of New York Daredevil / Bullseye : The Target Daredevil : End of Days Ultimate Daredevil and Elektra Ultimate Elektra Daredevil : Reborn The Daredevils Storylines `` Born Again '' `` Guardian Devil '' `` Without Fear '' `` Return of the King '' `` Shadowland '' `` Daredevil : Ninja '' `` Daredevil : Chinatown '' Related articles Alternative versions of Daredevil Category Doctor Strange Created by : Stan Lee Steve Ditko Supporting characters Avengers Ancient One Clea Defenders Hamir the Hermit Linda Carter Spider - Man Strangers Topaz Vishanti Wong Enemies Baron Mordo Chthon D'Spayre Death Dormammu Dracula Dweller - in - Darkness Juggernaut Kaluu Mephisto Mindless Ones Mister Rasputin Nightmare Satannish Shuma - Gorath Silver Dagger Sons of Satannish Tazza Tiboro Umar Undying Ones Yandroth Zom Equipment Book of the Vishanti Cloak of Levitation Eye of Agamotto Orb of Agamotto Publications Strange Tales Doctor Strange ( comic book ) Doctor Strange : The Oath Damnation Other media Dr. Strange Doctor Strange : The Sorcerer Supreme Doctor Strange soundtrack Related articles Alternative versions of Doctor Strange Sanctum Sanctorum Doctor Mordrid Fantastic Four Stan Lee Jack Kirby Original members Mister Fantastic Invisible Woman Human Torch Thing Supporting cast Agatha Harkness H.E.R.B.I.E. Hulk Inhumans Crystal Medusa Willie Lumpkin Lyja Alicia Masters Namor She - Hulk Ms. Marvel / She - Thing Silver Surfer Spider - Man Thundra Frankie Raye Nathaniel Richards Franklin Richards Valeria Richards Franklin Storm Uatu the Watcher Wyatt Wingfoot Yancy Street Gang Villains Air - Walker Annihilus Aron the Rogue Watcher Awesome Android Blastaar Brute Devos the Devastator Diablo Doctor Doom Doombots Dragon Man Firelord Frightful Four Galactus Impossible Man Klaw Kree Ronan the Accuser Mad Thinker Maker Maximus Mole Man Molecule Man Nicholas Scratch Occulus Overmind Psycho - Man Puppet Master Red Ghost Salem 's Seven Skrulls Dorrek VII Paibok Super-Skrull Stardust Terrax Thanos Trapster Kristoff Vernard Wizard Locations Baxter Building Four Freedoms Plaza Latveria Negative Zone Publications Previous Fantastic Four Fantastic Force Fantastic Four FF Marvel Knights 4 Marvel Two - in - One Super-Villain Team - Up The Thing Limited Fantastic Four : 1234 Fantastic Four : The End Spider - Man and the Fantastic Four Other continuities Doom 2099 Fantastic Five Fantastic Four : Unstable Molecules Fantastic Four 2099 Marvel 1602 : Fantastick Four Superman / Fantastic Four Ultimate Fantastic Four Storylines `` The Galactus Trilogy '' `` This Man ... This Monster ! '' `` Days of Future Present '' Alternate versions Mister Fantastic Invisible Woman Human Torch The Thing Doctor Doom Related articles Doctor Doom 's Fearfall Fantastic Four Incorporated Fantastic Four in popular media Fantasticar Future Foundation Spider - Man List of Fantastic Four members List of Ultimate Fantastic Four story arcs Unstable molecules Ant - Man and Wasp Stan Lee Larry Lieber Jack Kirby Characters Ant - Man Hank Pym Scott Lang Eric O'Grady Giant - Man Bill Foster Goliath Clint Barton Erik Josten Tom Foster Yellowjacket Rita DeMara Wasp Nadia van Dyne Supporting characters Avengers Avengers A.I. Cassie Lang Hope Pym Henry Pym Jr . S.H.I.E.L.D. Enemies A.I.M. Beetle Black Knight Cross Technological Enterprises Crossfire Darren Cross Yellowjacket Doctor Nemesis Egghead Equinox Ghost Hijacker MODAM Magician Mitchell Carson People 's Defense Force Plantman Porcupine Power Broker Radioactive Man Taskmaster Ultron Voice Whirlwind Comic book titles Tales to Astonish Marvel Feature In other media The Avengers : United They Stand The Avengers : Earth 's Mightiest Heroes Ant - Man soundtrack Ant - Man and the Wasp Hawkeye Stan Lee Don Heck Characters Kate Bishop Bullseye Supporting characters Black Widow Dominic Fortune Lucky the Pizza Dog Mockingbird Enemies Albino Barney Barton Crossfire Death - Throws Javelynn Swordsman Trick Shot Publications Solo Avengers Hawkeye & Mockingbird Widowmaker Hawkeye : Blindspot Related articles Alternative versions Avengers Wyatt McDonald Cross Technological Enterprises Goliath The Hawkeye Initiative Ronin Trick arrows World Counter-terrorism Agency Hercules ( Marvel Comics ) Stan Lee Jack Kirby Supporting characters Amadeus Cho Athena Delphyne Gorgon Hermes Neptune Thor Zeus Enemies Amatsu - Mikaboshi Ares Hera Hippolyta Huntsman Pluto Typhon Comic books The Incredible Hercules Related articles Olympians Howling Commandos Stan Lee Jack Kirby Original members Nick Fury Dum Dum Dugan Gabe Jones Rebel Ralston Dino Manelli Junior Juniper Pinky Pinkerton Eric Koenig Other members Clay Quartermain Frankenstein 's Monster ( clone version ) Gorilla - Man Vampire by Night N'Kantu , the Living Mummy Warwolf Zombie Man - Thing Orrgo Hit - Monkey Jasper Sitwell Manphibian Supporting characters Happy Sam Sawyer Captain America Shiklah Opponents Baron Strucker Baron Zemo Adolf Hitler Merlin Red Skull Publications Main Sgt . Fury and his Howling Commandos Shotgun Opera Nick Fury 's Howling Commandos Howling Commandos of S.H.I.E.L.D. Mrs. Deadpool and the Howling Commandos Spin - offs Captain Savage and his Leatherneck Raiders Combat Kelly and the Deadly Dozen Related Leatherneck Raiders Category The Hulk Stan Lee Jack Kirby Hulk family Hulk ( Bruce Banner ) She - Hulk ( Jennifer Walters ) Skaar Red Hulk Thunderbolt Ross Robert Maverick A-Bomb ( Rick Jones ) She - Hulk ( Lyra ) Hiro - Kala Red She - Hulk ( Betty Ross ) Hulk ( Amadeus Cho ) Supporting characters Doc Samson Gamma Corps Jarella Jim Wilson Marlo Chandler Pantheon Rebecca Banner Warbound Caiera Elloe Kaifi Hiroim Korg No - Name Wolverine Enemies Common villains Abomination Absorbing Man Bi-Beast Leader Maestro Thunderbolt Ross / Red Hulk Tyrannus U-Foes Wendigo Zzzax Group enemies Circus of Crime Hulkbusters Intelligencia Riot Squad Thunderbolts Other enemies Brian Banner Constrictor Devil Hulk Flux John Ryker Juggernaut Madman MODOK Moonstone Mercy Metal Master Miek Ogress Psyklop Ravage Red King Rhino Ringmaster Xemnu Neutral rivals Doc Samson Glenn Talbot Wolverine Television Live action The Incredible Hulk ( 1977 -- 1982 ) episodes soundtrack home video releases The Incredible Hulk Returns ( TV film , 1988 ) The Trial of the Incredible Hulk ( TV film , 1989 ) The Death of the Incredible Hulk ( TV film , 1990 ) Animation The Marvel Super Heroes ( 1966 ) The Incredible Hulk ( 1982 -- 1983 ) ( characters ) The Incredible Hulk ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H. ( 2013 - 2015 ) ( episodes ) Films Live action Hulk ( 2003 ) The Incredible Hulk ( 2008 ) soundtrack Animation Marvel Animated Features Iron Man and Hulk : Heroes United Hulk : Where Monsters Dwell Video games Questprobe featuring the Hulk ( 1984 ) The Incredible Hulk ( 1994 ) The Incredible Hulk : The Pantheon Saga ( 1996 ) The Incredible Hulk ( 2003 ) Hulk ( 2003 ) The Incredible Hulk : Ultimate Destruction ( 2005 ) The Incredible Hulk ( 2008 ) Titles The Incredible Hulk Hulk Comic Hulk : The End Hulk : The Manga Tales to Astonish The Rampaging Hulk 5 Ronin Storylines `` Planet Hulk '' `` World War Hulk '' `` Fall of the Hulks '' `` World War Hulks '' Related articles The Incredible Hulk ( comic strip ) Other versions Hulk 2099 Hulk Hands The Incredible Hulk ( roller coaster ) The Incredible Hulks Hulk Classics Category Inhumans Stan Lee Jack Kirby Publications Inhuman Storylines Son of M Silent War Secret Invasion : Inhumans `` War of Kings '' `` Realm of Kings '' `` Infinity '' `` Inhumanity '' Civil War II Inhumans vs. X-Men Members Inhuman Royal Family Black Bolt Crystal Gorgon Karnak Lockjaw Luna Maximus Medusa Triton New Generation Jolen Nahrees Other Auran Donnie Gill Inferno Iron Cross Iso Daisy Johnson Kid Kaiju Lash Maelstrom Moon Girl Ms. Marvel Phaeder Synapse Toro Tusk Yeti Supporting characters Avengers Fantastic Four Kree Ronan the Accuser Marvel Boy Quicksilver X-Men Enemies Blastaar Enclave Emma Frost Shi'ar Empire Vulcan Skrulls Thanos Ultron Universe Terrigen Mist In other media Inhumans `` Behold ... The Inhumans '' `` Those Who Would Destroy Us '' Iron Man Don Heck Stan Lee Larry Lieber Jack Kirby Characters Supporting Black Widow Bethany Cabe Doctor Doom Friday Rumiko Fujikawa Guardsman Maria Hill Happy Hogan H.O.M.E.R. Edwin Jarvis Pepper Potts Howard Stark Maria Stark War Machine Riri Williams Ho Yinsen Antagonists Main enemies A.I.M Blizzard Controller Crimson Dynamo Dreadknight Fin Fang Foom Ghost Justin Hammer Iron Monger Living Laser Madame Masque Mandarin Melter MODOK Spymaster Zeke Stane Temugin Titanium Man Ultimo Unicorn Whiplash Other enemies Blood Brothers Crimson Cowl Aldrich Killian Detroit Steel Kearson DeWitt Firebrand Firepower Sasha Hammer Hypnotia Mallen Technovore Sunset Bain Comic books Iron Man and Sub-Mariner Iron Man ( vol. 4 ) Enter the Mandarin Infamous Iron Man The Invincible Iron Man Iron Man vs. Whiplash Storylines `` Demon in a Bottle '' `` Doomquest '' `` Armor Wars '' `` Extremis '' `` Civil War '' `` Civil War II '' Ultimate Marvel series Ultimate Iron Man Ultimate Human Ultimate Comics : Armor Wars Ultimate Comics : Iron Man In other media Films Marvel Cinematic Universe Tony Stark / Iron Man Iron Man soundtrack Iron Man 2 soundtrack Iron Man 3 soundtrack Marvel Animated Features Iron Man : Rise of Technovore Television The Marvel Super Heroes Iron Man episodes Iron Man : Armored Adventures episodes Marvel Anime Video games Iron Man / X-O Manowar in Heavy Metal The Invincible Iron Man Iron Man Iron Man 2 Iron Man 3 Attraction Iron Man Experience Alternative versions Iron Man 2020 Mainframe Ultimate Iron Man Incarnations Related articles Avengers Mansion Force Works Iron Man 's armor other media War Machine in other media Iron Patriot Roxxon Energy Corporation S.H.I.E.L.D. Stark Industries Stark Tower Iron Man : The Armored Avenger Category Ka - Zar Stan Lee Jack Kirby Supporting characters Devil Dinosaur Mockingbird Moon - Boy Shanna the She - Devil Zabu Enemies Belasco Garokk Gog High Evolutionary Magneto Plunderer Rhino Sauron Savage Land Mutates Stegron the Dinosaur Man Thanos Zaladane Related articles Ka - Zar ( magazine ) Savage Land Man - Thing Creators Stan Lee Roy Thomas Gerry Conway Gray Morrow Characters Foolkiller Howard the Duck Jennifer Kale Richard Rory Dakimh the Enchanter Korrek Legion of Monsters Thog Wundarr the Aquarian Publications Adventure into Fear Savage Tales Film Man - Thing Related articles Steve Gerber Swamp Thing Nick Fury Stan Lee Jack Kirby Characters Supporting Valentina Allegra de Fontaine Dum Dum Dugan Gabe Jones Rebel Ralston Junior Juniper Pinky Pinkerton Eric Koenig Nick Fury Jr . Punisher Happy Sam Sawyer Sharon Carter Jasper Sitwell Iron Man Captain America Bucky Barnes Black Widow Hawkeye Wolverine Clay Quartermain Falcon Mockingbird Avengers Enemies A.I.M. Baron Strucker Baron Zemo Centurius Hate - Monger Hydra Madame Hydra Viper Mitchell Carson Red Skull Scorpio Super-Patriot Werner von Strucker Teams Howling Commandos S.H.I.E.L.D. Team White Comics Ongoing Sgt . Fury and his Howling Commandos Nick Fury , Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. 1965 feature Secret Warriors Nick Fury 's Howling Commandos Nick Fury Miniseries and storylines Nick Fury vs. S.H.I.E.L.D. Fury of S.H.I.E.L.D. Fury / Agent 13 Ennis Fury ( 2001 ) Fury : Peacemaker Fury : My War Gone By Avengers 1959 Battle Scars Nick Fury , Agent of Nothing Original Sin Fury 's Big Week Graphic novels and one - shots Fury ( 1994 ) Fury : S.H.I.E.L.D. 50th Anniversary Wolverine / Nick Fury The Scorpio Connection Bloody Choices Scorpio Rising Marvel Knights : Double Shot # 2 `` Nick 's World '' Fury / Black Widow : Death Duty Captain America and Nick Fury : Blood Truce Captain America and Nick Fury : The Otherworld War Sgt . Fury & his Howling Commandos : Shotgun Opera In other media Nick Fury : Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. Nick Fury , Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Empyre `` For Your Eye Only '' Related Life Model Decoy Dirk Anger Jim Steranko Strange Tales Alternative versions Ultimate Nick Fury Category Peggy Carter Stan Lee Jack Kirby Characters Supporting Captain America Edwin Jarvis Howard Stark Howling Commandos Dum Dum Dugan Junior Juniper Jim Morita Pinky Pinkerton Happy Sam Sawyer Sharon Carter Antagonists Hydra Johann Fennhoff Leviathan Whitney Frost Dottie Underwood Publications Agent Carter : S.H.I.E.L.D. 50th Anniversary Operation S.I.N. Other media Marvel One Shot : Agent Carter Marvel 's Agent Carter Characters Season 1 Season 2 Category S.H.I.E.L.D. Creators : Stan Lee Jack Kirby Characters Executive Directors George W. Bridge Sharon Carter Timothy Dugan Nick Fury Maria Hill Daisy Johnson Norman Osborn Steve Rogers Tony Stark Field Agents Clay Quartermain Victoria Hand Jasper Sitwell Al MacKenzie Mitch Carson Valentina Allegra de Fontaine Jessica Drew Clint Barton Natasha Romanova Barbara Morse Jimmy Woo Alexander Goodwin Pierce John Garrett Nick Fury Jr . Sam Wilson Antagonists A.I.M. H.A.M.M.E.R. Hand Hydra Leviathan Maggia Masters of Evil Mys - Tech Purifiers Secret Empire Squadron Supreme Thunderbolts Taskmaster Zodiac Affiliations Avengers Dark Mighty Secret Howling Commandos Project Livewire Team White ( Secret Warriors ) S.T.R.I.K.E. S.T.A.K.E. S.W.O.R.D. Bases and facilities Camp Hammond Helicarrier Stark Tower The Vault Triskelion Technology and units Life Model Decoy Mandroid SJ3RX ( Red Ronin ) Superhuman Restraint Unit SPIN Tech Iron Patriot Publications Nick Fury , Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. 1965 feature Nick Fury vs. S.H.I.E.L.D. Fury of S.H.I.E.L.D. Kitty Pryde , Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. S.H.I.E.L.D. 2010 series 2014 series Howling Commandos of S.H.I.E.L.D. Agent Carter : S.H.I.E.L.D. 50th Anniversary Fury : S.H.I.E.L.D. 50th Anniversary Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. In other media Marvel Cinematic Universe Phil Coulson Item 47 Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. characters episodes season 1 5 Slingshot Nick Fury : Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. Nick Fury , Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Empyre Related S.H.I.E.L.D. Flying Car Ultimate Nick Fury Peggy Carter Category She - Hulk Stan Lee John Buscema Supporting characters Awesome Andy Blonde Phantom Elaine Banner Goodman , Lieber , Kurtzberg & Holliway Hellcat Hulk John Jameson Jazinda Lyra Morbius Red She - Hulk Richard Rory Southpaw Wyatt Wingfoot Group memberships A-Force Avengers Defenders Fantastic Force Fantastic Four Heroes for Hire Lady Liberators Magistrati S.H.I.E.L.D. Enemies Abomination Abominatrix Absorbing Man A.I.M. Apocalypse Armadillo Batroc the Leaper Beetle Black Talon Blizzard Boomerang Bushwacker Champion of the Universe Circus of Crime Constrictor Death Doctor Bong Doctor Doom Doctor Faustus Dragon Man Eel Electro Grey Gargoyle Grizzly Headmen Chondu the Mystic Gorilla - Man Ruby Thursday Ralphie Hutchins Juggernaut Krang Leader Madcap Mad Thinker Man - Elephant Master Mold Mephisto Mole Man Morgan le Fay Mysterio Ogress Orka Ox Plantman Puppet Master Radioactive Man Rhino Thunderbolt Ross Sabretooth Scarecrow Shocker Alistair Smythe Stilt - Man Super-Skrull Taskmaster Tiger Shark Tinkerer Titania Trapster U-Foes Venom Vulture Whirlwind Winter Guard Wrecking Crew Xemnu the Titan Television The Incredible Hulk and She - Hulk ( 1996 - 1997 ) Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H. ( 2013 - 2015 ) ( episodes ) Silver Surfer Stan Lee Jack Kirby Supporting characters Adam Warlock Air - Walker Alicia Masters Avengers Beta Ray Bill Drax the Destroyer Fantastic Four Eternals Firelord Galactus Guardians of the Galaxy Infinity Watch Mantis Nova ( Richard Rider ) Nova ( Frankie Raye ) Pip the Troll Shalla - Bal Stardust Thor Enemies Abomination Annihilus Champion of the Universe Doctor Doom Ego the Living Planet Elders of the Universe Galactus Korvac Kree Loki Mephisto Midnight Sun Morg Nebula Obliterator Possessor Reptyl Red Shift Ronan Skrulls Stranger Terrax Thanos Tyrant Group affiliations Annihilators Defenders Heralds of Galactus The Order Titles and storylines Silver Surfer ( comic book ) Annihilation Fantastic Four The Galactus Trilogy Heroes Reborn The Infinity Gauntlet Ultimate Fantastic Four Other media Silver Surfer ( 1990 video game ) Silver Surfer ( 1998 animated series ) Fantastic Four : Rise of the Silver Surfer ( film ) Fantastic Four : Rise of the Silver Surfer ( video game ) See also Power Cosmic Supreme Intelligence Surfing with the Alien The Power Cosmic Sinister Six Stan Lee Steve Ditko Members Original Doctor Octopus Electro Kraven the Hunter Mysterio Sandman Vulture Recurring Beetle Abner Jenkins Janice Lincoln Boomerang Chameleon Gog Green Goblin Norman Osborn Grim Reaper Hammerhead Hobgoblin Jason Macendale Hydro - Man Lizard Overdrive Rhino Scorpion Mac Gargan Shocker Speed Demon Swarm Tombstone Trapster Venom In other media Spider - Man : Return of the Sinister Six Spider - Man 2 : The Sinister Six Other Spider - Man All Spider - Man enemies In other media Savage Six Sinister Syndicate The Superior Foes of Spider - Man Ultimate Six Skrulls Stan Lee Jack Kirby Skrulls Anelle Dorrek VII Dorrek VIII / Hulkling / Teddy Altman Ethan Edwards Jazinda John the Skrull Lyja Khn'nr Morrat Paibok Revolutionary Sk'ym'x / Skrullian Skymaster Titannus Veranke Z'Reg / Crusader Super-Skrulls Kl'rt Xavin Enemies Avengers Captain America Captain Marvel Deadpool Fantastic Four Galactus Guardians of the Galaxy Hulk Inhumans Iron Man Kree New Warriors Nova Runaways Silver Surfer Spider - Man Thor Wolverine X-Men Storylines Kree -- Skrull War Annihilation Secret Invasion Related articles Deviant Dire Wraith Shaper of Worlds Skrull Kill Krew Captain Marvel Spider - Man Stan Lee Steve Ditko Characters List of incarnations of Spider - Man List of Spider - Man supporting characters List of Spider - Man enemies Alternative versions of Spider - Man Locations Midtown High School Daily Bugle Empire State University Oscorp Parker Industries Alchemax Comic books The Amazing Spider - Man issues Storylines In other media In film In television In video games In literature ‎ novels book series Toys Spider - Man ( 2010 toy line ) Spider - Man Classics Spider - Man and Friends Lego Spider - Man Spider - Man ( pinball ) The Amazing Spider - Man ( pinball ) Related topics Powers and equipment Category Thor ( Marvel Comics ) Stan Lee Larry Lieber Jack Kirby Allies Angela Balder Beta Ray Bill Eitri Jane Foster Frigga Gaea Heimdall Hercules Hermod Hrimhari Kelda Odin Sif Thor Girl Thunderstrike Eric Masterson Kevin Masterson Tyr Valkyrie Vidar Volla Warriors Three Fandral Hogun Volstagg Zeus Enemies Recurring enemies Absorbing Man Destroyer Enchantress Executioner Hela Karnilla Loki Lorelei Malekith the Accursed Mangog Midgard Serpent Mr. Hyde Surtur Ulik Wrecking Crew Bulldozer Piledriver Thunderball Wrecker Ymir Other enemies Ares Bloodaxe Cobra Crusader Dark Gods Desak Ego the Living Planet Enchanters Three Perrikus Fafnir Fenris Wolf Grey Gargoyle Growing Man Kurse Laufey Man - Beast Mercurio the 4 - D Man Minotaur Mongoose Pluto Possessor Quicksand Radioactive Man Ragnarok Serpent Zarrko Bibliography Journey into Mystery Thor : Blood Oath Thor : Son of Asgard Thor : Vikings Ultimate Comics : Thor In other media Television The Marvel Super Heroes The Incredible Hulk Returns Film Marvel Animated Features Thor soundtrack Thor : The Dark World soundtrack Team Thor Thor : Ragnarok soundtrack Video games Thor : God of Thunder Thor : Son of Asgard Thor & Loki : Blood Brothers Related articles Thor in Norse mythology Alternative versions Ultimate Thor Asgard Dwarves Elves Giants Hugin and Munin Mjolnir Norns Norn Stones Trolls Valkyrior Thor ( comics ) Category X-Men Creators : Stan Lee Jack Kirby Founding members Professor X Cyclops Iceman Beast Angel Phoenix recurring members Anole Ariel Armor Aurora Banshee Bishop Blindfold Blink Boom - Boom Box Cable Cannonball Chamber Changeling Cipher Cloak and Dagger Colossus Cypher Darwin Dazzler Deadpool Doctor Nemesis Domino Dust Elixir Fantomex Firestar Forge Frenzy Emma Frost Gambit Gentle Graymalkin Havok Hellion Hepzibah Hope Husk Ink Joseph Jubilee Karma Lady Mastermind Lifeguard Lockheed Longshot Maggott Magik Magma Magneto Marrow Mercury Mimic Moonstar Mystique Namor Nightcrawler Northstar Omega Sentinel Petra Pixie Polaris Prodigy Psylocke Revanche Rockslide Rogue Sabretooth Sage Shadowcat Slipstream Spyke Stacy X Storm Rachel Summers Sunfire Sunspot Surge Sway Thunderbird ( John Proudstar ) Thunderbird ( Neal Shaara ) Warlock Warpath Wolf Cub Wolverine X-23 X-Man Shen Xorn Secondary teams Alpha Squadron Excalibur Generation X New Mutants Paragons X-Corporation X-Corps X-Factor X-Force X-Statix X-Terminators X.S.E. X-Treme Sanctions Executive Xavier 's Security Enforcers Supporting characters Senator Robert Kelly Legion Moira MacTaggert Lilandra Neramani Antagonists Apocalypse Arcade Arkon Bastion Belasco Beyonder Black Tom Cassidy Cobalt Man Abraham Cornelius Graydon Creed Count Nefaria Dark Beast Deathbird Demon Bear Dire Wraiths Doctor Doom Dracula Enchantress Exodus Firelord Trevor Fitzroy Emma Frost Galactus Henry Peter Gyrich Cameron Hodge High Evolutionary Juggernaut Kang Kid Omega Kree Lady Deathstrike Steven Lang Living Monolith Mandarin Master Mold Mastermind Mesmero Mister Sinister Mojo Moses Magnum Mystique N'astirh Negasonic Teenage Warhead Nimrod Cassandra Nova Omega Red Onslaught Predator X Proteus Madelyne Pryor Red Skull Sauron Selene Shadow King Sebastian Shaw Shinobi Shaw Silver Samurai Skrull Spiral Stryfe William Stryker Sublime Super-Adaptoid Super-Skrull Terrax Thanos Toad Bolivar Trask Lawrence Trask Viper Vulcan X-Cutioner Kuan - Yin Xorn Villain teams Acolytes A.I.M. Alliance of Evil Black Order Brood Brotherhood of Mutants Children of the Vault Clan Akkaba Dark Avengers Dark Riders Enclave Externals Factor Three Fenris Freedom Force Friends of Humanity Gene Nation H.A.M.M.E.R. Hand Hellfire Club Hellions Horsemen of Apocalypse Humanity 's Last Stand Hydra Maggia Marauders Mutant Liberation Front Mys - Tech Nasty Boys Neo Norman Osborn 's X-Men Phalanx Purifiers Reavers Savage Land Mutates Sentinels Serpent Society Shadow - X Sinister Six Super-Apes U-Men Upstarts Weapon X Wrecking Crew Locations Asteroid M Avalon Crossmore District X / Mutant Town Genosha Graymalkin Industries Limbo Madripoor Massachusetts Academy Muir Island Providence Savage Land Utopia X-Mansion Equipment Blackbird Cerebro Danger Room Miscellanea Alpha Flight Crimson Dawn Fastball Special Inhumans vs. X-Men Legacy Virus M'Kraan Crystal Morlocks Mutants Mutant Registration Act Phoenix Force Project Wideawake Shi'ar Imperial Guard Starjammers Storm Force Accelatron Technarchy X-Babies X-Men in other media television X-Men ' 92 X-Men comics Wolverine and the X-Men ( toyline ) X-Men Classics ( action figure ) X-Men Origins : Wolverine ( toyline ) Category The Life Career Award Fritz Lang ( 1976 ) Samuel Z . Arkoff ( 1977 ) Christopher Lee ( 1979 ) Gene Roddenberry ( 1980 ) William Shatner ( 1980 ) John Agar ( 1981 ) Ray Harryhausen ( 1982 ) Martin B. Cohen ( 1983 ) Vincent Price ( 1986 ) Leonard Nimoy ( 1987 ) Roger Corman ( 1988 ) Ray Walston ( 1990 ) Arnold Schwarzenegger ( 1992 ) David Lynch ( 1993 ) Alfred Hitchcock ( 1994 ) Steve Reeves ( 1994 ) Whit Bissell ( 1994 ) Joel Silver ( 1995 ) Richard Fleischer ( 1995 ) Sean Connery ( 1995 ) Wes Craven ( 1995 ) Albert R. Broccoli ( 1996 ) Edward R. Pressman ( 1996 ) Harrison Ford ( 1996 ) Dino De Laurentiis ( 1997 ) John Frankenheimer ( 1997 ) Sylvester Stallone ( 1997 ) James Coburn ( 1998 ) James Karen ( 1998 ) Michael Crichton ( 1998 ) Nathan H. Juran ( 1999 ) Dick Van Dyke ( 2000 ) George Barris ( 2000 ) Brian Grazer ( 2001 ) Robert Englund ( 2001 ) Drew Struzan ( 2002 ) Stan Lee ( 2002 ) Kurt Russell ( 2003 ) Sid and Marty Krofft ( 2003 ) Blake Edwards ( 2004 ) Stephen J. Cannell ( 2005 ) Tom Rothman ( 2005 ) Robert Halmi ( 2008 ) Lance Henriksen ( 2009 ) Irvin Kershner ( 2010 ) Bert Gordon ( 2011 ) Michael Biehn ( 2011 ) Frank Oz ( 2012 ) James Remar ( 2012 ) Jonathan Frakes ( 2013 ) Malcolm McDowell ( 2014 ) Nichelle Nichols ( 2016 ) Lee Majors ( 2017 ) Marvel Comics Marvel Entertainment Publishing lines and imprints Historical Timely Comics Atlas Comics Current imprints Icon Marvel Press Disney joint Timely Comics Current lines Masterworks Essential Unlimited Defunct imprints Marvel MC2 2099 Absurd Adventures / Age Knights Music UK Ultimate Illustrated MAX Other Amalgam CrossGen Disney property Epic Malibu New Universe Paramount Razorline Star Tsunami Defunct lines Next CyberComics Edge Noir The End Editors - in - Chief Joe Simon Stan Lee Vincent Fago Roy Thomas Len Wein Marv Wolfman Gerry Conway Archie Goodwin Jim Shooter Tom DeFalco Bob Harras Joe Quesada Axel Alonso C.B. Cebulski Adaptations Films Novels Role - playing games Television series Video games Universe Marvel Universe Multiverse Characters Crossovers Superhero debuts Teams and organizations Criminal organizations First appearances Features Cosmic entities Alien races Demons Monsters Planets Related Comics ( A-M ) Comics ( N-Z ) Kimble v. Marvel Marvel No - Prize People Comparison to DC Comics Marvel Books Marvel Index OHOTMU Category Book BIBSYS : 90892667 BNE : XX863526 BNF : cb119120685 ( data ) GND : 124784755 ISNI : 0000 0001 2138 6158 LCCN : n83169267 MusicBrainz : cff1d473 - a21b - 4df5 - 9f09 - c818bfbeadfe NDL : 00881380 NKC : jx20050713006 RKD : 303924 SNAC : w6h43zz4 SUDOC : 026978245 VIAF : 71393805 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stan_Lee&oldid=842749739 '' Categories : Stan Lee 1922 births Living people 20th - century American writers 21st - century American writers American agnostics American comics writers American military personnel of World War II American people of Romanian - Jewish descent Atlas Comics Comic book editors DeWitt Clinton High School alumni Golden Age comics creators Inkpot Award winners Jack Kirby Hall of Fame inductees Jewish agnostics Jewish American male actors Jewish American writers Male actors from New York City Marvel Comics people Marvel Entertainment People from Washington Heights , Manhattan People from Woodmere , New York Pseudonymous writers Silver Age comics creators United States Army soldiers United States National Medal of Arts recipients Will Eisner Award Hall of Fame inductees Works Progress Administration workers Writers from New York City Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2015 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from April 2014 Redundant infobox title param Comics infobox image less alt text Comics creator pop Comics creator BLP pop Track variant DoB Track variant DoD All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles with Curlie links Articles using Template : EmmyTVLegends name Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with RKDartists identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 贛語 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Sardu Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 54 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 12 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is stan lee's role in marvel	[ "Stan Lee[1] (born Stanley Martin Lieber /ˈliːbər/, December 28, 1922) is an American comic-book writer, editor, film executive producer, and publisher. He was formerly editor-in-chief of Marvel Comics,[2] and later its publisher[3] and chairman[4] before leaving the company to become its chairman emeritus, as well as a member of the editorial board.[5]" ]	[ "formerly editor-in-chief of Marvel Comics,[2] and later its publisher[3] and chairman[4] before leaving the company to become its chairman emeritus, as well as a member of the editorial board" ]
5830309431471230124	Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act	Real estate settlement Procedures Act - wikipedia Real estate settlement Procedures Act Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act Long title Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act of 1974 Acronyms ( colloquial ) RESPA Enacted by the 93rd United States Congress Effective Dec. 22 , 1974 Citations Public law P.L. 93 - 533 Statutes at Large 88 Stat. 1724 Codification Titles amended 12 U.S.C. sections created 2601 - 2617 Legislative history Passed the Senate on July 24 , 1974 ( unanimous consent ) Passed the House of Representatives on August 14 , 1974 ( unanimous consent ) Reported by the joint conference committee on Dec. 9 , 1974 ; agreed to by the Senate on Dec. 9 , 1974 ( unanimous consent ) and by the House of Representatives on Dec. 11 , 1974 ( unanimous consent ) Signed into law by President Gerald Ford on Dec. 22 , 1974 Major amendments P.L. 94 - 205 , 89 Stat. 1157 ( 1976 ) The Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act ( RESPA ) was a law passed by the United States Congress in 1974 and codified as Title 12 , Chapter 27 of the United States Code , 12 U.S.C. § § 2601 -- 2617 . The main objective was to protect homeowners by assisting them in becoming better educated while shopping for real estate services , and eliminating kickbacks and referral fees which add unnecessary costs to settlement services . RESPA requires lenders and others involved in mortgage lending to provide borrowers with pertinent and timely disclosures regarding the nature and costs of a real estate settlement process . RESPA was also designed to prohibit potentially abusive practices such as kickbacks and referral fees , the practice of dual tracking , and imposes limitations on the use of escrow accounts . Contents 1 History 2 Purpose 3 General Requirements 4 Good - Faith Estimate of Settlement Costs 5 Kickbacks and Unearned Fees 6 Borrower Requests for Information and Notifications of Errors 7 Criticisms 8 Sources 9 External links History ( edit ) RESPA was enacted in 1974 and was originally administered by the Department of Housing and Urban Development ( HUD ) . In 2011 , the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau ( CFPB ) , created under the provisions of the Dodd - Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act , assumed the enforcement and rulemaking authority over RESPA . On December 31 , 2013 , the CFPB published final rules implementing provisions of the Dodd - Frank Act , which direct the CFPB to publish a single , integrated disclosure for mortgage transactions , which included mortgage disclosure requirements under the Truth in Lending Act ( TILA ) and sections 4 and 5 of RESPA . As a result , Regulation Z now houses the integrated forms , timing , and related disclosure requirements for most closed - end consumer mortgage loans . Purpose ( edit ) It was created because various companies associated with the buying and selling of real estate , such as lenders , real estate agents , construction companies and title insurance companies were often engaging in providing undisclosed kickbacks to each other , inflating the costs of real estate transactions and obscuring price competition by facilitating bait - and - switch tactics . For example , a lender advertising a home loan might have advertised the loan with a 5 % interest rate , but then when one applies for the loan one is told that one must use the lender 's affiliated title insurance company and pay $5,000 for the service , whereas the normal rate is $1,000 . The title company would then have paid $4,000 to the lender . This was made illegal , in order to make prices for the services clear so as to allow price competition by consumer demand and to thereby drive down prices . On July 21 , 2011 , administration and enforcement of the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act ( RESPA ) was transferred from the Department of Housing and Urban Development to the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau ( CFPB ) . General requirements ( edit ) RESPA outlines requirements that lenders must follow when providing mortgages that are secured by federally related mortgage loans . This includes home purchase loans , refinancing , lender approved assumptions , property improvement loans , equity lines of credit , and reverse mortgages . Under RESPA , lending institutions must : Provide certain disclosures when applicable , including a Good - Faith Estimate of Settlement Costs ( GFE ) , Special Information Booklet , HUD - 1 / 1A settlement statement and Mortgage Servicing Disclosures . Provide the ability to compare the GFE to the HUD - 1 / 1a settlement statements at closing Follow established escrow accounting practices Not proceed with the foreclosure process when the borrower has submitted a complete application for loss mitigation options , and Not pay kickbacks or pay referral fees to settlement service providers ( e.g. , appraisers , real estate brokers / agents and title companies ) Good - Faith Estimate of settlement costs ( edit ) For closed - end reverse mortgages , a lender or broker is required to provide the consumer with the standard Good Faith Estimate ( GFE ) form . A Good Faith Estimate of settlement costs is a three - page document that shows estimates for the costs that the borrower will likely incur at settlement and related loan information . It is designed to allow borrowers to shop for a mortgage loan by comparing settlement costs and loan terms . These costs include , but are not limited to : Origination charges Estimates for required services ( e.g. , appraisals , credit report fees , flood certification ) Title insurance Per diem interest Escrow deposits , and Insurance premiums The bank or mortgage broker must provide the GFE no later than three business days after the lender or mortgage broker received an application , or information sufficient to complete and application , the application . Kickbacks and unearned fees ( edit ) A person may not give or receive a fee or anything of value for a referral of mortgage loan settlement business . This includes an agreement or understanding related to a federally related mortgage . Fees paid for mortgage - related services must be disclosed . Additionally , no person may give or receive any portion , split , or percentage of a fee for services connected with a federally related mortgage except for services actually performed . Permissible Compensation A payment to an attorney for services actually rendered ; A payment by a title company to its agent for services actually performed in the issuance of title insurance ; A payment by a lender to its duly appointed agent or contractor for services actually performed in the origination , processing , or funding of a loan ; A payment to a cooperative brokerage and referral arrangements between real estate agents and real estate brokers ; Normal promotional and education activities that are not conditioned on the referral of business , and do not involve the defraying of expenses that otherwise would be incurred by a person in a position to refer settlement services ; and An employer 's payment to its own employees for any referral activities . It is the responsibility of the lender to monitor third party fees in relationship to the services rendered to ensure no illegal kickbacks or referral fees are made . Borrower Requests for information and notifications of errors ( edit ) Upon receipt of a qualified written request , a mortgage servicer is required to take certain steps , each of which is subject to certain deadlines . The servicer must acknowledge receipt of the request within 5 business days . The servicer then has 30 business days ( from the request ) to take action on the request . The servicer has to either provide a written notification that the error has been corrected , or provide a written explanation as to why the servicer believes the account is correct . Either way , the servicer has to provide the name and telephone number of a person with whom the borrower can discuss the matter . The servicer can not provide information to any credit agency regarding any overdue payment during the 60 - day period . If the servicer fails to comply with the `` qualified written request '' , the borrower is entitled to actual damages , up to $2,000 of additional damages if there is a pattern of noncompliance , costs and attorneys fees . Criticisms ( edit ) However , critics say that kickbacks still occur . For example , lenders often provide captive insurance to the title insurance companies they work with , which critics say is essentially a kickback mechanism . Others counter that economically the transaction is a zero sum game , where if the kickback were forbidden , a lender would simply charge higher prices . To which others counter that the intended goal of the legislation is transparency , which it would provide if the lender must absorb the cost of the hidden kickback into the fee they charge . One of the core elements of the debate is the fact that customers overwhelmingly go with the default service providers associated with a lender or a real estate agent , even though they sign documents explicitly stating that they can choose to use any service provider . There have been various proposals to modify the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act . One proposal is to change the `` open architecture '' system currently in place , where a customer can choose to use any service provider for each service , to one where the services are bundled , but where the real estate agent or lender must pay directly for all other costs . Under this system , lenders , who have more buying power , would more aggressively seek the lowest price for real estate settlement services . While both the HUD - 1 and HUD - 1A serve to disclose all fees , costs and charges to both the buyer and seller involved in a real estate transaction , it is not uncommon to find mistakes on the HUD . Both buyer and seller should know how to properly read a HUD before closing a transaction and at settlement is not the ideal time to discover unnecessary charges and / or exorbitant fees as the transaction is about to be closed . Buyers or sellers can hire an experienced professional such as a real estate agent or an attorney to protect their interests at closing . Sources ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Regulation X Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act '' ( PDF ) . CFPB Consumer Laws and Regulations . Consumer Financial Protection Bureau . March 2015 . Retrieved 18 May 2016 . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . Jump up ^ `` Recent Changes to the Law Governing Qualified Written Requests '' . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ 12 USC 2605 ( f ) External links ( edit ) Full text of the act from the Legal Information Institute Integrated Mortgage Disclosures Under the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act ( Regulation X ) and the Truth In Lending Act ( Regulation Z ) Know Before You Owe Mortgages Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Real_Estate_Settlement_Procedures_Act&oldid=859824659 '' Categories : 1974 in law 93rd United States Congress United States federal housing legislation Real property law in the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 September 2018 , at 14 : 33 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	how does respa effect you as a real estate agent	[]	[]
-5861342111572201535	Cradle of civilization	Cradle of civilization - wikipedia Cradle of civilization Jump to : navigation , search Human history and prehistory ↑ before Homo ( Pliocene epoch ) Prehistory ( three - age system ) Stone Age Lower Paleolithic Homo Homo erectus Middle Paleolithic Early Homo sapiens Upper Paleolithic Behavioral modernity Neolithic Cradle of civilization Bronze Age China Europe India Near East Iron Age Bronze Age collapse China Europe India Japan Korea Near East Nigeria Recorded history Ancient history Earliest records Post-classical history Modern history Early Later Contemporary ↓ Future The term `` cradle of civilization '' refers to locations where , according to current archeological data , civilization is understood to have emerged . Current thinking is that there was no single `` cradle '' , but several civilizations that developed independently , with the Fertile Crescent ( Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt ) understood to be the earliest . Other civilizations arose in Asia among cultures situated along large river valleys , such as Indo - Gangetic Plain in the Indian subcontinent and the Yellow River in China . The extent to which there was significant influence between the early civilizations of the Near East and those of East Asia is disputed . Scholars accept that the civilizations of Mesoamerica , mainly in modern Mexico , and Norte Chico in present - day Peru emerged independently from those in Eurasia . Scholars have defined civilization using various criteria such as the use of writing , cities , a class - based society , agriculture , animal husbandry , public buildings , metallurgy , and monumental architecture . The term cradle of civilization has frequently been applied to a variety of cultures and areas , in particular the Ancient Near Eastern Chalcolithic ( Ubaid period ) and Fertile Crescent , Ancient India and Ancient China . It has also been applied to ancient Anatolia , the Levant and Iran , and used to refer to culture predecessors -- such as Ancient Greece as the predecessor of Western Civilization -- even when such sites are not understood as an independent development of civilization , as well as within national rhetoric . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of the idea 2 Rise of civilization 3 Single or multiple cradles 4 Old World 4.1 Mesopotamia 4.2 Egypt 4.3 India 4.4 China 5 New World 5.1 Central Andes 5.2 Mesoamerica 6 Timeline 7 Cradle of Western civilization 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 10.1 Citations 10.2 Sources History of the idea ( edit ) The concept `` cradle of civilization '' is the subject of much debate . The figurative use of cradle to mean `` the place or region in which anything is nurtured or sheltered in its earlier stage '' is traced by the Oxford English Dictionary to Spenser ( 1590 ) . Charles Rollin 's Ancient History ( 1734 ) has `` Egypt that served at first as the cradle of the holy nation '' . The phrase `` cradle of civilization '' plays a certain role in national mysticism . It has been used in Eastern as well as Western cultures , for instance , in Hindu nationalism ( In Search of the Cradle of Civilization 1995 ) and Taiwanese nationalism ( Taiwan -- The Cradle of Civilization 2002 ) . The terms also appear in esoteric pseudohistory , such as the Urantia Book , claiming the title for `` the second Eden '' , or the pseudoarchaeology related to Megalithic Britain ( Civilization One 2004 , Ancient Britain : The Cradle of Civilization 1921 ) . Rise of civilization ( edit ) Further information : Neolithic Revolution , Urban revolution , and Chalcolithic Ancient history Preceded by Prehistory Ancient Near East Sumer Egypt Assyria Elam Akkad Babylonia Canaan Phoenicia Israel and Judah Hittite Empire Arzawa Mitanni Minoan Crete Mycenaean Greece Syro - Hittite states Hayasa - Azzi Georgia Anatolia Armenia Neo-Assyrian Empire Urartu Neo-Babylonian Empire Medes Classical antiquity Greece Persia ( Achaemenid ) Hellenism Rome Africa Late Antiquity East Asia China Korea Japan South Asia Indus Valley Vedic period Maha Janapadas Maurya Empire Tamilakam Satavahana Gupta Empire Pre-Columbian Americas Mesoamerica Olmec Maya civilization Teotihuacan Aztec Andean civilizations Chavín culture Moche Inca empire See also History of the world Ancient maritime history Protohistory Axial Age Iron Age Historiography Ancient literature Ancient warfare Cradle of civilization Followed by the Postclassical Era The earliest signs of a process leading to sedentary culture can be seen in the Levant to as early as 12,000 BC , when the Natufian culture became sedentary ; it evolved into an agricultural society by 10,000 BC . The importance of water to safeguard an abundant and stable food supply , due to favourable conditions for hunting , fishing and gathering resources including cereals , provided an initial wide spectrum economy that triggered the creation of permanent villages . The earliest proto - urban settlements with several thousand inhabitants emerged in the Neolithic . The first cities to house several tens of thousands were Memphis and Uruk , by the 31st century BC ( see Historical urban community sizes ) . Historic times are marked apart from prehistoric times when `` records of the past begin to be kept for the benefit of future generations '' ; which may be in written or oral form . If the rise of civilization is taken to coincide with the development of writing out of proto - writing , the Near Eastern Chalcolithic , the transitional period between the Neolithic and the Bronze Age during the 4th millennium BC , and the development of proto - writing in Harappa in the Indus Valley of South Asia around 3300 BC are the earliest incidences , followed by Chinese proto - writing evolving into the oracle bone script , and again by the emergence of Mesoamerican writing systems from about 2000 BC . In the absence of written documents , most aspects of the rise of early civilizations are contained in archaeological assessments that document the development of formal institutions and the material culture . A `` civilized '' way of life is ultimately linked to conditions coming almost exclusively from intensive agriculture . Gordon Childe defined the development of civilization as the result of two successive revolutions : the Neolithic Revolution , triggering the development of settled communities , and the Urban Revolution , which enhanced tendencies towards dense settlements , specialized occupational groups , social classes , exploitation of surpluses , monumental public buildings and writing . Few of those conditions , however , are unchallenged by the records : dense settlements were not attested in Egypt 's Old Kingdom and were absent in the Maya area ; the Incas lacked writing altogether ; and often monumental architecture preceded any indication of village settlement . For instance , in present - day Louisiana , researchers have determined that cultures that were primarily nomadic organized over generations to build earthwork mounds at seasonal settlements as early as 3400 BC . Rather than a succession of events and preconditions , the rise of civilization could equally be hypothesized as an accelerated process that started with incipient agriculture and culminated in the Oriental Bronze Age . Single or multiple cradles ( edit ) A traditional theory of the spread of civilization is that it began in the Fertile Crescent and spread out from there by influence . Scholars more generally now believe that civilizations arose independently at several locations in both hemispheres . They have observed that sociocultural developments occurred along different timeframes . `` Sedentary '' and `` nomadic '' communities continued to interact considerably ; they were not strictly divided among widely different cultural groups . The concept of a cradle of civilization has a focus where the inhabitants came to build cities , to create writing systems , to experiment in techniques for making pottery and using metals , to domesticate animals , and to develop complex social structures involving class systems . Current scholarship generally identifies five sites where civilization emerged independently : the Fertile Crescent the Indus River the Yellow River the Central Andes Mesoamerica Old World ( edit ) Mesopotamia ( edit ) Main articles : History of Mesopotamia and Sumer Map showing the extent of Mesopotamia Around 10,200 BC the first fully developed Neolithic cultures belonging to the phases Pre-Pottery Neolithic A ( PPNA ) and Pre-Pottery Neolithic B ( 7600 to 6000 BC ) appeared in the fertile crescent and from there spread eastwards and westwards . One of the most notable PPNA settlements is Jericho in the Levant region , thought to be the world 's first town ( settled around 8500 BC and fortified around 6800 BC ) . In Mesopotamia , the convergence of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers produced rich fertile soil and a supply of water for irrigation . The civilizations that emerged around these rivers are among the earliest known non-nomadic agrarian societies . It is because of this that the fertile crescent region , and Mesopotamia in particular , are often referred to as the cradle of civilization . The period known as the Ubaid period ( c. 6500 to 3800 BC ) is the earliest known period on the alluvial plain , although it is likely earlier periods exist obscured under the alluvium . It was during the Ubaid period that the movement towards urbanization began . Agriculture and animal husbandry were widely practiced in sedentary communities , particularly in Northern Mesopotamia , and intensive irrigated hydraulic agriculture began to be practiced in the south . Eridu is the oldest Sumerian site settled during this period , around 5300 BC , and the city of Ur also first dates to the end of this period . In the south , the Ubaid period had a very long duration from around 6500 to 3800 BC ; when it is replaced by the Uruk period . Sumerian civilization coalesces in the subsequent Uruk period ( 4000 to 3100 BC ) . Named after the Sumerian city of Uruk , this period saw the emergence of urban life in Mesopotamia and , during its later phase , the gradual emergence of the cuneiform script . Proto - writing in the region dates to around 3500 BC , with the earliest texts dating to 3300 BC ; early cuneiform writing emerged in 3000 BC . It was also during this period that pottery painting declined as copper started to become popular , along with cylinder seals . Uruk trade networks started to expand to other parts of Mesopotamia and as far as North Caucasus , and strong signs of governmental organization and social stratification began to emerge leading to the Early Dynastic Period ( c. 2900 BC ) . The earliest ziggurats began near the end of the Early Dynastic Period , although architectural precursors in the form of raised platforms date back to the Ubaid period , and the second phase of the Early Dynastic Period ( c. 2700 BC ) is also when the legendary king Gilgamesh is believed to have reigned . Eannatum , the Sumerian king of Lagash , established one of the first verifiable empires in history in 2500 BC . The neighboring Elam , in modern Iran , was also part of the early urbanization during the Chalcolithic period . Elamite states were among the leading political forces of the Ancient Near East . The emergence of Elamite written records from around 3000 BC also parallels Sumerian history , where slightly earlier records have been found . During the 3rd millennium BC , there developed a very intimate cultural symbiosis between the Sumerians and the Akkadians . Akkadian gradually replaced Sumerian as a spoken language somewhere between the 3rd and the 2nd millennia BC . The Semitic - speaking Akkadian empire emerged around 2350 BC under Sargon the Great . The Akkadian Empire reached its political peak between the 24th and 22nd centuries BC . Under Sargon and his successors , the Akkadian language was briefly imposed on neighboring conquered states such as Elam and Gutium . After the fall of the Akkadian Empire , the Akkadian people of Mesopotamia eventually coalesced into two major Akkadian - speaking nations : Assyria in the north , and , a few centuries later , Babylonia in the south . Egypt ( edit ) Main articles : History of ancient Egypt and Ancient Egypt The maximum territorial extent of ancient Egypt The developed Neolithic cultures belonging to the phases Pre-Pottery Neolithic A ( 10,200 BC ) and Pre-Pottery Neolithic B ( 7600 to 6000 BC ) appeared in the fertile crescent and from there spread eastwards and westwards . Contemporaneously , a grain - grinding culture using the earliest type of sickle blades had replaced the culture of hunters , fishers , and gathering people using stone tools along the Nile . Geological evidence and computer climate modeling studies also suggest that natural climate changes around 8000 BC began to desiccate the extensive pastoral lands of northern Africa , eventually forming the Sahara . Continued desiccation forced the early ancestors of the Egyptians to settle around the Nile more permanently and to adopt a more sedentary lifestyle . By about 5500 BC , small tribes living in the Nile valley had developed into a series of inter-related cultures as far south as Sudan , demonstrating firm control of agriculture and animal husbandry , and identifiable by their pottery and personal items , such as combs , bracelets , and beads . The largest of these early cultures in upper ( Southern ) Egypt was the Badari , which probably originated in the Western Desert ; it was known for its high quality ceramics , stone tools , and use of copper . The oldest known domesticated bovine in Africa are from Fayum dating to around 4400 BC . The Badari cultures was followed by the Naqada culture , which brought a number of technological improvements . As early as the first Naqada Period , Amratia , Egyptians imported obsidian from Ethiopia , used to shape blades and other objects from flakes . By 3300 BC , just before the first Egyptian dynasty , Egypt was divided into two kingdoms , known as Upper Egypt to the south , and Lower Egypt to the north . Egyptian civilization begins during the second phase of the Naqda culture , known as the Gerzeh period , around 3500 BC and coalesces with the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt around 3150 BC . Farming produced the vast majority of food ; with increased food supplies , the populace adopted a much more sedentary lifestyle , and the larger settlements grew to cities of about 5,000 residents . It was in this time that the city dwellers started using mud brick to build their cities , and the use of the arch and recessed walls for decorative effect became popular . Copper instead of stone was increasingly used to make tools and weaponry . Symbols on Gerzean pottery also resemble nascent Egyptian hieroglyphs . Early evidence also exists of contact with the Near East , particularly Canaan and the Byblos coast , during this time . Concurrent with these cultural advances , a process of unification of the societies and towns of the upper Nile River , or Upper Egypt , occurred . At the same time the societies of the Nile Delta , or Lower Egypt , also underwent a unification process . During his reign in Upper Egypt , King Narmer defeated his enemies on the Delta and merged both the Kingdom of Upper and Lower Egypt under his single rule . The Early Dynastic Period of Egypt immediately followed the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt . It is generally taken to include the First and Second Dynasties , lasting from the Naqada III archaeological period until about the beginning of the Old Kingdom , c. 2686 BC . With the First Dynasty , the capital moved from Thinis to Memphis with a unified Egypt ruled by a god - king . The hallmarks of ancient Egyptian civilization , such as art , architecture and many aspects of religion , took shape during the Early Dynastic period . The strong institution of kingship developed by the pharaohs served to legitimize state control over the land , labour , and resources that were essential to the survival and growth of ancient Egyptian civilization . Major advances in architecture , art , and technology were made during the subsequent Old Kingdom , fueled by the increased agricultural productivity and resulting population , made possible by a well - developed central administration . Some of ancient Egypt 's crowning achievements , the Giza pyramids and Great Sphinx , were constructed during the Old Kingdom . Under the direction of the vizier , state officials collected taxes , coordinated irrigation projects to improve crop yield , drafted peasants to work on construction projects , and established a justice system to maintain peace and order . Along with the rising importance of a central administration there arose a new class of educated scribes and officials who were granted estates by the pharaoh in payment for their services . Pharaohs also made land grants to their mortuary cults and local temples , to ensure that these institutions had the resources to worship the pharaoh after his death . Scholars believe that five centuries of these practices slowly eroded the economic power of the pharaoh , and that the economy could no longer afford to support a large centralized administration . As the power of the pharaoh diminished , regional governors called nomarchs began to challenge the supremacy of the pharaoh . This , coupled with severe droughts between 2200 and 2150 BC , is assumed to have caused the country to enter the 140 - year period of famine and strife known as the First Intermediate Period . India ( edit ) Main articles : History of India and Indus Valley Civilization Indian cultural zone One of the earliest Neolithic sites in South Asia is Bhirrana along the ancient Saraswati riverine system in the present day state of Haryana in India , dating to around 7600 BC . Other early sites include Lahuradewa in the Middle Ganges region and Jhusi near the confluence of Ganges and Yamuna rivers , both dating to around the 7000 BC . The aceramic Neolithic at Mehrgarh lasts from 7000 to 5500 BC , with the ceramic Neolithic at Mehrgarh lasting up to 3300 BC ; blending into the Early Bronze Age . Mehrgarh is one of the earliest sites with evidence of farming and herding in South Asia . It is likely that the culture centered around Mehrgarh migrated into the Indus Valley and became the Indus Valley Civilisation . The Indus Valley Civilisation starts around 3300 BC with what is referred to as the Early Harappan Phase ( 3300 to 2600 BC ) . The earliest examples of the Indus Script date to this period , as well as the emergence of citadels representing centralised authority and an increasingly urban quality of life . Trade networks linked this culture with related regional cultures and distant sources of raw materials , including lapis lazuli and other materials for bead - making . By this time , villagers had domesticated numerous crops , including peas , sesame seeds , dates , and cotton , as well as animals , including the water buffalo . 2600 BC marks the Mature Harappan Phase during which Early Harappan communities turned into large urban centres including Harappa , Dholavira , Mohenjo - Daro , Lothal , and Rakhigarhi , and more than 1,000 towns and villages , often of relatively small size . Mature Harappans evolved new techniques in metallurgy and produced copper , bronze , lead , and tin and displayed advanced levels of engineering . The ancient Indus systems of sewerage and drainage that were developed and used in cities throughout the Indus region were far more advanced than any found in contemporary urban sites in the Middle East and even more efficient than those in many areas of Pakistan and India today . The advanced architecture of the Harappans is shown by their impressive dockyards , granaries , warehouses , brick platforms , and protective walls . The massive walls of Indus cities most likely protected the Harappans from floods and may have dissuaded military conflicts . Around 1800 BC , signs of a gradual decline began to emerge , and by around 1700 BC most of the cities had been abandoned . Many scholars believe that drought and a decline in trade with Egypt and Mesopotamia caused the collapse of the Indus Civilisation . The migration of Aryan peoples into the region at this time is also notable ; however , the idea of a violent invasion is no longer widely accepted . The Indus Valley Civilisation did not disappear suddenly and many elements of the civilisation continue in later South Asian and Vedic cultures . China ( edit ) Main articles : History of China and Erlitou culture Mainland China , Taiwan , and countries linked to the Chinese cultural and political history Early evidence for Chinese millet agriculture is dated to around 7000 BC , with the earliest evidence of cultivated rice found at Chengtoushan near the Yangtze River , dated to 6500 BC . Chengtoushan may also be the site of the first walled city in China . This Neolithic Revolution gave rise to the Jiahu culture ( 7000 to 5800 BC ) . Some scholars have suggested that the Jiahu symbols ( 6600 BC ) are the earliest form of proto - writing in China . However , it is likely that they should not be understood as writing itself , but as features of a lengthy period of sign - use which led eventually to a fully - fledged system of writing . Excavation of a Peiligang culture site in Xinzheng county , Henan , found a community that flourished in 5500 to 4900 BC , with evidence of agriculture , constructed buildings , pottery , and burial of the dead . With agriculture came increased population , the ability to store and redistribute crops , and the potential to support specialist craftsmen and administrators . In late Neolithic times , the Yellow River valley began to establish itself as a center of Yangshao culture ( 5000 to 3000 BC ) , and the first villages were founded . Later , Yangshao culture was superseded by the Longshan culture , which was also centered on the Yellow River from about 3000 to 2000 BC . The earliest bronze artifacts have been found in the Majiayao culture site ( 3100 to 2700 BC ) . Chinese civilization begins during the second phase of the Erlitou period ( 1900 to 1500 BC ) , with Erlitou considered the first state level society of East Asia . There is considerable debate whether Erlitou sites correlate to the semi-legendary Xia dynasty . The Xia dynasty ( 2070 to 1600 BC ) is the first dynasty to be described in ancient Chinese historical records such as the Bamboo Annals , first published more than a millennium later during the Western Zhou period . Although Xia is an important element in Chinese historiography , there is to date no contemporary written evidence to corroborate the dynasty . Erlitou saw an increase in bronze metallurgy and urbanization and was a rapidly growing regional center with palatial complexes that provide evidence for social stratification . The earliest traditional Chinese dynasty for which there is both archeological and written evidence is the Shang dynasty ( 1600 to 1046 BC ) . Shang sites have yielded the earliest known body of Chinese writing , the oracle bone script , mostly divinations inscribed on bones . These inscriptions provide critical insight into many topics from the politics , economy , and religious practices to the art and medicine of this early stage of Chinese civilization . Some historians argue that Erlitou should be considered an early phase of the Shang dynasty . The U.S. National Gallery of Art defines the Chinese Bronze Age as the period between about 2000 and 771 BC ; a period that begins with the Erlitou culture and ends abruptly with the disintegration of Western Zhou rule . The Sanxingdui culture is another Chinese Bronze Age society , contemporaneous to the Shang dynasty , however they developed a different method of bronze - making from the Shang . The Shang dynasty was succeeded by the Zhou dynasty ( 1046 to 256 BC ) . The succession of dynasties , known as the dynastic cycle , is an important political theory in Chinese history . This theory sees a continuity in Chinese history from early times to the present by looking at the succession of empires or dynasties . Emperors would legitimize their rule by invoking the Mandate of Heaven . During the Zhou dynasty , Chinese script evolved into its almost - modern form with the use of a clerical script that emerged during the late Warring States period . In 221 BC , China became culturally and politically unified under a large centralized empire , the Qin dynasty , founded by Emperor Qin Shi Huang . Successive dynasties in Chinese history developed bureaucratic systems that enabled the Emperor of China to control the large territory from the center . New World ( edit ) Central Andes ( edit ) Main articles : Ancient Peru and Norte Chico civilization Caral of the Norte Chico , the oldest known civilization in the Americas The earliest evidence of agriculture in the Andean region dates to around 4700 BC at Huaca Prieta and Paredones . The oldest evidence of canal irrigation in South America dates to 4700 to 2500 BC in the Zaña Valley of northern Peru . The earliest urban settlements of the Andes , as well as North and South America , are dated to 3500 BC at Huaricanga , in the Fortaleza area , and Sechin Bajo near the Sechin River . The Norte Chico civilization proper is understood to have emerged around 3200 BC , as it is at that point that large - scale human settlement and communal construction across multiple sites becomes clearly apparent . Since the early 21st century , it has been established as the oldest known civilization in the Americas . The civilization flourished at the confluence of three rivers , the Fortaleza , the Pativilca , and the Supe . These river valleys each have large clusters of sites . Further south , there are several associated sites along the Huaura River . Notable settlements include the cities of Caral , the largest and most complex Preceramic site , and Aspero . Norte Chico is unusual in that it completely lacked ceramics and apparently had almost no visual art . Nevertheless , the civilization exhibited impressive architectural feats , including large earthwork platform mounds and sunken circular plazas , and an advanced textile industry . The platform mounds , as well as large stone warehouses , provide evidence for a stratified society and a centralized authority necessary to distribute resources such as cotton . However , there is no evidence of warfare or defensive structures during this period . Originally , it was theorized that , unlike other early civilizations , Norte Chico developed by relying on maritime food sources in place of a staple cereal . This hypothesis , the Maritime Foundation of Andean Civilization , is still hotly debated ; however , most researches now agree that agriculture played a central role in the civilization 's development while still acknowledging a strong supplemental reliance on maritime proteins . The discovery of quipu , string - based recording devices , at Caral can be understood as a form of `` proto - writing '' at Norte Chico . However , the exact use of quipu in this and later Andean cultures has been widely debated . Additionally , the image of the Staff God has been found on a gourd dated to 2250 BC . The Staff God is a major deity of later Andean cultures . The presence of quipu and the commonality of religious symbols suggests a cultural link between Norte Chico and later Andean cultures . Circa 1800 BC , the Norte Chico civilization began to decline , with more powerful centers appearing to the south and north along the coast and to the east inside the belt of the Andes . Pottery eventually developed in the Amazon Basin and spread to the Andean culture region around 2000 BC . The next major civilization to arise in the Andes would be the Chavín culture at Chavín de Huantar , located in the Andean highlands of the present - day Ancash Region . It is believed to have been built around 900 BC and was the religious and political center of the Chavín people . Mesoamerica ( edit ) Main articles : Mesoamerican chronology and Olmec The Olmec heartland , where the Olmec reigned The Coxcatlan caves in the Valley of Tehuacán provide evidence for agriculture in components dated between 5000 and 3400 BC . Similarly , sites such as Sipacate in Guatemala provide maize pollen samples dating to 3500 BC . It is estimated that fully domesticated maize developed in Mesoamerica around 2700 BC . Mesoamericans during this period likely divided their time between small hunting encampments and large temporary villages . What would become the Olmec civilization had its roots in early farming cultures of Tabasco , which began around 5100 to 4600 BC . The emergence of the Olmec civilization has traditionally been dated to around 1600 to 1500 BC . Olmec features first emerged in the city of San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán , fully coalescing around 1400 BC . The rise of civilization was assisted by the local ecology of well - watered alluvial soil , as well as by the transportation network provided by the Coatzacoalcos River basin . This environment encouraged a densely concentrated population , which in turn triggered the rise of an elite class and an associated demand for the production of the symbolic and sophisticated luxury artifacts that define Olmec culture . Many of these luxury artifacts were made from materials such as jade , obsidian , and magnetite , which came from distant locations and suggest that early Olmec elites had access to an extensive trading network in Mesoamerica . The aspect of Olmec culture perhaps most familiar today is their artwork , particularly the Olmec colossal heads . San Lorenzo was all but abandoned around 900 BC at about the same time that La Venta rose to prominence . A wholesale destruction of many San Lorenzo monuments occurred around 950 BC . La Venta continued as the center of Olmec culture until its abandonment around 400 BC ; constructing monumental architectural achievements such as the Great Pyramid of La Venta . The exact cause of the decline of the Olmec culture is uncertain . Between 400 and 350 BC , the population in the eastern half of the Olmec heartland dropped precipitously . This depopulation was probably the result of serious environmental changes that rendered the region unsuited for large groups of farmers , in particular changes to the riverine environment that the Olmec depended upon for agriculture , hunting and gathering , and transportation . These changes may have been triggered by tectonic upheavals or subsidence , or the silting up of rivers due to agricultural practices . Within a few hundred years of the abandonment of the last Olmec cities , successor cultures became firmly established . The Tres Zapotes site , on the western edge of the Olmec heartland , continued to be occupied well past 400 BC , but without the hallmarks of the Olmec culture . This post-Olmec culture , often labeled Epi - Olmec , has features similar to those found at Izapa , some 550 km ( 330 miles ) to the southeast . The Olmecs are sometimes referred to as the mother culture of Mesoamerica , as they were the first Mesoamerican civilization and laid many of the foundations for the civilizations that followed . However , the causes and degree of Olmec influences on Mesoamerican cultures has been a subject of debate over many decades . Practices introduced by the Olmec include ritual bloodletting and the Mesoamerican ballgame ; hallmarks of subsequent Mesoamerican societies such as the Maya and Aztec . Although the Mesoamerican writing system would fully develop later , early Olmec ceramics show representations that may be interpreted as codices . Timeline ( edit ) The following timeline shows the approximate dates of the emergence of civilization ( as discussed in the article ) in the featured areas and the primary cultures associated with these early civilizations . It is important to note that the timeline is not indicative of the beginning of human habitation , the start of a specific ethnic group , or the development of Neolithic cultures in the area ; which often occurred significantly earlier than the emergence of civilization proper . Cradle of Western civilization ( edit ) Main articles : Minoan civilization , Mycenaean Greece , Ancient Greece , Ancient Rome , and Classical antiquity The Colosseum and the Acropolis , symbols of the Graeco - Roman world . Via the Roman Empire , Greek culture spread throughout Europe . There is academic consensus that Classical Greece is the seminal culture which provided the foundation of modern Western culture , democracy , art , theatre , philosophy and science . For this reason it is known as the cradle of Western Civilization . Along with Greece , Rome has sometimes been described as a birthplace or as the cradle of Western Civilization because of the role the city had in politics , republicanism , law , architecture , warfare and Western Christianity . See also ( edit ) Chronology of the ancient Near East Cradle of Humankind Human history Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ See Jump up ^ References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Charles Keith Maisels ( 1993 ) . The Near East : Archaeology in the `` Cradle of Civilization . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 04742 - 0 . Jump up ^ Thorpe , Showick Thorpe Edgar ( 2009 ) . The Pearson General Studies Manual 2009 , 1 / e . Pearson Education India . Jump up ^ `` Indus River Valley Civilizations '' . History-world.org . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Cradles of Civilization - China : Ancient Culture , Modern Land , Robert E. Murowchick , gen . ed . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press , 1994 ^ Jump up to : Mann , Charles C. ( 2006 ) ( 2005 ) . 1491 : New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus . Vintage Books . pp. 199 -- 212 . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 3205 - 9 . Jump up ^ Haviland , William ; et al. ( 2013 ) . Cultural Anthropology : The Human Challenge . Cengage Learning . p. 250 . ^ Jump up to : Understanding Early Civilizations : A Comparative Study , Trigger , Bruce G. , Cambridge University Press , 2007 ^ Jump up to : Maura Ellyn ; Maura McGinnis ( 2004 ) . Greece : A Primary Source Cultural Guide . The Rosen Publishing Group . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8239 - 3999 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Lin ( 林 ) , Shengyi ( 勝義 ) ; He ( 何 ) , Xianrong ( 顯榮 ) ( 2001 ) . 臺灣 -- 人類文明原鄉 ( Taiwan -- The Cradle of Civilization ) . Taiwan gu wen ming yan jiu cong shu ( 臺灣古文明研究叢書 ) ( in Chinese ) . Taipei : Taiwan fei die xue yan jiu hui ( 台灣飛碟學硏究會 ) . ISBN 978 - 957 - 30188 - 0 - 3 . OCLC 52945170 . Jump up ^ Ofer Bar - Yosef . `` The Natufian Culture in the Levant , Threshold to the Origins of Agriculture '' ( PDF ) . Columbia.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ La protohistoire de l'Europe , Jan Lichardus et al. , Presses Universitaires de France , Paris . ISBN 84 - 335 - 9366 - 8 , 1987 , chapter II. 2 . Jump up ^ Carr , Edward H. ( 1961 ) . What is History ? , p. 108 , ISBN 0 - 14 - 020652 - 3 . Jump up ^ Britannica 15th edition , 26 : 62 -- 63 . Jump up ^ `` The Rise Of Civilization In The Middle East And Africa '' . History-world.org . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Rise of Civilizations : Mesopotamia to Mesoamerica '' , Archaeology , Wright , Henry T. , vol. 42 , no . 1 , pp. 46 -- 48 , 96 -- 100 , 1990 Jump up ^ `` AP World History '' . College Board . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` World History Course Description '' ( PDF ) . College Board . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 10 - 03 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Civilization '' . The Columbia Encyclopedia . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Edwin , Eric ( 2015 - 02 - 27 ) . `` city '' . Britannica.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Africanafrican.com '' ( PDF ) . Africanafrican.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ The Ancient Hawaiian State : Origins of a Political Society , Hommon , Robert J. , Oxford University Press , 2013 Jump up ^ Kennett , Douglas J. ; Winterhalder , Bruce ( 2006 ) . Behavioral Ecology and the Transition to Agriculture . University of California Press . pp. 121 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 24647 - 8 . Retrieved 27 December 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Bellwood , Peter . First Farmers : The Origins of Agricultural Societies. 2004 . Wiley - Blackwell Jump up ^ Akhilesh Pillalamarri ( 18 April 2015 ) . `` Exploring the Indus Valley 's Secrets '' . The diplomat . Retrieved 18 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jericho - Facts & History '' . Jump up ^ `` Ubaid Civilization '' . Ancientneareast.tripod.com . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Adams , Robert MCC. and Wright , Henry T. 1989 . ' Concluding Remarks ' in Henrickson , Elizabeth and Thuesen , Ingolf ( eds . ) Upon This Foundation - The ' Ubaid Reconsidered . Copenhagen : Museum Tusculanum Press . pp. 451 - 456 . Jump up ^ Carter , Robert A. and Philip , Graham Beyond the Ubaid : Transformation and Integration in the Late Prehistoric Societies of the Middle East ( Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization , Number 63 ) The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago ( 2010 ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 885923 - 66 - 0 p. 2 , at http://oi.uchicago.edu/research/pubs/catalog/saoc/saoc63.html ; `` Radiometric data suggest that the whole Southern Mesopotamian Ubaid period , including Ubaid 0 and 5 , is of immense duration , spanning nearly three millennia from about 6500 to 3800 B.C '' . Jump up ^ Pollock , Susan ( 1999 ) . Ancient Mesopotamia : The Eden that Never Was . New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 57334 - 3 . Jump up ^ Leick , Gwendolyn ( 2002 ) , `` Mesopotamia : The Invention of the City '' ( Penguin ) Jump up ^ Carter , Robert A. and Philip , Graham . 2010 . ' Deconstructing the Ubaid ' in Carter , Robert A. and Philip , Graham ( eds . ) Beyond the Ubaid : Transformation and Integration in the Late Prehistoric Societies of the Middle East . Chicago : The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago . p. 2 . Jump up ^ Crawford , Harriet E.W. Sumer and the Sumerians . Cambridge University Press . 2nd ed. 2004 Jump up ^ Cuneiform ancient.eu Jump up ^ An Encyclopedia of World History . Langer , William L. ed . Houghton Mifflin Company . Boston , MA . 1972 ^ Jump up to : Pruß , Alexander ( 2004 ) , `` Remarks on the Chronological Periods '' , in Lebeau , Marc ; Sauvage , Martin , Atlas of Preclassical Upper Mesopotamia , Subartu , 13 , pp. 7 -- 21 , ISBN 2503991203 Jump up ^ Postgate , J.N. ( 1992 ) , Early Mesopotamia . Society and Economy at the Dawn of History , London : Routledge , ISBN 9780415110327 Jump up ^ van de Mieroop , M. ( 2007 ) , A History of the Ancient Near East , ca . 3000 - 323 BCE , Malden : Blackwell , ISBN 0631225528 Jump up ^ Crawford , page 73 - 74 Jump up ^ Georges Roux , Ancient Iraq , page 502 Jump up ^ Kleiner , Fred S. ; Mamiya , Christin J. ( 2006 ) . Gardner 's Art Through the Ages : The Western Perspective -- Volume 1 ( 12th ed . ) . Belmont , California , USA : Thomson Wadsworth . pp. 22 -- 23 . ISBN 0 - 495 - 00479 - 0 . Jump up ^ The Archaeology of Elam : Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State - by D.T. Potts , Cambridge University Press , 29 / 07 / 1999 - page 46 - ISBN 0521563585 hardback Jump up ^ Elam : surveys of political history and archaeology , Elizabeth Carter and Matthew W. Stolper , University of California Press , 1984 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Hock , Hans Heinrich ( 2009 ) . Language History , Language Change , and Language Relationship : An Introduction to Historical and Comparative Linguistics ( 2nd ed . ) . Mouton de Gruyter . p. 69 . ISBN 978 - 3110214291 . Jump up ^ Gnanadesikan , Amalia ( 2008 ) . The Writing Revolution : Cuneiform to the Internet . Blackwell . p. 25 . ISBN 978 - 1444304688 . Jump up ^ Deutscher , Guy ( 2007 ) . Syntactic Change in Akkadian : The Evolution of Sentential Complementation . Oxford University Press US . pp. 20 -- 21 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 953222 - 3 . Jump up ^ Woods , C. ( 2006 ) . `` Bilingualism , Scribal Learning , and the Death of Sumerian '' ( PDF ) . S.L. Sanders ( ed ) Margins of Writing , Origins of Culture : 91 -- 120 . Chicago . ^ Jump up to : J.M. Munn - Rankin ( 1975 ) . `` Assyrian Military Power , 1300 -- 1200 B.C. '' . In I.E.S. Edwards . Cambridge Ancient History , Volume 2 , Part 2 , History of the Middle East and the Aegean Region , c. 1380 -- 1000 BCE . Cambridge University Press . pp. 287 -- 288 , 298 . Jump up ^ Christopher Morgan ( 2006 ) . Mark William Chavalas , ed . The ancient Near East : historical sources in translation . Blackwell Publishing . pp. 145 -- 152 . Jump up ^ Barich et al. ( 1984 ) Ecological and Cultural Relevance of the Recent New Radiocabon dates from Libyan Sahara . In : L. Krzyzaniak and M. Kobusiewicz ( eds . ) , Origin and Early Development of Food - Producing Cultures in Northeastern Africa , Poznan , Poznan Archaeological Museum , pp. 411 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Hayes , W.C. ( October 1964 ) . `` Most Ancient Egypt : Chapter III . The Neolithic and Chalcolithic Communities of Northern Egypt '' . JNES ( No. 4 ed . ) 23 ( 4 ) : 217 -- 272 Jump up ^ Barich , B.E. ( 1998 ) People , Water and Grain : The Beginnings of Domestication in the Sahara and the Nile Valley . Roma : L ' Erma di Bretschneider ( Studia archaeologica 98 ) . Jump up ^ Childe , V. Gordon ( 1953 ) , New Light on the Most Ancient Near East , ( Praeger Publications ) Jump up ^ Barbara G. Aston , James A. Harrell , Ian Shaw ( 2000 ) . Paul T. Nicholson and Ian Shaw editors . `` Stone , '' in Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology , Cambridge , 5 -- 77 , pp. 46 -- 47 . Also note : Barbara G. Aston ( 1994 ) . `` Ancient Egyptian Stone Vessels , '' Studien zur Archäologie und Geschichte Altägyptens 5 , Heidelberg , pp. 23 -- 26 . ( See on - line posts : ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) . ) Jump up ^ Adkins , L. and Adkins , R. ( 2001 ) The Little Book of Egyptian Hieroglyphics , p155 . London : Hodder and Stoughton Jump up ^ Shaw , Ian , ed. ( 2000 ) . The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt . Oxford University Press . p. 479 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 815034 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Redford , Donald B. Egypt , Canaan , and Israel in Ancient Times . ( Princeton : University Press , 1992 ) Jump up ^ Gardiner , Alan H. Egypt of the Pharaohs : An Introduction . Oxford University Press . 1964 Jump up ^ Adkins , L. ; Adkins , R ( 2001 ) . The Little Book of Egyptian Hieroglyphics . London : Hodder and Stoughton . Jump up ^ Patai , Raphael ( 1998 ) , Children of Noah : Jewish Seafaring in Ancient Times ( Princeton Uni Press ) Jump up ^ Roebuck , Carl ( 1966 ) . The World of Ancient Times . New York , NY : Charles Scribner 's Sons Publishing . ^ Jump up to : Shaw , Ian ( 2003 ) . The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt . Oxford , England : Oxford University Press Jump up ^ `` Early Dynastic Egypt '' . Digital Egypt for Universities , University College London . Archived from the original on 4 March 2008 . Retrieved 9 March 2008 . Jump up ^ James ( 2005 ) p. 40 Jump up ^ Fekri Hassan . `` The Fall of the Old Kingdom '' . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 10 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Clayton , Peter A. ( 1994 ) . Chronicle of the Pharaohs . London , England : Thames and Hudson . Jump up ^ `` Haryana 's Bhirrana oldest Harappan site , Rakhigarhi Asia 's largest : ASI '' . Times of India . 15 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Fuller , Dorian 2006 . `` Agricultural Origins and Frontiers in South Asia : A Working Synthesis '' in Journal of World Prehistory 20 , p. 42 `` Ganges Neolithic '' Jump up ^ Tewari , Rakesh et al. 2006 . `` Second Preliminary Report of the excavations at Lahuradewa , District Sant Kabir Nagar , UP 2002 - 2003 - 2004 & 2005 - 06 '' in Pragdhara No. 16 `` Electronic Version p. 28 '' Archived November 28 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ UNESCO World Heritage . 2004 . `` . Archaeological Site of Mehrgarh Jump up ^ Hirst , K. Kris . 2005 . `` Mehrgarh '' . Guide to Archaeology Jump up ^ Parpol , Asko. 2015 . The Roots of Hinduism : The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilisation . Oxford University Press Jump up ^ Peter T. Daniels . The World 's Writing Systems . Oxford University . p. 372 . Jump up ^ Parpola , Asko ( 1994 ) . Deciphering the Indus Script . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 43079 - 8 . Jump up ^ Thapar , B.K. ( 1975 ) . `` Kalibangan : A Harappan Metropolis Beyond the Indus Valley '' . Expedition. 17 ( 2 ) : 19 -- 32 . Jump up ^ `` Evidence for Patterns of Selective Urban Migration in the Greater Indus Valley ( 2600 - 1900 BCE ) : A Lead and Strontium Isotope Mortuary Analysis '' . PLOS ONE . 10 : e0123103 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0123103 . Jump up ^ `` Indus Valley people migrated from villages to cities : New study '' . Jump up ^ `` Indus re-enters India after two centuries , feeds Little Rann , Nal Sarovar '' . India Today . 7 November 2011 . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Pruthi , Raj . Prehistory and Harappan Civilization . APH Publishing . p. 260 . Jump up ^ Morris , A.E.J. ( 1994 ) . History of Urban Form : Before the Industrial Revolutions ( Third ed . ) . New York , NY : Routledge . p. 31 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 30154 - 2 . Retrieved 20 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Indus Collapse : The End or the Beginning of an Asian Culture ? '' . Science Magazine . 320 : 1282 -- 3 . 6 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Edwin Bryant ( 2001 ) . The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture . pp. 159 -- 60 Jump up ^ White , David Gordon ( 2003 ) . Kiss of the Yogini . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . p. 28 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 89483 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Rice and Early Agriculture in China '' . Legacy of Human Civilizations . Mesa Community College . Retrieved 10 February 2008 . Jump up ^ http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10125/17124/AP-v38n2-119-153.pdf?sequence=1 ^ Jump up to : Pringle , Heather ( 1998 ) . `` The Slow Birth of Agriculture '' . Science . 282 : 1446 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 282.5393. 1446 . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rincon , Paul ( 17 April 2003 ) . `` ' Earliest writing ' found in China '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ Li , X ; Harbottle , Garman ; Zhang Juzhong ; Wang Changsui ( 2003 ) . `` The earliest writing ? Sign use in the seventh millennium BCE at Jiahu , Henan Province , China '' . Antiquity. 77 ( 295 ) : 31 -- 44 . doi : 10.1017 / s0003598x00061329 . Jump up ^ `` Peiligang Site '' . Ministry of Culture of the People 's Republic of China . 2003 . Archived from the original on 7 August 2007 . Retrieved 10 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Wertz , Richard R. ( 2007 ) . `` Neolithic and Bronze Age Cultures '' . Exploring Chinese History . ibiblio . Retrieved 10 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Martini , I. Peter ( 2010 ) . Landscapes and Societies : Selected Cases . Springer . p. 310 . ISBN 90 - 481 - 9412 - 1 . Jump up ^ Higham , Charles ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of ancient Asian civilizations . Infobase Publishing . p. 200 . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 4640 - 9 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Archived June 21 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Liu , L. & Xiu , H. , `` Rethinking Erlitou : legend , history and Chinese archaeology '' , Antiquity , 81 : 314 ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Howells , William ( 1983 ) . `` Origins of the Chinese People : Interpretations of recent evidence '' . In Keightley , David N. The Origins of Chinese Civilization . University of California Press . pp. 297 -- 319 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 04229 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Teaching Chinese Archaeology , Part Two -- NGA '' . Nga.gov . Archived from the original on 2013 - 04 - 14 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Sanxingdui Museum ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ `` Dynastic cycle , '' in Dillon , Michael ( 1998 ) . China : A Historical and Cultural Dictionary . Richmond , Surrey : Curzon . ISBN 0700704396 . , p. 87 Jump up ^ John K. Fairbank and Edwin O. Reischauer , East Asia : The Great Tradition ( Boston , 1960 ) , p. 115 . Jump up ^ Qiu Xigui ( 2000 ) . Chinese Writing . Translation of 文字學概論 by Mattos and Norman . Early China Special Monograph Series No. 4 . Berkeley : The Society for the Study of Early China and the Institute of East Asian Studies , University of California , Berkeley . ISBN 1 - 55729 - 071 - 7 . Jump up ^ Fairbank , John K. and Liu , Kwang - Ching , ed . The Cambridge History of China . Cambridge U. Press , 1980 . Jump up ^ Bai Yang . Records of the Genealogy of Chinese Emperors , Empresses , and Their Descendants ( 中国帝王皇后亲王公主世系录 ) ( in Chinese ) 1 . Friendship Publishing Corporation of China ( 中国友谊出版公司 ) Jump up ^ `` Popcorn Was Popular in Ancient Peru , Discovery Suggests '' . History.com. 20 January 2012 . Archived from the original on 26 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Study suggests ancient Peruvians ' ate popcorn ' '' . BBC News . 19 January 2012 . Retrieved 26 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Grobman , A. ; Bonavia , D. ; Dillehay , T.D. ; Piperno , D.R. ; Iriarte , J. ; Holst , I. ( 2012 ) . `` Preceramic maize from Paredones and Huaca Prieta , Peru '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 109 ( 5 ) : 1755 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1120270109 . PMC 3277113 . PMID 22307642 . Jump up ^ Dillehay , Tom D. ; Eling Jr. , Herbert H. ; Rossen , Jack ( 2005 ) . `` Preceramic Irrigation Canals in the Peruvian Andes '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . National Academy of Sciences . 102 ( 47 ) : 17241 -- 44 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0508583102 . ISSN 0027 - 8424 . PMC 1288011 . PMID 16284247 . Jump up ^ `` Oldest Urban Site in the Americas Found , Experts Claim '' , National Geographic News , Feb 26 , 2008 , ( 4 ) , accessed 20 Jan 2016 Jump up ^ `` Ancient ceremonial plaza found in Peru '' ANDREW WHALEN , Associated Press Writer , ( 5 ) Jump up ^ Haas , Jonathan ; Winifred Creamer ; Alvaro Ruiz ( 23 December 2004 ) . `` Dating the Late Archaic occupation of the Norte Chico region in Peru '' . Nature . 432 ( 7020 ) : 1020 -- 1023 . doi : 10.1038 / nature03146 . PMID 15616561 . Jump up ^ detailed map of Norte Chico sites Jump up ^ Mann , Charles C. ( 7 January 2005 ) . `` Oldest Civilization in the Americas Revealed '' . Science . 307 ( 5706 ) : 34 -- 35 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 307.5706. 34 . PMID 15637250 . Jump up ^ `` Oldest city in the Americas '' . BBC News . 26 April 2001 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Haas , Jonathan ; Winifred Creamer ; Alvaro Ruiz ( 2005 ) . `` Power and the Emergence of Complex Polities in the Peruvian Preceramic '' . Archaeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association . 14 ( 1 ) : 37 -- 52 . doi : 10.1525 / ap3a. 2004.14. 037 . Jump up ^ Sandweiss , Daniel H. ; Michael E. Moseley ( 2001 ) . `` Amplifying Importance of New Research in Peru '' . Science . 294 ( 5547 ) : 1651 -- 1653 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 294.5547. 1651d . PMID 11724063 . Jump up ^ Moseley , Michael . `` The Maritime Foundations of Andean Civilization : An Evolving Hypothesis '' . The Hall of Ma'at . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ Moseley , Michael ( 1975 ) . The Maritime Foundations of Andean Civilization . Menlo Park : Cummings . ISBN 0 - 8465 - 4800 - 3 . Jump up ^ Mann , Charles C. ( 12 August 2005 ) . `` Unraveling Khipu 's Secrets '' . Science . 309 ( 5737 ) : 1008 -- 1009 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 309.5737. 1008 . PMID 16099962 . Jump up ^ Hoag , Hanna ( 15 April 2003 ) . `` Oldest evidence of Andean religion found '' . Nature News ( online ) . doi : 10.1038 / news030414 - 4 . Jump up ^ Hecht , Jeff ( 14 April 2003 ) . `` America 's oldest religious icon revealed '' . New Scientist ( online ) . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Archaeologists shed new light on Americas ' earliest known civilization '' ( Press release ) . Northern Illinois University . 2004 - 12 - 22 . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ Burger ( 1992 ) , Chavin and the Origins of Andean Civilization Jump up ^ Nichols , Deborah L. , and Christopher A. Pool . The Oxford Handbook of Mesoamerican Archaeology . Oxford : Oxford UP , 2012 . Print . Jump up ^ Roush , Wade ( 9 May 1997 ) . `` Archaeobiology : Squash Seeds Yield New View of Early American Farming '' . Science . American Association For the Advancement of Science . 276 ( 5314 ) : 894 -- 895 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 276.5314. 894 . Jump up ^ Trigger , Bruce G. , Wilcomb E. Washburn , and Richard E.W. Adams . The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas . Cambridge , England : Cambridge UP , 1996 . Print . Jump up ^ `` Coxcatlan phase - Mexican history '' . ^ Jump up to : Diehl , Richard A. ( 2004 ) . The Olmecs : America 's First Civilization . London : Thames and Hudson Jump up ^ Beck , Roger B. ; Linda Black , Larry S. Krieger , Phillip C. Naylor , Dahia Ibo Shabaka , ( 1999 ) . World History : Patterns of Interaction . Evanston , IL : McDougal Littell . ISBN 0 - 395 - 87274 - X . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Pool , Christopher A. ( 2007 ) . Olmec Archaeology and Early Mesoamerica . Cambridge World Archaeology . Cambridge and New York : Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Nagy , Christopher ( 1997 ) . `` The Geoarchaeology of Settlement in the Grijalva Delta '' . In Barbara L. Stark ; Philip J. Arnold III . Olmec to Aztec : Settlement Patterns in the Ancient Gulf Lowlands . Tucson : University of Arizona Press . pp. 253 -- 277 Jump up ^ Coe , Michael D. ( 1968 ) . America 's First Civilization : Discovering the Olmec . New York : The Smithsonian Library . ^ Jump up to : Coe , Michael D. ; Rex Koontz ( 2002 ) . Mexico : from the Olmecs to the Aztecs ( 5th edition , revised and enlarged ed . ) . London and New York : Thames & Hudson . Jump up ^ Wilford , John Noble ; `` Mother Culture , or Only a Sister ? '' , The New York Times , March 15 , 2005 . Jump up ^ John E. Findling ; Kimberly D. Pelle ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 23 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32278 - 5 . Jump up ^ Wayne C. Thompson ; Mark H. Mullin . Western Europe , 1983 . Stryker - Post Publications . p. 337 . for ancient Greece was the cradle of Western culture ... Jump up ^ Frederick Copleston ( 1 June 2003 ) . History of Philosophy Volume 1 : Greece and Rome . A&C Black . p. 13 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 6895 - 6 . PART I PRE-SOCRATIC PHILOSOPHY CHAPTER II THE CRADLE OF WESTERN THOUGHT : Jump up ^ Mario Iozzo ( 2001 ) . Art and History of Greece : And Mount Athos . Casa Editrice Bonechi . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 88 - 8029 - 435 - 1 . The capital of Greece , one of the world 's most glorious cities and the cradle of Western culture , Jump up ^ Marxiano Melotti ( 25 May 2011 ) . The Plastic Venuses : Archaeological Tourism in Post-Modern Society . Cambridge Scholars Publishing . p. 188 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4438 - 3028 - 7 . In short , Greece , despite having been the cradle of Western culture , was then an `` other '' space separate from the West . Jump up ^ Library Journal . 97 . Bowker. April 1972 . p. 1588 . Ancient Greece : Cradle of Western Culture ( Series ) , disc . 6 strips with 3 discs , range : 44 -- 60 fr. , 17 -- 18 min Jump up ^ Stanley Mayer Burstein ( 2002 ) . Current Issues and the Study of Ancient History . Regina Books . p. 15 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 930053 - 10 - 6 . and making Egypt play the same role in African education and culture that Athens and Greece do in Western culture . Jump up ^ Murray Milner , Jr. ( 8 January 2015 ) . Elites : A General Model . John Wiley & Sons . p. 62 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7456 - 8950 - 0 . Greece has long been considered the seedbed or cradle of Western civilization . Jump up ^ Slavica viterbiensia 003 : Periodico di letterature e culture slave della Facoltà di Lingue e Letterature Straniere Moderne dell'Università della Tuscia . Gangemi Editore spa. 2011 - 11 - 10 . p. 148 . ISBN 978 - 88 - 492 - 6909 - 3 . The Special Case of Greece The ancient Greece was a cradle of the Western culture , Jump up ^ Kim Covert ( 1 July 2011 ) . Ancient Greece : Birthplace of Democracy . Capstone . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4296 - 6831 - 6 . Ancient Greece is often called the cradle of western civilization ... Ideas from literature and science also have their roots in ancient Greece . Jump up ^ Henry Turner Inman . `` Rome : the cradle of western civilisation as illustrated by existing monuments '' . Amazon.com . ISBN 9781177738538 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Michael Ed . Grant . `` The Birth Of Western Civilisation , Greece & Rome '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ HUXLEY , George ( et al ) . `` 9780500040034 : The Birth of Western Civilization : Greece and Rome '' . AbeBooks.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Athens . Rome . Jerusalem and Vicinity . Peninsula of Mt . Sinai. : Geographicus Rare Antique Maps '' . Geographicus.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Download This PDF eBooks Free '' ( PDF ) . File104.filthbooks.org . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2016 - 01 - 07 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 04 . Sources ( edit ) Samuel Noah Kramer ( 1959 ) . Anchor Paperback . Doubleday Anchor Books . Samuel Noah Kramer ( 1969 ) . Cradle of Civilization . Little Brown & Co . ISBN 0 - 316 - 32617 - 8 . Georg Feuerstein ( 2001 ) . In Search of the Cradle of Civilization . Quest Books . ISBN 0 - 8356 - 0741 - 0 . Ethel Hofflund ( 2001 ) . The Cradle of Civilization ( Lifepac History & Geography Grade 6 ) . Alpha Omega Publications . ISBN 0 - 86717 - 552 - 4 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cradle_of_civilization&oldid=815941391 '' Categories : Ancient Near East Civilizations History of the Mediterranean Archaeology of the Near East Archaeological terminology Hidden categories : CS1 uses Chinese - language script ( zh ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Use dmy dates from June 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Беларуская Čeština Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Română Русский Slovenščina Türkçe Українська 文言粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 05 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	mesopotamia is known as the cradle of civilization	[]	[]
-4496149229273764654	Gautam Adani	Gautam Adani - wikipedia Gautam Adani Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article contains content that is written like an advertisement . Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view . ( August 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The neutrality of this article is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( November 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Gautam Adani Native name ગૌતમ અદાણી Gautam Shantilal Adani ( 1962 - 06 - 24 ) 24 June 1962 ( age 55 ) Ahmedabad , Gujarat , India Residence Ahmedabad , Gujarat , India Nationality Indian Occupation Chairman , Adani Group Known for Founder and chairman , Adani Group Net worth $8.81 billion ( September 2017 ) Spouse ( s ) Priti Adani Children Karan Adani Jeet Adani Parent ( s ) Shantilal and Shanta Adani Relatives Vinod Adani ( brother ) Gautam Shantilal Adani ( born 24 June 1962 ) is an Indian billionaire businessman who is the chairman and founder of Adani Group . According to Forbes , his net worth is estimated to be $8.81 billion as of September 2017 . He founded the Adani Group in 1988 , which now deals in businesses spanning coal trading , coal mining , oil & gas exploration , ports , logistics , power generation , agriculture , edible oils , transmission and gas distribution . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Adani Group 4 Kamuthi 5 Controversy 6 Adani Foundation 7 Personal life 8 References 9 External links Early life ( edit ) Gautam Adani was born into a Gujarati Jain Bania family on 24 June 1962 , in Ahmedabad . He is the son of Shantilal and Shanta Adani and has seven siblings . His parents had migrated from the town of Tharad in the northern part of Gujarat . He did his schooling at the Sheth Chimanlal Nagindas Vidyalaya school in Ahmedabad . He started a bachelor 's degree in commerce at Gujarat University , but dropped out after the second year . Career ( edit ) After working as a diamond sorter at Mahindra Brothers for two years , Adani set up his own diamond brokerage business in Mumbai , India . Mahasukh Adani , his elder brother , called him back to Ahmedabad to run his newly purchased plastic factory . He soon started commodity trading by importing polyvinyl chloride ( PVC ) , a key raw material for manufacturing plastic . Adani Group ( edit ) In 1988 , he started Adani Enterprises Limited ( formerly known as the Adani Export Ltd ) , the flagship company of the Adani Group , that traded in a variety of power and agricultural commodities . The 1991 economic liberalization policies fuelled the rapid growth of the business leading to huge profitability of Adani Exports . This provided further capital to Adani to expand his business . In 2006 , Adani Exports was renamed to Adani Enterprises Limited . In 1993 , the Government of Gujarat invited private companies to run the Mundra Port and in 1995 the contract was given to Adani Group . Today , Mundra Port is the largest Private Sector port in India , with capability of handling close to 210 million tonnes of cargo per annum . Adani is also the founder and promoter of Adani Power Ltd ( APL ) , a power business arm of Adani Group . Adani Power has thermal power plants with capacity of 4620 MW , the largest private thermal power producer of the country . It is also the largest solar power producer of India with capacity 648 MW . Kamuthi ( edit ) In September 2016 , Adani Green Energy ( Tamil Nadu ) , the renewable wing of the Adani Group , kicked off operations in Kamuthi in Ramnathapuram in Tamil Nadu with a capacity of 648 megawatts ( MW ) at an estimated cost of Rs. 4,550 crore . Controversy ( edit ) During the time of 2014 Loksabha elections of India , Adani was accused of various controversies . He was being accused of supporting Narendra Modi for his campaign in Bharatiya Janata Party . Even though claiming on national media that he has no special favors with Modi , , Modi was seen traveling on Adani group 's chartered planes to rallies across India . To counter this allegation , Mr Adani spoke out in an interview with CNBC and clarified that the BJP paid market price to Adani Group for using its aviation services . It was alleged that the NDA government was favouring Adani by allegedly waiving off Rs. 200 crore fine on Adani Port and SEZ . Adani , later , in an interview clarified the fine has not been dropped and the government is not favouring Adani either . He further clarified that the mine is owned by Rajasthan Government and Adani Group is just the mine contractor . Adani Foundation ( edit ) The Adani Foundation was founded in 1996 , and is registered under the Bombay Public Charity Trusts Act of 1950 and Society 's Registration Act 1860 . Other than Gujarat , the Foundation operates in the states of Maharashtra , Rajasthan , Himachal Pradesh , Madhya Pradesh , Chhattisgarh and Odisha . Personal life ( edit ) He is married to Priti Adani , who is a dentist and heads the Adani Foundation as a managing trustee . They have two sons . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Gautam Adani & family '' . Forbes . Retrieved 6 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Adani Enterprises Ltd '' . BusinessWeek. 2014 . Retrieved 16 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gautam Adani Business Profile '' . Business Maps of India . 2014 . Retrieved 16 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gautam Adani Biography - About family , children , education , wife , age , and more '' . Business.mapsofindia.com. 2 June 2015 . Retrieved 6 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mehta , Harit ( 10 April 2014 ) . `` Gautam Adani , the baron to watch out for if Narendra Modi becomes king '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 10 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ABB links 648 MW solar project at Kamuthi with national grid - The Economic Times '' . Economictimes.indiatimes.com. 13 June 2016 . Retrieved 6 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Share on FacebookShare on Twitter ( 21 September 2016 ) . `` Adani : Adani unveils world 's largest solar power plant in Tamil Nadu - Times of India '' . Timesofindia.indiatimes.com . Retrieved 6 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Allegations political , did n't get land at Re 1 from Modi : Adani '' . The Times of India . 28 April 2014 . Retrieved 16 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Press Trust of India ( 27 April 2014 ) . `` Gautam Adani denies any special favours from Modi '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 16 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Modi flies only on Gujarat Inc. money '' . The Times of India . 29 September 2007 . Retrieved 16 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Can someone explain why Modi is using Adani 's private jet ? '' . Reddit.com. 2 March 2014 . Retrieved 16 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` GAUTAM ADANI INTERVIEW Youtube HD Video Online '' . Onlinenewsvideo.net. 28 April 2014 . Retrieved 16 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Modi government cancels Rs 200cr penalty : Achhe din for Adani only ? '' . Dailyo.in. 3 July 2016 . Retrieved 6 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gautam Adani : We do n't seek special favours from BJP or any individual '' . The Indian Express . 11 July 2016 . Retrieved 6 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gautam Adani '' . Globalrecorder.com . Retrieved 6 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Ahmedabad Mirror ( 6 July 2016 ) . `` Being sultan - Ahmedabad Mirror '' . Ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com . Retrieved 6 April 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.ft.com/content/ffce04fe-d295-11e2-aac2-00144feab7de External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gautam Adani . Profile at Forbes Adani Website Adani Foundation Fortune Foods Official Website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gautam_Adani&oldid=815689187 '' Categories : Living people Gujarati people 1962 births Businesspeople from Ahmedabad Indian billionaires 21st - century Indian Jains Adani Group Hidden categories : Articles with a promotional tone from August 2014 All articles with a promotional tone NPOV disputes from November 2014 All NPOV disputes Articles with multiple maintenance issues EngvarB from January 2015 Use dmy dates from April 2017 Pages using infobox person with unknown parameters Infobox person using religion Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia भोजपुरी हिन्दी ಕನ್ನಡ मैथिली മലയാളം नेपाली Edit links This page was last edited on 16 December 2017 , at 12 : 26 . About Wikipedia	who is started his career as a diamond sorter in mumbai	[]	[]
-3856982618838080088	Pretty Woman	Pretty Woman - wikipedia Pretty Woman Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the film . For the song sometimes known as `` Pretty Woman '' , see Oh , Pretty Woman . For the song in the musical Sweeney Todd , see Pretty Women . Not to be confused with Pretty Lady ( disambiguation ) . Pretty Woman Theatrical release poster Directed by Garry Marshall Produced by Arnon Milchan Steven Reuther Gary W. Goldstein Written by J.F. Lawton Starring Richard Gere Julia Roberts Music by James Newton Howard Cinematography Charles Minsky Edited by Raja Gosnell Priscilla Nedd Production company Touchstone Pictures Silver Screen Partners IV Regency International Pictures ( uncredited ) Distributed by Buena Vista Pictures Release date March 23 , 1990 ( 1990 - 03 - 23 ) ( United States ) Running time 119 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $14 million Box office $463.4 million Pretty Woman is a 1990 American romantic comedy film directed by Garry Marshall from a screenplay by J.F. Lawton . The film stars Richard Gere and Julia Roberts , and features Hector Elizondo , Ralph Bellamy ( in his final performance ) , Laura San Giacomo and Jason Alexander in supporting roles . Its story centers on down - on - her - luck Hollywood hooker Vivian Ward , who is hired by Edward Lewis , a wealthy businessman , to be his escort for several business and social functions , and their developing relationship over the course of her week - long stay with him . Originally intended to be a dark cautionary tale about class and sex work in Los Angeles , the film was reconceived as a romantic comedy with a large budget . It was widely successful at the box office and became one of the highest - grossing films of 1990 . The film saw the highest number of ticket sales in the U.S. ever for a romantic comedy , with Box Office Mojo listing it as the # 1 romantic comedy by the highest estimated domestic tickets sold at 42,176,400 , slightly ahead of My Big Fat Greek Wedding ( 2002 ) at 41,419,500 tickets . The film received positive reviews , with Roberts 's performance being praised , for which she received a Golden Globe Award and a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress . In addition , screenwriter J.F. Lawton was nominated for a Writers Guild Award and a BAFTA Award . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 4.3 Accolades 5 Music 5.1 Soundtrack 5.1. 1 Track listing 6 Musical adaptation 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) At the beginning of the film , Edward Lewis accidentally ends up on Hollywood Boulevard in the city 's red - light district , after breaking up with his girlfriend during an unpleasant phone call in which he appears highly controlling ; he asks her to escort him during his trip , but she is offended that he treats her as his ' beck and call girl ' . Leaving a party , he takes his lawyer 's Lotus Esprit luxury car , and encounters a prostitute , Vivian Ward . He stops for her , having difficulties driving the car , and asks for directions to Beverly Hills . He asks her to get in and guide him to the Beverly Hills Regent Hotel , where he is staying . It becomes clear that Vivian knows more about the Lotus than he does , and he lets her drive . Vivian charges Lewis $20 for the ride , and they separate . She goes to a bus stop , where he finds her and offers to hire her for the night ; later , he asks Vivian to play the role his girlfriend has refused , offering her $3000 to stay with him for the next six days as well as paying for a new , more acceptable wardrobe for her . That evening , visibly moved by her transformation , Edward begins seeing Vivian in a different light . He begins to open up to her , revealing his personal and business lives . Edward takes Vivian to a polo match in hopes of networking for his business deal . His attorney , Phillip , suspects Vivian is a corporate spy , and Edward tells him how they truly met . Phillip later approaches Vivian , suggesting they do business once her work with Edward is finished . Insulted , and furious that Edward has revealed their secret , Vivian wants to end the arrangement . Edward apologizes , and admits to feeling jealous of a business associate to whom Vivian paid attention at the match . Vivian 's straightforward personality is rubbing off on Edward , and he finds himself acting in unaccustomed ways . Clearly growing involved , Edward takes Vivian in his private jet to see La Traviata in San Francisco . Vivian is moved to tears by the story of the prostitute who falls in love with a rich man . Vivian breaks her `` no kissing on the mouth '' rule ( which her friend Kit taught her ) and they have sex ; in the aftermath , Vivian tells Edward she loves him , but he does not respond . Edward offers to put her up in an apartment so she can be off the streets . Hurt , she refuses , says this is not the `` fairy tale '' she dreamed of as a child , in which a knight on a white horse rescues her . Meeting with the tycoon whose shipbuilding company he is in the process of `` raiding , '' Edward changes his mind . His time with Vivian has shown him a different way of looking at life , and he suggests working together to save the company rather than tearing it apart and selling off the pieces . Phillip , furious at losing so much money , goes to the hotel to confront Edward , but finds only Vivian . Blaming her for the change in Edward , he attempts to rape her . Edward arrives and throws Phil out of the room . With his business in L.A. complete , Edward asks Vivian to stay one more night with him -- because she wants to , not because he 's paying her . She refuses . At the end of the film , Edward re-thinks his life and has the hotel chauffeur detour to Vivian 's apartment building , where he leaps from out the white limo 's sun roof and `` rescues her '' , an urban visual metaphor for the knight on a white horse of her dreams . The film ends with the famous last line from Vivian : Edward Lewis : So what happens after he climbed up the tower and rescues her ? Vivian : She rescues him right back . Cast ( edit ) Richard Gere as Edward Lewis , a rich corporate raider and womanizer from New York . Julia Roberts as Vivian Ward , an assertive freelance hooker with a heart of gold on Hollywood Boulevard . Ralph Bellamy as James Morse , owner of a troubled shipbuilding company Edward plans to take over . This was Bellamy 's final acting performance before his death in 1991 . Jason Alexander as Phillip Stuckey , Edward 's insensitive lawyer . Alexander is best known for the sitcom Seinfeld , in which a VHS copy of Pretty Woman appears in Seinfeld 's apartment . Héctor Elizondo as Barney Thompson , the dignified but soft - hearted hotel manager . Laura San Giacomo as Kit De Luca , Vivian 's wisecracking friend and roommate , who has taught her the prostitution trade . Alex Hyde - White as David Morse , James Morse 's grandson , who is being groomed to take over the company . Amy Yasbeck as Elizabeth Stuckey , Phillip 's wife . Elinor Donahue as Bridget , a friend of Barney Thompson who works in a women 's clothing store . John David Carson as Mark Roth , a businessman in Edward 's office . Judith Baldwin as Susan , one of Edward 's ex-girlfriends . Laurelle Brooks Mehus as the hotel 's night desk clerk . James Patrick Stuart as the day bellhop . Dey Young as a snobbish saleswoman in a dress store . Larry Miller as Mr. Hollister , the manager of a clothing store where Vivian buys her new wardrobe . Patrick Richwood as Dennis , the hotel elevator operator . Hank Azaria as a detective . This was Azaria 's first speaking role . Amzie Strickland as Matron Lynda Goodfriend as a Tourist . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The film was initially conceived as a dark drama about sex work in Los Angeles in the 1980s . The relationship between Vivian and Edward also originally involved controversial themes , including Vivian being addicted to drugs ; part of the deal was that she had to stay off cocaine for a week . Edward eventually throws her out of his car and drives off . The original script ended with Vivian and her sex - worker friend on the bus to Disneyland . Producer Laura Ziskin considered these elements detrimental to a sympathetic portrayal of Vivian , and they were removed or assigned to Kit . The deleted scenes have been found , and some were included on the DVD released for the film 's 15th anniversary . In one , Vivian tells Edward , `` I could just pop ya good and be on my way '' , indicating her disinterest in `` pillow talk '' . In another , she is confronted by drug dealers , then rescued by Edward . The film bears striking resemblances to Pygmalion myths : particularly George Bernard Shaw 's play of the same name , which also formed the basis for the Broadway musical My Fair Lady . It was Walt Disney Studios then - president Jeffrey Katzenberg who insisted the film be re-written as a modern - day fairy tale and love story , as opposed to the original dark drama . It was pitched to Touchstone Pictures and re-written as a romantic comedy . The original script was titled $3,000 , in reference to the amount Edward pays for a week 's company from Vivian . However , this title was changed because Disney executives thought it sounded like a title for a science fiction film . The script also has unconfirmed references to That Touch of Mink , starring Doris Day and Cary Grant . The film is one of two movies that triggered a resurgence of romantic comedy in Hollywood , the other being When Harry Met Sally . After the 1960s Doris Day / Rock Hudson romantic comedies , the genre had fallen out of favor . Following this film 's success , Roberts became the romantic comedy queen of the 1990s . Casting ( edit ) Casting of the film was a rather lengthy process . Marshall had initially considered Christopher Reeve , Daniel Day - Lewis , and Denzel Washington for the role of Edward , and Al Pacino and Burt Reynolds turned it down . Pacino went as far as doing a casting reading with Roberts before rejecting the part . Gere initially refused but when he met with Roberts , she persuaded him and he eventually agreed to play Lewis . He reportedly started off much more active in his role ; but Garry Marshall took him aside and said `` No , no , no , Richard . In this movie , one of you moves and one of you does not . Guess which one you are ? '' Julia Roberts was not the first choice for the role of Vivian , and was not wanted by Disney . Many other actresses were considered . Marshall originally envisioned Karen Allen for the role ; when she declined , auditions went to many better - known actresses of the time including Molly Ringwald , who turned it down because she felt uncomfortable playing a sex worker . Winona Ryder auditioned , but was turned down because Marshall felt she was `` too young '' . Jennifer Connelly was also dismissed for the same reason . Meg Ryan , who was a top choice of Marshall 's , turned it down as well . According to a note written by Marshall , Mary Steenburgen was also among the first choices . Diane Lane came very close to being cast ( the script was much darker at the time ) ; they had gone as far as costume fittings , but due to scheduling conflicts she could not accept . Michelle Pfeiffer turned the role down , saying she did not like the script 's `` tone . '' Daryl Hannah was also considered , but believed the role was `` degrading to women '' . Valeria Golino declined , doubting it would work with her thick Italian accent . And Jennifer Jason Leigh had auditioned . When all the other actresses turned down the role , 21 - year - old Julia Roberts , a relative unknown , with only the sleeper hit Mystic Pizza ( 1988 ) and the yet - to - be-released Steel Magnolias ( 1989 ) to her credit , won the role of Vivian . Her performance made her a star . Filming ( edit ) The film 's budget was substantial , at $14 million , so producers could shoot in many locations . Most filming took place in Los Angeles , California , specifically in Beverly Hills , and inside soundstages at Walt Disney Studios in Burbank . The escargot restaurant the `` Voltaire '' was shot at the restaurant `` Rex , '' now called `` Cicada '' . Scenes set in the Beverly Wilshire Hotel lobby were shot at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles . Filming commenced on July 24 , 1989 , but was immediately plagued by problems . These included Ferrari and Porsche declining the product placement opportunity for the car Edward drove , neither firm wishing to be associated with sex workers . Lotus Cars saw the placement value , and supplied a Silver 1989.5 Esprit SE ( which was later sold ) . Shooting was a generally pleasant , easy - going experience , as the budget was broad and the shooting schedule was not tight . While shooting the scene where Vivian is lying down on the floor of Edward 's penthouse , watching reruns of I Love Lucy , Garry Marshall had to tickle Roberts ' feet ( out of camera range ) to get her to laugh . The scene in which Gere playfully snaps the lid of a jewelry case on her fingers was improvised , and her surprised laugh was genuine . The red dress Vivian wears to the opera has been listed among the most unforgettable dresses of all time . During the scene in which Roberts sang to a Prince song in the bathtub , slid down and submerged her head under the bubbles ; she emerged to find the crew had left except for the cameraman , who captured the moment on film . In the love scene , she was so stressed that a vein become noticeable on her forehead and had to be massaged by Marshall and Gere . She also developed a case of hives , and calamine lotion was used to soothe her skin until filming resumed . The filming was completed on October 18 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) In its opening weekend , the film was at number one at the box office , grossing $11,280,591 and averaging $8,513 per theater . Despite dropping to number two in its second weekend , it grossed more with $12,471,670 . It was number one at the box office for four non-consecutive weeks , and in the Top 10 for 16 weeks . It has grossed $178,406,268 in the United States and $285,000,000 in other countries for a total worldwide gross of $463,406,268 . It was also the fourth highest - grossing film of the year in the United States and the third highest - grossing worldwide . The film remains Disney 's highest - grossing R - rated release ever . Critical response ( edit ) The film received mixed to positive reviews from critics . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 61 % of 55 film critics have given it a positive review , with a rating average of 5.7 out of 10 . Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , gives it a score of 51 based on 17 reviews , indicating `` mixed or average reviews . '' Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a D , saying it `` starts out as a neo-Pygmalion comedy '' and with `` its tough - hooker heroine , it can work as a feminist version of an upscale princess fantasy . '' Gleiberman also said it `` pretends to be about how love transcends money , '' but `` is really obsessed with status symbols . '' On its twentieth anniversary , Gleiberman wrote another article , saying that while he felt he was right , he would have given it a B today . Carina Chocano of The New York Times said the movie `` was n't a love story , it was a money story . Its logic depended on a disconnect between character and narrative , between image and meaning , between money and value , and that made it not cluelessly traditional but thoroughly postmodern . '' Accolades ( edit ) Awards 48th Golden Globe Awards Best Actress -- Julia Roberts Nominations 16th César Awards Best Foreign Film 63rd Academy Awards Best Actress -- Julia Roberts 48th Golden Globe Awards Best Motion Picture ( Comedy or Musical ) Best Actor -- Richard Gere Best Supporting Actor -- Hector Elizondo Writers Guild of America Award for Best Original Screenplay -- J.F. Lawton Music ( edit ) The film is noted for its musical selections . The hugely successful soundtrack features the song `` Oh , Pretty Woman '' by Roy Orbison , which inspired its title . Roxette 's `` It Must Have Been Love '' reached No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 in June 1990 . The soundtrack also features `` King of Wishful Thinking '' by Go West , `` Show Me Your Soul '' by Red Hot Chili Peppers , `` No Explanation '' by Peter Cetera , `` Wild Women Do '' by Natalie Cole and `` Fallen '' by Lauren Wood . The soundtrack went on to be certified triple platinum by the RIAA . The opera featured in the film is La Traviata , which also served as inspiration for its plot . The highly dramatic aria fragment that is repeated is the end of `` Dammi tu forza ! '' ( `` Give me strength ! '' ) , from the opera . The piano piece Gere 's character plays in the hotel lobby was actually composed by and performed by him . Roberts sings the song `` Kiss '' by Prince while she is in the tub and Gere 's character is on the phone . Background music is composed by James Newton Howard . Entitled `` He Sleeps / Love Theme '' , this piano composition is inspired by Bruce Springsteen 's `` Racing in the Street '' . Soundtrack ( edit ) Pretty Woman Soundtrack album by Various artists Released March 13 , 1990 Recorded 1964 , 1988 -- 1989 Genre Pop Rock Length 43 : 36 Label EMI Producer Various artists Singles from Pretty Woman `` Show Me Your Soul '' Released : February 14 , 1990 `` King of Wishful Thinking '' Released : 1990 `` It Must Have Been Love '' Released : 20 May 1990 Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic link The soundtrack was released on March 13 , 1990 by EMI . Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Wild Women Do '' ( performed by Natalie Cole ) 4 : 06 2 . `` Fame ' 90 '' ( performed by David Bowie ) 3 : 36 3 . `` King of Wishful Thinking '' ( performed by Go West ) 4 : 00 4 . `` Tangled '' ( performed by Jane Wiedlin ) 4 : 18 5 . `` It Must Have Been Love '' ( performed by Roxette ) 4 : 17 6 . `` Life in Detail '' ( performed by Robert Palmer ) 4 : 07 7 . `` No Explanation '' ( performed by Peter Cetera ) 4 : 19 8 . `` Real Wild Child ( Wild One ) '' ( performed by Christopher Otcasek ) 3 : 39 9 . `` Fallen '' ( performed by Lauren Wood ) 3 : 59 10 . `` Oh , Pretty Woman '' ( performed by Roy Orbison ) 2 : 55 11 . `` Show Me Your Soul '' ( performed by Red Hot Chili Peppers ) 4 : 20 Total length : 43 : 36 Musical adaptation ( edit ) A stage musical adaptation of the film is scheduled to open on Broadway in the fall of 2018 . This follows an out - of - town tryout at the Oriental Theatre in Chicago , which will run from March 13 to April 15 , 2018 . The musical has music and lyrics by Bryan Adams and Jim Vallance ; the late Garry Marshall and J.F. Lawton will co-write the book and Jerry Mitchell is the director and choreographer . The Chicago and Broadway casts will feature Samantha Barks , in her Broadway debut as Vivian and Steve Kazee as Edward . Orfeh will portray Kit , and Jason Danieley will play Philip Stuckey . Eric Anderson will portray the role of Mr. Thompson . Kingsley Leggs will play the role of James Morse . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Pretty Woman '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Prince , Rosa ( March 21 , 2012 ) . `` Danny DeVito : Pretty Woman a ' Silly Romantic Comedy ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ `` Box Office Mojo '' . Retrieved July 12 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Pretty Woman : 15th anniversary ( DVD ) . Buena Vista Home Entertainment , Touchstone. 2005 . Jump up ^ Lawton , Jonathan . `` $3,000 '' ( PDF ) . AwesomeFile.com . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Hilary Lewis ( August 26 , 2016 ) . `` 8 Movies With Major Title Changes '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stewart , James B. ( 2005 ) . DisneyWar . New York : Simon & Schuster . p. 110 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 6709 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` ' Pretty Woman ' Casting Information and Trivia '' . IMDb . Retrieved May 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Pacino , Al ( June 15 , 2007 ) . `` '' Al Pacino Interview `` '' . Larry King Live ( Interview ) . Interview with Larry King . CNN . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Ub6BdLFWyg Jump up ^ Tiffin , George ( 2015 ) . A Star is Born : The Moment an Actress becomes an Icon . Head of Zeus . p. 493 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78185 - 936 - 0 . Jump up ^ Corcoran , Monica ( June 28 , 2008 ) . `` Molly Ringwald : Pretty in Pucci '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Darly Hannah Pleased to Decline Pretty Woman '' . Jump up ^ Kachka , Boris ( December 4 , 2005 ) . `` Lone Star : Jennifer Jason Leigh Plays an Extroverted Striver in Abigail 's Party , Now , that 's a stretch '' . New York Magazine : 2 . Jump up ^ Dumas , Daisy ( December 6 , 2011 ) . `` From Pretty Woman and Atonement to The Seven Year Itch , the Most Unforgettable Dresses of All Time '' . Daily Mail . London . ^ Jump up to : `` Pretty Woman ( 1990 ) -- Weekend Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Woman ( 1990 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 Yearly Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 Yearly Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` DOMESTIC GROSSES BY MPAA RATING '' . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Woman '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Woman Reviews at Metacritic.com '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( March 23 , 1990 ) . `` Pretty Woman '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen . `` ' Pretty Woman ' : 20 Years after My Most Infamous Review ( Yes , I gave it a D ) , Here 's My Mea Culpa -- and Also My Defense '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chocano , Carina ( April 11 , 2011 ) . `` Thelma , Louise and All the Pretty Women '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Woman 's Soundtrack RIAA Multi Platinum Award '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved October 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Woman Original Soundtrack '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Woman Original Soundtrack '' . AllMusic . Retrieved February 21 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : McPhee , Ryan . `` Jason Danieley Joins Broadway - Bound ' Pretty Woman ' Musical '' Playbill , October 6 , 2017 External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Pretty Woman Pretty Woman on IMDb Pretty Woman at AllMovie Pretty Woman at Rotten Tomatoes Pretty Woman at Box Office Mojo ( hide ) Films directed by Garry Marshall Young Doctors in Love ( 1982 ) The Flamingo Kid ( 1984 ) Nothing in Common ( 1986 ) Overboard ( 1987 ) Beaches ( 1988 ) The Lottery ( 1989 ) Pretty Woman ( 1990 ) Frankie and Johnny ( 1991 ) Exit to Eden ( 1994 ) Dear God ( 1996 ) The Other Sister ( 1999 ) Runaway Bride ( 1999 ) The Princess Diaries ( 2001 ) Raising Helen ( 2004 ) The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement ( 2004 ) Georgia Rule ( 2007 ) Valentine 's Day ( 2010 ) New Year 's Eve ( 2011 ) Mother 's Day ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pretty_Woman&oldid=809681413 '' Categories : 1990 films English - language films 1990s romantic comedy films 1990s sex comedy films American films American romantic comedy films American sex comedy films Films about businesspeople Films about prostitution Films directed by Garry Marshall Films featuring a Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe winning performance Film scores by James Newton Howard Films set in Beverly Hills , California Films set in hotels Films set in Los Angeles Touchstone Pictures films Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from July 2014 Use mdy dates from July 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Кыргызча Latina Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 吴语粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 November 2017 , at 18 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played julia roberts roommate in pretty woman	[ "\nRichard Gere as Edward Lewis, a rich corporate raider and womanizer from New York.\nJulia Roberts as Vivian Ward, an assertive freelance hooker with a heart of gold on Hollywood Boulevard.\nRalph Bellamy as James Morse, owner of a troubled shipbuilding company Edward plans to take over. This was Bellamy's final acting performance before his death in 1991.\nJason Alexander as Phillip Stuckey, Edward's insensitive lawyer. Alexander is best known for the sitcom Seinfeld, in which a VHS copy of Pretty Woman appears in Seinfeld's apartment.\nHéctor Elizondo as Barney Thompson, the dignified but soft-hearted hotel manager.\nLaura San Giacomo as Kit De Luca, Vivian's wisecracking friend and roommate, who has taught her the prostitution trade.\nAlex Hyde-White as David Morse, James Morse's grandson, who is being groomed to take over the company.\nAmy Yasbeck as Elizabeth Stuckey, Phillip's wife.\nElinor Donahue as Bridget, a friend of Barney Thompson who works in a women's clothing store.\nJohn David Carson as Mark Roth, a businessman in Edward's office.\nJudith Baldwin as Susan, one of Edward's ex-girlfriends.\nLaurelle Brooks Mehus as the hotel's night desk clerk.\nJames Patrick Stuart as the day bellhop.\nDey Young as a snobbish saleswoman in a dress store.\nLarry Miller as Mr. Hollister, the manager of a clothing store where Vivian buys her new wardrobe.\nPatrick Richwood as Dennis, the hotel elevator operator.\nHank Azaria as a detective. This was Azaria's first speaking role.\nAmzie Strickland as Matron\nLynda Goodfriend as a Tourist.\n" ]	[ "Laura San Giacomo" ]
7276938656114035503	Calcium oxide	Calcium oxide - wikipedia Calcium oxide Jump to : navigation , search Calcium oxide Names IUPAC name Calcium oxide Other names Quicklime , burnt lime , unslaked lime , pebble lime , calcia Identifiers CAS Number 1305 - 78 - 8 3D model ( JSmol ) Interactive image ChEBI CHEBI : 31344 ChEMBL ChEMBL2104397 ChemSpider 14095 ECHA InfoCard 100.013. 763 E number E529 ( acidity regulators , ... ) Gmelin Reference 485425 PubChem CID 14778 RTECS number EW3100000 UNII C7X2M0VVNH UN number 1910 InChI ( show ) InChI = 1 / Ca. O / rCaO / c1 - 2 Key : ODINCKMPIJJUCX - BFMVISLHAU SMILES ( show ) ( Ca ) = O Properties Chemical formula CaO Molar mass 56.0774 g / mol Appearance White to pale yellow / brown powder Odor Odorless Density 3.34 g / cm Melting point 2,613 ° C ( 4,735 ° F ; 2,886 K ) Boiling point 2,850 ° C ( 5,160 ° F ; 3,120 K ) ( 100 hPa ) Solubility in water Reacts to form calcium hydroxide Solubility in Methanol Insoluble ( also in diethyl ether , octanol ) Acidity ( pK ) 12.8 Magnetic susceptibility ( χ ) − 15.0 × 10 cm / mol Structure Crystal structure Cubic , cF8 Thermochemistry Std molar entropy ( S ) 40 J mol K Std enthalpy of formation ( Δ H ) − 635 kJ mol Pharmacology ATCvet code QP53AX18 ( WHO ) Hazards Safety data sheet Hazard.com NFPA 704 0 Flash point Non-flammable US health exposure limits ( NIOSH ) : PEL ( Permissible ) TWA 5 mg / m REL ( Recommended ) TWA 2 mg / m IDLH ( Immediate danger ) 25 mg / m Related compounds Other anions Calcium sulfide Calcium hydroxide Other cations Beryllium oxide Magnesium oxide Strontium oxide Barium oxide Except where otherwise noted , data are given for materials in their standard state ( at 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) , 100 kPa ) . Infobox references Calcium oxide ( CaO ) , commonly known as quicklime or burnt lime , is a widely used chemical compound . It is a white , caustic , alkaline , crystalline solid at room temperature . The broadly used term lime connotes calcium - containing inorganic materials , in which carbonates , oxides and hydroxides of calcium , silicon , magnesium , aluminium , and iron predominate . By contrast , quicklime specifically applies to the single chemical compound calcium oxide . Calcium oxide that survives processing without reacting in building products such as cement is called free lime . Quicklime is relatively inexpensive . Both it and a chemical derivative ( calcium hydroxide , of which quicklime is the base anhydride ) are important commodity chemicals . Contents ( hide ) 1 Preparation 2 Usage 2.1 As a weapon 3 Safety 4 References 5 External links Preparation ( edit ) Calcium oxide is usually made by the thermal decomposition of materials , such as limestone or seashells , that contain calcium carbonate ( CaCO ; mineral calcite ) in a lime kiln . This is accomplished by heating the material to above 825 ° C ( 1,517 ° F ) , a process called calcination or lime - burning , to liberate a molecule of carbon dioxide ( CO ) , leaving quicklime . CaCO ( s ) → CaO ( s ) + CO ( g ) The quicklime is not stable and , when cooled , will spontaneously react with CO from the air until , after enough time , it will be completely converted back to calcium carbonate unless slaked with water to set as lime plaster or lime mortar . Annual worldwide production of quicklime is around 283 million tonnes . China is by far the world 's largest producer , with a total of around 170 million tonnes per year . The United States is the next largest , with around 20 million tonnes per year . Approximately 1.8 t of limestone is required per 1.0 t of quicklime . Quicklime has a high affinity for water and is a more efficient desiccant than silica gel . The reaction of quicklime with water is associated with an increase in volume by a factor of at least 2.5 . Usage ( edit ) Play media A demonstration of slaking of quicklime as a strongly exothermic reaction . Drops of water are added to pieces of quicklime . After a while , a pronounced exothermic reaction occurs ( ' slaking of lime ' ) . The temperature can reach up to some 300 ° С . The major use of quicklime is in the basic oxygen steelmaking ( BOS ) process . Its usage varies from about 30 -- 50 kg / t of steel . The quicklime neutralizes the acidic oxides , SiO , Al O , and Fe O , to produce a basic molten slag . Ground quicklime is used in the production of aerated concrete blocks , with densities of ca . 0.6 -- 1.0 g / cm3 . Quicklime and hydrated lime can considerably increase the load carrying capacity of clay - containing soils . They do this by reacting with finely divided silica and alumina to produce calcium silicates and aluminates , which possess cementing properties . Small quantities of quicklime are used in other processes ; e.g. , the production of glass , calcium aluminate cement , and organic chemicals . Heat : Quicklime releases Thermal energy by the formation of the hydrate , calcium hydroxide , by the following equation : CaO ( s ) + H O ( l ) ⇌ Ca ( OH ) ( aq ) ( ΔH = − 63.7 kJ / mol of CaO ) As it hydrates , an exothermic reaction results and the solid puffs up . The hydrate can be reconverted to quicklime by removing the water by heating it to redness to reverse the hydration reaction . One litre of water combines with approximately 3.1 kilograms ( 6.8 lb ) of quicklime to give calcium hydroxide plus 3.54 MJ of energy . This process can be used to provide a convenient portable source of heat , as for on - the - spot food warming in a self - heating can , cooking , and heating water without open flames . Several companies sell cooking kits using this heating method . Light : When quicklime is heated to 2,400 ° C ( 4,350 ° F ) , it emits an intense glow . This form of illumination is known as a limelight , and was used broadly in theatrical productions prior to the invention of electric lighting . Cement : Calcium oxide is a key ingredient for the process of making cement . As a cheap and widely available alkali . About 50 % of the total quicklime production is converted to calcium hydroxide before use . Both quick - and hydrated lime are used in the treatment of drinking water . Petroleum industry : Water detection pastes contain a mix of calcium oxide and phenolphthalein . Should this paste come into contact with water in a fuel storage tank , the CaO reacts with the water to form calcium hydroxide . Calcium hydroxide has a high enough pH to turn the phenolphthalein a vivid purplish - pink color , thus indicating the presence of water . Paper : Calcium oxide is used to regenerate sodium hydroxide from sodium carbonate in the chemical recovery at Kraft pulp mills . Plaster : There is archeological evidence that Pre-Pottery Neolithic B humans used limestone - based plaster for flooring and other uses . Such Lime - ash floor remained in use until the late nineteenth century . Chemical or power production : Solid sprays or slurries of calcium oxide can be used to remove sulfur dioxide from exhaust streams in a process called flue - gas desulfurization . As a weapon ( edit ) In 80 BC , the Roman general Sertorius deployed choking clouds of caustic lime powder to defeat the Characitani of Hispania , who had taken refuge in inaccessible caves . A similar dust was used in China to quell an armed peasant revolt in 178 AD , when lime chariots equipped with bellows blew limestone powder into the crowds . David Hume , in his History of England , recounts that early in the reign of Henry III , the English Navy destroyed an invading French fleet by blinding the enemy fleet with quicklime . Quicklime may have been used in medieval naval warfare - up to the use of `` lime - mortars '' to throw it at the enemy ships . Quicklime is also thought to have been a component of Greek fire . Upon contact with water , quicklime would increase its temperature above 150 ° C and ignite the fuel . Safety ( edit ) Because of vigorous reaction of quicklime with water , quicklime causes severe irritation when inhaled or placed in contact with moist skin or eyes . Inhalation may cause coughing , sneezing , labored breathing . It may then evolve into burns with perforation of the nasal septum , abdominal pain , nausea and vomiting . Although quicklime is not considered a fire hazard , its reaction with water can release enough heat to ignite combustible materials . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Haynes , William M. , ed. ( 2011 ) . CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics ( 92nd ed . ) . Boca Raton , FL : CRC Press . p. 4.55 . ISBN 1439855110 . Jump up ^ Calciumoxid Archived 2013 - 12 - 30 at the Wayback Machine ... GESTIS database ^ Jump up to : Zumdahl , Steven S. ( 2009 ) . Chemical Principles 6th Ed . Houghton Mifflin Company . p . A21 . ISBN 0 - 618 - 94690 - X . ^ Jump up to : `` NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards # 0093 '' . National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health ( NIOSH ) . Jump up ^ `` free lime '' . DictionaryOfConstruction.com . Jump up ^ Merck Index of Chemicals and Drugs , 9th edition monograph 1650 Jump up ^ Miller , M. Michael ( 2007 ) . `` Lime '' . Minerals Yearbook ( PDF ) . U.S. Geological Survey . p. 43.13 . ^ Jump up to : Tony Oates ( 2007 ) , `` Lime and Limestone '' , Ullmann 's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry ( 7th ed . ) , Wiley , pp. 1 -- 32 , doi : 10.1002 / 14356007. a15_317 , ISBN 3527306730 Jump up ^ Collie , Robert L. `` Solar heating system '' U.S. Patent 3,955,554 issued May 11 , 1976 Jump up ^ Gretton , Lel . `` Lime power for cooking - medieval pots to 21st century cans '' . Old & Interesting . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Gray , Theodore ( September 2007 ) . `` Limelight in the Limelight '' . Popular Science : 84 . Jump up ^ Neolithic man : The first lumberjack ? . Phys.org ( August 9 , 2012 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ Karkanas , P. ; Stratouli , G. ( 2011 ) . `` Neolithic Lime Plastered Floors in Drakaina Cave , Kephalonia Island , Western Greece : Evidence of the Significance of the Site '' . The Annual of the British School at Athens. 103 : 27 . doi : 10.1017 / S006824540000006X . Jump up ^ Connelly , Ashley Nicole ( May 2012 ) Analysis and Interpretation of Neolithic Near Eastern Mortuary Rituals from a Community - Based Perspective . Baylor University Thesis , Texas Jump up ^ Adrienne Mayor ( 2005 ) , `` Ancient Warfare and Toxicology '' , in Philip Wexler , Encyclopedia of Toxicology , 4 ( 2nd ed . ) , Elsevier , pp. 117 -- 121 , ISBN 0 - 12 - 745354 - 7 Jump up ^ David Hume ( 1756 ) . History of England . I . Jump up ^ Sayers W . The Use of Quicklime in Medieval Naval Warfare / / The Mariner 's Mirror . - Volume 92 ( 2006 ) . - Issue 3 . - PP. 262 - 269 . Jump up ^ Croddy , Eric ( 2002 ) . Chemical and biological warfare : a comprehensive survey for the concerned citizen . Springer . p. 128 . ISBN 0 - 387 - 95076 - 1 . Jump up ^ CaO MSDS . hazard.com External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Calcium oxide . Lime Statistics & Information from the United States Geological Survey Factors Affecting the Quality of Quicklime American Scientist ( discussion of C dating of mortar ) Chemical of the Week -- Lime Material Safety Data Sheet CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards Calcium compounds CaAl O CaB CaBr Ca ( BrO ) CaC CaCN Ca ( CN ) CaCO CaC O CaCl Ca ( ClO ) Ca ( ClO ) CaCrO CaF CaH Ca ( HCO ) CaH S O CaI Ca ( IO ) Ca ( MnO ) CaN Ca ( NO ) CaO CaO Ca ( OH ) CaP CaS CaSO CaSO CaSe CaSi CaSi CaTiO Ca P O Ca SiO Ca Al O Ca ( AsO ) Ca ( BO ) Ca ( C H O ) Ca N Ca P Ca ( PO ) O Ca ( PO ) Ca ( H PO ) CaHPO C H CaO Oxides Mixed oxidation states Antimony tetroxide ( Sb O ) Cobalt ( II , III ) oxide ( Co O ) Europium ( II , III ) oxide ( Eu O ) Iron ( II , III ) oxide ( Fe O ) Lead ( II , IV ) oxide ( Pb O ) Manganese ( II , III ) oxide ( Mn O ) Silver ( I , III ) oxide ( Ag O ) Triuranium octoxide ( U O ) Carbon suboxide ( C O ) Mellitic anhydride ( C O ) Praseodymium ( III , IV ) oxide ( Pr O ) Terbium ( III , IV ) oxide ( Tb O ) + 1 oxidation state Copper ( I ) oxide ( Cu O ) Dicarbon monoxide ( C O ) Dichlorine monoxide ( Cl O ) Gallium ( I ) oxide ( Ga O ) Lithium oxide ( Li O ) Potassium oxide ( K O ) Rubidium oxide ( Rb O ) Silver oxide ( Ag O ) Thallium ( I ) oxide ( Tl O ) Sodium oxide ( Na O ) Water ( hydrogen oxide ) ( H O ) + 2 oxidation state Aluminium ( II ) oxide ( Al O ) Barium oxide ( Ba O ) Beryllium oxide ( Be O ) Cadmium oxide ( Cd O ) Calcium oxide ( Ca O ) Carbon monoxide ( CO ) Chromium ( II ) oxide ( Cr O ) Cobalt ( II ) oxide ( Co O ) Copper ( II ) oxide ( Cu O ) Europium ( II ) oxide ( Eu O ) Germanium monoxide ( Ge O ) ) Iron ( II ) oxide ( Fe O ) Lead ( II ) oxide ( Pb O ) Magnesium oxide ( Mg O ) Manganese ( II ) oxide ( Mn O ) Mercury ( II ) oxide ( Hg O ) Nickel ( II ) oxide ( Ni O ) Nitric oxide ( N O ) Palladium ( II ) oxide ( Pd O ) Silicon monoxide ( Si O ) Strontium oxide ( Sr O ) Sulfur monoxide ( S O ) Disulfur dioxide ( S O ) Tin ( II ) oxide ( Sn O ) Titanium ( II ) oxide ( Ti O ) Vanadium ( II ) oxide ( V O ) Zinc oxide ( Zn O ) + 3 oxidation state Aluminium oxide ( Al O ) Antimony trioxide ( Sb O ) Arsenic trioxide ( As O ) Bismuth ( III ) oxide ( Bi O ) Boron trioxide ( B O ) Cerium ( III ) oxide ( Ce O ) Dibromine trioxide ( Br O ) Chromium ( III ) oxide ( Cr O ) Dinitrogen trioxide ( N O ) Dysprosium ( III ) oxide ( Dy O ) Erbium ( III ) oxide ( Er O ) Europium ( III ) oxide ( Eu O ) Gadolinium ( III ) oxide ( Gd O ) Gallium ( III ) oxide ( Ga O ) Holmium ( III ) oxide ( Ho O ) Indium ( III ) oxide ( In O ) Iron ( III ) oxide ( Fe O ) Lanthanum oxide ( La O ) Lutetium ( III ) oxide ( Lu O ) Manganese ( III ) oxide ( Mn O ) Neodymium ( III ) oxide ( Nd O ) Nickel ( III ) oxide ( Ni O ) Phosphorus trioxide ( P O ) Praseodymium ( III ) oxide ( Pr O ) Promethium ( III ) oxide ( Pm O ) Rhodium ( III ) oxide ( Rh O ) Samarium ( III ) oxide ( Sm O ) Scandium oxide ( Sc O ) Terbium ( III ) oxide ( Tb O ) Thallium ( III ) oxide ( Tl O ) Thulium ( III ) oxide ( Tm O ) Titanium ( III ) oxide ( Ti O ) Tungsten ( III ) oxide ( W O ) Vanadium ( III ) oxide ( V O ) Ytterbium ( III ) oxide ( Yb O ) Yttrium ( III ) oxide ( Y O ) + 4 oxidation state Americium dioxide ( Am O ) Carbon dioxide ( C O ) Carbon trioxide ( C O ) Cerium ( IV ) oxide ( Ce O ) Chlorine dioxide ( Cl O ) Chromium ( IV ) oxide ( Cr O ) Dinitrogen tetroxide ( N O ) Germanium dioxide ( Ge O ) Hafnium ( IV ) oxide ( Hf O ) Lead dioxide ( Pb O ) Manganese dioxide ( Mn O ) Neptunium ( IV ) oxide ( Np O ) Nitrogen dioxide ( N O ) Osmium dioxide ( Os O ) Plutonium ( IV ) oxide ( Pu O ) Praseodymium ( IV ) oxide ( Pr O ) Protactinium ( IV ) oxide ( Pa O ) Rhodium ( IV ) oxide ( Rh O ) Ruthenium ( IV ) oxide ( Ru O ) Selenium dioxide ( Se O ) Silicon dioxide ( Si O ) Sulfur dioxide ( S O ) Tellurium dioxide ( Te O ) Terbium ( IV ) oxide ( Tb O ) Thorium dioxide ( Th O ) Tin dioxide ( Sn O ) Titanium dioxide ( Ti O ) Tungsten ( IV ) oxide ( W O ) Uranium dioxide ( U O ) Vanadium ( IV ) oxide ( V O ) Zirconium dioxide ( Zr O ) + 5 oxidation state Antimony pentoxide ( Sb O ) Arsenic pentoxide ( As O ) Dinitrogen pentoxide ( N O ) Niobium pentoxide ( Nb O ) Phosphorus pentoxide ( P O ) Protactinium ( V ) oxide ( Pa O ) Tantalum pentoxide ( Ta O ) Vanadium ( V ) oxide ( V O ) + 6 oxidation state Chromium trioxide ( Cr O ) Molybdenum trioxide ( Mo O ) Rhenium trioxide ( Re O ) Selenium trioxide ( Se O ) Sulfur trioxide ( S O ) Tellurium trioxide ( Te O ) Tungsten trioxide ( W O ) Uranium trioxide ( U O ) Xenon trioxide ( Xe O ) Iridium trioxide ( Ir O ) + 7 oxidation state Dichlorine heptoxide ( Cl O ) Manganese heptoxide ( Mn O ) Rhenium ( VII ) oxide ( Re O ) Technetium ( VII ) oxide ( Tc O ) + 8 oxidation state Osmium tetroxide ( Os O ) Ruthenium tetroxide ( Ru O ) Xenon tetroxide ( Xe O ) Iridium tetroxide ( Ir O ) Hassium tetroxide ( Hs O ) Related Oxocarbon Suboxide Oxyanion Ozonide Peroxide Superoxide Oxides are sorted by oxidation state . Category : Oxides Oxygen compounds AgO Al O AmO Am O As O As O Au O B O BaO BeO Bi O BiO Bi O BrO Br O Br O CO CO C O CaO CaO CdO CeO Ce O Ce O ClO Cl O Cl O Cl O Cl O Cl O CoO Co O Co O CrO Cr O Cr O Cr O CsO Cs O CuO D O Dy O Er O Eu O F O F O F O FeO Fe O Fe O Ga O Ga O GeO GeO H O H O H O HfO HgO Hg O Ho O I O I O I O I O In O InO KO K O La O Li O Li O Lu O MgO Mg O MnO MnO Mn O Mn O MoO MoO Mo O NO NO N O N O N O N O NaO Na O Na O NbO NbO Nd O Chemical formulas GND : 4069810 - 5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calcium_oxide&oldid=825471871 '' Categories : Oxides Calcium compounds Bases ( chemistry ) Limestone Alchemical substances Disinfectants Dehydrating agents Cement Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles without KEGG source ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata E number from Wikidata Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Aragonés Aymar aru تۆرکجه বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 February 2018 , at 16 : 16 . About Wikipedia	calcium oxide reacts with water to form calcium hydroxide	[]	[]
-1512228710092939975	Deepwater Horizon (film)	Deepwater Horizon ( film ) - wikipedia Deepwater Horizon ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Deepwater Horizon Theatrical release poster Directed by Peter Berg Produced by Lorenzo di Bonaventura Mark Vahradian Mark Wahlberg Stephen Levinson David Womark Screenplay by Matthew Michael Carnahan Matthew Sand Story by Matthew Sand Based on Deepwater Horizon 's Final Hours by David Barstow David Rohde Stephanie Saul Starring Mark Wahlberg Kurt Russell John Malkovich Gina Rodriguez Dylan O'Brien Kate Hudson Music by Steve Jablonsky Cinematography Enrique Chediak Edited by Colby Parker Jr . Gabriel Fleming Production companies Participant Media Di Bonaventura Pictures Closest to the Hole Productions Leverage Entertainment Distributed by Summit Entertainment Release date September 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 13 ) ( TIFF ) September 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 30 ) ( United States ) Running time 107 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $156 million ( gross ) $110 -- 120 million ( net ) Box office $121.8 million Deepwater Horizon is a 2016 American disaster film based on actual events . It was directed by Peter Berg from a screenplay by Matthew Michael Carnahan and Matthew Sand . It stars Mark Wahlberg , Kurt Russell , John Malkovich , Gina Rodriguez , Dylan O'Brien and Kate Hudson . It is based on a 2010 article by David Barstow , David Rohde and Stephanie Saul on the Deepwater Horizon explosion and oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico . Principal photography began on April 27 , 2015 in New Orleans , Louisiana . The film premiered at the 2016 Toronto International Film Festival and was theatrically released in the United States on September 30 , 2016 . It received generally positive reviews and grossed over $121 million worldwide . The film was nominated for two Oscars at the 89th Academy Awards : Best Sound Editing and Best Visual Effects , and a BAFTA Award for Best Sound at the 70th British Academy Film Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Casting 3.2 Filming 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) On April 20 , 2010 , Deepwater Horizon , an oil drilling rig operated by private contractor Transocean , is set to begin drilling off the southern coast of Louisiana on behalf of BP . Chief Electronics Technician Michael `` Mike '' Williams ( Mark Wahlberg ) and rig supervisor James `` Mr. Jimmy '' Harrell ( Kurt Russell ) are surprised to learn that the workers assigned to pump the cement intended to keep the well stable are being sent home early , without conducting a pressure test , at the insistence of BP managers Donald Vidrine ( John Malkovich ) and Robert Kaluza ( Brad Leland ) . While Mike prepares the drilling team , including Caleb Holloway ( Dylan O'Brien ) , Harrell meets with Vidrine and persuades him to conduct a test , which only serves to weaken the already poorly placed cement further . His patience thinning , and without waiting for Harrell to confirm the results , Vidrine orders the well to be flowed . At first , the operation goes smoothly , but the cement job eventually fails completely , triggering a massive blowout that overpowers and kills Keith Manuel , Shane Roshto , Roy Kemp , Karl Kleppigner , Adam Weise and Gordon Jones . A chain of equipment malfunctions , coupled with a failed attempt to seal the well , ignites the oil , killing Dewey Revette , Stephen Curtis , Jason Anderson ( Ethan Suplee ) and Donald Clark . Andrea Fleytas ( Gina Rodriguez ) , the rig 's navigation officer , tries to alert the Coast Guard , only to be overruled by her superior , Captain Curt Kuchta , on the grounds that the rig is not in any imminent danger . With oil now spewing into the ocean , a frightened , oil covered pelican flies into the bridge of a nearby vessel , which heads towards the rig just as the workers begin a frantic evacuation . Harrell , still alive , although seriously injured in the explosion , is rescued by Mike and assumes control of the situation , only to discover that the rig could not be saved . Dale Burkeen , a close friend of Mike 's , sacrifices himself to keep a burning crane from collapsing onto the surviving crew , while Mike and Caleb are able to rescue Vidrine and Kaluza and get them to safety . As night falls and the burning oil lights up the area , the Coast Guard becomes aware of the incident and sends a ship to collect the survivors , which are being ferried in the lifeboats to the Damon Bankston . With all the lifeboats full , Mike locates the emergency life raft , but it becomes separated from the rig before he and Andrea can board , causing the latter to suffer a panic attack . Just as the oil in the well itself ignites and destroys the rig , the two jump into the water and are picked up by rescuers , who then ferry them to the Damon Bankston . Returned home , the workers reunite with their families in a hotel lobby , during which a relative of one of the dead crew members family angrily confronts Mike for failing to save his son , resulting in Mike having a panic attack himself . The film ends with a series of clips showing the aftermath of the disaster , including testimony from the real - life Mike Williams and the revelation that not a single employee of either Transocean or BP was prosecuted for their actions . Pictures appear of the 11 men who lost their lives before the credits . The movie postscript reads : `` The blowout lasted for 87 days , spilling an estimated 210 million gallons of oil into the Gulf of Mexico . It was the worst oil disaster in U.S. history . '' Cast ( edit ) Mark Wahlberg as Mike Williams Kurt Russell as Jimmy Harrell ( Mr. Jimmy ) John Malkovich as Donald Vidrine Gina Rodriguez as Andrea Fleytas Dylan O'Brien as Caleb Holloway Kate Hudson as Felicia Williams Ethan Suplee as Jason Anderson Trace Adkins as grieving father in hotel Brad Leland as Robert Kaluza Joe Chrest as David Sims James DuMont as Patrick O'Bryan Dave Maldonado as Captain Curt Kutcha Douglas M. Griffin as Alwin Landry Juston Street as Anthony Gervasio Production ( edit ) On March 8 , 2011 , it was announced that Summit Entertainment , Participant Media , and Image Nation had acquired the film rights to The New York Times ' article Deepwater Horizon 's Final Hours , written by David Barstow , David S. Rohde , and Stephanie Saul , and published on December 25 , 2010 , about the 2010 Deepwater Horizon explosion and subsequent oil spill . Matthew Sand was set to write the screenplay , while Lorenzo di Bonaventura was in talks to produce the film under his Di Bonaventura Pictures banner . Summit and Participant Media / Imagination would also finance the film . On acquiring the article to develop into a film , the president of Participant Media , Ricky Strauss said , This is a perfect fit for us -- a suspenseful and inspiring real - life account of everyday people whose values are tested in the face of an impending environmental disaster . On July 24 , 2012 , Ric Roman Waugh was in talks with the studios to direct the film , Mark Vahradian was set to produce the film along with Bonaventura , and Lions Gate Entertainment also joined the project to produce and distribute . On July 11 , 2014 , it was announced that All Is Lost 's director J.C. Chandor had been hired to direct the film ; the screenplay 's first draft was written by Sand , while Matthew Michael Carnahan wrote the second draft . In early October , it was confirmed that Summit would distribute the film , not Lionsgate . On January 30 , 2015 , it was reported that Lone Survivor director Peter Berg had replaced Chandor , and would re-team with Wahlberg on the film . Chandor exited due to creative differences . Casting ( edit ) On August 19 , 2014 , casting began , with actor Mark Wahlberg added in the lead role of the film . Wahlberg plays Mike Williams , a real - life electronics technician on the Deepwater Horizon oil rig . On March 18 , 2015 , Gina Rodriguez was set to play a woman named Andrea Fleytas , who was on the bridge on board the Deepwater Horizon at the time of the blowout , and frantically tried to contact the Coast Guard . On April 10 , 2015 , Deadline reported that Dylan O'Brien was in talks to play Caleb Holloway . Kurt Russell joined the film on the same day O'Brien was in talks . Soon after , John Malkovich was confirmed cast , as a BP representative who fatally underestimates the dangers of working on the rig . Kate Hudson was announced as a cast member in May , 2015 , and playing the wife of Wahlberg 's character ; her role will be her first on - screen pairing with Russell , her stepfather , although they shared no dialogue in the film . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography on the film began on April 27 , 2015 . It was officially announced by Lionsgate on May 18 , 2015 that filming had begun in New Orleans , Louisiana . The film cost a total of $156 million to produce , with $122 million spent in Louisiana . As a result , Lionsgate ( the studio financing the film ) received a $37.7 million subsidy from the state , under Louisiana 's film incentive program . Later estimates put the amount at $110 million . Release ( edit ) Deepwater Horizon had its world premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival , on September 13 , where it received a standing ovation from audiences after the screening . It opened in theaters on September 30 , 2016 , distributed by Summit Entertainment in the United States and Canada , and by Lionsgate Entertainment internationally . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Deepwater Horizon grossed $61.4 million in the United States and Canada and $60.4 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $121.8 million . In the United States and Canada , Deepwater Horizon was projected to gross $16 -- 20 million from 3,259 theaters in its opening weekend , although some publications noted Wahlberg 's films tend to outperform box office projections . The film made $860,000 from its Thursday night previews at 2,400 theaters , and $7.1 million on its first day . In total , the film earned $20.2 million during its opening weekend , debuting at number two at the box office behind Tim Burton 's Miss Peregrine 's Home for Peculiar Children . The film was released at a time when the marketplace was already dominated by two other adult - skewing pictures , The Magnificent Seven and Sully . The film over-performed in the Gulf Coast region , and also did exceptionally well in IMAX , which earned $2.7 million of the film 's total opening weekend . The film 's opening weekend was regarded as underwhelming and a disappointment , given its hefty production budget , but dramas released during the fall , and Wahlberg 's films , tend to have box office legs . Forbes called the opening `` good , but not great '' , especially considering the solid reviews . While most adult - skewing films would generally be made on a conservative budget in order to protect themselves financially , Deepwater Horizon was produced for $110 -- 120 million ( after tax rebates ) . Box office analyst Jeff Block said the film was `` a hard sell . This should have been a $60 million film . The budget was out of control . '' Recent real - life drama films such as Sully ( $60 million budget ) , Bridge of Spies ( $40 million ) and Captain Phillips ( $55 million ) were made for more moderate amounts . The Hollywood Reporter noted that when Hollywood spends north of $100 million on a film , it is intended for a much broader audience , but that was not the case for Deepwater Horizon , as the main demographics were adults , with 67 % of the total ticket buyers during its opening weekend being over the age of 35 . Another possible reason for the film 's mediocre debut was its marketing miss , which was also a subject of criticism ; from the outset , Lionsgate marketed the film as a heroic tale versus an issues - oriented movie . The name `` Deepwater Horizon '' itself is more associated with the aftermath of the spill than the heroics of the men who survived and helped their fellow workers . Outside North America , Deepwater Horizon opened simultaneously in 52 markets , and grossed $12.4 million , of which IMAX made up $1 million 119 IMAX screens . The U.K. was the top earning market , with $2.6 million , followed by the Middle East ( $1.5 million ) , Taiwan ( $1.4 million ) , Australia ( $1.3 million ) , and Russia ( $1.2 million ) . In China , the film opened on Tuesday , November 15 , where it delivered a six - day opening weekend of $7.9 million , debuting in third place , behind local film I Am Not Madame Bovary and the continuation of Doctor Strange . The next major markets to open were Germany ( November 24 ) and Spain ( November 25 ) . Critical response ( edit ) Deepwater Horizon received generally positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 84 % based on 222 reviews with an average rating of 7 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Deepwater Horizon makes effective use of its titular man - made disaster to deliver an uncommonly serious -- yet still suitably gripping -- action thriller . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score 68 out of 100 based on 52 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale . Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter gave the film a positive review , writing , `` ruggedness and resilience counts for far more in the characterizations here than does nuance , and everyone delivers as required . From a craft and technical point of view , the film is all but seamless , a credit to the extra care taken to avoid a CGI look . '' Mike Ryan of Uproxx praised the film 's performances and ability to make audiences angry at BP : `` I 'll be honest , I did n't think we needed a movie about this subject . I 've changed my mind . And , if nothing else , I hope it gets people angry again , because the people who did this to our planet , and killed 11 people in the process , got off too easy . '' Benjamin Lee of The Guardian praised Berg 's direction as `` admirably , uncharacteristically restrained ... ( He ) stages the action horribly well , capturing the panic and gruesome mayhem without the film ever feeling exploitative . It 's spectacularly constructed , yet it does n't forget about the loss of life , ensuring that , despite thin characterisation , the impact is felt . '' Former crew members started their own crowd - funded documentary project before the film 's release , out of frustration with factual liberties taken in the film script and in the media . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result Ref . 2016 Teen Choice Awards Choice AnTEENcipated Movie Actor Dylan O'Brien Won 2017 National Board of Review Spotlight Award Mark Wahlberg and Peter Berg ( also for Patriots Day ) Won People 's Choice Awards Favorite Dramatic Movie Deepwater Horizon Nominated Annie Awards Outstanding Achievement , Animated Effects in a Live Action Production Raul Essig , Mark Chataway , George Kuruvilla and Mihai Cioroba Nominated Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Supporting Visual Effects in a Photoreal Feature Craig Hammack , Petra Holtorf - Stratton , Jason Snell , John Galloway and Burt Dalton Won Outstanding Model in a Photoreal or Animated Project Kelvin Lau , Jean Bolte , Kevin Sprout and Kim Vongbunyong Won British Academy Film Awards Best Sound Mike Prestwood Smith , Dror Mohar , Wylie Stateman and David Wyman Nominated Society of Camera Operators Awards Camera Operator of the Year -- Film Jacques Jouffret Nominated MPSE Golden Reel Awards Feature English Language -- Effects / Foley Wylie Stateman , Renée Tondelli , Gary Hecker , Rick Owens , Sylvain Lasseur , Dror Mohar and Kris Fenske Nominated Academy Awards Best Sound Editing Wylie Stateman and Renée Tondelli Nominated Best Visual Effects Craig Hammack , Jason Snell , Jason Billington and Burt Dalton Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Deepwater Horizon ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . September 5 , 2016 . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Pamela McClintock ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` Box - Office Analysis : Can ' Deepwater Horizon ' Be Rescued '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Deepwater Horizon ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto To Open With ' The Magnificent Seven ' ; ' La La Land ' , ' Deepwater Horizon ' Among Galas & Presentations '' . Deadline . July 26 , 2016 . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Evry , Max ( May 18 , 2015 ) . `` First Look at Mark Wahlberg in Deepwater Horizon '' . comingsoon.net . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Deepwater Horizon 's Final Hours , By DAVID BARSTOW , DAVID ROHDE and STEPHANIE SAUL , New York Times , December 25 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : Fleming Jr , Mike ( March 8 , 2011 ) . `` Summit , Participant And Imagenation Target Oil Rig Tragedy '' . deadline.com . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Summit and Participant Acquire Deepwater Horizon 's Final Hour '' . comingsoon.net . March 8 , 2011 . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( July 24 , 2012 ) . `` Summit , Participant Tap Ric Roman Waugh To Helm ' Deepwater Horizon ' Oil Rig Disaster '' . deadline.com . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( July 11 , 2014 ) . `` Deepwater Horizon Disaster Movie Draws ' All Is Lost ' Director J.C. Chandor '' . variety.com . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Deepwater Horizon , Starring Mark Wahlberg , Set for 2016 Release '' . comingsoon.net . October 6 , 2014 . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( January 30 , 2015 ) . `` Peter Berg in Talks to Replace J.C. Chandor on ' Deepwater Horizon ' '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ge , Linda ( August 19 , 2014 ) . `` Mark Wahlberg in Talks to Star in J.C. Chandor 's ' Deepwater Horizon ' '' . thewrap.com . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( March 18 , 2015 ) . `` Gina Rodriguez in Talks to Co-Star With Mark Wahlberg in ' Deepwater Horizon ' ( Exclusive ) '' . thewrap.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 10 , 2015 ) . `` Dylan O'Brien In Talks To Board ' Deepwater Horizon ' Opposite Mark Wahlberg '' . deadline.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( April 10 , 2015 ) . `` Kurt Russell Joins Mark Wahlberg in ' Deepwater Horizon ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . variety.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` John Malkovich Joins Mark Wahlberg in ' Deepwater Horizon ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` Kate Hudson Joins Mark Wahlberg 's ' Deepwater Horizon ' '' . Variety . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` On the Set for 4 / 27 / 15 : Jennifer Lawrence Wraps David O. Russell 's Joy & Starts on X-Men : Apocalypse '' . ssninsider.com. April 27 , 2015 . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cieply , Michael ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` Louisiana Sends Dollars To ' Deepwater Horizon ' Disaster Flick As Charities And Feds Hunt Money For Disaster Aid '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( 2016 - 09 - 28 ) . `` Box Office : ' Deepwater Horizon ' No Match for Tim Burton 's ' Miss Peregrine 's ' '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ Scott Feinberg ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Toronto : ' Deepwater Horizon ' Could Stake a Claim in Oscar 's Tech Categories '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Miss Peregrine ' To Punish Competition At Weekend Box Office -- Preview '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ Ryan Faughnder ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Miss Peregrine ' expected to top ' Deepwater Horizon ' and ' Magnificent Seven ' at the box office '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Miss Peregrine ' Enrolls Moviegoers On Thursday Night -- Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( October 2 , 2016 ) . `` Weekend Box Office : ' Miss Peregrine 's ' Blows Past ' Deepwater Horizon ' With $28.5 M '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( October 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Miss Peregrine ' Rules With $28 M+ ; ' Deepwater Horizon ' Pulls $20.6 M ; ' Masterminds ' Bombs -- Sunday Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Erich Schwartzel ( October 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Miss Peregrine 's Home for Peculiar Children ' Wins Weekend Box Office '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( October 2 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : Tim Burton 's ' Miss Peregrine 's ' Tops ' Deepwater Horizon ' With Strong $28.5 M Weekend '' . Forbes . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( October 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Miss Peregrine ' Books $36.5 M ; ' Finding Dory ' , ' Bridget Jones ' Reach Milestones ; Big Frame For Local Pics -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( October 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Miss Peregrine ' Nears $100 M Overseas ; ' Girl On The Train ' Chugs $16.5 M ; ' A Monster Calls ' In Spain -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( November 20 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fantastic Beasts ' Finds Magical $143.3 M Overseas ; ' Doctor Strange ' Passes $100 M In China ; WW Cume $572 M -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Deepwater Horizon ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Deepwater Horizon Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ `` ' Deepwater Horizon ' : Film Review TIFF 2016 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` ' Deepwater Horizon ' Just Debuted At TIFF And It Will , And Should , Make You Angry '' . Uproxx . Jump up ^ Lee , Benjamin ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Deepwater Horizon review -- Mark Wahlberg v BP in angry disaster movie '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 16 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Industry Veteran Raising Funds for Deepwater Horizon Documentary '' . by Karen Boman , Rigzone , October 03 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards : Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . HollywoodReporter.com . Retrieved July 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` National Board of Review Announces 2016 Award Winners '' . National Board of Review . November 29 , 2016 . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 People 's Choice Awards nominees '' . USA Today . usatoday.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 44th Annual Annie Awards Nominees & Winners '' . Annie Awards . annieawards.org . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VES Awards : ' Rogue One ' Leads With 7 Film Noms ; ' Game Of Thrones ' Slays TV Rivals '' . Deadline . deadline.com . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BAFTA Awards : ' La La Land ' Leads Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . HollywoodReporter.com . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' La La Land ' Camera Operator Tops SOC Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 19 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Reel Awards : ' Hacksaw Ridge ' Tops Feature Competition at Sound Editors ' Ceremony '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oscar Nominations : ' La La Land ' Ties Record With 14 Noms ; ' Arrival ' & ' Moonlight ' Snag 8 Apiece '' . Deadline . deadline.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Deepwater Horizon on IMDb Deepwater Horizon at Rotten Tomatoes Deepwater Horizon at Metacritic Deepwater Horizon at AllMovie Films directed by Peter Berg Very Bad Things ( 1998 ) The Rundown ( 2003 ) Friday Night Lights ( 2004 ) The Kingdom ( 2007 ) Hancock ( 2008 ) Battleship ( 2012 ) Lone Survivor ( 2013 ) Deepwater Horizon ( 2016 ) Patriots Day ( 2016 ) Deepwater Horizon oil spill Events Deepwater Horizon explosion Volume and extent Efforts to stem the spill Timeline May 2010 June 2010 July 2010 August 2010 Companies and organisations Owners Anadarko Petroleum BP Mitsui Oil Exploration Major contractors Cameron International Halliburton Nalco Holding Company Transocean Wild Well Control Other Bureau of Ocean Energy Management Flow Rate Technical Group Minerals Management Service National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling Unified Command U.S. Coast Guard Worst Case Discharge People BP Bob Dudley Tony Hayward Doug Suttles Carl - Henric Svanberg Darryl Willis MMS S. Elizabeth Birnbaum Michael R. Bromwich Chris Oynes U.S. Coast Guard Thad Allen Mary Landry James A. Watson Paul F. Zukunft Other Kenneth Feinberg Places Macondo Prospect Mississippi Canyon Perdido Pass Vessels Drilling Deepwater Horizon Relief ships / rigs Development Driller III Discoverer Clear Leader Discoverer Enterprise GSF Development Driller II Helix Producer 1 Loch Rannoch Mighty Servant 3 Overseas Cascade Q4000 Seacor Lee Toisa Pisces A Whale Pacific Responder California Responder Reactions and impact Environmental Environmental impact Health consequences GuLF Study Socio - economic Deepwater drilling moratorium court case Economic effects Investigation Litigation Response fund Other If God Is Willing and da Creek Do n't Rise ( 2010 documentary ) `` Coon 2 : Hindsight '' ( 2010 South Park episode ) Deepwater Horizon ( 2016 film ) Hornbeck Offshore Services LLC v. Salazar Spillcam Wendy Schmidt Oil Cleanup X Challenge United States offshore drilling debate Category Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon_(film)&oldid=800050927 '' Categories : 2016 films English - language films 2010s disaster films 2010s thriller films American films American disaster films American thriller films Deepwater Horizon oil spill Di Bonaventura Pictures films Disaster films based on actual events Films directed by Peter Berg Films set in 2010 Films set in Louisiana Films shot in New Orleans IMAX films Lions Gate Entertainment films Participant Media films Screenplays by Matthew Michael Carnahan Summit Entertainment films Thriller films based on actual events Works about petroleum Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from September 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 08 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who starred in the movie deep water horizon	[ "Deepwater Horizon is a 2016 American disaster film based on actual events. It was directed by Peter Berg from a screenplay by Matthew Michael Carnahan and Matthew Sand. It stars Mark Wahlberg, Kurt Russell, John Malkovich, Gina Rodriguez, Dylan O'Brien and Kate Hudson. It is based on a 2010 article by David Barstow, David Rohde and Stephanie Saul on the Deepwater Horizon explosion and oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico.", "Deepwater Horizon is a 2016 American disaster film based on actual events. It was directed by Peter Berg from a screenplay by Matthew Michael Carnahan and Matthew Sand. It stars Mark Wahlberg, Kurt Russell, John Malkovich, Gina Rodriguez, Dylan O'Brien and Kate Hudson. It is based on a 2010 article by David Barstow, David Rohde and Stephanie Saul on the Deepwater Horizon explosion and oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico.", "Deepwater Horizon is a 2016 American disaster film based on actual events. It was directed by Peter Berg from a screenplay by Matthew Michael Carnahan and Matthew Sand. It stars Mark Wahlberg, Kurt Russell, John Malkovich, Gina Rodriguez, Dylan O'Brien and Kate Hudson. It is based on a 2010 article by David Barstow, David Rohde and Stephanie Saul on the Deepwater Horizon explosion and oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico.", "Deepwater Horizon is a 2016 American disaster film based on actual events. It was directed by Peter Berg from a screenplay by Matthew Michael Carnahan and Matthew Sand. It stars Mark Wahlberg, Kurt Russell, John Malkovich, Gina Rodriguez, Dylan O'Brien and Kate Hudson. It is based on a 2010 article by David Barstow, David Rohde and Stephanie Saul on the Deepwater Horizon explosion and oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico.", "Deepwater Horizon is a 2016 American disaster film based on actual events. It was directed by Peter Berg from a screenplay by Matthew Michael Carnahan and Matthew Sand. It stars Mark Wahlberg, Kurt Russell, John Malkovich, Gina Rodriguez, Dylan O'Brien and Kate Hudson. It is based on a 2010 article by David Barstow, David Rohde and Stephanie Saul on the Deepwater Horizon explosion and oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico.", "Deepwater Horizon is a 2016 American disaster film based on actual events. It was directed by Peter Berg from a screenplay by Matthew Michael Carnahan and Matthew Sand. It stars Mark Wahlberg, Kurt Russell, John Malkovich, Gina Rodriguez, Dylan O'Brien and Kate Hudson. It is based on a 2010 article by David Barstow, David Rohde and Stephanie Saul on the Deepwater Horizon explosion and oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico." ]	[ "Mark Wahlberg", "Kurt Russell", "John Malkovich", "Gina Rodriguez", "Dylan O'Brien", "Kate Hudson" ]
-6905840516534115577	Currency of Ecuador	Currency of Ecuador - wikipedia Currency of Ecuador This article includes a list of references , related reading or external links , but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( October 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Economy of Ecuador Overview Agriculture Central Bank of Ecuador Companies Mining Currency Tourism Ecuador topics Culture Education Geography History Ecuador portal The article provides a historical summary of the currency used in Ecuador . The present currency of Ecuador is the United States dollar . Contents 1 1822 -- 1830 Gran Colombia 2 1830 -- 1850 Peso 2.1 1830 -- 1836 State of Ecuador 2.1. 1 Countermarked coin 2.1. 2 Silver coin 2.1. 3 Big Coin 2.2 1836 -- 1843 Republic of Ecuador 2.2. 1 History 2.2. 2 Silver coin 2.2. 3 Gold coin 2.3 1843 monetary law and coin 3 1846 -- 1856 Peso fuerte 3.1 History 3.2 Silver coin 3.3 Gold coin 4 1856 -- 1871 Franco 4.1 History 4.2 Paper 4.3 Coin 5 1871 -- 1884 Peso 5.1 History 5.2 Paper 5.3 Coin 6 1884 -- 1898 Sucre ( silver standard ) 6.1 History 6.2 Paper 6.3 Coin 7 1898 -- 1914 Sucre ( gold standard ) 7.1 History 7.2 Paper 7.3 Coin 8 1914 -- 1927 Sucre ( unconvertible paper ) 8.1 History 8.2 Coin 9 1927 -- 1932 Sucre ( gold exchange standard ) 9.1 History 9.2 Paper 9.3 Coin 10 1932 -- 2000 Sucre 11 2000 Dollarization 12 References 13 Bibliography 1822 -- 1830 Gran Colombia ( edit ) Main article : Currency of Colombia § 1821 -- 1830 Gran Colombia See also : Ecuadorian real Peso = 8 Reales ( silver ) Onza = 8 Escudos = 16 Pesos ( diamonds ) Quito was part of Gran Colombia until 1830 as Departamento del Sur . Gran Colombia 's monetary regulations retained the old Spanish colonial system , with both milled and hammered coin circulating . Gold and silver were minted at Popayán and Bogotá , copper at Caracas . On July 28 , 1823 , Bolívar authorized a mint at Quito , but almost a decade would pass before one opened there . Cobs ( macuquina ) were ordered withdrawn in 1826 , but because of the lack of other coin , they continued to circulate . All kinds of foreign coin circulated on the coast as a result of foreign trade , but in the interior provinces only old Spanish colonial coin and macuquina circulated , mostly Peruvian . 1830 -- 1850 peso ( edit ) See also : Ecuadorian peso 1830 -- 1836 state of Ecuador ( edit ) Countermarked coin ( edit ) The 1832 countermark was intended solely for coin minted at Bogotá ( Cundinamarca ) between 1815 and 1821 . But coins of below - standard fineness had been minted at Bogotá in 1823 -- 1826 , but dated 1821 , and most were put into circulation in the Quito department during the Gran Colombia period . Coins of Cundinamarca and Granada , dated 1818 -- 1821 , counterstamped ' MdQ ' ( quantities unknown ) : 1 / 4 real 1 / 2 real real 2 reales 8 reales Silver coin ( edit ) Obv . arms of Colombia , rim inscription EL ECUADOR EN COLOMBIA and QUITO below the arms ; rev . denomination , rim inscribed EL PODER EN LA CONSTITUCION ; below the year and GJ ( assayer 's initials ) . A 1 - real coin was authorized February 28 , 1833 . Minting of the medio real began September 30 , 1832 , before its characteristics had been established , which explains why some have the letter `` M '' ( according to the law ) while others have `` 1 / 2 '' . silver 666 fine dated 1833 -- 1836 1 / 2 real 16 mm real , 20 mm , 3.00 -- 3.95 g 2 reales , 25 mm Big coin ( edit ) Obv . Indian head with band reading LIBERTAD , the rim inscribed EL ECUADOR EN COLOMBIA , and under the head QUITO . The minting of 2 - escudo pieces began in 1834 . Some have their value expressed as 2 - E ( 2 escudos ) , others as 1 - D ( 1 doblóon ) . gold 875 fine dated 1836 -- 1838 escudo , 18 mm , 3.383 g doblón , 22 mm , 6.766 g 1836 -- 1843 republic of Ecuador ( edit ) History ( edit ) See also : Moby Dick Coin After Ecuador became `` República del Ecuador '' on June 28 , 1835 , the inscription ( rev . ) `` EL ECUADOR EN COLOMBIA '' was changed to `` REPUBLICA DEL ECUADOR '' ( but the Colombian arms were retained ) . The minting of 1 and 2 escudo coins ceased because of an influx of counterfeits of these coins . In their place , President Vicente Rocafuerte authorized a media onza ( 4 - escudo or doblón de a quatro ) . After more minting equipment was obtained from Chile and installed at Quito , the minting of onzas ( 8 - escudo pieces ) was authorized ( February 1838 ) . A 4 - real coin was authorized October 8 , 1841 , with the same features as the other denominations , but with the added inscription `` MORAL INDUSTRIA '' around the circumference , making the coin more difficult to counterfeit . Poor quality and counterfeit coin from Colombia and Bolivia entered circulation in Ecuador , and the coins produced by the Quito mint had many flaws , so that currency standards were difficult to maintain . The use of merchant tokens became widespread . In an attempt to end the use of tokens , the government introduced a cuartillo ( 1 / 4 real ) in 1842 . The cuartillo was 333 fine and was called a calé ( the name given in Spain to the 4 - maravedí coin and which in Ecuador came to be applied to any small coin of low value ) . Silver coin ( edit ) silver 333 fine cuartillo , 16 mm ( 1842 ) silver 666 fine 1 / 2 real , 17 mm ( 1838 , 1840 ) real , 20 mm ( 1836 -- 1841 ) 2 reales , 25 mm , 5.80 -- 6.10 g ( 1836 -- 1841 ) 4 reales , 31.5 mm ( 1841 -- 1843 ) Gold coin ( edit ) gold 875 fine 1 / 2 onza ( 4 escudos ) , 28 mm , 13.500 ( 1836 -- 1839 , 1841 ) onza ( 8 escudos ) , 34 mm , 27.064 g ( 1838 -- 1843 ) 1843 monetary law and coin ( edit ) Counterfeiting had reached alarming proportions during 1842 . At this time , Ecuador was on the verge of bankruptcy . The National Convention passed a new monetary law in June 1843 , changing the coin type ( design ) in an effort to distinguish good money from bad . It adopted a new coat of arms for the obverse and placed a bust of Simón Bolívar on the reverse on both gold and silver . It authorized a gold onza ( E. 8 ) , 1 / 2 onza ( E. 4 ) , doblón ( E. 2 ) , escudo , and 1 / 2 escudo ( never minted ) . Silver coins were the peso fuerte ( R. 8 ) , medio peso ( R. 4 ) , peseta ( R. 2 ) , real , medio ( R. 1 / 2 ) , and cuarto ( R. 1 / 4 ) . But the absurdly low quantities of coin minted in 1844 -- 1845 resulted in an influx of worn coin and coin of inferior quality from neighboring countries . medio peso ( R. 4 ) , 33 mm ( 1844 , 1845 ) onza ( E. 8 ) , 36 mm ( 1844 , 1845 ) 1846 -- 1856 peso fuerte ( edit ) History ( edit ) On December 29 , 1845 , President Vicente Ramón Roca authorized a coin to compete with the fuertes ( full - bodied coin ) of other countries . This was the peso fuerte , 903 fine . The standard of 875 fine for gold was identical to that of Ecuador 's neighbors and presented no problem . The standard of 903 fine for silver , however , resulted in a heavy export of the coin . It disappeared as soon as it entered circulation ( Gresham 's law ) , grabbed up by the merchants of Guayaquil . On July 7 , 1846 , the value of the fuerte was raised from 8 to 9 reales in a vain attempt to keep it in circulation . The November 1846 monetary law adopted a new type with a bust of Bolívar for gold and a Liberty bust for silver . These appeared on coins dated 1847 . The bulk of the circulating currency consisted of poor quality , worn coins . As soon as the new silver coins appeared , they were clipped and perforated in order to reduce their value to that of the circulating currency , while gold coins immediately disappeared abroad . By the 1850s the Quito mint was not receiving enough precious metals to justify its operation . It had to coin a minimum of 6,000 pesos a year just to meet overhead . The mint was shut down during 1853 while the government considered the options of keeping it open or shutting it down . The mint equipment was worn and could not produce coin in sufficient quantity to compete with the foreign coin that entered Ecuador , especially through the port of Guayaquil . Many coins in circulation were pierced with a hole , and this was causing problems in financial transactions . The governor of Pichincha Province proclaimed that anyone piercing a coin minted after 1855 would be punished according to existing penal regulations and that anyone receiving such a pierced coin had to make note of the person passing it . Silver coin ( edit ) silver 666 fine dated 1847 -- 1852 1 / 4 real , 12 mm , 1849 -- 1862 1 / 2 real , 17 mm , 1848 -- 1849 2 reales , 27 mm , 1847 -- 1852 silver 903 fine dated 1846 peso fuerte , 38 mm , 27.000 g ( 1,386 pieces ) Gold coin ( edit ) gold , 875 fine dated 1847 -- 1856 onza , 37 mm , 27.064 g 1856 -- 1871 Franco ( edit ) Peso = 5 Francos = 10 Reales See also : Ecuadorian peso History ( edit ) Congress passed a new monetary law on December 5 , 1856 , adopting the French decimal system , a standard of 0.900 for silver , and the Ecuadorian Franco , equal to 4.500 g fine silver or 290.3225 mg fine gold . The peso remained a unit of account equal to 5 francos . This measure was intended to avoid the error committed with the peso fuerte of 1846 . Only decimal standard coins were to be accepted after October 15 , 1866 . The Ecuadorian silver coinage had been debased ever since 1833 . The government wanted to produce coins of high silver content to finance foreign exchange , so the debased silver had to be withdrawn and replaced with 900 fine silver . This was the reason for the 5 - Franco coin , but its appearance in October 1858 caused some confusion . The decimal system was quite unfamiliar to the public and , despite the Franco 's introduction , the custom of counting in pesos of 8 reales or tostones of 4 reales continued . Production of the 5 francos could not be sustained and it proved impossible to replace all the poor coin ( moneda feble , i.e. , coin 666 fine ) . The 1859 earthquake closed the Quito mint until 1861 . Banco Particular de Guayaquil obtained permission in June 1861 to have 200,000 pesos in coin 666 fine minted on the pre-1856 octal system ( Sistema Octavario ) . Dies for the coins were engraved in Paris and arrived in Quito in October 1862 . These were the last coins produced at the Quito mint . In February 1863 the mint equipment gave out and the government did not attempt to replace it . Besides , Banco de Guayaquil had no wish to continue minting : in minting 35,580 pesos , it had suffered a loss of 6,776 pesos ( 19 % ) . Thus , after 1863 , all Ecuadorian coin was minted abroad . To keep coin in circulation , President Gabriel García Moreno prohibited the export of coin 666 fine . The circulation of various kinds of tokens became common . Imbabura Province , in the north , was authorized to allow the free circulation of Colombian francos . Paper ( edit ) Banco de Circulación y Descuento de Manuel Antonio de Luzarraga , Guayaquil , issued Ecuador 's first banknotes in 1859 in denominations of 1 , 4 , 5 , 10 , and 20 pesos . All its notes were redeemed . La Caja de Amortización , Guayaquil , opened in 1860 , issuing notes for 5 and 10 pesos in the amount of 100,000 pesos . It closed in 1861 . Banco Particular de Descuento i Circulación de Guayaquil , founded in 1861 by an association of 50 merchants , began issuing notes in 1862 in denominations of 1 , 5 , 10 , and 20 pesos , adding a 50 and 100 in 1864 , and notes for 2 and 4 reales in 1865 . This bank did much to popularize the use of paper money . It merged into Banco del Ecuador in 1870 . Banco de Circulacion y Descuento de Planas , Pérez y Obarrio opened at Guayaquil in 1865 and , without government authorization , issued 300,000 pesos in notes of 4 reales and 1 , 5 , 10 , and 20 pesos . In 1867 it was obliged to recall its notes and close its doors . Banco del Ecuador , founded in 1867 , began operations at Guayaquil in 1868 , issuing overprinted notes of the Luzarraga bank for 1 , 4 , 5 , and 10 pesos . It issued new notes in 1870 for 2 and 4 reales and 1 peso . ' ' Coin ( edit ) silver 666 fine 1 / 4 real , 12 mm ( 1855 , 1856 , 1862 ) 2 reales , 26 mm ( 1857 , 1862 ) 4 reales , 33.5 mm ( 1855 , 1857 , 1862 ) silver 900 fine 5 francos , 37.5 mm , 25.000 g ( 1858 ) 1871 -- 1884 peso ( edit ) Peso = 10 Reales = 100 Centavos Conversion : 1 peso = 5 francos History ( edit ) The silver peso of 25.000 g 900 fine was made the monetary unit on November 21 , 1871 , and it was decimalized November 21 , 1873 . The issue of 1 and 2 centavo copper coins ( minted in Birmingham ) was decreed June 8 , 1872 , and President García Moreno provided that the new coins would be received by the government at the rate of 10 centavos per real or 100 centavos per peso fuerte of 10 reales . This established a legal equivalence between the old money and the new . It was further arranged to have Banco del Ecuador import coin based on the French decimal system . García Moreno thus settled the basic problems of Ecuador 's currency . In 1877 President Ignacio de Veintimilla authorized the free circulation of coin less than 900 fine , with the immediate result that good quality coin disappeared from circulation , replaced by coin from Chile and Bolivia that was only 500 fine . Paper ( edit ) Banco del Ecuador issued notes for 2 & 4 reales and 1 , 5 , 10 , 20 , 100 , 500 & 1000 pesos . Banco Nacional , Guayaquil , issued notes briefly in 1871 for 2 and 4 reales and for 1 , 5 , 10 , 20 , and 100 pesos . It was taken over by Banco del Eduador , which began withdrawing Banco Nacional 's notes in 1872 . Banco de Quito was the first Quito - based bank . It began issuing notes in 1874 for 2 reales and 1 , 2 , 5 , 10 , 20 , 50 , and 100 pesos . A new series appeared in 1880 for 1 , 5 , 10 , 20 , and 100 pesos . Banco de la Union , Quito , issued notes from 1882 for 1 , 5 , 10 , 20 , and 100 pesos . It handled the personal finances of President Veintimilla . Banco Anglo - Ecuatoriano was established in 1884 at Montecristi , later moving to Guayaquil . It issued notes for 1 , 5 , and 10 pesos . Coin ( edit ) copper , Birmingham , dated 1872 centavo , 25.5 mm 2 centavos , 31 mm 1884 -- 1898 sucre ( silver standard ) ( edit ) Sucre = 10 Décimos = 100 Centavos Conversion : 1 sucre = 1 peso History ( edit ) Ecuador 's monetary unit , the peso , was renamed Sucre ( decree of March 22 , 1884 , effective April 1 ) , equal to 22.500 g fine silver . The Sucre was named after the Latin American revolutionary Antonio José de Sucre . The 1884 monetary law permitted free circulation of gold coin of France , Italy , Belgium , Switzerland , Colombia , Peru , and the United States . As for silver , the law permitted the import of 5 - franc pieces of France , Italy , Belgium , and Switzerland , of the pesos of Chile and Colombia , of the Peruvian sol , and of the United States dollar and its fractions . Copper ( vellón ) was made legal tender to 5 décimos . Bank reserves were in silver coin and banknotes were convertible solely into silver . Ecuador was on a de facto silver standard and did not coin any gold between 1884 and 1892 . The government had silver coin minted abroad through the offices of the private banks , usually taking 25 % of the profit . The Government signed a contract , October 6 , 1887 , with Banco del Ecuador to withdraw Chilean coin and low - quality national coin and replace it with coin of standard fineness . A decree of April 12 , 1889 , made the Bolivian coin circulating in the southern part of Ecuador equal to other coin , since its holders had been losing 20 % on exchange . Banco Internacional was entrusted with withdrawing the Bolivian coin , paying partly in good coin and partly in notes . In 1890 Colombian coin 835 fine was exchanged at its face value . Between 1887 and 1892 over 1.75 million sucres worth of substandard coin was withdrawn , so that only high quality silver coin remained in circulation . President Antonio Flores Jijón ( son of Presidente Juan José Flores ) announced that from August 15 , 1890 , only national coin was allowed to circulate in Ecuador , and Ecuador 's monetary system was finally unified . But the total face value of coin in circulation had been reduced . In order to alleviate the shortage of small change , the President authorized ( June 14 , 1890 ) the minting of 30,000 sucres in copper coins of 1 / 2 and 1 centavo . The fall in the price of silver had been gradual in 1884 -- 1890 , but became very pronounced after 1893 , and the government began looking at ways to adopt the gold standard . In 1897 , the Monetary Commission reported that of the 4,790,730 sucres that had been minted up to then , 2,810,850 had been in 1 - sucre coins and 2,079,000 in halves , tenths , and twentieths . It also reported that of the total , 2,931,081.15 was deposited with the banks and that half of the remainder was still in circulation , the other half either exported or used by industry . Paper ( edit ) Banco del Ecuador issued notes of 1 , 2 , 5 , 10 , 20 , 50 , 100 , 500 & 1000 sucres . It was one of the most powerful banks of the period . Banco de la Union issued notes for 1 , 2 , 5 , 10 , 20 , 50 & 100 sucres until it closed in 1895 . Banco Anglo - Ecuatoriano issued notes for 1 , 5 & 10 sucres until it was reorganized as Banco Internacional in 1887 . Banco de Londres y Ecuador , Quito , evidently issued notes for 1 , 5 , and 10 sucres . ( No information about this bank is available . ) Banco Internacional was reorganized in 1885 from Banco Anglo - Ecuatoriano . It issued notes for 1 , 5 , 10 , 20 , 100 , 500 & 1000 sucres . New designs of the 50 & 100 appeared in 1889 . It was reorganized in 1894 as Comercial y Agricola . Banco Comercial y Agricola , reorganized in 1894 from Banco Internacional , issued notes for 1 , 5 , 20 , 100 , 500 & 1000 sucres . The color of the 1 - sucre note was changed in 1897 , Coin ( edit ) copper - nickel , dated 1884 -- 1886 centavo , 17.5 mm medio décimo , 25 mm silver 900 fine dated 1884 -- 1916 medio décimo , 15 mm , 1.250 g décimo , 18 mm , 2.500 g 2 décimos , 23 mm , 5.000 g medio sucre , 30 mm , 12.500 g sucre , 37 mm , 25.000 g 1898 -- 1914 sucre ( gold standard ) ( edit ) Sucre ( S / . ) = 10 Décimos = 100 Centavos History ( edit ) The gold standard was adopted November 3 , 1898 , the gold coin to be called the cóndor ecuatoriano , 8.136 g , 900 fine , with a value of 10 sucres . This made the sucre equal to 732.22382 mg fine gold or 2 shillings sterling . Gold par was 10 sucres per pound sterling , 2.055 per US $1 , and 2.522 francs per sucre . Silver pieces were the peseta ( 2 décimos ) , the real or décimo ( 10 centavos ) , and the medio ( 5 centavos ) . The 1898 law also made the sovereign legal tender . A subsequent decree ( October 29 , 1908 ) authorized a gold 1 / 5 cóndor and vellón coins ( 75 % copper , 25 % nickel ) of 1 / 2 , 1 , 2 , and 5 centavos . Paper ( edit ) Banco del Ecuador and Banco Comercial y Agricola continued issuing . They were joined by two new issuing banks . Banco del Pichincha , Quito , issued notes for 1 , 5 , 10 , and 20 sucres from 1906 . A second issue was for 1 , 5 , 10 , 20 , 50 & 100 sucres . Banco del Azuay , Cuenca , issued notes from 1913 for 1 , 2 , 5 , and 10 sucres . Coin ( edit ) copper - nickel , Heaton mint , dated 1909 1 / 2 centavo , 15 mm ( 4 million ) centavo , 17 mm ( 3 million ) 2 centavos , 19 mm ( 2.5 million ) 5 centavos , 21 mm ( 2 million ) gold 900 fine dated 1899 -- 1900 ( Heaton mint ) 10 sucres , 22 mm , 8.136 g ( 100,000 pieces ) To mint the cóndor , the government sold 3 million sucres in silver coin ( all the half - sucre coins and all the foreign silver that it had taken from circulation in southern Ecuador ) . The cóndor was minted at Birmingham and issued through the private banks Banco Comercial y Agrícola and Banco del Ecuador . 1914 -- 1927 sucre ( unconvertible paper ) ( edit ) History ( edit ) The gold standard was suspended in 1914 and banknotes were declared unconvertible tender . The price of silver rose and its export was embargoed . The exchange rate remained at par ( 2.055 per US $1 ) until 1918 , when progressive depreciation set in . The government established a complete monopoly on foreign bills of exchange . Late in 1922 the free market rate fell to 5.405 per dollar . The government took draconian measures , requiring exporters to surrender foreign exchange earnings at a rate set by the Exchange Commission ( 3.60 / US $ ) . The government struggled with the foreign exchange problem until the sucre was finally stabilized in 1926 at 5 sucres per US dollar . The economic situation was disastrous , due in part to the fraud of the commercial banks , the most notorious of which was Banco Comercial y Agrícola 's issue of notes in excess of the legal limit in the huge amount of 18 million sucres . The Junta de Gobierno produced by the July Revolution ( Revolución Juliana , July 9 , 1925 ) wished to create a central bank , despite violent opposition . There were then six banks of issue : del Ecuador , Commercial y Agricola , de Pichincha , Credito Agricola e Industrial , del Azuay , and the recently opened ( 1920 ) Banco de Descuento . Coin ( edit ) copper - nickel , Philadelphia mint , dated 1917 , 1918 21⁄2 centavos , 19 mm ( 1.60 million 1917 ) 5 centavos , 21 mm ( 1.20 million 1917 , 1.98 million 1918 ) 10 centavos , 22 mm ( 1.00 million 1918 ) copper - nickel , Providence mint , dated 1919 5 centavos , 20 mm ( 12.00 million ) 10 centavos , 25 mm ( 2.00 million ) copper - nickel , Heaton mint , dated 1924 5 centavos , 16.5 mm ( 10.00 million ) * 10 centavos , 19.5 mm ( 5.00 million ) 1927 -- 1932 sucre ( gold exchange standard ) ( edit ) Sucre = 100 Centavos Cóndor = 25 Sucres History ( edit ) A government decree of October 9 , 1925 , authorized a central bank , and on June 23 , 1926 , President Isidro Ayora created the Caja Central de Emisión y Amortización ( central office for note issue and withdrawal ) in anticipation of the central bank . Its main task was to assume control of the notes and metallic reserves of the six private banks of issue , and to withdraw their notes in exchange for notes of its own . Caja began exchanging private banknotes for notes of its own in December 1926 , continuing its operations until August 12 , 1927 . The Kemmerer Financial Mission ( Comisión de Expertos Financieros ) arrived in 1926 , and its report was the basis for the monetary reform of March 4 , 1927 , which created El Banco Central del Ecuador and put the sucre on the gold exchange standard , with devaluation ( 58.8 % ) to 300.933 mg Au ( equivalent to US $0.20 ) . The new cóndor was 8.35925 g 900 fine , valued at 25 sucres ( equivalent to the US half eagle ) . Banco Central 's statutes were approved June 3 , it was formally inaugurated August 10 , and it began operations October 1 . Ecuadorian gold was recoined at Birmingham , silver at Philadelphia . Paper ( edit ) Private banknotes ceased to circulate after 1927 . Caja Central de Emisión y Amortización overprinted certain private banknotes of 1 , 2 , 5 , and 10 sucres with its own name , domiciled them Quito , and put them into circulation in December 1926 . This was a provisional series to prepare for a central bank of issue . El Banco Central del Ecuador , Sociedad Anonima released notes for 5 , 10 , 20 , 50 , and 100 sucres in 1928 . These notes had a gold redemption clause , e.g. , `` Pagará al portador á la vista CINCO SUCRES en oro ó giros oro '' ( promises to pay the bearer at sight FIVE SUCRES in gold or gold exchange ) . The gold clause was retained on Banco Central 's notes until 1939 . Coin ( edit ) The great variety in type and size of the copper and nickel coins introduced between 1914 and 1925 was awkward and confusing , so they were all replaced by coins minted at Philadelphia and dated 1928 . bronze , Philadelphia mint , dated 1928 centavo , 20.5 mm ( 2.016 million ) copper - nickel , Philadelphia mint , dated 1928 21⁄2 centavos , 18.5 mm ( 4 million ) 5 centavos , 19.5 mm ( 16 million ) 10 centavos , 21 mm ( 16 million ) silver 720 fine dated 1928 , 1930 , 1934 ( Philadelphia ) 50 centavos , 18 mm , 2.500 g sucre , 23.5 mm , 5.000 g 2 sucres , 28.75 mm , 10.000 g Banco Central sent 63,680 cóndores of the 1898 standard to Birmingham to be recoined into 20,000 new cóndores , the remainder to be sold as bullion . gold 900 fine dated 1928 ( Birmingham ) cóndor ( 25 sucres ) , 22 mm , 8.35925 g ( 20,000 pieces ) 1932 -- 2000 sucre ( edit ) Main article : Ecuadorian sucre The gold exchange standard was suspended February 8 , 1932 . Exchange controls were adopted April 30 and the official rate was fixed at 5.95 ( buying ) per US dollar . After the price of silver rose above the nominal value of most silver coins in the 1930s , Ecuador embargoed the export of silver ( May 17 , 1935 ) . This was followed by numerous adjustments to the foreign exchange system as the sucre continued to depreciate . Foreign exchange controls were finally lifted in September 1937 and the official rate was set at 13.50 per US dollar . The sucre was devalued to 14.77 per dollar on June 4 , 1940 , and exchange controls were reimposed . The official rate became 14.00 per in 1942 and 13.50 per in 1944 . Parity was registered with the International Monetary Fund on December 18 , 1946 , at 65.827 mg fine gold ( 13.50 per US $ ) , but a system of multiple exchange rates was adopted in 1947 . The sucre 's IMF par was devalued to 15 per dollar in 1950 , to 18 per in 1961 , and to 25 per in 1970 . The sucre maintained a fairly stable exchange rate against the US dollar until 1983 , when it was devalued to 42 per dollar and a crawling peg was adopted . Depreciation gained momentum and the free market rate was over 800 per dollar by 1990 and almost 3000 per in 1995 . The sucre lost 67 % of its foreign exchange value during 1999 , then in one week nosedived 17 % , ending at 25,000 / US $1 on January 7 , 2000 . On January 9 , President Jamil Mahuad announced that the US dollar would be adopted as Ecuador 's official currency . Protests led to his removal . Vice President Gustavo Noboa became president , only to confirm the government 's commitment to dollarization . On March 9 , 2000 , Noboa signed a law passed by Congress , replacing the sucre with the United States dollar at an official exchange rate of 25,000 sucres per US $1 . Both currencies were to circulate , the dollar being used for all but the smallest transactions . Only coins would continue in the local currency . 2000 dollarization ( edit ) Main article : United States dollar US Dollar Conversion : 1 US dollar = 25,000 sucres The US dollar became legal tender in Ecuador March 13 , 2000 , and sucre notes ceased being legal tender on September 11 . Sucre notes remained exchangeable at Banco Central until March 30 , 2001 , at 25,000 sucres per dollar . Ecuador now only issues its own centavo coins . References ( edit ) Banco Central del Ecuador Museo Numismatico , Archivo base de numismática , archived from the original ( -- ) on January 24 , 2016 , retrieved May 7 , 2008 ( in Spanish ) Digital publication of Banco Central del Ecuador Museo y biblioteca virtuales . Zipped PDF file , 220 pages . Bruce II , Colin R. , ed. ( 2007 ) , 2008 Standard catalog of world coins 1901 -- 2000 ( 35th ed . ) , Iola , WI : Krause , pp. 712 -- 717 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 89689 - 500 - 3 . Cribb , Joe ; Cook , Barrie ; Carradice , Ian ( 1990 ) , The coin atlas , New York : Facts on File , pp. 302 -- 303 , ISBN 0 - 8160 - 2097 - 3 . Chester L. Krause and Clifford Mishler. ( 2001 ) , Krause , Chester L. ; Mishler , Clifford , eds. , Standard catalog of world coins 1801 -- 1900 ( 3rd ed . ) , Iola , WI : Krause , pp. 295 -- 299 , ISBN 0 - 87349 - 305 - 2 . Sédillot , René ( 1955 ) , Toutes les monnaies du monde , Paris : Recueil Sirey , pp. 166 , 394 , 502 -- 504 . based on the original writings of Albert Pick ; edited by Neil Shafer & George S. Cuhaj ; Randy Thern , numismatic cataloging supervisor ; special consultants Colin R. Bruce ... ( 2002 ) , Shafer , Neil ; Cuhaj , George S. , eds. , Standard catalog of world paper money : specialized issues , 1 ( 9th ed . ) , Iola , WI : Krause , pp. 554 -- 565 , ISBN 0 - 87349 - 466 - 0 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) . Las casas de moneda españolas en América del sur ( in Spanish ) , archived from the original on April 5 , 2008 , retrieved May 7 , 2008 On - line book detailing the history of the Spanish mints in South America . Marr , Df ( Oct 1987 ) , `` Numismática '' , Indian journal of leprosy ( in Spanish ) , 59 ( 4 ) : 463 -- 7 , ISSN 0254 - 9395 , PMID 3330556 , retrieved May 7 , 2008 Historical information on Ecuadorian currency by Banco Central del Ecuador 's Museo y biblioteca virtuales . Bibliography ( edit ) Hoyos Galarza , Melvin : La Moneda Ecuatoriana a través de los tiempos . Banco de Guayaquil , Editorial El Conejo , Quito , 1998 , ISBN 9978 - 87 - 181 - 0 ( 173 pp , illus . ) . Iza Terán , Carlos : Catálogo Museo Numismático Quito , Banco Central del Ecuador , Quito , 2000 , ISBN 9978 - 72 - 336 - 6 . Ortuño , Carlos : Historia Numismatica del Ecuador . Banco Central del Ecuador , Quito , 1977 ( 234 pp. illus , some in colour ) . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Currency_of_Ecuador&oldid=850047365 '' Categories : Currencies of Ecuador Economic history of Ecuador Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2013 Articles lacking in - text citations from October 2010 All articles lacking in - text citations All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Articles with Spanish - language external links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 July 2018 , at 07 : 03 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did ecuador change to the us dollar	[ "The US dollar became legal tender in Ecuador March 13, 2000, and sucre notes ceased being legal tender on September 11.[citation needed] Sucre notes remained exchangeable at Banco Central until March 30, 2001, at 25,000 sucres per dollar.[citation needed] Ecuador now only issues its own centavo coins.[citation needed]\n" ]	[ "March 13, 2000" ]
2770350421788002685	List of most subscribed YouTube channels	List of most subscribed YouTube channels - wikipedia List of most subscribed YouTube channels Jump to : navigation , search PewDiePie is the most subscribed user on YouTube , with over 57 million subscribers as of September 2017 . This list of most subscribed users on YouTube contains the top 50 channels with the most subscribers on the video platform YouTube . The ability to `` subscribe '' to a user 's channel was added to YouTube by late October 2005 , and the `` most subscribed '' list on YouTube began as a chart by May 2006 , at which time Smosh was number one with fewer than 3,000 subscribers . Since December 22 , 2013 , the most subscribed user has been PewDiePie with 57 million followers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Top channels 1.1 All - time 1.2 By country 2 Historical most subscribed channels 2.1 Timeline 3 Reactions 4 See also 5 References Top channels ( edit ) All - time ( edit ) The following table lists the top 50 most subscribed channels on YouTube , with each total rounded down to the nearest million subscribers , as well as the network , country and language of each channel . Channels marked as `` Auto - generated by YouTube '' ( such as Music , Gaming , Sports and Movies ) are not included . As of October 12 , 2017 , 30 out of the 50 top channels originate from English - speaking countries ( 21 from the United States ) and 35 are English - language channels . Vevo channel Self - owned channel ( without a network ) Rank Chg Channel name Network Country Language Subscribers ( millions ) 1 . PewDiePie N / A Sweden English 57 2 . HolaSoyGerman . Machinima Chile Spanish 32 3 . JustinBieberVEVO Vevo Canada English 31 4 . T - Series tseriesmusic India Hindi 25 5 . elrubiusOMG Mixicom Spain Spanish 25 6 . RihannaVEVO Vevo Barbados English 7 . YouTube Spotlight Google United States English 8 . TaylorSwiftVEVO Vevo 9 . KatyPerryVEVO 10 . Fernanfloo BroadbandTV El Salvador Spanish 24 11 . whinderssonnunes N / A Brazil Portuguese 23 12 . EminemVEVO Vevo United States English 13 . Dude Perfect N / A 14 . Smosh Break 22 15 . OneDirectionVEVO Vevo United Kingdom 16 . JuegaGerman Machinima Chile Spanish 21 17 . Ed Sheeran WMG United Kingdom English 18 . VanossGaming N / A Canada 19 . TheEllenShow Time Warner United States 20 20 . nigahiga N / A 21 . Canal KondZilla ONErpm Brazil Portuguese 19 22 . VEGETTA777 Mixicom Spain Spanish 23 . Yuya N / A Mexico 24 . Spinnin ' Records Spinnin Records Netherlands English 18 25 . Markiplier Maker Studios United States 26 . WWE N / A 27 . ArianaGrandeVevo Vevo 28 . JennaMarbles N / A 17 29 . Bruno Mars WMG 30 . KSI StyleHaul United Kingdom 31 . shakiraVEVO Vevo Colombia English / Spanish 16 32 . jacksepticeye Maker Studios Ireland English 33 . DanTDM StyleHaul United Kingdom 34 . Skrillex N / A United States 35 . FBE 36 . Trap Nation 15 37 . WatchMojo.com WatchMojo Canada 38 . SET India SET India Hindi 39 . AdeleVEVO Vevo United Kingdom English 40 . enchufetv N / A Ecuador Spanish 41 . David Guetta Vevo France English 14 42 . Vevo United States 43 . Felipe Neto N / A Brazil Portuguese 44 . The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon NBCU Shows United States English 45 . Maroon5VEVO Vevo 46 . ERB Maker Studios 47 . SelenaGomezVEVO Vevo 48 . CanalCanalha Endemol beyond Brasil Brazil Portuguese 49 . Werevertumorro sevenludus Mexico Spanish 50 . PTXofficial N / A United States English 13 As of October 12 , 2017 By country ( edit ) The following table lists the YouTube channels with the greatest number of subscribers by the country or territory that their channel originates from . Only countries that have at least one channel with over 1 million subscribers are included . Rank Chg Country Channel name Subscribers ( millions ) 1 . Sweden PewDiePie 57 2 . Chile HolaSoyGerman . 32 3 . Canada JustinBieberVEVO 31 4 . Spain elrubiusOMG 25 5 . India T - Series 6 . Barbados RihannaVEVO 7 . USA YouTube Spotlight 8 . El Salvador Fernanfloo 24 9 . Brazil whinderssonnunes 23 10 . UK OneDirectionVEVO 22 11 . Mexico Yuya 19 12 . Netherlands Spinnin ' Records 18 13 . Colombia shakiraVEVO 16 14 . Ireland jacksepticeye 15 . Ecuador enchufetv 15 16 . France David Guetta 14 17 . Puerto Rico LuisFonsiVEVO 13 18 . Russia Get Movies 19 . Ukraine EeOneGuy 12 20 . South Korea SMTOWN 11 21 . Venezuela Dross Rotzank 22 . Finland Clash of Clans 23 . Thailand Workpoint 10 24 . Australia HowToBasic 9 25 . Argentina El Reino Infantil 26 . Norway Alan Walker 27 . South Africa Caspar Lee 7 28 . Turkey netd müzik 29 . Italy Marzia 30 . Philippines ABS - CBN Entertainment 6 31 . Austria Red Bull 32 . Belgium Tomorrowland 33 . Germany freekickerz 5 34 . Japan はじめしゃちょー ( hajime ) 35 . Jordan toyoraljanahtv 36 . Saudi Arabia Rotana 37 . Portugal SirKazzio 38 . UAE MBC GROUP 39 . Peru whatdafaqshow 40 . Uruguay dosogas 41 . Vietnam POPS MUSIC 42 . Iraq الرماس ميوزك 43 . Romania Cat Music 44 . Morocco Saad Lamjarred 45 . Poland SA Wardega 46 . Latvia TrapMusicHDTV 47 . Denmark LEGO 48 . Israel TuTiTuTV 49 . New Zealand Shaaanxo 50 . Indonesia Raditya Dika 51 . Czechia ViralBrothers 52 . Croatia 2CELLOS 53 . Egypt Albernameg 54 . Pakistan Coke Studio 55 . Taiwan TGOP 這群人 56 . Belarus tellblog.net 57 . Switzerland Typhoon Cinema 58 . Bulgaria Bodil40 59 . Kuwait Swar Shuaib 60 . Malaysia Les ' Copaque Production 61 . Kazakhstan Saspens 62 . China Hunan Television 63 . Dominican Republic El Show de Carlos Durán 64 . Serbia IDJVideos.TV 65 . Slovakia GoGoManTV 66 . Palestine M.A TUBE 67 . Qatar Al Jazeera Arabic قناة الجزيرة 68 . Algeria Oum Walid 69 . Slovenia Tiger Productions 70 . Panama Windy GirkTV 71 . Nigeria MarkAngelComedy 72 . Lebanon Elissa 73 . Nepal Music Nepal 74 . Jamaica JavierNathaniel 75 . Singapore Clicknetwork 76 . Hong Kong 蘋果動新聞 HK Apple Daily As of October 12 , 2017 Historical most subscribed channels ( edit ) The following table lists the last 16 channels to become YouTube 's most subscribed channel , from May 2006 to present . Current record Former record Channel name Network / owner Country Date achieved Days held Reference PewDiePie Felix Kjellberg Sweden Dec 22 , 2013 1,390 YouTube Spotlight Google USA Dec 12 , 2013 10 PewDiePie Felix Kjellberg Sweden Dec 8 , 2013 YouTube Spotlight Google USA Nov 2 , 2013 36 PewDiePie Felix Kjellberg Sweden Aug 15 , 2013 80 Smosh Defy Media USA Jan 12 , 2013 215 Ray William Johnson Ray Johnson Jun 28 , 2011 564 nigahiga Ryan Higa Aug 20 , 2009 677 Fяᴇᴅ Lucas Cruikshank Oct 6 , 2008 318 nigahiga nigahiga Sep 24 , 2008 12 Smosh Defy Media Apr 26 , 2007 517 lonelygirl15 Mesh Flinders Sep 17 , 2006 221 geriatric1927 Peter Oakley UK Aug 17 , 2006 31 Brookers Brooke Brodack USA Jul 3 , 2006 45 Judson Laipply Judson Laipply Jun 12 , 2006 21 Smosh Defy Media May 17 , 2006 26 As of October 12 , 2017 Timeline ( edit ) Timeline of Most Subscribed Channels ( May 2006 -- Oct 2017 ) Reactions ( edit ) In late 2006 , when Peter Oakley , also known as Geriatric1927 , became most subscribed , a number of TV channels wanted to interview him on his rise to fame . The Daily Mail and TechBlog did an article about him and his success . In 2009 , the FRED channel was the first to have over one million subscribers . Following the third time that Smosh became most subscribed , Ray William Johnson collaborated with the duo . A flurry of top YouTubers including Ryan Higa , Shane Dawson , Felix Kjellberg , Michael Buckley , Kassem Gharaibeh , The Fine Brothers , and Johnson himself , congratulated the duo shortly after they surpassed Johnson as the most subscribed channel . See also ( edit ) List of most viewed YouTube videos List of most viewed Vevo videos List of most liked YouTube videos List of most disliked YouTube videos List of most viewed online videos in the first 24 hours List of most viewed online trailers in the first 24 hours References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Top 100 sorted by Subscribers . YouTubers sorted by Subscribers - Socialblade YouTube Stats YouTube Statistics '' . socialblade.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` It 's been awhile since our last update '' . Official YouTube Blog . Blogspot . October 25 , 2005 . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Most Subscribed Members - May 17 , 2006 , youtube.com Jump up ^ `` Track YouTube analytics , future predictions , & live subscriber counts - Social Blade '' . socialblade.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` PewDiePie '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` HolaSoyGerman . '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` JustinBieberVEVO '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` T - Series '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` elrubiusOMG '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` RihannaVEVO '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` YouTube Spotlight '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TaylorSwiftVEVO '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` KatyPerryVEVO '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fernanfloo '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` whinderssonnunes '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EminemVEVO '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dude Perfect '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Smosh '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` OneDirectionVEVO '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` JuegaGerman '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VanossGaming '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TheEllenShow '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` nigahiga '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Canal KondZilla '' . YouTube . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VEGETTA777 '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yuya '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Spinnin ' Records '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Markiplier '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` WWEFanNation '' . YouTube . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ArianaGrandeVevo '' . YouTube . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` JennaMarbles '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bruno Mars '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` KSI '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` shakiraVEVO '' . YouTube . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` jacksepticeye '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DanTDM '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Skrillex '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fine Brothers Entertainment '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TrapNation '' . YouTube . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WatchMojo.com '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SET India '' . YouTube . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AdeleVEVO '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` enchufetv '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` David Guetta '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vevo '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Felipe Neto '' . YouTube . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Maroon5VEVO '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ERB '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SelenaGomezVEVO '' . YouTube . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CanalCanalha '' . YouTube . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Werevertumorro '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PTXofficial '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` PewDiePie '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LuisFonsiVEVO '' . YouTube . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Get Movies '' . YouTube . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EeOneGuy '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SMTOWN '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dross Rotzank '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Clash of Clans '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WORKPOINT OFFICIAL '' . YouTube . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` HowToBasic '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` El Reino Infantil '' . YouTube . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alan Walker '' . YouTube . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Caspar Lee '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` netd müzik '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Marzia '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ABS - CBN Entertainment '' . YouTube . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Red Bull '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tomorrowland '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` freekickerz '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` はじめしゃちょー ( hajime ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` toyoraljanahtv '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rotana '' . YouTube . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SirKazzio '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MBC GROUP '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` whatdafaqshow '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` dosogas '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` POPS MUSIC '' . YouTube . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` الرماس ميوزك '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cat Music '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Saad Lamjarred '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SA Wardega '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TrapMusicHDTV '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LEGO '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TuTiTuTV '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shaaanxo '' . YouTube . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Raditya Dika '' . YouTube . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ViralBrothers '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2CELLOS '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Albernameg '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Coke Studio '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TGOP ( This Group Of People ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` tellblog.net '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Typhoon Cinema '' . Youtube . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bodil40 '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swar Shuaib '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Les ' Copaque Production '' . YouTube . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Saspens '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 湖南卫视芒果 TV 官方频道 China HunanTV Official Channel '' . YouTube . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` El Show de Carlos Durán '' . YouTube . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IDJVideos.TV '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GoGoManTV '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` M.A TUBE '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Al Jazeera Arabic قناة الجزيرة '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oum Walid '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Productions '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Windy GirkTV '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MarkAngelComedy '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Elissa '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Music Nepal '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` JavierNathaniel '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Clicknetwork '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 蘋果動新聞 HK Apple Daily '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dryden , Liam ( 16 March 2017 ) . `` A Complete Timeline Of Every `` Most Subscribed '' YouTuber In History `` . We The Unicorns . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PewDiePie - YouTube '' . 2013 - 12 - 22 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` YouTube Spotlight - YouTube '' . 2013 - 12 - 22 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ joshuajcohen ( 2013 - 11 - 04 ) . `` YouTube Is Now The Most Subscribed Channel On YouTube '' . Tubefilter . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ joshuajcohen ( 2013 - 08 - 16 ) . `` It 's Official : PewDiePie Becomes # 1 Most Subscribed Channel On YouTube '' . Tubefilter . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ joshuajcohen ( 2013 - 01 - 12 ) . `` Smosh Passes Ray William Johnson as # 1 Most Subscribed YouTube Channel '' . Tubefilter . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` SMOSH Becomes The # 1 Most - Subscribed YouTube Channel - New Media Rockstars '' . 2013 - 01 - 12 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Ray William Johnson '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Humphrey , Michael . `` Ray William Johnson : = 3 Adds Up To Most - Subscribed On YouTube '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Ray William Johnson Surpasses Nigahiga To Become The Most Subscribed YouTuber Of All Time '' . socialtimes.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ Parr , Ben . `` DETHRONED : Fred No Longer # 1 on YouTube '' . Mashable . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ William Hyde ( 2009 - 08 - 21 ) , YouTube Winners & Losers ! NigaHiga and Fred , retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 Jump up ^ `` FRED '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : BuckHollywood ( 2008 - 10 - 06 ) , Fred , Smosh or Nigahiga ? ! , retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 Jump up ^ Heffernan , Virginia . `` A Big Deal : The Run - Off on YouTube ! ! '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` lonelygirl15 '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube Stars ! : The Lonelygirl15 Story '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ Jr , Tom Zeller ( 2006 - 09 - 17 ) . `` Lonelygirl15 : Prank , Art or Both '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Greatest Internet Memes of All Time12 . Lonelygirl15 '' . Complex . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` geriatric1927 '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The meteoric rise of geriatric1927 '' . 2006 - 08 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Brookers '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brooke BRODACK EMC '' . www.entertainment-masterclass.tv . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube - Most Subscribed Channels '' . 2006 - 07 - 03 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 07 - 03 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Judson Laipply '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gutelle , Sam ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` The History Of YouTube 's Most - Subscribed Channels Is A Fun Nostalgia Trip '' . tubefilter . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . In the early days , anyone who made a big viral video could enter the top ten , with `` Evolution of Dance '' performer Judson Laipply even holding the top spot for a bit . Jump up ^ `` YouTube - Most Subscribed Members ( This Month ) '' . 2006 - 05 - 04 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 05 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Ray William Johnson ( January 15 , 2013 ) . `` RWJ vs SMOSH '' . YouTube . = 3 . Retrieved August 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Joshua Cohen ( January 12 , 2013 ) . `` YouTubers Respond to Smosh Becoming # 1 Most - Subscribed YouTube Channel '' . Tubefilter . Retrieved August 9 , 2013 . ( hide ) YouTube Founders Steve Chen Chad Hurley Jawed Karim Events Awards CNN / YouTube presidential debates Comedy Week Live Music Awards Orchestra Channels Most subscribed channels Spotlight channel Multi-channel network Original Channels Personalities Vevo Channels YouTube Red Culture Let 's Play Video game walkthrough YouTube Poop YouTube Rewind Lists Most viewed videos in the first 24 hours videos and trailers Most liked videos Most disliked videos Most viewed Vevo videos List of MCNs Related articles API Censorship Copyright Issues History Play Buttons Social impact Viacom conflict Viral video List of viral videos Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_most_subscribed_YouTube_channels&oldid=804951357 '' Categories : 21st century - related lists Lists of Internet - related superlatives YouTube - related lists Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Svenska ไทย Türkçe اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 03 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was the first person to hit 1 million subscribers on youtube	[]	[]
1820885888137774086	Carbon sink	Carbon sink - Wikipedia Carbon sink Jump to : navigation , search This diagram of the fast carbon cycle shows the movement of carbon between land , atmosphere , soil and oceans in billions of tons of carbon per year . Yellow numbers are natural fluxes , red are human contributions in billions of tons of carbon per year . White numbers indicate stored carbon . Air - sea exchange of CO A carbon sink is a natural or artificial reservoir that accumulates and stores some carbon - containing chemical compound for an indefinite period . The process by which carbon sinks remove carbon dioxide ( CO ) from the atmosphere is known as carbon sequestration . Public awareness of the significance of CO sinks has grown since passage of the Kyoto Protocol , which promotes their use as a form of carbon offset . There are also different strategies used to enhance this process . Contents ( hide ) 1 General 2 Kyoto Protocol 3 Storage in terrestrial and marine environments 3.1 Soils 3.2 Regenerative agriculture 3.3 Oceans 4 Enhancing natural sequestration 4.1 Forests 4.2 Oceans 4.3 Soils 4.4 Savanna 5 Artificial sequestration 5.1 Carbon capture 5.2 Oceans 5.3 Geological sequestration 5.4 Mineral sequestration 5.4. 1 Serpentinite reactions 5.4. 2 Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks 6 Trends in sink performance 7 See also 8 References 9 External links General ( edit ) The natural sinks are : Absorption of carbon dioxide by the oceans via physicochemical and biological processes Photosynthesis by terrestrial plants Whilst the creation of artificial sinks has been discussed , no major artificial systems remove carbon from the atmosphere on a material scale . Carbon sources include : Combustion of fossil fuels ( coal , natural gas , and oil ) by humans for energy and transportation Farmland ( by animal respiration ) ; there are proposals for improvements in farming practices to reverse this . Kyoto Protocol ( edit ) Because growing vegetation takes in carbon dioxide , the Kyoto Protocol allows Annex I countries with large areas of growing forests to issue Removal Units to recognize the sequestration of carbon . The additional units make it easier for them to achieve their target emission levels . It is estimated that forests absorb between 10 and 20 tons of carbon dioxide per hectare each year , through photosynthetic conversion into starch , cellulose , lignin , and wooden biomass . While this has been well documented for temperate forests and plantations , the fauna of the tropical forests place some limitations for such global estimates . Some countries seek to trade emission rights in carbon emission markets , purchasing the unused carbon emission allowances of other countries . If overall limits on greenhouse gas emission are put into place , cap and trade market mechanisms are purported to find cost - effective ways to reduce emissions . There is as yet no carbon audit regime for all such markets globally , and none is specified in the Kyoto Protocol . National carbon emissions are self - declared . In the Clean Development Mechanism , only afforestation and reforestation are eligible to produce certified emission reductions ( CERs ) in the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol ( 2008 -- 2012 ) . Forest conservation activities or activities avoiding deforestation , which would result in emission reduction through the conservation of existing carbon stocks , are not eligible at this time . Also , agricultural carbon sequestration is not possible yet . Storage in terrestrial and marine environments ( edit ) Soils ( edit ) Soils represent a short to long - term carbon storage medium , and contain more carbon than all terrestrial vegetation and the atmosphere combined . Plant litter and other biomass including charcoal accumulates as organic matter in soils , and is degraded by chemical weathering and biological degradation . More recalcitrant organic carbon polymers such as cellulose , hemi - cellulose , lignin , aliphatic compounds , waxes and terpenoids are collectively retained as humus . Organic matter tends to accumulate in litter and soils of colder regions such as the boreal forests of North America and the Taiga of Russia . Leaf litter and humus are rapidly oxidized and poorly retained in sub-tropical and tropical climate conditions due to high temperatures and extensive leaching by rainfall . Areas where shifting cultivation or slash and burn agriculture are practiced are generally only fertile for 2 -- 3 years before they are abandoned . These tropical jungles are similar to coral reefs in that they are highly efficient at conserving and circulating necessary nutrients , which explains their lushness in a nutrient desert . Much organic carbon retained in many agricultural areas worldwide has been severely depleted due to intensive farming practices ) ) . Grasslands contribute to soil organic matter , stored mainly in their extensive fibrous root mats . Due in part to the climatic conditions of these regions ( e.g. cooler temperatures and semi-arid to arid conditions ) , these soils can accumulate significant quantities of organic matter . This can vary based on rainfall , the length of the winter season , and the frequency of naturally occurring lightning - induced grass - fires . While these fires release carbon dioxide , they improve the quality of the grasslands overall , in turn increasing the amount of carbon retained in the humic material . They also deposit carbon directly to the soil in the form of char that does not significantly degrade back to carbon dioxide . Forest fires release absorbed carbon back into the atmosphere , as does deforestation due to rapidly increased oxidation of soil organic matter . Organic matter in peat bogs undergoes slow anaerobic decomposition below the surface . This process is slow enough that in many cases the bog grows rapidly and fixes more carbon from the atmosphere than is released . Over time , the peat grows deeper . Peat bogs hold approximately one - quarter of the carbon stored in land plants and soils . Under some conditions , forests and peat bogs may become sources of CO , such as when a forest is flooded by the construction of a hydroelectric dam . Unless the forests and peat are harvested before flooding , the rotting vegetation is a source of CO and methane comparable in magnitude to the amount of carbon released by a fossil - fuel powered plant of equivalent power . Regenerative agriculture ( edit ) See also : Biosequestration Current agricultural practices lead to carbon loss from soils . It has been suggested that improved farming practices could return the soils to being a carbon sink . Present worldwide practises of overgrazing are substantially reducing many grasslands ' performance as carbon sinks . The Rodale Institute says that regenerative agriculture , if practiced on the planet 's 3.6 billion tillable acres , could sequester up to 40 % of current CO emissions . They claim that agricultural carbon sequestration has the potential to mitigate global warming . When using biologically based regenerative practices , this dramatic benefit can be accomplished with no decrease in yields or farmer profits . Organically managed soils can convert carbon dioxide from a greenhouse gas into a food - producing asset . In 2006 , U.S. carbon dioxide emissions , largely from fossil fuel combustion , were estimated at nearly 6.5 billion tons . If a 2,000 ( lb / ac ) / year sequestration rate was achieved on all 434,000,000 acres ( 1,760,000 km ) of cropland in the United States , nearly 1.6 billion tons of carbon dioxide would be sequestered per year , mitigating close to one quarter of the country 's total fossil fuel emissions . Oceans ( edit ) Presently , oceans are CO sinks , and represent the largest active carbon sink on Earth , absorbing more than a quarter of the carbon dioxide that humans put into the air . The solubility pump is the primary mechanism responsible for the CO2 absorption by the oceans . The biological pump plays a negligible role , because of the limitation to pump by ambient light and nutrients required by the phytoplankton that ultimately drive it . Total inorganic carbon is not believed to limit primary production in the oceans , so its increasing availability in the ocean does not directly affect production ( the situation on land is different , since enhanced atmospheric levels of CO essentially `` fertilize '' land plant growth to some threshold ) . However , ocean acidification by invading anthropogenic CO may affect the biological pump by negatively impacting calcifying organisms such as coccolithophores , foraminiferans and pteropods . Climate change may also affect the biological pump in the future by warming and stratifying the surface ocean , thus reducing the supply of limiting nutrients to surface waters . A 2008 study found that CO could potentially increase primary productivity , particularly in eel grasses in coastal and estuarine habitats . In January 2009 , the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration announced a joint study to determine whether the ocean off the California coast was serving as a carbon source or a carbon sink . Principal instrumentation for the study will be self - contained CO monitors placed on buoys in the ocean . They will measure the partial pressure of CO in the ocean and the atmosphere just above the water surface . In February 2009 , Science Daily reported that the Southern Indian Ocean is becoming less effective at absorbing carbon dioxide due to changes to the region 's climate which include higher wind speeds . On longer timescales , oceans may be both sources and sinks -- during ice ages CO levels decrease to ≈ 180 ppmv , and much of this is believed to be stored in the oceans . As ice ages end , CO is released from the oceans and CO levels during previous interglacials have been around ≈ 280 ppmv . This role as a sink for CO is driven by two processes , the solubility pump and the biological pump . The former is primarily a function of differential CO solubility in seawater and the thermohaline circulation , while the latter is the sum of a series of biological processes that transport carbon ( in organic and inorganic forms ) from the surface euphotic zone to the ocean 's interior . A small fraction of the organic carbon transported by the biological pump to the seafloor is buried in anoxic conditions under sediments and ultimately forms fossil fuels such as oil and natural gas . At the end of glacials with sea level rapidly rising , corals tend to grow slower due to increased ocean temperature as seen on the Showtime series `` Years of Living Dangerously '' . The calcium carbonate from which coral skeletons are made is just over 60 % carbon dioxide . If we postulate that coral reefs were eroded down to the glacial sea level , then coral reefs have grown 120m upward since the end of the recent glacial . Enhancing natural sequestration ( edit ) Forests ( edit ) See also : Biosequestration Forests can be carbon stores , and they are carbon dioxide sinks when they are increasing in density or area . In Canada 's boreal forests as much as 80 % of the total carbon is stored in the soils as dead organic matter . A 40 - year study of African , Asian , and South American tropical forests by the University of Leeds , shows tropical forests absorb about 18 % of all carbon dioxide added by fossil fuels . Truly mature tropical forests , by definition , grow rapidly as each tree produces at least 10 new trees each year . Based on studies of the FAO and UNEP it has been estimated that Asian forests absorb about 5 tonnes of carbon dioxide per hectare each year . The global cooling effect of carbon sequestration by forests is partially counterbalanced in that reforestation can decrease the reflection of sunlight ( albedo ) . Mid-to - high latitude forests have a much lower albedo during snow seasons than flat ground , thus contributing to warming . Modeling that compares the effects of albedo differences between forests and grasslands suggests that expanding the land area of forests in temperate zones offers only a temporary cooling benefit . In the United States in 2004 ( the most recent year for which EPA statistics are available ) , forests sequestered 10.6 % ( 637 MegaTonnes ) of the carbon dioxide released in the United States by the combustion of fossil fuels ( coal , oil and natural gas ; 5657 MegaTonnes ) . Urban trees sequestered another 1.5 % ( 88 MegaTonnes ) . To further reduce U.S. carbon dioxide emissions by 7 % , as stipulated by the Kyoto Protocol , would require the planting of `` an area the size of Texas ( 8 % of the area of Brazil ) every 30 years '' . Carbon offset programs are planting millions of fast - growing trees per year to reforest tropical lands , for as little as $0.10 per tree ; over their typical 40 - year lifetime , one million of these trees will fix 1 to 2 MegaTonnes of carbon dioxide . In Canada , reducing timber harvesting would have very little impact on carbon dioxide emissions because of the combination of harvest and stored carbon in manufactured wood products along with the regrowth of the harvested forests . Additionally , the amount of carbon released from harvesting is small compared to the amount of carbon lost each year to forest fires and other natural disturbances . The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change concluded that `` a sustainable forest management strategy aimed at maintaining or increasing forest carbon stocks , while producing an annual sustained yield of timber fibre or energy from the forest , will generate the largest sustained mitigation benefit '' . Sustainable management practices keep forests growing at a higher rate over a potentially longer period of time , thus providing net sequestration benefits in addition to those of unmanaged forests . Life expectancy of forests varies throughout the world , influenced by tree species , site conditions and natural disturbance patterns . In some forests carbon may be stored for centuries , while in other forests carbon is released with frequent stand replacing fires . Forests that are harvested prior to stand replacing events allow for the retention of carbon in manufactured forest products such as lumber . However , only a portion of the carbon removed from logged forests ends up as durable goods and buildings . The remainder ends up as sawmill by - products such as pulp , paper and pallets , which often end with incineration ( resulting in carbon release into the atmosphere ) at the end of their lifecycle . For instance , of the 1,692 MegaTonnes of carbon harvested from forests in Oregon and Washington ( U.S ) from 1900 to 1992 , only 23 % is in long - term storage in forest products . Oceans ( edit ) See also : Iron fertilization , Enhanced weathering , and Ocean nourishment One way to increase the carbon sequestration efficiency of the oceans is to add micrometre - sized iron particles in the form of either hematite ( iron oxide ) or melanterite ( iron sulfate ) to certain regions of the ocean . This has the effect of stimulating growth of plankton . Iron is an important nutrient for phytoplankton , usually made available via upwelling along the continental shelves , inflows from rivers and streams , as well as deposition of dust suspended in the atmosphere . Natural sources of ocean iron have been declining in recent decades , contributing to an overall decline in ocean productivity ( NASA , 2003 ) . Yet in the presence of iron nutrients plankton populations quickly grow , or ' bloom ' , expanding the base of biomass productivity throughout the region and removing significant quantities of CO from the atmosphere via photosynthesis . A test in 2002 in the Southern Ocean around Antarctica suggests that between 10,000 and 100,000 carbon atoms are sunk for each iron atom added to the water . More recent work in Germany ( 2005 ) suggests that any biomass carbon in the oceans , whether exported to depth or recycled in the euphotic zone , represents long - term storage of carbon . This means that application of iron nutrients in select parts of the oceans , at appropriate scales , could have the combined effect of restoring ocean productivity while at the same time mitigating the effects of human caused emissions of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere . Because the effect of periodic small scale phytoplankton blooms on ocean ecosystems is unclear , more studies would be helpful . Phytoplankton have a complex effect on cloud formation via the release of substances such as dimethyl sulfide ( DMS ) that are converted to sulfate aerosols in the atmosphere , providing cloud condensation nuclei , or CCN . But the effect of small scale plankton blooms on overall DMS production is unknown . Other nutrients such as nitrates , phosphates , and silica as well as iron may cause ocean fertilization . There has been some speculation that using pulses of fertilization ( around 20 days in length ) may be more effective at getting carbon to ocean floor than sustained fertilization . There is some controversy over seeding the oceans with iron however , due to the potential for increased toxic phytoplankton growth ( e.g. `` red tide '' ) , declining water quality due to overgrowth , and increasing anoxia in areas harming other sea - life such as zooplankton , fish , coral , etc . Soils ( edit ) Since the 1850s , a large proportion of the world 's grasslands have been tilled and converted to croplands , allowing the rapid oxidation of large quantities of soil organic carbon . However , in the United States in 2004 ( the most recent year for which EPA statistics are available ) , agricultural soils including pasture land sequestered 0.8 % ( 46 teragrams ) as much carbon as was released in the United States by the combustion of fossil fuels ( 5988 teragrams ) . The annual amount of this sequestration has been gradually increasing since 1998 . Methods that significantly enhance carbon sequestration in soil include no - till farming , residue mulching , cover cropping , and crop rotation , all of which are more widely used in organic farming than in conventional farming . Because only 5 % of US farmland currently uses no - till and residue mulching , there is a large potential for carbon sequestration . Conversion to pastureland , particularly with good management of grazing , can sequester even more carbon in the soil . Terra preta , an anthropogenic , high - carbon soil , is also being investigated as a sequestration mechanism . By pyrolysing biomass , about half of its carbon can be reduced to charcoal , which can persist in the soil for centuries , and makes a useful soil amendment , especially in tropical soils ( biochar or agrichar ) . Savanna ( edit ) Controlled burns on far north Australian savannas can result in an overall carbon sink . One working example is the West Arnhem Fire Management Agreement , started to bring `` strategic fire management across 28,000 km2 of Western Arnhem Land '' . Deliberately starting controlled burns early in the dry season results in a mosaic of burnt and unburnt country which reduces the area of burning compared with stronger , late dry season fires . In the early dry season there are higher moisture levels , cooler temperatures , and lighter wind than later in the dry season ; fires tend to go out overnight . Early controlled burns also results in a smaller proportion of the grass and tree biomass being burnt . Emission reductions of 256,000 tonnes of CO have been made as of 2007 . Artificial sequestration ( edit ) For carbon to be sequestered artificially ( i.e. not using the natural processes of the carbon cycle ) it must first be captured , or it must be significantly delayed or prevented from being re-released into the atmosphere ( by combustion , decay , etc . ) from an existing carbon - rich material , by being incorporated into an enduring usage ( such as in construction ) . Thereafter it can be passively stored or remain productively utilized over time in a variety of ways . For example , upon harvesting , wood ( as a carbon - rich material ) can be immediately burned or otherwise serve as a fuel , returning its carbon to the atmosphere , or it can be incorporated into construction or a range of other durable products , thus sequestering its carbon over years or even centuries . Indeed , a very carefully designed and durable , energy - efficient and energy - capturing building has the potential to sequester ( in its carbon - rich construction materials ) , as much as or more carbon than was released by the acquisition and incorporation of all its materials and than will be released by building - function `` energy - imports '' during the structure 's ( potentially multi-century ) existence . Such a structure might be termed `` carbon neutral '' or even `` carbon negative '' . Building construction and operation ( electricity usage , heating , etc . ) are estimated to contribute nearly half of the annual human - caused carbon additions to the atmosphere . Natural - gas purification plants often already have to remove carbon dioxide , either to avoid dry ice clogging gas tankers or to prevent carbon - dioxide concentrations exceeding the 3 % maximum permitted on the natural - gas distribution grid . Beyond this , one of the most likely early applications of carbon capture is the capture of carbon dioxide from flue gases at power stations ( in the case of coal , this coal pollution mitigation is sometimes known as `` clean coal '' ) . A typical new 1000 MW coal - fired power station produces around 6 million tons of carbon dioxide annually . Adding carbon capture to existing plants can add significantly to the costs of energy production ; scrubbing costs aside , a 1000 MW coal plant will require the storage of about 50 million barrels ( 7,900,000 m ) of carbon dioxide a year . However , scrubbing is relatively affordable when added to new plants based on coal gasification technology , where it is estimated to raise energy costs for households in the United States using only coal - fired electricity sources from 10 cents per kW h to 12 cents . Carbon capture ( edit ) Main article : Carbon capture and storage Currently , capture of carbon dioxide is performed on a large scale by absorption of carbon dioxide onto various amine - based solvents . Other techniques are currently being investigated , such as pressure swing adsorption , temperature swing adsorption , gas separation membranes , cryogenics and flue capture . In coal - fired power stations , the main alternatives to retrofitting amine - based absorbers to existing power stations are two new technologies : coal gasification combined - cycle and oxy - fuel combustion . Gasification first produces a `` syngas '' primarily of hydrogen and carbon monoxide , which is burned , with carbon dioxide filtered from the flue gas . Oxy - fuel combustion burns the coal in oxygen instead of air , producing only carbon dioxide and water vapour , which are relatively easily separated . Some of the combustion products must be returned to the combustion chamber , either before or after separation , otherwise the temperatures would be too high for the turbine . Another long - term option is carbon capture directly from the air using hydroxides . The air would literally be scrubbed of its CO content . This idea offers an alternative to non-carbon - based fuels for the transportation sector . Examples of carbon sequestration at coal plants include converting carbon from smokestacks into baking soda , and algae - based carbon capture , circumventing storage by converting algae into fuel or feed . Oceans ( edit ) Another proposed form of carbon sequestration in the ocean is direct injection . In this method , carbon dioxide is pumped directly into the water at depth , and expected to form `` lakes '' of liquid CO at the bottom . Experiments carried out in moderate to deep waters ( 350 -- 3600 m ) indicate that the liquid CO reacts to form solid CO clathrate hydrates , which gradually dissolve in the surrounding waters . This method , too , has potentially dangerous environmental consequences . The carbon dioxide does react with the water to form carbonic acid , H CO ; however , most ( as much as 99 % ) remains as dissolved molecular CO . The equilibrium would no doubt be quite different under the high pressure conditions in the deep ocean . In addition , if deep - sea bacterial methanogens that reduce carbon dioxide were to encounter the carbon dioxide sinks , levels of methane gas may increase , leading to the generation of an even worse greenhouse gas . The resulting environmental effects on benthic life forms of the bathypelagic , abyssopelagic and hadopelagic zones are unknown . Even though life appears to be rather sparse in the deep ocean basins , energy and chemical effects in these deep basins could have far - reaching implications . Much more work is needed here to define the extent of the potential problems . Carbon storage in or under oceans may not be compatible with the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter . An additional method of long - term ocean - based sequestration is to gather crop residue such as corn stalks or excess hay into large weighted bales of biomass and deposit it in the alluvial fan areas of the deep ocean basin . Dropping these residues in alluvial fans would cause the residues to be quickly buried in silt on the sea floor , sequestering the biomass for very long time spans . Alluvial fans exist in all of the world 's oceans and seas where river deltas fall off the edge of the continental shelf such as the Mississippi alluvial fan in the gulf of Mexico and the Nile alluvial fan in the Mediterranean Sea . A downside , however , would be an increase in aerobic bacteria growth due to the introduction of biomass , leading to more competition for oxygen resources in the deep sea , similar to the oxygen minimum zone . Geological sequestration ( edit ) The method of geo - sequestration or geological storage involves injecting carbon dioxide directly into underground geological formations . Declining oil fields , saline aquifers , and unminable coal seams have been suggested as storage sites . Caverns and old mines that are commonly used to store natural gas are not considered , because of a lack of storage safety . CO has been injected into declining oil fields for more than 40 years , to increase oil recovery . This option is attractive because the storage costs are offset by the sale of additional oil that is recovered . Typically , 10 -- 15 % additional recovery of the original oil in place is possible . Further benefits are the existing infrastructure and the geophysical and geological information about the oil field that is available from the oil exploration . Another benefit of injecting CO into Oil fields is that CO is soluble in oil . Dissolving CO in oil lowers the viscosity of the oil and reduces its interfacial tension which increases the oils mobility . All oil fields have a geological barrier preventing upward migration of oil . As most oil and gas has been in place for millions to tens of millions of years , depleted oil and gas reservoirs can contain carbon dioxide for millennia . Identified possible problems are the many ' leak ' opportunities provided by old oil wells , the need for high injection pressures and acidification which can damage the geological barrier . Other disadvantages of old oil fields are their limited geographic distribution and depths , which require high injection pressures for sequestration . Below a depth of about 1000 m , carbon dioxide is injected as a supercritical fluid , a material with the density of a liquid , but the viscosity and diffusivity of a gas . Unminable coal seams can be used to store CO , because CO absorbs to the coal surface , ensuring safe long - term storage . In the process it releases methane that was previously adsorbed to the coal surface and that may be recovered . Again the sale of the methane can be used to offset the cost of the CO storage . Release or burning of methane would of course at least partially offset the obtained sequestration result -- except when the gas is allowed to escape into the atmosphere in significant quantities : methane has a higher global warming potential than CO . Saline aquifers contain highly mineralized brines and have so far been considered of no benefit to humans except in a few cases where they have been used for the storage of chemical waste . Their advantages include a large potential storage volume and relatively common occurrence reducing the distance over which CO has to be transported . The major disadvantage of saline aquifers is that relatively little is known about them compared to oil fields . Another disadvantage of saline aquifers is that as the salinity of the water increases , less CO can be dissolved into aqueous solution . To keep the cost of storage acceptable the geophysical exploration may be limited , resulting in larger uncertainty about the structure of a given aquifer . Unlike storage in oil fields or coal beds , no side product will offset the storage cost . Leakage of CO back into the atmosphere may be a problem in saline - aquifer storage . However , current research shows that several trapping mechanisms immobilize the CO underground , reducing the risk of leakage . A major research project examining the geological sequestration of carbon dioxide is currently being performed at an oil field at Weyburn in south - eastern Saskatchewan . In the North Sea , Norway 's Equinor natural - gas platform Sleipner strips carbon dioxide out of the natural gas with amine solvents and disposes of this carbon dioxide by geological sequestration . Sleipner reduces emissions of carbon dioxide by approximately one million tonnes a year . The cost of geological sequestration is minor relative to the overall running costs . As of April 2005 , BP is considering a trial of large - scale sequestration of carbon dioxide stripped from power plant emissions in the Miller oilfield as its reserves are depleted . In October 2007 , the Bureau of Economic Geology at The University of Texas at Austin received a 10 - year , $38 million subcontract to conduct the first intensively monitored , long - term project in the United States studying the feasibility of injecting a large volume of CO for underground storage . The project is a research program of the Southeast Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership ( SECARB ) , funded by the National Energy Technology Laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy ( DOE ) . The SECARB partnership will demonstrate CO injection rate and storage capacity in the Tuscaloosa - Woodbine geologic system that stretches from Texas to Florida . Beginning in fall 2007 , the project will inject CO at the rate of one million tons per year , for up to 1.5 years , into brine up to 10,000 feet ( 3,000 m ) below the land surface near the Cranfield oil field about 15 miles ( 24 km ) east of Natchez , Mississippi . Experimental equipment will measure the ability of the subsurface to accept and retain CO . Mineral sequestration ( edit ) Mineral sequestration aims to trap carbon in the form of solid carbonate salts . This process occurs slowly in nature and is responsible for the deposition and accumulation of limestone over geologic time . Carbonic acid in groundwater slowly reacts with complex silicates to dissolve calcium , magnesium , alkalis and silica and leave a residue of clay minerals . The dissolved calcium and magnesium react with bicarbonate to precipitate calcium and magnesium carbonates , a process that organisms use to make shells . When the organisms die , their shells are deposited as sediment and eventually turn into limestone . Limestones have accumulated over billions of years of geologic time and contain much of Earth 's carbon . Ongoing research aims to speed up similar reactions involving alkali carbonates . Several serpentinite deposits are being investigated as potentially large scale CO storage sinks such as those found in NSW , Australia , where the first mineral carbonation pilot plant project is underway . Beneficial re-use of magnesium carbonate from this process could provide feedstock for new products developed for the built environment and agriculture without returning the carbon into the atmosphere and so acting as a carbon sink . One proposed reaction is that of the olivine - rich rock dunite , or its hydrated equivalent serpentinite with carbon dioxide to form the carbonate mineral magnesite , plus silica and iron oxide ( magnetite ) . Serpentinite sequestration is favored because of the non-toxic and stable nature of magnesium carbonate . The ideal reactions involve the magnesium endmember components of the olivine ( reaction 1 ) or serpentine ( reaction 2 ) , the latter derived from earlier olivine by hydration and silicification ( reaction 3 ) . The presence of iron in the olivine or serpentine reduces the efficiency of sequestration , since the iron components of these minerals break down to iron oxide and silica ( reaction 4 ) . Serpentinite reactions ( edit ) Reaction 1 Mg - olivine + carbon dioxide → magnesite + silica + water Mg SiO + 2CO → 2MgCO + SiO + H O Reaction 2 Serpentine + carbon dioxide → magnesite + silica + water Mg ( Si O ( OH ) ) + 3CO → 3MgCO + 2SiO + 2H O Reaction 3 Mg - olivine + water + silica → serpentine 3Mg SiO + 2SiO + 4H O → 2Mg ( Si O ( OH ) ) Reaction 4 Fe - olivine + water → magnetite + silica + hydrogen 3Fe SiO + 2H O → 2Fe O + 3SiO + 2H Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks ( edit ) Main article : Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks is a metal - organic framework carbon dioxide sink which could be used to keep industrial emissions of carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere . Trends in sink performance ( edit ) One study in 2009 found that the fraction of fossil - fuel emissions absorbed by the oceans may have declined by up to 10 % since 2000 , indicating oceanic sequestration may be sublinear . However , another study by Wolfgang Knorr indicated that the fraction of CO absorbed by carbon sinks has not changed since 1850 . See also ( edit ) Energy portal Biochar Bio-energy with carbon capture and storage Carbon capture and storage Carbon cycle Carbon sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems Fluxnet - Canada Research Network , research initiative on post forest disturbance carbon sinking References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Balal Yousaf , Guijian Liu , Ruwei Wang , Qumber Abbas , Muhammad Imtiaz , Ruijia Liu : Investigating the biochar effects on C - mineralization and sequestration of carbon in soil compared with conventional amendments using stable isotope ( δ13C ) approach . GCB Bioenergy 2016 ; doi : 10.1111 / gcbb. 12401 Jump up ^ Environmental Protection Agency , United States . `` Overview of Greenhouse Gases '' . EPA Climate Change . US EPA . Retrieved 17 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Powers , Crystal ( January 26 , 2016 ) . `` Sources of Agricultural Greenhouse Gases '' . Extension . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Karen Palmer ; Dallas Burtraw . `` Electricity , Renewables , and Climate Change : Searching for a Cost - Effective Policy '' ( PDF ) . Resources for the Future . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Manguiat , M.S.Z. , Verheyen , R. , Mackensen , J. & Scholz , G. ( 2005 ) . `` Legal aspects in the implementation of CDM forestry projects '' ( PDF ) . IUCN Environmental Policy and Law Papers . Number 59 . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on 16 July 2010 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Rosenbaum , K.L. , Schoene , D. & Mekouar , A. ( 2004 ) . `` Climate change and the forest sector . Possible national and subnational legislation '' . FAO Forestry Papers . Number 144 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Swift , Roger S. ( November 2001 ) . `` Sequestration of Carbon by soil '' . Soil Science . 166 ( 11 ) : 858 -- 71 . doi : 10.1097 / 00010694 - 200111000 - 00010 . Jump up ^ Batjes , Niels H. ( 1996 ) . `` Total carbon and nitrogen in the soils of the world '' . European Journal of Soil Science . 47 : 151 -- 63 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2389.1996. tb01386. x . Jump up ^ Batjes ( 2016 ) . `` Harmonised soil property values for broad - scale modelling ( WISE30sec ) with estimates of global soil carbon stocks '' . 269 : 61 -- 68 . doi : 10.1016 / j. geoderma. 2016.01. 034 . Jump up ^ Klaus Lorenza ; Rattan Lala ; Caroline M. Prestonb ; Klaas G.J. Nieropc ( 15 November 2007 ) . `` Strengthening the soil organic carbon pool by increasing contributions from recalcitrant aliphatic bio ( macro ) molecules '' ( PDF ) . Geoderma. 142 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 1 -- 10 . doi : 10.1016 / j. geoderma. 2007.07. 013 . Jump up ^ Mooney , Chris . `` The really scary thing about wildfires is how they can worsen climate change '' . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Deforestation & Carbon Emission '' . Consulting Geologist . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Chester , Bronwyn ( 20 April 2000 ) . `` The case of the missing sink '' . McGill Reporter . Retrieved 8 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Duncan Graham - Rowe ( 24 February 2005 ) . `` Hydroelectric power 's dirty secret revealed '' . New Scientist . Retrieved 8 July 2008 . Jump up ^ C. Michael Hogan . 2009 . Overgrazing . Encyclopedia of Earth . Sidney Draggan , topic ed. ; Cutler J. Cleveland , ed. , National council for Science and the Environment , Washington DC Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 10 September 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Farming Systems Trial '' ( PDF ) . Rodale Institute . Retrieved 20 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Carbon Dioxide and Our Ocean Legacy , by Richard A. Feely et . al ^ Jump up to : Earth Institute News , Columbia University , 18 Nov. 2009 Jump up ^ Doney , S. , Fabry , V. , Feely , R. & Kleypas , J. ( 2009 ) . `` Ocean Acidification : The Other CO Problem '' ( PDF ) . Annual Review of Marine Science . 1 : 169 -- 192 . Bibcode : 2009ARMS ... 1 ... 169D . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. marine. 010908.163834 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Buridge et al. 2008 . Rates of carbon dissolution in permeable sediments estimated from pore - water profiles : The role of sea grasses . Journal Limnology and Oceanography . Jump up ^ `` Battelle announces CO Monitor '' . Chemical & Engineering News : 66 . 19 January 2009 . Jump up ^ CNRS ( Délégation Paris Michel - Ange ) ( 23 February 2009 ) . `` Ocean Less Effective At Absorbing Carbon Dioxide Emitted By Human Activity '' . ScienceDaily . Jump up ^ Raven , J.A. ; P.G. Falkowski ( 1999 ) . `` Oceanic sinks for atmospheric CO '' . Plant Cell & Environment. 22 ( 6 ) : 741 -- 55 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 3040.1999. 00419. x . Jump up ^ Carolyn Gramling ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` Tropical forests have flipped from sponges to sources of carbon dioxide ; A closer look at the world 's trees reveals a loss of density in the tropics '' . Sciencenews.org . doi : 10.1126 / science. aam5962 . Retrieved 6 October 2017 . Jump up ^ A. Baccini , W. Walker , L. Carvalho , M. Farina , D. Sulla - Menashe , R.A. Houghton ( 13 October 2017 ) . `` Tropical forests are a net carbon source based on aboveground measurements of gain and loss '' . Sciencemag.org . doi : 10.1126 / science. aam5962 . Retrieved 3 November 2017 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Does harvesting in Canada 's forests contribute to climate change ? '' ( PDF ) . Canadian Forest Service Science - Policy Notes . Natural Resources Canada . May 2007 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Amos ( 15 December 2006 ) . `` Care needed with carbon offsets '' . BBC . Retrieved 8 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Models show growing more forests in temperate regions could contribute to global warming '' . Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory . 5 December 2005 . Archived from the original on 27 May 2010 . Retrieved 8 July 2008 . Jump up ^ S. Gibbard ; K. Caldeira ; G. Bala ; T.J. Phillips ; M. Wickett ( December 2005 ) . `` Climate effects of global land cover change '' . Geophysical Research Letters. 32 ( 23 ) : L23705 . Bibcode : 2005GeoRL ... 3223705G . doi : 10.1029 / 2005GL024550 . Jump up ^ Malhi , Yadvinder ; Meir , Patrick ; Brown , Sandra ( 2002 ) . `` Forests , carbon and global climate '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A : Mathematical , Physical and Engineering Sciences . 360 ( 1797 ) : 1567 -- 91 . Bibcode : 2002RSPTA. 360.1567 M . doi : 10.1098 / rsta. 2002.1020 . PMID 12460485 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Greenhouse Gas Inventory Reports '' . EPA . Retrieved 8 July 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Land Use , Land - Use Change , and Forestry '' ( PDF ) . EPA . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 May 2008 . Retrieved 8 July 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Executive Summary '' ( PDF ) . EPA . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 18 July 2008 . Retrieved 8 July 2008 . Jump up ^ William H. Schlesinger , dean of the Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences at Duke University , in Durham , North Carolina . Jump up ^ `` Fourth Assessment Report ( AR4 ) : Mitigation of Climate Change ( Working Group III ) '' ( PDF ) . International Panel on Climate Change . p. 549 . Jump up ^ Ruddell , Steven ; et al. ( September 2007 ) . `` The Role for Sustainably Managed Forests in Climate Change Mitigation '' . Journal of Forestry. 105 ( 6 ) : 314 -- 319 . Jump up ^ J. Chatellier ( January 2010 ) . The Role of Forest Products in the Global Carbon Cycle : From In - Use to End - of - Life ( PDF ) . Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Harmon , M.E. ; Harmon , J.M. ; Ferrell , W.K. ; Brooks , D. ( 1996 ) . `` Modeling carbon stores in Oregon and Washington forest products : 1900 ? 1992 '' . Climatic Change . 33 ( 4 ) : 521 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00141703 . Jump up ^ Roelofs , G. ( 2008 ) . `` A GCM study of organic matter in marine aerosol and its potential contribution to cloud drop activation '' . Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 8 : 709 -- 719 . doi : 10.5194 / acp - 8 - 709 - 2008 . hdl : 2066 / 34516 . Jump up ^ Michael Markels , Jr ; Richard T. Barber ( 14 -- 17 May 2001 ) . `` Sequestration of CO by ocean fertilization '' ( PDF ) . NETL Conference on Carbon Sequestration . Retrieved 8 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Questions and Concerns '' . GreenSea Venture . Archived from the original on 15 April 2008 . Retrieved 8 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Mitrovic , Simon M. ; Fernández Amandi , Monica ; McKenzie , Lincoln ; Furey , Ambrose ; James , Kevin J. ( 2004 ) . `` Effects of selenium , iron and cobalt addition to growth and yessotoxin production of the toxic marine dinoflagellate Protoceratium reticulatum in culture '' . Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 313 ( 2 ) : 337 -- 51 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jembe. 2004.08. 014 . Jump up ^ Susan S. Lang ( 13 July 2005 ) . `` Organic farming produces same corn and soybean yields as conventional farms , but consumes less energy and no pesticides , study finds '' . Retrieved 8 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Pimentel , David ; Hepperly , Paul ; Hanson , James ; Douds , David ; Seidel , Rita ( 2005 ) . `` Environmental , Energetic , and Economic Comparisons of Organic and Conventional Farming Systems '' . BioScience. 55 ( 7 ) : 573 -- 82 . doi : 10.1641 / 0006 - 3568 ( 2005 ) 055 ( 0573 : EEAECO ) 2.0.CO ; 2 . Jump up ^ Lal , Rattan ; Griffin , Michael ; Apt , Jay ; Lave , Lester ; Morgan , M. Granger ( 2004 ) . `` Ecology : Managing Soil Carbon '' . Science . 304 ( 5669 ) : 393 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1093079 . PMID 15087532 . Jump up ^ Johannes Lehmann . `` Biochar : the new frontier '' . Archived from the original on 18 June 2008 . Retrieved 8 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Horstman , Mark ( 23 September 2007 ) . `` Agrichar -- A solution to global warming ? '' . ABC TV Science : Catalyst . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 8 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` West Arnhem Land Fire Abatement Project '' . Savanna Information . Tropical Savannas Cooperative Research Centre . Archived from the original on 3 July 2008 . Retrieved 8 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Eureka Win for West Arnhem Land Fire Project '' . Savanna Information . Tropical Savannas Cooperative Research Centre . Archived from the original on 3 July 2008 . Retrieved 8 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Climate Change , Global Warming , and the Built Environment -- Architecture 2030 '' . Retrieved 23 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` '' Processing Natural Gas NaturalGas.org `` . naturalgas.org . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ Socolow , Robert H. ( July 2005 ) . `` Can We Bury Global Warming ? '' . Scientific American : 42 . Jump up ^ utility company Luminant 's pilot version at its Big Brown Steam Electric Station in Fairfield , Texas Jump up ^ Skyonic Archived 18 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine . plans to circumvent storage problems of liquid CO by storing baking soda in mines , landfills , or simply to be sold as industrial or food - grade baking soda . Jump up ^ GreenFuel Technologies Corp . Archived 16 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The Christian Science Monitor . `` Potent greenhouse - gas methane has been rising '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Jump up ^ Norman Baker ; Ben Bradshaw ( 4 July 2005 ) . `` Carbon Sequestration '' . Retrieved 8 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bureau of Economic Geology Receives $38 Million for First Large - Scale U.S. Test Storing Carbon Dioxide Underground '' `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 11 June 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Carbon - capture Technology To Help UK Tackle Global Warming '' . ScienceDaily. 27 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Mineral carbonation project for NSW '' . 9 June 2010 . Jump up ^ CBC News article New materials can selectively capture CO , scientists say published 15 February 2008 Jump up ^ Knorr , W. ( 2009 ) . `` Is the airborne fraction of anthropogenic CO emissions increasing ? '' . Geophysical Research Letters. 36 ( 21 ) : L21710 . Bibcode : 2009GeoRL ... 3621710K . doi : 10.1029 / 2009GL040613 . ( Controversial new climate change results Lay summary ) Check laysummary = value ( help ) ( 9 November 2009 ) . External links ( edit ) Gulf Coast Carbon Center National Energy Technology Laboratory ( NETL ) Carbon Sequestration Carbon Capture and Sequestration Technologies Program at MIT Carbon Mitigation Initiative The U.S. North American Carbon Program Scottish Centre for Carbon Storage Research Global warming and climate change Temperatures Brightness temperature Effective temperature Geologic record Hiatus Historical climatology Instrumental record Paleoclimatology Paleotempestology Proxy data Record of the past 1,000 years Satellite measurements Causes Anthropogenic Attribution of recent climate change Aviation Biofuel Black carbon Carbon dioxide Deforestation Earth 's energy budget Earth 's radiation balance Ecocide Fossil fuel Global dimming Global warming potential Greenhouse effect ( Infrared window ) Greenhouse gases ( Halocarbons ) Land use , land - use change and forestry Radiative forcing Tropospheric ozone Urban heat island Natural Albedo Bond events Climate oscillations Climate sensitivity Cloud forcing Cosmic rays Feedbacks Glaciation Global cooling Milankovitch cycles Ocean variability AMO ENSO IOD PDO Orbital forcing Solar variation Volcanism Models Global climate model History History of climate change science Atmospheric thermodynamics Svante Arrhenius James Hansen Charles David Keeling Opinion and climate change Environmental ethics Media coverage of climate change Public opinion on climate change ( Popular culture ) Scientific opinion on climate change Scientists opposing the mainstream assessment Climate change denial Global warming conspiracy theory By country & region ( Africa Arctic Argentina Australia Bangladesh Belgium Canada China Europe European Union Finland Grenada Japan Luxembourg New Zealand Norway Russia Scotland South Korea Sweden Tuvalu United Kingdom United States ) Politics Clean Power Plan Climate change denial ( Manufactured controversy ) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) March for Science People 's Climate March United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC / FCCC ) Global climate regime Potential effects and issues General Abrupt climate change Anoxic event Arctic dipole anomaly Arctic haze Arctic methane release Climate change and agriculture Climate change and ecosystems Climate change and gender Climate change and poverty Current sea level rise Drought Economics of global warming Effect on plant biodiversity Effects on health Effects on humans Effects on marine mammals Environmental migrant Extinction risk from global warming Fisheries and climate change Forest dieback Industry and society Iris hypothesis Megadrought Ocean acidification Ozone depletion Physical impacts Polar stratospheric cloud Regime shift Retreat of glaciers since 1850 Runaway climate change Season creep Shutdown of thermohaline circulation By country Australia South Asia India Nepal United States Mitigation Kyoto Protocol Clean Development Mechanism Joint Implementation Bali Road Map 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference Governmental European Climate Change Programme G8 Climate Change Roundtable United Kingdom Climate Change Programme Paris Agreement United States withdrawal Regional climate change initiatives in the United States List of climate change initiatives Emissions reduction Carbon credit Carbon - neutral fuel Carbon offset Carbon tax Emissions trading Fossil - fuel phase - out Carbon - free energy Carbon capture and storage Efficient energy use Low - carbon economy Nuclear power Renewable energy Personal Individual action on climate change Simple living Other Carbon dioxide removal Carbon sink Climate change mitigation scenarios Climate engineering Individual and political action on climate change Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation Reforestation Urban reforestation Climate Action Plan Climate action Proposed adaptations Strategies Damming glacial lakes Desalination Drought tolerance Irrigation investment Rainwater storage Sustainable development Weather modification Programmes Avoiding dangerous climate change Land allocation decision support system Glossary of climate change Index of climate change articles Category : Climate change Category : Global warming Portal : Global warming Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carbon_sink&oldid=842122286 '' Categories : Carbon dioxide Carbon sequestration Climate forcing agents Photosynthesis Gas technologies Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Pages with URL errors Use dmy dates from May 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011 All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Português Simple English Suomi Svenska 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 May 2018 , at 10 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	oceans are a global sink for carbon dioxide	[]	[]
-1096854113718924741	Jackrabbit (disambiguation)	Jackrabbit ( disambiguation ) - wikipedia Jackrabbit ( disambiguation ) Look up jackrabbit in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Jackrabbits are mammals in the same family as rabbits . All Jackrabbits are actually hares . The word jackrabbit comes from a book by Mark Twain , in which he describes the creature as a jackass rabbit , on account of the hare 's ears looking as though they belonged to a donkey . Later on this term shortened to jackrabbit . The six species are : Antelope jackrabbit Black - tailed jackrabbit White - sided jackrabbit Tehuantepec jackrabbit Black jackrabbit White - tailed jackrabbit Jack rabbit or Jackrabbit may also refer to : Roller coasters ( edit ) Jack Rabbit ( Kennywood ) Jack Rabbit ( Seabreeze ) Jack Rabbit ( Celebration City ) Computer related items ( edit ) Apache Jackrabbit , a Java - based content repository JackRabbit Beta , now JumpUp website of Intuit Inc . Jazz Jackrabbit , a game series Other ( edit ) South Dakota State Jackrabbits , the athletic teams of South Dakota State University Jackrabbit Johannsen ( 1875 -- 1987 ) , athlete Herman Smith - Johannsen Jack Rabbit , erotic appliance Rabbit vibrator Jackrabbit Pass , Arizona wildlife - protection area `` Jackrabbiting , '' rapid acceleration from a stopped position with a motor vehicle The Jack Rabbit Trading Post in Joseph City , Arizona A song from the album Have One On Me by Joanna Newsom Janoris Jenkins , an NFL cornerback who goes by the nickname `` Jackrabbit '' Jackrabbit ( film ) , a 2015 American cyberpunk film Disambiguation page providing links to articles with similar titles This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Jackrabbit . If an internal link led you here , you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jackrabbit_(disambiguation)&oldid=841737638 '' Categories : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories : Disambiguation pages with short description All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Animal common name disambiguation pages Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Edit links This page was last edited on 17 May 2018 , at 18 : 40 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	where does the name jack rabbit come from	[]	[]
-3067815764274002013	The Mother (How I Met Your Mother)	The Mother ( How I Met Your Mother ) - wikipedia The Mother ( How I Met Your Mother ) Tracy McConnell How I Met Your Mother character The Mother appearing in `` The Locket '' First appearance `` Lucky Penny ( unseen ) '' `` Something New '' ( seen ) Last appearance `` Last Forever '' Created by Carter Bays Craig Thomas Portrayed by Cristin Milioti Information Aliases The Mother Gender Female Spouse ( s ) Ted Mosby Significant other ( s ) Max ( deceased former boyfriend ) Louis ( ex-boyfriend ) Children Penny Mosby ( daughter , born in 2015 , played by Lyndsy Fonseca ) Luke Mosby ( son , born in 2017 , played by David Henrie ) Nationality American Birthdate September 19 , 1984 ( 1984 - 09 - 19 ) ( age 34 ) Tracy McConnell ( colloquial : `` The Mother '' ) is the title character from the CBS television sitcom How I Met Your Mother . The show , narrated by Future Ted ( Bob Saget ) , tells the story of how Ted Mosby ( Josh Radnor ) met The Mother . Tracy McConnell appears in eight episodes , from `` Lucky Penny '' to `` The Time Travelers '' , as an unseen character ; she was first seen fully in `` Something New '' and was promoted to a main character in season 9 . The Mother is played by Cristin Milioti . The story of how Ted met The Mother is the framing device behind the series ; many facts about her are revealed throughout the series , including the fact that Ted once unwittingly owned her umbrella before accidentally leaving it behind in her apartment . Ted and The Mother meet at the Farhampton train station following Barney Stinson ( Neil Patrick Harris ) and Robin Scherbatsky 's ( Cobie Smulders ) wedding ; this scene is shown in `` Last Forever '' , the series finale . The Mother 's death from an unspecified terminal illness in 2024 , also revealed in the series finale , received a mixed reaction from fans . An alternate ending was released in the ninth season DVD . In the alternate ending , Tracy Mosby is still living when Ted is telling the story in 2030 . In the video , Future Ted is heard saying , `` ... When I think how lucky I am to wake up next to your mom every morning , I ca n't help but be amazed how easy it all really was ... '' , indirectly stating that The Mother is alive . The video ends right after the train passes at Farhampton station and credits start rolling , implying that Ted never went back to Robin and went on to have a long , happy marriage with Tracy . Contents 1 Casting 2 Character history 2.1 Name 3 Death 4 Notes 5 References Casting ( edit ) During its first eight seasons , How I Met Your Mother often hinted at the unseen character of The Mother . Carter Bays and Craig Thomas wanted to cast a lesser known actress in the role to avoid audiences associating the Mother with the actresses ' previous roles , similar to how Cobie Smulders being cast as Robin Scherbatsky had `` kept the show alive '' when it began . Bays and Thomas also did not want a large casting call . They chose Cristin Milioti after seeing her on 30 Rock and Once ; her musical ability was also helpful , as The Mother had been described as a band member . Milioti filmed her first scene for the last episode of season 8 having never watched How I Met Your Mother before . She only learned of the character 's importance after binge watching the show during the summer . Character history ( edit ) The Mother was born on September 19 , 1984 . The Mother , joined by her roommate Kelly ( Ahna O'Reilly ) , awaits the arrival of her boyfriend Max , only to receive a call informing her of his death . After the funeral service , she returns to the apartment to open Max 's last gift to her -- a ukulele . The Mother spends the next few years grieving the passing of the man she believes was her one true love . In `` Wait for It '' , it is revealed that the short story of how they met involved her yellow umbrella . In `` No Tomorrow '' , Ted finds the umbrella at a club and takes it home after attending a St. Patrick 's Day party which she also attended , as it had been two and a half years since Max 's death . She is still grieving , but Kelly encourages her to go out and date again , bringing her to the same bar where Barney Stinson ( Neil Patrick Harris ) and Ted are celebrating . The two women run into Mitch ( Adam Paul ) , her old orchestra instructor ; The Mother offers to give Mitch her cello for his work at a school and they head to her apartment . Mitch tries to seduce her with a move called `` The Naked Man '' , but she turns him down . Whilst Mitch is still naked , prompting the Mother to crack some jokes at him , they sit on her couch and start talking . That is when Mitch encourages her to pursue her dreams . The Mother expresses her desire to end poverty by taking up economics in college . On his first day of teaching as Professor Mosby , as seen in the season 4 finale `` The Leap '' , he is seen in front of the classroom of students , one of which Future Ted says is the titular mother . But in the first episode of season 5 , `` Definitions '' , it is revealed that he was actually in the wrong classroom -- Economics instead of Architecture . At the same time in `` How Your Mother Met Me '' , the Mother sits her first session in Economics 305 and meets another graduate student named Cindy ( Rachel Bilson ) , whom she offers to move in with her as her roommate . They see Ted enter the room , but when he announces the subject , The Mother thinks she is in the wrong room and runs off . She heads back to the room after seeing Ted scramble to his actual classroom . Later , in `` Girls Versus Suits '' , Ted dates Cindy , not knowing that her roommate is his future wife . Throughout the episode , Ted notes that Cindy had spent most of their first date talking jealously about her roommate . When in Cindy and the mother 's apartment he picks up many of The Mother 's belongings , attempting to show how compatible he and Cindy are ( thinking the items are Cindy 's ) and glimpses the mother 's foot as she disappears into her room after taking a shower . Ted finds out at this time that she plays bass guitar in a band . Ted forgets to take the yellow umbrella with him when he goes out and Future Ted mentions , `` this is how your mother got her yellow umbrella back . '' In `` How Your Mother Met Me '' , it is revealed that , after Ted left the apartment , the Mother had discovered the umbrella and , upon going to question Cindy , finds her in a state . As she tried to console her , Cindy said that she was a much better match for Ted , and began to lovingly list all of the reasons that Ted would find the mother attractive , before spontaneously kissing her , revealing that her jealousy towards her roommate was actually a crush . While this incident made Cindy realise that she is a lesbian , it also made the Mother decide to go back into dating , as the kiss was her first in a long time . Some time after this , a man named Darren ( Andrew Rannells ) approaches The Mother and is welcomed into her band named Superfreakonomics . Darren gradually takes over the band . In the season 6 opener `` Big Days '' it is revealed Ted meets his future wife `` the day of '' the wedding at which he is the best man . In the episode `` False Positive '' Robin asks Ted to be her future best man , should she ever get married . In the episode `` Challenge Accepted '' , it is revealed that Ted meets the mother of his children the day of Barney 's wedding . In the last episode of season 7 , `` The Magician 's Code '' it is shown that Barney will marry Robin , and Ted will meet the mother `` the day of '' their wedding . On the premiere of season 8 , Ted 's wife appears after Barney and Robin 's wedding , outside at the `` Farhampton '' station while holding a yellow umbrella and her bass guitar . In the season 8 episode `` Band or DJ ? , '' Ted runs into Cindy and her partner on the subway and tells them that the band Barney and Robin hired to play at their wedding cancelled at the last minute . The end result of the encounter is that Cindy 's ( now ex - ) roommate 's band plays at Barney and Robin 's wedding . The Mother is first shown meeting Louis ( Louis Ferrigno Jr . ) in `` How Your Mother Met Me '' as she is left to carry the band equipment while the now - lead band member Darren talks to his fans . Later at MacLaren 's Pub , she tells him she 's not yet ready to date . Louis asks her to give him a call if she changes her mind , and they begin dating not long after . They live together for the next two years , but she knows deep down that she does n't love him . The Mother meets all of Ted 's best friends - Barney , Robin , Lily Aldrin ( Alyson Hannigan ) , and Marshall Eriksen ( Jason Segel ) - before she meets him . The Mother is responsible for convincing Barney to pursue Robin , as revealed through a flashback in `` Platonish '' . In `` The Locket '' , Tracy meets Lily on a train journey . In `` Bass Player Wanted '' , the Mother picks up a hitchhiking Marshall , carrying his infant son Marvin , on her way to Farhampton Inn . On their way , it is revealed that the Mother is a bass player in the band that is scheduled to play at the wedding reception , but Darren forced her to quit . The Mother ultimately decides to confront Darren and retake the band . Before she can , however , Darren walks up to her , furious the groom 's best man punched him for `` no reason '' , and quits the band . In `` How Your Mother Met Me '' , it is shown that after this incident , the Mother returns to Louis ' summer cottage not far from the Farhampton Inn where she has been staying for the duration of the wedding weekend . As she walks in the door , Louis proposes to her , but she goes outside to think about it for a few minutes . She looks skyward and asks Max for permission to let him go and move on ; she takes a sudden gust of wind as a `` yes '' , says goodbye , and declines Louis ' proposal when she goes back inside . She leaves his cottage and checks in at Farhampton Inn . On her room 's balcony , she plays the ukulele and sings `` La Vie en Rose '' . Ted hears her singing from his room next door . In `` Gary Blauman '' , Ted and the Mother are on their first date . Ted picks her up at her New York City apartment and they proceed to walk to a Scottish - Mexican fusion restaurant for dinner . On the way there , Ted is telling her a story when they nearly have a run - in with Louis . She says that she is in the `` weirdest place on earth '' right now and that it is too soon for her to be dating . Ted walks her back to her apartment . They say goodnight and Ted begins to walk away . The Mother then stops him and asks him to finish the story he was telling her . When the story is over , they say goodnight again . The Mother takes a step towards Ted and they kiss for the first time , before deciding to carry on their date . In a flashforward in `` The Lighthouse '' , Ted proposes to the Mother at the top of the lighthouse near Farhampton Inn . She immediately accepts . In another flashfoward in `` Unpause '' , the Mother is revealed to be pregnant with their second child , Luke , in the year 2017 . She goes into labor while she and Ted are staying at Farhampton . Name ( edit ) The Mother 's real name is not revealed until the series finale , `` Last Forever '' . When Ted meets her at the Farhampton train station , she reveals that her name is Tracy McConnell . In the season 1 episode `` Belly Full of Turkey '' , Ted meets a stripper named Tracy and says `` ... that , kids , is the true story of how I met your mother '' . The children are horrified , but then he says he is joking , which led some fans to correctly guess that The Mother 's name is Tracy . Death ( edit ) See also : Last Forever In the series finale , it is revealed that six years prior to Ted telling the story to his children , Tracy died in 2024 from an undisclosed illness . In the finale the characters do not directly state that the mother is dead . Ted says that she `` became sick '' and his children said that she has been `` gone '' for six years . Many fans expressed considerable disappointment with The Mother 's death . Milioti cried when she learned her character was supposed to die , but came to accept the ending was what the writers had planned from the beginning . Bill Kuchman from Popculturology said that The Mother was `` an amazing character '' and that `` over the course of this final season HIMYM made us care about Tracy . Kuchman said that `` asking fans to drop all of that with a simple line about The Mother getting sick and passing away was a very difficult request '' , that the finale `` advanced too quickly '' and that `` HIMYM was a victim of its own success on this issue '' . A petition was started , aiming to rewrite and reshoot the finale . The petition has over 20,000 signatures and considerable online news coverage . On April 5 , 2014 , Carter Bays announced on Twitter that an alternate ending would be included on the Season 9 DVD . No new material was shot for this scene . In the alternate ending , The Mother is still living when Ted is telling the story in 2030 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Mother celebrates her 21st birthday on the day that `` Pilot '' is set . The pilot is set on September 19 , 2005 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Debnath , Neela ( 7 September 2014 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother alternative finale leaks online ahead of DVD release '' . The Independent . London , England : Independent Print Ltd . Retrieved 15 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( September 6 , 2014 ) . `` Watch the Happier ' How I Met Your Mother ' Alternate Ending '' . Rolling Stone . Wenner Media LLC . Jump up ^ MacGregor , Rachel ( September 23 , 2014 ) . `` 8 reasons why How I Met Your Mother should 've used its alternative ending '' . Metro UK . London , England : DMG Media . Retrieved July 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stransky , Tanner ( May 13 , 2013 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' : Burning questions about the mother '' . Entertainment Weekly . New York City : Meredith Corporation . ^ Jump up to : Fallon , Kevin ( May 14 , 2013 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' Mother Revealed : Meet Cristin Milioti '' . The Daily Beast . Jump up ^ Fallon , Kevin ( November 3 , 2015 ) . `` How Cristin Milioti Met ' Fargo ' -- And Left ' How I Met Your Mother ' Behind '' . The Daily Beast . ^ Jump up to : `` How Your Mother Met Me '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 9 . Episode 16 . January 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pilot '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 1 . Episode 1 . September 19 , 2005 . CBS . ^ Jump up to : Kuchman , Bill ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' ' Last Forever ' Recap : A Divisive Finale and What It Means for ' HIMYM ' '' . Popculturology . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rullo , Samantha ( March 10 , 2014 ) . `` What is The Mother 's Name on ' How I Met Your Mother ' ? Episode Title Might Hold the Secret '' . Bustle . New York City : Bustle Digital Group . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` HIMYM Tomatometer Watch : Series Finale Currently Rotten - Majority of critics disappointed by ' Last Forever ' '' . Rotten Tomatoes. April 2 , 2014 . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Michael ( 4 October 2014 ) . `` Why Cristin Milioti Sobbed When She Found Out Her Character 's Fate in ' How I Met Your Mother ' '' . ABC News . Retrieved 25 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Kuchman , Bill ( March 31 , 2014 ) . `` ' HIMYM ' Finale Instant Reaction '' . Popculturology . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Grubb , Brian ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` Now There 's A Petition To ' Rewrite And Reshoot ' The ' How I Met Your Mother ' Ending '' . Uproxx . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Maresca , Rachel ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' series finale sparks online petition from fans who want ending changed '' . New York Daily News . New York City : Tronc . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ @ CarterBays ( 9 April 2014 ) . `` Update for those who 've been asking : Alt # himym ending will be on s9 DVD and also in the series box set '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ James , Lauren ( April 5 , 2014 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' May Get Alternate Ending After Petition , Says Carter Bays '' . Contact Music . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( September 6 , 2014 ) . `` Watch the Happier ' How I Met Your Mother ' Alternate Ending '' . Rolling Stone . New York City : Wenner Media LLC . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . How I Met Your Mother Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 Characters Ted Mosby Marshall Eriksen Lily Aldrin Barney Stinson Robin Scherbatsky Tracy McConnell Soundtracks `` Let 's Go to the Mall '' `` Nothing Suits Me Like a Suit '' Related articles Awards and nominations The Bro Code Cheerleader effect Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Mother_(How_I_Met_Your_Mother)&oldid=865372876 '' Categories : How I Met Your Mother characters Fictional characters introduced in 2013 Fictional female musicians Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español Italiano Magyar Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2018 , at 14 : 59 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who ends up being the mother in how i met your mother	[ "Tracy McConnell (colloquial: \"The Mother\") is the title character from the CBS television sitcom How I Met Your Mother. The show, narrated by Future Ted (Bob Saget), tells the story of how Ted Mosby (Josh Radnor) met The Mother. Tracy McConnell appears in eight episodes, from \"Lucky Penny\" to \"The Time Travelers\", as an unseen character; she was first seen fully in \"Something New\" and was promoted to a main character in season 9. The Mother is played by Cristin Milioti.\n" ]	[ "Tracy McConnell" ]
6022854542746612392	Results of the Indian general election, 2014	Results of the Indian general election , 2014 - wikipedia Results of the Indian general election , 2014 This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) India This article is part of a series on the politics and government of India Constitution and law ( show ) Constitutional amendment Basic structure doctrine Fundamental rights Human rights -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Code of Civil Procedure , 1908 Uniform civil code Code of Criminal Procedure , 1973 Indian Penal Code Law enforcement Government of India ( show ) President ( Head of state ) ( List ) Vice president ( List ) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Executive : Prime minister ( Head of government ) ( List ) Union Council of Ministers Cabinet secretary Secretaries : ( Defence Finance Foreign Home ) Civil services All India Services ( IAS IFoS IPS ) Central Civil Services ( IRS IFS IA&AS IPoS IRAS IRTS IRPS ICAS IDAS IDES ICLS IIS ITrS IP&TAFS IOFS ) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Legislature : Parliament Rajya Sabha ( Chairman ) Lok Sabha ( Speaker ) Judiciary : Supreme court ( Chief justice ) High courts ( Chief justices ) District courts Elections ( show ) Election commission : Chief Election Commissioner ( Election commissioners ) Recent general elections : 2009 2014 2019 Recent state elections : 2017 2018 2019 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Political parties National parties State parties National coalitions : National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) United Progressive Alliance ( UPA ) Federalism ( show ) Administrative divisions -- -- -- -- -- -- -- State governments Governors ( List ) Chief ministers ( List ) Chief secretary ( Principal secretaries ) Field - level officers Divisional commissioners District magistrates Sub-divisional magistrates Legislatures : Vidhan Sabha Vidhan Parishad -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Local governments : Rural bodies : District councils Block panchayats Gram Panchayats Urban bodies : Municipal corporations Municipal councils Nagar panchayats Other countries Atlas To constitute India 's 16th Lok Sabha , general elections were held in April -- May 2014 . The result was announced on 16 May 2014 . The main contenders were two alliance groups of the Incumbent United Progressive Alliance and the Opposition National Democratic Alliance ; led by Indian National Congress and Bharatiya Janata Party respectively . This article describes the performance of various political parties . For the performance of individual candidates , please see List of members of the 16th Lok Sabha . Contents 1 Results by Party 1.1 Results by Alliance 2 Results by State 2.1 Andaman & Nicobar Islands ( 1 ) 2.2 Andhra Pradesh ( 25 ) 2.3 Arunachal Pradesh ( 2 ) 2.4 Assam ( 14 ) 2.5 Bihar ( 40 ) 2.6 Chandigarh ( 1 ) 2.7 Chhattisgarh ( 11 ) 2.8 Dadra & Nagar Haveli ( 1 ) 2.9 Daman & Diu ( 1 ) 2.10 NCT of Delhi ( 7 ) 2.11 Goa ( 2 ) 2.12 Gujarat ( 26 ) 2.13 Haryana ( 10 ) 2.14 Himachal Pradesh ( 4 ) 2.15 Jammu and Kashmir ( 6 ) 2.16 Jharkhand ( 14 ) 2.17 Karnataka ( 28 ) 2.18 Kerala ( 20 ) 2.19 Lakshadweep ( 1 ) 2.20 Madhya Pradesh ( 29 ) 2.21 Maharashtra ( 48 ) 2.22 Manipur ( 2 ) 2.23 Meghalaya ( 2 ) 2.24 Mizoram ( 1 ) 2.25 Nagaland ( 1 ) 2.26 Odisha ( 21 ) 2.27 Puducherry ( 1 ) 2.28 Punjab ( 13 ) 2.29 Rajasthan ( 25 ) 2.30 Sikkim ( 1 ) 2.31 Tamil Nadu ( 39 ) 2.32 Telangana ( 17 ) 2.33 Tripura ( 2 ) 2.34 Uttar Pradesh ( 80 ) 2.35 Uttarakhand ( 5 ) 2.36 West Bengal ( 42 ) 3 Results by constituency 4 References Results by Party ( edit ) Seat Share of different parties in the election . BJP ( 51.9 % ) INC ( 8.1 % ) BSP ( 0 % ) AITC ( 6.2 % ) SP ( 0.9 % ) AIADMK ( 6.8 % ) CPI ( M ) ( 1.7 % ) BJD ( 3.6 % ) SS ( 3.3 % ) TDP ( 2.9 % ) Other ( 14.6 % ) Vote Share of different parties in the election . BJP ( 31.0 % ) INC ( 19.3 % ) BSP ( 4.1 % ) AITC ( 3.8 % ) SP ( 3.4 % ) AIADMK ( 3.3 % ) CPI ( M ) ( 3.3 % ) BJD ( 1.7 % ) SS ( 1.9 % ) TDP ( 2.5 % ) Other ( 25.7 % ) e d Summary of the 2014 Indian general election Party Alliance Abbr . Candidates Votes Seats No . + / - % Number % + / - No . + / - % Bharatiya Janata Party NDA BJP 428 - 5 78.82 % 171,660,230 31.00 % 12.20 % 282 166 51.93 % Indian National Congress UPA INC 464 24 85.45 % 106,935,942 19.31 % 9.24 % 44 162 8.10 % All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam AIADMK 40 17 7.37 % 18,111,579 3.27 % 1.60 % 37 28 6.81 % All India Trinamool Congress AITC 131 96 24.13 % 21,262,665 3.84 % 0.34 % 34 15 6.26 % Biju Janata Dal BJD 21 3.87 % 9,489,946 1.71 % 0.12 % 20 6 3.68 % Shiv Sena NDA SHS 58 11 10.68 % 10,262,544 1.85 % 0.30 % 18 7 3.31 % Telugu Desam Party TDP 30 - 1 5.52 % 14,099,230 2.55 % 0.04 % 16 10 2.95 % Telangana Rashtra Samithi TRS 17 8 3.13 % 6,736,270 1.22 % 0.60 % 11 9 2.03 % Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) LF , LDF CPI ( M ) 93 11 17.13 % 17,988,955 3.25 % 2.08 % 9 7 1.66 % YSR Congress Party YSRCP 38 New 7.00 % 13,995,435 2.53 % New 9 New 1.66 % Nationalist Congress Party UPA NCP 36 - 32 6.63 % 8,635,558 1.56 % 0.58 % 6 1.10 % Lok Janshakti Party NDA LJP 7 - 5 1.29 % 2,295,929 0.41 % 0.04 % 6 6 1.10 % Samajwadi Party SP 197 36.28 % 18,673,089 3.37 % 0.05 % 5 18 0.92 % Aam Aadmi Party AAP 432 New 79.56 % 11,325,387 2.05 % New New 0.74 % Rashtriya Janata Dal UPA RJD 29 - 14 5.52 % 7,440,937 1.34 % 0.07 % 0.74 % Shiromani Akali Dal NDA SAD 10 1.84 % 3,636,148 0.66 % 0.30 % 0.74 % All India United Democratic Front AIUDF 18 - 7 3.31 % 2,333,040 0.42 % 0.10 % 0.55 % Rashtriya Lok Samata Party NDA RLSP New 0.74 % 1,078,473 0.19 % New New 0.55 % Jammu and Kashmir People 's Democratic Party JKPDP 5 - 1 0.92 % 732,644 0.13 % 0.01 % 0.55 % Janata Dal ( United ) JD ( U ) 93 38 17.13 % 5,992,281 1.08 % 0.44 % 18 0.37 % Janata Dal ( Secular ) JD ( S ) 34 6.26 % 3,731,481 0.67 % 0.15 % 0.37 % Indian National Lok Dal INLD 10 5 1.84 % 2,799,899 0.51 % 0.20 % 0.37 % Jharkhand Mukti Morcha UPA JMM 21 - 21 3.87 % 1,637,994 0.30 % 0.10 % 0.37 % Indian Union Muslim League UPA IUML 25 8 4.60 % 1,100,096 0.20 % 0.01 % 0.37 % Apna Dal NDA AD 7 - 36 1.29 % 821,820 0.15 % 0.03 % 0.37 % Communist Party of India LF , LDF CPI 67 11 12.34 % 4,327,460 0.78 % 0.65 % 0.18 % Pattali Makkal Katchi NDA PMK 9 1.66 % 1,827,566 0.33 % 0.14 % 0.18 % Revolutionary Socialist Party LF , UPA RSP 6 - 11 1.10 % 1,666,380 0.30 % 0.08 % 0.18 % Swabhimani Paksha NDA SWP 0.37 % 1,105,073 0.20 % 0.08 % 0.18 % Naga People 's Front NDA NPF 0.37 % 994,505 0.18 % 0.02 % 0.18 % All India Majlis - E-Ittehadul Muslimeen AIMIM 5 0.92 % 685,730 0.12 % 0.05 % 0.18 % National People 's Party NDA NPP 7 7 1.29 % 576,448 0.10 % New New 0.18 % Kerala Congress UPA KEC ( M ) 0.18 % 424,194 0.08 % 0.02 % 0.18 % All India N.R. Congress NDA AINRC New 0.18 % 255,826 0.05 % New New 0.18 % Sikkim Democratic Front SDF 0.18 % 163,698 0.03 % 0.01 % 0.18 % Bahujan Samaj Party BSP 503 92.63 % 22,946,346 4.14 % 2.03 % 0 21 0.00 % Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam DPA DMK 35 13 6.45 % 9,631,246 1.74 % 0.09 % 0 18 0.00 % Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam NDA DMDK 14 - 26 2.58 % 2,078,843 0.38 % 0.37 % 0 0.00 % Jharkhand Vikas Morcha ( Prajatantrik ) JVM ( P ) 16 2.95 % 1,579,772 0.29 % 0.06 % 0 0.00 % Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam NDA MDMK 7 1.29 % 1,417,535 0.26 % 0.01 % 0 0.00 % All India Forward Bloc LF AIFB 39 17 7.18 % 1,211,418 0.22 % 0.16 % 0 0.00 % Communist Party of India ( Marxist -- Leninist ) Liberation CPI ( ML ) L 82 15.10 % 1,007,275 0.18 % 0.07 % 0 0.00 % Bahujan Mukti Party BMP 233 New 42.73 % 791,951 0.14 % New 0 New 0.00 % Maharashtra Navnirman Sena MNS 10 - 1 1.84 % 708,010 0.13 % 0.23 % 0 0.00 % Haryana Janhit Congress ( BL ) NDA HJCBL - 8 0.37 % 703,698 0.13 % 0.07 % 0 0.00 % Rashtriya Lok Dal UPA RLD 10 1.84 % 696,918 0.13 % 0.31 % 0 5 0.00 % Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi DPA VCK - 1 0.37 % 606,110 0.11 % 0.07 % 0 0.00 % Asom Gana Parishad AGP 12 6 2.21 % 577,730 0.10 % 0.33 % 0 0.00 % Socialist Unity Centre of India ( Communist ) SUCI ( C ) 80 ? 14.73 % 520,972 0.09 % New 0 New 0.00 % Peace Party of India PPI 51 31 9.39 % 518,724 0.09 % 0.04 % 0 0.00 % Peasants and Workers Party of India PWPI 0.55 % 497,721 0.09 % New 0 New 0.00 % All Jharkhand Students Union AJSU 10 1.84 % 488,719 0.09 % 0.05 % 0 0.00 % Rashtriya Samaj Paksha NDA RSPS 5 - 27 0.92 % 458,480 0.08 % 0.03 % 0 0.00 % Jammu & Kashmir National Conference UPA JKNC 0.55 % 396,713 0.07 % 0.05 % 0 0.00 % Social Democratic Party of India SDPI 29 New 5.34 % 396,524 0.07 % New 0 New 0.00 % Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh BBM 23 - 16 4.24 % 360,854 0.07 % 0.05 % 0 0.00 % Quami Ekta Dal EM QED 9 New 1.66 % 354,577 0.06 % New 0 New 0.00 % Bodoland People 's Front UPA BPF 0.37 % 330,106 0.06 % 0.10 % 0 0.00 % Socialist Janata ( Democratic ) UPA SJD New 0.18 % 307,597 0.06 % New 0 New 0.00 % Gondwana Ganatantra Party GGP 27 - 1 4.97 % 301,366 0.05 % 0 0.00 % Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi BVA 0.18 % 293,681 0.05 % 0 0.00 % Puthiya Tamilagam DPA PT - 2 0.18 % 262,812 0.05 % 0.02 % 0 0.00 % Manithaneya Makkal Katchi DPA MAMAK - 3 0.18 % 236,679 0.04 % 2.00 % 0 0.00 % Welfare Party of India WPI 25 New 4.60 % 228,642 0.04 % New 0 New 0.00 % Jai Bharat Samanta Party JBSP - 2 0.18 % 215,607 0.04 % 0.04 % 0 0.00 % Republican Party of India ( A ) NDA RPI ( A ) 45 - 10 8.10 % 206,689 0.04 % 0.05 % 0 0.00 % Jai Samaikyandhra Party JaSPa 27 New 4.97 % 204,260 0.04 % New 0 New 0.00 % Jharkhand Party JKP - 3 0.74 % 203,869 0.04 % 0.01 % 0 0.00 % Pyramid Party of India PPOI 38 - 13 7.00 % 185,478 0.03 % 0.04 % 0 0.00 % Ambedkarite Party of India API 34 New 6.26 % 185,095 0.03 % New 0 New 0.00 % Lok Satta Party LSP 7 - 25 1.29 % 165,670 0.03 % 0.10 % 0 0.00 % Aama Odisha Party AOP 9 New 1.66 % 155,900 0.03 % New 0 New 0.00 % National Unionist Zamindara Party NUZP New 0.55 % 124,990 0.02 % New 0 New 0.00 % Sikkim Krantikari Morcha SKM New 0.18 % 121,956 0.02 % New 0 New 0.00 % Suheldev Bhartiya Samaj Party EM SBSP 13 - 7 2.39 % 118,947 0.02 % 0.06 % 0 0.00 % Communist Party of India ( Marxist - Leninist ) Red Star CPI ( ML ) RS 47 New 8.66 % 114,323 0.02 % New 0 New 0.00 % Marxist Co-ordination Committee MCO - 1 0.18 % 110,185 0.02 % 0 0.00 % Jharkhand Disom Party JDP 19 10 3.50 % 109,843 0.02 % 0 0.00 % United Democratic Party UDP 0.18 % 106,817 0.02 % 0.01 % 0 0.00 % Independent IND 3,235 596 16,743,719 3.02 % - 2.17 % - 6 0.55 % Others 1,182 4,023,271 0.73 % - 4.14 % 0 0.00 % None of the above NOTA 6,000,197 1.08 % New 0 New 0.00 % Valid Votes 553,801,801 100.00 % 543 100.00 % Rejected Votes Total Polled Registered Electors 834,101,479 66.40 % Sources : Election Commission of India Election Commission of India Results by Alliance ( edit ) National Democratic Alliance 336 / 543 282 18 16 6 BJP SS TDP LJP SAD RLSP AD PMK SWP AINRC NPP NPF United Progressive Alliance 60 / 543 6 44 RSP KC ( M ) JMM IUML RJD NCP INC Others ( Non-Allied ) 147 / 543 37 34 20 11 5 9 9 AIADMK AITC BJD TRS INLD AIUDF AAP J&KPDP JD ( S ) JD ( U ) SP SDF AIMIM YSRCP IND . CPI CPI ( M ) Results by State ( edit ) Andaman & Nicobar Islands ( 1 ) ( edit ) BJP Name of Party Vote Share % Change Seats won Changes Bharatiya Janata Party 47.8 + 3.59 0 Indian National Congress 44.8 + 1.23 0 0 Andhra Pradesh ( 25 ) ( edit ) 15 8 TDP BJP YSRCP Name of Party Vote Share % Change Seats won Changes Telugu Desam Party ( NDA ) 29.10 + 4.17 15 + 9 YSR Congress Party 28.90 + 28.90 8 + 8 Indian National Congress 11.5 - 27.45 0 - 19 Bharatiya Janata Party ( NDA ) 8.50 -- - + 2 Arunachal Pradesh ( 2 ) ( edit ) BJP INC Name of Party Vote Share % Change Seats won Changes Bharatiya Janata Party 47.8 + 3.59 + 1 Indian National Congress 43.7 - 9.91 - 1 Assam ( 14 ) ( edit ) 7 BJP AIUDF IND . INC Name of Party Vote Share % Change Seats won Changes Bharatiya Janata Party 36.50 + 19.29 7 All India United Democratic Front 14.80 + 2.30 Indian National Congress 29.60 - 4.31 Asom Gana Parishad 3.80 - 8.81 0 IND . -- - -- - Bodoland People 's Front -- - -- - 0 Bihar ( 40 ) ( edit ) 22 6 BJP LJP RLSP JD ( U ) RJD NCP INC Name of Party Vote Share % Change Seats won Changes Bharatiya Janata Party ( NDA ) 29.40 + 15.47 22 + 10 Lok Janshakti Party ( NDA ) 6.40 -- - 6 + 6 Rashtriya Janata Dal ( UPA ) 20.10 + 0.80 0 Janata Dal ( United ) 15.80 - 8.24 - 18 Rashtriya Lok Samta Party ( NDA ) 3.00 -- - + 3 Nationalist Congress Party 1.20 -- - + 1 Indian National Congress ( UPA ) 8.40 - 1.86 0 Independent -- - -- - 0 - 2 Chandigarh ( 1 ) ( edit ) BJP Name of Party Vote Share % Change Seats won Changes Bharatiya Janata Party 42.20 + 19.46 + 1 Indian National Congress 26.80 - 20.07 0 - 1 Aam Aadmi Party 24.00 New 0 0 Chhattisgarh ( 11 ) ( edit ) 10 BJP INC Name of Party Vote Share % Change Seats won Changes Bharatiya Janata Party 48.70 - 1.09 10 0 Indian National Congress 38.40 + 13.67 0 Dadra & Nagar Haveli ( 1 ) ( edit ) BJP Name of Party Vote Share % Change Seats won Changes Bharatiya Janata Party 48.90 + 2.47 0 Indian National Congress 45.10 - 0.75 0 0 Daman & Diu ( 1 ) ( edit ) BJP Name of Party Vote Share % Change Seats won Changes Bharatiya Janata Party 53.80 % - 11.46 0 Indian National Congress 43.30 % + 14.29 0 0 NCT of Delhi ( 7 ) ( edit ) 7 BJP Name of Party Vote Share % Change Seats won Changes Bharatiya Janata Party 46.40 + 11.17 7 + 7 Indian National Congress 15.10 - 42.01 0 - 7 Aam Aadmi Party 34.90 New 0 0 Goa ( 2 ) ( edit ) BJP Name of Party Vote Share % Change Seats won Changes Bharatiya Janata Party 53.40 % + 8.62 + 1 Indian National Congress 36.60 % - 14.00 0 - 1 Gujarat ( 26 ) ( edit ) 26 BJP Name of Party Vote Share % Change Seats won Changes Bharatiya Janata Party 60.11 % + 12.59 26 + 10 Indian National Congress 33.45 % - 10.48 0 - 11 Haryana ( 10 ) ( edit ) 7 BJP INLD INC Name of Party Vote Share % Change Seats won Changes Bharatiya Janata Party 34.70 % 7 + 7 Indian National Congress 22.90 % - 18.87 - 8 Indian National Lok Dal 24.40 % + 2 Himachal Pradesh ( 4 ) ( edit ) BJP Name of Party Vote Share % Change Seats won Changes Bharatiya Janata Party 53.31 % + 3.72 + 1 Indian National Congress 40.70 % - 4.91 0 - 1 Jammu and Kashmir ( 6 ) ( edit ) BJP JKPDP Name of Party Vote Share % Change Seats won Changes Bharatiya Janata Party 34.40 % + 3 Indian National Congress ( UPA ) 22.90 % - 1.77 0 - 2 Jammu & Kashmir People 's Democratic Party 20.50 % + 3 Jammu & Kashmir National Conference ( UPA ) 11.10 % - 8.00 % 0 - 3 Independent -- - -- - 0 - 1 Jharkhand ( 14 ) ( edit ) 12 BJP JMM Name of Party Vote Share % Change Seats won Changes Bharatiya Janata Party 40.10 % + 12.57 % 12 + 4 Indian National Congress ( UPA ) 13.30 % - 1.72 % 0 - 1 Jharkhand Vikas Morcha ( Prajatantrik ) 12.10 % 0 - 1 Jharkhand Mukti Morcha ( UPA ) 9.30 % - 2.4 % 0 Independent -- - -- - 0 - 2 Karnataka ( 28 ) ( edit ) 17 9 BJP JD ( S ) INC Name of Party Vote Share % Change Seats won Changes Bharatiya Janata Party 43.00 % - 1.37 17 - 2 Indian National Congress 40.80 % + 3.15 9 + 3 Janata Dal ( Secular ) 11.00 % - 2.57 % - 1 aam Kerala ( 20 ) ( edit ) 8 5 INC IUML KC ( M ) RSP CPI ( M ) CPI IND . Name of Party Vote Share % Change Seats won Changes Bharatiya Janata Party 10.30 % 0 0 Indian National Congress 31.10 % 8 - 5 Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) 21.60 % 5 + 1 Communist Party of India 7.60 % + 1 Indian Union Muslim League 4.50 % 0 Kerala Congress ( M ) 2.40 % 0 Revolutionary Socialist Party + 1 IND . ( backed by Left Democratic Front ) + 2 Lakshadweep ( 1 ) ( edit ) NCP Name of Party Vote Share % Change Seats won Changes Nationalist Congress Party 50.10 % + 3.79 + 1 Indian National Congress 46.60 % - 5.32 0 - 1 Madhya Pradesh ( 29 ) ( edit ) 27 BJP INC Name of Party Vote Share % Change Seats won Changes Bharatiya Janata Party 54.00 + 10.55 27 + 11 Indian National Congress 34.90 - 5.24 - 10 Bahujan Samaj Party 3.8 - 2.05 0 - 1 Maharashtra ( 48 ) ( edit ) 23 18 BJP Shiv Sena SWP NCP INC Name of Party Vote Share % Change Seats won Changes Bharatiya Janata Party ( NDA ) 27.30 % + 9.13 % 23 + 14 Shiv Sena ( NDA ) 20.60 % + 3.60 % 18 + 7 Indian National Congress ( UPA ) 18.10 % - 1.51 - 15 Nationalist Congress Party ( UPA ) 16.00 % - 3.28 - 4 Swabhimani Paksha ( NDA ) 2.30 % 0 Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi ( UPA ) -- - -- - 0 - 1 Independent -- - -- - 0 - 1 Manipur ( 2 ) ( edit ) INC Name of Party Vote Share % Change Seats won Changes Bharatiya Janata Party 11.90 % 0 0 Indian National Congress 41.70 % - 1.26 % 0 Naga People 's Front 19.90 % 0 0 Communist Party of India 14.00 % 0 0 Meghalaya ( 2 ) ( edit ) NPP INC Name of Party Vote Share % Change Seats won Changes Bharatiya Janata Party ( NDA ) 8.90 % 0 0 Indian National Congress ( UPA ) 37.90 % - 6.94 % 0 National People 's Party ( NDA ) 22.20 % + 22.20 + 1 Nationalist Congress Party ( UPA ) -- - - 18.78 % 0 - 1 Mizoram ( 1 ) ( edit ) INC Name of Party Vote Share % Change Seats won Changes Indian National Congress 48.60 % + 16.98 0 Nagaland ( 1 ) ( edit ) NPF Name of Party Vote Share % Change Seats won Changes Naga People 's Front ( NDA ) 68.70 % - 1.26 0 Indian National Congress 30.10 % 0 Odisha ( 21 ) ( edit ) 20 BJD BJP Name of Party Vote Share % Change Seats won Changes Biju Janata Dal 44.10 % + 6.87 20 + 6 Bharatiya Janata Party 21.50 % + 1 Indian National Congress 26.00 % - 6.75 0 - 6 Communist Party of India 0.3 % - 2.27 % 0 - 1 Puducherry ( 1 ) ( edit ) All India NR Congress Name of Party Vote Share % Change Seats won Changes All India N.R. Congress ( NDA ) 34.60 % + 34.60 + 1 Indian National Congress 26.3 % - 23.16 % 0 - 1 Punjab ( 13 ) ( edit ) BJP SAD AAP INC Name of Party Vote Share % Change Seats won Changes Indian National Congress 33.10 % - 12.13 - 5 Shiromani Akali Dal 20.30 % - 13.55 % 0 Bharatiya Janata Party 8.70 % - 1.36 + 1 Aam Aadmi Party 30.40 % + 30.40 % + 4 Rajasthan ( 25 ) ( edit ) 25 BJP Name of Party Vote Share % Change Seats won Changes Bharatiya Janata Party 54.90 % + 7.71 25 + 21 Indian National Congress 30.40 % - 16.79 0 - 20 Sikkim ( 1 ) ( edit ) SDF Name of Party Vote Share % Change Seats won Changes Sikkim Democratic Front 53.00 % - 13.30 0 Sikkim Krantikari Morcha 39.50 % + 39.50 % 0 0 Bharatiya Janata Party 2.40 % + 0.59 0 0 Indian National Congress 2.30 % - 27.26 % 0 0 Tamil Nadu ( 39 ) ( edit ) 37 AIADMK PMK BJP Name of Party Vote Share % Change Seats won Changes All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 44.30 % + 21.42 % 37 + 28 Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 23.60 % - 1.49 0 - 18 Bharatiya Janata Party 5.50 % + 1 Pattali Makkal Katchi 4.40 % + 1 Telangana ( 17 ) ( edit ) 11 TRS INC BJP TDP YSRCP AIMIM Name of Party Vote Share % Change Seats won Changes Telangana Rashtra Samithi 33.90 + 7.76 11 + 9 Indian National Congress 20.5 - 27.45 0 Bharatiya Janata Party 8.50 -- - 0 Telugu Desam Party 3.10 + 4.17 0 YSR Congress Party 2.90 + 2.90 0 All India Majlis - e-Ittehadul Muslimeen 1.40 - 0.53 0 Tripura ( 2 ) ( edit ) CPI ( M ) Name of Party Vote Share % Change Seats won Changes Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) 64.00 % + 2.31 0 Indian National Congress 15.20 % 0 0 Bharatiya Janata Party 5.70 % 0 0 Uttar Pradesh ( 80 ) ( edit ) 71 5 BJP SP INC AD Name of Party Vote Share % Change Seats won Changes Bharatiya Janata Party ( NDA ) 42.30 % + 24.80 71 + 61 Samajwadi Party 22.20 % - 1.06 5 - 18 Bahujan Samaj Party 19.60 % - 7.82 0 - 20 Indian National Congress 7.50 % - 10.75 - 19 Apna Dal ( NDA ) 1.00 % + 2 Uttarakhand ( 5 ) ( edit ) 5 BJP Name of Party Vote Share % Change Seats won Changes Bharatiya Janata Party 55.30 % 5 + 5 Indian National Congress 34.00 % - 9.13 0 - 5 West Bengal ( 42 ) ( edit ) 34 BJP INC CPI ( M ) AITC Name of Party Vote Share % Change Seats won Changes All India Trinamool Congress 39.80 % + 8.60 34 + 15 Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) 23 % - 10.1 - 13 Bharatiya Janata Party 18 % + 10.90 + 1 Indian National Congress 9.70 % - 3.80 - 2 Results by constituency ( edit ) State PC No . PC Name PC Type Winner Candidate Winner Party Votes Runner - Up Party Votes Margin Andaman & Nicobar Andaman & Nicobar Islands GEN Bishnu Pada Ray BJP 90969 Kuldeep Rai Sharma INC 83157 7812 Andhra Pradesh Araku ( ST ) Kothapalli Geetha YSRC 413191 Gummidi Sandhyarani TDP 321793 91398 Andhra Pradesh Srikakulam GEN Rammohan Naidu Kinjarapu TDP 556163 Reddy Shanthi YSRC 428591 127572 Andhra Pradesh Vizianagaram GEN Ashok Gajapathi Raju Pusapati TDP 536549 Venkata Swetha Chalapathi Kumara Krishna Rangarao Ravu YSRC 429638 106911 Andhra Pradesh Visakhapatnam GEN Kambhampati Hari Babu BJP 566832 Y.S Vijayamma YSRC 476344 90488 Andhra Pradesh 5 Anakapalli GEN Muttamsetti Srinivasa Rao ( Avanthi ) TDP 568463 Gudivada Amarnadh YSRC 520531 47932 Andhra Pradesh 6 Kakinada GEN Thota Narasimham TDP 514402 Chalamalasetty Sunil YSRC 510971 3431 Andhra Pradesh 7 Amalapuram ( SC ) Dr Pandula Ravindra Babu TDP 594547 Pinipe Viswarupu YSRC 473971 120576 Andhra Pradesh 8 Rajahmundry GEN Murali Mohan Maganti TDP 630573 Boddu Venkataramana Chowdary YSRC 463139 167434 Andhra Pradesh 9 Narsapuram GEN Gokaraju Ganga Raju BJP 540306 Vanka Ravindranath YSRC 454955 85351 Andhra Pradesh 10 Eluru GEN Maganti Venkateswara Rao ( Babu ) TDP 623471 Thota Chandra Sekhar YSRC 521545 101926 Andhra Pradesh 11 Machilipatnam GEN Konakalla Narayana Rao TDP 587280 Kolusu Partha Sarathy YSRC 506223 81057 Andhra Pradesh 12 Vijayawada GEN Kesineni Srinivas TDP 592696 Koneru Rajendra Prasad YSRC 517834 74862 Andhra Pradesh 13 Guntur GEN Jayadev Galla TDP 618417 Balashowry Vallabhaneni YSRC 549306 69111 Andhra Pradesh 14 Narasaraopet GEN Sambasiva Rao Rayapati TDP 632464 Ayodhya Ramireddy Alla YSRC 597184 35280 Andhra Pradesh 15 Bapatla ( SC ) Malyadri Sriram TDP 578145 Varikuti Amruthapani YSRC 545391 32754 Andhra Pradesh 16 Ongole GEN Y.V. Subba Reddy YSRC 589960 Magunta Sreenivasulu Reddy TDP 574302 15658 Andhra Pradesh 17 Nandyal GEN S.P.Y Reddy YSRC 622411 N. Md. Farook TDP 516645 105766 Andhra Pradesh 18 Kurnool GEN Butta Renuka YSRC 472782 B.T. Naidu TDP 428651 44131 Andhra Pradesh 19 Anantapur GEN J.C. Divakar Reddi TDP 606509 Anantha Venkataramireddy YSRC 545240 61269 Andhra Pradesh 20 Hindupur GEN Kristappa Nimmala TDP 604291 Duddukunta Sreedhar Reddy YSRC 506966 97325 Andhra Pradesh 21 Kadapa GEN Y.S. Avinash Reddy YSRC 671983 Srinivasa Reddy Reddeppagari TDP 481660 190323 Andhra Pradesh 22 Nellore GEN Mekapati Rajamohan Reddy YSRC 576396 Adala Prabhakara Reddy TDP 562918 13478 Andhra Pradesh 23 Tirupati ( SC ) Varaprasad Rao Velagapalli YSRC 580376 Karumanchi Jayaram BJP 542951 37425 Andhra Pradesh 24 Rajampet GEN P.V. Midhun Reddy YSRC 601752 D. Purandeswari BJP 426990 174762 Andhra Pradesh 25 Chittoor ( SC ) Naramalli Sivaprasad TDP 594862 G. Samanyakiran YSRC 550724 44138 Arunachal Pradesh Arunachal West ( ST ) Kiren Rijiju BJP 169367 Takam Sanjoy INC 127629 41738 Arunachal Pradesh Arunachal East ( ST ) Ninong Ering INC 118455 Tapir Gao BJP 105977 12478 Assam Karimganj ( SC ) Radheshyam Biswas AUDF 362866 Krishna Das BJP 260772 102094 Assam Silchar GEN Sushmita Dev INC 336451 Kabindra Purkayastha BJP 301210 35241 Assam Autonomous District ( ST ) Biren Singh Engti INC 213152 Joy Ram Engleng BJP 189057 24095 Assam Dhubri GEN Badruddin Ajmal AUDF 592569 Wazed Ali Choudhury INC 362839 229730 Assam 5 Kokrajhar ( ST ) Naba Kumar Sarania ( Hira ) IND 634428 Urkhao Gwra Brahma IND 278649 355779 Assam 6 Barpeta GEN Siraj Uddin Ajmal AUDF 394702 Chandra Mohan Patowary BJP 352361 42341 Assam 7 Gauhati GEN Smt . Bijoya Chakraborty BJP 764985 Manash Borah INC 449201 315784 Assam 8 Mangaldoi GEN Ramen Deka BJP 486357 Kirip Chaliha INC 463473 22884 Assam 9 Tezpur GEN Ram Prasad Sarmah BJP 446511 Bhupen Kumar Borah INC 360491 86020 Assam 10 Nawgong GEN Rajen Gohain BJP 494146 Jonjonali Baruah INC 350587 143559 Assam 11 Kaliabor GEN Gourav Gogoi INC 443315 Mrinal Kumar Saikia BJP 349441 93874 Assam 12 Jorhat GEN Kamakhya Prasad Tasa BJP 456420 Bijoy Krishna Handique INC 354000 102420 Assam 13 Dibrugarh ( ST ) Rameswar Teli BJP 494364 Paban Singh Ghatowar INC 309017 185347 Assam 14 Lakhimpur GEN Sarbananda Sonowal BJP 612543 Ranee Narah INC 320405 292138 Bihar Valmiki Nagar GEN Satish Chandra Dubey BJP 364011 Purnmasi Ram INC 246218 117793 Bihar Paschim Champaran GEN Dr. Sanjay Jaiswal BJP 371232 Prakash Jha JD ( U ) 260978 110254 Bihar Purvi Champaran GEN Radha Mohan Singh BJP 400452 Binod Kumar Srivastava RJD 208289 192163 Bihar Sheohar GEN Rama Devi BJP 372506 Md Anwarul Haque RJD 236267 136239 Bihar 5 Sitamarhi GEN Ram Kumar Sharma RLSP 411265 Sitaram Yadav RJD 263300 147965 Bihar 6 Madhubani GEN Hukm Deo Narayan Yadav BJP 358040 Abdul Bari Siddiqui RJD 337505 20535 Bihar 7 Jhanjharpur GEN Birendra Kumar Chaudhary BJP 335481 Mangani Lal Mandal RJD 280073 55408 Bihar 8 Supaul GEN Ranjeet Ranjan INC 332927 Dileshwar Kamait JD ( U ) 273255 59672 Bihar 9 Araria GEN Tasleem Uddin RJD 407978 Pradeep Kumar Singh BJP 261474 146504 Bihar 10 Kishanganj GEN Mohammad Asrarul Haque INC 493461 Dr Dilip Kumar Jaiswal BJP 298849 194612 Bihar 11 Katihar GEN Tariq Anwar NCP 431292 Nikhil Kumar Choudhary BJP 316552 114740 Bihar 12 Purnia GEN Santosh Kumar JD ( U ) 418826 Uday Singh Alias Pappu Singh BJP 302157 116669 Bihar 13 Madhepura GEN Rajesh Ranjan ( Pappu Yadav ) RJD 368937 Sharad Yadav JD ( U ) 312728 56209 Bihar 14 Darbhanga GEN Kirti Azad BJP 314949 Md . Ali Ashraf Fatmi RJD 279906 35043 Bihar 15 Muzaffarpur GEN Ajay Nishad BJP 469295 Akhilesh Prasad Singh INC 246873 222422 Bihar 16 Vaishali GEN Rama Kishore Singh LJP 305450 Raghuvansh Prasad Singh RJD 206183 99267 Bihar 17 Gopalganj ( SC ) Janak Ram BJP 478773 Dr. Jyoti Bharti INC 191837 286936 Bihar 18 Siwan GEN Om Prakash Yadav BJP 372670 Hena Shahab RJD 258823 113847 Bihar 19 Maharajganj GEN Janardan Singh ( Sigriwal ) BJP 320753 Prabhu Nath Singh RJD 282338 38415 Bihar 20 Saran GEN Rajiv Pratap Rudy BJP 355120 Rabri Devi RJD 314172 40948 Bihar 21 Hajipur ( SC ) Ramvilas Paswan LJP 455652 Sanjeev Prasad Toni INC 230152 225500 Bihar 22 Ujiarpur GEN Nityanand Rai BJP 317352 Alok Kumar Mehta RJD 256883 60469 Bihar 23 Samastipur ( SC ) Ram Chandra Paswan LJP 270401 Dr. Ashok Kumar INC 263529 6872 Bihar 24 Begusarai GEN Bhola Singh BJP 428227 Md . Tanveer Hassan RJD 369892 58335 Bihar 25 Khagaria GEN Choudhary Mahboob Ali Kaiser LJP 313806 Krishna Kumari Yadav RJD 237803 76003 Bihar 26 Bhagalpur GEN Shailesh Kumar Urph Bulo Mandal RJD 367623 Syed Shahnawaz Hussain BJP 358138 9485 Bihar 27 Banka GEN Jai Prakash Narayan Yadav RJD 285150 Putul Kumari BJP 275006 10144 Bihar 28 Munger GEN Veena Devi LJP 352911 Rajiv Ranjan Singh Alias Lalan Singh JD ( U ) 243827 109084 Bihar 29 Nalanda GEN Kaushlendra Kumar JD ( U ) 321982 Satya Nand Sharma LJP 312355 9627 Bihar 30 Patna Sahib GEN Shatrughana Sinha BJP 485905 Kunal Singh INC 220100 265805 Bihar 31 Pataliputra GEN Ram Kripal Yadav BJP 383262 Misha Bharti RJD 342940 40322 Bihar 32 Arrah GEN Raj Kumar Singh BJP 391074 Sribhagwan Singh Kushwaha RJD 255204 135870 Bihar 33 Buxar GEN Ashwini Kumar Choubey BJP 319012 Jagadanand Singh RJD 186674 132338 Bihar 34 Sasaram ( SC ) Chhedi Paswan BJP 366087 Meira Kumar INC 302760 63327 Bihar 35 Karakat GEN Upendra Kushwaha RLSP 338892 Kanti Singh RJD 233651 105241 Bihar 36 Jahanabad GEN Dr. Arun Kumar RLSP 322647 Surendra Prasad Yadav RJD 280307 42340 Bihar 37 Aurangabad GEN Sushil Kumar Singh BJP 307941 Nikhil Kumar INC 241594 66347 Bihar 38 Gaya ( SC ) Hari Manjhi BJP 326230 Ramji Manjhi RJD 210726 115504 Bihar 39 Nawada GEN Giriraj Singh BJP 390248 Raj Ballabh Prasad RJD 250091 140157 Bihar 40 Jamui ( SC ) Chirag Kumar Paswan LJP 285354 Sudhansu Shekhar Bhaskar RJD 199407 85947 Chandigarh Chandigarh GEN Smt . Kirron Kher Anupam BJP 191362 Pawan Kumar Bansal INC 121720 69642 Chhattisgarh Surguja ( ST ) Kamalbhan Singh Marabi BJP 585336 Ram Dev Ram INC 438100 147236 Chhattisgarh Raigarh ( ST ) Vishnu Deo Sai BJP 662478 Arti Singh INC 445728 216750 Chhattisgarh Janjgir - Champa ( SC ) Smt . Kamla Patle BJP 518909 Prem Chand Jayasi INC 343948 174961 Chhattisgarh Korba GEN Dr. Banshilal Mahto BJP 439002 Charan Das Mahant INC 434737 4265 Chhattisgarh 5 Bilaspur GEN Lakhan Lal Sahu BJP 561387 Karuna Shukla INC 384951 176436 Chhattisgarh 6 Rajnandgaon GEN Abhishek Singh BJP 643473 Kamleshwar Verma INC 407562 235911 Chhattisgarh 7 Durg GEN Tamradhwaj Sahu INC 570687 Saroj Pandey BJP 553839 16848 Chhattisgarh 8 Raipur GEN Ramesh Bais BJP 654922 Satya Narayan Sharma ( Sattu Bhaiya ) INC 483276 171646 Chhattisgarh 9 Mahasamund GEN Chandu Lal Sahu ( Chandu Bhaiya ) BJP 503514 Ajit Jogi INC 502297 1217 Chhattisgarh 10 Bastar ( ST ) Dinesh Kashyap BJP 385829 Deepak Karma ( Bunty ) INC 261470 124359 Chhattisgarh 11 Kanker ( ST ) Vikram Dev Usendi BJP 465215 Foolodevi Netam INC 430057 35158 Dadar & Nagar Haveli Dadra And Nagar Haveli ( ST ) Patel Natubhai Gomanbhai BJP 80790 Delkar Mohanbhai Sanjibhai INC 74576 6214 Daman & diu Daman And Diu GEN Patel Lalubhai Babubhai BJP 46960 Ketan Dahyabhai Patel INC 37738 9222 Delhi Chandni Chowk GEN Dr. Harsh Vardhan BJP 437938 Ashutosh AAP 301618 136320 Delhi North East Delhi GEN Manoj Tiwari BJP 596125 Anand Kumar AAP 452041 144084 Delhi East Delhi GEN Maheish Girri BJP 572202 Rajmohan Gandhi AAP 381739 190463 Delhi New Delhi GEN Smt . Meenakshi Lekhi BJP 453350 Ashish Khetan AAP 290642 162708 Delhi 5 North West Delhi ( SC ) Udit Raj BJP 629860 Rakhi Birla AAP 523058 106802 Delhi 6 West Delhi GEN Parvesh Sahib Singh Verma BJP 651395 Jarnail Singh AAP 382809 268586 Delhi 7 South Delhi GEN Ramesh Bidhuri BJP 497980 Col Devinder Sehrawat AAP 390980 107000 Goa North Goa GEN Shripad Yesso Naik BJP 237903 Ravi Naik INC 132304 105599 Goa South Goa GEN Adv . Narendra Keshav Sawaikar BJP 198776 Aleixo Reginaldo Lourenco INC 166446 32330 Gujarat Kutch ( SC ) Chavda Vinod Lakhamashi BJP 562855 Dr. Dinesh Parmar INC 308373 254482 Gujarat Banaskantha GEN Chaudhary Haribhai Parthibhai BJP 507856 Patel Joitabhai Kasnabhai INC 305522 202334 Gujarat Patan GEN Liladharbhai Khodaji Vaghela BJP 518538 Rathod Bhavsinhbhai Dahyabhai INC 379819 138719 Gujarat Mehsana GEN Patel Jayshreeben Kanubhai BJP 580250 Patel Jivabhai Ambalal INC 371359 208891 Gujarat 5 Sabarkantha GEN Rathod Dipsinh Shankarsinh BJP 552205 Shankersinh Vaghela Bapu INC 467750 84455 Gujarat 6 Gandhinagar GEN L.K. Advani BJP 773539 Kiritbhai Ishvarbhai Patel INC 290418 483121 Gujarat 7 Ahmedabad East GEN Paresh Rawal BJP 633582 Patel Himmatsingh Prahladsingh INC 306949 326633 Gujarat 8 Ahmedabad West ( SC ) Dr. Kirit P Solanki BJP 617104 Ishwarbahi Dhanabhai Makwana INC 296793 320311 Gujarat 9 Surendranagar GEN Fatepara Devajibhai Govindbhai BJP 529003 Koli Patel Somabhai Gandalal INC 326096 202907 Gujarat 10 Rajkot GEN Kundariya Mohanbhai Kalyanjibhai BJP 621524 Kunvarjibhai Mohanbhai Bavaliya INC 375096 246428 Gujarat 11 Porbandar GEN Radadiya Vithalbhai Hansrajbhai BJP 508437 Jadeja Kandhalbhai Sarmanbhai NCP 240466 267971 Gujarat 12 Jamnagar GEN Poonamben Hematbhai Maadam BJP 484412 Ahir Vikrambhai Arjanbhai Madam INC 309123 175289 Gujarat 13 Junagadh GEN Chudasama Rajeshbhai Naranbhai BJP 513179 Punjabhai Bhimabhai Vansh INC 377347 135832 Gujarat 14 Amreli GEN Kachhadiya Naranbhai Bhikhabhai BJP 436715 Thummar Virjibhai Keshavbhai ( Virjibhai Thummar ) INC 280483 156232 Gujarat 15 Bhavnagar GEN Dr. Bharatiben Dhirubhai Shiyal BJP 549529 Rathod Pravinbhai Jinabhai INC 254041 295488 Gujarat 16 Anand GEN Dilip Patel BJP 490829 Solanki Bharatbhai Madhavsinh INC 427403 63426 Gujarat 17 Kheda GEN Chauhan Devusinh Jesingbhai ( Chauhan Devusinh ) BJP 568235 Dinsha Patel INC 335334 232901 Gujarat 18 Panchmahal GEN Chauhan Prabhatsinh Pratapsinh BJP 508274 Ramsinh Parmar INC 337678 170596 Gujarat 19 Dahod ( ST ) Jasvantsinh Sumanbhai Bhabhor BJP 511111 Taviyad Dr. Prabhaben Kishorsinh INC 280757 230354 Gujarat 20 Vadodara GEN Ranjanaben Dhananjay Bhatt BJP 526763 Narendra Ravat INC 197256 329507 Gujarat 21 Chhota Udaipur ( ST ) Ramsinh Rathwa BJP 607916 Naranbhai Jemalabhai Rathva INC 428187 179729 Gujarat 22 Bharuch GEN Vasava Mansukhbhai Dhanjibhai BJP 548902 Patel Jayeshbhai Ambalalbhai ( Jayesh Kaka ) INC 395629 153273 Gujarat 23 Bardoli ( ST ) Vasava Parbhubhai Nagarbhai BJP 622769 Chaudhari Tusharbhai Amarsinhbhai INC 498885 123884 Gujarat 24 Surat GEN Jardosh Darshnaben Vikrambhai BJP 718412 Desai Naishadhbhai Bhupatbhai INC 185222 533190 Gujarat 25 Navsari GEN C.R. Patil BJP 820831 Maksud Mirza INC 262715 558116 Gujarat 26 Valsad ( ST ) Dr. K.C. Patel BJP 617772 Kishanbhai Vestabhai Patel INC 409768 208004 Haryana Ambala ( SC ) Rattan Lal Kataria BJP 612121 Raj Kumar Balmiki INC 272047 340074 Haryana Kurukshetra GEN Raj Kumar Saini BJP 418112 Balbir Singh Saini INLD 288376 129736 Haryana Sirsa ( SC ) Charanjeet Singh Rori INLD 506370 Ashok Tanwar INC 390634 115736 Haryana Hisar GEN Dushyant Chautala INLD 494478 Kuldeep Bishnoi HJC ( BL ) 462631 31847 Haryana 5 Karnal GEN Ashwini Kumar BJP 594817 Arvind Kumar Sharma INC 234670 360147 Haryana 6 Sonipat GEN Ramesh Chander BJP 347203 Jagbir Singh Malik INC 269789 77414 Haryana 7 Rohtak GEN Deepender Singh Hooda INC 490063 Om Parkash Dhankar BJP 319436 170627 Haryana 8 Bhiwani - Mahendragarh GEN Dharambir S / O Bhale Ram BJP 404542 Bahadur Singh INLD 275148 129394 Haryana 9 Gurgaon GEN Inderjit Singh Rao BJP 644780 Zakir Hussain INLD 370058 274722 Haryana 10 Faridabad GEN Krishan Pal BJP 652516 Avtar Singh Bhadana INC 185643 466873 Himachal Pradesh Kangra GEN Shanta Kumar BJP 456163 Chander Kumar INC 286091 170072 Himachal Pradesh Mandi GEN Ram Swaroop Sharma BJP 362824 Pratibha Singh INC 322968 39856 Himachal Pradesh Hamirpur GEN Anurag Singh Thakur BJP 448035 Rajinder Singh Rana INC 349632 98403 Himachal Pradesh Shimla ( SC ) Virender Kashyap BJP 385973 Mohan Lal Brakta INC 301786 84187 Jammu and Kashmir Baramulla GEN Muzaffar Hussain Baig PDP 175277 Sharief Ud - Din Shariq JKNPP 146058 29219 Jammu and Kashmir Srinagar GEN Tariq Hameed Karra PDP 157923 Farooq Abdullah JKNPP 115643 42280 Jammu and Kashmir Anantnag GEN Mehbooba Mufti PDP 200429 Mirza Mehboob Beg JKNPP 135012 65417 Jammu and Kashmir Ladakh ( ST ) Thupstan Chhewang BJP 31111 Ghulam Raza IND 31075 36 Jammu and Kashmir 5 Udhampur GEN Dr. Jitendra Singh BJP 487369 Ghulam Nabi Azad INC 426393 60976 Jammu and Kashmir 6 Jammu GEN Jugal Kishore BJP 619995 Madan Lal Sharma INC 362715 257280 Jharkhand Rajmahal ( ST ) Vijay Kumar Hansdak JMM 379507 Hemlal Murmu BJP 338170 41337 Jharkhand Dumka ( ST ) Shibu Soren JMM 335815 Sunil Soren BJP 296785 39030 Jharkhand Godda GEN Nishikant Dubey BJP 380500 Furkan Ansari INC 319818 60682 Jharkhand Chatra GEN Sunil Kumar Singh BJP 295862 Dhiraj Prasad Sahu INC 117836 178026 Jharkhand 5 Kodarma GEN Ravindra Kr . Ray BJP 365410 Rajkumar Yadav CPI ( ML ) ( L ) 266756 98654 Jharkhand 6 Giridih GEN Ravindra Kumar Pandey BJP 391913 Jagarnath Mahto JMM 351600 40313 Jharkhand 7 Dhanbad GEN Pashupati Nath Singh BJP 543491 Ajay Kumar Dubey INC 250537 292954 Jharkhand 8 Ranchi GEN Ram Tahal Choudhary BJP 448729 Subodh Kant Sahay INC 249426 199303 Jharkhand 9 Jamshedpur GEN Bidyut Baran Mahato BJP 464153 Ajay Kumar JVM ( P ) 364277 99876 Jharkhand 10 Singhbhum ( SC ) Laxman Giluwa BJP 303131 Geeta Kora JBSP 215607 87524 Jharkhand 11 Khunti ( ST ) Karia Munda BJP 269185 Anosh Ekka JKP 176937 92248 Jharkhand 12 Lohardaga ( ST ) Sudarshan Bhagat BJP 226666 Rameshwar Oraon INC 220177 6489 Jharkhand 13 Palamu ( SC ) Vishnu Dayal Ram BJP 476513 Manoj Kumar RJD 212571 263942 Jharkhand 14 Hazaribagh GEN Jayant Sinha BJP 406931 Saurabh Narain Singh INC 247803 159128 Karnataka Chikkodi GEN Prakash Babanna Hukkeri INC 474373 Katti Ramesh Vishwanath BJP 471370 3003 Karnataka Belgaum GEN Angadi Suresh Channabasappa BJP 554417 Laxmi R. Hebbalkar INC 478557 75860 Karnataka Bagalkot GEN Gaddigoudar Parvtagouda Chandanagouda BJP 571548 Ajay Kumar Sarnaik INC 454988 116560 Karnataka Bijapur ( SC ) Ramesh Jigajinagi BJP 471757 Prakash Rathod INC 401938 69819 Karnataka 5 Gulbarga ( SC ) Mallikarjun Kharge INC 507193 Revunaik Belamagi BJP 432460 74733 Karnataka 6 Raichur ( ST ) B.V. Nayak INC 443659 Arakera Shivanagouda Nayak BJP 442160 1499 Karnataka 7 Bidar GEN Bhagwanth Khuba BJP 459290 N. Dharam Singh INC 367068 92222 Karnataka 8 Koppal GEN Karadi Sanganna Amarappa BJP 486383 Basavaraj Hitnal INC 453969 32414 Karnataka 9 Bellary ( ST ) B. Sreeramulu BJP 534406 N.Y. Hanumantappa INC 449262 85144 Karnataka 10 Haveri GEN Udasi Shivakumar Channabasappa BJP 566790 Saleem Ahmed INC 479219 87571 Karnataka 11 Dharwad GEN Pralhad Joshi BJP 545395 Vinay Kulkarni INC 431738 113657 Karnataka 12 Uttara Kannada GEN Anantkumar Hegde BJP 546939 Prashant R Deshpande INC 406239 140700 Karnataka 13 Davanagere GEN GM Siddeshwara BJP 518894 S.S. Mallikarjun INC 501287 17607 Karnataka 14 Shimoga GEN B.S. Yeddyurappa BJP 606216 Manjunath Bhandary INC 242911 363305 Karnataka 15 Udupi Chikmagalur GEN Shobha Karandlaje BJP 581168 K Jayaprakash Hegde INC 399525 181643 Karnataka 16 Hassan GEN H.D. Devegowda JD ( S ) 509841 Manju . A . INC 409379 100462 Karnataka 17 Dakshina Kannada GEN Nalin Kumar Kateel BJP 642739 Janardhana Poojary INC 499030 143709 Karnataka 18 Chitradurga ( SC ) B.N. Chandrappa INC 467511 Janardhana Swamy BJP 366220 101291 Karnataka 19 Tumkur GEN Muddahanumegowda. S.P. INC 429868 G.S. Basavaraj BJP 355827 74041 Karnataka 20 Mandya GEN C.S. Puttaraju JD ( S ) 524370 Ramya INC 518852 5518 Karnataka 21 Mysore GEN Prathap Simha BJP 503908 Adagooru H Vishwanath INC 472300 31608 Karnataka 22 Chamarajanagar ( SC ) R. Dhruvanarayana INC 567782 A.R. Krishna Murthy BJP 426600 141182 Karnataka 23 Bangalore Rural GEN DK Suresh INC 652723 Muniraju Gowda . P BJP 421243 231480 Karnataka 24 Bangalore North GEN D.V Sadananda Gowda BJP 718326 C. Narayana Swamy INC 488562 229764 Karnataka 25 Bangalore Central GEN P.C. Mohan BJP 557130 Rizwan Arshad INC 419630 137500 Karnataka 26 Bangalore South GEN Ananth Kumar BJP 633816 Nandan Nilekani INC 405241 228575 Karnataka 27 Chikkaballapur GEN M Veerappa Moily INC 424800 BN Bache Gowda BJP 415280 9520 Karnataka 28 Kolar GEN K.H. Muniyappa INC 418926 Kolar Kesava JD ( S ) 371076 47850 Kerala Kasaragod GEN P Karunakaran CPM 384964 Adv . T Siddique INC 378043 6921 Kerala Kannur GEN PK Sreemathi Teacher CPM 427622 K Sudhakaran INC 421056 6566 Kerala Vatakara GEN Mullappally Ramachandran INC 416479 Adv. A.N. Shamseer CPM 413173 3306 Kerala Wayanad GEN MI Shanavas INC 377035 Sathyan Mokeri CPI 356165 20870 Kerala 5 Kozhikode GEN M . K Raghavan INC 397615 A. Vijayaraghavan CPM 380732 16883 Kerala 6 Malappuram GEN E. Ahamed IUML 437723 P.K. Sainaba CPM 242984 194739 Kerala 7 Ponnani GEN E.T. Mohammed Basheer IUML 378503 V. Abdurahman IND 353093 25410 Kerala 8 Palakkad GEN MB Rajesh CPM 412897 MP Veerendrakumar SJ ( D ) 307597 105300 Kerala 9 Alathur ( SC ) P.K. Biju CPM 411808 Sheeba K.A INC 374496 37312 Kerala 10 Thrissur GEN C.N. Jayadevan CPI 389209 K.P. Dhanapalan INC 350982 38227 Kerala 11 Chalakudy GEN Innocent IND 358440 PC Chacko INC 344556 13884 Kerala 12 Ernakulam GEN Prof. K.V. Thomas INC 353841 Christy Fernandez IND 266794 87047 Kerala 13 Idukki GEN Adv. Joice George IND 382019 Adv. Dean Kuriakose INC 331477 50542 Kerala 14 Kottayam GEN Jose K. Mani KC ( M ) 424194 Adv. Mathew T. Thomas JD ( S ) 303595 120599 Kerala 15 Alappuzha GEN KC Venugopal INC 462525 CB Chandrababu CPM 443118 19407 Kerala 16 Mavelikkara ( SC ) Kodikunnil Suresh INC 402432 Chengara Surendran CPI 369695 32737 Kerala 17 Pathanamthitta GEN Anto Antony INC 358842 Adv . Peelipose Thomas IND 302651 56191 Kerala 18 Kollam GEN N.K. Premachandran RSP 408528 M.A. Baby CPM 370879 37649 Kerala 19 Attingal GEN Dr. A . Sampath CPM 392478 Adv. Bindhu Krishna INC 323100 69378 Kerala 20 Thiruvananthapuram GEN Dr. Shashi Tharoor INC 297806 Sri . O Rajagopal BJP 282336 15470 Lakshadweep Lakshadweep ( ST ) Mohammed Faizal P.P. NCP 21665 Hamdullah Sayeed INC 20130 1535 Madhya Pradesh Morena GEN Anoop Mishra BJP 375567 Brindawan Singh Sikarwar BSP 242586 132981 Madhya Pradesh Bhind ( SC ) Dr. Bhagirath Prasad BJP 404474 Imarti Devi INC 244513 159961 Madhya Pradesh Gwalior GEN Narendra Singh Tomar BJP 442796 Ashok Singh INC 413097 29699 Madhya Pradesh Guna GEN Jyotiraditya M Scindia INC 517036 Jaibhansingh Pawaiya BJP 396244 120792 Madhya Pradesh 5 Sagar GEN Laxmi Narayan Yadav BJP 482580 Govind Singh Rajput INC 361843 120737 Madhya Pradesh 6 Tikamgarh ( SC ) Dr. Virendra Kumar BJP 422979 Ahirwar Dr. Kamlesh Verma INC 214248 208731 Madhya Pradesh 7 Damoh GEN Prahalad Singh Patel BJP 513079 Choudhary Mahendra Pratap Singh INC 299780 213299 Madhya Pradesh 8 Khajuraho GEN Nagendra Singh BJP 474966 Raja Pateria INC 227476 247490 Madhya Pradesh 9 Satna GEN Ganesh Singh BJP 375288 Ajay Singh Rahul Bhaiyya INC 366600 8688 Madhya Pradesh 10 Rewa GEN Janardan Mishra BJP 383320 Sunderlal Tiwari INC 214594 168726 Madhya Pradesh 11 Sidhi GEN Riti Pathak BJP 475678 Indrajeet Kumar INC 367632 108046 Madhya Pradesh 12 Shahdol ( ST ) Dalpat Singh Paraste BJP 525419 Rajesh Nandini Singh INC 284118 241301 Madhya Pradesh 13 Jabalpur GEN Rakesh Singh BJP 564609 Vivek Krishna Tankha INC 355970 208639 Madhya Pradesh 14 Mandla ( ST ) Faggan Singh Kulaste BJP 585720 Omkar Singh Markam INC 475251 110469 Madhya Pradesh 15 Balaghat GEN Bodhsingh Bhagat BJP 480594 Hina Likhiram Kawre INC 384553 96041 Madhya Pradesh 16 Chhindwara GEN Kamal Nath INC 559755 Choudhary Chandrabhan Kuber Singh BJP 443218 116537 Madhya Pradesh 17 Hoshangabad GEN Uday Pratap Singh BJP 669128 Devendra Patel ( Guddu Bhaiya ) INC 279168 389960 Madhya Pradesh 18 Vidisha GEN Sushma Swaraj BJP 714348 Lakshman Singh INC 303650 410698 Madhya Pradesh 19 Bhopal GEN Alok Sanjar BJP 714178 PC Sharma ( Prakash Mangilal Sharma ) INC 343482 370696 Madhya Pradesh 20 Rajgarh GEN Rodmal Nagar BJP 596727 Amlabe Narayan Singh INC 367990 228737 Madhya Pradesh 21 Dewas ( SC ) Manohar Untwal BJP 665646 Sajjan Singh Verma INC 405333 260313 Madhya Pradesh 22 Ujjain ( SC ) Prof. Chintamani Malviya BJP 641101 Premchand Guddu INC 331438 309663 Madhya Pradesh 23 Mandsaur GEN Sudhir Gupta BJP 698335 Meenakshi Natarajan INC 394686 303649 Madhya Pradesh 24 Ratlam ( ST ) Dileepsingh Bhuria BJP 545970 Kantilal Bhuria INC 437523 108447 Madhya Pradesh 25 Dhar ( ST ) Savitri Thakur BJP 558387 Umang Singhar INC 454059 104328 Madhya Pradesh 26 Indore GEN Sumitra Mahajan ( Tai ) BJP 854972 Satyanarayan Patel INC 388071 466901 Madhya Pradesh 27 Khargone ( ST ) Subhash Patel BJP 649354 Ramesh Patel INC 391475 257879 Madhya Pradesh 28 Khandwa GEN Nandkumar Singh Chouhan ( Nandu Bhaiya ) BJP 717357 Arun Subhash Chandra Yadav INC 457643 259714 Madhya Pradesh 29 Betul ( ST ) Jyoti Dhurve BJP 643651 Ajay Shah ( Makrai ) INC 315037 328614 Maharashtra Nandurbar ( ST ) Dr. Gavit Heena Vaijaykumar BJP 579486 Gavit Manikrao Hodlya INC 472581 106905 Maharashtra Dhule GEN Dr. Bhamre Subhash Ramrao BJP 529450 Amrishbhai Rasiklal Patel INC 398727 130723 Maharashtra Jalgaon GEN A.T. Nana Patil BJP 647773 Annasaheb Dr. Satish Bhaskarrao Patil NCP 264248 383525 Maharashtra Raver GEN Khadase Raksha Nikhil BJP 605452 Manishdada Jain NCP 287384 318068 Maharashtra 5 Buldhana GEN Jadhav Prataprao Ganpatrao SHS 509145 Ingle Krushanarao Ganpatrao NCP 349566 159579 Maharashtra 6 Akola GEN Dhotre Sanjay Shamrao BJP 456472 Patel Hidayat Ulla Barkat Ulla INC 253356 203116 Maharashtra 7 Amravati ( SC ) Adsul Anandrao Vithoba SHS 467212 Navneet Ravi Rana NCP 329280 137932 Maharashtra 8 Wardha GEN Ramdas Chandrabhanji Tadas BJP 537518 Meghe Sagar Dattatraya INC 321735 215783 Maharashtra 9 Ramtek ( SC ) Krupal Balaji Tumane SHS 519892 Mukul Wasnik INC 344101 175791 Maharashtra 10 Nagpur GEN Gadkari Nitin Jairam BJP 587767 Vilas Muttemwar INC 302939 284828 Maharashtra 11 Bhandara - Gondiya GEN Nanabhau Falgunrao Patole BJP 606129 Patel Praful Manoharbhai NCP 456875 149254 Maharashtra 12 Gadchiroli - Chimur ( ST ) Ashok Mahadeorao Nete BJP 535982 Dr. Namdeo Dalluji Usendi INC 299112 236870 Maharashtra 13 Chandrapur GEN Ahir Hansraj Gangaram BJP 508049 Deotale Sanjay Wamanrao INC 271780 236269 Maharashtra 14 Yavatmal - Washim GEN Gawali Bhavana Pundlikrao SHS 477905 Adv. Shivajirao Shivaramji Moghe INC 384089 93816 Maharashtra 15 Hingoli GEN Rajeev Shankarrao Satav INC 467397 Wankhede Subhash Bapurao SHS 465765 1632 Maharashtra 16 Nanded GEN Ashok Shankarrao Chavan INC 493075 D.B. Patil BJP 411620 81455 Maharashtra 17 Parbhani GEN Jadhav Sanjay ( Bandu ) Haribhau SHS 578455 Bhambale Vijay Manikrao NCP 451300 127155 Maharashtra 18 Jalna GEN Danve Raosaheb Dadarao BJP 591428 Autade Vilas Keshavrao INC 384630 206798 Maharashtra 19 Aurangabad GEN Chandrakant Bhaurao Khaire SHS 520902 Patil Nitin Suresh INC 358902 162000 Maharashtra 20 Dindori ( ST ) Chavan Harishchandra Deoram BJP 542784 Dr. Bharati Pravin Pawar NCP 295165 247619 Maharashtra 21 Nashik GEN Godse Hemant Tukaram SHS 494735 Chhagan Bhujbal NCP 307399 187336 Maharashtra 22 Palghar ( ST ) Adv . Chintaman Navasha Wanga BJP 533201 Baliram Sukur Jadhav BVA 293681 239520 Maharashtra 23 Bhiwandi GEN Kapil Moreshwar Patil BJP 411070 Patil Vishwanath Ramchandra INC 301620 109450 Maharashtra 24 Kalyan GEN Dr. Shrikant Eknath Shinde SHS 440892 Anand Prakash Paranjpe NCP 190143 250749 Maharashtra 25 Thane GEN Vichare Rajan Baburao SHS 595364 Sanjeev Ganesh Naik NCP 314065 281299 Maharashtra 26 Mumbai - North GEN Gopal Chinayya Shetty BJP 664004 Sanjay Brijkishorlal Nirupam INC 217422 446582 Maharashtra 27 Mumbai - North - West GEN Gajanan Chandrakant Kirtikar SHS 464820 Kamat Gurudas Vasant INC 281792 183028 Maharashtra 28 Mumbai - North - East GEN Kirit Somaiya BJP 525285 Sanjay Dina Patil NCP 208163 317122 Maharashtra 29 Mumbai - North - Central GEN Poonam Mahajan Alias Poonam Vajendla Rao BJP 478535 Dutt Priya Sunil INC 291764 186771 Maharashtra 30 Mumbai - South - Central GEN Rahul Ramesh Shewale SHS 381275 Eknath M. Gaikwad INC 242933 138342 Maharashtra 31 Mumbai - South GEN Arvind Sawant SHS 374780 Deora Milind Murli INC 246632 128148 Maharashtra 32 Raigad GEN Anant Geete SHS 396178 Tatkare Sunil Dattatrey NCP 394068 2110 Maharashtra 33 Maval GEN Appa Alias Shrirang Chandu Barne SHS 512226 Jagtap Laxmanbhau Pandurang PWPI 354829 157397 Maharashtra 34 Pune GEN Anil Shirole BJP 569825 Dr. Vishwajeet Patangrao Kadam INC 254056 315769 Maharashtra 35 Baramati GEN Supriya Sule NCP 521562 Mahadev Jagannath Jankar RSP 451843 69719 Maharashtra 36 Shirur GEN Adhalrao Shivaji Dattatrey SHS 643415 Nikam Devdatta Jaywant NCP 341601 301814 Maharashtra 37 Ahmednagar GEN Gandhi Dilipkumar Mansukhlal BJP 605185 Rajeev Appasaheb Rajale NCP 396063 209122 Maharashtra 38 Shirdi ( SC ) Lokhande Sadashiv Kisan SHS 532936 Bhausaheb Rajaram Wakchaure INC 333014 199922 Maharashtra 39 Beed GEN Pritam Munde BJP 922416 Ashokrao Shankarrao Patil INC 226095 696321 Maharashtra 40 Osmanabad GEN Gaikwad Ravindra Vishwanath SHS 607699 Patil Padmasinha Bajirao NCP 373374 234325 Maharashtra 41 Latur ( SC ) Dr. Sunil Baliram Gaikwad BJP 616509 Bansode Dattatray Gunderao INC 363114 253395 Maharashtra 42 Solapur ( SC ) Sharad Bansode BJP 517879 Shinde Sushilkumar Sambhajirao INC 368205 149674 Maharashtra 43 Madha GEN Mohite Patil Vijaysinh Shankarrao NCP 489989 Sadabhau Ramchandra Khot SWP 464645 25344 Maharashtra 44 Sangli GEN Sanjaykaka Patil BJP 611563 Patil Pratik Prakashbapu INC 372271 239292 Maharashtra 45 Satara GEN Shrimant Chh . Udayanraje Pratapsinha Bhonsale NCP 522531 Purushottam Jadhav IND 155937 366594 Maharashtra 46 Ratnagiri - Sindhudurg GEN Vinayak Bhaurao Raut SHS 493088 Nilesh Narayan Rane INC 343037 150051 Maharashtra 47 Kolhapur GEN Dhananjay Bhimrao Mahadik NCP 607665 Sanjay Sadashiv Mandalik SHS 574406 33259 Maharashtra 48 Hatkanangle GEN Raju Shetty SWP 640428 Awade Kallappa Baburao INC 462618 177810 Manipur Inner Manipur GEN Dr. Thokchom Meinya INC 292102 Moirangthem Nara CPI 197428 94674 Manipur Outer Manipur ( ST ) Thangso Baite INC 296770 Soso Lorho NPF 281133 15637 Meghalaya Shillong ( ST ) Vincent H. Pala INC 209340 Prechard B.M. Basaiawmoit IND 168961 40379 Meghalaya Tura ( ST ) Purno Agitok Sangma NPP 239301 Daryl William Ch Momin INC 199585 39716 Mizoram Mizoram ( ST ) C.L. Ruala INC 210485 Robert Romawia Royte IND 204331 6154 Nagaland Nagaland ( ST ) Neiphiu Rio NPF 713372 K.V. Pusa INC 313147 400225 Odisha Bargarh GEN Prabhas Kumar Singh BJD 383230 Subash Chouhan BJP 372052 11178 Odisha Sundargarh ( ST ) Jual ( Juel Oram ) BJP 340508 Dilip Kumar Tirkey BJD 321679 18829 Odisha Sambalpur GEN Nagendra Kumar Pradhan BJD 358618 Suresh Pujari BJP 328042 30576 Odisha Keonjhar ( ST ) Sakuntala Laguri BJD 434471 Ananta Nayak BJP 277154 157317 Odisha 5 Mayurbhanj ( ST ) Rama Chandra Hansdah BJD 393779 Nepole Raghu Murmu BJP 270913 122866 Odisha 6 Balasore GEN Rabindra Kumar Jena BJD 433768 Pratap Chandra Sarangi BJP 291943 141825 Odisha 7 Bhadrak ( SC ) Arjun Charan Sethi BJD 502338 Sangram Keshari Jena INC 322979 179359 Odisha 8 Jajpur ( SC ) Rita Tarai BJD 541349 Asok Das INC 221078 320271 Odisha 9 Dhenkanal GEN Tathagata Satpathy BJD 453277 Rudra Narayan Pany BJP 315937 137340 Odisha 10 Bolangir GEN Kalikesh Narayan Singh Deo BJD 453519 Sangeeta Kumari Singh Deo BJP 349220 104299 Odisha 11 Kalahandi GEN Arka Keshari Deo BJD 370871 Pradipta Kumar Naik BJP 314524 56347 Odisha 12 Nabarangpur ( ST ) Balabhadra Majhi BJD 373887 Pradeep Kumar Majhi INC 371845 2042 Odisha 13 Kandhamal GEN Pratyusha Rajeshwari Singh BJD 477529 Rudra Madhab Ray BJP 178661 298868 Odisha 14 Cuttack GEN Bhartruhari Mahatab BJD 526085 Aparajita Mohanty INC 219323 306762 Odisha 15 Kendrapara GEN Baijayant Panda BJD 601574 Dharanidhar Nayak INC 392466 209108 Odisha 16 Jagatsinghpur ( SC ) Kulamani Samal BJD 624492 Bibhu Prasad Tarai INC 348098 276394 Odisha 17 Puri GEN Pinaki Misra BJD 523161 Sucharita Mohanty INC 259800 263361 Odisha 18 Bhubaneswar GEN Prasanna Kumar Patasani BJD 439252 Prithiviraj Harichandan BJP 249775 189477 Odisha 19 Aska GEN Ladu Kishore Swain BJD 541473 Srilokanath Ratha INC 229476 311997 Odisha 20 Berhampur GEN Sidhant Mohapatra BJD 398107 Chandra Sekhar Sahu INC 270387 127720 Odisha 21 Koraput ( ST ) Jhina Hikaka BJD 395109 Giridhar Gamang INC 375781 19328 Puducherry Puducherry GEN R. Radhakrishnan AINRC 255826 V. Narayanasamy INC 194972 60854 Punjab Gurdaspur GEN Vinod Khanna BJP 482255 Partap Singh Bajwa INC 346190 136065 Punjab Amritsar GEN Captain Amarinder Singh INC 482876 Arun Jaitley BJP 380106 102770 Punjab Khadoor Sahib GEN Ranjit Singh Brahmpura SAD 467332 Harminder Singh Gill INC 366763 100569 Punjab Jalandhar ( SC ) Santokh Singh Chaudhary INC 380479 Pawan Kumar Tinu SAD 309498 70981 Punjab 5 Hoshiarpur ( SC ) Vijay Sampla BJP 346643 Mohinder Singh Kaypee INC 333061 13582 Punjab 6 Anandpur Sahib GEN Prem Singh Chandumajra SAD 347394 Ambika Soni INC 323697 23697 Punjab 7 Ludhiana GEN Ravneet Singh Bittu INC 300459 Harvinder Singh Phoolka AAP 280750 19709 Punjab 8 Fatehgarh Sahib ( SC ) Harinder Singh Khalsa AAP 367293 Sadhu Singh INC 313149 54144 Punjab 9 Faridkot ( SC ) Prof. Sadhu Singh AAP 450751 Paramjit Kaur Gulshan SAD 278235 172516 Punjab 10 Ferozpur GEN Sher Singh Ghubaya SAD 487932 Sunil Jakhar INC 456512 31420 Punjab 11 Bathinda GEN Harsimrat Kaur Badal SAD 514727 Manpreet Singh Badal S / O Gurdas Singh INC 495332 19395 Punjab 12 Sangrur GEN Bhagwant Mann AAP 533237 Sukhdev Singh Dhindsa SAD 321516 211721 Punjab 13 Patiala GEN Dr. Dharam Vira Gandhi AAP 365671 Preneet Kaur INC 344729 20942 Rajasthan Ganganagar ( SC ) Nihalchand BJP 658130 Master Bhanwarlal Meghwal INC 366389 291741 Rajasthan Bikaner ( SC ) Arjun Ram Meghwal BJP 584932 Er . Shankar Pannu INC 276853 308079 Rajasthan Churu GEN Rahul Kaswan BJP 595756 Abhinesh Maharshi BSP 301017 294739 Rajasthan Jhunjhunu GEN Santosh Ahlawat BJP 488182 Raj Bala Ola INC 254347 233835 Rajasthan 5 Sikar GEN Sumedhanand Saraswati BJP 499428 Pratap Singh Jat INC 260232 239196 Rajasthan 6 Jaipur Rural GEN Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore BJP 632930 Dr. C.P. Joshi INC 300034 332896 Rajasthan 7 Jaipur GEN Ramcharan Bohara BJP 863358 Dr. Mahesh Joshi INC 324013 539345 Rajasthan 8 Alwar GEN Chand Nath BJP 642278 Bhanwar Jitendra Singh INC 358383 283895 Rajasthan 9 Bharatpur ( SC ) Bahadur Singh BJP 579825 Dr. Suresh Jatav INC 334357 245468 Rajasthan 10 Karauli - Dholpur ( SC ) Manoj Rajoria BJP 402407 Lakkhiram INC 375191 27216 Rajasthan 11 Dausa ( ST ) Harish Chandra Meena BJP 315059 Dr. Kirodi Lal NPP 269655 45404 Rajasthan 12 Tonk - Sawai Madhopur GEN Sukhbir Singh Jaunapuria BJP 548179 Mohammed Azharuddin INC 412868 135311 Rajasthan 13 Ajmer GEN Sanwar Lal Jat BJP 637874 Sachin Pilot INC 465891 171983 Rajasthan 14 Nagaur GEN CR Choudhary BJP 414791 Dr Jyoti Mirdha INC 339573 75218 Rajasthan 15 Pali GEN PP Choudhary BJP 711772 Munni Devi Godara INC 312733 399039 Rajasthan 16 Jodhpur GEN Gajendrasingh Shekhawat BJP 713515 Chandresh Kumari INC 303464 410051 Rajasthan 17 Barmer GEN Col. Sona Ram BJP 488747 Jaswant Singh IND 401286 87461 Rajasthan 18 Jalore ( SC ) Devji Patel BJP 580508 Anjana Udai Lal INC 199363 381145 Rajasthan 19 Udaipur ( ST ) Arjunlal Meena BJP 660373 Raghuvir Singh INC 423611 236762 Rajasthan 20 Banswara ( ST ) Manshankar Ninama BJP 577433 Resham Malviya INC 485517 91916 Rajasthan 21 Chittorgarh GEN Chandra Prakash Joshi BJP 703236 Girija Vyas INC 386379 316857 Rajasthan 22 Rajsamand GEN Hariom Singh Rathore BJP 644794 Gopal Singh Shekhawat INC 249089 395705 Rajasthan 23 Bhilwara GEN Subhash Baheria BJP 630317 Ashok Chandna INC 384053 246264 Rajasthan 24 Kota GEN Om Birla BJP 644822 Ijyaraj Singh INC 444040 200782 Rajasthan 25 Jhalawar - Baran GEN Dushyant Singh BJP 676102 Pramod Bhaya INC 394556 281546 Sikkim Sikkim GEN Prem Das Rai SDF 163698 Tek Nath Dhakal SKM 121956 41742 Tamil Nadu Tiruvallur ( SC ) Venugopal. P. ( Dr ) AIADMK 628499 Ravikumar. D VCK 305069 323430 Tamil Nadu Chennai North GEN Venkatesh Babu . T.G AIADMK 406704 Girirajan . R DMK 307000 99704 Tamil Nadu Chennai South GEN Dr. J. Jayavardhan AIADMK 438404 T.K.S. Elangovan DMK 301779 136625 Tamil Nadu Chennai Central GEN S.R. Vijayakumar AIADMK 333296 Dayanidhi Maran DMK 287455 45841 Tamil Nadu 5 Sriperumbudur GEN Ramachandran , K.N. Thiru AIADMK 545820 Jagathrakshakan , S. Thiru DMK 443174 102646 Tamil Nadu 6 Kancheepuram ( SC ) Maragatham K AIADMK 499395 Selvam G DMK 352529 146866 Tamil Nadu 7 Arakkonam GEN Hari , G . AIADMK 493534 N.R Elango DMK 252768 240766 Tamil Nadu 8 Vellore GEN Senguttuvan , B . AIADMK 383719 Shanmugam , A.C. BJP 324326 59393 Tamil Nadu 9 Krishnagiri GEN Ashok Kumar. K AIADMK 480491 Chinna Pillappa. P DMK 273900 206591 Tamil Nadu 10 Dharmapuri GEN Anbumani Ramadoss PMK 468194 Mohan. P.S AIADMK 391048 77146 Tamil Nadu 11 Tiruvannamalai GEN Vanaroja R AIADMK 500751 Annadurai CN DMK 332145 168606 Tamil Nadu 12 Arani GEN V. Elumalai AIADMK 502721 R. Sivanandam DMK 258877 243844 Tamil Nadu 13 Viluppuram ( SC ) Rajendran S AIADMK 482704 Muthaiyan K Dr DMK 289337 193367 Tamil Nadu 14 Kallakurichi GEN Kamaraj . K AIADMK 533383 Manimaran . R DMK 309876 223507 Tamil Nadu 15 Salem GEN Pannerselvam. V AIADMK 556546 Umarani . S DMK 288936 267610 Tamil Nadu 16 Namakkal GEN Sundaram P.R AIADMK 563272 Gandhiselvan. S DMK 268898 294374 Tamil Nadu 17 Erode GEN Selvakumara Chinnayan S AIADMK 466995 Ganeshamurthi. A MDMK 255432 211563 Tamil Nadu 18 Tiruppur GEN V. Sathyabama AIADMK 442778 N. Dineshkumar DMDK 263463 179315 Tamil Nadu 19 Nilgiris ( SC ) Gopalakrishnan , C . AIADMK 463700 Raja , A . DMK 358760 104940 Tamil Nadu 20 Coimbatore GEN Nagarajan , P . AIADMK 431717 Radhakrishnan , C.P. BJP 389701 42016 Tamil Nadu 21 Pollachi GEN Mahendran. C AIADMK 417092 Eswaran. E.R. BJP 276118 140974 Tamil Nadu 22 Dindigul GEN Udhaya Kumar . M AIADMK 510462 Gandhirajan S DMK 382617 127845 Tamil Nadu 23 Karur GEN Thambidurai , M . AIADMK 540722 Chinnasamy , M . DMK 345475 195247 Tamil Nadu 24 Tiruchirappalli GEN Kumar. P AIADMK 458478 Anbhalagan.Mu DMK 308002 150476 Tamil Nadu 25 Perambalur GEN Marutharajaa , R.P. AIADMK 462693 Seemanur Prabu , S . DMK 249645 213048 Tamil Nadu 26 Cuddalore GEN Arunmozhithevan. A AIADMK 481429 Nandagopalakrishnan. K . DMK 278304 203125 Tamil Nadu 27 Chidambaram ( SC ) Chandrakasi , M AIADMK 429536 Thirumaavalavan , Thol VCK 301041 128495 Tamil Nadu 28 Mayiladuthurai GEN Bharathi Mohan R.K AIADMK 513729 Hyder Ali. S MAMAK 236679 277050 Tamil Nadu 29 Nagapattinam ( SC ) Gopal . Dr. K AIADMK 434174 Vijayan . A.K.S DMK 328095 106079 Tamil Nadu 30 Thanjavur GEN Parasuraman. K AIADMK 510307 Baalu. T.R DMK 366188 144119 Tamil Nadu 31 Sivaganga GEN Senthilnathan Pr AIADMK 475993 Dhurai Raaj Subha DMK 246608 229385 Tamil Nadu 32 Madurai GEN R. Gopalakrishnan AIADMK 454167 V Velusamy DMK 256731 197436 Tamil Nadu 33 Theni GEN Parthipan , R . AIADMK 571254 Pon . Muthuramalingam DMK 256722 314532 Tamil Nadu 34 Virudhunagar GEN Radhakrishnan T AIADMK 406694 Vaiko MDMK 261143 145551 Tamil Nadu 35 Ramanathapuram GEN Anwhar Raajhaa. A AIADMK 405945 Mohamed Jaleel . S DMK 286621 119324 Tamil Nadu 36 Thoothukkudi GEN Jeyasingh Thiyagaraj Natterjee. J AIADMK 366052 Jegan . P DMK 242050 124002 Tamil Nadu 37 Tenkasi ( SC ) Vasanthi. M AIADMK 424586 Dr. Krishnasamy. K . PT 262812 161774 Tamil Nadu 38 Tirunelveli GEN Prabakaran. K.R.P AIADMK 398139 Devadasa Sundaram DMK 272040 126099 Tamil Nadu 39 Kanniyakumari GEN Radhakrishnan P . BJP 372906 Vasantha Kumar H . INC 244244 128662 Telangana Adilabad ( ST ) Godam Nagesh TRS 430847 Naresh INC 259557 171290 Telangana Peddapalli ( SC ) Balka Suman TRS 565496 G. Vivekanand INC 274338 291158 Telangana Karimnagar GEN Vinod Kumar Boinapally TRS 505783 Ponnam Prabhakar INC 300706 205077 Telangana Nizamabad GEN Kalvakuntla Kavitha TRS 439307 Madhu Yaskhi Goud INC 272123 167184 Telangana 5 Zahirabad GEN B.B. Patil TRS 508661 Suresh Kumar Shetkar INC 364030 144631 Telangana 6 Medak GEN Kotha Prabhakar Reddy TRS 571800 V Sunita Laxma Reddy INC 210523 361277 Telangana 7 Malkajgiri GEN Ch. Malla Reddy TDP 523336 Hanumanth Rao Mynampally TRS 494965 28371 Telangana 8 Secunderabad GEN Bandaru Dattatreya BJP 438271 M. Anjan Kumar Yadav INC 183536 254735 Telangana 9 Hyderabad GEN Asaduddin Owaisi AIMIM 513868 Dr. Bhagavanth Rao BJP 311414 202454 Telangana 10 Chelvella GEN Konda Vishweshwar Reddy TRS 435077 Patlolla Kartik Reddy INC 362054 73023 Telangana 11 Mahabubnagar GEN Ap Jithender Reddy TRS 334228 Jaipal Reddy Sudini INC 331638 2590 Telangana 12 Nagarkurnool ( SC ) Yellaiah Nandi INC 420075 Dr. Manda Jagannath TRS 403399 16676 Telangana 13 Nalgonda GEN Gutha Sukhender Reddy INC 472093 Tera Chinnapa Reddy TDP 278937 193156 Telangana 14 Bhongir GEN Dr. Boora Narsaiah Goud TRS 448245 Komatireddy Rajgopal Reddy INC 417751 30494 Telangana 15 Warangal ( SC ) Kadiyam Srihari TRS 661639 Rajaiah Siricilla INC 269065 392574 Telangana 16 Mahabubabad ( ST ) Prof. Azmeera Seetaram Naik TRS 320569 P. Balram INC 285577 34992 Telangana 17 Khammam GEN Ponguleti Srinivasa Reddy YSRC 421957 Nama Nageswara Rao TDP 409983 11974 Tripura Tripura West GEN Sankar Prasad Datta CPM 671665 Arunoday Saha INC 168179 503486 Tripura Tripura East ( ST ) Jitendera Choudhury CPM 623771 Sachitra Debbarma INC 139413 484358 Uttar Pradesh Saharanpur GEN Raghav Lakhanpal BJP 472999 Imran Masood INC 407909 65090 Uttar Pradesh Kairana GEN Hukum Singh BJP 565909 Nahid Hasan SP 329081 236828 Uttar Pradesh Muzaffarnagar GEN ( Dr . ) Sanjeev Kumar Balyan BJP 653391 Kadir Rana BSP 252241 401150 Uttar Pradesh Bijnor GEN Kunwar Bhartendra BJP 486913 Shahnawaz Rana SP 281139 205774 Uttar Pradesh 5 Nagina ( SC ) Yashwant Singh BJP 367825 Yashvir Singh SP 275435 92390 Uttar Pradesh 6 Moradabad GEN Kunwer Sarvesh Kumar BJP 485224 Dr ST Hasan SP 397720 87504 Uttar Pradesh 7 Rampur GEN Dr. Nepal Singh BJP 358616 Naseer Ahmad Khan SP 335181 23435 Uttar Pradesh 8 Sambhal GEN Satyapal Singh BJP 360242 Dr Shafiq Ur Rahman Barq SP 355068 5174 Uttar Pradesh 9 Amroha GEN Kanwar Singh Tanwar BJP 528880 Humera Akhtar SP 370666 158214 Uttar Pradesh 10 Meerut GEN Rajendra Agarwal BJP 532981 Mohd. Shahid Akhlak BSP 300655 232326 Uttar Pradesh 11 Baghpat GEN Dr. Satya Pal Singh BJP 423475 Ghulam Mohammed SP 213609 209866 Uttar Pradesh 12 Ghaziabad GEN Vijay Kumar Singh BJP 758482 Raj Babbar INC 191222 567260 Uttar Pradesh 13 Gautam Buddha Nagar GEN Dr. Mahesh Sharma BJP 599702 Narendra Bhati SP 319490 280212 Uttar Pradesh 14 Bulandshahr ( SC ) Bhola Singh BJP 604449 Pradeep Kumar Jatav BSP 182476 421973 Uttar Pradesh 15 Aligarh GEN Satish Kumar BJP 514622 Dr. Arvind Kumar Singh BSP 227886 286736 Uttar Pradesh 16 Hathras ( SC ) Rajesh Kumar Diwaker BJP 544277 Manoj Kumar Soni BSP 217891 326386 Uttar Pradesh 17 Mathura GEN Hema Malini Dharmendra BJP 574633 Jayant Chaudhary RLD 243890 330743 Uttar Pradesh 18 Agra ( SC ) Dr. Ram Shankar Katheria BJP 583716 Narayan Singh Suman BSP 283453 300263 Uttar Pradesh 19 Fatehpur Sikri GEN Babulal BJP 426589 Seema Upadhyay BSP 253483 173106 Uttar Pradesh 20 Firozabad GEN Akshay Yadav SP 534583 Prof. S.P. Singh Baghel BJP 420524 114059 Uttar Pradesh 21 Mainpuri GEN Tej Pratap Singh Yadav SP 653686 Prem Singh Shakya BJP 332537 321149 Uttar Pradesh 22 Etah GEN Rajveer Singh ( Raju Bhaiya ) BJP 474978 Ku . Devendra Singh Yadav SP 273977 201001 Uttar Pradesh 23 Badaun GEN Dharmendra Yadav SP 498378 Vagish Pathak BJP 332031 166347 Uttar Pradesh 24 Aonla GEN Dharmendra Kumar BJP 409907 Kunwar Sarvraj Singh SP 271478 138429 Uttar Pradesh 25 Bareilly GEN Santosh Kumar Gangwar BJP 518258 Ayesha Islam SP 277573 240685 Uttar Pradesh 26 Pilibhit GEN Maneka Sanjay Gandhi BJP 546934 Budhsen Verma SP 239882 307052 Uttar Pradesh 27 Shahjahanpur ( SC ) Krishna Raj BJP 525132 Umed Singh Kashyap BSP 289603 235529 Uttar Pradesh 28 Kheri GEN Ajay Kumar BJP 398578 Arvind Giri BSP 288304 110274 Uttar Pradesh 29 Dhaurahra GEN Rekha BJP 360357 Daud Ahmad BSP 234682 125675 Uttar Pradesh 30 Sitapur GEN Rajesh Verma BJP 417546 Kaiser Jahan BSP 366519 51027 Uttar Pradesh 31 Hardoi ( SC ) Anshul Verma BJP 360501 Shive Prasad Verma BSP 279158 81343 Uttar Pradesh 32 Misrikh ( SC ) Anju Bala BJP 412575 Ashok Kumar Rawat BSP 325212 87363 Uttar Pradesh 33 Unnao GEN Swami Sachchidanand Hari Sakshi BJP 518834 Arun Shankar Shukla SP 208661 310173 Uttar Pradesh 34 Mohanlalganj ( SC ) Kaushal Kishore BJP 455274 R.K Chaudhary BSP 309858 145416 Uttar Pradesh 35 Lucknow GEN Raj Nath Singh BJP 561106 Prof. Rita Bahuguna Joshi INC 288357 272749 Uttar Pradesh 36 Rae Bareli GEN Sonia Gandhi INC 526434 Ajay Agrawal BJP 173721 352713 Uttar Pradesh 37 Amethi GEN Rahul Gandhi INC 408651 Smriti Zubin Irani BJP 300748 107903 Uttar Pradesh 38 Sultanpur GEN Feroze Varun Gandhi BJP 410348 Pawan Pandey BSP 231446 178902 Uttar Pradesh 39 Pratapgarh GEN Kuwar Harivansh Singh AD 375789 Asif Nizamuddin Siddique BSP 207567 168222 Uttar Pradesh 40 Farrukhabad GEN Mukesh Rajput BJP 406195 Rameshwar Singh Yadav SP 255693 150502 Uttar Pradesh 41 Etawah ( SC ) Ashok Kumar Doharey BJP 439646 Premdas Kateriya SP 266700 172946 Uttar Pradesh 42 Kannauj GEN Dimple Yadav SP 489164 Subrat Pathak BJP 469257 19907 Uttar Pradesh 43 Kanpur GEN Dr. Murli Manohar Joshi BJP 474712 Sriprakash Jaiswal INC 251766 222946 Uttar Pradesh 44 Akbarpur GEN Devendra Singh ( Bhole Singh ) BJP 481584 Anil Shukla Warsi BSP 202587 278997 Uttar Pradesh 45 Jalaun ( SC ) Bhanu Pratap Singh Verma BJP 548631 Brijlal Khabri BSP 261429 287202 Uttar Pradesh 46 Jhansi GEN Uma Bharti BJP 575889 Dr. Chandrapal Singh Yadav SP 385422 190467 Uttar Pradesh 47 Hamirpur GEN Kunwar Pushpendra Singh Chandel BJP 453884 Bishambhar Prasad Nishad SP 187096 266788 Uttar Pradesh 48 Banda GEN Bhairon Prasad Mishra BJP 342066 R.K. Singh Patel BSP 226278 115788 Uttar Pradesh 49 Fatehpur GEN Sadhavi Niranjan Jyoti BJP 485994 Afzal Siddiqui BSP 298788 187206 Uttar Pradesh 50 Kaushambi ( SC ) Vinod Kumar Sonkar BJP 331593 Shailendra Kumar SP 288746 42847 Uttar Pradesh 51 Phulpur GEN Keshav Prasad Maurya BJP 503564 Dharam Raj Singh Patel SP 195256 308308 Uttar Pradesh 52 Allahabad GEN Shyama Charan Gupta BJP 313772 Kunwar Rewati Raman Singh Alias Mani SP 251763 62009 Uttar Pradesh 53 Barabanki ( SC ) Priyanka Singh Rawat BJP 454214 P.L. Punia INC 242336 211878 Uttar Pradesh 54 Faizabad GEN Lallu Singh BJP 491761 Mitrasen Yadav SP 208986 282775 Uttar Pradesh 55 Ambedkar Nagar GEN Hari Om Pandey BJP 432104 Rakesh Pandey BSP 292675 139429 Uttar Pradesh 56 Bahraich ( SC ) Sadhvi Savitri Bai Foole BJP 432392 Shabbir Ahmad SP 336747 95645 Uttar Pradesh 57 Kaiserganj GEN Brij Bhusan Sharan Singh BJP 381500 Vinod Kumar Alias Pandit Singh SP 303282 78218 Uttar Pradesh 58 Shravasti GEN Daddan Mishra BJP 345964 Atiq Ahmad SP 260051 85913 Uttar Pradesh 59 Gonda GEN Kirti Vardhan Singh BJP 359643 Nandita Shukla SP 199227 160416 Uttar Pradesh 60 Domariyaganj GEN Jagdambika Pal BJP 298845 Muhammad Muqeem BSP 195257 103588 Uttar Pradesh 61 Basti GEN Harish Chandra Alias Harish Dwivedi BJP 357680 Brij Kishor Singh ( Dimpal ) SP 324118 33562 Uttar Pradesh 62 Sant Kabir Nagar GEN Sharad Tripathi BJP 348892 Bhism Shankar Alias Kushal Tiwari BSP 250914 97978 Uttar Pradesh 63 Maharajganj GEN Pankaj BJP 471542 Kashi Nath Shukla BSP 231084 240458 Uttar Pradesh 64 Gorakhpur GEN Adityanath BJP 539127 Rajmati Nishad SP 226344 312783 Uttar Pradesh 65 Kushi Nagar GEN Rajesh Pandey Urf Guddu BJP 370051 Kunwar Ratanjit Pratap Narain Singh INC 284511 85540 Uttar Pradesh 66 Deoria GEN Kalraj Mishra BJP 496500 Niyaj Ahmad BSP 231114 265386 Uttar Pradesh 67 Bansgaon ( SC ) Kamlesh Paswan BJP 417959 Sadal Prasad BSP 228443 189516 Uttar Pradesh 68 Lalganj ( SC ) Neelam Sonkar BJP 324016 Bechai Saroj SP 260930 63086 Uttar Pradesh 69 Azamgarh GEN Mulayam Singh Yadav SP 340306 Ramakant Yadav BJP 277102 63204 Uttar Pradesh 70 Ghosi GEN Harinarayan Rajbhar BJP 379797 Dara Singh Chauhan BSP 233782 146015 Uttar Pradesh 71 Salempur GEN Ravindra Kushawaha BJP 392213 Ravi Shanker Singh ( Pappu ) BSP 159871 232342 Uttar Pradesh 72 Ballia GEN Bharat Singh BJP 359758 Neeraj Shekhar SP 220324 139434 Uttar Pradesh 73 Jaunpur GEN Krishna Pratap ( K.P. ) BJP 367149 Subhash Pandey BSP 220839 146310 Uttar Pradesh 74 Machhlishahr ( SC ) Ram Charitra Nishad BJP 438210 Bholanath Alias B.P. Saroj BSP 266055 172155 Uttar Pradesh 75 Ghazipur GEN Manoj Sinha BJP 306929 Smt Shivkanya Kushwaha SP 274477 32452 Uttar Pradesh 76 Chandauli GEN Dr Mahendra Nath Pandey BJP 414135 Anil Kumar Maurya BSP 257379 156756 Uttar Pradesh 77 Varanasi GEN Narendra Modi BJP 581022 Arvind Kejriwal AAP 209238 371784 Uttar Pradesh 78 Bhadohi GEN Virendra Singh BJP 403544 Rakesh Dhar Tripathi BSP 245505 158039 Uttar Pradesh 79 Mirzapur GEN Anupriya Singh Patel AD 436536 Samudra Bind BSP 217457 219079 Uttar Pradesh 80 Robertsganj ( SC ) Chhotelal BJP 378211 Sharada Prasad BSP 187725 190486 Uttarakhand Tehri Garhwal GEN Mala Rajya Laxmi Shah BJP 446733 Saket Bahuguna INC 254230 192503 Uttarakhand Garhwal GEN ( Maj Gen ( Retd . ) ) Bhuwan Chandra Khanduri ( Avsm ) BJP 405690 ( Dr ) Harak Singh Rawat INC 221164 184526 Uttarakhand Almora ( SC ) Ajay Tamta BJP 348186 Pradeep Tamta INC 252496 95690 Uttarakhand Nainital - Udhamsingh Nagar GEN Bhagat Singh Koshyari BJP 636769 K.C. Singh Baba INC 352052 284717 Uttarakhand 5 Hardwar GEN Ramesh Pokhriyal Nishank BJP 592320 Renuka Rawat INC 414498 177822 West Bengal Cooch Behar ( SC ) Renuka Sinha AITC 526499 Dipak Kumar Roy AIFB 439392 87107 West Bengal Alipurduars ( SC ) Dasrath Tirkey AITC 362453 Manohar Tirkey RSP 341056 21397 West Bengal Jalpaiguri ( SC ) Bijoy Chandra Barman AITC 494773 Mahendra Kumar Roy CPM 425167 69606 West Bengal Darjeeling GEN S.S. Ahluwalia BJP 488257 Bhai Chung Bhutia AITC 291018 197239 West Bengal 5 Raiganj GEN Md . Salim CPM 317515 Deepa Dasmunsi INC 315881 1634 West Bengal 6 Balurghat GEN Arpita Ghosh AITC 409641 Bimalendu Sarkar ( Bimal ) RSP 302677 106964 West Bengal 7 Maldaha Uttar GEN Mausam Noor INC 388609 Khagen Murmu CPM 322904 65705 West Bengal 8 Maldaha Dakshin GEN Abu Hasem Khan Chowdhury INC 380291 Bisnu Pada Roy BJP 216180 164111 West Bengal 9 Jangipur GEN Abhijit Mukherjee INC 378201 Muzaffar Hossain CPM 370040 8161 West Bengal 10 Baharampur GEN Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury INC 583549 Indranil Sen AITC 226982 356567 West Bengal 11 Murshidabad GEN Badaruddoza Khan CPM 426947 Abdul Mannan Hossain INC 408494 18453 West Bengal 12 Krishnanagar GEN Tapas Paul AITC 438789 Jha Shantanu CPM 367534 71255 West Bengal 13 Ranaghat ( SC ) Tapas Mandal AITC 590451 Archana Biswas CPM 388684 201767 West Bengal 14 Bangaon ( SC ) Mamata Thakur AITC 539999 Debesh Das CPM 328214 211785 West Bengal 15 Barrackpore GEN Dinesh Trivedi AITC 479206 Subhashini Ali CPM 272433 206773 West Bengal 16 Dum Dum GEN Saugata Roy AITC 483244 Asim Kumar Dasgupta CPM 328310 154934 West Bengal 17 Barasat GEN Dr. Kakali Ghoshdostidar AITC 525387 Dr. Mortoza Hossain AIFB 352246 173141 West Bengal 18 Basirhat GEN Idris Ali AITC 492326 Nurul Huda CPI 382667 109659 West Bengal 19 Joynagar ( SC ) Pratima Mondal AITC 494746 Subhas Naskar RSP 386362 108384 West Bengal 20 Mathurapur ( SC ) Choudhury Mohan Jatua AITC 627761 Rinku Naskar CPM 489325 138436 West Bengal 21 Diamond Harbour GEN Abhishek Banerjee AITC 508481 Dr. Abul Hasnat CPM 437183 71298 West Bengal 22 Jadavpur GEN Sugata Bose AITC 584244 Sujan Chakraborty CPM 459041 125203 West Bengal 23 Kolkata Dakshin GEN Subrata Bakshi AITC 431715 Tathagata Roy BJP 295376 136339 West Bengal 24 Kolkata Uttar GEN Sudip Bandyopadhyay AITC 343687 Rahul ( Biswajit ) Sinha BJP 247461 96226 West Bengal 25 Howrah GEN Prasun Banerjee AITC 488461 Sridip Bhattacharya CPM 291505 196956 West Bengal 26 Uluberia GEN Sultan Ahmed AITC 570785 Sabir Uddin Molla CPM 369563 201222 West Bengal 27 Serampore GEN Kalyan Banerjee AITC 514933 Tirthankar Ray CPM 362407 152526 West Bengal 28 Hooghly GEN Dr. Ratna De ( Nag ) AITC 614312 Pradip Saha CPM 425228 189084 West Bengal 29 Arambagh ( SC ) Aparupa Poddar ( Afrin Ali ) AITC 748764 Saktimohan Malik CPM 401919 346845 West Bengal 30 Tamluk GEN Adhikari Suvendu AITC 716928 Sekh Ibrahim Ali CPM 470447 246481 West Bengal 31 Kanthi GEN Adhikari Sisir Kumar AITC 676749 Sinha Tapas CPM 447259 229490 West Bengal 32 Ghatal GEN Adhikari Deepak ( Dev ) AITC 685696 Santosh Rana CPI 424805 260891 West Bengal 33 Jhargram ( ST ) Uma Saren AITC 674504 Dr. Pulin Bihari Baske CPM 326621 347883 West Bengal 34 Medinipur GEN Sandhya Roy AITC 579860 Prabodh Panda CPI 395194 184666 West Bengal 35 Purulia GEN Dr. Mriganka Mahato AITC 468277 Narahari Mahato AIFB 314400 153877 West Bengal 36 Bankura GEN Sreemati Dev Varma ( Moon Moon Sen ) AITC 483455 Acharia Basudeb CPM 384949 98506 West Bengal 37 Bishnupur ( SC ) Khan Saumitra AITC 578870 Susmita Bauri CPM 429185 149685 West Bengal 38 Bardhaman Purba ( SC ) Sunil Kumar Mondal AITC 574660 Iswar Chandra Das CPM 460181 114479 West Bengal 39 Bardhaman - Durgapur GEN Dr. Mamtaz Sanghamita AITC 554521 Sk . Saidul Haque CPM 447190 107331 West Bengal 40 Asansol GEN Babul Supriya Baral ( Babul Supriyo ) BJP 419983 Dola Sen AITC 349503 70480 West Bengal 41 Bolpur ( SC ) Anupam Hazra AITC 630693 Dome Ramchandra CPM 394581 236112 West Bengal 42 Birbhum GEN Satabdi Roy ( Banerjee ) AITC 460568 Dr. Elahi Kamre Muhammad CPM 393305 67263 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/2014-election-results.html Indian general election , 2014 Constituencies MPs elected Opinion polling Parties Results Timeline ( 15th Lok Sabha ) Incumbent Prime Minister : Narendra Modi ( 16th Lok Sabha ) Parliamentary Candidates NDA UPA Left Front CPI ( M ) AIFB LDF Prime ministerial candidates Narendra Modi ( BJP ) Leaders Arun Jaitley Jayalalithaa L.K. Advani Manmohan Singh Narendra Modi Rahul Gandhi Rajnath Singh Sonia Gandhi Sushma Swaraj Parties National Parties : BJP BSP CPI CPI ( M ) INC NCP State Parties : AAP AIADMK AIFB AITC BJD DMK HJC INLD JD ( S ) JD ( U ) JKNC JMM JVM Loksatta MNF NPF NPP RJD RLD RSP SP SS TDP TRS YSR Congress Party Leaders National Parties : Mayawati Prakash Karat Rajnath Singh S. Sudhakar Reddy Sharad Pawar Sonia Gandhi Campaign Campaigning BJP ( Prashant Kishor ) Congress States Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Delhi Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal Elections in India General elections 1920 1923 1926 1930 1934 1945 1951 -- 52 1957 1962 1967 1971 1977 1980 1984 1989 1991 1998 1999 2009 2014 2019 State elections 1920 1923 1926 1930 1934 1937 1946 1952 1954 1955 1957 1960 1961 1962 1964 1965 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1977 1978 1979 1980 1982 1984 1985 1989 2017 2018 2019 See also : Elections in Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Delhi Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Puducherry Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Results_of_the_Indian_general_election,_2014&oldid=864834748 '' Categories : Indian general election , 2014 Results of general elections in India Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2018 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia मराठी தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 19 October 2018 , at 19 : 46 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	lok sabha seats state wise and party wise	[]	[]
-1903783861303580416	Madras Presidency	Madras Presidency - Wikipedia Madras Presidency Jump to : navigation , search Madras Presidency Presidency of British India ← ← 1652 -- 1947 → Flag The Madras Presidency in 1913 Historical era New Imperialism Established 1652 Disestablished 1947 Colonial India Imperial entities of India Dutch India 1605 -- 1825 Danish India 1620 -- 1869 French India 1668 -- 1954 Portuguese India ( 1505 -- 1961 ) Casa da Índia 1434 -- 1833 Portuguese East India Company 1628 -- 1633 British India ( 1612 -- 1947 ) East India Company 1612 -- 1757 Company rule in India 1757 -- 1858 British Raj 1858 -- 1947 British rule in Burma 1824 -- 1948 Princely states 1721 -- 1949 Partition of India 1947 The Madras Presidency , or the Presidency of Fort St. George and also known as Madras Province , was an administrative subdivision ( presidency ) of British India . At its greatest extent , the presidency included most of southern India , including the whole of the Indian states of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh and parts of Odisha , Kerala , Karnataka and the union territory of Lakshadweep . The city of Madras was the winter capital of the Presidency and Ootacamund or Ooty , the summer capital . The island of Ceylon was a part of Madras Presidency from 1793 to 1798 when it was created a Crown colony . In 1639 , the English East India Company purchased the village of Madraspatnam and one year later it established the Agency of Fort St George , precursor of the Madras Presidency , although there had been Company factories at Machilipatnam and Armagon since the very early 1600s . The agency was upgraded to a Presidency in 1652 before once more reverting to its previous status in 1655 . In 1684 , it was re-elevated to a Presidency and Elihu Yale was appointed as president . In 1785 , under the provisions of Pitt 's India Act , Madras became one of three provinces established by the East India Company . Thereafter , the head of the area was styled `` Governor '' rather than `` President '' and became subordinate to the Governor - General in Calcutta , a title that would persist until 1947 . Judicial , legislative and executive powers rested with the Governor who was assisted by a Council whose constitution was modified by reforms enacted in 1861 , 1909 , 1919 and 1935 . Regular elections were conducted in Madras up to the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939 . By 1908 , the province comprised twenty - two districts , each under a District Collector , and it was further sub-divided into taluks and firqas with villages making up the smallest unit of administration . Following the Montague - Chelmsford reforms of 1919 , Madras was the first province of British India to implement a system of dyarchy , and thereafter its Governor ruled alongside a prime minister . In the early decades of the 20th century , many significant contributors to the Indian independence movement came from Madras . With the advent of Indian independence on 15 August 1947 , the Presidency became the Madras Province . Madras was later admitted as Madras State , a state of the Indian Union at the inauguration of the Republic of India on 26 January 1950 , and was reorganised in 1953 & 1956 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 1.1 Before the arrival of the English 1.2 Early English trading posts 1.3 Agency of Fort St George 2 History 2.1 Expansion 2.2 During the Company Raj 2.3 The Victorian era 2.4 Indian Independence Movement 2.5 Dyarchy ( 1920 -- 37 ) 2.6 Last days of British rule 3 Geography 4 Demographics 4.1 Languages 4.2 Religion 5 Administration 6 Army 7 Land tenure 8 Agriculture and irrigation 9 Trade , industry and commerce 10 Transport and communication 11 Education 12 Culture and society 13 See also 14 Notes 15 Bibliography 16 External links Origins ( edit ) Before the arrival of the English ( edit ) The discovery of dolmens from this portion of the subcontinent shows inhabitation as early as the Stone Age . The first prominent rulers of the northern part of the future Presidency were the Tamil Pandya dynasty ( 230 BC -- AD 102 ) . Following the decline of the Pandyas and the Cholas , the country was conquered by a little known race of people called the Kalabhras . The country recovered under the subsequent Pallava dynasty and its civilisation attained a peak when the later Telugu kings started acquiring vast places in Tamil Nadu . Following the conquest of Madurai by Malik Kafur in 1311 , there was a brief lull when both culture and civilisation began to deteriorate . The Tamil and Telugu territories recovered under the Vijayanagar Empire , founded in 1336 . Following the empire 's demise , the country was split amongst numerous sultans , polygars and European trading companies . Between 1685 and 1947 , a number of kings ruled the areas that became part of the Madras Presidency . Early English trading posts ( edit ) On 31 December 1600 , Queen Elizabeth I of England ( 1533 -- 1603 ) granted a group of English merchants a charter to establish a joint - stock company which became known as the East India Company . Subsequently , during the reign of King James I ( 1567 -- 1625 ) , Sir William Hawkins and Sir Thomas Roe were sent to negotiate with the Mughal Emperor Jahangir ( 1569 -- 1627 ) to permit the establishment of trading factories in India on behalf of the Company . The first of these were built at Surat on the west coast and at Masulipatam on the country 's eastern seaboard . Masulipatam is thus the oldest English trading post on India 's east coast , dating back to 1611 . In 1625 , another factory was established at Armagon , a few miles to the south , whereupon both the factories came under the supervision of an agency based at Machilipatam . The English authorities decided to relocate these factories farther south , due to a shortage of cotton cloth , the main trade item of the east coast at the time . The problem was compounded when the Sultan of Golconda started harassing the local officers . The East India Company 's administrator Francis Day ( 1605 -- 73 ) was sent south , and after negotiations with the Raja of Chandragiri he obtained a land grant to set up a factory in the village of Madraspatnam , where the new Fort St George was built . An agency was created to govern the new settlement , and the factor Andrew Cogan of Masulipatnam was appointed as its first Agent . All the agencies along India 's east coast were subordinated to the East India Company presidency of Bantam in Java . By 1641 , Fort St George became the Company 's headquarters on the Coromandel Coast . Agency of Fort St George ( edit ) Andrew Cogan was succeeded by Francis Day ( 1643 -- 1644 ) , Thomas Ivie ( 1644 -- 1648 ) and Thomas Greenhill ( 1648 -- 52 and 1655 -- 58 ) . At the end of Greenhill 's term in 1652 , Fort St George was elevated to a Presidency , independent of Bantam and under the leadership of the first president , Aaron Baker ( 1652 -- 1655 ) . However , in 1655 the status of the fort was downgraded to an Agency and made subject to the factory at Surat , until 1684 . In 1658 , control of all the factories in Bengal was given to Madras , when the English occupied the nearby village of Triplicane . History ( edit ) Main article : History of Madras Presidency Stringer Lawrence who established the Madras Army with Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah , the Nawab of Carnatic Expansion ( edit ) In 1684 , Fort St George was again elevated in rank to become the Madras Presidency , with William Gyfford as its first president . During this period , the Presidency was significantly expanded and reached an extent which continued into the early 19th century . During the early years of the Madras Presidency , the English were repeatedly attacked by the Mughals , the Marathas and the Nawabs of Golkonda and the Carnatic region . In September 1774 , by Pitt 's India Act , passed by the Parliament of Great Britain to unify and regulate the administration of the territories of the East India Company , the President of Madras was made subordinate to the Governor - General of India based in Calcutta . In September 1746 , Fort St George was captured by the French , who ruled Madras as a part of French India until 1749 , when Madras was handed back to the British under the terms of the Treaty of Aix - la - Chappelle of the previous year . During the Company Raj ( edit ) See also : Company rule in India From 1774 until 1858 , Madras was a part of British India and was ruled by the British East India Company . The last quarter of the 18th century was a period of rapid expansion . Successful wars against Tipu Sultan ( 1782 -- 99 ) , Velu Thambi , Polygars and Ceylon added vast areas of land and contributed to the exponential growth of the Presidency . Newly conquered Ceylon formed part of the Madras Presidency between 1793 and 1798 . The system of subsidiary alliances originated by Lord Wellesley as Governor - General of India ( 1798 -- 1805 ) also brought many princely states into the area militarily subordinate to the Governor of Fort St George . The hill tracts of Ganjam and Visakhapatnam were the last places to be annexed by the British . The period also witnessed a number of rebellions starting with the 1806 Vellore Mutiny . The rebellion of Velu Thambi and Paliath Achan and the Poligar Wars were other notable insurrections against the British rule , but the Madras Presidency remained relatively undisturbed by the Sepoy Mutiny of 1857 . The Madras Presidency annexed the kingdom of Mysore in 1831 on allegations of maladministration and restored it to Chamaraja Wodeyar ( 1881 -- 94 ) , the grandson and heir of the deposed Mummadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar ( 1799 -- 1868 ) in 1881 . Thanjavur was annexed in 1855 , following the death of Shivaji II ( 1832 -- 1855 ) who left no male heir . The victorian era ( edit ) See also : British Raj In 1858 , under the terms of Queen 's Proclamation issued by Queen Victoria , the Madras Presidency , along with the rest of British India , came under the direct rule of the British crown . During the period of governor Lord Harris ( 1854 -- 1859 ) , measures were taken to improve education and increase representation of Indians in the administration . Legislative powers were given to the Governor 's council under the Indian Councils Act 1861 . The council was reformed and expanded under the Indian Councils Act 1892 , the Indian Councils Act 1909 , the Government of India Act 1919 , and the Government of India Act 1935 . V. Sadagopacharlu ( 1861 -- 63 ) was the first Indian to be appointed to the council . The legal profession was specially prized by the newly emerging corpus of educated Indians . In 1877 , T. Muthuswamy Iyer became the first Indian judge of the Madras High Court despite strong opposition from the Anglo - Indian media . He also acted as the Chief Justice of the Madras High Court for a few months in 1893 , thereby becoming the first Indian to hold the post . In 1906 , C. Sankaran Nair became the first Indian to be appointed Advocate - General of the Madras Presidency . A number of roads , railways , dams and canals were constructed during this period . Two large famines occurred in Madras during this period , the Great Famine of 1876 -- 78 and the Indian famine of 1896 -- 97 . As a result , the population of the Presidency fell for the first time from 31.2 million in 1871 to 30.8 million in 1881 . These famines and alleged partiality shown by the government in handling the Chingleput Ryots ' Case and the Salem riots trial caused discontent among the population . Indian independence movement ( edit ) See also : Indian independence movement in Tamil Nadu Annie Besant in 1922 A strong sense of national awakening emerged in the Madras Presidency in the later half of the 19th century . The first political organisation in the province , the Madras Native Association , was established by Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty on 26 February 1852 . However , the organisation did not last long . The Madras Native Association was followed by the Madras Mahajana Sabha which was started on 16 May 1884 . Of the 72 delegates who participated in the first session of the Indian National Congress at Bombay in December 1885 , 22 hailed from the Madras Presidency . Most of the delegates were members of the Madras Mahajana Sabha . The third session of the Indian National Congress was held in Madras in December 1887 and was a huge success attended by 362 delegates from the province . Subsequent sessions of the Indian National Congress took place in Madras in 1894 , 1898 , 1903 1908 , 1914 and 1927 . Madam Blavatsky and Colonel H.S. Olcott moved the headquarters of the Theosophical Society to Adyar in 1882 . The society 's most prominent figure was Annie Besant , who founded the Home Rule League in 1916 . The Home Rule Movement was organised from Madras and found extensive support in the Province . Nationalistic newspapers such as The Hindu , the Swadesamitran and the Mathrubhumi actively endorsed the campaign for independence . India 's first trade union was established in Madras in 1918 by V. Kalyanasundaram and B.P. Wadia . Dyarchy ( 1920 -- 37 ) ( edit ) Main article : Diarchy in Madras Presidency The non-Brahmin movement was started by C. Natesa Mudaliar ( left ) who founded the Justice Party in 1916 and Periyar E.V. Ramaswamy ( right ) , who founded the Self - Respect Movement and took over the Justice party in 1944 A dyarchy was created in Madras Presidency in 1920 as per the Montagu - Chelmsford reforms with provisions made for elections in the presidency . Democratically elected governments would henceforth share power with the Governor 's autocratic establishment . Following the first elections held in November 1920 , the Justice Party , an organisation established in 1916 to campaign for increased representation of non-Brahmins in the administration , came to power . A. Subbarayalu Reddiar became the first Chief Minister of the Madras Presidency but resigned soon after due to declining health and was replaced by P. Ramarayaningar , Minister of Local Self - Government and Public Health , popularly known as the Raja of Panagal . The party split in late 1923 when C.R. Reddy resigned from primary membership and formed a splinter group allied with the opposition Swarajists . A motion of no - confidence was proposed against Ramarayaningar 's government on 27 November 1923 , but was defeated 65 -- 44 . Ramarayaningar remained in power until November 1926 . The enactment in August 1921 of the first communal Government Order ( G.O. No. 613 ) , which introduced caste - based communal reservations in government jobs , remains one of the high points of his rule . In the following elections of 1926 the Justice Party lost . However , as no party was able to obtain a clear majority , the Governor , Lord Goschen , set up a cross-party government under the leadership of P. Subbarayan and nominated its supporting members . In the election of 1930 , the Justice Party was victorious , and P. Munuswamy Naidu became Chief Minister . The exclusion of Zamindars from the Ministry split the Justice Party once again . Fearing a no - confidence motion against him , Munuswamy Naidu resigned in November 1932 and the Raja of Bobbili was appointed Chief Minister in his place . The Justice Party eventually lost the 1937 elections to the Indian National Congress , and Chakravarti Rajagopalachari became Chief Minister of Madras Presidency . During the 1920s and 1930s , an Anti-Brahmin movement emerged in the Madras Presidency . It was launched by E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker who , unhappy with the principles and policies of the Brahmin leadership of the provincial Congress , left the party to form the Self - Respect Movement . Periyar , as he was alternatively known , criticised Brahmins , Hinduism , and Hindu superstitions in periodicals and newspapers such as Viduthalai and Justice . He also participated in the Vaikom satyagraha , which campaigned for the right of untouchables in Travancore to enter temples . Last days of British rule ( edit ) The Indian National Congress came to power for the first time in 1937 with Chakravarti Rajagopalachari ( pictured at a rally ) as its Chief Minister In 1937 , the Indian National Congress was elected to power in the Presidency of Madras for the first time . Chakravarti Rajagopalachari was the first Chief Minister of the Presidency to come from the Congress party . He successfully enacted the Temple Entry Authorization and Indemnity Act and introduced both prohibition and sales taxes in the Madras Presidency . His rule is largely remembered for the use of Hindi being made compulsory in educational institutions , a measure which made him highly unpopular as a politician and sparked widespread Anti-Hindi agitations , which led to violence in some places . Over 1,200 men , women , and children were jailed for their participation in such Anti-Hindi agitations while Thalamuthu and Natarasan died during the protests . In 1940 , Congressional ministers resigned in protest over the Government of India 's declaration of war on Germany without their consent . The Governor of Madras , Sir Arthur Hope , took over the administration and the unpopular law was eventually repealed by him on 21 February 1940 . Most Congressional leadership and erstwhile ministers were arrested in 1942 , as a result of their participation in the Quit India movement . In 1944 , Periyar renamed the Justice Party as Dravidar Kazhagam and withdrew it from electoral politics . After the end of the Second World War , the Indian National Congress re-entered politics , and in the absence of any serious opposition it easily won the 1946 election . Tanguturi Prakasam was then elected as Chief Minister with the support of Kamaraj and served for eleven months . He was succeeded by O.P. Ramaswamy Reddiyar , who became the first Chief Minister of Madras state when India gained independence on 15 August 1947 . The Madras Presidency became the Madras State in independent India . Geography ( edit ) Madras province ( North ) , 1909 Madras province ( South ) , 1909 At its greatest extent , the Madras Presidency included much of southern India . It included the present - day Indian State of Tamil Nadu , the Malabar region of North Kerala , the Lakshadweep Islands , the Coastal Andhra and Rayalaseema regions of Andhra Pradesh , the Ganjam , Gajapati , Rayagada , Koraput , Nabarangapur and Malkangiri districts of southern Odisha and the Bellary , Dakshina Kannada , and Udupi districts of Karnataka and the parts of Jayashankar Bhupalapalli , Bhadradri Kothagudem districts of Telangana . The presidency had its winter capital at Madras and summer capital at Ootacamund . Demographics ( edit ) See also : Demographics of Madras Presidency ( show ) Historical population Year Pop . ± % 1871 31,597,872 -- 1881 31,170,631 − 1.4 % 1891 35,630,440 + 14.3 % 1901 38,199,162 + 7.2 % Sources : In 1822 , the Madras Presidency underwent its first census , which returned a population of 13,476,923 . A second census conducted between 1836 and 1837 recorded a population of 13,967,395 , an increase of only 490,472 over 15 years . The first quinquennial population enumeration took place from 1851 until 1852 . It returned a population of 22,031,697 . Subsequent enumerations were made in 1851 -- 52 , 1856 -- 57 , 1861 -- 62 and 1866 -- 67 . The population of Madras Presidency was tallied at 22,857,855 , 24,656,509 in 1861 -- 62 and 26,539,052 in 1866 -- 67 . The first organised census of India was conducted in 1871 and returned a population of 31,220,973 for the Madras Presidency . Since then , a census has been conducted once every ten years . The last census of British India held in 1941 counted a population of 49,341,810 for the Madras Presidency . Languages ( edit ) See also : Dravidian languages Linguistic map of the Madras Presidency The Tamil , Telugu , Malayalam , Kannada , Odia , Tulu and English languages were all spoken in the Madras Presidency . Tamil was spoken in the southern districts of the Presidency from a few miles north of Madras city as far west as the Nilgiri hills and Western Ghats . Telugu was spoken in the districts to the north of Madras city and to the east of Bellary and Anantapur districts . In the district of South Kanara , the western part of Bellary and Anantapur districts and parts of Malabar , Kannada was spoken . Malayalam was spoken in the districts of Malabar and South Kanara and the princely states of Travancore and Cochin , while Tulu was spoken in South Canara . Oriya was spoken in the parts of the districts of then Ganjam and Vizagapatam . English was spoken by Anglo - Indians and Eurasians . It was also the link language for the Presidency and the official language of British India in which all government proceedings and court hearings were conducted . According to the 1871 census , there were 14,715,000 people who spoke Tamil , 11,610,000 people who spoke Telugu , 2,324,000 people who spoke Malayalam , 1,699,000 spoke Canarese or Kannada , 640,000 people spoke Oriya and 29,400 people spoke Tulu . The 1901 census returned 15,182,957 speakers of Tamil , 14,276,509 Telugu - speakers , 2,861,297 speakers of Malayalam , 1,518,579 were speakers of Kannada , 1,809,314 spoke Oriya , 880,145 spoke Hindusthani / Urdu and 1,680,635 spoke other languages . At the time of Indian independence , Tamil and Telugu speakers made up over 78 % of the total population of the presidency , with Kannada , Malayalam and Tulu speakers making up the rest . Religion ( edit ) Vaishnavite Brahmin students at a Gurukulam in Tanjore , c. 1909 A village shrine dedicated to Lord Ayyanar , c. 1911 Muhammadan boy , c. 1914 In 1901 , the population breakdown was : Hindus ( 37,026,471 ) , Muslims ( 2,732,931 ) , and Christians ( 1,934,480 ) . By the time of India 's independence in 1947 , Madras had an estimated population of 49,799,822 Hindus , 3,896,452 Muslims and 2,047,478 Christians Hinduism was the predominant religion in the presidency and practised by around 88 % of the population . The main Hindu denominations were Saivite , Vaishnavite and Lingayat . Among the Brahmins , the Smartha doctrine was quite popular . Worship of village gods was strong in the southern districts of the presidency while the mathas at Kanchi , Sringeri and Ahobilam were regarded as the centres of the Hindu faith . Of the Hindu temples , the largest and most important were the Venkateswara temple at Thirupathi , the Brihadeeswarar temple at Tanjore , the Meenakshi Amman temple at Madurai , the Ranganathaswamy temple at Srirangam , the Krishna temple at Udupi and the Padmanabhaswamy temple in the princely state of Travancore . Islam was brought to the southern part of India by Arab traders although most converts were made from the 14th century onwards , when Malik Kafur conquered Madurai . Nagore was the holiest city for the Muslims of the Madras Presidency . The presidency also had one of the oldest Christian populations in India . Branches of the Syrian church , contrary to historical evidence , are popularly believed to have been instituted by St. Thomas , an apostle of Jesus Christ who visited the Malabar coast in 52 AD Christians were mainly concentrated in the Tinnevely and Malabar districts of Madras Presidency with native Christians forming over one -- quarter of the total population of the princely state of Travancore . Hill tribes of the Nilgiris , Palani and Ganjam regions such as the Todas , Badagas , Kotas , Yerukalas and the Khonds , worshipped tribal gods and were often classified as Hindus . Until the early years of the 20th century , the Pallar , Paraiyar , Sakkiliar , Pulayar , Madiga , Izhava and Holeya Hindu communities were regarded as untouchable and were not allowed inside Hindu temples . However , along with the emancipation of Indian women and removal of social evils , untouchability was slowly eradicated through legislation and social reform . The Raja of Bobbili who served the Premier from 1932 to 1936 , appointed untouchables to temple administration boards all over the presidency . In 1939 , the Congress government of C. Rajagopalachari introduced the Temple Entry Authorization and Indemnity Act which removed all restrictions on untouchables entering Hindu temples . Chithira Thirunal of Travancore had issued a similar had earlier introduced similar legislation , the Temple Entry Proclamation at the advice of his Diwan , Sir C.P. Ramaswamy Ayyar , in 1937 . In 1921 the Raja of Panagal 's government passed the Hindu Religious Endowments Bill that established government - controlled trusts in the Madras Presidency to manage Hindu temples and prevent potential misuse of their funds . The Raja of Bobbili also introduced reforms in the administration of the Tirumala Tirupathi Devasthanams , the trust which manages the Hindu temple at Tirupathi . Administration ( edit ) The Pitt 's India Act of 1784 created an executive council with legislative powers to assist the Governor . The council initially consisted of four members , two of whom were from the Indian civil service or covenanted civil service and the third , an Indian of distinction . The fourth was the Commander - in - chief of the Madras Army . The council was reduced to three members when the Madras Army was abolished in 1895 . The legislative powers of this council were withdrawn as per the Government of India Act 1833 and it was reduced to the status of a mere advisory body . However , these powers were restored as per Indian Councils Act 1861 . The council was expanded from time to time through the inclusion of official and non-official members and served as the main legislative body till 1935 , when a legislative assembly of a more representative nature was created and legislative powers were transferred to the assembly . On India 's independence on 15 August 1947 , the three - member Governor 's executive council was abolished . The origins of Madras Presidency lay in the village of Madraspatnam which was obtained in 1640 . This was followed by Fort St David which was acquired in 1690 . Chingleput district , known as the `` jaghire '' of Chingleput , obtained in 1763 , was the first district in the Madras Presidency . Salem and Malabar districts were obtained from Tipu Sultan in 1792 as per the Treaty of Seringapatam and Coimbatore and Kanara districts after the Fourth Mysore War in 1799 . The territories of the Thanjavur Maratha kingdom were constituted as a separate district in 1799 . In 1800 , the districts of Bellary and Cuddapah were created out of the territory ceded by the Nizam of Hyderabad . In 1801 , the districts of North Arcot , South Arcot , Nellore , Trichinopoly , Madura and Tinnevely were created out of the territories of the erstwhile Carnatic kingdom . Trichinopoly district was made a sub-division of Tanjore district in June 1805 and remained so till August 1808 when its status as a separate district was restored . The districts of Rajahmundry ( Rajamahendravaram ) , Masulipatnam and Guntur were created in 1823 . These three districts were reorganised in 1859 into two -- the Godavari and Kistna districts . Godavari district was further bifurcated into East and West Godavari districts in 1925 . The Kurnool kingdom was annexed in 1839 and was constituted as a separate district of the Madras Presidency . For administrative convenience , the district of Kanara was split into North and South Kanara in 1859 . North Kanara was transferred to Bombay Presidency in 1862 . Between 1859 -- 60 and 1870 , the districts of Madras and Chingleput were put together into a single district . A separate Nilgiris district was carved out of Coimbatore district in 1868 . As of 1908 , Madras Presidency was made up of 24 districts each administered by a District Collector who was from the Indian Civil Service . The districts were sometimes sub-divided into divisions each under a Deputy Collector . The divisions were further sub-divided into taluks and union panchayats or village committees . Agencies were sometimes created in British India out of volatile , rebellion - prone areas of the Presidency . The two important agencies in the Madras Presidency were the Vizagapatam Hill Tracts Agency which was subject to the District Collector of Vizagapatam and the Ganjam Hill Tracts Agency subject to the District Collector of Ganjam . In 1936 , the districts of Ganjam and Vizagapatam ( including the Vizagapatam and the Ganjam agencies ) were partitioned between Madras and the newly created province of Orissa . There were five princely states subordinate to the Madras government . They were Banganapalle , Cochin , Pudukkottai , Sandur , and Travancore . All these states had a considerable degree of internal autonomy . However , their foreign policy was completely controlled by a Resident who represented the Governor of Fort St George . In case of Banganapalle , the Resident was the District Collector of Kurnool , while the District Collector of Bellary was the Resident of Sandur . The Resident of Pudukkottai from 1800 to 1840 and 1865 to 1873 , was the District Collector of Tanjore , from 1840 to 1865 , the District Collector of Madura and from 1873 to 1947 , the District Collector of Trichinopoly . Army ( edit ) A British officer in the Madras Light Cavalry Main article : Madras Army The English East India Company was first permitted to set up its own garrison in 1665 to guard its settlements . Notable amongst the early operations of the Company 's forces were the defence of the city from Mughal and Maratha invaders and from the incursions of the Nawab of Carnatic . In 1713 , the Madras forces under Lieutenant John de Morgan distinguished themselves in the siege of Fort St David and in putting down Richard Raworth 's Rebellion . When Joseph François Dupleix , the Governor of French India , began to raise native battalions in 1748 , the British of Madras followed suit and established the Madras Regiment . Though native regiments were subsequently established by the British in other parts of India , the distances that separated the three presidencies resulted in each force developing divergent principles and organisations . The first reorganisation of the army took place in 1795 , when the Madras army was reconstituted into the following units : European Infantry -- Two battalions of ten companies Artillery -- Two European battalions of five companies each , with fifteen companies of lascars Native Cavalry -- Four regiments Native Infantry -- Eleven regiments of two battalions A Jamadar of the 20th Deccan Horse In 1824 , a second reorganisation took place , whereupon the double battalions were abolished and the existing battalions were renumbered . The Madras Army at the time consisted of one European and one native brigade of horse artillery , three battalions of foot artillery of four companies each , with four companies of lascars attached , three regiments of light cavalry , two corps of pioneers , two battalions of European infantry , 52 battalions of native infantry and three local battalions . Between 1748 and 1895 , as with the Bengal and Bombay armies , the Madras Army had its own Commander - in - Chief who was subordinate to the president , and later to the Governor of Madras . By custom the Commander - in - chief of the Madras Army was a member of the Governor 's Executive Council . The army 's troops participated in the conquest of Manila in 1762 , the 1795 expeditions against Ceylon and the Dutch as well as the conquest of the Spice Islands in the same year . They also took part in expeditions against Mauritius ( 1810 ) , Java ( 1811 ) , the wars against Tipu Sultan and the Carnatic Wars of the 18th century , the British attack on Cuttack dring the Second Anglo - Maratha War , the Siege of Lucknow during the Indian Mutiny , and the invasion of Upper Burma during the Third Anglo - Burmese War . The 1857 Mutiny , which quickly led to drastic changes in the Bengal and Bombay armies , had no effect on the Madras Army . In 1895 , the presidency armies were finally merged and the Madras regiments came under the direct control of the Commander - in - chief of British India . The Madras Army relied heavily on the Moplahs of Malabar and on soldiers from Kodagu , at that time known as Coorg . Land tenure ( edit ) Statue of Sir Thomas Munro who introduced the `` Ryotwari System '' in the Madras Presidency See also : List of zamindari estates in Madras Presidency Revenue from land rental as well as an income tax based on the tenant 's net profits from their land was the presidency 's main source of income . In ancient times , land appears to have been held in common with an individual unable to sell it without the consent of the other owners , who in most cases were members of the same community . Prior to the arrival of the British , the concept of individual proprietorship of land had already emerged along India 's west coast such that the new administration 's land revenue system was not markedly different from that of its predecessor . Nevertheless , landlords never sold land without the consent of other members of the community . This communistic property rights system was known as kaniachi among the Vellalars , swastium among the Brahmins and mirasi among Muslims and Christians . In the Tanjore district , all mirasi in the village were vested in a single individual who was called the Ekabhogam . The mirasidars were required to donate a certain amount of money known as mirei to the village administration . They also paid a specified sum to the Government . In return , the mirasidars demanded non-interference by the government in the internal affairs of the villages . The proprietary system was entirely different in the district of Malabar and the states of Cochin and Travancore where communal ownership of land did not exist . Instead , land was individual property mostly owned by the landowning gentry , to wit the Namboodiri and Nair people , who did not have to pay land - tax and held extensive freeholds of land rented to tenants for agricultural puroposes . In return the Nairs supplied the king with fighting men in times of war while the Namboodhiris managed the upkeep of Hindu temples . These landlords were somewhat self - sufficient and had their own police and judicial systems such that the personal expenses of the Raja were minimal . However , landlords lost their exemption from the taxes on land if they disposed of it meaning that mortgage of land was more common than sale . Individual propreitorship of land was also common in the Telugu - speaking areas of the Presidency . The chieftains of the Telugu - speaking districts had more or less maintained an independent existence for a long time , furnishing the sovereign with armies and equipment in times of war . In return , their right to revenues from land remained unmolested . During the time of the British , most of land in the northern districts of the Presidency were parcelled out among these petty `` Rajahs '' . Islamic invasions caused minor changes in the land proprietorship system when taxes on Hindu land owners were raised and private ownership of property came down . When the British took over administration , the centuries - old system of land proprietorship was left intact . The new rulers appointed middlemen to collect revenue for lands which were not under the control of local zamindar s . In most cases , these go - betweens ignored the welfare of the farmers and exploited them to the full . A Board of Revenue was established in 1786 to solve the issue but to no avail . At the same time , the zamindari settlement established in Bengal by Lord Cornwallis proved highly successful and was later implemented in the Madras Presidency from 1799 onwards . However , the Permanent Settlement was not as successful as it had been in Bengal . When the Company did not reach the expected profit levels , a new system known as the `` Village Settlement '' was implemented between 1804 and 1814 in the districts of Tinnevely , Trichinopoly , Coimbatore , North Arcot and South Arcot . This involved the leasing of land to the principal cultivators , who in turn leased the land to ryots , or peasant farmers . However , as a village settlement had few differences compared to a permanent settlement , it was eventually discarded . In its place came the `` Ryotwari Settlement '' implemented by Sir Thomas Munro between 1820 and 1827 . According to the new system , land was handed over directly to the ryots who paid their rent directly to the government . The land was assessed and paid revenue fixed by the Government This system had a number of advantages as well as disadvantages for the ryots . In 1833 , Lord William Bentinck implemented a new system called the `` Mahalwari '' or village system under which landlords as well as ryots entered into a contract with the Government . By the early 20th century , the greater part of the land was held by ryots who paid rent directly to the Government . Zamindari estates occupied about 26 million acres ( 110,000 km ) , more than one - quarter of the whole presidency . The peshkash , or tribute , payable to the government in perpetuity was about £ 330,000 a year . Inams , revenue - free or quit - rent grants of lands made for religious endowments or for services rendered to the state , occupied an aggregate area of nearly 8 million acres ( 32,000 km ) . In 1945 -- 46 , there were 20,945,456 acres ( 84,763.25 km ) of Zamindari estates yielding revenues of ₹ 9,783,167 and 58,904,798 acres ( 238,379.26 km ) of ryotwari lands which produced ₹ 72,665,330 . Madras had forest coverage of 15,782 square miles ( 40,880 km ) . The Land Estates Act of 1908 was passed by the Madras Government in order to protect cultivators in Zamindaris from exploitation . Under the act , ryots were made permanent occupants of the land . However , far from protecting the ryots , the legislation proved to be detrimental to the interests of the cultivators in the Oriya - speaking northern districts of the presidency who were the intended beneficiaries , as it tied the cultivator to his land and landlord with the chains of eternal serfdom . In 1933 , an amendment to the Act was introduced by the Raja of Bobbili to curb the rights of Zamindars and safeguard the cultivators from exploitation . This act was passed in the legislative council despite strong opposition from the Zamindars . Agriculture and irrigation ( edit ) A 1936 map of rice stations in Madras Presidency Almost 71 % of the population of Madras Presidency was engaged in agriculture with the agricultural year usually commencing on 1 July . Crops cultivated in the Madras Presidency included cereals such as rice , corn , kambhu ( Indian millet ) and ragi as well as vegetables including brinjal , sweet potato , ladies ' fingers , beans , onions , garlic and spices such as chilli , pepper and ginger along with vegetable oils made from castor beans and peanuts . Fruits cultivated included lime , banana jackfruit , cashew nuts , mangos , custard apples and papayas . In addition , cabbages , cauliflowers , pomelos , peaches , betel pepper , niger seed and millet were introduced from Asia , Africa or Europe , while grapes were introduced from Australia . The total cultivated area used for food crops was 80 % and for cash crops , 15 % . Of the gross area , rice occupied 26.4 percent ; kambhu , 10 percent ; ragi , 5.4 percent and Cholam , 13.8 percent . Cotton occupied 1,740,000 acres ( 7,000 km ) , oilseeds , 2.08 million , spices , 0.4 million and indigo , 0.2 million . In 1898 , Madras produced 7.47 million tons of food grains from 21,570,000 acres ( 87,300 km ) of crops grown on 19,300,000 acres ( 78,000 km ) of ryotwari and inam lands , which supported a population of 28 million . The rice yield was 7 to 10 cwt . per acre , the cholam yields were 3.5 to 6.25 cwt . per acre , khambu , 3.25 to 5 cwt . per acre and ragi , 4.25 to 5 cwt . per acre . The average gross turnout for food crops was 6.93 cwt . per acre . The Mullaperiyar Dam was constructed across the Periyar river for power generation Irrigation along the east coast is carried out mostly by means of dams across rivers , lakes and irrigation tanks . The main source of water for agriculture in the Coimbatore district were tanks . The Land Improvement and Agriculturists Loan Act passed in 1884 provided funds for the construction of wells and their utilisation in reclamation projects . In the early part of the 20th century , the Madras government established the Pumping and Boring Department to drill boreholes with electric pumps . The Mettur Dam , the Periyar Project , the Cudappah - Kurnool canal and the Rushikulya Project were the biggest irrigation projects launched by the Madras Government . Constructed below the Hogenakkal Falls on the Madras - Mysore border in 1934 , the Mettur Dam supplied water to the western districts of the Presidency . The Periyar Dam ( now known as the Mullaperiyar Dam ) was constructed across the Periyar river in Travancore , near the border . This project diverted the waters of the Periyar river to the Vaigai River basin in order to irrigate the arid lands to the east of the Western Ghats . Similarly , the Rushikulya Project was launched to utilise the waters of the Rushikulya river in Ganjam . Under the scheme over 142,000 acres ( 570 km ) of land were brought under irrigation . The British also constructed a number of dams and canals for irrigation . An upper dam was constructed across the Kollidam river near Srirangam island . The Dowlaishwaram dam across the Godavari river , the Gunnavaram aqueduct across the Vaineteyam Godavari , the Kurnool - Cuddapah canal and the Krishna dam are examples of major irrigation works carried out by the British . In 1946 -- 47 , the total area under irrigation was 9,736,974 acres ( 39,404.14 km ) acres which yielded a return of 6.94 % on capital outlay . Trade , industry and Commerce ( edit ) The port of Tuticorin Textile showroom of M.V. Cunniah Chetty and Sons , circa 1914 Weaving on Handlooms , c. 1913 Parry & Co. sugar refineries at Samalkota , c. 1914 Workshops of the Madras Automobiles Ltd. , c. 1904 The trade of the Madras Presidency comprised that of both the Presidency with other Provinces and its overseas trade . External trade made up 93 percent of the total with internal trade making up the remainder . Foreign trade accounted for 70 percent of the total while 23 percent was inter-provincial . In 1900 -- 01 , imports from other provinces of British India amounted to ₹ 13.43 crores while exports to other provinces amounted to ₹ 11.52 crores . During the same year , exports to other countries reached ₹ 11.74 crores while imports were valued at ₹ 66.2 million . At the time of India 's independence , imports of the Presidency amounted to ₹ 71.32 crores a year while exports were valued at ₹ 645.1 million . Trade with the United Kingdom made up 31.54 % of the total trade of the Presidency with Madras the chief port accounting for 49 % of the total trade . Cotton piece - goods , cotton twist and yarn , metals and kerosene oil were the main items of import while animal hides and skins , raw cotton , coffee and piece - goods were the chief exports . Raw cotton , animal hides , oil seeds , grains , pulses , coffee , tea and cotton manufactures were the main items of sea trade . Most of the sea trade was carried through the presidency 's principal port of Madras . Other important ports were Gopalpur , Kalingapatnam , Bimlipatnam , Visakhapatnam , Masulipatnam , Cocanada , Madras , Cuddalore , Negapatam , Pamban and Tuticorin on the east coast along with Mangalore , Cannanore , Calicut , Tellicherry , Cochin , Alleppey , Quilon ( Coulão ) and Colachel on the western seaboard . The port of Cochin was taken over by the Government of India on 1 August 1936 , and that of Madras on 1 April 1937 . There were Chambers of Commerce in Madras , Cochin and Cocanada . These chambers each nominated a member to the Madras Legislative Council . Cotton - ginning and weaving were two of the main industries in the Madras Presidency . Cotton was produced in large quantities in the Bellary district and was pressed in Georgetown , Madras . The scarcity of cotton in Lancashire caused by a decline in trade due to the American Civil War gave an impetus to cotton and textile production and led to cotton presses being established all over the Presidency . In the early years of the 20th century , Coimbatore emerged as an important centre for cotton textiles and earned the epithet `` Manchester of South India '' . The northern districts of Godavari , Vizagapatam and Kistna were well - known cotton - weaving centres . There was a sugar factory at Aska in Ganjam run by F.J.V. Minchin and another at Nellikuppam in South Arcot district run by the East India Distilleries and Sugar Factories Company . In the Telugu - speaking northern districts of the presidency large quantities of tobacco were cultivated to be subsequently rolled into cheroots . Trichinopoly , Madras and Dindigul were the main cheroot - producing areas . Until the discovery of artificial aniline and alizarine dyes , Madras possessed a thriving vegetable dye manufacturing industry . The city also imported large quantities of aluminium for the manufacture of aluminium utensils . In the early 20th century , the government established the Chrome Tanning Factory which manufactured high - quality leather . The first brewery in the Presidency was founded in the Nilgiri Hills in 1826 . Coffee was cultivated in the region of Wynad and the kingdoms of Coorg and Mysore while tea was grown on the slopes of the Nilgiri Hills . Coffee plantations were also established in Travancore but a severe blight at the end of the 19th century destroyed coffee cultivation in the kingdom and almost wiped out coffee plantations in neighbouring Wynad . Coffee - curing works were located at Calicut , Tellicherry , Mangalore and Coimbatore . In 1947 , Madras had 3,761 factories with 276,586 operatives . The presidency 's fishing industry thrived , with Shark 's fins , fish maws and fish curing - operations the main sources of income for fishermen . The southern port of Tuticorin was a centre of conch - fishing but Madras , along with Ceylon , was mainly known for its pearl fisheries . Pearl fisheries were harvested by the Paravas and was a lucrative profession . The total revenue of the Presidency was ₹ 57 crores in 1946 -- 47 made as follows : Land revenue , ₹ 8.53 crores ; Excise , ₹ 14.68 crores ; Income tax , ₹ 4.48 crores ; Stamp revenue , ₹ 4.38 crores ; forests , ₹ 1.61 crores ; other taxes , ₹ 8.45 crores ; Extraordinary receipts , ₹ 2.36 crores and revenue fund , Rs. 5.02 crores . Total expenditure for 1946 -- 47 was ₹ 569.9 million . 208,675 k.v.a of electricity was generated at the end of 1948 of which 98 % was under government ownership . The total amount of power generated was 467 million units . The Madras Stock Exchange was established in Madras city in 1920 with a strength of 100 members but gradually faded away and membership had reduced to three by 1923 when it had to be closed down . Nevertheless , the Madras Stock Exchange was successfully revived in September 1937 and was incorporated as the Madras Stock Exchange Association Limited . EID Parry , Binny and Co. and Arbuthnot Bank were the largest private - owned business corporations at the turn of the 20th century . EID Parry manufactured and sold chemical fertilizers and sugar while the Binnys marketed cotton garments and uniforms manufactured at its spinning and weaving facility , the Buckingham and Carnatic Mills in Otteri . Arbuthnot , owned by the Arbuthnot family , was the largest bank in the Presidency until its crash in 1906 . Reduced to penury , disillusioned former Indian investors established the Indian Bank with funds donated by Nattukottai Chetties . Between 1913 and 1914 , Madras had 247 companies . In 1947 , the city led in the establishment of registered factories but employed only 62 % of the total productive capital . The first Western - style banking institution in India was the Madras Bank which was established on 21 June 1683 , with a capital of one hundred thousand pounds sterling . This was followed by the opening of the Carnatic Bank in 1788 , the Bank of Madras in 1795 and the Asiatic Bank in 1804 . In 1843 , all the banks were merged to form the Bank of Madras . The Bank of Madras had branches in all the presidency 's major cities and princely states including Coimbatore , Mangalore , Calicut , Tellicherry , Alleppy , Cocanada , Guntur , Masulipatnam , Ootacamund , Negapataam , Tuticorin , Bangalore , Cochin and Colombo in Ceylon . In 1921 , the Bank of Madras merged with the Bank of Bombay and the Bank of Bengal to form the Imperial Bank of India . In the 19th century , the Arbuthnot Bank was one of the largest privately owned banks in the Presidency . The City Union Bank , the Indian Bank , Canara Bank , Corporation Bank , Nadar Bank , Karur Vysya Bank , Catholic Syrian Bank , Karnataka Bank , Bank of Chettinad , Andhra Bank , Vysya Bank , Vijaya Bank , Indian Overseas Bank and the Bank of Madura were some of the leading banks headquartered in the Presidency . Transport and communication ( edit ) Map of the Madras and South Mahratta Railway lines In the early days of the agency , the only means of transportation were bullock - carts known as jhatkas along with palanquins . The roads connecting Madras to Calcutta in the north and the kingdom of Travancore in the south served as lines of communication during wars . From the early 20th century onwards , bullock - carts and horses were gradually replaced by bicycles and motor vehicles , while motor buses were the main means of private road transportation . Presidency Transport and the City Motor Service were pioneers , operating buses manufactured by Simpson and Co. as early as 1910 . The first organised bus system in Madras city was operated by Madras Tramways Corporation between 1925 and 1928 . The 1939 Motor Vehicles Act imposed restrictions on public - owned bus and motor services . Most of the early bus services were operated by private agencies . The Nilgiri Mountain Railway , an UNESCO World Heritage Site The Pamban railway bridge , which connects the Pamban island with the Indian mainland was constructed in 1914 A backwater and canal in Malabar , c. 1913 The first organised initiative for the construction of new roads and maintenance of existing roads in the Presidency was initiated in 1845 with the appointment of a special officer for the maintenance of main roads . The principal roads under the aegis of the officer were the Madras - Bangalore road , Madras - Trichinopoly road , Madras - Calcutta road , Madras - Cuddapah road and the Sumpajee Ghaut road . A Public Works Department was initiated by Lord Dalhousie in 1852 and subsequently in 1855 an East coast canal was constructed for the purpose of easy navigation . Roadways were handled by the Public Works Secretariat which was under the control of the member of the Governor 's Executive Council . The principal highways of the Presidency were the Madras - Calcutta road , the Madras - Travancore road and the Madras - Calicut road . By 1946 -- 47 , the Madras Presidency had 26,201 miles ( 42,166 km ) of metalled roads and 14,406 miles ( 23,184 km ) of unmetalled roads , and 1,403 miles ( 2,258 km ) of navigable canals . The first railway line in South India was laid between Madras and Arcot , which was opened for traffic on 1 July 1856 . The line was constructed by the Madras Railway Company formed in 1845 . The railway station at Royapuram , the first in South India , was built in 1853 and served as the headquarters of the Madras Railway Company . The Great Southern Indian Railway Company was set up in the United Kingdom in 1853 . and had its headquarters at Trichinopoly where it constructed its first railway line between Trichinopoly and Negapatam in 1859 . The Madras Railway Company operated standard or broad - gauge railway lines while the Great South Indian Railway Company operated metre - gauge railway lines . In 1874 , The Great Southern Indian Railway Company merged with the Carnatic Railway Company ( established in 1864 ) and was renamed the Southern Indian Railway Company . The Southern Indian Railway Company merged with the Pondicherry Railway Company in 1891 while the Madras Railway Company merged with the Southern Mahratta Railway Company in 1908 to form the Madras and South Mahratta Railway Company . A new terminus was built at Egmore for the Madras and South Mahratta Railway Company . In 1927 , the South Indian Railway Company shifted its headquarters from Madurai to Chennai Central . The company operated a suburban electric train service for Madras city from May 1931 onwards . In April 1944 , the Madras and South Mahratta Railway Company was taken over by the Madras Government . In 1947 , there were 4,961 miles ( 7,984 km ) of railway in the Presidency , in addition to 136 miles ( 219 km ) of district board lines . Madras was well - connected with other Indian cities like Bombay and Calcutta and with Ceylon . The 6,776 - foot ( 2,065 m ) Pamban railway bridge connecting Mandapam on the Indian mainland with Pamban island was opened for traffic in 1914 . The Nilgiri Mountain Railway was inaugurated between Mettupalayam and Ootacamund in 1899 . The Madras Tramways Corporation was promoted in Madras city in 1892 by Hutchinsons and Co. and began operating in 1895 , before even London had its own tramway system . It plied six routes in Madras linking distant parts of Madras city and covered a total of 17 miles ( 27 km ) . The chief navigable waterways in the presidency were the canals in the Godavari and the Kistna deltas . The Buckingham canal was cut in 1806 at a cost of 90 lakhs of silver to connect the city of Madras with the delta of the Kistna river at Peddaganjam . Ships of the British India Steam Navigation Company frequently docked at Madras and provided frequent services to Bombay , Calcutta , Colombo and Rangoon . In 1917 , Simpson and Co. arranged for a test flight by the first aeroplane in Madras while a flying club was established at the Mount Golf Club grounds near St Thomas Mount by a pilot named G. Vlasto in October 1929 . This site was later used as the Madras aerodrome . One of the early members of the club , Rajah Sir Annamalai Chettiar went on to establish an aerodrome in his native Chettinad . On 15 October 1932 , Royal Air Force pilot Nevill Vintcent piloted J.R.D. Tata 's plane carrying air - mail from Bombay to Madras via Bellary . This was the beginning of Tata Sons ' regular domestic passenger and airmail service from Karachi to Madras . The flight was later re-routed through Hyderabad and became bi-weekly . On 26 November 1935 , Tata Sons started an experimental weekly service from Bombay to Trivandrum via Goa and Cannanore . From 28 February 1938 , onwards , Tata Sons ' Aviation division , now renamed Tata Airlines , began a Karachi to Colombo airmail service via Madras and Trichinopoly . On 2 March 1938 , the Bombay - Trivandrum air service was extended to Trichinopoly . The first organised postal service was established between Madras and Calcutta by Governor Edward Harrison in 1712 . After reform and regularisation , a new postal system was started by Sir Archibald Campbell and was introduced on 1 June 1786 . The Presidency was divided into three postal divisions : Madras North up to Ganjam , Madras South - West to Anjengo ( erstwhile Travancore ) and Madras West , up to Vellore . In the same year , a link with Bombay was established then in 1837 , the Madras , Bombay and Calcutta mail services were integrated to form the All - India Service . On 1 October 1854 , the first stamps were issued by the Imperial Postal Service . The General Post Office ( GPO ) , Madras , was established by Sir Archibald Campbell in 1786 . In 1872 -- 73 , a bimonthly sea - mail service began between Madras and Rangoon . This was followed by the commencement of a fortnightly sea - mail service between Madras and ports on the eastern coast . Madras was linked to the rest of the world through telegraphs in 1853 and a civilian telegraph service was introduced on 1 February 1855 . Soon afterwards , telegraph lines linked Madras and Ootacamund with other cities in India . A Telegraph department was set up in 1854 , with a Deputy Superintendent stationed in Madras city . The Colombo - Talaimannar telegraph line established in 1858 , was extended to Madras in 1882 , thereby connecting the city with Ceylon . Telephones were introduced in the presidency in 1881 and on 19 November 1881 , the first telephone exchange with 17 connections was established at Errabalu Street in Madras . A wireless telgraphy service was established between Madras and Port Blair in 1920 and in 1936 , the Indo - Burma radio telephone service was established between Madras and Rangoon . Education ( edit ) The first schools offering Western - style education in the presidency were established in Madras during the 18th century . In 1822 , a Board of Public Instruction was created based on the recommendations of Sir Thomas Munro , after which schools teaching students in vernacular language was established . A central training school was set up in Madras as per Munro 's scheme . However , this system appeared to be a failure and the policy was altered in 1836 in order to promote European literature and science . The Board of Public Instruction was superseded by a Committee for Native Education . In January 1840 , during the viceroyalty of Lord Ellenborough , a University Board was established with Alexander J. Arbuthnot as the Joint Director of Public Instruction . The central school was converted to a high school in April 1841 with 67 students and in 1853 became the Presidency College with the addition of a college department . On 5 September 1857 , the University of Madras was established as an examining body using the University of London as a model with the first examinations held in February 1858 . C.W. Thamotharam Pillai and Caroll V. Visvanatha Pillai of Ceylon were the first to graduate from the University . Sir S. Subramaniya Iyer was the first Indian Vice-Chancellor of the University . Similarly , Andhra University was established by the Andhra University Act of 1925 and in 1937 , the University of Travancore was established in the princely state of Travancore . The Government Arts College , established in Kumbakonam in 1867 , was one of the first educational institutions outside Madras . The oldest engineering college in the presidency , College of Engineering , Guindy , was established as a Government Survey School in 1794 before being upgraded to an Engineering College in 1861 . Initially , only Civil Engineering was taught , with the further disciplines of Mechanical Engineering added in 1894 , Electrical Engineering in 1930 and Telecommunication and Highways in 1945 . The AC College , with its emphasis on textiles and leather technology , was founded by Alagappa Chettiar in 1944 . The Madras Institute of Technology , which introduced courses such as aeronautical and automobile engineering was established in 1949 . In 1827 , the first medical school in the Presidency was established then followed by the Madras Medical College in 1835 . The Government Teacher 's College was established at Saidapet in 1856 . Among the private institutions , the Pachaiyappa 's College , established in 1842 , is the oldest Hindu educational institution in the presidency . The Annamalai University , established by Rajah Sir Annamalai Chettiar in Chidambaram in 1929 , was the first university in the presidency to have hostel facilities Christian missionaries were pioneers in promoting education in the region . The Madras Christian College , St. Aloysius College at Mangalore , Loyola College in Madras and the St. Peter 's College at Tanjore were some of the educational institutions established by Christian missionaries . The Madras Presidency had the highest literacy rate of all the provinces in British India . In 1901 , Madras had a male literacy rate of 11.9 percent and a female literacy rate of 0.9 percent . In 1950 , when the Madras Presidency became Madras State , the literacy rate was slightly higher than the national average of 18 percent . In 1901 , there were 26,771 public and private institutions with 923,760 scholars of whom 784,621 were male and 139,139 female . By 1947 , the number of educational institutions had increased to 37,811 and the number of scholars to 3,989,686 . Apart from colleges , in 1947 there were 31,975 public and elementary schools , 720 secondary schools for boys and 4,173 elementary and 181 secondary schools for girls . Most of the early graduates were Brahmins . The preponderance of Brahmins in the universities and in the civic administration was one of the main causes for the growth of the Anti-Brahmin movement in the presidency . Madras was also the first province in British India where caste - based communal reservations were introduced . In 1923 , the Madras University Act was passed after its introduction by Education Minister A.P. Patro . Under the bill 's provisions , the governing body of Madras University was completely reorganised on democratic lines . The bill asserted that the governing body would henceforth be headed by a Chancellor who would be assisted by a pro-Chancellor , usually the Minister of Education . Apart from the Chancellor and the pro-Chancellor who were elected , there was to be a Vice-Chancellor appointed by the Chancellor . Culture and society ( edit ) Hindus , Muslims and Christians generally followed a joint family system . The society was largely patriarchal with the eldest male member the leader of the family . Most of the presidency followed a patrilineal system of inheritance . The only exceptions were the district of Malabar and the princely states of Travancore and Cochin which practised the marumakkathayam system . Women were expected to confine themselves to indoor activities and the maintenance of the household . Muslims and high - caste Hindu women observed purdah . The daughter in the family rarely received an education and usually helped her mother with household chores . Upon marrying , she moved to the house of her in - laws where she was expected to serve her husband and the elder members of his family . There have been recorded instances of torture and ill treatment of daughters - in - law . A Brahmin widow was expected to shave her head and was subjected to numerous indignities . Rural society comprised villages where people of different communities lived together . Brahmins lived in separate streets called agraharams . Untouchables lived outside village limits in small hamlets called cheris and were strictly forbidden from having houses in the village . They were also forbidden from entering important Hindu temples or approaching high - caste Hindus . Serfdom was practised in almost all castes from Brahmins to non-Brahmins subjecting agricultural labourers to bondage for non-payment of debt . The Law Commission report on slavery in 1841 contains the indicative figures on the number of slaves , computed based on the population of specific castes of Pallar and Paraiyar . There were proposed regulations in 1811 and 1823 to prevent child labour . In 1833 , the British Crown and the House of Commons proposed immediate abolotion of slavery in India , but East India Company decreed otherwise . All legal recognition to permit the civil status of slavery were withdrawn with the Act V of 1843 and selling of slaves became a criminal offence in 1862 under the new Indian Penal Code . In spite of these regulations , serfdom continued and the slave population formed 12.2 % -- 20 % of the total population in 1930 across various districts of the Presidency . With the influx of Western education starting from the middle of the 19th century , social reforms were introduced to remove the problems of traditional Indian society . The Malabar Marriage Act of 1896 recognised sambandham contracts as legal marriages while the marmakkathayam system was abolished by the Marmakkathayam Law of 1933 . Numerous measures were taken to improve the lot of Dalit outcasts . The Thirumala Tirupathi Devasthanams Act ( 1933 ) , included Dalits in the devasthanams administration . The presidemcy 's Temple Entry Authorization Act ( 1939 ) and its Temple Entry Proclamation ( 1936 ) of Travancore were aimed at elevating the status of Dalit and other low castes to a position equal to that of high - caste Hindus . In 1872 , T. Muthuswamy Iyer established the Widow Remarriage Association in Madras and advocated the remarriage of Brahmin widows . The devadasi system was regulated in 1927 and completely abolished on 26 November 1947 . The Widow Remarriage movement was spearheaded in the Godavari district by Kandukuri Veeresalingam . Most of the pioneers of social reform were Indian nationalists . Traditional pastimes and forms of recreation in rural areas were cock - fighting , bull - fighting , village fairs and plays . Men in urban areas indulged in social and communistic activities at recreational clubs , music concerts or sabhas , dramas and welfare organisations . Carnatic music and bharatanatyam were especially patronised by the upper and upper - middle class Madras society . Of the sports introduced by the British in the presidency , cricket , tennis , football and hockey were the most popular . An annual cricket tournament , known as the Madras Presidency Matches , was held between Indians and Europeans during Pongal . The presidency 's first newspaper , the Madras Courier , was started on 12 October 1785 , by Richard Johnston , a printer employed by the British East India Company . The first Indian - owned English - language newspaper was The Madras Crescent which was established by freedom - fighter Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty in October 1844 . Lakshminarasu Chetty is also credited with the foundation of the Madras Presidency Association which was a forerunner of the Indian National Congress . The number of newspapers and periodicals published in the presidency totalled 821 in 1948 . The two most popular English - language newspapers were The Hindu established by G. Subramania Iyer in 1878 , and The Mail , established as the Madras Times by the Gantz family in 1868 . Regular radio service in the presidency commenced in 1938 when All India Radio established a station in Madras . Cinemas became popular in the 1930s and 1940s with the first film in a South Indian language , R. Nataraja Mudaliar 's Tamil film Keechaka Vadham , released in 1916 . The first sound films in Tamil and Telugu were made in 1931 while the first Kannada talkie Sati Sulochana was made in 1934 and the first Malayalam talkie Balan in 1938 . There were film studios at Coimbatore , Salem , Madras and Karaikudi . Most early films were made in Coimbatore and Salem but from the 1940s onwards , Madras began to emerge as the principal centre of film production . Until the 1950s , most films in Telugu , Kannada and Malayalam were made in Madras . A Westernized middle - class urban Tamil Brahmin couple . c.a . 1945 Tamil film actor M.K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar A Namboodiri Brahman 's house , c.a. 1909 Hindu devotees in procession around the temple at Tirupparankunram , c.a. 1909 Telugu bride and groom belonging to the Kapu caste , c.a. 1909 A Mangalorean Catholic gentleman belonging to the Bamonn caste , c.a. 1938 Refreshment stall at a railway station in the Madras Presidency , c.a. 1895 See also ( edit ) History of Tamil Nadu Madras States Agency List of colonial Governors and Presidents of Madras Advocate - General of Madras Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Iyengar 1929 , p. 535 Jump up ^ `` They administered our region HERITAGE '' . The Hindu . 4 June 2007 . Retrieved 6 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Thurston 1913 , pp. 138 -- 142 Jump up ^ Hunter , 1908 , p. 6 Jump up ^ Wheeler 1996 , p. 5 Jump up ^ Wheeler 1996 , p. 6 Jump up ^ Wheeler 1996 , p. 7 Jump up ^ Wheeler 1996 , p. 19 ^ Jump up to : Wheeler 1996 , p. 26 Jump up ^ Roy 2012 , p. 74 Jump up ^ Chaudhuri 2006 , p. 206 Jump up ^ Thorpe 2011 , p. 94 Jump up ^ Newell 1919 , p. 18 Jump up ^ Wheeler 1996 , p. 281 Jump up ^ Wheeler 1996 , p. 282 Jump up ^ India Office List 1905 , p. 121 Jump up ^ Hunter 1908 , p. 251 Jump up ^ Kulke 2004 , p. 245 Jump up ^ Hunter 1908 , p. 252 Jump up ^ Codrington 1926 , Chapter X : Transition to British administration Jump up ^ Hunter 1908 , p. 254 Jump up ^ Hunter 1908 , p. 255 Jump up ^ Read 1997 , pp. 34 -- 37 Jump up ^ Dodd 1859 , p. 288 Jump up ^ Kamath 1980 , p. 250 Jump up ^ Kamath 1980 , pp. 250 -- 253 Jump up ^ Hibbert 2000 , p. 221 Jump up ^ Sadasivan 1974 , p. 22 Jump up ^ Sadasivan 1974 , p. 40 Jump up ^ Sadasivan 1974 , p. 54 Jump up ^ Sadasivan 1974 , p. 55 Jump up ^ Muthiah 2004 , p. 418 ^ Jump up to : Frykenberg , Robert Eric ( 1968 ) . Elite Formation in Nineteenth Century South India , Proceedings of the First International Conference on Tamil Culture and History . Kuala Lumpur : University of Malaysia Press . Jump up ^ S.A. 1969 , p. 14 ^ Jump up to : Tercentenary Madras Staff 1939 , p. 223 Jump up ^ `` Report of the High Court of Madras '' ( PDF ) . High Court , Madras. 2007 . p. 17 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Pramanand 1985 Jump up ^ Dutt 1999 , p. 10 Jump up ^ S. , Muthiah ( 13 September 2003 ) . `` Willing to strike and not reluctant to wound '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . Archived from the original on 7 November 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Sadasivan 1974 , p. 18 Jump up ^ Sadasivan 1974 , p. 28 Jump up ^ Mazumdar 1917 , p. 58 Jump up ^ Mazumdar 1917 , p. 59 Jump up ^ Besant 1915 , p. 35 Jump up ^ Besant 1915 , p. 36 Jump up ^ `` Congress Sessions '' . Indian National Congress . Archived from the original on 25 June 2008 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Biography of the founders of the Theosophical Society '' . Theosophical Society , Adyar . Archived from the original on 3 June 2008 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Historic Figures -- Annie Besant '' . BBC . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` A clarion call against the Raj '' . The Hindu . 13 September 2003 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Slater 1918 , p. 168 Jump up ^ Ralhan 2002 , p. 179 Jump up ^ Ralhan 2002 , p. 180 Jump up ^ Ralhan 2002 , p. 182 Jump up ^ Ralhan 2002 , p. 190 Jump up ^ Ralhan 2002 , p. 196 Jump up ^ Ralhan 2002 , p. 197 ^ Jump up to : Ralhan 2002 , p. 199 Jump up ^ W.B. 2005 , pp. 3 - 8 ^ Jump up to : Thurston 1909 , p. 116 Jump up ^ Bhakshi 1991 , p. 149 Jump up ^ Kumar , P.C. Vinoj ( 10 September 2003 ) . `` Anti-Hindi sentiments still alive in TN '' . Sify News . ^ Jump up to : Ramaswamy , Sumathi ( 1997 ) . `` Language Devotion in Tamil India , 1891 -- 1970 , Chapter 4 '' . University of California . Jump up ^ Ramaswamy 1997 , Chapter 4 Jump up ^ P. 2001 , pp. 42 - 44 Jump up ^ W.B. 2005 , p. 109 Jump up ^ India ( Failure of Constitutional Machinery ) HC Deb 16 April 1946 vol 421 cc2586 - 92 Jump up ^ Walch 1976 , pp. 157 - 160 Jump up ^ `` The State Legislature -- Origin and Evolution '' . Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly . Archived from the original on 13 April 2010 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ The Illustrated Weekly of India . Published for the proprietors , Bennett , Coleman & Company , Limited , at the Times of India Press . 1975 . Jump up ^ Kumar 1965 , p. 120 - 121 Jump up ^ MaClean 1877 , p. 327 Jump up ^ Hunter , Volume 16 , p. 256 Jump up ^ Steinberg 1950 , p. 137 ^ Jump up to : Thurston 1913 , p. 120 ^ Jump up to : Thurston 1913 , p. 121 Jump up ^ Mollin 2006 , p. 17 Jump up ^ MaClean 1877 , p. 6 Jump up ^ Hunter 1908 , p. 260 ^ Jump up to : Steinberg 1950 , p. 174 Jump up ^ Steinberg 1950 , p. 141 Jump up ^ MaClean 1877 , p. 337 Jump up ^ T. 1765 , p. 110 Jump up ^ Thurston 1913 , p. 137 Jump up ^ Pirie 1883 , p. 110 Jump up ^ Smith 1976 , p. 42 ^ Jump up to : Ralhan 2002 , p. 73 Jump up ^ Thurston 1913 , p. 181 ^ Jump up to : Thurston 1913 , p. 182 ^ Jump up to : Sadasivan 1974 , p. 17 ^ Jump up to : MaClean 1877 , p. 21 ^ Jump up to : MaClean 1877 , p. 22 Jump up ^ Chisholm 1911 , p. 291 . ^ Jump up to : MaClean 1877 , p. 20 Jump up ^ Thurston 1913 , p. 1 Jump up ^ Thurston 1913 , p. 183 Jump up ^ MaClean 1877 , p. 63 Jump up ^ MaClean 1877 , p. 65 Jump up ^ Hunter 1908 , p. 232 Jump up ^ Wheeler 1996 , p. 198 Jump up ^ Major MacMunn 1911 , p. 4 Jump up ^ Major MacMunn 1911 , p. 7 Jump up ^ Major MacMunn 1911 , p. 20 Jump up ^ Major MacMunn 1911 , p. 21 Jump up ^ Major MacMunn 1911 , p. 14 Jump up ^ Major MacMunn 1911 , p. 15 Jump up ^ Major MacMunn 1911 , p. 57 ^ Jump up to : Major MacMunn 1911 , p. 123 Jump up ^ Major MacMunn 1911 , p. 126 Jump up ^ MaClean 1877 , p. 82 ^ Jump up to : MaClean 1877 , p. 85 Jump up ^ MaClean 1877 , p. 83 Jump up ^ MaClean 1877 , p. 86 ^ Jump up to : MaClean 1877 , p. 88 Jump up ^ MaClean 1877 , p. 89 ^ Jump up to : MaClean 1877 , p. 90 Jump up ^ MaClean 1877 , p. 91 ^ Jump up to : MaClean 1877 , p. 92 Jump up ^ MaClean 1877 , p. 93 Jump up ^ MaClean 1877 , p. 94 Jump up ^ Ahmed 2011 pp. 392 - 4 Jump up ^ Rai 2011 , p. 91 Jump up ^ Chisholm 1911 , p. 290 . Jump up ^ Steinberg 1950 , p. 154 Jump up ^ Steinberg 1950 , p. 155 Jump up ^ Thangaraj 2003 , p. 287 Jump up ^ Patnaik 1997 , p. 330 Jump up ^ Thurston 1913 , p. 193 ^ Jump up to : Hunter 1908 , p. 276 Jump up ^ Thurston 1913 , p. 194 ^ Jump up to : Thurston 1913 , p. 195 Jump up ^ Thurston 1913 , p. 196 Jump up ^ Thurston 1913 , p. 197 ^ Jump up to : Thurston 1913 , p. 199 ^ Jump up to : Thurston 1913 , p. 200 ^ Jump up to : Hunter 1908 , p. 274 Jump up ^ Hunter 1908 , p. 278 Jump up ^ Gough 2008 , p. 130 ^ Jump up to : Thurston 1913 , p. 203 ^ Jump up to : Thurston 1913 , p. 205 ^ Jump up to : Thurston 1913 , p. 206 ^ Jump up to : Steinberg 1950 , p. 175 ^ Jump up to : Hunter 1908 , p. 297 Jump up ^ Hunter 1908 , p. 354 Jump up ^ Thurston 1913 , p. 43 Jump up ^ Thurston 1913 , p. 36 ^ Jump up to : Hunter 1908 , p. 298 ^ Jump up to : Thurston 1913 , p. 208 Jump up ^ Thurston 1913 , p. 210 ^ Jump up to : Thurston 1913 , p. 211 Jump up ^ Thurston 1913 , p. 212 ^ Jump up to : Thurston 1913 , p. 213 ^ Jump up to : Thurston 1913 , p. 214 ^ Jump up to : Thurston 1913 , p. 216 ^ Jump up to : Thurston 1913 , p. 219 Jump up ^ Thurston 1913 , p. 220 Jump up ^ Thurston 1913 , p. 223 Jump up ^ Thurston 1913 , p. 222 Jump up ^ Muthiah 2004 , p. 264 Jump up ^ `` History of Madras Stock Exchange '' . Madras Stock Exchange Limited . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Muthiah 2004 , p. 261 Jump up ^ Muthiah 2004 , p. 262 Jump up ^ Muthiah 2004 , p. 263 ^ Jump up to : Muthiah 2004 , p. 410 Jump up ^ Muthiah 2004 , p. 338 Jump up ^ Muthiah 2004 , p. 339 ^ Jump up to : Sinha 2005 , p. 44 ^ Jump up to : Kumar 2003 , p. 70 Jump up ^ Kumar 2003 , p. 71 ^ Jump up to : Muthiah , S. ( 6 October 2006 ) . `` The birth of a bank '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Tercentenary Madras Staff 1939 , p. 261 ^ Jump up to : Eur 2002 , p. 498 Jump up ^ W.S. 1973 , p. 43 ^ Jump up to : B. 1998 , p. 37 Jump up ^ `` Building a bank , the MCt . way '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 12 April 2004 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Thurston 1913 , p. 185 ^ Jump up to : Muthiah 2004 , p. 323 ^ Jump up to : Mill 1996 , p. 134 ^ Jump up to : Hunter 1908 , p. 303 ^ Jump up to : Muthiah 2004 , p. 321 Jump up ^ Hunter 1908 , p. 301 ^ Jump up to : Muthiah 2004 , p. 322 Jump up ^ Christophers 1927 , p. 14 Jump up ^ Srinivasan , T.A. ( 8 July 2005 ) . `` Swept off its feet , literally '' . The Hindu : Entertainment Chennai . Archived from the original on 24 October 2008 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Hunter 1908 , p. 304 Jump up ^ `` Historical Events at a Glance '' . District Collectorate , Chennai . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Muthiah 2004 , p. 127 ^ Jump up to : `` History 1932 -- 1940 '' . Air India . Archived from the original on 19 November 2008 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Wright 1999 , p. 207 ^ Jump up to : Muthiah 2004 , p. 54 Jump up ^ Hunter 1908 , p. 383 ^ Jump up to : Hunter 1908 , p. 338 ^ Jump up to : Hunter 1908 , p. 339 ^ Jump up to : Jebaraj , Priscilla ( 5 September 2008 ) . `` Ongoing saga of higher learning '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Ralhan 2002 , p. 74 Jump up ^ `` University of Kerala Home page '' . University of Kerala . Archived from the original on 11 June 2010 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Craik 2007 , p. 260 ^ Jump up to : Muthiah 2004 , p. 239 Jump up ^ Muthiah 2004 , p. 240 ^ Jump up to : Muthiah 2004 , p. 241 Jump up ^ Christophers 1927 , p. 41 Jump up ^ Hunter 1908 , p. 343 Jump up ^ `` About University '' . Annamalai University . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Seal 1971 , p. 103 Jump up ^ Hunter 1908 , p. 345 Jump up ^ K. Mehrotra 2006 , p. 23 Jump up ^ Hunter 1908 , p. 361 ^ Jump up to : Finnemore 1917 , p. 62 ^ Jump up to : Srinivas 1982 , p. 69 Jump up ^ Agarwal 1994 , p. 472 Jump up ^ Böck 2000 , p. 177 Jump up ^ Finnemore 1917 , p. 22 ^ Jump up to : Finnemore 1917 , p. 63 ^ Jump up to : Finnemore 1917 , p. 64 Jump up ^ Finnemore 1917 , p. 65 Jump up ^ Finnemore 1917 , p. 66 Jump up ^ Thurston 1909 , p. 87 Jump up ^ Thurston 1909 , p. 78 Jump up ^ Thurston 1909 , p. 79 Jump up ^ British and Foreign Anti-slavery Society 1841 , p. 5 Jump up ^ British and Foreign Anti-slavery Society 1841 , p. 4 Jump up ^ British and Foreign Anti-slavery Society 1841 , p. 27 Jump up ^ Price 1837 , p. 154 Jump up ^ Chatterjee 2006 , p. 231 Jump up ^ Kumar 1965 pp. 52 -- 53 Jump up ^ P.V. 1981 , p. 21 Jump up ^ Anantha Raman 2005 , p. 87 Jump up ^ S. , Muthiah ( 17 December 2007 ) . `` When the devadasi tradition ended '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Roy 2002 , p. 213 Jump up ^ Desai 2005 , p. 224 Jump up ^ Deol 2000 , p. 26 Jump up ^ Finnemore 1917 , pp. 35 -- 41 Jump up ^ Muthiah 2004 , p. 173 Jump up ^ Muthiah 2004 , p. 50 Jump up ^ Muthiah 2004 , p. 53 Jump up ^ Muthiah 2004 , p. 51 Jump up ^ Muthiah 2004 , p. 164 Jump up ^ Guy , Randor ( 26 November 2004 ) . `` A milestone movie '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : M. , Allirajan ( 17 November 2003 ) . `` Reel - time nostalgia '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Guy , Randor ( 8 August 2008 ) . `` Stickler for discipline '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : S. , Muthiah ( 30 January 2006 ) . `` The innovative film - maker '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Thoraval 2000 , p. 345 Jump up ^ Ishizuka 2008 , p. 174 Jump up ^ Kasbekar 2006 , p. 233 Bibliography ( edit ) Government publications British and Foreign Anti-slavery Society ( 1841 ) . Slavery and the slave trade in British India : with notices of the existence of these evils in the islands of Ceylon , Malacca , and Penang , drawn from official documents . T. Ward , and to be had at the office of the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery society . C.D. , MaClean ( 1877 ) . Standing Information regarding the Official Administration of Madras Presidency . Government of Madras . Great Britain India Office ( 1905 ) . The India List and India Office List . London : Harrison and Sons . Hunter , Sir William Wilson ( 1908 ) . The Imperial Gazetteer of India 1908 . Clarendon Press . Illustrated Guide to the South Indian Railway ( Incorporated in England ) : Including the Tanjore District Board , Pondicherry , Peralam - Karaikkal , Travancore State , Cochin State , Coimbatore District Board , Tinnevelly - Tiruchendur , and the Nilgiri Railways . Madras : South Indian Railway Company . 1926 . Madras District Gazetteers Raghavaiyangar , Srinivasa ( 1893 ) . Memorandum of progress of the Madras Presidency during the last forty years of British Administration . Government of Madras . Slater , Gilbert ( 1918 ) . Economic Studies Vol I : Some South Indian villages . Talboys - Wheeler , James ( 1862 ) . Hand - book to the cotton cultivation in the Madras presidency . J. Higginbotham and Pharaoh and Co . Talboys - Wheeler , James ( 1996 ) . Being a History of the Presidency from the First Foundation of Fort St. George to the Occupation of Madras by the French ( 1639 -- 1748 ) . Asian Educational Services . ISBN 8120605535 . Tercentenary Madras Staff ( 1939 ) . Madras Tercentenary Celebration Committee Commemoration Volume . Oxford Press . Thurston , Edgar ( 1913 ) . Provincial Geographies of India : The Madras Presidency with Mysore , Coorg and Associated States . Cambridge University . Thurston , Edgar ; K. Rangachari ( 1909 ) . Castes and Tribes of Southern India Vol . I to VII . Government of Madras . ISBN 0 - 520 - 04315 - 4 . Other publications A. , Vadivelu ( 1903 ) . The Aristocracy of South India . Vest & Co . Aiyangar , Sakkottai Krishnaswami ( 1921 ) . South India and her Muhammadan Invaders . Oxford University . Besant , Annie ( 1915 ) . How India Wrought for freedom . Adyar , Madras : Theosophical Publishing House . Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Madras '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 17 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 288 -- 291 . Christophers , S.R. ( 1927 ) . The Indian Empire Souvenir . Executive Committee of the Congress . Codrington , Humphry William ( 1926 ) . A Short history of Lanka . Macmillan & Co . Dodd , George ( 1859 ) . The history of the Indian revolt and of the expeditions to Persia , China , and Japan , 1856 -- 7 -- 8 : With maps , plans , and wood engrav . ( Umschlagt. : ) Chambers `` s history of the revolt in India . W.U.R. Chambers . F.E. , Penny ; Lady Lawley ( 1914 ) . Southern India . A.C. Black . Finnemore , John ( 1917 ) . Peeps at many lands : Home Life in India . London : A. & C. Black , Ltd . G.F. , Major MacMunn ; Major A.C. Lovett ( 1911 ) . The Armies of India . Adam and Charles Black . Iyengar , P.T. Srinivasa ( 1929 ) . History of the Tamils from the Earliest Times to the Present Day . Mazumdar , Amvika Charan ( 1917 ) . Indian National Evolution . Madras : G.A. Natesan & Co . Newell , Herbert Andrews ( 1919 ) . Madras , the Birth Place of British India : An Illustrated Guide with Map . The Madras Times Printing and Publishing . Pirie , A.H. ( 1883 ) . Indian Students Geography . Methodist Episcopal Church Press . Playne , Somerset ; J.W. Bond ; Arnold Wright ( 1914 ) . Southern India : Its History , People , Commerce , and Industrial Resources . Price , Thomas ( 1837 ) . Slavery in America : With Notices of the Present State of Slavery and the Slave Trade Throughout the World . Oxford University . S.H. , Steinberg ( 1950 ) . The Statesman 's Yearbook 1950 . London : Macmillan and Co . Some Madras Leaders . Babu Bhishambher Nath Bhargava. 1922 . T. , Osborne ; C. Hitch ; A. Millar ; John Rivington ; S. Crowder ; B. Law & Co ; T. Longman ; C. Ware ( 1765 ) . The Modern part of a universal history from the Earliest Account of Time , Vol XLIII . London : Oxford University . Aggarwal , Bina ( 1994 ) . A field of one 's own : gender and land rights in South Asia . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 42926 - 9 . Ahmed , Farooqui Salma ; Ahmed Farooqui , Salma ( 2011 ) . A Comprehensive History of Medieval India : From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century . Pearson Education India . ISBN 9788131732021 . Anantha Raman , Sita ; Vasantha Surya ; A. Mātavaiyā ( 2005 ) . A. Madhaviah : A Biography and a Novel . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 567021 - 3 . B. , Anitha ( 1998 ) . Quality of Work Life in Commercial Banks . Discovery Publishing House . ISBN 81 - 7141 - 431 - 1 . Böck , Monika ; Rao , Aparna ( 2000 ) . Culture , creation , and procreation : concepts of kinship in South Asian practice . Berghahn Books . ISBN 1 - 57181 - 911 - 8 . Chatterjee , Indrani ; Eaton , Richard Maxwell ( 2006 ) . Slavery & South Asian History . Indiana University Press . ISBN 0 - 253 - 34810 - 2 . Chaudhuri , K.N. ( 2006 ) . The Trading World of Asia and the English East India Company : 1660 -- 1760 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521031592 . D. Craik , Alex ( 2007 ) . Mr Hopkins ' Men : Cambridge Reform and British Mathematics in the 19th Century . Springer . SBN 1846287901 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84628 - 790 - 9 . D. , Sadasivan ( 1974 ) . The Growth of public opinion in the Madras Presidency ( 1858 -- 1909 ) . University of Madras . Deol , Harnik ( 2000 ) . Religion and nationalism in India : the case of the Punjab . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 20108 - 7 . Desai , A.R. ( 2005 ) . Social background of Indian nationalism . Popular Prakashan . ISBN 81 - 7154 - 667 - 6 . Dutt , Romesh Chunder ( 1999 ) . Open Letters to Lord Curzon on Famines and Land Assessments in India . Adamant Media Corporation . ISBN 1 - 4021 - 5115 - 2 . Eur ( 2002 ) . Regional Surveys of the world : Far East and Australasia 2003 . Psychology Press . ISBN 9781857431339 . Gough , Kathleen ( 2008 ) . Rural Society in Southeast India . Cambridge University . ISBN 0 - 521 - 04019 - 1 . Hibbert , Christopher ( 2000 ) . Queen Victoria : A Personal History . Harper Collins . ISBN 0 - 00 - 638843 - 4 . Ishizuka , Karen L. ; Zimmermann , Patricia Rodden ( 2008 ) . Mining the home movie : excavations in histories and memories . California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 23087 - 6 . Kamath , Suryanath U. ( 2001 ) ( 1980 ) . A concise history of Karnataka : from pre-historic times to the present . Bangalore : Jupiter books . LCCN 80905179 . OCLC 7796041 . Kasbekar , Asha ( 2006 ) . Pop culture India : media , arts , and lifestyle . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 1 - 85109 - 636 - 1 . Kothari , Rajni ( 2004 ) . Caste in Indian Politics . Orient Blackswan . ISBN 81 - 250 - 0637 - 0 . Kulke , Hermann ; Dietmar Rothermund ( 2004 ) . A History of India . Routledge ( UK ) . ISBN 0 - 415 - 32919 - 1 . Kumar , Dharma ( 1965 ) . Land and Caste in South India : Agricultural Labor in the Madras Presidency During the Nineteenth Century . CUP Archive . Kumar , Naresh ( 2003 ) . `` Historical Background of Banking System '' . Motivation And Morale in Banking Administration : A Study Of Four Branches Of United Commercial Bank . Mittal Publications . ISBN 81 - 7099 - 897 - 2 . M. , Thangaraj ( 2003 ) . Tamil Nadu : An Unfinished Task . SAGE . ISBN 0 - 7619 - 9780 - 6 . Mehrotra , Santosh K. ( 2006 ) . The Economics of Elementary Education in India : The Challenge of Public Finance , Private Provision , and Household Costs . SAGE . ISBN 0 - 7619 - 3419 - 7 . Mill , John Stuart ; John M. Robson ; Martin Moir ; Zawahir Moir ( 1996 ) . Miscellaneous Writings . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 04878 - 8 . Mollin , Sandra ( 2006 ) . Euro - English : assessing variety status . Gunter Narr Verlag . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8233 - 6250 - 0 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 17 . O.P. , Ralhan ( 2002 ) . Encyclopaedia of Political Parties . Anmol Publications Private Limited . ISBN 81 - 7488 - 865 - 9 . P.V. , Balakrishnan ( 1981 ) . Matrilineal system in Malabar . Satyavani Prakashan . P. , Kandaswamy ( 2001 ) . The political career of K Kamaraj . New Delhi : Concept Publishing Company . ISBN 81 - 7022 - 801 - 8 . Paramanand ( 1985 ) . Mahāmanā Madan Mohan Malaviya : An Historical Biography . Malaviya Adhyayan Sansthan , Banaras Hindu University . Patnaik , Nihar Ranjan ( 1997 ) . Economic History of Orissa . Indus Publishing . SBN 8173870756 , ISBN 978 - 81 - 7387 - 075 - 0 . Rai , Raghunath ( 2011 ) . History . FK Publications . ISBN 9788187139690 . Ramaswamy , Sumathi ( 1997 ) . Passions of the Tongue : Language Devotion in Tamil India , 1891 - 1970 . University of California . ISBN 9780520918795 . Read , Anthony ( 1997 ) . The Proudest Day -- India 's Long Ride to Independence . London : Jonathan Cape . ISBN 0 - 393 - 31898 - 2 . Roy , Kalpana ( 2002 ) . Encyclopaedia of violence against women and dowry death in India . Anmol Publications Private Limited . ISBN 81 - 261 - 0343 - 4 . Roy , Tirthankar ( 2012 ) . East India Company the Worlds Most Powerful Company . Penguin Books India . ISBN 9780670085071 . S.A. , Govindarajan ( 1969 ) . G. Subramania Iyer . Publication Division , Ministry of Information and Broadcasting , Government of India . S.R. , Bakshi ( 1991 ) . C. Rajagopalachari : Role in Freedom Movement . Anmol Publications PVT . LTD . ISBN 81 - 7041 - 433 - 4 . S. , Muthiah ( 2004 ) . Madras Rediscovered . East West Books ( Madras ) Pvt Ltd . ISBN 81 - 88661 - 24 - 4 . Seal , Anil ( 1971 ) . The Emergence of Indian Nationalism : Competition and Collaboration in the Later Nineteenth Century . CUP Archive . ISBN 0 - 521 - 09652 - 9 . Sinha , Aseema ( 2005 ) . The Regional Roots of Developmental Politics in India : A Divided Leviathan . Indiana University Press . ISBN 0 - 253 - 21681 - 8 . Smith , Bardwell L. ( 1976 ) . Religion and Social Conflict in South Asia . Brill . ISBN 9789004045101 . Srinivas , Mysore Narasimhachar ( 1982 ) . India : social structure . Transaction Publishers . ISBN 9781412826198 . Thoraval , Yves ( 2000 ) . Cinemas of India . Macmillan India . ISBN 0 - 333 - 93410 - 5 . Thorpe , Edgar ; Showick Thorpe ; Thorpe Edgar ( 2011 ) . The Pearson CSAT Manual 2011 . Dorling Kindersly ( India ) Pvt. Ltd . ISBN 978 - 81 - 317 - 5830 - 4 . von Fürer - Haimendorf , Christoph ( 1982 ) . Tribes of India -- The Struggle for Survival . University of California . W.B. , Vasantha Kandasamy ; F. Smarandache ; K. Kandasamy ; Florentin Smarandache ( 2005 ) . Fuzzy and Neutrosophic Analysis of Periyar 's Views on Untouchability . Infinite Study . ISBN 9781931233002 . W.S. , Weerasooriya ( 1973 ) . The Nattukottai Chettiar Merchant Bankers in Ceylon . Tisara Prakasakayo . Walch , James ( 1976 ) . Faction and front : Party systems in South India . Young Asia Publications . Wright , Arnold ( 1999 ) . Twentieth Century Impressions of Ceylon : Its History , People , Commerce , Industries , and Resources . Asian Educational Services . ISBN 9788120613355 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Madras Presidency . Coins of the Madras Presidency Presidencies and provinces of the British Raj Italics = outside present Indian & Pakistan Presidencies Agra Presidency Bengal Presidency Bombay Presidency Madras Presidency Presidency of Coromandel and Bengal Settlements Straits Settlements Presidency ( at Penang ) Western Presidency ( Surat Presidency ) Provinces Aden Province ( associated , in Yemen , Arabia ) Agra Province Ajmer - Merwara Andaman and Nicobar Islands Assam Province Baluchistan Bengal Province Berar Province Bihar and Orissa Province Bihar Province ( Upper ) Burma Central Provinces Central Provinces and Berar Coorg Province Delhi Province Eastern Bengal and Assam Lower Burma Nagpur Province North - West Frontier Province North - Western Provinces Orissa Province Panth - Piploda Province Punjab Province Sind Province United Provinces of Agra and Oudh United Provinces of British India United Provinces Agencies of British India British Empire in India British rule in Burma Districts of British India Divisions of British India List of princely states of British India ( alphabetical ) Residencies of British India Subdivisions of British India Territorial evolution of the British Empire State of Tamil Nadu Capital : Chennai State symbols Seal : Srivilliputhur Andal Temple Gopuram Animal : Nilgiri tahr Bird : Emerald dove Flower : Gloriosa lily Fruit : Jackfruit Tree : Palm tree Governance Governors Chief Ministers Legislative Assembly Political parties Raj Bhavan High Court Police Topics Cinema Cuisine Economy Government History Language Literature Music People Politics Temples Protected areas Highest point Wildlife Tourism Districts Ariyalur Chennai Coimbatore Cuddalore Dharmapuri Dindigul Erode Kanchipuram Kanyakumari Karur Krishnagiri Madurai Nagapattinam Namakkal Perambalur Pudukkottai Ramanathapuram Salem Sivaganga Thanjavur The Nilgiris Theni Thoothukudi Tiruchirapalli Tirunelveli Tiruppur Tiruvallur Tiruvannamalai Tiruvarur Vellore Viluppuram Virudhunagar Major cities Chennai Coimbatore Madurai Tiruchirapalli Tiruppur Tamil Nadu State of Andhra Pradesh Capital : Amaravati ( de facto ) , Hyderabad ( de jure ) Topics Cinema Cuisine Culture Demographics Economy Education Elections Geography Government Highest point History Language Politics Sports People Transport Tourism Regions Coastal Andhra Rayalaseema Districts Anantapur Chittoor East Godavari Guntur Kadapa Kurnool Krishna Prakasam Nellore Srikakulam Visakhapatnam Vizianagaram West Godavari Million - plus cities Visakhapatnam Vijayawada Cities ( population over 1 lakh ) Adoni Anantapur Bhimavaram Chilakaluripet Chittoor Dharmavaram Eluru Gudivada Guntakal Guntur Hindupur Kadapa Kakinada Kurnool Machilipatnam Madanapalle Nandyal Narasaraopet Nellore Ongole Proddatur Rajahmundry Srikakulam Tadepalligudem Tadpatri Tenali Tirupati Vijayawada Visakhapatnam Vizianagaram Tourism Dams Forts Lakes National Parks Hindu Temples Churches Wildlife Sanctuaries Waterfalls Related lists List of cities in Andhra Pradesh List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh List of urban local bodies in Andhra Pradesh List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh List of urban agglomerations in Andhra Pradesh Portal : Andhra Pradesh State of Kerala Capital : Thiruvananthapuram Symbols Bird Great hornbill Animal Indian elephant Tree Coconut Flower Golden shower Fish Karimeen Topics Arts Culture Demographics Economy Education Film Geography Roads Ports History Flora and Fauna Government Tourism Sports Districts Thiruvananthapuram KL - 01 Kollam KL - 02 Pathanamthitta KL - 03 Alappuzha KL - 04 Kottayam KL - 05 Idukki KL - 06 Ernakulam KL - 07 Thrissur KL - 08 Palakkad KL - 09 Malappuram KL - 10 Kozhikode KL - 11 Wayanad KL - 12 Kannur KL - 13 Kasaragod KL - 14 Taluks Neyyattinkara Kattakada Thiruvananthapuram Nedumangad Chirayinkeezhu Varkala Kollam Karunagappalli Kunnathur Kottarakkara Punalur Pathanapuram Adoor Konni Kozhencherry Ranni Mallapally Tiruvalla Chengannur Mavelikkara Karthikappally Ambalappuzha Kuttanad Cherthala Changanassery Kottayam Kanjirappally Meenachil Vaikom Peermade Udumbanchola Idukki Thodupuzha Devikulam Kothamangalam Muvattupuzha Kunnathunad Kanayannur Kochi Aluva North Paravur Kodungallur Chalakudy Mukundapuram Thrissur Chavakkad Thalapilly Alathur Chittur Palakkad Pattambi Ottapalam Mannarkkad Perinthalmanna Ponnani Thirur Tirurangadi Eranad Kondotty Nilambur Kozhikode Thamarassery Koyilandy Vatakara Vythiri Sultan Bathery Mananthavady Iritty Thalassery Kannur Taliparamba Hosdurg Vellarikundu Kasaragod Manjeshwaram Municipal Corporations Thiruvananthapuram Kochi Kozhikode Kollam Thrissur Kannur Municipalities Adoor Anthoor Alappuzha Aluva Angamaly Attingal Chalakudy Changanassery Chavakkad Chengannur Cherthala Chittur Tattamangalam Eloor Guruvayur Irinjalakuda Iritty Kalamassery Kalpetta Kanhangad Karunagappalli Kasaragod Kayamkulam Kodungallur Kuthuparamba Kothamangalam Kottakkal Kottarakkara Kottayam Koyilandy Kunnamkulam Malappuram Manjeri Maradu Mattanur Mavelikkara Muvattupuzha Nedumangad Neyyattinkara Nilambur Nileshwaram North Paravur Ottapalam Palai Palakkad Panoor Paravur Pathanamthitta Payyanur Perintalmanna Perumbavoor Ponnani Punalur Shoranur Sreekandapuram Thalassery Taliparamba Tiruvalla Thodupuzha Thrikkakkara Thrippunithura Tirur Vatakara Vaikom Varkala Other Towns Parassala Balaramapuram Kattakkada Chirayinkeezhu Kilimanoor Chathannur Kundara Chavara Oachira Sasthamkotta Kunnathur Anchal Pathanapuram Kozhencherry Konni Ranni Mallapally Kumbanad Aranmula Kulanada Omalloor Vadasserikkara Parumala Mannar Charummoodu Ambalapuzha Mararikulam Aroor Kanjirapally Erumeli Mundakayam Vazhoor Karukachal Pampady Puthuppally Kuravilangad Uzhavoor Thalayolaparambu Kaduthuruthy Peermade Vandiperiyar Kumily Rajakkad Munnar Devikulam Adimali Kolenchery Puthencruz Kunnathunad Kalady Malayattoor Chottanikkara Udayamperoor Varapuzha Sreemoolanagaram Nedumbassery Mala Kodakara Pudukkad Manalur Pavaratty Chelakkara Vadakkencherry Alathur Nemmara Puthunagaram Malampuzha Sreekrishnapuram Lakkidi - Perur Thrithala Edappal Tavanur Angadipuram Mankada Kuttippuram Karipur Areekode Wandoor Vengara Vallikunnu Olavanna Kunnamangalam Thamarassery Thiruvambady Kodencheri Balussery Perambra Nadapuram Kuttiyadi Lakkidi Vythiri Chundale Meppadi Kottappadi Muttil Padinharethara Meenangadi Panamaram Pulpally Peravoor Dharmadam Anjarakandi Muzhappilangad Azhikode Pappinisseri Kaliiasseri Irikkur Alakode Trikaripur Cheruvathur Bekal Udma Vellarikundu Parappa Karadka Kumbala Mangalpady Uppala Manjeshwaram Historical Regions Malabar North Malabar South Malabar Cochin Venad Swarupam ( Kingdom of Quilon ) Travancore Travancore - Cochin Portal : Kerala Indian state of Karnataka Overviews Architecture Cinema Climate Cuisine Demography Economy Education Folk Arts Geography History Media People Sports Transportation Wildlife History Aihole Alupa dynasty Amoghavarsha Badami Banavasi Balligavi Belur Chalukya dynasty Chitradurga Nayakas Deva Raya II Durvinita Halebidu Haleri Kingdom Halmidi Hampi Hoysala Empire Kadamba dynasty Kalyani Chalukyas Keladi Nayakas Shivappa Nayaka Kittur Chennamma Kingdom of Mysore Mayurasharma Pattadakal Pulakeshin II Rashtrakuta dynasty Sringeri Srirangapatna Tipu Sultan Unification of Karnataka Vijayanagara Empire Vijayanagara Vishnuvardhana Veera Ballala II Vikramaditya II Vikramaditya VI Western Ganga dynasty Geography Cities and towns Districts Rivers Dams and Reservoirs Taluks Villages Highest point Bayalu Seeme Malenadu Karavali Western Ghats Culture Bharata Natyam Bhuta Kola Bidriware Channapatna toys Chitrakala Parishat Gaarudi Gombe Ilkal saree Kamsale Kannada Karnatik music Kasuti Khedda Mysore Dasara Togalu Gombeyaata Udupi cuisine Veeragase Yakshagana Mysore musicians Literature Kannada Milestones Epics Medieval Rashtrakuta Western Ganga Western Chalukya Hoysala Vijayanagara Vachana Haridasa Mysore Play Modern Kannada Sahitya Parishat Kannada Sahitya Sammelana Karnataka Noted poets Asaga Gunavarma I Adikavi Pampa Sri Ponna Ranna Devar Dasimayya Basava Akka Mahadevi Allama Prabhu Siddharama Harihara Raghavanka Rudrabhatta Janna Kumara Vyasa Chamarasa Nijaguna Shivayogi Ratnakaravarni Purandara Dasa Kanaka Dasa Vijaya Dasa Gopala Dasa Jagannatha Dasa Lakshmisa Sarvajna Shishunala Sharif Krishnaraja Wadiyar III D.R. Bendre Gopalakrishna Adiga K.S. Narasimhaswamy M. Govinda Pai Kuvempu D.V. Gundappa G.S. Shivarudrappa People and Society Karnataka ethnic groups List of people from Karnataka Tourism Beaches Dams Forts National Parks Hindu Temples Jain Temples Waterfalls Awards Karnataka Ratna Pampa Award Nrupatunga Award Basava Puraskara Rajyotsava Prashasti Jakanachari Award Varnashilpi Venkatappa Award State of Odisha Capital : Bhubaneswar Governance Governors Chief Ministers Legislative Assembly Political parties Raj Bhavan High Court Police Topics Arts Cinema Cuisine Culture Economy Education Elections Flora and Fauna Geography Highest point History Historic sites Rulers Language Act Alphabet Literature Morphology People Politics Tourism GI Products Berhampur Patta Bomkai Sari Dhalapathar Parda & Fabrics Ganjam Kewda Flower Ganjam Kewda Rooh Gopalpur Tussar Fabrics Habaspuri Saree & Fabrics Khandua Konark Stone Carving Kotpad Handloom fabrics Orissa Ikat Pattachitra Pipili applique work Sambalpuri saree Districts Angul Balasore Bargarh Bhadrak Balangir Boudh Cuttack Debagarh Dhenkanal Gajapati Ganjam Jagatsinghpur Jajpur Jharsuguda Kalahandi Kandhamal Kendrapara Kendujhar Khordha Koraput Malkangiri Mayurbhanj Nabarangpur Nayagarh Nuapada Puri Rayagada Sambalpur Subarnapur Sundargarh Cities Angul Balasore Barbil Bargarh Baripada Bhadrak Bhubaneswar Berhampur Cuttack Dhenkanal Jajpur Jharsuguda Puri Rourkela Sambalpur Odisha portal Chennai History Early history ( pre-1500 ) Sangam period Thomas the Apostle Pallava Dynasty Chola Dynasty Vijayanagar Empire Colonial period ( 1500 -- 1900 ) São Tomé de Meliapore Raja of Chandragiri Agency of Fort St George 1721 Madras cyclone Carnatic Wars ( Madras Adyar Chingleput ) Anglo - Mysore Wars Governors Modern period ( 1900 -- present ) Arbuthnot Bank Crash Besant v. Narayaniah Bombardment of Madras by SMS Emden de La Haye scandal 1921 Buckingham and Carnatic Mills Strike Neil Statue Satyagraha 1928 South Indian Railway Strike 1932 Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway Strike 1943 Chennai floods Madras Manade Anti-Hindi agitations Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi R.S.S. Chennai bombing 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake 2013 Anti-Sri Lanka protests 2015 South Indian floods Writers and historians S. Muthiah Randor Guy S. Theodore Baskaran V. Sriram A.R. Venkatachalapathy Geography and wildlife Regions Chennai Metropolitan Area Central Chennai North Chennai South Chennai Rivers and waterways Adyar River Buckingham Canal Coovum River Kosasthalaiyar River Otteri Nullah Lakes Chembarambakkam Lake Chetput Lake Long Tank Manali Lake Porur Lake Red Hills Lake Retteri Veeranam Islands Kattupalli Island Quibble Island The Island Zoological parks Arignar Anna Zoological Park Chennai Snake Park Guindy National Park Madras Crocodile Bank Reserve Forests Nanmangalam Reserve Forest Vandalur Reserve Forest Marshlands Ennore creek Pallikaranai Wetland Heritage monuments Amir Mahal Bharat Insurance Building Brodie Castle Chennai Central Prison Chepauk Palace LIC Building Lighthouse Police headquarters Port Trust Building Puzhal Central Prison Ripon Building Royapuram railway station University of Madras Senate House Southern Railway headquarters Valluvar Kottam Victoria Public Hall Statues Marina Beach Statues Thomas Munro Triumph of Labour Memorials Gandhi Mandapam Kamarajar Mandapam Rajaji Mandapam Rajiv Gandhi Memorial Madras War Cemetery Victory War Memorial Vivekanandar Illam Administration and Politics Districts Chennai District Tiruvallur District Kanchipuram District Vellore District Taluks Chennai District Aminjikarai Ayanavaram Egmore Guindy Mambalam Mylapore Perambur Purasaiwalkam Tondiarpet Velachery Tiruvallur district Tiruvottiyur Madhavaram Ambattur Avadi Maduravoyal Ponneri Poonamallee Tiruvallur Gummidipoondi Uthukottai Tiruttani Pallipattu Kanchipuram district Alandur Sholinganallur Pallavaram Tambaram Chengalpattu Thiruporur Tirukalukundram Sriperumbudur Walajabad Kanchipuram Uthiramerur Madurantakam Cheyyur Vellore District Arakkonam Parliamentary constituencies Chennai Central Chennai North Chennai South Sriperumbudur Thiruvallur Assembly constituencies Alandur Ambattur Anna Nagar Avadi Chengalpattu Chepauk Egmore Harbour Kolathur Madhavaram Maduravoyal Mylapore Pallavaram Perambur Ponneri Poonamallee RK Nagar Royapuram Saidapet Sholinganallur Sriperumbudur T. Nagar Tambaram Thiru . Vi . Ka . Nagar Thiruvottiyur Thousand Lights Tiruvallur Villivakkam Virugambakkam Velachery Nodal Agencies Greater Chennai Corporation Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority Chennai MetroWater and Sewage Board Chennai Police Commissionerate General Post Office Greater Chennai Police Madras High Court Sheriff Tamil Nadu Electricity Board Tamil Nadu Fire and Rescue Services Economy Business districts Burma Bazaar Kothawal Chavadi Koyambedu Wholesale Market Complex Panagal Park Parry 's Corner Pondy Bazaar Purasawalkam Ranganathan Street Ritchie Street Velachery Washermanpet SEZ SEZ Corridor MEPZ Tidel Park World Trade Center Companies and institutions Aavin Ashok Leyland Basin Bridge Gas Blue Dart Aviation Chettinad Group EID Parry Ennore Thermal GMR Vasavi Heavy Vehicles Factory Higginbotham 's Indian Bank Indian Overseas Bank Integral Coach Factory Madras Atomic Power Station Madras Cements Madras Rubber Factory Madras Stock Exchange Murugappa Group North Chennai Thermal Reserve Bank of India Royal Enfield SPIC Sun Group The Hindu The New Indian Express TI Cycles of India TVS Motors Vallur Thermal World Bank office Industry Automotive Electronics Retail Software Culture and recreation General Architecture of Chennai Kollywood Madrassi Madras Bashai Madras School Tourism in Chennai Beaches Covelong Elliot 's Beach Golden Beach Marina Beach Parks Anna Nagar Tower Park Semmozhi Poonga Tholkappia Poonga Cinemas SPI Cinemas Mayajaal Multiplex Periodic events Chennai Book Fair Chennai International Film Festival Chennai Sangamam Lit for Life Madras Day Madras Music Season Saarang Techofes Theme parks EVP World MGM Dizzee World Queens Land VGP Universal Kingdom Dash N Splash Kishkinta Mayajaal Beach Resort Shopping Malls Abhirami Mega Mall Alsa Mall Ampa Skywalk Chandra Mall Chennai Citi Centre Chennai Trade Centre Coromandel Plaza Express Avenue Gold Souk Grande Mall Phoenix Market City Ramee Mall Spectrum Mall Spencer Plaza Forum Vijaya Mall Clubs Gymkhana Club Madras Boat Club Royal Madras Yacht Club Religion Temples Ayyappan Temple Ashtalakshmi Kovil ISKCON Temple Chennai Kapaleeswarar Temple Kalikambal Temple Madhya Kailash Marundeeswarar Temple Parthasarathy Temple Ravishwarar Varasiddhi Vinayaka temple Churches Armenian Church Church of Our Lady of Light St. Andrew 's Kirk St. George 's Cathedral St. Patrick 's Cathedral Santhome Basilica St. Mary 's Church Others Mahabodhi Centre Thousand Lights Mosque Transport Air Chennai International Airport Sea Chennai Port Ennore Port Kattupalli Shipyard Royapuram fishing harbour Rail Chennai Central Chennai Metro Chennai MRTS Chennai Suburban Railway Southern Railway Railway stations in Chennai Road Roads and expressways Anna Salai Cenotaph Road Chennai Bypass Chennai Port - Maduravoyal Expressway China Bazaar Road East Coast Road Inner Ring Road Nungambakkam High Road Outer Ring Road Peters Road Poonamallee High Road Rajiv Gandhi Salai Sardar Patel Road Grade separators and flyovers Anna Flyover Chennai Airport Flyover Chrompet Flyover Irumbuliyur Junction Kathipara Junction Koyambedu Junction Madhavaram Junction Maduravoyal Junction Moolakadai Junction Padi Junction Others Chennai Mofussil Bus Terminus Chennai Contract Carriage Bus Terminus Metropolitan Transport Corporation State Express Transport Corporation Sport Venues Guindy Race Course Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium M.A. Chidambaram Stadium Madras Motor Race Track Mayor Radhakrishnan Stadium MRF Pace Foundation Mudaliarkuppam boat house Muttukadu boat house Rajarathinam Stadium SDAT Tennis Stadium Teams Chennai Cheetahs Chennai City F.C. Chennai Smashers Chennai Spikers Chennai Super Kings Chennai Superstars Chennai Veerans Chennaiyin FC V Chennai Warriors Others Chennai Open M.J. Gopalan Trophy Madras Presidency Matches Institutions Education Alliance Française de Madras Anna Centenary Library Birla Planetarium Cholamandal Artists ' Village Connemara Public Library DakshinaChitra Government Museum Kalakshetra KM Music Conservatory Madras Music Academy Schools in Chennai Universities Anna University University of Madras Dr MGR Medical University Dr Ambedkar Law University Indian Maritime University Veterinary and Animal Sciences University VIT University Chennai SRM University BS Abdur Rahman University Tamil Nadu Open University Vels University Hindustan University Engineering colleges Indian Institute of Technology Madras College of Engineering , Guindy Madras Institute of Technology Alagappa College of Technology Medical colleges Madras Medical College Stanley Medical College Kilpauk Medical College Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute National Institute of Siddha Arts and science colleges Loyola Madras Christian College Presidency College Queen Mary 's ( Women ) Vivekananda Pachaiyappa 's College Stella Mary 's ( Women ) DG Vaishnav MOP Vaishnav ( Women ) Research Central Leather Research Institute National Institute of Ocean Technology Institute of Mathematical Sciences Chennai Mathematical Institute Regional Meteorological Centre Structural Engineering Research Centre Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology ( India ) Diplomatic missions American Consulate British Deputy High Commission Singapore Consulate Malaysian Consulate Russian Consulate German Consulate Sri Lanka Deputy High Commission Royal Thai Consulate Japanese Consulate Australian Consulate Belgian Consulate South Korean Consulate Chinese Consulate Hospitals Government General Hospital Government multi super speciality hospital Royapettah Hospital Stanley Hospital Kilpauk Medical College Hospital Perambur railway hospital Apollo Hospitals Egmore Eye Hospital Sir Ivan Stedeford Hospital Sankara Nethralaya Madras Medical Mission MIOT Hospital Chettinad Health City Tambaram TB Sanatorium Government Dental Hospital Hindu Mission Hospital Fortis Malar Hospital Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Hospital Sundaram Medical Foundation Hotels Taj Coromandel The Park Le Royal Meridien Hyatt Regency Chola Sheraton Taj Mount Road The Leela Kempinski ITC Grand Chola Hilton Chennai Taj Connemara Fisherman 's Cove Trident Hilton Park Sheraton & Towers Radisson GRT Accord Metropolitan JW Marriott Park Hyatt Radisson Blu City Centre Raintree Hotel St Mary 's Road The Raintree Hotel Anna Salai Savera Hotel Residency Towers Westin Chennai Kohinoor Asiana Localities North Aamullaivoyal Aathur Agaram Alamathi Andarkuppam Angadu Anuppampattu Arambakkam Arani Ariyalur Arumandhai Assisi Nagar , Chennai Athipattu Athipattu New Town Athivakkam Attanthangal Avurikollaimedu Ayanavaram Azhinjivakkam Bandikavanoor Basin Bridge Chinnasekkadu Chettimedu Edapalayam Edayanchavadi Ennore Elandanur Elanthancherry Elavur Ernavoor Erukkancherry Gnayiru Gounderpalayam Grant Lyon Gummidipoondi Janapanchatram Jawahar Nagar Kadapakkam Kaladipet Kalakkral Kalpalayam Kanniammanpettai Kannigaipair Karanodai Kathirvedu Kathivakkam Katupalli Kavangarai Kavaraipettai Kasimedu Kattur KK Thazhai Kaviarasu Kannadhasan Nagar Kodipallam Kodungaiyur Kolathur Kondithope Korukkupet Kosappur Kottai Karai Kumaran Nagar Lakshmipuram Madhavaram Madhavaram Milk Colony Madharpakkam Madiyur Mahakavi Bharathi Nagar Manali Manali New Town Manjambakkam Mathur Mettu Surapedu Mettu Thandalam Minjur Moolachatiram Moolakadai Muthialpet Nallur Nandiambakkam Napalayam Naravarikuppam New Erumai Vetti Palayam Old Erumai Vetti Palayam Orakadu Padianallur Pallipattu Panchetti Payasambakkam Pazhaverkadu Perambur Peravallur Periapalayam Periyamullavoyal Periyar Nagar Periyasekkadu Perungavur Ponneri Ponniammanmedu Pothur Puthubakkam Puduvoyal Pulli Lyon Puthagaram Puzhal Red Hills Retteri Royapuram Sadayankuppam Sathangadu Sathyamoorthy Nagar ( Tiruvottiyur ) Sathyamoorthy Nagar ( Vyasarpadi ) Seemavaram Selavayal Sembilivaram Sembium Sembiyamanali Sholavaram Siruvapuri Sirunium Sowcarpet Sothuperumbedu Surapet Thadaperumbakkam Thatchoor Thathaimanji Theerthakariampattu Theeyampakkam Thervoy Kandigai Thirunilai Thiruvellavoyal Thiru Vi Ka Nagar Tiruvottiyur Tollgate Tondiarpet Uthukottai Vadagarai Vadamadurai Vadaperumbakkam Vaikkadu Vallalar Nagar Vallur Vannipakkam Vazhuthigaimedu Vellivoyalchavadi Vengal Vichoor Vijayanallur Vilakupattu Vilangadupakkam Villivakkam Vinayagapuram VOC Nagar Voyalur Vyasarpadi Washermanpet Wimco Nagar West Adayalampattu Alwarthirunagar Ambattur Aminjikarai Athipet Andankuppam Anna Nagar Anna Nagar West Annanur Arakkambakkam Aranvoyal Ashok Nagar Arakkonam Arumbakkam Avadi Ayanambakkam Ayapakkam Ayathur Beemanthangal Chembarambakkam Choolaimedu Egattur Gerugambakkam Govardhanagiri ICF Colony Irungattukottai Iyyapanthangal K.K. Nagar Kadambathur Kadavur Kakkalur Kakkalur Industrial Estate Kallikuppam Karalapakkam Karambakkam Karayanchavadi Kattupakkam Kilkondaiyur Koduvalli Koladi Kolapakkam Konnur Korattur Kovur Koyambedu Kumananchavadi Kundrathur Kuthambakkam Maduravoyal Malayambakkam Manapakkam Manavala Nagar Melkondaiyur Mettu Kandigai MGR Nagar Mogappair Morai Moulivakkam Mugalivakkam Muthapudupet Nandambakkam Nandambakkam Narasingapuram Nazarathpettai Nemam Nemilichery Nesapakkam Nerkundram Nolambur Noombal Oragadam Padi Pakkam Pandeswaram Pandur Paraniputhur Parivakkam Paruthipattu Pattabiram Pattaravakkam Perambakkam Periyapanicheri Perumalpattu Poochi Athipedu Poonamallee Poondi Poonthandalam Porur Pudhur Putlur Ramapuram Ramavaram Sekkadu Seneerkuppam Sevvapet Shenoy Nagar Sorancheri Sriperumbudur Sunguvarchatram Surapet Tamaraipakkam Thandalam Thandurai Thathankuppam Thirumangalam Thirumazhisai Thirumullaivoyal Thiruninravur Tiruvallur Tiruverkadu Valasaravakkam Vanagaram Veerapuram Vellanur Vellavedu Velappanchavadi Vengathur Venkatapuram Veppampattu Vilinjiyambakkam Virugambakkam Central Alandur Alwarpet Broadway Burma Bazaar Chennai Central Chepauk Chetput Chintadripet Choolai Egmore Foreshore Estate George Town Gopalapuram Greenways Road Kilpauk Kodambakkam Kosapet Kothawal Chavadi Kotturpuram Mandavelli Mannady Mambalam MRC Nagar Mylapore Nandanam Nochikuppam Nungambakkam Otteri Panagal Park Park Town Parry 's Corner Pattalam Periamet Pondy Bazaar Pudupet Pulianthope Purasawalkam Quibble Island Raja Annamalai Puram Royapettah Saidapet Saligramam Santhome T Nagar Teynampet The Island Triplicane Trustpuram Vadapalani Vepery West Mambalam South Adambakkam Adyar Agaramthen Alandur Anakaputhur Besant Nagar Chitlapakkam Chromepet Chengalpattu Egattur Ekkaduthangal Erumaiyur Gowrivakkam Guduvancheri Guindy Guindy TVK Estate Devaneri Hasthinapuram Illalur Injambakkam Irumbuliyur Jafferkhanpet Jaladampet Kanathur Kandanchavadi Kannivakkam Karanai Karapakkam Karumbakkam Kattankulathur Kazhipattur Kizhkalvoy Keelkattalai Kelambakkam Kottivakkam Kovalam Kovilambakkam Kovilanchery Madambakkam Madhuvankarai Madipakkam Mamallapuram Manimangalam Mannivakkam Maraimalai Nagar Medavakkam Meenambakkam Melkalvoy MEPZ Mettukuppam Mudichur Muttukadu Nandivaram Nanganallur Nanmangalam Navalur Neelankarai Nellikuppam Noothancheri Okkiyam Okkiyampet Oragadam Ottiambakkam Padappai Palavakkam Palavanthangal Pallavaram Pallikaranai Pammal Panaiyur Paranur Pattipulam Payanur Pazhanthandalam Peerkankaranai Perumbakkam Perumathunallur Perungalathur Perungudi Perunthandalam Ponmar Polichalur Potheri Pudupakkam Puzhuthivakkam Rajakilpakkam Rathinamangalam Selaiyur Sembakkam Semmencherry Sholinganallur Singaperumalkoil Siruseri Sithalapakkam Somangalam St. Thomas Mount Tambaram Tambaram Sanatorium Thaiyur Tharamani Tharapakkam Thirumudivakkam Thiruneermalai Thiruporur Thiruvanmiyur Thiruvidandhai Thuraipakkam Tirusulam Ullagaram Urapakkam Uthandi Vadanemili Vandalur Vanuvampet Velachery Vengaivasal Vettuvankeni Portal WikiProject Coordinates : 13 ° 05 ′ N 80 ° 16 ′ E / 13.08 ° N 80.27 ° E / 13.08 ; 80.27 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madras_Presidency&oldid=801277597 '' Categories : States and territories established in 1652 States and territories disestablished in 1947 Madras Presidency Historical Indian regions Presidencies of British India History of Chennai History of Andhra Pradesh Lakshadweep History of Karnataka Colonial Kerala History of Odisha 1652 establishments in British India 1950 disestablishments in India Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2013 Use Indian English from June 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Good articles Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Català Deutsch Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia മലയാളം मराठी 日本語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Русский සිංහල Simple English தமிழ் اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 19 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	describe some common features of the three presidency cities of colonial india	[]	[]
345897481304320723	Dascha Polanco	Dascha Polanco - Wikipedia Dascha Polanco hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Dascha Polanco Polanco at the 2014 Peabody Awards ( 1982 - 12 - 03 ) December 3 , 1982 ( age 35 ) Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic Alma mater Hunter College Occupation Actress Years active 2011 -- present Children Dascha Polanco ( born December 3 , 1982 ) is a Dominican - American actress . She is known for playing the character Dayanara `` Daya '' Diaz on the Netflix series Orange Is the New Black . As of January 2018 , she has a recurring role on The Assassination of Gianni Versace : American Crime Story as Detective Lori Weider . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Filmography 3.1 Film 3.2 Television 4 References 5 External links Early life ( edit ) Polanco was born in Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic and moved to the United States at a young age . She was raised in Sunset Park , Brooklyn , New York and Miami by her father , a mechanic , and mother , a cosmetologist . Polanco is the oldest of three children ; she has a brother and sister . Polanco has two children , a daughter and a son . Her daughter portrayed a younger version of Polanco 's character in the fifth season of Orange is the New Black . Career ( edit ) Polanco aspired to be an actress from an early age but `` always doubted auditioning because of ( her ) weight '' , so she completed a bachelor 's degree in psychology at Hunter College . After college she began working in the healthcare industry with the intention of becoming a nurse . She was working in hospital administration at Montefiore Medical Center in the Bronx while studying nursing when she gained the courage to pursue acting again and registered herself with an acting studio . She attended BIH Studios in New York , and while there was signed by the talent agency Shirley Grant Management . Her first acting credits were minor parts on the television series Unforgettable and NYC 22 . In 2012 , Polanco was cast in the Netflix series Orange Is the New Black as Dayanara `` Daya '' Diaz , an inmate in a women 's prison ; it was her first full - time acting job . Polanco subsequently appeared in the independent film Gimme Shelter ( 2013 ) before returning to her role on Orange Is the New Black for the show 's second season . In June 2014 , it was announced that she had been promoted from a recurring role to a series regular for the show 's third season , which was released in June 2015 . She appeared in the comedy films The Cobbler ( 2014 ) and Joy ( 2015 ) , and starred in the film The Perfect Match ( 2016 ) . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2013 Gimme Shelter Caramel 2014 The Cobbler Macy 2015 Joy Jackie 2016 The Perfect Match Sheila `` Pressy '' Wells Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2011 Unforgettable Estella Episode : `` Trajectories '' 2012 NYC 22 Fan # 2 Episode : `` Firebomb '' 2013 -- present Orange Is the New Black Dayanara `` Daya '' Diaz 70 episodes Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series ( 2014 , 2015 ) 2018 The Assassination of Gianni Versace : American Crime Story Det . Lori Wieder 3 episodes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Polanco , Dascha ( December 3 , 2015 ) . `` I 'm just grateful for another year of life . May I be blessed with health and staying true to who I am . # ismellgood # itsmybirthday '' . Instagram . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Rebecca ( December 3 , 2015 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' star busted for allegedly punching teen girl '' . Page Six . News Corp . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Orange Is the New Black 's ' Latinas -- The Hollywood Reporter '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . November 22 , 2013 . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dascha Polanco . Talento dominicano en Hollywood '' . Jump up ^ `` Dascha Polanco '' . Ecartelera . ^ Jump up to : Rothaus , Steve ( May 2014 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' co-star Dascha Polanco to be guest Friday at Aqua Girl VIP , dance events '' . Miami Herald . Retrieved June 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Santos , Orlando ( August 18 , 2013 ) . `` Cinco dominicanas en la serie del momento : Orange Is The New Black '' . Diario Libre ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved June 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ortiz , Erik ( September 11 , 2013 ) . `` Dascha Polanco returns to ' Orange Is the New Black ' for second season '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved June 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Trivino , Jesus ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` Dascha Polanco is Latina Magazine 's June / July 2015 Cover Star ! '' . Latina Magazine . Retrieved April 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Greco , Patti ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` '' Orange Is the New Black '' Star Dascha Polanco Wishes She Could Tell Off Haters `` . Cosmopolitan Magazine . Retrieved June 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Eliza ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` Young Daya Looks So Much Like Dascha Polanco Because She 's Dascha Polanco 's Daughter '' . Cosmopolitan Magazine . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Terrero , Nina ( August 15 , 2013 ) . `` Dominican actress Dascha Polanco talks Netflix series `` Orange is the New Black '' `` . NBC Latino . NBC . Retrieved June 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Smouse , Deborah ( July 11 , 2013 ) . `` Meet Actress Dascha Polanco '' . All Things Girl . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2013 . Retrieved June 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive Interview : OITNB 's Dascha Polanco ( Daya Diaz ) '' . OITNB.com . Netflix . March 23 , 2014 . Retrieved June 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Greco , Patti ( August 3 , 2013 ) . `` OITNB 's Dascha Polanco on Daya and Bennett , Doodling Penises , and Her Johnny Depp Crush '' . New York . Retrieved June 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rapp , Ilana ( July 15 , 2014 ) . `` Actress Dascha Polanco Tells Us About Life Before and After Netflix 's Orange Is the New Black '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved June 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Kaitlin ( June 12 , 2014 ) . `` Orange Is the New Black Promotes Dascha Polanco to Series Regular '' . TV Guide . Retrieved June 13 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dascha Polanco . Dascha Polanco on IMDb hide Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series ( 2010 -- 2019 ) Modern Family , season 1 / season 2 ( 2010 ) : Bowen , Burrell , Ferguson , Gould , Hyland , O'Neill , Rodriguez , Stonestreet , Vergara , Winter Modern Family , season 2 / season 3 ( 2011 ) : Anderson - Emmons , Bowen , Burrell , Ferguson , Gould , Hyland , O'Neill , Rodriguez , Stonestreet , Vergara , Winter Modern Family , season 3 / season 4 ( 2012 ) : Anderson - Emmons , Bowen , Burrell , Ferguson , Gould , Hyland , O'Neill , Rodriguez , Stonestreet , Vergara , Winter Modern Family , season 4 / season 5 ( 2013 ) : Anderson - Emmons , Bowen , Burrell , Ferguson , Gould , Hyland , O'Neill , Rodriguez , Stonestreet , Vergara , Winter Orange Is the New Black , season 2 ( 2014 ) : Aduba , Biggs , Brooks , Cox , Cruz , Curtin , DeLaria , Fowler , Freeman , Gardner , Glenn , Golden , Guerrero , Harney , Jeudy , Lake , Lapkus , Leyva , Lyonne , Manning , Marsh Garland , McGorry , Moore , Mulgrew , Myles , Pimentel , Polanco , Reiner , Roberts , Rodriguez , Rosenblat , Sandow , Savage , Schilling , Shulman , Soules , Stone , Toussaint , Tucci , Wiley Orange Is the New Black , season 3 ( 2015 ) : Aduba , Birbiglia , Blake , Brooks , Cox , Cruz , Curtin , DeLaria , Fowler , Glenn , Golden , Guerrero , Harney , Jeudy , Leyva , Manning , Marsh Garland , Moore , Mulgrew , Myles , Peters , Petty , Pimentel , Polanco , Prepon , Rodriguez , Rose , Sandow , Savage , Schilling , Shulman , Soules , Stone , Wiley Orange Is the New Black , season 4 ( 2016 ) : Aduba , Aisenberg , Brooks , Brown , Cruz , DeLaria , Dover , Glenn , Golden , Gómez , Guerrero , Harney , Henke , Jeudy , Lake , Leyva , Lyonne , Manning , McMenamin , Moore , Mulgrew , Myles , Peters , Petty , Pimentel , Polanco , Prepon , Purdy , Rodriguez , Sandow , Savage , Schilling , Shulman , Soules , Stone , Tucci , Wiley Veep , season 6 ( 2017 ) : Bakkedahl , Chlumsky , Cole , Colin , Dunn , DuVall , Franklin , Hale , Louis - Dreyfus , Richardson , Scheer , Scott , Simons , Sutherland , Walsh Complete list ( 1994 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- 2019 ) LCCN : no2015040944 VIAF : 315190435 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dascha_Polanco&oldid=856403281 '' Categories : 1982 births 21st - century American actresses American film actresses American people of Dominican Republic descent American television actresses Actresses from Miami Actresses from New York City People from Brooklyn People from the Bronx People from Santo Domingo Hunter College alumni Dominican Republic film actresses Dominican Republic television actresses Dominican Republic emigrants to the United States Dominican Republic people of African descent Latin American people of African descent Hispanic and Latino American actresses Living people Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Use mdy dates from June 2016 BLP articles lacking sources from July 2017 All BLP articles lacking sources Wikipedia articles in need of updating from July 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles with multiple maintenance issues Infobox person using alma mater Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Português Русский Svenska Українська 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2018 , at 23 : 04 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	orange is the new black daya young actress	[]	[]
3590375350651086774	Chesapeake Shores	Chesapeake Shores - wikipedia Chesapeake Shores Jump to : navigation , search Chesapeake Shores Genre Drama Based on Characters created by Sherryl Woods Developed by Dan Paulson Starring Jesse Metcalfe Meghan Ory Barbara Niven Laci J. Mailey Emilie Ullerup Diane Ladd Treat Williams Opening theme `` Coming Home Soon '' by Adam Woodall ( season 1 ) `` Home '' by Daughtry ( season 2 ) Country of origin United States Canada Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 17 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) John Tinker Dan Paulson Martin Wood Nancey Silvers Sherryl Woods Michael Berns Producer ( s ) Matt Drake Location ( s ) Vancouver Island , British Columbia Camera setup Multiple - camera Running time 48 -- 96 minutes Production company ( s ) Chesapeake Shores S2 Productions Inc . Daniel L. Paulson Entertainment Distributor Borderline Distribution , Inc . Release Original network Hallmark Channel Picture format NTSC ( 480i ) HDTV 1080i Original release August 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 14 ) -- present ( present ) External links www.hallmarkchannel.com/chesapeake-shores Chesapeake Shores is a Canadian / American drama television series , based on the novel series of the same name by Sherryl Woods , produced by Chesapeake Shores S1 ( for Season 1 ) , S2 ( for Season 2 ) Productions in association with Borderline Distribution . The series had a two - hour premiere on the Hallmark Channel on August 14 , 2016 . Meghan Ory , Jesse Metcalfe , Treat Williams , and Diane Ladd star in the series . John Tinker is showrunner and executive producer . On January 15 , 2017 , Hallmark announced that the show was renewed for a 10 - episode second season . Production started in spring 2017 , with the second season premiering on August 6 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 4 Production 5 Broadcast 6 Reception 6.1 Critical reception 6.2 Viewership 7 References 8 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Abby O'Brien Winters returns from New York to her hometown of Chesapeake Shores , Maryland , after receiving a panicked phone call from her youngest sister Jess , who is renovating the Inn at Eagle Point . Abby 's demanding career , divorce , and young daughters have kept her too busy to even think about the town her father built . Saving her sister 's inn from foreclosure means dealing not only with her fractured family but also with Trace Riley , her first love whom she abruptly left sixteen years ago . He initially is an obstacle but becomes an unexpected ally and a second chance at finding love . The troubled family dynamic is intensified when Abby 's estranged mother comes back to town . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Meghan Ory as Abby O'Brien : a high - powered New York City career woman , divorcée , mother to two young daughters , and the oldest of Mick and Megan 's five children . After years away from her family , she takes a trip to her hometown of Chesapeake Shores and decides to stay . Jesse Metcalfe as Trace Riley , a musician and Abby 's first love who has returned to Chesapeake Shores from Nashville . After high school , Abby abruptly left Trace and Chesapeake Shores without warning , an action for which he has never forgiven her . Treat Williams as Mick O'Brien : patriarch of the O'Briens . His wife Megan left him many years ago , making him a single father working hard to provide for his family . Diane Ladd as Nell O'Brien : matriarch of the O'Briens and Mick 's mother . When Megan moved out and Mick was frequently on the road for work , Nell became the children 's primary caregiver . Laci J. Mailey as Jess O'Brien : Abby 's youngest sister who has bought a dilapidated old inn that she intends to transform into a bed and breakfast . Poised for financial disaster , she must call on Abby to save her from early bankruptcy . Emilie Ullerup as Bree O'Brien : Abby 's younger sister who is a struggling playwright living in Chicago . Her first play earned her glowing reviews , but she has yet to recreate its success . Her writer 's block and her grandmother 's illness cause her to return home . Barbara Niven as Megan : Mick 's estranged wife . Her children hold a grudge over her leaving many years ago , but she claims Mick left her no choice . She could n't be around him , but also did n't want to uproot the children from their home . Brendan Penny as Kevin O'Brien , older son of Mick and Megan who is an active medic in the U.S. Army . ( Recurring Season 1 , Main Season 2 - present ) Andrew Francis as Connor O'Brien , younger son of Mick and Megan who is a law student . ( Recurring Season 1 , Main Season 2 - present ) Recurring ( edit ) Abbie Magnuson as Caitlyn Winters , daughter of Abby and Wes Kayden Magnuson as Carrie Winters , daughter of Abby and Wes Michael Karl Richards as Wes Winters , Abby 's ex-husband Brittany Willacy as Leigh Corley , Trace 's bandmate and songwriting partner Serge Houde as Del Granger , Abby 's new boss in Baltimore Britt Irvin as Danielle Clayman , Connor 's law school classmate who becomes his love interest Ali Liebert as Georgia Eyles , Kevin 's ex-fiancée ( season 1 ) Karen Kruper as Dee Riley , Trace 's mother Tom Butler as Lawrence Riley , Trace 's father Carlo Marks as David Peck , Jess 's boyfriend who seems to have more in common with Bree Kyle Cassie as Martin Demming , Bree 's former longtime boyfriend Bradley Stryker as John Rawl ( season 2 ) Jessica Sipos as Sarah Mercer , a local firefighter and Kevin 's love interest ( season 2 ) Gregory Harrison as Thomas O'Brien , Mick 's brother ( season 2 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Martin Wood Nancey Silvers August 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 14 ) 1.94 When Abby O'Brien was 17 years old , her mother , Megan , left her father , Mick , Abby and her siblings Bree , Kevin , Connor , and Jess . Fifteen years later , Abby , a successful career woman and divorced mother of two daughters , Carrie and Caitlyn , lives in New York . Just when Abby is told her ex-husband Wes is getting remarried , her sister Jess asks her and the girls to visit Chesapeake Shores for a weekend . Abby is concerned upon learning Jess is renovating a rundown home into a bed and breakfast and is also needing help with finances . Returning home , Abby sees her high school sweetheart , Trace , now a successful country musician , whom she left to move to New York . Meanwhile , there is tension between Mick and Abby , stemming from him being a frequently absent parent when she was growing up and its negative impact on the family . She soon realizes that she has been a somewhat similar parent for her girls . She voices her fears to Trace , and he whisks her away for a moonlit swim that ultimately leads to a kiss . She later apologizes for both the kiss and for leaving him years ago . She extends her visit when Nell , the grandmother who raised her , suffers a minor illness . Middle sister Bree also make a trip home . Reconnecting with her family , Abby contemplates her children growing up there . Trace reveals that he tried to find her in New York after college , but stopped upon hearing of her engagement . He also admits that the Nashville scene was n't for him and he came home to recharge . Abby then visits her firm 's Baltimore office , where she is extended an open employment offer ; the office 's proximity to Chesapeake Shores and the family - friendly hours appeal to her . That night , Mick surprises everyone as he has summoned Megan to town . After years of strained relations , he believes the family should reconnect . Soon , Mick 's sons , Connor and Kevin , also return home . `` Home to Roost , Part One '' Peter DeLuise John Tinker August 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 21 ) 1.86 Nell returns home from a doctor visit , hinting there is something wrong but not wanting to discuss it . Abby jogs by Trace 's place , and they briefly discuss last night and what it might mean . Soon after , Wes arrives to pick up the girls and gets into an argument with Abby . He gets in his car and says he 'll be back in an hour . Abby returns to Trace , and they try to talk about each other 's lives over the past several years . Trace wo n't open up about why he returned from Nashville , only saying that the music business is n't what he hoped it would be . As the two start to embrace , Abby stops and tells Trace the only way they can have a chance together is if her girls always come first and he lets things happen at her pace . As Jess prepares for the soft opening of her B&B , Megan takes a room there and the two later argue . A pipe bursts and Mick rushes to the B&B to fix it before the opening . Kevin , an Army medic , announces he 's being deployed again to Afghanistan . Wes returns and hands papers to Abby , saying their current arrangement is n't going to work . Trace catches them arguing and starts toward Wes , but Abby tells him to butt out . `` Home to Roost , Part Two '' Peter DeLuise John Tinker August 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 28 ) 2.18 Abby decides to accept the job offer in the Baltimore office and stay in Chesapeake Shores to raise her daughters . She consults Connor , her soon - to - be lawyer brother , on the best way to fight for custody . Trace continues to struggle with things he left behind in Nashville , as evidenced by a heated exchange with someone on the other end of a phone call . Trace and Abby meet and agree that , for now , they need to be friends and nothing more . Mick suggests to Bree that staying in Chesapeake Shores for a while may be just what she needs to overcome her writer 's block . `` We 're Not Losing a Son ... '' Martin Wood Nancey Silvers September 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 04 ) 2.21 Just as Abby and Trace are getting comfortable with their `` friendship '' agreement , Trace 's beautiful singing partner Leigh arrives unannounced from Nashville . Leigh tries to convince Trace to return to Nashville and finish the album they were working on , while Trace hints at problems he needed to leave behind . Leigh checks into Jess 's bed & breakfast , leaving Jess and Bree to wonder if the relationship between Trace and Leigh went beyond music . Megan visits with Connor in his small apartment and tries to mend old wounds , but Connor 's resentment is still very apparent . Nell convinces Mick to stop meddling in Jess 's business , so Mick takes on a new project -- building a playhouse for Abby 's girls . Abby goes to see Trace at the diner , and catches him and Leigh smiling and laughing over a meal . At the end of the episode , Mick gets a call from an Army representative , saying that Kevin 's unit in Afghanistan has gone missing . 5 5 `` We 're Gaining a Daughter '' Martin Wood Nancey Silvers September 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 11 ) 2.23 Mick receives news regarding his son Kevin , who has been missing in action . This causes anxiety within the family . Trace tells his music partner , Leigh , he can not return to Nashville to finish the album they started together . Mick and Abby travel to New York for her custody battle with her ex-husband Wes . Neither party can come to an agreement concerning their two daughters . The judge grants Abby temporary custody until an agreement can be made over the summer . Trace finds an abandoned warehouse for sale in town and dreams of turning it into a place for the townspeople to listen to music , with a studio upstairs . He then agrees to finish the album , as he needs the money , but he says when it 's done , so will be his partnership with Leigh . She tries to kiss him , but he stops her . Mick receives another phone call saying that Kevin is alive and will be transported to a hospital . Mick and Nell discuss his father , who died in 1999 . Mick wishes his children had the same feelings for him as he had for his father . 6 6 `` Georgia on My Mind '' Anne Wheeler John Tinker September 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 18 ) 1.85 Out of nowhere , a woman named Georgia arrives at the house and says she is Kevin 's fiancée . She has convinced the hospital to let Kevin recover at home . All the O'Briens want to tend to the injured Kevin , while also trying to figure out more about the mysterious Georgia . Abby is at work when an agent from the SEC shows up and asks what was in the boxes she transported home from New York . Not knowing what is going on , Abby calls Connor , who tells her to `` lawyer up '' . Connor is otherwise occupied taking the bar exam , and starts to get romantic with his study partner . Bree tells Abby that while she was in Chicago , she found out her long - time boyfriend Martin is seeing someone else . Trace 's banker father tells him he has been rejected for a loan to buy the warehouse , saying there is nothing he can do to get around Trace 's debts and lack of a steady job -- also mentioning regular payments Trace is sending back to Nashville . Trace later finds out that Mick bought the building . At home in her room , Abby pores over the contents of her New York office , trying to figure out what spiked the interest of the SEC , while she watches a video of Trace and Leigh singing together . 7 7 `` Second Chances '' Anne Wheeler Kirsten Hansen September 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 25 ) 1.89 At her new book exchange booth , Bree meets a man named David , who sort of flirts with her . She later tells Jess about it , and Jess prepares to see her new boyfriend . Trace talks about the warehouse with Mick , who likes his idea of making it a music venue and asks if they can be partners on the project . Wes visits Abby and asks about the SEC investigation . She learns it is related to a deal he and his fiancée Gabrielle were working on while Abby was still employed in New York . He says he and Gabrielle broke up , that he now has no job and is facing an investigation , and that the girls are all he has left . He and Abby agree to work out something , without lawyers , regarding the children . Megan confronts Mick , saying she is upset that the kids feel she just left them years ago . She says she never wanted to leave , but she could n't be with Mick and she did n't want to uproot the kids . Abby visits Trace , and admits she was jealous seeing him with Leigh . Trace finally reveals that he was the driver in an auto accident that badly injured his bass player , who may never walk again , and Trace is dealing with the guilt . Bree meets Jess 's boyfriend and sees it is David , leading to an awkward moment . Nell prepares for a trip to Ireland . Kevin rides into the woods with Connor , and , despite Kevin 's injury , they climb to an old tree house . Kevin talks about his convoy in Afghanistan hitting an IED , and he 's obviously still shaken . When the two climb down from the tree , Kevin falls and can not move . 8 8 `` Deals Undone '' Martin Wood Nancey Silvers October 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 02 ) 2.19 Kevin appears to have suffered no ill effects from his fall , but he and Connor are nevertheless chastised by the family for doing something so careless . Trace learns that Mick pulled out of his deal to buy the warehouse and is declined a loan from his father 's bank . Although his father later offers him a personal loan , Trace refuses , knowing it will be conditional . Mick then shows Trace a different property he owns that needs some work , but might also make a great music venue . The two agree to a partnership . Abby is served with a summons by the Department of Justice , who wants to seize all of the contents she has from her New York office . Connor gets involved and , without consulting Abby or Wes , sets up a meeting with the DOJ rep . Connor convinces the rep that Gabrielle , Wes ' ex-fiancée , is the real culprit and says Wes and Abby should be exonerated for their cooperation . Though his move is successful , Connor is scolded by Abby and Megan for taking such a risk as he is not an actual lawyer . One of Mick 's business deals takes a turn , and he becomes cranky and distant as his children remember him . During a family fun day at a game center , David invites Bree to participate with him and Jess . Jess soon becomes angry as she is excluded from David and Bree 's talks . Georgia prepares to leave town and reminds Kevin that they both agreed to start their new life in Daytona Beach . Trace invites Abby on a date , dancing at his soon - to - be music venue . 9 9 `` Exes Mark the Spot '' Martin Wood Nancey Silvers October 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 09 ) 1.72 Jess tells David she wants to break up , as they have nothing in common . Almost immediately after , she says she needs a chef at the B&B and offers him the job . As Abby and Trace grow closer together , Wes tells Abby he will no longer fight for custody of their daughters . He also announces he 'll be looking for a job in the area , and Abby promises to be generous with visitation . Kevin confides in Connor that he loves Georgia , but is not in love with the idea of marrying her . He announces he 's going back to Johns Hopkins to become a doctor . At a family gathering , both Leigh and Bree 's former flame Martin show up unannounced . Bree argues with Martin , saying she waited for years for him to propose marriage , only to have him break her heart . Trace gets a phone call and learns his father has been hospitalized , so he leaves the party abruptly . On the way to the hospital , he is stopped for speeding , then arrested for an outstanding warrant . Back at the party , Martin announces the real reason he showed up : he offers Bree the position of Playwright in Residence at the Chicago theater where he is a director . Mick finally arrives at the party . With his five children surrounding him , he tells each how proud he is of them . Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 10 `` Secrets , Lies , and School Supplies '' Sean McNamara Nancey Silvers August 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 06 ) 1.87 As the town prepares for the annual lantern festival , Trace must return to Nashville to face a mistake from his past . Meanwhile , Mick takes his granddaughters back - to - school shopping and covertly works on a business deal that is bound to cause family conflict . Jess is overwhelmed by both a busy weekend at her bed and breakfast and the news that her mother , Megan , has returned to town for good . Bree must decide if she will move to Chicago to produce her play . As the festival nears , Trace and the O'Briens try to put their challenges aside , so that four generations -- including grandma Nell -- can come together . 11 `` Pasts and Presents '' Sean McNamara Michael Berns August 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 13 ) 1.61 As Mick moves forward with his bold plans to develop the O'Brien Trust land , he tells Trace he has to sell the music club space . Trace 's father returns home from his surgery and again offers Trace a loan to buy the property , but Trace decides to try a different tactic . Jess is working around the clock planning to host her second cousin 's wedding at the B&B , forcing her to reluctantly accept help from Megan . Kevin has a possible PTSD episode in front of Megan , but later runs toward danger as he was trained , and saves a man 's life with Abby 's help . Connor interviews for his first job as a lawyer . Bree travels to Chicago , and finds herself confronting Martin for making major changes to the script for her play . As Trace and Leigh work on a song , she tries to convince him that he belongs back in Nashville . 12 `` Photographs and Memories '' Terry Ingram Michael MacLennan August 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 20 ) 1.84 As Abby sends her girls off to their first day at a new school , conflict arises between Trace and Wes about their roles in the family . This is complicated further when a Nashville recording label takes interest in Trace and Leigh 's new demo . The O'Brien siblings reminisce over their own school days watching home movies shot by Megan , but these videos have Jess feeling left out and angry at her mother for leaving when she was young . Megan tries to help Jess market the B&B as the slow season approaches , but Jess is resistant . Connor learns that his new place of employment values conformity over individualism . Nell helps Connor dress more professionally , but struggles to prevent Mick from butting heads with his brother Thomas ( Gregory Harrison ) over family land . Bree sees that the bookstore in town is going out of business and takes it upon herself to save it , while Kevin learns that a cute firefighter named Sarah , whom he met at the accident scene , is interested in him . This causes a dilemma , as Kevin has n't yet officially ended things with Georgia . 13 `` It 's Always Nashville '' Terry Ingram Kristen Hansen August 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 27 ) 1.70 Trace and Leigh learn that famous Nashville producer Mark Hall ( Jerry Trimble ) will be recording their new single . As they attempt to sing the song in the studio , Hall says he does n't hear enough emotion in their voices . He orders them to different rooms and tells each to imagine someone special they would sing to . Thinking of Abby , Trace nails his take , but it leads to Hall thinking that Trace would be better off as a solo act , without Leigh . Jess tries to help out Bree 's book store by promoting an appearance from Simon Atwater , a hot new author , but Bree learns her sister has n't asked Simon yet . Kevin finally asks out Sarah on a date , saying he will explain why he did n't call her back after their last encounter . Abby says her client has agreed to work with Mick on developing the O'Brien Trust land , but Nell thinks it is more important for Mick to reconcile with Thomas . 14 5 `` Buried Treasures '' Mike Rohl Michael MacLennan September 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 03 ) 1.85 Nell discovers a treasure map that Bree made as a teenager , leading Bree and Kevin to hunt for a family time capsule in the backyard . Trace is in Nashville fighting Mark to keep Leigh on an upcoming album at the risk of his own career . Later , the Trace Riley Band , featuring Leigh , debuts at an industry event show , while an irritated Mark observes . Abby meets a handsome widower in the PTA , Douglas Peterson ( Victor Webster ) . At her bed and breakfast , Jess must deal with a demanding customer , but David later discovers that the guest is a famous travel writer . Mick and Thomas continue to spar over the development deal , never seeing eye - to - eye about the past or the future . Megan reconnects with the family by giving Connor dating advice and tutoring her granddaughters . 15 6 `` Grand Openings '' Mike Rohl David Maples September 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 10 ) 1.80 As The Bridge nightclub 's opening nears , Trace spends late nights practicing with Leigh and his band , while Mick fights city hall to obtain a live music permit . Abby receives a promotion at work , but it could leave her with less time to spend with the family and Trace . Frustrated with her own work prospects , Megan gets an endorsement from an unexpected ally . Jess begins to develop feelings for David , while also trying to get him to open up about himself . Bree is surprised at her bookstore by a new admirer , author Simon Atwater . Connor reconnects with former schoolmate Danielle ( Britt Irvin ) , and Kevin focuses on Sarah . Sensing romance in the air , Nell hosts a dinner for her grandchildren and their new love interests . The Bridge opens with a good crowd on hand , but moments into the Trace Riley Band 's first song , Abby gets a text from Wes saying their sick girls want their mommy . Trace sees her leave . 16 7 `` All Our Yesterdays '' Anne Wheeler Nancey Silvers September 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 17 ) 1.72 Mick receives damaging information about Thomas from Abby 's client , and considers whether to use it in their town hall debate over the family land trust . Jess plans a special meal to win over David , but is fearful to take the next step in their relationship . Bree is also afraid to move forward with Simon , telling Megan that she always gets into relationships that are doomed . Connor and Kevin both contemplate their careers , concerned they may be headed down the wrong paths . Overloaded with work , both Trace and Abby try to find time to spend with each other and their families . On advice from Nell , Megan tells her children the real reason she left for New York all those years ago . 17 8 `` Forest Through the Trees '' Anne Wheeler Ann Hamilton September 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 24 ) TBD Trace takes Abby on a camping trip where they reconnect , and he makes a vow that , no matter where their careers take them , he will always put Abby first . Jess fears falling in love with David because she always screws up things , while Bree is letting the pain of her past with Martin prevent her from getting involved with Simon . Both eventually share a romantic moment with their significant others . Sarah confides to Kevin that her late husband was a Marine who died on the battlefield three years ago , adding that she 's not yet ready to start a new relationship . Connor helps Thomas with a legal project and becomes intrigued with the possibility of a career in environmental law . Mick decides to compromise on the O'Brien Trust land and finally sits down with Thomas to talk . Meanwhile , a video of the Trace Riley Band singing `` Freefall '' has gained over 400,000 views , causing Trace to realize he 's likely heading back to Nashville . 18 9 `` The Royal Court '' Andy Mikita Nancey Silvers October 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) TBD 19 10 `` Freefall '' TBA TBA October 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) TBD Production ( edit ) Chesapeake Shores is filmed on Vancouver Island 's Qualicum Beach and its neighboring town of Parksville , British Columbia . The first season was filmed there from May through July 2016 . In addition to playing the character Trace , Jesse Metcalfe performs some of the songs used in the series ' episodes . A songwriter for more than a decade , Metcalfe also composed two of the songs himself . Broadcast ( edit ) The series premiered on the Hallmark Channel on August 14 , 2016 . It premiered on Canada 's W Network on August 25 , 2016 . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) Neil Genzlinger of The New York Times said Chesapeake Shores is `` as well scrubbed and predictable as they come -- in other words , perfectly suited to Hallmark 's target audience . '' He added , `` fans of ( Sherryl Woods 's series of novels ) , at least , will probably enjoy seeing this annoyingly pristine world brought to life . '' Gwen Ihnat of The A.V. Club gave the two - hour series premiere a B grade , praising the `` ethereally gorgeous '' Meghan Ory and the `` acting powerhouses '' of Treat Williams and Diane Ladd . She added that they `` may make the show worth watching , and the giddy chemistry of the romantic leads certainly does n't hurt . '' Viewership ( edit ) Chesapeake Shores ' two - hour premiere on Sunday , August 14 , 2016 , was seen by 1.942 million viewers . Its largest ratings demographic were people over the age of 50 , with a 1.42 share , followed by a 0.45 share among women aged 18 to 49 . Over the course of the first season , the series was Hallmark 's `` most - watched ( ... ) in the network 's history '' by women and adults in the 25 -- 54 age demographic in its live plus three days ( L + 3 ) of DVR viewing , leading to its second - season renewal . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` New Original Primetime Series `` Chesapeake Shores '' Premieres Sunday , August 14 on Hallmark Channel '' ( Press release ) . The Futon Critic . May 12 , 2016 . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( 2 March 2016 ) . `` ' Chesapeake Shores ' : John Tinker Set As Showrunner For Hallmark Channel Series '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 27 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Hallmark Channel ( @ hallmarkchannel ) ( January 15 , 2017 ) . `` We 're thrilled to announce that Season 2 of # ChesapeakeShores has been renewed , will return to TV in July ! # TCA17 '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Anop , Nirat ( January 15 , 2017 ) . `` Chesapeake Shores - Renewed for a 2nd Season by Hallmark Channel '' . spoilertv.com . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chesapeake Shores - Season 2 - Premiere Date Announced '' . spoilertv.com.com . May 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.14. 2016 '' . showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.21. 2016 '' . showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.28. 2016 '' . showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.4. 2016 '' . showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.11. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.18. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.25. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.2. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.9. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finales 8.6. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finales 8.13. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finales 8.20. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finales 8.26. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.3. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.10. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.17. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chesapeake Shores Episode Guide : Season 2 '' . Zap2It . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Series : Hallmark 's Chesapeake Shores With Meghan Ory & Jesse Metcalfe to Film in Parksville / Qualicum Beach on Vancouver Island from Mid-May to July '' . yvrshoots.com. April 15 , 2016 . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Russell , John ( August 14 , 2016 ) . `` Jesse Metcalfe on Showing His Musical Side in Hallmark 's Chesapeake Shores '' . TVinsider.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chesapeake Shores premieres August 25 on W Network '' . corusent.com . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Genzlinger , Neil ( August 12 , 2016 ) . `` Review : Gauzy Clichés Swaddle ' Chesapeake Shores ' '' . nytimes.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ihnat , Gwen ( August 15 , 2016 ) . `` Chesapeake Shores offers more idyllic and unrealistic small - town life from Hallmark '' . avclub.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website Chesapeake Shores on IMDb ( hide ) Hallmark Channel original programming Original programming Former Cedar Cove ( 2013 -- 2015 ) Signed , Sealed , Delivered ( 2014 ) Current Home and Family ( since 2012 ) When Calls the Heart ( since 2014 ) Good Witch ( since 2015 ) Chesapeake Shores ( since 2016 ) Related List of Hallmark Channel Original Movies Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chesapeake_Shores&oldid=802478418 '' Categories : 2010s American drama television series 2010s Canadian television series 2016 American television series debuts 2016 Canadian television series debuts American drama television series American romance television series Canadian drama television series Canadian romance television series English - language television programs Hallmark Channel shows Television programs based on American novels Television series produced in Vancouver Television shows set in Maryland Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 11 : 55 . About Wikipedia	where was hallmarks love at the beach filmed	[]	[]
-9022807835617812240	HIV/AIDS in the United States	HIV / AIDS in the United States - Wikipedia HIV / AIDS in the United States `` AIDS crisis '' redirects here . For a global view , see Epidemiology of HIV / AIDS . This article is about the disease specifically in the United States . For the main article about the disease , see HIV / AIDS . hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The rate of adults and adolescents with a HIV diagnosis per 100,000 people , 2010 . The AIDS epidemic , caused by HIV ( Human Immunodeficiency Virus ) , found its way to the United States as early as 1960 , but was first noticed after doctors discovered clusters of Kaposi 's sarcoma and pneumocystis pneumonia in young gay men in Los Angeles , New York City , and San Francisco in 1981 . Treatment of HIV / AIDS is primarily via a `` drug cocktail '' of protease inhibitors , and education programs to help people avoid infection . Initially , infected foreign nationals were turned back at the U.S. border to help prevent additional infections . The number of U.S. deaths from AIDS have declined sharply since the early years of the disease 's presentation domestically . In the United States , 1.2 million people live with an HIV infection , of whom 15 % are unaware of their infection . Gay and bisexual men , African Americans , and Latinos remain disproportionately affected by HIV / AIDS in the U.S. Contents 1 Mortality and morbidity 2 Containment 2.1 Medical treatment 2.2 Travel restrictions 3 Public perception 4 By race / ethnicity 4.1 `` Down - Low '' culture amongst Black LGBT 4.2 Risk Factors contributing to the Black HIV rate 5 Activism and response 5.1 Present day activism 6 Current status 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links Mortality and Morbidity ( edit ) As of 2016 , about 675,000 people have died of HIV / AIDS in the U.S. since the beginning of the HIV epidemic . With improved treatments and better prophylaxis against opportunistic infections , death rates have significantly declined . The overall death rate among persons diagnosed with HIV / AIDS in New York City decreased by 62 % from 2001 to 2012 . Containment ( edit ) Medical treatment ( edit ) A chart of AIDS deaths in the United States from 1987 to 1997 . A chart of AIDS deaths in the United States from 1998 to 2002 . Great progress was made in the U.S. following the introduction of three - drug anti-HIV treatments ( `` cocktails '' ) that included protease inhibitors . David Ho , a pioneer of this approach , was honored as Time Magazine Man of the Year for 1996 . Deaths were rapidly reduced by more than half , with a small but welcome reduction in the yearly rate of new HIV infections . Since this time , AIDS deaths have continued to decline , but much more slowly , and not as completely in black Americans as in other population segments . Travel restrictions ( edit ) The second prong of the American approach to containment has been to maintain strict entry controls to the country for people with HIV or AIDS . Under legislation enacted by the United States Congress in 1993 , patients found importing anti-HIV medication into the country were arrested and placed on flights back to their country of origin . Some HIV - positive travellers took to sending anti-HIV medication through the post to friends or contacts in advocacy groups in advance . This meant that the traveller would not be discovered with any medication . However , the security clampdown following the September 11 attacks in 2001 meant this was no longer an option . The only legal alternative to this was to apply for a special visa beforehand , which entailed an interview at an American Embassy , confiscation of the passport during the lengthy application process , and then , if permission were granted , a permanent attachment being made to the applicant 's passport . This process was condemned as intrusive and invasive by a number of advocacy groups , on the grounds that any time the passport was later used for travel elsewhere or for identification purposes , the holder 's HIV status would become known . It was also felt that this rule was unfair because it applied even if the traveller was covered for HIV - related conditions under their own travel insurance . In early December 2006 , President George W. Bush indicated that he would issue an executive order allowing HIV - positive people to enter the United States on standard visas . It is unclear whether applicants will still have to declare their HIV status . However , the ban remained in effect throughout Bush 's Presidency . In August 2007 , Congressperson Barbara Lee of California introduced H.R. 3337 , the HIV Nondiscrimination in Travel and Immigration Act of 2007 . This bill would allow travelers and immigrants entry to the United States without having to disclose their HIV status . The bill died at the end of the 110th Congress . In July 2008 , then President George W. Bush signed H.R. 5501 that lifted the ban in statutory law . However , the United States Department of Health and Human Services still held the ban in administrative ( written regulation ) law . New impetus was added to repeal efforts when Paul Thorn , a UK tuberculosis expert who was invited to speak at the 2009 Pacific Health Summit in Seattle , was denied a visa due to his HIV positive status . A letter written by Mr. Thorn , and read in his place at the Summit , was attained by Congressman Jim McDermott , who advocated the issue to the Obama administration 's Health Secretary . On October 30 , 2009 President Barack Obama reauthorized the Ryan White HIV / AIDS Bill which expanded care and treatment through federal funding to nearly half a million . He also announced that the Department of Health and Human Services crafted regulation that would end the HIV Travel and Immigration Ban effective in January 2010 ; on January 4 , 2010 , the United States Department of Health and Human Services , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention removed HIV infection from the list of `` communicable diseases of public health significance , '' due to it not being spread by casual contact , or by air , food or water , and removed HIV status as a factor to be considered in the granting of travel visas , disallowing HIV status from among the diseases that could prevent people who are not U.S. citizens from entering the country . Public perception ( edit ) The number of people living with HIV in the United States , and the total cumulative number of deaths . One of the best known works on the history of HIV is 1987 's book And the Band Played On , by Randy Shilts . Shilts contends that Ronald Reagan 's administration dragged its feet in dealing with the crisis due to homophobia , while the gay community viewed early reports and public health measures with corresponding distrust , thus allowing the disease to infect hundreds of thousands more . This resulted in the formation of ACT - UP , the AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power by Larry Kramer . Galvanized by the federal government 's inactivity , the movement by AIDS activists to gain funding for AIDS research , which on a per - patient basis out - paced funding for more prevalent diseases such as cancer and heart disease , was used as a model for future lobbying for health research funding . The Shilts work popularized the misconception that the disease was introduced by a gay flight attendant named Gaëtan Dugas , referred to as `` Patient Zero , '' although the author did not actually make this claim in the book . However , subsequent research has revealed that there were cases of AIDS much earlier than initially known . HIV - infected blood samples have been found from as early as 1959 in Africa ( see HIV main entry ) , and HIV has been shown to have caused the death of Robert Rayford , a 16 - year - old St. Louis male , in 1969 , who could have contracted it as early as 7 years old due to sexual abuse , suggesting that HIV had been present , at very low prevalence , in the U.S. since before the 1970s . An early theory asserted that a series of inoculations against hepatitis B that were performed in the gay community of San Francisco were tainted with HIV . Although there was a high correlation between recipients of that vaccination and initial cases of AIDS , this theory has long been discredited . HIV , hepatitis B , and hepatitis C are bloodborne diseases with very similar modes of transmission , and those at risk for one are at risk for the others . Activists and critics of current AIDS policies allege that another preventable impediment to stemming the spread of the disease and / or finding a treatment was the vanity of `` celebrity '' scientists . Robert Gallo , an American scientist involved in the search for a new virus in the people affected by the disease , became embroiled in a legal battle with French scientist Luc Montagnier , who had first discovered such a virus in tissue cultures derived from a patient suffering from enlargement of the lymphnodes ( an early sign of AIDS ) . Montagnier had named the new virus LAV ( Lymphoadenopathy - Associated Virus ) . Gallo , who appeared to question the primacy of the French scientist 's discovery , refused to recognize the `` French virus '' as the cause of AIDS , and tried instead to claim the disease was caused by a new member of a retrovirus family , HTLV , which he had discovered . Critics claim that because some scientists were more interested in trying to win a Nobel prize than in helping patients , research progress was delayed and more people needlessly died . After a number of meetings and high - level political intervention , the French scientists and Gallo agreed to `` share '' the discovery of HIV , although eventually Montagnier and his group were recognized as the true discoverers , and won the 2008 Nobel Prize for it . Publicity campaigns were started in attempts to counter the incorrect and often vitriolic perception of AIDS as a `` gay plague '' . These included the Ryan White case , red ribbon campaigns , celebrity dinners , the 1993 film version of And the Band Played On , sex education programs in schools , and television advertisements . Announcements by various celebrities that they had contracted HIV ( including actor Rock Hudson , basketball star Magic Johnson , tennis player Arthur Ashe and singer Freddie Mercury ) were significant in arousing media attention and making the general public aware of the dangers of the disease to people of all sexual orientations . By race / ethnicity ( edit ) Blacks / African Americans continue to experience the most severe burden of HIV , compared with other races and ethnicities . Black people represent approximately 12 % of the U.S. population , but accounted for an estimated 44 % of new HIV infections in 2010 . Even more daunting is that they make up nearly 52 % of AIDS - related deaths in America . While the overall rates of HIV incidences and prevalence have decreased , they have increased in one particular demographic : African American gay and bisexual men ( a 4 % increase ) . While the factors above contribute to overall inability to generate a suppressed viral load , socioeconomic status and institutionalized discrimination in the healthcare setting plays a big role in determining one 's ability to live with HIV . In America , black households were reported to have the lowest median income , leading to lower rates of insured individuals . This creates cost barriers to antiretroviral treatments . Moreover , African American HIV positive individuals were less likely to be prescribed antiretroviral treatments and less likely to be referred to HIV treatment centers . A number of other systematic factors contribute to this disparity , including cultural stigma , lack of education in affected communities , and lack of awareness . Hispanics / Latinos are also disproportionately affected by HIV . Hispanics / Latinos represented 16 % of the population but accounted for 21 % of new HIV infections in 2010 . Hispanics / Latinos accounted for 20 % of people living with HIV infection in 2011 . Disparities persist in the estimated rate of new HIV infections in Hispanics / Latinos . In 2010 , the rate of new HIV infections for Latino males was 2.9 times that for white males , and the rate of new infections for Latinas was 4.2 times that for white females . Since the epidemic began , more than 100,888 Hispanics / Latinos with an AIDS diagnosis have died , including 2,155 in 2012 . `` Down - Low '' culture amongst Black LGBT ( edit ) Main article : Down - low ( sexual slang ) Down - low is an African American slang term that typically refers to a subculture of Black men who usually identify as heterosexual , but who have sex with men ; some avoid sharing this information even if they have female sexual partner ( s ) married or single . According to a study published in the Journal of Bisexuality , `` ( t ) he Down Low is a lifestyle predominately practiced by young , urban Black men who have sex with other men and women , yet do not identify as gay or bisexual '' . In this context , `` being on the Down Low '' is more than just men having sex with men in secret , or a variant of closeted homosexuality or bisexuality -- it is a sexual identity that is , at least partly , defined by its `` cult of masculinity '' and its rejection of what is perceived as White culture ( including white LGBT culture ) and terms . A 2003 New York Times Magazine cover story on the Down Low phenomenon explains that the Black community sees `` homosexuality as a White man 's perversion . '' The CDC cited three findings that relate to African - American men who operate on the down - low ( engage in MSM activity but do n't disclose to others ) : African American men who have sex with men ( MSM ) , but who do not disclose their sexual orientation ( nondisclosers ) , have a high prevalence of HIV infection ( 14 % ) ; nearly three times higher than nondisclosing MSMs of all other races / ethnicities combined ( 5 % ) . Confirming previous research , the study of 5,589 MSM , aged 15 -- 29 years , in six U.S. cities found that African American MSM were more likely not to disclose their sexual orientation compared with White MSM ( 18 % vs. 8 % ) . HIV - infected nondisclosers were less likely to know their HIV status ( 98 % were unaware of their infection compared with 75 % of HIV - positive disclosers ) , and more likely to have had recent female sex partners . Risk factors contributing to the Black HIV rate ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Accessibility to healthcare is very important in preventing and treating HIV / AIDs . It can be affected by health insurance which is available to people through private insurers , Medicare and Medicaid which leaves some people still vulnerable . Historically , African Americans have faced discrimination when it comes to receiving healthcare . During the time of slavery , slave owners would get medical attention for slaves because they were deemed as property , while slaves that the slave owners believed were not able to recover were sent to be experimented on . In the late eighteenth century and early nineteenth century , universities dug up African American bodies to autopsy , and some night doctors would snatch people off the streets to examine . African Americans have been experimented on and exploited for centuries . The Tuskegee Syphilis study experimented vulnerable men in the South who had syphilis . They kept treatment from these men to see what would happen . Henrietta Lacks was also exploited when researchers took her cancerous cells and grew them to experiment on them . Homosexuality is viewed negatively in the African American Community . `` In a qualitative study of 745 racially and ethnic diverse undergraduates attending a large Midwestern university , Calzo and Ward ( 2009 ) determined that parents of African - American participants discussed homosexuality more frequently than the parents of other respondents . In analyses of the values communicated , Calzo and Ward ( 2009 ) reported that Black parents offered greater indication that homosexuality is perverse and unnatural '' . Homosexuality is seen as a threat to the African American empowerment . Masculinity is seen as important for the African American community because it shows that the community is in control of their own destiny . Since the stigma circling homosexuality is that it is `` feminite '' , then homosexuality is seen as a threat to masculinity . `` Black manhood , then , depends on men 's ability to be provider , progenitor , and protector . But , as the Black male performance of parts of this script is thwarted by racism and capitalist patriarchy , the performance of Black masculinity becomes predicated on a particular performance of Black sexuality and avoidance of weakness and femininity . If sexuality remains one of the few ways that Black men can recapture a masculinity withheld from them in the marketplace , endorsing Black homosexuality subverts the cultural project of reinscribing masculinity within the Black community . '' This critical view is influenced by Internalized homophobia . `` Internalized homophobia is defined as the lesbian , gay , or bisexual individual 's inward direction of society 's homophobic attitudes ( Meyer 1995 ) . '' The African American community 's social norms regarding homosexuality have influenced a higher percentage of African Americans with internalized homophobia . This homophobic culture is sustained within the African American community through the church because religion is a vital part of the African American community : `` As reported by Peterson and Jones ( 2009 ) , AA MSM tended to be more involved with religious communities than NHW MSM . '' Because the church reiterates this stigma of homosexuality , the African American community has higher rates of internalized homophobia . This internalized homophobia causes a lower chance of HIV / AIDS education on prevention and care within the African American community . Sex education varies throughout the United States and in some areas could use more informative measures . African - Americans and Hispanic / Latinos experience higher rates of lower socioeconomic statuses and fewer opportunities than white people . This causes limited access to ( higher ) education in lower socioeconomic areas . Sex education on HIV prevention has decreased from 64 % ( 2000 ) to 41 % ( 2014 ) . Out of the 50 states , 26 put a larger emphasis on abstinence sex education . Abstinence only sex education is correlated to increasing rates of HIV especially in teenagers and young adults . With mass incarceration of the African American community , HIV has been spreading rapidly throughout jails and prisons . `` Among jail populations , African American men are 5 times as likely as white men , and twice as likely as Hispanic / Latino men , to be diagnosed with HIV . '' Since most people contract HIV before being incarcerated , it is hard to know who has the disease and to keep it from spreading . A lack of hygiene in prisons perpetuates these problems . Many inmates do not disclose their high - risk behaviors , such as anal sex or injection drug use , because they fear being stigmatized and ostracized by other inmates. There is also a lack of educational programs on disease prevention for inmates . Because `` nine out of ten jail inmates are released in under 72 hours which makes it hard to test them for HIV and help them find treatment , '' the problem persists outside of prison . Activism and response ( edit ) Starting in the early 1980s , AIDS activist groups and organizations began to emerge and advocate for people infected with HIV in the United States . Though it was an important aspect of the movement , activism went beyond the pursuit of funding for AIDS research . Groups acted to educate and raise awareness of the disease and its effects on different populations , even those thought to be at low - risk of contracting HIV . This was done through publications and `` alternative media '' created by those living with or close to the disease . Activist groups worked to prevent spread of HIV by distributing information about safe sex . They also existed to support people living with HIV / AIDS , offering therapy , support groups , and hospice care . Organizations like Gay Men 's Health Crisis , the Lesbian AIDS Project , and SisterLove were created to address the needs of certain populations living with HIV / AIDS . Other groups , like the NAMES Project , emerged as a way of memorializing those who had passed , refusing to let them be forgotten by the historical narrative . One group , the Association for Drug Abuse Prevention and Treatment ( ADAPT ) , headed by Yolanda Serrano , corridinated with their local prison , Riker 's Island Correctional Facility , to advocate for those imprisoned and AIDS positive to be released early , so that they could pass away in the comfort of their own homes . Both men and women , heterosexual and queer populations were active in establishing and maintaining these parts of the movement . Because AIDS was initially thought only to impact gay men , most narratives of activism focus on their contributions to the movement . However , women also played a significant role in raising awareness , rallying for change , and caring for those impacted by the disease . Lesbians helped organize and spread information about transmission between women , as well as supporting gay men in their work . Narratives of activism also tend to focus on organizing done in coastal cities , but AIDS activism was present and widespread across both urban and more rural areas of the United States . Organizers sought to address needs specific to their communities , whether that was working to establish needle exchange programs , fighting against housing or employment discrimination , or issues faced primarily by people identified as members of specific groups ( such as sex workers , mothers and children , or incarcerated people ) . Present day activism ( edit ) An effective response to HIV / AIDS requires that groups of vulnerable populations have access to HIV prevention programs with information and services that are specific to them . In the present day , some activist groups and AIDS organizations that were established during the height of the epidemic are still present and working to assist people living with AIDS . They may offer any combination of the following : health education , counseling and support , or advocacy for law and policy . AIDS organizations also continue to call for public awareness and support through participation in events like pride parades , World AIDS Day , or AIDS walks . Current status ( edit ) The estimated number of U.S. HIV / AIDS Cases , in 2007 by transmission category The CDC estimates that 1,122,900 U.S. residents aged 13 years and older are living with HIV infection as of 2015 , including 162,500 ( 15 % ) who are unaware of their infection . Over the past decade , the number of people living with HIV has increased , while the annual number of new HIV infections has declined to about 40,000 new HIV infections . Within the overall estimates , however , some groups are affected more than others . MSM continue to bear the greatest burden of HIV infection , and among races / ethnicities , African Americans continue to be disproportionately affected . An estimated 15,458 people with an AIDS diagnosis died in 2015 , and approximately 658,507 people in the United States with an AIDS diagnosis have died overall . The deaths of persons with an AIDS diagnosis can be due to any cause -- that is , the death may or may not be related to AIDS . In California alone , 184,429 HIV cases ( including children ) were reported by December 2008 . Of those , 85,958 have died , with 31,076 in Los Angeles County , 18,838 in San Francisco , and 7,135 in San Diego County . In 2015 , 48,824 people were living with HIV ( not AIDS ) in the state of New York , with 38,441 in New York City alone . Washington , DC has a particularly high incidence of HIV / AIDS , with 177 new cases annually per 100,000 people as of 2012 , more than nine times higher than any state . In the United States , men who have sex with men ( MSM ) , described as gay and bisexual , make up about 55 % of the total HIV - positive population , and 67 % of new HIV cases and 83 % of the estimated new HIV diagnoses among all males aged 13 and older , and an estimated 92 % of new HIV diagnoses among all men in their age group ( 2014 report ) . 1 in 6 gay and bisexual men are therefore expected to be diagnosed with HIV in their lifetime if current rates continue . Gay and bisexual men accounted for an estimated 54 % of people diagnosed with AIDS , with 39 % being African American , 32 % being white , and 24 % being Hispanic / Latino . The CDC estimates that more than 600,000 gay and bisexual men are currently living with HIV in the United States . A review of four studies in which trans women in the United States were tested for HIV found that 27.7 % tested positive . In a 2008 study , the Center for Disease Control found that , of the study participants who were men who had sex with men ( `` MSM '' ) , almost one in five ( 19 % ) had HIV and `` among those who were infected , nearly half ( 44 percent ) were unaware of their HIV status . '' The research found that white MSM `` represent a greater number of new HIV infections than any other population , followed closely by black MSM -- who are one of the most disproportionately affected subgroups in the U.S. '' and that most new infections among white MSM occurred among those aged 30 -- 39 followed closely by those aged 40 -- 49 , while most new infections among black MSM have occurred among young black MSM ( aged 13 -- 29 ) . In 2015 , a major HIV outbreak , Indiana 's largest - ever , occurred in two largely rural , economically depressed and poor counties in the southern portion of the state , due to the injection of a relatively new opioid - type drug called Opana ( oxymorphone ) , which is designed be taken in pill form but is ground up and injected intravenously using needles . Because of the lack of HIV cases in that area beforehand and the youth of many but not all of those affected , the relative unavailability in the local area of safe needle exchange programs and of treatment centers capable of dealing with long - term health needs , HIV care , and drug addiction during the initial phases of the outbreak , it was not initially adequately contained and dealt with until those were set up by the government , and acute awareness of the issue spread . Such centers have now been opened , and short - term care is beginning to be provided ; once the scope of the outbreak became clear , Governor Mike Pence , despite some initial reservations , approved a legislative measure to allow safe , clean needle exchange programs and treatment for those affected , which could end up being instituted statewide . See also ( edit ) Criminal transmission of HIV in the United States HIV / AIDS in American prisons Adult Industry Medical Health Care Foundation AIDS Education and Training Centers ( AETCs ) People With AIDS Self - Empowerment Movement HIV / AIDS in New York City Hank M. Tavera AIDS activism HIV / AIDS activists International : AIDS pandemic HIV / AIDS in North America References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` HIV in the United States : At A Glance '' . CDC. 29 November 2017 . Retrieved 26 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Today 's HIV / AIDS Epidemic Factsheet '' ( PDF ) . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . U.S. government . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 HIV / AIDS Epidemiology Annual Report '' ( PDF ) . San Francisco Department of Public Health . July 9 , 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 24 , 2011 . Retrieved March 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Phill ; Wright , Kai ; Isbell , Michael T. ( August 2008 ) . `` Left Behind : Black America : a Neglected Priority in the Global AIDS Epidemic '' ( PDF ) . Black AIDS Institute . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 21 , 2010 . Retrieved March 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Deaths in New York City Reached Historic Low in 2002 '' ( Press release ) . New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene . January 30 , 2004 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 06 - 04 . Retrieved March 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Russell , Sabin ( December 2 , 2006 ) . `` Bush to ease rule limiting HIV - positive foreign visitors '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Hearst Communications . Retrieved March 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Activist helps US HIV law change '' . BBC NEWS. 6 July 2009 . Retrieved 26 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Crowley , Jeffrey ( October 30 , 2009 ) . `` Honoring the Legacy of Ryan White '' . WhiteHouse.gov . Office of the President of the United States . Retrieved March 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Final Rule Removing HIV Infection from U.S. Immigration Screening : '' . United States Department of State . 2010 - 01 - 19 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Kahn Best , Rachel ( 2012 ) . `` Disease Politics and Medical Research Funding : Three Ways Advocacy Shapes Policy '' . American Sociological Review . 77 ( 5 ) : 780 -- 803 . doi : 10.1177 / 0003122412458509 . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bloodborne Infectious Diseases HIV / AIDS , Hepatitis B Virus , and Hepatitis C Virus '' . US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health . March 10 , 2010 . Retrieved March 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Green , Jonathon ( 2006 ) . Cassell 's Dictionary of Slang . Sterling Publishing . p. 893 ISBN 0 - 304 - 36636 - 6 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 304 - 36636 - 1 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 19 . down low n . ( 1990s+ ) ( US Black ) a state of secrecy . down low adj . ( 1990s+ ) ( US Black ) covert , secret ( i.e. keeping a low profile ) templatestyles stripmarker in page = at position 5 ( help ) Jump up ^ King , J.L. ; Courtney Carreras ( April 25 , 2006 ) . `` Coming Up from the Down Low : The Journey to Acceptance , Healing and Honest Love '' . Three Rivers Press . p. 36 . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2010 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Jason ( 1 May 2005 ) . `` Secret gay encounters of black men could be raising women 's infection rate '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ Mutua , Athena ( September 28 , 2006 ) . Progressive Black Masculinities . Routledge . p. 169 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 97687 - 9 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ Bennett , Jessica ( May 19 , 2008 ) . `` Outing Hip - Hop '' . Newsweek . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Heath , Jessie ; Kathy Goggin ( January 2009 ) . `` Attitudes Towards Male Homosexuality , Bisexuality , and the Down Low Lifestyle : Demographic Differences and HIV Implications '' . Journal of Bisexuality. 9 ( 1 ) : 17 -- 31 . doi : 10.1080 / 15299710802659997 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Denizet - Lewis , Benoit ( August 3 , 2003 ) . `` Double Lives On The Down Low '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ Wright , Kaimeans ( June 5 , 2001 ) . `` The Great Down - Low Debate : A New Black Sexual Identity May Be an Incubator for AIDS '' . The Village Voice . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Sex , lies and the `` down low '' `` . Salon.com . August 16 , 2004 . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` CDC : Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report '' . CDC : US Center for Disease Control and Prevention . February 7 , 2003 . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2009 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Log In - New York Times - ProQuest '' . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ Tweedy , Damon ( 2015 ) . Black Man in a White Coat . New York : Picador . pp. 153 -- 178 . ^ Jump up to : Hill , William Allen ; McNeely , Clea ( 2013 ) . `` HIV / AIDS Disparity between African - American and Caucasian Men Who Have Sex with Men : Intervention Strategies for the Black Church '' . Journal of Religion and Health . 52 ( 2 ) : 475 -- 487 . JSTOR 24484999 . Jump up ^ `` HIV and AIDS in the United States of America ( USA ) '' . AVERT. 2015 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` HIV Among Incarcerated Populations HIV by Group HIV / AIDS CDC '' . www.cdc.gov. 2018 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ Juhasz , Alexandra ( 1995 ) . AIDS TV : Identity , Community , and Alternative Video . Durham , North Carolina : Duke University Press . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 1695 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Ross , Loretta ( 2017 ) . Reproductive Justice : An Introduction . Oakland , California : University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 28820 - 1 . Jump up ^ Carter , Zoe ( 1988 - 05 - 09 ) . ADAPT and Survive . New York Magazine . CS1 maint : Date and year ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Key Affected Populations , HIV and AIDS '' . Avert : Global Information and Education on HIV and AIDS . ^ Jump up to : `` HIV / AIDS Basic Statistics '' . US Centers for Disease Control . December 18 , 2017 . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Diagnoses of HIV Infection in the United States and Dependent Areas , 2016 '' . HIV Surveillance Report , 2016 . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . November 2017 . Retrieved 26 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` December 2008 Monthly HIV / AIDS Statistics '' ( PDF ) . California Department of Public Health Office of AIDS . July 9 , 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 17 , 2010 . Retrieved March 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New York State HIV / AIDS Annual Surveillance Report : For Cases Diagnosed Through December 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of HIV / AIDS Epidemiology AIDS Institute New York State Department of Health . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The HIV / AIDS Epidemic in the United States '' . Kaiser Family Foundation . March 22 , 2013 . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gay and Bisexual Men -- HIV by Group '' . www.cdc.gov. 27 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` HIV Among Gay and Bisexual Men '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 1 January 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pdf/group/msm/cdc-hiv-msm.pdf Jump up ^ Herbst , J. H ; Jacobs , E. D ; Finlayson , T. J ; McKleroy , V. S ; Neumann , M. S ; Crepaz , N ; HIV / AIDS Prevention Research Synthesis Team ( Jan 2008 ) . `` Estimating HIV Prevalence and Risk Behaviors of Transgender Persons in the United States : A Systematic Review '' . AIDS Behav. 12 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 17 . doi : 10.1007 / s10461 - 007 - 9299 - 3 . PMID 17694429 . Jump up ^ `` CDC Fact Sheet -- HIV and AIDS among Gay and Bisexual Men -- Sept 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` CDC : One In Five Gay Men HIV - Positive '' . 24 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Block , Melissa ; Adams , Jerome ( 24 April 2015 ) . `` HIV Outbreak In Indiana Grows With Nearly 140 Confirmed Cases '' . NPR . Retrieved 4 May 2015 . Bibliography ( edit ) Cante , Richard C. ( March 2008 ) . Gay Men and the Forms of Contemporary US Culture . London : Ashgate Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7546 - 7230 - 1 . templatestyles stripmarker in publisher = at position 21 ( help ) Bogart , Laura ; Thorburn , Sheryl ( February 2005 ) . `` Are HIV / AIDS conspiracy beliefs a barrier to HIV prevention among African Americans ? '' . J. Acquir . Immune Defic . Syndr. 38 ( 2 ) : 213 -- 8 . doi : 10.1097 / 00126334 - 200502010 - 00014 . PMID 15671808 . Walker , Robert Searles ( 1994 ) . AIDS : Today , Tomorrow : an Introduction to the HIV Epidemic in America ( 2nd ed . ) . Atlantic Highlands , New Jersey : Humanities Press Intl . ISBN 0 - 391 - 03859 - 1 . OCLC 30399464 . Siplon , Patricia ( 2002 ) . AIDS and the policy struggle in the United States . Washington D.C. : Georgetown University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87840 - 378 - 3 . OCLC 48964730 . External links ( edit ) AIDS.gov -- The U.S. Federal Domestic HIV / AIDS Resource AIDSVu.org -- Interactive Map Illustrating HIV Prevalence in the United States Finding Aid -- Voices of Feminism Oral History Project , 1990 -- 2006 show HIV / AIDS in North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_the_United_States&oldid=865441052 '' Categories : HIV / AIDS in the United States LGBT history in the United States Hidden categories : CS1 errors : invisible characters CS1 maint : Date and year All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles needing additional references from March 2016 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles in need of updating from March 2016 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013 Articles that may contain original research from May 2018 All articles that may contain original research Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015 Wikipedia articles scheduled for update tagging Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012 Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Français Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2018 , at 00 : 05 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what was hiv first called when discovered in the u.s	[]	[]
2573999308435461685	Little Rock Zoo	Little Rock Zoo - wikipedia Little Rock Zoo Little Rock Zoo Date opened 1926 Location Little Rock , Arkansas , United States Coordinates 34 ° 44 ′ 47 '' N 92 ° 19 ′ 56 '' W / 34.7464 ° N 92.3321 ° W / 34.7464 ; - 92.3321 Coordinates : 34 ° 44 ′ 47 '' N 92 ° 19 ′ 56 '' W / 34.7464 ° N 92.3321 ° W / 34.7464 ; - 92.3321 Land area 33 acres ( 13 ha ) No. of animals 725 No. of species 200 Memberships AZA Website http://www.littlerockzoo.com The Little Rock Zoo was founded in 1926 and is located in Little Rock , Arkansas , United States . It is home to more than 725 animals representing over 200 species , and covers an area of 33 acres ( 13 ha ) . The Arkansas Zoological Foundation is a private 501 c ( 3 ) organization that raises funds for zoo development . The Little Rock Zoo is a department of the city of Little Rock . It is the largest zoo in Arkansas , and the only Arkansas zoo accredited by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums ( AZA ) . Contents 1 History 2 Exhibits 3 Conservation 4 Zoo Master Plan 5 Notes 6 External links History ( edit ) The Little Rock Zoo was started in 1926 with only two animals : an abandoned timber wolf and a circus - trained bear . Over the years it has grown to include 725 animals representing more than 200 species . The first buildings at the zoo were made of local stone and built by the Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) . These buildings were built in the 1930s and were home to primates , reptiles , birds , and big cats . They are still in use , and the cat house was renovated into a restaurant with the feel of an African style lodge . The big cat exhibit was built in the 1980s along with other exhibits for great apes , crocodiles , alligators , sloth bears , and river otters . Lemur island opened in the 1990s , and an African Lion Exhibit was also added at this time , as well as the Civitan Pavilion for special events and the Civitan Amphitheater for educational programming . The zoo acquired a children 's farm with an interactive contact yard and train station . In 2001 the board of directors approved a new Zoo Master Plan , which included a new African Veldt Exhibit . The newly restored Over the Jumps carousel , a fully restored antique carousel , made its home at the Little Rock Zoo in the October 2007 . An African American penguin exhibit , Laura P. Nichols Penguin Pointe , opened on March 5 , 2011 . The Laura P. Nichols Cheetah Outpost opened on July 7 , 2012 . The Arkansas Heritage Farm opened on April 2 , 2016 . Exhibits ( edit ) The Little Rock Zoo is divided into themed areas where the animals can be viewed . Some exhibits are based on the animal 's natural environment , while others group similar animals together . This list includes the major exhibits at the Little Rock Zoo . Entry - The entrance to the zoo includes the `` Over-The - Jumps '' carousel attraction , the animal shows amphitheater , and Lorikeet Landing , where visitors can see and hand feed nectar to the rainbow lorikeet . Great Apes - The exhibit features a walkway that is suspended above the ape 's enclosure . The ground is covered in grass and includes trees and rope for the apes to climb . Western lowland gorilla can be seen on one side of the walkway and common chimpanzee and Bornean orangutan can be seen on both sides . Outside of this exhibit , various primate islands can be found that are home to the ring - tailed lemur , black - and - white ruffed lemur , blue - eyed black lemur , Madagascar teal , black - handed spider monkey , siamang , and koi . Laura P. Nichols Penguin Pointe - This exhibit opened on March 5 , 2011 and houses the African penguin . It mimics an African shoreline , specifically Boulders Beach , with viewing of the penguins both above and below the water . All along the exhibit are signs that educate the public about the lives , habits , and characteristics of penguins . Primates , Reptiles , Birds & More - This mixed species building was built in 1936 and features many exotic animals from around the world , including ones from the primate , reptile , and bird families . Primate House - Callimico , douroucouli , Geoffrey 's marmoset , Geoffroy 's tamarin , Wied 's marmoset , lesser spot - nosed guenon , pygmy slow loris , red - capped mangabey , Angolan talapoin , southern three - banded armadillo , tufted capuchin , two - toed sloth , and the white - faced saki . Gibbons , Gorilla gorllia , Chimpanzees , and Orangutans . Reptile House Snakes - Black pine snake , Louisiana pine snake , northern pine snake , puff adder , eastern hognose snake , western hognose snake , southern copperhead , western pigmy rattlesnake , canebrake rattlesnake , eastern diamondback rattlesnake , western cottonmouth , Sonoran gopher snake , corn snake , mole snake , Asiatic rock python , green tree python , Savu python , Burmese python , Mexican burrowing python , eastern indigo snake , Sinaloan milk snake , eastern coachwhip , West African gaboon viper , rhinoceros viper , eyelash viper , Malayan pit viper , grey - banded kingsnake , red spitting cobra , Cape cobra , and Mexican cantil . Other reptiles - White line gecko , African fat - tailed gecko , leopard gecko , Standing 's day gecko , Madagascar giant day gecko , tokay gecko , Nile monitor , crocodile monitor , Gila monster , eastern glass lizard , frilled lizard , Sudan plated lizard , blue spiny lizard , northern blue - tongued skink , broadhead skink , Solomon Islands skink , Great Plains skink , panther chameleon , green iguana , green crested basilisk , common snakeneck turtle , spiny softshell turtle , African spurred tortoise , alligator snapping turtle , and the American alligator . Amphibians - White 's tree frog , axolotl , red eyed tree frog , Panamanian golden frog , blue poison dart frog , green and black poison dart frog , yellow and blue poison dart frog , yellow banded poison arrow frog , Oriental fire - bellied toad , giant marine toad , tiger salamander , western lesser siren . Invertebrates - Brazilian cockroach , Scolopendra heros , emperor scorpion , Lasiodora parahybana , giant African millipede , Aphonopelma seemanni , tailless whip scorpion , Vietnamese walking stick . Tropical Bird House - roseate spoonbill , scarlet ibis , black - naped fruit dove , grey peacock pheasant , southern crowned pigeon , Nicobar pigeon , helmeted guineafowl , Mandarin duck , ruddy shelduck , Madagascar teal , Marbled teal , Catalina Macaw and the green aracari . Asian Elephants - The elephant exhibit is home to the zoo 's Asian elephants . The elephant exhibit is extremely large in order to house these gigantic animals . The elephants also have a large stretch of yard to walk around in outside . There is a large viewing window for the visitors in the front and large banners on the sides that have famous quotes from notable figures citing the majesty and importance of elephants . Arkansas Heritage Farm - This exhibit opened on April 2 , 2016 and features the Arkansas ' Diamond Express train as well as a chicken yard for the araucana , Barred Rock , silkie , Polish crested chicken , salmon faverolles chicken , red junglefowl , wild turkey , Toulouse goose , and the Sebastopol goose . The farm 's barn houses the mammals of this exhibit . The zebu , donkey , and miniature horse are located on the left side of the barn and the pygmy goat , baby doll sheep , and barn owl are located on the right . This exhibit also has a black - tailed prairie dog habitat , a butterfly garden , and a viewing area for the common vampire bat , Aldabra giant tortoise , spur - thighed tortoise , and rabbit . This exhibit is located next to the waterfowl pond where the mallard duck , black - billed whistling duck , black - bellied whistling duck , radjah shelduck , paradise shelduck , bar headed goose , Canada goose , black swan , American white pelican , and Chilean flamingo can be found . Small Carnivores - This exhibit includes many exotic carnivorous animals found throughout the world . This exhibit features the red fox from North America , the serval and caracal from Africa , the fossa from Madagascar , the ocelot and capybara from South America , and the clouded leopard , Indian crested porcupine , and Reeve 's muntjac from Asia . The three - toed box turtle and ornate box turtle can also be seen in the capybara enclosure . Bears - The North American river otter and the spotted - necked otter can be seen at the entrance . Some of the bears in this exhibit are from Asia like the sun bear and the sloth bear and are separated from visitors by moats . The main attraction is the grizzly bear enclosure which has a large glass viewing window in order for people to see the grizzlies up - close . The bush dog is located at the end of the exhibit . Africa - This exhibit features the eastern black rhinoceros and the dromedary camel . Alpaca can also be seen opposite the camel enclosure . African Savannah - This mixed species enclosure features the grey crowned crane , ostrich , and the Damara zebra . Big Cats - This exhibit opened on June 23 , 1982 and features the African lion , the Malayan tiger , and the jaguar . The Asiatic black bear currently resides in the lion enclosure after hours . Laura P. Nichols Cheetah Outpost - This exhibit was opened on July 7 , 2012 . This exhibit educates visitors about cheetah conservation efforts and African wildlife . Along with the cheetah , Kirk 's dik - dik and the blue crane can be seen in front of the outpost . Inside the outpost , the naked mole rat , Angolan python , African Bullfrog , mole snake , Sudan plated lizard , African spurred tortoise , Standing 's day gecko , and the African fat - tailed gecko can be seen . The crested porcupine can also be seen on a viewing platform outside of the outpost . Overlook Trail - On this walkway , the maned wolf , Somali wild ass , red river hog , yellow - backed duiker , giant anteater , white - handed gibbon , sarus crane , greater kudu , bald eagle , Harlan 's hawk , and the common warthog can be seen . Conservation ( edit ) The Little Rock Zoo participates in the AZA Species Survival Plan ( SSP ) , and has contributed to the survival of many threatened and endangered species . Zoo Master Plan ( edit ) The Little Rock Zoo intends to create a zoogeographic zoo to help the public learn about the habitats and create a more natural zoo for the animals . The included renovations and additions include an Arkansas Farmstead exhibit with native species and information on the importance of agriculture to the state , the continent of Asia , which will be located where the Greats Apes exhibit is at present , with a larger elephant exhibit , orangutans , blackbuck antelope , sarus cranes , and other Asian species , the continent of Africa with a new giraffe barn , the African Veldt mixed species exhibit , a new cheetah habitat , the African forest area , and the African Outpost , a new entry complex located north of Zoo Drive complete with a new restaurant , carnival style rides , and an ice cream parlor and a New Discovery Center education center with new rooms , exhibits , and education animals . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` History '' . littlerockzoo.com . Little Rock Zoo . Retrieved 7 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Currently Accredited Zoos and Aquariums '' . aza.org . AZA . Retrieved 19 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` East Zoo Zone '' . littlerockzoo.com . Little Rock Zoo . Retrieved 19 March 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` South Zoo Zone '' . littlerockzoo.com . Little Rock Zoo . Retrieved 19 March 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` West Zoo Zone '' . littlerockzoo.com . Little Rock Zoo . Retrieved 19 March 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` North Zoo Zone '' . littlerockzoo.com . Little Rock Zoo . Retrieved 19 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Species Survival Plan '' . littlerockzoo.com . Little Rock Zoo . Retrieved 7 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Zoo Masterplan '' . zoofoundation.org . Arkansas Zoological Foundation . Retrieved 26 December 2010 . Cite error : A list - defined reference named `` zoo_map '' is not used in the content ( see the help page ) . External links ( edit ) Media related to Little Rock Zoo at Wikimedia Commons Official website Zoos of Arkansas Arkansas Alligator Farm and Petting Zoo Crossland Zoo Little Rock Zoo Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Little_Rock_Zoo&oldid=853414017 '' Categories : Zoos in Arkansas Buildings and structures in Little Rock , Arkansas 1926 establishments in Arkansas Tourist attractions in Little Rock , Arkansas Zoos established in 1926 Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with incorrect ref formatting Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Diné bizaad Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 4 August 2018 , at 16 : 40 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what kind of animals are at the little rock zoo	[]	[]
1746034876255415749	Ingo Rademacher	Ingo Rademacher - Wikipedia Ingo Rademacher Jump to : navigation , search Ingo Rademacher ( 1971 - 04 - 22 ) 22 April 1971 ( age 46 ) Iserlohn , West Germany Occupation Actor Years active 1993 -- present Spouse ( s ) Ehiku Rademacher Children Ingo Rademacher ( born 22 April 1971 ) is a West German - born , US - based , Australian television actor , perhaps best known for his role of Jasper `` Jax '' Jacks on the American daytime soap opera General Hospital , which he has played almost continuously since the role 's inception in 1996 . In 2012 , he played Officer Sacks in the film Alex Cross . Rademacher placed 5th on the 16th season of Dancing with the Stars . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Other 5 Filmography 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Early life ( edit ) Rademacher was born in Iserlohn , West Germany , the son of Roswitha and Arndt Rademacher . He has a sister named Anne . His parents moved the family to Australia when Ingo was 10 . He dropped out of the University of Queensland ( Brisbane ) after six months and began to model . After the modelling stint , he entered the acting profession . His first role was the character of surfer Sean Hayden in the Australian soap opera Paradise Beach . After that show was canceled , he moved to Los Angeles in 1994 . His former Paradise Beach co-star Jaason Simmons , who had appeared on Baywatch , arranged a place for him to stay in Los Angeles . Career ( edit ) General Hospital producer Wendy Riche saw his ( unsuccessful ) audition tape for the soap opera The City and immediately cast him as Jasper `` Jax '' Jacks . The character , a suave tycoon , has been involved with a succession of General Hospital characters , most notably Brenda Barrett ( played by Vanessa Marcil ) , who was also a love interest of Sonny Corinthos ( played by Maurice Benard ) . However , Jax may have met his match -- or his soulmate -- when he romanced and then married Carly Corinthos ( played by Laura Wright ) , Sonny 's ex and the mother of two of Sonny 's children . Jax and Carly 's relationship has been a passionate and tempestuous one , marked by separations and reunions . Carly 's relationship with her ex-husband and his henchman , Jason Morgan , has been the cause of many of hers and Jax 's problems ; Jax despises Sonny and feels that he and Sonny have put Carly and the children in danger . Jax came close to legally adopting Carly 's younger son , Morgan . Together , Jax and Carly have a teenage daughter , Josslyn . During a one - year break from General Hospital , Rademacher appeared on the short - lived primetime soap opera Titans . Jax reappeared on General Hospital on 23 August 2012 . He returned to the show for a several - week - long story arc in 2016 . That same year , he also had a recurring role as Robert Coughlin on Hawaii Five - 0 . Rademacher was a contestant on the 16th season of Dancing with the Stars and was partnered with two - time champion Kym Johnson . In September 2017 , it was announced that Rademacher had joined the cast of The Bold and the Beautiful in the role of Thorne Forrester . He made his first appearance on 27 November 2017 . Personal life ( edit ) On 11 July 2008 , Ingo and his then girlfriend Ehiku welcomed a son , Peanut Kai Rademacher . The baby was delivered at home by a midwife in Malibu . On 3 October 2009 , Ingo and Ehiku married , and on 13 May 2012 , they welcomed their second son , Pohaku Zen Rademacher . Rademacher and his wife Ehiku own Mahiku , an activewear store in Hawaii . Other ( edit ) Rademacher sits on the board of Heal the Bay , a Santa Monica - based environmental organization . Filmography ( edit ) Year Title Role Other notes 1993 -- 94 Paradise Beach Sean Hayden Unknown episodes 1995 Echo Point Unknown Unknown episodes 1996 -- 2013 2016 -- 2017 General Hospital Jasper Jacks Series regular Clueless Kip Killmore Episode : `` Kiss Me Kip '' Veronica 's Closet Reg Episode : Pilot 2000 -- 01 Titans David O'Connor 11 episodes 2003 Intimate Portrait Himself Episode : `` Vanessa Marcil '' According to Jim Ted Episodes : `` When You Wish to Be a Star : Parts 1 & 2 '' 1 Day With ... Himself Episode # 1.1 2011 Hawaii Five - 0 Malcolm Schafer Episode : `` Kiʻilua ( Deceiver ) '' 2012 Alex Cross Officer Sacks Film 2013 ' Dancing with the Stars Himself Contestant on season 16 ( 5th place ) 2016 Hawaii Five - 0 Robert Coughlin 3 episodes 2017 -- The Bold and the Beautiful Thorne Forrester Series regular Role from : November 27 , 2017 to present 2017 -- A Royal Christmas Ball King Charles of Baltamia Film See also ( edit ) German Australian References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dorothy Hamill and Andy Dick among ' Dancing ' stars '' . New York Post . Retrieved 26 February 2013 . Jump up ^ http://gma.yahoo.com/dancing-with-the-stars-season-16-new-celebrity-cast-announced-224704383.html Jump up ^ Various citations concerning the cast of Rademacher in the role of Thorne Forrester : Eades , Chris ( 25 September 2017 ) . `` General Hospital Star Ingo Rademacher Cast as Thorne on The Bold & the Beautiful ! '' . CBS Soaps In Depth . United States : Bauer Media Group . Archived from the original on 25 September 2017 . Retrieved 25 September 2017 . SOD ( 25 September 2017 ) . `` Ingo Rademacher Is B&B 's New Thorne '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Archived from the original on 25 September 2017 . Retrieved 25 September 2017 . Giddens , Jamey ( 25 September 2017 ) . `` Ingo Rademacher is B&B 's New Throne '' . Daytime Confidential . United States : Confidential Media , Inc . ( SAY Media ) . Archived from the original on 25 September 2017 . Retrieved 25 September 2017 . Fairman , Michael ( 25 September 2017 ) . `` Ingo Rademacher Is The Bold and the Beautiful 's New Thorne ! '' . On - Air On - Soaps . United States : Michael Fairman Soaps , Inc . Archived from the original on 25 September 2017 . Retrieved 25 September 2017 . Logan , Michael ( 25 September 2017 ) . `` The Bold and the Beautiful Casts Ingo Rademacher as the New Thorne Forrester '' . TV Insider . United States : CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on 25 September 2017 . Retrieved 25 September 2017 . Jump up ^ SOD ( 2 October 2017 ) . `` B&B Announces Ingo Rademacher 's First Air Date '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Archived from the original on 2 October 2017 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` General Hospital Star Explains Naming Son ' Peanut ' '' Jump up ^ `` Rademacher 's a Dad Again '' . SoapsInDepth.com . Jump up ^ http://generalhospital.about.com/od/actorbiographies/p/Ingo.htm Jump up ^ `` Official website : Events '' . ingorademacher.com . External links ( edit ) Official website Ingo Rademacher on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ingo_Rademacher&oldid=828507575 '' Categories : 1971 births Living people Australian male soap opera actors People from Queensland Australian expatriate male actors in the United States German emigrants to Australia Participants in American reality television series Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from September 2016 Use Australian English from September 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 3 March 2018 , at 00 : 01 . About Wikipedia	who plays thorne on the bold and beautiful	[]	[]
8685353902060691367	National Games of India	National Games of India - Wikipedia National Games of India This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( July 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) National Games Abbreviation NG Motto Get Set Play First event 1924 Occur every 2 years Last event 2015 Headquarters Olympic Bhawan , B - 29 , Qutab Institutional Area , New Delhi Website www.olympic.ind.in The National Games comprises various disciplines in which sportsmen from the different states of India participate against each other . The country 's first few Olympic Games , now renamed as National Games , were held in North India ( Delhi , Lahore , Allahabad , Patiala ) , Madras , Calcutta , and Bombay . Contents 1 Indian Olympic Games ( Early National Games ) 2 Modern National Game of India comes 3 List 3.1 Summer 3.2 Winter 3.3 List of Winners 4 Performance of Host States 5 Future Games 6 Greening the National Games 7 References 8 External links Indian Olympic Games ( early National Games ) ( edit ) In the early 1920s , the Indian chapter of the Olympic movement was born , and India participated in the 1920 Antwerp Olympics . As part of this movement , a provisional Indian Olympic Association ( IOA ) came about by 1924 , and the Indian Olympic Games were held in Feb 1924 in Delhi to select Indian competitors for the 1924 Paris Olympics. IOA Secretary Dr. Noehren wrote about these games as follows : `` The All India Athletic Carnival , the greatest and most representative gathering of its kind ever to be held in India , was recently celebrated in Delhi ... Seventy athletes , representing practically every province and State in the Empire , comprising Hindus , Muslims , Anglo - Indians and Sinhalese , ate their food around the same table and mingled intimately in the cramped and uncomfortable quarters provided . '' The games were then held every two years , and were renamed as National Games during the 9th Games in Bombay in 1940 . The Indian Olympic Association , the sports organising body of the nation , mooted the concept of the National Games to promote the development of sports and of the Olympic movement in India , and was responsible for host city selection . Each games was organised by the host city sports association , and each had its unique challenges . For example , in late 1949 , the Bengal Provincial Olympic Association , whose turn it was to hold the next national games , could not do so , and the IOA President Maharaja of Patiala then asked Bombay to host the games ; it had just three months to organise the event . Bombay government ministers and Bombay olympic association officials then worked to hold the 1950 National Games in Bombay in early February 1950 . While held at various cities , the organisation of each national games was roughly similar , with an overarching ' Jury of Honour and Appeal ' comprising the main officials for the games ; and other officials such as a General Manager and Managers ; Referee ; Official Surveyor ; Judges ; Starters ; Clerks of the Course ; Recorders ; Announcers ; Scorers ; Marshals ; and Photographers . For example , at the 11th Games in Patiala , Feb 1944 , the Jury of Honor and Appeal comprised : Moinul Haq ( Chair ) , N. Ahmed , SK Mukherjee , S de Noronha , S Bhoot , JN Khosla , Raja Birindra Singh , AC Dass , MS Ahluwalia , BR Kagal , CR Dhodapkar , Nawab Hussain , SV Lingras , RS Dr Kailash Singh , NN Kunzru , and PK Varghese . And the officials included 6 Managers for various sports , General Manager RS Kirpanarain , announcers Basir Ali Sheikh and Prem Kumar , and several judges . At the 13th Games in Lucknow , Feb. 1948 , the Jury of Honour and Appeal comprised : Moinul Haq ( Chair ) , M Sultan , S Bhoot , DN Sharma , MG Nageshkar , Raja Bhalinder Singh , BC Holanti , Rameshwar Dayal , S de Noronha , PK Verghese , N Ahmed , AC Das , Kripa Narain , PC Joshi , GD Sondhi , Janki Das , Harbail Singh , Vasant Captain , and AR Khanna . And the officials included General Manager M. Sultan and 8 Managers for various sports ; Referee GD Sondhi ; Official Surveyors GD Sondhi , N Ahmed , S Bhoot , and M Sultan ; announcer D Abraham ; and several judges and other officials . At the 14th Games in Bombay , Feb 1950 , the Jury of Honour and Appeal comprised : GD Sondhi ( Chair ) , N Ahmed , R Narain , S Bhoot , M Sultan , R Dayal , FC Aurora , SS Dhawan , Bhalinder Singh , MG Nageskar , AS DeMello , SK Basu , BC Mahante , and CC Abraham . And the officials included Referee Moinul Haq ; Manager in Chief Sohrab Bhoot ; Managers Nariman Saugar and YA Gole ; announcer David Abraham ; and judges and other officials . See Pictures of 1950 and other games at Indian National Games 1950 . Modern National game of India comes ( edit ) For several years in the mid-twentieth century , the national games were conducted on a low key note . However , the first Modern National Games on the lines of the Olympics were held in 1985 in New Delhi . Thereafter Kerala ( 1987 ) , Pune - Maharashtra ( 1994 ) , Bangalore - Karnataka ( 1997 ) , Manipur ( 1999 ) , Ludhiana - Punjab ( 2001 ) , Hyderabad - Andhra Pradesh ( 2002 ) , Guwahati - Assam ( 2007 ) , Ranchi - Jharkhand ( 2011 ) , and Kerala ( 2015 ) hosted the Games . Like the early games , the modern games had their challenges : for example , a decision on the sixth modern National Games in Ludhiana - Punjab was delayed because the Central Government diverted funding for the first Afro - Asian Games . The National Games were normally to be held every two years , leaving those years in which the Olympic Games and Asian Games are scheduled . In exceptional cases or natural calamity , the Indian Olympic Association ( IOA ) can relax the general rule . In practice , the games were often held at three to four year intervals in the 1990s , 2000s , and 2010s . List ( edit ) Summer ( edit ) List of National Games of India Edition Year Host ( s ) Start DateF End Date Sports Events Teams Competitors Top Placed Team Indian Olympic Games 1924 Lahore ? ? ? ? ? ? ? II 1926 Lahore ? ? ? ? ? ? ? III 1928 Lahore ? ? ? ? ? ? ? IV 1930 Allahabad ? ? ? ? ? ? ? V 1932 Madras ? ? ? ? ? ? ? VI 1934 New Delhi ? ? ? ? ? ? ? VII 1936 Lahore ? ? ? ? ? ? ? VIII 1938 Calcutta ? ? ? ? ? ? ? National Games IX 1940 Bombay ? ? ? ? ? ? ? X 1942 Patiala ? ? ? ? ? ? ? XI 1944 Lahore ? ? ? ? ? ? ? XII 1946 Lahore ? ? ? ? ? ? ? XIII 1948 Lucknow ? ? ? ? ? ? ? XIV 1952 Madras ? ? ? ? ? ? ? XV 1953 Jubbulpore ? ? ? ? ? ? ? XVI 1954 New Delhi ? ? ? ? ? ? ? XVII 1956 Patiala ? ? ? ? ? ? ? XVIII 1958 Cuttack ? ? ? ? ? ? ? XIX 1960 New Delhi ? ? ? ? ? ? ? XX 1962 Jabalpur ? ? ? ? ? ? ? XXI 1964 Calcutta ? ? ? ? ? ? ? XXII 1966 Bangalore ? ? ? ? ? ? ? XXIII 1968 Madras ? ? ? ? ? ? ? XXIV 1970 Cuttack ? ? ? ? ? ? ? XXV 1979 Hyderabad ? ? ? ? ? ? ? National Games ( Summer Olympics format ) XXVI 1985 New Delhi 19 November 26 November 26 ? 21 ? Maharashtra XXVII Cannanore , Calicut , Trichur , Ernakulam , Quilon & Alleppey 20 December 28 December 22 ? ? 6400 Kerala XXVIII Bombay & Pune 16 January 25 January 27 290 28 ? Maharashtra XXIX Bangalore & Mysore 31 May 11 June 26 ? ? 5245 Karnataka XXX 1999 Imphal 14 February 25 February 27 ? 30 6278 Manipur XXXI Ludhiana , Patiala , Jalandhar , Chandigarh , Anandpur Sahib & Mohali 19 November 1 December 27 ? ? 8000 Punjab XXXII 2002 Hyderabad , Secunderabad & Visakhapatnam 13 December 22 December 30 ? 34 8000 Andhra Pradesh XXXIII 2007 Guwahati 9 February 18 February 32 ? 36 6800 Services XXXIV 2011 Ranchi , Jamshedpur & Dhanbad 12 February 26 February 33 444 36 6979 Services XXXV 2015 Thiruvananthapuram 31 January 14 February 33 405 36 7744 Services XXXVI 2018 Goa 4 November 17 November 30 XXXVII 2019 Chhattisgarh XXXVIII 2020 Uttarakhand XXXIX 2022 Meghalaya XL 2024 TBA Winter ( edit ) List of National Winter Games of India Competition name Number Year Venue National Winter Games 1st Gulmarg 2nd 2000 Manali 3rd 2002 Auli 4th Gulmarg 5th 2008 Gulmarg List of Winners ( edit ) Year Host 1st Position 2nd Position 3rd Position 2007 Assam Services Manipur Assam 2011 Jharkhand Services Manipur Haryana 2015 Kerala Services Kerala Haryana Performance of host states ( edit ) In recent times , the host states of National Games have consistently featured in the top 5 in the overall medal tally . Kerala had become the Champions when it hosted the event in 1987 . The 1997 National Games was hosted by Karnataka and they won the largest number of medals . Manipur which had finished 9th in the 1997 National Games , became the overall champions when they hosted the event two years later . In 2001 , hosts Punjab became the champions . Andhra Pradesh which had won only 11 Gold Medals in 2001 went on to become the Champions when they hosted it in 2002 winning a whopping 94 Gold Medals overall . Assam had managed to win only a single gold medal and had finished 21st position in 2001 . But , in the subsequent 2007 National Games that they hosted , they were the second runners - up winning a total of 38 Gold Medals . In 2011 , Assam finished 15th overall winning only 5 Gold Medals . Jharkhand had been in the 15th position in 2007 National Games . They rose to the 5th position when they hosted it in 2011 . In 2015 , hosts Kerala secured the second spot in the medal tally . One main reason for this trend is the higher number of participants from the host state and comparatively lesser number of participants from other states . Future Games ( edit ) Though National Games are supposed to be held once in 2 years , it is faltering on this schedule . It took Guwahati five years to conduct the games after the National Games in 2002 are organised in Andhra Pradesh . The 34th National Games had been postponed six times before finally opening on February 12 , 2011 . The 35th National Games were to be held at Trivandrum in 2012 , it was then announced that it would be held from 31 January to February 14 , 2015 . The 36th National Games were to be held at Goa as announced at the closing ceremony of 35th National Games in Trivandrum , Goa contingent said the games would be held in November 2016 , then it was postponed to Nov 2017 , however Goa has now declared it inability to host the games altogether . Uttarakhand will host the 37th National Games . As many as 32 sporting events will be held in the cities of Dehradun , Haldwani and Tehri. The 38th National Games will be held after that in January 2019 in Amaravati , Andhra Pradesh . Greening the National Games ( edit ) The 2015 National Games organised in Trivandrum was associated with green protocols . This was initiated by Suchitwa Mission that aimed for `` zero - waste '' venues . Waste Management programmes were implemented at the 29 venues . To make the event `` disposable - free '' , there was ban on the usage of disposable water bottles . The event witnessed the usage of reusable tableware and stainless steel tumblers . Athletes were provided with refillable steel flasks . It is estimated that these green practices stopped the generation of 120 metric tonnes of disposable waste . Suchitwa Mission requested the help of volunteers to achieve the green objectives , and the service of these 700 volunteers to achieve the green objectives were applauded by the Chief Minister . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Some founders of the Indian Olympic movement were Dorab Tata , A.G. Noehren ( Madras College of Physical Education ) , H.C. Buck ( Madras College of Physical Education ) , Moinul Haq ( Bihar sports associations ) , S. Bhoot ( Bombay Olympic Association ) , Bhagwat ( Deccan Gymkhana ) , and G.D. Sondhi ( Punjab Olympic Association ) . Lt. Col H.L.O. Garrett ( vice principal of Government College , Lahore ) and Sagnik Poddar ( of St. Stephen 's School ) helped organise the early national games . And prominent patrons included Maharajas and royal princes Bhupinder Singh of Patiala , Ranji of Nawanagar , the Maharaja of Kapurthala , and the Maharaja of Burdwan . See also Punjab , the Spirit of Sport , The Tribune , Nov 18 , 2001 . Jump up ^ Brochures of the 1940s national games mention that the first national games in Delhi were in Feb 1924 , though some mention a date of December 1923 . All sources are consistent for the 1928 games in Lahore , 1930 games in Allahabad , and for later games . Jump up ^ Brochure , Madras Provincial Olympic Games , January 1950 , Madras , p. 6 Jump up ^ Decision on National Games on Aug. 2 , The Tribune , July 31 , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` MP has infra to host National Games in 2024 , says IOA secretary '' . Times of India . Retrieved 18 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` National Games : The Curious Case of the Host State '' . Centre for Public Policy Research ( CPPR ) . Jump up ^ `` Games postponement pangs for players '' . The Telegraph . Calcutta , India . September 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kerala to host 35th National Games from January 31 '' . The Hindu.com. 27 June 2014 . Retrieved 27 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` No National Games in Goa in 2011 : CM '' . The Times Of India . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` National Games in Goa get postponed further '' . The Indian Express . 2017 - 06 - 07 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Correspondent , Special . `` With Goa withdrawing , State keen on hosting National Games '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Gusain , Raju ( 2 January 2015 ) . `` Uttarakhand to host National Games in 2018 '' . dailymail.co.uk . Mail Online India . Retrieved 2 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Preparations for 2018 National Games begin '' . The Tribune . 23 December 2014 . Retrieved 2 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Share on Twitter ( 2015 - 12 - 24 ) . `` Amaravati set to host National Games 2019 - Times of India '' . Timesofindia.indiatimes.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Chhattisgarh to host 37th National Games in 2013 '' . Sify . Jump up ^ `` Green rules of the National Games '' . The Hindu . Jump up ^ `` National Games : Green Panel Recommends Ban on Plastic '' . The New Indian Express . Jump up ^ `` Kochi a ' Museum City ' Too The New Indian Express Page 426326 '' . M.newindianexpress.com. 2016 - 02 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` National Games 2015 : Simple Steps To Keep Games Green - Trivandrum News - Yentha.com '' . yentha.com . Jump up ^ `` Setting a New Precedent '' . The New Indian Express . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2015 - 03 - 22 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Chandy hails volunteers for ' green ' National Games , Kerala - Mathrubhumi English News Online '' . mathrubhumi.com . Archived from the original on 2015 - 04 - 02 . External links ( edit ) Schedule of 34th National Games of India , Jharkhand The Winter Games Federation of India Site Multi-sport events Global Olympics Olympic Games Summer Winter Youth Olympic Games Disabled sports Deaflympics Défi sportif Invictus Games CPISRA World Games INAS Global Games IBSA World Games IWAS World Games World Dwarf Games Paralympic Games Summer Winter Special Olympics Summer Winter Professions Lumberjack World Championship World Air Games World Martial Arts Games World Military Games World Police and Fire Games World Firefighters Games World Roller Games European Championship in Forestry Skills Southern Forestry Conclave Stihl Timbersports Series World Logging Championship Youth and students Gymnasiade International Children 's Games SELL Student Games Universiade World Interuniversity Games Commonwealth Youth Games Other types Arafura Games CSIT World Sports Games Dew Tour Mind Sports Olympiad World Mind Sports Games SportAccord World Mind Games TAFISA World Games World Combat Games World Games World Masters Games X Games World Beach Games Intercommunity Commonwealth Games CPLP Games Croatian World Games Gay Games Invictus Games Islamic Solidarity Games Jeux de la Francophonie Lusophony Games Maccabiah Games Pan Arab Games Pan-Armenian Games Transplant Games World Eskimo Indian Olympics World Indigenous Games World Nomad Games World Outgames Regional Africa African Youth Games African Games All - Africa University Games Americas Pan American Pan American Games Parapan American Games Central American and the Caribbean Central American and Caribbean Games Central American Games Latin American ALBA Games Bolivarian Games North American CANUSA Games North American Indigenous Games North American Outgames South American South American Games South American Beach Games South American Youth Games Asia Pan Asian Asian Games Asian Beach Games Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games Asian Para Games Asian Winter Games Asian Youth Games Southeast Asian Southeast Asian Games ASEAN School Games ASEAN University Games ASEAN Para Games Central Asian Games East Asian Youth Games South Asian Games West Asian Games Europe Black Sea Games European Games European Masters Games European Sports Championships European Youth Olympic Festival Games of the Small States of Europe Jeux des îles EuroGames European Universities Championships European Universities Games Oceania Australian Youth Olympic Festival Micronesian Games Pacific Games Intercontinental Arctic Winter Games Asia Pacific Deaf Games Asia Pacific Masters Games Indian Ocean Island Games Island Games Mediterranean Games Pan Arab Games National Africa South African Games Americas Canada British Columbia Quebec Western Colombia United States amateur juniors seniors Warrior Games NCSG , United States Alabama California Florida Massachusetts Missouri Montana Nebraska New York North Carolina North Dakota Lakota Nation Texas Wisconsin Asia Bangladesh China All - China Games National Games National Peasants ' Games National Youth Games India School Indonesia Japan Malaysia Para Mongolia Pakistan Philippines National Games Batang Pinoy Palaro Singapore South Korea Summer Winter Thailand youth Vietnam Europe Netherlands Poland ( youth ) All - Union Spartakiad Spartakiad of Albania Spartakiad of Peoples of the USSR youth WheelPower Historical Pre-Modern Olympics ( in order , from 1900 BC to 1859 AD ) Tailteann Games ( ancient ) Panhellenic Games Ancient Olympic Games Pythian Games Nemean Games Isthmian Games Heraean Games Panathenaic Games Roman Games Cotswold Olimpick Games Gog Magog Games Wenlock Olympian Society Annual Games Zappas Olympics Alternatives to the Modern Olympics Aryan Games Friendship Games GANEFO Goodwill Games Inter-Allied Games Islamic Games Liberty Bell Classic People 's Olympiad Workers ' Olympiads Defunct regional or community events Afro - Asian Games Asian Indoor Games Asian Martial Arts Games Central African Games East Asian Games Far Eastern Championship Games FESPIC Games Games of the New Emerging Forces Nordic Games Pacific Ocean Games Spartakiad of Peoples of the USSR Tailteann Games ( modern ) Women 's Islamic Games World Youth Games Winter games International Olympics Paralympics Winter Universiade Commonwealth World Scout Arctic Winter Games Kennedy Memorial New Zealand Winter Games Regional National Winter Games of China Asian Winter Games European Youth Olympic Festival Winter X Games Europe Defunct Sub-national 51 component games in 36 U.S. states List WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Games_of_India&oldid=856608143 '' Categories : National Games of India Multi-sport events in India National multi-sport events Hidden categories : Articles that may contain original research from July 2014 All articles that may contain original research Use Indian English from November 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Talk Contents About Wikipedia தமிழ் اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2018 , at 12 : 15 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was hockey declared as national game of india	[]	[]
-89051380714157606	Academy Award for Best Actor	Academy award for Best actor - wikipedia Academy award for Best actor Jump to : navigation , search Academy Award for Best Actor Awarded for Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role Country United States Presented by Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) First awarded 1929 ( for performance in films released during the 1927 / 1928 film season ) Currently held by Casey Affleck Manchester by the Sea ( 2016 ) Website oscars.org The Academy Award for Best Actor is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . It is given in honor of an actor who has delivered an outstanding performance in a leading role while working within the film industry . The 1st Academy Awards ceremony was held in 1929 with Emil Jannings receiving the award for his roles in The Last Command and The Way of All Flesh . Currently , nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the actors branch of AMPAS ; winners are selected by a plurality vote from the entire eligible voting members of the Academy . In the first three years of the awards , actors were nominated as the best in their categories . At that time , all of their work during the qualifying period ( as many as three films , in some cases ) was listed after the award . However , during the 3rd ceremony held in 1930 , only one of those films was cited in each winner 's final award , even though each of the acting winners had two films following their names on the ballots . The following year , this unwieldy and confusing system was replaced by the current system in which an actor is nominated for a specific performance in a single film . Starting with the 9th ceremony held in 1937 , the category was officially limited to five nominations per year . Since its inception , the award has been given to 80 actors . Daniel Day - Lewis has received the most awards in this category with three Oscars . Spencer Tracy and Laurence Olivier were nominated on nine occasions , more than any other actor . As of the 2017 ceremony , Casey Affleck is the most recent winner in this category for his role as Lee Chandler in Manchester by the Sea . Contents ( hide ) 1 Winners and nominees 2 Multiple wins and nominations 3 Age superlatives 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links Winners and Nominees ( edit ) In the following table , the years are listed as per Academy convention , and generally correspond to the year of film release in Los Angeles County ; the ceremonies are always held the following year . For the first five ceremonies , the eligibility period spanned twelve months from August 1 to July 31 . For the 6th ceremony held in 1934 , the eligibility period lasted from August 1 , 1932 , to December 31 , 1933 . Since the 7th ceremony held in 1935 , the period of eligibility became the full previous calendar year from January 1 to December 31 . Table key Indicates the winner § Indicates winner who refused the award Indicates posthumous winner * Indicates posthumous nominee Emil Jannings ( center ) was the first winner in this category for his roles in 1928 's The Last Command and 1927 's The Way of All Flesh . Warner Baxter won in 1928 for his performance in In Old Arizona . George Arliss won in 1929 for his performance in Disraeli . Lionel Barrymore won in 1930 for his performance in A Free Soul . Wallace Beery ( pictured ) and Fredric March tied in 1932 for their performances in The Champ and Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde , respectively . Clark Gable won in 1934 for his performance in It Happened One Night . Spencer Tracy was the first actor to win this category two consecutive years , having won in both 1937 and 1938 for his roles in Captains Courageous and Boys Town including seven other nominations . Bing Crosby won in 1944 for his performance in Going My Way . Fredric March was named Best Actor in 1946 for The Best Years of Our Lives , having previously jointly won the award in 1932 with Wallace Beery , for his performance in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde . Laurence Olivier won in 1948 for his role as the title character in Hamlet , a film which he himself directed . Marlon Brando won twice from seven nominations for his roles in 1954 's On the Waterfront and 1972 's The Godfather . Gregory Peck won in 1962 for his performance in To Kill a Mockingbird . Sidney Poitier won in 1963 for his performance in Lilies of the Field , thus becoming the first black actor to win in this category . Jack Nicholson won twice from eight nominations for his performances in 1975 's One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest and 1997 's As Good as It Gets . Dustin Hoffman won twice from seven nominations for his performances in Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) and Rain Man ( 1988 ) . Robert De Niro won once from five nominations for his role as Jake LaMotta in 1980 's Raging Bull . Ben Kingsley won for his portrayal of the title role in Gandhi ( 1982 ) . Michael Douglas won in 1987 for his performance in Wall Street . Daniel Day - Lewis is the first actor to win this award three times , in 1989 , 2007 , and 2012 , for his performances in My Left Foot , There Will Be Blood and Lincoln respectively . Jeremy Irons won for his portrayal of Claus von Bülow in 1990 's Reversal of Fortune . Anthony Hopkins won once from three nominations for his role as Dr. Hannibal Lecter in 1991 's The Silence of the Lambs . Al Pacino won once from five nominations for his performance in 1992 's Scent of a Woman . Tom Hanks won two consecutive awards in 1993 and 1994 for his roles in Philadelphia and Forrest Gump including three other nominations . By virtue of his win in 1998 for Life Is Beautiful , Roberto Benigni became the second actor to win for a role in a film he directed himself . Russell Crowe won once from three consecutive nominations for playing Maximus Decimus Meridius in Gladiator ( 2000 ) . Denzel Washington won once from five nominations for his role in 2001 's Training Day . At age 29 , Adrien Brody became the youngest winner for Best Actor for his performance in 2002 's The Pianist . Sean Penn won twice from five nominations for his roles in 2003 's Mystic River and 2008 's Milk . Philip Seymour Hoffman won for Capote ( 2005 ) . Forest Whitaker won for his performance as Idi Amin in the 2006 film , The Last King of Scotland . Jeff Bridges won once from three nominations , two being consecutive , for his performance in 2009 's Crazy Heart . Colin Firth won once from two consecutive nominations for his portrayal of King George VI in 2010 's The King 's Speech . Jean Dujardin became the first French actor to win this award for his performance in the 2011 film The Artist . Matthew McConaughey won in 2013 for his performance as Ron Woodroof in Dallas Buyers Club . Eddie Redmayne won in 2014 for his role as Stephen Hawking in The Theory of Everything , and was nominated the next year for his performance as Lili Elbe in The Danish Girl . Leonardo DiCaprio was nominated for The Aviator , Blood Diamond , and The Wolf of Wall Street , before winning in 2015 for his portrayal of Hugh Glass in The Revenant . Casey Affleck won in 2016 for his performance in Manchester by the Sea . Year Actor Role ( s ) Film Ref . 1927 / 28 ( 1st ) Jannings ! Emil Jannings Grand Duke Sergius Alexander August Schilling Last ! The Last Command The Way of All Flesh Barthelmess ! Richard Barthelmess Elkins ! Nickie Elkins Patent Leather Kid Noose ! The Noose The Patent Leather Kid 1928 / 29 ( 2nd ) Baxter ! Warner Baxter Cisco ! The Cisco Kid In Old Arizona Bancroft ! George Bancroft Lang ! Thunderbolt Jim Lang Thunderbolt Morris ! Chester Morris Williams ! Chick Williams ( No. 1065 ) Alibi Muni ! Paul Muni Dyke ! James Dyke Valiant ! The Valiant Stone ! Lewis Stone Pahlen ! Count Pahlen Patriot ! The Patriot 1929 / 30 ( 3rd ) Arliss ! George Arliss Benjamin Disraeli Disraeli Arliss ! George Arliss Raja ! The Raja Green ! The Green Goddess Beery ! Wallace Beery Schmidt ! Butch `` Machine Gun '' Schmidt Big ! The Big House Chevalier ! Maurice Chevalier Mirande ! Pierre Mirande Count Alfred Renard Big ! The Big Pond The Love Parade Colman ! Ronald Colman Drummond ! Capt . Hugh `` Bulldog '' Drummond Michel Bulldog ! Bulldog Drummond Condemned Tibbett ! Lawrence Tibbett Yegor ! Yegor Rogue ! The Rogue Song 1930 / 31 ( 4th ) Barrymore ! Lionel Barrymore Ashe ! Stephen Ashe Free ! A Free Soul Cooper ! Jackie Cooper Skinner ! Skippy Skinner Skippy Dix ! Richard Dix Cravat ! Yancey Cravat Cimarron March ! Fredric March Cavendish ! Tony Cavendish Royal ! The Royal Family of Broadway Menjou ! Adolphe Menjou Burns ! Walter Burns Front ! The Front Page 1931 / 32 ( 5th ) Beery ! Wallace Beery Purcell ! Andy Purcell -- The Champ Champ ! The Champ March ! Fredric March Jekyll ! Dr. Henry Jekyll / Mr. Edward Hyde Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Lunt ! Alfred Lunt Actor ! The Actor Guardsman ! The Guardsman 1932 / 33 ( 6th ) Laughton ! Charles Laughton Henry ! King Henry VIII of England Private ! The Private Life of Henry VIII Howard ! Leslie Howard Standish ! Peter Standish Berkeley Square Muni ! Paul Muni Allen ! James Allen I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang 1934 ( 7th ) Gable ! Clark Gable Warne ! Peter Warne It Happened One Night Morgan ! Frank Morgan de ' Medici ! Alessandro -- Duke of Florence Affairs ! The Affairs of Cellini Powell ! William Powell Charles ! Nick Charles Thin ! The Thin Man 1935 ( 8th ) McLaglen ! Victor McLaglen Nolan ! Gypo Nolan Informer ! The Informer Gable ! Clark Gable Christian ! Lieutenant Fletcher Christian Mutiny on the Bounty Laughton ! Charles Laughton Bligh ! Captain William Bligh Tone ! Franchot Tone Byam ! Midshipman Roger Byam Muni ! Paul Muni Radek ! Joe Radek Black Fury 1936 ( 9th ) Muni ! Paul Muni Pasteur ! Louis Pasteur Story ! The Story of Louis Pasteur Cooper ! Gary Cooper Deeds ! Longfellow Deeds Mr. Deeds Goes to Town Huston ! Walter Huston Dodsworth ! Sam Dodsworth Dodsworth Powell ! William Powell Park ! Godfrey Park My Man Godfrey Tracy ! Spencer Tracy Mullin ! Father Tim Mullin San Francisco 1937 ( 10th ) Tracy ! Spencer Tracy Manuel Fidello Captains Courageous Boyer ! Charles Boyer Bonaparte ! Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte Conquest March ! Fredric March Maine ! Norman Maine Star ! A Star Is Born Montgomery ! Robert Montgomery Danny Night Must Fall Muni ! Paul Muni Zola ! Émile Zola Life ! The Life of Emile Zola 1938 ( 11th ) Tracy ! Spencer Tracy Flanagan ! Father Flanagan Boys Town Boyer ! Charles Boyer Pepe le Moko Algiers Cagney ! James Cagney Sullivan ! Rocky Sullivan Angels with Dirty Faces Donat ! Robert Donat Manson ! Dr. Andrew Manson Citadel ! The Citadel Howard ! Leslie Howard Higgins ! Professor Henry Higgins Pygmalion 1939 ( 12th ) Donat ! Robert Donat Charles Edward Chipping Goodbye , Mr. Chips Gable ! Clark Gable Butler ! Rhett Butler Gone with the Wind Olivier ! Laurence Olivier Heathcliff Wuthering Heights Rooney ! Mickey Rooney Moran ! Mickey Moran Babes in Arms Stewart ! James Stewart Smith ! Jefferson Smith Mr. Smith Goes to Washington 1940 ( 13th ) Stewart ! James Stewart Macaulay `` Mike '' Connor Philadelphia ! The Philadelphia Story Chaplin ! Charlie Chaplin Hynkel ! Adenoid Hynkel / The Barber Great ! The Great Dictator Fonda ! Henry Fonda Joad ! Tom Joad Grapes ! The Grapes of Wrath Massey ! Raymond Massey Lincoln ! Abraham Lincoln Abe ! Abe Lincoln in Illinois Olivier ! Laurence Olivier de Winter ! Maximilian `` Maxim '' de Winter Rebecca 1941 ( 14th ) Cooper ! Gary Cooper Sgt . Alvin York Sergeant York Grant ! Cary Grant Adams ! Roger Adams Penny Serenade Huston ! Walter Huston Scratch ! Mr. Scratch All That Money Can Buy Montgomery ! Robert Montgomery Pendleton ! Joe Pendleton Here Comes Mr. Jordan Welles ! Orson Welles Kane ! Charles Foster Kane Citizen Kane 1942 ( 15th ) Cagney ! James Cagney Cohan ! George M. Cohan Yankee Doodle Dandy Colman ! Ronald Colman Rainer ! Charles Rainier Random Harvest Cooper ! Gary Cooper Gehrig ! Lou Gehrig Pride ! The Pride of the Yankees Pidgeon ! Walter Pidgeon Miniver ! Clem Miniver Mrs. Miniver Woolley ! Monty Woolley Howard Pied ! The Pied Piper 1943 ( 16th ) Lukas ! Paul Lukas Muller ! Kurt Muller Watch on the Rhine Bogart ! Humphrey Bogart Blaine ! Rick Blaine Casablanca Cooper ! Gary Cooper Jordan ! Robert Jordan For Whom the Bell Tolls Pidgeon ! Walter Pidgeon Curie ! Pierre Curie Madame Curie Rooney ! Mickey Rooney Macauley ! Homer Macauley Human ! The Human Comedy 1944 ( 17th ) Crosby ! Bing Crosby O'Malley ! Father Chuck O'Malley Going My Way Boyer ! Charles Boyer Anton ! Gregory Anton Gaslight Fitzgerald ! Barry Fitzgerald Fitzgibbon ! Father Fitzgibbon Going My Way Grant ! Cary Grant Mott ! Ernie Mott None but the Lonely Heart Knox ! Alexander Knox Wilson ! Woodrow Wilson Wilson 1945 ( 18th ) Milland ! Ray Milland Birnam ! Don Birnam Lost ! The Lost Weekend Crosby ! Bing Crosby O'Malley ! Father Chuck O'Malley Bells ! The Bells of St. Mary 's Kelly ! Gene Kelly Brady ! Joseph Brady Anchors Aweigh Peck ! Gregory Peck Francis ! Father Francis Keys ! The Keys of the Kingdom Wilde ! Cornel Wilde Chopin ! Frédéric Chopin Song ! A Song to Remember 1946 ( 19th ) March ! Fredric March Stephenson ! Al Stephenson Best ! The Best Years of Our Lives Olivier ! Laurence Olivier Henry ! King Henry V of England Henry V Parks ! Larry Parks Jolson ! Al Jolson Jolson ! The Jolson Story Peck ! Gregory Peck Baxter ! Ezra `` Penny '' Baxter Yearling ! The Yearling Stewart ! James Stewart Bailey ! George Bailey It 's a Wonderful Life 1947 ( 20th ) Colman ! Ronald Colman John ! Anthony John Double ! A Double Life Garfield ! John Garfield Davis ! Charlie Davis Body and Soul Peck ! Gregory Peck Green ! Philip Schuyler Green Gentleman 's Agreement Powell ! William Powell Day ! Clarence Day , Sr . Life with Father Redgrave ! Michael Redgrave Mannon ! Orin Mannon Mourning Becomes Electra 1948 ( 21st ) Olivier ! Laurence Olivier Hamlet , Prince of Denmark Hamlet Ayres ! Lew Ayres Richardson ! Dr. Robert Richardson Johnny Belinda Clift ! Montgomery Clift Stevenson ! Ralph `` Steve '' Stevenson Search ! The Search Dailey ! Dan Dailey Johnson ! `` Skid '' Johnson When My Baby Smiles at Me Webb ! Clifton Webb Belevedre ! Lynn Aloysius Belvedere Sitting Pretty 1949 ( 22nd ) Crawford ! Broderick Crawford Willie Stark All the King 's Men Douglas ! Kirk Douglas Kelly ! Michael `` Midge '' Kelly Champion Peck ! Gregory Peck Savage ! Brig . General Frank Savage Twelve O'Clock High Todd ! Richard Todd MacLachlan ! Cpl . Lachlan `` Lachie '' MacLachlan Hasty ! The Hasty Heart Wayne ! John Wayne Stryker ! Sergeant John M. Stryker Sands of Iwo Jima 1950 ( 23rd ) Ferrer ! José Ferrer de Bergerac ! Cyrano de Bergerac Cyrano de Bergerac Calhern ! Louis Calhern Holmes ! Oliver Wendell Holmes Magnificent ! The Magnificent Yankee Holden ! William Holden Gillis ! Joe Gillis Sunset Boulevard Stewart ! James Stewart Dowd ! Elwood P. Dowd Harvey Tracy ! Spencer Tracy Banks ! Stanley T. Banks Father of the Bride 1951 ( 24th ) Bogart ! Humphrey Bogart Allnut ! Charlie Allnut African ! The African Queen Brando ! Marlon Brando Kowalski ! Stanley Kowalski Streetcar ! A Streetcar Named Desire Clift ! Montgomery Clift Eastman ! George Eastman Place ! A Place in the Sun Kennedy ! Arthur Kennedy Nevins ! Larry Nevins Bright Victory March ! Fredric March Loman ! Willy Loman Death of a Salesman 1952 ( 25th ) Cooper ! Gary Cooper Kane ! Marshal Will Kane High Noon Brando ! Marlon Brando Zapata ! Emiliano Zapata Viva Zapata ! Douglas ! Kirk Douglas Shields ! Jonathan Shields Bad ! The Bad and the Beautiful Ferrer ! José Ferrer Henri de Toulouse - Lautrec Comte Alphonse de Toulouse - Lautrec Moulin Rouge Guinness ! Alec Guinness name ! Holland Lavender ! The Lavender Hill Mob 1953 ( 26th ) Holden ! William Holden Sefton ! Sgt . J.J. Sefton Stalag 17 Brando ! Marlon Brando Antony ! Mark Antony Julius Caesar Burton ! Richard Burton Gallio ! Marcellus Gallio Robe ! The Robe Clift ! Montgomery Clift Prewitt ! Pvt . Robert E. Lee `` Prew '' Prewitt From Here to Eternity Lancaster ! Burt Lancaster Warden ! 1st Sgt . Milton Warden 1954 ( 27th ) Brando ! Marlon Brando Terry Malloy On the Waterfront Bogart ! Humphrey Bogart Queeg ! Lt. Cmdr . Philip Francis Queeg Caine ! The Caine Mutiny Crosby ! Bing Crosby Elgin ! Frank Elgin Country ! The Country Girl Mason ! James Mason Maine ! Norman Maine Star ! A Star Is Born O'Herlihy ! Dan O'Herlihy Crusoe ! Robinson Crusoe Adventures of Robinson Crusoe 1955 ( 28th ) Borgnine ! Ernest Borgnine Piletti ! Marty Piletti Marty Cagney ! James Cagney Snyder ! Martin Snyder Love Me or Leave Me Dean ! James Dean * Trask ! Cal Trask East of Eden Sinatra ! Frank Sinatra Machine ! Frankie Machine Man ! The Man with the Golden Arm Tracy ! Spencer Tracy Macreedy ! John J. Macreedy Bad Day at Black Rock 1956 ( 29th ) Brynner ! Yul Brynner Mongkut ! King Mongkut of Siam King ! The King and I Dean ! James Dean * Rink ! Jett Rink Giant Douglas ! Kirk Douglas van Gogh ! Vincent van Gogh Lust for Life Hudson ! Rock Hudson Benedict ! Jordan `` Bick '' Benedict Jr . Giant Olivier ! Laurence Olivier Richard ! King Richard III of England Richard III 1957 ( 30th ) Guinness ! Alec Guinness Nicholson ! Lt. Colonel L. Nicholson , D.S.O. Bridge ! The Bridge on the River Kwai Brando ! Marlon Brando Gruver ! Major Lloyd `` Ace '' Gruver , USAF Sayonara Franciosa ! Anthony Franciosa Pope ! Polo Pope Hateful ! A Hatful of Rain Laughton ! Charles Laughton Robarts ! Sir Wilfrid Robarts Witness for the Prosecution Quinn ! Anthony Quinn Gino Wild Is the Wind 1958 ( 31st ) Niven ! David Niven Pollock ! Major Angus Pollock Separate Tables Curtis ! Tony Curtis Jackson ! John `` Joker '' Jackson Defiant ! The Defiant Ones Newman ! Paul Newman Pollitt ! Brick Pollitt Cat on a Hot Tin Roof Poitier ! Sidney Poitier Noah ! Noah Cullen Defiant ! The Defiant Ones Tracy ! Spencer Tracy Old ! The Old Man Old ! The Old Man and the Sea 1959 ( 32nd ) Heston ! Charlton Heston Ben Hur ! Judah Ben - Hur Ben - Hur Harvey ! Laurence Harvey Lampton ! Joe Lampton Room at the Top Lemmon ! Jack Lemmon Jerry / Daphne Some Like It Hot Muni ! Paul Muni Abelman ! Dr. Sam Abelman Last ! The Last Angry Man Stewart ! James Stewart Biegler ! Paul Biegler Anatomy of a Murder 1960 ( 33rd ) Lancaster ! Burt Lancaster Gantry ! Elmer Gantry Elmer Gantry Howard ! Trevor Howard Morel ! Walter Morel Sons and Lovers Lemmon ! Jack Lemmon Baxter ! C.C. `` Bud '' Baxter Apartment ! The Apartment Olivier ! Laurence Olivier Rice ! Archie Rice Entertainer ! The Entertainer Tracy ! Spencer Tracy Drummond ! Henry Drummond Inherit the Wind 1961 ( 34th ) Schell ! Maximilian Schell Rolfe ! Hans Rolfe Judgment at Nuremberg Boyer ! Charles Boyer Cesar Fanny Newman ! Paul Newman Felson ! Eddie Felson Hustler ! The Hustler Tracy ! Spencer Tracy Haywood ! Chief Judge Dan Haywood Judgment at Nuremberg Whitman ! Stuart Whitman Fuller ! Jim Fuller Mark ! The Mark 1962 ( 35th ) Peck ! Gregory Peck Finch ! Atticus Finch To Kill a Mockingbird Lancaster ! Burt Lancaster Stroud ! Robert Franklin Stroud Birdman of Alcatraz Lemmon ! Jack Lemmon Clay ! Joe Clay Days of Wine and Roses Mastroianni ! Marcello Mastroianni Cefalù ! Ferdinando Cefalù Divorce Italian Style O'Toole ! Peter O'Toole Lawrence ! T.E. Lawrence Lawrence of Arabia 1963 ( 36th ) Poitier ! Sidney Poitier Smith ! Homer Smith Lilies of the Field Finney ! Albert Finney Jones ! Tom Jones Tom Jones Harris ! Richard Harris Machin ! Frank Machin This Sporting Life Harrison ! Rex Harrison Caesar ! Julius Caesar Cleopatra Newman ! Paul Newman Bannon ! Hud Bannon Hud 1964 ( 37th ) Harrison ! Rex Harrison Higgins ! Professor Henry Higgins My Fair Lady Burton ! Richard Burton Becket ! Thomas Becket Becket O'Toole ! Peter O'Toole Henry ! King Henry II of England Quinn ! Anthony Quinn Zorba ! Alexis Zorba Zorba the Greek Sellers ! Peter Sellers Mandrake ! Group Captain Lionel Mandrake President Merkin Muffley Dr. Strangelove Dr. Strangelove 1965 ( 38th ) Marvin ! Lee Marvin Shelleen ! Kid Shelleen Tim Strawn Cat Ballou Burton ! Richard Burton Leamas ! Alec Leamas Spy ! The Spy Who Came in from the Cold Olivier ! Laurence Olivier Othello Othello Steiger ! Rod Steiger Nazerman ! Sol Nazerman Pawnbroker ! The Pawnbroker Werner ! Oskar Werner Schumann ! Willie Schumann Ship of Fools 1966 ( 39th ) Scofield ! Paul Scofield More ! Sir Thomas More Man ! A Man for All Seasons Arkin ! Alan Arkin Bozanov ! Lt. Rozanov Russians ! The Russians Are Coming , the Russians Are Coming Burton ! Richard Burton George Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? Caine ! Michael Caine Elkins ! Alfie Elkins Alfie McQueen ! Steve McQueen Holman ! Jake Holman Sand ! The Sand Pebbles 1967 ( 40th ) Steiger ! Rod Steiger Police Chief Bill Gillespie In the Heat of the Night Beatty ! Warren Beatty Barrow ! Clyde Barrow Bonnie and Clyde Hoffman ! Dustin Hoffman Braddock ! Benjamin Braddock Graduate ! The Graduate Newman ! Paul Newman Jackson ! Lucas `` Cool Hand Luke '' Jackson Cool Hand Luke Tracy ! Spencer Tracy * Drayton ! Matt Drayton Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner 1968 ( 41st ) Robertson ! Cliff Robertson Gordon ! Charly Gordon Charly Arkin ! Alan Arkin Singer ! John Singer Heart ! The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter Bates ! Alan Bates Bok ! Yakov Bok Fixer ! The Fixer Moody ! Ron Moody Fagin Oliver ! O'Toole ! Peter O'Toole Henry ! King Henry II of England Lion ! The Lion in Winter 1969 ( 42nd ) Wayne ! John Wayne Cogburn ! Reuben `` Rooster '' Cogburn True Grit Burton ! Richard Burton Henry ! King Henry VIII of England Anne of the Thousand Days Hoffman ! Dustin Hoffman Rizzo ! Enrico Salvatore `` Ratso '' `` Rico '' Rizzo Midnight Cowboy O'Toole ! Peter O'Toole Chipping ! Arthur Chipping Goodbye , Mr. Chips Voight ! Jon Voight Buck ! Joe Buck Midnight Cowboy 1970 ( 43rd ) Scott ! George C. Scott § Patton ! General George S. Patton Jr . Patton Douglas ! Melvyn Douglas Garrison ! Tom Garrison I Never Sang for My Father Jones ! James Earl Jones Jefferson ! Jack Jefferson Great ! The Great White Hope Nicholson ! Jack Nicholson Dupea ! Robert Eroica Dupea Five Easy Pieces O'Neal ! Ryan O'Neal Barrett ! Oliver Barrett IV Love Story 1971 ( 44th ) Hackman ! Gene Hackman Doyle ! Detective Jimmy `` Popeye '' Doyle French ! The French Connection Finch ! Peter Finch Hirsh ! Dr. Daniel Hirsh Sunday Bloody Sunday Matthau ! Walter Matthau Kotcher ! Joseph P. Kotcher Kotch Scott ! George C. Scott Bock ! Dr. Herbert Bock Hospital ! The Hospital Topol Tevye ! Tevye Fiddler on the Roof 1972 ( 45th ) Brando ! Marlon Brando § Corleone ! Vito Corleone Godfather ! The Godfather Caine ! Michael Caine Tindle ! Milo Tindle Sleuth Olivier ! Laurence Olivier Wyke ! Andrew Wyke O'Toole ! Peter O'Toole Gurney ! Jack Gurney , 14th Earl of Gurney Ruling ! The Ruling Class Winfield ! Paul Winfield Morgan ! Nathan Lee Morgan Sounder 1973 ( 46th ) Lemmon ! Jack Lemmon Stoner ! Harry Stoner Save the Tiger Brando ! Marlon Brando Paul Last Tango in Paris Nicholson ! Jack Nicholson Signalman First Class Billy L. `` Badass '' Buddusky Last ! The Last Detail Pacino ! Al Pacino Serpico ! Frank Serpico Serpico Redford ! Robert Redford Hooker ! Johnny `` Kelly '' Hooker Sting ! The Sting ( 47th ) Carney ! Art Carney Coombes ! Harry Coombes Harry and Tonto Finney ! Albert Finney Poirot ! Hercule Poirot Murder on the Orient Express Hoffman ! Dustin Hoffman Bruce ! Lenny Bruce Lenny Nicholson ! Jack Nicholson Gittes ! J.J. `` Jake '' Gittes Chinatown Pacino ! Al Pacino Corleone ! Michael Corleone Godfather ! The Godfather Part II ( 48th ) Nicholson ! Jack Nicholson McMurphy ! Randle Patrick `` Mac '' McMurphy One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest Matthau ! Walter Matthau Clark ! Willy Clark Sunshine ! The Sunshine Boys Pacino ! Al Pacino Wortzik ! Sonny Wortzik Dog Day Afternoon Schell ! Maximilian Schell Goldman ! Arthur Goldman Man ! The Man in the Glass Booth Whitmore ! James Whitmore Truman ! Harry S. Truman Give ' em Hell , Harry ! 1976 ( 49th ) Finch ! Peter Finch ^ Beale ! Howard Beale Network De Niro ! Robert De Niro Bickle ! Travis Bickle Taxi Driver Giannini ! Giancarlo Giannini Frafuso ! Pasqualino Frafuso Seven Beauties Holden ! William Holden Schumacher ! Max Schumacher Network Stallone ! Sylvester Stallone Balboa ! Rocky Balboa Rocky 1977 ( 50th ) Dreyfuss ! Richard Dreyfuss Garfield ! Elliot Garfield Goodbye ! The Goodbye Girl Allen ! Woody Allen Singer ! Alvy Singer Annie Hall Burton ! Richard Burton Dysart ! Martin Dysart Equus Mastroianni ! Marcello Mastroianni Gabriele Special ! A Special Day Travolta ! John Travolta Manero ! Anthony `` Tony '' Manero Saturday Night Fever 1978 ( 51st ) Voight ! Jon Voight Martin ! Luke Martin Coming Home Beatty ! Warren Beatty Pendleton ! Joe Pendleton Heaven Can Wait Busey ! Gary Busey Holly ! Buddy Holly Buddy ! The Buddy Holly Story De Niro ! Robert De Niro Vronsky ! Michael Vronsky Deer ! The Deer Hunter Olivier ! Laurence Olivier Lieberman ! Ezra Lieberman Boys ! The Boys from Brazil 1979 ( 52nd ) Hoffman ! Dustin Hoffman Kramer ! Ted Kramer Kramer vs. Kramer Lemmon ! Jack Lemmon Godell ! Jack Godell China ! The China Syndrome Pacino ! Al Pacino Kirkland ! Arthur Kirkland And ! ... And Justice for All Scheider ! Roy Scheider Gideon ! Joe Gideon All That Jazz Sellers ! Peter Sellers Chance the Gardener , aka Chauncey Gardiner Being There 1980 ( 53rd ) De Niro ! Robert De Niro LaMotta ! Jake LaMotta Raging Bull Duvall ! Robert Duvall Meechum ! Lieutenant Colonel Wilbur `` Bull '' Meechum Great ! The Great Santini Hurt ! John Hurt Merrick ! John Merrick Elephant ! The Elephant Man Lemmon ! Jack Lemmon Templeton ! Scottie Templeton Tribute O'Toole ! Peter O'Toole Cross ! Eli Cross Stunt ! The Stunt Man 1981 ( 54th ) Fonda ! Henry Fonda Thayer ! Norman Thayer Jr . On Golden Pond Beatty ! Warren Beatty Reed ! John Silas `` Jack '' Reed Reds Lancaster ! Burt Lancaster Pascal ! Lou Pascal Atlantic City Moore ! Dudley Moore Bach ! Arthur Bach Arthur Newman ! Paul Newman Gallagher ! Michael Colin Gallagher Absence of Malice 1982 ( 55th ) Kingsley ! Ben Kingsley Gandhi ! Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi Gandhi Hoffman ! Dustin Hoffman Dorsey ! Michael Dorsey , aka Dorothy Michaels Tootsie Lemmon ! Jack Lemmon Horman ! Ed Horman Missing Newman ! Paul Newman Galvin ! Frank Galvin Verdict ! The Verdict O'Toole ! Peter O'Toole Swann ! Alan Swann My Favorite Year ( 56th ) Duvall ! Robert Duvall Sledge ! Mac Sledge Tender Mercies Caine ! Michael Caine Bryant ! Dr. Frank Bryant Educating Rita Conti ! Tom Conti McGland ! Gowan McGland Reuben , Reuben Courtenay ! Tom Courtenay Norman The Dresser Finney ! Albert Finney Sir 1984 ( 57th ) Abraham ! F. Murray Abraham Salieri ! Antonio Salieri Amadeus Bridges ! Jeff Bridges Starman Starman Finney ! Albert Finney Firmin ! Geoffrey Firmin Under the Volcano Hulce ! Tom Hulce Amadeus ! Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Amadeus Waterston ! Sam Waterston Schanberg ! Sydney Schanberg Killing ! The Killing Fields 1985 ( 58th ) Hurt ! William Hurt Molina ! Luis Molina Kiss of the Spider Woman Ford ! Harrison Ford Book ! Detective Captain John Book Witness Garner ! James Garner Jones ! Murphy Jones Murphy 's Romance Nicholson ! Jack Nicholson Partanna ! Charley Partanna Prizzi 's Honor Voight ! Jon Voight Manheim ! Oscar `` Manny '' Manheim Runaway Train 1986 ( 59th ) Newman ! Paul Newman Felson ! Fast Eddie Felson Color ! The Color of Money Gordon ! Dexter Gordon Turner ! Dale Turner Round Midnight Hoskins ! Bob Hoskins George Mona Lisa Hurt ! William Hurt Leeds ! James Leeds Children of a Lesser God Woods ! James Woods Boyle ! Richard Boyle Salvador ( 60th ) Douglas ! Michael Douglas Gekko ! Gordon Gekko Wall Street Hurt ! William Hurt Grunick ! Tom Grunick Broadcast News Mastroianni ! Marcello Mastroianni Romano Dark Eyes Nicholson ! Jack Nicholson Phelan ! Francis Phelan Ironweed Williams ! Robin Williams Cronauer ! Adrian Cronauer Good Morning , Vietnam 1988 ( 61st ) Hoffman ! Dustin Hoffman Babbitt ! Raymond Babbitt Rain Man Hackman ! Gene Hackman Anderson ! Agent Rupert Anderson Mississippi Burning Hanks ! Tom Hanks Baskin ! Josh Baskin Big Olmos ! Edward James Olmos Escalante ! Jaime Escalante Stand and Deliver von Sydow ! Max von Sydow Lassefar Pelle the Conqueror 1989 ( 62nd ) Day - Lewis ! Daniel Day - Lewis Brown ! Christy Brown My Left Foot Branagh ! Kenneth Branagh Henry ! King Henry V of England Henry V Cruise ! Tom Cruise Kovic ! Ron Kovic Born on the Fourth of July Freeman ! Morgan Freeman Colburn ! Hoke Colburn Driving Miss Daisy Williams ! Robin Williams Keating ! John Charles `` Keats '' Keating Dead Poets Society 1990 ( 63rd ) Irons ! Jeremy Irons Claus von Bülow Reversal of Fortune Costner ! Kevin Costner Dunbar ! Lieutenant John J. Dunbar Dances with Wolves De Niro ! Robert De Niro Lowe ! Leonard Lowe Awakenings Depardieu ! Gérard Depardieu de Bergerac ! Cyrano de Bergerac Cyrano de Bergerac Harris ! Richard Harris McCage ! `` Bull '' McCabe Field ! The Field 1991 ( 64th ) Hopkins ! Anthony Hopkins Dr. Hannibal Lecter Silence ! The Silence of the Lambs Beatty ! Warren Beatty Siegel ! Benjamin `` Bugsy '' Siegel Bugsy De Niro ! Robert De Niro Cady ! Maximilian `` Max '' Cady Cape Fear Nolte ! Nick Nolte Wingo ! Tom Wingo Prince ! The Prince of Tides Williams ! Robin Williams Sagan ! Henry `` Parry '' Sagan Fisher ! The Fisher King 1992 ( 65th ) Pacino ! Al Pacino Slade ! Lieutenant Colonel Frank Slade Scent of a Woman Downey Jr . ! Robert Downey Jr . Chaplin ! Charlie Chaplin Chaplin Eastwood ! Clint Eastwood Munny ! William `` Will '' Munny Unforgiven Rea ! Stephen Rea Fergus Crying ! The Crying Game Washington ! Denzel Washington Malcolm X Malcolm X 1993 ( 66th ) Hanks ! Tom Hanks Beckett ! Andrew Beckett Philadelphia Day - Lewis ! Daniel Day - Lewis Conlon ! Gerry Conlon In the Name of the Father Fishburne ! Laurence Fishburne Turner ! Ike Turner What 's Love Got to Do with It Hopkins ! Anthony Hopkins Stevens ! James Stevens Remains ! The Remains of the Day Neeson ! Liam Neeson Schindler ! Oskar Schindler Schindler 's List 1994 ( 67th ) Hanks ! Tom Hanks Gump ! Forrest Gump Forrest Gump Freeman ! Morgan Freeman Redding ! Ellis Boyd `` Red '' Redding Shawshank ! The Shawshank Redemption Hawthorne ! Nigel Hawthorne George ! King George III Madness ! The Madness of King George Newman ! Paul Newman Sullivan ! Donald `` Sully '' Sullivan Nobody 's Fool Travolta ! John Travolta Vega ! Vincent Vega Pulp Fiction 1995 ( 68th ) Cage ! Nicolas Cage Sanderson ! Ben Sanderson Leaving Las Vegas Dreyfuss ! Richard Dreyfuss Holland ! Glenn Holland Mr. Holland 's Opus Hopkins ! Anthony Hopkins Nixon ! Richard Nixon Nixon Penn ! Sean Penn Poncelet ! Matthew Poncelet Dead Man Walking Troisi ! Massimo Troisi * Ruoppolo ! Mario Ruoppolo Il Postino ( 69th ) Rush ! Geoffrey Rush Helfgott ! David Helfgott Shine Cruise ! Tom Cruise Maguire ! Jerry Maguire Jerry Maguire Fiennes ! Ralph Fiennes de Almásy ! Count László de Almásy English ! The English Patient Harrelson ! Woody Harrelson Flynt ! Larry Flynt People ! The People vs. Larry Flynt Thornton ! Billy Bob Thornton Childers ! Karl Childers Sling Blade 1997 ( 70th ) Nicholson ! Jack Nicholson Udall ! Melvin Udall As Good as It Gets Damon ! Matt Damon Hunting ! Will Hunting Good Will Hunting Duvall ! Robert Duvall Dewey ! Euliss `` Sonny '' Dewey Apostle ! The Apostle Fonda ! Peter Fonda Jackson ! Ulysses `` Ulee '' Jackson Ulee 's Gold Hoffman ! Dustin Hoffman Motss ! Stanley Motss Wag the Dog 1998 ( 71st ) Benigni ! Roberto Benigni Orefice ! Guido Orefice Life Is Beautiful Hanks ! Tom Hanks Miller ! Captain John Miller Saving Private Ryan McKellen ! Ian McKellen Whale ! James Whale Gods and Monsters Nolte ! Nick Nolte Whitehouse ! Wade Whitehouse Affliction Norton ! Edward Norton Winyard ! Derek Vinyard American History X 1999 ( 72nd ) Spacey ! Kevin Spacey Burnham ! Lester Burnham American Beauty Crowe ! Russell Crowe Wingand ! Jeffrey Wigand Insider ! The Insider Farnsworth ! Richard Farnsworth Straight ! Alvin Straight Straight ! The Straight Story Penn ! Sean Penn Ray ! Emmet Ray Sweet and Lowdown Washington ! Denzel Washington Carter ! Rubin `` The Hurricane '' Carter Hurricne ! The Hurricane 2000 ( 73rd ) Crowe ! Russell Crowe Meridius ! Maximus Decimus Meridius Gladiator Bardem ! Javier Bardem Arenas ! Reinaldo Arenas Before Night Falls Hanks ! Tom Hanks Noland ! Chuck Noland Cast Away Harris ! Ed Harris Pollock ! Jackson Pollock Pollock Rush ! Geoffrey Rush de Sade ! The Marquis de Sade Quills 2001 ( 74th ) Washington ! Denzel Washington Harris ! Detective Alonzo Harris Training Day Crowe ! Russell Crowe Nash ! John Forbes Nash Jr . Beautiful ! A Beautiful Mind Penn ! Sean Penn Dawson ! Sam Dawson I Am Sam Smith ! Will Smith Ali ! Muhammad Ali Ali Wilkinson ! Tom Wilkinson Fowler ! Dr. Matt Fowler In the Bedroom 2002 ( 75th ) Brody ! Adrien Brody Szpilman ! Władysław Szpilman Pianist ! The Pianist Cage ! Nicolas Cage Kaufman ! Charlie Kaufman Donald Kaufman Adaptation Caine ! Michael Caine Fowler ! Thomas Fowler Quiet ! The Quiet American Day - Lewis ! Daniel Day - Lewis Cutting ! William `` Bill the Butcher '' Cutting Gangs of New York Nicholson ! Jack Nicholson Schmidt ! Warren R. Schmidt About Schmidt 2003 ( 76th ) Penn ! Sean Penn Markum ! Jimmy Markum Mystic River Depp ! Johnny Depp Sparrow ! Captain Jack Sparrow Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl Kingsley ! Ben Kingsley Behrani ! Massoud Amir Behrani House of Sand and Fog Law ! Jude Law Inman ! W.P. Inman Cold Mountain Murray ! Bill Murray Harris ! Bob Harris Lost in Translation ( 77th ) Foxx ! Jamie Foxx Charles ! Ray Charles Ray Cheadle ! Don Cheadle Rusesabagina ! Paul Rusesabagina Hotel Rwanda Depp ! Johnny Depp Barrie ! J.M. Barrie Finding Neverland DiCaprio ! Leonardo DiCaprio Hughes ! Howard Hughes Aviator ! The Aviator Eastwood ! Clint Eastwood Dunn ! Frankie Dunn Million Dollar Baby 2005 ( 78th ) Hoffman ! Philip Seymour Hoffman Capote ! Truman Capote Capote Howard ! Terrence Howard Djay Hustle & Flow Ledger ! Heath Ledger de Mar ! Ennis Del Mar Brokeback Mountain Phoenix ! Joaquin Phoenix Cash ! Johnny Cash Walk the Line Strathairn ! David Strathairn Murrow ! Edward R. Murrow Good Night , and Good Luck 2006 ( 79th ) Whitaker ! Forest Whitaker Amin ! Idi Amin Last ! The Last King of Scotland DiCaprio ! Leonardo DiCaprio Archer ! Danny Archer Blood Diamond Gosling ! Ryan Gosling Dunne ! Dan Dunne Half Nelson O'Toole ! Peter O'Toole Maurice ! Maurice Venus Smith ! Will Smith Gardner ! Chris Gardner Pursuit ! The Pursuit of Happyness 2007 ( 80th ) Day - Lewis ! Daniel Day - Lewis Plainview ! Daniel Plainview There Will Be Blood Clooney ! George Clooney Clayton ! Michael Clayton Michael Clayton Depp ! Johnny Depp Barker ! Sweeney Todd / Benjamin Barker Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street Jones ! Tommy Lee Jones Deerfield ! Hank Deerfield In the Valley of Elah Mortensen ! Viggo Mortensen Luzhin ! Nikolai Luzhin Eastern Promises 2008 ( 81st ) Penn ! Sean Penn Milk ! Harvey Milk Milk Jenkins ! Richard Jenkins Vale ! Walter Vale Visitor ! The Visitor Langella ! Frank Langella Nixon ! Richard Nixon Frost / Nixon Pitt ! Brad Pitt Button ! Benjamin Button Curious ! The Curious Case of Benjamin Button Rourke ! Mickey Rourke Robinson ! Randy `` The Ram '' Robinson Wrestler ! The Wrestler 2009 ( 82nd ) Bridges ! Jeff Bridges Blake ! Otis `` Bad '' Blake Crazy Heart Clooney ! George Clooney Bingham ! Ryan Bingham Up in the Air Firth ! Colin Firth Falconer ! George Falconer Single ! A Single Man Freeman ! Morgan Freeman Mandela ! Nelson Mandela Invictus Renner ! Jeremy Renner James ! SFC William James Hurt ! The Hurt Locker ( 83rd ) Firth ! Colin Firth George ! King George VI King 's ! The King 's Speech Bardem ! Javier Bardem Uxbal Biutiful ! Biutiful Bridges ! Jeff Bridges Cogburn ! Reuben `` Rooster '' Cogburn True Grit Eisenberg ! Jesse Eisenberg Zuckerburg ! Mark Zuckerberg Social ! The Social Network Franco ! James Franco Ralston ! Aron Ralston 127 Hours 2011 ( 84th ) Dujardin ! Jean Dujardin Valentin ! George Valentin Artist ! The Artist Bichir ! Demián Bichir Galindo ! Carlos Galindo Better ! A Better Life Clooney ! George Clooney King ! Matthew King Descendants ! The Descendants Oldman ! Gary Oldman Smiley ! George Smiley Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy Pitt ! Brad Pitt Beane ! Billy Beane Moneyball 2012 ( 85th ) Day - Lewis ! Daniel Day - Lewis Lincoln ! Abraham Lincoln Lincoln Cooper ! Bradley Cooper Solitano ! Patrizio `` Pat '' Solitano , Jr . Silver Linings Playbook Jackman ! Hugh Jackman Valjean ! Jean Valjean Les Misérables Phoenix ! Joaquin Phoenix Quell ! Freddie Quell Master ! The Master Washington ! Denzel Washington Whitaker ! William `` Whip '' Whitaker , Sr . Flight 2013 ( 86th ) McConaughey ! Matthew McConaughey Woodruff ! Ron Woodroof Dallas Buyers Club Bale ! Christian Bale Rosenfeld ! Irving Rosenfeld American Hustle Dern ! Bruce Dern Grant ! Woodrow `` Woody '' Grant Nebraska DiCaprio ! Leonardo DiCaprio Belfort ! Jordan Belfort Wolf ! The Wolf of Wall Street Ejiofor ! Chiwetel Ejiofor Northup ! Solomon Northup 12 Years a Slave 2014 ( 87th ) Redmayne ! Eddie Redmayne Hawking ! Stephen Hawking Theory ! The Theory of Everything Carell ! Steve Carell du Pont ! John du Pont Foxcatcher Cooper ! Bradley Cooper Kyle ! Chris Kyle American Sniper Cumberbatch ! Benedict Cumberbatch Turing ! Alan Turing Imitation ! The Imitation Game Keaton ! Michael Keaton Thomson ! Riggan Thomson Birdman 2015 ( 88th ) DiCaprio ! Leonardo DiCaprio Glass ! Hugh Glass The Revenant Cranston ! Bryan Cranston Trumbo ! Dalton Trumbo Trumbo ! Trumbo Damon ! Matt Damon Watney ! Mark Watney Martian ! The Martian Fassbender ! Michael Fassbender Jobs ! Steve Jobs Steve Jobs Redmayne ! Eddie Redmayne Elbe ! Lili Elbe Danish ! The Danish Girl 2016 ( 89th ) Affleck ! Casey Affleck Chandler ! Lee Chandler Manchester by the Sea Garfield ! Andrew Garfield Doss ! Desmond Doss Hacksaw Ridge Gosling ! Ryan Gosling Wilder ! Sebastian Wilder La La Land Mortensen ! Viggo Mortensen Cash ! Ben Cash Captain Fantastic Washington ! Denzel Washington Maxson ! Troy Maxson Fences Multiple wins and nominations ( edit ) The following individuals received two or more Best Actor awards : Wins Actor Daniel Day - Lewis Marlon Brando Gary Cooper Tom Hanks Dustin Hoffman Fredric March Jack Nicholson Sean Penn Spencer Tracy The following individuals received four or more Best Actor nominations : Nominations Actor 9 Laurence Olivier Spencer Tracy 8 Paul Newman Jack Nicholson Peter O'Toole 7 Marlon Brando Dustin Hoffman Jack Lemmon 6 Richard Burton 5 Gary Cooper Daniel Day - Lewis Robert De Niro Tom Hanks Fredric March Paul Muni Al Pacino Gregory Peck Sean Penn James Stewart Denzel Washington Warren Beatty Charles Boyer Michael Caine Leonardo DiCaprio Albert Finney Burt Lancaster Age superlatives ( edit ) Record Actor Film Age ( in years ) Ref . Oldest winner Henry Fonda On Golden Pond 76 Oldest nominee Richard Farnsworth The Straight Story 79 Youngest winner Adrien Brody The Pianist 29 Youngest nominee Jackie Cooper Skippy 9 See also ( edit ) All Academy Award acting nominees Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Actor Independent Spirit Award for Best Male Lead BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role Notes ( edit ) A ^ : According to longstanding Hollywood legend , reported by Susan Orlean , Rin Tin Tin actually received the most Best Actor votes , but the Academy ( not wishing to give the first award to a dog ) refactored the votes to ensure that Jannings won . B : Rules at the time of the first three ceremonies allowed for a performer to receive a single nomination which could honor their work in more than one film . George Arliss , Maurice Chevalier , and Ronald Colman were all nominated for two different roles in the same category . Current Academy rules forbid this from happening . No official reason was ever given as to why Arliss won the award for only one of the two films he was listed for . C : Fredric March received one more vote than Wallace Beery . Academy rules at that time considered such a close margin to be a tie , so both March and Beery received the award . Under current Academy rules , however , dual awards are given only for exact ties . D ^ : Paul Muni 's performance in Black Fury was not nominated for an Oscar . For two years only , the Academy allowed a write - in vote . Technically , this meant that any performance was eligible for the award . The decision was made the previous year in response to the controversy surrounding Bette Davis 's failure to receive a nomination for Of Human Bondage . Muni came 2nd in the vote ; however , the Academy does not recognize Davis or Muni as nominees in these years . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Rule One : Award Definitions '' ( PDF ) . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . p. 1 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 21 , 2014 . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rule Six : Special Rules for the Acting Awards '' ( PDF ) . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . p. 8 - 7 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 21 , 2014 . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Levy 2003 , p. 56 Jump up ^ Dirks , Tim . `` 1929 -- 38 Academy Awards Winners and History '' . Filmsite . Rainbow Media . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2016 . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Crouse 2005 , p. 257 ^ Jump up to : Levy 2003 , p. 52 ^ Jump up to : Osborne 2013 , p. 423 Jump up ^ Crouse 2005 , p. 177 Jump up ^ Patel , Tara ( February 27 , 2012 ) . `` ' The Artist ' Wins Top Oscar Honors in Bow to Silent Film '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on August 28 , 2012 . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 1st Academy Awards ( 1929 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 2nd Academy Awards Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 3rd Academy Awards ( 1930 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2016 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 4th Academy Awards ( 1931 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2016 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 5th Academy Awards ( 1932 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 6th Academy Awards ( 1933 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 7th Academy Awards ( 1935 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2016 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 8th Academy Awards ( 1936 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2014 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 9th Academy Awards ( 1937 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2016 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 10th Academy Awards ( 1938 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2016 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 11th Academy Awards ( 1939 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2016 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 12th Academy Awards ( 1940 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2017 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 13th Academy Awards ( 1941 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2016 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 14th Academy Awards ( 1942 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 15th Academy Awards ( 1943 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 16th Academy Awards ( 1944 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2016 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 17th Academy Awards ( 1945 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2016 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 18th Academy Awards ( 1946 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 19th Academy Awards ( 1947 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 20th Academy Awards ( 1948 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2016 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 21st Academy Awards ( 1949 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2014 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 22nd Academy Awards ( 1950 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 23rd Academy Awards ( 1951 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2017 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 24th Academy Awards ( 1952 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 25th Academy Awards ( 1953 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2014 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 26th Academy Awards ( 1954 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 27th Academy Awards ( 1955 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2014 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 28th Academy Awards ( 1956 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2014 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Thise 2008 , p. 235 Jump up ^ `` The 29th Academy Awards ( 1957 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 30th Academy Awards ( 1958 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 31st Academy Awards ( 1959 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 32nd Academy Awards ( 1960 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2016 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 33rd Academy Awards ( 1961 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 34th Academy Awards ( 1962 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 35th Academy Awards ( 1963 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2016 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 36th Academy Awards ( 1964 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 37th Academy Awards ( 1965 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 38th Academy Awards ( 1966 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 39th Academy Awards ( 1967 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 40th Academy Awards ( 1968 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 41st Academy Awards ( 1969 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 42nd Academy Awards ( 1970 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Thise 2008 , p. 236 Jump up ^ `` The 43rd Academy Awards ( 1971 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 44th Academy Awards ( 1972 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 45th Academy Awards ( 1973 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 46th Academy Awards ( 1974 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 47th Academy Awards ( 1975 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 48th Academy Awards ( 1976 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 49th Academy Awards ( 1977 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 50th Academy Awards ( 1978 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 51st Academy Awards ( 1979 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 52nd Academy Awards ( 1980 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 53rd Academy Awards ( 1980 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 54th Academy Awards ( 1982 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 55th Academy Awards ( 1983 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2012 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 56th Academy Awards ( 1984 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 57th Academy Awards ( 1985 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 58th Academy Awards ( 1986 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 59th Academy Awards ( 1987 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 60th Academy Awards ( 1988 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 61st Academy Awards ( 1989 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 62nd Academy Awards ( 1990 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 63rd Academy Awards ( 1991 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 64th Academy Awards ( 1992 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 65th Academy Awards ( 1993 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 66th Academy Awards ( 1994 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 67th Academy Awards ( 1995 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 68th Academy Awards ( 1996 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 69th Academy Awards ( 1997 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 70th Academy Awards ( 1998 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 71st Academy Awards ( 1999 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 72nd Academy Awards ( 2000 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 73rd Academy Awards ( 2001 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 74th Academy Awards ( 2002 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 75th Academy Awards ( 2003 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 76th Academy Awards ( 2004 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 77th Academy Awards ( 2005 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 78th Academy Awards ( 2006 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2014 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 79th Academy Awards ( 2007 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 80th Academy Awards ( 2008 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 81st Academy Awards ( 2009 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2014 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 82nd Academy Awards ( 2010 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2012 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 83rd Academy Awards ( 2011 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2011 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 84th Academy Awards ( 2012 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2014 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 85th Academy Awards ( 2013 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2014 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 86th Academy Awards ( 2014 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2014 . Retrieved April 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 87th Academy Awards ( 2015 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2015 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 88th Academy Awards ( 2016 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2016 . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 89th Academy Awards ( 2017 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oldest / Youngest Acting Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2009 . Retrieved September 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Orlean , Susan ( August 29 , 2011 ) . `` The Dog Star '' . The New Yorker . Condé Nast . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2015 . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Xan . `` Award posthumous Oscar to dog star Rin Tin Tin , says biographer '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2015 . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Orlean 2011 , pp. 88 -- 89 Jump up ^ Rooney , David ( November 25 , 2003 ) . `` On the double - bubble '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Levy 2003 , p. 116 Jump up ^ Wiley & Bona 1996 , p. 1002 Jump up ^ Wiley & Bona 1996 , p. 1045 Jump up ^ Levy 2003 , p. 51 Jump up ^ Wiley & Bona 1996 , p. 65 Bibliography ( edit ) Crouse , Richard ( 2005 ) . Reel Winners : Movie Award Trivia . Toronto , Ontario , Canada : University of Toronto Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55002 - 574 - 3 . Levy , Emanuel ( 2003 ) , All About Oscar : The History and Politics of the Academy Awards , New York , United States : Continuum International Publishing Group , ISBN 978 - 0 - 82641 - 452 - 6 Orlean , Susan ( 2011 ) . Rin Tin Tin : The Life and the Legend . New York , United States : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 1 - 43919 - 015 - 9 . Osborne , Robert ( 2013 ) . 85 Years of the Oscar : The Complete History of the Academy Awards . New York , United States : Abbeville Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 078921 - 142 - 2 . Thise , Mark ( 2008 ) , Hollywood Winners & Loseres A to Z , New York , United States : Limelight Editions , ISBN 978 - 0 - 87910 - 351 - 4 Wiley , Mason ; Bona , Damien ( 1996 ) , Inside Oscar : The Unofficial History of the Academy Awards ( 5 ed . ) , New York , United States : Ballantine Books , ISBN 978 - 0 - 34540 - 053 - 6 , OCLC 779680732 External links ( edit ) Oscars.org ( official Academy site ) The Academy Awards Database ( official site ) Oscar.com ( official ceremony promotional site ) Complete Downloadable List of Academy Award Nominees Academy Awards Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) Records Most wins per ceremony Oscar season Governors Awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting Pre-show Awards of Merit Best Picture Director Actor Actress Supporting Actor Supporting Actress Adapted Screenplay Original Screenplay Animated Feature Documentary Feature Foreign Language Film Animated Short Film Documentary Short Subject Live Action Short Film Cinematography Costume Design Film Editing Makeup and Hairstyling Original Score Original Song Original Musical Production Design Sound Editing Sound Mixing Visual Effects Special awards Governors Awards Academy Honorary Award Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award Academy Scientific and Technical Awards Academy Award of Merit ( non-competitive ) Scientific and Engineering Award Technical Achievement Award John A. Bonner Medal of Commendation Gordon E. Sawyer Award Student Awards Student Academy Award Former awards Merit Awards Assistant Director Dance Direction Director of a Comedy Picture Engineering Effects Short Subject , Two - reel Short Subject , Comedy Short Subject , Novelty Story Title Writing Unique and Artistic Quality of Production Special Awards Academy Juvenile Award Special Achievement Academy Award Ceremonies ‡ ( List Book ) 1927 / 28 1928 / 29 1929 / 30 1930 / 31 1931 / 32 1932 / 33 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Footnotes ‡ Dates and years listed for each ceremony were the eligibility period of film release in Los Angeles County , California . For the first five ceremonies , the eligibility period was from August to July . For the 6th ceremony held in 1934 , the eligibility period lasted from August 1 , 1932 to December 31 , 1933 . Since the 7th ceremony held in 1935 , the period of eligibility became the full previous calendar year from January 1 to December 31 . Book Category Portal Academy Awards lists Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) Records Oscar season Oscar speech History of film Most wins per ceremony Combined major Oscars Superlatives Big Five All four acting categories Combined major awards Academy , Emmy , Grammy , and Tony Award careers Acting All nominees Best Actor ( by age ) Best Actress ( by age ) Best Supporting Actor ( by age ) Best Supporting Actress ( by age ) Acting noms in foreign language Actor multi-nom years Multi-Best Picture acting careers Multi-win Actors Multi-nom Actors Love curse Directing Best Director ( by age ) Multi-win Directors Film Films Best Picture milestones Foreign - language wins Foreign - language nominees Foreign - language noms in other categories Foreign - language : count by country Animated feature noms in other categories Ethnicity African Argentine Asian Australian Black Brazilian British Canadian Chilean Colombian Cuban French German - speaking Greek Hispanic - American ( U.S. ) Indian Iranian Italian Jewish Latin American Mexican New Zealand Nordic Pakistani Polish Puerto Rican Spanish Uruguayan Other Ceremonies Families Fictitious LGBT Multi-win years Posthumous Best Picture Presenters Trophy displays Oldest & Youngest Awards for Walt Disney Book Category Portal Academy Award for Best Actor 1928 -- 1950 Emil Jannings ( 1928 ) Warner Baxter ( 1929 ) George Arliss ( 1930 ) Lionel Barrymore ( 1931 ) Fredric March / Wallace Beery ( 1932 ) Charles Laughton ( 1933 ) Clark Gable ( 1934 ) Victor McLaglen ( 1935 ) Paul Muni ( 1936 ) Spencer Tracy ( 1937 ) Spencer Tracy ( 1938 ) Robert Donat ( 1939 ) James Stewart ( 1940 ) Gary Cooper ( 1941 ) James Cagney ( 1942 ) Paul Lukas ( 1943 ) Bing Crosby ( 1944 ) Ray Milland ( 1945 ) Fredric March ( 1946 ) Ronald Colman ( 1947 ) Laurence Olivier ( 1948 ) Broderick Crawford ( 1949 ) José Ferrer ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 Humphrey Bogart ( 1951 ) Gary Cooper ( 1952 ) William Holden ( 1953 ) Marlon Brando ( 1954 ) Ernest Borgnine ( 1955 ) Yul Brynner ( 1956 ) Alec Guinness ( 1957 ) David Niven ( 1958 ) Charlton Heston ( 1959 ) Burt Lancaster ( 1960 ) Maximilian Schell ( 1961 ) Gregory Peck ( 1962 ) Sidney Poitier ( 1963 ) Rex Harrison ( 1964 ) Lee Marvin ( 1965 ) Paul Scofield ( 1966 ) Rod Steiger ( 1967 ) Cliff Robertson ( 1968 ) John Wayne ( 1969 ) George C. Scott ( 1970 ) Gene Hackman ( 1971 ) Marlon Brando ( 1972 ) Jack Lemmon ( 1973 ) Art Carney ( 1974 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Peter Finch ( 1976 ) Richard Dreyfuss ( 1977 ) Jon Voight ( 1978 ) Dustin Hoffman ( 1979 ) Robert De Niro ( 1980 ) Henry Fonda ( 1981 ) Ben Kingsley ( 1982 ) Robert Duvall ( 1983 ) F. Murray Abraham ( 1984 ) William Hurt ( 1985 ) Paul Newman ( 1986 ) Michael Douglas ( 1987 ) Dustin Hoffman ( 1988 ) Daniel Day - Lewis ( 1989 ) Jeremy Irons ( 1990 ) Anthony Hopkins ( 1991 ) Al Pacino ( 1992 ) Tom Hanks ( 1993 ) Tom Hanks ( 1994 ) Nicolas Cage ( 1995 ) Geoffrey Rush ( 1996 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1997 ) Roberto Benigni ( 1998 ) Kevin Spacey ( 1999 ) Russell Crowe ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Denzel Washington ( 2001 ) Adrien Brody ( 2002 ) Sean Penn ( 2003 ) Jamie Foxx ( 2004 ) Philip Seymour Hoffman ( 2005 ) Forest Whitaker ( 2006 ) Daniel Day - Lewis ( 2007 ) Sean Penn ( 2008 ) Jeff Bridges ( 2009 ) Colin Firth ( 2010 ) Jean Dujardin ( 2011 ) Daniel Day - Lewis ( 2012 ) Matthew McConaughey ( 2013 ) Eddie Redmayne ( 2014 ) Leonardo DiCaprio ( 2015 ) Casey Affleck ( 2016 ) refused award that year Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy_Award_for_Best_Actor&oldid=806164583 '' Categories : Academy Awards Best Actor Academy Award winners Film awards for lead actor Hidden categories : Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Boarisch Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Македонски مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 October 2017 , at 03 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was the last person to win the best actor oscar for two years running	[]	[]
-8807286293843811786	History of psychology	History of psychology - wikipedia History of psychology Jump to : navigation , search For the journal , see History of Psychology ( journal ) . Part of a series on Psychology Outline History Subfields Basic types ( hide ) Abnormal Behavioral genetics Biological Cognitive / Cognitivism Comparative Cross-cultural Cultural Differential Developmental Evolutionary Experimental Mathematical Neuropsychology Personality Positive Quantitative Social Applied psychology ( hide ) Applied behavior analysis Clinical Community Consumer Counseling Critical Educational Environmental Ergonomics Forensic Health Humanistic Industrial and organizational Legal Medical Military Music Occupational health Political Religion School Sport Traffic Lists ( hide ) Disciplines Organizations Psychologists Psychotherapies Publications Research methods Theories Timeline Topics Psychology portal Today , psychology is defined as `` the scientific study of behavior and mental processes . '' Philosophical interest in the mind and behavior dates back to the ancient civilizations of Egypt , Persia , Greece , China , and India . For a condensed overview , see the Timeline of Psychology article . The history of psychology as a scholarly study of the mind and behavior dates back to the Ancient Greeks . There is also evidence of psychological thought in ancient Egypt . Psychology was a branch of philosophy until the 1870s , when it developed as an independent scientific discipline in Germany and the United States . Psychology borders on various other fields including physiology , neuroscience , artificial intelligence , sociology , anthropology , as well as philosophy and other components of the humanities . Psychology as a self - conscious field of experimental study began in 1879 , when Wilhelm Wundt founded the first laboratory dedicated exclusively to psychological research in Leipzig , Germany . Wundt was also the first person to refer to himself as a psychologist . Other important early contributors to the field include Hermann Ebbinghaus ( a pioneer in the study of memory ) , William James ( the American father of pragmatism ) , and Ivan Pavlov ( who developed the procedures associated with classical conditioning ) . Soon after the development of experimental psychology , various kinds of applied psychology appeared . G. Stanley Hall brought scientific pedagogy to the United States from Germany in the early 1880s . John Dewey 's educational theory of the 1890s was another example . Also in the 1890s , Hugo Münsterberg began writing about the application of psychology to industry , law , and other fields . Lightner Witmer established the first psychological clinic in the 1890s . James McKeen Cattell adapted Francis Galton 's anthropometric methods to generate the first program of mental testing in the 1890s . In Vienna , meanwhile , Sigmund Freud developed an independent approach to the study of the mind called psychoanalysis , which has been widely influential . The 20th century saw a reaction to Edward Titchener 's critique of Wundt 's empiricism . This contributed to the formulation of behaviorism by John B. Watson , which was popularized by B.F. Skinner . Behaviorism proposed emphasizing the study of overt behavior , because that could be quantified and easily measured . Early behaviorists considered study of the `` mind '' too vague for productive scientific study . However , Skinner and his colleagues did study thinking as a form of covert behavior to which they could apply the same principles as overt ( publicly observable ) behavior . The final decades of the 20th century saw the rise of cognitive science , an interdisciplinary approach to studying the human mind . Cognitive science again considers the `` mind '' as a subject for investigation , using the tools of evolutionary psychology , linguistics , computer science , philosophy , behaviorism , and neurobiology . This form of investigation has proposed that a wide understanding of the human mind is possible , and that such an understanding may be applied to other research domains , such as artificial intelligence . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early psychological thought 2 Beginnings of modern psychology 2.1 Etymology and early usage of word 2.2 Enlightenment psychological thought 2.3 Transition to contemporary psychology 3 Emergence of German experimental psychology 4 Psychoanalysis 5 Early American 6 Early French 7 Early British 8 Second generation German 8.1 Würzburg School 8.2 Gestalt psychology 9 Emergence of behaviorism in America 10 Second generation francophone 10.1 Genevan School 11 Cognitivism 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 Scholarly journals 16 External links 16.1 Scholarly societies and associations 16.2 Internet resources 16.2. 1 E-textbooks 16.2. 2 Collections of primary source texts 16.2. 3 Collections of secondary scholarship on the history of psychology 16.2. 4 Websites of physical archives 16.2. 5 Multimedia resources Early psychological thought ( edit ) Further information : Philosophy of mind Many cultures throughout history have speculated on the nature of the mind , heart , soul , spirit , brain , etc . For instance , in Ancient Egypt , the Edwin Smith Papyrus contains an early description of the brain , and some speculations on its functions ( though in a medical / surgical context ) . Though other medical documents of ancient times were full of incantations and applications meant to turn away disease - causing demons and other superstition , the Edwin Smith Papyrus gives remedies to almost 50 conditions and only two contain incantations to ward off evil . Ancient Greek philosophers , from Thales ( fl. 550 BC ) through even to the Roman period , developed an elaborate theory of what they termed the psuchẽ ( from which the first half of `` psychology '' is derived ) , as well as other `` psychological '' terms -- nous , thumos , logistikon , etc . The most influential of these are the accounts of Plato ( especially in the Republic ) , Pythagoras and of Aristotle ( esp . Peri Psyches , better known under its Latin title , De Anima ) . Hellenistic philosophers ( viz. , the Stoics and Epicurians ) diverged from the Classical Greek tradition in several important ways , especially in their concern with questions of the physiological basis of the mind . The Roman physician Galen addressed these issues most elaborately and influentially of all . The Greek tradition influenced some Christian and Islamic thought on the topic . In the Judeo - Christian tradition , the Manual of Discipline ( from the Dead Sea Scrolls , ca . 21 BC -- 61 AD ) notes the division of human nature into two temperaments or opposing spirits of either veracity or perversity Walter M Freeman proposes that Thomism is the philosophical system explaining cognition that is most compatible with neurodynamics , in a 2008 article in the journal Mind and Matter entitled `` Nonlinear Brain Dynamics and Intention According to Aquinas . '' In Asia , China had a long history of administering tests of ability as part of its education system . In the 6th century AD , Lin Xie carried out an early experiment , in which he asked people to draw a square with one hand and at the same time draw a circle with the other ( ostensibly to test people 's vulnerability to distraction ) . Some have claimed that this is the first psychology experiment , and , therefore , the beginnings of psychology as an experimental science . India , too , had an elaborate theory of `` the self '' in its Vedanta philosophical writings . Medieval Muslim physicians also developed practices to treat patients suffering from a variety of `` diseases of the mind '' . Ahmed ibn Sahl al - Balkhi ( 850 -- 934 ) was among the first , in this tradition , to discuss disorders related to both the body and the mind , arguing that `` if the nafs ( psyche ) gets sick , the body may also find no joy in life and may eventually develop a physical illness . '' Al - Balkhi recognized that the body and the soul can be healthy or sick , or `` balanced or imbalanced '' . He wrote that imbalance of the body can result in fever , headaches and other bodily illnesses , while imbalance of the soul can result in anger , anxiety , sadness and other nafs - related symptoms . He recognized two types of what we now call depression : one caused by known reasons such as loss or failure , which can be treated psychologically ; and the other caused by unknown reasons possibly caused by physiological reasons , which can be treated through physical medicine . The scientist Ibn al - Haytham ( Alhazen ) carried out experiments in visual perception and the other senses , including variations in sensitivity , sensation of touch , perception of colors , perception of darkness , the psychological explanation of the moon illusion , and binocular vision . Al - Biruni also employed such experimental methods in examining reaction time . Avicenna , similarly , did early work in the treatment of nafs - related illnesses , and developed a system for associating changes in the pulse rate with inner feelings . Avicenna also described phenomena we now recognize as neuropsychiatric conditions , including hallucination , insomnia , mania , nightmare , melancholia , dementia , epilepsy , paralysis , stroke , vertigo and tremor . Other medieval thinkers who discussed issues related to psychology included : Ibn Sirin , who wrote a book on dreams and dream interpretation ; Al - Kindi ( Alkindus ) , who developed forms of music therapy Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al - Tabari , who developed al - ' ilaj al - nafs ( sometimes translated as `` psychotherapy '' ) , Al - Farabi ( Alpharabius ) , who discussed subjects related to social psychology and consciousness studies ; Ali ibn Abbas al - Majusi ( Haly Abbas ) , described neuroanatomy and neurophysiology ; Abu al - Qasim al - Zahrawi ( Abulcasis ) , described neurosurgery ; Abū Rayhān al - Bīrūnī , who described reaction time ; Ibn Tufail , who anticipated the tabula rasa argument and nature versus nurture debate . Ibn Zuhr ( Avenzoar ) described disorders similar to meningitis , intracranial thrombophlebitis , and mediastinal germ cell tumors ; Averroes attributed photoreceptor properties to the retina ; and Maimonides described rabies and belladonna intoxication . Witelo is considered a precursor of perception psychology . His Perspectiva contains much material in psychology , outlining views that are close to modern notions on the association of ideas and on the subconscious . Beginnings of modern psychology ( edit ) Many of the Ancients ' writings would have been lost had it not been for the efforts of the Christian , Jewish and Persian translators in the House of Wisdom , the House of Knowledge , and other such institutions in the Islamic Golden Age , whose glosses and commentaries were later translated into Latin in the 12th century . However , it is not clear how these sources first came to be used during the Renaissance , and their influence on what would later emerge as the discipline of psychology is a topic of scholarly debate . Etymology and early usage of word ( edit ) The first use of the term `` psychology '' is often attributed to the German scholastic philosopher Rudolf Göckel ( 1547 -- 1628 , often known under the Latin form Rodolphus Goclenius ) , who published the Psychologia hoc est : de hominis perfectione , animo et imprimis ortu hujus ... in Marburg in 1590 . However , the term seems to have been used more than six decades earlier by the Croatian humanist Marko Marulić ( 1450 -- 1524 ) in the title of his Latin treatise , Psichiologia de ratione animae humanae . Although the treatise itself has not been preserved , its title appears in a list of Marulic 's works compiled by his younger contemporary , Franjo Bozicevic - Natalis in his `` Vita Marci Maruli Spalatensis '' ( Krstić , 1964 ) . The term did not come into popular usage until the German Rationalist philosopher , Christian Wolff ( 1679 -- 1754 ) used it in his works Psychologia empirica ( 1732 ) and Psychologia rationalis ( 1734 ) . This distinction between empirical and rational psychology was picked up in Denis Diderot 's ( 1713 -- 1780 ) and Jean le Rond d'Alembert 's ( 1717 -- 1783 ) Encyclopédie ( 1751 -- 1784 ) and was popularized in France by Maine de Biran ( 1766 -- 1824 ) . In England , the term `` psychology '' overtook `` mental philosophy '' in the middle of the 19th century , especially in the work of William Hamilton ( 1788 -- 1856 ) . Enlightenment psychological thought ( edit ) Early psychology was regarded as the study of the soul ( in the Christian sense of the term ) . The modern philosophical form of psychology was heavily influenced by the works of René Descartes ( 1596 -- 1650 ) , and the debates that he generated , of which the most relevant were the objections to his Meditations on First Philosophy ( 1641 ) , published with the text . Also important to the later development of psychology were his Passions of the Soul ( 1649 ) and Treatise on Man ( completed in 1632 but , along with the rest of The World , withheld from publication after Descartes heard of the Catholic Church 's condemnation of Galileo ; it was eventually published posthumously , in 1664 ) . Although not educated as a physician , Descartes did extensive anatomical studies of bulls ' hearts and was considered important enough that William Harvey responded to him . Descartes was one of the first to endorse Harvey 's model of the circulation of the blood , but disagreed with his metaphysical framework to explain it . Descartes dissected animals and human cadavers and as a result was familiar with the research on the flow of blood leading to the conclusion that the body is a complex device that is capable of moving without the soul , thus contradicting the `` Doctrine of the Soul '' . The emergence of psychology as a medical discipline was given a major boost by Thomas Willis , not only in his reference to psychology ( the `` Doctrine of the Soul '' ) in terms of brain function , but through his detailed 1672 anatomical work , and his treatise De anima brutorum quae hominis vitalis ac sentitiva est : exercitationes duae ( `` Two Discourses on the Souls of Brutes '' -- meaning `` beasts '' ) . However , Willis acknowledged the influence of Descartes 's rival , Pierre Gassendi , as an inspiration for his work . The philosophers of the British Empiricist and Associationist schools had a profound impact on the later course of experimental psychology . John Locke 's An Essay Concerning Human Understanding ( 1689 ) , George Berkeley 's Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge ( 1710 ) , and David Hume 's A Treatise of Human Nature ( 1739 -- 1740 ) were particularly influential , as were David Hartley 's Observations on Man ( 1749 ) and John Stuart Mill 's A System of Logic . ( 1843 ) . Also notable was the work of some Continental Rationalist philosophers , especially Baruch Spinoza 's ( 1632 -- 1677 ) On the Improvement of the Understanding ( 1662 ) and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz 's ( 1646 -- 1716 ) New Essays on Human Understanding ( completed 1705 , published 1765 ) . Also was an important contribution Friedrich August Rauch 's ( 1806 -- 1841 ) book Psychology : Or , A View of the Human Soul ; Including Anthropology ( 1840 ) , the first English exposition of Hegelian philosophy for an American audience . The Danish philosopher Søren Kierkegaard also influenced the humanistic , existential , and modern psychological schools with his works The Concept of Anxiety ( 1844 ) and The Sickness Unto Death ( 1849 ) . Transition to Contemporary psychology ( edit ) Also influential on the emerging discipline of psychology were debates surrounding the efficacy of Mesmerism ( a precursor to hypnosis ) and the value of phrenology . The former was developed in the 1770s by Austrian physician Franz Mesmer ( 1734 -- 1815 ) who claimed to use the power of gravity , and later of `` animal magnetism '' , to cure various physical and mental ills . As Mesmer and his treatment became increasingly fashionable in both Vienna and Paris , it also began to come under the scrutiny of suspicious officials . In 1784 , an investigation was commissioned in Paris by King Louis XVI which included American ambassador Benjamin Franklin , chemist Antoine Lavoisier and physician Joseph - Ignace Guillotin ( later the popularizer of the guillotine ) . They concluded that Mesmer 's method was useless . Abbé Faria , an Indo - Portuguese priest , revived public attention in animal magnetism . Unlike Mesmer , Faria claimed that the effect was ' generated from within the mind ' by the power of expectancy and cooperation of the patient . Although disputed , the `` magnetic '' tradition continued among Mesmer 's students and others , resurfacing in England in the 19th century in the work of the physician John Elliotson ( 1791 -- 1868 ) , and the surgeons James Esdaile ( 1808 -- 1859 ) , and James Braid ( 1795 -- 1860 ) ( who reconceptualized it as property of the subject 's mind rather than a `` power '' of the Mesmerist 's , and relabeled it `` hypnotism '' ) . Mesmerism also continued to have a strong social ( if not medical ) following in England through the 19th century ( see Winter , 1998 ) . Faria 's approach was significantly extended by the clinical and theoretical work of Ambroise - Auguste Liébeault and Hippolyte Bernheim of the Nancy School . Faria 's theoretical position , and the subsequent experiences of those in the Nancy School made significant contributions to the later autosuggestion techniques of Émile Coué . It was adopted for the treatment of hysteria by the director of Paris 's Salpêtrière Hospital , Jean - Martin Charcot ( 1825 -- 1893 ) . Phrenology began as `` organology '' , a theory of brain structure developed by the German physician , Franz Joseph Gall ( 1758 -- 1828 ) . Gall argued that the brain is divided into a large number of functional `` organs '' , each responsible for particular human mental abilities and dispositions -- hope , love , spirituality , greed , language , the abilities to detect the size , form , and color of objects , etc . He argued that the larger each of these organs are , the greater the power of the corresponding mental trait . Further , he argued that one could detect the sizes of the organs in a given individual by feeling the surface of that person 's skull . Gall 's ultra-localizationist position with respect to the brain was soon attacked , most notably by French anatomist Pierre Flourens ( 1794 -- 1867 ) , who conducted ablation studies ( on chickens ) which purported to demonstrate little or no cerebral localization of function . Although Gall had been a serious ( if misguided ) researcher , his theory was taken by his assistant , Johann Gaspar Spurzheim ( 1776 -- 1832 ) , and developed into the profitable , popular enterprise of phrenology , which soon spawned , especially in Britain , a thriving industry of independent practitioners . In the hands of Scottish religious leader George Combe ( 1788 -- 1858 ) ( whose book The Constitution of Man was one of the best - sellers of the century ) , phrenology became strongly associated with political reform movements and egalitarian principles ( see , e.g. , Shapin , 1975 ; but also see van Wyhe , 2004 ) . Phrenology soon spread to America as well , where itinerant practical phrenologists assessed the mental well - being of willing customers ( see Sokal , 2001 ) . Emergence of German experimental psychology ( edit ) Until the middle of the 19th century , psychology was widely regarded as a branch of philosophy . Whether it could become an independent scientific discipline was questioned already earlier on : Immanuel Kant ( 1724 -- 1804 ) declared in his Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science ( 1786 ) that psychology might perhaps never become a `` proper '' natural science because its phenomena can not be quantified , among other reasons . Kant proposed an alternative conception of an empirical investigation of human thought , feeling , desire , and action , and lectured on these topics for over twenty years ( 1772 / 73 - 1795 / 96 ) . His Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View ( 1798 ) , which resulted from these lectures , looks like an empirical psychology in many respects . Johann Friedrich Herbart ( 1776 -- 1841 ) took issue with what he viewed as Kant 's conclusion and attempted to develop a mathematical basis for a scientific psychology . Although he was unable to empirically realize the terms of his psychological theory , his efforts did lead scientists such as Ernst Heinrich Weber ( 1795 -- 18 78 ) and Gustav Theodor Fechner ( 1801 -- 1887 ) to attempt to measure the mathematical relationships between the physical magnitudes of external stimuli and the psychological intensities of the resulting sensations . Fechner ( 1860 ) is the originator of the term psychophysics . Meanwhile , individual differences in reaction time had become a critical issue in the field of astronomy , under the name of the `` personal equation '' . Early researches by Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel ( 1784 -- 1846 ) in Königsberg and Adolf Hirsch led to the development of a highly precise chronoscope by Matthäus Hipp that , in turn , was based on a design by Charles Wheatstone for a device that measured the speed of artillery shells ( Edgell & Symes , 1906 ) . Other timing instruments were borrowed from physiology ( e.g. , Carl Ludwig 's kymograph ) and adapted for use by the Utrecht ophthalmologist Franciscus Donders ( 1818 -- 1899 ) and his student Johan Jacob de Jaager in measuring the duration of simple mental decisions . The 19th century was also the period in which physiology , including neurophysiology , professionalized and saw some of its most significant discoveries . Among its leaders were Charles Bell ( 1774 -- 1843 ) and François Magendie ( 1783 -- 1855 ) who independently discovered the distinction between sensory and motor nerves in the spinal column , Johannes Müller ( 1801 -- 1855 ) who proposed the doctrine of specific nerve energies , Emil du Bois - Reymond ( 1818 -- 1896 ) who studied the electrical basis of muscle contraction , Pierre Paul Broca ( 1824 -- 1880 ) and Carl Wernicke ( 1848 -- 1905 ) who identified areas of the brain responsible for different aspects of language , as well as Gustav Fritsch ( 1837 -- 1927 ) , Eduard Hitzig ( 1839 -- 1907 ) , and David Ferrier ( 1843 -- 1924 ) who localized sensory and motor areas of the brain . One of the principal founders of experimental physiology , Hermann Helmholtz ( 1821 -- 1894 ) , conducted studies of a wide range of topics that would later be of interest to psychologists -- the speed of neural transmission , the natures of sound and color , and of our perceptions of them , etc . In the 1860s , while he held a position in Heidelberg , Helmholtz engaged as an assistant a young M.D. named Wilhelm Wundt . Wundt employed the equipment of the physiology laboratory -- chronoscope , kymograph , and various peripheral devices -- to address more complicated psychological questions than had , until then , been investigated experimentally . In particular he was interested in the nature of apperception -- the point at which a perception occupies the central focus of conscious awareness . In 1874 Wundt took up a professorship in Zürich , where he published his landmark textbook , Grundzüge der physiologischen Psychologie ( Principles of Physiological Psychology , 1874 ) . Moving to a more prestigious professorship in Leipzig in 1875 , Wundt founded a laboratory specifically dedicated to original research in experimental psychology in 1879 , the first laboratory of its kind in the world . In 1883 , he launched a journal in which to publish the results of his , and his students ' , research , Philosophische Studien ( Philosophical Studies ) ( For more on Wundt , see , e.g. , Bringmann & Tweney , 1980 ; Rieber & Robinson , 2001 ) . Wundt attracted a large number of students not only from Germany , but also from abroad . Among his most influential American students were G. Stanley Hall ( who had already obtained a PhD from Harvard under the supervision of William James ) , James McKeen Cattell ( who was Wundt 's first assistant ) , and Frank Angell ( who founded laboratories at both Cornell and Stanford ) . The most influential British student was Edward Bradford Titchener ( who later became professor at Cornell ) . Experimental psychology laboratories were soon also established at Berlin by Carl Stumpf ( 1848 -- 1936 ) and at Göttingen by Georg Elias Müller ( 1850 -- 1934 ) . Another major German experimental psychologist of the era , though he did not direct his own research institute , was Hermann Ebbinghaus ( 1850 -- 1909 ) . Psychoanalysis ( edit ) Experimentation was not the only approach to psychology in the German - speaking world at this time . Starting in the 1890s , employing the case study technique , the Viennese physician Sigmund Freud developed and applied the methods of hypnosis , free association , and dream interpretation to reveal putatively unconscious beliefs and desires that he argued were the underlying causes of his patients ' `` hysteria . '' He dubbed this approach psychoanalysis . Freudian psychoanalysis is particularly notable for the emphasis it places on the course of an individual 's sexual development in pathogenesis . Psychoanalytic concepts have had a strong and lasting influence on Western culture , particularly on the arts . Although its scientific contribution is still a matter of debate , both Freudian and Jungian psychology revealed the existence of compartmentalized thinking , in which some behavior and thoughts are hidden from consciousness -- yet operative as part of the complete personality . Hidden agendas , a bad conscience , or a sense of guilt , are examples of the existence of mental processes in which the individual is not conscious , through choice or lack of understanding , of some aspects of their personality and subsequent behavior . Psychoanalysis examines mental processes which affect the ego . An understanding of these theoretically allows the individual greater choice and consciousness with a healing effect in neurosis and occasionally in psychosis , both of which Richard von Krafft - Ebing defined as `` diseases of the personality '' . Carl G. Jung was an associate of Freud 's who later broke with him over Freud 's emphasis on sexuality . Working with concepts of the unconscious first noted during the 1800s ( by John Stuart Mill , Krafft - Ebing , Pierre Janet , Théodore Flournoy and others ) , Jung defined four mental functions which relate to and define the ego , the conscious self : Sensation , which tell consciousness that something is there . Feelings , which consist of value judgments , and motivate our reaction to what we have sensed . Intellect , an analytic function that compares the sensed event to all known others and gives it a class and category , allowing us to understand a situation within a historical process , personal or public . And intuition , a mental function with access to deep behavioral patterns , being able to suggest unexpected solutions or predict unforeseen consequences , `` as if seeing around corners '' as Jung put it . Jung insisted on an empirical psychology on which theories must be based on facts and not on the psychologist 's projections or expectations . Early American ( edit ) Around 1875 the Harvard physiology instructor ( as he then was ) , William James , opened a small experimental psychology demonstration laboratory for use with his courses . The laboratory was never used , at that time , for original research , and so controversy remains as to whether it is to be regarded as the `` first '' experimental psychology laboratory or not . In 1878 , James gave a series of lectures at Johns Hopkins University entitled `` The Senses and the Brain and their Relation to Thought '' in which he argued , contra Thomas Henry Huxley , that consciousness is not epiphenomenal , but must have an evolutionary function , or it would not have been naturally selected in humans . The same year James was contracted by Henry Holt to write a textbook on the `` new '' experimental psychology . If he had written it quickly , it would have been the first English - language textbook on the topic . It was twelve years , however , before his two - volume The Principles of Psychology would be published . In the meantime textbooks were published by George Trumbull Ladd of Yale ( 1887 ) and James Mark Baldwin then of Lake Forest College ( 1889 ) . In 1879 Charles Sanders Peirce was hired as a philosophy instructor at Johns Hopkins University . Although better known for his astronomical and philosophical work , Peirce also conducted what are perhaps the first American psychology experiments , on the subject of color vision , published in 1877 in the American Journal of Science ( see Cadwallader , 1974 ) . Peirce and his student Joseph Jastrow published `` On Small Differences in Sensation '' in the Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences , in 1884 . In 1882 , Peirce was joined at Johns Hopkins by G. Stanley Hall , who opened the first American research laboratory devoted to experimental psychology in 1883 . Peirce was forced out of his position by scandal and Hall was awarded the only professorship in philosophy at Johns Hopkins . In 1887 Hall founded the American Journal of Psychology , which published work primarily emanating from his own laboratory . In 1888 Hall left his Johns Hopkins professorship for the presidency of the newly founded Clark University , where he remained for the rest of his career . Soon , experimental psychology laboratories were opened at the University of Pennsylvania ( in 1887 , by James McKeen Cattell ) , Indiana University ( 1888 , William Lowe Bryan ) , the University of Wisconsin ( 1888 , Joseph Jastrow ) , Clark University ( 1889 , Edmund Sanford ) , the McLean Asylum ( 1889 , William Noyes ) , and the University of Nebraska ( 1889 , Harry Kirke Wolfe ) . However , it was Princeton University 's Eno Hall , built in 1924 , that became the first university building in the United States to be devoted entirely to experimental psychology when it became the home of the university 's Department of Psychology . In 1890 , William James ' The Principles of Psychology finally appeared , and rapidly became the most influential textbook in the history of American psychology . It laid many of the foundations for the sorts of questions that American psychologists would focus on for years to come . The book 's chapters on consciousness , emotion , and habit were particularly agenda - setting . One of those who felt the impact of James ' Principles was John Dewey , then professor of philosophy at the University of Michigan . With his junior colleagues , James Hayden Tufts ( who founded the psychology laboratory at Michigan ) and George Herbert Mead , and his student James Rowland Angell , this group began to reformulate psychology , focusing more strongly on the social environment and on the activity of mind and behavior than the psychophysics - inspired physiological psychology of Wundt and his followers had heretofore . Tufts left Michigan for another junior position at the newly founded University of Chicago in 1892 . A year later , the senior philosopher at Chicago , Charles Strong , resigned , and Tufts recommended to Chicago president William Rainey Harper that Dewey be offered the position . After initial reluctance , Dewey was hired in 1894 . Dewey soon filled out the department with his Michigan companions Mead and Angell . These four formed the core of the Chicago School of psychology . In 1892 , G. Stanley Hall invited 30 - some psychologists and philosophers to a meeting at Clark with the purpose of founding a new American Psychological Association ( APA ) . ( On the history of the APA , see Evans , Staudt Sexton , & Cadwallader , 1992 . ) The first annual meeting of the APA was held later that year , hosted by George Stuart Fullerton at the University of Pennsylvania . Almost immediately tension arose between the experimentally and philosophically inclined members of the APA . Edward Bradford Titchener and Lightner Witmer launched an attempt to either establish a separate `` Section '' for philosophical presentations , or to eject the philosophers altogether . After nearly a decade of debate , a Western Philosophical Association was founded and held its first meeting in 1901 at the University of Nebraska . The following year ( 1902 ) , an American Philosophical Association held its first meeting at Columbia University . These ultimately became the Central and Eastern Divisions of the modern American Philosophical Association . In 1894 , a number of psychologists , unhappy with the parochial editorial policies of the American Journal of Psychology approached Hall about appointing an editorial board and opening the journal out to more psychologists not within Hall 's immediate circle . Hall refused , so James McKeen Cattell ( then of Columbia ) and James Mark Baldwin ( then of Princeton ) co-founded a new journal , Psychological Review , which rapidly grew to become a major outlet for American psychological researchers . Beginning in 1895 , James Mark Baldwin ( Princeton , Hopkins ) and Edward Bradford Titchener ( Cornell ) entered into an increasingly acrimonious dispute over the correct interpretation of some anomalous reaction time findings that had come from the Wundt laboratory ( originally reported by Ludwig Lange and James McKeen Cattell ) . In 1896 , James Rowland Angell and Addison W. Moore ( Chicago ) published a series of experiments in Psychological Review appearing to show that Baldwin was the more correct of the two . However , they interpreted their findings in light of John Dewey 's new approach to psychology , which rejected the traditional stimulus - response understanding of the reflex arc in favor of a `` circular '' account in which what serves as `` stimulus '' and what as `` response '' depends on how one views the situation . The full position was laid out in Dewey 's landmark article `` The Reflex Arc Concept in Psychology '' which also appeared in Psychological Review in 1896 . Titchener responded in Philosophical Review ( 1898 , 1899 ) by distinguishing his austere `` structural '' approach to psychology from what he termed the Chicago group 's more applied `` functional '' approach , and thus began the first major theoretical rift in American psychology between Structuralism and Functionalism . The group at Columbia , led by James McKeen Cattell , Edward L. Thorndike , and Robert S. Woodworth , was often regarded as a second ( after Chicago ) `` school '' of American Functionalism ( see , e.g. , Heidbredder , 1933 ) , although they never used that term themselves , because their research focused on the applied areas of mental testing , learning , and education . Dewey was elected president of the APA in 1899 , while Titchener dropped his membership in the association . ( In 1904 , Titchener formed his own group , eventually known as the Society of Experimental Psychologists . ) Jastrow promoted the functionalist approach in his APA presidential address of 1900 , and Angell adopted Titchener 's label explicitly in his influential textbook of 1904 and his APA presidential address of 1906 . In reality , Structuralism was , more or less , confined to Titchener and his students . ( It was Titchener 's former student E.G. Boring , writing A History of Experimental Psychology ( 1929 -- 1950 , the most influential textbook of the 20th century about the discipline ) , who launched the common idea that the structuralism / functionalism debate was the primary fault line in American psychology at the turn of the 20th century . ) Functionalism , broadly speaking , with its more practical emphasis on action and application , better suited the American cultural `` style '' and , perhaps more important , was more appealing to pragmatic university trustees and private funding agencies . Early French ( edit ) In no small measure because of the conservatism of the reign of Louis Napoléon ( president , 1848 -- 1852 ; emperor as `` Napoléon III '' , 1852 -- 1870 ) , academic philosophy in France through the middle part of the 19th century was controlled by members of the eclectic and spiritualist schools , led by figures such as Victor Cousin ( 1792 -- 1867 ) , Thédodore Jouffroy ( 1796 -- 1842 ) , and Paul Janet ( 1823 -- 1899 ) . These were traditional metaphysical schools , opposed to regarding psychology as a natural science . With the ouster of Napoléon III after the débacle of the Franco - Prussian War , new paths , both political and intellectual , became possible . From the 1870 forward , a steadily increasing interest in positivist , materialist , evolutionary , and deterministic approaches to psychology developed , influenced by , among others , the work of Hyppolyte Taine ( 1828 -- 1893 ) ( e.g. , De L'Intelligence , 1870 ) and Théodule Ribot ( 1839 -- 1916 ) ( e.g. , La Psychologie Anglaise Contemporaine , 1870 ) . In 1876 , Ribot founded Revue Philosophique ( the same year as Mind was founded in Britain ) , which for the next generation would be virtually the only French outlet for the `` new '' psychology ( Plas , 1997 ) . Although not a working experimentalist himself , Ribot 's many books were to have profound influence on the next generation of psychologists . These included especially his L'Hérédité Psychologique ( 1873 ) and La Psychologie Allemande Contemporaine ( 1879 ) . In the 1880s , Ribot 's interests turned to psychopathology , writing books on disorders of memory ( 1881 ) , will ( 1883 ) , and personality ( 1885 ) , and where he attempted to bring to these topics the insights of general psychology . Although in 1881 he lost a Sorbonne professorship in the History of Psychological Doctrines to traditionalist Jules Soury ( 1842 -- 1915 ) , from 1885 to 1889 he taught experimental psychology at the Sorbonne . In 1889 he was awarded a chair at the Collège de France in Experimental and Comparative Psychology , which he held until 1896 ( Nicolas , 2002 ) . France 's primary psychological strength lay in the field of psychopathology . The chief neurologist at the Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris , Jean - Martin Charcot ( 1825 -- 1893 ) , had been using the recently revivied and renamed ( see above ) practice of hypnoisis to `` experimentally '' produce hysterical symptoms in some of his patients . Two of his students , Alfred Binet ( 1857 -- 1911 ) and Pierre Janet ( 1859 -- 1947 ) , adopted and expanded this practice in their own work . In 1889 , Binet and his colleague Henri Beaunis ( 1830 -- 1921 ) co-founded , at the Sorbonne , the first experimental psychology laboratory in France . Just five years later , in 1894 , Beaunis , Binet , and a third colleague , Victor Henri ( 1872 -- 1940 ) , co-founded the first French journal dedicated to experimental psychology , L'Année Psychologique . In the first years of the 20th century , Binet was requested by the French government to develop a method for the newly founded universal public education system to identify students who would require extra assistance to master the standardized curriculum . In response , with his collaborator Théodore Simon ( 1873 -- 1961 ) , he developed the Binet - Simon Intelligence Test , first published in 1905 ( revised in 1908 and 1911 ) . Although the test was used to effect in France , it would find its greatest success ( and controversy ) in the United States , where it was translated into English by Henry H. Goddard ( 1866 -- 1957 ) , the director of the Training School for the Feebleminded in Vineland , New Jersey , and his assistant , Elizabeth Kite ( a translation of the 1905 edition appeared in the Vineland Bulletin in 1908 , but much better known was Kite 's 1916 translation of the 1908 edition , which appeared in book form ) . The translated test was used by Goddard to advance his eugenics agenda with respect to those he deemed congenitally feeble - minded , especially immigrants from non-Western European countries . Binet 's test was revised by Stanford professor Lewis M. Terman ( 1877 -- 1956 ) into the Stanford - Binet IQ test in 1916 . With Binet 's death in 1911 , the Sorbonne laboratory and L'Année Psychologique fell to Henri Piéron ( 1881 -- 1964 ) . Piéron 's orientation was more physiological that Binet 's had been . Pierre Janet became the leading psychiatrist in France , being appointed to the Salpêtrière ( 1890 -- 1894 ) , the Sorbonne ( 1895 -- 1920 ) , and the Collège de France ( 1902 -- 1936 ) . In 1904 , he co-founded the Journale de Psychologie Normale et Pathologique with fellow Sorbonne professor Georges Dumas ( 1866 -- 1946 ) , a student and faithful follower of Ribot . Whereas Janet 's teacher , Charcot , had focused on the neurologial bases of hysteria , Janet was concerned to develop a scientific approach to psychopathology as a mental disorder . His theory that mental pathology results from conflict between unconscious and conscious parts of the mind , and that unconscious mental contents may emerge as symptoms with symbolic meanings led to a public priority dispute with Sigmund Freud . Early British ( edit ) Although the British had the first scholarly journal dedicated to the topic of psychology -- Mind , founded in 1876 by Alexander Bain and edited by George Croom Robertson -- it was quite a long while before experimental psychology developed there to challenge the strong tradition of `` mental philosophy . '' The experimental reports that appeared in Mind in the first two decades of its existence were almost entirely authored by Americans , especially G. Stanley Hall and his students ( notably Henry Herbert Donaldson ) and James McKeen Cattell . Francis Galton 's ( 1822 -- 1911 ) anthropometric laboratory opened in 1884 . There people were tested on a wide variety of physical ( e.g. , strength of blow ) and perceptual ( e.g. , visual acuity ) attributes . In 1886 Galton was visited by James McKeen Cattell who would later adapt Galton 's techniques in developing his own mental testing research program in the United States . Galton was not primarily a psychologist , however . The data he accumulated in the anthropometric laboratory primarily went toward supporting his case for eugenics . To help interpret the mounds of data he accumulated , Galton developed a number of important statistical techniques , including the precursors to the scatterplot and the product - moment correlation coefficient ( later perfected by Karl Pearson , 1857 -- 1936 ) . Soon after , Charles Spearman ( 1863 -- 1945 ) developed the correlation - based statistical procedure of factor analysis in the process of building a case for his two - factor theory of intelligence , published in 1901 . Spearman believed that people have an inborn level of general intelligence or g which can be crystallized into a specific skill in any of a number of narrow content area ( s , or specific intelligence ) . Laboratory psychology of the kind practiced in Germany and the United States was slow in coming to Britain . Although the philosopher James Ward ( 1843 -- 1925 ) urged Cambridge University to establish a psychophysics laboratory from the mid-1870s forward , it was not until the 1891 that they put so much as £ 50 toward some basic apparatus ( Bartlett , 1937 ) . A laboratory was established through the assistance of the physiology department in 1897 and a lectureship in psychology was established which first went to W.H.R. Rivers ( 1864 -- 1922 ) . Soon Rivers was joined by C.S. Myers ( 1873 -- 1946 ) and William McDougall ( 1871 -- 1938 ) . This group showed as much interest in anthropology as psychology , going with Alfred Cort Haddon ( 1855 -- 1940 ) on the famed Torres Straits expedition of 1898 . In 1901 the Psychological Society was established ( which renamed itself the British Psychological Society in 1906 ) , and in 1904 Ward and Rivers co-founded the British Journal of Psychology . Second generation German ( edit ) Würzburg school ( edit ) In 1896 , one of Wundt 's former Leipzig laboratory assistants , Oswald Külpe ( 1862 -- 1915 ) , founded a new laboratory in Würzburg . Külpe soon surrounded himself with a number of younger psychologists , most notably Narziß Ach ( 1871 -- 1946 ) , Karl Bühler ( 1879 -- 1963 ) , Ernst Dürr ( 1878 -- 1913 ) , Karl Marbe ( 1869 -- 1953 ) , and Henry Jackson Watt ( 1879 -- 1925 ) . Collectively , they developed a new approach to psychological experimentation that flew in the face of many of Wundt 's restrictions . Wundt had drawn a distinction between the old philosophical style of self - observation ( Selbstbeobachtung ) in which one introspected for extended durations on higher thought processes , and inner perception ( innere Wahrnehmung ) in which one could be immediately aware of a momentary sensation , feeling , or image ( Vorstellung ) . The former was declared to be impossible by Wundt , who argued that higher thought could not be studied experimentally through extended introspection , but only humanistically through Völkerpsychologie ( folk psychology ) . Only the latter was a proper subject for experimentation . The Würzburgers , by contrast , designed experiments in which the experimental subject was presented with a complex stimulus ( for example a Nietzschean aphorism or a logical problem ) and after processing it for a time ( for example interpreting the aphorism or solving the problem ) , retrospectively reported to the experimenter all that had passed through his consciousness during the interval . In the process , the Würzburgers claimed to have discovered a number of new elements of consciousness ( over and above Wundt 's sensations , feelings , and images ) including Bewußtseinslagen ( conscious sets ) , Bewußtheiten ( awarenesses ) , and Gedanken ( thoughts ) . In the English - language literature , these are often collectively termed `` imageless thoughts '' , and the debate between Wundt and the Würzburgers , the `` imageless thought controversy '' . Wundt referred to the Würzburgers ' studies as `` sham '' experiments and criticized them vigorously . Wundt 's most significant English student , Edward Bradford Titchener , then working at Cornell , intervened in the dispute , claiming to have conducted extended introspective studies in which he was able to resolve the Würzburgers ' imageless thoughts into sensations , feelings , and images . He thus , paradoxically , used a method of which Wundt did not approve in order to affirm Wundt 's view of the situation . The imageless thought debate is often said to have been instrumental in undermining the legitimacy of all introspective methods in experimental psychology and , ultimately , in bringing about the behaviorist revolution in American psychology . It was not without its own delayed legacy , however . Herbert A. Simon ( 1981 ) cites the work of one Würzburg psychologist in particular , Otto Selz ( 1881 -- 1943 ) , for having inspired him to develop his famous problem - solving computer algorithms ( such as Logic Theorist and General Problem Solver ) and his `` thinking out loud '' method for protocol analysis . In addition , Karl Popper studied psychology under Bühler and Selz , and appears to have brought some of their influence , unattributed , to his philosophy of science . Gestalt psychology ( edit ) Whereas the Würzburgers debated with Wundt mainly on matters of method , another German movement , centered in Berlin , took issue with the widespread assumption that the aim of psychology should be to break consciousness down into putative basic elements . Instead , they argued that the psychological `` whole '' has priority and that the `` parts '' are defined by the structure of the whole , rather than vice versa . Thus , the school was named Gestalt , a German term meaning approximately `` form '' or `` configuration . '' It was led by Max Wertheimer ( 1880 -- 1943 ) , Wolfgang Köhler ( 1887 -- 1967 ) , and Kurt Koffka ( 1886 -- 1941 ) . Wertheimer had been a student of Austrian philosopher , Christian von Ehrenfels ( 1859 -- 1932 ) , who claimed that in addition to the sensory elements of a perceived object , there is an extra element which , though in some sense derived from the organization of the standard sensory elements , is also to be regarded as being an element in its own right . He called this extra element Gestalt - qualität or `` form - quality . '' For instance , when one hears a melody , one hears the notes plus something in addition to them which binds them together into a tune -- the Gestalt - qualität . It is the presence of this Gestalt - qualität which , according to Von Ehrenfels , allows a tune to be transposed to a new key , using completely different notes , but still retain its identity . Wertheimer took the more radical line that `` what is given me by the melody does not arise ... as a secondary process from the sum of the pieces as such . Instead , what takes place in each single part already depends upon what the whole is '' , ( 1925 / 1938 ) . In other words , one hears the melody first and only then may perceptually divide it up into notes . Similarly in vision , one sees the form of the circle first -- it is given `` im - mediately '' ( i.e. its apprehension is not mediated by a process of part - summation ) . Only after this primary apprehension might one notice that it is made up of lines or dots or stars . Gestalt - Theorie was officially initiated in 1912 in an article by Wertheimer on the phi - phenomenon ; a perceptual illusion in which two stationary but alternately flashing lights appear to be a single light moving from one location to another . Contrary to popular opinion , his primary target was not behaviorism , as it was not yet a force in psychology . The aim of his criticism was , rather , the atomistic psychologies of Hermann von Helmholtz ( 1821 -- 1894 ) , Wilhelm Wundt ( 1832 -- 1920 ) , and other European psychologists of the time . The two men who served as Wertheimer 's subjects in the phi experiment were Köhler and Koffka . Köhler was an expert in physical acoustics , having studied under physicist Max Planck ( 1858 -- 1947 ) , but had taken his degree in psychology under Carl Stumpf ( 1848 -- 1936 ) . Koffka was also a student of Stumpf 's , having studied movement phenomena and psychological aspects of rhythm . In 1917 Köhler ( 1917 / 1925 ) published the results of four years of research on learning in chimpanzees . Köhler showed , contrary to the claims of most other learning theorists , that animals can learn by `` sudden insight '' into the `` structure '' of a problem , over and above the associative and incremental manner of learning that Ivan Pavlov ( 1849 -- 1936 ) and Edward Lee Thorndike ( 1874 -- 1949 ) had demonstrated with dogs and cats , respectively . The terms `` structure '' and `` organization '' were focal for the Gestalt psychologists . Stimuli were said to have a certain structure , to be organized in a certain way , and that it is to this structural organization , rather than to individual sensory elements , that the organism responds . When an animal is conditioned , it does not simply respond to the absolute properties of a stimulus , but to its properties relative to its surroundings . To use a favorite example of Köhler 's , if conditioned to respond in a certain way to the lighter of two gray cards , the animal generalizes the relation between the two stimuli rather than the absolute properties of the conditioned stimulus : it will respond to the lighter of two cards in subsequent trials even if the darker card in the test trial is of the same intensity as the lighter one in the original training trials . In 1921 Koffka published a Gestalt - oriented text on developmental psychology , Growth of the Mind . With the help of American psychologist Robert Ogden , Koffka introduced the Gestalt point of view to an American audience in 1922 by way of a paper in Psychological Bulletin . It contains criticisms of then - current explanations of a number of problems of perception , and the alternatives offered by the Gestalt school . Koffka moved to the United States in 1924 , eventually settling at Smith College in 1927 . In 1935 Koffka published his Principles of Gestalt Psychology . This textbook laid out the Gestalt vision of the scientific enterprise as a whole . Science , he said , is not the simple accumulation of facts . What makes research scientific is the incorporation of facts into a theoretical structure . The goal of the Gestaltists was to integrate the facts of inanimate nature , life , and mind into a single scientific structure . This meant that science would have to swallow not only what Koffka called the quantitative facts of physical science but the facts of two other `` scientific categories '' : questions of order and questions of Sinn , a German word which has been variously translated as significance , value , and meaning . Without incorporating the meaning of experience and behavior , Koffka believed that science would doom itself to trivialities in its investigation of human beings . Having survived the onslaught of the Nazis up to the mid-1930s , all the core members of the Gestalt movement were forced out of Germany to the United States by 1935 . Köhler published another book , Dynamics in Psychology , in 1940 but thereafter the Gestalt movement suffered a series of setbacks . Koffka died in 1941 and Wertheimer in 1943 . Wertheimer 's long - awaited book on mathematical problem - solving , Productive Thinking , was published posthumously in 1945 but Köhler was now left to guide the movement without his two long - time colleagues . Emergence of behaviorism in America ( edit ) Main article : Behaviorism As a result of the conjunction of a number of events in the early 20th century , behaviorism gradually emerged as the dominant school in American psychology . First among these was the increasing skepticism with which many viewed the concept of consciousness : although still considered to be the essential element separating psychology from physiology , its subjective nature and the unreliable introspective method it seemed to require , troubled many . William James ' 1904 Journal of Philosophy ... article `` Does Consciousness Exist ? '' , laid out the worries explicitly . Second was the gradual rise of a rigorous animal psychology . In addition to Edward Lee Thorndike 's work with cats in puzzle boxes in 1898 , the start of research in which rats learn to navigate mazes was begun by Willard Small ( 1900 , 1901 in American Journal of Psychology ) . Robert M. Yerkes 's 1905 Journal of Philosophy ... article `` Animal Psychology and the Criteria of the Psychic '' raised the general question of when one is entitled to attribute consciousness to an organism . The following few years saw the emergence of John Broadus Watson ( 1878 -- 1959 ) as a major player , publishing his dissertation on the relation between neurological development and learning in the white rat ( 1907 , Psychological Review Monograph Supplement ; Carr & Watson , 1908 , J. Comparative Neurology & Psychology ) . Another important rat study was published by Henry H. Donaldson ( 1908 , J. Comparative Neurology & Psychology ) . The year 1909 saw the first English - language account of Ivan Pavlov 's studies of conditioning in dogs ( Yerkes & Morgulis , 1909 , Psychological Bulletin ) . A third factor was the rise of Watson to a position of significant power within the psychological community . In 1908 , Watson was offered a junior position at Johns Hopkins by James Mark Baldwin . In addition to heading the Johns Hopkins department , Baldwin was the editor of the influential journals , Psychological Review and Psychological Bulletin . Only months after Watson 's arrival , Baldwin was forced to resign his professorship due to scandal . Watson was suddenly made head of the department and editor of Baldwin 's journals . He resolved to use these powerful tools to revolutionize psychology in the image of his own research . In 1913 he published in Psychological Review the article that is often called the `` manifesto '' of the behaviorist movement , `` Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It . '' There he argued that psychology `` is a purely objective experimental branch of natural science '' , `` introspection forms no essential part of its methods ... '' and `` The behaviorist ... recognizes no dividing line between man and brute '' . The following year , 1914 , his first textbook , Behavior went to press . Although behaviorism took some time to be accepted as a comprehensive approach ( see Samelson , 1981 ) , ( in no small part because of the intervention of World War I ) , by the 1920s Watson 's revolution was well underway . The central tenet of early behaviorism was that psychology should be a science of behavior , not of the mind , and rejected internal mental states such as beliefs , desires , or goals . Watson himself , however , was forced out of Johns Hopkins by scandal in 1920 . Although he continued to publish during the 1920s , he eventually moved on to a career in advertising ( see Coon , 1994 ) . Among the behaviorists who continued on , there were a number of disagreements about the best way to proceed . Neo-behaviorists such as Edward C. Tolman , Edwin Guthrie , Clark L. Hull , and B.F. Skinner debated issues such as ( 1 ) whether to reformulate the traditional psychological vocabulary in behavioral terms or discard it in favor of a wholly new scheme , ( 2 ) whether learning takes place all at once or gradually , ( 3 ) whether biological drives should be included in the new science in order to provide a `` motivation '' for behavior , and ( 4 ) to what degree any theoretical framework is required over and above the measured effects of reinforcement and punishment on learning . By the late 1950s , Skinner 's formulation had become dominant , and it remains a part of the modern discipline under the rubric of Behavior Analysis . Its application ( Applied Behavior Analysis ) has become one of the most useful fields of psychology . Behaviorism was the ascendant experimental model for research in psychology for much of the 20th century , largely due to the creation and successful application ( not least of which in advertising ) of conditioning theories as scientific models of human behaviour . Second generation francophone ( edit ) Genevan school ( edit ) In 1918 , Jean Piaget ( 1896 -- 1980 ) turned away from his early training in Natural History and began post-doctoral work in psychoanalysis in Zurich . In 1919 , he moved to Paris to work at the Binet - Simon Lab . However , Binet had died in 1911 and Simon lived and worked in Rouen . His supervision therefore came ( indirectly ) from Pierre Janet , Binet 's old rival and a professor at the Collège de France . The job in Paris was relatively simple : to use the statistical techniques he had learned as a natural historian , studying molluscs , to standardize Cyril Burt 's intelligence test for use with French children . Yet without direct supervision , he soon found a remedy to this boring work : exploring why children made the mistakes they did . Applying his early training in psychoanalytic interviewing , Piaget began to intervene directly with the children : `` Why did you do that ? '' ( etc . ) It was from this that the ideas formalized in his later stage theory first emerged . In 1921 , Piaget moved to Geneva to work with Édouard Claparède at the Rousseau Institute . In 1936 , Piaget received his first honorary doctorate from Harvard . In 1955 , the International Center for Genetic Epistemology was founded : an interdisciplinary collaboration of theoreticians and scientists , devoted to the study of topics related to Piaget 's theory . In 1969 , Piaget received the `` distinguished scientific contributions '' award from the American Psychological Association . Cognitivism ( edit ) Main articles : Cognitive Psychology and Cognitive Science Noam Chomsky 's ( 1957 ) review of Skinner 's book Verbal Behavior ( that aimed to explain language acquisition in a behaviorist framework ) is considered one of the major theoretical challenges to the type of radical ( as in ' root ' ) behaviorism that Skinner taught . Chomsky claimed that language could not be learned solely from the sort of operant conditioning that Skinner postulated . Chomsky 's argument was that people could produce an infinite variety of sentences unique in structure and meaning and that these could not possibly be generated solely through experience of natural language . As an alternative , he concluded that there must be internal mental structures -- states of mind of the sort that behaviorism rejected as illusory . The issue is not whether mental activities exist ; it is whether they can be shown to be the causes of behavior . Similarly , work by Albert Bandura showed that children could learn by social observation , without any change in overt behaviour , and so must ( according to him ) be accounted for by internal representations . The rise of computer technology also promoted the metaphor of mental function as information processing . This , combined with a scientific approach to studying the mind , as well as a belief in internal mental states , led to the rise of cognitivism as the dominant model of the mind . Links between brain and nervous system function were also becoming common , partly due to the experimental work of people like Charles Sherrington and Donald Hebb , and partly due to studies of people with brain injury ( see cognitive neuropsychology ) . With the development of technologies for accurately measuring brain function , neuropsychology and cognitive neuroscience have become some of the most active areas in contemporary psychology . With the increasing involvement of other disciplines ( such as philosophy , computer science , and neuroscience ) in the quest to understand the mind , the umbrella discipline of cognitive science has been created as a means of focusing such efforts in a constructive way . See also ( edit ) History of behavioral neuroscience History of clinical psychology History of cognitive neuroscience History of cognitive science History of evolutionary psychology History of experimental psychology History of hypnosis History of mental disorders History of neurology History of neuropsychology History of neurophysiology History of psychiatry History of psychotherapy History of sociology History of science Applied psychology Basic science ( psychology ) Psychophysics Psychology of art Psychology of religion Kurt Danziger Timeline of psychology Archives of the History of American Psychology List of important publications in psychology Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ see e.g. , Everson , 1991 ; Green & Groff , 2003 Jump up ^ see , e.g. , Robinson , 1995 Jump up ^ see , e.g. , Durrant , 1993 ; Nussbaum & Rorty , 1992 Jump up ^ see e.g. , Annas , 1992 Jump up ^ See sub-heading : Of the two Spirits of Man Jump up ^ http://philpapers.org/rec/FRENBD Jump up ^ Higgins , Louise T. and Zheng Mo `` An Introduction to Chinese Psychology -- Its Historical Roots until the Present Day '' , The Journal of Psychology Vol. 136 , No. 2 , March 2002 , pp. 225 - 39 . Jump up ^ see e.g. , Paranjpe , 1998 Jump up ^ A. Vanzan Paladin ( 1998 ) , `` Ethics and neurology in the Islamic world : Continuity and change '' , Italian Journal of Neurological Science 19 : 255 - 258 ( 257 ) , Springer - Verlag . ^ Jump up to : Deuraseh , Nurdeen ; Abu Talib , Mansor ( 2005 ) . `` Mental health in Islamic medical tradition '' . The International Medical Journal . 4 ( 2 ) : 76 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Omar Khaleefa ( Summer 1999 ) . `` Who Is the Founder of Psychophysics and Experimental Psychology ? '' , American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 16 ( 2 ) . Link Archived 2009 - 05 - 09 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Muhammad Iqbal , The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam , `` The Spirit of Muslim Culture '' ( cf. ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) ) Jump up ^ S Safavi - Abbasi , LBC Brasiliense , RK Workman ( 2007 ) , `` The fate of medical knowledge and the neurosciences during the time of Genghis Khan and the Mongolian Empire '' , Neurosurgical Focus 23 ( 1 ) , E13 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Haque , Amber ( 2004 ) . `` Psychology from Islamic Perspective : Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists '' . Journal of Religion and Health . 43 ( 4 ) : 357 -- 377 ( 375 ) . doi : 10.1007 / s10943 - 004 - 4302 - z . Jump up ^ Isgandarova , Nazila ( 2015 ) . `` Music in Islamic spiritual care : a review of classical sources '' . Religious Studies and Theology. 34 : 101 -- 113 . Jump up ^ Haque , Amber ( 2004 ) . `` Psychology from Islamic Perspective : Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists '' . Journal of Religion and Health . 43 ( 4 ) : 357 -- 377 ( 361 ) . doi : 10.1007 / s10943 - 004 - 4302 - z . ^ Jump up to : Haque , Amber ( 2004 ) . `` Psychology from Islamic Perspective : Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists '' . Journal of Religion and Health . 43 ( 4 ) : 357 -- 377 ( 363 ) . doi : 10.1007 / s10943 - 004 - 4302 - z . ^ Jump up to : Martin - Araguz , A. ; Bustamante - Martinez , C. ; Fernandez - Armayor , Ajo V. ; Moreno - Martinez , J.M. ( 2002 ) . `` Neuroscience in al - Andalus and its influence on medieval scholastic medicine '' . Revista de neurología. 34 ( 9 ) : 877 -- 892 . Jump up ^ Muhammad Iqbal , The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam , `` The Spirit of Muslim Culture '' Jump up ^ G.A. Russell ( 1994 ) , The ' Arabick ' Interest of the Natural Philosophers in Seventeenth - Century England , pp. 224 - 262 , Brill Publishers , ISBN 90 - 04 - 09459 - 8 . Jump up ^ Advances in the History of Psychology '' Blog Archive '' Presentism in the Service of Diversity ? Jump up ^ See Danziger , 1997 , chap. 3 . Jump up ^ Webster , Richard ( 2005 ) . Why Freud Was Wrong : Sin , Science and Psychoanalysis . Oxford : The Orwell Press . p. 461 . ISBN 0 - 9515922 - 5 - 4 . Jump up ^ Reissued in 2002 by Thoemmes , Bristol , as Vol. 1 of The Early American Reception of German Idealism Jump up ^ See Joseph Henry Dubbs , The Reformed Church in Pennsylvania , Lancaster , PA : Pennsylvania German Society , 1902 ; pp. 295 - 312 . Jump up ^ See E. Brooks Holifield , Theology in America : Christian thought from the Age of the Puritans to the Civil War , New Haven , CT : Yale University Press , 2003 ; p. 470 . Jump up ^ See Yeates , Lindsay B. ( 2016a ) , `` Émile Coué and his Method ( I ) : The Chemist of Thought and Human Action '' , Australian Journal of Clinical Hypnotherapy & Hypnosis , Volume 38 , No. 1 , ( Autumn 2016 ) , pp. 3 - 27 ; ( 2016b ) , `` Émile Coué and his Method ( II ) : Hypnotism , Suggestion , Ego - Strengthening , and Autosuggestion '' , Australian Journal of Clinical Hypnotherapy & Hypnosis , Volume 38 , No. 1 , ( Autumn 2016 ) , pp. 28 - 54 ; and ( 2016c ) , `` Émile Coué and his Method ( III ) : Every Day in Every Way '' , Australian Journal of Clinical Hypnotherapy & Hypnosis , Volume 38 , No. 1 , ( Autumn 2016 ) , pp. 55 - 79 . Jump up ^ Thomas Sturm , Is there a problem with mathematical psychology in the eighteenth century ? A fresh look at Kant 's old argument . Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences , 42 ( 2006 ) , 353 - 377 . Jump up ^ Thomas Sturm , Kant und die Wissenschaften vom Menschen ( Paderborn : Mentis Verlag , 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Glucksberg , S. History of the psychology department : Princeton University . Retrieved July 9 , 2008 , from `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 06 - 14 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ Green , C.D. ; Feinerer , I. ; Burman , J.T. ( 2015 ) . `` Searching for the structure of early American psychology : Networking Psychological Review , 1894 -- 1908 '' . History of Psychology . 18 ( 1 ) : 15 -- 31 . doi : 10.1037 / a0038406 . Jump up ^ Green , C.D. ; Feinerer , I. ; Burman , J.T. ( 2015 ) . `` Searching for the structure of early American psychology : Networking Psychological Review , 1909 -- 1923 '' . History of Psychology . 18 ( 2 ) : 196 -- 204 . doi : 10.1037 / a0039013 . Jump up ^ See Kusch , 1995 ; Kroker , 2003 . Jump up ^ Ter Hark , 2004 Jump up ^ see Henle , 1978 Jump up ^ Henle , 1984 Jump up ^ For more on the history of Gestalt psychology , see Ash , 1995 References ( edit ) Annas , J.E. ( 1992 ) . Hellenistic philosophy of mind . Berkeley , California : University of California Press . Ash , M.G. ( 1995 ) . Gestalt psychology in German culture , 1890 -- 1967 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . Bakalis , N. ( 2005 ) . Handbook of Greek Philosophy : From Thales to the Stoics : Analysis and Fragments . Victoria , BC : Trafford Publishing . Baker , D.B. ( 2011 ) . The Oxford Handbook of the History of Psychology : Global Perspectives . New York : Oxford University Press . Bardon , F. ( 2001 ) . Initiation Into Hermetics . Salt Lake City , Utah : Merkur Publishing Co . Bartlett , F.C. ( 1937 ) . `` Cambridge , England : 1887 -- 1937 '' . American Journal of Psychology . 50 : 97 -- 110 . doi : 10.2307 / 1416623 . Bringmann , W.G. & Tweney , R.D. ( Eds . ) ( 1980 ) . Wundt studies . Toronto : Hogrefe . Cadwallader , T.C. ( 1974 ) . `` Charles S. Peirce ( 1839 -- 1914 ) . The first American experimental psychologist '' . Journal of the * History of the Behavioral Sciences . 10 : 291 -- 298 . doi : 10.1002 / 1520 - 6696 ( 197407 ) 10 : 3 < 291 : : aid - jhbs2300100304 > 3.0.co ; 2 - n . Carlson , Heth et Al ( 2010 ) . Psychology , the science of behaviour . 7th ed . Toronto , Ontarion , Canada : Pearson Canada . Cockren , A. ( 2007 ) . Alchemy Rediscovered and Restored . New York , New York : Forgotten Books . Coon , Deborah J. ( 1994 ) . ' Not a Creature of Reason ' : The Alleged Impact of Watsonian Behaviorism on Advertising in the 1920s . In J.T. Todd & E.K. Morris ( Eds . ) , Modern Perspectives on John B. Watson and Classical Behaviorism . New York : Greenwood . Cooper , J.C. ( 1990 ) . Chinese Alchemy : the Daoist Quest for Immortality . New York , New York : Sterling Publishing Co. Inc ... Danziger , K. ( 1997 ) . Naming the mind : How psychology found its language . London : Sage . Durrant , M. ( Ed . ) ( 1993 ) . Aristotle 's De Anima in focus . London : Routledge . Edgell , Beatrice ; Symes , W. Legge ( 1906 ) . `` The Wheatstone - Hipp Chronoscope . Its Adjustments , Accuracy , and Control '' . British Journal of Psychology . 2 : 58 -- 88 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 2044 - 8295.1906. tb00173. x . Edwardes , M. ( 1977 ) . The Dark Side of History . New York , New York : Stein and Day . Evans , R.B. , Staudt Sexton , V. , & Cadwallader , T.C. ( Eds . ) ( 1992 ) . The American Psychological Association : A historical perspective . Washington , D.C. : American Psychological Association . Everson , S. ( Ed . ) ( 1991 ) . Companions to Ancient thought 2 : Psychology . New York : Cambridge University Press . Fechner , G.T. ( 1860 ) . Elemente der psychophysik . Engelmann ( ? ) . Furumoto , L. , & Scarborough , E. ( 1987 ) . Untold Lives : The First Generation of American Women Psychologists . New York : Columbia University Press . Green , C.D. ( 2000 ) . Introduction to : `` Perception : An introduction to the Gestalt - Theorie '' by Kurt Koffka ( 1922 ) . Classics in the History of Psychology ( http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Koffka/Perception/intro.htm ) . Green , C.D. & Groff , P.R. ( 2003 ) . Early psychological thought : Ancient accounts of mind and soul . Westport , Connecticut : Praeger . Hauck , D.W. ( 2008 ) . The Complete Idiot 's Guide to Alchemy . New York , New York : Alpha . Heidbredder , E. ( 1933 ) . Seven psychologies . New York : Appleton - Century - Crofts . Henle , M ( 1978 ) . `` One man against the Nazis : Wolfgang Köhler '' . American Psychologist. 33 : 939 -- 944 . doi : 10.1037 / 0003 - 066x. 33.10. 939 . Henle , M ( 1984 ) . `` Robert M. Ogden and gestalt psychology in America '' . Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences . 20 : 9 -- 19 . doi : 10.1002 / 1520 - 6696 ( 198401 ) 20 : 1 < 9 : : aid - jhbs2300200103 > 3.0.co ; 2 - u . Heth , Carlson et Al . Psychology , the science of behaviour , seventh edition , 2009 Hollister , C.W. & Bennett , J. ( 1990 ) . Medieval Europe : A Short History . New York , New York : McGraw - Hill College . Jarzombek , M. ( 2000 ) . The Psychologizing of Modernity Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Jung , C.G. ( 1980 ) . Psychology and Alchemy . New York , New York : Routledge . Koffka , K ( 1922 ) . `` Perception : and introduction to the Gestalt - theorie '' . Psychological Bulletin . 19 : 531 -- 585 . doi : 10.1037 / h0072422 . Koffka , K. ( 1924 ) . The growth of the mind ( R.M. Ogden , Trans . ) . London : Routledge & Kegan Paul . ( Original work published 1921 ) Koffka , K. ( 1935 ) . Principles of Gestalt psychology . New York : Harcourt , Brace , & World . Köhler , W. ( 1925 ) . Mentality of apes ( E. Winter , Trans . ) . London : Routledge & Kegan Paul . ( Original work published 1917 ) Köhler , W. ( 1940 ) . Dynamics in psychology . New York : Liveright . Kroker , K ( 2003 ) . `` The progress of instrospection in America , 1896 -- 1938 '' . Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences . 34 : 77 -- 108 . doi : 10.1016 / s1369 - 8486 ( 02 ) 00072 - 9 . Krstic , K. ( 1964 ) . Marko Marulic -- The Author of the Term `` Psychology . '' Acta Instituti Psychologici Universitatis Zagrabiensis , no . 36 , pp. 7 -- 13 . Reprinted at http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Krstic/marulic.htm Kusch , M ( 1995 ) . `` Recluse , interlocutor , interrogator : Natural and social order in turn - of - the - century psychological research schools '' . Isis. 86 : 419 -- 439 . doi : 10.1086 / 357238 . Mandler , G. ( 2007 ) A history of modern experimental psychology : From James and Wundt to cognitive science . Cambridge , MA : MIT Press Nicolas , S. ( 2002 ) . Histoire de la psychologie française : Naissance d'une nouvelle science . Paris : In Press . Nussbaum , M.C. & Rorty , A.O. ( Eds . ) ( 1992 ) . Essay on Aristotle 's De Anima . Oxford : Clarendon Press . Paranjpe , A.C. ( 1998 ) . Self and identity in modern psychology and Indian thought . New York : Springer . Plas , R. ( 1997 ) . French psychology . In W.G. Bringmann , H.E. Lück , R. Miller , & C.E. Early ( Eds . ) , A pictorial history of psychology ( pp. 548 -- 552 ) . Chicago : Quintessence . Rieber , R.W. & Robinson , D.K. ( Eds . ) ( 2001 ) . Wilhelm Wundt in history : The making of a scientific psychology . New York : Kluwer & Plenum . Robinson , T.M. ( 1995 ) . Plato 's psychology ( 2nd ed . ) . Toronto : University of Toronto Press . Schwartz , J.M. & Begley , S. ( 2002 ) . The Mind and The Brain : Neuroplasticity and the Power of Mental Force . New York , New York : Harper Perennial . Shapin , S ( 1975 ) . `` Phrenological knowledge and the social structure of early nineteenth - century Edinburgh '' . Annals of Science . 32 : 219 -- 243 . doi : 10.1080 / 00033797500200261 . Simon , Herbert A. ( 1981 ) Otto Selz and information - processing psychology . In N.H. Frijda A.D. de Groot ( Eds . ) , Otto Selz : His Contribution to Psychology , Mouton , The Hague . Sokal , M.M. ( 2001 ) . Practical phrenology as psychological counseling in the 19th - century United States . In C.D. Green , M. Shore , & T. Teo ( Eds . ) , The transformation of psychology : Influences of 19th - century philosophy , technology , and natural science ( pp. 21 -- 44 ) . Washington , D.C. : American Psychological Association . Ter Hark , Michel . ( 2004 ) . Popper , Selz , and the rise of evolutionary epistemology . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . Three Initiates , ( 1940 ) . The Kybalion . Chicago , Illinois : Yogi Publication Society . van der Eijk , P. ( 2005 ) . Medicine and Philosophy in Classical Antiquity : Doctors and Philosophers on Nature , Soul , Health and Disease . New York , New York : Cambridge University Press . van Wyhe , J. ( 2004 ) . Phrenology and the origins of scientific naturalism . Aldershot , Hants , UK . Vidal , F. ( 2011 ) . The Sciences of the Soul : The Early Modern Origins of Psychology Chicago , University of Chicago Press . Watson , J.B. ( 1913 ) . `` Psychology as the behaviorist views it '' . Psychological Review . 20 : 158 -- 177 . doi : 10.1037 / h0074428 . Wertheimer , M ( 1912 ) . `` Experimentelle Studien über das Sehen Bewegung '' . Zeitschrift für Psychologie. 61 : 247 -- 250 . Wertheimer , M. ( 1938 ) . Gestalt theory . In W.D. Ellis ( Ed . & Trans . ) , A source book of gestalt psychology ( pp. 1 -- 11 ) . London : Routledge & Kegan Paul . ( Original work published 1925 ) Wertheimer , W. ( 1945 ) . Productive thinking . London : Tavistock . Scholarly journals ( edit ) History of Psychology History of the Human Sciences Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences External links ( edit ) Scholarly societies and associations ( edit ) Cheiron : The International Society for the History of Behavioral & Social Sciences European Society for the History of the Human Sciences Forum for the History of Human Science History & Philosophy Section of the British Psychological Society History & Philosophy of Psychology Section of the Canadian Psychological Association Society for the History of Psychology ( American Psychological Association Division 26 ) Internet resources ( edit ) History of Psychology History of Psychology - Poster with visual overview . E-textbooks ( edit ) The History of Psychology - e-text about the historical and philosophical background of psychology by C. George Boeree Mind and Body : René Descartes to William James e-text by Robert H. Wozniak History of Psychology Textbook Chapter Collections of primary source texts ( edit ) Classics in the History of Psychology - on - line full texts of 250 + historically significant primary source articles , chapters , & books , ed. by Christopher D. Green Fondation Jean Piaget - Collection of primary sources by , and secondary sources about , Jean Piaget ( in French ; edited by Jean - Jacques Ducret and Wolfgang Schachner ) The Mead Project - collection of writings by George Herbert Mead and other related thinkers ( e.g. , Dewey , James , Baldwin , Cooley , Veblen , Sapir ) , ed. by Lloyd Gordon Ward and Robert Throop Sir Francis Galton , F.R.S. William James Site ed. by Frank Pajares History of Phrenology on the Web ed. by John van Wyhe Frederic Bartlett Archive - A collection of Bartlett 's own writings and related material maintained by Brady Wagoner , Gerard Duveen and Alex Gillespie Collections of secondary scholarship on the history of psychology ( edit ) History & Theory of Psychology Eprint Archive - Open access on - line depository of articles on the history & theory of psychology Advances in the History of Psychology - Blog edited by Jeremy Burman of York University ( Toronto , Canada ) , advised by Christopher D. Green Websites of physical archives ( edit ) The Archives of the History of American Psychology - Large collection of documents and objects at the University of Akron , directed by David Baker Archives of the American Psychological Association directed by Wade Pickren Archives of the British Psychological Society Multimedia resources ( edit ) An Academy in Crisis : The Hiring of James Mark Baldwin and James Gibson Hume at the University of Toronto in 1889 - 40 - min . video documentary by Christopher D. Green Toward a School of Their Own : The Prehistory of American Functionalist Psychology - 64 - min . video documentary by Christopher D. Green This Week in the History of Psychology - 30 - episode podcast series by Christopher D. Green BPS Origins timeline ( hide ) Psychology History Philosophy Portal Psychologist Basic psychology Abnormal Affective science Affective neuroscience Behavioral genetics Behavioral neuroscience Behaviorism Cognitive / Cognitivism Cognitive neuroscience Comparative Cross-cultural Cultural Developmental Differential Ecological Evolutionary Experimental Gestalt Intelligence Mathematical Neuropsychology Personality Positive Psycholinguistics Psychophysics Psychophysiology Quantitative Social Theoretical Applied psychology Anomalistic Applied behavior analysis Assessment Clinical Community Consumer Counseling Critical Educational Ergonomics Feminist Forensic Health Industrial and organizational Legal Media Military Music Occupational health Pastoral Political Psychometrics Psychotherapy Religion School Sport and exercise Suicidology Systems Traffic Methodologies Animal testing Archival research Behavior epigenetics Case study Content analysis Experiments Human subject research Interviews Neuroimaging Observation Qualitative research Quantitative research Self - report inventory Statistical surveys Psychologists William James ( 1842 -- 1910 ) Ivan Pavlov ( 1849 -- 1936 ) Sigmund Freud ( 1856 -- 1939 ) Edward Thorndike ( 1874 -- 1949 ) Carl Jung ( 1875 -- 1961 ) John B. Watson ( 1878 -- 1958 ) Clark L. Hull ( 1884 -- 1952 ) Kurt Lewin ( 1890 -- 1947 ) Jean Piaget ( 1896 -- 1980 ) Gordon Allport ( 1897 -- 1967 ) J.P. Guilford ( 1897 -- 1987 ) Carl Rogers ( 1902 -- 1987 ) Erik Erikson ( 1902 -- 1994 ) B.F. Skinner ( 1904 -- 1990 ) Donald O. Hebb ( 1904 -- 1985 ) Ernest Hilgard ( 1904 -- 2001 ) Harry Harlow ( 1905 -- 1981 ) Raymond Cattell ( 1905 -- 1998 ) Abraham Maslow ( 1908 -- 1970 ) Neal E. Miller ( 1909 -- 2002 ) Jerome Bruner ( 1915 -- 2016 ) Donald T. Campbell ( 1916 -- 1996 ) Hans Eysenck ( 1916 -- 1997 ) Herbert A. Simon ( 1916 -- 2001 ) David McClelland ( 1917 -- 1998 ) Leon Festinger ( 1919 -- 1989 ) George Armitage Miller ( 1920 -- 2012 ) Richard Lazarus ( 1922 -- 2002 ) Stanley Schachter ( 1922 -- 1997 ) Robert Zajonc ( 1923 -- 2008 ) Albert Bandura ( b . 1925 ) Roger Brown ( 1925 -- 1997 ) Endel Tulving ( b . 1927 ) Lawrence Kohlberg ( 1927 -- 1987 ) Noam Chomsky ( b . 1928 ) Ulric Neisser ( 1928 -- 2012 ) Jerome Kagan ( b . 1929 ) Walter Mischel ( b . 1930 ) Elliot Aronson ( b . 1932 ) Daniel Kahneman ( b . 1934 ) Paul Ekman ( b . 1934 ) Michael Posner ( b . 1936 ) Amos Tversky ( 1937 -- 1996 ) Bruce McEwen ( b . 1938 ) Larry Squire ( b . 1941 ) Richard E. Nisbett ( b . 1941 ) Martin Seligman ( b . 1942 ) Ed Diener ( b . 1946 ) Shelley E. Taylor ( b . 1946 ) John Anderson ( b . 1947 ) Ronald C. Kessler ( b . 1947 ) Joseph E. LeDoux ( b . 1949 ) Richard Davidson ( b . 1951 ) Susan Fiske ( b . 1952 ) Roy Baumeister ( b . 1953 ) Lists Counseling topics Disciplines Important publications Organizations Outline Psychologists Psychotherapies Research methods Schools of thought Timeline Topics Wiktionary definition Wiktionary category Wikisource Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikinews Wikibooks Psychology portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_psychology&oldid=829807316 '' Categories : History of psychology History of science by discipline Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns - list with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons Asturianu Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Italiano Қазақша Lietuvių Magyar 日本語 Русский Slovenčina Suomi தமிழ் Українська 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 March 2018 , at 22 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was psychology recognized as a formal academic discipline	[]	[]
-1281789696739484246	Robert Hardy	Robert Hardy - wikipedia Robert Hardy Jump to : navigation , search For other people named Robert Hardy , see Robert Hardy ( disambiguation ) . This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( September 2017 ) Robert Hardy CBE Timothy Sydney Robert Hardy ( 1925 - 10 - 29 ) 29 October 1925 Cheltenham , Gloucestershire , England 3 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 03 ) ( aged 91 ) Northwood , London , England Alma mater Magdalen College , Oxford Occupation Actor Years active 1958 -- 2017 Spouse ( s ) Elizabeth Fox ( m . 1952 -- 56 ) Sally Pearson ( m . 1961 -- 86 ) Robert Hardy 's voice Timothy Sydney Robert Hardy , CBE , FSA ( 29 October 1925 -- 3 August 2017 ) was an English actor who enjoyed a long career in the theatre , film and television . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Awards 4 Personal life 5 TV and filmography 5.1 Films 5.2 Television 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Hardy was born in Cheltenham in 1925 to Jocelyn ( née Dugdale ) and Henry Harrison Hardy , the headmaster of Cheltenham College and later of Shrewsbury School . He was educated at Rugby School and Magdalen College , Oxford , where his studies were interrupted by service in the Royal Air Force during World War II . He trained as a pilot , receiving part of his instruction in Terrell , Texas , in the British Flying Training School Program . While he visited Los Angeles when on leave from flight training at Terrell , his later acting career never gained a foothold in Hollywood . After service in the RAF , he returned to gain a BA ( Hons ) in English . On BBC Radio 4 's Desert Island Discs he described the degree he obtained as `` shabby '' , although he treasured the time spent studying under C.S. Lewis and J.R.R. Tolkien . Career ( edit ) Hardy began his career as a classical actor . In 1959 he appeared as Sicinius opposite Laurence Olivier in Coriolanus at Stratford - upon - Avon , directed by Peter Hall . He then appeared in Shakespeare 's Henry V on stage and in television 's An Age of Kings ( 1960 ) , and subsequently played Coriolanus in The Spread of the Eagle ( BBC , 1963 ) and Sir Toby Belch for the BBC Television Shakespeare production of Twelfth Night in 1980 . Over the years , Hardy played a range of parts on television and film . His first continuing role in a TV series was as businessman Alec Stewart in the award - winning oil company drama The Troubleshooters for the BBC , which he played from 1966 to 1970 . He won further acclaim for his portrayal of the mentally - unhinged Abwehr Sgt . Gratz in LWT 's 1969 war drama Manhunt . In 1975 , Hardy portrayed Albert , Prince Consort in the award - winning 13 - hour serial Edward the Seventh ( known as Edward the King to the American audience ) , which he regarded as one of his best performances . `` I thought I 'd done a good job there , although I believe the Royal Family did n't like it all . There are always people who do n't like what one does . '' He was seen as the irascible senior veterinarian Siegfried Farnon in the long - running All Creatures Great and Small ( 1978 -- 90 ) , an adaptation of James Herriot 's semi-autobiographical books . Hardy also made an appearance in the 1986 -- 88 ITV comedy series Hot Metal , in which he played the dual roles of newspaper proprietor Twiggy Rathbone ( who bore more than a passing resemblance to Rupert Murdoch ) and his editor , Russell Spam . In 1993 Hardy appeared in an episode of Inspector Morse , playing Andrew Baydon in `` Twilight of the Gods '' . In 2002 , he played the role of pompous and eccentric Professor Neddy Welch in a WTTV / WGBH Boston co-production of Lucky Jim , adapted from the novel by Kingsley Amis . It aired originally as part of the Masterpiece series on PBS in the U.S. and starred Stephen Tompkinson in the title role of Jim Dixon , a luckless lecturer at a provincial British university . Hardy played both Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt , each on more than one occasion . He played Churchill most notably in Winston Churchill : The Wilderness Years ( 1981 ) , for which he won a BAFTA award , but also in The Sittaford Mystery , Bomber Harris and War and Remembrance . On 20 August 2010 , he read Churchill 's famous wartime address `` Never was so much owed by so many to so few '' at a ceremony to mark the 70th anniversary of the speech . He played Roosevelt in the BBC serial , Bertie and Elizabeth , and in the French TV mini-series , Le Grand Charles , about the life of Charles de Gaulle . He also played Robert Dudley , Earl of Leicester , in Elizabeth R , and took the role of Sir John Middleton in the 1995 film version of Sense and Sensibility . His big screen roles included Professor Krempe in Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein and Minister of Magic Cornelius Fudge in the Harry Potter films . His voice performance as Robin Hood in Tale Spinners For Children , an LP from the 1960s , is considered one of the best Robin Hood renditions . His voice was also the voice of D'Artagnan in The Three Musketeers , and of Frédéric Chopin , in The Story of Chopin . Awards ( edit ) Hardy was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( CBE ) in the 1981 Birthday Honours . Personal life ( edit ) His first marriage , in 1952 , was to Elizabeth Fox , the daughter of Sir Lionel Fox ; they had a son , Paul . This marriage ended in 1956 . In 1961 he married Sally Pearson , the daughter of the baronet Sir Neville Pearson and Dame Gladys Cooper as well as a sister - in - law of Robert Morley . From this marriage , which ended in 1986 , Hardy had two other children , one of whom is Justine Hardy , a journalist , activist , and psychotherapist who founded Healing Kashmir . His second daughter , Emma , is a mother of three and a photographer . He was a close friend of actor Richard Burton , whom he met at Oxford University . He shared some memories of their wartime friendship and read extracts from Burton 's newly - published diaries at the Cheltenham Literature Festival in 2012 . While playing Henry V , Hardy developed an interest in medieval warfare , and in 1963 he wrote and presented an acclaimed television documentary on the subject of the Battle of Agincourt . He also wrote two books on the subject of the longbow , Longbow : A Social and Military History , and The Great Warbow ; From Hastings to the Mary Rose with Matthew Strickland . He was one of the experts consulted by the archaeologist responsible for raising the Mary Rose . He was Master of the Worshipful Company of Bowyers of the City of London from 1988 to 1990 . In 1996 he was elected a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries . In February 2013 , Hardy withdrew from his scheduled performance as Winston Churchill in Peter Morgan 's play , The Audience , after suffering cracked ribs as the result of a fall . Hardy died on 3 August 2017 , aged 91 , at Denville Hall , a home for retired actors . TV and filmography ( edit ) Films ( edit ) Torpedo Run ( 1958 ) ... Lt. Redley The Spy Who Came in from the Cold ( 1965 ) ... Dick Carlton Berserk ! ( 1967 ) ... Supt . Brooks How I Won the War ( 1967 ) ... British General Psychomania ( 1971 ) ... Chief Inspector Hesseltine 10 Rillington Place ( 1971 ) ... Malcolm Morris Young Winston ( 1972 ) ... Headmaster Demons of the Mind ( 1972 ) ... Zorn Gawain and the Green Knight ( 1973 ) ... Sir Bertilak Yellow Dog ( 1973 ) ... Alexander The Gathering Storm ( 1974 ) ... Joachim von Ribbentrop The Zany Adventures of Robin Hood ( 1984 ) ... King Richard The Shooting Party ( 1985 ) ... Lord Bob Lilburn Paris by Night ( 1988 ) ... Adam Gillvray Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein ( 1994 ) ... Professor Krempe A Feast at Midnight ( 1995 ) ... Headmaster Sense and Sensibility ( 1995 ) ... Sir John Middleton Gulliver 's Travels ( 1996 ) ... Dr. Parnell Mrs. Dalloway ( 1997 ) ... Sir William Bradshaw The Tichborne Claimant ( 1998 ) ... Lord Rivers An Ideal Husband ( 1998 ) ... Lord Caversham The 10th Kingdom ( 2000 ) ... Chancellor Griswold The Gathering ( 2002 ) ... The Bishop Thunderpants ( 2002 ) ... Doctor Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) ... Cornelius Fudge Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) ... Cornelius Fudge Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) ... Cornelius Fudge Lassie ( 2005 ) ... Judge Murray Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) ... Cornelius Fudge Margaret ( 2009 ) ... Willie Whitelaw Old Harry ( Short ) ( 2009 ) ... Old Harry Churchill : 100 Days That Saved Britain ( 2015 ) ... Winston Churchill Joseph 's Reel ( short ) ( 2015 ) ... Old Joseph Snapshot Wedding ( 2017 pre-production ) ... Donald Television ( edit ) An Age of Kings ( 1960 ) The Spread of the Eagle ( 1963 ) ... Coriolanus The Troubleshooters ( 1966 - 70 ) The Baron ( 1966 ) , episode `` A Memory of Evil '' The Saint ( 1968 ) , season 6 , episode 4 , `` The Desperate Diplomat '' Manhunt ( 1969 ) ... Abwehr Sgt Graz Elizabeth R ( 1971 ) ... Robert Dudley Edward the Seventh ( 1975 ) ... Albert , Prince Consort Upstairs , Downstairs ( 1975 ) , season 5 , episode 8 , `` Such A Lovely Man '' The Duchess of Duke Street ( 1976 ) Episode : `` A Lady of Virtue '' All Creatures Great and Small ( 1978 -- 1980 and 1988 -- 1990 ; entire series ) ... Siegfried Farnon Twelfth Night ( 1980 ) The Pied Piper of Hamelin ( 1980 ) , narrator of BAFTA winning animation by Cosgrove Hall Films Winston Churchill : The Wilderness Years ( 1981 ) , Winston Churchill The Case - Book of Sherlock Holmes , episode `` The Master Blackmailer '' ( 1991 ) ... Charles Milverton Jenny 's War ( 1985 ) ... Klein Northanger Abbey ( 1986 ) ... General Tilney Hot Metal ( 1986 - 88 ) ... Terence `` Twiggy '' Rathbone War and Remembrance ( 1988 ) ... Winston Churchill Middlemarch ( 1994 ) ... Mr. Brooke Inspector Morse , episode `` Twilight of the Gods '' Midsomer Murders ( 1999 ) , season 2 , episode 3 , `` Dead Man 's Eleven '' Foyle 's War , `` The German Woman '' Spooks ( 2003 ) , second series , episode 4 , `` Blood and Money '' ... Bank of England supreme manager Making Waves ( 2004 ) Agatha Christie 's Marple , series 2 , episode `` The Sittaford Mystery '' ( 2006 ) ... Winston Churchill Little Dorrit ( 2008 ) Lewis , series 4 , episode `` Dark Matter '' ( 2010 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Robert Hardy '' . Desert Island Discs. 20 November 2011 . BBC Radio 4 . Retrieved 18 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter actor Robert Hardy dies at 91 '' . BBC News . 2017 - 08 - 03 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ Robert Hardy Biography ( 1925 -- ) Jump up ^ Terrell Municipal Airporta Jump up ^ `` Goodbye To The Minister Of Magic , Actor Robert Hardy '' , Vivian Hughbanks , The Federalist , August 7 , 2017 , https://thefederalist.com/2017/08/07/goodbye-minister-magic-actor-robert-hardy/ Jump up ^ Robert Hardy 's Path To ' Middlemarch ' April 10 , 1994 SUSAN KING http://articles.latimes.com/1994-04-10/news/tv-44110_1_robert-hardy Jump up ^ Michael Coveney , `` Robert Hardy Obituary '' , The Guardian , August 3 , 2017 https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2017/aug/03/robert-hardy-obituary Jump up ^ Robert Hardy at oxford student.com . Retrieved 14 October 2012 Jump up ^ BBC Radio Four -- broadcast 25 November 2011 Jump up ^ `` ROB WILTON THEATRICALIA Stratford 1955 -- 60 '' . Phyllis.demon.co.uk . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Coveney ( 3 August 2017 ) . `` Robert Hardy obituary '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ All Memories Great & Small , Oliver Crocker ( 2016 ; MIWK ) Jump up ^ `` Hot Metal - ITV Sitcom '' . British Comedy Guide . Retrieved 4 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Richard Bradford ( 19 April 2003 ) . `` Filming Lucky Jim '' . Spectator archive . Retrieved 4 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Lawless , Jill. `` 70 years on from WWII , Britain remembers ' the few ' '' . Associated Press . Retrieved 20 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tale Spinners for Children : Robin Hood '' UAC 11001 : `` Starring Robert Hardy as Robin Hood with the Famous Theater Company and the Hollywood Studio Orchestra '' ; cf. also Arts Reformation . ^ Jump up to : `` Obituary : Robert Hardy '' . BBC New Online . Retrieved 3 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Meneses , Geeta Alvares ( 2009 ) . `` A Humane Being '' ( PDF ) . Libas International : 74 -- via Justine Hardy website . Jump up ^ `` ' Kashmiris have felt isolated during conflict ' '' . The Times of India . 27 January 2010 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Aled Thomas ( 4 August 2017 ) . `` Harry Potter actor Robert Hardy dies aged 91 '' . GloucestershireLive . Jump up ^ `` The Picardy Affair '' . BBC . Retrieved 4 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Longbow : A Social and Military History Jump up ^ Sutton Publishing 2005 . ISBN 0 - 7509 - 3167 - 1 ISBN 978 - 0750931670 Jump up ^ `` List of Fellows -- H '' . Society of Antiquaries of London . Retrieved 9 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Robert Hardy withdraws from Churchill role in Helen Mirren play '' . BBC News . BBC . 26 February 2013 . Retrieved 26 February 2013 . External links ( edit ) Robert Hardy on IMDb Robert Hardy ( Aveleyman ) findagrave ( memorial ) VIAF : 107601877 LCCN : n88051162 ISNI : 0000 0001 1479 6490 GND : 17215149X SUDOC : 059208252 BNF : cb140712348 ( data ) BIBSYS : 3014847 MusicBrainz : 154c0c03 - d6b4 - 4310 - 8872 - ce3eb2722e55 NKC : pna2004259298 BNE : XX1507037 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Hardy&oldid=801437269 '' Categories : 1925 births 2017 deaths Commanders of the Order of the British Empire English male film actors English male stage actors English male television actors People educated at Rugby School Alumni of Magdalen College , Oxford People from Cheltenham Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of London Male actors from Gloucestershire 20th - century English male actors 21st - century English male actors Hidden categories : Wikipedia introduction cleanup from September 2017 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from September 2017 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Use dmy dates from November 2013 Use British English from November 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Pages to import images to Wikidata Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017 , at 17 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who did robert hardey play in harry potter	[ "His big screen roles included Professor Krempe in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein and Minister of Magic Cornelius Fudge in the Harry Potter films.[2]" ]	[ "Cornelius Fudge" ]
8069318900443460521	Mrs. California	Mrs. California - wikipedia Mrs. California Not to be confused with Miss California . `` Mrs. California '' The Office episode Episode no . Season 8 Episode 9 Directed by Charlie Grandy Written by Dan Greaney Production code 809 Original air date December 1 , 2011 Running time 22 minutes Guest appearance ( s ) Lindsey Broad as Cathy Simms Maura Tierney as Susan California Episode chronology ← Previous `` Gettysburg '' Next → `` Christmas Wishes '' The Office ( U.S. season 8 ) List of The Office ( U.S. TV series ) episodes `` Mrs. California '' is the ninth episode of the eighth season of the American comedy television series The Office , and the show 's 161st episode overall . `` Mrs. California '' aired on NBC in the United States on December 1 , 2011 . The episode was written by consulting producer Dan Greaney , marking his first writing credit for the series , and was directed by Charlie Grandy . The series -- presented as if it were a real documentary -- depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton , Pennsylvania , branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company . In the episode , Robert California ( James Spader ) brings his wife ( Maura Tierney ) into the office for a job , and tells Andy Bernard ( Ed Helms ) behind her back not to give her one . Meanwhile , Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) opens a gym in the building and tries to get Darryl Philbin ( Craig Robinson ) to join it . Tierney was brought in to play the role of California 's wife because showrunner Paul Lieberstein stated that he was `` a big fan of hers '' . `` Mrs. California '' received mixed responses from television critics . According to Nielsen Media Research , the episode received 5.74 million viewers and received a 2.9 rating / 7 % share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49 , staying even with the ratings from the previous episode , `` Gettysburg '' . The episode also ranked at first in its time slot . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production 3 Cultural references 4 Reception 4.1 Ratings 4.2 Reviews 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) While Andy Bernard ( Ed Helms ) is having a meeting with Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) in his office , Robert California ( James Spader ) appears at the window and frantically says that his wife Susan ( Maura Tierney ) is looking for a job in the office , and that Andy must not give her one . When Susan arrives , Andy compliantly tells her that they have no openings , but Robert insists that they have a look around before coming to any conclusions . Susan looks at the different departments , and decides on accounting . Andy again claims the office is already fully staffed , but Robert insists that he give her a job , even pressuring Andy by reminding him of his power as CEO . Confused by Robert 's mixed messages , Andy relents and gives her a job , but Robert later calls Andy on the phone to berate him for hiring Susan . Andy asks everyone in the office to treat her poorly to drive her out , which makes everyone uncomfortable as they like her , but end up doing so nevertheless . When Susan notices their behavior , she complains to Robert , who asks Andy to discuss the issues with Susan in the conference room and leaves . Susan eventually realizes it was Robert 's idea to drive her away . When they call Robert out , he vehemently denies it . Andy tells them Jim also heard him say he did not want her working at the office , which Jim overhears , prompting him to flee the office . Robert orders security to close the gate , preventing him from leaving . Jim then runs all over the building , but Andy and Robert find him and take him back to the office . After trying unsuccessfully to deflect their questions about what Robert told Andy , Jim blurts out that he is baffled at Robert 's attitude , since Jim enjoys working in the same place as his wife Pam Halpert ( Jenna Fischer ) and misses her while she is on maternity leave . Andy and Jim leave the conference room and after a short while , Robert and Susan leave . In the parking lot , Andy apologizes to Susan and after brief small talk , Susan asks Andy out on a date , leaving him surprised . Meanwhile , Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) opens a gym in the building , which intrigues Darryl Philbin ( Craig Robinson ) , who 's been looking to lose weight . However , Dwight 's gym is only filled with his farming equipment as exercising equipment . Darryl says he needs actual equipment , which Dwight finally gets , but sees that Darryl is barely using it . Dwight asks more employees to join to help motivate Darryl to exercise harder . During a bench - press , Dwight refuses to spot Darryl unless he says his motivation to work out . Darryl finally says it is to impress the new female warehouse worker Val . Production ( edit ) `` Mrs. California '' was written by consulting producer Dan Greaney , his first writing credit for the series after joining the writing staff in the eighth season . Greaney had previously worked with executive producer Greg Daniels on The Simpsons . It was directed by co-executive producer and frequent Office writer Charlie Grandy , the first episode he has directed for the series after previously directing The Podcast webisodes . `` Mrs California '' features a guest appearance from Maura Tierney played Robert California 's wife , Susan California . Showrunner Paul Lieberstein stated that he was `` a big fan of hers '' and said he was excited for her guest appearance . The episode also marks the third appearance of Lindsey Broad who plays Cathy , Pam 's replacement during her maternity leave . She is currently set to appear in a recurring role for the season . Due to Jenna Fischer 's actual pregnancy Pam did not appear in the episode . The Season Eight DVD contains a number of deleted scenes from this episode . Notable cut scenes include more office workers joining Dwight 's gym , Andy and Jim trying to get out of Mr. and Mrs. California 's difficulties , and more scenes of Jim running away . Cultural references ( edit ) Ryan mentions his desire to found the `` Dream for a Wish Foundation , '' a play on the actual Make - A-Wish Foundation . During Dwight and Darryl 's gym scenes , Darryl sardonically corrects Dwight by telling him that the pronunciation for LeBron James is actually `` LeJon Brames . '' Later , Dwight attempts to get Darryl to stretch his pelvic bowl by telling him that The Fonz did it to become cool . Near the end of the episode , Darryl admits that he is attempting to impress Val from the warehouse , but Dwight believes he is talking about male actor Val Kilmer . In addition , several films are mentioned or alluded to . Erin makes a reference to the 2006 film The Devil Wears Prada . Darryl comments that Dwight 's gym looks like `` a scene out of Saw V . '' Finally , Andy mentions that he `` was watching a movie , and a bunch of apes took over San Francisco . '' Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) In its original American broadcast on December 2 , 2011 , `` Mrs. California '' was viewed by an estimated 5.74 million viewers and received a 2.9 rating share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49 . This means that it was seen by 2.9 % of all 18 - to 49 - year - olds , and 7 % of all 18 - to 49 - year - olds watching television at the time of the broadcast . The episode stayed even with the ratings from the previous episode , `` Gettysburg '' . Despite this , the episode ranked first in its timeslot , beating Bones which received a 2.8 rating / 7 % share in the 18 -- 49 demographic , CMA Country Christmas which received a 2.2 rating / 6 % share , a rerun of Person of Interest which received a 1.6 rating / 4 % share and a rerun of The Secret Circle which received a 0.4 rating / 1 % share , although the former three shows received more total viewers . Added with DVR viewers , who viewed the episode within three days of the original broadcast , the episode received a 4.2 rating in the 18 -- 49 demographic , adding a 1.3 rating to the original viewership . For the week of November 28 -- December 4 , 2011 , `` Mrs. California '' placed nineteenth in the ratings among all prime - time broadcasts in the 18 -- 49 demographic . Reviews ( edit ) `` Mrs. California '' received mixed responses from critics . The A.V. Club reviewer Myles McNutt said the episode had the possibility of being a great episode of The Office , but that it did not live up to that possibility . He suggested that the writers could tell jokes , but could not successfully `` break a story anymore '' . He also called the subplot a mixed bag for featuring Dwight as a caricature of his former self , but complimented the character development for Darryl which started in `` Lotto '' . He gave the episodes a C+ . Hannah Lawrence of Hollywood.com called the episode a large improvement over `` Gettysburg '' and also called it possibly her `` favorite episode of the season so far '' . Chris Plante of New York called Robert California the worst part of The Office and said that he kept Andy from being more of a lead character for the series . TV Guide writer Bruce Fretts criticized the episode for under using guest star Maura Tierney . He also said that the episode suffered without former series star Steve Carell to serve as the comic foil . IGN writer Cindy White said the episode did not feel like The Office and called it `` the exact opposite '' . Despite this , she went on to compliment Susan asking Andy on a date and the pairing of Darryl and Val as a couple , saying that the latter had possibilities . She ultimately gave the episode a 7.5 / 10 . Joseph Kratzer from What Culture ? gave the episode three out of five stars and wrote , `` I 'm going to go out on a bit of a limb here and say that while ' Mrs. California ' was of course not a return to form for The Office , it was a good example of how the series might define itself in this new Michael-less era . '' M. Giant of Television without Pity gave the episode a B+ . After viewing `` Mrs. California , '' Washington Post writer Hank Stuever named The Office one of the ten best TV shows of 2011 and said that the episode proved the series could still deliver cringe humor without Carell . Multiple critics complimented the cold open to the episode . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Office : Mrs. California '' . OfficeTally . Retrieved November 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 21 , 2011 ) . `` Staffing Season Highlights : Who Got Hottest Jobs , Which Shows Attracted Most Writers '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Greaney , Dan ( 2005 ) . The Simpsons season 7 DVD commentary for the episode `` King - Size Homer '' ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ Lyons , Margaret ( September 26 , 2011 ) . `` Maura Tierney Is Heading to Dunder - Mifflin '' . New York . Retrieved September 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 26 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Office ' scoop : Maura Tierney guest - starring as ... -- From Inside the Box -- Zap2it '' . Zap2it . Retrieved November 28 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( September 8 , 2011 ) . `` The Office Exclusive : ' Til Death 's Lindsey Broad Befriends Pam '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hochberg , Mina ( August 21 , 2011 ) . `` The Office 's Jenna Fischer Confirms That Baby No. 2 Is On the Way for Pam and Jim -- Vulture '' . New York . Retrieved November 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Deleted scenes for `` Mrs. California '' ( DVD ) . The Office : Season Eight Disc 2 : Universal Studios Home Entertainment . 2012 . ^ Jump up to : McNutt , Myles ( December 1 , 2011 ) . `` Mrs. California '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved December 3 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kratzer , Joseph . `` TV Review : THE OFFICE 8.9 , `` Mrs. California '' `` . What Culture ? . Retrieved January 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dan Greaney ( writer ) ( December 10 , 2009 ) . `` Mrs. California '' . The Office . Season 8 . Episode 9 . NBC . I was watching a movie , and a bunch of apes took over San Francisco . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( December 2 , 2011 ) . `` TV Ratings Thursday : A Steady ' X Factor ' & ' Bones ' Win the Night ; ' Community , ' ' Prime Suspect ' Inch Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( November 18 , 2011 ) . `` TV Ratings : ' Bones ' Grows , ' Person of Interest ' Matches Low '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( December 19 , 2011 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' New Girl ' Tops Absolute Gains , ' Ringer ' Tops % Gains In Week 11 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( December 6 , 2011 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Sunday Night Football , ' ' Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show ' Top Week 11 Among Adults 18 -- 49 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Hannah ( December 1 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Office ' Recap : Mrs. California '' . Hollywood.com . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2011 . Retrieved December 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Plante , Chris ( December 2 , 2011 ) . `` The Office : California 's Better Half '' . New York . Retrieved December 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cheers & Jeers : The Office Misuses Maura Tierney -- Today 's News : Our Take '' . TV Guide . December 2 , 2011 . Retrieved December 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : White , Cindy ( December 2 , 2011 ) . `` The Office : `` Mrs. California '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved December 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Giant , M. ( December 1 , 2011 ) . `` The Office TV Show -- Mrs. California '' . Television Without Pity . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2011 . Retrieved December 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stuever , Hank ( December 9 , 2011 ) . `` Hank Stuever 's 10 best ( and 1 worst ) TV shows of 2011 '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 11 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) `` Mrs. California '' at NBC.com `` Mrs. California '' on IMDb `` Mrs. California '' at TV.com hide The Office ( U.S. ) episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Diversity Day '' `` Health Care '' `` The Alliance '' `` Basketball '' `` Hot Girl '' Season 2 `` The Dundies '' `` Sexual Harassment '' `` Office Olympics '' `` The Fire '' `` Halloween '' `` The Fight '' `` The Client '' `` Performance Review '' `` Email Surveillance '' `` Christmas Party '' `` Booze Cruise '' `` The Injury '' `` The Secret '' `` The Carpet '' `` Boys and Girls '' `` Valentine 's Day '' `` Dwight 's Speech '' `` Take Your Daughter to Work Day '' `` Michael 's Birthday '' `` Drug Testing '' `` Conflict Resolution '' `` Casino Night '' Season 3 `` Gay Witch Hunt '' `` The Convention '' `` The Coup '' `` Grief Counseling '' `` Initiation '' `` Diwali '' `` Branch Closing '' `` The Merger '' `` The Convict '' `` A Benihana Christmas '' `` Back from Vacation '' `` Traveling Salesmen '' `` The Return '' `` Ben Franklin '' `` Phyllis ' Wedding '' `` Business School '' `` Cocktails '' `` The Negotiation '' `` Safety Training '' `` Product Recall '' `` Women 's Appreciation '' `` Beach Games '' `` The Job '' Season 4 `` Fun Run '' `` Dunder Mifflin Infinity '' `` Launch Party '' `` Money '' `` Local Ad '' `` Branch Wars '' `` Survivor Man '' `` The Deposition '' `` Dinner Party '' `` Chair Model '' `` Night Out '' `` Did I Stutter ? '' `` Job Fair '' `` Goodbye , Toby '' Season 5 `` Weight Loss '' `` Business Ethics '' `` Baby Shower '' `` Crime Aid '' `` Employee Transfer '' `` Customer Survey '' `` Business Trip '' `` Frame Toby '' `` The Surplus '' `` Moroccan Christmas '' `` The Duel '' `` Prince Family Paper '' `` Stress Relief '' `` Lecture Circuit '' `` Blood Drive '' `` Golden Ticket '' `` New Boss '' `` Two Weeks '' `` Dream Team '' `` Michael Scott Paper Company '' `` Heavy Competition '' `` Broke '' `` Casual Friday '' `` Cafe Disco '' `` Company Picnic '' Season 6 `` Gossip '' `` The Meeting '' `` The Promotion '' `` Niagara '' `` Mafia '' `` The Lover '' `` Koi Pond '' `` Double Date '' `` Murder '' `` Shareholder Meeting '' `` Scott 's Tots '' `` Secret Santa '' `` The Banker '' `` Sabre '' `` The Manager and the Salesman '' `` The Delivery '' `` St. Patrick 's Day '' `` New Leads '' `` Happy Hour '' `` Secretary 's Day '' `` Body Language '' `` The Cover - Up '' `` The Chump '' `` Whistleblower '' Season 7 `` Nepotism '' `` Counseling '' `` Andy 's Play '' `` Sex Ed '' `` The Sting `` Costume Contest '' `` Christening '' `` Viewing Party '' `` WUPHF.com '' `` China '' `` Classy Christmas '' `` Ultimatum '' `` The Seminar '' `` The Search '' `` PDA '' `` Threat Level Midnight '' `` Todd Packer '' `` Garage Sale '' `` Training Day '' `` Michael 's Last Dundies '' `` Goodbye , Michael '' `` The Inner Circle '' `` Dwight K. Schrute , ( Acting ) Manager '' `` Search Committee '' Season 8 `` The List '' `` The Incentive '' `` Lotto '' `` Garden Party '' `` Spooked '' `` Doomsday '' `` Pam 's Replacement '' `` Gettysburg '' `` Mrs. California '' `` Christmas Wishes '' `` Trivia '' `` Pool Party '' `` Jury Duty '' `` Special Project '' `` Tallahassee '' `` After Hours '' `` Test the Store '' `` Last Day in Florida '' `` Get the Girl '' `` Welcome Party '' `` Angry Andy '' `` Fundraiser '' `` Turf War '' `` Free Family Portrait Studio '' Season 9 `` New Guys '' `` Roy 's Wedding '' `` Andy 's Ancestry '' `` Work Bus '' `` Here Comes Treble '' `` The Boat '' `` The Whale '' `` The Target '' `` Dwight Christmas '' `` Lice '' `` Suit Warehouse '' `` Customer Loyalty '' `` Junior Salesman '' `` Vandalism '' `` Couples Discount '' `` Moving On '' `` The Farm '' `` Promos '' `` Stairmageddon '' `` Paper Airplane '' `` Livin ' the Dream '' `` A.A.R.M. '' `` Finale '' Webisodes The Accountants Kevin 's Loan The Outburst Blackmail Subtle Sexuality The Mentor The 3rd Floor The Podcast The Girl Next Door Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mrs._California&oldid=844013053 '' Categories : The Office ( U.S. season 8 ) episodes 2011 American television episodes Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2018 Good articles Tv.com template using numeric id Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 June 2018 , at 00 : 32 . About Wikipedia	who plays robert california's wife on the office	[ "The series—presented as if it were a real documentary—depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton, Pennsylvania, branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company. In the episode, Robert California (James Spader) brings his wife (Maura Tierney) into the office for a job, and tells Andy Bernard (Ed Helms) behind her back not to give her one. Meanwhile, Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) opens a gym in the building and tries to get Darryl Philbin (Craig Robinson) to join it." ]	[ "Maura Tierney" ]
-9196506327211708159	Windshield washer fluid	Windshield washer fluid - wikipedia Windshield washer fluid Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Windshield washer fluid being poured into a vehicle 's storage tank Windshield washer fluid ( also called windshield wiper fluid , wiper fluid , screen wash ( in the UK ) , or washer fluid ) is a fluid for motor vehicles that is used in cleaning the windshield with the windshield wiper while the vehicle is being driven . Contents ( hide ) 1 Delivery system 2 Varieties 3 Legionnaires ' disease 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading Delivery system ( edit ) A control within the car can be operated to spray washer fluid onto the windshield , typically using an electrical pump via jets mounted either beneath the windshield or beneath the wiper blade ( s ) . The windshield wipers are automatically turned on , cleaning dirt and debris off the windshield . Some vehicles use the same method to clean the rear window or the headlights . The first windshield cleaner unit offered for automobiles was in 1936 , as an aftermarket option to be installed on cars after they were bought . Washer fluid may sometimes be preheated before being delivered onto the windshield . This is especially desirable in colder climates when a thin layer of ice or frost accumulates on the windshield 's surface , because it eliminates the need to manually scrape the windshield or pour warm water on the glass . Although there are a few aftermarket preheat devices available , many automobile makers offer this feature factory installed on at least some of their vehicles . For example , General Motors had begun equipping vehicles with heated washer fluid systems from the factory beginning in 2006 with the Buick Lucerne sedan . The system emits a fine mist of heated water that clears frost without damaging the windshield itself . GM also claims heated washer fluid helps in removing bug splatters and other road accumulation . The company halted the production of these mechanisms after they found that it was prone to start engine fires . A different system patented by BMW first sprays `` intensive '' washer fluid and then standard washer fluid on to the windscreen . The Citroen C4 Cactus is the first car to have the washer fluid jets built into the wiper arms themselves . Citroen claims this is to reduce the amount of water used . Varieties ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Windshield washer fluid is sold in many formulations , and some may require dilution before being applied , although most solutions available in North America come premixed with no diluting required . The most common washer fluid solutions are given labels such as `` All - Season '' , `` Bug Remover '' , or `` De-icer '' , and usually are a combination of solvents with a detergent . Dilution factors will vary depending on season , for example in winter the dilution factor may be 1 : 1 , whereas during summer the dilution factor may be 1 : 10 . It is sometimes sold as sachet of crystals , which is also diluted with water . Distilled water is the preferred diluent , since it will not leave trace mineral deposits on the glass . Anti-freeze , or methylated spirits , may be added to a mixture to give the product a lower freezing temperature . But methanol vapor is harmful when breathed in , so more popular now is an ethanol winter mix , e.g. PAV , water , ethanol ( or isopropanol ) , and ethylene glycol . Many cars display a warning when the fluid level is low , and some car makers have replaced the float sensor generating this signal with a simple two - pin probe in the tank . This requires a ( slightly ) conductive fluid , but most common windshield washer fluid mixtures will work . Mercedes sells a special fluid for their cars . Concerns have been raised about the overall environmental aspects of washer fluid . Widespread use of wiper fluid ( amounting to billions of liters each year ) can lead to cumulative air pollution and water pollution . Consumer advocacy groups and auto enthusiasts believe that the alcohols and solvents present in some , but not all , windshield washer fluid can damage the vehicle . These critics point to the corrosive effects of ethanol , methanol , and other components on paint , rubber , car wax , and plastics , and groups propose various alternatives and homemade recipes to protect the finish and mechanics of the motor vehicle . Legionnaires ' disease ( edit ) On 14 June 2010 , the UK 's Health Protection Agency announced the results of a preliminary study of 75 patients , which found an association between the use of plain water as wiper fluid and Legionnaires ' disease , which is spread by breathing in aerosolized bacteria from infected water . It had been noticed that prevalence of the disease was five times higher among professional drivers . See also ( edit ) Antifreeze References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Spray Gun to Clean Windshield Is Operated from Dashboard '' . Popular Mechanics. 65 ( 4 ) : 488 . April 1936 . Jump up ^ 528i 540i Sedan Sport Wagon Owner 's Manual ( PDF ) . BMW AG . p. 78 . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwake , David Otto ( 2014 ) . Windshield Wiper Fluid : A Source of Legionnaires ? . American Society for Microbiology General Meeting 2014 . Jump up ^ American Society for Microbiology ( May 18 , 2014 ) . `` Windshield washer fluid a source of Legionnaires : Found in most school buses '' . ScienceDaily . Jump up ^ Wallensten , Anders ; Oliver , Isabel ; Ricketts , Katherine ; Kafatos , George ; Stuart , James M. ; Joseph , Carol ( 2010 ) . `` Windscreen wiper fluid without added screenwash in motor vehicles : a newly identified risk factor for Legionnaires ' disease '' . European Journal of Epidemiology. 25 ( 9 ) : 661 -- 5 . PMID 20532623 . doi : 10.1007 / s10654 - 010 - 9471 - 3 . Lay summary -- Public Health Wales ( June 14 , 2010 ) . Further reading ( edit ) Jackson MH , Payne HA ( 1995 ) . `` Bittering agents : their potential application in reducing ingestions of engine coolants and windshield wash '' . Veterinary and Human Toxicology. 37 ( 4 ) : 323 -- 6 . PMID 8540219 . INIST : 10657858 . Davis LE , Hudson D , Benson BE , Jones Easom LA , Coleman JK ( 2002 ) . `` Methanol poisoning exposures in the United States : 1993 - 1998 '' . Journal of Toxicology . Clinical Toxicology. 40 ( 4 ) : 499 -- 505 . PMID 12217003 . doi : 10.1081 / CLT - 120006753 . INIST : 13873183 . Glazer M , Dross P ( 1993 ) . `` Necrosis of the putamen caused by methanol intoxication : MR findings '' . American Journal of Roentgenology. 160 ( 5 ) : 1105 -- 6 . PMID 8470586 . doi : 10.2214 / ajr. 160.5. 8470586 . INIST : 4763461 . Becalski A , Bartlett KH ( 2006 ) . `` Methanol exposure to car occupants from windshield washing fluid : a pilot study '' . Indoor Air . 16 ( 2 ) : 153 -- 7 . PMID 16507042 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1600 - 0668.2005. 00411. x . INIST : 17673395 . Knibbs LD , de Dear RJ , Atkinson SE ( 2009 ) . `` Field study of air change and flow rate in six automobiles '' . Indoor Air . 19 ( 4 ) : 303 -- 13 . PMID 19500174 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1600 - 0668.2009. 00593. x . INIST : 21721138 . Mullins ME , Zane Horowitz B ( 2004 ) . `` Was it necessary to add Bitrex ( denatonium benzoate ) to automotive products ? '' . Veterinary and Human Toxicology. 46 ( 3 ) : 150 -- 2 . PMID 15171494 . INIST : 15763276 . Chong C , Hamersma B ( 1995 ) . `` Automobile radiator antifreeze and windshiled washer fluid as IBA carriers for rooting woody cuttings '' . HortScience. 30 ( 2 ) : 363 -- 5 . INIST : 3497164 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Windshield washer fluid reservoirs . Automotive design Part of a series of articles on cars Body Framework Car platform Backbone chassis Beltline Body - on - frame Bumper Cabrio coach Chassis Continental tire Crumple zone Dagmar bumpers Fender Fender skirts Grille Hood Hood scoop Monocoque Overhang Pillar Pontoon fenders Quarter panel Roof rack Shaker scoop Spoiler Stressed member engine Subframe Tonneau Trunk lid Compartments Trunk / boot / dickie Hood / bonnet Doors Butterfly doors Gull - wing door Scissor doors Sliding door Suicide door Vehicle canopy Glass Greenhouse Power window Quarter glass Opera window Sunroof Windshield / windscreen Windshield / windscreen wiper Other elements Bumper sticker Curb feeler Front - end bra Hood ornament Japan black Nerf bar Omniview technology Run - flat tire Spare tire Tire / tyre Tow hitch Truck accessory Window deflector Geometry Approach and departure angles Breakover angle Overhang Ride height Roll center Turning radius Weight distribution Exterior equipment Lighting Daytime running lamp Headlamp sealed beam high - intensity discharge lamp Hidden headlamps Turn signals trafficators Rear position lamps Stop lamps Reversing lamps Safety reflector retroreflector Other elements Vehicle horn Vehicle registration plate vanity plate Windshield / windscreen washer fluid Wing mirror power side - view mirror Legal Motor vehicle theft Vehicle identification number Commons Portal Motor fuels Fuel types Gasoline / petrol Diesel Biodiesel Lead Replacement Petrol Kerosene Compressed natural gas Hydrogen Ethanol Butanol fuel Racing fuel ( Tetraethyllead ) Fuel additives Butyl rubber Butylated hydroxytoluene 1 , 2 - Dibromoethane 1 , 2 - Dichloroethane Dimethyl methylphosphonate 2 , 4 - Dimethyl - 6 - tert - butylphenol Dinonylnaphthylsulfonic acid 2 , 6 - Di - tert - butylphenol Ecalene Ethylenediamine Metal deactivator Methyl tert - butyl ether Nitromethane Tetraethyllead Tetranitromethane Fluids Motor oil Antifreeze Automatic transmission fluid Brake fluid Gear oil Windshield washer fluid Retail Fuel card Full service MTBE controversy Pay at the pump Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Windshield_washer_fluid&oldid=783113931 '' Categories : Auto parts Automotive chemicals Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from January 2017 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles needing additional references from January 2016 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2010 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from January 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2010 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles needing more detailed references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Nederlands Norsk Polski Русский Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 May 2017 , at 06 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does the water for the windshield come from	[]	[]
4385571659565414196	The Lone Ranger (TV series)	The Lone Ranger ( TV series ) - wikipedia The Lone Ranger ( TV series ) This article is about the television series . For other uses , see Lone Ranger ( disambiguation ) . The Lone Ranger Clayton Moore as The Lone Ranger Created by George W. Trendle Fran Striker Starring Clayton Moore Jay Silverheels John Hart Chuck Courtney Narrated by Gerald Mohr Fred Foy Opening theme `` William Tell Overture '' by Gioachino Rossini Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 221 ( list of episodes ) Production Running time 30 minutes Production company ( s ) Apex Film Wrather Productions Release Original network ABC Picture format Black - and - white ( 1949 -- 1956 ) Color ( 1956 -- 1957 ) Audio format Monaural Original release September 15 , 1949 ( 1949 - 09 - 15 ) -- June 6 , 1957 ( 1957 - 06 - 06 ) The Lone Ranger is an American western drama television series that aired on the ABC Television network from 1949 to 1957 , with Clayton Moore in the starring role . Jay Silverheels , a member of the Mohawk Aboriginal people in Canada , played The Lone Ranger 's Indian companion Tonto . John Hart replaced Moore in the title role from 1952 to 1954 due to a contract dispute . Fred Foy , who had been both narrator and announcer of the radio series from 1948 until its ending , was the announcer . Gerald Mohr was originally employed as the narrator for the television series , but story narration was dropped after 16 episodes . The Lone Ranger was the highest - rated television program on ABC in the early 1950s and its first true `` hit '' . The series finished # 7 in the Nielsen ratings for the 1950 - 1951 season , # 18 for 1951 - 1952 and # 29 for 1952 - 1953 . Contents 1 Series premise 2 Production 3 Episodes 4 Cast 5 Guest stars 6 DVD releases 7 References 8 External links Series premise ( edit ) The fictional story line maintains that a patrol of six Texas Rangers is massacred , with only one member surviving . The `` lone '' survivor thereafter disguises himself with a black mask and travels with Tonto throughout Texas and the American West to assist those challenged by the lawless elements . A silver mine supplies The Lone Ranger with the name of his horse as well as the funds required to finance his wandering life - style and the raw material for his signature bullets . At the end of most episodes , after the Lone Ranger and Tonto leave , someone asks the sheriff or other person of authority who the masked man was . The person then responds that it was the Lone Ranger , who is then heard yelling `` Hi - Yo Silver , away ! '' as he and Tonto ride away on their horses . Production ( edit ) George W. Trendle retained the title of producer , although he recognized that his experience in radio was not adequate for producing the television series . For this , he hired veteran MGM film producer Jack Chertok . Chertok served as the producer for the first 182 episodes . The first 78 episodes were produced and broadcast for 78 consecutive weeks without any breaks or reruns . Then the entire 78 episodes were shown again before any new episodes were produced . All were shot in Kanab , Utah and California . Much of the series was filmed on the former Iverson Movie Ranch in Chatsworth , California , including the iconic opening sequence to each episode , in which the cry of `` Hi - yo Silver '' is heard before the Lone Ranger and Silver gallop to a distinctive rock and Silver rears up on his hind legs . The rock seen next to Silver is known as Lone Ranger Rock and remains in place today on the site of the former movie ranch . When it came time to produce another batch of 52 episodes , there was a wage dispute with Clayton Moore ( until his death , the actor insisted that the problem was creative differences ) , and John Hart was hired to play the role of the Lone Ranger . Once again , the 52 new episodes were aired in sequence followed by 52 weeks rerunning them . Despite expectations that the mask would make the switch workable , Hart was not accepted in the role , and his episodes were not seen again until the 1980s . At the end of the fifth year of the television series , Trendle sold the Lone Ranger rights to Jack Wrather , who bought them on August 3 , 1954 . Wrather immediately rehired Clayton Moore to play the Lone Ranger , and another 52 episodes were produced . Once again , they were broadcast as a full year of new episodes followed by a full year of reruns . The final season saw a number of changes , including an episode count of 39 , which had become the industry standard . Wrather invested money from his own pocket to film in color , although ABC telecast only in black and white . Wrather also went outdoors for action footage . Otherwise , the series was mostly filmed on a studio sound stage . Another big change , not readily detectable by the viewers , was replacing Jack Chertok with producer Sherman A. Harris . By this time , Chertok had established his own television production company and was busy producing other programs . Wrather decided not to negotiate further with the network and took the property to the big screen and canceled television production . The last new episode of the color series was broadcast on June 6 , 1957 , and the series ended September 12 , 1957 , although ABC reaped the benefits of daytime reruns for several more years . Wrather 's company produced two modestly budgeted theatrical features , The Lone Ranger ( 1956 ) and The Lone Ranger and the Lost City of Gold ( 1958 ) . The cast included former child actress Bonita Granville , who had married Wrather after his divorce from a daughter of former Texas Governor W. Lee O'Daniel . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of The Lone Ranger episodes Cast ( edit ) Clayton Moore and Jay Silverheels in 1956 Clayton Moore as The Lone Ranger ( 169 episodes ; 1949 -- 1951 , 1954 -- 1957 ) John Hart as The Lone Ranger ( 52 episodes ; 1952 -- 1953 ) Jay Silverheels as Tonto ( 217 episodes ; 1949 -- 1957 ) Chuck Courtney as Dan Reid ( Lone Ranger 's nephew ) ( 14 episodes ; 1950 -- 1955 ) Guest stars ( edit ) Michael Ansara - Angry Horse in episode 74 - `` Trouble at Black Rock '' ( 1951 ) . James Arness - Deputy Bud Titus in episode 33 - `` Matter of Courage '' ( 1950 ) . John Banner - Von Baden in episode 39 - `` Damsels in Distress '' ( 1950 ) Frances Bavier - Aunt Maggie Sawtelle in episode 159 - `` Sawtelle Saga 's End '' ( 1955 ) . Hugh Beaumont - Reverend Randy Roberts in episode 99 - `` The Godless Men '' ( 1953 ) . Lane Bradford - Jake in episode 4 - `` The Legion of Old Timers '' ( 1949 ) , Slick in episode 19 - `` Greed for Gold '' ( 1950 ) , Sergeant Pala in episode 44 - `` White Man 's Magic '' ( 1950 ) , Lige Watkin in episode 58 - `` Crime in Time '' ( 1950 ) , Joe in episode 64 - `` Desert Adventure '' ( 1950 ) , Gat Towson in episode 71 - `` The Outcast '' ( 1951 ) , Dusty in episode 76 - `` The Hooded Men '' ( 1951 ) , Rufe in episode 84 - `` Jeb 's Gold Mine '' ( 1952 ) , Zeke in episode 105 - `` A Stage for Mademoiselle '' ( 1953 ) , Smiley Hawks in episode 111 - `` The Deserter '' ( 1953 ) , Gus in episode 133 - `` Message to Fort Apache '' ( 1954 ) , Matt Rusk in episode 138 - `` Stage to Teshimingo '' ( 1954 ) , Jed in episode 187 - `` The Cross of Santo Domingo '' ( 1956 ) , George Stark in episode 197 - `` Christmas Story '' ( 1956 ) , and Duke Wade in episode 216 - `` Mission for Tonto '' ( 1957 ) . Robert Bray - Al Davis in episode 84 - `` Jeb 's Gold Mine '' ( 1952 ) , Ben in episode 98 - `` Bandits in Uniform '' ( 1953 ) , Dan Glick in episode 125 - `` The Perfect Crime '' ( 1953 ) , Joe Tarbuck in episode 137 - `` Outlaw 's Trail '' ( 1954 ) , Mace in episode 146 - `` Two for Juan Ringo '' ( 1954 ) , and Mike Barty in episode 163 - `` False Accusation '' ( 1955 ) . Harry Carey , Jr . - Jay Thomasson in episode 174 - `` The Return of Dice Dawson '' ( 1955 ) . Harry Cheshire - Judge Wells in episode 90 - `` Word of Honor '' ( 1952 ) , Doc Wilson in episode 123 - `` The Midnight Rider '' ( 1953 ) . Phyllis Coates - Ann Wyman in episode 124 - `` Stage to Estacado '' ( 1953 ) Naomi Courtwright in episode 125 - `` The Perfect Crime '' ( 1953 ) and Jane Johnson in 166 - `` Woman in the White Mask '' ( 1955 ) . Christopher Dark - Dr. William Hubbard in episode 139 - `` Texas Draw '' ( 1954 ) , Kat - Kem in episode 176 - `` The Return '' ( 1955 ) Gail Davis - episodes 25 - `` Buried Treasure '' and 38 - `` Spanish Gold '' ( both 1950 ) . episode 77 - `` Friend In Need '' ( 1951 ) John Doucette - Dirk in episode 14 - `` The Masked Rider '' ( 1949 ) , Ox Martin in episode 31 - `` Gold Fever '' ( 1950 ) , Rocky Hanford in episode 46 - `` Sheriff of Gunstock '' ( 1950 ) , Pierre Dumont in episode 60 - `` Thieves ' Money '' ( 1950 ) , Flack in episode 76 - `` The Hooded Men '' ( 1951 ) , Andrew Gage in episode 98 - `` Bandits in Uniform '' ( 1953 ) , Blaze in episode 131 - `` The Fugitive '' ( 1954 ) , Kelso in episode 140 - `` Rendezvous at Whipsaw '' ( 1954 ) , Lew Cates in episode 150 - `` The School Story '' ( 1955 ) , Deputy Sawyer in episode 178 - `` Trapped '' ( 1955 ) , and Beau Slate in episode 181 - `` Counterfeit Redskins '' ( 1955 ) Frank Ferguson - episode 149 - `` Enfield Rifle '' ( 1955 ) . Margaret Field - episode 19 - `` Greed for Gold '' ( 1950 ) . John Hart - episodes 34 - `` Rifles and Renegades '' and 46 - `` Sheriff at Gunstock '' ( both 1950 ) . Hart would return to the series in the title role for one season in 1952 - 1953 . Percy Helton - episode 148 - `` Dan Reid 's Sacrifice '' ( 1955 ) . Dwayne Hickman , along with his brother Darryl Hickman - episode 75 - `` Two Gold Lockets '' ( 1951 ) . David Holt - episode 30 - the prison warden 's kidnapped son in `` Never Say Die '' ( 1950 ) . I. Stanford Jolley - Asa Jones in episode 34 - `` Rifles and Renegades '' ( 1950 ) , Stark Durfee in episode 42 - `` Eye for an Eye '' ( 1950 ) , Seth in episode 67 - `` Lady Killer '' ( 1950 ) , Will Motter in episode 97 - `` Trader Boggs '' ( 1953 ) , Don Esteban in episode 98 - `` Bandits in Uniform '' ( 1953 ) , and Dave in episode 119 - `` Hidden Fortune '' ( 1953 ) . Dick Jones - episode 40 - `` Man Without a Gun '' ( 1950 ) . Stacy Keach , Sr. - episode 168 - `` Showdown at Sand Creek '' ( 1955 ) . DeForest Kelley - three episodes : 4 - `` The Legion of Old Timers '' ( 1949 ) , 27 - `` Gold Trains '' ( 1950 ) , and 117 - `` Death in the Forest '' ( 1953 ) . Douglas Kennedy - Curley Bates in episode 41 - `` A Pardon for Curley '' ( 1950 ) , Slim Roberts in episode 82 - `` Desperado at Large '' ( 1952 ) , Bull Gunderson in episode 86 - `` Ranger in Danger '' ( 1952 ) , George Milliner in episode 101 - `` Right to Vote '' ( 1953 ) , Sheriff Tom Lowell in episode 136 - `` Six Gun Sanctuary '' ( 1954 ) , and John Trent in episode 161 - `` Trigger Finger '' ( 1955 ) . Nan Leslie - Nancy Barton in episode 14 - `` The Masked Rider '' ( 1949 ) , Alicia Scoville in episode 47 - `` The Wrong Man '' ( 1950 ) , Leia Anson in episode 67 - `` Lady Killer '' ( 1950 ) , Martha Neal in episode 81 - `` Special Edition '' ( 1952 ) , Molly O'Connel in episode 110 - `` The Durango Kid '' ( 1953 ) , Kitty Martin in episode 118 - `` Gentleman from Julesburg '' ( 1953 ) , Jean Scott in episode 143 - `` A Broken Match '' ( 1954 ) , and Susan Starr in episode 175 - `` Adventure at Arbuckle '' ( 1956 ) . `` The Masked Rider '' was her television debut . Marjorie Lord - episode 155 - `` The Law Lady '' ( 1955 ) . Tyler MacDuff - Brad Stanton in episode 182 - `` One Nation , Indivisible '' ( 1955 ) , Clint Harkey in episode 194 - `` The Twisted Track '' ( 1956 ) , Kip Holloway in episode 216 - `` Mission for Tonto '' ( 1957 ) Is the only television actor to have spoken both of the lines `` Who was that masked man ? '' and `` That was the Lone Ranger ! '' David McMahon - Clay Durfee in episode 42 - `` Eye for an Eye '' ( 1950 ) , Jim Collins in episode 60 - `` Thieves ' Money '' ( 1950 ) , Mr. Herbert in episode 78 - `` Mr. Trouble '' ( 1951 ) , and Bert in episode 90 - `` Word of Honor '' ( 1952 ) Martin Milner - episode 28 - `` Pay Dirt '' ( 1950 ) . Ewing Mitchell - Major in episode 201 - `` The Courage of Tonto '' and Tom Bryan in 218 - `` The Banker 's Son '' ( both 1957 ) . Noel Neill - episode 69 - `` Letter of the Law '' ( 1951 ) . John M. Pickard - Smokey Baines in episode 79 - `` Outlaw 's Son '' ( 1952 ) , Jeff Seaton in episode 94 - `` Best Laid Plans '' ( 1952 ) , Henry Flack in episode 126 - `` The Ghost of Coyote Canyon '' ( 1953 ) , Matt Coleman in episode 158 - `` Sunstroke Mesa '' ( 1955 ) , Moose Miller in episode 169 - `` Heart of a Cheater '' ( 1955 ) , Jess Tyler in episode 196 - `` Trouble at Tylerville '' ( 1956 ) , and Lem Hollister in episode 221 - `` Outlaws in Grease Paint '' ( 1957 ) . Slim Pickens - episode 184 - `` The Sheriff of Smoke Tree '' ( 1956 ). episode 192 - `` The Letter Bride '' ( 1956 ) . Denver Pyle - episodes 71 - `` The Outcast '' , 72 - `` Backtrail '' and 76 - `` The Hooded Men '' ( 1951 ) , episode 166 - `` The Woman in the White Mask '' ( 1955 ) , and episodes 187 - `` The Cross of Santo Domingo '' and 190 - `` Quicksand '' ( both 1956 ) . Mike Ragan - Curly in episode 21 - `` Barnaby Boggs , Esquire '' ( 1950 ) , Pike Lane in episode 34 - `` Bullets for Ballots '' ( 1950 ) , Crane in episode 50 - `` The Black Widow '' ( 1950 ) , Al in episode 57 - `` Danger Ahead '' ( 1950 ) , Chad Hackett in episode 70 - `` Silent Voice '' ( 1951 ) , Jeff Durbin in episode 83 - `` Through the Wall '' ( 1952 ) , Dave in episode 188 - `` White Hawk 's Decision '' ( 1956 ) , Slim Wiley in episode 191 - `` Quarter Horse War '' ( 1956 ) , Sloat in episode 198 - `` Ghost Canyon '' ( 1956 ) . Marion Ross - episode 139 - `` Texas Draw '' ( 1954 ) . Victor Sen Yung - episode 192 - `` The Letter Bride '' ( 1956 ) . Kim Spalding - Moose in episode 53 - `` Million Dollar Wallpaper '' ( 1950 ) , Ed in episode 72 - `` Backtrail '' ( 1951 ) , and Joe in episode 103 - `` Tumblerock Law '' ( 1953 ) . Glenn Strange - played Butch Cavendish in episodes 1 - `` Enter the Lone Ranger '' ( 1949 ) , 2 - `` The Lone Ranger Fights On '' ( 1949 ) , 3 - `` The Lone Ranger 's Triumph '' ( 1949 ) , and 30 - `` Never Say Die '' ( 1950 ) . Also appeared as Bart Walton in episode 95 - `` Indian Charlie '' ( 1953 ) , Tom Casley in episode 122 - `` Gunpowder Joe '' ( 1953 ) , and as a stagecoach driver in episodes 132 - `` Ex-Marshal '' ( 1954 ) and 160 - `` The Too - Perfect Signature '' ( 1955 ) . William Tannen - Curly in episode 20 - `` Man of the House '' ( 1950 ) , Major Halliday in episode 191 - `` Quarter Horse War '' ( 1956 ) , and Seth McKeever in episode 195 - `` Decision for Chris McKeever '' ( 1956 ) Carol Thurston - Beata in episode 13 - `` Finders Keepers '' ( 1949 ) and Mary Turner in 62 - `` Masked Deputy '' ( 1950 ) . Minerva Urecal - episode 29 - `` Ghost Town Fury '' ( 1950 ) and episode 145 - `` Homer With a High Hat '' ( 1954 ) . Lee Van Cleef - episode 82 - `` Desperado at Large '' ( 1952 ) , and episodes 114 - `` The Brown Pony '' and 124 - `` Stage to Estacado '' ( both 1953 ) . Eddy Waller - Jules in episode 118 - `` The Gentleman from Julesburg '' ( 1953 ) , Jim Haskell in episode 169 - `` Heart of a Cheater '' ( 1955 ) , and Hardrock Hazen in episode 170 - `` The Swami '' ( 1955 ) . Frank Wilcox - Ross Colby in episode 88 - `` The Map '' ( 1952 ) , Samuel DeWitt in episode 105 - `` A Stage for Mademoiselle '' ( 1953 ) , Slate Corbaley in episode 128 - `` Prisoner in Jeopardy '' ( 1953 ) , and Bradford in episode 176 - `` The Return '' ( 1955 ) . Guy Williams - played a love - struck sheriff in episode 42 - `` Six - Gun Artist '' ( 1955 ) . Was later known for playing Zorro , one of the inspirations for the Lone Ranger character . Michael Winkelman - Chip Truett in episode 212 - `` The Prince of Buffalo Gap '' ( 1957 ) . Sheb Wooley - episodes 116 - `` The Wake of War '' and 124 - `` Stage to Estacado '' ( both 1953 ) , episode 133 - `` Message to Fort Apache '' ( 1954 ) , and episode 165 - `` Wanted : The Lone Ranger '' ( 1955 ) . Hank Worden - Rusty Bates in episode 9 - `` The Tenderfeet '' ( 1949 ) , Stage Driver Whip in episode 121 - `` Woman from Omaha '' ( 1953 ) , Ed in episode 126 - `` The Ghost of Coyote Canyon '' ( 1953 ) , Ike Beatty in episode 138 - `` Stage to Teshimingo '' ( 1954 ) , Jud in episode 179 - `` The Bait : Gold '' ( 1955 ) , and Bruckner in episode 218 - `` The Banker 's Son '' ( 1957 ) . DVD releases ( edit ) On March 31 , 2009 , Mill Creek Entertainment released the box set Gun Justice featuring The Lone Ranger with other westerns , including Annie Oakley , The Adventures of Kit Carson , The Cisco Kid , Cowboy G - Men , Judge Roy Bean , The Gabby Hayes Show , and The Roy Rogers Show . On November 11 , 2009 , Classic Media released The Lone Ranger : 75th Anniversary Edition to commemorate the show . On June 4 , 2013 , Classic Media released The Lone Ranger : Collector 's Edition , a 30 - disc set featuring all 221 episodes of the series on DVD for the very first time , though many of the episodes are the syndicated edits missing 2 -- 3 minutes . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Goldstein , Richard ( December 29 , 1999 ) . `` Clayton Moore , Television 's Lone Ranger And a Persistent Masked Man , Dies at 85 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Clayton Moore , the ' Lone Ranger , ' dead at 85 '' . CNN . December 28 , 1999 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2003 . Retrieved October 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ClassicTVHits.com : TV Ratings '' . Jump up ^ McLellan , Dennis ( 1993 - 06 - 12 ) . `` After 60 Years , the Lone Ranger Still Lives '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Clayton Moore , the `` Lone Ranger '' , dead at 85 `` . CNN . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ Vallance , Tom ( 1999 - 12 - 30 ) . `` Obituary : Clayton Moore '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ Stassel , Stephanie ( 1999 - 12 - 29 ) . `` Clayton Moore , TV 's `` Lone Ranger '' , Dies `` . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Lone Ranger star dies '' . BBC . 1999 - 12 - 29 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ McLellan , Dennis ( 1993 - 06 - 09 ) . `` A Gathering of Kemo Sabes '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Who 's That Masked Man ? Hi - Yo - It 's Clayton Moore ! '' . The Los Angeles Times . 1985 - 01 - 15 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ McLellan , Dennis . `` John Hart dies at 91 ; the other ' Lone Ranger ' '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Biography for Tyler MacDuff '' . Internet Movie Data Base . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` MichaelWinkelman ( 1946 - 1999 ) '' . Internet Movie Data Base . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Lone Ranger - Return with us now to those thrilling days of yesteryear '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Lone Ranger DVD news : Package Art for The Lone Ranger - Collector 's Edition '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 08 - 02 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 19 . External links ( edit ) The Lone Ranger at TV.com The Lone Ranger on IMDb The Lone Ranger at YouTube Lone Ranger Rock at the Iverson Movie Ranch Iverson Movie Ranch : History , vintage photos . The Lone Ranger Tonto Creators Fran Striker George W. Trendle Television TV series ( 1949 -- 57 ) episodes First animated TV series ( 1966 -- 69 ) The Tarzan / Lone Ranger Adventure Hour ( 1980 -- 82 ) The Lone Ranger TV film ( 2003 ) Film The Lone Ranger ( 1938 serial ) The Lone Ranger Rides Again ( 1939 serial ) The Lone Ranger ( 1956 ) The Lone Ranger and the Lost City of Gold ( 1958 ) The Legend of the Lone Ranger ( 1981 ) The Lone Ranger ( 2013 ) soundtrack Other Video game ( 1991 ) The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven ( 1993 ) Jack Wrather `` Ke - mo sah - bee '' Green Hornet `` William Tell Overture '' Disney Infinity `` The Lone Stranger '' ( 2007 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Lone_Ranger_(TV_series)&oldid=866409631 '' Categories : 1949 American television series debuts 1957 American television series endings 1940s American television series 1950s American television series American Broadcasting Company network shows Black - and - white television programs English - language television programs Television series based on Lone Ranger Television series based on radio programs Western ( genre ) television series Hidden categories : TV.com template with ID same as Wikidata Television articles using insufficient disambiguation Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা Deutsch Español Français Italiano Português Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 04 : 09 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who were the actors that played the lone ranger	[ "Clayton Moore as The Lone Ranger (169 episodes; 1949–1951, 1954–1957)[9][10]\nJohn Hart as The Lone Ranger (52 episodes; 1952–1953)[11]\nJay Silverheels as Tonto (217 episodes; 1949–1957)\nChuck Courtney as Dan Reid (Lone Ranger's nephew) (14 episodes; 1950–1955)", "Clayton Moore as The Lone Ranger (169 episodes; 1949–1951, 1954–1957)[9][10]\nJohn Hart as The Lone Ranger (52 episodes; 1952–1953)[11]\nJay Silverheels as Tonto (217 episodes; 1949–1957)\nChuck Courtney as Dan Reid (Lone Ranger's nephew) (14 episodes; 1950–1955)" ]	[ "Clayton Moore", "John Hart" ]
-8468975257195940800	Cori cycle	Cori cycle - wikipedia Cori cycle Cori cycle The Cori cycle ( also known as the Lactic acid cycle ) , named after its discoverers , Carl Ferdinand Cori and Gerty Cori , refers to the metabolic pathway in which lactate produced by anaerobic glycolysis in the muscles moves to the liver and is converted to glucose , which then returns to the muscles and is metabolized back to lactate . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cycle 2 Significance 3 See also 4 References 5 Sources Cycle ( edit ) Carl Cori and Gerty Cori jointly won the 1947 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine , not however for their discovery of the Cori cycle but for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen . Muscular activity requires ATP , which is provided by the breakdown of glycogen in the skeletal muscles . The breakdown of glycogen , a process known as glycogenolysis , releases glucose in the form of glucose - 1 - phosphate ( G - 1 - P ) . The G - 1 - P is converted to G - 6 - P by the enzyme phosphoglucomutase . G - 6 - P is readily fed into glycolysis , ( or can go into the pentose phosphate pathway if G - 6 - P concentration is high ) a process that provides ATP to the muscle cells as an energy source . During muscular activity , the store of ATP needs to be constantly replenished . When the supply of oxygen is sufficient , this energy comes from feeding pyruvate , one product of glycolysis , into the Krebs cycle . When oxygen supply is insufficient , typically during intense muscular activity , energy must be released through anaerobic metabolism . Lactic acid fermentation converts pyruvate to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase . Most importantly , fermentation regenerates NAD , maintaining the NAD concentration so that additional glycolysis reactions can occur . The fermentation step oxidizes the NADH produced by glycolysis back to NAD , transferring two electrons from NADH to reduce pyruvate into lactate . ( Refer to the main articles on glycolysis and fermentation for the details . ) Instead of accumulating inside the muscle cells , lactate produced by anaerobic fermentation is taken up by the liver . This initiates the other half of the Cori cycle . In the liver , gluconeogenesis occurs . From an intuitive perspective , gluconeogenesis reverses both glycolysis and fermentation by converting lactate first into pyruvate , and finally back to glucose . The glucose is then supplied to the muscles through the bloodstream ; it is ready to be fed into further glycolysis reactions . If muscle activity has stopped , the glucose is used to replenish the supplies of glycogen through glycogenesis . Overall , the glycolysis part of the cycle produces 2 ATP molecules at a cost of 6 ATP molecules consumed in the gluconeogenesis part . Each iteration of the cycle must be maintained by a net consumption of 4 ATP molecules . As a result , the cycle can not be sustained indefinitely . The intensive consumption of ATP molecules indicates that the Cori cycle shifts the metabolic burden from the muscles to the liver . Significance ( edit ) The cycle 's importance is based on the prevention of lactic acidosis in the muscle under anaerobic conditions . However , normally before this happens the lactic acid is moved out of the muscles and into the liver . The cycle is also important in producing ATP , an energy source , during muscle activity . The Cori cycle functions more efficiently when muscle activity has ceased . This allows the oxygen debt to be repaid such that the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain can produce energy at peak efficiency . The Cori cycle is a much more important source of substrate for gluconeogenesis than food . The contribution of Cori cycle lactate to overall glucose production increases with fasting duration . Specifically , after 12 , 20 , and 40 hours of fasting by human volunteers , the contribution of Cori cycle lactate to gluconeogenesis is 41 % , 71 % , and 92 % , respectively . The drug metformin can cause lactic acidosis in patients with renal failure because metformin inhibits the hepatic gluconeogenesis of the Cori cycle , particularly the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex 1 . The buildup of lactate and its substrates for lactate production , pyruvate and alanine , lead to excess lactate . Normally , the excess lactate would be cleared by the kidneys , but in patients with renal failure , the kidneys can not handle the excess lactic acid . See also ( edit ) Alanine cycle Tricarboxylic acid cycle ( Krebs cycle ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/carbohydratemetabolism.html Jump up ^ Nelson , David L. , & Cox , Michael M. ( 2005 ) Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry Fourth Edition . New York : W.H. Freeman and Company , p. 543 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cori Cycle Archived 2008 - 04 - 23 at the Wayback Machine . '' . Retrieved May 3 , 2008 , from Elmhurst , pp. 1 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Gerich JE , Meyer C , Woerle HJ , Stumvoll M ( 2001 ) . `` Renal gluconeogenesis : Its importance in human glucose homeostasis '' ( PDF ) . Diabetes Care . 24 ( 2 ) : 382 -- 391 . doi : 10.2337 / diacare. 24.2. 382 . PMID 11213896 . Jump up ^ Nuttall FQ , Ngo A , Gannon MC ( 2008 ) . `` Regulation of hepatic glucose production and the role of gluconeogenesis in humans : is the rate of gluconeogenesis constant ? '' ( PDF ) . Diabetes / metabolism Research and Reviews . 24 ( 6 ) : 438 -- 458 . doi : 10.1002 / dmrr. 863 . PMID 18561209 . ^ Jump up to : Katz J , Tayek JA ( 1998 ) . `` Gluconeogenesis and the Cori cycle in 12 - , 20 - , and 40 - h - fasted humans '' . American Journal of Physiology. 275 ( 3 Pt 1 ) : E537 -- E542 . PMID 9725823 . Jump up ^ Vecchio , S. et al. `` Metformin accumulation : lactic acidosis and high plasmatic metformin levels in a retrospective case series of 66 patients on chronic therapy . '' , Clin Toxicol. 2014 ; 52 ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ Sirtori CR , Pasik C. `` Re-evaluation of a biguanide , metformin : mechanism of action and tolerability '' . Pharmacol Res 1994 ; 30 . Sources ( edit ) Smith , A.D. , Datta , S.P. , Smith , G. Howard , Campbell , P.N. , Bentley , R. , ( Eds . ) et al. ( 1997 ) Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology . New York : Oxford University Press . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) hide Metabolism : carbohydrate metabolism : glycolysis / gluconeogenesis enzymes Glycolysis Hexokinase ( HK1 , HK2 , HK3 , Glucokinase ) → / Glucose 6 - phosphatase ← Glucose isomerase Phosphofructokinase 1 ( Liver , Muscle , Platelet ) → / Fructose 1 , 6 - bisphosphatase ← Fructose - bisphosphate aldolase ( Aldolase A , B , C ) Triosephosphate isomerase Glyceraldehyde 3 - phosphate dehydrogenase Phosphoglycerate kinase Phosphoglycerate mutase Enolase Pyruvate kinase ( PKLR , PKM2 ) Gluconeogenesis only to oxaloacetate : Pyruvate carboxylase Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase from lactate ( Cori cycle ) : Lactate dehydrogenase from alanine ( Alanine cycle ) : Alanine transaminase from glycerol : Glycerol kinase Glycerol dehydrogenase Regulatory Fructose 6 - P , 2 - kinase : fructose 2 , 6 - bisphosphatase PFKFB1 , PFKFB2 , PFKFB3 , PFKFB4 Bisphosphoglycerate mutase Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cori_cycle&oldid=837636740 '' Categories : Metabolic pathways Exercise physiology 1929 in science Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from April 2007 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Français Galego Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 April 2018 , at 01 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the cori cycle is a metabolic pathway that involves	[ "The Cori cycle (also known as the Lactic acid cycle), named after its discoverers, Carl Ferdinand Cori and Gerty Cori,[1] refers to the metabolic pathway in which lactate produced by anaerobic glycolysis in the muscles moves to the liver and is converted to glucose, which then returns to the muscles and is metabolized back to lactate.[2]" ]	[ "lactate produced by anaerobic glycolysis in the muscles moves to the liver and is converted to glucose, which then returns to the muscles and is metabolized back to lactate" ]
7337368624117179754	Global citizenship	Global citizenship - wikipedia Global citizenship Jump to : navigation , search Global citizenship is the rights , responsibilities and duties that come with being a member of the global entity as a citizen of a particular nation or place . The idea is that one 's identity transcends geography or political borders and that responsibilities or rights are or can be derived from membership in a broader class : `` humanity '' . This does not mean that such a person denounces or waives their nationality or other , more local identities , but such identities are given `` second place '' to their membership in a global community . Extended , the idea leads to questions about the state of global society in the age of globalization . In general usage , the term may have much the same meaning as `` world citizen '' or cosmopolitan , but it also has additional , specialized meanings in differing contexts . Various organizations , such as the World Service Authority , have advocated global citizenship . Contents ( hide ) 1 Usage 1.1 Education 1.1. 1 Global citizenship education 1.2 Philosophy 1.3 Psychological Studies 2 Aspects 2.1 Geography , sovereignty , and citizenship 2.2 Tension among local , national , and global forces 2.3 Human rights 2.3. 1 UN General Assembly 2.3. 2 US Declaration of Independence 2.4 Support for global government 3 Social movements 3.1 World citizen 3.2 Mundialization 3.3 Earth Anthem 4 Criticisms 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 Further reading 9 External links Usage ( edit ) Education ( edit ) In education , the term is most often used to describe a worldview or a set of values toward which education is oriented ( see , for example , the priorities of the Global Education First Initiative led by the Secretary - General of the United Nations ) . The term `` global society '' is sometimes used to indicate a global studies set of learning objectives for students to prepare them for global citizenship ( see , for example , the Global Studies Center at the University of Pittsburgh ) . Global citizenship Education ( edit ) Main article : Global Citizenship Education Within the educational system , the concept of global citizenship education ( GCED ) is beginning to supersede or overarch movements such as multicultural education , peace education , human rights education , Education for Sustainable Development and international education . Additionally , GCED rapidly incorporates references to the aforementioned movements . The concept of global citizenship has been linked with awards offered for helping humanity . Teachers are being given the responsibility of being social change agents . Audrey Osler , director of the Centre for Citizenship and Human Rights Education , the University of Leeds , affirms that `` Education for living together in an interdependent world is not an optional extra , but an essential foundation '' . With GCED gaining attention , scholars are investigating the field and developing perspectives . The following are a few of the more common perspectives : Critical and transformative perspective . Citizenship is defined by being a member with rights and responsibilities . Therefore , GCED must encourage active involvement . GCED can be taught from a critical and transformative perspective , whereby students are thinking , feeling , and doing . In this approach , GCED requires students to be politically critical and personally transformative . Teachers provide social issues in a neutral and grade - appropriate way for students to understand , grapple with , and do something about . Worldmindedness . Graham Pike and David Selby view GCED as having two strands . Worldmindedness , the first strand , refers to understanding the world as one unified system and a responsibility to view the interests of individual nations with the overall needs of the planet in mind . The second strand , Child - centeredness , is a pedagogical approach that encourages students to explore and discover on their own and addresses each learner as an individual with inimitable beliefs , experiences , and talents . Holistic Understanding . The Holistic Understanding perspective was founded by Merry Merryfield , focusing on understanding the self in relation to a global community . This perspective follows a curriculum that attends to human values and beliefs , global systems , issues , history , cross-cultural understandings , and the development of analytical and evaluative skills . Philosophy ( edit ) Global citizenship , in some contexts , may refer to a brand of ethics or political philosophy in which it is proposed that the core social , political , economic and environmental realities of the world today should be addressed at all levels -- by individuals , civil society organizations , communities and nation states -- through a global lens . It refers to a broad , culturally - and environmentally - inclusive worldview that accepts the fundamental interconnectedness of all things . Political , geographic borders become irrelevant and solutions to today 's challenges are seen to be beyond the narrow vision of national interests . Proponents of this philosophy often point to Diogenes of Sinope ( c. 412 B.C. ) as an example , given his reported declaration that `` I am a citizen of the world ( κοσμοπολίτης , cosmopolites ) '' in response to a question about his place of origin . A Sanskrit term , Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam , has the meaning of `` the world is one family '' . The earliest reference to this phrase is found in the Hitopadesha , a collection of parables . In the Mahopanishad VI. 71 - 73 , ślokas describe how one finds the Brahman ( the one supreme , universal Spirit that is the origin and support of the phenomenal universe ) . The statement is not just about peace and harmony among the societies in the world , but also about a truth that somehow the whole world has to live together like a family . Psychological studies ( edit ) Recently , global pollsters and psychologists have studied individual differences in the sense of global citizenship . Beginning in 2005 , the World Values Survey , administered across almost 100 countries , included the statement , `` I see myself as a world citizen . '' For smaller studies , several multi-item scales have been developed , including Sam McFarland and colleagues ' Identification with All Humanity scale ( e.g. , `` How much do you identify with ( that is , feel a part of , feel love toward , have concern for ) ... all humans everywhere ? '' ) , Anna Malsch and Alan Omoto 's Psychological Sense of Global Community ( e.g. , `` I feel a sense of connection to people all over the world , even if I do n't know them personally '' ) , Gerhard Reese and colleagues ' Global Social Identity scale ( e.g. `` I feel strongly connected to the world community as a whole . '' ) , and Stephen Reysen and Katzarska - Miller 's global citizenship identification scale ( e.g. , `` I strongly identify with global citizens . '' ) . These measures are strongly related to one another , but they are not fully identical . Studies of the psychological roots of global citizenship have found that persons high in global citizenship are also high on the personality traits of openness to experience and agreeableness from the Big Five personality traits and high in empathy and caring . Oppositely , the authoritarian personality , the social dominance orientation and psychopathy are all associated with less global human identification . Some of these traits are influenced by heredity as well as by early experiences , which , in turn , likely influence individuals ' receptiveness to global human identification . Not surprisingly , those who are high in global human identification are less prejudiced toward many groups , care more about international human rights , worldwide inequality , global poverty and human suffering . They attend more actively to global concerns , value the lives of all human beings more equally , and give more in time and money to international humanitarian causes . They tend to be more politically liberal on both domestic and international issues . They want their countries to do more to alleviate global suffering . Following a social identity approach , Reysen and Katzarska - Miller tested a model showing the antecedents and outcomes of global citizenship identification ( i.e. , degree of psychological connection with global citizens ) . Individuals ' normative environment ( the cultural environment in which one is embedded contains people , artifacts , cultural patterns that promote viewing the self as a global citizen ) and global awareness ( perceiving oneself as aware , knowledgeable , and connected to others in the world ) predict global citizenship identification . Global citizenship identification then predicts six broad categories of prosocial behaviors and values , including : intergroup empathy , valuing diversity , social justice , environmental sustainability , intergroup helping , and a felt responsibility to act . Subsequent research has examined variables that influence the model such as : participation in a college course with global components , perception of one 's global knowledge , college professors ' attitudes toward global citizenship , belief in an intentional worlds view of culture , participation in a fan group that promotes the identity , use of global citizen related words when describing one 's values , possible self as a global citizen , religiosity and religious orientation , threat to one 's nation , interdependent self - construal prime , perception of the university environment , and social media usage . Aspects ( edit ) Geography , sovereignty , and citizenship ( edit ) At the same time that globalization is reducing the importance of nation - states , the idea of global citizenship may require a redefinition of ties between civic engagement and geography . Face - to - face town hall meetings seem increasingly supplanted by electronic `` town halls '' not limited by space and time . Absentee ballots opened the way for expatriates to vote while living in another country ; the Internet may carry this several steps further . Another interpretation given by several scholars of the changing configurations of citizenship due to globalization is the possibility that citizenship becomes a changed institution ; even if situated within territorial boundaries that are national , if the meaning of the national itself has changed , then the meaning of being a citizen of that nation changes . Tension among local , national , and global forces ( edit ) An interesting feature of globalization is that , while the world is being internationalized , it 's also being localized at the same time . The world shrinks as the local community ( village , town , city ) takes on greater and greater importance . This is reflected in the term glocalization , a portmanteau of the words `` global '' and `` local '' . Mosco ( 1999 ) noted this feature and saw the growing importance of technopoles . If this trend is true , it seems global citizens may be the glue that holds these separate entities together . Put another way , global citizens are people who can travel within these various boundaries and somehow still make sense of the world through a global lens . Human rights ( edit ) The lack of a universally recognized world body can put the initiative upon global citizens themselves to create rights and obligations . Rights and obligations as they arose at the formation of nation - states ( e.g. the right to vote and obligation to serve in time of war ) are being expanded . Thus , new concepts that accord certain `` human rights '' which arose in the 20th century are increasingly being universalized across nations and governments . This is the result of many factors , including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights by the United Nations in 1948 , the aftermath of World War II and the Holocaust and growing sentiments towards legitimizing marginalized peoples ( e.g. , pre-industrialized peoples found in the jungles of Brazil and Borneo ) . Couple this with growing awareness of our impact on the environment , and there is the rising feeling that citizen rights may extend to include the right to dignity and self - determination . If national citizenship does not foster these new rights , then global citizenship may seem more accessible . One can not overestimate the importance of human rights discourse in shaping public opinion . What are the rights and obligations of human beings trapped in conflicts ? Or , incarcerated as part of ethnic cleansing ? Equally striking , are the pre-industrialized tribes newly discovered by scientists living in the depths of dense jungle ? These rights can be equated with the rise of global citizenship as normative associations , indicating a national citizenship model that is more closed and a global citizenship one that is more flexible and inclusive . If true , this places a strain in the relationship between national and global citizenship . UN General Assembly ( edit ) On 10 December 1948 , the UN General Assembly Adopted Resolution 217A ( III ) , also known as `` The Universal Declaration of Human Rights . '' Article 1 states that `` All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights . They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood . '' Article 2 states that `` Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration , without distinction of any kind , such as race , colour , sex , language , religion , political or other opinion , national or social origin , property , birth or other status . Furthermore , no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political , jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs , whether it be independent , trust , non-self - governing or under any other limitation of sovereignty . '' Article 13 ( 2 ) states that `` Everyone has the right to leave any country , including his own , and to return to his country . '' As evidence in today 's modern world , events such as the Trial of Saddam Hussein have proven what British jurist A.V. Dicey said in 1885 , when he popularized the phrase `` rule of law '' in 1885 . Dicey emphasized three aspects of the rule of law : No one can be punished or made to suffer except for a breach of law proved in an ordinary court . No one is above the law and everyone is equal before the law regardless of social , economic , or political status . The rule of law includes the results of judicial decisions determining the rights of private persons . Us Declaration of Independence ( edit ) The opening of the United States Declaration of Independence , written by Thomas Jefferson in 1776 , states as follows : We hold these truths to be self - evident , that all men are created equal , that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights , that among these are Life , Liberty , and the Pursuit of Happiness . That to secure these rights , Governments are instituted among Men , deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed ; `` Global citizenship in the United States '' was a term used by former U.S. President Barack Obama in 2008 in a speech in Berlin . Support for global government ( edit ) In contrast to questioning definitions , a counter-criticism can be found on the World Alliance of YMCA 's website . An online article in YMYCA World emphasizes the importance of fostering global citizenship and global justice , and states , `` Global citizenship might sound like a vague concept for academics but in fact it 's a very practical way of looking at the world which anyone , if given the opportunity , can relate to . '' The author acknowledges the positive and negative outlooks towards globalization , and states , `` In the context of globalisation , thinking and acting as global citizens is immensely important and can bring real benefits , as the YMCA experience shows . '' Social movements ( edit ) World citizen ( edit ) World Citizen flag by Garry Davis World Citizen badge In general , a world citizen is a person who places global citizenship above any nationalistic or local identities and relationships . An early expression of this value is found in Diogenes of Sinope ( c. 412 B.C. ; mentioned above ) , the founding father of the Cynic movement in Ancient Greece . Of Diogenes it is said : `` Asked where he came from , he answered : ' I am a citizen of the world ( kosmopolitês ) ' '' . This was a ground - breaking concept because the broadest basis of social identity in Greece at that time was either the individual city - state or the Greeks ( Hellenes ) as a group . The Tamil poet Kaniyan Poongundran wrote in Purananuru , `` To us all towns are one , all men our kin . '' In later years , political philosopher Thomas Paine would declare , `` my country is the world , and my religion is to do good . '' Today , the increase in worldwide globalization has led to the formation of a `` world citizen '' social movement under a proposed world government . In a non-political definition , it has been suggested that a world citizen may provide value to society by using knowledge acquired across cultural contexts . Albert Einstein described himself as a world citizen and supported the idea throughout his life , famously saying `` Nationalism is an infantile disease . It is the measles of mankind . '' World citizenship has been promoted by distinguished people including Garry Davis , who lived for 60 years as a citizen of no nation , only the world . Davis founded the World Service Authority in Washington , DC , which sells World Passports , a fantasy passport to world citizens . In 1956 Hugh J. Schonfield founded the Commonwealth of World Citizens , later known by its Esperanto name `` Mondcivitana Respubliko '' , which also issued a world passport ; it declined after the 1980s . The Bahá'í faith promotes the concept through its founder 's proclamation ( in the late 19th century ) that `` The Earth is but one country , and mankind its citizens . '' As a term defined by the Bahá'í International Community in a concept paper shared at the 1st session of the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development , New York , U.S.A. on 14 -- 25 June 1993 . `` World citizenship begins with an acceptance of the oneness of the human family and the interconnectedness of the nations of ' the earth , our home . ' While it encourages a sane and legitimate patriotism , it also insists upon a wider loyalty , a love of humanity as a whole . It does not , however , imply abandonment of legitimate loyalties , the suppression of cultural diversity , the abolition of national autonomy , nor the imposition of uniformity . Its hallmark is ' unity in diversity . ' World citizenship encompasses the principles of social and economic justice , both within and between nations ; non-adversarial decision making at all levels of society ; equality of the sexes ; racial , ethnic , national and religious harmony ; and the willingness to sacrifice for the common good . Other facets of world citizenship -- including the promotion of human honour and dignity , understanding , amity , co-operation , trustworthiness , compassion and the desire to serve -- can be deduced from those already mentioned . '' Mundialization ( edit ) Philosophically , mundialization ( French , mondialisation ) is seen as a response to globalization 's `` dehumanisation through ( despatialised ) planetarisation '' ( Teilhard de Chardin quoted in Capdepuy 2011 ) . An early use of mondialisation was to refer to the act of a city or a local authority declaring itself a `` world citizen '' city , by voting a charter stating its awareness of global problems and its sense of shared responsibility . The concept was promoted by the self - declared World Citizen Garry Davis in 1949 , as a logical extension of the idea of individuals declaring themselves world citizens , and promoted by Robert Sarrazac , a former leader of the French Resistance who created the Human Front of World Citizens in 1945 . The first city to be officially mundialised was the small French city of Cahors ( only 20,000 in 2006 ) , the capital city of the Département of Lot in central France , on 20 July 1949 . Hundreds of cities mundialised themselves over a few years , most of them in France , and then it spread internationally , including to many German cities and to Hiroshima and Nagasaki . In less than a year , 10 General Councils ( the elected councils of the French `` Départements '' ) , and hundreds of cities in France covering 3.4 million inhabitants voted mundialisation charters . One of the goals was to elect one delegate per million inhabitants to a People 's World Constitutional Convention given the already then historical failure of the United Nations in creating a global institution able to negotiate a final world peace . To date , more than 1000 cities and towns have declared themselves World cities , including Beverly Hills , Los Angeles , Minneapolis , St. Louis , Philadelphia , Toronto , Hiroshima , Tokyo , Nivelles , and Königswinter . As a social movement , mundialization expresses the solidarity of populations of the globe and aims to establish institutions and supranational laws of a federative structure common to them , while respecting the diversity of cultures and peoples . The movement advocates for a new political organization governing all humanity , involving the transfer of certain parts of national sovereignty to a Federal World Authority , Federal World Government and Federal World Court . Basing its authority on the will of the people , and developing new systems to draw the highest and best wisdom of all humanity into the task of governing our world , the collaborative governing system would be capable of solving the problems which call into question the future of man , such as hunger , water , war , peace - keeping , pollution and energy . The mundialization movement includes the declaration of specified territory - a city , town , or state , for example - as world territory , with responsibilities and rights on a world scale . Currently the nation - state system and the United Nations offer no way for the people of the world to vote for world officials or participate in governing our world . International treaties or agreements lack the force of law . Mundialization seeks to address this lack by presenting a way to build , one city at a time , such a system of true World Law based upon the sovereignty of the whole . Earth Anthem ( edit ) Author Shashi Tharoor feels that an Earth Anthem sung by people across the world can inspire planetary consciousness and global citizenship among people . Criticisms ( edit ) Not all interpretations of global citizenship are positive . For example , Parekh advocates what he calls globally oriented citizenship , and states , `` If global citizenship means being a citizen of the world , it is neither practicable nor desirable . '' He argues that global citizenship , defined as an actual membership of a type of worldwide government system , is impractical and dislocated from one 's immediate community . He also notes that such a world state would inevitably be `` remote , bureaucratic , oppressive , and culturally bland . '' Parekh presents his alternate option with the statement : `` Since the conditions of life of our fellow human beings in distant parts of the world should be a matter of deep moral and political concern to us , our citizenship has an inescapable global dimension , and we should aim to become what I might call a globally oriented citizen . '' Parekh 's concept of globally oriented citizenship consists of identifying with and strengthening ties towards one 's political regional community ( whether in its current state or an improved , revised form ) , while recognizing and acting upon obligations towards others in the rest of the world . Michael Byers , a professor in Political Science at the University of British Columbia , questions the assumption that there is one definition of global citizenship , and unpacks aspects of potential definitions . In the introduction to his public lecture , the UBC Internalization website states , `` ' Global citizenship ' remains undefined . What , if anything , does it really mean ? Is global citizenship just the latest buzzword ? '' Byers notes the existence of stateless persons , whom he remarks ought to be the primary candidates for global citizenship , yet continue to live without access to basic freedoms and citizenship rights . Byers does not oppose the concept of global citizenship , however he criticizes potential implications of the term depending on one 's definition of it , such as ones that provide support for the `` ruthlessly capitalist economic system that now dominates the planet . '' Byers states that global citizenship is a `` powerful term '' because `` people that invoke it do so to provoke and justify action , '' and encourages the attendees of his lecture to re-appropriate it in order for its meaning to have a positive purpose , based on idealistic values . Neither is criticism of global citizenship anything new . Gouverneur Morris , a delegate to the Constitutional Convention ( United States ) , criticized `` citizens of the world '' while he was on the floor of the convention ; August 9 , 1787 . `` As to those philosophical gentlemen , those Citizens of the World as they call themselves , He owned he did not wish to see any of them in our public Councils . He would not trust them . The men who can shake off their attachments to their own Country can never love any other . These attachments are the wholesome prejudices which uphold all Governments , Admit a Frenchman into your Senate , and he will study to increase the commerce of France : an Englishman , and he will feel an equal biass in favor of that of England . '' See also ( edit ) Global Education Magazine Cosmopolitanism Earth Anthem Garry Davis , creator of the `` World Passport '' and founder of the World Service Authority Global civics Global Citizens Movement Global democracy ( disambiguation ) Global governance Globalism Global justice Globality Netizen Planetary Consciousness Postnationalism Subsidiarity Spaceship Earth Think globally , act locally Transnationalism United Nations and United Nations Parliamentary Assembly World community World Federalist Movement References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Israel , Ronald C. ( Spring Summer 2012 ) . `` What Does it Mean to be a Global Citizen ? '' Kosmos . Jump up ^ Shaw , Martin ( 2000 ) . Global Society and International Relations : Sociological Concepts and Political Perspectives . Cambridge : Polity Press . Jump up ^ `` Priority # 3 : Foster Global Citizenship . '' Global Education First Initiative , Secretary - General of the United Nations . Jump up ^ `` Global Studies Center '' . University of Pittsburgh . Retrieved 19 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Australian Government ( 2008 ) . Global Perspectives : A framework for global education in Australian schools . Carlton South Victoria , Australia : Curriculum Corporation . ISBN 978 1 74200 075 6 Jump up ^ Jim Luce ( 1 June 2010 ) . `` Euro - American Women ' s Council Global Forum and Awards Set For Athens in July '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 16 . Dionysia - Theodora Avgerinopoulou is a Member of the Hellenic Parliament . She is also on the Executive Global Board of the EAWC . Orphans International Worldwide ( OIWW ) awarded her its Global Citizenship Award for Leadership in Helping Humanity in New York in February . ^ Jump up to : Mundy , K. , et al. ( eds ) . Comparative and International Education . New York : Economic Policy Institute and Teachers College . ISBN 978 - 0807748817 Jump up ^ Osler , Audrey and Hugh Starkey ( 2010 ) . Teachers and Human Rights Education . London : Trentham Books . ISBN 978 - 1858563848 Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , M. ( 2008 ) . `` You ca n't criticize what you do n't understand : Teachers as social change agents in neo liberal times . '' Pp. 113 - 126 in O'Sullivan , Michael & K. Pashby ( eds . ) Citizenship in the era of globalization : Canadian perspectives . Rotterdam , The Netherlands : Sense Publishers . Jump up ^ Pike , G. & D. Selby ( 2000 ) . In the Global Classroom 2 . Toronto : Pippin . Jump up ^ Diogenes Laertius , `` The Lives of Eminent Philosophers '' , Book VI , Chapter 2 , line 63 . ^ Jump up to : Malhotra , Rajiv. ( 2014 - 01 - 14 ) . Indra 's Net . Harper Collins , India . ISBN 9789351362487 . ^ Jump up to : McFarland , S. Webb ; Brown , D. ( 2012 ) . `` All humanity is my ingroup : A measure and studies of Identification with All Humanity '' . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 103 : 830 -- 853 . PMID 22708625 . doi : 10.1037 / a0028724 . Jump up ^ Malsch , A.M. , & Omoto , A.M. ( 2007 ) . Prosocial behavior beyond borders : Understanding a psychological sense of global community . Claremont , CA : Unpublished manuscript , Department of Psychology , Claremont Graduate University . Jump up ^ Reese , G. ; Proch , J. ; Cohrs , J.C. ( 2014 ) . `` Individual differences in responses to global inequality '' . Analyses of Social issues and Public Policy . 14 : 217 -- 238 . doi : 10.1080 / 00224545.2014. 992850 . ^ Jump up to : Reysen , S. ; Katzarska - Miller , I. ( 2013 ) . `` A model of global citizenship : Antecedents and outcomes '' . International Journal of Psychology . 48 : 858 -- 870 . doi : 10.1080 / 00207594.2012. 701749 . Jump up ^ McFarland , S. ; Hornsby , W. ( 2015 ) . `` An analysis of five measures of global human identification '' . European Journal of Social Psychology . 45 : 806 -- 817 . doi : 10.1002 / ejsp. 2161 . Jump up ^ Reysen , Stephen ; Katzarska - Miller , Iva ( 2013 ) . `` Student pathways to global citizenship '' . In Boyle , Christopher . Student Learning : Improving Practice . New York : Nova . pp. 121 -- 137 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 62618 - 938 - 6 . Jump up ^ Reysen , Stephen ; Larey , Loretta ; Katzarska - Miller , Iva ( 2012 ) . `` College course curriculum and global citizenship '' . International Journal of Development Education and Global Learning . 4 ( 3 ) : 27 -- 40 . ISSN 1756 - 526X . doi : 10.18546 / ijdegl. 04.3. 03 . Jump up ^ Reysen , Stephen ; Katzarska - Miller , Iva ; Gibson , Shonda ; Hobson , Braken ( 2013 ) . `` World knowledge and global citizenship : Factual and perceived world knowledge as predictors of global citizenship identification '' . International Journal of Development Education and Global Learning . 5 ( 1 ) : 49 -- 68 . doi : 10.18546 / ijdegl. 05.1. 04 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Shonda ; Reysen , Stephen ( 2013 ) . `` Representations of global citizenship in a school environment '' . International Journal of Education Research . 8 ( 1 ) : 116 -- 128 . Jump up ^ Reysen , Stephen ; Katzarska - Miller , Iva ( 2013 ) . `` Intentional worlds and global citizenship '' . Journal of Global Citizenship and Equity Education . 3 ( 1 ) : 34 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Plante , Courtney ; Roberts , Sharon ; Reysen , Stephen ; Gerbasi , Kathleen ( 2014 ) . `` '' One of us `` : Engagement with fandoms and global citizenship identification '' . Psychology of Popular Media Culture . 3 ( 1 ) : 49 -- 64 . doi : 10.1037 / ppm0000008 . Jump up ^ Reysen , Stephen ; Pierce , Lindsey ; Mazambani , Gideon ; Mohebpour , Ida ; Puryear , Curtis ; Snider , Jamie ; Gibson , Shonda ; Blake , Marion ( 2014 ) . `` Construction and initial validation of a dictionary for global citizen linguistic markers '' . International Journal of Cyber Behavior , Psychology and Learning . 4 ( 4 ) : 1 -- 15 . doi : 10.4018 / ijcbpl. 2014100101 . Jump up ^ Blake , Marion ; Reysen , Stephen ( 2014 ) . `` The influence of possible selves on global citizenship identification '' . International Journal of Development Education and Global Learning . 6 ( 3 ) : 63 -- 78 . doi : 10.18546 / ijdegl. 06.3. 05 . Jump up ^ Katzarska - Miller , Iva ; Barnsley , Carole ; Reysen , Stephen ( 2014 ) . `` Global citizenship identification and religiosity '' . Archive for the Psychology of Religion . 36 ( 3 ) : 344 -- 367 . doi : 10.1163 / 15736121 - 12341291 . Jump up ^ Reysen , Stephen ; Katzarska - Miller , Iva ; Salter , Phia ; Hirko , Caroline ( 2014 ) . `` Blurring group boundaries : The impact of subgroup threats on global citizenship '' . Cultural Encounters , Conflicts , and Resolutions. 1 ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ Gibson , Shonda ; Reysen , Stephen ; Katzarska - Miller , Iva ( 2014 ) . `` Independent and interdependent self - construal and global citizenship '' . International Journal of Business and Public Administration . 11 ( 2 ) : 62 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Blake , Marion ; Pierce , Lindsey ; Gibson , Shonda ; Reysen , Stephen ; Katzarska - Miller , Iva ( 2015 ) . `` University environment and global citizenship identification '' . Journal of Educational and Developmental Psychology . 5 ( 1 ) : 97 -- 107 . doi : 10.5539 / jedp. v5n1p97 . Jump up ^ Lee , Romeo ; Baring , Rito ; Sta Maria , Madelene ; Reysen , Stephen ( 2015 ) . `` Attitude toward technology , social media usage , and grade point average as predictors of global citizenship identification in Filipino university students '' . International Journal of Psychology . doi : 10.1002 / ijop. 12200 . Jump up ^ Scholte , Jan - Aart ( 2005 ) . `` Chapter 6 : Globalization and Governance '' . Globalization : A Critical Introduction . Palgrave . Jump up ^ Sassen , Saskia ( 2003 ) . Towards post-national and denationalized citizenship ( PDF ) . New York : Sage . p. 286 . Jump up ^ Roudometof , Victor ( 2005 ) . `` Translationalism , Cosmopolitanism , and Glocalization '' . Current Sociology. 53 ( 1 ) : 113 -- 135 . doi : 10.1177 / 0011392105048291 . Jump up ^ Joel Stratte - McClure ( 2 October 2000 ) . `` A French Exception to the Science Park Rule '' . Time EUROPE Magazine . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Alan C. Cairns ; John C. Courtney ; Peter MacKinnon ; Hans J. Michelmann ; David E. Smith ( 1999 ) . `` Citizenship , Diversity , and Pluralism : Canadian and Comparative Perspectives '' . McGill - Queen 's University Press . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Document . '' U.N. : The Universal Declaration of Human Rights . Jump up ^ `` The Universal Declaration of Human Rights , Article 1 '' . Jump up ^ `` The Universal Declaration of Human Rights , Article 2 '' . Jump up ^ `` Universal Declaration of Human Rights , Article 13 ( 2 ) '' . Jump up ^ Dicey , Albert . ( 1885 ) . An Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution . Jump up ^ Palekar , S.A. ( 2008 ) . Comparative Politics and Government . ( Pp. 64 - 65 ) , New Dehli : PHI Learning , Pvt . Lmt ... ISBN 978 - 8120333352 Jump up ^ s : United States Declaration of Independence Jump up ^ Mike Allen ( 24 Jul 2008 ) . `` Obama Promises To ' remake The World ' '' . CBS News . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Aris & June 2007 Jump up ^ Diogenes Laertius , `` The Lives of Eminent Philosophers '' , Chapter VI , line 63 . Jump up ^ Thomas Paine ( 1792 ) . The Rights of Man . Retrieved 6 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World Government of World Citizens '' . Retrieved 10 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` the utmost global citizen '' . Global Culture . 2007 . Jump up ^ Einstein - World Citizen , Erasing National Boundaries , American Museum of Natural History Jump up ^ Viereck , George Sylvester ( 26 October 1929 ) , `` What Life Means to Einstein : An Interview by George Sylvester Viereck '' , The Saturday Evening Post : 117 , http://www.saturdayeveningpost.com/wp-content/uploads/satevepost/what_life_means_to_einstein.pdf retrieved on 7 November 2013 Jump up ^ My Country Is the World By Garry Davis Jump up ^ Bahá'u'lláh ( 1994 ) ( 1873 - 92 ) . Tablets of Bahá'u'lláh Revealed After the Kitáb - i - Aqdas . Wilmette , Illinois , USA : Bahá'í Publishing Trust . p. 167 . ISBN 0 - 87743 - 174 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Bahá'í International Community ( 1993 - 06 - 14 ) . `` World Citizenship : A Global Ethic for Sustainable Development '' . 1st session of the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development . New York , NY . Jump up ^ Capdepuy , Vincent ( 2011 ) . `` Au prisme des mots '' . Cybergeo : European Journal of Geography . Jump up ^ `` LIST OF MUNDIALIZED COMMUNITIES AND TOWNS '' . Retrieved 5 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Indian diplomat pens anthem for earth The New Indian Express 5 June 2013 ^ Jump up to : Parekh , B ( 2003 ) . `` Cosmopolitanism and Global Citizenship '' . Review of International Studies . 29 : 3 -- 17 . doi : 10.1017 / s0260210503000019 . ^ Jump up to : Byers , Michael ( 2005 ) . `` The Meanings of Global Citizenship '' . UBC Global Citizenship Speaker Series . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 28 ( ( inconsistent citations ) ) Jump up ^ `` Notes on the Debates in the Federal Convention '' . Yale University Avalon Project . Bibliography ( edit ) `` For the Love of the World '' . Time ( magazine ) . 13 June 1949 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 11 . `` Thoughts & Afterthoughts '' . Time ( magazine ) . 9 October 1950 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 11 . Briggs , Caroline ( 23 July 2005 ) . `` Sad farewell to ' world citizen ' '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 11 . Thompson , Allan ( 14 December 2006 ) . `` A double standard for politicians ' dual citizenship '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 11 . Singh Jaiswal , Anjali ( 19 August 2005 ) . `` Straight answers '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 11 . E. Dougherty , Jon ( 2 February 1999 ) . `` Groups promote global governance '' . WorldNetDaily . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 11 . Kaye , Margaret ( 7 June 1995 ) . `` People : Douglas Mattern : toward a world without borders '' . Palo Alto Online . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 11 . Bahá'u'lláh ( 1988 ) . `` Tablets of Bahá'u'lláh Revealed After the Kitáb - i - Aqdas '' . US Bahá'í Publishing Trust . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 05 . A World Citizen Program site Primary School Global Citizenship site Cosmopolitanism at the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Global Culture Essays on the influence of Global Citizens Living in the World Risk Society by Ulrich Beck at the London School of Economics Great Transition Initiative Paper Series Global Politics and Institutions , paper # 3 , and Dawn of the Cosmopolitan : The Hope of a Global Citizens Movement , paper # 15 , explore the potential for the emergence of a cosmopolitan identity and corresponding institutions . Further reading ( edit ) Bauman , Zygmunt , Intimations of Postmodernity ( 1992 : Routledge , London ) Bellamy , Richard , `` Citizenship beyond the nation state : the case of Europe , '' from Political Theory in Transition , edited by Noël O'Sullivan ( 2000 : Routledge , London ) Bennett , W. Lance , News : the Politics of Illusion ( 1996 : Longman , New York ) Bennett , W. Lance , `` Consumerism and Global Citizenship : Lifestyle Politics , Permanent Campaigns , and International Regimes of Democratic Accountability . '' Unpublished paper presented at the International Seminar on Political Consumerism , Stockholm University , 30 May 2001 . Best , Steven & Kellner , Douglas , The Postmodern Turn ( 1997 : Guilford Press , New York ) Cabrera , Luis , The Practice of Global Citizenship ( 2010 : Cambridge University Press , Cambridge ) Clarke , Paul Berry , Deep Citizenship ( 1996 : Pluto Press , London ) Eriksen , Erik & Weigård , Jarle , `` The End of Citizenship : New Roles Challenging the Political Order '' in The Demands of CitizenshipI , edited by Catriona McKinnon & Iain Hampsher - Monk ( 2000 : Continuum , London ) Franck , Thomas M. , The Empowered Self : Law and Society in the Age of Individualism ( 1999 : Oxford University Press , Oxford ) Henderson , Hazel ( 2000 ) . `` Transnational Corporations and Global Citizenship '' . American Behavioral Scientist. 43 ( 8 ) : 1231 -- 1261 . doi : 10.1177 / 00027640021955847 . Iyer , Pico , The Global Soul ( 2000 : Alfred A. Knopf , New York ) . Jacobson , David , Rights across Borders : Immigration and the Decline of Citizenship ( 1996 : Johns Hopkins University Press , Baltimore ) Lie , Rico & Servaes , Jan , `` Globalization : consumption and identity -- towards researching nodal points , '' in The New Communications Landscape , edited by Georgette Wang , Jan Servaes and Anura Goonasekera ( 2000 : Routledge , London ) Kaspersen , Lars Bo , `` State and Citizenship Under Transformation in Western Europe '' in Public Rights , Public Rules : Constituting Citizens in the World Polity and National Policy , edited by Connie L. McNeely ( 1998 : Garland , New York ) Kennedy , John F. , Profiles in Courage ( 1956 : Harper & Brothers , New York ) Preston , P.W. , Political / Cultural Identity : Citizens and Nations in a Global Era ( 1997 : Sage , London ) Scammell , Margarett , `` Internet and civic engagement : Age of the citizen - consumer '' found at http://jsis.artsci.washington.edu/programs/cwesuw/scammell.htm Schuler , Douglas , `` Creating the World Citizen Parliament '' , May -- June , 2013 . ACM Interactions , found at http://interactions.acm.org/archive/view/may-june-2013/creating-the-world-citizen-parliament Steenbergen , Bart van , `` The Condition of Citizenship '' in The Condition of Citizenship , edited by Bart van Steenbergen ( 1994 : Sage Publications , London ) Swanson , D.M. Parallaxes and paradoxes of global citizenship : Critical reflections and possibilities of praxis in / through an international online course . In Lynnette Schulz , Ali Abdi & George Richardson ( Eds . ) , Global Citizenship Education and Post Secondary Institutions : Policies , Practices and Possibilities , ( pp. 120 -- 139 ) . ( 2011 : Peter Lang , New York ) Swanson , D.M. Value in Shadows : A critical contribution to Values Education in our times . In T. Lovat and R. Toomey ( Ed . ) , International Research Handbook on Values Education and Student Wellbeing . ( July , 2010 : Springer Press , New York ) Swanson , D.M. The owl spreads its wings : global and international education within the local from critical perspectives . In Y . Hèbert & A. Abdi ( Eds . ) , Intensification of International Education . ( 2011 : Sense Publishers , Rotterdam , Netherlands ) ( Series : Comparative and International Education : A Diversity of Voices . Series editors : Allan Pitman , Vandra Masemann , Miguel Pereya ) Turner , Bryan D. , `` Postmodern Culture / Modern Citizens '' in The Condition of Citizenship , edited by Bart van Steenbergen ( 1994 : Sage Publications , London ) Weale , Albert , `` Citizenship Beyond Borders '' in The Frontiers of Citizenship , edited by Ursula Vogel & Michael Moran ( 1991 : St. Martin 's Press , New York ) External links ( edit ) Look up mundialization in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . UBC Defining and Modeling World Citizen The Spirit of Global Belonging : Perspectives from Some Humanity - Oriented Icons by Dr. Mohammad Omar Farooq Christian Aid 's Resource for Global Citizenship Education Oxfam : Women and citizenship in global teacher education : The Global - ITE project `` Civis Mundi '' . Matthew R. Foster . 2009 - 04 - 08 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 08 . Civisne Mundi Es ? Civis Mundi Sum ! The Call for a World Constitutional Convention Hamilton Mundialization Committee Mundailization Committee City of Burlington History of the MUNDIALIZATIONS Global governance and identity Proposals United Nations Parliamentary Assembly World government Theories Anti-nationalism Cosmopolitanism Counter-hegemonic globalization Democratic globalization Democratic mundialization Global citizenship Global governance Globalism Internationalism Transnational governance World currency World taxation system Organisations Democratic World Federalists Global citizens movement World Federalist Movement World Service Authority World Passport Globalization Journals Outline Studies Aspects Alter - globalization Anti-globalization Counter-hegemonic globalization Cultural globalization Deglobalization Democratic globalization Economic globalization Environmental globalization Financial globalization Global citizenship education Global governance Global health History of globalization archaic early modern Military globalization Political globalization Trade globalization Workforce globalization Issues Global Disease Digital divide Labor arbitrage Population Warming Water crisis Other Brain drain reverse Climate change Climate justice Development aid Economic inequality Endangered languages Fair trade Forced migration Human rights Illicit financial flows Invasive species Investor - state disputes New international division of labour North -- South divide Offshoring Race to the bottom pollution havens Transnational crime McDonaldization Westernization American imperialism British Empire World war Theories Capital accumulation Dependency Development Earth system Fiscal localism Modernization ecological history of Primitive accumulation Social change World history World - systems Notable scholars Samir Amin Arjun Appadurai K. Anthony Appiah Daniele Archibugi Giovanni Arrighi Ravi Batra Jean Baudrillard Zygmunt Bauman Ulrich Beck Walden Bello Jagdish Bhagwati Robert Brenner Manuel Castells Noam Chomsky Alfred Crosby Christopher Chase - Dunn Andre G. Frank Thomas Friedman Anthony Giddens Peter Gowan Michael Hardt David Harvey David Held Paul Hirst Michael Hudson Paul James Ibn Khaldun Naomi Klein Antonio Negri George Ritzer Jeffrey Sachs Saskia Sassen John R. Saul Vandana Shiva Joseph Stiglitz John Urry Immanuel Wallerstein Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_citizenship&oldid=801029315 '' Categories : Global studies Political philosophy Globalization terminology Cosmopolitanism Citizenship Global culture Global governance Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Eesti Español Esperanto 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia עברית नेपाली नेपाल भाषा Português Русский Тоҷикӣ 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 07 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how do you become a citizen of the world	[]	[]
-9042102849804598695	Wikipedia:List of two-letter combinations	Wikipedia : list of two - letter combinations - Wikipedia Wikipedia : list of two - letter combinations See also : Portal : Contents / Quick index Shortcut WP : 2L This list of all two - letter combinations includes 1352 ( 2 × 26 ) of the possible 2704 ( 52 ) combinations of upper and lower case from the modern core Latin alphabet . A two - letter combination in bold means that the link links straight to a Wikipedia article ( not a disambiguation page ) . As specified at Wikipedia : Disambiguation # Combining_terms_on_disambiguation_pages , terms which differ only in capitalisation are commonly combined into a single disambiguation page . As specified at Wikipedia : Disambiguation # Page_naming_conventions , where the two letters form a word any disambiguation page should be at that word - Ka rather than KA . In other cases , any disambiguation page is located at the uppercase link . Once the disambiguation page has been created , the other variant should ( ( R from other capitalisation ) ) to that page . Contents 1 Uppercase - lowercase combinations 2 Uppercase - uppercase combinations 3 Uppercase ( space ) uppercase combinations 4 Uppercase - uppercase combinations with periods 5 Lowercase - lowercase combinations with periods 6 In a collapsible box 7 See also 8 External links Uppercase - lowercase combinations Lowercase combinations are not differentiated from uppercase - lowercase combinations ( for example , ba is the same page as Ba ) . Aa Ab Ac Ad Ae Af Ag Ah Ai Aj Ak Al Am An Ao Ap Aq Ar As At Au Av Aw Ax Ay Az Ba Bb Bc Bd Be Bf Bg Bh Bi Bj Bk Bl Bm Bn Bo Bp Bq Br Bs Bt Bu Bv Bw Bx By Bz Ca Cb Cc Cd Ce Cf Cg Ch Ci Cj Ck Cl Cm Cn Co Cp Cq Cr Cs Ct Cu Cv Cw Cx Cy Cz Da Db Dc Dd De Df Dg Dh Di Dj Dk Dl Dm Dn Do Dp Dq Dr Ds Dt Du Dv Dw Dx Dy Dz Ea Eb Ec Ed Ee Ef Eg Eh Ei Ej Ek El Em En Eo Ep Eq Er Es Et Eu Ev Ew Ex Ey Ez Fa Fb Fc Fd Fe Ff Fg Fh Fi Fj Fk Fl Fm Fn Fo Fp Fq Fr Fs Ft Fu Fv Fw Fx Fy Fz Ga Gb Gc Gd Ge Gf Gg Gh Gi Gj Gk Gl Gm Gn Go Gp Gq Gr Gs Gt Gu Gv Gw Gx Gy Gz Ha Hb Hc Hd He Hf Hg Hh Hi Hj Hk Hl Hm Hn Ho Hp Hq Hr Hs Ht Hu Hv Hw Hx Hy Hz Ia Ib Ic Id Ie If Ig Ih Ii Ij Ik Il Im In Io Ip Iq Ir Is It Iu Iv Iw Ix Iy Iz Ja Jb Jc Jd Je Jf Jg Jh Ji Jj Jk Jl Jm Jn Jo Jp Jq Jr Js Jt Ju Jv Jw Jx Jy Jz Ka Kb Kc Kd Ke Kf Kg Kh Ki Kj Kk Kl Km Kn Ko Kp Kq Kr Ks Kt Ku Kv Kw Kx Ky Kz La Lb Lc Ld Le Lf Lg Lh Li Lj Lk Ll Lm Ln Lo Lp Lq Lr Ls Lt Lu Lv Lw Lx Ly Lz Ma Mb Mc Md Me Mf Mg Mh Mi Mj Mk Ml Mm Mn Mo Mp Mq Mr Ms Mt Mu Mv Mw Mx My Mz Na Nb Nc Nd Ne Nf Ng Nh Ni Nj Nk Nl Nm Nn No Np Nq Nr Ns Nt Nu Nv Nw Nx Ny Nz Oa Ob Oc Od Oe Of Og Oh Oi Oj Ok Ol Om On Oo Op Oq Or Os Ot Ou Ov Ow Ox Oy Oz Pa Pb Pc Pd Pe Pf Pg Ph Pi Pj Pk Pl Pm Pn Po Pp Pq Pr Ps Pt Pu Pv Pw Px Py Pz Qa Qb Qc Qd Qe Qf Qg Qh Qi Qj Qk Ql Qm Qn Qo Qp Qq Qr Qs Qt Qu Qv Qw Qx Qy Qz Ra Rb Rc Rd Re Rf Rg Rh Ri Rj Rk Rl Rm Rn Ro Rp Rq Rr Rs Rt Ru Rv Rw Rx Ry Rz Sa Sb Sc Sd Se Sf Sg Sh Si Sj Sk Sl Sm Sn So Sp Sq Sr Ss St Su Sv Sw Sx Sy Sz Ta Tb Tc Td Te Tf Tg Th Ti Tj Tk Tl Tm Tn To Tp Tq Tr Ts Tt Tu Tv Tw Tx Ty Tz Ua Ub Uc Ud Ue Uf Ug Uh Ui Uj Uk Ul Um Un Uo Up Uq Ur Us Ut Uu Uv Uw Ux Uy Uz Va Vb Vc Vd Ve Vf Vg Vh Vi Vj Vk Vl Vm Vn Vo Vp Vq Vr Vs Vt Vu Vv Vw Vx Vy Vz Wa Wb Wc Wd We Wf Wg Wh Wi Wj Wk Wl Wm Wn Wo Wp Wq Wr Ws Wt Wu Wv Ww Wx Wy Wz Xa Xb Xc Xd Xe Xf Xg Xh Xi Xj Xk Xl Xm Xn Xo Xp Xq Xr Xs Xt Xu Xv Xw Xx Xy Xz Ya Yb Yc Yd Ye Yf Yg Yh Yi Yj Yk Yl Ym Yn Yo Yp Yq Yr Ys Yt Yu Yv Yw Yx Yy Yz Za Zb Zc Zd Ze Zf Zg Zh Zi Zj Zk Zl Zm Zn Zo Zp Zq Zr Zs Zt Zu Zv Zw Zx Zy Zz Uppercase - uppercase combinations AA AB AC AD AE AF AG AH AI AJ AK AL AM AN AO AP AQ AR AS AT AU AV AW AX AY AZ BA BB BC BD BE BF BG BH BI BJ BK BL BM BN BO BP BQ BR BS BT BU BV BW BX BY BZ CA CB CC CD CE CF CG CH CI CJ CK CL CM CN CO CP CQ CR CS CT CU CV CW CX CY CZ DA DB DC DD DE DF DG DH DI DJ DK DL DM DN DO DP DQ DR DS DT DU DV DW DX DY DZ EA EB EC ED EE EF EG EH EI EJ EK EL EM EN EO EP EQ ER ES ET EU EV EW EX EY EZ FA FB FC FD FE FF FG FH FI FJ FK FL FM FN FO FP FQ FR FS FT FU FV FW FX FY FZ GA GB GC GD GE GF GG GH GI GJ GK GL GM GN GO GP GQ GR GS GT GU GV GW GX GY GZ HA HB HC HD HE HF HG HH HI HJ HK HL HM HN HO HP HQ HR HS HT HU HV HW HX HY HZ IA IB IC ID IE IF IG IH II IJ IK IL IM IN IO IP IQ IR IS IT IU IV IW IX IY IZ JA JB JC JD JE JF JG JH JI JJ JK JL JM JN JO JP JQ JR JS JT JU JV JW JX JY JZ KA KB KC KD KE KF KG KH KI KJ KK KL KM KN KO KP KQ KR KS KT KU KV KW KX KY KZ LA LB LC LD LE LF LG LH LI LJ LK LL LM LN LO LP LQ LR LS LT LU LV LW LX LY LZ MA MB MC MD ME MF MG MH MI MJ MK ML MM MN MO MP MQ MR MS MT MU MV MW MX MY MZ NA NB NC ND NE NF NG NH NI NJ NK NL NM NN NO NP NQ NR NS NT NU NV NW NX NY NZ OA OB OC OD OE OF OG OH OI OJ OK OL OM ON OO OP OQ OR OS OT OU OV OW OX OY OZ PA PB PC PD PE PF PG PH PI PJ PK PL PM PN PO PP PQ PR PS PT PU PV PW PX PY PZ QA QB QC QD QE QF QG QH QI QJ QK QL QM QN QO QP QQ QR QS QT QU QV QW QX QY QZ RA RB RC RD RE RF RG RH RI RJ RK RL RM RN RO RP RQ RR RS RT RU RV RW RX RY RZ SA SB SC SD SE SF SG SH SI SJ SK SL SM SN SO SP SQ SR SS ST SU SV SW SX SY SZ TA TB TC TD TE TF TG TH TI TJ TK TL TM TN TO TP TQ TR TS TT TU TV TW TX TY TZ UA UB UC UD UE UF UG UH UI UJ UK UL UM UN UO UP UQ UR US UT UU UV UW UX UY UZ VA VB VC VD VE VF VG VH VI VJ VK VL VM VN VO VP VQ VR VS VT VU VV VW VX VY VZ WA WB WC WD WE WF WG WH WI WJ WK WL WM WN WO WP WQ WR WS WT WU WV WW WX WY WZ XA XB XC XD XE XF XG XH XI XJ XK XL XM XN XO XP XQ XR XS XT XU XV XW XX XY XZ YA YB YC YD YE YF YG YH YI YJ YK YL YM YN YO YP YQ YR YS YT YU YV YW YX YY YZ ZA ZB ZC ZD ZE ZF ZG ZH ZI ZJ ZK ZL ZM ZN ZO ZP ZQ ZR ZS ZT ZU ZV ZW ZX ZY ZZ Uppercase ( space ) uppercase combinations AA AB AC AD AE AF AG AH AI AJ AK AL AM AN AO AP AQ AR AS AT AU AV AW AX AY AZ BA BB BC BD BE BF BG BH BI BJ BK BL BM BN BO BP BQ BR BS BT BU BV BW BX BY BZ CA CB CC CD CE CF CG CH CI CJ CK CL CM CN CO CP CQ CR CS CT CU CV CW CX CY CZ DA DB DC DD DE DF DG DH DI DJ DK DL DM DN DO DP DQ DR DS DT DU DV DW DX DY DZ EA EB EC ED EE EF EG EH EI EJ EK EL EM EN EO EP EQ ER ES ET EU EV EW EX EY EZ FA FB FC FD FE FF FG FH FI FJ FK FL FM FN FO FP FQ FR FS FT FU FV FW FX FY FZ GA GB GC GD GE GF GG GH GI GJ GK GL GM GN GO GP GQ GR GS GT GU GV GW GX GY GZ HA HB HC HD HE HF HG HH HI HJ HK HL HM HN HO HP HQ HR HS HT HU HV HW HX HY HZ IA IB IC ID IE IF IG IH II IJ IK IL IM IN IO IP IQ IR IS IT IU IV IW IX IY IZ JA JB JC JD JE JF JG JH JI JJ JK JL JM JN JO JP JQ JR JS JT JU JV JW JX JY JZ KA KB KC KD KE KF KG KH KI KJ KK KL KM KN KO KP KQ KR KS KT KU KV KW KX KY KZ LA LB LC LD LE LF LG LH LI LJ LK LL LM LN LO LP LQ LR LS LT LU LV LW LX LY LZ MA MB MC MD ME MF MG MH MI MJ MK ML MM MN MO MP MQ MR MS MT MU MV MW MX MY MZ NA NB NC ND NE NF NG NH NI NJ NK NL NM NN NO NP NQ NR NS NT NU NV NW NX NY NZ OA OB OC OD OE OF OG OH OI OJ OK OL OM ON OO OP OQ OR OS OT OU OV OW OX OY OZ PA PB PC PD PE PF PG PH PI PJ PK PL PM PN PO PP PQ PR PS PT PU PV PW PX PY PZ QA QB QC QD QE QF QG QH QI QJ QK QL QM QN QO QP QQ QR QS QT QU QV QW QX QY QZ RA RB RC RD RE RF RG RH RI RJ RK RL RM RN RO RP RQ RR RS RT RU RV RW RX RY RZ SA SB SC SD SE SF SG SH SI SJ SK SL SM SN SO SP SQ SR SS ST SU SV SW SX SY SZ TA TB TC TD TE TF TG TH TI TJ TK TL TM TN TO TP TQ TR TS TT TU TV TW TX TY TZ UA UB UC UD UE UF UG UH UI UJ UK UL UM UN UO UP UQ UR US UT UU UV UW UX UY UZ VA VB VC VD VE VF VG VH VI VJ VK VL VM VN VO VP VQ VR VS VT VU VV VW VX VY VZ WA WB WC WD WE WF WG WH WI WJ WK WL WM WN WO WP WQ WR WS WT WU WV WW WX WY WZ XA XB XC XD XE XF XG XH XI XJ XK XL XM XN XO XP XQ XR XS XT XU XV XW XX XY XZ YA YB YC YD YE YF YG YH YI YJ YK YL YM YN YO YP YQ YR YS YT YU YV YW YX YY YZ ZA ZB ZC ZD ZE ZF ZG ZH ZI ZJ ZK ZL ZM ZN ZO ZP ZQ ZR ZS ZT ZU ZV ZW ZX ZY ZZ Uppercase - uppercase combinations with periods A.A. A.B. A.C. A.D. A.E. A.F. A.G. A.H. A.I. A.J. A.K. A.L. A.M. A.N. A.O. A.P. A.Q. A.R. A.S. A.T. A.U. A.V. A.W. A.X. A.Y. A.Z. B.A. B.B. B.C. B.D. B.E. B.F. B.G. B.H. B.I. B.J. B.K. B.L. B.M. B.N. B.O. B.P. B.Q. B.R. B.S. B.T. B.U. B.V. B.W. B.X. B.Y. B.Z. C.A. C.B. C.C. C.D. C.E. C.F. C.G. C.H. C.I. C.J. C.K. C.L. C.M. C.N. C.O. C.P. C.Q. C.R. C.S. C.T. C.U. C.V. C.W. C.X. C.Y. C.Z. D.A. D.B. D.C. D.D. D.E. D.F. D.G. D.H. D.I. D.J. D.K. D.L. D.M. D.N. D.O. D.P. D.Q. D.R. D.S. D.T. D.U. D.V. D.W. D.X. D.Y. D.Z. E.A. E.B. E.C. E.D. E.E. E.F. E.G. E.H. E.I. E.J. E.K. E.L. E.M. E.N. E.O. E.P. E.Q. E.R. E.S. E.T. E.U. E.V. E.W. E.X. E.Y. E.Z. F.A. F.B. F.C. F.D. F.E. F.F. F.G. F.H. F.I. F.J. F.K. F.L. F.M. F.N. F.O. F.P. F.Q. F.R. F.S. F.T. F.U. F.V. F.W. F.X. F.Y. F.Z. G.A. G.B. G.C. G.D. G.E. G.F. G.G. G.H. G.I. G.J. G.K. G.L. G.M. G.N. G.O. G.P. G.Q. G.R. G.S. G.T. G.U. G.V. G.W. G.X. G.Y. G.Z. H.A. H.B. H.C. H.D. H.E. H.F. H.G. H.H. H.I. H.J. H.K. H.L. H.M. H.N. H.O. H.P. H.Q. H.R. H.S. H.T. H.U. H.V. H.W. H.X. H.Y. H.Z. I.A. I.B. I.C. I.D. I.E. I.F. I.G. I.H. I.I. I.J. I.K. I.L. I.M. I.N. I.O. I.P. I.Q. I.R. I.S. I.T. I.U. I.V. I.W. I.X. I.Y. I.Z. J.A. J.B. J.C. J.D. J.E. J.F. J.G. J.H. J.I. J.J. J.K. J.L. J.M. J.N. J.O. J.P. J.Q. J.R. J.S. J.T. J.U. J.V. J.W. J.X. J.Y. J.Z. K.A. K.B. K.C. K.D. K.E. K.F. K.G. K.H. K.I. K.J. K.K. K.L. K.M. K.N. K.O. K.P. K.Q. K.R. K.S. K.T. K.U. K.V. K.W. K.X. K.Y. K.Z. L.A. L.B. L.C. L.D. L.E. L.F. L.G. L.H. L.I. L.J. L.K. L.L. L.M. L.N. L.O. L.P. L.Q. L.R. L.S. L.T. L.U. L.V. L.W. L.X. L.Y. L.Z. M.A. M.B. M.C. M.D. M.E. M.F. M.G. M.H. M.I. M.J. M.K. M.L. M.M. M.N. M.O. M.P. M.Q. M.R. M.S. M.T. M.U. M.V. M.W. M.X. M.Y. M.Z. N.A. N.B. N.C. N.D. N.E. N.F. N.G. N.H. N.I. N.J. N.K. N.L. N.M. N.N. N.O. N.P. N.Q. N.R. N.S. N.T. N.U. N.V. N.W. N.X. N.Y. N.Z. O.A. O.B. O.C. O.D. O.E. O.F. O.G. O.H. O.I. O.J. O.K. O.L. O.M. O.N. O.O. O.P. O.Q. O.R. O.S. O.T. O.U. O.V. O.W. O.X. O.Y. O.Z. P.A. P.B. P.C. P.D. P.E. P.F. P.G. P.H. P.I. P.J. P.K. P.L. P.M. P.N. P.O. P.P. P.Q. P.R. P.S. P.T. P.U. P.V. P.W. P.X. P.Y. P.Z. Q.A. Q.B. Q.C. Q.D. Q.E. Q.F. Q.G. Q.H. Q.I. Q.J. Q.K. Q.L. Q.M. Q.N. Q.O. Q.P. Q.Q. Q.R. Q.S. Q.T. Q.U. Q.V. Q.W. Q.X. Q.Y. Q.Z. R.A. R.B. R.C. R.D. R.E. R.F. R.G. R.H. R.I. R.J. R.K. R.L. R.M. R.N. R.O. R.P. R.Q. R.R. R.S. R.T. R.U. R.V. R.W. R.X. R.Y. R.Z. S.A. S.B. S.C. S.D. S.E. S.F. S.G. S.H. S.I. S.J. S.K. S.L. S.M. S.N. S.O. S.P. S.Q. S.R. S.S. S.T. S.U. S.V. S.W. S.X. S.Y. S.Z. T.A. T.B. T.C. T.D. T.E. T.F. T.G. T.H. T.I. T.J. T.K. T.L. T.M. T.N. T.O. T.P. T.Q. T.R. T.S. T.T. T.U. T.V. T.W. T.X. T.Y. T.Z. U.A. U.B. U.C. U.D. U.E. U.F. U.G. U.H. U.I. U.J. U.K. U.L. U.M. U.N. U.O. U.P. U.Q. U.R. U.S. U.T. U.U. U.V. U.W. U.X. U.Y. U.Z. V.A. V.B. V.C. V.D. V.E. V.F. V.G. V.H. V.I. V.J. V.K. V.L. V.M. V.N. V.O. V.P. V.Q. V.R. V.S. V.T. V.U. V.V. V.W. V.X. V.Y. V.Z. W.A. W.B. W.C. W.D. W.E. W.F. W.G. W.H. W.I. W.J. W.K. W.L. W.M. W.N. W.O. W.P. W.Q. W.R. W.S. W.T. W.U. W.V. W.W. W.X. W.Y. W.Z. X.A. X.B. X.C. X.D. X.E. X.F. X.G. X.H. X.I. X.J. X.K. X.L. X.M. X.N. X.O. X.P. X.Q. X.R. X.S. X.T. X.U. X.V. X.W. X.X. X.Y. X.Z. Y.A. Y.B. Y.C. Y.D. Y.E. Y.F. Y.G. Y.H. Y.I. Y.J. Y.K. Y.L. Y.M. Y.N. Y.O. Y.P. Y.Q. Y.R. Y.S. Y.T. Y.U. Y.V. Y.W. Y.X. Y.Y. Y.Z. Z.A. Z.B. Z.C. Z.D. Z.E. Z.F. Z.G. Z.H. Z.I. Z.J. Z.K. Z.L. Z.M. Z.N. Z.O. Z.P. Z.Q. Z.R. Z.S. Z.T. Z.U. Z.V. Z.W. Z.X. Z.Y. Z.Z. Lowercase - lowercase combinations with periods a.a. a.b. a.c. a.d. a.e. a.f. a.g. a.h. a.i. a.j. a.k. a.l. a.m. a.n. a.o. a.p. a.q. a.r. a.s. a.t. a.u. a.v. a.w. a.x. a.y. a.z. b.a. b.b. b.c. b.d. b.e. b.f. b.g. b.h. b.i. b.j. b.k. b.l. b.m. b.n. b.o. b.p. b.q. b.r. b.s. b.t. b.u. b.v. b.w. b.x. b.y. b.z. c.a. c.b. c.c. c.d. c.e. c.f. c.g. c.h. c.i. c.j. c.k. c.l. c.m. c.n. c.o. c.p. c.q. c.r. c.s. c.t. c.u. c.v. c.w. c.x. c.y. c.z. d.a. d.b. d.c. d.d. d.e. d.f. d.g. d.h. d.i. d.j. d.k. d.l. d.m. d.n. d.o. d.p. d.q. d.r. d.s. d.t. d.u. d.v. d.w. d.x. d.y. d.z. e.a. e.b. e.c. e.d. e.e. e.f. e.g. e.h. e.i. e.j. e.k. e.l. e.m. e.n. e.o. e.p. e.q. e.r. e.s. e.t. e.u. e.v. e.w. e.x. e.y. e.z. f.a. f.b. f.c. f.d. f.e. f.f. f.g. f.h. f.i. f.j. f.k. f.l. f.m. f.n. f.o. f.p. f.q. f.r. f.s. f.t. f.u. f.v. f.w. f.x. f.y. f.z. g.a. g.b. g.c. g.d. g.e. g.f. g.g. g.h. g.i. g.j. g.k. g.l. g.m. g.n. g.o. g.p. g.q. g.r. g.s. g.t. g.u. g.v. g.w. g.x. g.y. g.z. h.a. h.b. h.c. h.d. h.e. h.f. h.g. h.h. h.i. h.j. h.k. h.l. h.m. h.n. h.o. h.p. h.q. h.r. h.s. h.t. h.u. h.v. h.w. h.x. h.y. h.z. i.a. i.b. i.c. i.d. i.e. i.f. i.g. i.h. i.i. i.j. i.k. i.l. i.m. i.n. i.o. i.p. i.q. i.r. i.s. i.t. i.u. i.v. i.w. i.x. i.y. i.z. j.a. j.b. j.c. j.d. j.e. j.f. j.g. j.h. j.i. j.j. j.k. j.l. j.m. j.n. j.o. j.p. j.q. j.r. j.s. j.t. j.u. j.v. j.w. j.x. j.y. j.z. k.a. k.b. k.c. k.d. k.e. k.f. k.g. k.h. k.i. k.j. k.k. k.l. k.m. k.n. k.o. k.p. k.q. k.r. k.s. k.t. k.u. k.v. k.w. k.x. k.y. k.z. l.a. l.b. l.c. l.d. l.e. l.f. l.g. l.h. l.i. l.j. l.k. l.l. l.m. l.n. l.o. l.p. l.q. l.r. l.s. l.t. l.u. l.v. l.w. l.x. l.y. l.z. m.a. m.b. m.c. m.d. m.e. m.f. m.g. m.h. m.i. m.j. m.k. m.l. m.m. m.n. m.o. m.p. m.q. m.r. m.s. m.t. m.u. m.v. m.w. m.x. m.y. m.z. n.a. n.b. n.c. n.d. n.e. n.f. n.g. n.h. n.i. n.j. n.k. n.l. n.m. n.n. n.o. n.p. n.q. n.r. n.s. n.t. n.u. n.v. n.w. n.x. n.y. n.z. o.a. o.b. o.c. o.d. o.e. o.f. o.g. o.h. o.i. o.j. o.k. o.l. o.m. o.n. o.o. o.p. o.q. o.r. o.s. o.t. o.u. o.v. o.w. o.x. o.y. o.z. p.a. p.b. p.c. p.d. p.e. p.f. p.g. p.h. p.i. p.j. p.k. p.l. p.m. p.n. p.o. p.p. p.q. p.r. p.s. p.t. p.u. p.v. p.w. p.x. p.y. p.z. q.a. q.b. q.c. q.d. q.e. q.f. q.g. q.h. q.i. q.j. q.k. q.l. q.m. q.n. q.o. q.p. q.q. q.r. q.s. q.t. q.u. q.v. q.w. q.x. q.y. q.z. r.a. r.b. r.c. r.d. r.e. r.f. r.g. r.h. r.i. r.j. r.k. r.l. r.m. r.n. r.o. r.p. r.q. r.r. r.s. r.t. r.u. r.v. r.w. r.x. r.y. r.z. s.a. s.b. s.c. s.d. s.e. s.f. s.g. s.h. s.i. s.j. s.k. s.l. s.m. s.n. s.o. s.p. s.q. s.r. s.s. s.t. s.u. s.v. s.w. s.x. s.y. s.z. t.a. t.b. t.c. t.d. t.e. t.f. t.g. t.h. t.i. t.j. t.k. t.l. t.m. t.n. t.o. t.p. t.q. t.r. t.s. t.t. t.u. t.v. t.w. t.x. t.y. t.z. u.a. u.b. u.c. u.d. u.e. u.f. u.g. u.h. u.i. u.j. u.k. u.l. u.m. u.n. u.o. u.p. u.q. u.r. u.s. u.t. u.u. u.v. u.w. u.x. u.y. u.z. v.a. v.b. v.c. v.d. v.e. v.f. v.g. v.h. v.i. v.j. v.k. v.l. v.m. v.n. v.o. v.p. v.q. v.r. v.s. v.t. v.u. v.v. v.w. v.x. v.y. v.z. w.a. w.b. w.c. w.d. w.e. w.f. w.g. w.h. w.i. w.j. w.k. w.l. w.m. w.n. w.o. w.p. w.q. w.r. w.s. w.t. w.u. w.v. w.w. w.x. w.y. w.z. x.a. x.b. x.c. x.d. x.e. x.f. x.g. x.h. x.i. x.j. x.k. x.l. x.m. x.n. x.o. x.p. x.q. x.r. x.s. x.t. x.u. x.v. x.w. x.x. x.y. x.z. y.a. y.b. y.c. y.d. y.e. y.f. y.g. y.h. y.i. y.j. y.k. y.l. y.m. y.n. y.o. y.p. y.q. y.r. y.s. y.t. y.u. y.v. y.w. y.x. y.y. y.z. z.a. z.b. z.c. z.d. z.e. z.f. z.g. z.h. z.i. z.j. z.k. z.l. z.m. z.n. z.o. z.p. z.q. z.r. z.s. z.t. z.u. z.v. z.w. z.x. z.y. z.z. In a collapsible box List of two - letter combinations show Uppercase - lowercase combinations Lowercase combinations are not differentiated from uppercase - lowercase combinations ( for example , ba is the same page as Ba ) . Aa Ab Ac Ad Ae Af Ag Ah Ai Aj Ak Al Am An Ao Ap Aq Ar As At Au Av Aw Ax Ay Az Ba Bb Bc Bd Be Bf Bg Bh Bi Bj Bk Bl Bm Bn Bo Bp Bq Br Bs Bt Bu Bv Bw Bx By Bz Ca Cb Cc Cd Ce Cf Cg Ch Ci Cj Ck Cl Cm Cn Co Cp Cq Cr Cs Ct Cu Cv Cw Cx Cy Cz Da Db Dc Dd De Df Dg Dh Di Dj Dk Dl Dm Dn Do Dp Dq Dr Ds Dt Du Dv Dw Dx Dy Dz Ea Eb Ec Ed Ee Ef Eg Eh Ei Ej Ek El Em En Eo Ep Eq Er Es Et Eu Ev Ew Ex Ey Ez Fa Fb Fc Fd Fe Ff Fg Fh Fi Fj Fk Fl Fm Fn Fo Fp Fq Fr Fs Ft Fu Fv Fw Fx Fy Fz Ga Gb Gc Gd Ge Gf Gg Gh Gi Gj Gk Gl Gm Gn Go Gp Gq Gr Gs Gt Gu Gv Gw Gx Gy Gz Ha Hb Hc Hd He Hf Hg Hh Hi Hj Hk Hl Hm Hn Ho Hp Hq Hr Hs Ht Hu Hv Hw Hx Hy Hz Ia Ib Ic Id Ie If Ig Ih Ii Ij Ik Il Im In Io Ip Iq Ir Is It Iu Iv Iw Ix Iy Iz Ja Jb Jc Jd Je Jf Jg Jh Ji Jj Jk Jl Jm Jn Jo Jp Jq Jr Js Jt Ju Jv Jw Jx Jy Jz Ka Kb Kc Kd Ke Kf Kg Kh Ki Kj Kk Kl Km Kn Ko Kp Kq Kr Ks Kt Ku Kv Kw Kx Ky Kz La Lb Lc Ld Le Lf Lg Lh Li Lj Lk Ll Lm Ln Lo Lp Lq Lr Ls Lt Lu Lv Lw Lx Ly Lz Ma Mb Mc Md Me Mf Mg Mh Mi Mj Mk Ml Mm Mn Mo Mp Mq Mr Ms Mt Mu Mv Mw Mx My Mz Na Nb Nc Nd Ne Nf Ng Nh Ni Nj Nk Nl Nm Nn No Np Nq Nr Ns Nt Nu Nv Nw Nx Ny Nz Oa Ob Oc Od Oe Of Og Oh Oi Oj Ok Ol Om On Oo Op Oq Or Os Ot Ou Ov Ow Ox Oy Oz Pa Pb Pc Pd Pe Pf Pg Ph Pi Pj Pk Pl Pm Pn Po Pp Pq Pr Ps Pt Pu Pv Pw Px Py Pz Qa Qb Qc Qd Qe Qf Qg Qh Qi Qj Qk Ql Qm Qn Qo Qp Qq Qr Qs Qt Qu Qv Qw Qx Qy Qz Ra Rb Rc Rd Re Rf Rg Rh Ri Rj Rk Rl Rm Rn Ro Rp Rq Rr Rs Rt Ru Rv Rw Rx Ry Rz Sa Sb Sc Sd Se Sf Sg Sh Si Sj Sk Sl Sm Sn So Sp Sq Sr Ss St Su Sv Sw Sx Sy Sz Ta Tb Tc Td Te Tf Tg Th Ti Tj Tk Tl Tm Tn To Tp Tq Tr Ts Tt Tu Tv Tw Tx Ty Tz Ua Ub Uc Ud Ue Uf Ug Uh Ui Uj Uk Ul Um Un Uo Up Uq Ur Us Ut Uu Uv Uw Ux Uy Uz Va Vb Vc Vd Ve Vf Vg Vh Vi Vj Vk Vl Vm Vn Vo Vp Vq Vr Vs Vt Vu Vv Vw Vx Vy Vz Wa Wb Wc Wd We Wf Wg Wh Wi Wj Wk Wl Wm Wn Wo Wp Wq Wr Ws Wt Wu Wv Ww Wx Wy Wz Xa Xb Xc Xd Xe Xf Xg Xh Xi Xj Xk Xl Xm Xn Xo Xp Xq Xr Xs Xt Xu Xv Xw Xx Xy Xz Ya Yb Yc Yd Ye Yf Yg Yh Yi Yj Yk Yl Ym Yn Yo Yp Yq Yr Ys Yt Yu Yv Yw Yx Yy Yz Za Zb Zc Zd Ze Zf Zg Zh Zi Zj Zk Zl Zm Zn Zo Zp Zq Zr Zs Zt Zu Zv Zw Zx Zy Zz show Uppercase - uppercase combinations AA AB AC AD AE AF AG AH AI AJ AK AL AM AN AO AP AQ AR AS AT AU AV AW AX AY AZ BA BB BC BD BE BF BG BH BI BJ BK BL BM BN BO BP BQ BR BS BT BU BV BW BX BY BZ CA CB CC CD CE CF CG CH CI CJ CK CL CM CN CO CP CQ CR CS CT CU CV CW CX CY CZ DA DB DC DD DE DF DG DH DI DJ DK DL DM DN DO DP DQ DR DS DT DU DV DW DX DY DZ EA EB EC ED EE EF EG EH EI EJ EK EL EM EN EO EP EQ ER ES ET EU EV EW EX EY EZ FA FB FC FD FE FF FG FH FI FJ FK FL FM FN FO FP FQ FR FS FT FU FV FW FX FY FZ GA GB GC GD GE GF GG GH GI GJ GK GL GM GN GO GP GQ GR GS GT GU GV GW GX GY GZ HA HB HC HD HE HF HG HH HI HJ HK HL HM HN HO HP HQ HR HS HT HU HV HW HX HY HZ IA IB IC ID IE IF IG IH II IJ IK IL IM IN IO IP IQ IR IS IT IU IV IW IX IY IZ JA JB JC JD JE JF JG JH JI JJ JK JL JM JN JO JP JQ JR JS JT JU JV JW JX JY JZ KA KB KC KD KE KF KG KH KI KJ KK KL KM KN KO KP KQ KR KS KT KU KV KW KX KY KZ LA LB LC LD LE LF LG LH LI LJ LK LL LM LN LO LP LQ LR LS LT LU LV LW LX LY LZ MA MB MC MD ME MF MG MH MI MJ MK ML MM MN MO MP MQ MR MS MT MU MV MW MX MY MZ NA NB NC ND NE NF NG NH NI NJ NK NL NM NN NO NP NQ NR NS NT NU NV NW NX NY NZ OA OB OC OD OE OF OG OH OI OJ OK OL OM ON OO OP OQ OR OS OT OU OV OW OX OY OZ PA PB PC PD PE PF PG PH PI PJ PK PL PM PN PO PP PQ PR PS PT PU PV PW PX PY PZ QA QB QC QD QE QF QG QH QI QJ QK QL QM QN QO QP QQ QR QS QT QU QV QW QX QY QZ RA RB RC RD RE RF RG RH RI RJ RK RL RM RN RO RP RQ RR RS RT RU RV RW RX RY RZ SA SB SC SD SE SF SG SH SI SJ SK SL SM SN SO SP SQ SR SS ST SU SV SW SX SY SZ TA TB TC TD TE TF TG TH TI TJ TK TL TM TN TO TP TQ TR TS TT TU TV TW TX TY TZ UA UB UC UD UE UF UG UH UI UJ UK UL UM UN UO UP UQ UR US UT UU UV UW UX UY UZ VA VB VC VD VE VF VG VH VI VJ VK VL VM VN VO VP VQ VR VS VT VU VV VW VX VY VZ WA WB WC WD WE WF WG WH WI WJ WK WL WM WN WO WP WQ WR WS WT WU WV WW WX WY WZ XA XB XC XD XE XF XG XH XI XJ XK XL XM XN XO XP XQ XR XS XT XU XV XW XX XY XZ YA YB YC YD YE YF YG YH YI YJ YK YL YM YN YO YP YQ YR YS YT YU YV YW YX YY YZ ZA ZB ZC ZD ZE ZF ZG ZH ZI ZJ ZK ZL ZM ZN ZO ZP ZQ ZR ZS ZT ZU ZV ZW ZX ZY ZZ See also Two character combinations of single - digit - single - letter ( 0A -- 9Z ) , single - letter - single - digit ( A0 -- Z9 ) , single - letter - double - digit ( A00 -- Z99 ) , and two - letters ( AA -- ZZ ) . Three character combinations of double - letter - single - digit ( AA0 -- DZ9 , EA0 -- HZ9 , IA0 -- LZ9 , MA0 -- PZ9 , QA0 -- TZ9 , UA0 -- XZ9 , YA0 -- ZZ9 ) and three - letters ( AAA -- DZZ , EAA -- HZZ , IAA -- LZZ , MAA -- PZZ , QAA -- TZZ , UAA -- XZZ , YAA -- ZZZ ) . Three - letter acronym ( TLA ) List of acronyms Wikipedia : List of TLA disambiguation pages Wikipedia : Disambiguation and abbreviations Wiktionary : List of two - letter combinations Wikipedia : Bot requests / Archive 22 # Bot to add to three - letter acronym disambiguation pages Wikipedia : Glossary Wikipedia : WTF ? OMG ! TMD TLA . ARG ! External links TheWordFinder Scrabble help and several word lists available AcronymFinder The Acronym Attic Acronym Geek All two letters combinations as a Column Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:List_of_two-letter_combinations&oldid=772524191 '' Categories : Wikipedia lists of TLAs Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected project pages Talk Project page Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Latina Lietuvių Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Română Shqip Slovenščina Tiếng Việt 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 March 2017 , at 20 : 03 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai	[]	[]
2536760321330220307	Billy Don't Be a Hero	Billy Do n't be a Hero - wikipedia Billy Do n't be a Hero Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Billy Do n't Be a Hero '' Single by Paper Lace from the album Paper Lace ( US version ) B - side `` Celia '' Released Format 7 '' single Recorded Genre Pop Length 3 : 59 Label Mercury Songwriter ( s ) Mitch Murray , Peter Callander Producer ( s ) Mitch Murray , Peter Callander Paper Lace singles chronology `` Billy Do n't Be a Hero '' ( 1974 ) `` The Night Chicago Died '' ( 1974 ) `` Billy Do n't Be a Hero '' ( 1974 ) `` The Night Chicago Died '' ( 1974 ) `` Billy , Do n't Be a Hero '' Single by Bo Donaldson and The Heywoods from the album Bo Donaldson and The Heywoods B - side `` Do n't Ever Look Back '' Released April 1974 Format 7 '' single Recorded Genre Pop Length 3 : 25 Label ABC Songwriter ( s ) Mitch Murray , Peter Callander Producer ( s ) Steve Barri Bo Donaldson and The Heywoods singles chronology `` Deeper and Deeper '' ( 1974 ) `` Billy , Do n't Be a Hero '' ( 1974 ) `` Who Do You Think You Are '' ( 1974 ) `` Deeper and Deeper '' ( 1974 ) `` Billy Do n't Be a Hero '' ( 1974 ) `` Who Do You Think You Are '' ( 1974 ) `` Billy Do n't Be a Hero '' is a 1974 pop song that was first a UK hit for Paper Lace and then , some months later , a US hit for Bo Donaldson and The Heywoods . The song was written and composed by two British songwriters , Mitch Murray and Peter Callander . Because the song was released in 1974 , it was associated by some listeners with the Vietnam War , though the war to which it actually refers is never identified in the lyrics . It has been suggested that the drum pattern , references to a marching band leading soldiers in blue , and `` riding out '' ( cavalry ) refer to the American Civil War . However the drum beat and cavalry `` riding out '' is not specific to the American Civil War , and blue uniforms were common in the 19th century . That being said , Paper Lace themselves performed the song on Top of the Pops wearing Union - style uniforms , as can be seen on Youtube . A young woman is distraught that her fiancé chooses to enlist with Army recruiters passing through the town , causing her to implore him : Billy , do n't be a hero , Do n't be a fool with your life Billy , do n't be a hero , Come back and make me your wife And as he started to go , she said , ' Billy keep your head low ' Billy , do n't be a hero , Come back to me . The song goes on to describe how Billy is killed in action in a pitched battle after volunteering to ride out and seek reinforcements . ( This suggests mounted infantry and a lack of modern two - way radio communications . ) In the end , the heartbroken woman throws away the official letter notifying her of Billy 's `` heroic '' death . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chart performances 1.1 Paper Lace version 1.2 Weekly charts 1.3 Year - end charts 1.4 Bo Donaldson & the Heywoods version 1.5 Weekly charts 1.6 Year - end charts 2 Use in media 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Chart performances ( edit ) Paper Lace 's version of `` Billy Do n't Be a Hero '' reached number one in the UK Singles Chart on 16 March 1974 , and did likewise in Australia , where it spent eight weeks at the top spot . Thereafter , Bo Donaldson 's and the Heywoods 's version reached number one in the U.S. on the Billboard Hot 100 on 15 June 1974 , and number one in Canada on 7 July . The US version sold over three and a half million copies , and was awarded a gold disc by the R.I.A.A. in June of 1974 . Donaldson 's and the Heywoods 's version was a massive hit in North America , but it remained largely unknown elsewhere as of late July of 2017 . Billboard ranked it as the No. 21 song for 1974 . Paper Lace version ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1974 ) Peak position Australia KMR Ireland ( IRMA ) New Zealand ( Listener ) UK ( OCC ) US Billboard Hot 100 96 US Cash Box Top 100 68 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1974 ) Rank Australia UK 6 Bo Donaldson & the Heywoods version ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1974 ) Peak position Canada RPM Top Singles US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Adult Contemporary 20 US Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1974 ) Rank Canada 13 US Billboard Hot 100 21 US Cash Box 30 Use in media ( edit ) The song is mentioned as having played on K - Billy 's Super Sounds of the ' 70s Weekend in the film Reservoir Dogs . The song features in the 1993 film The Adventures of Priscilla , Queen of the Desert . The Mystery Science Theater 3000 characters often use the line `` Billy , do n't be a hero ! '' when riffing on movies , one example being the episode The Creeping Terror . In the first episode of Friends , Ross ( David Schwimmer ) is sad because it has been so long since he last picked up a woman , saying , `` Do the words ' Billy , Do n't Be a Hero ' mean anything to you ? '' Massive Attack 's 1991 track `` Blue Lines '' ( from the album of the same name ) features the lyrics `` take a walk , Billy , do n't be a hero . '' In Walk Hard : The Dewey Cox Story , the song is briefly heard during a montage in a disco cover by Dewey Cox ( John C. Reilly ) performing on rollerblades during `` The Dewey Cox Show . '' A much longer cut of this scene can be seen in the director 's cut , and the whole performance was included in the extras for the 2 - Disc editions . In The Powerpuff Girls , the leader of the Gang Green Gang , Ace , says to another member , Billy , `` Billy , do n't be a hero ! '' when he decides to save the Powerpuff Girls from a subway train . In The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack , the episode `` K'nuckles , Do n't Be a Hero '' is named after the song . In The Justice Friends ( Cartoon Network , 1996 ) , Major Glory says `` Billy , do n't be a hero ! '' to William , Valhallen 's pet goat , when it jumps to save Krunk from the attack of Valhallen 's living clothes . In an episode of ALF , the title character , Gordon `` Alf '' Shumway ( voice by Paul Fusco ) , uses the line `` Willie , do n't be a hero , do n't be a fool with your life , '' referring to the head of the household , Wille Tanner ( Max Wright ) , after Willie comes up with a bad idea . The Doug Anthony Allstars performed a comedic cover of this song , featuring the altered line , `` Where did Billy 's head go ? '' in place of `` Billy , keep your head low . '' Dav Pilkey , creator of Captain Underpants , named the hero of The Adventures of Super Diaper Baby Billy solely to make possible a passing homage to `` Billy Do n't Be a Hero . '' Since then , the `` Billy Do n't Be a Hero '' homage has been applied to other characters whose names rhyme with `` Billy '' in several Captain Underpants spin - off comics . In the season 4 episode of Dinosaurs , the episode title was referenced , `` Earl , Do n't Be A Hero . '' See also ( edit ) List of anti-war songs References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 298 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1974 Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Billy , Do n't Be a Hero '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Flavour of New Zealand , 8 June 1974 Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles , May 25 , 1974 Jump up ^ Australian-charts.com Jump up ^ http://www.uk-charts.top-source.info/top-100-1974.shtml Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1993 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 1993 . Record Research . p. 75 . Jump up ^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles , July 6 , 1974 Jump up ^ Bac-lac.gc.ca Jump up ^ Musicoutfitters.com Jump up ^ Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1974 Jump up ^ Cash Box Year - End Charts : Top 100 Pop Singles , December 28 , 1974 Jump up ^ `` Behind the Pages : Super Diaper Baby '' . Pilkey.com . Dav Pilkey . Archived from the original on 15 June 2012 . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Jealous Mind '' by Alvin Stardust UK Singles Chart number - one single ( Paper Lace version ) 16 March 1974 ( three weeks ) Succeeded by `` Seasons in the Sun '' by Terry Jacks Preceded by `` Band on the Run '' by Paul McCartney and Wings Billboard Hot 100 number - one single ( Bo Donaldson and the Heywoods version ) 15 June 1974 - 22 June 1974 ( two weeks ) Succeeded by `` Sundown '' by Gordon Lightfoot Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Billy_Don%27t_Be_a_Hero&oldid=807066751 '' Categories : 1974 singles Paper Lace songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia UK Singles Chart number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Anti-war songs Songs about the military Songs written by Mitch Murray Songs written by Peter Callander Debut singles 1974 songs Mercury Records singles ABC Records singles Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Use dmy dates from September 2012 Use British English from September 2012 Articles needing additional references from March 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without artist All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Nederlands Norsk Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 17 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sings the song billy don't be a hero	[]	[]
-6583186109466427137	The Dark Knight Returns	The Dark Knight Returns - Wikipedia The Dark Knight Returns Jump to : navigation , search For the animated adaptation , see Batman : The Dark Knight Returns ( film ) . The Dark Knight Returns Cover of The Dark Knight Returns # 1 ( Feb. 1986 ) . Art by penciler - inker Frank Miller and colorist Lynn Varley . Publication information Publisher DC Comics Schedule Monthly Format Limited series Publication date February -- June 1986 No. of issues Main character ( s ) Batman James Gordon Carrie Kelley The Joker Superman Creative team Written by Frank Miller Penciller ( s ) Frank Miller Inker ( s ) Klaus Janson Letterer ( s ) John Costanza Colorist ( s ) Lynn Varley Editor ( s ) Dick Giordano Dennis O'Neil Collected editions Batman : The Dark Knight Returns ISBN 1 - 56389 - 342 - 8 Absolute Dark Knight ISBN 1401210791 The Dark Knight Returns ( alternatively titled Batman : The Dark Knight Returns ) is a 1986 four - issue comic book miniseries starring Batman , written by Frank Miller , illustrated by Miller and Klaus Janson , and published by DC Comics . When the series was collected into a single volume later that year , the story title for the first issue was applied to the entire series . The Dark Knight Returns tells an alternative story of Bruce Wayne , who at 55 years old returns from retirement to fight crime and faces opposition from the Gotham City police force and the United States government . The story introduces Carrie Kelley as the new Robin and culminates with a confrontation against Superman . A three - issue sequel written and illustrated by Miller , The Dark Knight Strikes Again , was published in 2001 . A nine - issue third installment , The Dark Knight III : The Master Race , co-written by Miller and Brian Azzarello , was published approximately bi-monthly starting in late 2015 . Frank Miller has said he is working on a fourth series . In addition , a 64 - page prestige format one - shot co-written by Miller and Azzarello , Dark Knight Returns : The Last Crusade , which serves as a prequel to the original series , was released on June 15 , 2016 . Additionally , Spawn / Batman was released in 1994 as a companion to The Dark Knight Returns , and , according to Miller , the series All Star Batman & Robin , the Boy Wonder can be considered as a prequel . In the pre-Flashpoint DC Multiverse , the events of The Dark Knight Returns and its associated titles were designated to occur on Earth - 31 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Background and creation 3 Reception 4 Influence 5 In other media 5.1 Television 5.2 Film 5.3 Merchandise 5.4 Comic books 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) The Dark Knight Returns is set in a dystopian near - future version of Gotham City . Bruce Wayne , at 55 , has given up the mantle of Batman after the death of Jason Todd 10 years prior . As a result , crime is running rampant through the city and a gang calling themselves ' The Mutants ' has risen to terrorize the people of Gotham . Upon seeing this , Wayne returns to his role as a vigilante . On his first night as Batman he puts a stop to multiple assaults - including one on two young girls , Carrie Kelley and her friend Michelle . While attempting to foil an armed robbery on the same night , Batman learns that the men involved are working for Harvey Dent . Dent , previously known for his criminal acts as Two - Face , underwent extensive therapy and plastic surgery financed by Wayne to reemerge into society . Batman informs Commissioner James Gordon that Dent may be planning a larger scheme . Soon after , Dent hijacks the television sets of the city and announces his intention to hold the city to ransom with a bomb . When Batman defeats Dent and his goons , he realizes that Dent 's mind has completely warped into his Two - Face persona . Inspired by Batman 's rescue , Kelley buys herself an imitation Robin costume and searches for him , seeking to help him . She learns that Batman will be at the city dump and follows the Mutants there . Although Batman defeats the Mutants with his advanced weaponry in the ensuing battle , the Mutant Leader ends up goading him into a fight . During their hand - to - hand brawl , Batman , despite being able to match the Leader in strength , is rusty and slightly slow due to a decade 's lack of activity which results in him getting seriously injured . Kelley creates a diversion , allowing Batman to immobilise the Mutant Leader , and the two of them escape . At the Batcave , Wayne 's butler Alfred Pennyworth tends to his wounds while Kelley admires the Robin costume that belonged to Todd . Wayne decides to keep Kelley as his new sidekick . Gordon allows Batman to defeat the Mutant Leader ( whom he had arrested ) on his own terms . The two engage in a fight at a sewage run - off pipe surrounded by members of the Mutant gang . Batman , leveraging the mud from the sewage to slow him down , deals the Leader a brutal defeat . Seeing Batman defeat their leader , the Mutants disband and some rename themselves the Sons of Batman , using excessive violence against criminals . At the White House , Superman and the current president Ronald Reagan discuss the events in Gotham , with the latter suggesting that Superman may have to arrest Batman . Superman informs the president that he may only be able to talk to Wayne . He is then deployed by Washington to the Latin American country of Corto Maltese where he fights Soviet combat forces in a conflict that may ignite World War III . Gordon hands over the role of commissioner to Captain Ellen Yindel , who issues a statement declaring that Batman is a wanted criminal for his vigilante activities . At the same time , Batman 's return stimulates the Joker to awaken from catatonia at Arkham Asylum . With renewed purpose , the Joker manipulates his caretakers to allow him onto a television talk show , where he murders everyone with gas and escapes . With the help of Catwoman , Batman and Robin track him to a county fair while evading a police pursuit led by Yindel . There , they realize that he is already making attempts to kill fairgoers . Batman defeats the Joker in a bloody confrontation , which ends when the Joker commits suicide by breaking his own spine to incriminate Batman for murder . After another confrontation with the Gotham police , Batman escapes with the help of Robin and a citywide manhunt begins . Superman diverts a Soviet nuclear warhead which detonates in a desert , nearly killing himself in the process . The United States is hit by an electromagnetic pulse as a result and descends into chaos during the resulting blackout . In Gotham , Batman realizes what has happened , and he and Robin turn the remaining Mutants and Sons of the Batman into a non-lethal vigilante gang . He leads them against looters and ensures the flow of essential supplies . In the midst of the blackout , Gotham becomes the safest city in the country . The U.S. government sees this as an embarrassment , and orders Superman to remove Batman . Oliver Queen predicts to Wayne that the government lackey Superman and the maverick Batman will have a final confrontation . Superman demands to meet Batman . Knowing he may die , Wayne chooses Crime Alley , where he first became Batman . He relies on Superman 's weakness caused by near - death in the nuclear blast ( Superman only just managed to survive by absorbing the energy of the sun , but he is still vulnerable to attack ) . Superman tries to reason with Batman , but Batman uses his technological inventions and mastery of hand - to - hand combat to fight him . During the battle , Superman compromises Batman 's exoframe , while Queen shoots a kryptonite - tipped arrow to greatly weaken Superman . Batman reveals that he intentionally spared Superman 's life by not using a more powerful kryptonite mix ; the fight and near - death experience was meant as a warning to Superman to stay out of Batman 's way . Before he can fully defeat Superman , Batman suddenly has a heart attack , apparently dying . Alfred destroys the Batcave and Wayne Manor before dying of a stroke , exposing Batman as Bruce Wayne , whose fortune has disappeared . After Wayne 's funeral , it is revealed that his death was staged using his own chemical concoction that can suspend his vital life signs . Clark Kent attends the funeral and winks at Robin after hearing Wayne 's heartbeat resume . Some time afterward , Bruce Wayne leads Robin , Queen , and the rest of his followers into the caverns beyond the Batcave and prepares to continue his war on crime . Background and creation ( edit ) Comic creator Frank Miller at the 1982 San Diego Comic - Con International Since the 1950s , when the Comics Code Authority was established , the character of Batman had drifted from his dark , violent roots . It was not until the 1970s when the character began to feature in darker stories once again ; however , Batman was still commonly associated with the campy theme of the 1960s Batman TV series , and as a father figure to Robin rather than the violent vigilante he was introduced as . In the early 1980s , DC Comics promoted Batman group editor Dick Giordano to editorial director for the company . Writer - artist Frank Miller was recruited to create The Dark Knight Returns . Giordano said he worked with Miller on the story 's plot , and said , `` ( t ) he version that was finally done was about his fourth or fifth draft . The basic storyline was the same but there were a lot of detours along the way . '' During the creation of the series , fellow comics writer / artist John Byrne told Miller , `` Robin must be a girl '' , and Miller complied . Miller said that the comic series ' plot was inspired by Dirty Harry , specifically the 1983 film Sudden Impact , in which Dirty Harry returns to crime - fighting after a lengthy convalescence . Miller also said his own increasing age was a factor in the plot . The series employed a 16 - panel grid for its pages . Each page was composed of either a combination of either 16 panels , or anywhere between sixteen and one panel per page . Giordano left the project halfway through because of disagreements over production deadlines . Comics historian Les Daniels wrote that Miller 's idea of ignoring deadlines was `` the culmination of the quest towards artistic independence '' . The issues of The Dark Knight Returns were presented in packaging that included extra pages , square binding and glossy paper to highlight the watercolor paintings by colorist Lynn Varley . Reception ( edit ) Despite the cost of the single - issue packaging , The Dark Knight Returns sold well . Priced at $2.95 an issue , DC Comics promoted The Dark Knight Returns as a `` thought - provoking action story '' . Time said the series ' depiction of a `` semi-retired Batman ( who ) is unsure about his crime - fighting abilities '' was an example of trying to appeal to `` today 's skeptical readers '' . IGN Comics ranked The Dark Knight Returns first on a list of the 25 greatest Batman graphic novels and called The Dark Knight Returns `` a true masterpiece of storytelling '' with `` ( s ) cene after unforgettable scene . '' In 2005 , Time chose the collected edition as one of the 10 best English language graphic novels ever written . Forbidden Planet placed the collected issue at number one on its `` 50 Best of the Best Graphic Novels '' list . Writer Matthew K. Manning in the `` 1980s '' chapter of DC Comics Year By Year A Visual Chronicle ( 2010 ) called the series `` arguably the best Batman story of all time . '' It was placed second in a poll among comic book academics conducted by the Sequart Organization . The series also garnered some negative reviews . In April 2010 , Nicolas Slayton from Comics Bulletin ranked The Dark Knight Returns second in his Tuesday Top Ten feature 's Top 10 Overrated Comic Books behind Watchmen . Slayton wrote , `` ( t ) here is no central plot to the comic , leaving only a forced fight scene between Superman and Batman as an out of place climax to the story . '' `` Gone are the traits that define Batman , '' also citing `` misuse of the central character . '' The New York Times gave the 1987 collected release of the series a negative review . Mordecai Richler felt that The Dark Knight Returns was not as imaginative as the work of Batman creator Bob Kane . Richler commented , `` The stories are convoluted , difficult to follow and crammed with far too much text . The drawings offer a grotesquely muscle - bound Batman and Superman , not the lovable champions of old . '' He concluded , `` If this book is meant for kids , I doubt that they will be pleased . If it is aimed at adults , they are not the sort I want to drink with . '' Influence ( edit ) Miller signing a copy of the book during a 2016 appearance at Midtown Comics The immense popularity of The Dark Knight Returns served both to return the character of Batman to a central role in pop culture , but also ( along with Watchmen ) started the era known as the Dark Age of Comic Books ( also known as the Modern Age and the Iron Age ) . The grim , seedy versions of Gotham and Batman successfully updated the character 's identity from the campy Adam West version remembered from the 1960s Batman TV series , and proved critically and commercially successful enough that a new wave of `` dark '' superheroes were either created , repopularized , or revamped altogether to fit this new trend . The Dark Knight Returns was one of the two comic books , alongside Watchmen , that inspired designer Vincent Connare when he created the Comic Sans font . In other media ( edit ) Television ( edit ) In the episode `` Legends of the Dark Knight '' of The New Batman Adventures , a scene is directly based on both of Batman 's fights with the Mutants ' leader , who was voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson . Michael Ironside voiced The Dark Knight Returns version of Batman . Two members of the Mutant gang are shown throwing snowballs at an elderly Beast Boy in a cage in the episode `` How Long Is Forever ? '' of Teen Titans . The Batman episode `` Artifacts '' , set in a future Gotham , mostly references Miller 's work , with the future Batman depicted as a tall , muscular man and Mr. Freeze going so far as speaking the sentence `` The Dark Knight returns '' upon meeting his nemesis . There are some references in Batman : The Brave and the Bold . In the season 2 episode `` The Knights of Tomorrow ! '' , the Mutant gang is seen robbing a bank in a future where Bruce Wayne 's son , Damian , is the new Batman . The battle between Batman and Superman is featured in the season 3 episode `` Battle of the Super-Heroes ! '' , where Batman wears a similar armored suit as well as some moments of the fight appearing like how the comic was drawn . In episode 31 of Girl Meets World ( `` Girl Meets the New Teacher '' ) , the new English teacher Harper Burgess gives out copies for her class to study , which creates controversy with the principal who disapproves of the comic . Stephen Amell appears as an older Oliver Queen in the Legends of Tomorrow episode ' Star City 2046 `` , with a goatee and is missing his left arm , a nod to the portrayal of the character in The Dark Knight Returns . In the television series Gotham , a young Bruce Wayne confronts Jerome Valeska ( a character heavily implied to be a younger Joker ) in a house of mirrors after the G.C.P.D. raid Jerome 's carnival populated by his cultist followers which pays as a homage to The Dark Knight Returns . Film ( edit ) See also : Batman : The Dark Knight Returns ( film ) Tim Burton 's 1989 film Batman takes influence from the third book in the series , when Batman and the Joker have a fight to the death in the climax . In the 1995 film Batman Forever , director Joel Schumacher uses some references of the comic : when Bruce remembers falling into the cave as a kid , and in a deleted scene when GNN News makes a bad reputation of Batman after his fight with Two Face in Gotham Subway and before when he follows Two Face in a helicopter . According to Schumacher , he proposed a film adaptation of The Dark Knight Returns when Warner Bros. commissioned him and writer Akiva Goldsman to create a sequel to Batman Forever , but the idea was shelved in favor of Batman & Robin . After the cancellation of Batman Unchained , Schumacher proposed an adaptation of The Dark Knight Returns , which Warner considered during their attempts to revamp the character . Michael Keaton ( who portrayed Batman in Batman and in Batman Returns ) and Clint Eastwood were considered to play Batman while singer David Bowie was considered again to play The Joker . However , the project was finally cancelled in favor of the also shelved Batman : DarKnight . At the 2008 San Diego Comic Con , film director Zack Snyder expressed his love for The Dark Knight Returns in a response to a question about the maturity of comic book adaptations . Batman film franchise producer Michael Uslan expressed interest in a possible adaptation . In both The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) and The Dark Knight Returns , we see the consequences of Batman 's presence in Gotham . Despite his good intentions , Batman brings out the worst in Gotham . Violent psychopaths like the Joker and Two - Face rise to power . Also , the `` copycats '' in TDK are influenced by the `` sons of Batman '' . In the 2012 film The Dark Knight Rises , director Christopher Nolan used a number of stories including The Dark Knight Returns as influence for the film , which likewise features an older , retired Bruce Wayne resuming the role of Batman . DC Entertainment produced a two - part animated adaptation . Part 1 of this two - part animated film was released on DVD / Blu - ray on September 25 , 2012 . Part 2 was released on January 29 , 2013 , with Peter Weller voicing Batman and Michael Emerson voicing the Joker . Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice features Batman and Superman meeting each other for the first time in a live - action film . Director Zack Snyder stated although the film is visually inspired by The Dark Knight Returns , with some elements borrowed , like an older and hardened Batman who lost Jason Todd in his younger years , it featured an original premise . Merchandise ( edit ) In 1996 , to commemorate the 10th anniversary of the graphic novel , DC released a new hardcover and a later softcover release . These included original rough script text for issue # 4 with some sketches by Miller . There was also a limited edition slip cased hardcover that had mini poster prints , separate media review and sketch book by Miller . DC Direct released a limited edition statue of Batman and Robin designed by Miller . It was released in full size and then later as a mini sized statue . DC Direct released a series of Batman action figures based on The Dark Knight Returns in 2004 . It included figures of Batman , Robin , Superman , and The Joker . Later , a Batman and Joker Gift Set was released , including both characters with new color schemes to reflect earlier points in the story , and a 48 - page prestige format reprint of The Dark Knight Returns # 1 was also released . An action figure of Batman as he appears in The Dark Knight Returns was released by Mattel in 2013 , as part of their Batman Unlimited line of action figures . Comic Books ( edit ) Carrie makes her first appearance in the main , canonical DC Universe in The New 52 's Batman and Robin Issue 19 ( titled Batman and Red Robin ) . She is a college student and the late - Damian Wayne 's drama instructor . As a homage to The Dark Knight Returns , she wears an imitation Robin costume as a Halloween costume in her first appearance . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Osborn , Alex ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' Frank Miller Says He 's Returning For The Dark Knight 4 ' '' . IGN . Jump up ^ `` THE DARK KNIGHT RETURNS : THE LAST CRUSADE # 1 '' . DC Comics . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Manning , Matthew K. ; Dolan , Hannah , ed. ( 2010 ) . `` 1980s '' . DC Comics Year By Year A Visual Chronicle . Dorling Kindersley . p. 219 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7566 - 6742 - 9 . It is arguably the best Batman story of all time . Written and drawn by Frank Miller ( with inspired inking by Klaus Janson and beautiful watercolors by Lynn Varley ) , Batman : The Dark Knight revolutionized the entire genre of the super hero . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Daniels ( 1999 ) , p. 146 . Jump up ^ Daniels ( 1999 ) , p. 147 . Jump up ^ Daniels ( 1999 ) , p. 151 . ^ Jump up to : Strike , Joe ( July 15 , 2008 ) . `` Frank Miller 's ' Dark Knight ' brought Batman back to life '' . Daily News . New York . Jump up ^ Hitch , Bryan ( 2010 ) . Bryan Hitch 's Ultimate Comics Studio . Impact Books . p. 22 . ^ Jump up to : Daniels ( 1999 ) , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Henry , Gordon M. ; Forbis , Deborah ( October 6 , 1986 ) . `` Bang ! '' . Time . Retrieved August 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Hilary ( June 17 , 2005 ) . `` Batman : The Dark Knight Returns Review '' . IGN . Jump up ^ Grossman , Lev ( March 6 , 2009 ) . `` Top 10 Graphic Novels : The Dark Knight Returns '' . Time . Jump up ^ `` 50 Best Of The Best Graphic Novels '' . Forbidden Planet . 2016 . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Carpenter , Greg ( January 13 , 2014 ) . `` On Canons , Critics , Consensus , and Comics , Part 2 '' . Sequart Organization . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Slayton , Nicholas ( April 27 , 2010 ) . `` Top 10 Overrated Comic Books '' . Comics Bulletin . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Richler , Mordecai ( May 3 , 1987 ) . `` Paperbacks ; Batman at Midlife : Or the Funnies Grow Up '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Steel , Emily ( April 17 , 2009 ) . `` Typeface Inspired by Comic Books Has Become a Font of Ill Will '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2009 . Retrieved February 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Tasha ( December 5 , 2001 ) . `` Frank Miller interview '' . A.V. Club . Jump up ^ `` How Long Is Forever ? '' . The New Batman Adventures . Jump up ^ `` Artifacts '' . The Batman . Jump up ^ `` The Knights of Tomorrow ! '' . Batman : The Brave and the Bold . Jump up ^ `` Battle of the Super-Heroes ! '' . Batman : The Brave and the Bold . Jump up ^ `` Girl Meets the New Teacher '' . Girl Meets World . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` Legends of Tomorrow : Stephen Amell to appear as future Oliver Queen '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Munro , Shaun ( July 4 , 2013 ) . `` 10 Batman films that almost happened '' . Jump up ^ `` 8 Unmade BATMAN Movies '' . Jump up ^ `` Zack Snyder Interested in The Dark Knight Returns Movie ? '' . Slashfilm.com . July 26 , 2008 . Retrieved November 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Brooker , Will ( June 7 , 2012 ) . `` Clues from the Comics About Batman 's Fate in The Dark Knight Rises '' . io9 . Retrieved June 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Connelly , Brendon ( April 14 , 2011 ) . `` Movie Version Of Frank Miller 's The Dark Knight Returns In The Works '' . Bleedingcool.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Allstetter , Rob ( July 23 , 2011 ) . `` Comic - Con 2011 '' . comicscontinuum.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Batman vs. Superman : Snyder Talks ' Dark Knight Returns ' Factor & Affleck '' . Screenrant.com . February 10 , 2014 . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1996 Dark Knight Returns statue '' . Under the Giant Penny . August 8 , 2010 . Retrieved April 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Esposito , Joey ( April 5 , 2013 ) . `` The Dark Knight Returns ' Carrie Kelley is Back '' . Retrieved April 6 , 2013 . References ( edit ) Daniels , Les ( 1999 ) . Batman : The Complete History . Chronicle Books . ISBN 0 - 8118 - 4232 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Batman : The Dark Knight Returns The Dark Knight Returns at the Comic Book DB The plot in more detail at darkknight.ca Deconstructing Dark Knight Returns - an ongoing analysis of The Dark Knight Returns and related works Batman : The Dark Knight Returns and Batman : The Dark Knight Strikes Again discussed at sequart.com Batman : The Dark Knight Returns -- a retrospective and review at Batman-On-Film.com Batman publications and storylines Current series Batgirl Batman Batman Beyond Batwoman Detective Comics Nightwing Harley Quinn Red Hood and the Outlaws Batgirl and the Birds of Prey Completed ongoing series Azrael Batman : Arkham Unhinged Batman : The Dark Knight Batman : Gotham Knights Batman : Legends of the Dark Knight Batman : Shadow of the Bat Batman : Streets of Gotham The Batman Adventures Batman and Robin Batman and The Outsiders The Batman Chronicles Batman Confidential Batman Family Batman Incorporated Batman / Superman Batwing Birds of Prey The Brave and the Bold Gotham Academy Gotham by Midnight Gotham Central Gotham City Sirens The Huntress The Joker Man - Bat Red Hood / Arsenal Red Robin Robin Robin : Son of Batman Superman / Batman We Are ... Robin World 's Finest Comics Completed limited series Anarky Batgirl : Year One Batman / Superman / Wonder Woman : Trinity Batman : Arkham City Batman : Battle for the Cowl Batman : Cacophony Batman : The Cult Bat - Mite The Dark Knight Returns The Dark Knight Strikes Again The Dark Knight III : The Master Race Batman : Dark Victory Batman Eternal Batman : Gates of Gotham Batman : GCPD Batman : Gotham County Line Batman : The Long Halloween Batman : Nosferatu Batman : Orpheus Rising Batman : The Return of Bruce Wayne Batman : Turning Points Batman : The Widening Gyre Batman : Year 100 Batman and the Mad Monk Batman and the Monster Men Batman and Robin Eternal Batman Black and White First Wave Gotham Underground Man - Bat Robin : Year One Section 8 Superman & Batman : Generations Trinity The Untold Legend of the Batman One - shots Arkham Asylum : A Serious House on Serious Earth The 12 Cent Adventure Castle of the Bat Dark Knight Dynasty Digital Justice Earth One Holy Terror In Darkest Knight The Killing Joke Knight Gallery Death of Innocents The Man Who Laughs Nine Lives Noël Son of the Demon Two Faces Batman / Houdini : The Devil 's Workshop The Batman Adventures : Mad Love Batman & Dracula trilogy Leatherwing The Berlin Batman Gotham by Gaslight Joker Batman : Thrillkiller Batman : Gotham Noir Storylines `` The Case of the Chemical Syndicate '' `` Dark Moon Rising '' `` The Man Behind the Red Hood ! '' `` Joker 's Millions '' `` Year One '' `` Year Two '' `` A Death in the Family '' `` Year Three '' `` The Man Who Falls '' `` Anarky in Gotham City '' `` Gothic '' `` The Return of the Joker '' `` Prey '' `` The Last Arkham '' `` Knightfall '' `` Contagion '' `` Legacy '' `` Cataclysm '' `` No Man 's Land '' `` Joker 's Last Laugh '' `` Bruce Wayne : Fugitive '' `` Hush '' `` Broken City '' `` As the Crow Flies '' `` War Games '' `` City of Crime '' `` Under the Hood '' `` War Crimes '' `` Face the Face '' `` Batman and Son '' `` The Resurrection of Ra 's al Ghul '' `` Batman R.I.P. '' `` Whatever Happened to the Caped Crusader ? '' `` Batwoman : Elegy '' `` Bruce Wayne : The Road Home '' `` Night of the Owls '' `` Death of the Family '' `` Zero Year '' `` Endgame '' `` Robin War '' Inter-company crossovers Batman / Aliens Batman / Hellboy / Starman Batman / Daredevil : King of New York Batman / Judge Dredd : Judgment on Gotham Batman & Spider - Man : New Age Dawning Batman / Tarzan : Claws of the Cat - woman Batman / Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Batman / The Spirit Batman versus Predator Daredevil / Batman : Eye for an Eye Spawn / Batman Batman - Spawn : War Devil Superman and Batman versus Aliens and Predator Spider - Man and Batman : Disordered Minds Incomplete All Star Batman & Robin , the Boy Wonder Batman : The Dark Prince Charming Related topics Batman : Anarky Batman : Child of Dreams Batman : Haunted Knight The Batman Chronicles Batman Legends Elseworlds Publications are listed alphabetically by published titles . Storylines are listed in publication order . Compiled without respect for canon or `` current '' continuity . Frank Miller Batman comics The Dark Knight Returns Batman : Year One Spawn / Batman The Dark Knight Strikes Again All Star Batman & Robin , the Boy Wonder The Dark Knight III : The Master Race Other comics Written Bad Boy The Big Guy and Rusty the Boy Robot Daredevil `` Born Again '' Elektra : Assassin Give Me Liberty Martha Washington Hard Boiled RoboCop RoboCop Versus The Terminator Written and drawn 300 Daredevil Elektra Lives Again Ronin Sin City Holy Terror Drawn The Twilight Zone Daredevil Wolverine Films RoboCop 2 ( 1990 ) RoboCop 3 ( 1993 ) Sin City ( 2005 ) 300 ( 2006 ) The Spirit ( 2008 ) Batman : Year One ( 2011 ) Batman : The Dark Knight Returns ( 2012 -- 13 ) 300 : Rise of an Empire ( 2014 ) Sin City : A Dame to Kill For ( 2014 ) Television and video games RoboCop Versus The Terminator ( 1993 ) The Big Guy and Rusty the Boy Robot ( 1999 -- 2001 ) 300 : March to Glory ( 2007 ) Superman / Batman crossover media Comic books World 's Finest Comics Batman / Superman / Wonder Woman : Trinity Superman / Batman Superman and Batman versus Aliens and Predator Television The Batman / Superman Hour The Superman / Batman Adventures The New Batman / Superman Adventures Books Enemies & Allies Film Superman / Batman : Public Enemies Superman / Batman : Apocalypse Lego Batman : The Movie -- DC Super Heroes Unite Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Video game Lego Batman 2 : DC Super Heroes Lego Batman 3 : Beyond Gotham The Dark Knight Universe The Dark Knight Returns film The Dark Knight Strikes Again The Dark Knight III : The Master Race Fan films and parodies World 's Finest HISHE : Super Cafe Miscellanea Composite Superman Hiro Okamura Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Dark_Knight_Returns&oldid=800590332 '' Categories : Batman titles DC Comics limited series 1986 comics debuts 1986 comics endings Adult comics Comics by Frank Miller American comics adapted into films Cold War fiction Neo-noir 1986 in fiction 1986 in comics Dystopian comics Cultural depictions of Ronald Reagan Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Use American English from April 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from October 2012 Title pop Redundant infobox title param All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from October 2015 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from April 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Português Русский Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 13 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	why did batman fight superman in dark knight returns	[]	[]
2504506240487112238	Isle of Wight	Isle of Wight - wikipedia Isle of Wight For other places with the same name , see Isle of Wight ( disambiguation ) . `` IoW '' redirects here . For other uses , see IOW ( disambiguation ) . Isle of Wight County An image of the Isle of Wight from the ISS Flag Motto : `` All this beauty is of God '' Coordinates : 50 ° 40 ′ N 1 ° 16 ′ W / 50.667 ° N 1.267 ° W / 50.667 ; - 1.267 Coordinates : 50 ° 40 ′ N 1 ° 16 ′ W / 50.667 ° N 1.267 ° W / 50.667 ; - 1.267 Sovereign state United Kingdom Country England Region South East Established 1890 Preceded by Hampshire Ceremonial county Lord Lieutenant Martin White High Sheriff Mrs Gioia Minghella - Giddens ( 2018 / 19 ) Area 384 km ( 148 sq mi ) Ranked 46th of 48 Population ( mid-2017 est . ) 141,000 Ranked 46th of 48 Density 370 / km ( 960 / sq mi ) Ethnicity 97.3 % White , 1.1 % Asian , 0.2 % Black , 0.1 % Other , 1.2 % Mixed Unitary authority Council Isle of Wight Council Executive Conservative Admin HQ Newport Area 380.2 km ( 146.8 sq mi ) Ranked 106th of 326 Population 141,000 Ranked 148th of 326 Density 370 / km ( 960 / sq mi ) ISO 3166 - 2 GB - IOW ONS code 00MW GSS code E06000046 NUTS UKJ34 Website iwight.com Member of Parliament Bob Seely Police Hampshire Constabulary Time zone Greenwich Mean Time ( UTC ) Summer ( DST ) British Summer Time ( UTC + 1 ) The Isle of Wight ( / waɪt / ; also referred to informally as The Island or abbreviated to IoW ) is a county and the largest and second-most populous island in England . It is in the English Channel , about 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) off the coast of Hampshire , separated by the Solent . The island has resorts that have been holiday destinations since Victorian times , and is known for its mild climate , coastal scenery , and verdant landscape of fields , downland and chines . The island has been home to the poets Swinburne and Tennyson and to Queen Victoria , who built her much - loved summer residence and final home Osborne House at East Cowes . It has a maritime and industrial tradition including boat - building , sail - making , the manufacture of flying boats , the hovercraft , and Britain 's space rockets . The island hosts annual music festivals including the Isle of Wight Festival , which in 1970 was the largest rock music event ever held . It has well - conserved wildlife and some of the richest cliffs and quarries for dinosaur fossils in Europe . The isle was owned by a Norman family until 1293 and was earlier a kingdom in its own right . The island has played an important part in the defence of the ports of Southampton and Portsmouth , and been near the front - line of conflicts through the ages , including the Spanish Armada and the Battle of Britain . Rural for most of its history , its Victorian fashionability and the growing affordability of holidays led to significant urban development during the late 19th and early 20th centuries . Historically part of Hampshire , the island became a separate administrative county in 1890 . It continued to share the Lord Lieutenant of Hampshire until 1974 , when it was made its own ceremonial county . Apart from a shared police force , there is now no administrative link with Hampshire , although a combined local authority with Portsmouth and Southampton was considered , this is now unlikely to proceed . Until 1995 the island had a governor . The quickest public transport link to the mainland is the hovercraft from Ryde to Southsea ; three ferry and two catamaran services cross the Solent to Southampton , Lymington and Portsmouth . Contents 1 History 1.1 Neolithic Isle of Wight 1.2 Bronze and Iron Age Isle of Wight 1.3 Iron Age Isle of Wight 1.4 Roman Isle of Wight 1.5 Middle Ages 1.6 Early modern period 1.7 Modern history 2 Etymology 3 Geography 4 Geology 5 Climate 6 Wildlife 7 Politics 8 Main towns 9 Culture 9.1 Language and dialect 9.2 Identity 9.3 Hauntings 10 Sport 10.1 Cycling 10.2 Rowing 10.3 Sailing 10.4 Trampolining 10.5 Marathon 10.6 Speedway 10.7 Field hockey 10.8 Football 10.9 Cricket 10.10 Island Games 10.11 Motor scooter 11 Music 12 Economy 12.1 Socio - economic data 12.2 Industry and agriculture 12.2. 1 Breweries 12.3 Services 12.3. 1 Tourism and heritage 12.3. 2 Transport 12.3. 3 Media 13 Prisons 14 Education 15 Notable residents 15.1 17th century and earlier 15.2 18th century 15.3 19th century 15.4 20th century onwards 16 Places of interest 17 Overseas names 18 Media references 18.1 Film 18.2 Games 18.3 Literature 18.4 Music 18.5 Radio 18.6 Television 19 See also 20 Notes 21 References 22 External links 22.1 Photos History ( edit ) Main article : History of the Isle of Wight Neolithic Isle of Wight ( edit ) During the last Ice Age , sea levels were lower and the Solent was part of a river flowing south east from current day Poole Harbour towards mid-Channel . As sea levels rose , the river valley became flooded , and the chalk ridge line west of the Needles breached to form the island . The Isle of Wight is first mentioned in writing in Geography by Ptolemy . Bronze and Iron Age Isle of Wight ( edit ) Bronze Age Britain had large reserves of tin in the areas of Cornwall and Devon and tin is necessary to smelt bronze . At that time the sea level was much lower and carts of tin were brought across the Solent at low tide for export , possibly on the Ferriby Boats . Anthony Snodgrass suggests that a shortage of tin , as a part of the Bronze Age Collapse and trade disruptions in the Mediterranean around 1300 BC , forced metalworkers to seek an alternative to bronze . During Iron Age Britain , the Late Iron Age , the Isle of Wight would appear to have been occupied by the Celtic tribe , the Durotriges - as attested by finds of their coins , for example , the South Wight Hoard , and the Shalfleet Hoard . South eastern Britain experienced significant immigration that is reflected in the genetic makeup of the current residents . As the Iron Age began the value of tin likely dropped sharply and this likely greatly changed the economy of the Isle of Wight . Trade however continued as evidenced by the remarkable local abundance of European Iron Age coins . Iron Age Isle of Wight ( edit ) Starting in AD 449 ( according to the Anglo Saxon Chronicles ) the 5th and 6th centuries saw groups of Germanic speaking peoples from Northern Europe crossing the English Channel and setting up home . Bede 's ( 731 ) Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum identifies three separate groups of invaders : of these , the Jutes from Denmark settled the Isle of Wight and Kent . From then onwards , there are indications that the island had wide trading links , with a port at Bouldnor , evidence of Bronze Age tin trading , and finds of Late Iron Age coins . Roman Isle of Wight ( edit ) Julius Caesar reported that the Belgae took the Isle of Wight in about 85 BC , and recognised the culture of this general region as `` Belgic '' , but made no reference to Vectis . The Roman historian Suetonius mentions that the island was captured by the commander Vespasian . The Romans built no towns or roads on the island , but the remains of at least seven Roman villas have been found , indicating the prosperity of local agriculture . First - century exports were principally hides , slaves , hunting dogs , grain , cattle , silver , gold , and iron . Ferriby Boats and later Blackfriars Ships likely were important to the local economy . During the Dark Ages the island was settled by Jutes as the pagan kingdom of Wihtwara under King Arwald . In 685 it was invaded by Caedwalla , who tried to replace the inhabitants with his own followers . In 686 Arwald was defeated and the island became the last part of English lands to be converted to Christianity , added to Wessex and then becoming part of England under King Alfred the Great , included within the shire of Hampshire . It suffered especially from Viking raids , and was often used as a winter base by Viking raiders when they were unable to reach Normandy . Later , both Earl Tostig and his brother Harold Godwinson ( who became King Harold II ) held manors on the island . Carisbrooke Castle just outside Carisbrooke Middle ages ( edit ) The Norman Conquest of 1066 created the position of Lord of the Isle of Wight ; the island was given by William the Conqueror to his kinsman William FitzOsbern . Carisbrooke Priory and the fort of Carisbrooke Castle were then founded . Allegiance was sworn to FitzOsbern rather than the king ; the Lordship was subsequently granted to the de Redvers family by Henry I , after his succession in 1100 . For nearly 200 years the island was a semi-independent feudal fiefdom , with the de Redvers family ruling from Carisbrooke . The final private owner was the Countess Isabella de Fortibus , who , on her deathbed in 1293 , was persuaded to sell it to Edward I. Thereafter the island was under control of the English Crown and its Lordship a royal appointment . The island continued to be attacked from the continent : it was raided in 1374 by the fleet of Castile , and in 1377 by French raiders who burned several towns , including Newtown , and laid siege to Carisbrooke Castle before they were defeated . Early modern period ( edit ) Under Henry VIII , who developed the Royal Navy and its Portsmouth base , the island was fortified at Yarmouth , Cowes , East Cowes , and Sandown . The French invasion on 21 July 1545 ( famous for the sinking of the Mary Rose on the 19th ) was repulsed by local militia . During the English Civil War , King Charles fled to the Isle of Wight , believing he would receive sympathy from the governor Robert Hammond , but Hammond imprisoned the king in Carisbrooke Castle . Osborne House and its grounds are now open to the public . Eugene Manet on the Isle of Wight , 1875 painting by Berthe Morisot During the Seven Years ' War , the island was used as a staging post for British troops departing on expeditions against the French coast , such as the Raid on Rochefort . During 1759 , with a planned French invasion imminent , a large force of soldiers was stationed there . The French called off their invasion following the Battle of Quiberon Bay . Modern History ( edit ) In the 1860s , what remains in real terms the most expensive ever government spending project saw fortifications built on the island and in the Solent , as well as elsewhere along the south coast , including the Palmerston Forts , The Needles Battery and Fort Victoria , because of fears about possible French invasion . The future Queen Victoria spent childhood holidays on the island and became fond of it . When queen she made Osborne House her winter home , and so the island became a fashionable holiday resort , including for Alfred , Lord Tennyson , Julia Margaret Cameron , and Charles Dickens ( who wrote much of David Copperfield there ) , as well as the French painter Berthe Morisot and members of European royalty . Until then , the island had been rural , with most people employed in farming , fishing or boat - building . The boom in tourism , spurred by growing wealth and leisure time , and by Victoria 's example , led to significant urban development of the island 's coastal resorts . The world 's first radio station was set up by Marconi in 1897 , during her reign , at the Needles Battery , at the western tip of the island . In 1898 the first paid wireless telegram ( called a `` Marconigram '' ) was sent from this station , and the island was for some time the home of the National Wireless Museum , near Ryde . Queen Victoria died at Osborne House on 22 January 1901 , aged 81 . During the Second World War the island was frequently bombed . With its proximity to German - occupied France , the island hosted observation stations and transmitters , as well as the RAF radar station at Ventnor . It was the starting - point for one of the earlier Operation Pluto pipelines to feed fuel to Europe after the Normandy landings . The Needles Battery was used to develop and test the Black Arrow and Black Knight space rockets , which were subsequently launched from Woomera , Australia . Statue of Jimi Hendrix outside Dimbola Lodge The Isle of Wight Festival was a very large rock festival that took place near Afton Down , West Wight in 1970 , following two smaller concerts in 1968 and 1969 . The 1970 show was notable both as one of the last public performances by Jimi Hendrix and for the number of attendees , reaching by some estimates 600,000 . The festival was revived in 2002 in a different format , and is now an annual event . Etymology ( edit ) The oldest records that give a name for the Isle of Wight are from the Roman Empire : it was then called Vectis or Vecta in Latin , Iktis or Ouiktis in Greek . From the Anglo - Saxon period Latin Vecta , Old English Wiht and Old Welsh forms Gueid and Guith are recorded . In Domesday Book it is Wit ; the modern Welsh name is Ynys Wyth ( ynys = island ) . These are all variant forms of the same name , possibly Celtic in origin . It may mean `` place of the division '' , because the island divides the two arms of the Solent . Geography ( edit ) The Isle of Wight is situated between the Solent and the English Channel , is roughly rhomboid in shape , and covers an area of 150 sq mi ( 380 km ) . Slightly more than half , mainly in the west , is designated as the Isle of Wight Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty . The island has 100 sq mi ( 258 km ) of farmland , 20 sq mi ( 52 km ) of developed areas , and 57 miles ( 92 km ) of coastline . Its landscapes are diverse , leading to its oft - quoted description as `` England in miniature '' . West Wight is predominantly rural , with dramatic coastlines dominated by the chalk downland ridge , running across the whole island and ending in the Needles stacks . The southwestern quarter is commonly referred to as the Back of the Wight , and has a unique character . The highest point on the island is St Boniface Down in the south east , which at 791 feet ( 241 m ) is a marilyn . The most notable habitats on the rest of the island are probably the soft cliffs and sea ledges , which are scenic features , important for wildlife , and internationally protected . The island has three principal rivers . The River Medina flows north into the Solent , the Eastern Yar flows roughly northeast to Bembridge Harbour , and the Western Yar flows the short distance from Freshwater Bay to a relatively large estuary at Yarmouth . Without human intervention the sea might well have split the island into three : at the west end where a bank of pebbles separates Freshwater Bay from the marshy backwaters of the Western Yar east of Freshwater , and at the east end where a thin strip of land separates Sandown Bay from the marshy Eastern Yar basin . The Undercliff between St Catherine 's Point and Bonchurch is the largest area of landslip morphology in western Europe . The north coast is unusual in having four high tides each day , with a double high tide every twelve and a half hours . This arises because the western Solent is narrower than the eastern ; the initial tide of water flowing from the west starts to ebb before the stronger flow around the south of the island returns through the eastern Solent to create a second high water . Geology ( edit ) Main article : Geology of the Isle of Wight The Isle of Wight is made up of a variety of rock types dating from early Cretaceous ( around 127 million years ago ) to the middle of the Palaeogene ( around 30 million years ago ) . The geological structure is dominated by a large monocline which causes a marked change in age of strata from the northern younger Tertiary beds to the older Cretaceous beds of the south . This gives rise to a dip of almost 90 degrees in the chalk beds , seen best at the Needles . The northern half of the island is mainly composed of clays , with the southern half formed of the chalk of the central east -- west downs , as well as Upper and Lower Greensands and Wealden strata . These strata continue west from the island across the Solent into Dorset , forming the basin of Poole Harbour ( Tertiary ) and the Isle of Purbeck ( Cretaceous ) respectively . The chalky ridges of Wight and Purbeck were a single formation before they were breached by waters from the River Frome during the last ice age , forming the Solent and turning Wight into an island . The Needles , along with Old Harry Rocks on Purbeck , represent the edges of this breach . All the rocks found on the island are sedimentary , such as limestones , mudstones and sandstones . They are rich in fossils ; many can be seen exposed on beaches as the cliffs erode . Lignitic coal is present in small quantities within seams , and can be seen on the cliffs and shore at Whitecliff Bay . Fossilised molluscs have been found there , and also on the northern coast along with fossilised crocodiles , turtles and mammal bones ; the youngest date back to around 30 million years ago . The island is one of the most important areas in Europe for dinosaur fossils . The eroding cliffs often reveal previously hidden remains , particularly along the Back of the Wight . Dinosaur bones and fossilised footprints can be seen in and on the rocks exposed around the island 's beaches , especially at Yaverland and Compton Bay . As a result , the island has been nicknamed `` Dinosaur Island '' and Dinosaur Isle was established in 2001 . The area was affected by sea level changes during the repeated Quaternary glaciations . The island probably became separated from the mainland about 125,000 years ago , during the Ipswichian interglacial . Ordnance Survey map of the island Geological map of the island Blackgang Chine , circa 1910 A view of the Needles and Alum Bay Climate ( edit ) Like the rest of the UK , the island has an oceanic climate , but is somewhat milder and sunnier , which makes it a holiday destination . It also has a longer growing season . Lower Ventnor and the neighbouring Undercliff have a particular microclimate , because of their sheltered position south of the downs . The island enjoys 1,800 -- 2,100 hours of sunshine a year . Some years have almost no snow in winter , and only a few days of hard frost . The island is in Hardiness zone 9 . hide Climate data for Shanklin Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C ( ° F ) 8.1 ( 46.6 ) 7.9 ( 46.2 ) 10.0 ( 50 ) 12.3 ( 54.1 ) 15.6 ( 60.1 ) 18.2 ( 64.8 ) 20.4 ( 68.7 ) 20.5 ( 68.9 ) 18.3 ( 64.9 ) 15.0 ( 59 ) 11.3 ( 52.3 ) 8.8 ( 47.8 ) 13.9 ( 56.9 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 3.5 ( 38.3 ) 2.9 ( 37.2 ) 4.3 ( 39.7 ) 5.4 ( 41.7 ) 8.4 ( 47.1 ) 11.1 ( 52 ) 13.4 ( 56.1 ) 13.5 ( 56.3 ) 11.8 ( 53.2 ) 9.5 ( 49.1 ) 6.2 ( 43.2 ) 4.0 ( 39.2 ) 7.8 ( 46.1 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 90.8 ( 3.575 ) 65.5 ( 2.579 ) 66.0 ( 2.598 ) 53.4 ( 2.102 ) 52.1 ( 2.051 ) 46.3 ( 1.823 ) 47.1 ( 1.854 ) 54.6 ( 2.15 ) 70.5 ( 2.776 ) 115.0 ( 4.528 ) 108.6 ( 4.276 ) 101.0 ( 3.976 ) 870.9 ( 34.288 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 1.0 ) 13.1 9.8 10.4 9.1 8.2 7.6 6.9 7.4 8.9 12.7 12.7 12.9 119.7 Mean monthly sunshine hours 68.2 89.8 132.9 201.4 241.1 247.7 262.3 240.9 173.1 122.3 82.6 60.7 1,923 Source : Met Office Climate Averages , Shanklin , 1981 - 2010 Wildlife ( edit ) The Isle of Wight is one of the few places in England where the red squirrel is still flourishing ; no grey squirrels are to be found . There are occasional sightings of wild deer , and there is a colony of wild goats on Ventnor 's downs . Protected species such as the dormouse and rare bats can be found . The Glanville fritillary butterfly 's distribution in the United Kingdom is largely restricted to the edges of the island 's crumbling cliffs . A competition in 2002 named the pyramidal orchid as the Isle of Wight 's county flower . Politics ( edit ) Main article : Politics of the Isle of Wight Member of Parliament for the Isle of Wight Andrew Turner at Downing Street in 2010 The island has a single Member of Parliament and 138,300 permanent residents in 2011 , being one of the most populated constituencies in the United Kingdom ( more than 50 % above the English average ) . However , in 2011 the Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Act was to have changed this , as part of the Sixth Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies , but this was deferred to no earlier than October 2018 by the Electoral Registration and Administration Act 2013 . Thus the single constituency remained for the 2015 and 2017 general elections . However , two separate East and West constituencies are proposed for the island under the 2018 review now under way . The Isle of Wight is a ceremonial and non-metropolitan county . Since the abolition of its two borough councils and restructuring of the county council as Isle of Wight Council in 1995 , it has been a unitary authority . Elections in the constituency have traditionally been a battle between the Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats . Andrew Turner of the Conservative Party gained the seat from Peter Brand of the Lib Dems at the 2001 general election . Since 2009 , Turner was embroiled in controversy over his expenses , health , and relationships with colleagues , with local Conservatives having tried but failed to remove him in the runup to the 2015 general election . He stood down prior to the 2017 snap general election , and the new Conservative Party candidate Bob Seely was elected with a majority of 21,069 votes . At the Isle of Wight Council election of 2013 , the Conservatives lost the majority which they had held since 2005 to the Island Independents , with Island Independent councillors holding 16 of the 40 seats , and a further five councillors sitting as independents outside the group . The Conservatives regained control , winning 25 seats , at the 2017 local election . There have been small regionalist movements : the Vectis National Party and the Isle of Wight Party ; but they have attracted little support at elections . Main towns ( edit ) High Street in Newport , the county town Main article : List of places on the Isle of Wight Newport is the centrally located county town , with a population of about 25,000 and the island 's main shopping area . Located next to the River Medina , Newport Quay was a busy port until the mid-19th century . Ryde , the largest town with a population of about 30,000 , is in the northeast . It is Victorian with the oldest seaside pier in England and miles of sandy and pebble beaches . Cowes hosts the annual Cowes Week and is an international sailing centre . East Cowes is famous for Osborne House , Norris Castle and as the home from 1929 to 1964 of Saunders - Roe , the historic aircraft , flying boat , rocket and hovercraft company . Sandown is a popular seaside resort . It is home to the Isle of Wight Zoo , the Dinosaur Isle geological museum and one of the island 's two 18 - hole golf courses . Shanklin , just south of Sandown , attracts tourists with its high summer sunshine levels , sandy beaches , Shanklin Chine and the old village . Ventnor , built on the steep slopes of St Boniface Down on the south coast of the island , leads down to a picturesque bay that attracts many tourists . Ventnor Haven is a small harbour . Graveyard on the grounds of the church in the town of Brading Culture ( edit ) Main article : Culture of the Isle of Wight Language and dialect ( edit ) The local accent is similar to the traditional dialect of Hampshire , featuring the dropping of some consonants and an emphasis on longer vowels . It is similar to the West Country dialects heard in South West England , but less pronounced . The island has its own local and regional words . Some , such as nipper / nips ( a young male person ) , are still commonly used and are shared with neighbouring areas of the mainland . A few are unique to the island , for example overner and caulkhead ( see below ) . Others are more obscure and now used mainly for comic emphasis , such as mallishag ( meaning `` caterpillar '' ) , gurt meaning `` large '' , nammit ( a mid-morning snack ) and gallybagger ( `` scarecrow '' , and now the name of a local cheese ) . Identity ( edit ) There remains occasional confusion between the Isle of Wight as a county and its former position within Hampshire . The island was regarded and administered as a part of Hampshire until 1890 , when its distinct identity was recognised with the formation of Isle of Wight County Council ( see also Politics of the Isle of Wight ) . However , it remained a part of Hampshire until the local government reforms of 1974 when it became a full ceremonial county with its own Lord Lieutenant . In January 2009 , the first general flag for the county was accepted by the Flag Institute . Island residents are sometimes referred to as `` Vectensians '' , `` Vectians '' or , if born on the island , `` caulkheads '' . One theory is that this last comes from the once prevalent local industry of caulking or sealing wooden boats ; the term became attached to islanders either because they were so employed , or as a derisory term for perceived unintelligent labourers from elsewhere . The term `` overner '' is used for island residents originating from the mainland ( an abbreviated form of `` overlander '' , which is an archaic term for `` outsider '' still found in parts of Australia ) . Residents refer to the island as `` The Island '' , as did Jane Austen in Mansfield Park , and sometimes to the UK mainland as `` North Island '' . To promote the island 's identity and culture , the High Sheriff Robin Courage founded an Isle of Wight Day ; the first was held on Saturday 24 September 2016 . Hauntings ( edit ) The island is said to be the most haunted in the world , sometimes referred to as `` Ghost Island '' . Notable claimed hauntings include God 's Providence House in Newport ( now a tea room ) , Appuldurcombe House , and the remains of Knighton Gorges . Sport ( edit ) Cycling ( edit ) The island is well known for its cycling , and it was included within Lonely Planet 's Best in Travel Guide ( 2010 ) top ten cycling locations . The island also hosts events such as the Isle of Wight Randonnée and the Isle of Wight Cycling Festival each year . A popular cycling track is the Sunshine Trail which starts in Newport and ends in Sandown . Rowing ( edit ) There are rowing clubs at Newport , Ryde and Shanklin , all members of the Hants and Dorset rowing association . There is a long tradition of rowing around the island dating back to the 1880s . In May 1999 a group of local women made history by becoming the first ladies ' crew to row around the island , in ten hours and twenty minutes . Rowers from Ryde Rowing Club have rowed around the island several times since 1880 . The fours record was set 16 August 1995 at 7 hours 54 minutes . Two rowers from Southampton ARC ( Chris Bennett and Roger Slaymaker ) set the two - man record in July 2003 at 8 hours 34 minutes , and in 2005 Gus McKechnie of Coalporters Rowing Club became the first adaptive rower to row around , completing a clockwise row . The route around the island is about 60 miles ( 97 km ) and usually rowed anticlockwise . Even in good conditions , it includes a number of significant obstacles such as the Needles and the overfalls at St Catherine 's Point . The traditional start and finish were at Ryde Rowing Club ; however , other starts have been chosen in recent years to give a tidal advantage . Sailing ( edit ) Boats in the marina during Cowes Week Cowes is a centre for sailing , hosting several racing regattas . Cowes Week is the longest - running regular regatta in the world , with over 1,000 yachts and 8,500 competitors taking part in over 50 classes of racing . In 1851 the first America 's Cup race was around the island . Other major sailing events hosted in Cowes include the Fastnet race , the Round the Island Race , the Admiral 's Cup , and the Commodore 's Cup . Trampolining ( edit ) There are two main trampoline clubs on the island , in Freshwater and Newport , competing at regional , national and international grades . Marathon ( edit ) The Isle of Wight Marathon is the United Kingdom 's oldest continuously held marathon , having been run every year since 1957 . Since 2013 the course has started and finished in Cowes , heading out to the west of the island and passing through Gurnard , Rew Street , Porchfield , Shalfleet , Yarmouth , Afton , Willmingham , Thorley , Wellow , Shalfleet , Porchfield , and Northwood . It is an undulating course with a total climb of 1,043 feet ( 318 m ) . Speedway ( edit ) The island is home to the Wightlink Warriors speedway team , who compete in the sport 's third division , the National League . Field Hockey ( edit ) Following an amalgamation of local hockey clubs in 2011 , the Isle of Wight Hockey Club now runs two men 's senior and two ladies ' senior teams . These compete at a range of levels in the Hampshire open leagues . Football ( edit ) The now - disbanded Ryde Sports F.C. , founded in 1888 , was one of the eight founder members of the Hampshire League in 1896 . There are several non-league clubs such as Newport ( IW ) F.C. There is an Isle of Wight Saturday Football League with two divisions and two reserve team leagues , and a rugby union club . Cricket ( edit ) Newclose County Cricket Ground The Isle of Wight is the 39th official county in English cricket , and the Isle of Wight Cricket Board organises a league of local clubs . Ventnor Cricket Club competes in the Southern Premier League , and has won the Second Division several times . Newclose County Cricket Ground near Newport opened officially in 2009 but with its first match held on 6 September 2008 . The island has produced some notable cricketers , such as Danny Briggs , who plays county cricket for Hampshire . Island Games ( edit ) The Isle of Wight competes in the biennial Island Games , which it hosted in 1993 and again in 2011 . Motor Scooter ( edit ) Scooterists waiting for the ferry after the Isle of Wight scooter rally in August 1983 The annual Isle of Wight International Scooter Rally has since 1980 met on the August Bank Holiday . This is now one of the biggest scooter rallies in the world , attracting between four and seven thousand participants . Music ( edit ) The crowd at the Isle of Wight Festival 1970 is believed to have been 600,000 . The island is home to the Isle of Wight Festival and until 2016 , Bestival before it was relocated to Lulworth Estate in Dorset . In 1970 , the festival was headlined by Jimi Hendrix attracting an audience of 600,000 , some six times the local population at the time . It is the home of the band The Bees , Trixie 's Big Red Motorbike . Economy ( edit ) Socio - economic data ( edit ) The table below shows the regional gross value ( in millions of pounds ) added by the Isle of Wight economy , at current prices , compiled by the Office for National Statistics . Regional gross value in millions of pounds sterling Year Regional gross value added Agriculture Industry Services 1995 831 28 218 585 2000 1,369 27 375 800 2003 1,521 42 288 1,161 2008 2,023 2012 2,175 According to the 2011 census , the island 's population of 138,625 lives in 61,085 households , giving an average household size of 2.27 people . 41 % of households own their home outright and a further 29 % own with a mortgage , so in total 70 % of households are owned ( compared to 68 % for South East England ) . Compared to South East England , the island has fewer children ( 19 % aged 0 -- 17 against 22 % for the South East ) and more elderly ( 24 % aged 65 + against 16 % ) , giving an average age of 44 years for an island resident compared to 40 in South East England . Industry and agriculture ( edit ) The largest industry is tourism , but the island also has a strong agricultural heritage , including sheep and dairy farming and arable crops . Traditional agricultural commodities are more difficult to market off the island because of transport costs , but local farmers have succeeded in exploiting some specialist markets , with the higher price of such products absorbing the transport costs . One of the most successful agricultural sectors is now the growing of crops under cover , particularly salad crops including tomatoes and cucumbers . The island has a warmer climate and a longer growing season than much of the United Kingdom . Garlic has been successfully grown in Newchurch for many years , and is even exported to France . This has led to the establishment of an annual Garlic Festival at Newchurch , which is one of the largest events of the local calendar . A favourable climate supports two vineyards , including one of the oldest in the British Isles at Adgestone . Lavender is grown for its oil . The largest agricultural sector has been dairying , but due to low milk prices and strict legislation for UK milk producers , the dairy industry has been in decline : there were nearly 150 producers in the mid-1980s , but now just 24 . Maritime industries , especially the making of sailcloth and boat building , have long been associated with the island , although this has diminished somewhat in recent years . GKN operates what began as the British Hovercraft Corporation , a subsidiary of ( and known latterly as ) Westland Aircraft , although they have reduced the extent of plant and workforce and sold the main site . Previously it had been the independent company Saunders - Roe , one of the island 's most notable historic firms that produced many flying boats and the world 's first hovercraft . Another manufacturing activity is in composite materials , used by boat - builders and the wind turbine manufacturer Vestas , which has a wind turbine blade factory and testing facilities in West Medina Mills and East Cowes . Bembridge Airfield is the home of Britten - Norman , manufacturers of the Islander and Trislander aircraft . This is shortly to become the site of the European assembly line for Cirrus light aircraft . The Norman Aeroplane Company is a smaller aircraft manufacturing company operating in Sandown . There have been three other firms that built planes on the island . In 2005 , Northern Petroleum began exploratory drilling for oil at its Sandhills - 2 borehole at Porchfield , but ceased operations in October that year after failing to find significant reserves . Breweries ( edit ) There are three breweries on the island . Goddards Brewery in Ryde opened in 1993 . David Yates , who was head brewer of the Island Brewery , started brewing as Yates Brewery at the Inn at St Lawrence in 2000 . Ventnor Brewery , which closed in 2009 , was the last incarnation of Burt 's Brewery , brewing since the 1840s in Ventnor . Until the 1960s most pubs were owned by Mews Brewery , situated in Newport near the old railway station , but it closed and the pubs were taken over by Strong 's , and then by Whitbread . By some accounts Mews beer was apt to be rather cloudy and dark . In the 19th century they pioneered the use of screw top cans for export to British India . Services ( edit ) Tourism and heritage ( edit ) See also : List of tourist attractions in the Isle of Wight The island 's heritage is a major asset that has for many years supported its tourist economy . Holidays focused on natural heritage , including wildlife and geology , are becoming an alternative to the traditional British seaside holiday , which went into decline in the second half of the 20th century due to the increased affordability of foreign holidays . The island is still an important destination for coach tours from other parts of the United Kingdom . Compton Chine , looking east towards Blackgang Tourism is still the largest industry , and most island towns and villages offer hotels , hostels and camping sites . In 1999 , it hosted 2.7 million visitors , with 1.5 million staying overnight , and 1.2 million day visits ; only 150,000 of these were from abroad . Between 1993 and 2000 , visits increased at an average rate of 3 % per year . At the turn of the 19th century the island had ten pleasure piers , including two at Ryde and a `` chain pier '' at Seaview . The Victoria Pier in Cowes succeeded the earlier Royal Pier but was itself removed in 1960 . The piers at Ryde , Seaview , Sandown , Shanklin and Ventnor originally served a coastal steamer service that operated from Southsea on the mainland . The piers at Seaview , Shanklin , Ventnor and Alum Bay were all destroyed by various storms during the 20th century ; only the railway pier at Ryde and the piers at Sandown , Totland Bay ( currently closed to the public ) and Yarmouth survive . Blackgang Chine is the oldest theme park in Britain , opened in 1843 . The skeleton of a dead whale that its founder Alexander Dabell found in 1844 is still on display . As well as its more traditional attractions , the island is often host to walking or cycling holidays through the attractive scenery . An annual walking festival has attracted considerable interest . The 70 miles ( 113 km ) Isle of Wight Coastal Path follows the coastline as far as possible , deviating onto roads where the route along the coast is impassable . A major contributor to the local economy is sailing and marine - related tourism . Summer Camp at Camp Beaumont is an attraction at the old Bembridge School site . Transport ( edit ) Main article : Transport on the Isle of Wight One of the Wightlink FastCats which provide a high - speed ferry service between Portsmouth and Ryde A Southern Vectis Scania OmniDekka bus at Newport bus station The Isle of Wight has 489 miles ( 787 km ) of roadway . It does not have a motorway , although there is a short stretch of dual carriageway towards the north of Newport near the hospital and prison . A comprehensive bus network operated by Southern Vectis links most settlements , with Newport as its central hub . Journeys away from the island involve a ferry journey . Car ferry and passenger catamaran services are run by Wightlink and Red Funnel , and a hovercraft passenger service ( the only such remaining in the world ) by Hovertravel . The island formerly had its own railway network of over 55 miles ( 89 km ) , but only one line remains in regular use . The Island Line is part of the United Kingdom 's National Rail network , running a little under 9 miles ( 14 km ) from Shanklin to Ryde Pier Head , where there is a connecting ferry service to Portsmouth Harbour station on the mainland network . The line was opened by the Isle of Wight Railway in 1864 , and from 1996 to 2007 was run by the smallest train operating company on the network , Island Line Trains . It is notable for utilising old ex-London Underground rolling stock , due to the small size of its tunnels and unmodernised signalling . Branching off the Island Line at Smallbrook Junction is the heritage Isle of Wight Steam Railway , which runs for 5 ⁄ miles ( 8.9 km ) to the outskirts of Wootton on the former line to Newport . There are two airfields for general aviation , Isle of Wight Airport at Sandown and Bembridge Airport . The island has over 200 miles ( 322 km ) of cycleways , many of which can be enjoyed off - road . The principal trails are : The Sunshine Trail , which is a circular route linking Sandown , Shanklin , Godshill , and Wroxall of 12 miles ( 19 km ) ; The Troll Trail between Cowes and Sandown of 13 miles ( 21 km ) , 90 % off - road ; The Round the Island Cycle Route of 62 miles ( 100 km ) . Media ( edit ) The main local newspaper is the Isle of Wight County Press , published most Fridays . The island a news website , Island Echo , which was launched in May 2012 . The island has one local commercial radio station : Isle of Wight Radio has broadcast in the medium - wave band since 1990 and on 107.0 MHz ( with three smaller transmitters on 102.0 MHz ) FM since 1998 , as well as streaming on the Internet . The island is also covered by a number of local stations on the mainland , including the BBC station BBC Radio Solent broadcast from Southampton . The island 's not - for - profit community radio station Angel Radio opened in 2007 . Angel Radio began broadcasting on 91.5 MHz from studios in Cowes and a transmitter near Newport . Local online radio station Vectis Radio has broadcast since 2010 , broadcasting from the Riverside Centre in Newport . Other online news sources for the Isle of Wight include On the Wight . The island has had community television stations in the past , first TV12 and then Solent TV from 2002 until its closure on 24 May 2007 . iWight.tv is a local internet video news channel . The Isle of Wight is part of the BBC South region and the ITV Meridian region . Important broadcasting infrastructure includes Chillerton Down transmitting station with a mast that is the tallest structure on the island , and Rowridge transmitting station , which broadcasts the main television signal both locally and for most of Hampshire and parts of Dorset and West Sussex . Prisons ( edit ) The Isle of Wight is near the densely populated south of England , yet separated from the mainland . This position led to it hosting three prisons : Albany , Camp Hill and Parkhurst , all located outside Newport near the main road to Cowes . Albany and Parkhurst were among the few Category A prisons in the UK until they were downgraded in the 1990s . The downgrading of Parkhurst was precipitated by a major escape : three prisoners ( two murderers and a blackmailer ) escaped from the prison on 3 January 1995 for four days , before being recaptured . Parkhurst enjoyed notoriety as one of the toughest jails in the United Kingdom , and housed many notable inmates including the Yorkshire Ripper Peter Sutcliffe , New Zealand drug lord Terry Clark and the Kray twins . Camp Hill is located adjacent but to the west of Albany and Parkhurst , on the very edge of Parkhurst Forest , having been converted first to a borstal and later to a Category C prison . It was built on the site of an army camp ( both Albany and Parkhurst were barracks ) ; there is a small estate of tree - lined roads with the former officers ' quarters ( now privately owned ) to the south and east . Camp Hill closed as a prison in March 2013 . The management of all three prisons was merged into a single administration , under HMP Isle of Wight in April 2009 . Education ( edit ) Main article : Education on the Isle of Wight There are 69 local education authority - maintained schools on the Isle of Wight , and two independent schools . As a rural community , many of these are small and with fewer pupils than in urban areas . The Isle of Wight College is located on the outskirts of Newport . From September 2010 , there was a transition period from the three - tier system of primary , middle and high schools to the two - tier system that is usual in England . Some schools have now closed , such as Chale C.E. Primary . Others have become `` federated '' , such as Brading C.E. Primary and St Helen 's Primary . Christ the King College started as two `` middle schools , '' Trinity Middle School and Archbishop King Catholic Middle School , but has now been converted into a dual - faith secondary school and sixth form . Since September 2011 five new secondary schools , with an age range of 11 to 18 years , replaced the island 's high schools ( as a part of the previous three - tier system ) . Notable residents ( edit ) Main article : List of people from the Isle of Wight Notable residents have included : 17th century and earlier ( edit ) King Arwald , last pagan king in England King Charles I of England , who was imprisoned at Carisbrooke Castle Viking Earl Tostig Godwinson Actor , highwayman and conspirator Cardell `` Scum '' Goodman Soldier and regicide of Charles I Thomas Harrison , imprisoned at Carisbrooke with John Rogers & Christopher Feake Soldier Peter de Heyno Philosopher and polymath Robert Hooke Murderer Michal Morey 18th century ( edit ) Explorer Anthony Henday Radical journalist John Wilkes 19th century ( edit ) Queen Victoria and Prince Albert ( monarch and consort ) , who built and lived at Osborne House Photographer Julia Margaret Cameron , who lived at Dimbola Lodge Irish Republican Thomas Clarke Naval captain Jeremiah Coghlan CBG , who retired to Ryde Writer Charles Dickens Poet John Keats Inventor and radio pioneer Guglielmo Marconi Poet and hymnwriter Albert Midlane Geologist and engineer John Milne Regency architect John Nash Novelist Miss Harriet Parr Early Hong Kong Government administrator William Pedder New Zealand PM Henry Sewell Poet Algernon Charles Swinburne Poet Alfred Tennyson Philosopher Karl Marx , who stayed at 1 , St. Boniface Gardens , Ventnor Surgeon James Mann Williamson , at the Royal National Hospital , Ventnor 20th century onwards ( edit ) Scriptwriter Raymond Allen Indie rock group The Bees Concert organist E. Power Biggs Darts player Keegan Brown Singer Sarah Close Inventor of the hovercraft Sir Christopher Cockerell Presenter and actor Ray Cokes Actress Bella Emberg Yachtsman Uffa Fox Actor Marius Goring Survival expert and Chief Scout Bear Grylls Actress Sheila Hancock Folk - rock musician Robyn Hitchcock Actor Geoffrey Hughes Author and conspiracy theorist David Icke Actor Jeremy Irons Comedian Phill Jupitus Actor Laura Michelle Kelly Composer Albert Ketèlbey Iranian poet Mimi Khalvati Musician Mark King Radio presenter Allan Lake Musician Jack Green Yachtswoman Ellen MacArthur BBC ' Tonight ' presenter Cliff Michelmore Film director Anthony Minghella Actor David Niven Cyclist Kieran Page TV personality Anneka Rice Heptathlete Kelly Sotherton Gardener and presenter Alan Titchmarsh Novelist Edward Upward Actor Melvyn Hayes Places of interest ( edit ) Key Abbey / Priory / Cathedral Accessible open space Amusement / Theme Park Castle Country Park English Heritage Forestry Commission Heritage railway Historic House Museum ( free / not free ) National Trust Theatre Zoo Alum Bay Appuldurcombe House Amazon World Zoo Bembridge Lifeboat Station Blackgang Chine Brading Roman Villa Carisbrooke Castle Classic Boat Museum , East Cowes Compton Bay Dimbola Lodge Dinosaur Isle Fort Victoria Godshill village and model village Isle of Wight Bus & Coach Museum Isle of Wight Steam Railway Isle of Wight Zoo , Yaverland Medina Theatre The Needles Newport Roman Villa . Osborne House Quarr Abbey Robin Hill Botanic Gardens , Ventnor Yarmouth Castle Overseas names ( edit ) The Isle of Wight has given names to many parts of former colonies , most notably Isle of Wight County in Virginia founded by settlers from the island in the 17th century . Its county seat is a town named Isle of Wight . Other notable examples include : Isle of Wight - an island off Maryland , United States Dunnose Head , West Falkland Ventnor , Cowes on Philip Island , Victoria , Australia Carisbrook , Victoria , Australia Carisbrook , a former stadium in Dunedin , New Zealand Ryde , New South Wales , Australia Shanklin , Sandown , New Hampshire , United States Ventnor City , New Jersey , United States Gardiners Island , New York , United States shown as `` Isle of Wight '' on some of the older maps . Media references ( edit ) Film ( edit ) The film Something to Hide ( 1972 ; US title Shattered ) , starring Peter Finch , was filmed near Cowes , including a scene on the Red Funnel ferry ; The British film That 'll Be the Day ( 1973 ) , starring David Essex and Ringo Starr , included scenes shot in Ryde ( notably Cross Street ) , Sandown ( school ) , Shanklin ( beach ) and Wootton Bridge ( fairground ) ; Mrs. Brown ( 1997 ) , with Dame Judi Dench and Billy Connolly , was filmed at Osborne and Chale ; The film Fragile ( 2005 ) , starring Calista Flockhart , is based on the Isle of Wight . Victoria and Abdul ( 2017 ) starring Dame Judi Dench and Ali Fazal began shooting principal photography at Osborne House in September 2016 . Games ( edit ) John Worsley 's Commodore 64 game Spirit of the Stones was set on the Isle of Wight . Literature ( edit ) The Isle of Wight was : the setting of Julian Barnes 's novel England , England ; called The Island in some editions of Thomas Hardy 's novels in his fictional Wessex ; selected for the development of a new base by the supercomputer `` Colossus '' , in D.F. Jones ' novel Colossus ( 1966 ) ; the setting for D.H. Lawrence 's book The Trespasser , filmed for TV on location in 1981 ; the setting of Graham Masterton 's book Prey ; mentioned in J.K. Rowling 's first Harry Potter book , which refers to Uncle Vernon 's sister Marge on holiday on the island , who got sick after eating a whelk ; a major element in Daniel O'Malley's series The Rook ( 2012 ) & its sequel Stiletto ( 2016 ) . The antagonists try to invade in the 1600s , the effects of which continue to colour perceptions of the Crown 's secret supernatural agency , the `` Checquy Group '' ; the refuge of the British monarchy & government in S.M. Stirling 's alternative history novel The Protector 's War ( 2005 ) , in which high energy technology ceased to function . After an ensuing holocaust , the island was the base for re-population of Europe , whose populations had mostly perished ; one of the destinations to which the British government evacuates in Frank Tayell 's post-apocalyptic novel Surviving the Evacuation Book One : London ( 2013 ) , guided by the mistaken impression that it would be defensible against the zombie hordes ; featured in John Wyndham 's novel The Day of the Triffids and Simon Clark 's sequel The Night of the Triffids . Music ( edit ) The Beatles ' song `` When I 'm Sixty - Four '' ( 1967 ) , credited to Lennon - McCartney and sung by Paul McCartney , refers to renting a cottage on the island ; Bob Dylan recorded `` Like a Rolling Stone '' ( 1965 ) , `` Minstrel Boy '' , `` Quinn the Eskimo ( The Mighty Quinn ) '' ( 1967 ) , and `` She Belongs to Me '' ( 1965 ) for the album Self Portrait ( 1970 ) live on the island ; `` Wight Is Wight '' ( 1969 ) , a song by French artist Michel Delpech , also spawned an Italian cover by Dik Dik , titled `` L'isola di Wight '' ( 1970 ) . Radio ( edit ) There was a running joke in radio sitcom The Navy Lark involving Sub-Lieutenant Phillips 's inability to navigate and subsequently tail the Isle of Wight ferry . Television ( edit ) ITV 's dramatisation of Dennis Potter 's work Blade on the Feather ( 19 October 1980 ) was filmed on the island . The 1984 TV mini series , Annika , was partly filmed in Ryde . A 2002 Top Gear feature showed an Aston Martin being driven around Cowes , East Cowes , and along the Military Road and seawall at Freshwater Bay . The setting for Free Rein was based on the Isle of Wight . See also ( edit ) Isle of Wight portal List of civil parishes on the Isle of Wight List of places on the Isle of Wight List of current places of worship on the Isle of Wight List of High Sheriffs of the Isle of Wight List of Lord Lieutenants of the Isle of Wight List of Governors of the Isle of Wight List of hills of the Isle of Wight Isle of Wight gasification facility Isle of Wight NHS Trust Isle of Wight Rifles Yaverland Battery Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ As well as the former Princess Beatrice during World War II , most otherwise notable was Lord Mountbatten in 1969 -- 1974 , after which he became Lord Lieutenant until his assassination in 1979 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Chris Hadfield on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` No. 62229 '' . The London Gazette. 15 March 2018 . pp. 4814 -- 4814 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Census , Key Statistics for Local Authorities in England and Wales '' . Office for National Statistics . 2011 . Archived from the original on 5 January 2016 . Retrieved 29 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hampshire & IoW election results : Conservatives take control '' . BBC News . 5 May 2017 . Retrieved 9 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Isle of Wight Festival history '' . Redfunnel.co.uk . Retrieved 25 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Isabella de Fortibus , `` Queen of the Wight '' - English Heritage `` . Jump up ^ `` Portsmouth agrees to launch Solent Combined Authority bid '' . BBC . Retrieved 10 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Solent Combined Authority bid ' almost certainly dead ' '' . BBC News . BBC . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Lagarde et al. 2003. , J.L. `` The structural evolution of the English Channel area '' . Journal of Quaternary Science . Special Issue : the Quaternary History of the English Channel March - May 2003 . 18 ( 3.4 ) : 201 -- 213 . Jump up ^ Adams , William Henry Davenport ( 1877 ) . Nelsons ' hand - book to the Isle of Wight . Oxford University . Retrieved 16 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hawkes , C. F. C. ( July 1984 ) . `` Ictis disentangled , and the British tin trade '' . Oxford Journal of Archaeology. 3 ( 2 ) : 211 -- 233 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 0092.1984. tb00327. x . Retrieved 16 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Snodgrass , A.M. ( 1966 ) . Arms and Armour of the Greeks . Thames & Hudson , London . Jump up ^ Snodgrass , A.M. ( 1971 ) . The Dark Age of Greece . Edinburgh University Press , Edinburgh . Jump up ^ Williams , Jonathan ; Hill , J.D. ( 1 ) , Portable Antiquities Scheme , Record ID : IOW - 38B400 . Jump up ^ The Isle of Wight Ingot Hoard ( 2 ) The Art Fund Jump up ^ Leins , Ian ; Joy , Jody ; Basford , Frank ( 3 ) , Portable Antiquities Scheme , Record ID : IOW - EAAFE2 . Jump up ^ Leslie , et al. 2015 , Stephen . `` The fine - scale genetic structure of the British population '' . Nature . 519 ( March 2015 ) : 309 -- 314 . Retrieved 29 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Wellington , Imogen ( February 2001 ) . `` Iron Age Coinage on the Isle of Wight '' . Oxford Journal of Archaeology. 20 ( 1 ) : 39 -- 57 . doi : 10.1111 / 1468 - 0092.00122 . Retrieved 16 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Crawford , Osbert Guy Stanhope ( 1912 ) . `` The distribution of early bronze age settlements in Britain '' . Geographical Journal . 1912 : 184 -- 197 . Jump up ^ McMahon , Rob . `` Why Populations '' . McMahon . Retrieved 28 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Bede , the Venerable ( 790 ) . Ecclesiastical History of the English People . Harmondsworth : Penguin . Jump up ^ Smith , Oliver ; et al. ( 27 February 2015 ) . `` Sedimentary DNA from a submerged site reveals wheat in the British Isles 8000 years ago '' . Science . 347 ( 6225 ) : 998 -- 1001 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1261278 . PMID 25722413 . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Cunliffe , Barry ( 2008 ) . `` A Companion to Roman Britain : Britain and the continent : networks of interaction '' . John Wiley & Sons : 1 -- 11 . ISBN 9780470998854 . Jump up ^ Balter , Michael . `` DNA recovered from underwater British site may rewrite history of farming in Europe '' . Science . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Isle of Wight Ingot Hoard '' . The Art Fund . Jump up ^ Adams , William Henry Davenport ( 1877 ) . Nelson 's Hand - book to the Isle of Wight . Oxford . ^ Jump up to : `` Romano - British Occupation '' . Vectis . Retrieved 28 January 2018 . Jump up ^ The Journal of the British Archaeological Association ( PDF ) . December 1866 . Jump up ^ `` Saxon Graves at Shalfleet '' . Isle of Wight History Centre . August 2005 . Archived from the original on 1 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Williams , Peter N. `` England , A Narrative History '' . Britannia.com . Retrieved 25 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Harding , Samuel B . `` The English Accept Christianity '' . The Story of England . Jump up ^ The Anglo Saxon Chronicle. 1116 . Jump up ^ `` Anglo - Saxon Isle of Wight : 900 - 1066 AD '' . 2012 . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Victoria County History '' . British History Online , University of London & History of Parliament Trust . 1912 . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Victoria County History '' . British History Online , University of London & History of Parliament Trust . 1912 . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ English Heritage . `` Isabella de Fortibus , `` Queen of the Wight '' `` . English Heritage Story of England . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Fernández Duro , Cesáreo ( 1995 ) . La Marina de Castilla . Madrid . ISBN 978 - 84 - 86228 - 04 - 0 . Jump up ^ Chisholm , Hugh ( 1911 ) . The Encyclopædia Britannica : A Dictionary of Arts , Sciences , Literature and General Information . Encyclopædia Britannica . p. 627 . Jump up ^ English Heritage . `` English Heritage Story of England '' . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Longmate , Norman ( 2001 ) . Island Fortress : The Defence of Great Britain , 1603 -- 1945 . London . pp. 186 -- 188 . Jump up ^ `` Fort Nelson History '' . Royal Armouries . Retrieved 8 June 2008 . Jump up ^ visitisleofwight.co.uk : The Island 's Official Tourism website . `` Isle of Wight history and heritage '' . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Lee , Eric ( 2005 ) . How internet radio can change the world : an activist 's handbook . New York : iUniversr , Inc . ISBN 9780595349654 . Retrieved 22 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Connected Earth '' . Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 22 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` What happened to the National Wireless Museum ? '' . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Julia Skinner ( 2012 ) . Isle of Wight : A Miscellany . www.francisfrith.com . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84589 - 683 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` PLUTO pumping station , Sandown , Isle of Wight '' . D - Day Museum and Overlord Embroidery . Archived from the original on 16 February 2015 . Retrieved 16 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Britain 's secret Cape Canaveral ( ... on the Isle of Wight ) '' . London Evening Standard . 31 March 2007 . Retrieved 16 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Movies '' . Movies.msn.com . Retrieved 25 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Isle of Wight Festival History 1968 to Today '' . isleofwightguru.com . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Eilert Ekwall , The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Place - Names , 4th ed . ( Oxford University Press , 1960 ) p. 518 Jump up ^ A.L.F. Rivet , Colin Smith , The Place - Names of Roman Britain ( Batsford , 1979 ) pp. 487 - 489 Jump up ^ `` VECTIS - Roman Republic '' . romanrepublic.org . Jump up ^ Staff writer ( s ) ; no by - line ( 1987 -- 2012 ) . `` St Boniface Down , England '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 11 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Julia Skinner ( 2012 ) . Isle of Wight : A Miscellany . www.francisfrith.com . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84589 - 683 - 6 . Jump up ^ Hopson P. ( 2011 ) . `` The geological history of the Isle of Wight : an overview of the ' diamond in Britain 's geological crown ' '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings of the Geologists ' Association . 122 ( 5 ) : 745 -- 763 . doi : 10.1016 / j. pgeola. 2011.09. 007 . Jump up ^ `` Fossil and Dinosaur Hunting '' . redfunnel.co.uk . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Booth K.A. & Brayson J. ( 2011 ) . `` Geology , landscape and human interactions : examples from the Isle of Wight '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings of the Geologists ' Association . 122 ( 5 ) : 938 -- 948 . doi : 10.1016 / j. pgeola. 2011.01. 004 . Jump up ^ `` Isle of Wight Climate Statistics '' . Archived from the original on 21 April 2008 . Jump up ^ weatheronline.co.uk . `` Frost Days data 2000 - 2008 St Catherine 's Point '' . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hardiness Zone Map for Europe '' . GardenWeb. 1999 . Jump up ^ `` Operation Squirrel '' . Iwight.com . Archived from the original on 28 June 2009 . Retrieved 25 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Deer could damage Island warning '' . Iwcp.co.uk. 17 August 2010 . Retrieved 26 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Natural History of Red Deer '' . Wildlife Online . 27 April 2010 . Retrieved 12 September 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.bds.org.uk/index.php/documents/deer-species/12-muntjac-deer-poster/file Jump up ^ http://www.fingerprintdigitalmedia.com/mammal-society/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/SE-Mammal-Atlas-8-Hoofed-mammals.pdf Jump up ^ `` Glanville Fritillary '' . UK Butterflies . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pyramidal orchid '' . Plantlife . Retrieved 10 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Turner Will Fight On For ' Unique ' Island Status '' . Isle of Wight Chronicle. 6 July 2010 . Archived from the original on 20 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Isle of Wight Set To Have Two MPs in 2015 '' . Isle of Wight Chronicle. 15 February 2011 . Archived from the original on 4 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Isle Of Wight MP Andrew Turner survives no confidence vote '' . BBC . 24 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Isle of Wight council results '' . BBC News . 29 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Adam Grydehøj and Philip Hayward ( 2011 ) . Autonomy Initiatives and Quintessential Englishness on the Isle of Wight ( PDF ) . Island Studies Journal . p. 185 . Jump up ^ `` Newport Parish Council , Isle of Wight , Official Website '' . Newport Parish Council - Isle of Wight . Retrieved 7 March 2016 . Jump up ^ University of Leeds ( 1959 ) . `` Survey of English Dialects : Whitwell , Isle of Wight '' . British Library . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ W Long ( 1886 ) . A dictionary of the Isle of Wight dialect ( PDF ) . Reeves & Turner , London . Jump up ^ Lavers , Jack ( 1988 ) . The Dictionary of the Isle of Wight Dialect . Dovecote Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 946159 - 63 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Oiled birds may be linked to Ice Prince sinking '' . The Daily Telegraph . UK . 16 January 2008 . Retrieved 25 September 2010 . Jump up ^ UK Government ( 1972 ) . `` Local Government Act 1972 '' . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Flag institute '' . Flag institute . 6 July 2010 . Retrieved 25 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Why are natives of the Isle of Wight known as ' caulkheads ' ? - Notes and Queries '' . www.theguardian.com . Retrieved 23 September 2016 . Jump up ^ overlander Archived 31 December 2006 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Celebrate all things Island on Isle of Wight Day '' . www.redfunnel.co.uk . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Default What happened to the National Wireless Museum ? '' . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Ryde Rowing Club ( 1999 ) . `` Record round the Isle of Wight row '' . University of Oxford . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ redfunnel.co.uk . `` About Gus McKechnie - Fundraising Legend ! '' . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Skandia Cowes Week 2008 -- Welcome '' . Skandiacowesweek.co.uk . Retrieved 25 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` JPMorgan Asset Management Round the Island Race '' . Roundtheisland.org.uk . Retrieved 25 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rolex Commodores ' Cup -- Home '' . Rorc.org . Retrieved 25 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Club directory '' . Isle of Wight Council . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wight Flyers Trampoline & Gymnastics Club '' . Wight Flyers . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Isle Of Wight Marathon Race '' . Rydeharriers.co.uk . Archived from the original on 24 February 2011 . Retrieved 25 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Isle of Wight Hockey Club '' . Isle of Wight Hockey Club . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Isle has produced several high profile players including Kevin `` The Hitman '' Broderick , now playing for a local Sunday side . Isle Of Wight Rugby Football Club `` . Iwrfc.co.uk . Retrieved 25 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Isle of Wight Sport '' . Archived from the original on 13 May 2007 . Retrieved 15 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Isle of Wight County Cricket Ground '' . Isle of Wight Cricket Board . Retrieved 25 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Newclose : Cricket Scoreboard Arrives Isle of Wight News '' . Ventnor Blog. 10 July 2008 . Archived from the original on 21 November 2008 . Retrieved 25 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Newclose County Cricket Ground Open Days '' . Isle of Wight Cricket Board . Retrieved 21 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Scooter rally takes place on Isle of Wight '' . bbc.co.uk. 27 August 2013 . Retrieved 29 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Concerts with Record Attendance '' . Noiseaddicts.com . Retrieved 5 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trixie 's Big Red Motorbike -- Discover music , concerts , stats , & pictures at '' . Last.fm. 11 February 2009 . Retrieved 15 March 2012 . Jump up ^ published ( pp. 240 -- 253 ) Archived 28 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Annual estimates of NUTS3 regional Gross Value Added ( GVA ) '' . Office for National Statistics . 2014 . Retrieved 29 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Components may not sum to totals due to rounding Jump up ^ includes hunting and forestry Jump up ^ includes energy and construction Jump up ^ includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured Jump up ^ `` Key census statistics , Isle of Wight Authority area '' . 2011 . Archived from the original on 6 January 2009 . Retrieved 16 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Wine for Sale -- Vineyard Tours , Isle of Wight '' . English Wine . Archived from the original on 18 July 2010 . Retrieved 25 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Isle of Wight lavender farm , lavender products , lavender plants , teas '' . Lavender.co.uk . Retrieved 25 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Antony Barton . `` Saunders - Roe / Westland Aircraft / British Hovercraft Corporation '' . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Isle of Wight wind turbine firm Vestas creates 200 jobs '' . BBC News . 5 February 2015 . Retrieved 18 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A list of aircraft and airplane manufacturers as well as airfields on the Isle of Wight '' . Daveg4otu.tripod.com . Retrieved 25 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Ian West ( 2016 ) . `` Petroleum Geology - South of England : The Portland - Isle of Wight Offshore Basin '' . Southampton University . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` about us '' . Goddards-brewery.co.uk . Archived from the original on 9 March 2001 . Retrieved 25 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Yates ' Brewery '' . Yates-brewery.co.uk . Retrieved 25 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Ventnor Brewery : : Since 1840 Archived 5 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Isle of Wight Nostalgia '' . Retrieved 17 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A POTTED HISTORY OF ISLE OF WIGHT HOLIDAYS '' . redfunnel.co.uk. 2014 . Retrieved 29 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A website with Isle of Wight statistics for investors '' . Investwight.com . Archived from the original on 27 March 2009 . Retrieved 25 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Oldest Amusement Parks '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Isle of Wight walking holidays '' . Wight Walks . Retrieved 25 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the official website of the Isle of Wight Walking Festival 2013 '' . Isleofwightwalkingfestival.co.uk . Retrieved 26 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Isle of Wight Coastal Path '' . Long Distance Walkers Association . Retrieved 29 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Draft Tourism Development Plan '' ( PDF ) . Isle of Wight Council . 2005 . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Coastal Adventure : Isle of Wight '' . Kingswood Camps . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Southern Vectis bus route map '' . Southern Vectis . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Summer Southsea - Sandown hovercraft route plans dropped '' . 4 July 2015 . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Isle of Wight Steam Railway '' . Isle of Wight Steam Railway . Retrieved 29 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Isle of Wight Cycle Hire & Cycling Guide - Isle Cycle - Cowes & Sandown '' . Jump up ^ `` Island Echo '' . island Echo . Retrieved 22 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Isle of White Radio 107.0 Newport '' . internetradiouk.com . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' History of Our Station '' and `` Gallery '' `` . Angel Radio Isle of Wight Website . Retrieved 28 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Record Library '' . Angel Radio Isle of Wight Website . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vectis Radio '' . www.vectisradio.com . Jump up ^ `` On The Wight '' . On The Wight . Retrieved 7 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Tower : Chillerton Down '' . thebigtower.com . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Isle of Wight Prison information '' . UK Justice Department . Retrieved 29 November 2016 . Jump up ^ James Cusick ( 10 January 1995 ) . `` The Parkhirst ( sic ) Breakout : Fugitives were trapped by the sea '' . The Independent Newspaper . Retrieved 29 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Schools and Learning '' . Isle of Wight Council . Retrieved 29 November 2016 . Jump up ^ David Newbie ( 25 September 2009 ) . `` It 's all change in schools ' shake up '' . Isle of Wight County Press . Retrieved 29 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Palaces for the People - Panoramic Views '' . Jump up ^ `` Most Popular Titles With Filming Locations Matching `` wight '' `` . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 29 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Lost Talismans of Spirit of the Stones '' . Archived from the original on 7 February 2005 . Jump up ^ `` The Isle of Wight 's Literary Connections '' . h2g2.com. 2013 . Retrieved 29 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Tayell , Frank ( 2013 ) . Surviving the Evacuation Book One London . Jump up ^ `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club band '' . Lib.ru. 16 May 1996 . Retrieved 25 September 2010 . Jump up ^ The Navy Lark Volume 24 : You 're A Rotten ! . amazon.co.uk . ASIN 1408468735 . Jump up ^ `` Blade on the Feather ( 1980 ) '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 29 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top Gear on the Isle of Wight , starring Red Funnel and the Military Road '' . Isle of Wight Guru . Retrieved 17 March 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.yoppul.co.uk/yoppulv1/2017/07/watch-isle-of-wight-writers-netflix-series-free-rein/ Hansard , Wednesday 14 November 2001 column 850 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Isle of Wight . Look up Isle of Wight in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Isle of Wight . Isle of Wight at Curlie External video `` The Isle of Wight Film '' Photos ( edit ) Images of the Isle of Wight at the English Heritage Archive Neighbouring counties Dorset Hampshire Solent West Sussex English Channel Isle of Wight English Channel English Channel English Channel English Channel Ceremonial county of Isle of Wight Isle of Wight Portal Unitary authorities Isle of Wight Council Major settlements Brading Cowes East Cowes Newport Ryde Sandown Shanklin Ventnor Yarmouth See also : List of civil parishes in Isle of Wight Rivers Buddle Brook Caul Bourne Medina Newtown Solent Wootton Creek Eastern Yar Western Yar Topics Flag People Parliamentary constituencies Politics Culture Education Schools Places Places of worship Country houses Grade I listed buildings SSSIs History Lord Lieutenants High Sheriffs Museums Transport Dinosaurs 1974 -- 1996 ← Ceremonial counties of England → current Bedfordshire Berkshire Bristol Buckinghamshire Cambridgeshire Cheshire Cornwall Cumbria Derbyshire Devon Dorset Durham East Riding of Yorkshire East Sussex Essex Gloucestershire Greater London Greater Manchester Hampshire Herefordshire Hertfordshire Isle of Wight Kent Lancashire Leicestershire Lincolnshire City of London Merseyside Norfolk Northamptonshire Northumberland North Yorkshire Nottinghamshire Oxfordshire Rutland Shropshire Somerset South Yorkshire Staffordshire Suffolk Surrey Tyne and Wear Warwickshire West Midlands West Sussex West Yorkshire Wiltshire Worcestershire Districts of South East England Berkshire Bracknell Forest Reading Slough West Berkshire Windsor and Maidenhead Wokingham Buckinghamshire Aylesbury Vale Chiltern Milton Keynes South Bucks Wycombe East Sussex Brighton and Hove Eastbourne Hastings Lewes Rother Wealden Hampshire Basingstoke and Deane East Hampshire Eastleigh Fareham Gosport Hart Havant New Forest Portsmouth Rushmoor Southampton Test Valley Winchester Isle of Wight Isle of Wight Kent Ashford Canterbury Dartford Dover Gravesham Maidstone Medway Sevenoaks Folkestone and Hythe Swale Thanet Tonbridge and Malling Tunbridge Wells Oxfordshire Cherwell Oxford South Oxfordshire Vale of White Horse West Oxfordshire Surrey Elmbridge Epsom and Ewell Guildford Mole Valley Reigate and Banstead Runnymede Spelthorne Surrey Heath Tandridge Waverley Woking West Sussex Adur Arun Chichester Crawley Horsham Mid Sussex Worthing Unitary authorities of England Districts Bath and North East Somerset Bedford Blackburn with Darwen Blackpool Bournemouth Bracknell Forest Brighton and Hove Bristol Central Bedfordshire Cheshire East Cheshire West and Chester Cornwall County Durham Darlington Derby East Riding of Yorkshire Halton Hartlepool Herefordshire Isle of Wight Kingston upon Hull Leicester Luton Medway Middlesbrough Milton Keynes North East Lincolnshire North Lincolnshire North Somerset Northumberland Nottingham Peterborough Plymouth Poole Portsmouth Reading Redcar and Cleveland Rutland Shropshire Slough Southampton Southend - on - Sea South Gloucestershire Stockton - on - Tees Stoke - on - Trent Swindon Telford and Wrekin Thurrock Torbay Warrington West Berkshire Wiltshire Windsor and Maidenhead Wokingham York Councils Bath and North East Somerset Bedford Blackburn with Darwen Blackpool Bournemouth Bracknell Forest Brighton and Hove Bristol Central Bedfordshire Cheshire East Cheshire West and Chester Cornwall Derby Durham Darlington East Riding of Yorkshire Halton Hartlepool Herefordshire Isle of Wight Kingston upon Hull Leicester Luton Medway Middlesbrough Milton Keynes North East Lincolnshire North Lincolnshire North Somerset Northumberland Nottingham Peterborough Plymouth Poole Portsmouth Reading Redcar and Cleveland Rutland Shropshire Slough Southampton Southend - on - Sea South Gloucestershire Stockton - on - Tees Stoke - on - Trent Swindon Telford and Wrekin Thurrock Torbay Warrington West Berkshire Wiltshire Windsor and Maidenhead Wokingham York Local elections Bath and North East Somerset Bedford Blackburn with Darwen Blackpool Bournemouth Bracknell Forest Brighton and Hove Bristol Central Bedfordshire Cheshire East Cheshire West and Chester Cornwall County Durham Darlington Derby East Riding of Yorkshire Halton Hartlepool Herefordshire Isle of Wight Kingston upon Hull Leicester Luton Medway Middlesbrough Milton Keynes North East Lincolnshire North Lincolnshire North Somerset Northumberland Nottingham Peterborough Plymouth Poole Portsmouth Reading Redcar and Cleveland Rutland Shropshire Slough Southampton Southend - on - Sea South Gloucestershire Stockton - on - Tees Stoke - on - Trent Swindon Telford and Wrekin Thurrock Torbay Warrington West Berkshire Wiltshire Windsor and Maidenhead Wokingham York Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isle_of_Wight&oldid=866046770 '' Categories : Isle of Wight Local government districts of South East England Natural regions of England NUTS 2 statistical regions of the United Kingdom South East England Unitary authority districts of England Hidden categories : Pages with missing ISBNs Webarchive template wayback links Use British English from August 2011 Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2018 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from July 2018 Articles with Curlie links Use dmy dates from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans Ænglisc Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar मराठी Bahasa Melayu Mirandés Nederlands 日本語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Volapük West - Vlams Winaray ייִדיש 粵語中文 68 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2018 , at 22 : 31 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how far is it from southsea to the isle of wight	[]	[]
-244113746930324701	Do You Remember the First Time? (The Vampire Diaries)	Do You Remember the First Time ? ( The Vampire Diaries ) - wikipedia Do You Remember the First Time ? ( The Vampire Diaries ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Do You Remember the First Time ? '' The Vampire Diaries episode Episode no . Season 6 Episode 7 Directed by Darren Genet Written by Rebecca Sonnenshine Production code 2J7857 Original air date November 13 , 2014 Guest appearance ( s ) Colin Ferguson ( Tripp Fell ) Penelope Mitchell ( Liv Parker ) Marguerite MacIntyre ( Liz Forbes ) Chris Brochu ( Luke Parker ) Jodi Lyn O'Keefe ( Jo Laughlin - Parker ) Marco James ( Liam Davis ) Chris Wood ( Kai Parker ) Episode chronology ← Previous `` The More You Ignore Me , the Closer I Get '' Next → `` Fade Into You '' The Vampire Diaries ( season 6 ) List of The Vampire Diaries episodes `` Do You Remember the First Time ? '' is the 7th episode of the sixth season of the American series The Vampire Diaries and the series ' 118th episode overall . `` Do You Remember the First Time ? '' was originally aired on November 13 , 2014 , on The CW . The episode was written by Rebecca Sonnenshine and directed by Darren Genet . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Feature music 3 Reception 3.1 Ratings 3.2 Reviews 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) Damon ( Ian Somerhalder ) and Elena ( Nina Dobrev ) meet for the first time since he came back but Damon 's hope that Elena will remember their love when she sees him gets lost when she says she does not remember or feel anything about him . Damon visits Alaric ( Matt Davis ) at the hospital trying to find a way to uncompel Elena but there is no way since Alaric is now a human . Jo ( Jodi Lyn O'Keefe ) joins them and invites Alaric as her date to the hospital fundraiser , where Elena will also be with Liam ( Marco James ) . Damon decides to go to the fundraiser so he can see Elena but he is surprise seeing her there with Liam . He introduces himself as Elena 's ex and Liam is confused since Elena told him that Damon was dead . Damon compels Liam to leave them alone and Damon asks Elena to dance . While dancing , Damon tries to make Elena remember by telling her some of their moments together but it does not work . Elena admits that she wants to remember and asks Damon to keep telling her about their memories together . Elena and Damon get at the borders , the last place where she and Damon were together . Damon tells her about the last day before he dies , when they blew up the Grill to save the town from the Travelers but Elena still can not remember anything . Elena decides to cross the borders in order for the compulsion to wear off . Her memories start to come back but Damon runs and gets her before she dies . Later on , Liam visits Elena at her dorm to inform her about more mysterious things going on with the girl that should die at the corn maze and he tells her that if she will not tell him on her own her secrets he will find out on his own . Matt ( Zach Roerig ) captures Tripp ( Colin Ferguson ) and brings him outside the borders of Mystic Falls . Along with Stefan ( Paul Wesley ) and Enzo ( Michael Malarkey ) , they keep him tied and they try to get information from him about other vampire hunters . He tells them that they know about Caroline ( Candice Accola ) and Stefan goes to her dorm to warn her . While being there , Liz ( Marguerite MacIntyre ) calls her to tell her that Tripp 's men got her and they are threatening to kill her if they will not get him back . They arrange to trade Tripp to Liz at the borders . The exchange happens but the moment Tripp crosses the borders dies , making everyone realize that Enzo had turned him into a vampire before the exchange . Jo and Alaric return at her place and after telling him at the fundraiser about her dysfunctional family and that she had put her magic away for safety , she now tells him that her brother tried to kill her few years back and she lost her spleen because of that attack . Meanwhile , back at the hospital , Caroline and Stefan discuss about Caroline 's feelings about him and Stefan apologizes to her about his behavior but Caroline seems to not want to do anything with him anymore . In 1994 , Kai ( Chris Wood ) tries to fix the ascendant so he and Bonnie ( Kat Graham ) be able to do the spell again and get back to present . Bonnie tells him that she will not help him get out , she hits him , takes all the pieces of the ascendant and runs away . She tries to put the pieces back together so she can leave on her own but she can not find the last piece . Kai appears with the last piece and Bonnie tries to get away from him but he captures her and they both go back to where they can do the spell . Kai tells Bonnie that he regrets what he did to his family to convince her that he has changed . Bonnie agrees to do the spell but instead of the two of them go back home , Bonnie puts her magic in her teddy bear and sends it back leaving her and Kai trapped in 1994 . The episode ends with Damon finding Bonnie 's teddy bear , making him realize that Bonnie is still alive . Feature music ( edit ) In the episode `` Do You Remember the First Time ? '' we can hear the songs : `` Another Love '' by Tom Odell `` The Hardest Part '' by Nina Nesbitt `` MSK '' by Yellowcard `` Belong '' by Cary Brothers `` Two Weeks '' by Grizzly Bear Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) In its original American broadcast , `` Do You Remember the First Time ? '' was watched by 1.54 million ; slightly down by 0.05 from the previous episode . Reviews ( edit ) `` Do You Remember the First Time ? '' received positive reviews . Stephanie Flasher from TV After Dark gave a B+ rating to the episode saying that it was a nice one , especially for the fans of Damon and Elena . `` Bittersweet trip down the couple 's history and an epic rain kiss . Finally , Caroline and Stefan have the feelings conversation and Alaric gets his groove back now that he 's a human again . And the music was good . '' Rebecca Jane Stokes of Den of Geek rated the episode with 4 / 5 saying that it was a sweet episode and that Stefan finally found out about Caroline 's feelings . `` The show did what it does best this week . It married romance and longing with the deliberate if piecemeal doling out of key plot points . '' Ashley Dominique from Geeked Out Nation rated the episode with 7.9 / 10 saying that the episode `` forced Damon and Elena to explore the new status of their relationship in another slow drawn out episode . However , it was made interesting by not relying on flashbacks , but let them be in the moment . '' Sara Ditta of Next Projection rated the episode with 7.2 / 10 saying that the episode `` satisfied because of its tempered tone . The drama was n't taken overboard , and viewers could relate to each of our main characters who tried to grasp on to friendships and relationships that had already fallen apart . '' Leigh Raines from TV Fanatic rated the episode with 3.5 . `` All in all , a decent episode , with minor developments but not enough . '' Caroline Preece of Den of Geek gave a good review to the episode saying that the show has improved greatly since it stopped paying attention only to Damon and Elena 's relationship . `` The Damon / Elena storyline is still a frustrating mess , but it 's also not the only thing on the show anymore -- and that gives viewers no longer interested in Elena 's love life a reason to come back . Just that simple thing is what fans have been asking for and , now that we have it , it 's glorious . '' Lindsay Sperling from We Got This Covered gave a mixed review to the episode saying that this episode was the first filler one for season six . `` This season of The Vampire Diaries is arguably already better than the last two combined , but there 's a limit to the amount of Elena and Damon drama that fans should have to endure . Either let them be together , or let them move on . ( ... ) There were a few notable plot twists in ( the episode ) despite the overwhelming feeling that nothing really happened to move the story along . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries Season 6 Episode 7 : `` Do You Remember the First Time ? '' Music `` . TV Fanatic . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 14 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Bones ' Adjusted Up ; ' Mom ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' The McCarthys ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Flasher , Stephanie ( November 14 , 2014 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries 6 × 07 `` Do You Remember the First Time ? '' REVIEW `` . TV After Dark . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stokes , Rebecca Jane ( November 14 , 2014 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries : Do You Remember The First Time ? Review '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dominique , Ashley ( November 14 , 2014 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries : `` Do You Remember The First Time '' Review `` . Geeked Out Nation . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ditta , Sara ( November 14 , 2014 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries , `` Do You Remember The First Time ? '' ( 6.7 ) -- TV Review `` . Next Projection . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Raines , Leigh ( November 13 , 2014 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries Season 6 Episode 7 Review : Do You Remember the First Time ? '' . TV Fanatic . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Preece , Caroline ( November 18 , 2014 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries season 6 episode 7 review : Do You Remember The First Time ? '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Lindsay ( November 13 , 2014 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries Review : `` Do You Remember The First Time ? '' ( Season 6 , Episode 7 ) `` . We Got This Covered . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) List of The Vampire Diaries episodes on IMDb Afterbuzz 's discussion about `` Do You Remember the First Time ? '' on YouTube ( hide ) The Vampire Diaries Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Night of the Comet '' `` Friday Night Bites '' `` Family Ties '' `` You 're Undead to Me '' `` Lost Girls '' `` Haunted '' `` 162 Candles '' `` History Repeating '' `` The Turning Point '' `` Bloodlines '' `` Unpleasantville '' `` Children of the Damned '' `` Fool Me Once '' `` A Few Good Men '' `` There Goes the Neighborhood '' `` Let the Right One In '' `` Under Control '' `` Miss Mystic Falls '' `` Blood Brothers '' `` Isobel '' `` Founder 's Day '' Season 2 `` The Return '' `` Brave New World '' `` Bad Moon Rising '' `` Memory Lane '' `` Kill or Be Killed '' `` Plan B '' `` Masquerade '' `` Rose '' `` Katerina '' `` The Sacrifice '' `` By the Light of the Moon '' `` The Descent '' `` Daddy Issues '' `` Crying Wolf '' `` The Dinner Party '' `` The House Guest '' `` Know Thy Enemy '' `` The Last Dance '' `` Klaus '' `` The Last Day '' `` The Sun Also Rises '' `` As I Lay Dying '' Season 3 `` The Birthday '' `` The Hybrid '' `` The End of the Affair '' `` Disturbing Behavior '' `` The Reckoning '' `` Smells Like Teen Spirit '' `` Ghost World '' `` Ordinary People '' `` Homecoming '' `` The New Deal '' `` Our Town '' `` The Ties That Bind '' `` Bringing Out the Dead '' `` Dangerous Liaisons '' `` All My Children '' `` The Departed '' Season 4 `` Growing Pains '' `` Memorial '' `` The Rager '' `` The Five '' `` The Killer '' `` We All Go a Little Mad Sometimes '' `` My Brother 's Keeper '' `` We 'll Always Have Bourbon Street '' `` O Come , All Ye Faithful '' `` After School Special '' `` Catch Me If You Can '' `` A View to a Kill '' Season 5 `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' `` True Lies '' `` Original Sin '' `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' `` Monster 's Ball '' `` Handle with Care '' `` Death and the Maiden '' `` Dead Man on Campus '' `` The Cell '' `` Fifty Shades of Grayson '' `` 500 Years of Solitude '' `` The Devil Inside '' `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' `` No Exit '' `` Gone Girl '' `` While You Were Sleeping '' `` Rescue Me '' `` Resident Evil '' `` Man on Fire '' `` What Lies Beneath '' `` Promised Land '' `` Home '' Season 6 `` I 'll Remember '' `` Yellow Ledbetter '' `` Welcome to Paradise '' `` Black Hole Sun '' `` The World Has Turned and Left Me Here '' `` The More You Ignore Me , the Closer I Get '' `` Do You Remember the First Time ? '' `` Fade Into You '' `` I Alone '' Season 7 `` Gods and Monsters '' Season 8 `` I Was Feeling Epic '' Characters Elena Gilbert Katherine Pierce Stefan Salvatore Damon Salvatore Related Awards and nominations Novel series L.J. Smith Original Vampires The Originals episodes season 1 characters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Do_You_Remember_the_First_Time%3F_(The_Vampire_Diaries)&oldid=764951885 '' Categories : 2014 American television episodes The Vampire Diaries ( season 6 ) episodes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 February 2017 , at 21 : 18 . About Wikipedia	when do damon and elena get together season 6	[]	[]
2836066541762725749	Supra (grammar)	Supra ( grammar ) - Wikipedia Supra ( grammar ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Supra . Look up supra in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Supra ( Latin for `` above '' ) is an academic and legal citation signal used when a writer desires to refer a reader to an earlier - cited authority . For example , an author wanting to refer to a source in his or her third footnote would cite : See supra note 3 . Or for text in that note : See supra text accompanying note 3 . Supra can also be used to provide a short form citation to an earlier ( but not immediately preceding ) authority . For example : Stephen J. Legatzke , Note , The Equitable Recoupment Doctrine in United States v. Dalm : Where 's the Equity , 10 Va . Tax Rev. 861 ( 1991 ) . Legatzke , supra at 862 . In this example , the second citation refers the reader to page 862 in the journal in which the article by Legatzke appears . The use of supra should be done with care and only when the user fully understands its usage as it could be very confusing to readers if not used appropriately . More generally , the phrase vide supra or v.s. , often enclosed in parentheses , is used simply to refer the reader to preceding text . See also ( edit ) Bibliography Ibid . Op . cit . IUS This legal article about a Latin phrase is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Supra_(grammar)&oldid=777711526 '' Categories : Latin legal terminology Latin words and phrases Bibliography Latin legal phrase stubs Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 April 2017 , at 20 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when do you use supra in legal writing	[ "Supra (Latin for \"above\") is an academic and legal citation signal used when a writer desires to refer a reader to an earlier-cited authority. For example, an author wanting to refer to a source in his or her third footnote would cite: See supra note 3. Or for text in that note: See supra text accompanying note 3." ]	[ "when a writer desires to refer a reader to an earlier-cited authority" ]
-2839675341798150411	Galvanometer	Galvanometer - wikipedia Galvanometer Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) An early D'Arsonval galvanometer showing magnet and rotating coil A galvanometer is an electromechanical instrument for detecting and indicating electric current . A galvanometer works as an actuator , by producing a rotary deflection ( of a `` pointer '' ) , in response to electric current flowing through a coil in a constant magnetic field . Early galvanometers were not calibrated , but their later developments were used as measuring instruments , called ammeters , to measure the current flowing through an electric circuit . Galvanometers developed from the observation that the needle of a magnetic compass is deflected near a wire that has electric current flowing through it , first described by Hans Oersted in 1820 . They were the first instruments used to detect and measure small amounts of electric currents . André - Marie Ampère , who gave mathematical expression to Ørsted 's discovery and named the instrument after the Italian electricity researcher Luigi Galvani , who in 1791 discovered the principle of the frog galvanoscope -- that electric current would make the legs of a dead frog jerk . Sensitive galvanometers have been essential for the development of science and technology in many fields . For example , they enabled long range communication through submarine cables , such as the earliest Transatlantic telegraph cables , and were essential to discovering the electrical activity of the heart and brain , by their fine measurements of current . Galvanometers also had widespread use as the visualising part in other kinds of analog meters , for example in light meters , VU meters , etc. , where they were used to measure and display the output of other sensors . Today the main type of galvanometer mechanism , still in use , is the moving coil , D'Arsonval / Weston type . Contents ( hide ) 1 Operation 2 Uses 2.1 Modern uses 2.2 Past uses 3 History 3.1 Hans Oersted 3.2 Schweigger and Ampère 3.3 Poggendorff and Thomson 3.4 Georg Ohm 3.5 D'Arsonval and Deprez 3.6 Edward Weston 4 Types 4.1 Tangent galvanometer 4.1. 1 Theory 4.1. 2 Geomagnetic field measurement 4.2 Astatic galvanometer 4.3 Mirror galvanometer 4.4 Ballistic galvanometer 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Operation ( edit ) Diagram of D'Arsonval / Weston type galvanometer . As the current flows from + through the coil ( the orange part ) to − , a magnetic field is generated in the coil . This field is counteracted by the permanent magnet and forces the coil to twist , moving the pointer , in relation to the field 's strength caused by the flow of current . Modern galvanometers , of the D'Arsonval / Weston type , are constructed with a small pivoting coil of wire in the field of a permanent magnet . The coil is attached to a thin pointer that traverses a calibrated scale . A tiny torsion spring pulls the coil and pointer to the zero position . When a direct current ( DC ) flows through the coil , the coil generates a magnetic field . This field acts against the permanent magnet . The coil twists , pushing against the spring , and moves the pointer . The hand points at a scale indicating the electric current . Careful design of the pole pieces ensures that the magnetic field is uniform , so that the angular deflection of the pointer is proportional to the current . A useful meter generally contains provision for damping the mechanical resonance of the moving coil and pointer , so that the pointer settles quickly to its position without oscillation . The basic sensitivity of a meter might be , for instance , 100 microamperes full scale ( with a voltage drop of , say , 50 millivolts at full current ) . Such meters are often calibrated to read some other quantity that can be converted to a current of that magnitude . The use of current dividers , often called shunts , allows a meter to be calibrated to measure larger currents . A meter can be calibrated as a DC voltmeter if the resistance of the coil is known by calculating the voltage required to generate a full scale current . A meter can be configured to read other voltages by putting it in a voltage divider circuit . This is generally done by placing a resistor in series with the meter coil . A meter can be used to read resistance by placing it in series with a known voltage ( a battery ) and an adjustable resistor . In a preparatory step , the circuit is completed and the resistor adjusted to produce full scale deflection . When an unknown resistor is placed in series in the circuit the current will be less than full scale and an appropriately calibrated scale can display the value of the previously unknown resistor . These capabilities to translate different kinds of electric quantities , in to pointer movements , make the galvanometer ideal for turning output of other sensors that outputs electricity ( in some form or another ) , into something that can be read by a human . Because the pointer of the meter is usually a small distance above the scale of the meter , parallax error can occur when the operator attempts to read the scale line that `` lines up '' with the pointer . To counter this , some meters include a mirror along the markings of the principal scale . The accuracy of the reading from a mirrored scale is improved by positioning one 's head while reading the scale so that the pointer and the reflection of the pointer are aligned ; at this point , the operator 's eye must be directly above the pointer and any parallax error has been minimized . Uses ( edit ) Modern closed - loop galvanometer - driven laser scanning mirror from Scanlab . Probably the largest use of galvanometers was of the D'Arsonval / Weston type used in analog meters in electronic equipment . Since the 1980s , galvanometer - type analog meter movements have been displaced by analog to digital converters ( ADCs ) for many uses . A digital panel meter ( DPM ) contains an analog to digital converter and numeric display . The advantages of a digital instrument are higher precision and accuracy , but factors such as power consumption or cost may still favour application of analog meter movements . Modern uses ( edit ) Most modern uses for the galvanometer mechanism are in positioning and control systems . Galvanometer mechanisms are divided into moving magnet and moving coil galvanometers ; in addition , they are divided into closed - loop and open - loop - or resonant - types . Mirror galvanometer systems are used as beam positioning or beam steering elements in laser scanning systems . For example , for material processing with high - power lasers , closed loop mirror galvanometer mechanisms are used with servo control systems . These are typically high power galvanometers and the newest galvanometers designed for beam steering applications can have frequency responses over 10 kHz with appropriate servo technology . Closed - loop mirror galvanometers are also used in similar ways in stereolithography , laser sintering , laser engraving , laser beam welding , laser TVs , laser displays and in imaging applications such as retinal scanning with Optical Coherence Tomography ( OCT ) . Almost all of these galvanometers are of the moving magnet type . The closed loop is obtained measuring the position of the rotating axis with an infrared emitter and 2 photodiodes . This feedback is an analog signal . Open loop , or resonant mirror galvanometers , are mainly used in some types of laser - based bar - code scanners , printing machines , imaging applications , military applications and space systems . Their non-lubricated bearings are especially of interest in applications that require functioning in a high vacuum . A galvanometer mechanism ( center part ) , used in an automatic exposure unit of an 8 mm film camera , together with a photoresistor ( seen in the hole on top of the leftpart ) . Moving coil type galvanometer mechanisms ( called ' voice coils ' by hard disk manufacturers ) are used for controlling the head positioning servos in hard disk drives and CD / DVD players , in order to keep mass ( and thus access times ) , as low as possible . Past uses ( edit ) A major early use for galvanometers was for finding faults in telecommunications cables . They were superseded in this application late in the 20th century by time - domain reflectometers . Galvanometer mechanisms were also used to get readings from photoresistors in the metering mechanisms of film cameras ( as seen in the adjacent image ) . In analog strip chart recorders such as used in electrocardiographs , electroencephalographs and polygraphs , galvanometer mechanisms were used to position the pen . Strip chart recorders with galvanometer driven pens may have a full scale frequency response of 100 Hz and several centimeters of deflection . History ( edit ) Hans Oersted ( edit ) The deflection of a magnetic compass needle by current in a wire was first described by Hans Oersted in 1820 . The phenomenon was studied both for its own sake and as a means of measuring electric current . Schweigger and Ampère ( edit ) The earliest galvanometer was reported by Johann Schweigger at the University of Halle on 16 September 1820 . André - Marie Ampère also contributed to its development . Early designs increased the effect of the magnetic field generated by the current by using multiple turns of wire . The instruments were at first called `` multipliers '' due to this common design feature . The term `` galvanometer , '' in common use by 1836 , was derived from the surname of Italian electricity researcher Luigi Galvani , who in 1791 discovered that electric current would make a dead frog 's leg jerk . Poggendorff and Thomson ( edit ) Thomson mirror galvanometer , patented in 1858 . Originally , the instruments relied on the Earth 's magnetic field to provide the restoring force for the compass needle . These were called `` tangent '' galvanometers and had to be oriented before use . Later instruments of the `` astatic '' type used opposing magnets to become independent of the Earth 's field and would operate in any orientation . The most sensitive form , the Thomson or mirror galvanometer , was patented in 1858 by William Thomson ( Lord Kelvin ) as an improvement of an earlier design invented in 1826 by Johann Christian Poggendorff . Thomson 's design , was able to detect very rapid current changes , by using small magnets attached to a lightweight mirror , suspended by a thread , instead of a compass needle . The deflection of a light beam on the mirror greatly magnified the deflection induced by small currents . Alternatively , the deflection of the suspended magnets could be observed directly through a microscope . Georg Ohm ( edit ) The ability to measure quantitatively voltage and current allowed Georg Ohm to formulate that -- the voltage across a conductor is directly proportional to the current through it -- Ohm 's Law . D'Arsonval and Deprez ( edit ) The early moving - magnet form of galvanometer had the disadvantage that it was affected by any magnets or iron masses near it , and its deflection was not linearly proportional to the current . In 1882 Jacques - Arsène d'Arsonval and Marcel Deprez developed a form with a stationary permanent magnet and a moving coil of wire , suspended by fine wires which provided both an electrical connection to the coil and the restoring torque to return to the zero position . An iron tube between the magnet 's pole pieces defined a circular gap through which the coil rotated . This gap produced a consistent , radial magnetic field across the coil , giving a linear response throughout the instrument 's range . A mirror attached to the coil deflected a beam of light to indicate the coil position . The concentrated magnetic field and delicate suspension made these instruments sensitive ; d'Arsonval's initial instrument could detect ten microamperes . Edward Weston ( edit ) D'Arsonval / Weston galvanometer ( ca . 1900 ) . Part of the magnet 's left pole piece is broken out to show the coil . Edward Weston extensively improved the design . He replaced the fine wire suspension with a pivot , and provided restoring torque and electrical connections through spiral springs rather like those of a wristwatch balance wheel hairspring . He developed a method of stabilizing the magnetic field of the permanent magnet , so the instrument would have consistent accuracy over time . He replaced the light beam and mirror with a knife - edge pointer that could be read directly . A mirror under the pointer , in the same plane as the scale , eliminated parallax observation error . To maintain the field strength , Weston 's design used a very narrow circumferential slot through which the coil moved , with a minimal air - gap . This improved linearity of pointer deflection with respect to coil current . Finally , the coil was wound on a light - weight form made of conductive metal , which acted as a damper . By 1888 , Edward Weston had patented and brought out a commercial form of this instrument , which became a standard electrical equipment component . It was known as a `` portable '' instrument because it was affected very little by mounting position or by transporting it from place to place . This design is almost universally used in moving - coil meters today . Initially laboratory instruments relying on the Earth 's own magnetic field to provide restoring force for the pointer , galvanometers were developed into compact , rugged , sensitive portable instruments essential to the development of electro - technology . Types ( edit ) Some galvanometers use a solid pointer on a scale to show measurements ; other very sensitive types use a miniature mirror and a beam of light to provide mechanical amplification of low - level signals . Tangent galvanometer ( edit ) Tangent galvanometer made by J.H. Bunnell Co. around 1890 . A tangent galvanometer is an early measuring instrument used for the measurement of electric current . It works by using a compass needle to compare a magnetic field generated by the unknown current to the magnetic field of the Earth . It gets its name from its operating principle , the tangent law of magnetism , which states that the tangent of the angle a compass needle makes is proportional to the ratio of the strengths of the two perpendicular magnetic fields . It was first described by Claude Pouillet in 1837 . A tangent galvanometer consists of a coil of insulated copper wire wound on a circular non-magnetic frame . The frame is mounted vertically on a horizontal base provided with levelling screws . The coil can be rotated on a vertical axis passing through its centre . A compass box is mounted horizontally at the centre of a circular scale . It consists of a tiny , powerful magnetic needle pivoted at the centre of the coil . The magnetic needle is free to rotate in the horizontal plane . The circular scale is divided into four quadrants . Each quadrant is graduated from 0 ° to 90 ° . A long thin aluminium pointer is attached to the needle at its centre and at right angle to it . To avoid errors due to parallax , a plane mirror is mounted below the compass needle . In operation , the instrument is first rotated until the magnetic field of the Earth , indicated by the compass needle , is parallel with the plane of the coil . Then the unknown current is applied to the coil . This creates a second magnetic field on the axis of the coil , perpendicular to the Earth 's magnetic field . The compass needle responds to the vector sum of the two fields , and deflects to an angle equal to the tangent of the ratio of the two fields . From the angle read from the compass 's scale , the current could be found from a table . The current supply wires have to be wound in a small helix , like a pig 's tail , otherwise the field due to the wire will affect the compass needle and an incorrect reading will be obtained . Theory ( edit ) Top view of a tangent galvanometer made about 1950 . The indicator needle of the compass is perpendicular to the shorter , black magnetic needle . The galvanometer is oriented so that the plane of the coil is vertical and aligned along parallel to the horizontal component B of the Earth 's magnetic field ( i.e. parallel to the local `` magnetic meridian '' ) . When an electric current flows through the galvanometer coil , a second magnetic field B is created . At the center of the coil , where the compass needle is located , the coil 's field is perpendicular to the plane of the coil . The magnitude of the coil 's field is : B = μ 0 n I 2 r ( \ displaystyle B = ( \ mu _ ( 0 ) nI \ over 2r ) \ , ) where I is the current in amperes , n is the number of turns of the coil and r is the radius of the coil . These two perpendicular magnetic fields add vectorially , and the compass needle points along the direction of their resultant B + B . The current in the coil causes the compass needle to rotate by an angle θ : θ = tan − 1 ⁡ B B H ( \ displaystyle \ theta = \ tan ^ ( - 1 ) ( \ frac ( B ) ( B_ ( H ) ) ) \ , ) From tangent law , B = B tan θ , i.e. μ 0 n I 2 r = B H tan ⁡ θ ( \ displaystyle ( \ mu _ ( 0 ) nI \ over 2r ) = B_ ( H ) \ tan \ theta \ , ) or I = ( 2 r B H μ 0 n ) tan ⁡ θ ( \ displaystyle I = \ left ( ( \ frac ( 2rB_ ( H ) ) ( \ mu _ ( 0 ) n ) ) \ right ) \ tan \ theta \ , ) or I = K tan θ , where K is called the Reduction Factor of the tangent galvanometer . One problem with the tangent galvanometer is that its resolution degrades at both high currents and low currents . The maximum resolution is obtained when the value of θ is 45 ° . When the value of θ is close to 0 ° or 90 ° , a large percentage change in the current will only move the needle a few degrees . Geomagnetic field measurement ( edit ) A tangent galvanometer can also be used to measure the magnitude of the horizontal component of the geomagnetic field . When used in this way , a low - voltage power source , such as a battery , is connected in series with a rheostat , the galvanometer , and an ammeter . The galvanometer is first aligned so that the coil is parallel to the geomagnetic field , whose direction is indicated by the compass when there is no current through the coils . The battery is then connected and the rheostat is adjusted until the compass needle deflects 45 degrees from the geomagnetic field , indicating that the magnitude of the magnetic field at the center of the coil is the same as that of the horizontal component of the geomagnetic field . This field strength can be calculated from the current as measured by the ammeter , the number of turns of the coil , and the radius of the coils . Astatic galvanometer ( edit ) Astatic galvanometer . Unlike the tangent galvanometer , the astatic galvanometer does not use the Earth 's magnetic field for measurement , so it does not need to be oriented with respect to the Earth 's field , making it easier to use . It has two magnetized needles parallel to each other , but with the magnetic poles reversed . suspended by a silk thread . The lower needle is inside a vertical current sensing coil of wire and is deflected by the magnetic field created by the passing current , as in the tangent galvanometer above . The purpose of the second needle is to cancel the dipole moment of the first needle , so the suspended armature has no net magnetic dipole moment , and thus is not affected by the earth 's magnetic field . The needle 's rotation is opposed by the torsional elasticity of the suspension thread , which is proportional to the angle . The astatic galvanometer was developed by Leopoldo Nobili in 1825 . Mirror galvanometer ( edit ) Main article : mirror galvanometer To achieve higher sensitivity to detect extremely small currents , the mirror galvanometer substituted a lightweight mirror for the pointer . It consisted of horizontal magnets suspended from a fine fiber , inside a vertical coil of wire , with a mirror attached to the magnets . A beam of light reflected from the mirror fell on a graduated scale across the room , acting as a long mass-less pointer . The mirror galvanometer was used as the receiver in the first trans - Atlantic submarine telegraph cables in the 1850s , to detect the extremely faint pulses of current after their thousand mile journey under the Atlantic . In a device called an oscillograph , the moving beam of light was used , to produce graphs of current versus time , by recording measurements on photographic film . The string galvanometer was a type of mirror galvanometer so sensitive that it was used to make the first electrocardiogram of the electrical activity of the human heart . Ballistic galvanometer ( edit ) Main article : Ballistic galvanometer A ballistic galvanometer is a type of sensitive galvanometer for measuring the quantity of charge discharged through it . In reality it is an integrator , unlike a current - measuring galvanometer , the moving part has a large moment of inertia that gives it a long oscillation period . It can be either of the moving coil or moving magnet type , commonly it is a mirror galvanometer . See also ( edit ) Vibration galvanometer Thermo galvanometer References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Schiffer , Michael Brian . ( 2008 ) `` Electromagnetism Revealed , '' Power Struggles : Scientific Authority and the Creation of Practical Electricity Before Edison . Page 24 . Jump up ^ `` Schweigger Multiplier -- 1820 '' . Maglab . National High Magnetic Field Laboratory . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Keithley , Joseph F. ( 1999 ) . The story of electrical and magnetic measurements : from 500 B.C. to the 1940s . John Wiley and Sons . pp. 196 -- 198 . ISBN 0 - 7803 - 1193 - 0 . Jump up ^ Greenslade , Jr. , Thomas B. `` Tangent Galvanometer '' . Kenyon College . Retrieved 26 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Theory '' . GALVANOMETER . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ Greenslade , Thomas . `` Instruments for Natural Philosophy -- Astatic Galvanometer '' . Kenyon College . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 19 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Galvanometers . Galvanometer - Interactive Java Tutorial National High Magnetic Field Laboratory Selection of historic galvanometer in the Virtual Laboratory of the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science Electrical and electronic measuring equipment Metering Ammeter Capacitance meter Distortionmeter Electricity meter Frequency counter Galvanometer LCR meter Microwave power meter Multimeter Megohmmeter Ohmmeter Peak meter Peak programme meter Psophometer Q meter Time - domain reflectometer Time - to - digital converter Transistor tester Tube tester Wattmeter Voltmeter VU meter Analysis Bus analyzer Logic analyzer Network analyzer Oscilloscope Signal analyzer Spectrum analyzer Waveform monitor Vectorscope Videoscope Generation Arbitrary waveform generator Digital pattern generator Function generator Signal generator Video - signal generator Sensors Acoustic , sound , vibration Geophone Hydrophone Microphone Seismometer Automotive , transportation Air -- fuel ratio meter Blind spot monitor Crankshaft position sensor Curb feeler Defect detector Engine coolant temperature sensor Hall effect sensor MAP sensor Mass flow sensor Omniview technology Oxygen sensor Parking sensors Radar gun Speed sensor Speedometer Throttle position sensor Tire - pressure monitoring system Torque sensor Transmission fluid temperature sensor Turbine speed sensor Variable reluctance sensor Vehicle speed sensor Water sensor Wheel speed sensor Chemical Breathalyzer Carbon dioxide sensor Carbon monoxide detector Catalytic bead sensor Chemical field - effect transistor Electrochemical gas sensor Electrolyte -- insulator -- semiconductor sensor Electronic nose Fluorescent chloride sensors Holographic sensor Hydrocarbon dew point analyzer Hydrogen sensor Hydrogen sulfide sensor Infrared point sensor Ion selective electrode Microwave chemistry sensor Nitrogen oxide sensor Nondispersive infrared sensor Olfactometer Optode Oxygen sensor Pellistor pH glass electrode Potentiometric sensor Redox electrode Smoke detector Zinc oxide nanorod sensor Electric , magnetic , radio Current sensor Electroscope Galvanometer Hall effect sensor Hall probe Magnetic anomaly detector Magnetometer MEMS magnetic field sensor Metal detector Planar Hall sensor Radio direction finder Test light Environment , weather , moisture Actinometer Bedwetting alarm Ceilometer Dew warning Electrochemical gas sensor Fish counter Frequency domain sensor Gas detector Hook gauge evaporimeter Humistor Hygrometer Leaf sensor Psychrometer Pyranometer Pyrgeometer Rain gauge Rain sensor SNOTEL Snow gauge Soil moisture sensor Stream gauge Tide gauge Weather radar Flow , fluid velocity Air flow meter Anemometer Flow sensor Gas meter Mass flow sensor Water metering Ionising radiation , subatomic particles Bubble chamber Cloud chamber Geiger -- Müller tube Geiger counter Ionization chamber Neutron detection Particle detector Proportional counter Scintillation counter Semiconductor detector Scintillator Thermoluminescent dosimeter Wire chamber Navigation instruments Airspeed indicator Machmeter Altimeter Attitude indicator Depth gauge Fluxgate compass Gyroscope Inertial navigation system Inertial reference unit Magnetic compass MHD sensor Ring laser gyroscope Turn coordinator Variometer Vibrating structure gyroscope Yaw - rate sensor Position , angle , displacement Accelerometer Angular rate sensor Auxanometer Capacitive displacement sensor Capacitive sensing Gravimeter Inclinometer Integrated circuit piezoelectric sensor Laser rangefinder Laser surface velocimeter Lidar Linear encoder Linear variable differential transformer Liquid capacitive inclinometers Odometer Photoelectric sensor Piezoelectric accelerometer Position sensor Rotary encoder Rotary variable differential transformer Selsyn Sudden Motion Sensor Tachometer Tilt sensor Ultrasonic thickness gauge Variable reluctance sensor Velocity receiver Optical , light , imaging Charge - coupled device Contact image sensor Electro - optical sensor Flame detector Infrared Kinetic inductance detector LED as light sensor Light - addressable potentiometric sensor Nichols radiometer Optical fiber Photodetector Photodiode Photoelectric sensor Photoionization detector Photomultiplier Photoresistor Photoswitch Phototransistor Phototube Position sensitive device Scintillometer Shack -- Hartmann wavefront sensor Single - photon avalanche diode Superconducting nanowire single - photon detector Transition edge sensor Tristimulus colorimeter Visible - light photon counter Wavefront sensor Pressure Barograph Barometer Boost gauge Bourdon gauge Hot - filament ionization gauge Ionization gauge McLeod gauge Oscillating U-tube Permanent Downhole Gauge Piezometer Pirani gauge Pressure gauge Pressure sensor Tactile sensor Time pressure gauge Force , density , level Bhangmeter Force gauge Hydrometer Level sensor Load cell Magnetic level gauge Nuclear density gauge Piezoelectric sensor Strain gauge Torque sensor Viscometer Thermal , heat , temperature Bimetallic strip Bolometer Calorimeter Exhaust gas temperature gauge Flame detection Gardon gauge Golay cell Heat flux sensor Infrared thermometer Microbolometer Microwave radiometer Net radiometer Quartz thermometer Resistance thermometer Silicon bandgap temperature sensor Special sensor microwave / imager Thermistor Thermocouple Thermometer Proximity , presence Alarm sensor Doppler radar Motion detector Occupancy sensor Passive infrared sensor Proximity sensor Reed switch Stud finder Touch switch Triangulation sensor Wired glove Sensor technology Active pixel sensor Back - illuminated sensor Biochip Biosensor Capacitance probe Carbon paste electrode Catadioptric sensor Digital sensors Displacement receiver Electromechanical film Electro - optical sensor Fabry -- Pérot interferometer Fisheries acoustics Image sensor Image sensor format Inductive sensor Intelligent sensor Lab - on - a-chip Leaf sensor Machine vision Microelectromechanical systems Photoelasticity Quantum sensor Radar Ground - penetrating radar Synthetic aperture radar Radar tracker Sensor array Sensor fusion Sensor grid Sensor node Soft sensor Sonar Staring array Transducer Ultrasonic sensor Video sensor technology Visual sensor network Wheatstone bridge Wireless sensor network Related List of sensors Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Galvanometer&oldid=807708217 '' Categories : Galvanometers Electronic test equipment Historical scientific instruments Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2013 Articles needing additional references from March 2009 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk پنجابی Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska తెలుగు Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2017 , at 17 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when is a galvanometer said to be sensitive	[ "The basic sensitivity of a meter might be, for instance, 100 microamperes full scale (with a voltage drop of, say, 50 millivolts at full current). Such meters are often calibrated to read some other quantity that can be converted to a current of that magnitude. The use of current dividers, often called shunts, allows a meter to be calibrated to measure larger currents. A meter can be calibrated as a DC voltmeter if the resistance of the coil is known by calculating the voltage required to generate a full scale current. A meter can be configured to read other voltages by putting it in a voltage divider circuit. This is generally done by placing a resistor in series with the meter coil. A meter can be used to read resistance by placing it in series with a known voltage (a battery) and an adjustable resistor. In a preparatory step, the circuit is completed and the resistor adjusted to produce full scale deflection. When an unknown resistor is placed in series in the circuit the current will be less than full scale and an appropriately calibrated scale can display the value of the previously unknown resistor." ]	[ "100 microamperes" ]
2300660816130356560	Borders of the oceans	Borders of the Oceans - wikipedia Borders of the Oceans Jump to : navigation , search Maps exhibiting the world 's oceanic waters . A continuous body of water encircling the Earth , the world ( global ) ocean is divided into a number of principal areas . Five oceanic divisions are usually recognized : Pacific , Atlantic , Indian , Arctic , and Southern ; the last two listed are sometimes consolidated into the first three . The borders of the oceans are the limits of the Earth 's oceanic waters . The definition and number of oceans can vary depending on the adopted criteria . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Arctic Ocean 2.1 Notes 3 Atlantic Ocean 3.1 North Atlantic 3.2 South Atlantic 3.3 Notes 4 Indian Ocean 4.1 Notes 5 Pacific Ocean 5.1 North Pacific 5.2 South Pacific 5.3 Notes 6 Southern or Antarctic Ocean 7 See also 8 References Overview ( edit ) Though generally described as several separate oceans , the world 's oceanic waters constitute one global , interconnected body of salt water sometimes referred to as the World Ocean or global ocean . This concept of a continuous body of water with relatively free interchange among its parts is of fundamental importance to oceanography . The major oceanic divisions are defined in part by the continents , various archipelagos , and other criteria . The principal divisions ( in descending order of area ) are the : Pacific Ocean , Atlantic Ocean , Indian Ocean , Southern ( Antarctic ) Ocean , and Arctic Ocean . Smaller regions of the oceans are called seas , gulfs , bays , straits , and other names . Geologically , an ocean is an area of oceanic crust covered by water . Oceanic crust is the thin layer of solidified volcanic basalt that covers the Earth 's mantle . Continental crust is thicker but less dense . From this perspective , the Earth has three oceans : the World Ocean , the Caspian Sea , and the Black Sea . The latter two were formed by the collision of Cimmeria with Laurasia . The Mediterranean Sea is at times a discrete ocean , because tectonic plate movement has repeatedly broken its connection to the World Ocean through the Strait of Gibraltar . The Black Sea is connected to the Mediterranean through the Bosporus , but the Bosporus is a natural canal cut through continental rock some 7,000 years ago , rather than a piece of oceanic sea floor like the Strait of Gibraltar . Despite their names , some smaller landlocked `` seas '' are not connected with the World Ocean , such as the Caspian Sea ( which is nevertheless , geologically , itself a full - fledged ocean -- see above ) and numerous salt lakes such as the Aral Sea . A complete hierarchy showing which seas belong to which oceans , according to the International Hydrographic Organization ( IHO ) and for the whole planet , is available at the European Marine Gazetteer website . See also the list of seas article for the seas included in each ocean area . Also note there are many varying definitions of the world 's seas and no single authority . The borders of the Arctic Ocean , according to the CIA The World Factbook ( blue area ) , and as defined by the IHO ( black outline - excluding marginal waterbodies ) . Arctic Ocean ( edit ) The Arctic Ocean covers much of the Arctic and washes upon northern North America and Eurasia and is sometimes considered a sea or estuary of the Atlantic . The International Hydrographic Organization ( IHO ) defines the limits of the Arctic Ocean ( excluding the seas it contains ) as follows : Between Greenland and West Spitzbergen ( sic ) -- The Northern limit of Greenland Sea . Between West Spitzbergen and North East Land -- the parallel of lat. 80 ° N . From Cape Leigh Smith to Cape Kohlsaat -- the Northern limit of Barentsz Sea ( sic ) . From Cape Kohlsaat to Cape Molotov -- the Northern limit of Kara Sea . From Cape Molotov to the Northern extremity of Kotelni Island -- the Northern limit of Laptev Sea . From the Northern extremity of Kotelni Island to the Northern point of Wrangel Island -- the Northern limit of East Siberian Sea . From the Northern point of Wrangel Island to Point Barrow -- the Northern limit of Chuckchi Sea ( sic ) . From Point Barrow to Cape Land 's End on Prince Patrick Island -- the Northern limit of Beaufort Sea , through the Northwest coast of Prince Patrick Island to Cape Leopold M'Clintock , thence to Cape Murray ( Brook Island ) and along the Northwest coast to the extreme Northerly point ; to Cape Mackay ( Borden Island ) ; through the Northwesterly coast of Borden Island to Cape Malloch , to Cape Isachsen ( Ellef Ringnes Island ) ; to the Northwest point of Meighen Island to Cape Stallworthy ( Axel Heiberg Island ) to Cape Colgate the extreme West point of Ellesmere Island ; through the North shore of Ellesmere Island to Cape Columbia thence a line to Cape Morris Jesup ( Greenland ) . Note that these definitions exclude any marginal waterbodies that are separately defined by the IHO ( such as the Kara Sea and East Siberian Sea ) , though these are usually considered to be part of the Arctic Ocean . The CIA defines the limits of the Arctic Ocean differently , as depicted in the map comparing its definition to the IHO 's definition . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as `` A line joining the Northernmost point of Spitzbergen ( sic ) ( Svalbard ) to the Northernmost point of Greenland '' . Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as `` Cape Leigh Smith across the Islands Bolshoy Ostrov ( Great Island ) ( Storøya ) , Gilles ( Kvitøya ) and Victoria ; Cape Mary Harmsworth ( Southwestern extremity of Alexandra Land ) along the northern coasts of Franz - Josef Land as far as Cape Kohlsaat ( 81 ° 14 ′ N 65 ° 10 ′ E / 81.233 ° N 65.167 ° E / 81.233 ; 65.167 ) '' . Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as `` Cape Kohlsaat to Cape Molotov ( 81 ° 16 ′ N 93 ° 43 ′ E / 81.267 ° N 93.717 ° E / 81.267 ; 93.717 ) ( Northern extremity of Severnaya Zemlya on Komsomolets Island ) '' . Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as `` A line joining Cape Molotov to the Northern extremity of Kotelni Island ( 76 ° 10 ′ N 138 ° 50 ′ E / 76.167 ° N 138.833 ° E / 76.167 ; 138.833 ) '' . Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as `` A line from the Northernmost point of Wrangel Island ( 179 ° 30'W ) to the Northern sides of the De Long Islands ( including Henrietta and Jeannette Islands ) and Bennett Island , thence to the Northern extremity of Kotelni Island '' . Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as `` A line from Point Barrow , Alaska ( 71 ° 20 ′ N 156 ° 20 ′ W / 71.333 ° N 156.333 ° W / 71.333 ; - 156.333 ) to the Northernmost point of Wrangel Island ( 179 ° 30'W ) '' . Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as `` A line from Point Barrow , Alaska , to Lands End , Prince Patrick Island ( 76 ° 16 ′ N 124 ° 08 ′ W / 76.267 ° N 124.133 ° W / 76.267 ; - 124.133 ) '' . Atlantic Ocean ( edit ) The Atlantic Ocean , according to the CIA The World Factbook ( blue area ) , and as defined by the IHO ( black outline - excluding marginal waterbodies ) . The Atlantic Ocean separates the Americas from Europe and Africa . It may be further subdivided by the equator into northern and southern portions . North Atlantic ( edit ) The 3rd edition , currently in force , of the International Hydrographic Organization 's ( IHO ) Limits of Oceans and Seas defines the limits of the North Atlantic Ocean ( excluding the seas it contains ) as follows : On the West . The Eastern limits of the Caribbean Sea , the Southeastern limits of the Gulf of Mexico from the North coast of Cuba to Key West , the Southwestern limit of the Bay of Fundy and the Southeastern and Northeastern limits of the Gulf of St. Lawrence . On the North . The Southern limit of Davis Strait from the coast of Labrador to Greenland and the Southwestern limit of the Greenland Sea and Norwegian Sea from Greenland to the Shetland Islands . On the East . The Northwestern limit of the North Sea , the Northern and Western limits of the Scottish Seas , the Southern limit of the Irish Sea , the Western limits of the Bristol and English Channels , of the Bay of Biscay and of the Mediterranean Sea . On the South . The equator , from the coast of Brazil to the Southwestern limit of the Gulf of Guinea . South Atlantic ( edit ) The 3rd edition ( currently in force ) of the International Hydrographic Organization 's ( IHO ) Limits of Oceans and Seas defines the limits of the South Atlantic Ocean ( excluding the seas it contains ) as follows : On the Southwest . The meridian of Cape Horn , Chile ( 67 ° 16'W ) from Tierra del Fuego to the Antarctic Continent ; a line from Cape Virgins ( 52 ° 21 ′ S 68 ° 21 ′ W / 52.350 ° S 68.350 ° W / - 52.350 ; - 68.350 ) to Cape Espiritu Santo , Tierra del Fuego , the Eastern entrance to Magellan Strait , Chile On the West . The limit of the Rio de La Plata . On the North . The Southern limit of the North Atlantic Ocean . On the Northeast . The limit of the Gulf of Guinea . On the Southeast . From Cape Agulhas along the meridian of 20 ° East to the Antarctic continent . On the South . The Antarctic Continent . Note that these definitions exclude any marginal waterbodies that are separately defined by the IHO ( such as the Bay of Biscay and Gulf of Guinea ) , though these are usually considered to be part of the Atlantic Ocean . In its 2002 draft , the IHO redefined the Atlantic Ocean , moving its southern limit to 60 ° S , with the waters south of that line identified as the Southern Ocean . This new definition has not yet been ratified ( and , in addition , a reservation was lodged in 2003 by Australia . ) While the name `` Southern Ocean '' is frequently used , some geographic authorities such as the 10th edition of the World Atlas from the U.S. National Geographic Society generally show the Atlantic , Indian , and Pacific Oceans continuing to Antarctica . If and when adopted , the 2002 definition would be published in the 4th edition of Limits of Oceans and Seas , re-instituting the 2nd edition 's `` Southern Ocean '' , omitted from the 3rd edition . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as `` From Point San Diego ( Puerto Rico ) Northward along the meridian thereof ( 65 ° 39'W ) to the 100 fathom line , thence Eastward and Southward , in such a manner that all islands , shoals and narrow waters of the Lesser Antilles are included in the Caribbean Sea as far as Galera Point ( Northeast extremity of the island of Trinidad ) . From Galera Point through Trinidad to Galeota Point ( Southeast extreme ) and thence to Baja Point ( 9 ° 32 ′ N 61 ° 0 ′ W / 9.533 ° N 61.000 ° W / 9.533 ; - 61.000 ) in Venezuela '' . Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as `` A line joining Cape Catoche Light ( 21 ° 37 ′ N 87 ° 04 ′ W / 21.617 ° N 87.067 ° W / 21.617 ; - 87.067 ) with the Light on Cape San Antonio in Cuba , through this island to the meridian of 83 ° W and to the Northward along this meridian to the latitude of the South point of the Dry Tortugas ( 24 ° 35'N ) , along this parallel Eastward to Rebecca Shoal ( 82 ° 35'W ) thence through the shoals and Florida Keys to the mainland at eastern end of Florida Bay , all the narrow waters between the Dry Tortugas and the mainland being considered to be within the Gulf '' . Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as `` A line running northwesterly from Cape St. Mary ( 44 ° 05'N ) Nova Scotia , through Machias Seal Island ( 67 ° 06'W ) and on to Little River Head ( 44 ° 39'N ) in the State of Maine '' . Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as `` A line from Cape Canso ( 45 ° 20 ′ N 61 ° 0 ′ W / 45.333 ° N 61.000 ° W / 45.333 ; - 61.000 ) to Red Point ( 45 ° 35 ′ N 60 ° 45 ′ W / 45.583 ° N 60.750 ° W / 45.583 ; - 60.750 ) in Cape Breton Island , through this Island to Cape Breton and on to Pointe Blanche ( 46 ° 45 ′ N 56 ° 11 ′ W / 46.750 ° N 56.183 ° W / 46.750 ; - 56.183 ) in the Island of St. Pierre , and thence to the Southwest point of Morgan Island ( 46 ° 51 ′ N 55 ° 49 ′ W / 46.850 ° N 55.817 ° W / 46.850 ; - 55.817 ) '' and `` A line running from Cape Bauld ( North point of Kirpon Island , 51 ° 40 ′ N 55 ° 25 ′ W / 51.667 ° N 55.417 ° W / 51.667 ; - 55.417 ) to the East extreme of Belle Isle and on to the Northeast Ledge ( 52 ° 02 ′ N 55 ° 15 ′ W / 52.033 ° N 55.250 ° W / 52.033 ; - 55.250 ) . Thence a line joining this ledge with the East extreme of Cape St. Charles ( 52 ° 13'N ) in Labrador '' . Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as `` The parallel of 60 ° North between Greenland and Labrador '' . Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as `` A line joining Straumness ( NW extreme of Iceland ) to Cape Nansen ( 68 ° 15 ′ N 29 ° 30 ′ W / 68.250 ° N 29.500 ° W / 68.250 ; - 29.500 ) in Greenland '' . Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as `` From a point on the West coast of Norway in Latitude 61 ° 00 ' North along this parallel to Longitude 0 ° 53 ' West thence a line to the NE extreme of Fuglö ( 62 ° 21 ′ N 6 ° 15 ′ W / 62.350 ° N 6.250 ° W / 62.350 ; - 6.250 ( Fuglö ) ) and on to the East extreme of Gerpir ( 65 ° 05 ′ N 13 ° 30 ′ W / 65.083 ° N 13.500 ° W / 65.083 ; - 13.500 ( Gerpir ) ) in Iceland '' . Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as `` From Dunnet Head ( 3 ° 22'W ) in Scotland to Tor Ness ( 58 ° 47'N ) in the Island of Hoy , thence through this island to the Kame of Hoy ( 58 ° 55'N ) on to Breck Ness on Mainland ( 58 ° 58'N ) through this island to Costa Head ( 3 ° 14'W ) and to Inga Ness ( 59'17'N ) in Westray through Westray , to Bow Head , across to Mull Head ( North point of Papa Westray ) and on to Seal Skerry ( North point of North Ronaldsay ) and thence to Horse Island ( South point of the Shetland Islands ) '' . Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as `` A line running from Bloody Foreland ( 55 ° 10 ′ N 8 ° 17 ′ W / 55.167 ° N 8.283 ° W / 55.167 ; - 8.283 ) in Ireland to the West point of Tory Island , on to Barra Head , the Southwest point of the Hebrides , thence through these islands , in such a manner that the West coasts of the main islands appertain to the Atlantic Ocean and all the narrow waters appertain to the Inner Seas , as far as the Butt of Lewis ( North Point ) , and thence to Cape Wrath ( 58 ° 37'N ) in Scotland '' . Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as `` A line joining St. David 's Head ( 51 ° 54 ′ N 5 ° 19 ′ W / 51.900 ° N 5.317 ° W / 51.900 ; - 5.317 ) to Carnsore Point ( 52 ° 10 ′ N 6 ° 22 ′ W / 52.167 ° N 6.367 ° W / 52.167 ; - 6.367 ) '' . Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as `` a line joining Hartland Point ( in Devon ) ( 51 ° 01 ′ N 4 ° 32 ′ W / 51.017 ° N 4.533 ° W / 51.017 ; - 4.533 ) to St. Govan 's Head ( in Pembrokeshire ) ( 51 ° 36 ′ N 4 ° 55 ′ W / 51.600 ° N 4.917 ° W / 51.600 ; - 4.917 ) '' . Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as `` A line joining Isle Vierge ( 48 ° 38 ′ 23 '' N 4 ° 34 ′ 13 '' W / 48.63972 ° N 4.57028 ° W / 48.63972 ; - 4.57028 ) to Lands End ( 50 ° 04 ′ N 5 ° 43 ′ W / 50.067 ° N 5.717 ° W / 50.067 ; - 5.717 ) `` . Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as `` A line joining Cap Ortegal ( 43 ° 46 ′ N 7 ° 52 ′ W / 43.767 ° N 7.867 ° W / 43.767 ; - 7.867 ) to Penmarch Point ( 47 ° 48 ′ N 4 ° 22 ′ W / 47.800 ° N 4.367 ° W / 47.800 ; - 4.367 ) '' . Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as `` A line joining the extremities of Cape Trafalgar ( Spain ) and Cape Spartel ( Africa ) '' . ^ Jump up to : Defined by IHO as `` A line running Southeastward from Cape Palmas in Liberia to Cape Lopez ( 0 ° 38 ′ S 8 ° 42 ′ E / 0.633 ° S 8.700 ° E / - 0.633 ; 8.700 ) '' . Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as `` A line joining Punta del Este , Uruguay ( 34 ° 58.5 ′ S 54 ° 57.5 ′ W / 34.9750 ° S 54.9583 ° W / - 34.9750 ; - 54.9583 ) and Cabo San Antonio , Argentina ( 36 ° 18 ′ S 56 ° 46 ′ W / 36.300 ° S 56.767 ° W / - 36.300 ; - 56.767 ) '' . Indian Ocean ( edit ) The Indian Ocean , according to the CIA The World Factbook ( blue area ) , and as defined by the IHO ( black outline - excluding marginal waterbodies ) . The Indian Ocean washes upon southern Asia and separates Africa and Australia . The 3rd edition , currently in force , of the International Hydrographic Organization 's ( IHO ) Limits of Oceans and Seas defines the limits of the Indian Ocean ( excluding the seas it contains ) as follows : On the North . The Southern limits of the Arabian Sea and the Lakshadweep Sea , the Southern limit of the Bay of Bengal , the Southern limits of the East Indian Archipelago , and the Southern limit of the Great Australian Bight . On the West . From Cape Agulhas in 20 ° long . East , Southward along this meridian to the Antarctic Continent . On the East . From South East Cape , the Southern point of Tasmania down the meridian 146 ° 55'E to the Antarctic Continent . On the South . The Antarctic Continent . Note that this definition excludes any marginal waterbodies that are separately defined by the IHO ( such as the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea ) , though these are usually considered to be part of the Indian Ocean . In its 2002 draft , the IHO redefined the Indian Ocean , moving its southern limit to 60 ° S , with the waters south of that line identified as the Southern Ocean . This new definition has not yet been ratified ( and , in addition , a reservation was lodged in 2003 by Australia . ) While the name `` Southern Ocean '' is frequently used , some geographic authorities such as the 10th edition of the World Atlas from the U.S. National Geographic Society generally show the Atlantic , Indian , and Pacific Oceans continuing to Antarctica . If and when adopted , the 2002 definition would be published in the 4th edition of Limits of Oceans and Seas , re-instituting the 2nd edition 's `` Southern Ocean '' , omitted from the 3rd edition . The boundary of the Indian Ocean is a constitutional issue for Australia . The Imperial South Australia Colonisation Act , 1834 , which established and defined the Colony of South Australia defined South Australia 's southern limit as being the `` Southern Ocean . '' This definition was carried through to Australian constitutional law upon the Federation of Australia in 1901 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as `` A line running from the South extremity of Addu Atoll ( Maldives ) , to the Eastern extreme of Ràs Hafun ( Africa , 10 ° 26'N ) '' . Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as `` A line running from Dondra Head in Ceylon ( Sri Lanka ) to the most Southerly point of Addu Atoll '' . Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as `` Adam 's Bridge ( between India and Ceylon and from the Southern extreme of Dondra Head ( South point of Ceylon ) to the North point of Poeloe Bras ( 5 ° 44 ′ N 95 ° 04 ′ E / 5.733 ° N 95.067 ° E / 5.733 ; 95.067 ) '' . Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as the southern limits of the Java Sea ( `` the North and West coasts of Java to Java Hoofd ( 6 ° 46 ′ S 105 ° 12 ′ E / 6.767 ° S 105.200 ° E / - 6.767 ; 105.200 ) its Western point , and thence a line to Vlakke Hoek ( 5 ° 55 ′ S 104 ° 35 ′ E / 5.917 ° S 104.583 ° E / - 5.917 ; 104.583 ) the Southern extreme of Sumatra '' ) , the Bali Sea ( `` A line from Tanjong Banenan through the Southern points of Balt ( sic ) and Noesa Islands to Tanjong Bt Gendang , the Southwest extreme of Lombok , and its South coast to Tanjong Ringgit the Southeast extreme , thence a line to Tanjong Mangkoen ( 9 ° 01 ′ S 116 ° 43 ′ E / 9.017 ° S 116.717 ° E / - 9.017 ; 116.717 ) the Southwest extreme of Soembawa '' ) , the Savu Sea ( `` By a line from the Southwest point of Timor to the Northeast point of Roti , through this island to its Southwest point , thence a line to Poeloe Dana ( 10 ° 49 ′ S 121 ° 17 ′ E / 10.817 ° S 121.283 ° E / - 10.817 ; 121.283 ) and to Tanjong Ngoendjoe , the Southern extreme of Soemba and through this island to Tanjong Karosso , its Western point '' ) , and the western limit of the Timor Sea ( `` A line from Cape Londonderry to the Southwest point of Roti Island ( 10 ° 56 ′ S 122 ° 48 ′ E / 10.933 ° S 122.800 ° E / - 10.933 ; 122.800 ) '' . Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as `` A line joining West Cape Howe ( 35 ° 08 ′ S 117 ° 37 ′ E / 35.133 ° S 117.617 ° E / - 35.133 ; 117.617 ) Australia to South West Cape , Tasmania '' . Pacific Ocean ( edit ) The Pacific Ocean according to the CIA The World Factbook ( blue area ) , and as defined by the IHO ( black outline -- excluding marginal waterbodies ) The Pacific is the ocean that separates Asia and Australia from the Americas . It may be further subdivided by the equator into northern and southern portions . North Pacific ( edit ) The 3rd edition , currently in force , of the International Hydrographic Organization 's ( IHO ) Limits of Oceans and Seas defines the limits of the North Pacific Ocean ( excluding the seas it contains ) as follows : On the Southwest . The Northeastern limit of the East Indian Archipelago from the Equator to Luzon Island . On the West and Northwest . The Eastern limits of the Philippine Sea and Japan Sea and the Southeastern limit of the Sea of Okhotsk . On the North . The Southern limits of the Bering Sea and the Gulf of Alaska . On the East . The Western limit of Coastal waters of Southeast Alaska and Br . Columbia , and the Southern limit of the Gulf of California . On the South . The Equator , but excluding those islands of the Gilbert and Galàpagos Groups which lie to the Northward thereof . South Pacific ( edit ) The 3rd edition , currently in force , of the International Hydrographic Organization 's ( IHO ) Limits of Oceans and Seas defines the limits of the South Pacific Ocean ( excluding the seas it contains ) as follows : On the West . From Southeast Cape , the Southern point of Tasmania , down the meridian of 146 ° 55'E to the Antarctic continent . On the Southwest and Northwest . The Southern , Eastern and Northeastern limits of the Tasman Sea , the Southeastern and Northeastern limits of the Coral Sea , the Southern , Eastern and Northern limits of the Solomon and Bismark ( sic ) seas , and the Northeastern limit of the East Indian Archipelago from New Guinea to the Equator . On the North . The Equator , but including those islands of the Gilbert and Galàpagos Groups which lie to the Northward thereof . On the East . The meridian of Cape Horn ( 67 ° 16'W ) from Tierra del Fuego to the Antarctic continent ; a line from Cape Virgins ( 52 ° 21 ′ S 68 ° 21 ′ W / 52.350 ° S 68.350 ° W / - 52.350 ; - 68.350 ) to Cape Espititu Santo , Tierra del Fuego , the Eastern entrance to Magellan Strait . ( These limits have not yet been officially accepted by Argentina and Chile . ) On the South . The Antarctic continent . Note that these definitions exclude any marginal waterbodies that are separately defined by the IHO ( such as the Gulf of Alaska and Coral Sea ) , though these are usually considered to be part of the Pacific Ocean . In its 2002 draft , the IHO redefined the Pacific Ocean , moving its southern limit to 60 ° S , with the waters south of that line identified as the Southern Ocean . This new definition has not yet been ratified ( and , in addition , a reservation was lodged in 2003 by Australia . ) While the name `` Southern Ocean '' is frequently used , some geographic authorities such as the 10th edition of the World Atlas from the U.S. National Geographic Society generally show the Atlantic , Indian , and Pacific Oceans continuing to Antarctica . If and when adopted , the 2002 definition would be published in the 4th edition of Limits of Oceans and Seas , re-instituting the 2nd edition 's `` Southern Ocean '' , omitted from the 3rd edition . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as `` By the ridge joining Japan to the Bonin , Volcano and Ladrone ( Mariana ) Islands , all these being included in the Philippine Sea '' . Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as `` In the Tsugaru Kaikô . From the extremity of Siriya Saki ( 141 ° 28'E ) to the extremity of Esan Saki ( 41 ° 48'N ) '' . Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as `` A line running from Nosyappu Saki ( Cape Noshap , 43 ° 23'N ) in the Islanad of Hokusyû ( Yezo ) through the Kuril or Tisima Islands to Cape Lopatka ( South point of Kamchatka ) in such a way that all the narrow waters between Hokusyû and Kamchatka are included in the Sea of Okhotsk '' . Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as `` A line running from Kabuch Point ( 54 ° 48 ′ N 163 ° 21 ′ W / 54.800 ° N 163.350 ° W / 54.800 ; - 163.350 ) in the Alaskan Peninsula , through the Aleutian Islands to the South extremes of the Komandorski Islands and on to Cape Kamchatka in such a way that all the narrow waters between Alaska and Kamchatka are included in the Bering Sea '' . Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as `` A line drawn from Cape Spencer , the Northern limit of ( the Coastal Waters of Southeast Alaska and British Columbia ) to Kabuch Point , the Southeast limit of ( the Bering Sea ) , in such a way that all the adjacent islands are included in the Gulf of Alaska '' . Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as `` A line running westerly from Black Rock Point ( 50 ° 44 ' , 5N ) in Vancouver Island through the Scott Islands in such a way that all the narrow waters between these islands are included in the Coastal Waters , thence to Cape St. James ( Southern extremity of Queen Charlotte Islands ) , through this group in the same way , then from Cape Knox ( 54 ° 10 ′ N 133 ° 06 ′ W / 54.167 ° N 133.100 ° W / 54.167 ; - 133.100 ) Northward to the Western extreme of Langara Island and on to Point Cornwallis ( 132 ° 52'W ) in the Prince of Wales group , thence along the Western shores of this group , of Baranof , Kruzof , Chicagof , and Yakobi Islands , so that all the narrow waters between them are included in the coastal waters , and , finally , from Cape Bingham ( 58 ° 04'N ) in Yakobi Island to Cape Spencer ( 58 ° 12 ′ N 136 ° 39 ′ W / 58.200 ° N 136.650 ° W / 58.200 ; - 136.650 ) '' . Jump up ^ Defined by IHO as `` A line joining Piastla Point ( 23 ° 38'N ) in Mexico , and the Southern extreme of Lower California '' . Jump up ^ Southern limit defined by IHO as `` A line joining the Southern point of Auckland Island ( 50 ° 55 ′ S 166 ° 0 ′ E / 50.917 ° S 166.000 ° E / - 50.917 ; 166.000 ) to South East Cape , the Southern point of Tasmania '' Jump up ^ Eastern limit defined by IHO as `` In Cook Strait . A line joining the South extreme of the foul ground off Cape Palliser ( Ngawi ) and the Lighthouse on Cape Campbell ( Te Karaka ) '' and `` In Foveaux Strait ( 46 ° 45 'S ) . A line joining the Light on Waipapapa Point ( sic ) ( 168 ° 33'E ) with East Head ( 47'02'S ) of Stewart Island ( Rakiura ) . '' Jump up ^ Northeastern limit defined by IHO as `` From the South East Rock to the North point of Three Kings Islands ( 34 ° 10 ′ S 172 ° 10 ′ E / 34.167 ° S 172.167 ° E / - 34.167 ; 172.167 ) thence to North Cape in New Zealand '' . Jump up ^ Southeastern limit defined by IHO as `` A line from the Southeastern extreme of Aneityum Island to Southeast ( Nokanhui ) Islets ( 22 ° 46 ′ S 167 ° 34 ′ E / 22.767 ° S 167.567 ° E / - 22.767 ; 167.567 ) off the Southeast extreme of New Caledonia , thence through the East point of Middleton Reef to the Eastern extreme of Elizabeth Reef ( 29 ° 55 ′ S 159 ° 02 ′ E / 29.917 ° S 159.033 ° E / - 29.917 ; 159.033 ) and down this meridian to Latitude 30 ° South '' . Jump up ^ Northeastern limit defined by IHO as `` From the Northernmost island of the Duff or Wilson Group through these islands to their Southeastern extreme , thence a line to Mera Lava , New Hebrides Islands ( Vanuatu ) ( 14 ° 25 ′ S 163 ° 03 ′ E / 14.417 ° S 163.050 ° E / - 14.417 ; 163.050 ) and down the Eastern coasts of the islands of this Group to Aneityum Island ( 20 ° 11 ′ S 169 ° 51 ′ E / 20.183 ° S 169.850 ° E / - 20.183 ; 169.850 ) in such a way that all the islands of these Groups , and the straits separating them , are included in the Coral Sea '' . Jump up ^ Southern limit defined by IHO as `` The Northern limit of the Coral Sea between San Cristobal Island ( Makira ) , Solomons , and Gado - Gadoa Island , off the Southeast extreme of New Guinea , thence a line to the Southern extreme of Rennell Island and from its Eastern point to Cape Surville , the Eastern extreme of San Cristobal Island '' . Jump up ^ Eastern limit definied by IHO as `` By a line from the Southern point of New Ireland to the North point of Buka Island , through this island to the Northwest point of Bougainville Island , along the Southern coasts of Bougainville , Choisel ( Choiseul ) , Ysabel ( Santa Isabel ) , Malaita and San Cristobal Islands '' . Jump up ^ North and Eastern limit defined by IHO as `` By the Northern and Northeastern coasts of the islands of New Ireland , New Hanover , the Admiralty Islands , Hermit Island , and the Ninigo Group , through Manu and Aua Islands to Wuvulu Island and thence a line to Baudissin Point in New Guinea ( 142 ° 02'E ) '' . Southern or Antarctic Ocean ( edit ) The Southern Ocean according to the CIA The World Factbook The Southern Ocean contains the waters that surround Antarctica and sometimes is considered an extension of Pacific , Atlantic and Indian Oceans . In 1928 , the first edition of the International Hydrographic Organization 's ( IHO ) Limits of Oceans and Seas publication included the Southern Ocean around Antarctica . The Southern Ocean was delineated by land - based limits - the continent of Antarctica to the south , and the continents of South America , Africa , and Australia plus Broughton Island , New Zealand in the north . The detailed land - limits used were Cape Horn in South America , Cape Agulhas in Africa , the southern coast of Australia from Cape Leeuwin , Western Australia , to South East Cape , Tasmania , via the western edge of the water body of Bass Strait , and then Broughton Island before returning to Cape Horn . The northern limits of the Southern Ocean were moved southwards in the IHO 's 1937 second edition of the Limits of Oceans and Seas . The Southern Ocean then extended from Antarctica northwards to latitude 40 ° south between Cape Agulhas in Africa ( long . 20 ° east ) and Cape Leeuwin in Western Australia ( long . 115 ° east ) , and extended to latitude 55 ° south between Auckland Island of New Zealand ( long . 165 ° or 166 ° east ) and Cape Horn in South America ( long . 67 ° west ) . The Southern Ocean did not appear in the 1953 third edition because `` ... the northern limits ... are difficult to lay down owing to their seasonal change ... Hydrographic Offices who issue separate publications dealing with this area are therefore left to decide their own northern limits . ( Great Britain uses the Latitude of 55 ° South ) '' . Instead , in the IHO 1953 publication , the Atlantic , Indian and Pacific Oceans were extended southward , the Indian and Pacific Oceans ( which had not previously touched pre 1953 , as per the first and second editions ) now abutted at the meridian of South East Cape , and the southern limits of the Great Australian Bight and the Tasman Sea were moved northwards . The IHO readdressed the question of the Southern Ocean in a survey in 2000 . Of its 68 member nations , 28 responded , and all responding members except Argentina agreed to redefine the ocean , reflecting the importance placed by oceanographers on ocean currents . The proposal for the name Southern Ocean won 18 votes , beating the alternative Antarctic Ocean . Half of the votes supported a definition of the ocean 's northern limit at 60 ° S ( with no land interruptions at this latitude ) , with the other 14 votes cast for other definitions , mostly 50 ° S , but a few for as far north as 35 ° S . The 4th edition of Limits of Oceans and Seas has yet to be published due to ' areas of concern ' by several countries relating to various naming issues around the world . The IHB circulated a new draft of the 4th edition of the publication in August 2002 , however there were still various changes , 60 seas were added or renamed from the 3rd edition , and even the name of the publication was changed . A reservation had also been lodged by Australia regarding the Southern Ocean limits . Effectively , the 3rd edition ( which did not delineate the Southern Ocean leaving delineation to local hydrographic offices ) has yet to be superseded and IHO documents declare that it remains `` currently in force . '' Despite this , the 4th edition definition has de facto usage by many organisations , scientists and nations - even at times by IHO committees . Some nations ' hydrographic offices have defined their own boundaries ; the United Kingdom used the 55 ° S parallel for example . Other sources , such as the National Geographic Society , show the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian Oceans as extending to Antarctica , although articles on the National Geographic web site have begun to reference the Southern Ocean . In Australia , cartographic authorities defined the Southern Ocean as including the entire body of water between Antarctica and the south coasts of Australia and New Zealand . This delineation is basically the same as the original ( first ) edition of the IHO publication and effectively the same as the second edition . In the second edition , the Great Australian Bight was defined as the only geographical entity between the Australian coast and the Southern Ocean . Coastal maps of Tasmania and South Australia label the sea areas as Southern Ocean , while Cape Leeuwin in Western Australia is described as the point where the Indian and Southern Oceans meet . See also ( edit ) Environment portal Ecology portal Geography portal Weather portal List of seas International Maritime Organization Marginal sea Oceanography Polar seas Sea Seven Seas World Ocean Atlas References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` `` Ocean '' , The Columbia Encyclopedia , New York : Columbia University Press , 2002 , archived from the original on 26 January 2011 Jump up ^ `` Distribution of land and water on the planet '' , UN Atlas of the Oceans , archived from the original on 31 May 2008 Jump up ^ Spilhaus , Athelstan F. ( July 1942 ) . `` Maps of the whole world ocean '' . 32 ( 3 ) . American Geographical Society ). : 431 -- 5 . Jump up ^ European Marine Gazetteer browser , MarBEF Data System - European Marine Gazetteer Jump up ^ `` Arctic Ocean '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 27 November 2010 . Jump up ^ The Ocean , The MarineBio Conservation Society Jump up ^ Arctic Ocean , Encyclopædia Britannica ^ Jump up to : `` Limits of Oceans and Seas , 3rd edition '' ( PDF ) . International Hydrographic Organization . 1953 . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Atlantic Ocean '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 27 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Darby , Andrew ( 22 December 2003 ) . `` Canberra all at sea over position of Southern Ocean '' . The Age . Retrieved 21 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Ocean '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 27 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pacific Ocean '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 27 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Southern Ocean '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 27 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Map accompanying first edition of IHO Publication Limits of Oceans and Seas , Special Publication 23 '' . NOAA Photo Library . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Map accompanying second edition of IHO Publication Limits of Oceans and Seas , Special Publication 23 '' . NOAA Photo Library . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) . Retrieved 18 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Limits of Oceans and Seas , 3rd edition '' ( PDF ) . International Hydrographic Organization . 1953 . Retrieved 7 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` IHO Special Publication 23 '' . Korean Hydrographic and Oceanographic Administration . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Schenke , Hans Werner ( September 2003 ) . `` Proposal for the preparation of a new International Bathymetric Chart of the Southern Ocean '' ( PDF ) . IHO International Hydrographic Committee on Antarctica ( HCA ) . Third HCA Meeting , 8 -- 10 September 2003 . Monaco : International Hydrographic Organization ( IHO ) . Retrieved 17 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Southern Ocean - News Watch '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 26 April 2013 . Jump up ^ For example : Chart Aus343 : Australia South Coast - South Australia - Whidbey Isles to Cape Du Couedic , Australian Hydrographic Service , 10 April 2015 , retrieved 2017 - 05 - 24 , Chart Aus792 : Australia - Tasmania - Trial Harbour to Low Rocky Point , Australian Hydrographic Service , 18 July 2008 , retrieved 11 October 2010 Jump up ^ `` - Assessment Documentation for Cape Leeuwin Lighthouse '' ( PDF ) . Register of Heritage Places. 13 May 2005 . p. 11 . Retrieved 13 October 2010 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Borders_of_the_oceans&oldid=841213099 '' Categories : Oceans Oceanography Coastal geography Borders Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Polski Português Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018 , at 16 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does the atlantic ocean meet the arctic ocean	[]	[]
-8548970996766128259	The Chronicles of Life and Death	The Chronicles of Life and Death - wikipedia The Chronicles of Life and Death Jump to : navigation , search The Chronicles of Life and Death Studio album by Good Charlotte Released October 5 , 2004 ( 2004 - 10 - 05 ) Recorded March -- June 2004 Studio Barefoot Studios , Hollywood , California Genre Pop punk , alternative rock Length 51 : 26 Label Epic , Daylight Producer Eric Valentine Good Charlotte chronology The Young and the Hopeless ( 2002 ) The Young and the Hopeless 2002 The Chronicles of Life and Death ( 2004 ) Good Morning Revival ( 2007 ) Good Morning Revival 2007 Singles from The Chronicles of Life and Death `` Predictable '' Released : September 27 , 2004 `` I Just Wanna Live '' Released : January 17 , 2005 `` The Chronicles of Life and Death '' Released : June 3 , 2005 `` We Believe '' Released : August 15 , 2005 The Chronicles of Life and Death is the third studio album by American pop punk band Good Charlotte , released on October 5 , 2004 , through Epic and Daylight Records . The album was released with two different versions : a `` Life '' and a `` Death '' version which came with different cover art ( designed by guitarist Billy Martin ) and a special bonus track . There is also a Japanese version that has a different cover art as well as the special bonus tracks from both the `` Life '' and `` Death '' versions , including the hidden track `` Wounded '' at the end of the album . The Chronicles of Life and Death is the only album to feature Chris Wilson on drums . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Recording and composition 3 Release 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Commercial performance 5 Track listing 6 Personnel 7 Charts and certifications 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Year - end charts 7.3 Certifications 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) Good Charlotte released their second album , The Young and the Hopeless , in October 2002 . Three of the album 's singles , `` Lifestyles of the Rich & Famous '' , `` Girls & Boys '' and `` The Anthem '' , shifted the group from modern rock to mainstream top 40 radio . As a result , The Young and the Hopeless debuted in the top 10 of the Billboard 200 , selling 117 , 00 copies in its first week . It eventually went on to sell over 3 million copies in the US . Following its release , the group embarked on two US arena tours . In August 2003 , the group began stockpiling songs for their next album . They planned to write more while on tour between September and November . Recording and composition ( edit ) Recording took place at Barefoot Studios in Hollywood California with producer Eric Valentine , who also acted as engineer . Sessions began in March and concluded in June . The group initially entered the studio with 16 -- 18 songs . Valentine was assisted by Trevor Whatever and Chris Roach . Matt Radosevich did editing , programming , additional engineering and performed piano on `` The Truth '' . Strings were conducted by David Campbell and arranged by him and Valentine . Michele Ito and Chikako Horii sung on `` Once Upon a Time : The Battle of Life and Death '' . John Feldmann tracked additional guitars for `` I Just Wanna Live '' . Valentine mixed and mastered the recordings , except for `` Meet My Maker '' . It was mixed by Jacquire King with assistance from Andy Hunt . All of songs on the album were written by the Madden brothers , except for `` Once Upon a Time : The Battle of Life and Death '' , `` I Just Wanna Live '' , `` Ghost of You '' , `` The Truth '' , `` Mountain '' and `` It Was n't Enough '' . `` Once Upon a Time : The Battle of Life and Death '' by Benji Madden and Valentine . `` I Just Wanna Live '' , `` The Truth '' and `` It Was n't Enough '' by the Madden brothers and Feldmann . `` Ghost of You '' and `` Mountain '' by the Madden brothers and guitarist Billy Martin . All of the songs were arranged by Good Charlotte . Joel Madden said the album was a `` a diary of the past two years '' and that hope was a running theme throughout it . Musically , the album has been classified as pop punk with elements of British punk rock and arena rock . Piano and string instruments appear throughout the album . The opener track `` Once Upon a Time : The Battle of Life and Death '' is an instrumental opener with strings and a Japanese choir . `` Predictable '' starts off with strings before shifting into a spoken - word rant by Joel Madden . `` Walk Away ( Maybe ) '' fuses hard rock - edged verses with indie rock-esque strumming patterns . Release ( edit ) In June , the group performed at a few shows on the Warped Tour . On August 9 and 10 , the group filmed a video for `` Predictable '' in Toronto , Canada . Martin said the video shows two sides of the group : `` There 's a dark , twisted room where we 're playing in , where it 's thunderstorming ... ( and then ) Joel ( Madden ) goes outside and the sky is perfectly clear and it 's like a nice neighborhood . '' `` Predictable '' was released to radio on August 24 . At the end of the month , the group performed at a few more shows on the Warped Tour . A behind - the - scenes making - of video for `` Predictable '' premiered in early September . `` Predictable '' was released as a CD single in Australia on September 27 with an acoustic version of `` The Chronicles of Life and Death '' , and live versions of `` The Anthem '' and `` Hold On '' recorded at Abbey Road Studios as B - sides . Initially planned for release in September , The Chronicles of Life and Death was released on October 5 through Epic and Daylight Records . It was released in two different editions : Life ( with `` Falling Away '' as a bonus track ) and Death ( with `` Meet My Maker '' as a bonus track ) , both with different artwork created by Martin . The art for the Life version resembles a first - edition book , while the art for the Death version resembles a 100 year - old book . The album booklet is done in the style of a storybook with the song lyrics detailing a story accompanied by illustrations . The group debuted material from the album during a show in New York . Alkaline Trio drummer Derek Grant temporarily substituted for drummer Chris Wilson during the show as Wilson was reportedly receiving therapy . Grant subsequently played with the group for a few more promotional events , which included an appearance on Late Night with Conan O'Brien and in - store performances . In October and November , the group went on a co-headlining US tour with Sum 41 . They were supported by Lola Ray and Hazen Street . `` I Just Wanna Live '' was released as a CD single in Australia on January 17 , 2005 , with live versions of `` S.O.S. '' and `` The World Is Black '' as B - sides . The song 's music video , directed by Brett Simon , features the group performing in a dive bar before the members return to their day jobs . Eventually , someone from the music industry signs the band , known as the Food Group , who are dressed as an array of food items . In February 2005 , the band appeared at MTV Asia 's tsunami - relief event for the tsunami in Southeast Asia . The group embarked on a tour of Europe and the UK in March with support from The Explosion . In early April , a music video was filmed for `` We Believe '' with director Sam Erickson at the Orpheum Theatre in Los Angeles , California . The video features the group performing in an abandoned theatre overlapped with war imagery and people suffering . In May and June , the group went on a co-headlining US tour with Simple Plan , dubbed the Noise to the World tour . They were supported by Relient K. A few dates into the tour , Wilson left the group citing to health concerns . He was replaced by Dean Butterworth . `` The Chronicles of Life and Death '' was released as a CD single in Australia on June 3 with live versions of `` The Chronicles of Life and Death '' and `` Mountain '' , and a remix of `` I Just Wanna Live '' as B - sides . `` We Believe '' was released as a single on August 15 . In October , the band appeared at the Bridge School Benefit . On November 13 , the album was released on the DualDisc format . It included a making - of documentary and live performances . Reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Aggregate scores Source Rating Metacritic 53 / 100 Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Billboard Favorable E ! Online Entertainment Weekly B+ IGN 2 / 10 The Guardian The New York Times Unfavorable Rolling Stone Stylus Magazine B − The Village Voice C+ Critical response ( edit ) The album has received generally mixed reviews . At Metacritic , the album gained a 53 out of 100 based on 16 reviews . Billboard said `` The band takes its proven peppy rock sound to new heights '' . E ! Online also gave it a positive review , saying `` Pulling off the tricky balancing act of aiming for mainstream success while keeping one 's street cred intact , songs like ' Ghost of You ' and ' Predictable ' abandon the band 's mall - rat roots in exchange for more mature influences like U2 and Muse '' . The New York Times gave a negative review , saying that the album was `` full of ham - fisted ideas '' . Entertainment Weekly called the album `` A giant leap forward -- in instrumental prowess , and in emotional and melodic scope '' . NME also gave a negative review , saying `` Half the time , Good Charlotte sound like Blink - 182 after the snip , the other half they sound like the Backstreet Boys without the songs '' . Sputnikmusic gave the album a 3.5 out of 5 , saying `` ' The Chronicles Of Life And Death ' stands as a testament to a mediocre pop quartet that went the extra mile to be sincere and produce an authentic , respectable piece of work '' . Q said `` It 's nothing if not ambitious ... ( but ) they simply do n't have the depth , or the authority , to pull it off . '' The Village Voice gave the album a C+ , saying `` Beyond some rich - and - famous irony , not a single suburban detail soils an hour of good intentions . And you know the music overreaches too . '' Commercial performance ( edit ) The album was a decent commercial success , with the singles `` I Just Wanna Live '' and `` Predictable '' peaking decently on the charts . By February 2007 , it had sold 1.1 million copies in the US . Track listing ( edit ) All songs written by Benji and Joel Madden , except where noted . No . Title Length 1 . `` Once Upon a Time : The Battle of Life and Death '' ( B. Madden , Eric Valentine ) 2 : 24 2 . `` The Chronicles of Life and Death '' 3 : 03 3 . `` Walk Away ( Maybe ) '' 3 : 20 4 . `` S.O.S. '' 3 : 42 5 . `` I Just Wanna Live '' ( B. Madden , J. Madden , John Feldmann ) 2 : 46 6 . `` Ghost of You '' ( B. Madden , J. Madden , Billy Martin ) 4 : 50 7 . `` Predictable '' 3 : 11 8 . `` Secrets '' 3 : 53 9 . `` The Truth '' ( B. Madden , J. Madden , Feldmann ) 3 : 56 10 . `` The World Is Black '' 3 : 06 11 . `` Mountain '' ( B. Madden , J. Madden , Martin ) 4 : 33 12 . `` We Believe '' 3 : 51 13 . `` It Was n't Enough '' ( B. Madden , J. Madden , Feldmann ) 3 : 24 14 . `` In This World ( Murder ) '' ( 30 seconds of silence at end of track ) 5 : 27 Total length : 51 : 26 ( show ) Life version bonus track No . Title Length 15 . `` Falling Away '' ( with hidden track `` Wounded '' ) 8 : 06 Total length : 59 : 31 ( show ) Target life version bonus track No . Title Length 16 . `` The Anthem '' ( live from the Abbey Road Sessions ; with hidden track `` Wounded '' ) 8 : 48 ( show ) Death version bonus track No . Title Length 15 . `` Meet My Maker '' ( with hidden track `` Wounded '' ) 8 : 39 Total length : 60 : 03 ( show ) Japanese version bonus tracks No . Title Length 15 . `` Falling Away '' 3 : 05 16 . `` Meet My Maker '' 3 : 38 17 . `` Predictable '' ( Japanese version ; with hidden track `` Wounded '' ) 8 : 08 Total length : 64 : 28 Personnel ( edit ) Personnel per booklet . Good Charlotte Benji Madden -- guitars , vocals Joel Madden -- vocals Paul Thomas -- bass Billy Martin -- guitars , keyboards Chris Wilson -- drums Additional musicians David Campbell -- string conducting , string arrangement Eric Valentine -- string arrangement Matt Radosevich -- piano ( track 9 ) Michele Ito -- vocals , translation ( track 1 ) Chikako Horii -- vocals , translation ( track 1 ) John Feldmann -- additional guitars ( track 2 ) Production Eric Valentine -- producer , engineer , mixing , mastering Jacquire King -- mixing ( `` Meet My Maker '' ) Andy Hunt -- mixing assistant Matt Radosevich -- editing , programming , additional engineering Trevor Whatever -- studio assistant Chris Roach -- studio assistant Stephen Jarvis -- equipment guru Billy Martin -- drawings , concept Domestic Dan -- coloration , design Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2004 -- 05 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) Austrian Albums Chart 11 Top Canadian Albums Alternative Canadian Albums Chart 13 Billboard European Top 100 Albums 55 Finnish Albums Chart 34 French Albums Chart 32 Italian Albums Chart 20 Japanese Albums Chart 7 New Zealand Albums Chart 11 Swedish Albums Chart 13 Swiss Albums Chart 20 UK Albums Chart 8 US Billboard 200 US Billboard 200 Year - end Chart 17 US Billboard Comprehensive Albums US Top Internet Albums Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2005 ) Position US Billboard 200 11 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 Austria ( IFPI ) Gold 15,000 Germany ( GfK Entertainment ) Gold 100,000 Japan ( Oricon ) Gold 100,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 100,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Citations Jump up ^ Daugherty 2002 , p. 12 ^ Jump up to : Whitmire 2004 , p. 13 Jump up ^ Moss , Corey ( February 25 , 2003 ) . `` New Found Glory , Good Charlotte To Roll Out On Civic Tour '' . MTV . Viacom . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2018 . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Angelo , Joe ( August 11 , 2003 ) . `` Good Charlotte To Reward All The Good ' Boys And Girls ' With New Tour '' . MTV . Viacom . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2018 . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wiederhorn , Jon ( August 27 , 2003 ) . `` Good Charlotte Begin Work On Next LP , Get Psyched About 50 Cent Watching Them '' . MTV . Viacom . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Angelo , Joe ( August 11 , 2003 ) . `` Good Charlotte To Reward All The Good ' Boys And Girls ' With New Tour '' . MTV . Viacom . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2018 . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : The Chronicles of Life and Death ( Sleeve ) . Good Charlotte . Epic / Daylight Records . 2004 . EPC 517685 5 . Jump up ^ Traiman 2004 , p. 38 Jump up ^ D'Angelo , Joe ( April 9 , 2004 ) . `` Good Charlotte Pursue Pop - Punk Perfection On New Album '' . MTV . Viacom . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : The Chronicles of Life and Death ( Booklet ) . Good Charlotte . Epic / Daylight Records . 2004 . EPC 517685 5 . ^ Jump up to : Montgomery , James ( September 11 , 2004 ) . `` Good Charlotte : Lifestyles Of The Young And Sleepless '' . MTV . Viacom . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2004 . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Angelo , Joe ( July 30 , 2004 ) . `` Good Charlotte Get Serious With The Chronicles Of Life And Death '' . MTV . Viacom . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Roth , Kaj ( October 3 , 2004 ) . `` Good Charlotte - The Chronicles of Life and Death '' . Melodic . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : DuFour , Matt ( February 9 , 2004 ) . `` Warped Tour 2004 Is Here With Your Summertime Punk Rock Fix '' . The Fader . Andy Cohn . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Vineyard , Jennifer ( August 18 , 2004 ) . `` Good Charlotte 's Dark New Video Has A Bright Side '' . MTV . Viacom . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FMQB Airplay Archive : Modern Rock '' . Friday Morning Quarterback Album Report , Incorporated . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2013 . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Predictable '' . Sony Music Australia . September 27 , 2004 . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2004 . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ MTV News Staff ( June 11 , 2004 ) . `` For The Record : Quick News On Good Charlotte , Papa Roach , Rush , Switchfoot , The Cure , Brian Wilson , Gavin Rossdale & More '' . MTV . Viacom . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Loftus , Johnny . `` The Chronicles of Life and Death - Good Charlotte Release Info '' . AllMusic . All Media Network , LLC . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Angelo , Joe ( September 21 , 2004 ) . `` Good Charlotte , Sum 41 To Embark On Co-Headlining Trek '' . MTV . Viacom . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Montgomery , James ( May 11 , 2005 ) . `` Good Charlotte Drummer Leaves Band Over ' Health Problems ' '' . MTV . Viacom . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Whitmire 2004 , p. 29 Jump up ^ DuFour , Matt ( September 23 , 2004 ) . `` Lola Ray , Hazen Street To Tag Along On Good Charlotte / Sum 41 Tour '' . The Fader . Andy Cohn . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` I Just Wanna Live '' . Sony Music Australia . January 17 , 2005 . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2005 . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Angelo , Joe ( November 19 , 2004 ) . `` Good Charlotte Mock Their Rich And Famous Selves In ' I Just Wanna Live ' Clip '' . MTV . Viacom . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rashbaum , Alyssa ( January 19 , 2005 ) . `` Good Charlotte , Kelly Clarkson , Hoobastank Sign On For MTV Asia Aid Benefit '' . MTV . Viacom . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Montgomery , James ( February 28 , 2005 ) . `` Good Charlotte , Simple Plan Launching Joint Tour In May '' . MTV . Viacom . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Diver , Mike ( February 3 , 2005 ) . `` The Explosion , um , EXPLODE , all over 2005 ... '' Drowned in Sound . Silentway . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , James ( March 28 , 2005 ) . `` Good Charlotte / Simple Plan Tour To Start Two Days Early '' . MTV . Viacom . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , James ( March 31 , 2005 ) . `` Good Charlotte Take Off The Hamburger Suits , Decry Human Suffering In New Clip '' . MTV . Viacom . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Chronicles of Life and Death '' . Sony Music Australia . June 3 , 2005 . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2007 . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` We Believe - Good Charlotte Release Info '' . AllMusic . All Media Network , LLC . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( September 23 , 2005 ) . `` Good Charlotte , Bright Eyes To Play Bridge School Benefit '' . MTV . Viacom . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Chronicles of Life and Death '' . Sony Music Australia . November 13 , 2005 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2007 . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Critic Reviews for The Chronicles Of Life And Death '' . Metacritic. 2004 . Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Loftus , Johnny . `` The Chronicles of Life and Death - Good Charlotte Songs , Reviews , Credits '' . AllMusic . All Media Network , LLC . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Caulfield 2004 , p. 46 ^ Jump up to : `` The Chronicles Of Life And Death '' . E ! Online . E ! Entertainment Television , Inc . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2006 . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Endelman , Michael ( October 8 , 2004 ) . `` The Chronicles of Life and Death Review Music Reviews and News '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ JR ( November 10 , 2004 ) . `` The Chronicles Of Life And Death '' . IGN . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2012 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Betty ( October 15 , 2004 ) . `` Good Charlotte , The Chronicles of Life and Death '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sanneh , Kelefa ( October 11 , 2004 ) . `` New CD 's '' . The New York Times . A.G. Sulzberger . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2015 . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Eliscu , Jenny ( October 28 , 2004 ) . `` The Chronicles Of Life And Death ( '' Life '' Version ) : Good Charlotte : Review : Rolling Stone `` . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2007 . Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Miccio , Anthony ( October 18 , 2004 ) . `` Good Charlotte - The Chronicles Of Life & Death - Review '' . Stylus Magazine . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2005 . Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Christgau , Robert ( November 30 , 2004 ) . `` Consumer Guide : Mine Enemy the Turkey '' . The Village Voice . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Graff 2007 , p. 40 ^ Jump up to : `` Good Charlotte - The Chronicles Of Life And Death '' . Swisscharts.com . Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CANOE - JAM ! Music SoundScan Charts '' . Jam.canoe.ca . Canoe . December 23 , 2004 . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2005 . Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Good Charlotte '' . Oricon ( in Japanese ) . August 28 , 2009 . Retrieved August 28 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chart Data : Good Charlotte '' . Mariah-charts.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Top Music Charts - Hot 100 - Billboard 200 - Music Genre Sales '' . Billboard.com . Billboard . December 31 , 2004 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard 200 : Dec 31 , 2005 Billboard Chart Archive '' . Billboard.com . Dec 31 , 2005 . Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - Accreditations - 2004 Albums '' . Aria.com.au . Australian Recording Industry Association Ltd . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2008 . Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI Austria - Verband der Österreichischen Musikwirtschaft ) '' ( The Association of Austrian Music Industry ) . IFPI.at ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI Germany '' . IFPI.de ( in German ) . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ ゴールド等認定作品一覧 2004 年 9 月 ( September 2004 Gold etc . Certified Works List ) . Riaj.or.jp ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . October 10 , 2004 . Retrieved November 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Home '' . BPI . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ RIAA USA Archived April 5 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Sources Caulfield , Keith ( October 23 , 2004 ) . `` Essential Reviews '' . Billboard . Lynne Segall. 116 ( 43 ) . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Daugherty , Charles ( September 28 , 2002 ) . `` Good Charlotte Riding Media Wave '' . Billboard . Lynne Segall. 114 ( 39 ) . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Graff , Gary ( February 10 , 2007 ) . `` The Young and the Hopeful '' . Billboard . Lynne Segall. 119 ( 6 ) . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Traiman , Steve ( March 6 , 2004 ) . `` Toy Fair Showcases new Product By Kiss , Others '' . Billboard . Lynne Segall. 116 ( 10 ) . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Whitmire , Margo ( October 9 , 2004 ) . `` Good Charlotte Takes On ' Life and Death ' '' . Billboard . Lynne Segall. 116 ( 141 ) . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . External links ( edit ) The Chronicles of Life and Death ( `` Life '' version ) at YouTube ( streamed copy where licensed ) Preceded by American Idiot by Green Day Australian ARIA Albums Chart number - one album October 11 -- 17 , 2004 Succeeded by Songs About Jane by Maroon 5 Good Charlotte Joel Madden Benji Madden Paul Thomas Billy Martin Dean Butterworth Aaron Escolopio Chris Wilson Studio albums Good Charlotte The Young and the Hopeless The Chronicles of Life and Death Good Morning Revival Cardiology Youth Authority Compilations Greatest Remixes Greatest Hits Singles `` Little Things '' `` The Motivation Proclamation '' `` Festival Song '' `` Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous '' `` The Anthem '' `` Girls & Boys '' `` The Young & the Hopeless '' `` Hold On '' `` Predictable '' `` I Just Wanna Live '' `` The Chronicles of Life and Death '' `` We Believe '' `` The River '' `` Keep Your Hands off My Girl '' `` Dance Floor Anthem ( I Do n't Want to Be in Love ) '' `` Misery '' `` Where Would We Be Now '' `` Like It 's Her Birthday '' `` Sex on the Radio '' `` Last Night '' Related Discography Awards and nominations DCMA Collective Dead Executives Level 27 Clothing Damious McDreary : A Boy and His Bat Soundtrack of Your Summer Tour The Madden Brothers Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Chronicles_of_Life_and_Death&oldid=831895870 '' Categories : 2004 albums Good Charlotte albums Concept albums Epic Records albums Daylight Records albums Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from December 2013 Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Hrvatski Italiano עברית 日本語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Українська 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 March 2018 , at 18 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	good charlotte the chronicles of life and death album	[]	[]
-8702679269857101034	Bay of Pigs Invasion	Bay of Pigs invasion - wikipedia Bay of Pigs invasion `` Invasion of Cuba '' redirects here . For the British invasion in 1741 , see Invasion of Cuba ( 1741 ) . Bay of Pigs Invasion Part of the Cold War Map showing the location of the Bay of Pigs Date 17 -- 20 April 1961 Location Bay of Pigs , southern coast of Cuba Result Decisive Cuban victory Belligerents Cuba United States Cuban DRF Commanders and leaders Fidel Castro José Ramón Fernández Juan Almeida Bosque Che Guevara Efigenio Ameijeiras John F. Kennedy Allen Dulles Charles Cabell Pepe San Román Erneido Oliva Units involved Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces National Revolutionary Militia Brigade 2506 CIA U.S. Air Force Strength 25,000 Cuban army 200,000 Cuban Militia 9,000 armed police 1,500 ground forces 8 American B - 26 bombers 5 supply ships Casualties and losses Cuban army : 176 killed 500 + wounded National Revolutionary Militia : 2,000 killed or wounded Other Cuban Forces : 500 - 4,000 killed , wounded , or missing Brigade 2506 : 118 killed 360 wounded 1,202 captured United States : 4 killed 2 American B - 26 bomber aircraft shot down and 2 supply ships lost Location within North America Covert United States involvement in regime change 1949 Syrian coup d'état 1949 -- 1953 Albania 1951 -- 56 Tibet 1953 Iranian coup d'état 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état 1956 -- 57 Syria crisis 1957 -- 58 Indonesian rebellion 1959 -- 2000 Cuba , assassination attempts on Fidel Castro 1959 Cambodian `` Bangkok Plot '' 1960 Congo coup 1961 Cuba , Bay of Pigs Invasion 1961 Cuba , Operation Mongoose 1961 Dominican Republic 1963 South Vietnamese coup 1964 Bolivian coup d'état 1964 Brazilian coup d'état 1966 Ghana coup d'état 1970 Cambodian coup 1971 Bolivian coup d'état 1970 -- 73 Chile 1979 -- 89 Afghanistan , Operation Cyclone 1980 -- 92 Angola , UNITA 1981 -- 87 Nicaragua , Contras 1982 Chad 1991 Haiti 1996 Iraq coup attempt 2000 Yugoslavia 2004 Haiti 2011 -- 2017 Syria , Timber Sycamore view talk The Bay of Pigs Invasion ( Spanish : Invasión de Playa Girón or Invasión de Bahía de Cochinos or Batalla de Girón ) was a failed military invasion of Cuba undertaken by the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) - sponsored paramilitary group Brigade 2506 on 17 April 1961 . A counter-revolutionary military group ( made up of mostly Cuban exiles who traveled to the United States after Castro 's takeover , but also some US military personnel ) , trained and funded by the CIA , Brigade 2506 fronted the armed wing of the Democratic Revolutionary Front ( DRF ) and intended to overthrow the increasingly communist government of Fidel Castro . Launched from Guatemala and Nicaragua , the invading force was defeated within three days by the Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces , under the direct command of Castro . The coup of 1952 led by General Fulgencio Batista , an ally of the United States , against President Carlos Prio , forced Prio into exile to Miami , Florida . Prio 's exile was the reason for the 26th July Movement led by Castro . The movement , which did not succeed until after the Cuban Revolution of 31 December 1958 , severed the country 's formerly strong links with the US after nationalizing American economic assets ( banks , oil refineries , sugar and coffee plantations , along with other American owned businesses ) . It was after the Cuban Revolution of 1959 , that Castro forged strong economic links with the Soviet Union , with which , at the time , the United States was engaged in the Cold War . US President Dwight D. Eisenhower was very concerned at the direction Castro 's government was taking , and in March 1960 he allocated $13.1 million to the CIA to plan Castro 's overthrow . The CIA proceeded to organize the operation with the aid of various Cuban counter-revolutionary forces , training Brigade 2506 in Guatemala . Eisenhower 's successor , John F. Kennedy , approved the final invasion plan on 4 April 1961 . Over 1,400 paramilitaries , divided into five infantry battalions and one paratrooper battalion , assembled in Guatemala before setting out for Cuba by boat on 13 April 1961 . Two days later , on 15 April , eight CIA - supplied B - 26 bombers attacked Cuban airfields and then returned to the US . On the night of 16 April , the main invasion landed at a beach named Playa Girón in the Bay of Pigs . It initially overwhelmed a local revolutionary militia . The Cuban Army 's counter-offensive was led by José Ramón Fernández , before Castro decided to take personal control of the operation . As the US involvement became apparent to the world , and with the initiative turning against the invasion , Kennedy decided against providing further air cover . As a result , the operation only had half the forces the CIA had deemed necessary . The original plan devised during Eisenhower 's presidency had required both air and naval support . On 20 April , the invaders surrendered after only three days , with the majority being publicly interrogated and put into Cuban prisons . The failed invasion helped to strengthen the position of Castro 's leadership , made him a national hero , and entrenched the rocky relationship between the former allies . It also strengthened the relations between Cuba and the Soviet Union . This eventually led to the events of the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 . The invasion was a major failure for US foreign policy ; Kennedy ordered a number of internal investigations across Latin America . Contents 1 Background 1.1 Fidel Castro and the Cuban Revolution 1.2 The counter-revolution 1.3 Tensions with the United States 2 Preparation 2.1 Early plans 2.2 Eisenhower 's approval 2.3 Kennedy 's operational approval 2.4 Training 3 Participants 3.1 US Government personnel 3.2 Cuban government personnel 4 Prior warnings of invasion 5 Prelude to invasion 5.1 Acquisition of Aircraft 5.2 Fleet sets sail ( 14 April ) 5.3 Air attacks on airfields ( 15 April ) 5.4 Deception flight ( Saturday , 15 April ) 5.5 Reactions ( 15 April ) 5.6 Phony war ( 16 April ) 6 Invasion 6.1 Invasion day ( 17 April ) 6.2 Invasion day plus one ( D + 1 ) 18 April 6.3 Invasion day plus two ( D + 2 ) 19 April 6.4 Invasion day plus three ( D + 3 ) 20 April 7 Aftermath 7.1 Casualties 7.2 Prisoners 7.3 Political reaction 8 Later analysis 8.1 Maxwell Taylor survey 8.2 C.I.A. report 8.3 Invasion legacy in Cuba 8.4 Invasion legacy for Cuban exiles 8.5 Spanish term for the event 8.6 American public reaction 9 Notable surviving veterans of the Bay of Pigs Invasion 10 See also 11 Explanatory notes 12 References 12.1 Footnotes 12.2 Bibliography 13 External links Background ( edit ) Since the middle of the 18th century Cuba had been the crown jewel of the Spanish colonial empire . In the late 19th century , Cuban nationalist revolutionaries rebelled against Spanish dominance , resulting in three liberation wars : the Ten Years ' War ( 1868 -- 1878 ) , the Little War ( 1879 -- 1880 ) and the Cuban War of Independence ( 1895 -- 1898 ) . The United States government proclaimed war on the Spanish Empire , resulting in the Spanish -- American War ( 1898 ) . The US subsequently invaded the island , and forced the Spanish army out . On 20 May 1902 , a new independent government proclaimed the foundation of the Republic of Cuba , with US Military governor Leonard Wood handing over control to President Tomás Estrada Palma , a Cuban - born US citizen . Subsequently , large numbers of US settlers and businessmen arrived in Cuba , and by 1905 , 60 % of rural properties were owned by non-Cuban North Americans . Between 1906 and 1909 , 5,000 US Marines were stationed across the island , and returned in 1912 , 1917 and 1921 to intervene in internal affairs , sometimes at the behest of the Cuban government . Fidel Castro and the Cuban revolution ( edit ) Until Castro , the US was so overwhelmingly influential in Cuba that the American ambassador was the second most important man , sometimes even more important than the Cuban president . -- Earl E.T. Smith , former American Ambassador to Cuba , during 1960 testimony to the US Senate In March 1952 , a Cuban general and politician , Fulgencio Batista , seized power on the island , proclaimed himself president and deposed the discredited president Carlos Prío Socarrás of the Partido Auténtico . Batista canceled the planned presidential elections , and described his new system as `` disciplined democracy '' . Although Batista gained some popular support , many Cubans saw it as the establishment of a one - man dictatorship . Many opponents of the Batista regime took to armed rebellion in an attempt to oust the government , sparking the Cuban Revolution . One of these groups was the National Revolutionary Movement ( Movimiento Nacional Revolucionario -- MNR ) , a militant organization containing largely middle class members that had been founded by the Professor of Philosophy Rafael García Bárcena . Another was the Directorio Revolucionario Estudantil ( DRE ) , which had been founded by the Federation of University Students ( FEU ) President José Antonio Echevarría ( 1932 -- 1957 ) . However , the best known of these anti-Batista groups was the `` 26th of July Movement '' ( MR - 26 - 7 ) , founded by a lawyer named Fidel Castro . With Castro as the MR - 26 - 7 's head , the organization was based upon a clandestine cell system , with each cell containing ten members , none of whom knew the whereabouts or activities of the other cells . Between December 1956 and 1959 , Castro led a guerrilla army against the forces of Batista from his base camp in the Sierra Maestra mountains . Batista 's repression of revolutionaries had earned him widespread unpopularity , and by 1958 his armies were in retreat . On 31 December 1958 , Batista resigned and fled into exile , taking with him an amassed fortune of more than US $ 300,000,000 . The presidency fell to Castro 's chosen candidate , the lawyer Manuel Urrutia Lleó , while members of the MR - 26 - 7 took control of most positions in the cabinet . On 16 February 1959 , Castro himself took on the role of Prime Minister . Dismissing the need for elections , Castro proclaimed the new administration an example of direct democracy , in which the Cuban populace could assemble en masse at demonstrations and express their democratic will to him personally . Critics instead condemned the new regime as un-democratic . The counter-revolution ( edit ) Che Guevara ( left ) and Castro , photographed by Alberto Korda in 1961 . Soon after the success of the Cuban Revolution , militant counter-revolutionary groups developed in an attempt to overthrow the new regime . Undertaking armed attacks against government forces , some set up guerrilla bases in Cuba 's mountainous regions , leading to the six - year Escambray Rebellion . These dissidents were funded and armed by various foreign sources , including the exiled Cuban community , the US Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) , and Rafael Trujillo 's regime in the Dominican Republic . No quarter was given during the suppression of the resistance in the Escambray Mountains , where former rebels from the war against Batista took different sides . On 3 April 1961 , a bomb attack on militia barracks in Bayamo killed four militia , and wounded eight more . On 6 April , the Hershey Sugar factory in Matanzas was destroyed by sabotage . On 14 April 1961 , guerrillas led by Agapito Rivera fought Cuban government forces near Las Cruces , Montembo , Las Villas , where several government troops were killed and others wounded . Also on 14 April 1961 , a Cubana airliner was hijacked and flown to Jacksonville , Florida ; resultant confusion then helped the staged ' defection ' of a B - 26 and pilot at Miami on 15 April . Castro 's government began a crackdown on this opposition movement , arresting hundreds of dissidents . Though it rejected the physical torture Batista 's regime had used , Castro 's government sanctioned psychological torture , subjecting some prisoners to solitary confinement , rough treatment , hunger , and threatening behavior . After conservative editors and journalists began expressing hostility towards the government following its left - ward turn , the pro-Castro printers ' trade union began to harass and disrupt editorial staff actions . In January 1960 , the government proclaimed that each newspaper was obliged to publish a `` clarification '' by the printers ' union at the end of any article that criticized the government . This was the start of press censorship in Castro 's Cuba . Popular uproar across Cuba demanded that those figures who had been complicit in the widespread torture and killing of civilians be brought to justice . Although he remained a moderating force and tried to prevent the mass reprisal killings of Batistanos advocated by many Cubans , Castro helped to set up trials of many figures involved in the old regime across the country , resulting in hundreds of executions . Critics , in particular from the U.S. press , argued that many of these did not meet the standards of a fair trial , and condemned Cuba 's new government as being more interested in vengeance than justice . Castro retaliated strongly against such accusations , proclaiming that `` revolutionary justice is not based on legal precepts , but on moral conviction . '' In a show of support for this `` revolutionary justice '' , he organized the first Havana trial to take place before a mass audience of 17,000 at the Sports Palace stadium ; when a group of aviators accused of bombing a village were found not guilty , he ordered a retrial , in which they were instead found guilty and sentenced to life imprisonment . On 11 March 1961 , Jesus Carreras and American William Alexander Morgan ( a former Castro ally ) were executed after a trial . Tensions with the United States ( edit ) Castro 's Cuban government ordered the country 's oil refineries -- then controlled by US corporations Esso and Standard Oil and Anglo - Dutch Shell -- to process crude oil purchased from the Soviet Union , but under pressure from the US government , these companies refused . Castro responded by expropriating the refineries and nationalizing them under state control . In retaliation , the US canceled its import of Cuban sugar , provoking Castro to nationalize most US - owned assets , including banks and sugar mills . Relations between Cuba and the US were further strained following the explosion and sinking of a French vessel , the Le Coubre , in Havana harbor in March 1960 . The cause of the explosion was never determined , but Castro publicly insinuated that the US government were guilty of sabotage . On 13 October 1960 , the US government then prohibited the majority of exports to Cuba -- the exceptions being medicines and certain foodstuffs -- marking the start of an economic embargo . In retaliation , the Cuban National Institute for Agrarian Reform took control of 383 private - run businesses on 14 October , and on 25 October a further 166 US companies operating in Cuba had their premises seized and nationalized , including Coca - Cola and Sears Roebuck . On 16 December , the US then ended its import quota of Cuban sugar . The US government was becoming increasingly critical of Castro 's revolutionary government . At an August 1960 meeting of the Organization of American States ( OAS ) held in Costa Rica , the US Secretary of State , Christian Herter , publicly proclaimed that Castro 's administration was `` following faithfully the Bolshevik pattern '' by instituting a single - party political system , taking governmental control of trade unions , suppressing civil liberties , and removing both the freedom of speech and freedom of the press . He furthermore asserted that international communism was using Cuba as an `` operational base '' for spreading revolution in the western hemisphere , and called on other OAS members to condemn the Cuban government for its breach of human rights . In turn , Castro lambasted the treatment of black people and the working classes he had witnessed in New York , which he lampooned as that `` superfree , superdemocratic , superhumane , and supercivilized city '' . Proclaiming that the US poor were living `` in the bowels of the imperialist monster '' , he attacked the mainstream US media and accused it of being controlled by big business . It must be noted that , on the surface , the US was trying to improve its relationship with Cuba . Several negotiations between representatives from Cuba and the US took place around this time . Repairing financial international relations was the focal point of these discussions . Political relations were another hot topic of these conferences . The US stated that they would not interfere with Cuba 's choice of government or its domestic structure ; however , the US also ordered the Cubans to sever all ties with the Soviet Union . In August 1960 , the CIA contacted the Cosa Nostra in Chicago with the intention to draft a simultaneous assassination of Fidel Castro , Raúl Castro and Che Guevara . In exchange , if the operation were a success and a pro-US government were restored in Cuba , the CIA agreed that the Mafia would get their `` monopoly on gaming , prostitution and drugs . '' Tensions percolated when the CIA began to act on its desires to snuff out Castro . The general public became aware of the attempts to assassinate Castro in 1975 when a report was leaked . Frank Church was the leader of a Senate Committee that was responsible for drafting a report on these clandestine CIA operations . Fourteen reports were issued under the name `` Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders '' . Castro was one of the leaders that the `` alleged assassination plots '' referred to . Efforts to murder Castro officially commenced in 1960 . Some methods that the CIA undertook to murder Castro were ridiculously creative . Some examples of these creative ways are : `` poison pills , an exploding sea shell , and a planned gift of a diving suit contaminated with toxins . '' More traditional ways of slaying Castro were also planned , such as elimination via high - powered rifles with telescopic sights . CIA agents went to unbelievable lengths to try to murder Castro . Another example of this comes from operation AMLASH . Rolando Cubela was a Cuban Revolutionary hero that headlined this operation . He was contacted with hopes of possibly recruiting someone close to Fidel Castro that was interested in creating a military coup . However , this goal shifted from that to strictly hopes of recruiting someone close to Castro to murder him . All of the time , effort , and resources the CIA devoted to killing Castro were ultimately futile . Moreover , the time period selected by the CIA to carry out these missions stirs up a bit of controversy . In 1963 , the CIA made plans to murder Castro , while in the same year , the Kennedy administration had peace talks with Castro . To complicate things even further , a high level CIA agent by the name of Desmond Fitzgerald met with Rolando Cubela and portrayed himself as a personal representative of Robert Kennedy without Kennedy 's actually knowing about it . Preparation ( edit ) Early plans ( edit ) The idea of overthrowing Castro 's dictatorship first emerged within the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) , an independent civilian intelligence agency of the United States government , in early 1960 . Founded in 1947 by the National Security Act , the CIA was `` a product of the Cold War '' , having been designed to counter the espionage activities of the Soviet Union 's own national security agency , the KGB . As the perceived threat of international communism grew larger , the CIA expanded its activities to undertake covert economic , political , and military activities that would advance causes favourable to U.S. interests , often resulting in brutal dictatorships that favored US interests . The CIA 's Director at the time , Allen Dulles , was responsible for overseeing covert operations across the world , and although widely considered an ineffectual administrator , he was immensely popular among his employees , whom he had protected from the accusations of McCarthyism . Recognizing that Castro and his government were becoming increasingly hostile and openly opposed to the United States , President Dwight D. Eisenhower directed the Central Intelligence Agency to begin preparations of invading Cuba and overthrowing the Castro regime . The man overseeing plans for the Bay of Pigs Invasion was Richard M. Bissell Jr. , the CIA 's Deputy Director for Plans ( DDP ) . He assembled a number of other agents to aid him in the plot , many of whom had worked on the 1954 Guatemalan coup six years before ; these included David Philips , Gerry Droller and E. Howard Hunt . Bissell placed Droller in charge of liaising with anti-Castro segments of the Cuban - American community living in the United States , and asked Hunt to fashion a government - in - exile , which the CIA would effectively control . Hunt proceeded to travel to Havana , the capital city of Cuba , where he spoke with Cubans from various different backgrounds and discovered a brothel through the Mercedes - Benz agency . Returning to the US , he informed the Cuban - Americans with whom he was liaising that they would have to move their base of operations from Florida to Mexico City , because the State Department refused to permit the training of a militia on US soil . Although unhappy with the news , they conceded to the order . Eisenhower 's approval ( edit ) President Dwight D. Eisenhower , who authorized the Central Intelligence Agency to plan the Bay of Pigs Invasion On 17 March 1960 , the CIA put forward their plan for the overthrow of Castro 's administration to the U.S. National Security Council ( NSC ) , where it was given the support of US President Dwight D. Eisenhower . The stated first objective of the plan was to `` bring about the replacement of the Castro regime with one more devoted to the true interests of the Cuban people and more acceptable to the US in such a manner to avoid any appearance of US intervention . '' Four major forms of action were to be taken to aid anti-communist opposition in Cuba at the time . These were to : provide a powerful propaganda offensive against the regime , perfect a covert intelligence network within Cuba , develop paramilitary forces outside of Cuba , and get the necessary logistical support for covert military operations on the island . At this stage it was still not clear that an invasion would take place . On 18 August 1960 , Eisenhower approved a budget of $13,000,000 for the operation . By 31 October 1960 , most guerrilla infiltrations and supply drops directed by the CIA into Cuba had failed , and developments of further guerrilla strategies were replaced by plans to mount an initial amphibious assault , with a minimum of 1,500 men . On 18 November 1960 , Allen Dulles and Richard Bissell first briefed President - elect John Kennedy on the outline plans . Having experience in actions such as the 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état , Dulles was confident that the CIA was capable of overthrowing the Cuban government . On 29 November 1960 , President Eisenhower met with the chiefs of the CIA , Defense , State and Treasury departments to discuss the new concept . No objections were expressed , and Eisenhower approved the plans , with the intention of persuading John Kennedy of their merit . On 8 December 1960 , Bissell presented outline plans to the `` Special Group '' while declining to commit details to written records . Further development of the plans continued , and on 4 January 1961 they consisted of an intention to establish a `` lodgement '' by 750 men at an undisclosed site in Cuba , supported by considerable air power . Meanwhile , in the 1960 presidential election , both main candidates , Richard Nixon of the Republican Party and John F. Kennedy of the Democratic Party , campaigned on the issue of Cuba , with both candidates taking a hardline stance on Castro . Nixon -- who was then Vice President -- insisted that Kennedy should not be informed of the military plans , to which Dulles conceded . To Nixon 's chagrin , the Kennedy campaign released a scathing statement on the Eisenhower administration 's Cuba policy on 20 October 1960 which said that `` we must attempt to strengthen the non-Batista democratic anti-Castro forces ( ... ) who offer eventual hope of overthrowing Castro '' , claiming that `` Thus far these fighters for freedom have had virtually no support from our Government . '' At the last election debate the next day , Nixon called Kennedy 's proposed course of action `` dangerously irresponsible '' and even lectured Kennedy on international law , in effect denigrating the policy Nixon himself favored . Kennedy 's operational approval ( edit ) John F. Kennedy answered difficult questions on Cuba on 12 April , only 5 days before the invasion On 28 January 1961 , President Kennedy was briefed , together with all the major departments , on the latest plan ( code - named Operation Pluto ) , which involved 1,000 men landed in a ship - borne invasion at Trinidad , Cuba , about 270 km ( 170 mi ) south - east of Havana , at the foothills of the Escambray Mountains in Sancti Spiritus province . Kennedy authorized the active departments to continue , and to report progress . Trinidad had good port facilities , it was closer to many existing counter-revolutionary activities , and it offered an escape route into the Escambray Mountains . That scheme was subsequently rejected by the State Department because the airfield there was not large enough for B - 26 bombers and , since B - 26s were to play a prominent role in the invasion , this would destroy the façade that the invasion was just an uprising with no American involvement . Secretary of State Dean Rusk raised some eyebrows by contemplating airdropping a bulldozer to extend the airfield . Kennedy rejected Trinidad , preferring a more low - key locale . On 4 April 1961 , President Kennedy then approved the Bay of Pigs plan ( also known as Operation Zapata ) , because it had a sufficiently long airfield , it was farther away from large groups of civilians than the Trinidad plan , and it was less `` noisy '' militarily , which would make denial of direct US involvement more plausible . The invasion landing area was changed to beaches bordering the Bahía de Cochinos ( Bay of Pigs ) in Las Villas Province , 150 km south - east of Havana , and east of the Zapata Peninsula . The landings were to take place at Playa Girón ( code - named Blue Beach ) , Playa Larga ( code - named Red Beach ) , and Caleta Buena Inlet ( code - named Green Beach ) . Top aids to Kennedy , such as Dean Rusk and both Joint chiefs of staff later said that they had hesitations about the plans but muted their thoughts . Some leaders blamed these problems on the `` Cold War mindset '' or the determination of the Kennedy brothers to oust Castro and fulfill campaign promises . In March 1961 , the CIA helped Cuban exiles in Miami to create the Cuban Revolutionary Council ( CRC ) , chaired by José Miró Cardona , former Prime Minister of Cuba in January 1959 . Cardona became the de facto leader - in - waiting of the intended post-invasion Cuban government . Training ( edit ) Douglas A-26 Invader `` B - 26 '' bomber aircraft disguised as a Cuban model In April 1960 , the CIA began to recruit anti-Castro Cuban exiles in the Miami area . Until July 1960 , assessment and training was carried out on Useppa Island and at various other facilities in South Florida , such as Homestead AFB . Specialist guerrilla training took place at Fort Gulick , Panama and at Fort Clayton , Panama . The force that became Brigade 2506 started with 28 men , who initially were told that their training was being paid for by an anonymous Cuban millionaire émigré , but the recruits soon guessed who was paying the bills , calling their supposed anonymous benefactor `` Uncle Sam '' , and the pretense was dropped . The overall leader was Dr. Manuel Artime while the military leader was José `` Pepe '' Peréz San Román , a former Cuban Army officer imprisoned under both Batista and Castro . Cuban defectors practicing parachute drops For the increasing ranks of recruits , infantry training was carried out at a CIA - run base ( code - named JMTrax ) near Retalhuleu in the Sierra Madre on the Pacific coast of Guatemala . The exiled group named themselves Brigade 2506 ( Brigada Asalto 2506 ) . In summer 1960 , an airfield ( code - named JMadd , aka Rayo Base ) was constructed near Retalhuleu , Guatemala . Gunnery and flight training of Brigade 2506 aircrews was carried out by personnel from Alabama ANG ( Air National Guard ) under General Reid Doster , using at least six Douglas B - 26 Invaders in the markings of Fuerza Aérea Guatemalteca , legitimate delivery of those being delayed by about six months . An additional 26 B - 26s were obtained from US military stocks , ' sanitized ' at ' Field Three ' to obscure their origins , and about 20 of them were converted for offensive operations by removal of defensive armament , standardization of the ' eight - gun nose ' , addition of underwing drop tanks and rocket racks . Paratroop training was at a base nicknamed Garrapatenango , near Quetzaltenango , Guatemala . Training for boat handling and amphibious landings took place at Vieques Island , Puerto Rico . Tank training took place at Fort Knox , Kentucky , and Fort Benning , Georgia . Underwater demolition and infiltration training took place at Belle Chase near New Orleans . To create a navy , the CIA purchased five cargo ships from the Cuban - owned , but Miami - based Garcia Line , thereby giving `` plausible deniability '' as the State Department had insisted no US ships could be involved in the invasion . The first four of the five ships , namely the Atlantico , the Caribe , the Houston and Río Escondido were to carry enough supplies and weapons to last thirty days while the Lake Charles had 15 days of supplies and was intended to land the provisional government of Cuba . The ships were loaded with supplies at New Orleans and sailed to Puerto Cabezas , Nicaragua . Additionally , the invasion force had two old Landing Craft Infantry ( LCI ) ships , the Blagar and Barbara J from World War II that were part of the CIA 's `` ghost ship '' fleet and served as command ships for the invasion . The crews of the supply ships were Cuban while the crews of the LCIs were Americans , borrowed by the CIA from the Military Sea Transportation Service ( MSTS ) One CIA officer wrote that MSTS sailors were all professional and experienced , but not trained for combat . In November 1960 , the Retalhuleu recruits took part in quelling an officers ' rebellion in Guatemala , in addition to the intervention of the US Navy . The CIA transported people , supplies , and arms from Florida to all the bases at night , using Douglas C - 54 transports . On 9 April 1961 , Brigade 2506 personnel , ships , and aircraft started transferring from Guatemala to Puerto Cabezas . Curtiss C - 46s were also used for transport between Retalhuleu and a CIA base ( code - named JMTide , aka Happy Valley ) at Puerto Cabezas . Facilities and limited logistical assistance were provided by the governments of General Miguel Ydígoras Fuentes in Guatemala , and General Luis Somoza Debayle in Nicaragua , but no military personnel or equipment of those nations was directly employed in the conflict . Both governments later received military training and equipment , including some of the CIA 's remaining B - 26s . In early 1961 , Cuba 's army possessed Soviet - designed T - 34 medium tanks , IS - 2 heavy tanks , SU - 100 tank destroyers , 122mm howitzers , other artillery and small arms plus Italian 105mm howitzers . The Cuban air force armed inventory included Douglas B - 26 Invader light bombers , Hawker Sea Fury fighters , and Lockheed T - 33 jets , all remaining from the Fuerza Aérea del Ejército de Cuba ( FAEC ) , the Cuban air force of the Batista government . Anticipating an invasion , Che Guevara stressed the importance of an armed civilian populace , stating : `` all of the Cuban people must become a guerrilla army ; each and every Cuban must learn to handle and if necessary use firearms in defense of the nation '' . Participants ( edit ) US government personnel ( edit ) In April 1960 , FRD ( Frente Revolucionario Democratico - Democratic Revolutionary Front ) rebels were taken to Useppa Island , a private island off the coast of Florida , which was covertly leased by the CIA at the time . Once the rebels had arrived they were greeted by instructors from U.S. Army special forces groups , members from the U.S. Air Force and Air National Guard and members of the CIA . The rebels were trained in amphibious assault tactics , guerrilla warfare , infantry and weapons training , unit tactics and land navigation . Recruiting of Cuban exiles in Miami was organized by CIA staff officers E. Howard Hunt and Gerry Droller . Detailed planning , training and military operations were conducted by Jacob Esterline , Colonel Jack Hawkins , Félix Rodríguez and Colonel Stanley W. Beerli under the direction of Richard Bissell and his deputy Tracy Barnes . Cuban government personnel ( edit ) Already , Fidel Castro was known as , and addressed as , the commander - in - chief of Cuban armed forces , with a nominal base at ' Point One ' in Havana . In early April 1961 , his brother Raúl Castro was assigned command of forces in the east , based in Santiago de Cuba . Che Guevara commanded western forces , based in Pinar del Río . Major Juan Almeida Bosque commanded forces in the central provinces , based in Santa Clara . Raúl Curbelo Morales was head of the air force . Sergio del Valle Jiménez was Director of Headquarters Operations at Point One . Efigenio Ameijeiras was the Head of the Revolutionary National Police . Ramiro Valdés Menéndez was Minister of the Interior and head of G - 2 ( Seguridad del Estado , or state security ) . His deputy was Comandante Manuel Piñeiro Losada , also known as ' Barba Roja ' . Captain José Ramón Fernández was head of the School of Militia Leaders ( Cadets ) at Matanzas . Other commanders of units during the conflict included Major Raúl Menéndez Tomassevich , Major Filiberto Olivera Moya , Major René de los Santos , Major Augusto Martínez Sanchez , Major Félix Duque , Major Pedro Miret , Major Flavio Bravo , Major Antonio Lussón , Captain Orlando Pupo Pena , Captain Victor Dreke , Captain Emilio Aragonés , Captain Angel Fernández Vila , Arnaldo Ochoa , and Orlando Rodriguez Puerta . Soviet - trained Spanish advisors were brought to Cuba from Eastern Bloc countries . These advisors had held high staff positions in the Soviet armies during World War II , and became known as `` Hispano - Soviets '' , having long resided in the Soviet Union . The most senior of these were the Spanish communist veterans of the Spanish Civil War , Francisco Ciutat de Miguel , Enrique Líster , and Cuban - born Alberto Bayo . Ciutat de Miguel ( Cuban alias : Ángel Martínez Riosola , commonly referred to as `` Angelito '' ) , was an advisor to forces in the central provinces . The role of other Soviet agents at the time is uncertain , but some of them acquired greater fame later . For example , two KGB colonels , Vadim Kochergin and Victor Simanov were first sighted in Cuba in about September 1959 . Prior warnings of invasion ( edit ) The Cuban security apparatus knew the invasion was coming , via their extensive secret intelligence network , as well as loose talk by members of the brigade , some of which was heard in Miami , and was repeated in US and foreign newspaper reports . Nevertheless , days before the invasion , multiple acts of sabotage were carried out , such as the El Encanto fire , an arson attack in a department store in Havana on 13 April that killed one shop worker . The Cuban government also had been warned by senior KGB agents Osvaldo Sánchez Cabrera and ' Aragon ' , who died violently before and after the invasion , respectively . The general Cuban population was not well informed , except for CIA - funded Radio Swan . As of May 1960 , almost all means of public communication were in the government 's hands . On 29 April 2000 , a The Washington Post article , `` Soviets Knew Date of Cuba Attack '' , reported that the CIA had information indicating that the Soviet Union knew the invasion was going to take place , and did not inform Kennedy . On 13 April 1961 , Radio Moscow broadcast an English - language newscast , predicting the invasion `` in a plot hatched by the CIA '' using paid `` criminals '' within a week . The invasion took place four days later . David Ormsby - Gore , British Ambassador to the US , stated that British intelligence analysis , as made available to the CIA , indicated that the Cuban people were predominantly behind Castro , and that there was no likelihood of mass defections or insurrections . Prelude to invasion ( edit ) Acquisition of aircraft ( edit ) From June to September 1960 , the most time consuming task was the acquisition of the aircraft to be used in the invasion . The anti-Castro effort depended on the success of these aircraft . Although models such as the C - 46 and C - 54 were to be used for airdrops and bomb drops as well as infiltration and exfiltration , they were looking for an aircraft that could perform tactical strikes . The two models that were going to be decided on were the Navy 's AD - 5 Skyraider or the Air Force 's light bomber , the B - 26 . The AD - 5 was readily available and ready for the Navy to train pilots , and in a meeting among a special group in the office of the Deputy Director of the CIA , the AD - 5 was approved and decided on . After a cost benefit analysis , word was sent that the AD - 5 plan would be abandoned and the B - 26 would take its place . Fleet sets sail ( 14 April ) ( edit ) Under the cover of darkness , the invasion fleet set sail from Puerto Cabezas , Nicaragua and headed towards the Bay of Pigs on the night of 14 April . After on - loading the attack planes in Norfolk Naval Base , and taking on unuasal quantities of food and supplies sufficient for the seven weeks at - sea to come , the crew knew from the hasty camouflage of the ship 's and aircraft identifying numbers that a secret mission was on hand . The Essex Group had been at sea for nearly a month prior to the invasion ; its crew was well aware of the impending battle . On route , Essex had made a night time stop at a Navy arms depot in Charleston , SC to load tactical nuclear weapons to be held ready during the cruise . The afternoon of the invasion , one accompanying destroyer rendezvoused with Essex to have a gun mount repaired and put back into action ; the ship displayed numerous shell casings on deck from its shore bombardment actions . On 16 April Essex was at General Quarters for most of a day ; Soviet Mig 15s made feints and close range fly overs that night , with Soviet Red Stars prominent . Air attacks on airfields ( 15 April ) ( edit ) During the night of 14 / 15 April , a diversionary landing was planned near Baracoa , Oriente Province , by about 164 Cuban exiles commanded by Higinio ' Nino ' Diaz . Their mother ship , named La Playa or Santa Ana , had sailed from Key West under a Costa Rican ensign . Several US Navy destroyers were stationed offshore near Guantánamo Bay to give the appearance of an impending invasion fleet . The reconnaissance boats turned back to the ship after their crews detected activities by Cuban militia forces along the coastline . As a result of those activities , at daybreak , a reconnaissance sortie over the Baracoa area was launched from Santiago de Cuba . That was a FAR ( Fuerza Aérea Revolucionaria ) ( Cuban Air Force ) T - 33 , piloted by Lt Orestes Acosta , and it crashed fatally into the sea . On 17 April , his name was falsely quoted as a defector among the disinformation circulating in Miami . The CIA , with the backing of the Pentagon , had originally requested permission to produce sonic booms over Havana on 14 April to create an air of confusion . The request was a form of psychological warfare that had proven successful in the overthrow of Jacobo Arbenz in Guatemala in 1954 . The point was to create confusion in Havana and have it be a distraction to Castro if they could `` break all the windows in town '' . The request was denied , however , since officials thought such would be too obvious a sign of involvement by the United States . On 15 April 1961 , at about 06 : 00 AM Cuban local time , eight Douglas B - 26B Invader bombers in three groups simultaneously attacked three Cuban airfields at San Antonio de los Baños and at Ciudad Libertad ( formerly named Campo Columbia ) , both near Havana , plus the Antonio Maceo International Airport at Santiago de Cuba . The B - 26s had been prepared by the CIA on behalf of Brigade 2506 , and had been painted with the false flag markings of the FAR , the air force of the Cuban government . Each was armed with bombs , rockets and machine guns . They had flown from Puerto Cabezas in Nicaragua , and were crewed by exiled Cuban pilots and navigators of the self - styled Fuerza Aérea de Liberación ( FAL ) . The purpose of the action ( code - named Operation Puma ) was reportedly to destroy most or all of the armed aircraft of the FAR in preparation for the main invasion . At Santiago , the two attackers destroyed a C - 47 transport , a PBY Catalina flying boat , two B - 26s and a civilian DC - 3 plus various other civilian aircraft . At San Antonio , the three attackers destroyed three FAR B - 26s , one Sea Fury and one T - 33 , and one attacker diverted to Grand Cayman due to low usable fuel . Aircraft that diverted to the Caymans were aggressively seized since Great Britain was leery that the Cayman Islands might be perceived as a launch site for the invasion . At Ciudad Libertad , the three attackers destroyed only non-operational aircraft such as two P - 47 Thunderbolts . One of those attackers was damaged by anti-aircraft fire , and ditched about 50 km north of Cuba , with the loss of its crew Daniel Fernández Mon and Gaston Pérez . Its companion B - 26 , also damaged , continued north and landed at Boca Chica field ( Naval Air Station Key West ) , Florida . The crew , José Crespo and Lorenzo Pérez - Lorenzo , were granted political asylum , and made their way back to Nicaragua the next day via Miami and the daily CIA C - 54 flight from Opa - locka Airport to Puerto Cabezas Airport . Their B - 26 , purposely numbered 933 , the same as at least two other B - 26s that day for disinformation reasons , was held until late on 17 April . Deception flight ( saturday , 15 April ) ( edit ) About 90 minutes after the eight B - 26s had taken off from Puerto Cabezas to attack Cuban airfields , another B - 26 departed on a deception flight that took it close to Cuba but headed north towards Florida . Like the bomber groups , it carried false FAR markings and the same number 933 as painted on at least two of the others . Before departure , the cowling from one of the aircraft 's two engines was removed by CIA personnel , fired upon , then re-installed to give the false appearance that the aircraft had taken ground fire at some point during its flight . At a safe distance north of Cuba , the pilot feathered the engine with the pre-installed bullet holes in the cowling , radioed a mayday call , and requested immediate permission to land at Miami International airport . He landed and taxied to the military area of the airport near an Air Force C - 47 and was met by several government cars . The pilot was Mario Zúñiga , formerly of the FAEC ( Cuban Air Force under Batista ) , and after landing he masqueraded as ' Juan Garcia ' , and publicly claimed that three colleagues had also defected from the FAR . The next day he was granted political asylum , and that night he returned to Puerto Cabezas via Opa - Locka . This deception operation was successful at the time in convincing much of the world media that the attacks on the Cuban Air Force bases were the work of an internal anti-Communist faction , and did not involve outside actors . Reactions ( 15 April ) ( edit ) At 10 : 30 am on 15 April at the United Nations , the Cuban Foreign Minister Raúl Roa accused the US of aggressive air attacks against Cuba , and that afternoon formally tabled a motion to the Political ( First ) Committee of the UN General Assembly . Only days earlier , the CIA had unsuccessfully attempted to entice Raúl Roa into defecting . In response to Roa 's accusations before the UN , US ambassador to the UN Adlai Stevenson stated that US armed forces would not `` under any conditions '' intervene in Cuba , and that the US would do everything in its power to ensure that no US citizens would participate in actions against Cuba . He also stated that Cuban defectors had carried out the attacks that day , and he presented a UPI wire photo of Zúñiga 's B - 26 in Cuban markings at Miami airport . Stevenson was later embarrassed to realize that the CIA had lied to him . President Kennedy supported the statement made by Stevenson : `` I have emphasized before that this was a struggle of Cuban patriots against a Cuban dictator . While we could not be expected to hide our sympathies , we made it repeatedly clear that the armed forces of this country would not intervene in any way '' . On April 15 , the Cuban national police , led by Efigenio Ameijeiras , started the process of arresting thousands of suspected anti-revolutionary individuals , and detaining them in provisional locations such as the Karl Marx Theatre , the moat of Fortaleza de la Cabana and the Principe Castle all in Havana , and the baseball park in Matanzas . Phony War ( 16 April ) ( edit ) On the night of 15 / 16 April , the Nino Diaz group failed in a second attempted diversionary landing at a different location near Baracoa . On 16 April , Merardo Leon , Jose Leon , and 14 others staged an armed uprising at Las Delicias Estate in Las Villas , with only four surviving . Leonel Martinez and three others took to the countryside . Following the air strikes on airfields on 15 April 1961 , the FAR managed to prepare for armed action at least four T - 33s , four Sea Furies and five or six B - 26s . All three types were armed with machine guns ( 20mm cannon , in the case of the Sea Furies ) for air - to - air combat and for strafing of ships and ground targets . CIA planners had failed to discover that the US - supplied T - 33 jets had long been armed with M - 3 machine guns . The three types could also carry bombs , for attacks against ships and tanks . No additional air strikes against Cuban airfields and aircraft were specifically planned before 17 April , because B - 26 pilots ' exaggerated claims gave the CIA false confidence in the success of 15 April attacks , until U-2 reconnaissance photos taken on 16 April showed otherwise . Late on 16 April , President Kennedy ordered cancellation of further airfield strikes planned for dawn on 17 April , to attempt plausible deniability of US direct involvement . Late on 16 April , the CIA / Brigade 2506 invasion fleet converged on ' Rendezvous Point Zulu ' , about 65 kilometres ( 40 mi ) south of Cuba , having sailed from Puerto Cabezas in Nicaragua where they had been loaded with troops and other materiel , after loading arms and supplies at New Orleans . The US Navy operation was code - named Bumpy Road , having been changed from Crosspatch on 1 April 1961 . The fleet , labelled the ' Cuban Expeditionary Force ' ( CEF ) , included five 2,400 - ton ( empty weight ) freighter ships chartered by the CIA from the Garcia Line , and subsequently outfitted with anti-aircraft guns . Four of the freighters , Houston ( code name Aguja ) , Río Escondido ( code name Ballena ) , Caribe ( code name Sardina ) , and Atlántico ( code - name Tiburón ) , were planned to transport about 1,400 troops in seven battalions of troops and armaments near to the invasion beaches . The fifth freighter , Lake Charles , was loaded with follow - up supplies and some Operation 40 infiltration personnel . The freighters sailed under Liberian ensigns . Accompanying them were two LCIs ( Landing Craft Infantry ) outfitted with heavy armament at Key West . The LCIs were Blagar ( code - name Marsopa ) and Barbara J ( code - name Barracuda ) , sailing under Nicaraguan ensigns . After exercises and training at Vieques Island , the CEF ships were individually escorted ( outside visual range ) to Point Zulu by US Navy destroyers USS Bache , USS Beale , USS Conway , USS Cony , USS Eaton , USS Murray , and USS Waller . US Navy Task Group 81.8 had already assembled off the Cayman Islands , commanded by Rear Admiral John E. Clark onboard aircraft carrier USS Essex , plus helicopter assault carrier USS Boxer , destroyers USS Hank , USS John W. Weeks , USS Purdy , USS Wren , and submarines USS Cobbler and USS Threadfin . Command and control ship USS Northampton and carrier USS Shangri - La were also reportedly active in the Caribbean at the time . USS San Marcos was a Landing Ship Dock that carried three LCUs ( Landing Craft Utility ) and four LCVPs ( Landing Craft , Vehicles , Personnel ) . San Marcos had sailed from Vieques Island . At Point Zulu , the seven CEF ships sailed north without the USN escorts , except for San Marcos that continued until the seven landing craft were unloaded when just outside the 5 kilometres ( 3 mi ) Cuban territorial limit . Invasion ( edit ) Bahia de Cochinos 1961 Invasion day ( 17 April ) ( edit ) During the night of 16 / 17 April , a mock diversionary landing was organized by CIA operatives near Bahía Honda , Pinar del Río Province . A flotilla containing equipment that broadcast sounds and other effects of a shipborne invasion landing provided the source of Cuban reports that briefly lured Fidel Castro away from the Bay of Pigs battlefront area . At about 00 : 00 on 17 April 1961 , the two CIA LCIs Blagar and Barbara J , each with a CIA ' operations officer ' and an Underwater Demolition Team ( UDT ) of five frogmen , entered the Bay of Pigs ( Bahía de Cochinos ) on the southern coast of Cuba . They headed a force of four transport ships ( Houston , Río Escondido , Caribe and Atlántico ) carrying about 1,400 Cuban exile ground troops of Brigade 2506 , plus tanks and other vehicles in the landing craft . At about 01 : 00 , Blagar , as the battlefield command ship , directed the principal landing at Playa Girón ( code - named Blue Beach ) , led by the frogmen in rubber boats followed by troops from Caribe in small aluminium boats , then LCVPs and LCUs . Barbara J , leading Houston , similarly landed troops 35 km further northwest at Playa Larga ( code - named Red Beach ) , using small fiberglass boats . Unloading troops at night was delayed , due to engine failures and boats damaged by unforeseen coral reefs ; the CIA had originally believed that the coral reef was seaweed . As the frogmen came in , they were shocked to discover that the Red Beach was lit with floodlights , which led to the location of the landing being hastily changed . As the frogmen landed , a firefight broke out when a jeep carrying Cuban militia happened by . The few militia in the area succeeded in warning Cuban armed forces via radio soon after the first landing , before the invaders overcame their token resistance . Castro was woken up at about 3 : 15 am to be informed of the landings , which led him to put all militia units in the area on the highest state of alert and to order airstrikes . The Cuban regime planned to strike the brigadistas at Playa Larga first as they were inland before turning on the brigadistas at Girón at the sea . El Comandante departed personally to lead his forces into battle against the brigadistas . At daybreak around 06 : 30 AM , three FAR Sea Furies , one B - 26 bomber and two Lockheed T - 33 fighter jets started attacking those CEF ships still unloading troops . At about 06 : 50 , and 8 kilometres ( 5.0 mi ) south of Playa Larga , Houston was damaged by several bombs and rockets from a Sea Fury and a T - 33 , and about two hours later captain Luis Morse intentionally beached it on the western side of the bay . About 270 troops had been unloaded , but about 180 survivors who struggled ashore were incapable of taking part in further action because of the loss of most of their weapons and equipment . The loss of Houston was a great blow to the bridgadistas as that ship was carrying much of the Brigade 2506 's medical supplies , which meant that wounded bridgadistas had to make do with inadequate medical care . At about 07 : 00 , two invading FAL B - 26s attacked and sank the Cuban Navy Patrol Escort ship El Baire at Nueva Gerona on the Isle of Pines . They then proceeded to Girón to join two other B - 26s to attack Cuban ground troops and provide distraction air cover for the paratroop C - 46s and the CEF ships under air attack . Brigade 2506 's tanks had been all landed by 7 : 30 am at Blue Beach and all of the troops by 8 : 30 am . Neither San Román at Blue Beach nor Erneido Oliva at Red Beach could communicate as all of the radios had been soaked in the water during the landings . The SU - 100 from which Fidel Castro reportedly shelled the freighter Houston during morning of 17 April . At about 07 : 30 , five C - 46 and one C - 54 transport aircraft dropped 177 paratroops from the parachute battalion of Brigade 2506 in an action code - named Operation Falcon . About 30 men , plus heavy equipment , were dropped south of the Central Australia sugar mill on the road to Palpite and Playa Larga , but the equipment was lost in the swamps , and the troops failed to block the road . Other troops were dropped at San Blas , at Jocuma between Covadonga and San Blas , and at Horquitas between Yaguaramas and San Blas . Those positions to block the roads were maintained for two days , reinforced by ground troops from Playa Girón . The paratroopers had landed amid a collection of militia , but their training allowed them to hold their own against the ill - trained militiamen . However , the dispersal of the paratroopers as they landed meant they were unable to take the road from the Central Australia sugar mill down to Playa Larga , which allowed the government to continue to send troops down to resist the invasion . At about 08 : 30 , a FAR Sea Fury piloted by Carlos Ulloa Arauz crashed in the bay , due to stalling or anti-aircraft fire , after encountering a FAL C - 46 returning south after dropping paratroops . By 09 : 00 , Cuban troops and militia from outside the area had started arriving at the Central Australia sugar mill , Covadonga and Yaguaramas . Throughout the day they were reinforced by more troops , heavy armour and T - 34 tanks typically carried on flat - bed trucks . At about 09 : 30 , FAR Sea Furies and T - 33s fired rockets at Rio Escondido , which then ' blew up ' and sank about 3 kilometres ( 1.9 mi ) south of Girón . Rio Escondido was loaded with aviation fuel and as the ship started to burn , the captain gave the order to abandon ship with the ship being destroyed in three explosions shortly afterwards . Rio Escondido carried not only fuel , but also enough ammunition , food and medical supplies to last ten days and the radio that allowed the Brigade to communicate with the Liberation Air Force . The loss of the communications ship Rio Escondido meant that San Román was only able to issue orders to the forces at Blue Beach , and he had no idea of what was happening at Red Beach or with the paratroopers . A messenger from Red Beach arrived at about 10 : 00 am asking San Román to send tank and infantry to block the road from the Central Australia sugar mill , a request that he agreed to . It was not expected that government forces would be counter-attacking from this direction . At about 11 : 00 , Premier Fidel Castro issued a statement over Cuba 's nationwide network saying that the invaders , members of the exiled Cuban revolutionary front , have come to destroy the revolution and take away the dignity and rights of men . At about 11 : 00 , a FAR T - 33 attacked and shot down a FAL B - 26 ( serial number 935 ) piloted by Matias Farias , who then survived a crash landing on the Girón airfield , his navigator Eduardo González already killed by gunfire . His companion B - 26 suffered damage and diverted to Grand Cayman Island ; pilot Mario Zúñiga ( the ' defector ' ) and navigator Oscar Vega returned to Puerto Cabezas via CIA C - 54 on 18 April . By about 11 : 00 , the two remaining freighters Caribe and Atlántico , and the CIA LCIs and LCUs , started retreating south to international waters , but still pursued by FAR aircraft . At about 12 : 00 , a FAR B - 26 exploded due to heavy anti-aircraft fire from Blagar , and pilot Luis Silva Tablada ( on his second sortie ) and his crew of three were lost . By 12 : 00 , hundreds of Cuban militia cadets from Matanzas had secured Palpite , and cautiously advanced on foot south towards Playa Larga , suffering many casualties during attacks by FAL B - 26s . By dusk , other Cuban ground forces were gradually advancing southward from Covadonga and southwest from Yaguaramas toward San Blas , and westward along coastal tracks from Cienfuegos towards Girón , all without heavy weapons or armour . At 2 : 30 pm a group of militiamen from the 339th Battalion set up a position , which came under attack from the brigadista M41 Walker Bulldog tanks , who inflicted heavy losses on the defenders . This action is remembered in Cuba as the `` Slaughter of the Lost Battalion '' as most of the militiamen were killed . Three FAL B - 26s were shot down by FAR T - 33s , with the loss of pilots Raúl Vianello , José Crespo , Osvaldo Piedra and navigators Lorenzo Pérez - Lorenzo and José Fernández . Vianello 's navigator Demetrio Pérez bailed out and was picked up by USS Murray . Pilot Crispín García Fernández and navigator Juan González Romero , in B - 26 serial 940 , diverted to Boca Chica , but late that night they attempted to fly back to Puerto Cabezas in B - 26 serial 933 that Crespo had flown to Boca Chica on 15 April . In October 1961 , the remains of the B - 26 and its two crew were found in dense jungle in Nicaragua . One FAL B - 26 diverted to Grand Cayman with engine failure . By 16 : 00 , Fidel Castro had arrived at the Central Australia sugar mill , joining José Ramón Fernández whom he had appointed as battlefield commander before dawn that day . On 17 April 1961 , Osvaldo Ramírez ( leader of the rural resistance to Castro ) was captured by Castro 's forces in Aromas de Velázquez , and immediately executed . At about 21 : 00 on 17 April 1961 , a night air strike by three FAL B - 26s on San Antonio de Los Baños airfield failed , reportedly due to incompetence and bad weather . Two other B - 26s had aborted the mission after take - off . Other sources allege that heavy anti-aircraft fire scared the aircrews As night fell , Atlantico and Caribe pulled away from Cuba , to be followed by Blagar and Barbara J. The ships were to return to the Bay of Pigs the next day to land more ammunition , but the captains of Atlantico and Caribe decided to abandon the invasion and headed out to the open sea out of fear of further air attacks by the FAR . Destroyers from the US Navy intercepted Atlantico about 110 miles south of Cuba , and persuaded the captain to return , but Caribe was not intercepted until she was 218 miles away from Cuba , and she was not to return until it was too late . Invasion day plus one ( D. + 1 ) 18 April ( edit ) During the night of 17 -- 18 April , the force at Red Beach came under repeated counter-attacks from the Cuban Army and militia . As casualties mounted and ammunition was used up , the brigadistas steadily gave way . Airdrops from four C - 54s and 2 C - 46s had only limited success in landing more ammunition . Both the Blagar and Barbara J returned at midnight to land more ammunition , which proved insufficient for the brigadistas . Following desperate appeals for help from Oliva , San Román ordered all of his M41 tanks ' six mortars to assist in the defence . During the night fighting , a tank battle broke out with the brigadista tanks clashed with the T - 34 tanks of the Cuban Army , a sharp action that ended with the brigadistas being driven back . At 8 : 00 pm , the Cuban Army opened fire with its 76.2 mm and 122mm artillery guns on the brigadista forces at Playa Larga , which was followed by an attack by T - 34 tanks at about midnight . The 2,000 artillery rounds fired by the Cuban Army had mostly missed the brigadista defense positions and the T - 34 tanks rode into an ambush when they came under fire from the brigadista M41 tanks and mortar fire , and a number of T - 34 tanks were destroyed or knocked out . At 1 : 00 am , Cuban Army infantrymen and militiamen started an offensive . Despite heavy losses on the part of the Communist forces , the shortage of ammunition forced the brigadistas back and the T - 34 tanks continued to force their way past the wreckage of the battlefield to press on the assault . The Communist forces numbered about 2,100 consisting of about 300 FAR soldiers , 1,600 militiamen and 200 policemen supported by 20 T - 34s who were faced by 370 brigadistas . By 5 : 00 am , Oliva started to order his men to retreat as he had almost no ammunition or mortar rounds left . By about 10 : 30 am on 18 April , Cuban troops and militia , supported by the T - 34 tanks and 122mm artillery , took Playa Larga after Brigade forces had fled towards Girón in the early hours . During the day , Brigade forces retreated to San Blas along the two roads from Covadonga and Yaguaramas . By then , both Fidel Castro and José Ramón Fernández had re-located to that battlefront area . As the men from Red Beach arrived at Girón , San Román and Oliva met to discuss the situation . With ammunition running low , Oliva suggested that the Brigade 2506 retreat into the Escambray mountains to wage guerilla warfare , but San Román decided to hold the beachhead . At about 11 : 00 am , the Cuban government began an offensive to take San Blas . San Román ordered all of the paratroopers back in order to hold San Blas , and they halted the offensive . During the afternoon , Castro kept the brigadistas under steady air attack and artillery fire , but did not order any new major attacks . At 14 : 00 , President Kennedy received a telegram from Nikita Khrushchev in Moscow , stating the Russians would not allow the US to enter Cuba , and implied swift nuclear retribution to the United States heartland if their warnings were not heeded . At about 17 : 00 on 18 April , FAL B - 26s attacked a Cuban column of 12 civilian buses leading trucks carrying tanks and other armour , moving southeast between Playa Larga and Punta Perdiz . The vehicles , loaded with civilians , militia , police , and soldiers , were attacked with bombs , napalm , and rockets , suffering heavy casualties . The six B - 26s were piloted by two CIA contract pilots plus four pilots and six navigators from Brigade 2506 air force . The column later re-formed and advanced to Punta Perdiz , about 11 km northwest of Girón . Invasion day plus two ( D. + 2 ) 19 April ( edit ) Douglas A-4 Skyhawks from the USS Essex flying sorties over combat areas during the invasion During the night of 18 April , a FAL C - 46 delivered arms and equipment to the Girón airstrip occupied by Brigade 2506 ground forces , and took off before daybreak on 19 April . The C - 46 also evacuated Matias Farias , the pilot of B - 26 serial ' 935 ' ( code - named Chico Two ) that had been shot down and crash - landed at Girón on 17 April . The crews of the Barbara J and Blagar had done their best to land what ammunition they had left onto the beachhead , but without air support the captains of both ships reported that it was too dangerous to be operating off the Cuban coast by day . The final air attack mission ( code - named Mad Dog Flight ) comprised five B - 26s , four of which were manned by American CIA contract air crews and pilots from the Alabama Air Guard . One FAR Sea Fury ( piloted by Douglas Rudd ) and two FAR T - 33s ( piloted by Rafael del Pino and Alvaro Prendes ) shot down two of these B - 26s , killing four American airmen . Combat air patrols were flown by Douglas A4D - 2N Skyhawk jets of VA - 34 squadron operating from USS Essex , with nationality and other markings removed . Sorties were flown to reassure Brigade soldiers and pilots , and to intimidate Cuban government forces without directly engaging in acts of war . At 10 am , a tank battle had broken out , with the brigadista holding their line until about 2 : 00 pm , which led Olvia to order a retreat into Girón . Following the last air attacks , San Román ordered his paratroopers and the men of the 3rd Battalion to launch a surprise attack , which was initially successful , but soon failed . With the brigadistas in disorganized retreat , the Cuban Army and militiamen started to advance rapidly , taking San Blas and only being stopped outside of Girón at about 11 am . Later that afternoon , San Román heard the rumbling of the advancing T - 34s and reported with no more mortar rounds and bazooka rounds , he could not stop the tanks and ordered his men to fall back to the beach . Oliva arrived afterwards to find that the brigadistas were all heading out to the beach or retreating into the jungle or swamps . Without direct air support , and short of ammunition , Brigade 2506 ground forces retreated to the beaches in the face of considerable onslaught from Cuban government artillery , tanks and infantry . Late on 19 April , destroyers USS Eaton ( code - named Santiago ) and USS Murray ( code - named Tampico ) moved into Cochinos Bay to evacuate retreating Brigade soldiers from beaches , before fire from Cuban army tanks caused Commodore Crutchfield to order a withdrawal . Invasion day plus three ( D. + 3 ) 20 April ( edit ) From 19 April until about 22 April , sorties were flown by A4D - 2Ns to obtain visual intelligence over combat areas . Reconnaissance flights are also reported of Douglas AD - 5Ws of VFP - 62 and / or VAW - 12 squadron from USS Essex or another carrier , such as USS Shangri - La that was part of the task force assembled off the Cayman Islands . On 21 April , Eaton and Murray , joined on 22 April by destroyers USS Conway and USS Cony , plus submarine USS Threadfin and a CIA PBY - 5A Catalina flying boat , continued to search the coastline , reefs and islands for scattered Brigade survivors , about 24 -- 30 being rescued . Aftermath ( edit ) Casualties ( edit ) 67 Cuban exiles from Brigade 2506 were killed in action plus 10 on the firing squad , 10 on the boat Celia trying to escape , 9 in the sealed container in the way to Havana , 4 by accident , 2 in prison , 4 Americans aviators for a total of 106 casualties . Aircrews killed in action totalled 6 from the Cuban air force , 10 Cuban exiles and 4 American airmen . Paratrooper Eugene Herman Koch was killed in action , and the American airmen shot down were Thomas W. Ray , Leo F. Baker , Riley W. Shamburger , and Wade C. Gray . In 1979 , the body of Thomas ' Pete ' Ray was repatriated from Cuba . In the 1990s , the CIA admitted he was linked to the agency , and awarded him the Intelligence Star . The final toll in Cuban armed forces during the conflict was 176 killed in action . This figure includes only the Cuban Army and it is estimated that about 2,000 militiamen were killed or wounded during the fighting . Other Cuban forces casualties were between 500 and 4,000 ( killed , wounded or missing ) . The airfield attacks on 15 April left 7 Cubans dead and 53 wounded . In 2011 , the National Security Archive , in accordance with the Freedom of Information Act , released over 1200 pages of documents . One detail within these documents was incidents of friendly fire . The CIA had outfitted some B - 26 bombers to appear as Cuban aircraft , having ordered them to remain inland to avoid being fired upon by American - backed forces . Some of the planes did not heed the warning , and were fired upon . According to CIA operative Grayston Lynch , `` we could n't tell them from the Castro planes . We ended up shooting at two or three of them . We hit some of them there because when they came at us ... it was a silhouette , that was all you could see . '' Prisoners ( edit ) Havana gleefully noted the wealth of the captured invaders : 100 plantation owners , 67 landlords of apartment houses , 35 factory owners , 112 businessmen , 179 lived off unearned income , and 194 ex-soldiers of Batista . -- Life magazine On 19 April 1961 , at least seven Cubans plus two CIA - hired US citizens ( Angus K. McNair and Howard F. Anderson ) were executed in Pinar del Rio province , after a two - day trial . On 20 April , Humberto Sorí Marin was executed at Fortaleza de la Cabaña , having been arrested on 18 March following infiltration into Cuba with 14 tons of explosives . His fellow conspirators Rogelio González Corzo ( alias `` Francisco Gutierrez '' ) , Rafael Diaz Hanscom , Eufemio Fernandez , Arturo Hernandez Tellaheche and Manuel Lorenzo Puig Miyar were also executed . Between April and October 1961 , hundreds of executions took place in response to the invasion . They took place at various prisons , including the Fortaleza de la Cabaña and Morro Castle . Infiltration team leaders Antonio Diaz Pou and Raimundo E. Lopez , as well as underground students Virgilio Campaneria , Alberto Tapia Ruano , and more than one hundred other insurgents were executed . About 1,202 members of Brigade 2506 were captured , of whom nine died from asphyxiation during transfer to Havana in a closed truck . In May 1961 , Fidel Castro proposed to exchange the surviving Brigade prisoners for 500 large farm tractors , valued at US $ 28,000,000 . On 8 September 1961 , 14 Brigade prisoners were convicted of torture , murder and other major crimes committed in Cuba before the invasion , five being executed and nine jailed for 30 years . Three confirmed as executed were Ramon Calvino , Emilio Soler Puig ( `` el Muerte '' ) and Jorge King Yun ( `` el Chino '' ) . On 29 March 1962 , 1,179 men were put on trial for treason . On 7 April 1962 , all were convicted and sentenced to 30 years in prison . On 14 April 1962 , 60 wounded and sick prisoners were freed and transported to the US . On 21 December 1962 , Cuban Prime Minister Fidel Castro and James B. Donovan , a US lawyer aided by Milan C. Miskovsky , a CIA legal officer , signed an agreement to exchange 1,113 prisoners for US $53 million in food and medicine , sourced from private donations and from companies expecting tax concessions . On 24 December 1962 , some prisoners were flown to Miami , others following on the ship African Pilot , plus about 1,000 family members also allowed to leave Cuba . On 29 December 1962 , President Kennedy and his wife Jacqueline attended a `` welcome back '' ceremony for Brigade 2506 veterans at the Orange Bowl in Miami , Florida . Political Reaction ( edit ) Robert F. Kennedy 's Statement on Cuba and Neutrality Laws , 20 April 1961 The failed invasion severely embarrassed the Kennedy administration , and made Castro wary of future US intervention in Cuba . On 21 April , in a State Department press conference , President Kennedy said : `` There 's an old saying that victory has a hundred fathers and defeat is an orphan ... Further statements , detailed discussions , are not to conceal responsibility because I 'm the responsible officer of the Government ... '' The initial U.S. response concerning the first air attacks were of a dismissive quality . U.S. Ambassador Adlai Stevenson denied any involvement in the first wave of air strikes , stating before the United Nations , `` These charges are totally false and I deny them categorically . '' Stevenson continued to promote a story of two Cuban planes that had reportedly defected to the United States , apparently unaware that they were in fact U.S. planes piloted by U.S. - backed Cuban pilots in an effort to promote a false story of defection . In August 1961 , during an economic conference of the Organization of American States in Punta del Este , Uruguay , Che Guevara sent a note to Kennedy via Richard N. Goodwin , a secretary of the White House . It read : `` Thanks for Playa Girón . Before the invasion , the revolution was weak . Now it 's stronger than ever '' . Additionally , Guevara answered a set of questions from Leo Huberman of Monthly Review following the invasion . In one reply , Guevara was asked to explain the growing number of Cuban counter-revolutionaries and defectors from the regime , to which he replied that the repelled invasion was the climax of counter revolution , and that afterwards such actions `` fell drastically to zero . '' In regard to the defections of some prominent figures within the Cuban government , Guevara remarked that this was because `` the socialist revolution left the opportunists , the ambitious , and the fearful far behind and now advances toward a new regime free of this class of vermin . '' As Allen Dulles later stated , CIA planners believed that once the troops were on the ground , Kennedy would authorize any action required to prevent failure -- as Eisenhower had done in Guatemala in 1954 after that invasion looked as if it would collapse . President Kennedy was deeply dispirited and angered with the failure . Several years after his death , The New York Times reported that he told an unspecified high administration official of wanting `` to splinter the CIA in a thousand pieces and scatter it to the winds . '' However , following a `` rigorous inquiry into the agency 's affairs , methods , and problems ... ( Kennedy ) did not ' splinter ' it after all and did not recommend Congressional supervision . '' Kennedy commented to his journalist friend Ben Bradlee , `` The first advice I 'm going to give my successor is to watch the generals and to avoid feeling that because they were military men their opinions on military matters were worth a damn . '' Aerial view of missile launch site at San Cristobal , Cuba The aftermath of the Bay of Pigs invasion and events involving Cuba that followed caused the US to feel threatened by their neighbor . Previous to the events at Playa Girón the US government imposed embargoes that limited trade with Cuba . An article that appeared in The New York Times on 6 January 1960 called trade with Cuba `` too risky '' and about six months later in July 1960 , the US reduced the import quota of Cuban sugar , which left the US to increase its sugar supply using other sources . Just following the Bay of Pigs invasion the Kennedy Administration considered complete trade restrictions with Cuba . Five months later the president was authorized to do so . After Cuba 's declaration of Marxism , the Kennedy administration imposed a complete trade embargo against Cuba . After the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962 the Kennedy Administration imposed strict travel restrictions for U.S. citizens . According to author Jim Rasenberger , the Kennedy administration became very aggressive in regards to overthrowing Fidel Castro following failure of the Bay of Pigs Invasion , reportedly doubling its efforts against Castro . Rasenberger elaborated on the fact that , almost every decision that was made by Kennedy following the Bay of Pigs had some correlation with the destruction of the Castro administration . Shortly after the invasion ended , Kennedy ordered the Pentagon to design secret operations to overthrow the Castro regime . Also , President Kennedy persuaded his brother Robert to set up a covert operation against Castro which was known as `` Operation Mongoose . '' This covert operation included sabotage and assassination plots . Later analysis ( edit ) Maxwell Taylor Survey ( edit ) On 22 April 1961 , President Kennedy asked General Maxwell D. Taylor , Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy , Admiral Arleigh Burke and CIA Director Allen Dulles to form the Cuba Study Group , to report on lessons to learn from the failed operation . On 13 June , General Taylor submitted the Board of Inquiry 's report to President Kennedy . The report attributed the defeat to lack of early realization of the impossibility of success by covert means , inadequate aircraft , limitations on armaments , pilots and air attacks to attempt plausible deniability -- and ultimately , loss of important ships and lack of ammunition . The Taylor Commission received criticism due to implications of bias . Attorney General Robert Kennedy was included in the group and collectively , the commission was seen as a unit more preoccupied with deflecting the White House from blame than that of a group concerned with realizing the true depth of mistakes that promoted the failure in Cuba . Jack Pfeiffer , who worked as a historian for the CIA until the mid-1980s , simplified his own view of the failed Bay of Pigs effort by including a quote from Raúl Castro , Fidel 's brother , given to a Mexican media member in 1975 . `` Kennedy vacillated , '' Castro said . `` If at that moment he had decided to invade us , he could have suffocated the island in a sea of blood , but he could have destroyed the revolution . Lucky for us , he vacillated . '' CIA Report ( edit ) In November 1961 , CIA Inspector - General Lyman B Kirkpatrick , authored a report ' Survey of the Cuban Operation ' , that remained classified until 1998 . Conclusions were : The C.I.A. exceeded its capabilities in developing the project from guerrilla support to overt armed action without any plausible deniability . Failure to realistically assess risks and to adequately communicate information and decisions internally and with other government principals . Insufficient involvement of leaders of the exiles . Failure to sufficiently organize internal resistance in Cuba . Failure to competently collect and analyze intelligence about Cuban forces . Poor internal management of communications and staff . Insufficient employment of high - quality staff . Insufficient Spanish - speakers , training facilities and material resources . Lack of stable policies and / or contingency plans . In spite of vigorous rebuttals by CIA management of the findings , CIA Director Allen Dulles , CIA Deputy Director Charles Cabell , and Deputy Director for Plans Richard Bissell were all forced to resign by early 1962 . In later years , the CIA 's behavior in the event became the prime example cited for the psychology paradigm known as groupthink syndrome . Further study shows that among various components of groupthink analyzed by Irving Janis , The Bay of Pigs Invasion followed the structural characteristics that led to an irrational decision making in foreign policy pushed by deficiency in impartial leadership . An account on the process of invasion decision reads , ( At ) each meeting , instead of opening up the agenda to permit a full airing of the opposing considerations , he allowed the CIA representatives to dominate the entire discussion . The president permitted them to refute immediately each tentative doubt that one of the others might express , instead of asking whether anyone else had the same doubt or wanted to pursue the implications of the new worrisome issue that had been raised . Referencing to both the Survey of the Cuban Operation and Groupthink : Psychological Studies of Policy Decisions and Fiascoes by Irving Janis , the lack of communication and the mere assumption of concurrence can be identified to be the main causes behind the C.I.A and the president 's collective failure to efficiently evaluate the facts before them . In fact , a considerable amount of information presented before President Kennedy actually proved to be false in reality , making it inevitable to assess the situation and the future of the operation irrationally . The absence of the initiative to explore other options of the debate led the participants to remain optimistic and rigid in their belief that the operation would succeed , being unknowingly biased in the group psychology of wishful thinking as well . In mid-1960 , CIA operative E. Howard Hunt had interviewed Cubans in Havana ; in a 1997 interview with CNN , he said , `` ... all I could find was a lot of enthusiasm for Fidel Castro . '' Invasion legacy in Cuba ( edit ) A Sea Fury F 50 preserved at the Museo Giron , Cuba in 2006 For many Latin Americans , the Bay of Pigs Invasion served to reinforce the already widely held belief that the US could not be trusted . The invasion also illustrated that the US could be defeated , and thus , the failed invasion encouraged political groups across the Latin American region to find ways to undermine US influence . The invasion is often recognized as making Castro even more popular , adding nationalistic sentiments to the support for his economic policies . Following the air attacks on Cuban airfields on 15 April , he declared the revolution `` Marxist - Leninist '' . After the invasion , he pursued closer relations with the Soviet Union , partly for protection , that helped pave the way for the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis . Castro was then increasingly wary of further US intervention , and more open to Soviet suggestions of placing nuclear weapons on Cuba to ensure its security . In March 2001 , shortly before the 40th anniversary of the invasion , a conference took place in Havana , attended by about 60 American delegates . The conference was titled Bay of Pigs : 40 Years After , co-sponsored by the University of Havana and the US - based National Security Archive . There are still yearly nationwide drills in Cuba during the ' Dia de la Defensa ' ( Defense Day ) , to prepare the population for an invasion . Invasion legacy for Cuban exiles ( edit ) The Bay of Pigs Memorial in Little Havana , Miami Many who fought for the CIA in the conflict remained loyal after the event ; some Bay of Pigs veterans became officers in the US Army in Vietnam , including 6 colonels , 19 lieutenant colonels , 9 majors , and 29 captains . By March 2007 , about half of the Brigade had died . In April 2010 , the Cuban Pilot 's Association unveiled a monument at the Kendall - Tamiami Executive Airport in memory of the 16 aviators for the exile side killed during the battle . The memorial consists of an obelisk and a restored B - 26 replica aircraft atop a large Cuban flag . Spanish term for the event ( edit ) The name for the invasion in Spanish is politically contested . The Cuban government generally calls it `` Playa Girón '' , while Cuban exiles generally call it `` Bahía de Cochinos '' . American public Reaction ( edit ) Only 3 percent of Americans supported military action in 1960 . According to Gallup , seventy two percent of people had a negative view on Fidel Castro in 1960 . After the conflict , sixty one percent of Americans approved of the action , while 15 % disapproved and 24 % were unsure . This poll was taken by Gallup in late April 1966 . A week after the invasion of Cuba , Gallup took another series of polls to sample three possible ways of opposing Castro . The policy that most resembled the Bay of Pigs ( if the US `` should aid the anti-Castro forces with money and war materials '' ) was still favored by a narrow margin , 44 % approval to 41 % rejecting this policy . Kennedy 's general approval rating actually increased in the first survey after the invasion , rising from 78 percent in mid-April to 83 percent in late April and early May . Dr. Gallup 's headline for this poll read , `` Public Rallies Behind Kennedy in Aftermath of Cuban Crisis . '' In 1963 a public opinion poll showed 60 percent of Americans believed that Cuba is `` a serious threat to world peace , '' yet , 63 percent of Americans did not want the US to remove Castro . Notable surviving veterans of the Bay of Pigs Invasion ( edit ) Erneido Oliva ( b . 1932 ) Jose Basulto ( b . 1940 ) Félix Rodríguez ( b . 1941 ) Ricardo Montero Duque ( b . 1925 ) Alfredo Duran ( b . 1936 ) Francisco Jose Hernandez ( b . 1936 ) Esteban Bovo Caras ( b . 1939 ) Raul Masvidal ( b . 1941 ) Humberto Díaz - Arguelles Julio González - Rebull ( b . 1936 ) Jose Antonio Llama ( b . 1941 ) Jose Cancio Frank de Varona ( b . 1933 ) See also ( edit ) Cuba portal United States portal Military history portal Cold War portal Cuban Missile Crisis ( 1962 ) Cuba -- United States relations Cuban Project ( Operation Mongoose , 1961 -- 1965 ) Cuban Revolution ( 1959 ) Guantánamo Bay Operation Northwoods ( 1962 ) Operation Ortsac ( 1962 ) Special Activities Division Swan Islands United States embargo against Cuba Escambray Rebellion ( 1959 -- 1965 ) Félix Rodríguez CIA Paramilitary Officer Explanatory notes ( edit ) ^ 1,500 ground forces ( including 177 paratroops ) -- c. 1,300 landed . Also Cuban exile aircrews , American aircrews , CIA operatives ^ 176 Cuban government forces killed ^ 500 Cuban forces wounded , or 4,000 killed , missing or wounded ( includes militias and armed civilians ) ^ 118 invaders killed ( 114 Cuban exiles plus 4 American aircrew ) ^ 1,202 Brigade members captured ( 1,179 tried ; 14 tried previously for pre-invasion crimes ; 9 died in transit ) References ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kellner 1989 , pp. 69 -- 70 . `` Historians give Guevara , who was director of instruction for Cuba 's armed forces , a share of credit for the victory '' . Jump up ^ Szulc ( 1986 ) , p. 450 . `` The revolutionaries won because Castro 's strategy was vastly superior to the Central Intelligence Agency 's ; because the revolutionary morale was high ; and because Che Guevara as the head of the militia training program and Fernández as commander of the militia officers ' school , had done so well in preparing 200,000 men and women for war . '' ^ Jump up to : Szulc ( 1986 ) ^ Jump up to : FRUS X , documents 19 , 24 , 35 , 245 , 271 . ^ Jump up to : Quesada 2009 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ `` Bay of Pigs Invasion and the Alabama Air National Guard Encyclopedia of Alabama '' . Encyclopedia of Alabama . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 13 February 2016 . Retrieved 17 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Gott 2004 . p. 113 . Jump up ^ Gott 2004 . p. 115 . Jump up ^ Gott 2004 . pp. 115 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Ernesto `` Che '' Guevara ( World Leaders Past & Present ) , by Douglas Kellner , 1989 , Chelsea House Publishers , ISBN 1 - 55546 - 835 - 7 , p. 66 Jump up ^ Bourne 1986 . pp. 64 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Quirk 1993 . pp. 37 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Coltman 2003 . pp. 57 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Gott 2004 . p. 146 . Jump up ^ Bourne 1986 . pp. 71 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Quirk 1993 . p. 45 . Jump up ^ Coltman 2003 . p. 72 . Jump up ^ Bourne 1986 . pp. 122 , 129 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Quirk 1993 . pp. 102 -- 04 , 114 , 116 . Jump up ^ Coltman 2003 . p. 109 . Jump up ^ Bourne 1986 . pp. 68 -- 69 . Jump up ^ Quirk 1993 . pp. 50 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Coltman 2003 . p. 65 . Jump up ^ Bourne 1986 . pp. 158 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Quirk 1993 . pp. 203 , 207 -- 08 . Jump up ^ Coltman 2003 . p. 137 . Jump up ^ Bourne 1986 . pp. 153 , 161 . Jump up ^ Quirk 1993 . p. 216 . Jump up ^ Coltman 2003 . pp. 126 , 141 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Bourne 1986 . pp. 173 . Jump up ^ Quirk 1993 . p. 228 . Jump up ^ Quirk 1993 . p. 313 . Jump up ^ Quirk 1993 . p. 330 . Jump up ^ Coltman 2003 . p. 167 . Jump up ^ Ros 2006 . pp. 159 -- 201 . Jump up ^ Jones 2008 p. 64 . Jump up ^ Dreke ( 2002 ) , pp. 40 -- 117 . ^ Jump up to : Corzo ( 2003 ) , pp. 79 -- 90 ^ Jump up to : Fernandez ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Schlesinger 1965 , p. 245 . ^ Jump up to : Bourne 1986 . p. 197 . Jump up ^ Coltman 2003 . p. 168 . Jump up ^ Bourne 1986 . p. 181 . Jump up ^ Coltman 2003 . pp. 176 -- 77 . Jump up ^ Coltman 2003 . pp. 165 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Bourne 1986 . pp. 163 , 167 -- 69 . Jump up ^ Quirk 1993 . pp. 224 -- 25 , 228 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Coltman 2003 . pp. 147 -- 49 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas ( 1971 ) ^ Jump up to : Bay of Pigs , 40 Years After : Chronology Archived 5 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine ... The National Security Archive . The George Washington University . Jump up ^ Bourne 1986 . pp. 205 -- 06 . Jump up ^ Quirk 1993 . pp. 316 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Coltman 2003 . p. 173 . Jump up ^ Bourne 1986 . pp. 201 -- 02 . Jump up ^ Quirk 1993 . pp. 302 -- 02 . Jump up ^ Coltman 2003 . p. 172 . Jump up ^ Bourne 1986 . p. 214 . Jump up ^ Coltman 2003 . p. 177 . Jump up ^ Bourne 1986 . p. 215 . Jump up ^ Quirk 1993 . p. 329 . Jump up ^ Quirk 1993 . p. 344 . ^ Jump up to : http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB494/docs/Document%202.pdf Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 21 September 2016 . Retrieved 8 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Church Committee ( 20 November 1975 ) . `` Alleged assassination plots involving foreign leaders '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Castro Assassination Plots '' . maryferrel.org . Mary Ferrell Foundation . Retrieved 2 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Quirk 1993 . p. 303 . Jump up ^ Quirk 1993 . p. 304 . Jump up ^ `` State Department Office of the Historian '' . US State Department Office of the Historian : Milestones 1961 - 1968 . Jump up ^ Quirk 1993 . p. 307 . Jump up ^ Quirk 1993 . pp. 307 -- 08 . ^ Jump up to : Quirk 1993 . p. 308 . Jump up ^ FRUS VI , document 481 . Jump up ^ `` Official History of the Bay of Pigs Operation '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 3 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Gleijeses 1995 , pp. 9 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Quirk 1993 . pp. 346 -- 47 . Jump up ^ Quirk 1993 . p. 347 . Jump up ^ `` Statement on Cuba by Senator John F. Kennedy '' . www.presidency.ucsb.edu. 20 October 1960 . Jump up ^ Fourth Nixon - Kennedy presidential debate . C - SPAN . 21 October 1960 . 19 minutes in . Jump up ^ Prados , John ( 2006 ) . Safe for Democracy : The Secret Wars of the CIA . Ivan R. Dee . p. 240 . For Nixon 's support of the Cuba project , see p. 238 . ISBN 9781615780112 . Jump up ^ Gleijeses 1995 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Prados , John ( 2006 ) . Safe for Democracy : The Secret Wars of the CIA . Ivan R. Dee . p. 246 . ISBN 9781615780112 . Jump up ^ Quesada 2009 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Quesada 2009 , p. 17 . ^ Jump up to : Jones ( 2008 ) ^ Jump up to : Higgins ( 2008 ) ^ Jump up to : Faria ( 2002 ) , pp. 93 -- 98 . ^ Jump up to : Kornbluh ( 1998 ) Jump up ^ Bethell ( 1993 ) Jump up ^ Rodríguez 1999 , p. 78 . ^ Jump up to : Quesada 2009 , p. 10 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson ( 1964 ) Jump up ^ Quesada 2009 , pp. 11 -- 12 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Hagedorn ( 2006 ) ^ Jump up to : Quesada 2009 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Castro , Daniel ( 1999 ) . Revolution and revolutionaries : Guerrilla movements in Latin America . pp. 97 -- 99 . ISBN 9780842026260 . Jump up ^ Hagedorn 1993 Jump up ^ Kellner 1989 , pp. 54 -- 55 . Jump up ^ https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/2016-featured-story-archive/the-bay-of-pigs-invasion.html Jump up ^ Rodríguez 1999 , p. 169 . ^ Jump up to : Wyden ( 1979 ) ^ Jump up to : Kellner 1989 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Alfonso , Pablo. 2001 . Los Ultimos Castristas . Centro de Documentacion y Formacion , Caracas . ISBN 978 - 980 - 07 - 5657 - 7 , pp. 125 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Dreke ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Paz - Sanchez ( 2001 ) , pp. 189 -- 99 . Jump up ^ British Foreign Office . Chancery American Department , Foreign Office , London 2 September 1959 ( 2181 / 59 ) to British Embassy Havana classified as restricted Released 2000 by among British Foreign Office papers . Foreign Offices Files for Cuba Part 1 : Revolution in Cuba `` in our letter 1011 / 59 May 6 we mentioned that a Russian workers ' delegation had been invited to participate in the May Day celebrations here , but had been delayed . The interpreter with the party , which arrived later and stayed in Cuba a few days , was called Vadim Kotchergin although he was at the time using what he subsequently claimed was his mother 's name of Liston ( ? ) . He remained in the background , and did not attract any attention '' . These two agents went on to train overseas personnel including Carlos the Jackal ( Ilich Ramírez Sánchez ) and subcomandante Marcos ( Rafael Sebastián Guillén ) . Jump up ^ `` El campo de entrenamiento `` Punto Cero '' donde el Partido Comunista de Cuba ( PCC ) adiestra a terroristas nacionales e internacionales '' ( in Spanish ) . Cuban American Foundation . 7 November 2005 . Archived from the original on 28 August 2008 . Retrieved 25 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Rodríguez 1999 , pp. 123 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Welch and Blight ( 1998 ) , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Montaner , Carlos Alberto ( 1999 ) . `` Viaje al Corazón de Cuba '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Plaza & Janés . Jump up ^ `` The New York Times '' . 26 May 1960 . p. 5 . Jump up ^ Inter-American Commission on Human Rights ( 4 October 1983 ) . `` The Situation of Human Rights in Cuba , Seventh Report -- Chapter V '' . Organization of American States . Retrieved 24 December 2004 . Jump up ^ Galbraith , J.K. ( 2000 ) https://web.archive.org/web/20060904201459/http://utip.gov.utexas.edu/jg/archive/2000/crimesoimmense.pdf Jump up ^ Schlesinger 1965 . p. 264 . Jump up ^ http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB355/bop-vol1-part1.pdf Jump up ^ Quesada 2009 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Crew member recollections of a fire - control man , USS Essex Jump up ^ Wyden ( 1979 ) , p. 172 ( footnote † ) Jump up ^ Rodríguez 1999 , pp. 156 -- 159 . ^ Jump up to : Triay ( 2001 ) , pp. 83 -- 113 Jump up ^ FRUS X , document 198 . ^ Jump up to : Ferrer ( 1975 ) Jump up ^ http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB355/ ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 16 April 2016 . Retrieved 15 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Shono ( 2012 ) p. 67 Jump up ^ Rodríguez 1999 , p. 130 . Jump up ^ Szulc , Tad . `` Asylum Granted to Three Airmen '' Archived 24 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine ... The New York Times . 17 April 1961 Jump up ^ Quesada 2009 , pp. 20 -- 21 . Jump up ^ UPI Radio Archives ( JFK ) upi.com Archived 26 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : MacPhall , Doug & Acree , Chuck ( 2003 ) . `` Bay of Pigs : The Men and Aircraft of the Cuban Revolutionary Air Force '' Archived 9 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ FRUS X , document 87 . Jump up ^ Rodríguez 1999 , p. 183 . Jump up ^ Quesada 2009 , pp. 24 -- 25 . ^ Jump up to : Quesada 2009 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Rodríguez 1999 , pp. 161 , 167 . ^ Jump up to : Quesada 2009 , p. 28 . ^ Jump up to : Cooper , Tom ( 2003 ) `` Clandestine US Operations : Cuba , 1961 , Bay of Pigs '' Archived 27 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Rodríguez 1999 , p. 206 . Jump up ^ Rodríguez 1999 , pp. 195 -- 96 . ^ Jump up to : Quesada 2009 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Quesada 2009 , pp. 29 -- 30 . Jump up ^ UPI Radio Archives ( Castro ) upi.com Archived 26 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Quesada 2009 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Pfeiffer 1979 , Vol. I , Part 2 , pp. 313 -- 317 . Jump up ^ Rodríguez 1999 , p. 168 . Jump up ^ `` Nuevo Acción '' ( in Spanish ) . Jump up ^ Rodriquez 1999 . ^ Jump up to : Quesada 2009 , p. 31 . ^ Jump up to : Quesada 2009 , pp. 30 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Quesada 2009 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Quesada 2009 , pp. 41 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Rodríguez 1999 , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Quesada 2009 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Quesada 2009 , pp. 42 -- 43 . ^ Jump up to : Quesada 2009 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ State Department File CF611. 37 / 5 - 361 Loyola University Jump up ^ Rodríguez 1999 , p. 197 . ^ Jump up to : FRUS X , document 110 . Jump up ^ Quesada 2009 , p. 44 . ^ Jump up to : Quesada 2009 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ De Paz - Sánchez ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Vivés ( 1984 ) Jump up ^ `` Americans Killed in Cuba '' . Therealcuba.com . Archived from the original on 5 September 2014 . Retrieved 3 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Eric . `` Local Man Forever Tied To Cuban Leader : Father Frozen , Displayed by Fidel Castro '' . KGO ABC7 , KGO - TV / DT . Retrieved 22 February 2007 . Jump up ^ Bay of Pigs : Invasion and Aftermath by Life magazine , caption for the image entitled `` Jose Miro Greets His Ransomed Son '' Jump up ^ Rodríguez 1999 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Ros ( 1994 ) , pp. 181 -- 85 . Jump up ^ Schlesinger 1965 . p. 713 . Jump up ^ `` The People of the CIA ... Milan Miskovsky : Fighting for Justice '' . Central Intelligence Agency . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 6 June 2014 . Jump up ^ JFK Library Kennedy and the Bay of Pigs Invasion Archived 8 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 6 May 2016 . Retrieved 24 November 2012 . The President 's News Conference 21 April 1961 Jump up ^ `` Bay of Pigs Declassified . '' History Undercover . Aired 9 July 2000 . History Channel . Jump up ^ Anderson ( 1997 ) , p. 509 Jump up ^ Huberman . Cuba and the U.S. Archived 11 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine . interview with Che Guevara , Monthly Review , September 1961 Jump up ^ Reeves , Richard ( 1993 ) , pp. 71 , 673 . Jump up ^ `` CIA : Maker of Policy , or Tool ? '' The New York Times . 25 April 1966 Jump up ^ Dallek ( 2003 ) An Unfinished Life : John F. Kennedy , 1917 -- 1963 , p. 368 Jump up ^ `` State Department Office of the Historian : Milestones 1961 - 1968 '' . US State Department Office of the Historian . Jump up ^ `` Trade With Cuba Called Too Risky ; U.S. Exporters Say Castro Policies Are Intolerable -- Near - Chaos Noted '' . The New York Times . 6 January 1960 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` U.S. Sugar Needs Increase '' . The New York Times . 9 July 1960 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Considering Total Embargo on Cuban Trade ; New Policy Being Studied -- White House Affirms Attack Responsibility U.S. Considers Total Embargo As Part of New Policy on Cuba '' . The New York Times . 25 April 1961 . Jump up ^ Kornbluh 1998 . p. 324 . Jump up ^ Kornbluh , Peter . Volume IV and V. Top Secret CIA ' Official Story of the Bay of Pigs : Revelations . George Washington University National Security Archive , accessed 15 July 2016 . http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB355/ Archived 16 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Kornbluh 1998 . p. 99 . Jump up ^ Hart , Paul 't ( 1991 ) . `` Irving L. Janis ' Victims of Groupthink '' . Political Psychology . 12 ( 2 ) : 13 . doi : 10.2307 / 3791464 . Jump up ^ Janis , Irving L. ( 1982 ) . Groupthink : psychological studies of policy decisions and fiascoes . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . p. 42 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Howard ( 1997 ) . `` Episode 18 : Backyard '' . Cold War . CNN . Archived from the original on 6 November 2007 . Retrieved 20 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Gott 2004 . p. 191 . Jump up ^ NSA press release , 23 March 2001 Bay of Pigs : 40 Years After Archived 18 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Ros , Enrique ( 1994 ) , pp. 287 -- 98 . Jump up ^ Iuspa - Abbott , Paola. `` Palm Beach County Bay of Pigs veterans remember invasion of Cuba '' . South Florida Sun - Sentinel . Archived from the original on 16 January 2009 . Retrieved 27 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Yager , Richard . `` ' B - 26 Bomber is part of Airport Monument '' Archived 23 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Video : `` Miami Unveils Monument to Cuban Pilots '' , NBC News Miami , 16 April 2010 ^ Jump up to : Fisk , Daniel ( 1999 ) . `` CUBA AND AMERICAN PUBLIC OPINION '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Download Limit Exceeded '' . citeseerx.ist.psu.edu . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Public Opinion Poll on Cuba Before the Missile Crisis '' Fourteenth Day `` . The Fourteenth Day : JFK & the Aftermath of the Cuban Missile Crisis. 2012 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Inc. , Gallup , . `` Gallup Vault : Cuba Embargo Popular After Bay of Pigs Fiasco '' . Gallup.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Public Reaction to the Invasion The Bay of Pigs The American Century '' . americancentury.omeka.wlu.edu . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Rodríguez 1999 , p. 180 . Jump up ^ Johnson 1964 . p. 179 . Bibliography ( edit ) Anderson , Jon L. 1997 , 1998 . Che Guevara : A Revolutionary Life . Grove / Atlantic ISBN 0 - 8021 - 3558 - 7 ISBN 0 - 553 - 40664 - 7 Andrade , John . 1982 . Latin - American Military Aviation . Midland Counties . ISBN 0 - 904597 - 31 - 8 Bethell , Leslie . 1993 . Cuba . Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 43682 - 3 . Bohning , Don ( 2005 ) . The Castro Obsession : U.S. Covert Operations Against Cuba , 1959 -- 1965 . Washington , D.C. : Potomac Books , Inc . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57488 - 676 - 4 . Bourne , Peter G. ( 1986 ) . Fidel : A Biography of Fidel Castro . New York City : Dodd , Mead & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 396 - 08518 - 8 . Castro , Fidel ; Ramonet , Ignacio ( interviewer ) ( 2009 ) . My Life : A Spoken Autobiography . New York : Scribner . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4165 - 6233 - 7 . Coltman , Leycester ( 2003 ) . The Real Fidel Castro . New Haven and London : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 10760 - 9 . Corzo , Pedro. 2003 . Cuba Cronología de la lucha contra el totalitarismo . Ediciones Memorias , Miami ISBN 1 - 890829 - 24 - 2 Craughwell , Thomas J. 2008 . Failures of the Presidents : From the Whiskey Rebellion and War of 1812 to the Bay of Pigs and War in Iraq . Fair Winds Press , Massachusetts ISBN 0785830545 Dreke , Victor . 2002 . From Escambray to the Congo : In the Whirlwind of the Cuban Revolution . Pathfinder ISBN 0 - 87348 - 947 - 0 ISBN 978 - 0 - 87348 - 947 - 8 Faria , Miguel , A. 2002 . Cuba in Revolution -- Escape from a Lost Paradise . Hacienda Publishing , pp. 93 -- 102 , notes # 16 and 24 . ISBN 0 - 9641077 - 3 - 2 Fernandez , Jose Ramon. 2001 . Playa Giron / Bay of Pigs : Washington 's First Military Defeat in the Americas . Pathfinder ISBN 0 - 87348 - 925 - X ISBN 978 - 0 - 87348 - 925 - 6 Ferrer , Edward B. 1975 ( sp ) , 1982 ( en ) . Operation Puma : The Air Battle of the Bay of Pigs . International Aviation Consultants ISBN 0 - 9609000 - 0 - 4 Franqui , Carlos . 1984 . Family portrait with Fidel . Random House ISBN 0 - 394 - 72620 - 0 ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 72620 - 5 pp. 111 -- 28 Foreign Relations of the United States , 1958 -- 1960 . ( Glennon , John P. , Editor ) Cuba Volume VI . US Department of State FRUS X -- Foreign Relations of the United States 1961 -- 1963 Volume X Cuba , 1961 -- 1962 . US Department of State Fineman , Mark . 1998 . `` Bay of Pigs : the Secret Death of Pete Ray '' . ( 2 ) Gleijeses , Piero ( February 1995 ) . `` Ships in the Night : The CIA , the White House and the Bay of Pigs '' . Journal of Latin American Studies . 27 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 42 . ISSN 0022 - 216X . JSTOR 158201 . Gott , Richard ( 2004 ) . Cuba : A New History . New Haven and London : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 10411 - 0 . Hagedorn , Dan . 1993 . Central American and Caribbean Air Forces . Air - Britain . ISBN 0 - 85130 - 210 - 6 Hagedorn , Dan and Hellström , Leif. 1994 . Foreign Invaders -- The Douglas Invader in foreign military and US clandestine service . Midland Publishing ISBN 1 - 85780 - 013 - 3 Hagedorn , Dan . 2006 . Latin American Air Wars & Aircraft . Hikoki ISBN 1 - 902109 - 44 - 9 Higgins , Trumbull. 1987 , 2008 . The Perfect Failure : Kennedy , Eisenhower , and the CIA at the Bay of Pigs . Norton ISBN 0 - 393 - 30563 - 5 ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 30563 - 0 Hunt , E. Howard . 1973 . Give Us This Day . Arlington House ISBN 978 - 0 - 87000 - 228 - 1 Johnson , Haynes. 1964 , 1974 . The Bay of Pigs : The Leaders ' Story of Brigade 2506 . W.W. Norton & Co ISBN 0 - 393 - 04263 - 4 Jones , Howard . 2008 . Bay of Pigs ( Pivotal Moments in American History ) . OUP USA ISBN 0 - 19 - 517383 - X ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 517383 - 3 Kellner , Douglas ( 1989 ) . Ernesto `` Che '' Guevara ( World Leaders Past & Present ) . Chelsea House Publishers . p. 112 . ISBN 1 - 55546 - 835 - 7 . Kornbluh , Peter . 1998 . Bay of Pigs Declassified : The Secret CIA Report on the Invasion of Cuba . The New Press ISBN 1 - 56584 - 494 - 7 ISBN 978 - 1 - 56584 - 494 - 0 Lagas , Jacques . 1964 . Memorias de un capitán rebelde . Editorial del Pácifico . Santiago , Chile . ASIN B0014VJ2KS Lazo , Mario . 1968 , 1970 . Dagger in the heart : American policy failures in Cuba . Twin Circle . New York . 1968 edition Library of Congress number 6831632 , 1970 edition , ASIN B0007DPNJS Lynch , Grayston L. 2000 . Decision for Disaster : Betrayal at the Bay of Pigs . Potomac Books ISBN 1 - 57488 - 237 - 6 de Paz - Sánchez , Manuel . 2001 . Zona de Guerra , España y la revolución Cubana ( 1960 -- 1962 ) , Taller de Historia , Tenerife Gran Canaria ISBN 84 - 7926 - 364 - 4 Priestland , Jane ( editor ) . 2003 . British Archives on Cuba : Cuba under Castro 1959 -- 1962 . Archival Publications International ISBN 1 - 903008 - 20 - 4 Pfeiffer , Jack B. 1979 . Official History of the Bay of Pigs Operation , Vol. I Air Operations , Part 1 Pfeiffer , Jack B. 1979 . Official History of the Bay of Pigs Operation , Vol. I Air Operations , Part 2 Pfeiffer , Jack B. 1979 . Official History of the Bay of Pigs Operation , Vol. II Participation in the Conduct of Foreign Policy , Part 1 Pfeiffer , Jack B. 1979 . Official History of the Bay of Pigs Operation , Vol. III Evolution of CIA 's Anti-Castro Policies , 1959 -- January 1961 ( 14Mb ) Quirk , Robert E. ( 1993 ) . Fidel Castro . New York and London : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 03485 - 1 . Quesada , Alejandro de ( 2009 ) . The Bay of Pigs : Cuba 1961 . Elite series # 166 . Illustrated by Stephen Walsh . Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84603 - 323 - 0 . Rasenberger , Jim . 2011 . The Brilliant Disaster : JFK , Castro , and America 's Doomed Invasion of Cuba 's Bay of Pigs . Scribner ISBN 978 - 1416596509 Reeves , Richard . 1993 . President Kennedy : Profile of Power . Simon & Schuster ISBN 0 - 671 - 89289 - 4 Rodríguez , Juan Carlos ( 1999 ) . Bay of Pigs and the CIA . Ocean Press . ISBN 1 - 875284 - 98 - 2 . Ros , Enrique. 1994 ( 1998 ) . Girón la verdadera historia . Ediciones Universales ( Colección Cuba y sus jueces ) third edition ISBN 0 - 89729 - 738 - 5 Schlesinger , Arthur M. Jr. 1965 , 2002 . A Thousand Days : John F. Kennedy in the White House . Houghton Mifflin ISBN 1 - 57912 - 449 - 6 ISBN 978 - 1 - 57912 - 449 - 6 Shono , LD Jr . He Died for Peace : The Assassination of John F. Kennedy . iUniverse ; 2012 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4759 - 0524 - 3 . Jean Edward Smith . Bay of Pigs : The Unanswered Questions . The Nation , ( 13 April 1964 ) , pp. 360 -- 63 . Somoza Debayle , Anastasio and Jack Cox . 1980 . Nicaragua Betrayed . Western Islands Publishers , pp. 169 -- 80 ISBN 0 - 88279 - 235 - 0 ISBN 978 - 0 - 88279 - 235 - 4 Szulc , Tad , and Karl E. Meyer . 1962 . The Cuban Invasion . The chronicle of a disaster . Praegar ASIN B0018DMAV0 Szulc , Tad. 1986 . Fidel -- A Critical Portrait . Hutchinson ISBN 0 - 09 - 172602 - 6 Thomas , Hugh . 1971 , 1986 . The Cuban Revolution . Weidenfeld and Nicolson ( Shortened version of Cuba : The Pursuit of Freedom , includes all history 1952 -- 1970 ) ISBN 0 - 297 - 78954 - 6 Thomas , Hugh . 1998 . Cuba : The Pursuit of Freedom . Da Capo Press ISBN 0 - 306 - 80827 - 7 Thompson , Scott . 2002 . Douglas A-26 and B - 26 Invader . Crowood Press ISBN 1 - 86126 - 503 - 4 Trest , Warren A. and Dodd , Donald B. 2001 . Wings of Denial : The Alabama Air National Guard 's Covert Role at the Bay of Pigs . NewSouth Books ISBN 1 - 58838 - 021 - 1 ISBN 978 - 1 - 58838 - 021 - 0 Triay , Victor Andres. 2001 . Bay of Pigs : An Oral History of Brigade 2506 . University Press of Florida ISBN 0 - 8130 - 2090 - 5 ISBN 978 - 0 - 8130 - 2090 - 7 Vivés , Juan ( Pseudonym , of a former veteran and Castro Intelligence Official ; Translated to Spanish from 1981 Les Maîtres de Cuba . Opera Mundi , Paris by Zoraida Valcarcel ) 1982 Los Amos de Cuba . EMCÉ Editores , Buenos Aires . ISBN 950 - 04 - 0075 - 8 Von Tunzelmann , Alex ( 2011 ) . Red Heat : Conspiracy , Murder , and the Cold War in the Caribbean . New York City : Henry Holt and Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 9067 - 3 . Wyden , Peter . 1979 . Bay of Pigs -- The Untold Story . Simon and Schuster ISBN 0 - 671 - 24006 - 4 ISBN 0 - 224 - 01754 - 3 ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 24006 - 6 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bay of Pigs Invasion . Bay of Pigs : Invasion and Aftermath -- slideshow by Life magazine A film clip `` Cuba Invaded . Foes of Castro Open Offensive , 1961 / 04 / 19 ( 1961 ) '' is available at the Internet Archive Cuba topics History Pre-Revolution Timeline Colonial governors Slavery Ten Years ' War Little War Cuban War of Independence Sinking of the USS Maine Spanish -- American War Platt Amendment World War I Republic 1932 hurricane World War II Revolution Post-Revolution Escambray Rebellion Bay of Pigs Invasion Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban intervention in Angola Mariel boatlift Special Period Fidel 's transfer of power United States -- Cuban thaw Cities History of Havana Timeline Other cities Timelines : Camagüey , Cienfuegos , Guantánamo , Holguín , Matanzas , Santiago de Cuba Geography Cities Bayamo Camagüey Ciego de Ávila Cienfuegos Guantánamo Havana Holguín Las Tunas Matanzas Pinar del Río Sancti Spíritus Santa Clara Santiago de Cuba Provinces Artemisa Camagüey Ciego de Ávila Cienfuegos Ciudad de La Habana Granma Guantánamo Holguín Isla de la Juventud Las Tunas Matanzas Mayabeque Pinar del Río Sancti Spíritus Santiago de Cuba Villa Clara Other Almendares River Earthquakes List of islands Sierra Maestra Tropical cyclones World Heritage Sites Governance Security Economy Governance Armed Forces Castroism Constitution Elections Foreign relations Law Politics Presidency Cuba -- United States relations Bay of Pigs Invasion Brothers to the Rescue Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba Coordination of United Revolutionary Organizations Cuban American Cuban - American lobby Cuban dissident movement Cuban Five Cuban Missile Crisis Elián González affair Fair Play for Cuba Committee Guantanamo Bay Naval Base Helms -- Burton Act Cuba -- United States hijackings Luis Posada Carriles Mariel boatlift Orlando Bosch Operation Northwoods Operation Peter Pan Platt Amendment Spanish -- American War United States ambassador United States embargo United States Interests Section Political parties Current Communist Party Christian Democratic Democratic Social - Revolutionary Democratic Socialist Current Democratic Solidarity Liberal Liberal Movement Social Democratic Co-ordination Former Auténtico Cuban National Democratic Union Independent Republican Ortodoxo Popular Socialist Republican ( Havana ) Security Military Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces ( MINFAR ) Air Force Army Navy Territorial Troops Militia Law enforcement National Revolutionary Police Force Intelligence Dirección General de Inteligencia Military Counterintelligence Directorate Economy Agriculture Agrarian reform Cooperatives Central bank Peso ( currency ) Convertible peso International rankings Telecommunications Tourism Transport airline Society Culture Society Censorship Committees for the Defense of the Revolution Education Health care Human rights LGBT LGBT history Women Language Rationing Scouting and Guiding Sociolismo Culture Art Cinema Cuisine Internet Literature Media Newspapers TV Music Musical theater Festivals Public holidays Radio Religion Santería Sport baseball boxing football Universities Demographics People Demographics Cubans Afro - Cubans Americans Cape Verdean Chinese Ciboney Filipino French German Haitian Isleños Italian Japanese Jews Koreans Lebanese Mexicans Spanish White People By name Desi Arnaz Fulgencio Batista Leo Brouwer Fidel Castro Raúl Castro Celia Cruz Ibrahim Ferrer Osmani García Máximo Gómez Elián González Nicolás Guillén José Martí Pablo Milanés Omara Portuondo Silvio Rodríguez Compay Segundo Félix Varela By occupation Architects Artists Athletes baseball players Painters abstract Writers women Category Cold War USA USSR ANZUS NATO Non-Aligned Movement SEATO Warsaw Pact Cold War II 1940s Morgenthau Plan Hukbalahap Rebellion Jamaican conflict Dekemvriana Percentages agreement Yalta Conference Guerrilla war in the Baltic states Forest Brothers Operation Priboi Operation Jungle Occupation of the Baltic states Cursed soldiers Operation Unthinkable Operation Downfall Potsdam Conference Gouzenko Affair Division of Korea Operation Masterdom Operation Beleaguer Operation Blacklist Forty Iran crisis of 1946 Greek Civil War Baruch Plan Corfu Channel incident Turkish Straits crisis Restatement of Policy on Germany First Indochina War Truman Doctrine Asian Relations Conference May 1947 Crises Marshall Plan Comecon 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état Tito -- Stalin Split Berlin Blockade Western betrayal Iron Curtain Eastern Bloc Western Bloc Chinese Civil War ( Second round ) Malayan Emergency Albanian Subversion 1950s Papua conflict Bamboo Curtain Korean War McCarthyism Algerian War 1952 Egyptian coup d'état 1953 Iranian coup d'état Uprising of 1953 in East Germany Dirty War ( Mexico ) Bricker Amendment 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Partition of Vietnam Vietnam War First Taiwan Strait Crisis Geneva Summit ( 1955 ) Bandung Conference Poznań 1956 protests Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Suez Crisis `` We will bury you '' Ifni War Operation Gladio Arab Cold War Syrian Crisis of 1957 1958 Lebanon crisis Iraqi 14 July Revolution Sputnik crisis Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 1959 Tibetan uprising Cuban Revolution Kitchen Debate Sino - Soviet split 1960s Congo Crisis Simba rebellion 1960 U-2 incident Bay of Pigs Invasion 1960 Turkish coup d'état Soviet -- Albanian split Berlin Crisis of 1961 Berlin Wall Portuguese Colonial War Angolan War of Independence Guinea - Bissau War of Independence Mozambican War of Independence Cuban Missile Crisis El Porteñazo Sino - Indian War Communist insurgency in Sarawak Iraqi Ramadan Revolution Eritrean War of Independence Sand War North Yemen Civil War Aden Emergency 1963 Syrian coup d'état Vietnam War Shifta War Guatemalan Civil War Colombian conflict Nicaraguan Revolution 1964 Brazilian coup d'état Dominican Civil War South African Border War Transition to the New Order ( Indonesia ) Domino theory ASEAN Declaration Laotian Civil War 1966 Syrian coup d'état Argentine Revolution Korean DMZ Conflict Greek military junta of 1967 -- 74 Years of Lead ( Italy ) USS Pueblo incident Six - Day War War of Attrition Dhofar Rebellion Al - Wadiah War Nigerian Civil War Protests of 1968 French May Tlatelolco massacre Cultural Revolution Prague Spring 1968 Polish political crisis Communist insurgency in Malaysia Invasion of Czechoslovakia Iraqi Ba'athist Revolution 1969 Libyan coup d'état Goulash Communism Sino - Soviet border conflict CPP -- NPA -- NDF rebellion Corrective Move 1970s Détente Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Black September in Jordan Corrective Movement ( Syria ) Cambodian Civil War Koza riot Realpolitik Ping - pong diplomacy Uganda -- Tanzania War 1971 Turkish military memorandum Corrective Revolution ( Egypt ) Four Power Agreement on Berlin Bangladesh Liberation War 1972 Nixon visit to China North Yemen - South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 Yemenite War of 1972 Communist insurgency in Bangladesh NDF Rebellion Eritrean Civil Wars 1973 Uruguayan coup d'état 1973 Chilean coup d'état Yom Kippur War 1973 oil crisis Carnation Revolution Spanish transition Metapolitefsi Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Rhodesian Bush War Angolan Civil War Mozambican Civil War Oromo conflict Ogaden War Ethiopian Civil War Lebanese Civil War Sino - Albanian split Cambodian -- Vietnamese War Sino - Vietnamese War Operation Condor Dirty War ( Argentina ) 1976 Argentine coup d'état German Autumn Korean Air Lines Flight 902 Yemenite War of 1979 Grand Mosque seizure Iranian Revolution Saur Revolution New Jewel Movement 1979 Herat uprising Seven Days to the River Rhine Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union 1980s Soviet -- Afghan War 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 1980 Turkish coup d'état Peruvian conflict Gulf of Sidra incident Casamance conflict Ugandan Bush War Lord 's Resistance Army insurgency Eritrean Civil Wars 1982 Ethiopian -- Somali Border War Ndogboyosoi War United States invasion of Grenada Able Archer 83 Star Wars Iran -- Iraq War Somali Rebellion 1986 Black Sea incident 1988 Black Sea bumping incident South Yemen Civil War Bougainville Civil War 8888 Uprising Solidarity Soviet reaction Contras Central American crisis RYAN Korean Air Lines Flight 007 People Power Revolution Glasnost Perestroika Nagorno - Karabakh War Afghan Civil War United States invasion of Panama 1988 Polish strikes Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 Revolutions of 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall Velvet Revolution Romanian Revolution Peaceful Revolution Die Wende 1990s Mongolian Revolution of 1990 German reunification Yemeni unification Fall of communism in Albania Breakup of Yugoslavia Dissolution of the Soviet Union Dissolution of Czechoslovakia Frozen conflicts Abkhazia China - Taiwan Korea Nagorno - Karabakh South Ossetia Transnistria Sino - Indian border dispute North Borneo dispute Foreign policy Truman Doctrine Containment Eisenhower Doctrine Domino theory Hallstein Doctrine Kennedy Doctrine Peaceful coexistence Ostpolitik Johnson Doctrine Brezhnev Doctrine Nixon Doctrine Ulbricht Doctrine Carter Doctrine Reagan Doctrine Rollback Sovereignty of Puerto Rico during the Cold War Ideologies Capitalism Chicago school Keynesianism Monetarism Neoclassical economics Reaganomics Supply - side economics Thatcherism Communism Marxism -- Leninism Castroism Eurocommunism Guevarism Hoxhaism Juche Maoism Trotskyism Naxalism Stalinism Titoism Other Fascism Islamism Liberal democracy Social democracy Third - Worldism White supremacy Apartheid Organizations ASEAN CIA Comecon EEC KGB MI6 Non-Aligned Movement SAARC Safari Club Stasi Propaganda Active measures Crusade for Freedom Izvestia Pravda Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty Red Scare TASS Voice of America Voice of Russia Races Arms race Nuclear arms race Space Race See also Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War Soviet espionage in the United States Soviet Union -- United States relations USSR -- USA summits Russian espionage in the United States American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation Russia -- NATO relations Brinkmanship CIA and the Cultural Cold War Cold War II Category Commons Portal Timeline List of conflicts Armed conflicts involving Cuba External & international Ten Years ' War Cuban War of Independence Spanish -- American War World War I World War II 1952 Cuban Coup Cuban Revolution Escambray Rebellion Congo Crisis Bay of Pigs Invasion Sand War Cuban Missile Crisis Vietnam War Ñancahuazú Guerrilla Eritrean War of Independence South African Border War Yom Kippur War Ethiopian Civil War Angolan Civil War Ogaden War Nicaraguan Revolution Salvadoran Civil War Invasion of Grenada Related articles Military history Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces Cold War Sphere of influence Intervention in Angola United States intervention in Latin America Policy Monroe Doctrine ( 1823 ) Platt Amendment ( 1901 -- 04 ) Roosevelt Corollary / Big Stick ideology ( 1904 ) Good Neighbor policy ( 1933 ) Dollar diplomacy Banana Wars Wars Mexican -- American War ( 1846 -- 48 ) Spanish -- American War ( 1898 ) Border War ( 1910 -- 19 ) United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution ( 1916 -- 19 ) Overt actions and occupations Paraguay expedition ( 1858 ) First Occupation of Cuba ( 1899 -- 1902 ) Panama -- Colombia separation and Hay -- Bunau - Varilla Treaty ( 1903 ) Second Occupation of Cuba ( 1906 -- 09 ) Occupations of Honduras Occupation of Nicaragua ( 1912 -- 33 ) Occupation of Veracruz ( 1914 ) Occupation of Haiti ( 1915 -- 34 ) Occupation of the Dominican Republic ( 1916 -- 24 ) Occupation of the Dominican Republic ( 1965 -- 66 ) Invasion of Grenada ( 1983 ) Invasion of Panama ( 1989 ) Covert actions 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Bay of Pigs Invasion ( 1961 ) Operation MONGOOSE 1964 Brazilian coup d'état Project FUBELT 1973 Chilean coup d'état Disputed claims 2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt 2004 Haitian rebellion Other Cuban Missile Crisis ( 1962 ) United States involvement in regime change in Latin America Foreign policy of the United States Latin America -- United States relations John F. Kennedy 35th President of the United States ( 1961 -- 1963 ) U.S. Senator from Massachusetts ( 1953 -- 1960 ) U.S. Representative for MA - 11 ( 1947 -- 1953 ) Presidency ( timeline ) Presidential Office : Inauguration Cabinet Judicial appointments Supreme Court Presidential pardons Domestic policy : Clean Air Act Communications Satellite Act Community Mental Health Act Equal Pay Act Federal affirmative action Federal housing segregation ban Fifty - mile hikes Food for Peace New Frontier Pilot Food Stamp Program Space policy Status of Women ( Presidential Commission ) University of Alabama integration Voter Education Project Foreign policy : Alliance for Progress Arms Control and Disarmament Agency Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Flexible response Kennedy Doctrine Peace Corps Trade Expansion Act USAID Vietnam War Cuba : Bay of Pigs Invasion Cuban Project Cuban Missile Crisis ExComm Soviet Union : Berlin Crisis Moscow -- Washington hotline Vienna summit White House : Presidential limousine Presidential yacht Resolute desk Situation Room Presidential speeches Inaugural address American University speech `` We choose to go to the Moon '' Report to the American People on Civil Rights `` Ich bin ein Berliner '' `` A rising tide lifts all boats '' Elections U.S. States House of Representatives elections , 1946 1948 1950 U.S. Senate election in Massachusetts , 1952 1958 1960 Presidential primaries 1960 Presidential campaign Democratic National Convention 1956 1960 U.S. presidential election , 1960 debates Personal life Birthplace and childhood home Kennedy Compound US Navy service PT - 109 Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana Arthur Evans PT - 59 Castle Hot Springs Hammersmith Farm Coretta Scott King phone call Rocking chair `` Happy Birthday , Mr. President '' Books Why England Slept ( 1940 ) Profiles in Courage ( 1956 ) A Nation of Immigrants ( 1958 ) Death Assassination timeline reactions in popular culture State funeral Riderless horse attending dignitaries Gravesite and Eternal Flame Legacy John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum ( Boston ) 1964 Civil Rights Act Apollo 11 Moon landing Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Kennedy Space Center ( Florida ) Kennedy Round U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development VISTA Cultural depictions films Kennedy half dollar U.S. postage stamps U.S. five cent stamp Lincoln -- Kennedy coincidences Operation Sail Memorials , namesakes Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts ( Washington , D.C. ) John F. Kennedy International Airport ( New York ) John F. Kennedy Memorial ( London ) John Fitzgerald Kennedy Memorial ( Dallas ) John Fitzgerald Kennedy Memorial ( Portland , Oregon ) John F. Kennedy Memorial ( Runnymede , Britain ) John F. Kennedy Memorial Bridge ( Kentucky -- Indiana ) John F. Kennedy School of Government ( Harvard Univ . ) John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School ( Fort Bragg , North Carolina ) John F. Kennedy University ( California ) John Kennedy College ( Mauritius ) Kennedy Expressway ( Chicago ) MV John F. Kennedy USS John F. Kennedy ( CV - 67 ) USS John F. Kennedy ( CVN - 79 ) Yad Kennedy ( Jerusalem ) Family Jacqueline Bouvier ( wife ) Caroline Kennedy ( daughter ) John F. Kennedy Jr. ( son ) Patrick Bouvier Kennedy ( son ) Jack Schlossberg ( grandson ) Rose Schlossberg ( granddaughter ) Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. ( father ) Rose Fitzgerald ( mother ) Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. ( brother ) Rosemary Kennedy ( sister ) Kathleen Cavendish , Marchioness of Hartington ( sister ) Eunice Kennedy Shriver ( sister ) Patricia Kennedy Lawford ( sister ) Robert F. Kennedy ( brother ) Jean Kennedy Smith ( sister ) Ted Kennedy ( brother ) P.J. Kennedy ( grandfather ) John F. Fitzgerald ( grandfather ) ← Dwight D. Eisenhower Lyndon B. Johnson → Category Fidel Castro Timeline Early life Cuban Revolution Participation 26th of July Movement `` History Will Absolve Me '' Primacy Premiership Land reform Bay of Pigs Invasion Cuban Missile Crisis Machurucuto Incident Intervention in Angola Presidency Transfer of duties Death and state funeral Family Ángel Castro y Argiz ( father ) Ramón Castro Ruz ( brother ) Raúl Castro ( brother ) Juanita Castro ( sister ) Mirta Diaz - Balart ( wife ) Natalia Revuelta Clews ( lover ) Vilma Espín ( sister - in - law ) Alina Fernández ( daughter ) Fidel Castro Díaz - Balart ( son ) Mariela Castro ( niece ) Alejandro Castro Espín ( nephew ) Popular culture Films Fidel : The Untold Story ( 2001 ) Fidel ( 2002 ) Comandante ( 2003 ) Looking for Fidel ( 2004 ) 638 Ways to Kill Castro ( 2006 ) Other Guerrilla War ( 1987 ) The Real Fidel Castro ( 2003 ) Fidel Castro Handbook ( 2006 ) Killing Castro ( 2006 ) The Cuba Wars ( 2008 ) Other Assassination attempts Robert Maheu Awards and honours Birán Eponymous things Politics Religious views My Life Granma ( yacht ) History of the United States Timeline Prehistory Pre-Columbian Colonial 1776 -- 1789 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 1865 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 1945 1945 -- 1964 1964 -- 1980 1980 -- 1991 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present Topics American Century Cities Constitution Demographic Diplomatic Economic Education Immigration Medical Merchant Marine Military Musical Religious Slavery Southern Technological and industrial Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Voting rights Women Category Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion&oldid=855921424 '' Categories : Invasions of Cuba Invasions by the United States 1961 in Cuba 1961 in the United States Conflicts in 1961 Battles involving the United States Battles involving Cuba Cold War history of Cuba Cold War history of the United States Central Intelligence Agency operations CIA activities in the Americas Cuba -- United States military relations Aftermath of the Cuban Revolution Fidel Castro Presidency of John F. Kennedy Anti-communism in the United States Imperialism Anti-imperialism in North America 1961 in military history Maritime incidents in Cuba Maritime incidents in 1961 Proxy wars Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2014 CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Articles with dead external links from December 2016 Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use dmy dates from April 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2009 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles with Internet Archive links Cuba articles missing geocoordinate data All articles needing coordinates Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Magyar മലയാളം مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 38 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 August 2018 , at 18 : 34 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what was the goal of the bay of pigs invasion was it successful	[]	[]
-4745569853585978537	List of cities in Wisconsin	List of cities in Wisconsin - wikipedia List of cities in Wisconsin Map of the United States with Wisconsin highlighted Wisconsin is a state located in the Midwestern United States . As of April 1 , 2010 , there were 190 cities in Wisconsin . See also : List of villages in Wisconsin , List of towns in Wisconsin . List of cities ( edit ) Contents Q U V X Y Z Appleton Eau Claire Janesville Kenosha La Crosse Madison , Capital of Wisconsin Milwaukee , largest city in Wisconsin City County ( ies ) Population ( 2000 Census ) Population ( 2010 Census ) Class Incorporation date Abbotsford Clark Marathon 1,956 2,310 4th 1965 Adams Adams 1,831 1,967 4th 1926 Algoma Kewaunee 3,357 3,167 4th 1879 Alma Buffalo 942 781 4th 1885 Altoona Eau Claire 6,698 6,706 4th 1887 Amery Polk 2,845 2,902 4th 1919 Antigo Langlade 8,560 8,234 4th 1885 Appleton Calumet Outagamie Winnebago 70,087 72,623 2nd 1857 Arcadia Trempealeau 2,402 2,925 4th 1925 Ashland Ashland Bayfield 8,620 8,216 4th 1887 Augusta Eau Claire 1,460 1,550 4th 1885 Baraboo Sauk 10,711 12,048 3rd 1882 Barron Barron 3,248 3,423 4th 1887 Bayfield Bayfield 611 487 4th 1913 Beaver Dam Dodge 15,169 16,243 4th 1856 Beloit Rock 35,775 36,966 3rd 1857 Berlin Green Lake Waushara 5,305 5,524 4th 1857 Black River Falls Jackson 3,618 3,622 4th 1883 Blair Trempealeau 1,273 1,366 4th 1949 Bloomer Chippewa 3,347 3,539 4th 1920 Boscobel Grant 3,047 3,231 4th 1873 Brillion Calumet 2,937 3,148 4th 1944 Brodhead Green Rock 3,180 3,293 4th 1891 Brookfield Waukesha 38,649 37,920 2nd 1954 Buffalo City Buffalo 1,040 1,023 4th 1859 Burlington Racine Walworth 9,936 10,464 4th 1900 Cedarburg Ozaukee 11,102 11,412 3rd 1885 Chetek Barron 2,180 2,221 4th 1891 Chilton Calumet 3,708 3,933 4th 1877 Chippewa Falls Chippewa 12,900 13,679 3rd 1869 Clintonville Waupaca 4,736 4,559 4th 1887 Colby Clark Marathon 1,616 1,852 4th 1891 Columbus Columbia Dodge 4,479 4,991 4th 1874 Cornell Chippewa 1,466 1,467 4th 1956 Crandon Forest 1,961 1,920 4th 1898 Cuba City Grant Lafayette 2,156 2,086 4th 1925 Cudahy Milwaukee 18,429 18,267 3rd 1906 Cumberland Barron 2,280 2,170 4th 1885 Darlington Lafayette 2,418 2,451 4th 1877 Delafield Waukesha 6,472 7,085 4th 1959 Delavan Walworth 7,956 8,463 4th 1897 De Pere Brown 20,559 23,800 3rd 1883 Dodgeville Iowa 4,220 4,698 4th 1889 Durand Pepin 1,968 1,931 4th 1887 Eagle River Vilas 1,443 1,398 4th 1937 Eau Claire Chippewa Eau Claire 61,704 65,883 2nd 1872 Edgerton Dane Rock 4,898 5,461 4th 1883 Elkhorn Walworth 7,305 10,084 4th 1897 Elroy Juneau 1,578 1,442 4th 1885 Evansville Rock 4,039 5,012 4th 1896 Fennimore Grant 2,387 2,497 4th 1919 Fitchburg Dane 20,501 25,260 4th Fond du Lac Fond du Lac 42,203 43,021 2nd 1852 Fort Atkinson Jefferson 11,621 12,368 4th 1878 Fountain City Buffalo 983 859 4th 1889 Fox Lake Dodge 1,454 1,519 4th 1938 Franklin Milwaukee 29,494 35,451 3rd 1956 Galesville Trempealeau 1,427 1,481 4th 1942 Gillett Oconto 1,262 1,386 4th 1944 Glendale Milwaukee 13,367 12,872 3rd 1950 Glenwood City St. Croix 1,183 1,242 4th 1895 Green Bay Brown 102,767 104,057 2nd 1854 Green Lake Green Lake 1,100 960 4th 1962 Greenfield Milwaukee 35,476 36,720 3rd 1957 Greenwood Clark 1,079 1,026 4th 1891 Hartford Dodge Washington 10,905 14,223 3rd 1883 Hayward Sawyer 2,129 2,318 4th 1915 Hillsboro Vernon 1,302 1,417 4th 1885 Horicon Dodge 3,775 3,655 4th 1897 Hudson St. Croix 8,775 12,719 4th 1858 Hurley Iron 1,818 1,547 4th 1918 Independence Trempealeau 1,244 1,336 4th 1942 Janesville Rock 59,498 63,575 2nd 1853 Jefferson Jefferson 7,338 7,973 4th 1878 Juneau Dodge 2,485 2,814 4th 1887 Kaukauna Outagamie 12,983 15,462 3rd 1885 Kenosha Kenosha 90,352 99,218 2nd 1850 Kewaunee Kewaunee 2,806 2,952 4th 1883 Kiel Calumet Manitowoc 3,450 3,738 4th 1920 La Crosse La Crosse 51,818 51,320 2nd 1856 Ladysmith Rusk 3,932 3,414 4th 1905 Lake Geneva Walworth 7,148 7,651 4th 1883 Lake Mills Jefferson 4,843 5,708 4th 1905 Lancaster Grant 4,070 3,868 4th 1878 Lodi Columbia 2,882 3,050 4th 1941 Loyal Clark 1,308 1,261 4th 1948 Madison Dane 208,054 233,209 2nd 1856 Manawa Waupaca 1,330 1,371 4th 1954 Manitowoc Manitowoc 34,053 33,736 3rd 1870 Marinette Marinette 11,749 10,968 3rd 1887 Marion Shawano Waupaca 1,297 1,260 4th 1898 Markesan Green Lake 1,396 1,476 4th 1959 Marshfield Marathon Wood 18,800 19,118 3rd 1883 Mauston Juneau 3,740 4,423 4th 1883 Mayville Dodge 4,902 5,154 4th 1885 Medford Taylor 4,350 4,326 4th 1889 Mellen Ashland 845 731 4th 1907 Menasha Calumet Winnebago 16,331 17,353 3rd 1874 Menomonie Dunn 14,937 16,264 4th 1882 Mequon Ozaukee 22,643 23,132 4th 1957 Merrill Lincoln 10,146 9,661 4th 1883 Middleton Dane 15,770 17,442 3rd 1963 Milton Rock 5,132 5,546 4th 1969 Milwaukee Milwaukee Washington Waukesha 596,974 594,833 1st 1846 Mineral Point Iowa 2,617 2,487 4th 1857 Mondovi Buffalo 2,634 2,777 4th 1889 Monona Dane 8,018 7,533 4th 1969 Monroe Green 10,843 10,827 4th 1882 Montello Marquette 1,397 1,495 4th 1938 Montreal Iron 838 807 4th 1924 Mosinee Marathon 4,063 3,988 4th 1931 Muskego Waukesha 21,397 24,135 3rd 1964 Neenah Winnebago 24,507 25,501 3rd 1873 Neillsville Clark 2,731 2,463 4th 1882 Nekoosa Wood 2,590 2,580 4th 1926 New Berlin Waukesha 38,220 39,584 3rd 1959 New Holstein Calumet 3,301 3,236 4th 1889 New Lisbon Juneau 1,436 2,554 4th 1889 New London Outagamie Waupaca 7,085 7,295 4th 1877 New Richmond St. Croix 6,310 8,375 4th 1885 Niagara Marinette 1,880 1,624 4th Oak Creek Milwaukee 28,456 34,451 3rd 1955 Oconomowoc Waukesha 12,382 15,712 3rd 1875 Oconto Oconto 4,708 4,513 4th 1869 Oconto Falls Oconto 2,843 2,891 4th 1919 Omro Winnebago 3,177 3,517 4th 1944 Onalaska La Crosse 14,839 17,736 4th 1887 Oshkosh Winnebago 62,916 66,083 2nd 1853 Osseo Trempealeau 1,669 1,701 4th 1941 Owen Clark 936 940 4th 1925 Park Falls Price 2,739 2,462 4th 1912 Peshtigo Marinette 3,474 3,502 4th 1903 Pewaukee Waukesha 11,783 13,195 3rd 1999 Phillips Price 1,675 1,478 4th 1891 Pittsville Wood 866 874 4th 1887 Platteville Grant 9,989 11,224 4th 1876 Plymouth Sheboygan 7,781 8,445 4th 1877 Port Washington Ozaukee 10,467 11,250 4th 1882 Portage Columbia 9,728 10,324 4th 1854 Prairie du Chien Crawford 6,018 5,911 4th 1872 Prescott Pierce 3,764 4,258 4th 1857 Princeton Green Lake 1,504 1,214 4th 1920 Racine Racine 81,855 78,860 2nd 1848 Reedsburg Sauk 7,827 10,014 4th 1887 Rhinelander Oneida 7,735 7,798 4th 1894 Rice Lake Barron 8,312 8,438 4th 1887 Richland Center Richland 5,114 5,184 4th 1887 Ripon Fond du Lac 7,450 7,733 4th 1858 River Falls Pierce St. Croix 12,560 15,000 3rd 1875 St. Croix Falls Polk 2,033 2,133 4th 1958 St. Francis Milwaukee 8,662 9,365 4th 1951 Schofield Marathon 2,117 2,169 4th 1951 Seymour Outagamie 3,335 3,451 4th 1879 Shawano Shawano 8,298 9,305 4th 1874 Sheboygan Sheboygan 50,792 49,288 2nd 1853 Sheboygan Falls Sheboygan 6,772 7,775 4th 1913 Shell Lake Washburn 1,309 1,347 4th 1961 Shullsburg Lafayette 1,246 1,226 4th 1889 South Milwaukee Milwaukee 21,256 21,156 4th 1897 Sparta Monroe 8,648 9,522 4th 1883 Spooner Washburn 2,653 2,682 4th 1909 Stanley Chippewa Clark 1,898 3,608 4th 1898 Stevens Point Portage 24,551 26,717 3rd 1858 Stoughton Dane 12,354 12,611 4th 1882 Sturgeon Bay Door 9,437 9,144 4th 1883 Sun Prairie Dane 20,369 29,364 3rd 1958 Superior Douglas 27,368 27,244 2nd 1858 Thorp Clark 1,536 1,621 4th 1948 Tomah Monroe 8,419 9,093 4th 1883 Tomahawk Lincoln 3,770 3,397 4th 1891 Two Rivers Manitowoc 12,639 11,712 3rd 1878 Verona Dane 7,052 10,619 4th 1977 Viroqua Vernon 4,335 5,079 4th 1885 Washburn Bayfield 2,280 2,117 4th 1904 Waterloo Jefferson 3,259 3,333 4th 1962 Watertown Dodge Jefferson 21,598 23,861 3rd 1853 Waukesha Waukesha 64,825 70,718 2nd 1895 Waupaca Waupaca 5,676 6,069 4th 1878 Waupun Dodge Fond du Lac 10,944 11,340 4th 1878 Wausau Marathon 38,426 39,106 3rd 1872 Wautoma Waushara 1,998 2,218 4th 1901 Wauwatosa Milwaukee 47,271 46,396 2nd 1897 West Allis Milwaukee 61,254 60,411 2nd 1906 West Bend Washington 28,152 31,078 3rd 1885 Westby Vernon 2,045 2,200 4th 1920 Weyauwega Waupaca 1,806 1,900 4th 1939 Whitehall Trempealeau 1,651 1,558 4th 1941 Whitewater Jefferson Walworth 13,437 14,390 4th 1885 Wisconsin Dells Adams Columbia Juneau Sauk 2,418 2,678 4th 1925 Wisconsin Rapids Wood 18,435 18,367 3rd 1869 Fictional ( edit ) Point Place , Wisconsin Stillwell , Wisconsin Willows , Wisconsin See also ( edit ) List of municipalities in Wisconsin by population List of towns in Wisconsin List of villages in Wisconsin Political subdivisions of Wisconsin References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wisconsin Legislative Reference Bureau . State of Wisconsin Blue Book 2011 - 2012 , p. 727 . Jump up ^ Wisconsin Legislative Reference Bureau . Wisconsin Blue Book 2013 - 14 Archived 2013 - 12 - 08 at the Wayback Machine. , pp. 735 - 738 . Retrieved April 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ United States Census Bureau External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cities in Wisconsin . League of Wisconsin Municipalities . Estimated Population per Square Mile of Land Area , Wisconsin Municipalities Wisconsin Department of Administration . List of Wisconsin municipalities in alphabetical order Wisconsin Department of Health Services . Wisconsin Cities , Villages , Townships and Unincorporated Places Listing Wisconsin Legislative Reference Bureau . State of Wisconsin Blue Book 2013 - 2014 - state and local government statistics hide State of Wisconsin Madison ( capital ) Topics History Governors Delegations Sports People Geography Tourist attractions Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Politics Regions Apostle Islands Central Plain Central Wisconsin Chippewa Valley Door Peninsula Driftless Area Eastern Ridges and Lowlands Fox River Valley Great River Road Lake Superior Lowland Northern Highland Western Upland Major metropolitan areas ( pop . over 500,000 ) Chicago metropolitan area Madison metropolitan area Milwaukee metropolitan area Twin Cities metropolitan area Largest cities ( pop . over 50,000 ) Appleton Eau Claire Green Bay Janesville Kenosha La Crosse Madison Milwaukee Oshkosh Racine Waukesha West Allis Smaller cities ( pop . 15,000 to 50,000 ) Beaver Dam Beloit Brookfield Cudahy De Pere Fitchburg Fond du Lac Franklin Greenfield Hudson Kaukauna Manitowoc Marshfield Menasha Menomonie Mequon Middleton Muskego Neenah New Berlin Oak Creek Oconomowoc Onalaska River Falls Sheboygan South Milwaukee Stevens Point Sun Prairie Superior Watertown Wausau Wauwatosa West Bend Wisconsin Rapids Largest villages ( pop . over 15,000 ) Ashwaubenon Caledonia Germantown Howard Menomonee Falls Mount Pleasant Pleasant Prairie Counties Adams Ashland Barron Bayfield Brown Buffalo Burnett Calumet Chippewa Clark Columbia Crawford Dane Dodge Door Douglas Dunn Eau Claire Florence Fond du Lac Forest Grant Green Green Lake Iowa Iron Jackson Jefferson Juneau Kenosha Kewaunee La Crosse Lafayette Langlade Lincoln Manitowoc Marathon Marinette Marquette Menominee Milwaukee Monroe Oconto Oneida Outagamie Ozaukee Pepin Pierce Polk Portage Price Racine Richland Rock Rusk Sauk Sawyer Shawano Sheboygan St. Croix Taylor Trempealeau Vernon Vilas Walworth Washburn Washington Waukesha Waupaca Waushara Winnebago Wood hide Lists of cities in the United States by state Index Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming D.C. neighborhoods American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands By population California Connecticut Illinois Iowa Michigan New Hampshire New Mexico Oklahoma Pennsylvania Tennessee Texas Wisconsin By area California Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_cities_in_Wisconsin&oldid=840032335 '' Categories : Cities in Wisconsin Lists of cities in the United States by state Wisconsin geography - related lists Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Banjar Boarisch Deutsch Español فارسی Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Norsk Português Română Simple English Tagalog Türkçe 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 May 2018 , at 08 : 31 . About Wikipedia	cities in wisconsin that start with the letter b	[]	[]
-8003230316319557267	Burning Man	Burning Man - wikipedia Burning Man Jump to : navigation , search `` The Burning Man '' redirects here . For the Twilight Zone episode , see The Burning Man ( The Twilight Zone ) . For the 2011 Aussie film , see Burning Man ( film ) . Burning Man A dust storm at Burning Man 2009 Begins August 26 , 2017 Ends September 3 , 2017 Frequency Annual Venue Seven Mile Playa Location ( s ) Black Rock Desert , Pershing County , Nevada , U.S. Coordinates 40 ° 47 ′ 13 '' N 119 ° 12 ′ 22 '' W / 40.787 ° N 119.206 ° W / 40.787 ; - 119.206 Coordinates : 40 ° 47 ′ 13 '' N 119 ° 12 ′ 22 '' W / 40.787 ° N 119.206 ° W / 40.787 ; - 119.206 Years active 31 Inaugurated June 21 , 1986 ; 31 years ago ( 1986 - 06 - 21 ) Founders Larry Harvey John Law Jerry James Scott `` The Hammer '' Mucci Attendance 67,290 ( 2016 ) Website www.burningman.org Black Rock City Location in the western United States Black Rock City Location in Nevada Burning Man is an annual gathering in the western United States at Black Rock City -- a temporary city erected in the Black Rock Desert of northwest Nevada , approximately 100 miles ( 160 km ) north - northeast of Reno . The late summer event is described as an experiment in community and art , influenced by ten main principles : `` radical '' inclusion , self - reliance , and self - expression , as well as community cooperation , civic responsibility , gifting , decommodification , participation , immediacy , and leaving no trace . The event takes its name from its culmination , the symbolic ritual burning of a large wooden effigy ( `` the Man '' ) that traditionally occurs on the Saturday evening of the event . First held 32 years ago in 1986 on Baker Beach in San Francisco as a small function organized by Larry Harvey and a group of friends , it has since been held annually , spanning from the last Sunday in August to the first Monday in September ( Labor Day ) . Burning Man 2017 was held from August 27 to September 4 . At Burning Man , the community explores various forms of artistic self - expression , created in celebration for the pleasure of all participants . Participation is a key precept for the community -- selfless giving of one 's unique talents for the enjoyment of all is encouraged and actively reinforced . Some of these generous outpourings of creativity can include experimental and interactive sculpture , building , performance , and art cars among other media , often inspired by the yearly theme , chosen by organizers . Burning Man is organized by the Burning Man Project , a non-profit organization that , in 2014 , succeeded a for - profit limited liability company ( Black Rock City , LLC ) that was formed in 1997 to represent the event 's organizers , and is now considered a subsidiary of the non-profit organization . In 2010 , 51,515 people attended Burning Man . Attendance in 2011 was capped at 50,000 participants and the event sold out on July 24 ; the attendance rose to 70,000 in 2015 . Smaller regional events inspired by the principles of Burning Man have been held internationally ; some of these events are also officially endorsed by the Burning Man Project as regional branches of the event . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1986 to 1989 1.2 1990 to 1996 1.3 1997 to present 1.4 Transition to a non-profit organization 1.5 Timeline of the event 2 Principles 2.1 Radical inclusion 2.2 Gifting 2.3 Decommodification 2.4 Radical self - reliance 2.5 Radical self - expression 2.6 Communal effort 2.7 Civic responsibility 2.8 Leaving no trace 2.9 Participation 2.10 Immediacy 3 Art 3.1 Mutant vehicles 3.2 Bicycles 3.3 The Temple 3.4 Electronic music 4 Black Rock City 4.1 City planning 4.2 Center Camp 4.3 Villages and theme camps 4.4 Volunteers 4.5 Safety , policing and regulations 5 Transportation 5.1 Road access 5.2 Commercial airports 5.3 Temporary airstrip 5.4 Shuttles 5.5 Other 6 `` Leave No Trace '' policy 7 Criticism 7.1 Negative effects on the environment 7.2 Gentrification 7.3 Photography restrictions 8 Regional events 9 In popular culture 10 Films 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links History ( edit ) 1986 to 1989 ( edit ) Two of the founders of Burning Man : John Law ( left ) and Michael Mikel One of the roots of the annual event now known as Burning Man began as a bonfire ritual on the summer solstice in 1986 when Larry Harvey , Jerry James , and a few friends met on Baker Beach in San Francisco and burned a 9 - foot ( 2.7 - meter ) wooden man as well as a smaller wooden dog . Harvey has described his inspiration for burning these effigies as a spontaneous act of `` radical self - expression '' . The event did have earlier roots , though . Sculptor Mary Grauberger , a friend of Harvey 's girlfriend Janet Lohr , held solstice bonfire gatherings on Baker Beach for several years prior to 1986 , some of which Harvey attended . When Grauberger stopped organizing it , Harvey `` picked up the torch '' so to speak , and ran with it . He and Jerry James built the first wooden effigy on the afternoon of June 21 , 1986 , cobbled together using scrap wood , to be torched later that evening . In 1987 , the effigy grew to almost 15 feet ( 4.6 meters ) tall , and by 1988 , it had grown to around 40 feet ( 12 meters ) . By 1988 , Larry Harvey formally named the summer solstice ritual `` Burning Man , '' by titling flyers for the happening as such ; to ward off references such as `` wicker man , '' referring to the practice of burning live sacrifices in wicker cages . Harvey has stated that he had not seen the 1973 cult film The Wicker Man until many years after and that it did not inspire the action . 1990 to 1996 ( edit ) In 1990 , a separate event was planned by Kevin Evans and John Law on the remote and largely unknown dry lake known as Black Rock Desert , about 110 miles north of Reno , Nevada . Evans conceived it as a dadaist temporary autonomous zone with sculpture to be burned and situationist performance art . He asked John Law , who also had experience on the dry lake and was a defining founder of Cacophony Society , to take on central organizing functions . In the Cacophony Society 's newsletter , it was announced as Zone # 4 , A Bad Day at Black Rock ( inspired by the 1955 film of the same name ) . Meanwhile , the beach burn was interrupted by the park police for not having a permit . After striking a deal to raise the Man but not to burn it , event organizers disassembled the effigy and returned it to the vacant lot where it had been built . Shortly thereafter , the legs and torso of the Man were chain - sawed and the pieces removed when the lot was unexpectedly leased as a parking lot . The effigy was reconstructed , led by Dan Miller , Harvey 's then - housemate of many years , just in time to take it to Zone Trip # 4 . Michael Mikel , another active Cacophonist , realized that a group unfamiliar with the environment of the dry lake would be helped by knowledgeable persons to ensure they did not get lost in the deep dry lake and risk dehydration and death . He took the name Danger Ranger and created the Black Rock Rangers . Thus the seed of Black Rock City was germinated , as a fellowship , organized by Law and Mikel , based on Evans ' idea , along with Harvey and James ' symbolic man . Drawing on experience in the sign business and with light sculpture , John Law prepared custom neon tubes for the Man in 1991 so it could be seen as a beacon at night . In its first years , the community grew by word of mouth alone , all were considered participants by virtue of surviving in the desolate surreal trackless plain of the Black Rock Desert . There were no paid or scheduled performers or artists , no separation between art - space and living - space , no rules other than `` Do n't interfere with anyone else 's immediate experience '' and `` no guns in central camp . '' 1991 marked the first year that the event had a legal permit , through the BLM ( the Bureau of Land Management ) . 1992 saw the birth of a smaller , intensive ( about 20 participants the first year ; about 100 in years two and three ) near - by event named `` Desert Siteworks , '' conceived and directed by William Binzen and co-produced ( in 1993 and ' 94 ) with Judy West . The annual , several weeks - long event , was held over summer Solstice at various fertile hot springs surrounding the desert . Participants built art and participated in self - directed performances . Some key organizers of Burning Man were also part of Desert Siteworks ( John Law , Michael Mikel ) and William Binzen was a friend of Larry Harvey . Hence , the two events saw lots of cross-pollination of ideas and participants . The Desert Siteworks project ran for three years ( 1992 -- 1994 ) . 1996 was the first year a formal partnership was created to own the name `` Burning Man '' and was also the last year that the event was held in the middle of the Black Rock Desert with no fence around it . Before the event opened to the public in 1996 , a festival worker named Michael Fury was killed in a motorcycle crash while riding from Gerlach , Nevada , to the Burning Man camp in the Black Rock Desert . Harvey insisted that the death had not occurred at Burning Man , since the gates were not yet open . Another couple was run over in their tent by an art car driving to `` rave camp , '' which was at that time distant from the main camp . After the 1996 event , co-founder and partner John Law broke with Burning Man and publicly said the event should not continue . 1997 to present ( edit ) The neon - tubed Man at the 1999 event 1997 marked another major pivotal year for the event . By 1996 , the event had grown to 8,000 attendees and unrestricted driving on the open playa was becoming a major safety hazard . To implement a ban on driving and re-create the event as a pedestrian / bicycle / art - car - only event , it was decided to move to private gated property . Fly Ranch , with the adjoining Hualapai mini dry lake - bed , just west of the Black Rock desert , was chosen . This moved Burning Man from Pershing county / federal BLM land into the jurisdiction of Washoe County , which brought a protracted list of permit requirements . To comply with the new requirements and to manage the increased liability load , the organizers formed Black Rock City , LLC . Will Roger Peterson and Flynn Mauthe created the Department of Public Works ( DPW ) to build the `` city '' grid layout ( a requirement so that emergency vehicles could be directed to an `` address '' ) designed by Rod Garrett , an architect . Rod continued as the city designer until his death , in 2011 , at the age of 76 . He is also credited with the design of all of the man bases from 2001 through 2012 , the center camp cafe and first camp . With the success of the driving ban , having no vehicular incidents , 1998 saw a return to the Black Rock desert , along with a temporary perimeter fence . The event has remained there since . As the population of Black Rock City grew , further rules were established in relation to its survival . Some critics of the event cite the addition of these rules as impinging on the original freedoms , altering the experience unacceptably , while others find the increased level of activity more than balances out the changes . A grid street structure . A speed limit of 5 mph ( 8 km / h ) . A ban on driving , except for approved `` mutant vehicles '' and service vehicles . Safety standards on mutant vehicles . Burning their own art must be done on an approved burn platform . A ban on fireworks . A ban on dogs . Light matter , Burning Man 2004 Another notable restriction to attendees is the 7 - mile - ( 11 km ) long temporary plastic fence that surrounds the event and defines the pentagon of land used by the event on the southern edge of the Black Rock dry lake . This 4 - foot ( 1.2 meter ) high barrier is known as the `` trash fence '' because its initial use was to catch wind - blown debris that might escape from campsites during the event . Since 2002 , the area beyond this fence has not been accessible to Burning Man participants during the week of the event . One visitor who was accidentally burned at the 2005 event unsuccessfully sued Black Rock City , LLC in San Francisco County Superior Court . On June 30 , 2009 , the California Court of Appeal for the First District upheld the trial court 's grant of summary judgment to Black Rock City , LLC on the basis that visitors who deliberately walk towards the Burning Man after it is lit assume the risk of getting burned by such an obviously hazardous object . In 2017 , a 41 year old man , Aaron Joel Mitchell , ran into the Burning Man and consequently died the next day due to cardiac arrest , bodily shock and 3rd degree burns to 98 % of his body . His death was ruled a suicide . Although the Burning Man was surrounded by fire fighters and volunteers to avoid such accidents , Mitchell made it through them and went up in flames . Transition to a non-profit organization ( edit ) In April 2011 , Larry Harvey announced that the LLC was beginning a three - year process to transfer ownership and control of the event over to a new non-profit organization called the `` Burning Man Project . '' The move towards becoming a non-profit organization was the result of `` bitter infighting '' between members of the board . At one point it looked like all of the board members were going to hire lawyers . Corporate appraisers were brought in to determine how much the company was worth , which Larry Harvey found `` abhorrent '' and against all of the values that Burning Man stood for . An earlier agreement stated that each member of the LLC would only receive `` sole compensation for many years of service , a golden parachute of $20,000 . '' But the members now agreed to an arrangement whereby each member of the LLC would receive an undisclosed sum prior to the transfer of their ownership rights to the Burning Man Project . Marian Goodell , board member and head of communication , addressed concerns about the lack of transparency with this statement : `` When you 're in the middle of a storm , if you 're going to explain all of how you got there , and how you 're going to get out , it often sets more panic among the survivors than if you just sail the boat out of the darkness . '' It was announced in March 2014 via the official Burning Man Blog that the non-profit transition was complete . Under the new non-profit structure Black Rock City LLC , the longtime for - profit responsible for the event , would be a subsidiary of the non-profit Burning Man Project . Although unmentioned in the initial announcement , the Terms and Conditions for ticket buyers were changed to reflect an alteration in the structure of the business . Under the new terms it was made known that a new LLC was created , Decommodification LLC , which in the new non-profit business structure , owns all of the intellectual property associated with the Burning Man brand , including ownership over logos and trademarks , and will be responsible for enforcement thereof . The non-profit Burning Man Project licenses usage of all intellectual property associated with Burning Man from Decommodification LLC . After questions were raised by the community about this new LLC within the comment section on the original non-profit announcement Larry Harvey confirmed that he and the other founders were the sole owners of this new LLC . Timeline of the event ( edit ) The statistics below illustrate the growth in attendance of the Burning Man event , from a few handfuls of people to more than 70,000 in 2015 , as well as other facts and figures . Burning Man 2006 was covered extensively for television for the first time by subscription television channel Current TV which handed out cameras to participants and broadcast daily updates via satellite from the dry lake . `` TV Free Burning Man '' also provided TV viewers an hour - long live feed of The Burn and was shown without commercial sponsorship . TV Free returned in 2007 and 2008 ; the 2007 coverage was nominated for a news Emmy Award . The height of the Burning Man itself has remained close to 40 feet ( 12 meters ) tall between 1989 - 2013 . During those years changes in the height and structure of the base account for the differing heights of the overall structures . In 2014 the configuration and height of the Man itself changed , and Burners were presented with a taller , more robust figure . For 2016 and 2017 the Man itself returned to its 40 - foot configuration . Year Height from ground to top of Man Location Participants BLM participant limit Admission price Theme Notes 1986 8 ft ( 2.4 m ) Baker Beach 20 N / A Free None Larry Harvey & Jerry James build & burn wooden man on Baker Beach on the summer solstice , following a ritual bonfire tradition begun by Mary Grauberger 20 ft ( 6.1 m ) Baker Beach 80 N / A Free None 30 ft ( 9.1 m ) Baker Beach 150 -- 200 N / A Free None 40 ft ( 12 m ) Baker Beach 300 + N / A Free None First listing of Burning Man in the San Francisco Cacophony Society newsletter , `` Rough Draft '' under `` sounds like cacophony . '' 40 ft ( 12 m ) Baker Beach & Black Rock Desert 500 ( Baker Beach ) + 120 Black Rock Desert Free None Figure erected at Baker Beach on Summer Solstice ( June 21 ) but not burned . Man is invited to San Francisco Cacophony Zone Trip # 4 on Labor Day weekend in the Black Rock Desert , Nevada . 1991 40 ft ( 12 m ) Black Rock Desert 250 $15 None First year of neon on the man . 40 ft ( 12 m ) Black Rock Desert 600 $25 None First year amplified music appeared at Burning Man . Craig Ellenwood and TerboTed set up a camp , approved by Larry Harvey one mile from center camp and launched the first EDM camp . 40 ft ( 12 m ) Black Rock Desert 1,000 $25 -- $40 None Theme camps : 1 -- `` Christmas Camp '' 40 ft ( 12 m ) Black Rock Desert 2,000 $30 None First year of wooden spires and lamplighting 1995 40 ft ( 12 m ) Black Rock Desert 4,000 $35 None Unofficial theme was `` Good and Evil '' . 48 ft ( 15 m ) Black Rock Desert 8,000 $35 Inferno Theme featuring Dante 's Inferno / HELCO ( a satire on corporate takeovers ) . First year the man is elevated on a straw bale pyramid and guns banned in central camp . First fatality in motorcycle collision . 3 people seriously injured in a tent run over by a car . 10 of 16 BLM stipulations violated , putting BM on probationary status for next year . An injury claim drives liability coverage up by a factor of 6 . Featured in an article in Wired magazine . Theme camps 130 + 50 ft ( 15 m ) Hualapai Playa 10,000 $65 Fertility : The Living Land The BM org . forms management structure , the DPW to meet strict permit requirements newly imposed . First year the city has grid streets and driving banned . Washoe County officials impounded gate receipts to ensure payment after the fire and protection fees along with more than 100 new fire and safety conditions are imposed before the event . Registered theme camps : 400 + 1998 52 ft ( 16 m ) Black Rock Desert 15,000 $65 -- $100 Nebulous Entity Burning Man returned to the Black Rock Desert although much closer to Gerlach than before . The `` Nebulous Entity '' was Harvey 's satirical concept of alien beings who thrive on information -- who consume it but do not understand it . 1999 54 ft ( 16 m ) Black Rock Desert 23,000 $65 -- $100 Wheel of Time Listed in the AAA 's RV guide under `` Great Destinations . '' Registered theme camps : 320 2000 54 ft ( 16 m ) Black Rock Desert 25,400 $95 -- $200 The Body First active law enforcement activity , 60 Bureau of Land Management ( BLM ) and police arrests and citations . Most are for minor drug charges following surveillance and searches . Registered theme camps : 460 70 ft ( 21 m ) Black Rock Desert 25,659 $200 Seven Ages See Seven Ages of Man . Over 100 BLM citations and 5 arrests . Registered theme camps : 466 , placed art : 150 2002 80 ft ( 24 m ) Black Rock Desert 28,979 $135 -- $200 The Floating World First year for FAA approved airport . 135 BLM citations and 4 Sheriff citations . Registered theme camps : 487 , placed art : 120 2003 79 ft ( 24 m ) Black Rock Desert 30,586 $145 -- $225 Beyond Belief Dogs are banned for the first time . 177 BLM citations , 9 police citations , 10 arrests and 1 fatality . Registered theme camps : 504 , placed art : 261 80 ft ( 24 m ) Black Rock Desert 35,664 The Vault of Heaven 218 BLM citations , some issued from decoy ' art car ' . Camps giving away alcohol subjected to state law compliance examinations and 1 arrest . Pershing County Sheriff 's office : 27 cases , 4 arrests , 2 citations . Nevada Highway Patrol : 2 DUI arrests , 217 citations , and 246 warnings were issued . Malcolm in the Middle used burning man in one of their episodes . Registered theme camps : 503 , placed art : 220 2005 72 ft ( 22 m ) Black Rock Desert 35,567 $145 -- $250 Psyche : The Conscious , Subconscious & Unconscious The Man , perched atop a `` fun house '' maze , can be turned by participants , confusing those at a distance who use it to navigate . Dream related art work . 218 BLM citations , 6 arrests and 1 fatality . Registered theme camps : 485 , placed art : 275 2006 72 ft ( 22 m ) Black Rock Desert 38,989 6 % > previous highest ( 37,803 ) $185 -- $280 Hope and Fear : The Future The Man goes up and down reflecting a hope / fear meter . Voting stations were set up around the playa , allowing residents to cast a Hopeful or Fearful vote for the future of Man . If the vote was hopeful he would burn with his hands in the air - not - hands down . They voted hopeful - and his arms were raised till the end . 155 BLM citations and 1 arrest . Pershing County Sheriff 's office : 1 citation and 7 arrests . Nevada Highway Patrol : 234 citations , 17 arrests , and 213 warnings . Placed art : 300 2007 65 ft ( 20 m ) Black Rock Desert 47,097 6 % > previous highest ( 41,328 ) $195 -- $280 The Green Man The Man was prematurely set on fire around 2 : 58 am , Tuesday August 28 , during full Lunar eclipse . A repeat Burning Man prankster , Paul Addis , was arrested and charged with arson , and the Man was rebuilt for regular Saturday burn . Addis pleaded guilty in May 2008 to one felony count of injury to property , was sentenced to up to four years in Nevada state prison , and was ordered to pay $30,000 in restitution . 331 BLM citations . Registered theme camps : 681 , placed art : 300 2008 100 ft ( 30 m ) Black Rock Desert 49,599 6 % > previous highest ( 50,207 ) $210 -- $295 American Dream First year that tickets are not sold at the gate . The size and layout of the city is enlarged to accommodate a larger central playa and a longer Esplanade . Because of excessively high winds and whiteout conditions on Saturday , the burning of the Man was delayed for over an hour and a half and the fire conclave was canceled . Many longtime contributors opted out allegedly due to the chosen theme ( `` The American Dream '' ) , jailing of dissenter Addis , and the founders ' rift . The perimeter of BRC extended to 9 miles . The BLM made 6 arrests and issued 129 citations . Registered theme camps : 746 , placed art : 285 2009 66 ft ( 20 m ) Black Rock Desert 43,558 6 % > previous highest ( 52,575 ) $210 -- $360 Evolution : A Tangled Bank Tickets sold at the gate once again . As the result of some criticism , the size and layout of the city was returned to roughly the same as the 2007 event . The BLM officials said that as of noon Saturday , 41,059 people were at Burning Man , and the crowd peaked at 43,435 at noon Friday , a noted decline after years of steady attendance growth , due mainly to the 2008 stock market crash . BLM issued 287 citations and 9 arrests . Registered theme camps : 618 , placed art : 215 100 ft ( 30 m ) Black Rock Desert 51,525 6 % > previous highest ( 52,575 ) $210 -- $360 Metropolis -- Life of Cities Attendance over 50,000 mark , for first time . The gate opened early , at 6 pm Sunday , for first time . Coincided with the inaugural Black Rock City Film Festival . BLM issued 293 citations and 8 arrests . Registered theme camps : 700 , placed art : 275 2011 104 ft ( 32 m ) Black Rock Desert 53,963 50,000 $210 -- $360 Rites of Passage According to Black Rock LLC , 27,000 tickets ( all discounted tiers ) were sold by midday the day following the opening of ticket sales . For the first time in Burning Man history , tickets sold out before the event on July 24 , 2011 . 2012 40 ft ( 12 m ) on a 50 ft ( 15 m ) base Black Rock Desert 56,149 60,900 $240 -- $420 Fertility 2.0 Due to the sellout of the event in 2011 , the BMOrg opted for a complex multi-round , random selection system of ticket sales with a separate low income program . On January 27 , BMOrg announced that the number of tickets requested in the Main Sale was around 120,000 vs the 40,000 that were available . In consequence a significant number of registrants would not be awarded tickets in the Main Sale . The Main Sale was originally planned to be followed by a secondary open sale of 10,000 tickets . However , as the huge demand from the Main Sale left many veteran burners and theme camps without tickets , BMOrg opted for a `` directed ticket distribution '' instead , i.e. , `` manually redirect them to some of the vital groups and collaborations that make up Black Rock City '' rather than an open sale . 2013 40 ft ( 12 m ) on a 55 ft ( 17 m ) base Black Rock Desert 69,613 68,000 $380 Cargo Cult The year 's theme was based on John Frum and Cargo Cults . Ticket tiers were eliminated and a flat rate price structure was adopted ( except for low - income ticket program ) . 2014 105 ft ( 32 m ) Black Rock Desert 65,922 68,000 $380 Vehicle pass : $40 Caravansary This year , the Burning Man Traffic Mitigation Plan went into effect . All vehicles entering Black Rock City needed a $40 vehicle pass . Only 35,000 passes were available . A woman is killed in a vehicle collision . 2015 60 ft ( 18 m ) Black Rock Desert 67,564 70,000 $390 Vehicle pass : $50 Carnival of Mirrors First time in nearly 10 years that the Man base is on the ground ( vs a raised base ) . Only 27,000 vehicle passes were made available this year . 2016 43 ft ( 13 m ) Black Rock Desert 67,290 70,000 $390 Vehicle pass : $80 DaVinci 's Workshop Tying in with the 2016 theme -- the works of Leonardo da Vinci , the Man was a large - scale interpretation of the Vitruvian Man on a circular frame ; contained within its base was a wheel and gear system that was to allow groups of visitors to manually rotate the Man . The gear system was damaged during setup , however , and was not functional during the event . 2017 42 ft ( 13 m ) Black Rock Desert 70,000 $425 Vehicle pass : $80 Radical Ritual Aaron Joel Mitchell died after choosing to run into the flames of the `` Man Burn '' effigy . Principles ( edit ) This Principles contains content that is written like an advertisement . Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The effigy with fireworks immediately before being burned in 2011 Because of the variety of goals fostered by participatory attendees , known as `` Burners '' , Burning Man does not have a single focus . Features of the event are subject to the participants and include community , artwork , absurdity , decommodification , and revelry . Participation is encouraged . The Burning Man event and its affiliated communities are guided by ten principles that are meant to evoke the cultural ethos that has emerged from the event . They were originally written by Larry Harvey in 2004 as guidelines for regional organizing , then later became a universal criterion of the general culture of the multifaceted movement . They are : radical inclusion gifting decommodification radical self - reliance radical self - expression communal effort civic responsibility leaving no trace participation immediacy . The descriptions in quotes are the actual text : Radical inclusion ( edit ) `` Anyone may be a part of Burning Man . We welcome and respect the stranger . No prerequisites exist for participation in our community . '' This was written with a broad stroke for general organizing , meaning anyone is welcome to the Burning Man culture . Prerequisites for the Burning Man event are participants expected to provide for their own basic needs , follow the guidelines stated in the annually updated event `` survival guide , '' and purchase a ticket to get in . Gifting ( edit ) `` Burning Man is devoted to acts of gift giving . The value of a gift is unconditional . Gifting does not contemplate a return or an exchange for something of equal value . '' Instead of cash , participants at the Burning Man event in the Black Rock Desert are encouraged to rely on a gift economy , a sort of potlatch . In the earliest days of the event , an underground barter economy also existed , in which burners exchanged `` favors '' with each other . While this was originally supported by the Burning Man organization , this is now largely discouraged . Instead , burners are encouraged to give gifts to one another unconditionally . Decommodification ( edit ) `` In order to preserve the spirit of gifting , our community seeks to create social environments that are unmediated by commercial sponsorships , transactions , or advertising . We stand ready to protect our culture from such exploitation . We resist the substitution of consumption for participatory experience . '' No cash transactions are permitted between attendees of the Burning Man event in the Black Rock Desert . Cash can be used for a select few charity , fuel , and sanitation vendors as follows : Café beverages such as coffee , chai , lemonade , etc. , which are sold at Center Camp Café , operated by the organizers of the event . Ice sales benefit the local Gerlach - Empire school system . Tickets for the shuttle bus to the nearest Nevada communities of Gerlach and Empire which is operated by a contractor not participating in the event : Green Tortoise . A re-entry wristband , which allows a person to leave and re-enter the event and may be purchased at the gate upon exit . An airport use fee , payable at the airport upon first entry . Diesel and biodiesel sold by third - party contractors . RV dump service and camp graywater disposal service . Private portable toilets and servicing , which can be arranged with the official contractor . Radical self - reliance ( edit ) Dust storms are common at Burning Man , so many come prepared with appropriate provisions , such as goggles and masks to reduce dust inhalation . `` Burning Man encourages the individual to discover , exercise and rely on his or her inner resources . '' The event 's harsh environment and remote location the way it is makes participants expected to be responsible for their own subsistence . Since the LLC forbids most commerce , participants must be prepared and bring all their own supplies with the exception of the items stated in Decommodification . Radical self - expression ( edit ) Play media Trojan Horse Pull -- Burning Man 2011 `` Radical self - expression arises from the unique gifts of the individual . No one other than the individual or a collaborating group can determine its content . It is offered as a gift to others . In this spirit , the giver should respect the rights and liberties of the recipient . '' Participants at the Burning Man event in the Black Rock Desert are encouraged to express themselves in a number of ways through various art forms and projects . The event is clothing - optional and public nudity is common , though not practiced by the majority . Communal effort ( edit ) `` Our community values creative cooperation and collaboration . We strive to produce , promote and protect social networks , public spaces , works of art , and methods of communication that support such interaction . '' Participants at the Burning Man event in the Black Rock Desert are encouraged to work with and help fellow participants . Civic responsibility ( edit ) `` We value civil society . Community members who organize events should assume responsibility for public welfare and endeavor to communicate civic responsibilities to participants . They must also assume responsibility for conducting events in accordance with local , state and federal laws . '' Leaving no trace ( edit ) Burning Man Playa Restoration 2015 -- attendees carry MOOP ( matter out of place ) sticks and buckets and walk to pick up discarded materials , as part of the ' leave no trace ' policy . `` Our community respects the environment . We are committed to leaving no physical trace of our activities wherever we gather . We clean up after ourselves and endeavor , whenever possible , to leave such places in a better state than when we found them . '' Participation ( edit ) `` Our community is committed to a radically participatory ethic . We believe that transformative change , whether in the individual or in society , can occur only through the medium of deeply personal participation . We achieve being through doing . Everyone is invited to work . Everyone is invited to play . We make the world real through actions that open the heart . '' People are encouraged to participate , rather than observe . Immediacy ( edit ) `` Immediate experience is , in many ways , the most important touchstone of value in our culture . We seek to overcome barriers that stand between us and a recognition of our inner selves , the reality of those around us , participation in society , and contact with a natural world exceeding human powers . No idea can substitute for this experience . '' Art ( edit ) Coyote sculpture ( 2013 ) Art on the dry lake bed ( the playa ) is assisted by the Artery , which helps artists place their art in the desert and ensures lighting ( to prevent collisions ) , burn platform ( to protect the integrity of the dry lake bed ) , and that fire safety requirements are met . Some playa art is perennial , other art is inspired by the event 's annual - since 1995 - theme ( ostensibly decided upon by Larry Harvey ) : 1995 - Good and Evil 1996 - The Inferno 1997 - Mysteria 1998 - The Nebulous Entity 1999 - The Wheel of Time 2000 - The Body 2001 - The Seven Ages 2002 - The Floating World 2003 - Beyond Belief 2004 - Vault of Heaven 2005 - Psyche 2006 - Hope & Fear 2007 - The Green Man 2008 - American Dream 2009 - Evolution - A Tangled Bank 2010 - Metropolis - The Life Of Cities 2011 - Rites of Passage 2012 - Fertility 2.0 2013 - Cargo Cult 2014 - Caravansary 2015 - Carnival of Mirrors 2016 - Da Vinci 's Workshop 2017 - Radical Ritual 2018 - I , Robot Burning Man primarily features outsider art and visionary art , though a great variety of art forms appear during the event . Creative expression through the arts and interactive art are encouraged at Burning Man . Numerous Theme Camps , registered and placed by organizers , are created as event and residence centers by sizable sub-communities of participants and use extensive design and artistic elements to engage the greater community and meet interactivity requirements . Music , performance and guerrilla street theatre are art forms commonly presented within the camps and developed areas of the city . Adjacent to the city , the dry lake bed of Lake Lahontan serves as a tabula rasa for hundreds of isolated artworks , ranging from small to very large - scale art installations , often sculptures with kinetic , electronic and fire elements . Artwork is generally viewed as a freely given gift made by the artist to the community at his or her own expense . Art grants are , however , available to participants via a system of curation and oversight , with application deadlines early in the year . Grants are intended to help artists produce work beyond the scope of their own means , and are generally intended to cover only a portion of the costs associated with creation of the pieces , usually requiring considerable reliance on an artist 's community resources . Aggregate funding for all grants varies depending on the number and quality of the submissions ( usually well over 100 ) but amounts to several percent ( on the order of $500,000 in recent years ) of the gross receipts from ticket sales . In 2006 , 29 pieces were funded . Various standards regarding the nature of the artworks eligible for grants are set by the Art Department , but compliance with the theme and interactivity are important considerations . This funding has fostered artistic communities , most notably in the Bay Area of California , the region that has historically provided a majority of the event 's participants . There are active and successful outreach efforts to enlarge the regional scope of the event and the grant program . Among these is the Black Rock Arts Foundation ( BRAF ) . While BRAF does not fund any installations for the event itself , it relies on the donations from the Burning Man Project for a significant portion of its funding , and does facilitate presentation of work created for the event in outside venues as well as offering its own grants for artworks that typify interactivity and other principles and traditions the event . Mutant vehicles ( edit ) Praying Mantis truck ( 2010 ) Mutant Vehicles , often motorized , are purpose - built or creatively altered cars and trucks . Participants who wish to bring motorized mutant vehicles must submit their designs in advance to the event 's own DMV or `` Department of Mutant Vehicles '' for approval and for physical inspection at the time of the event . Not all designs and proposals are accepted . The event organizers , and in turn the DMV , have set the bar higher for what it deems an acceptable MV each year , in effect capping the number of Mutant Vehicles . This is in response to constraints imposed by the U.S. Bureau of Land Management , which grants permits to hold the event on federal property , and to participants who want to maintain a pedestrian - friendly environment . Vehicles that are minimally altered , and / or whose primary function is to transport participants , are discouraged and rejected . One of the criteria the DMV employs to determine whether an application for a proposed Mutant Vehicle is approved is `` can you recognize the base vehicle '' . For example , if a 1967 VW van covered with glitter , dolls ' heads , and old cooking utensils can still be recognized as a VW van , it is considered to be `` decorated not mutated '' and is less likely to be approved . This criterion led to the exclusion of some `` Art Cars '' , which historically have been a staple of the event . There were over six hundred approved Mutant Vehicles at the event in 2010 . Bicycles ( edit ) Cyclists at Burning Man ( 2010 ) Bicycles and tricycles are popular for getting around on the dry lake . Mountain bikes are generally preferred over road bikes for riding on the dried silt , which is normally hard but becomes loose with traffic . Participants often decorate their bikes to make them unique . Since lighting on the bikes is critically important for safety at night , many participants incorporate the lighting into their decorations , using electroluminescent wire ( a thin , flexible tube that glows with a neon - like effect when energized with electricity ) to create intricate patterns over the frame of the bike . Every night during Burning Man , thousands of bikes and art cars drive around , creating a visual display similar to Las Vegas at night , except that the lights are mobile . The Temple ( edit ) The Temple of Joy ( 2002 ) Temple of Transition exterior ( 2011 ) Temple of Transition interior ( 2011 ) The burning of a temple , as well as the Man , has become a tradition activity at the event . It takes place the evening after the destruction of the Man . Sculptor David Best 's temple projects were ritually burned from 2000 to 2004 . The tradition of participants inscribing the surfaces of the piece with personal messages has continued through all of the iterations of the temple . 2000 -- The Temple of the Mind 2001 -- The Temple of Tears 2002 -- The Temple of Joy 2003 -- The Temple of Honor 2004 -- The Temple of Stars 2005 -- The Temple of Dreams In 2005 , Best stepped aside to allow for another artist , Mark Grieve , to build his own interpretation of a Temple . Grieve 's temples were seen in both 2005 and 2006 . 2006 -- The Temple of Hope 2007 -- The Temple of Forgiveness In 2007 David Best took over the temple building duties for what he thought would be one last time . The 2007 Temple was named `` The Temple of Forgiveness . '' Best stated that after 2007 , it was time to hand the Temple over to the community . 2008 -- Basura Sagrada In 2008 the `` Basura Sagrada '' ( Spanish for `` sacred trash '' ) Temple was a collaboration of Shrine and Tucker Teutsch 3.0 , built with the extensive help of their friends and the greater Burning Man community . 2009 -- Fire of Fires In 2009 , the `` Fire of Fires '' Temple for Burning Man was built in Austin , Texas . 2010 -- The Temple of Flux In 2010 , the Temple of Flux was designed and orchestrated by artists Rebecca Anders , Jess Hobbs and Peter ( pk . ) Kimelman who formed the Flux Foundation . This group was notable for drawing from a broad section of the Burning Man community , including the large - scale sound camps and other existing BM art groups . The Flux Foundation has since continued to make large - scale public art outside Burning Man . The Temple of Flux broke from tradition and was highly abstract in nature , appearing as a series of landforms with canyon and cave - like spaces . 2011 -- The Temple of Transition The 2011 Temple was the first Temple built in Reno , Nevada . The International Arts Megacrew , helmed by Chris `` Kiwi '' Hankins , Diarmaid `` Irish '' Horkan and Ian `` Beave '' Beaverstock returned to a more traditional style . The Temple of Transition took the form of a 120 - foot tiered , hexagonal central tower , surrounded by five 58 - foot tiered , hexagonal towers . The towers were vaulted and lofty , cut with a profusion of gothic style arches . 2012 -- The Temple of Juno With the 2012 Temple came the return of David Best . The Temple of Juno incorporated a large central tower with central altar space , sitting within a 150 ' x 150 ' walled courtyard lined with benches , accessed from four entrances . Intricately cut wooden panels and detailed shapes covered the courtyard walls as well as the interior space and altars . 2013 -- The Temple of Whollyness This temple was created by The Otic Oasis team , led by architect and artist Gregg Fleishman , Terry Lightning `` Clearwater III '' Gross , and Melissa `` Syn '' Barron . This was the first Temple built without nails , bolts , adhesives , or fasteners of any kind . This Temple incorporated a massive 17 - ton black basalt Inuksuk sculpture created by artist , James LaFemina to act as the central altar . Conceptual artist and composer , Aaron ' Taylor ' Kuffner , who debuted at Burning Man with the 2011 Temple of Transition , returned to contribute musical elements with a different execution of the Gamelatron . 2014 -- The Temple of Grace Following the sudden withdrawal of chosen 2014 Temple builder Ross Asselstine , who was to build the Temple of Descendants , David Best came out of retirement a third time to build his eighth Temple . The Temple of Grace was intended to be a spiritual and sacred space for memorials , reflection , celebration , and to commemorate life transitions . The structure incorporated a central interior dome within a graceful curved body made of wood and steel . Again , it had intricately cut wooden panels for the exterior and interior skin . Eight altars surrounded the temple inside a low - walled courtyard , creating a large exterior grounds for the community . 2015 -- The Temple of Promise This temple was created by Dreamers Guild and built primarily in Alameda , CA . The temple welcomes participants through an archway soaring 97 feet overhead . As the path continues to curve , it opens into the contemplative altar and the heart of the Temple : a grove of three sculpted trees . The branches are initially bare . Participants will write messages on long strips of cloth and attach them to the trees , creating the gentle shade of Weeping Willows , increasing as the week progresses . The procession in memory of a Bureau of Land Management Special Agent in 2013 2016 -- The Temple ( no prepositional phrase ) David Best came out of retirement yet again to build a pagoda style temple . This year the wooden pieces were cut by hand without the use of a CNC machine . Electronic music ( edit ) Camps focusing on electronic music , often played by live DJs , began to appear in 1992 , as influenced by the rave culture of the San Francisco area . Terbo Ted was identified as having been the first ever DJ in Burning Man history , opening with a Jean Michel Jarre song played off a vinyl record . DJs typically occupied an area on the outskirts of the Playa nicknamed the `` Techno Ghetto '' . In later years , designated spokes of the main camp were designated for `` sound camps '' , with limits on volume and speaker positioning ( angled away from the center of Black Rock City ) . To work around the rules , mutant vehicles with live DJs and large sound systems began to appear as well . A number of major electronic music camps have been well - known recurrents at Burning Man , including Opulent Temple and Robot Heart . Major producers and DJs representing various eras and genres have performed at Burning Man , including Armin van Buuren , Carl Cox , Markus Schulz , François Kevorkian and Freq Nasty among others . In recent years , concerns began to surface among attendees that a growing number of `` mainstream '' electronic dance music acts ( such as Skrillex and Diplo 's Jack Ü in 2014 ) had begun to appear . In 2015 , organizers established a new area known as the `` Deep Playa Music Zone '' ( or DMZ ) , to serve as a new host for sound trucks featuring live DJs . Black Rock City ( edit ) `` Black Rock City '' redirects here . For the company that organizes Burning Man , see Black Rock City , LLC . Radar image of Black Rock City taken from the TerraSAR - X satellite in 2011 Black Rock City , often abbreviated to BRC , is the name of the temporary city created by Burning Man participants . Much of the layout and general city infrastructure is constructed by Department of Public Works ( DPW ) volunteers who often reside in Black Rock City for several weeks before and after the event . The remainder of the city including theme camps , villages , art installations and individual camping are all created by participants . City planning ( edit ) Oblique aerial photo of Black Rock City showing the familiar `` C '' pattern 2010 The developed part of the city is currently arranged as a series of concentric streets in an arc composing , since 1999 , two - thirds of a 1.5 - mile ( 2.4 - km ) diameter circle with the Man Sculpture and his supporting complex at the very center ( 40 ° 47 ′ 11 '' N 119 ° 12 ′ 23.40 '' W / 40.78639 ° N 119.2065000 ° W / 40.78639 ; - 119.2065000 in 2012 ) . Radial streets , sometimes called Avenues , extend from the Man to the outermost circle . The outlines of these streets are visible on aerial photographs . The innermost street is named the Esplanade , and the remaining streets are given names to coincide with the overall theme of the burn , and ordered in ways such as alphabetical order or stem to stern , to make them easier to recall . For example , in 1999 , for the `` Wheel of Time '' theme , and again in 2004 for `` The Vault of Heaven '' theme , the streets were named after the planets of the solar system . The radial streets are usually given a clock designation , for example , 6 : 00 or 6 : 15 , in which the Man is at the center of the clock face and 12 : 00 is in the middle of the third of the arc lacking streets ( usually at a bearing of 60 ° true from the Man ) . These avenues have been identified in other ways , notably in 2002 , in accordance with `` The Floating World '' theme , as the degrees of a compass , for example 175 degrees , and in 2003 as part of the Beyond Belief theme as adjectives ( `` Rational , Absurd '' ) that caused every intersection with a concentric street ( named after concepts of belief such as `` Authority , Creed '' ) to form a phrase such as `` Absurd Authority '' or `` Rational Creed '' . However , these proved unpopular with participants due to difficulty in navigating the city without the familiar clock layout . The Black Rock City Airport is constructed adjacent to the city , typically on its southern side . See Transportation section below . Center camp ( edit ) Center Camp is located along the mid line of Black Rock City , facing the Man at the 6 : 00 position on the Esplanade . This area serves as a central meeting place for the entire city and contains the Center Camp Cafe , Camp Arctica and a number of other city institutions . Villages and theme camps ( edit ) Satellite Image of Black Rock City , taken from NASA World Wind , 2005 Villages and theme camps are located along the innermost streets of Black Rock City , often offering entertainment or services to participants . Theme camps are usually a collective of people representing themselves under a single identity . Villages are usually a collection of smaller theme camps which have banded together in order to share resources and vie for better placement . Theme camps and villages often form to create an atmosphere in Black Rock City that their group envisioned . As Burning Man grows every year it attracts an even more diverse crowd . Subcultures form around theme camps at Black Rock City similar to what can be found in other cities . Volunteers ( edit ) The Burning Man event is heavily dependent on a large number of volunteers . Safety , policing and regulations ( edit ) Bureau of Land Management officers and a Ranger at Burning Man Play media Video about Burning Man 's air ambulance Black Rock City is patrolled by various local and state law enforcement agencies as well as the Bureau of Land Management Rangers . The local police issue $1500 fines for drug use and serving alcohol to minors . Burning Man also has its own in - house group of volunteers , the Black Rock Rangers , who act as informal mediators when disputes arise between participants . Firefighting , emergency medical services ( EMS ) , mental health , and communications support is provided by the volunteer Black Rock City Emergency Services Department ( ESD ) . Three `` MASH '' - like stations are set up in the city : station 3 , 6 and 9 . Station 6 is staffed by physicians and nurses working with a contracted state licensed ALS Medical provider , while Stations 3 and 9 are staffed by Black Rock City ESD personnel . While Station 3 and 9 provide emergency services and basic life support , the volunteers are generally doctors , nurses , EMTs / paramedics , and firefighters . Both station 3 and 9 have a small fire engines available in addition to a Hazardous material / Rescue truck and Quick response vehicle for medical emergencies . In documents from February 2013 first made public on August 29 , 2015 , it was revealed that in August 2010 , the FBI had sent a memo to its field offices in Nevada stating that it would patrol Burning Man to `` aid in the prevention of terrorist activities and intelligence collection . '' Although a threat assessment performed by the FBI in consort with Burning Man 's contracted security determined that drug usage and crowd control were the only major threats to Burning Man , the Bureau still sent an unspecified number of undercover officers to the event , with `` no adverse threats or reactions . '' Transportation ( edit ) See also : Black Rock Desert § Transportation Road access ( edit ) Highway 34 provides access to the main entrance to Black Rock City . The highway connects to Highway 447 north of Gerlach , which then runs south to Highway 427 in Wadsworth near Interstate 80 . Vehicles then proceed from the Highway 34 entrance north to the main gate via Gate Road , a desert dirt road with a speed limit of 10 mph . All vehicles driving into the city must have the appropriate vehicle pass , and all occupants are required to have valid ticket , in order to get in . Vehicles are also searched for any items that are prohibited in the city . For those who have their tickets held at Will Call , the booths are located between the Highway 34 entrance and the main gate . All tickets and vehicle passes must be bought in advance ; they are not directly sold outside the gate or at the Will Call booths . Furthermore , unless they have a valid early arrival pass for the pre-event set up , any vehicle who arrives before the gate opens is turned away and told to go back to Reno , and not to wait along the side of the road on either Highways 34 or 447 ( which would be a safety hazard ) , nor stay in Gerlach ( and overcrowd the small town ) . ' Exodus ' from Black Rock City in 2016 When the Burning Man ends , and the mass exodus out of Black Rock City begins , a road traffic control procedure called `` Pulsing '' is used to direct vehicles out of the city . At regular intervals ( usually an hour during the peak periods ) , all vehicles are `` pulsed '' forward all at once for about a mile along Gate Road . This allows vehicles to stop and turn off their engines , while those at southernmost mile of the multi-lane Gate Road slowly merge and then turn onto the two - lane Highway 34 . Commercial airports ( edit ) The airport with regular commercial service closest to the event is the Reno - Tahoe International Airport in Reno , Nevada , over two hours ' drive away . An airport spokesperson said in 2009 that 15,000 burners arrive to the event via the airport annually , making it the second - busiest time for them . In 2008 and 2009 , an information desk for burners was organized in Reno airport . San Francisco International Airport , nearly six hours away by car , is the nearest airport with a high volume of international service . Temporary airstrip ( edit ) A section of the Playa is used for a non-permanent airport , which is set up before each event and completely erased afterward . It serves both general aviation and charter flights . Pilots began camping there about 1995 , and once compelled to add structure , it was established in a form acceptable to the BLM in 1999 through the efforts of Tiger Tiger ( Lissa Shoun ) and LLC board member Mr. Klean ( Will Roger ) . In 2009 it was recognized by the FAA as a private airport and designated 88NV . It is found on the Klamath Falls Sectional , using a CTAF of 122.9 MHz . Black Rock Unicom and the airport are operational on that frequency from 6 : 00 am to 7 : 30 pm PDT each day during the event . The runway is simply a compacted strip of playa , and is not lighted . Because of the unique air traffic and safety issues associated with the airport , pilots are strongly encouraged to familiarize themselves with published information and procedures provided by , for example , AOPA . Because of the changes of the surface each year , information about the airport is subject to change . Shuttles ( edit ) There are prepaid shuttles , originating in Reno and San Francisco , that move participants to and from the event . During the event there is also a paid shuttle between the event and the nearby towns of Gerlach and Empire . Exiting and reentering the event requires an additional fee , and is highly discouraged . Other ( edit ) Participants also share rides and hitchhike . `` Leave no trace '' policy ( edit ) A collection of MOOP ( Matter Out Of Place ) , 2003 Burning Man takes place in the middle of a large playa , and while not inhabited by humans itself , the area around the playa is home to many animals and plants . Supporters of Burning Man point out that participants are encouraged to leave no trace ( LNT ) of their visit to Black Rock City ( BRC ) and not to contaminate the area with litter , commonly known as MOOP ( Matter Out Of Place ) . Despite the BLM and LLC 's insistence on the practice of LNT , the amount of residual trash at the site has increased over the years , ( t ) he number of items per plot in the City consistently increased over the 2006 to 2009 ( ... ) . Although the observed trend was not statistically significant , regression analysis indicated that the predicted trend explained over 97 % of the variance in the data . While fire is a primary component of many art exhibits and events , materials must be burned on a burn platform . From 1990 through 1999 , burning was allowed to take place directly on the surface of the playa , but this left burn scars ( fired pinkish clay - like playa surface ) . When it was finally determined that they did not dissipate with the annual winter rains and flooding , in 2000 , the organization declared that fires had to be elevated from the playa surface for its protection . When it was discovered by two of the founders of the Friends of Black Rock / High Rock ( Garth Elliott & Sue Weeks ) and BLM Winnemucca district director Terry Reid that Burn scars from prior sites ( numbering 250 ) still remained , they were finally eradicated in 2000 by the DPW clean up crew headed by Dan Miller . On the last day of the event , public shared burn areas are prepared for participants to use . It is an ongoing educational process each year to inform the public not to burn toxic materials for the protection of the environment and participants . Even gray water is not to be dumped on the playa , and used shower water must be captured and either evaporated off , or collected and carried home with each participant or disposed of by roving septic - pumping trucks , which also service RVs . Methods used for evaporating water normally include a plastic sheet with a wood frame . The Bureau of Land Management , which maintains the desert , has very strict requirements for the event . These stipulations include trash cleanup , removal of burn scars , dust abatement , and capture of fluid drippings from participant vehicles . For four weeks after the event has ended , the Black Rock City Department of Public Works ( BRC -- DPW ) Playa Restoration Crew remains in the desert , cleaning up after the temporary city in an effort to make sure that no evidence of the event remains . Criticism ( edit ) Negative Effects on the environment ( edit ) The man burns at Burning Man 2014 Burning Man 's carbon footprint is primarily from transportation to the remote area . The CoolingMan organization has estimated that the 2006 Burning Man was responsible for the generation of 27,000 tons of carbon dioxide , with 87 % being from transportation to and from the remote location . The Sierra Club has criticized Burning Man for the `` hundreds of thousands '' of plastic water bottles that end up in landfills , as well as ostentatious displays of flames and explosions . Burning Man 's 2007 theme , `` Green Man '' , received criticism for the artwork Crude Awakening , a 99 - foot oil derrick that consumed 900 gallons of jet fuel and 2,000 gallons of liquid propane to blast a mushroom cloud 300 feet high into the sky . In an attempt to offset some of the event 's carbon footprint , 30 - and 50 - kilowatt solar arrays were constructed in 2007 as permanent artifacts , providing an estimated annual carbon offset of 559 tons . The Burn Clean Project is a volunteer organization that has helped replace the use of fossil fuel with biodiesel . Gentrification ( edit ) Burning Man has attracted a number of billionaires and celebrities , many of them from Silicon Valley and Hollywood . It has become a networking event for them , with Tesla Motors CEO Elon Musk once stating that Burning Man `` is Silicon Valley '' . These billionaires have paid for more luxurious camps to be set up in recent years . Derisively nicknamed `` plug - n - play '' or `` turnkey '' camps , they in general consist of lavish RV 's and luxury restroom trailers that are driven into the city and connected together to form de facto gated areas . These billionaires then fly in to the airport on private planes , are driven to their camps , served by hired help ( nicknamed `` sherpas '' ) , and sleep in air - conditioned beds . One venture capitalist billionaire threw a $16,500 - per - head party at his camp . Despite allowing the rich to participate in Burning Man per the `` radical inclusion '' principle , many traditional Burners have spoken out against their exclusive practices . Larry Harvey wrote that they also conflict with the `` radical self - reliance '' and other principles , but has also stated that permitting the wealthy to attend is still beneficial for Burning Man . Vandalism that occurred at the White Ocean sound camp in 2016 was said to have been a `` revolution '' against these attendees , describing them as being a `` parasite class '' or `` rich parasites '' . Meanwhile , the regular admission price has increased over the years . In addition , Nevada lawmakers have modified the state 's entertainment and sales tax code to include such nonprofit organizations like Burning Man that sell more than 15,000 tickets . As a result , an individual ticket ( including taxes ) cost $424 in 2016 . Even tickets sold under Burning Man 's low income program are subject to these taxes . Including transportation , food , camp fees , clothing and costumes , and gifts , CNBC estimated in 2016 that the total cost of attending could range from $1,300 up to $20,000 . In 2017 , Money magazine estimated an average total cost of $2,348 to attend . According to the racial makeup of Burning Man attendees in 2014 , about 87 percent of them identified themselves as white , 6 percent as Hispanic / Latino , 6 percent as Asian , and 1 percent as black . When interviewed by The Guardian about these figures , Harvey replied , `` I do n't think black folks like to camp as much as white folks ... We 're not going to set racial quotas ... This has never been , imagined by us , as a utopian society '' . Photography restrictions ( edit ) Play media Video of the ' man ' sculpture burning in 2011 The terms of the Burning Man ticket require that participants wishing to use photo and video - recording equipment share a joint copyright of their images of Black Rock City with Burning Man , and forbid them from using their images for commercial purposes . This has been criticized by many , including the Electronic Frontier Foundation ( EFF ) . A Burning Man spokeswoman replied that the policies are not new , were written by a former head of the EFF , were used when suing to block pornographic videos and ultimately arose from participant concerns : `` We 're proud that Black Rock City ( a private event held on public land ) is widely acknowledged as a bastion of creative freedom . ( B ) ut that protection ( of participants ' freedoms ) does necessitate the acceptance of some general terms of engagement when it comes to cameras ... EFF seems to think that anyone attending any event somehow has an absolute right to take photographs , and then to do whatever they want with those images without any effective restriction or manner of enforcement . While we believe that such rights do make sense for any of us taking pictures in purely public spaces , this is not true in the private space of Burning Man -- if it were it would mean that Burning Man could n't protect participant privacy or prevent commercialization of imagery . '' The Burning Man organization has since worked with the EFF and with Creative Commons and other parties , and has revised and clarified the photography policies . Regional events ( edit ) See also : List of regional Burning Man events A camp at a regional burn in South Africa The popularity of Burning Man has encouraged other groups and organizations to hold events similar to Burning Man . In recent years , Burners wishing to experience Burning Man more frequently than once per year , without the need for travel to Nevada , or otherwise free from the specific restrictions of the Black Rock City event , have banded together to create local regional events such as Burning Flipside in Texas ; Apogaea in Colorado ; Playa del Fuego in Delaware ; Firefly in New England ; Kiwiburn in New Zealand ; Blazing Swan and Burning Seed in Australia ; Transformus in North Carolina ; AfrikaBurn in South Africa ; NoWhere near Zaragoza in Spain ; Midburn in Israel ; Dragon Burn in China ; and many others . Some of the events are officially affiliated with the Burning Man organization via the Burning Man Regional Network . This official affiliation usually requires the event to conform to the 10 principles and certain standards outlined by the Burning Man organization and to be accompanied by a `` Burning Man Regional Contact , '' a volunteer with an official relationship to the Burning Man Project via a legal Letter of Agreement . In exchange for conforming to these standards , the event is granted permission to officially communicate itself as a Burning Man Regional Event . Also , the regional event organizers are enabled to exchange best practices with each other on a global level via online platforms and in - person conferences , which are partly sponsored by the Burning Man Project . In popular Culture ( edit ) The South Park episode `` Coon vs. Coon and Friends '' features Cartman manipulating the Dark Lord Cthulhu to do his bidding , which includes destroying the Burning Man festival . Cory Doctorow 's 2013 novel Homeland opens at a near - future Burning Man . The 2016 video game Watch Dogs 2 features the characters visiting a Burning Man - themed festival . The Simpsons episode `` Blazed and Confused '' features a `` Blazing Guy '' festival based on Burning Man , with one character even referencing `` Burning Man '' before correcting herself to `` Blazing Guy '' . The first Google Doodle , a playful adaptation of the Google logo , announced the founders ' attendance at Burning Man in 1998 . The Malcolm in the Middle episode `` Burning Man '' 's entire plot centers on the Burning Man Festival . The Xavier : Renegade Angel episode `` Escape from Squatopian Freedom '' features protagonist Xavier going to an event known as `` Burning Person '' . Films ( edit ) Dust & Illusions , a 2009 documentary about 30 years of Burning Man history from the perspective of 20 interviewees . Taking My Parents to Burning Man , a 2014 film documenting the adventures and misadventures as Bryant Boesen takes his parents on their first Burn . Spark : A Burning Man Story , a 2013 documentary about Burning Man , which includes behind - the - scenes footage and interviews with the founders . See also ( edit ) Effigy & bonfire festivals Böögg Holika Dahan Lohri St John 's Eve Vijayadashami Music festivals Fusion Festival Transformational festival Places Arcosanti Auroville Temporary Autonomous Zone Others Pennsic War Wicker man References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 in Review : Better , Faster , Stronger . Still No Daft Punk '' . Burning Man . 2017 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` New York Times '' . Nytimes.com. 2009 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Dembowky , April ( 13 August 2008 ) . `` Priming for Burning Man , Flames in Hand '' . New York Times . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Chaplin , Julia ( 12 November 2006 ) . `` Burning Man spreads its flame '' . New York Times . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Saillant , Catherine ( 20 October 2010 ) . `` Burning Man becomes a hot academic topic '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Lundahl , Mark ( 5 September 2010 ) . `` Burning Man attendance up nearly 20 % over last year '' . Reno Gazette Journal . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Brent Begin . `` Burning Man sells out ; hopeful attendees scramble for tickets Brent Begin Local San Francisco Examiner '' . Sfexaminer.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2014 AfterBurn Report '' . Burning Man . Black Rock City , LLC . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ StJ 's Encyclopedia of New Religious Movements Archived February 22 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : ( Doherty , Brian ( July 2006 ) . This Is Burning Man . Benbella Books . p. 28 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932100 - 86 - 0. ) ^ Jump up to : `` Burning Man 1986 -- 1990 -- The Early Years '' . Jump up ^ `` Timeline -- Burning Man '' . Jump up ^ Doherty , Brian ( 3 September 2007 ) . `` This Is Burning Man '' . Little , Brown -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Bad Day At Black Rock ( Cacophony Society Zone Trip # 4 ) '' . Laughingsquid.com. 2007 - 01 - 18 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` What is Burning Man ? : Early Years '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived September 23 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( Doherty , Brian ( July 2006 ) . This Is Burning Man . Benbella Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932100 - 86 - 0 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 13. ) Jump up ^ Olivier , Bonin ( March 2009 ) . `` Dust & Illusions . Documentary on 30 Years of Burning Man history '' . William Binzen was extensively interviewed for the film , with cross-references from Burning Man organizations ' co-founders . Jump up ^ ( Doherty , Brian ( July 2006 ) . This Is Burning Man . Benbella Books . p. 124 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932100 - 86 - 0. ) Jump up ^ Andrew Dalton ( 2011 - 08 - 29 ) . `` Burning Man Architect Rod Garrett Dies at Age 76 '' . SFist . Archived from the original on 2014 - 07 - 15 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Preparation -- 2007 BRC MAP '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` On The Playa : Playa Vehicles : DMV '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` On The Playa '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Playa Protection and Burn Scar Prevention '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Preparation : Law Enforcement at '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Pet Unfriendly '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Burning Man : AfterBurn Report 2006 : DPW : Set Up and Clean Up '' . Burning Man . 2006 - 10 - 17 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Register Volume 67 , Number 139 ( Friday , July 19 , 2002 ) '' . Gpo.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Beninati v. Black Rock City , LLC , 175 Cal . App . 4th 650 ( 2009 ) . Jump up ^ `` Burning Man Festival : One Man Dead , Another in Critical Condition '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Burning Man death details emerge ; family , friends still wonder why '' . Reno Gazette Journal . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Burning Man victim was `` in high spirits '' , grieving mum says `` . NewsComAu . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ Purtill , James ( 2017 - 09 - 04 ) . `` Burning Man eyewitness describes horrific festival death '' . triple j . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Man on the move '' . Jump up ^ Bruder , Jessica ( 2011 - 08 - 27 ) . `` The Changing Face of the Burning Man Festival '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Burning Man Transitions to Non-Profit Organization '' . Burning Blog . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Terms and Conditions '' . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` a timeline on '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Emmy Awards -- 29th Annual News & Documentary Emmy Awards '' . Emmyonline.org . Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 26 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` The population cap does not include volunteers , government personnel , emergency service providers , vendors and contractors . '' `` Burning Man 2014 Special Recreation Permit Stipulations '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of Land Management . 2014 - 07 - 31 . p. 1 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Burning Man 1991 -- 1996 '' . Burn. Life . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Death and Ecstasy , The Rise and Fall of Burning Man 's Original Rave Ghetto Thump '' . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Desert Music : Burning Man Confronts The Rising Beat '' . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Portfolio : Writing -- `` Where the Wild Things Are '' `` . factoid labs . 1996 - 09 - 04 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Sterling , Bruce ( November 1996 ) . `` Greetings from Burning Man ! '' . Wired. 4 ( 11 ) . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Burning Man Festival searches for new home '' . Las Vegas Reviewjournal.com. 1997 - 10 - 29 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Woman dies when run over by ' art car ' '' . CNN.com. 31 August 2003 . Archived from the original on 1 January 2008 . Retrieved 16 November 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Special Recreation Permit Stipulations Burning Man 2006 -- 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of Land Management . 2010 - 08 - 23 . p. 1 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 Event Archive '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ Ohtake , Miyoko ( 2007 - 08 - 30 ) . `` A Fiery Q&A With the Prankster Accused of Burning the Man '' . wired.com . Retrieved 29 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Burningman.com 2007 news Jump up ^ `` 2008 AfterBurn Report History '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The ( hopefully ) All Inclusive List of Questions Regarding 2008 Tickets '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 AfterBurn Report History '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Event Archive '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Art Theme : Metropolis -- Life of Cities Burning Man '' . burningman.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Jack Rabbit Speaks Volume 16 , Issue # 3 October 24 , 2011 '' . Jump up ^ `` Burning Man 2011 Special Recreation Permit Stipulations '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of Land Management . 2011 - 03 - 30 . p. 1 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Art Theme : Rites of Passage Burning Man '' . burningman.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2011 Burning Man ticket information '' . Burning Man . Archived from the original on 25 May 2002 . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Info '' . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Black Rock City 2012 Population Update '' . Jump up ^ `` Burning Man 2012 Special Recreation Permit Stipulations '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of Land Management . 2012 - 06 - 11 . p. 1 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Art Theme : Fertility 2.0 Burning Man '' . burningman.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Black Rock City 2013 Population '' . Burning Man . Black Rock City , LLC. 2013 - 09 - 13 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Burning Man 2013 Special Recreation Permit Stipulations '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of Land Management . 2013 - 07 - 17 . p. 1 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Art Theme : Cargo Cult Burning Man '' . burningman.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Art Theme : Cargo Cult '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Chase , Will . `` Burning Man 2013 Ticket Sales '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 5 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Art Theme : Caravansary '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 9 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jackrabbit Speaks Vol. 18 '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 9 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Marcus , Emerson ( 28 August 2014 ) . `` Woman killed at Burning Man had ' caring spirit ' '' . Reno Gazette - Journal . Reno . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 AfterBurn Report '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Burning Man 2015 Special Recreation Permit Stipulations '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of Land Management . 2015 - 08 - 07 . p. 1 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Jackrabbit Speaks V19 : # 9 : 12.23. 14 '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Art Theme : Carnival of Mirrors Burning Man '' . burningman.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Burning Man 2016 Special Recreation Permit Stipulations '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of Land Management . 2016 - 08 - 03 . p. 1 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Art Theme : DaVinci 's Workshop Burning Man '' . Jump up ^ `` Burning Man 2016 Ticket Information Burning Man '' . Jump up ^ `` Behind The Scenes At The Most Ambitious Man Build In Burning Man History '' . Fast Company . Retrieved 30 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Update : Burning Man is fixed , kinda , and open '' . RGJ . Retrieved 11 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Burning Man 2017 Special Recreation Permit Stipulations '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of Land Management . 2017 - 07 - 30 . p. 1 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Burning Man 2017 Ticket Information '' . Jump up ^ Bein , Kat ( 7 December 2016 ) . `` Burning Man Announces 2017 Theme '' . Billboard . Retrieved 8 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Man dies at Burning Man arts and music festival after running into flames '' . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ What is Burning Man ? `` There are no rules about how one must behave or express oneself at this event ( save the rules that serve to protect the health , safety , and experience of the community at large ) ; rather , it is up to each participant to decide how they will contribute and what they will give to this community ... Participants are encouraged to find a way to help make the theme come alive ... '' Jump up ^ Schmeiser , Lisa . `` '' Burning Man : Recession Proof ? '' SF Gate `` . Sfgate.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Larry Harvey Talk Burning Man 2010 Regional Summit '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` 10 principles of Burning Man '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Burning Man Survival Guide '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` No Cash Transactions '' . Burning Man . 2011 - 08 - 29 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Coffee '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Camp Arctica '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Shuttle Service '' . Burning Man . 2011 - 08 - 29 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` What is Burning Man ? : FAQ '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` On The Playa '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Preparation '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` preparation : : Radical Self Reliance '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Event Preparation '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` What I Saw at Burning Man '' . Jewishworldreview.com. 1999 - 09 - 24 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Wohltmann , Glenn ( August 29 , 2011 ) . `` The Ultimate Festival -- Burning Man : a 50,000 - person celebration in the Nevada desert for one week each year '' . Pleasanton Weekly . Pleasanton , California . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Participate Main '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Burningman.com Art Installations Jump up ^ wandering-through-time-and-place.me Reflecting the Mind of Larry Harvey Jump up ^ BurningMan.com Burning Man 1998 : The Nebulous Entity Jump up ^ BurningMan.com Burning Man 1999 : The Wheel of Time Jump up ^ BurningMan.com Burning Man 2000 : The Body Jump up ^ BurningMan.com Burning Man 2001 : The Seven Ages Jump up ^ BurningMan.com Burning Man 2002 : The Floating World Jump up ^ BurningMan.com Burning Man 2003 : Beyond Belief Jump up ^ BurningMan.com Burning Man 2004 : Vault of Heaven Jump up ^ BurningMan.com Burning Man 2005 : Psyche Jump up ^ BurningMan.com Burning Man 2006 : Hope & Fear Jump up ^ BurningMan.com Burning Man 2007 : The Green Man ^ Jump up to : Scheff , Jonathan ( September 2007 ) . `` Data Points : Green Burning Man '' . Scientific American . 297 ( 3 ) . Black Rock City : Scientific American , Inc. p. 34 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ BurningMan.com Burning Man 2008 : American Dream Jump up ^ BurningMan.com Burning Man 2009 : Evolution - A Tangled Bank Jump up ^ BurningMan.com Burning Man 2010 : Metropolis - The Life Of Cities Jump up ^ BurningMan.com Burning Man 2011 : Rites of Passage Jump up ^ BurningMan.com Burning Man 2012 : Fertility 2.0 Jump up ^ BurningMan.com Burning Man 2013 : Cargo Cult Jump up ^ BurningMan.com Burning Man 2014 : Caravansary Jump up ^ BurningMan.com Burning Man 2015 : Carnival of Mirrors Jump up ^ BurningMan.com Burning Man 2016 : Da Vinci 's Workshop Jump up ^ BurningMan.com Burning Man 2017 : Radical Ritual Jump up ^ BurningMan.com Burning Man 2018 : I , Robot Jump up ^ `` Art of Burning Man '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Burning Man : AfterBurn Report 2005 : Art : Playa Art '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Current / / Items Archived September 11 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Community Art Makers '' . Community Art Makers. 2009 - 02 - 14 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Flux Foundation '' . The Flux Foundation . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Temple of Flux '' . Temple2010.org . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Temple of Transition '' . International Arts Megacrew . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Temple of Juno '' . The Temple Crew . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gregg Fleishman Studio '' . Jump up ^ `` Home -- Temple of Whollyness '' . Jump up ^ `` Artist Interview with the Temple of Whollyness Builders '' . Ignitechannel.com . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Temple of Grace '' . The Temple Crew . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Art Installations Burning Man '' . burningman.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Temple of Promise '' . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Why this year 's Burning Man temple has no name '' . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Desert Music : Burning Man Confronts The Rising Beat '' . NPR . Retrieved 3 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` On The Playa '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` On The Playa '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Black Rock City Airport '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ May , Meredith ( 2005 - 08 - 31 ) . `` Theme Camps '' . Sfgate.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Burningman.com Volunteering page Jump up ^ `` Who are the Ranges '' . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FBI admits to spying on Burning Man '' . RT . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nevada State Maintained Highways : Descriptions , Index and Maps '' ( PDF ) . Roadway Systems Division . January 2008 . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on 2009 - 11 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Getting In : The Gate '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Will tickets be sold at the gate to Black Rock City ? '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Getting Out : Exodus '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ Hartley , Brandon . `` Burning Man Airport '' . AWB . Retrieved October 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` On The Playa '' . Burning Man . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Black Rock City Airport '' . AOPA . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 05 . ( ) Jump up ^ `` rideshare.burningman.com '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Burning Man 2006 -- 2010 Environmental Assessment '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Bureau of Land Management . Burning Man Post-Event Inspection , 2009 Archived 2012 - 10 - 31 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Resources -- Burn Effects '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Preparation '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Bureau of Land Management Archived May 25 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Cooling Man '' . Cooling Man . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Sierra Club '' . The Sierra Club . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Jolia Sidona Allen ( May 2008 ) `` Green Party '' , Archived 2008 - 06 - 12 at the Wayback Machine . Common Ground Magazine Jump up ^ Elsa Wenzel ( September 17 , 2007 ) `` How green was Burning Man ? '' Jump up ^ Brian Doherty ( August 2007 ) `` Crude Awakening Arises at Burning Man '' , Wired Blog Network Underwire ^ Jump up to : Bilton , Nick ( August 21 , 2014 ) . `` A Line Is Drawn in the Desert '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Bowles , Nellie ( August 24 , 2014 ) . `` Burning Man becomes a hot spot for tech titans '' . SFGate . Jump up ^ Spencer , Keith ( August 27 , 2015 ) . `` Why the rich love Burning Man '' . Jacobin . Salon.com . ^ Jump up to : Allen , Nick ( September 5 , 2016 ) . `` Revolution against ' rich parasites ' at utopian Burning Man Festival as ' hooligans ' attack luxury camp '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Garfield , Leanna ( September 2 , 2016 ) . `` Burning Man has a temporary airport for the 1 % who take luxury helicopter rides to the playa '' . Business Insider . Jump up ^ `` The Billionaires at Burning Man '' . Bloomberg Business Week . February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Burning Man Camp Attacked by Vandals Over Outrage at ' Parasite Class ' '' . Time . Retrieved 5 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Burning Man plug - n - play camp vandalized '' . Reno Gazette Journal . Gannett Company . Retrieved 5 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Levin , Sam ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` Burning Man tickets just got even more expensive thanks to new Nevada tax '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Anderson , Tom ( August 26 , 2016 ) . `` How to enjoy Burning Man without burning your cash '' . CNBC . Jump up ^ Leonhardt , Megan ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` How Much It Really Costs to Go to Burning Man This Year '' . ' Money . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thrasher , Steven ( September 4 , 2015 ) . `` Burning Man founder : ' Black folks do n't like to camp as much as white folks ' '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Video / DV / Film / Digital Camera Personal Use Agreement Burning Man 2009 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Snatching Rights On the Playa Electronic Frontier Foundation '' . Eff.org. 2009 - 08 - 12 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Burning Blog '' Blog Archive '' `` Snatching Digital Rights '' or Protecting Our Culture ? Burning Man and the EFF `` . Burning Man . 2009 - 08 - 14 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Updated Terms and Conditions for 2011 . Burning Man blog . Jump up ^ `` regionals.burningman.com '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ O'Neal , Sean ( 10 November 2010 ) . `` South Park : `` Coon vs. Coon and Friends '' `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 1 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` About Homeland '' . Retrieved 14 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Dogs 2 ( PS4 ) Review '' . ZTGD. 2016 - 11 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ Perkins , Dennis ( 16 November 2014 ) . `` The Simpsons : `` Blazed And Confused '' `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 18 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Doodle 4 Google '' . Google.com . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Burning Man Festival '' . Google.com. 1998 - 08 - 30 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Burning Man '' . IMBD . IMBD . Retrieved 2 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Escape from Squatopian Freedom '' . IMBD . IMBD . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Bőnner , Bertine 2005 . Das Burning Man Projekt -- Religiosität und Spiritualität in Black Rock City ? Eine ethnologische Perspektive . Magisterarbeit . Grin Verlag Bowditch , Rachel . 2010 . On the edge of utopia : Performance and ritual at Burning Man . Seagull books . Bruder , Jessica 2007 . Burning Book : A Visual History of Burning Man . New York : Simon and Schuster . Chen , Katherine 2004 . The Burning Man Organization Grows Up : Blending Bureaucratic and Alternative Structures . Dissertation . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Chen , Katherine K. 2009 . Enabling Creative Chaos : The Organization Behind the Burning Man Event . Chicago , IL : University of Chicago Press . Chen , Katherine K. 2011 . `` Lessons for Creative Cities from Burning Man : How organizations can sustain and disseminate a creative context . '' City , Culture and Society 2 ( 2 ) : 93 -- 100 . Chen , Katherine K. 2012 . `` Artistic Prosumption : Cocreative Destruction at Burning Man . '' American Behavioral Scientist 56 ( 4 ) : 570 -- 595 . Chen , Katherine K. 2012 . `` Laboring for the Man : Augmenting Authority in a Voluntary Association . '' Research in the Sociology of Organizations 34 : 135 -- 164 . Chen , Katherine K. 2012 . `` Charismatizing the Routine : Storytelling for Meaning and Agency in the Burning Man Organization . '' Qualitative Sociology 35 ( 3 ) : 311 -- 334 . Chen , Katherine K. 2013 . `` Storytelling : An Informal Mechanism of Accountability for Voluntary Organizations . '' Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 42 ( 5 ) : 902 -- 922 . Chen , Katherine K. 2015 . `` Prosumption : From Parasitic to Prefigurative . '' The Sociological Quarterly 56 ( 3 ) : 446 -- 459 . Chen , Katherine K. 2016 . `` '' Plan Your Burn , Burn Your Plan '' : How Decentralization , Storytelling , and Communification Can Support Participatory Practices . '' The Sociological Quarterly 57 ( 1 ) : 71 -- 97 . Chen , Katherine K. and Siobhán O'Mahony. 2009 . `` Differentiating Organizational Boundaries . '' Research in the Sociology of Organizations 26 : 183 -- 220 . Clupper , Wendy . 2009 . The erotic politics of Critical Tits : Exhibitionism or feminist statement ? Political Performances : Theory and Practice . New York / Amsterdam : Rodopi Press . Clupper , Wendy . 2007 . Burning Man : Festival culture in the United States , Festival Culture in a Global Perspective . Festivalising ! Theatrical Events , Politics and Culture . New York / Amsterdam : Rodopi Press . Cortez , Donn 2005 . The Man Burns Tonight : A Black Rock City Mystery . Doherty , Brian . 2004 . This is Burning Man . The Rise of a New American Underground . Boston / New York : Little , Brown and Company . Diehl , Ronny. 2010 . The American Frontier in Acoustic Space . MA Thesis . Humboldt - University of Berlin . Grin Verlag . Gauthier , François. 2013 . `` The Enchantments of Consumer Capitalism : Beyond Belief at the Burning Man Festival '' in Religion in Consumer Society , ed . François Gauthier . Ashgate , 143 -- 158 . Gilmore , Lee and Mark Van Proyen , eds. 2005 . AfterBurn : Reflections on Burning Man . New Mexico : University of New Mexico Press . Guy , NK. 2015 . Art of Burning Man . Köln , Germany : Taschen . Hockett , Jeremy 2004 . Reckoning Ritual and Counterculture in the Burning Man Community : Communication , Ethnography , and the Self in Reflexive Modernism . Dissertation . Albuquerque , New Mexico : The University of New Mexico . Kozinets , Robert V. 2002 . Can Consumers Escape the Market ? Emancipatory Illuminations from Burning Man . Journal of Consumer Research 29 : 20 -- 38 . Kozinets , Robert V. 2003 . `` The Moment of Infinite Fire , '' in Time , Space , and the Market : Retroscapes Rising , ed . Stephen Brown and John F. Sherry . Jr. , New York : M.E. Sharpe , 199 -- 216 . Kozinets , Robert V. and John F. Sherry , Jr. 2005 . `` Welcome to the Black Rock Café , '' in Afterburn : Reflections on Burning Man , ed. Lee Gilmore and Mark van Proyen , Albuquerque , NM : University of New Mexico Press , 87 -- 106 . Kozinets , Robert V. and John F. Sherry , Jr. 2004 . `` Dancing on Common Ground : Exploring the Sacred at Burning Man , '' in Rave Culture and Religion , ed . Graham St. John , New York and London : Routledge , 287 -- 303 . Kreuter , Holly . 2002 . Drama in the Desert : The Sights and Sounds of Burning Man . San Francisco : Raised Barn Press . Kristen , Christine . `` Reconnecting art and life at Burning Man '' in : Raw Vision , Nr. 57 ( Winter 2006 ) , S. 28 -- 35 . Morehead , John W. 2007 . Burning Man Festival as Life - Enhancing , Post-Christendom ' Middle Way ' . MA Thesis . Salt Lake City , Utah : Salt Lake Theological Seminary . Nash , A. Leo . 2007 . Burning Man : Art in the Desert , Introduction by Daniel Pinchbeck . New York : Harry N. Abrams . Pike , Sarah M. 2001 . Desert Goddesses and Apocalyptic Art . Making Sacred Space at the Burning Man Festival . In : Mazur , Eric Michael / McCarthy , Kate ( Hrsg . ) : God in the Details . American Religion in Popular Culture . London / New York : Routledge , 155 -- 176 . Post , George P. 2012 . Dancing with the Playa Messiah : A 21 - Year Burning Man Photo Album . Richmond , CA : Dragon Fotografix . Roberts , Adrian , ed . `` Burning Man Live : 13 years of Piss Clear , Black Rock City 's alternative newspaper '' San Francisco : RE / Search Publications . Sherry , John F. Jr. and Robert V. Kozinets. 2007 . `` Comedy of the Commons : Nomadic Spirituality and the Burning Man Festival , '' in Russell W. Belk and John F. Sherry , Jr. , ed . Research in Consumer Behavior , Vol. 11 : Consumer Culture Theory , Oxford : Elsevier , 119 -- 147 . Sherry , John F. , Jr. and Robert V. Kozinets. 2004 . `` Sacred Iconography in Secular Space : Altars , Alters and Alterity at the Burning Man Project , '' in Contemporary Consumption Rituals : A Research Anthology , ed . Cele Otnes and Tina Lowry , Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum , 291 -- 311 . Sherry , John F. Jr. , Robert V. Kozinets , and Stefania Borghini. 2007 . `` Agents in Paradise : Experiential Co-Creation through Emplacement , Ritualization , and Community , '' in Consuming Experiences , ed . Antonella Carù and Bernard Cova , London and New York : Routledge , 17 -- 33 . St John , Graham . 2009 . Technomad : Global Raving Countercultures . London & Oakville , CT : Equinox Publishing . Traub , Barbara 2011 . Desert to Dream : A Dozen Years of Burning Man Photography . San Francisco : Immedium . ISBN 978 - 1597020268 Traub , Barbara 1997 . Burning Man Hardwired publications . ISBN 978 - 1888869132 External links ( edit ) Find more aboutBurning Manat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Travel guide from Wikivoyage Official website Burning Man page Annual coverage from SFGate.com and the San Francisco Chronicle Burning Man at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Enabling Creative Chaos : The Organization Behind the Burning Man Event An ethnography of the growing organization that runs Burning Man . By Katherine K. Chen BURNcast.tv A video / audio podcast spreading the flames about the art , culture and community of Burning Man FBI file on Burning Man Burning Man 2016 A film by Kate Fehlhaber ( hide ) Burning Man People Larry Harvey John Law Brian Behlendorf Brian Doherty Cal Chamberlain Regional events AfrikaBurn Alchemy Apogaea Blazing Swan The Borderland Burning Flipside Firefly Arts Collective Kiwiburn Midburn Nowhere Playa del Fuego Transformus Past events Fuego de los Muertos Locations Baker Beach Black Rock Desert Hualapai Flat Organizations Black Rock City , LLC Black Rock Arts Foundation Burners Without Borders Burn Clean Project Cacophony Society Flaming Lotus Girls Bureau of Land Management Pink Mammoth Media bianca.com BMIR Black Rock Beacon Dust & Illusions SomaFM Spark : A Burning Man Story Taking My Parents to Burning Man Black Rock Desert Geography Antelope Range Badger Mountains Black Rock Range Calico Hills Division Range Empire Fox Range Gerlach Granite Range Hannan Range High Rock Canyon Hills Hog Ranch Mountains Jackson Mtns Kamma Mtns Kings River Lake Lahontan Little High Rock Mountains Massacre Range Montana Mountains Pine Forest Range Poker Brown Mountains Quinn River Selenite Range Sentinel Hills Seven Troughs Range Sheephead Mountains Smoke Creek Desert Smoke Creek Mountains Yellow Hills History Peter Lassen Applegate Trail Thrust2 land speed record ( 1983 ) Thrust SSC land speed record ( 1997 ) CSXT Space Shot ( 2004 ) Protected areas Black Rock -- High Rock NCA Black Rock Desert Wilderness Calico Mountains Wilderness East Fork High Rock Canyon Wilderness High Rock Canyon Wilderness High Rock Lake Wilderness Little High Rock Canyon Wilderness North Black Rock Range Wilderness North Jackson Mountains Wilderness Pahute Peak Wilderness South Jackson Mountains Wilderness Transportation Empire Airport Old SR 34 Old SR 48 Old SR 49 / Jungo Road SR 447 Uses and Activities Burning Man Camping High Power Rocketry Land sailing Mining Rockhounding GND : 7714807 - 1 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burning_Man&oldid=828232566 '' Categories : Burning Man Counterculture festivals Transformational festivals Festivals in Nevada Utopian communities New Age Ecovillages Public nudity Clothing - optional events Recurring events established in 1986 1986 establishments in California Cacophony Society Culture of San Francisco Black Rock Desert Tourist attractions in Pershing County , Nevada 1986 in San Francisco Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2007 Articles with a promotional tone from April 2015 All articles with a promotional tone Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2015 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Articles with Curlie links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2018 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikivoyage Azərbaycanca Български Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Íslenska Italiano עברית Latina Lietuvių Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Ripoarisch Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 09 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did burning man move to black rock city	[ "To comply with the new requirements and to manage the increased liability load, the organizers formed Black Rock City, LLC. Will Roger Peterson and Flynn Mauthe created the Department of Public Works (DPW) to build the \"city\" grid layout (a requirement so that emergency vehicles could be directed to an \"address\") designed by Rod Garrett, an architect. Rod continued as the city designer until his death, in 2011, at the age of 76. He is also credited with the design of all of the man bases from 2001 through 2012, the center camp cafe and first camp.[20] With the success of the driving ban, having no vehicular incidents, 1998 saw a return to the Black Rock desert, along with a temporary perimeter fence. The event has remained there since." ]	[ "1998" ]
7615759879807940916	The Grinch (film)	The Grinch ( film ) - wikipedia The Grinch ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Or see How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 film ) , originally promoted as The Grinch . The Grinch Teaser poster Directed by Peter Candeland Yarrow Cheney Produced by Chris Meledandri Janet Healy Scott Mosier Written by Michael LeSieur Based on How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! by Dr. Seuss Starring Benedict Cumberbatch Music by Danny Elfman Edited by Chris Cartagena Production company Universal Pictures Illumination Entertainment Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date November 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 11 - 09 ) ( United States ) Country United States Language English The Grinch ( also known as Dr. Seuss ' The Grinch ) is an upcoming American 3D computer - animated Christmas comedy film produced by Illumination Entertainment . Based on the 1957 Dr. Seuss story How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! , it is being directed by Peter Candeland and Yarrow Cheney , co-directed by Matthew O'Callaghan , written by Michael LeSieur and stars Benedict Cumberbatch . The film is scheduled to be released by Universal Pictures on November 9 , 2018 . The film will be given a Real D 3D and IMAX 3D release . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Premise ( edit ) The Grinch ( Benedict Cumberbatch ) hatches a scheme to ruin Christmas when the residents of Whoville plan their annual holiday celebration . Cast ( edit ) Benedict Cumberbatch as the Grinch Production ( edit ) In February 2013 , it was announced that Illumination Entertainment is developing a 3D animated feature film based on the Dr. Seuss book , with Peter Candeland and Yarrow Cheney set to direct it and Benedict Cumberbatch voicing the title character . Release ( edit ) The film was originally scheduled to be released on November 10 , 2017 , but in June 2016 it was pushed back to November 9 , 2018 . A balloon of The Grinch and Max debuted in the 91st Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade in 2017 to promote the film . See also ( edit ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( TV special ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 film ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Danny Elfman to Score Illumination 's ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ' '' . Film Music Reporter . November 20 , 2017 . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Film releases '' . Variety Insight . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Evry , Max ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` The Grinch Poster Shows the Title Character Before He Got Mean '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` Benedict Cumberbatch to Voice the Grinch in ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ' '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( February 7 , 2013 ) . `` ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ' Remake in the Works at Universal '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Universal Dates ' Despicable Me 3 , ' New ' Grinch Who Stole Christmas ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 2011 - 11 - 17 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` Illumination 's ' The Grinch ' Pushed Back to 2018 '' . Variety . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) The Grinch on IMDb Dr. Seuss Characters The Cat in the Hat The Grinch Horton the Elephant Bartholomew Cubbins Bibliography And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street The 500 Hats of Bartholomew Cubbins The King 's Stilts The Seven Lady Godivas Horton Hatches the Egg McElligot 's Pool Thidwick the Big - Hearted Moose Bartholomew and the Oobleck If I Ran the Zoo Scrambled Eggs Super ! Horton Hears a Who ! On Beyond Zebra ! If I Ran the Circus How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! The Cat in the Hat The Cat in the Hat Comes Back Yertle the Turtle and Other Stories Happy Birthday to You ! Green Eggs and Ham One Fish , Two Fish , Red Fish , Blue Fish The Sneetches and Other Stories Dr. Seuss 's Sleep Book Dr. Seuss 's ABC Fox in Socks Hop on Pop I Had Trouble in Getting to Solla Sollew Come over to My House The Cat in the Hat Songbook The Foot Book I Can Lick 30 Tigers Today ! and Other Stories My Book about ME Mr. Brown Can Moo ! Can You ? : Dr. Seuss 's Book of Wonderful Noises ! The Lorax Marvin K. Mooney Will You Please Go Now ! Did I Ever Tell You How Lucky You Are ? The Shape of Me and Other Stuff Wacky Wednesday Great Day for Up ! Oh , the Thinks You Can Think ! The Cat 's Quizzer I Can Read with My Eyes Shut ! Oh Say Can You Say ? Hunches in Bunches The Butter Battle Book You 're Only Old Once ! I Am Not Going to Get Up Today ! Oh , the Places You 'll Go ! There 's a Wocket in My Pocket I Wish That I Had Duck Feet Daisy - Head Mayzie My Many Colored Days Hooray for Diffendoofer Day ! The Bippolo Seed and Other Lost Stories Horton and the Kwuggerbug and More Lost Stories What Pet Should I Get ? Adaptations Television The Gerald McBoing - Boing Show ( 1956 -- 57 ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( 1966 ) Horton Hears a Who ! ( 1970 ) The Cat in the Hat ( 1971 ) The Lorax ( 1972 ) Dr. Seuss on the Loose ( 1973 ) The Hoober - Bloob Highway ( 1975 ) Halloween Is Grinch Night ( 1977 ) Pontoffel Pock , Where Are You ? ( 1980 ) The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat ( 1982 ) The Butter Battle Book ( 1989 ) In Search of Dr. Seuss ( 1994 ) Daisy - Head Mayzie ( 1995 ) The Wubbulous World of Dr. Seuss ( 1996 -- 98 ) ( episodes ) Gerald McBoing - Boing ( 2005 -- 07 ) The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That ! ( 2010 -- present ) ( episodes ) Green Eggs and Ham ( 2018 ) Film Horton Hatches the Egg ( short ; 1942 ) Gerald McBoing - Boing ( short ; 1950 ) How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 ) The Cat in the Hat ( 2003 ) Horton Hears a Who ! ( 2008 ) The Lorax ( 2012 ) The Grinch ( 2018 ) Other media Welcome ( Russian short film ) Seussical ( musical ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! The Musical The Grinch ( video game ) Dr. Seuss : How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( video game ) `` You 're a Mean One , Mr. Grinch '' ( song ) The Lorax ( play ) Other works Private Snafu The Pocket Book of Boners Your Job in Germany Our Job in Japan Design for Death The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T . Hejji Society of Red Tape Cutters Flit Related A Fish out of Water Amazing World of Dr. Seuss Museum Beginner Books Dr. Seuss Goes to War The Secret Art of Dr. Seuss Dr. Seuss National Memorial Geisel Award Geisel Library Geisel School of Medicine Helen Palmer PM Political messages of Dr. Seuss Read Across America Seuss Landing as `` Theo . LeSieg '' . Posthumous . Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! Characters Grinch Book How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( 1957 ) Music `` You 're a Mean One , Mr. Grinch '' ( 1966 ) Adaptations Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( 1966 , TV special ) Halloween Is Grinch Night ( 1977 , TV special ) The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat ( 1982 , TV special ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! The Musical ( 1994 ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 live action film ) Dr. Seuss ' The Grinch ( 2018 animated film ) Related Dr. Seuss Memorial Illumination Entertainment Feature films Released Despicable Me ( 2010 ) Hop ( 2011 ) Dr. Seuss ' The Lorax ( 2012 ) Despicable Me 2 ( 2013 ) Minions ( 2015 ) The Secret Life of Pets ( 2016 ) Sing ( 2016 ) Despicable Me 3 ( 2017 ) Upcoming Dr. Seuss ' The Grinch ( 2018 ) The Secret Life of Pets 2 ( 2019 ) Minions 2 ( 2020 ) Sing 2 ( 2020 ) Franchises Despicable Me ( 2010 -- present ) People Chris Meledandri See also Despicable Me : Minion Mayhem Mac Guff Illumination Mac Guff Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Grinch_(film)&oldid=820683824 '' Categories : Upcoming films 2018 films English - language films 2018 3D films 2018 computer - animated films 2010s American animated films 2010s comedy films 2010s fantasy films Upcoming animated films Upcoming English - language films American 3D films American animated films American children 's animated comedy films American children 's animated fantasy films American Christmas films American computer - animated films American fantasy - comedy films American films Animated comedy films Animated films based on children 's books Films based on works by Dr. Seuss Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films scored by Danny Elfman Illumination Entertainment animated films Universal Pictures films Universal Pictures animated films Santa Claus in film Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 January 2018 , at 00 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays the grinch in the new movie	[ "The Grinch (Benedict Cumberbatch) hatches a scheme to ruin Christmas when the residents of Whoville plan their annual holiday celebration.[4]" ]	[ "Benedict Cumberbatch" ]
-1403612902461656437	Joy Harmon	Joy Harmon - wikipedia Joy Harmon Joy Harmon Harmon with Roger Smith in an episode of Mister Roberts , 1965 . Joy Patricia Harmon ( 1940 - 05 - 01 ) May 1 , 1940 ( age 78 ) Flushing , New York , U.S. Years active 1956 -- 1973 Known for Car washing girl in Cool Hand Luke Spouse ( s ) Jeff Gourson ( 1968 -- 2001 ) ; 3 children Website http://www.auntjoyscakes.com Joy Patricia Harmon ( born May 1 , 1940 ) is a baker and former American actress . Contents 1 Career 2 Personal life 3 Filmography 3.1 Films roles 3.2 Television roles 4 References 5 External links Career ( edit ) Joy Patricia Harmon was born in Flushing , New York . She and her family moved to Connecticut in 1946 . A Miss Connecticut , Harmon was a contestant during the last season of Groucho Marx 's television program You Bet Your Life ( titled The Groucho Show during its last season ) , and later a regular on Marx 's program Tell It to Groucho ( credited as `` Patty Harmon '' ) . She guest - starred on several 1960s TV series , including Gidget , Batman , and The Monkees . She appeared in a cameo role as blonde Ardice in the Jack Lemmon comedy Under the Yum Yum Tree in 1963 . She had a role as Tony Dow 's girlfriend in the 1965 -- 66 television soap opera , Never Too Young . Harmon 's best - remembered acting roles are as the thirty - foot - tall ( 9 m ) Merrie in Village of the Giants ( 1965 , in which she captures normal - sized Johnny Crawford and suspends him from her bikini top ) , and as the car - washing `` Lucille '' in Cool Hand Luke ( 1967 ) and her purportedly 41 -- 22 -- 36 . measurements . Personal Life ( edit ) Harmon was married to film editor and producer Jeff Gourson from 1968 to 2001 , raising three children . For a time , a son worked at Walt Disney Studios . She later established a bakery , Aunt Joy 's Cakes , in Burbank , California . Filmography ( edit ) Films roles ( edit ) The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit ( 1956 ) - Minor Role ( uncredited ) Let 's Rock ( 1958 ) - Pickup Girl Mad Dog Coll ( 1961 ) - Caroline Under the Yum Yum Tree ( 1963 ) - Ardice ( uncredited ) Roustabout ( 1964 ) - College Girl ( uncredited ) Young Dillinger ( 1965 ) - Nelson 's Girl One Way Wahine ( 1965 ) - Kit Williams The Loved One ( 1965 ) - Miss Benson ( uncredited ) Village of the Giants ( 1965 ) - Merrie A Guide for the Married Man ( 1967 ) - Party Girl in Bar ( uncredited ) Cool Hand Luke ( 1967 ) - Lucille , The Girl Angel in My Pocket ( 1969 ) - Miss Holland Television roles ( edit ) The Beverly Hillbillies ( 1963 ) - Kitty My Three Sons ( 1964 ) - Joanne Grant Burke 's Law ( 1964 - 1965 ) - Barbara Sue / Belle Sue Walsh Gidget ( 1965 ) - Blonde Girl Dancing / Midge ( uncredited ) Batman ( 1966 ) - Julia Davis ( uncredited ) Gomer Pyle , U.S.M.C. ( 1966 ) - Barbara Bewitched ( 1966 ) - Francie The Rounders ( 1966 ) - Rosetta Occasional Wife ( 1967 ) - Model That Girl ( 1967 ) - Miss Bridges The Monkees ( 1967 ) - Zelda / Cashier Love , American Style ( 1972 ) - Rosalie ( segment `` Love and the Secret Habit '' ) The Odd Couple ( 1972 ) - Waitress Thicker Than Water ( 1973 ) - ( final television appearance ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Listanti , Tom ( 2008 ) . Glamor Girls of Sixties Hollywood : Seventy - Five Profiles . McFarland & Co. , Inc . pp. 87 -- 88 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 3172 - 4 . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Her amble ( sic ) bosom ( 41 -- 22 -- 36 ) was her ticket to Broadway in the comedy Make Me Laugh ... Jump up ^ `` About Us '' . Aunt Joy 's Cakes . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Joy Harmon on IMDb Sullivan , Steve ( 1998 - 06 - 15 ) . Bombshells : Glamour Girls of a Lifetime . Macmillan . pp. 43 -- . ISBN 9781429956222 . Retrieved May 6 , 2012 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joy_Harmon&oldid=854175552 '' Categories : American film actresses American television actresses 1940 births Living people American bakers American beauty pageant contestants Actresses from New York City Actresses from Connecticut Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 13 : 27 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	cool hand luke car wash girl opens up	[]	[]
-156511871826419606	Hops	Hops - wikipedia Hops Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see hop ( disambiguation ) . Hop flower in a hop yard in the Hallertau , Germany Cross-section drawing of a hop Hops are the flowers ( also called seed cones or strobiles ) of the hop plant Humulus lupulus . They are used primarily as a flavoring and stability agent in beer , to which they impart bitter , zesty , or citric flavours ; though they are also used for various purposes in other beverages and herbal medicine . The hop plant is a vigorous , climbing , herbaceous perennial , usually trained to grow up strings in a field called a hopfield , hop garden ( nomenclature in the South of England ) , or hop yard ( in the West Country and U.S. ) when grown commercially . Many different varieties of hops are grown by farmers around the world , with different types being used for particular styles of beer . The first documented use of hops in beer is from the 9th century , though Hildegard of Bingen , 300 years later , is often cited as the earliest documented source . Before this period , brewers used gruit , composed of a wide variety of bitter herbs and flowers , including dandelion , burdock root , marigold , horehound ( the old German name for horehound , Berghopfen , means `` mountain hops '' ) , ground ivy , and heather . Early documents include mention of a hop garden in the will of Charlemagne 's father , Pepin III . In addition to adding flavor to beer , hops are also used in brewing for their antibacterial effect over less desirable microorganisms and for many purported benefits , including balancing the sweetness of the malt with bitterness , contributing a variety of desirable flavors and aromas . Historically , traditional herb combinations for beers were believed to have been abandoned when beers made with hops were noticed to be less prone to spoilage . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 World production 2.1 Cultivation and harvest 2.2 Migrant labor and social impact 3 Chemical composition 3.1 Alpha acids 3.2 Beta acids 3.3 Essential oils 3.4 Flavonoids 4 Brewing 5 Varieties 5.1 Breeding programs 5.2 Noble hops 6 Other uses 6.1 Beverages 6.2 Medicinal 6.3 Food source 7 Toxicity 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) The first documented hop cultivation was in 736 , in the Hallertau region of present - day Germany , although the first mention of the use of hops in brewing in that country was 1079 . However , in a will of Pepin the Short , the father of Charlemagne , hop gardens were left to the Cloister of Saint - Denis in 768 . Not until the 13th century did hops begin to start threatening the use of gruit for flavoring . Gruit was used when taxes were levied by the nobility on hops . Whichever was taxed made the brewer then quickly switch to the other . In Britain , hopped beer was first imported from Holland around 1400 , yet hops were condemned as late as 1519 as a `` wicked and pernicious weed '' . In 1471 , Norwich , England , banned use of the plant in the brewing of ale ( `` beer '' was the name for fermented malt liquors bittered with hops ; only in recent times are the words often used as synonyms ) . In Germany , using hops was also a religious and political choice in the early 16th century . There was no tax on hops to be paid on the Catholic church , unlike on gruit , for which the Protestant preferred hopped beer . Hops used in England were imported from France , Holland and Germany with import duty paid for those ; it was not until 1524 that hops were first grown in the southeast of England ( Kent ) when they were introduced as an agricultural crop by Dutch farmers . Therefore , in the hop industry there are many words which originally were Dutch words ( see oast house ) . Hops were then grown as far north as Aberdeen , near breweries for infrastructure convenience . According to Thomas Tusser 's 1557 Five Hundred Points of Good Husbandry : `` The hop for his profit I thus do exalt , It strengtheneth drink and it flavoureth malt ; And being well - brewed long kept it will last , And drawing abide , if ye draw not too fast . '' In England there were many complaints over the quality of imported hops , the sacks of which were often contaminated by stalks , sand or straw to increase their weight . As a result , in 1603 , King James I approved an Act of Parliament banning the practice by which `` the Subjects of this Realm have been of late years abused &c. to the Value of £ 20,000 yearly , besides the Danger of their Healths '' . Hop cultivation was begun in the present - day United States in 1629 by English and Dutch farmers . Before national alcohol prohibition , cultivation was mainly centered around New York , California , Oregon , and Washington . Problems with powdery mildew and downy mildew devastated New York 's production by the 1920s , and California only produces hops on a small scale . Hop bars were used before modern machinery was invented to make the holes for the hop poles . World production ( edit ) Hops production is concentrated in moist temperate climates , with much of the world 's production occurring near the 48th parallel north . Hop plants prefer the same soils as potatoes and the leading potato - growing states in the United States are also major hops - producing areas ; however , not all potato - growing areas can produce good hops naturally : soils in the Maritime Provinces of Canada , for example , lack the boron that hops prefer . Historically , hops were not grown in Ireland , but were imported from England . In 1752 more than 500 tons of English hops were imported through Dublin alone . Important production centers today are the Hallertau in Germany ( more hop - growing area than any other country as of 2006 ) , the Yakima ( Washington ) and Willamette ( Oregon ) valleys , and western Canyon County , Idaho ( including the communities of Parma , Wilder , Greenleaf , and Notus ) . The principal production centers in the UK are in Kent which produces Kent Goldings hops , Herefordshire and Worcestershire . Essentially all of the harvested hops are used in beer making . Early season hop growth in a hop yard in the Yakima River Valley of Washington with Mount Adams in the distance Hop producing country 2012 hop output in tonnes ( t ) Germany 34,434 United States 27,782 Ethiopia 21,792 China 11,000 Czech Republic 4,338 Poland 2,206 North Korea 2,000 Albania 1,650 United Kingdom 1,650 Slovenia 1,338 Cultivation and harvest ( edit ) A superstructure of overhead wires supports strings that in turn support bines Although hops are grown in most of the continental United States and Canada , cultivation of hops for commercial production requires a particular environment . As hops are a climbing plant , they are trained to grow up trellises made from strings or wires that support the plants and allow them significantly greater growth with the same sunlight profile . In this way , energy that would have been required to build structural cells is also freed for crop growth . Male and female flowers of the hop plant usually develop on separate plants ( that is , the plant is dioecious ) , although fertile monoecious individuals appear occasionally . Because viable seeds are undesirable for brewing beer , only female plants are grown in hop fields , thus preventing pollination . Female plants are propagated vegetatively , and male plants are culled if plants are grown from seeds . Hop plants are planted in rows about 2 to 2.5 metres ( 7 to 8 ft ) apart . Each spring , the roots send forth new bines that are started up strings from the ground to an overhead trellis . The cones grow high on the bine , and in the past , these cones were picked by hand . Harvesting of hops became much more efficient with the invention of the mechanical hops separator , patented by Emil Clemens Horst in 1909 . Harvest comes near the end of summer when the bines are pulled down and the flowers are taken to a hop house or oast house for drying . Hop houses are two - story buildings , of which the upper story has a slatted floor covered with burlap . Here the flowers are poured out and raked even . A heating unit on the lower floor is used to dry the hops . When dry , the hops are moved to a press , a sturdy box with a plunger . Two long pieces of burlap are laid into the hop press at right angles , the hops are poured in and compressed into bales . Hop cones contain different oils , such as lupulin , a yellowish , waxy substance , an oleoresin , that imparts flavor and aroma to beer . Lupulin contains lupulone and humulone , which possess antibiotic properties , suppressing bacterial growth favoring brewer 's yeast to grow . After lupulin has been extracted in the brewing process the papery cones are discarded . Migrant labor and social impact ( edit ) Hops harvest in the Kingdom of Bohemia ( 1898 ) Hops harvest in Skåne , Sweden in 1937 The need for massed labor at harvest time meant hop - growing had a big social impact . Around the world , the labor - intensive harvesting work involved large numbers of migrant workers who would travel for the annual hop harvest . Whole families would partake and live in hoppers ' huts , with even the smallest children helping in the fields . The final chapters of W. Somerset Maugham 's Of Human Bondage and a large part of George Orwell 's A Clergyman 's Daughter contain a vivid description of London families participating in this annual hops harvest . In England , many of those picking hops in Kent were from eastern areas of London . This provided a break from urban conditions that was spent in the countryside . People also came from Birmingham and other Midlands cities to pick hops in the Malvern area of Worcestershire . Some photographs have been preserved . Particularly in Kent , because of a shortage of small - denomination coin of the realm , many growers issued their own currency to those doing the labor . In some cases , the coins issued were adorned with fanciful hops images , making them quite beautiful . In the US , Prohibition had a major impact on hops productions , but remnants of this significant industry in West and Northwest US are still noticeable in the form of old hop kilns that survive throughout Sonoma County , among others . Florian Dauenhauer , of Santa Rosa in Sonoma County , became a manufacturer of hop - harvesting machines in 1940 , in part because of the hop industry 's importance to the county . This mechanization helped destroy the local industry by enabling large - scale mechanized production , which moved to larger farms in other areas . Dauenhauer Manufacturing remains a current producer of hop harvesting machines . Chemical composition ( edit ) In addition to water , cellulose , and various proteins , the chemical composition of hops consists of compounds important for imparting character to beer . Alpha acids ( edit ) Isomerization scheme of humulone Probably the most important chemical compound within hops are the alpha acids or humulones . During wort boiling , the humulones are thermally isomerized into iso - alpha acids or isohumulones , which are responsible for the bitter taste of beer . Structure of lupulone ( beta acid ) Beta acids ( edit ) Hops contain beta acids or lupulones sensitive to oxidative decomposition which may be detrimental to the taste of beer . For this reason , beta acids are considered a negative factor in brewing and many brewers usually choose hops with a low beta acid content . Essential oils ( edit ) The main components of hops essential oils are terpene hydrocarbons consisting of myrcene , humulene and caryophyllene . Myrcene is responsible for the pungent smell of fresh hops . Humulene and its oxidative reaction products may give beer its prominent hop aroma . Together , myrcene , humulene , and caryophyllene represent 80 to 90 % of the total hops essential oil . Flavonoids ( edit ) Chemical structure of 8 - prenylnaringenin Xanthohumol is the principal flavonoid in hops . The other well - studied prenylflavonoids are 8 - prenylnaringenin and isoxanthohumol . Xanthohumol is under basic research for its potential properties , while 8 - prenylnaringenin is a potent phytoestrogen . Brewing ( edit ) Hops are used for beer brewing . The sample at the brewery Moscow Brewing Company . Hops are usually dried in an oast house before they are used in the brewing process . Undried or `` wet '' hops are sometimes ( since ca. 1990 ) used . The wort ( sugar - rich liquid produced from malt ) is boiled with hops before it is cooled down and yeast is added , to start fermentation . The effect of hops on the finished beer varies by type and use , though there are two main hop types : bittering and aroma . Bittering hops have higher concentrations of alpha acids , and are responsible for the large majority of the bitter flavor of a beer . European ( so - called `` noble '' ) hops typically average 5 -- 9 % alpha acids by weight ( AABW ) , and the newer American cultivars typically range from 8 -- 19 % AABW . Aroma hops usually have a lower concentration of alpha acids ( ~ 5 % ) and are the primary contributors of hop aroma and ( nonbitter ) flavor . Bittering hops are boiled for a longer period of time , typically 60 -- 90 minutes , to maximize the isomerization of the alpha acids . They often have inferior aromatic properties , as the aromatic compounds evaporate off during the boil . The degree of bitterness imparted by hops depends on the degree to which alpha acids are isomerized during the boil , and the impact of a given amount of hops is specified in International Bitterness Units . Unboiled hops are only mildly bitter . On the other hand , the nonbitter flavor and aroma of hops come from the essential oils , which evaporate during the boil . Aroma hops are typically added to the wort later to prevent the evaporation of the essential oils , to impart `` hop taste '' ( if during the final 30 minutes of boil ) or `` hop aroma '' ( if during the final 10 minutes , or less , of boil ) . Aroma hops are often added after the wort has cooled and while the beer ferments , a technique known as `` dry hopping '' , which contributes to the hop aroma . Farnesene is a major component in some hops . The composition of hop essential oils can differ between varieties and between years in the same variety , having a significant influence on flavor and aroma . Today , a substantial amount of `` dual - use '' hops are used , as well . These have high concentrations of alpha acids and good aromatic properties . These can be added to the boil at any time , depending on the desired effect . Hop acids also contribute to and stabilize the foam qualities of beer . Flavors and aromas are described appreciatively using terms which include `` grassy '' , `` floral '' , `` citrus '' , `` spicy '' , `` piney '' , `` lemony '' , `` grapefruit '' , and `` earthy '' . Many pale lagers have fairly low hop influence , while lagers marketed as Pilsener or brewed in the Czech Republic may have noticeable noble hop aroma . Certain ales ( particularly the highly hopped style known as India Pale Ale , or IPA ) can have high levels of hop bitterness . Brewers may use software tools to control the bittering levels in the boil and adjust recipes to account for a change in the hop bill or seasonal variations in the crop that may lead to the need to compensate for a difference in alpha acid contribution . Data may be shared with other brewers via BeerXML allowing the reproduction of a recipe allowing for differences in hop availability . Varieties ( edit ) Main article : List of hop varieties This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Breeding programs ( edit ) There are many different varieties of hops used in brewing today . Historically , hops varieties were identified by geography ( such as Hallertau , Spalt , and Tettnang from Germany ) , by the farmer who is recognized as first cultivating them ( such as Goldings or Fuggles from England ) , or by their growing habit ( e.g. , Oregon Cluster ) . Around 1900 , a number of institutions began to experiment with breeding specific hop varieties . The breeding program at Wye College in Wye , Kent was started in 1904 and rose to prominence through the work of Prof. E.S. Salmon . Salmon released Brewer 's Gold and Brewer 's Favorite for commercial cultivation in 1934 , and went on to release more than two dozen new cultivars before his death in 1959 . Brewer 's Gold has become the ancestor of the bulk of new hop releases around the world since its release . Wye College continued its breeding program and again received attention in the 1970s , when Dr. Ray A. Neve released Wye Target , Wye Challenger , Wye Northdown , Wye Saxon and Wye Yeoman . More recently , Wye College and its successor institution Wye Hops Ltd. , have focused on breeding the first dwarf hop varieties , which are easier to pick by machine and far more economical to grow . Wye College have also been responsible for breeding hop varieties that will grow with only 12 hours of daily light for the South African hop farmers . Wye College was closed in 2009 but the legacy of their hop breeding programs , particularly that of the dwarf varieties , is continuing as already the U.S.A. private and public breeding programs are using their stock material . Particular hop varieties are associated with beer regions and styles , for example pale lagers are usually brewed with European ( often German , Polish or Czech ) noble hop varieties such as Saaz , Hallertau and Strissel Spalt . British ales use hop varieties such as Fuggles , Goldings and W.G.V. North American beers often use Cascade hops , Columbus hops , Centennial hops , Willamette , Amarillo hops and about forty more varieties as the U.S.A. have lately been the more significant breeders of new hop varieties , including dwarf hop varieties . Hops from New Zealand , such as Pacific Gem , Motueka and Nelson Sauvin , are used in a `` Pacific Pale Ale '' style of beer with increasing production in 2014 . Noble hops ( edit ) Mature hops growing in a hop yard in Germany The term `` noble hops '' traditionally refers to varieties of hops which are low in bitterness and high in aroma . They are the European cultivars or races Hallertau , Tettnanger , Spalt , and Saaz . Their low relative bitterness but strong aroma are often distinguishing characteristics of European - style lagers , such as Pilsener , Dunkel , and Oktoberfest / Märzen . In beer , they are considered aroma hops ( as opposed to bittering hops ) ; see Pilsner Urquell as a classic example of the Bohemian Pilsener style , which showcases noble hops . As with grapes , the location where hops are grown affects the hops ' characteristics . Much as Dortmunder beer may within the EU be labelled `` Dortmunder '' only if it has been brewed in Dortmund , noble hops may officially be considered `` noble '' only if they were grown in the areas for which the hop varieties ( races ) were named . Hallertau or Hallertauer -- The original German lager hop ; named after Hallertau or Holledau region in central Bavaria . Due to susceptibility to crop disease , it was largely replaced by Hersbrucker in the 1970s and 1980s . ( Alpha acid 3.5 -- 5.5 % / beta acid 3 -- 4 % ) Žatec ( Saaz ) -- Noble hop , named after Žatec town , used extensively in Bohemia to flavor pale Czech lagers such as Pilsner Urquell . Soft aroma and bitterness . ( Alpha acid 3 -- 4.5 % / Beta acid 3 -- 4.5 % ) Spalt -- Traditional German noble hop from the Spalter region south of Nuremberg . With a delicate , spicy aroma . ( Alpha acid 4 -- 5 % / beta acid 4 -- 5 % ) Tettnang -- Comes from Tettnang , a small town in southern Baden - Württemberg in Germany . The region produces significant quantities of hops , and ships them to breweries throughout the world . Noble German dual - use hop used in European pale lagers , sometimes with Hallertau . Soft bitterness . ( Alpha acid 3.5 -- 5.5 % / beta acid 3.5 -- 5.5 % ) English noble varieties are Fuggle , East Kent Goldings and Goldings . They are characterized through analysis as having an alpha : beta ratio of 1 : 1 , low alpha - acid levels ( 2 -- 5 % ) with a low cohumulone content , low myrcene in the hop oil , high humulene in the oil , a ratio of humulene : caryophyllene above three , and poor storability resulting in them being more prone to oxidation . In reality , this means they have a relatively consistent bittering potential as they age , due to beta - acid oxidation , and a flavour that improves as they age during periods of poor storage . Other Uses ( edit ) Young hop bines in North America Beverages ( edit ) In addition to beer , hops are also used in herbal teas and in soft drinks . These soft drinks include Julmust ( a carbonated beverage similar to soda that is popular in Sweden during December ) , Malta ( a Latin American soft drink ) and kvass . Medicinal ( edit ) 2 - methyl - 3 - buten - 2 - ol Hops are also used in herbal medicine in a way similar to valerian , as a treatment for anxiety , restlessness , and insomnia . A pillow filled with hops is a popular folk remedy for sleeplessness , and animal research has shown a sedative effect . The relaxing effect of hops may be due , in part , to the specific degradation product from alpha acids , 2 - methyl - 3 - buten - 2 - ol , as demonstrated from nighttime consumption of non-alcoholic beer . 2 - methyl - 3 - buten - 2 - ol is structurally similar to tert - amyl alcohol which was historically used as an anesthetic . Hops tend to be unstable when exposed to light or air and lose their potency after a few months ' storage . Hops are of interest for hormone replacement therapy and are under basic research for potential relief of menstruation - related problems . In preliminary veterinary research , hops compounds are under study for potential activity against pasture - associated laminitis in horses . Food source ( edit ) Hops can also be eaten , the young shoots of the bine are edible and can be cooked similar to asparagus . Toxicity ( edit ) Dermatitis sometimes results from harvesting hops . Although few cases require medical treatment , an estimated 3 % of the workers suffer some type of skin lesions on the face , hands , and legs . Hops are toxic to dogs . See also ( edit ) Beer portal Gruit , an old - fashioned herb mixture used for bittering and flavoring beer , popular before the extensive use of hops Mugwort , a herb historically used as a bitter in beer production Oast house , a building designed for drying hops Rhamnus prinoides , a plant whose leaves are used in the Ethiopian variety of mead called tej Humulus lupulus , the hop plant References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` University of Minnesota Libraries : The Transfer of Knowledge . Hops - ' ' Humulus lupulus ' ' '' . Lib.umn.edu. 2008 - 05 - 13 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Schönberger C , Kostelecky T ( 16 May 2012 ) . `` 125th Anniversary Review : The Role of Hops in Brewing '' . Journal of the Institute of Brewing ( Wiley Online Library ) . 117 ( 3 ) . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Hornsey , Ian S. ( 2003 ) . A History of Beer and Brewing . Royal Society of Chemistry . p. 305 . ISBN 9780854046300 . Jump up ^ `` Understanding Beer - A Broad Overview of Brewing , Tasting and Analyzing Beer - October 12th , 2006 , Beer & Brewing , The Brewing Process '' . Jongriffin.com . Archived from the original on 15 March 2012 . Retrieved 20 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Michael Jackson ( 1988 ) . The New World World Guide to Beer . Running Press . p. 18 . ISBN 0 - 89471 - 884 - 3 . Jump up ^ F.G. Priest ; Iain Campbell ( 2003 ) . Brewing microbiology . Springer . pp. 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 47288 - 6 . Jump up ^ H.S. Corran ( 23 Jan 1975 ) . History of Brewing . David and Charles PLC . p. 303 . ISBN 0715367358 . Jump up ^ Richard W. Unger ( 2004 ) . Beer in the Middle Ages and Renaissance . University of Pennsylvania Press . p. 100 . Jump up ^ Mika Rissanen . `` The Reformation had some help from hops '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ Knight , Charles ( 1832 ) . Antiquity of Beer . The Penny Magazine . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Adam ( 1764 ) . An Historical and Chronological Deduction of the Origin of Commerce . 1 . p. 461 . Jump up ^ Bamforth , Charles W. ( 1998 ) . Beer : tap into the art and science of brewing . Plenum Press . p. 245 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 45797 - 0 . Jump up ^ Knight , Paul D. `` HOPS IN BEER '' . USA Hops . Hop Growers of America . Retrieved 11 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Annual Report of the Commissioner of Patents , Part 2 ; Part 4 . US Patent office . 1858 . p. 291 . ^ Jump up to : Peicanada Jump up ^ `` The London magazine , 1752 '' , page 332 Jump up ^ Summary of Reports : Nürnberg , Germany , 14 November 2006 , International Hop Growers ' Convention : Economic Committee Jump up ^ `` NCGR - Corvallis Humulus Genetic Resources '' . Ars-grin.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Norman Moss , A Fancy to Worcesters , Agricultural research Service , U.S. Department of Agriculture Jump up ^ `` Herefordshire Through Time - Welcome '' . Smr.herefordshire.gov.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ( FAO ) . FAOSTAT Archived 13 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine ... Rome , Italy : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ( FAO ) . Jump up ^ `` Humulus lupulus L. common hop '' . USDA Plants database . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ Keegstra , Kenneth ( 2010 - 10 - 01 ) . `` Plant Cell Walls '' . Plant Physiology. 154 ( 2 ) : 483 -- 486 . ISSN 1532 - 2548 . PMC 2949028 . PMID 20921169 . doi : 10.1104 / pp. 110.161240 . Jump up ^ `` Interactive Agricultural Ecological Atlas of Russia and Neighboring Countries . Economic Plants and their Diseases , Pests and Weeds . ' ' Humulus lupulus ' ' '' . Agroatlas.ru . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Andrew , Sewalish . `` Hops : Anatomy and Chemistry 101 '' . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Connie 's Homepage - Hop Picking in Kent '' . Btinternet.com . Archived from the original on 21 July 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` George Orwell : Hop - picking '' . Theorwellprize.co.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Smith , Keith . Around Malvern in old photographs ... Alan Sutton Publishing , Gloucester . ISBN 0 - 86299 - 587 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Charles Levett Hop Tokens , 60 Bushels Denomination , The Fitzwilliam Museum , fitzmuseum.cam.ack.uk '' . Fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Lebaron , Gaye ( 2008 - 06 - 29 ) . `` Hops , once king of county 's crops , helped put region on map '' . Press Democrat . Retrieved 4 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Verzele , M. ( 1986 - 01 - 02 ) . `` 100 Years of Hop Chemistry and Its Relevance to Brewing '' . Journal of the Institute of Brewing . 92 ( 1 ) : 32 -- 48 . ISSN 2050 - 0416 . doi : 10.1002 / j. 2050 - 0416.1986. tb04372. x . ^ Jump up to : De Keukeleire , Denis . `` Fundamentals of beer and hop chemistry '' . Química Nova . 23 ( 1 ) : 108 -- 112 . ISSN 0100 - 4042 . doi : 10.1590 / S0100 - 40422000000100019 . Jump up ^ Stevens , Jan F ; Page , Jonathan E ( 2004 - 05 - 01 ) . `` Xanthohumol and related prenylflavonoids from hops and beer : to your good health ! '' . Phytochemistry. 65 ( 10 ) : 1317 -- 1330 . PMID 15231405 . doi : 10.1016 / j. phytochem. 2004.04. 025 . Jump up ^ Milligan , S ; Kalita , J ; Pocock , V ; Heyerick , A ; Cooman , L De ; Rong , H ; Keukeleire , D De . `` Oestrogenic activity of the hop phyto - oestrogen , 8 - prenylnaringenin '' . Reproduction. 123 ( 2 ) : 235 -- 242 . doi : 10.1530 / rep. 0.1230235 . Jump up ^ Hough , James S ( 1991 ) . The Biotechnology of Malting and Brewing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 39553 - 3 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ Aguilera , Elizabeth ( 10 September 2008 ) . `` Hop harvest yields hip beer for brewer '' . Denver Post . Jump up ^ Underwood , Kristin . It 's Harvest Time at the Sierra Nevada Brewery . Treehugger. 6 August 2009 . Retrieved 20 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Palmer , John ( 2006 ) . How to Brew . Boulder , CO : Brewers Publications . pp. 41 -- 44 . ISBN 0 - 937381 - 88 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hough JS , Briggs DE , Stevens R , Young TW ( 2012 - 12 - 06 ) . Malting and Brewing Science : Volume II Hopped Wort and Beer . Springer . pp. 867 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4615 - 1799 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Brewery History : 121 , pp. 94 - 112 '' . www.breweryhistory.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ Capper , Allison ; Darby , Peter ( 24 March 2014 ) . `` What makes British Hops Unique in the world of Hop Growing ? '' ( PDF ) . British Hop Association . Retrieved 4 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` History of Hops '' . British Hop Association . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` On Trade Preview 2014 '' ( PDF ) . www.ontrade.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Hop growers union of the Czech Republic '' . Czhops.cz . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Hop Chemistry : Homebrew Science '' . Byo.com. 2000 - 04 - 28 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Plants for a Future : Humulus lupulus Plants for a Future . Retrieved 4 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Franco L , Sánchez C , Bravo R , Rodriguez A , Barriga C , Juánez JC ( 2012 ) . `` The sedative effects of hops ( Humulus lupulus ) , a component of beer , on the activity / rest rhythm '' . Acta Physiol Hung. 99 ( 2 ) : 133 -- 9 . PMID 22849837 . doi : 10.1556 / APhysiol. 99.2012. 2.6 . Jump up ^ Franco L , Sánchez C , Bravo R , Rodríguez AB , Barriga C , Romero E , Cubero J ( 2012 ) . `` The sedative effect of non-alcoholic beer in healthy female nurses '' . PLoS ONE . 7 ( 7 ) : e37290 . PMC 3399866 . PMID 22815680 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0037290 . Jump up ^ Keiler AM , Zierau O , Kretzschmar G ( 2013 ) . `` Hop extracts and hop substances in treatment of menopausal complaints '' . Planta Med. 79 ( 7 ) : 576 -- 9 . PMID 23512496 . doi : 10.1055 / s - 0032 - 1328330 . Jump up ^ `` Beer Breakthrough : Hops May Prevent Pasture - Associated Laminitis '' . Horse Collaborative. 1 August 2014 . Retrieved 11 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 9 Perennial Vegetables You Can Plant Once , Harvest Forever ... And Never Worry About Again '' . 8 March 2017 . torageprepper.com . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Duggins , Alexi ( 18 May 2015 ) . `` ' It 's like eating a hedgerow ' : why do hop shoots cost € 1,000 a kilo ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Purdue University : Center for New Crops and Plant Products . ' ' Humulus lupulus ' ' L '' . Hort.purdue.edu. 1998 - 01 - 07 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Animal Poison Control Center . Hops '' . ASPCA . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 20 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Humulus lupulus . `` Hop '' . The New Student 's Reference Work . 1914 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hops&oldid=800740544 '' Categories : Brewing ingredients Crops originating from Europe Medicinal plants Medieval agriculture Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010 Articles needing additional references from July 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Use dmy dates from September 2010 Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW with an wstitle parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Ελληνικά Esperanto Gaeilge Ido Bahasa Indonesia IsiXhosa Íslenska Bahasa Melayu Scots Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 11 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where are most of the hops grown in the us	[]	[]
-277926413189007278	Lords Proprietor	Lords Proprietor - wikipedia Lords Proprietor Jump to : navigation , search This article focuses too much on specific examples without explaining their importance to its main subject . Please help improve this article by citing reliable , secondary sources that evaluate and synthesize these or similar examples within a broader context . ( October 2011 ) The title of Lord Proprietor was a position akin to head landlord or overseer of a territory . It was not a title of peerage or nobility , although it was occasionally hereditary . Lords Proprietor oversaw a territory on behalf of a higher sovereign . Contents ( hide ) 1 Carolina 2 New Jersey / Jersey 2.1 Lords Proprietary of East Jersey 2.2 Lords Proprietary of West Jersey 3 The seal 4 Documents 5 Lord of Mann 6 See also 7 Notes 8 Sources and external links Carolina ( edit ) There were eight Lords Proprietor of the Province of Carolina . By 1729 , when seven of their descendants , all but the heir of Carteret , had sold their shares to the Crown , the province had been split into two provinces : North Carolina and South Carolina . In 1629 , King Charles I of England granted Sir Robert Heath ( the attorney general ) the southern half of the English land in the New World between 36 degrees and 31 degrees north latitude from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean . The land was named `` Province of Carolina '' or land of Charles . This area included what is now known as North Carolina and South Carolina . Sir Robert 's attempts at settlement failed and in 1645 , during the English Civil War , he was stripped of all of his possessions as a Royalist supporter of the King . The first permanent settlers in Carolina came from Virginia . In 1663 , eight members of the English nobility received a charter from King Charles II to establish the colony of Carolina . These men were known as the Lords Proprietors of Carolina and were the ruling landlords of the colony . The original eight Lords Proprietors of Carolina were : George Monck , 1st Duke of Albemarle ( 1608 -- 1670 ) Edward Hyde , 1st Earl of Clarendon ( 1609 -- 1674 ) John Berkeley , 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton ( 1602 -- 1678 ) William Craven , 1st Earl of Craven ( 1608 -- 1697 ) Sir George Carteret ( c. 1610 -- 1680 ) Sir William Berkeley ( 1605 -- 1677 ) Sir John Colleton , 1st Baronet ( 1608 -- 1666 ) Anthony Ashley Cooper , 1st Earl of Shaftesbury ( 1621 -- 1683 ) . The Lords Proprietor were anxious to secure Carolina against Spanish attacks from San Augustine in Florida , and to do so , they needed to attract more colonists . The Lords Proprietor offered English settlers inducements consisting of religious toleration , political representation in an assembly that had power over public taxes , exemption from quitrents and large grants of land . The Lords allowed settlers of any religion , except atheists . The Lords also had a generous headright system whereby they granted one hundred and fifty acres of land to each member of a family . They postponed collection of quitrents , amounting to half a pence per acre per year , until 1689 . An indentured male servant who served his term received his freedom dues from his master and a grant of one hundred acres from the Lords Proprietor . In order to attract planters with capital to invest , the Lords Proprietor also gave the owner and master the one hundred and fifty acre headright for every slave imported to the Colony . These incentives drew 6,600 colonists to the colony by 1700 compared with only 1,500 in the Spanish colony of Florida . Carolina attracted English settlers , French Protestants ( Huguenots ) and other colonists from Barbados and the West Indies . The first government in Carolina began in Albemarle County in 1664 when William Sayle was appointed as the governor . Proprietary authority was weaker near the Virginia border . The Lords Proprietor established a North Carolina with its own assembly and deputy governor . In 1712 , the division of Carolina into North and South was completed with the elevation of the deputy governor to governor of North Carolina . The Lords Proprietor failed to protect the settlers when enemies attacked or threatened the Colony . For example , during Queen Anne 's War ( 1702 -- 1713 ) , the colonists drove French and Spanish forces away from Charlestown . Again , between 1715 and 1718 , the colonists defended themselves against attacks by the Yamasee Indians and pirates . During these times of conflict , the colonists received little or no help from the proprietors . The elite group of settlers in Carolina , former West Indians known as the Goose Creek Men , grew increasingly frustrated with the Lords Proprietor because they meddled in politics but failed to defend the colony against Spanish and Native American attacks . In 1719 , the South Carolina assembly sent a petition to England requesting that the proprietors be replaced with Crown administration . King George I appointed royal governors for North and South Carolina , converting the colony 's status to that of a royal colony ( England ruled the colony but allowed the people self - government ) . In 1729 , the Crown bought out seven of the eight of the Lords Proprietor for £ 22,500 , approximately the amount they had spent on the colony . The eighth proprietor , John Carteret , Lord Granville , refused to sell and retained title to the lands and quitrents in the northern third of North Carolina . When the Crown purchased the proprietors ' interests in 1729 , their successors proved to be : Albemarle : in trust for Henry Somerset , 3rd Duke of Beaufort and his brother , then Lord Charles Somerset Clarendon : James Bertie ( 1674 -- 1735 ) Berkeley : Joseph Blake of the province of South Carolina Craven : William Craven , 3rd Baron Craven ( 1700 -- 1739 ) Carteret : John Carteret , Baron Carteret ( 1690 -- 1763 ) , governor of the kingdom of Ireland , who retained his interest * William Berkeley : Henry Bertie ( 1675 -- 1735 ) and Mary Danson , widow , of St Andrews Holborn , and Elizabeth Moor , widow , of London Colleton : Sir John Colleton of Exmouth , Devon Shaftesbury : † in trust for John Cotton of East Barnet , Middlesex † Some of these 1729 interests had been acquired not by inheritance but by purchase . * The Carteret interest continued until Independence when the Crown paid compensation for the Carteret loss . New Jersey / Jersey ( edit ) In the Province of New Jersey , there were two proprietary lordships : Lords Proprietary of East Jersey ( edit ) August 1665 -- 14 January 1680 : Sir George Carteret ( c. 1610 -- 1680 ) January 1680 -- 1682 : 8 Proprietors 1682 -- 1688 : 24 Proprietors ( 1st time ) 1692 -- April 1703 : 24 Proprietors ( 2nd time ) Lords proprietary of West Jersey ( edit ) August 1665 -- 18 March 1674 : John Berkeley , 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton ( 1602 -- 1678 ) 18 March 1674 -- February 1675 : Edward Byllynge ( 1st time ) ( died 1687 ) jointly with John Fenwick ( 1618 -- 1683 ) February 1675 -- September 1683 : Trusteeship September 1683 -- 1687 : Edward Byllynge ( 2nd time ) ( s.a. ) February 1687 -- 1688 : Daniel Coxe ( c. 1640 -- 1730 ) 1692 -- April 1703 : 12 Proprietors In 1664 , the English gained control of New Jersey from the Dutch . King Charles II granted the country to his brother , the Duke of York , who in turn sold the colony to two of his friends , Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret . The area was named `` New Jersey '' after Carteret 's home island of Jersey in the English Channel . The grant gave them the power of government in the colony . Berkeley and Carteret , however , established a constitution and gave freemen the right to elect an Assembly . A tax could not be levied without the Assembly 's approval . The Governor was appointed by the Lords Proprietor and was allowed to select his own Council , which constituted the upper branch of the Legislature . The new colony attracted many settlers because Berkeley and Sir George Carteret sold the land to the colonists at low prices and allowed them political and religious freedoms . The Dutch re-conquered the area in 1673 but then surrendered to the English in 1674 . Berkeley sold his half of New Jersey to Edward Byllynge and John Fenwick . In 1676 , Carteret and Fenwick negotiated a division of the province into two sections : East Jersey which was held by Carteret and West Jersey which was held by Fenwick . Sir George Carteret died in 1680 . His property was left to Trustees who put East Jersey up for sale in a public auction . In 1682 , the property was sold to William Penn and eleven associates who each sold half of their share to twelve others , forming an association of twenty - four proprietors . This body became known as the Board of Proprietors of East Jersey . This board exercised government control , which eventually led to many conflicts within the colony . In 1702 , East and West Jersey surrendered the right to government to the English Crown under Queen Anne . The seal ( edit ) Two documents remain with the Lords Proprietors original seal kept intact . In the 1690s , the Lords Proprietors were keen to implement their plan for a colonial aristocracy ( an attempt to stabilize Carolina politics ) . One document is a grant or patent issued by the Lords Proprietors of South Carolina in 1699 . It was issued to an Englishman named John Wyche , a relative of the chief Proprietor , giving him the status of Landgrave with the right to claim 48,000 acres ( 190 km ) of land in a certain region . John Wyche was appointed as the Secretary to the Province and served in this role in the colony for a short period of six months before he received another appointment in Hamburg . Some of the documents relate to Wyche 's activity in the colony . His successor to the Secretary position was John Wilmot . After a revolt against the Lords Proprietors in 1719 , the colony came under royal control . This change in power was formalized by an Act of the English parliament in 1729 called `` An Agreement with Seven of the Lords Proprietors of Carolina , for the Surrender of their Title and Interest in that Province '' . The documents include information about Wyche 's land - claims and the petition of the Cyril family for an endorsement of their rights under the 1699 grant ( a claim that the Privy Council in London disallowed ) . The grant was originally written in Latin and is embossed on vellum with the Great Seal of the Proprietors attached . This seal and document is one of two such 17th century documents to survive with the seal intact . Documents ( edit ) 1 . Sir Robert Heath 's Patent 5 Charles I , October 30 , 1629 In this patent King Charles I of England gave Sir Robert Hearth , the attorney general , property in the New World . 2 . A Declaration and Proposals of the Lord Proprietor of Carolina , August 25 - September 4 , 1663 This charter issued by King Charles II of England proposed the formation of the Lords Proprietor and gave the lands of Carolina to the eight proprietors : the Earl of Clarendon , Duke of Albemarle , Lord Craven , Lord Berkeley , Lord Ashley , Sir George Carteret , William Berkeley and Sir John Colleton . This declaration gave the proprietors the power to protect their colony , the right to settle the colony , freedom of religion and one hundred acres of land for each man . 3 . Charter of Carolina - March 24 , 1663 This charter outlined how the eight proprietors should rule Carolina . It gave the land to the proprietors , allowed for patronage , gave the proprietors absolute power in the colony , gave the colony 's government the right to make laws , authorized the authority to make ordinances , gave instructions to defend the colony against enemies , outlined trade regulations , gave the proprietors building rights in the colony , allowed for an army and allowed the practice of religion conformed to the Church of England . 4 . The Concession and Agreement of the Lords Proprietors of the Province of New Caesarea , or New Jersey , to and With All and Every the Adventures and All Such as Shall Settle or Plant There - 1664 This document outlines the distribution of power in New Jersey by the Lords Proprietors . The document includes the role Governor of the province , the right for the Governor to choose six counsellors , the role of the Chief of Secretary , the role of the Surveyor General and the colonists ' duty as subjects of the King of England . 5 . A Declaration of the True Intent and Meaning of us the Lords Proprietors , and Explanation of There Concessions Made to the Adventures and Planters of New Caesarea or New Jersey - 1672 This declaration outlines the rules for the General Assembly and the Governor . 6 . His Royal Highness 's Grant to the Lords Proprietors , Sir George Carteret , 29 July 1674 This document from King Charles II of England , reiterates Sir George Carteret 's claim to his land in America as laid out by the original patents . Definition Headright system - Each settler received a single headright ( grant of land ) for himself or herself . Quitrents - a fixed rent payable to a feudal superior in commutation of services Lord of Mann ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( October 2011 ) The British monarch , in his or her capacity as Sovereign Lord of Mann , is considered to be the Lord Proprietor of the Isle of Man . This usage is generally left ignored . See also ( edit ) List of Proprietors of Maryland British colonization of the Americas Donatário ( Portuguese Empire ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( presently Queen Elizabeth II ) Other examples where lords is used to indicate that the persons concerned are the topmost of their kind ( but unlikely to be noble ) : ( England ) Lords Commissioners ( in ordinary language simply Lords ) of the Admiralty , Lords Commissioners of the Treasury ; Lords Commissioners of the Great Seal . Also Lords Justices ( of Ireland ) : the Commissioners to whom , in the early 18th century , the viceregal authority was entrusted . ( Scotland ) Lords of the Congregation , Lords of Daily Council , Lords of Justiciary , Lords of Police , Lords of Regality , Lords of Session Lords of the Articles Sources and external links ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` South Carolina '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved May 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gundersen , Joan R. `` Colonial Life in America '' . World Book Student . Retrieved May 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Alan ( 2002 ) . American Colonies . New York : Penguin Books . pp. 224 -- 226 . Jump up ^ Clemens , Paul G.E. & Grant Saff . `` New Jersey '' . World Book Student . Retrieved May 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Oldest Land Company : How The East Jersey Board of Proprietors Was Founded '' . The New York Times . January 17 , 1882 . Retrieved May 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Lords Proprietors of New Jersey '' . The New York Times . May 16 , 1877 . Retrieved May 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Lords Proprietors ' Grant and Seal , 1699 '' . University of South Carolina Libraries . Retrieved May 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Robert Heath 's Patent 5 Charles 1st ; October 30 , 1629 '' . The Avalon Project . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A Declaration and Proposals of the Lord Proprietor of Carolina , Aug. 25 - Sept. 4 , 1663 '' . The Avalon Project . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charter of Carolina - March 24 , 1663 '' . The Avalon Project . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Concession and Agreement of the Lords Proprietors of the Province of New Caesarea , or New Jersey , to and With All and Every the Adventures and All Such as Shall Settle of Plant There - 1664 '' . Avalon Project . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A Declaration of the True Intent and Meaning of us the Lord Proprietors , and Explanation of There Concessions Made to the Adventures and Planters of New Caesarea or New Jersey - 1672 '' . The Avalon Project . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` His Royal Highness 's Grant to the Lords Proprietors , Sir George Carteret , 29th July , 1674 '' . The Avalon Project . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Brinkley , Alan ( 2008 ) . The Unfinished Nation . New York : McGraw Hill . Jump up ^ `` Quitrents '' . Miriam Webster . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 . WorldStatesmen USA -- here States N North Carolina Manual The Statutes at large of South Carolina . editor Thomas Cooper . Columbia SC 1836 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lords_Proprietor&oldid=802717408 '' Categories : Gubernatorial titles Colonial government in America English colonization of the Americas Titles of nobility in the Americas Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing context from October 2011 Articles to be expanded from October 2011 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Edit links This page was last edited on 28 September 2017 , at 00 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did the carolina lords proprietors recruit colonies	[]	[]
4242091053548072680	List of United States Supreme Court Justices by time in office	List of United States Supreme Court justices by time in office - wikipedia List of United States Supreme Court justices by time in office A total of 114 people have served on the Supreme Court of the United States , the highest judicial body in the United States , since it was established in 1789 . Supreme Court justices have life tenure , and so they serve until they die , resign or retire , or are impeached and removed from office . For the 105 non-incumbent justices , the average length of service was 6,203 days ( 16 years , 359 days ) . Their length of service ranges from William O. Douglas 's 13,358 days ( 7004133580000000000 ♠ 36 years , 209 days ) on the Court to the 163 - day tenure of Thomas Johnson . Among the current members of the Court , Clarence Thomas 's tenure of 7003986900000000000 ♠ 9,869 days ( 7003986900000000000 ♠ 27 years , 7 days ) is the longest , while Brett Kavanaugh 's , 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 days , is the briefest . The table below ranks all United States Supreme Court Justices by time in office . For five individuals confirmed for associate justice , and later confirmed for chief justice separately -- Charles Evans Hughes , William Rehnquist , John Rutledge , Harlan F. Stone , and Edward Douglass White -- their cumulative length of service on the Court is measured . The basis of the ranking is the difference between dates ; if counted by number of calendar days all the figures would be one greater , with the exception of Charles Evans Hughes and John Rutledge , who would receive two days , as each served on the Court twice ( their service as associate justice and as chief justice was separated by a period of years off the Court ) . The start date given for each justice is the day he or she took the prescribed oath of office , with the end date being the date of the justice 's death , resignation , or retirement . A highlighted row indicates a justice currently serving on the Court . Contents 1 Justices by time in office 2 Notes 3 See also 4 References Justices by time in office ( edit ) Longest Supreme Court tenure William O. Douglas 13,358 days ( 1939 -- 1975 ) Stephen Johnson Field 12,614 days ( 1863 -- 1897 ) Shortest Supreme Court tenure James F. Byrnes 452 days ( 1941 -- 1942 ) Thomas Johnson 163 days ( 1792 -- 1793 ) Rank Justice Length in days Start date End date William O. Douglas 7004133580000000000 ♠ 13,358 April 17 , 1939 November 12 , 1975 Stephen Johnson Field 7004126140000000000 ♠ 12,614 May 20 , 1863 December 1 , 1897 John Paul Stevens 7004126110000000000 ♠ 12,611 December 19 , 1975 June 29 , 2010 John Marshall ( CJ ) 7004125700000000000 ♠ 12,570 February 4 , 1801 July 6 , 1835 Hugo Black 7004124470000000000 ♠ 12,447 August 19 , 1937 September 17 , 1971 6 John Marshall Harlan 7004123600000000000 ♠ 12,360 December 10 , 1877 October 14 , 1911 7 William J. Brennan Jr . 7004123300000000000 ♠ 12,330 October 16 , 1956 July 20 , 1990 8 William Rehnquist ( CJ ) 7004122930000000000 ♠ 12,293 January 7 , 1972 September 26 , 1986 September 26 , 1986 September 3 , 2005 9 Joseph Story 7004122730000000000 ♠ 12,273 February 3 , 1812 September 10 , 1845 10 James Moore Wayne 7004118600000000000 ♠ 11,860 January 14 , 1835 July 5 , 1867 11 John McLean 7004114060000000000 ♠ 11,406 January 11 , 1830 April 4 , 1861 12 Byron White 7004113960000000000 ♠ 11,396 April 16 , 1962 June 28 , 1993 13 Bushrod Washington 7004112520000000000 ♠ 11,252 February 4 , 1799 November 26 , 1829 14 Anthony Kennedy 7004111210000000000 ♠ 11,121 February 18 , 1988 July 31 , 2018 15 William Johnson 7004110460000000000 ♠ 11,046 May 7 , 1804 August 4 , 1834 16 Antonin Scalia 7004107320000000000 ♠ 10,732 September 26 , 1986 February 13 , 2016 17 Oliver Wendell Holmes 7004106270000000000 ♠ 10,627 December 8 , 1902 January 12 , 1932 18 Roger B. Taney ( CJ ) 7004104250000000000 ♠ 10,425 March 28 , 1836 October 12 , 1864 19 Samuel Freeman Miller 7004103110000000000 ♠ 10,311 July 21 , 1862 October 13 , 1890 20 John Catron 7004102560000000000 ♠ 10,256 May 1 , 1837 May 30 , 1865 21 Samuel Nelson 7004101360000000000 ♠ 10,136 February 27 , 1845 November 28 , 1872 22 Edward Douglass White ( CJ ) 7003992900000000000 ♠ 9,929 March 12 , 1894 December 19 , 1910 December 19 , 1910 May 19 , 1921 23 Clarence Thomas 7003986900000000000 ♠ 9,869 October 23 , 1991 Incumbent 24 Joseph McKenna 7003984000000000000 ♠ 9,840 January 26 , 1898 January 5 , 1925 25 Willis Van Devanter 7003964700000000000 ♠ 9,647 January 3 , 1911 June 2 , 1937 26 James Clark McReynolds 7003960800000000000 ♠ 9,608 October 12 , 1914 January 31 , 1941 27 Ruth Bader Ginsburg 7003921200000000000 ♠ 9,212 August 10 , 1993 Incumbent 28 Sandra Day O'Connor 7003889400000000000 ♠ 8,894 September 25 , 1981 January 31 , 2006 29 Stephen Breyer 7003885400000000000 ♠ 8,854 August 3 , 1994 Incumbent 30 Harry Blackmun 7003882100000000000 ♠ 8,821 June 9 , 1970 August 3 , 1994 31 Thurgood Marshall 7003876500000000000 ♠ 8,765 October 2 , 1967 October 1 , 1991 32 Felix Frankfurter 7003861100000000000 ♠ 8,611 January 30 , 1939 August 28 , 1962 33 Nathan Clifford 7003858600000000000 ♠ 8,586 January 21 , 1858 July 25 , 1881 34 Robert Cooper Grier 7003857500000000000 ♠ 8,575 August 10 , 1846 January 31 , 1870 35 Gabriel Duvall 7003845300000000000 ♠ 8,453 November 23 , 1811 January 14 , 1835 36 Potter Stewart 7003829800000000000 ♠ 8,298 October 14 , 1958 July 3 , 1981 37 Louis Brandeis 7003828800000000000 ♠ 8,288 June 5 , 1916 February 13 , 1939 38 Joseph P. Bradley 7003797500000000000 ♠ 7,975 March 23 , 1870 January 22 , 1892 39 Melville Fuller ( CJ ) 7003793800000000000 ♠ 7,938 October 8 , 1888 July 4 , 1910 40 Harlan F. Stone ( CJ ) 7003772100000000000 ♠ 7,721 March 2 , 1925 July 3 , 1941 July 2 , 1941 April 22 , 1946 41 Horace Gray 7003755300000000000 ♠ 7,553 January 9 , 1882 September 15 , 1902 42 William Cushing 7003752700000000000 ♠ 7,527 February 2 , 1790 September 13 , 1810 43 Smith Thompson 7003741300000000000 ♠ 7,413 September 1 , 1823 December 18 , 1843 44 David Josiah Brewer 7003738500000000000 ♠ 7,385 January 6 , 1890 March 28 , 1910 45 William R. Day 7003719600000000000 ♠ 7,196 March 2 , 1903 November 13 , 1922 46 Stanley Forman Reed 7003696500000000000 ♠ 6,965 January 31 , 1938 February 25 , 1957 47 Noah Haynes Swayne 7003693700000000000 ♠ 6,937 January 27 , 1862 January 24 , 1881 48 Thomas Todd 7003685400000000000 ♠ 6,854 May 4 , 1807 February 7 , 1826 49 David Souter 7003683800000000000 ♠ 6,838 October 9 , 1990 June 29 , 2009 50 Peter Vivian Daniel 7003671600000000000 ♠ 6,716 January 10 , 1842 May 31 , 1860 51 Tom C. Clark 7003650100000000000 ♠ 6,501 August 24 , 1949 June 12 , 1967 52 Warren E. Burger ( CJ ) 7003630400000000000 ♠ 6,304 June 23 , 1969 September 26 , 1986 53 Charles Evans Hughes ( CJ ) 7003621400000000000 ♠ 6,214 October 10 , 1910 February 24 , 1930 June 10 , 1916 June 30 , 1941 54 Pierce Butler 7003616200000000000 ♠ 6,162 January 2 , 1923 November 16 , 1939 55 John Marshall Harlan II 7003602300000000000 ♠ 6,023 March 28 , 1955 September 23 , 1971 56 Henry Brockholst Livingston 7003590100000000000 ♠ 5,901 January 20 , 1807 March 18 , 1823 57 Earl Warren ( CJ ) 7003574000000000000 ♠ 5,740 October 5 , 1953 June 23 , 1969 58 Lewis Franklin Powell 7003564900000000000 ♠ 5,649 January 7 , 1972 June 26 , 1987 59 Henry Billings Brown 7003562100000000000 ♠ 5,621 January 5 , 1891 May 28 , 1906 60 Samuel Chase 7003561300000000000 ♠ 5,613 February 4 , 1796 June 19 , 1811 61 George Sutherland 7003558600000000000 ♠ 5,586 October 2 , 1922 January 17 , 1938 62 Owen Roberts 7003553800000000000 ♠ 5,538 June 2 , 1930 July 31 , 1945 63 John McKinley 7003530500000000000 ♠ 5,305 January 9 , 1838 July 19 , 1852 64 Henry Baldwin 7003520700000000000 ♠ 5,207 January 18 , 1830 April 21 , 1844 65 David Davis 7003519800000000000 ♠ 5,198 December 10 , 1862 March 4 , 1877 66 Morrison Waite ( CJ ) 7003513300000000000 ♠ 5,133 March 4 , 1874 March 23 , 1888 67 Rufus Wheeler Peckham 7003503900000000000 ♠ 5,039 January 6 , 1896 October 24 , 1909 68 William Paterson 7003492900000000000 ♠ 4,929 March 11 , 1793 September 9 , 1806 69 Robert H. Jackson 7003483800000000000 ♠ 4,838 July 11 , 1941 October 9 , 1954 70 John Roberts ( CJ ) 7003477900000000000 ♠ 4,779 September 29 , 2005 Incumbent 71 Harold Hitz Burton 7003476000000000000 ♠ 4,760 October 1 , 1945 October 13 , 1958 72 Samuel Alito 7003465500000000000 ♠ 4,655 January 31 , 2006 Incumbent 73 Samuel Blatchford 7003411300000000000 ♠ 4,113 April 3 , 1882 July 7 , 1893 74 Mahlon Pitney 7003394000000000000 ♠ 3,940 March 18 , 1912 December 31 , 1922 75 William Strong 7003392800000000000 ♠ 3,928 March 14 , 1870 December 14 , 1880 76 George Shiras Jr . 7003378700000000000 ♠ 3,787 October 10 , 1892 February 23 , 1903 77 Frank Murphy 7003345200000000000 ♠ 3,452 February 5 , 1940 July 19 , 1949 78 James Iredell 7003344800000000000 ♠ 3,448 May 12 , 1790 October 20 , 1799 79 Sonia Sotomayor 7003337000000000000 ♠ 3,370 August 8 , 2009 Incumbent 80 Ward Hunt 7003330500000000000 ♠ 3,305 January 9 , 1873 January 27 , 1882 81 James Wilson 7003324200000000000 ♠ 3,242 October 5 , 1789 August 21 , 1798 82 William Howard Taft ( CJ ) 7003312900000000000 ♠ 3,129 July 11 , 1921 February 3 , 1930 83 Salmon P. Chase ( CJ ) 7003306500000000000 ♠ 3,065 December 15 , 1864 May 7 , 1873 84 Elena Kagan 7003300600000000000 ♠ 3,006 August 7 , 2010 Incumbent 85 John Archibald Campbell 7003294100000000000 ♠ 2,941 April 11 , 1853 April 30 , 1861 86 Stanley Matthews 7003286600000000000 ♠ 2,866 May 17 , 1881 March 22 , 1889 87 Fred M. Vinson ( CJ ) 7003263300000000000 ♠ 2,633 June 24 , 1946 September 8 , 1953 88 Edward Terry Sanford 7003257400000000000 ♠ 2,574 February 19 , 1923 March 8 , 1930 89 Sherman Minton 7003256000000000000 ♠ 2,560 October 12 , 1949 October 15 , 1956 90 Wiley Blount Rutledge 7003239900000000000 ♠ 2,399 February 15 , 1943 September 10 , 1949 91 William Burnham Woods 7003232000000000000 ♠ 2,320 January 5 , 1881 May 14 , 1887 92 Benjamin N. Cardozo 7003230800000000000 ♠ 2,308 March 14 , 1932 July 9 , 1938 93 Benjamin Robbins Curtis 7003218200000000000 ♠ 2,182 October 10 , 1851 September 30 , 1857 94 Levi Woodbury 7003217200000000000 ♠ 2,172 September 23 , 1845 September 4 , 1851 95 John Hessin Clarke 7003217000000000000 ♠ 2,170 October 9 , 1916 September 18 , 1922 96 John Blair 7003209100000000000 ♠ 2,091 February 2 , 1790 October 25 , 1795 97 John Jay ( CJ ) 7003207900000000000 ♠ 2,079 October 19 , 1789 June 29 , 1795 98 ( tie ) Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar 7003183200000000000 ♠ 1,832 January 18 , 1888 January 23 , 1893 Charles Evans Whittaker 7003183200000000000 ♠ 1,832 March 25 , 1957 March 31 , 1962 100 Joseph Rucker Lamar 7003182500000000000 ♠ 1,825 January 3 , 1911 January 2 , 1916 101 Philip Pendleton Barbour 7003175000000000000 ♠ 1,750 May 12 , 1836 February 25 , 1841 102 Oliver Ellsworth ( CJ ) 7003174200000000000 ♠ 1,742 March 8 , 1796 December 15 , 1800 103 Horace Harmon Lurton 7003165100000000000 ♠ 1,651 January 3 , 1910 July 12 , 1914 104 William Henry Moody 7003143400000000000 ♠ 1,434 December 17 , 1906 November 20 , 1910 105 Alfred Moore 7003137500000000000 ♠ 1,375 April 21 , 1800 January 26 , 1804 106 Abe Fortas 7003131800000000000 ♠ 1,318 October 4 , 1965 May 14 , 1969 107 Arthur Goldberg 7003102800000000000 ♠ 1,028 October 1 , 1962 July 25 , 1965 108 Howell Edmunds Jackson 7002887000000000000 ♠ 887 March 4 , 1893 August 8 , 1895 109 Robert Trimble 7002801000000000000 ♠ 801 June 16 , 1826 August 25 , 1828 110 Neil Gorsuch 7002568000000000000 ♠ 568 April 10 , 2017 Incumbent 111 John Rutledge ( CJ ) 7002563000000000000 ♠ 563 February 15 , 1790 July 1 , 1795 March 5 , 1791 December 28 , 1795 112 James F. Byrnes 7002452000000000000 ♠ 452 July 8 , 1941 October 3 , 1942 113 Thomas Johnson 7002163000000000000 ♠ 163 August 6 , 1792 January 16 , 1793 114 Brett Kavanaugh 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 October 6 , 2018 Incumbent Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Average tenure in office has increased significantly over the past half - century . In 1970 , the average tenure in office ( for the 89 justices who had left the Court prior to 1970 ) was about fifteen years . ^ Jump up to : As of October 30 , 2018 Jump up ^ A nominee who was confirmed by the United States Senate but declined to serve , such as Robert H. Harrison , or who died before taking the necessary steps toward becoming a member of the Court , such as Edwin M. Stanton , is not considered to have served as a justice , and thus is not included on this list . Jump up ^ Of past , non-incumbent justices -- thus not including Brett Kavanaugh , the junior-most incumbent justice , who joined the Supreme Court in October 2018 . Jump up ^ Length of tenure includes 5376 days service as associate justice and 6917 days as chief justice . Jump up ^ Length of tenure includes 6125 days service as associate justice and 3804 days as chief justice . Jump up ^ Length of tenure includes 5966 days service as associate justice and 1754 days as chief justice . Jump up ^ Length of tenure includes 2070 days service as associate justice and 4144 days as chief justice . Jump up ^ Length of tenure includes 383 days service as associate justice and 180 days as chief justice . See also ( edit ) List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States List of law schools attended by United States Supreme Court Justices List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States by seat References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wellford , Rachel ( July 9 , 2018 ) . `` More than 2 centuries of Supreme Court justices , in 18 numbers '' . PBS NewsHour . Arlington County , Virginia : NewsHour Productions ( WETA - TV ) . Retrieved August 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cramton , Roger C. ( Fall 2007 ) . `` Reforming the Supreme Court '' . California Law Review . 95 : 1313 -- 1334 ( at p. 1316 ) . Retrieved August 3 , 2018 -- via Cornell Law Faculty Publications . ^ Jump up to : `` Justices 1789 to Present '' . Washington , D.C. : Supreme Court of the United States . Retrieved June 23 , 2018 . Supreme Court of the United States The Court Lists of cases Procedures Supreme Court Building Court demographics Ideological leanings Appointment and confirmation Current members Chief Justice : John Roberts Associate Justices : Clarence Thomas Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen Breyer Samuel Alito Sonia Sotomayor Elena Kagan Neil Gorsuch Brett Kavanaugh Retired Justices John Paul Stevens Sandra Day O'Connor Anthony Kennedy David Souter History Jay Court ( 1789 -- 1795 ) Rutledge Court ( 1795 ) Ellsworth Court ( 1796 -- 1800 ) Marshall Court ( 1801 -- 1835 ) Taney Court ( 1836 -- 1864 ) Chase Court ( 1864 -- 1873 ) Waite Court ( 1874 -- 1888 ) Fuller Court ( 1888 -- 1910 ) White Court ( 1910 -- 1921 ) Taft Court ( 1921 -- 1930 ) Hughes Court ( 1930 -- 1941 ) Stone Court ( 1941 -- 1946 ) Vinson Court ( 1946 -- 1953 ) Warren Court ( 1953 -- 1969 ) Burger Court ( 1969 -- 1986 ) Rehnquist Court ( 1986 -- 2005 ) Roberts Court ( 2005 -- present ) Lists of justices and nominees Chief justices Associate justices All justices court seat education time in office timeline Justices who served in Congress All nominations Unsuccessful nominations Nominations near end of presidency Statutes affecting Court size Judiciary Act of 1789 Judiciary Act of 1801 Judiciary Act of 1802 Seventh Circuit Act of 1807 Eighth and Ninth Circuits Act of 1837 Tenth Circuit Act of 1863 Judicial Circuits Act of 1866 Judiciary Act of 1869 Court functionaries Clerk Marshal Supreme Court Police Reporter of Decisions Lists of law clerks Chief Justice Seat 1 Seat 2 Seat 3 Seat 4 Seat 6 Seat 8 Seat 9 Seat 10 All Former locations Old City Hall , Philadelphia Old Supreme Court Chamber , U.S. Capitol Old Senate Chamber , U.S. Capitol Related United States Solicitor General United States Reports Lawyers ' Edition Amicus curiae Article III , U.S. Constitution Original jurisdiction Burial places of justices The Court in fiction Other countries Law Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_Justices_by_time_in_office&oldid=866523391 '' Categories : Lists of people by time in office Lists of United States Supreme Court justices Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 21 : 21 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	when was the last time someone was appointed to the supreme court	[]	[]
-309589305330740035	Newport, Rhode Island	Newport , Rhode Island - wikipedia Newport , Rhode Island For other uses , see Newport ( disambiguation ) . City in Rhode Island , United States Newport , Rhode Island City Newport , Rhode Island aerial view Nickname ( s ) : City by the Sea , Sailing Capital of the World , Queen of Summer Resorts , America 's Society Capital Location of Newport in Newport County , Rhode Island Coordinates : 41 ° 29 ′ 17 '' N 71 ° 18 ′ 45 '' W / 41.48806 ° N 71.31250 ° W / 41.48806 ; - 71.31250 Country United States State Rhode Island County Newport Incorporated ( city ) 1784 Incorporated ( town ) 1639 Government Mayor Henry F. Winthrop Area Total 11.4 sq mi ( 29.5 km ) Land 7.7 sq mi ( 19.9 km ) Water 3.7 sq mi ( 9.6 km ) Elevation 30 ft ( 9 m ) Population ( 2010 ) Total 24,672 Density 3,211 / sq mi ( 1,239.8 / km ) Time zone EST ( UTC − 5 ) Summer ( DST ) EDT ( UTC − 4 ) ZIP codes 02840 - 02841 Area code ( s ) 401 FIPS code 44 - 49960 GNIS feature ID 1217986 Website www.cityofnewport.com Newport is a seaside city on Aquidneck Island in Newport County , Rhode Island , United States . It is located approximately 37 miles ( 60 km ) southeast of Providence , 21 miles ( 34 km ) south of Fall River , and 74 miles ( 119 km ) south of Boston . It is known as a New England summer resort and is famous for its historic mansions and its rich sailing history . It is also the home of Salve Regina University and Naval Station Newport , which houses the United States Naval War College , the Naval Undersea Warfare Center , and an important United States Navy training center . It was a major 18th - century port city and also contains a high number of surviving buildings from the Colonial era of the United States . The city is the county seat of Newport County , which has no governmental functions other than court administrative and sheriff corrections boundaries . It was known for being the location of the `` Summer White Houses '' during the administrations of Presidents Dwight D. Eisenhower and John F. Kennedy . The population was 24,027 as of 2013 . Contents 1 History 1.1 Colonial period 1.2 Slave trade 1.3 American Revolutionary era 1.4 Gilded Age 1.5 20th century and beyond 2 Geography 3 Demographics 4 Culture 5 Outdoor activities 6 Education 7 Economy 7.1 Principal employers 8 Sister cities 9 In popular culture 10 Notable people 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 13.1 Older titles 14 External links History ( edit ) See also : Timeline of Newport , Rhode Island Colonial period ( edit ) Newport , R.I. in 1730 , New York Public Library Newport was founded in 1639 on Aquidneck Island , which was called Rhode Island at the time . Its eight founders and first officers were Nicholas Easton , William Coddington , John Clarke , John Coggeshall , William Brenton , Jeremy Clark , Thomas Hazard , and Henry Bull . Many of these people had been part of the settlement at Portsmouth , along with Anne Hutchinson and her followers . They separated within a year of that settlement , however , and Coddington and others began the settlement of Newport on the southern side of the island . Newport grew to be the largest of the four original settlements which became the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations , which also included Providence Plantations and Shawomett . Many of the first colonists in Newport became Baptists , and the second Baptist congregation in Rhode Island was formed in 1640 under the leadership of John Clarke . In 1658 , a group of Jews were welcomed to settle in Newport ; they were fleeing the Inquisition in Spain and Portugal but had not been permitted to settle elsewhere . The Newport congregation is now referred to as Congregation Jeshuat Israel and is the second - oldest Jewish congregation in the United States . It meets in Touro Synagogue , the oldest synagogue in the United States . The Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations received its royal charter in 1663 , and Benedict Arnold was elected as its first governor at Newport . The Old Colony House served as a seat of Rhode Island 's government upon its completion in 1741 at the head of Washington Square , until the current Rhode Island State House in Providence was completed in 1904 and Providence became the state 's sole capital city . Newport became the most important port in colonial Rhode Island , and a public school was established in 1640 . The commercial activity which raised Newport to its fame as a rich port was begun by a second wave of Portuguese Jews who settled there around the middle of the 18th century . They had been practicing Judaism in secret for 300 years in Portugal , and they were attracted to Rhode Island because of the freedom of worship there . They brought with them commercial experience and connections , capital , and a spirit of enterprise . Most prominent among those were Jacob Rodrigues Rivera , who arrived in 1745 ( died 1789 ) and Aaron Lopez , who came in 1752 ( died May 28 , 1782 ) . Rivera introduced the manufacture of sperm oil which became one of Newport 's leading industries and made the town rich . Newport developed 17 manufactories of oil and candles and enjoyed a practical monopoly of this trade until the American Revolution . Aaron Lopez is credited with making Newport an important center of trade . He encouraged 40 Portuguese Jewish families to settle there , and Newport had 150 vessels engaged in trade within 14 years of his activity . He was involved in the slave trade and manufactured spermaceti candles , ships , barrels , rum , chocolate , textiles , clothes , shoes , hats , and bottles . He became the wealthiest man in Newport but was denied citizenship on religious grounds , even though British law protected the rights of Jews to become citizens . He appealed to the Rhode Island legislature for redress and was refused with this ruling : `` Inasmuch as the said Aaron Lopez hath declared himself by religion a Jew , this Assembly doth not admit himself nor any other of that religion to the full freedom of this Colony . So that the said Aaron Lopez nor any other of said religion is not liable to be chosen into any office in this colony nor allowed to give vote as a free man in choosing others . '' Lopez persisted by applying for citizenship in Massachusetts , where it was granted . From the mid 17th century , the religious tolerance in Newport attracted numbers of Quakers , known also as the Society of Friends . The Great Friends Meeting House in Newport ( 1699 ) is the oldest existing structure of worship in Rhode Island . In 1727 , James Franklin ( brother of Benjamin ) printed the Rhode - Island Almanack in Newport . In 1732 , he published the first newspaper , the Rhode Island Gazette . In 1758 , his son James founded the weekly newspaper Mercury . The famous 18th century Goddard and Townsend furniture was also made in Newport . Throughout the 18th century , Newport suffered from an imbalance of trade with the largest colonial ports . As a result , Newport merchants were forced to develop alternatives to conventional exports . In the 1720s , Colonial leaders arrested many pirates , acting under pressure from the British government . Many were hanged in Newport and were buried on Goat Island . Slave trade ( edit ) Newport was a major center of the slave trade in colonial and early America , active in the `` triangle trade '' in which slave - produced sugar and molasses from the Caribbean were carried to Rhode Island and distilled into rum , which was then carried to West Africa and exchanged for captives . In 1764 , Rhode Island had about 30 rum distilleries , 22 in Newport alone . The Common Burial Ground on Farewell Street was where most of the slaves were buried . Sixty percent of slave - trading voyages launched from North America issued from tiny Rhode Island , in some years more than 90 % , and many from Newport . Almost half were trafficked illegally , breaking a 1787 state law prohibiting residents of the state from trading in slaves . Slave traders were also breaking federal statutes of 1794 and 1800 barring Americans from carrying slaves to ports outside the United States , as well as the 1807 Congressional act abolishing the transatlantic slave trade . A few Rhode Island families made substantial fortunes in the trade . William and Samuel Vernon were Newport merchants who later played an important role in financing the creation of the United States Navy ; they sponsored 30 African slaving ventures . However , it was the DeWolfs of Bristol , Rhode Island , and most notably James De Wolf , who were the largest slave - trading family in all of North America , mounting more than 80 transatlantic voyages , most of them illegal . The Rhode Island slave trade was broadly based . Seven hundred Rhode Islanders owned or captained slave ships , including most substantial merchants , and many ordinary shopkeepers and tradesmen who purchased shares in slaving voyages . In addition to being one of America 's most active slave ports , Newport was also home to a small community of abolitionists and free blacks . Reverend Samuel Hopkins , minister at Newport 's First Congregational Church , has been called `` America 's first abolitionist . '' Among subscribers to Hopkins ' writings were 17 free black subscribers , most of whom lived in Newport . This community of free blacks , including Newport Gardner , founded the Free African Union Society in 1780 , the first African mutual aid society in America . Touro Synagogue , America 's oldest existing synagogue Some of the historic buildings in Newport , near the coast Oliver Perry Monument in Eisenhower Park American Revolutionary era ( edit ) NPS map of the W3R Route Newport was the scene of much activity during the American Revolution . William Ellery came from Newport , one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence . He later served on the Naval Committee . In the winter of 1775 and 1776 , the Rhode Island Legislature put militia General William West in charge of rooting out loyalists in Newport , and several notable individuals were exiled to the northern part of the state , such as Joseph Wanton and Thomas Vernon . In the fall of 1776 , the British saw that Newport could be used as a naval base to attack New York ( which they had recently occupied ) , so they took over the city . The population of Newport had divided loyalties ; many pro -- independence Patriots left town , while loyalist Tories remained . Newport was a British stronghold for the next three years . In the summer of 1778 , the Americans began the campaign known as the Battle of Rhode Island . This was the first joint operation between the Americans and the French after the signing of the Treaty of Alliance . The Americans based in Tiverton planned a formal siege of the town . However , the French refused to take part in it , wanting a frontal assault . This weakened the American position , and the British were able to expel the Americans from the island . The following year , the British abandoned Newport , wanting to concentrate their forces in New York . On July 10 , 1780 , a French expedition arrived in Narragansett Bay off Newport with an army of 450 officers and 5,300 men , sent by King Louis XVI and commanded by Rochambeau . For the rest of the war , Newport was the base of the French forces in the United States . In July 1781 , Rochambeau was finally able to leave Newport for Providence to begin the decisive march to Yorktown , Virginia , along with General George Washington . The first Catholic mass in Rhode Island was said in Newport during this time . The Rochambeau Monument in Kings Park on Wellington Avenue along Newport Harbor commemorates Rochambeau 's contributions to the Revolutionary War and to Newport 's history . Newport 's population had fallen from over 9,000 ( according to the census of 1774 ) to fewer than 4,000 by the time that the war ended ( 1783 ) . Over 200 abandoned buildings were torn down in the 1780s . Also , the war destroyed Newport 's economic wealth , as years of military occupation closed the city to any form of trade . The Newport merchants moved away , some to Providence , others to Boston and New York . It was in Newport that the Rhode Island General Assembly voted to ratify the Constitution in 1791 and become the 13th state , acting under pressure from the merchant community of Providence . The city was the last residence of Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry and the birthplace of Commodore Matthew C. Perry and the Reverend William Ellery Channing . Rochambeau statue in Kings park Newport 's City Hall Gilded age ( edit ) Beginning in the mid-nineteenth century , wealthy southern planters seeking to escape the heat began to build summer cottages on Bellevue Avenue , such as Kingscote ( 1839 ) . Around the middle of the century , wealthy Yankees , such as the Wetmore family , also began constructing larger mansions , such as Chateau - sur - Mer ( 1852 ) nearby . Most of these early families made a substantial part of their fortunes in the Old China Trade . By the turn of the 20th century , many of the nation 's wealthiest families were summering in Newport , including the Vanderbilts , Astors , and the Widener family , who constructed the largest `` cottages '' , such as The Breakers ( 1895 ) and Miramar . They resided for a brief summer social season in grand , gilded mansions with elaborate receiving rooms , dining rooms , music rooms , and ballrooms -- but with few bedrooms , since the guests were expected to have `` cottages '' of their own . Many of the homes were designed by New York architect Richard Morris Hunt , who kept a house in Newport himself . The social scene at Newport is described in Edith Wharton 's novel The Age of Innocence . Wharton 's own Newport `` cottage '' was called Land 's End . Today , many mansions continue in private use . Hammersmith Farm is the mansion where John F. Kennedy and Jackie Kennedy held their wedding reception ; it was open to tourists as a `` house museum '' , but has since been purchased and reconverted into a private residence . Many other mansions are open to tourists ; still others were converted into academic buildings for Salve Regina College in the 1930s , when the owners could no longer afford their tax bills . In the mid-19th century , a large number of Irish immigrants settled in Newport . The Fifth Ward of Newport in the southern part of the city became a staunch Irish neighborhood for many generations . To this day , St. Patrick 's Day is an important day of pride and celebration in Newport , with a large parade going down Thames Street . The oldest Catholic parish in Rhode Island is St. Mary 's , located on Spring Street -- though the current building is not the original one . The Breakers , 2009 `` Hypotenuse '' , Newport home of architect Richard Morris Hunt 20th century and beyond ( edit ) Rhode Island did not have a fixed capital during and after the colonial era but rotated its legislative sessions among Providence , Newport , Bristol , East Greenwich , and South Kingstown . In 1854 , the sessions were eliminated in the cities other than Providence and Newport , and Newport was finally dropped in 1900 . A constitutional amendment that year restricted the meetings of the legislature to Providence . John Fitzgerald Kennedy and Jacqueline Bouvier were married in St. Mary 's Church in Newport on September 12 , 1953 . Presidents Kennedy and Eisenhower both made Newport the sites of their `` Summer White Houses '' during their years in office . Eisenhower stayed at Quarters A at the Naval War College and at what became known as the Eisenhower House , while Kennedy used Hammersmith Farm next door . Naval War College The city has long been entwined with the United States Navy . It held the campus of the U.S. Naval Academy during the American Civil War ( 1861 -- 65 ) when the undergraduate officer training school was temporarily moved north from Annapolis , Maryland . From 1952 to 1973 , it hosted the Cruiser - Destroyer Force of the U.S. Atlantic Fleet , and subsequently it has hosted smaller numbers of warships from time to time . Today it hosts the Naval Station Newport ( NAVSTA Newport ) and remains home to the U.S. Naval War College and the Naval Education and Training Command ( NETC ) , the center for Surface Warfare Officer training , numerous other schools , and the headquarters of the Naval Undersea Warfare Center . The decommissioned aircraft carrier USS Saratoga ( CV - 60 ) was moored in an inactive status at the docks previously used by the Cruiser - Destroyer Force , until it was towed to Brownsville , Texas in August -- September 2014 to be dismantled . The USS Forrestal ( CV - 59 ) shared the pier until June 2010 . The departure of the Cruiser - Destroyer fleet from Newport and the closure of nearby Naval Air Station Quonset Point in 1973 were devastating to the local economy . The population of Newport decreased , businesses closed , and property values plummeted . However , in the late 1960s , the city began revitalizing the downtown area with the construction of America 's Cup Avenue , malls of stores and condominiums , and upscale hotels . Construction was completed on the Newport Bridge . The Preservation Society of Newport County began opening Newport 's historic mansions to the public , and the tourist industry became Newport 's primary commercial enterprise over the subsequent years . Geography ( edit ) Shoreline of the Easton Bay looking south from cliffside at east end of Narragansett Ave . Newport is located at 41 ° 29 ′ 17 '' N 71 ° 18 ′ 45 '' W / 41.48806 ° N 71.31250 ° W / 41.48806 ; - 71.31250 . It is the most populous municipality on Aquidneck Island in Narragansett Bay . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 11.4 square miles ( 29.5 km ) , of which 7.7 square miles ( 19.9 km ) is land and 3.7 square miles ( 9.6 km ) , or 32.64 % , is water . The Newport Bridge , the longest suspension bridge in New England , connects Newport to neighboring Conanicut Island across the East Passage of the Narragansett . Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1790 6,716 -- 1800 6,739 0.3 % 1810 7,907 17.3 % 1820 7,319 − 7.4 % 1830 8,010 9.4 % 1840 8,333 4.0 % 1850 9,563 14.8 % 1860 10,508 9.9 % 1870 12,521 19.2 % 1880 15,693 25.3 % 1890 19,457 24.0 % 1900 22,441 15.3 % 1910 27,149 21.0 % 1920 30,255 11.4 % 1930 27,612 − 8.7 % 1940 30,532 10.6 % 1950 37,564 23.0 % 1960 47,049 25.3 % 1970 34,562 − 26.5 % 1980 29,259 − 15.3 % 28,227 − 3.5 % 2000 26,475 − 6.2 % 24,672 − 6.8 % Est. 2016 24,779 0.4 % U.S. Decennial Census As of 2013 , there were 24,027 people , 10,616 households , and 4,933 families residing in the city . The population density was 3,204.2 people per square mile ( 1,239.8 / km2 ) . There were 13,069 housing units at an average density of 1,697.3 per square mile ( 656.7 / km2 ) . The racial makeup of the city was 82.5 % White , 6.9 % African American , 0.8 % Native American , 1.4 % Asian , 0.1 % Pacific Islander , 3.1 % some other race , and 5.2 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8.4 % of the population ( 3.3 % Puerto Rican , 1.2 % Guatemalan , 1.1 % Mexican ) . There were 10,616 households , out of which 21.2 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 30.9 % were headed by married couples living together , 12.4 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 53.5 % were non-families. 41.4 % of all households were made up of individuals , and 12.7 % were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.05 , and the average family size was 2.82 . The age distribution was 16.5 % under the age of 18 , 16.3 % from 18 to 24 , 28.1 % from 25 to 44 , 24.9 % from 45 to 64 , and 14.2 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 36.4 years . For every 100 females , there were 95.8 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 94.3 males . For the period 2009 - 11 , the estimated median annual income for a household in the city was $59,388 , and the median income for a family was $83,880 . Male full - time workers had a median income of $52,221 versus $41,679 for females . The per capita income for the city was $35,644 . About 10.7 % of the population were below the poverty line . Culture ( edit ) Newport has one of the highest concentrations of colonial homes in the nation in the downtown Newport Historic District , one of three National Historic Landmark Districts in the city , and Newport 's colonial heritage is well preserved and documented at the Newport Historical Society . In addition to the colonial architecture , the city is known for its Gilded Age mansions , summer `` cottages '' built in varying styles copied from the royal palaces of Europe . The White Horse Tavern was built prior to 1673 and is one of the oldest taverns in the US . Newport is also home to the Touro Synagogue , one of the oldest Jewish houses of worship in the Western hemisphere , and to the Newport Public Library and Redwood Library and Athenaeum , one of the nation 's oldest lending libraries . Bellevue Avenue 's Belcourt is owned by Carolyn Rafaelian . Redwood Library and Athenaeum Marble House , owned and operated by the Preservation Society Outdoor activities ( edit ) Sailing Aquidneck Island is home to many beaches , public and private . In Newport , the largest public beach , Easton 's beach , or First Beach , has a view of the famed Cliff Walk . Sachuest Beach , or Second Beach , in Middletown is the second largest beach in the area . Gooseberry Beach is a private beach but is open to the public on certain days throughout the year , and is located on Ocean Drive , along with Newport 's two other private beaches , Bailey 's Beach ( Spouting Rock Beach Association ) , and Hazard 's Beach . The Newport Cliff Walk is considered one of the most popular attractions in the city . It is a 3.5 - mile ( 5.6 km ) public access walkway bordering the shoreline , and has been designated a National Recreation Trail . Brenton Point State Park is home to the annual Brenton Point Kite Festival . Newport is also home to the Newport Country Club . The historical club has played host to the 2007 Women 's US Open and the 1995 Men 's US Amateurs . Fort Adams , an historical fort dating back to the War of 1812 , houses the Museum of Yachting and hosts both the Newport Folk Festival and the Newport Jazz Festival annually . For many years Newport was home to the series of yacht races for the America 's Cup . As of Fall 2013 , Newport has been designated a nationally recognized Bronze Bicycle Friendly Community by the League of American Bicyclists . It is the first official Bicycle Friendly Community in the state of Rhode Island . The International Tennis Hall of Fame is also located in Newport . The Campbell 's Hall of Fame Tennis Championships , a men 's ATP Tour event , is held every year in early July , the week following Wimbledon . The week also includes annual enshrinements into the Hall of Fame . The annual Citizens Bank Pell Bridge Run is held every fall helping raise hundreds of thousands of dollars for local charities . Education ( edit ) Newport Public Schools operates Claiborne Pell Elementary School , Thompson Middle School , Rogers High School , Newport Area Career and Technical Center , and Aquidneck Island Adult Learning Center . St. Michael 's Country Day School is a private elementary school . Post-secondary schools include the Naval Academy Preparatory School , Salve Regina University , Naval War College , International Yacht Restoration School , and the Community College of Rhode Island Newport Campus . Economy ( edit ) Principal employers ( edit ) According to Newport 's 2016 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report , the principal employers in the city are : # Employer # of Employees Naval Station Newport 4,219 Newport Hospital 926 City of Newport 924 Newport Harbor Corporation 622 5 Salve Regina University 580 6 Preservation Society of Newport County 366 7 James L. Maher Center 344 8 Savings Institute Bank & Trust 315 9 Gurney 's Newport Resort and Marina 313 10 Newport Marriott 225 Sister cities ( edit ) Japan : Shimoda , Shizuoka Ireland : Kinsale Portugal : Ponta Delgada Italy : Imperia Greece : Skiathos Canada : Saint John , New Brunswick United States : Staten Island , New York In popular culture ( edit ) Newport was a filming location for The Great Gatsby ( 1974 ) , Mr. North ( 1988 ) , High Society ( 1956 ) and Moonrise Kingdom ( 2012 ) . Notable people ( edit ) Main article : List of people from Newport , Rhode Island See also ( edit ) United States portal Rhode Island portal New England portal North America portal British Empire portal Architecture portal Buildings and structures in Newport , Rhode Island References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Mayor - City of Newport '' . www.cityofnewport.com . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` US Board on Geographic Names '' . United States Geological Survey . 2007 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Aquidneck Island was called Rhode Island during Colonial times , and is still shown on some nautical charts as Rhode Island . Jump up ^ James D. Kornwolf , Georgiana Wallis Kornwolf , Architecture and town planning in colonial North America , Volume 1 ( JHU Press , 2002 ) , pg. 1021 https://books.google.com/books?id=DA9_v6Ma1a8C&source=gbs_navlinks_s Jump up ^ Settlement of the Jews in North America . Charles P. Daly , Ll. D. , President of the American Geographical Society ; P. Cowen , 1893 , Digitized Mar 17 , 2008 > Jump up ^ Wiernik , Peter . History of the Jews in America : From the Period of the Discovery of the New World to the Present Time . The Jewish Press Publishing Company , 1912 , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Marilyn ( 2004 ) , `` The Jewish Merchants of Newport , 1749 -- 1790 '' , in George M. Goodwin and Ellen Smith ( eds . ) , The Jews of Rhode Island , Waltham , MA : Brandeis University Press ISBN 1 - 58465 - 424 - 4 Jump up ^ Feldberg , Michael ( ed . ) ( 2002 ) . `` Aaron Lopez 's Struggle for Citizenship '' . Blessings of Freedom : Chapters in American Jewish History . New York : American Jewish Historical Society . ISBN 0 - 88125 - 756 - 7 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived March 1 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Newport '' . JewishEncyclopedia.com . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Great Friends Meeting House '' . www.newporthistory.org . Retrieved 11 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Tunnell , Daniel L. ; Hechtlinger , Adelaide ( April 1975 ) . `` Life in Newport Part II : The Eighteenth Century '' . Early American Life : 26 -- 31 . Jump up ^ https://www.brown.edu/Research/Slavery_Justice/documents/SlaveryAndJustice.pdf ^ Jump up to : Stokes , Keith ( 19 December 2017 ) . `` R.I. 's former slaves achieved great things '' . The Providence Journal . Retrieved 20 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Stokes , Keith . `` The Black Origins of the Back to Africa Movement '' . 1696 Heritage Group . 1696 Heritage Group . Retrieved 20 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Vernon , Thomas ; Rider , Sidney Smith ; Ellery , Harrison ; Greene , George Sears ( 1879 ) . The Diary of Thomas Vernon . S.S. Rider . Jump up ^ `` Kingscote '' . The Preservation Society of Newport County . Jump up ^ `` Chateau - sur - Mer '' . The Preservation Society of Newport County . Jump up ^ Michie , Thomas ( 1995 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Newport and the Far East . ( Newport , Rhode Island ) '' . The Magazine Antiques . Jump up ^ `` The Breakers '' . The Preservation Society of Newport County . Jump up ^ Taylor , William Harrison . Legislative History and Souvenir of Rhode Island , 1899 -- 1900 . pg 211 Jump up ^ Catherine , Martha ; Anderson , Cosgrove ( 2005 ) . John F. Kennedy . Learner Publishing Group . pp. 43 -- 44 . ISBN 9780822526438 . Jump up ^ `` The Eisenhower House '' . Retrieved 1 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rhode Island History '' . Rhode Island General Assembly . Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 29 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Geographic Identifiers : 2010 Demographic Profile Data ( G001 ) : Newport city , Rhode Island '' . U.S. Census Bureau , American Factfinder . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Census of Population and Housing '' . Census.gov . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` QT - P10 Hispanic or Latino by Type : 2010 '' . Retrieved 28 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics : 2010 Demographic Profile Data ( DP - 1 ) : Newport city , Rhode Island '' . U.S. Census Bureau , American Factfinder . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Selected Economic Characteristics : 2009 - 2011 American Community Survey 3 - Year Estimates ( DP03 ) : Newport city , Rhode Island '' . U.S. Census Bureau , American Factfinder . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` History -- The White Horse Tavern '' . Jump up ^ http://www.bikeleague.org/sites/default/files/bfareportcards/BFC_Fall_2013_ReportCard_Newport_RI.pdf Jump up ^ `` Pell Bridge Run '' . pellbridgerun.com . Jump up ^ Borg , Linda ( 2018 - 02 - 24 ) . `` Newport 's newest school already bursting at the seams '' . Providence Journal . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ Home . St. Michael 's Country Day School . Retrieved on June 4 , 2018 . `` ST MICHAEL 'S COUNTRY DAY SCHOOL 180 Rhode Island Avenue Newport , RI 02840 '' Jump up ^ City of Newport CAFR Jump up ^ Barth , Jack ( 1991 ) . Roadside Hollywood : The Movie Lover 's State - By - State Guide to Film Locations , Celebrity Hangouts , Celluloid Tourist Attractions , and More . Contemporary Books . Pages 256 - 257 . ISBN 9780809243266 . Further reading ( edit ) See also : Bibliography of the history of Newport , Rhode Island Bridenbaugh , Carl . Cities in the Wilderness - The First Century of Urban Life in America 1625 - 1742 ( 1938 ) online edition Bridenbaugh , Carl . Cities in Revolt : Urban Life in America , 1743 - 1776 ( 1955 ) Crane , Elaine Forman . A Dependent People : Newport , Rhode Island in the Revolutionary Era ( Fordham Univ Press , 1992 ) Crane , Elaine F. `` ' The first wheel of commerce ' : Newport , Rhode Island and the slave trade , 1760 -- 1776 . '' Slavery and Abolition ( 1980 ) 1 # 2 pp : 178 - 198 . Downing , Antoinette Forrester , and Vincent Joseph Scully . The Architectural Heritage of Newport , Rhode Island : 1640 - 1915 ( CN Potter , 1967 ) Jefferys , C.P.B. Newport : A Short History ( 1992 ) Withey , Lynne . Urban growth in colonial Rhode Island : Newport and providence in the eighteenth century ( SUNY Press , 1984 ) Older titles ( edit ) S.G. Arnold , History of the State of Rhode Island , ( two volumes , New York , ( 1859 -- 60 ) G.C. Mason , Reminiscences of Newport , ( Newport , 1884 ) E.M. Stone , Our French Allies , ( Providence , 1884 ) Newport History , the journal of the Newport Historical Society Newport Mansions : Postcards of the Gilded Age , Schiffer Publishing External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : National Geographic Magazine / Volume 31 / Number 4 / Naval Training Station of Newport , Rhode Island Wikimedia Commons has media related to Newport , Rhode Island . Newport travel guide from Wikivoyage City of Newport official website Discover Newport , official tourism website `` Class and Leisure at America 's First Resort : Newport 1870 -- 1914 '' from American Studies at the University of Virginia `` Newport , a city , a port of entry and the county - seat of Newport county , Rhode Island , U.S.A. '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . Newport , Rhode Island History Fort Adams Timeline Education Newport PS William S. Rogers HS Salve Regina University Naval War College Community College of Rhode Island Newport Co . Campus Newport Public Library Redwood Library and Athenaeum Military Naval Station Newport Naval War College Naval Justice School Landmarks Bailey 's Beach Brenton Point State Park Claiborne Pell Newport Bridge Fort Adams State Park Eisenhower House Sail Newport Gooseberry Beach Newport Casino Newport Cliff Walk Newport Country Club Newport Historic District Newport Hospital Newport Reading Room Old Colony House Oliver Perry Monument Touro Synagogue Washington Square White Horse Tavern Mansions Preservation Society The Breakers Chateau - sur - Mer Chepstow The Elms Isaac Bell House Kingscote Marble House Rosecliff Non-Preservation Society Beechwood Belcourt Fairholme Hammersmith Farm Malbone Castle and Estate Miramar Ochre Court Rough Point Seaview Terrace Vernon Court Culture Newport Folk Festival Newport Jazz Festival Preservation Society of Newport County This list is incomplete . Links to related articles Municipalities and communities of Newport County , Rhode Island , United States County seat : Newport City Newport Towns Jamestown Little Compton Middletown Portsmouth Tiverton CDPs Melville Newport East Tiverton Other villages Adamsville Green 's End Wightmans Corner Narragansett Bay Islands Aquidneck Island Conanicut Island Prudence Island Patience Island Hog Island Dutch Island Coaster 's Harbor Island Cornelius Island Despair Island Dyer Island Fox Island Goat Island Gould Island Greene Island Hope Island Lime Rock Rabbit Island Rock Island Rose Island Starvegoat Island Whale Rock Major rivers Blackstone River Pawtuxet River Providence River Taunton River Sakonnet River Seekonk River Cities & towns Providence Newport Cranston Warwick East Providence Barrington Bristol East Greenwich Jamestown Middletown Narragansett North Kingstown Portsmouth Warren Bridges Claiborne Pell Newport Bridge Jamestown Verrazzano Bridge Mount Hope Bridge Sakonnet River Bridge Jamestown Bridge State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations Providence ( capital ) Topics Index Buildings and structures Colonial Colleges Communications Delegations Geography Government History Images Narragansett people People State symbols Thirteen Colonies Visitor attractions Quahog Society Crime Culture Demographics Economy Education Politics Regions Counties Bristol Kent Newport Providence Washington Geographic Blackstone Valley Block Island Historic Regions Rhode Island Providence Plantations Cities Central Falls Cranston East Providence Newport Pawtucket Providence Warwick Woonsocket Towns Barrington Bristol Burrillville Charlestown Coventry Cumberland East Greenwich Exeter Foster Glocester Hopkinton Jamestown Johnston Lincoln Little Compton Middletown Narragansett New Shoreham ( Block Island ) North Kingstown North Providence North Smithfield Portsmouth Richmond Scituate Smithfield South Kingstown Tiverton Warren West Greenwich West Warwick Westerly Region of Greater Boston Counties Belknap , NH Bristol , MA Bristol , RI Essex , MA Hillsborough , NH Kent , RI Merrimack , NH Middlesex , MA Newport , RI Norfolk , MA Plymouth , MA Providence , RI Rockingham , NH Strafford , NH Suffolk , MA Washington , RI Worcester , MA Major cities Boston Cities and towns 100k - 250k Cambridge Lowell Manchester Providence Worcester Cities and towns 25k - 100k Andover Arlington Attleboro Beverly Billerica Braintree Bridgewater Brockton Brookline Chelmsford Chelsea Concord ( New Hampshire ) Coventry Cranston Cumberland Danvers Dartmouth Derry Dover ( New Hampshire ) Dracut East Providence Everett Fall River Fitchburg Framingham Franklin Gloucester Haverhill Johnston Lawrence Leominster Lexington Lynn Malden Marlborough Marshfield Medford Melrose Merrimack ( New Hampshire ) Methuen Milford ( Massachusetts ) Milton Nashua Natick Needham New Bedford Newport Newton North Andover North Attleboro North Kingstown North Providence Norwood Pawtucket Peabody Plymouth Quincy Revere Rochester Salem ( Massachusetts ) Salem ( New Hampshire ) Saugus Shrewsbury Somerville South Kingstown Stoughton Taunton Tewksbury Wakefield Waltham Warwick Watertown Wellesley West Warwick Weymouth Woburn Woonsocket Cities and towns 10k - 25k Abington Acton Acushnet Amesbury Amherst ( New Hampshire ) Ashland Athol Auburn Barrington Bedford ( Massachusetts ) Bedford ( New Hampshire ) Bellingham Belmont Beverly Bristol Burlington Burrillville Canton Carver Central Falls Charlton Clinton Concord ( Massachusetts ) Dedham Dudley Duxbury East Bridgewater East Greenwich Easton Exeter Fairhaven Foxborough Gardner Goffstown Grafton Groton Hampton Hanover Hanson Hingham Holbrook Holden Holliston Hooksett Hopkinton Hudson ( Massachusetts ) Hudson ( New Hampshire ) Hull Ipswich Kingston Laconia Lakeville Leicester Lincoln ( Rhode Island ) Londonderry Lunenburg Lynnfield Mansfield Marblehead Maynard Medfield Medway Middleborough Middletown Milford ( New Hampshire ) Millbury Narragansett Newburyport Norfolk Northborough Northbridge North Reading North Smithfield Norton Norwell Oxford Peabody Pelham Pembroke Pepperell Portsmouth ( Rhode Island ) Portsmouth ( New Hampshire ) Randolph Raymond Raynham Reading Rehoboth Rockland Scituate ( Massachusetts ) Scituate ( Rhode Island ) Seekonk Sharon Smithfield Somerset Somersworth Southbridge Stoneham Spencer Sudbury Swampscott Swansea Tiverton Tyngsborough Uxbridge Walpole Wareham Warren ( Rhode Island ) Wayland Webster Westborough Westerly Westford Weston Westport Westwood Whitman Wilmington Winchendon Winchester Windham Winthrop Wrentham Sub-regions Boston Proper Central Massachusetts Merrimack Valley MetroWest North Shore Rhode Island South Coast South Shore Coordinates : 41 ° 29 ′ 17 '' N 71 ° 18 ′ 45 '' W / 41.488002 ° N 71.312622 ° W / 41.488002 ; - 71.312622 BNF : cb13775712c ( data ) GND : 4243472 - 5 NARA : 10045885 VIAF : 139205987 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Newport,_Rhode_Island&oldid=853435356 '' Categories : Newport , Rhode Island Cities in Newport County , Rhode Island County seats in Rhode Island Narragansett Bay Populated coastal places in Rhode Island Providence metropolitan area Seaside resorts in the United States Former state capitals in the United States Historic Jewish communities in the United States Populated places established in 1639 1639 establishments in Rhode Island Cities in Rhode Island Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Asturianu Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig 한국어 Italiano עברית Kernowek Kiswahili Malagasy Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Ślůnski Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Volapük Winaray 中文 35 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 August 2018 , at 19 : 42 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	why are there so many mansions in newport	[]	[]
6353688172280014201	Megaloblastic anemia	Megaloblastic anemia - wikipedia Megaloblastic anemia Jump to : navigation , search Megaloblastic anemia Peripheral blood smear showing hypersegmented neutrophils , characteristic of megaloblastic anemia . Classification and external resources Specialty Hematology ICD - 10 D51. 1 , D52. 0 , D53. 1 ICD - 9 - CM 281 DiseasesDB 29507 MedlinePlus 000567 eMedicine med / 1420 ped / 2575 MeSH D000749 ( edit on Wikidata ) Megaloblastic anemia ( or megaloblastic anaemia ) is an anemia ( of macrocytic classification ) that results from inhibition of DNA synthesis during red blood cell production . When DNA synthesis is impaired , the cell cycle can not progress from the G2 growth stage to the mitosis ( M ) stage . This leads to continuing cell growth without division , which presents as macrocytosis . Megaloblastic anemia has a rather slow onset , especially when compared to that of other anemias . The defect in red cell DNA synthesis is most often due to hypovitaminosis , specifically a deficiency of vitamin B and / or folic acid . Vitamin B deficiency alone will not cause the syndrome in the presence of sufficient folate , as the mechanism is loss of B dependent folate recycling , followed by folate - deficiency loss of nucleic acid synthesis ( specifically thymine ) , leading to defects in DNA synthesis . Folic acid supplementation in the absence of vitamin B prevents this type of anemia ( although other vitamin B - specific pathologies may be present ) . Loss of micronutrients may also be a cause . Copper deficiency resulting from an excess of zinc from unusually high oral consumption of zinc - containing denture - fixation creams has been found to be a cause . Megaloblastic anemia not due to hypovitaminosis may be caused by antimetabolites that poison DNA production directly , such as some chemotherapeutic or antimicrobial agents ( for example azathioprine or trimethoprim ) . The pathological state of megaloblastosis is characterized by many large immature and dysfunctional red blood cells ( megaloblasts ) in the bone marrow and also by hypersegmented neutrophils ( those exhibiting five or more nuclear lobes ( `` segments '' ) , with up to four lobes being normal ) . These hypersegmented neutrophils can be detected in the peripheral blood ( using a diagnostic smear of a blood sample ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Causes 2 Hematological findings 3 Diagnosis 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Causes ( edit ) Vitamin B12 deficiency leading to folate deficiency : Achlorhydria - induced malabsorption Deficient intake Deficient intrinsic factor , a molecule produced by cells in the stomach that is required for B12 absorption ( pernicious anemia or gastrectomy ) Coeliac disease Biological competition for vitamin B12 by diverticulosis , fistula , intestinal anastomosis , or infection by the marine parasite Diphyllobothrium latum ( fish tapeworm ) Selective vitamin B12 malabsorption ( congenital -- juvenile megaloblastic anemia 1 -- and drug - induced ) Chronic pancreatitis Ileal resection and bypass Nitrous oxide anesthesia ( usually requires repeated instances ) . Folate deficiency : Alcoholism Deficient intake Increased needs : pregnancy , infant , rapid cellular proliferation , and cirrhosis Malabsorption ( congenital and drug - induced ) Intestinal and jejunal resection ( indirect ) Deficient thiamine and factors ( e.g. , enzymes ) responsible for folate metabolism . Combined Deficiency : vitamin B12 & folate . Inherited Pyrimidine Synthesis Disorders : Orotic aciduria Inherited DNA Synthesis Disorders Toxins and Drugs : Folic acid antagonists ( methotrexate ) Purine synthesis antagonists ( 6 - mercaptopurine ) Pyrimidine antagonists ( cytarabine ) Phenytoin Nitrous Oxide Erythroleukemia Inborn genetic mutations of the Methionine synthase gene Hematological findings ( edit ) The blood film can point towards vitamin deficiency : Decreased red blood cell ( RBC ) count and hemoglobin levels Increased mean corpuscular volume ( MCV , > 100 fL ) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin ( MCH ) Normal mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration ( MCHC , 32 -- 36 g / dL ) The reticulocyte count is decreased due to destruction of fragile and abnormal megaloblastic erythroid precursor . The platelet count may be reduced . Neutrophil granulocytes may show multisegmented nuclei ( `` senile neutrophil '' ) . This is thought to be due to decreased production and a compensatory prolonged lifespan for circulating neutrophils , which increase numbers of nuclear segments with age . Anisocytosis ( increased variation in RBC size ) and poikilocytosis ( abnormally shaped RBCs ) . Macrocytes ( larger than normal RBCs ) are present . Ovalocytes ( oval - shaped RBCs ) are present . Howell - Jolly bodies ( chromosomal remnant ) also present . Blood chemistries will also show : An increased lactic acid dehydrogenase ( LDH ) level . The isozyme is LDH - 2 which is typical of the serum and hematopoetic cells . Increased homocysteine and methylmalonic acid in Vitamin B deficiency Increased homocysteine in folate deficiency Normal levels of both methylmalonic acid and total homocysteine rule out clinically significant cobalamin deficiency with virtual certainty . Bone marrow ( not normally checked in a patient suspected of megaloblastic anemia ) shows megaloblastic hyperplasia . Diagnosis ( edit ) The gold standard for the diagnosis of Vitamin B deficiency is a low blood level of Vitamin B. A low level of blood Vitamin B is a finding that normally can and should be treated by injections , supplementation , or dietary or lifestyle advice , but it is not a diagnosis . Hypovitaminosis B can result from a number of mechanisms , including those listed above . For determination of cause , further patient history , testing , and empirical therapy may be clinically indicated . A measurement of methylmalonic acid ( methylmalonate ) can provide an indirect method for partially differentiating Vitamin B and folate deficiencies . The level of methylmalonic acid is not elevated in folic acid deficiency . Direct measurement of blood cobalamin remains the gold standard because the test for elevated methylmalonic acid is not specific enough . Vitamin B is one necessary prosthetic group to the enzyme methylmalonyl - coenzyme A mutase . Vitamin B deficiency is but one among the conditions that can lead to dysfunction of this enzyme and a buildup of its substrate , methylmalonic acid , the elevated level of which can be detected in the urine and blood . Due to the lack of available radioactive Vitamin B , the Schilling test is now largely a historical artifact . The Schilling test was performed in the past to help determine the nature of the vitamin B deficiency . An advantage of the Schilling test was that it often included Vitamin B with intrinsic factor . See also ( edit ) List of circulatory system conditions List of hematologic conditions References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Megaloblastic Anemia : Overview - eMedicine Hematology '' . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Berkowitz , Arnold . `` M.D. '' Oncologist . Oncology News . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Megaloblastic ( Pernicious ) Anemia - Lucile Packard Children 's Hospital '' . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Megaloblastic Anemia '' . MedlinePlus. 2012 . Archived from the original on 30 November 2012 . Retrieved 21 June 2015 . Megaloblastic anemia is a blood disorder in which there is anemia with larger - than - normal red blood cells . Anemia is a condition in which the body does not have enough healthy red blood cells . Red blood cells provide oxygen to body tissues . Jump up ^ Savage DG , Lindenbaum J , Stabler SP , Allen RH ( 1994 ) . `` Sensitivity of serum methylmalonic acid and total homocysteine determinations for diagnosing cobalamin and folate deficiencies '' . Am. J. Med. 96 ( 3 ) : 239 -- 46 . doi : 10.1016 / 0002 - 9343 ( 94 ) 90149 - X . PMID 8154512 . Jump up ^ Hoffbrand , A. Victor ( 2012 ) . `` Chapter 105 . Megaloblastic Anemias '' . In Longo , D.L. ; Fauci , A.S. ; Kasper , D.L. ; Hauser SL , S.L. ; et al. Harrison 's Principles of Internal Medicine ( 18th ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . External links ( edit ) GeneReview / NCBI / NIH / UW entry on Thiamine - Responsive Megaloblastic Anemia Syndrome Rare Anemias Foundation ( hide ) Diseases of red blood cells ( D50 -- 69 , 74 , 280 -- 287 ) ↑ Polycythemia Polycythemia vera ↓ Anemia Nutritional Micro - : Iron - deficiency anemia Plummer -- Vinson syndrome Macro - : Megaloblastic anemia Pernicious anemia Hemolytic ( mostly normo - ) Hereditary enzymopathy : G6PD glycolysis PK TI HK hemoglobinopathy : Thalassemia alpha beta delta Sickle - cell disease / trait HPFH membrane : Hereditary spherocytosis Minkowski -- Chauffard syndrome Hereditary elliptocytosis Southeast Asian ovalocytosis Hereditary stomatocytosis Acquired Autoimmune WAHA CAD PCH membrane PNH MAHA TM HUS Drug - induced autoimmune Drug - induced nonautoimmune Hemolytic disease of the newborn Aplastic ( mostly normo - ) Hereditary : Fanconi anemia Diamond -- Blackfan anemia Acquired : PRCA Sideroblastic anemia Myelophthisic Blood tests MCV Normocytic Microcytic Macrocytic MCHC Normochromic Hypochromic Other Methemoglobinemia Sulfhemoglobinemia Reticulocytopenia Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Megaloblastic_anemia&oldid=826766559 '' Categories : Nutritional anemias Hematopathology Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Infobox medical condition All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית 日本語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Svenska Türkçe 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 22 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	why is vitamin b12 anemia called megaloblastic anemia	[]	[]
5523961304690178233	Ring of Fire	Ring of Fire - wikipedia Ring of Fire For other uses , see Ring of Fire ( disambiguation ) . The Pacific Ring of Fire Tectonic plates of the world Great ( magnitude 8.0 + ) earthquakes 1900 -- 2017 , with the majority positioned along the Ring of Fire The Ring of Fire is a major area in the basin of the Pacific Ocean where many earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur . In a 40,000 km ( 25,000 mi ) horseshoe shape , it is associated with a nearly continuous series of oceanic trenches , volcanic arcs , and volcanic belts and plate movements . It has 452 volcanoes ( more than 75 % of the world 's active and dormant volcanoes ) . The Ring of Fire is sometimes called the circum - Pacific belt . About 90 % of the world 's earthquakes and 81 % of the world 's largest earthquakes occur along the Ring of Fire . All but three of the world 's 25 largest volcanic eruptions of the last 11,700 years occurred at volcanoes in the Ring of Fire . The Ring of Fire is a direct result of plate tectonics : the movement and collisions of lithospheric plates , especially subduction in the northern portion . The southern portion is more complex , with a number of smaller tectonic plates in collision with the Pacific plate from the Mariana Islands , the Philippines , Bougainville , Tonga , and New Zealand . Contents 1 History 2 Cause 3 Andes 3.1 Bolivia 3.2 Chile 3.3 Ecuador 3.4 Peru 4 Central America 4.1 Costa Rica 4.2 Guatemala 5 North American Cordillera 5.1 Mexico 5.2 United States 5.3 Canada 6 Russia 7 Japan 8 Philippines 9 Indonesia 10 New Zealand 11 Antarctica 12 Land areas 13 See also 14 References 15 External links History ( edit ) The presence of a belt of volcanic activity surrounding the Pacific Ocean was observed in the 19th century . `` They ( the Japanese Islands ) are in the line of that immense circle of volcanic development which surrounds the shores of the Pacific from Tierra del Fuego around to the Moluccas . '' ( Matthew Perry , Narrative of the Expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan , 1852 - 54 , Introduction , Section I , `` Name , Extent , and Geography '' ) About 90 % of the world 's earthquakes and 81 % of the world 's largest earthquakes occur along the Ring of Fire . The next most seismically active region ( 5 -- 6 % of earthquakes and 17 % of the world 's largest earthquakes ) is the Alpide belt , which extends from Java to the northern Atlantic Ocean via the Himalayas and southern Europe . All but three of the world 's 25 largest volcanic eruptions of the last 11,700 years occurred at volcanoes in the Ring of Fire . The famous and very active San Andreas Fault zone of California is a transform fault which offsets a portion of the East Pacific Rise under southwestern United States and Mexico ; the motion of the fault generates numerous small earthquakes , at multiple times a day , most of which are too small to be felt . The active Queen Charlotte Fault on the west coast of the Haida Gwaii , British Columbia , has generated three large earthquakes during the 20th century : a magnitude 7 event in 1929 ; a magnitude 8.1 in 1949 ( Canada 's largest recorded earthquake ) ; and a magnitude 7.4 in 1970 . Cause ( edit ) The Ring of Fire is a direct result of plate tectonics : the movement and collisions of lithospheric plates . The eastern section of the ring is the result of the Nazca Plate and the Cocos Plate being subducted beneath the westward - moving South American Plate . The Cocos Plate is being subducted beneath the Caribbean Plate , in Central America . A portion of the Pacific Plate and the small Juan de Fuca Plate are being subducted beneath the North American Plate . Along the northern portion , the northwestward - moving Pacific plate is being subducted beneath the Aleutian Islands arc . Farther west , the Pacific plate is being subducted along the Kamchatka Peninsula arcs on south past Japan . The southern portion is more complex , with a number of smaller tectonic plates in collision with the Pacific plate from the Mariana Islands , the Philippines , Bougainville , Tonga , and New Zealand ; this portion excludes Australia , since it lies in the center of its tectonic plate . Indonesia lies between the Ring of Fire along the northeastern islands adjacent to and including New Guinea and the Alpide belt along the south and west from Sumatra , Java , Bali , Flores , and Timor . Andes ( edit ) Further information : Andean Volcanic Belt Bolivia ( edit ) Main article : List of volcanoes in Bolivia Bolivia hosts numerous active and extinct volcanoes across its territory . The active volcanoes are located in western Bolivia where they make up the Cordillera Occidental , the western limit of the Altiplano plateau . Many of the active volcanoes are international mountains shared with Chile . All Cenozoic volcanoes of Bolivia are part of the Central Volcanic Zone ( CVZ ) of the Andean Volcanic Belt that results due to processes involved in the subduction of the Nazca Plate under the South American Plate . The Central Volcanic Zone is a major upper Cenozoic volcanic province . Apart from Andean volcanoes , the geology of Bolivia hosts the remnants of ancient volcanoes around the Precambrian Guaporé Shield in the eastern part of the country . Chile ( edit ) Llaima 's 2008 eruption Main articles : List of volcanoes in Chile and Volcanology of Chile The volcanoes in Chile are monitored by the National Geology and Mining Service ( SERNAGEOMIN ) Earthquake activity in Chile is related to subduction of the Nazca Plate to the east . Chile notably holds the record for the largest earthquake ever recorded , the 1960 Valdivia earthquake . Villarrica , one of Chile 's most active volcanoes , rises above Villarrica Lake and the town of Villarrica . It is the westernmost of three large stratovolcanoes that trend perpendicular to the Andean chain . A 6 - km - wide caldera formed during the late Pleistocene , more than 0.9 million years ago . A 2 - km - wide postglacial caldera is located at the base of the presently active , dominantly basaltic - to - andesitic cone at the northwest margin of the Pleistocene caldera . About 25 scoria cones dot Villarica 's flanks . Plinian eruptions and pyroclastic flows have been produced during the Holocene from this dominantly basaltic volcano , but historical eruptions have consisted of largely mild - to - moderate explosive activity with occasional lava effusion . Lahars from the glacier - covered volcanoes have damaged towns on its flanks . The Llaima Volcano is one of the largest and most active volcanoes in Chile . It is situated 82 km northeast of Temuco and 663 km southeast of Santiago , within the borders of Conguillío National Park . Llaima 's activity has been documented since the 17th century , and consists of several separate episodes of moderate explosive eruptions with occasional lava flows . The last major eruption occurred in 1994 . Lascar erupting in 2006 Chile has experienced numerous volcanic eruptions from 60 volcanoes , including Llaima Volcano and the Chaitén Volcano . More recently , a magnitude - 8.8 earthquake struck central Chile on February 27 , 2010 , the Puyehue - Cordón Caulle volcano erupted in 2011 , and a M8. 2 earthquake struck northern Chile on April 1 , 2014 . The main shock was preceded by a number of moderate to large shocks and was followed by a large number of moderate to very large aftershocks , including a magnitude - 7.6 event on 2 April . Lascar is a stratovolcano , is the most active volcano of the northern Chilean Andes . The largest eruption of Lascar took place about 26,500 years ago , and following the eruption of the Tumbres scoria flow about 9,000 years ago , activity shifted back to the eastern edifice , where three overlapping craters were formed . Frequent small - to - moderate explosive eruptions have been recorded from Lascar in historical time since the mid-19th century , along with periodic larger eruptions that produced ash and tephra fall up to hundreds of kilometers away from the volcano . The largest eruption of Lascar in recent history took place in 1993 , producing pyroclastic flows as far as 8.5 km ( 5 mi ) northwest of the summit and ash fall in Buenos Aires , Argentina , more than 1,600 km ( 994 mi ) to the southeast . The latest series of eruptions began on 18 April 2006 and was continuing as of 2011 . Chiliques is a stratovolcano located in the Antofagasta Region of Chile , immediately north of Cerro Miscanti . Laguna Lejía lies to the north of the volcano and has been dormant for at least 10,000 years , but is now showing signs of life . A January 6 , 2002 , nighttime thermal infrared image from ASTER revealed a hot spot in the summit crater , as well as several others along the upper flanks of the volcano 's edifice , indicating new volcanic activity . Examination of an earlier nighttime thermal infrared image from May 24 , 2000 , showed no such hot spots . Calbuco is a stratovolcano in southern Chile , located southeast of Llanquihue Lake and northwest of Chapo Lake , in Los Lagos Region . The volcano and the surrounding area are protected within Llanquihue National Reserve . It is a very explosive andesite volcano that underwent edifice collapse in the late Pleistocene , producing a volcanic debris avalanche that reached the lake . At least nine eruptions occurred since 1837 , with the latest one in 1972 . One of the largest historical eruptions in southern Chile took place there in 1893 -- 1894 . Violent eruptions ejected 30 - cm bombs to distances of 8 km from the crater , accompanied by voluminous hot lahars . Strong explosions occurred in April 1917 , and a lava dome formed in the crater accompanied by hot lahars . Another short explosive eruption in January 1929 also included an apparent pyroclastic flow and a lava flow . The last major eruption of Calbuco , in 1961 , sent ash columns 12 -- 15 km high and produced plumes that dispersed mainly to the southeast and two lava flows were also emitted . A minor , four - hour eruption happened on August 26 , 1972 . Strong fumarolic emission from the main crater was observed on August 12 , 1996 . Lonquimay is a stratovolocano of late - Pleistocene to dominantly Holocene age , with the shape of a truncated cone . The cone is largely andesitic , though basaltic and dacitic rocks are present . It is located in La Araucanía Region of Chile , immediately southeast of Tolhuaca volcano . Sierra Nevada and Llaima are their neighbors to the south . The snow - capped volcano lies within the protected area Malalcahuello - Nalcas . The volcano last erupted in 1988 , ending in 1990 . The VEI was 3 . The eruption was from a flank vent and involved lava flows and explosive eruptions . Some fatalities occurred . Antuco Volcano is a stratovolocano located in the Bío Bío Region of Chile , near Sierra Velluda and on the shore of Laguna del Laja , with its last eruption in 1869 . Villarrica is one of Chile 's most active volcanoes , rising above the lake and town of the same name . The volcano is also known as Rucapillán , a Mapuche word meaning `` House of the Pillán '' . It is the westernmost of three large stratovolcanoes that trend perpendicular to the Andes along the Gastre Fault . Villarrica , along with Quetrupillán and the Chilean portion of Lanín , are protected within Villarrica National Park . Ascents of the volcano are popular with several guided ascents reaching the top during summer . Villarrica , with its lava of basaltic - andesitic composition , is one of only five volcanoes worldwide known to have an active lava lake within its crater . The volcano usually generates strombolian eruptions , with ejection of incandescent pyroclasts and lava flows . Melting of snow and glacier ice , as well as rainfall , often causes massive lahars , such as during the eruptions of 1964 and 1971 . Ecuador ( edit ) Main article : List of volcanoes in Ecuador Tungurahua spews hot lava and ash at night ( 1999 ) . In Ecuador , EPN monitors the volcanic activity in this andean nation . Cotopaxi is a stratovolcano in the Andes , located about 50 km ( 31 mi ) south of Quito , Ecuador , South America . It is the second - highest summit in the country , reaching a height of 5,897 m ( 19,347 ft ) . Some consider it the world 's highest active volcano , and it is one of Ecuador 's most active volcanoes . Since 1738 , Cotopaxi has erupted more than 50 times , resulting in the creation of numerous valleys formed by mudflows around the volcano . In October 1999 , Pichincha Volcano erupted in Quito and covered the city with several inches of ash . Prior to that , the last major eruptions were in 1553 and in 1660 , when about 30 cm of ash fell on the city . At 5,230 m , Sangay Volcano is an active stratovolcano in central Ecuador , and is one of the highest active volcanoes in the world and one of Ecuador 's most active ones , erupting three times in recorded history . It exhibits mostly strombolian activity ; the most recent eruption , which started in 1934 , is still going on . Geologically , Sangay marks the southern bound of the Northern Volcanic Zone , and its position straddling two major pieces of crust accounts for its high level of activity . Sangay 's roughly 500,000 - year history is one of instability ; two previous versions of the mountain were destroyed in massive flank collapses , evidence of which still litters its surroundings today . Sangay is one of two active volcanoes located within the namesake Sangay National Park , the other being Tungurahua to the north . As such , it has been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1983 . Reventador is an active stratovolcano which lies in the eastern Andes of Ecuador . Since 1541 , it has erupted over 25 times , with its most recent eruption in 2009 , but the largest historical eruption occurred in 2002 . During that eruption , the plume from the volcano reached a height of 17 km , and pyroclastic flows went up to 7 km from the cone . On March 30 , 2007 , the mountain spewed ash again . The ash reached a height of about two miles ( 3 km , 11,000 ft ) . Cotopaxi , outside of Quito , started activity in April 2015 . A large increase in earthquakes ( including harmonic tremors ) and SO emissions began . IGPEN reported slight deformation of the edifice , suggesting an intrusion of magma under the volcano . As of 25 July , the unrest continued , and the most recent major eruption was an ash and steam eruption that occurred on August 14 and 15 , 2015 . Peru ( edit ) Main article : List of volcanoes in Peru Volcanoes in Peru are monitored by the Peruvian Geophysical Institute . Sabancaya is an active 5,976 - metre ( 19,606 ft ) stratovolcano in the Andes of southern Peru , about 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) northwest of Arequipa . It is the most active volcano in Peru , with an ongoing eruption that started in August 2014 . Ubinas is another active volcano 5,672 - metre ( 18,609 ft ) in southern Peru with an ongoing eruption . Until 2006 , this stratovolcano had not erupted for about 40 years . On April 23 , 2006 , Peru declared a state of emergency in towns near the volcano . On April 28 , 2014 , despite a recent decline in earthquakes , Ubinas Volcano erupted an ash plume on April 28 , 2014 . Central America ( edit ) Costa Rica ( edit ) Main article : List of volcanoes in Costa Rica The Volcanological and Seismological Observatory of Costa Rica ( OVSICORI ) at the National University of Costa Rica , in Spanish Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Costa Rica ( OVSICORI ) have a dedicated team in charge of researching and monitoring the volcanoes , earthquakes , and other tectonic processes in the Central America Volcanic Arc . In 1984 , the OVSICORI - A initiated the operation of a seismographic network designed to monitor seismic and volcanic activity throughout the national territory . Currently , the seismographic network has an analog and a digital registration system . The latter enables online analysis of seismic signals , allowing to expedite the analysis of signals and the study using modern computerized methods . Poás Volcano is an active 2,708 - metre ( 8,885 ft ) stratovolcano located in central Costa Rica ; it has erupted 39 times since 1828 . On February 25 , 2014 , a webcam from the OVSICORI captured the moment a dark cloud exploded about 1,000 feet ( 300 m ) in the air from a massive crater of the Poás Volcano . Guatemala ( edit ) Main article : List of volcanoes in Guatemala In 1902 , the Santa Maria Volcano erupted violently in Guatemala , with the largest explosions occurring over two days , ejecting an estimated 5.5 km ( 1.3 mi ) of magma . The eruption was one of the largest of the 20th century , only slightly less in magnitude to that of Mount Pinatubo in 1991 . The eruption had a volcanic explosivity index of 6 . Today Santiaguito is one of the world 's most active volcanoes. ( 1 ) ( 2 ) Santiaguito Volcano , 2003 eruption in Guatemala North American Cordillera ( edit ) Mexico ( edit ) Main article : List of volcanoes in Mexico The Trans - Mexican Volcanic Belt Volcanoes of Mexico are related to subduction of the Cocos and Rivera plates to the east , which has produced large , explosive eruptions . Most active volcanoes in Mexico occur in the Trans - Mexican Volcanic Belt , which extends 900 kilometres ( 559 mi ) from west to east across central - southern Mexico . A few other active volcanoes in northern Mexico are related to extensional tectonics of the Basin and Range Province , which splits the Baja California peninsula from the mainland . Popocatépetl , lying in the eastern half of the Trans - Mexican Volcanic Belt , is the second - highest peak in Mexico after the Pico de Orizaba . It is one of the most active volcanoes in Mexico , having had more than 20 major eruptions since the arrival of the Spanish in 1519 . The 1982 eruption of El Chichón , which killed about 2,000 people who lived near the volcano , created a 1 - km - wide caldera that filled with an acidic crater lake . Prior to 2000 , this relatively unknown volcano was heavily forested and of no greater height than adjacent nonvolcanic peaks . United States ( edit ) Main article : List of volcanoes in the United States Area of the Cascadia subduction zone , including the Cascade Volcanic Arc ( red triangles ) The United States Geological Survey and the National Earthquake Information Center ( NEIC ) are located on the campus of the Colorado School of Mines in Golden , Colorado . Both monitor volcanos in the United States ; in the western United States lies the Cascade Volcanic Arc . It includes nearly 20 major volcanoes , among a total of over 4,000 separate volcanic vents including numerous stratovolcanoes , shield volcanoes , lava domes , and cinder cones , along with a few isolated examples of rarer volcanic forms such as tuyas . Volcanism in the arc began about 37 million years ago , but most of the present - day Cascade volcanoes are less than 2,000,000 years old , and the highest peaks are less than 100,000 years old . The arc formed by the subduction of the Gorda and Juan de Fuca plates at the Cascadia subduction zone . This is a 680 - mi - long fault , running 50 mi ( 80 km ) off the coast of the Pacific Northwest from northern California to Vancouver Island , British Columbia . The plates move at a relative rate over 0.4 in ( 10 mm ) per year at a somewhat oblique angle to the subduction zone . Because of the very large fault area , the Cascadia subduction zone can produce very large earthquakes , magnitude 9.0 or greater , if rupture occurred over its whole area . When the `` locked '' zone stores energy for an earthquake , the `` transition '' zone , although somewhat plastic , can rupture . Thermal and deformation studies indicate that the locked zone is fully locked for 60 km ( about 40 mi ) down - dip from the deformation front . Further down - dip , a transition from fully locked to aseismic sliding occurs . American Cascade Range volcano eruptions in the last 4000 years Unlike most subduction zones worldwide , no oceanic trench is present along the continental margin in Cascadia . Instead , terranes and the accretionary wedge have been lifted up to form a series of coast ranges and exotic mountains . A high rate of sedimentation from the outflow of the three major rivers ( Fraser River , Columbia River , and Klamath River ) which cross the Cascade Range contributes to further obscuring the presence of a trench . However , in common with most other subduction zones , the outer margin is slowly being compressed , similar to a giant spring . When the stored energy is suddenly released by slippage across the fault at irregular intervals , the Cascadia subduction zone can create very large earthquakes such as the magnitude - 9 Cascadia earthquake of 1700 . Geological evidence indicates that great earthquakes may have occurred at least seven times in the last 3,500 years , suggesting a return time of 400 to 600 years . Also , evidence of accompanying tsunamis with every earthquake is seen , as the prime reason these earthquakes are known is through `` scars '' the tsunami left on the coast , and through Japanese records ( tsunami waves can travel across the Pacific ) . The 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens was the most significant to occur in the contiguous 48 U.S. states in recorded history ( VEI = 5 , 0.3 cu mi , 1.2 km of material erupted ) , exceeding the destructive power and volume of material released by the 1915 eruption of California 's Lassen Peak . The eruption was preceded by a two - month series of earthquakes and steam - venting episodes caused by an injection of magma at shallow depth below the mountain that created a huge bulge and a fracture system on Mount St. Helens ' north slope . An earthquake at 8 : 32 am on May 18 , 1980 , caused the entire weakened north face to slide away , suddenly exposing the partly molten , gas - and steam - rich rock in the volcano to lower pressure . The rock responded by exploding into a very hot mix of pulverized lava and older rock that sped toward Spirit Lake so fast that it quickly passed the avalanching north face . Alaska is known for its seismic and volcanic activity , holding the record for the second - largest earthquake in the world , the Good Friday earthquake , and having more than 50 volcanoes which have erupted since about 1760 . Volcanoes can be found not only in the mainland , but also in the Aleutian Islands . The most recent activity in the American portion of the Ring of Fire occurred in early 2009 when Mount Redoubt in Alaska became active and finally erupted late in the evening of March 22 . The eruption ended in May 2009 . Canada ( edit ) Map of young volcanoes in Western Canada See also : Volcanism in Canada The Public Safety Geo - science Program at the Natural Resources Canada undertakes research to support risk reduction from the effects of space weather , earthquakes , tsunamis , volcanoes , and landslides . British Columbia and Yukon are home to a vast region of volcanoes and volcanic activity in the Pacific Ring of Fire . Several mountains that many British Columbians look at every day are dormant volcanoes . Most of them erupted during the Pleistocene and Holocene . Although none of Canada 's volcanoes are currently erupting , several volcanoes , volcanic fields , and volcanic centers are considered potentially active . Hot springs are at some volcanoes , while 10 volcanoes in British Columbia appear related to seismic activity since 1975 , including : the Silverthrone Caldera , Mount Meager massif , Wells Gray - Clearwater volcanic field , Mount Garibaldi , Mount Cayley massif , Castle Rock , The Volcano , Mount Edziza , Hoodoo Mountain , Crow Lagoon , and Nazko Cone . The volcanoes are grouped into five volcanic belts with different tectonic settings . The Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province ( sometimes known as the Stikine Volcanic Belt ) is the most active volcanic region in Canada . It formed due to extensional cracking , faulting , and rifting of the North American Plate , as the Pacific Plate grinds and slides past the Queen Charlotte Fault , unlike subduction that produces the volcanoes in Japan , the Philippines , and Indonesia . The region has Canada 's largest volcanoes , much larger than the minor stratovolcanoes found in the Canadian portion of the Cascade Volcanic Arc . Several eruptions are known to have occurred within the last 400 years . Mount Edziza is a huge volcanic complex that erupted several times in the past several thousand years and has formed several cinder cones and lava flows . The complex comprises the Mount Edziza Plateau , a large volcanic plateau ( 65 km long and 20 km wide ) made of predominantly basaltic lava flows with four large stratovolcanoes built on top of the plateau . The associated lava domes and satellite cones were constructed over the past 7.5 million years during five magmatic cycles beginning with eruption of alkali basalts and ending with felsic and basaltic eruptions as late as 1,340 years ago . The blocky lava flows still maintain their original forms . Hoodoo Mountain is a tuya in northwestern British Columbia , which has had several periods of subglacial eruptions . The oldest eruptions occurred about 100,000 years ago and the most recent about 7000 years ago . Hoodoo Mountain is also considered active , so could erupt in the future . The nearby Tseax Cone and The Volcano produced some of Canada 's youngest lava flows , about 150 years old . Mount Edziza , a large shield volcano in northwestern British Columbia Canada 's worst known geophysical disaster came from the Tseax Cone during the 18th century at the southernmost end of the volcanic belt . The eruption produced a 22.5 - km - long lava flow , destroying the Nisga'a villages and the death of at least 2000 Nisga'a people by volcanic gases and poisonous smoke . The Nass River valley was inundated by the lava flows and contains abundant tree molds and lava tubes . The event happened at the same time as the arrival of the first European explorers to penetrate the uncharted coastal waters of northern British Columbia . Today , the basaltic lava deposits are a draw to tourists and are part of the Nisga'a Memorial Lava Beds Provincial Park . The Garibaldi Volcanic Belt in southwestern British Columbia is the northern extension of the Cascade Volcanic Arc in the United States ( which includes Mount Baker and Mount St. Helens ) and contains the most explosive young volcanoes in Canada . It formed as a result of subduction of the Juan de Fuca Plate ( a remnant of the much larger Farallon Plate ) under the North American Plate along the Cascadia subduction zone . The Garibaldi Volcanic Belt includes the Bridge River Cones , Mount Cayley massif , Mount Fee , Mount Garibaldi , Mount Price , Mount Meager massif , the Squamish Volcanic Field , and more smaller volcanoes . The eruption styles in the belt range from effusive to explosive , with compositions from basalt to rhyolite . Morphologically , centers include calderas , cinder cones , stratovolcanoes and small isolated lava masses . Due to repeated continental and alpine glaciations , many of the volcanic deposits in the belt reflect complex interactions between magma composition , topography , and changing ice configurations . The most recent major catastrophic eruption in the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt was an explosive eruption of the Mount Meager massif about 2,350 years ago . It was similar to the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens , sending an ash column about 20 km into the stratosphere . The Mount Meager massif as seen from the east near Pemberton , BC : Summits left to right are Capricorn Mountain , Mount Meager , and Plinth Peak . The Chilcotin Group is a north - south range of volcanoes in southern British Columbia running parallel to the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt . The majority of the eruptions in this belt happened either 6 -- 10 million years ago ( Miocene ) or 2 -- 3 million years ago ( Pliocene ) , although with some slightly more recent eruptions ( in the Pleistocene ) . It is thought to have formed as a result of back - arc extension behind the Cascadia subduction zone . Volcanoes in this belt include Mount Noel , the Clisbako Caldera Complex , Lightning Peak , Black Dome Mountain , and many lava flows . The Anahim Volcanic Belt is a line of volcanoes stretching from just north of Vancouver Island to near Quesnel , British Columbia . These volcanoes were formed 8 to 1 million years ago , and the Nazko Cone last erupted only 7,200 years ago . The volcanoes generally get younger moving from the coast to the interior . These volcanoes are thought to have formed as a result of the North American Plate sliding westward over a small hotspot , called the Anahim hotspot . The hotspot is considered similar to the one feeding the Hawaiian Islands . The belt is defined by three large shield volcanoes ( Rainbow , Ilgachuz and the Itcha Ranges ) and 37 Quaternary basalt centers . Eruptions of basaltic to rhyolitic volcanoes and hypabyssal rocks of the Alert Bay Volcanic Belt in northern Vancouver Island are probably linked with the subducted margin flanked by the Explorer and Juan de Fuca Plates at the Cascadia subduction zone . It appears to have been active during the Pliocene and Pleistocene . However , no Holocene eruptions are known , and volcanic activity in the belt has likely ceased . Russia ( edit ) Main article : List of volcanoes in Russia Avachinsky , an active volcano on the Kamchatka Peninsula . The Kamchatka Peninsula in the Russian Far East is one of the most various and active volcanic areas in the world , with an area of 472,300 km . It lies between the Pacific Ocean to the east and the Okhotsk Sea to the west . Immediately offshore along the Pacific coast of the peninsula runs the 10,500 - m - deep Kuril - Kamchatka Trench , where rapid subduction of the Pacific Plate fuels the intense volcanism . Almost all types of volcanic activity are present , from stratovolcanoes and shield volcanoes to Hawaiian - style fissure eruptions . Over 30 active volcanoes and hundreds of dormant and extinct volcanoes are in two major volcanic belts . The most recent activity takes place in the eastern belt , starting in the north at the Shiveluch volcanic complex , which lies at the junction of the Aleutian and Kamchatka volcanic arcs . Just to the south is the famous Klyuchi volcanic group , comprising the twin volcanic cones of Kliuchevskoi and Kamen , the huge volcanic complexes of Tolbachik and Ushkovsky , and a number of other large stratovolcanoes . The only active volcano in the central belt is found west of here , the huge remote Ichinsky . Farther south , the eastern belt continues to the southern slope of Kamchatka , topped by loads of stratovolcanoes , continuing onto the Kuril Islands , and southwards into Japan . Japan ( edit ) Main article : List of volcanoes in Japan About 10 % of the world 's active volcanoes are found in Japan , which lies in a zone of extreme crustal instability . They are formed by subduction of the Pacific Plate and the Philippine Sea Plate . As many as 1,500 earthquakes are recorded yearly , and magnitudes of 4 to 6 are not uncommon . Minor tremors occur almost daily in one part of the country or another , causing some slight shaking of buildings . Major earthquakes occur infrequently ; the most famous in the 20th century were : the Great Kantō earthquake of 1923 , in which 130,000 people died ; and the Great Hanshin earthquake of 17 January 1995 , in which 6,434 people died . On March 11 , 2011 a magnitude 9.0 earthquake hit Japan , the country 's biggest ever and the fifth largest on record , according to US Geological Survey data . Undersea earthquakes also expose the Japanese coastline to danger from tsunamis . Mount Fuji at sunrise from Lake Kawaguchi Mount Bandai , one of Japan 's most noted volcanoes , rises above the north shore of Lake Inawashiro . Mount Bandai is formed of several overlapping stratovolcanoes , the largest of which is O - Bandai forming a complex volcano . O - Bandai volcano was constructed within a horseshoe - shaped caldera that formed about 40,000 years when an earlier volcano collapsed , forming the Okinajima debris avalanche , which traveled to the southwest and was accompanied by a plinian eruption . Four major phreatic eruptions have occurred during the past 5,000 years , two of them in historical time , in 806 and 1888 . Seen from the south , Bandai presents a conical profile , but much of the north side of the volcano is missing as a result of the collapse of Ko - Bandai volcano during the 1888 eruption , in which a debris avalanche buried several villages and formed several large lakes . Nearly a century ago , the north flank of Mount Bandai collapsed during an eruption quite similar to the May 18 , 1980 , eruption of Mount St. Helens . After a week of seismic activity , a large earthquake on July 15 , 1888 , was followed by a tremendous noise and a large explosion . Eyewitnesses heard about 15 to 20 additional explosions and observed that the last one was projected almost horizontally to the north . Mount Fuji is Japan 's highest and most noted volcano . The modern postglacial stratovolcano is constructed above a group of overlapping volcanoes , remnants of which form irregularities on Fuji 's profile . Growth of the younger Mount Fuji began with a period of voluminous lava flows from 11,000 to 8,000 years ago , accounting for four - fifths of the volume of the younger Mount Fuji . Minor explosive eruptions dominated activity from 8,000 to 4,500 years ago , with another period of major lava flows occurring from 4,500 to 3,000 years ago . Subsequently , intermittent major explosive eruptions occurred , with subordinate lava flows and small pyroclastic flows . Summit eruptions dominated from 3,000 to 2,000 years ago , after which flank vents were active . The extensive basaltic lava flows from the summit and some of the more than 100 flank cones and vents blocked drainage against the Tertiary Misaka Mountains on the north side of the volcano , forming the Fuji Five Lakes . The last eruption of this dominantly basaltic volcano in 1707 ejected andesitic pumice and formed a large new crater on the east flank . Some minor volcanic activity may occur in the next few years . Philippines ( edit ) Main article : List of volcanoes in the Philippines Map showing major volcanoes of the Philippines The 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo is the world 's second - largest terrestrial eruption of the 20th century . Successful predictions of the onset of the climactic eruption led to the evacuation of tens of thousands of people from the surrounding areas , saving many lives , but as the surrounding areas were severely damaged by pyroclastic flows , ash deposits , and later , lahars caused by rainwater remobilising earlier volcanic deposits , thousands of houses were destroyed . Mayon Volcano overlooks a pastoral scene about five months before the volcano 's violent eruption in September 1984 . Mayon Volcano is the Philippines ' most active volcano . It has steep upper slopes that average 35 -- 40 ° and is capped by a small summit crater . The historical eruptions of this basaltic - andesitic volcano date back to 1616 and range from Strombolian to basaltic Plinian eruptions . Eruptions occur predominately from the central conduit and have also produced lava flows that travel far down the flanks . Pyroclastic flows and mudflows have commonly swept down many of the roughly 40 ravines that radiate from the summit and have often devastated populated lowland areas . Taal Volcano has had 33 recorded eruptions since 1572 . A devastating eruption occurred in 1911 , which claimed more than a thousand lives . The deposits of that eruption consist of a yellowish , fairly decomposed ( nonjuvenile ) tephra with a high sulfur content . The most recent period of activity lasted from 1965 to 1977 , and was characterized by the interaction of magma with the lake water , which produced violent phreatic and phreatomagmatic eruptions . Although the volcano has been dormant since 1977 , it has shown signs of unrest since 1991 , with strong seismic activity and ground - fracturing events , as well as the formation of small mud geysers on parts of the island . Kanlaon Volcano , the most active volcano in the central Philippines , has erupted 25 times since 1866 . Eruptions are typically phreatic explosions of small - to - moderate size that produce minor ash falls near the volcano . On August 10 , 1996 , Kanlaon erupted without warning , killing British student Julian Green and Filipinos Noel Tragico and Neil Perez , who were among 24 mountain climbers who were trapped near the summit . Indonesia ( edit ) See also : List of volcanoes in Indonesia and 2010 eruptions of Mount Merapi Mount Merapi in Central Java Major volcanoes in Indonesia The volcanoes in Indonesia are among the most active of the Pacific Ring of Fire . They are formed due to subduction zones of three main active tectonic plates namely the Eurasian Plate , Pacific Plate , and Indo - Australian Plate . Some of the volcanoes are notable for their eruptions , for instance , Krakatau for its global effects in 1883 , Lake Toba for its supervolcanic eruption estimated to have occurred 74,000 BP , which was responsible for six years of volcanic winter , and Mount Tambora , for the most violent eruption in recorded history in 1815 . The eruption of Mount Tambora caused widespread harvest failures in Northern Europe , the Northeastern United States , and eastern Canada in 1816 , which was known as the Year Without a Summer . The most active volcanoes are Kelud and Mount Merapi on Java island , which have been responsible for thousands of deaths in the region . Since AD 1000 , Kelud has erupted more than 30 times , of which the largest eruption was at scale 5 on the Volcanic Explosivity Index , while Merapi has erupted more than 80 times . The International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth 's Interior has named Merapi as a Decade Volcano since 1995 because of its high volcanic activity . Another active volcano is Sinabung which erupted since 2013 until now . New Zealand ( edit ) See also : List of earthquakes in New Zealand and Volcanism in New Zealand Major volcanoes of New Zealand View of Mount Taranaki from Stratford . GNS Science was known as the Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences from 1992 to 2005 . GNS Science was partially commercialised , and now operates as a government - owned company rather than as a government department . Originally part of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research ( DSIR ) , it was established as an independent organisation when the Crown Research Institutes were created in 1992 . As well as undertaking basic research , and operating the national geological hazards monitoring network , GNS Science is employed , both in New Zealand and overseas , by various private groups ( notably energy companies ) , as well as central and local government agencies , to provide scientific advice and information . GNS Science is based in Avalon , Lower Hutt , with facilities in Dunedin and Wairakei . New Zealand contains the world 's strongest concentration of youthful rhyolitic volcanoes , and voluminous sheets blanket much of the North Island . The earliest historically - dated eruption was at Whakaari / White Island in 1826 , followed in 1886 by the country 's largest historical eruption at Mount Tarawera . Much of the region north of New Zealand 's North Island is made up of seamounts and small islands , including 16 submarine volcanoes . In the last 1.6 million years , most of New Zealand 's volcanism is from the Taupo Volcanic Zone . Mount Ruapehu , at the southern end of the Taupo Volcanic Zone , is one of the most active volcanoes . It began erupting at least 250,000 years ago . In recorded history , major eruptions have been about 50 years apart , in 1895 , 1945 , and 1995 -- 1996 . Minor eruptions are frequent , with at least 60 since 1945 . Some of the minor eruptions in the 1970s generated small ash falls and lahars that damaged ski fields . Between major eruptions , a warm acidic crater lake forms , fed by melting snow . Major eruptions may completely expel the lake water . Where a major eruption has deposited a tephra dam across the lake 's outlet , the dam may collapse after the lake has refilled and risen above the level of its normal outlet , the outrush of water causing a large lahar . The most notable lahar caused the Tangiwai disaster on December 24 , 1953 , when 151 people aboard a Wellington to Auckland express train were killed after the lahar destroyed the Tangiwai rail bridge just moments before the train was due . In 2000 , the ERLAWS system was installed on the mountain to detect such a collapse and alert the relevant authorities . The Auckland volcanic field on the North Island of New Zealand has produced a diverse array of explosive craters , scoria cones , and lava flows . Currently dormant , the field is likely to erupt again with the next `` hundreds to thousands of years '' , a very short timeframe in geologic terms . The field contains at least 40 volcanoes , most recently active about 600 years ago at Rangitoto Island , erupting 2.3 km of lava . Antarctica ( edit ) Main article : List of volcanoes in Antarctica Mount Erebus , 1972 The Pacific Ring of Fire is completed in the south by the continent of Antarctica , which includes many large volcanoes . The makeup and structure of the volcanoes in Antarctica change largely from the other places around the ring . In contrast , the Antarctic Plate is almost completely surrounded by extensional zones , with several mid-ocean ridges which encircle it , with only a small subduction zone at the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula , reaching eastward to the remote South Sandwich Islands . The most well known volcano in Antarctica is Mount Erebus , which is also the world 's southernmost active volcano . In many respects the geology of the Antarctic Peninsula is an extension of the Andes , hence the name sometimes used by geologists : `` Antarctandes '' . At the opposite side of the continent , the volcanoes of Victoria Land may be seen as the ' other end ' of the Antarctandes , thus completing the Pacific Ring of Fire and continuing up through the Balleny Islands to New Zealand . Mount Erebus is the second - highest volcano in Antarctica ( after Mount Sidley ) and the southernmost active volcano on earth . It is the sixth - highest ultra mountain on an island . With a summit elevation of 3,794 m ( 12,448 ft ) , it is located on Ross Island , which is also home to three inactive volcanoes , Mount Terror , Mount Bird , and Mount Terra Nova . The volcano has been observed to be continuously active since 1972 and is the site of the Mount Erebus Volcano Observatory run by the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology . Mount Erebus is currently the most active volcano in Antarctica and is the current eruptive zone of the Erebus hotspot . The volcanoes of the Victoria Land area are the most well known in Antarctica , most likely because they are the most accessible . Much of Victoria Land is mountainous , developing the eastern section of the Transantarctic Mountains , and the several scattered volcanoes include Mount Overlord and Mount Melbourne in the northern part . Farther south are two more well - known volcanoes , Mount Discovery and Mount Morning , which are on the coast across from Mount Erebus and Mount Terror on Ross Island . The volcanism in this area is caused by rifting along a number of rift zones increasing mainly north - south similar to the coast . Marie Byrd Land contains the largest volcanic region in Antarctica , covering a length of almost 600 mi ( 970 km ) along the Pacific coast . The volcanism is the result of rifting along the vast West Antarctic Rift , which extends from the base of the Antarctic Peninsula to the surrounding area of Ross Island , and the volcanoes are found along the northern edge of the rift . Protruding up through the ice are a large number of major shield volcanoes , including Mount Sidley , which is the highest volcano in Antarctica . Although a number of the volcanoes are relatively young and are potentially active ( Mount Berlin , Mount Takahe , Mount Waesche , and Mount Siple ) , others such as Mount Andrus and Mount Hampton are over 10 million years old , yet maintain uneroded constructional forms . The desert - like surroundings of the Antarctic interior , along with a very thick and stable ice sheet which encloses and protects the bases of the volcanoes , which decreases the speed of erosion by an issue of perhaps a thousand relative to volcanoes in moist temperate or tropical climates . Land areas ( edit ) Papua New Guinea and tectonic plates : Pacific Plate , Australian Plate , Caroline Plate , Banda Sea Plate ( as `` Mer de Banda '' ) , Woodlark Plate , Bird 's Head Plate , Maoke Plate , Solomon Sea Plate , North Bismarck Plate , South Bismarck Plate and Manus Plate ( in French ) Puysegur Trench and Macquarie Ridge Taupo Volcanic Zone Kermadec Islands Tonga Islands Fiji Islands Bougainville and Solomon Islands New Hebrides Arc Bismarck Volcanic Arc , junction Tanimbar and Kai Islands Lesser Sunda Islands Sunda Arc Andaman and Nicobar Islands Izu - Bonin - Mariana Arc Mariana Islands Bonin Islands Izu Islands Philippine Mobile Belt Taiwan Ryukyu Islands Japan , Boso Triple Junction Kuril Islands Kamchatka Peninsula American Cordillera North American Cordillera Aleutian Arc Aleutian Islands Aleutian Range Eastern Alaska , U.S. Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province Cascade Volcanic Arc and Rio Grande rift Sierra Nevada ( U.S. ) Trans - Mexican Volcanic Belt Central America Volcanic Arc Andes North Volcanic Zone Central Volcanic Zone South Volcanic Zone Austral Volcanic Zone Scotia Arc South Sandwich Islands Antarctica Antarctic Peninsula Victoria Land See also ( edit ) Earthquakes portal Volcanoes portal 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami 2010 Chile earthquake 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami Andesite line Geology of the Pacific Northwest Katsuhiko Ishibashi Pacific Rim References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ring of Fire -- Pacific Ring of Fire '' . Geography.about.com. 2010 - 06 - 14 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ring of Fire '' . USGS. 2012 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` Where do earthquakes occur ? '' . USGS. 2013 - 05 - 13 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 08 - 05 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` Earthquakes FAQ '' . U.S. Geological Survey . Archived from the original on 2006 - 01 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Earthquakes Visual Glossary '' . U.S. Geological Survey . ^ Jump up to : Oppenheimer , Clive ( 2011 ) . `` Appendix A '' . Eruptions that Shook the World . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 355 -- 363 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 64112 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : `` Moving slabs '' . This Dynamic Earth . USGS . Jump up ^ `` Latest Earthquakes in the USA '' . USGS . Jump up ^ Schulz , Sandra S. ; Wallace , Robert E. `` The San Andreas Fault '' . USGS . Jump up ^ `` Earthquakes in the Queen Charlotte Islands Region 1984 -- 1996 '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 04 - 18 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 03 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Baker , M.C.W. ; Francis , P.W. ( 1978 ) . `` Upper Cenozoic Volcanism in the Central Andes -- Ages and Volumes '' . Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 41 ( 2 ) : 175 -- 187 . Bibcode : 1978E&PSL ... 41 ... 175B . doi : 10.1016 / 0012 - 821X ( 78 ) 90008 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Red de vigilancia volcánica -- Sernageomin '' . sernageomin.cl . Archived from the original on 2016 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ USGS . `` VDAP Responses at Chaitén in Chile '' . usgs.gov . Archived from the original on 2014 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Chile volcano forces evacuations '' . BBC . January 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Magnitude 8.8 -- OFFSHORE MAULE , CHILE '' . February 27 , 2010 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 10 . Retrieved February 28 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mount Erebus '' . Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Chiliques Volcano , Chile '' . Visible Earth . NASA . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Global Volcanism Program -- Lonquimay '' . si.edu . Jump up ^ `` Global Volcanism Program -- Lonquimay '' . si.edu . Jump up ^ La erupción de 1971 , Villarrica Volcano Visual Observation Project . 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Distance from Quito to Cotopaxi '' . distancecalculator.globefeed.com . Jump up ^ `` Cotopaxi '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ Climate and Weather , Kington , J. Collins London , ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ `` Ecuadoreans Wait Uneasily On Volcanoes '' . Associated Press . 28 November 1999 -- via The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Sangay : Synonyms and subfeatures '' . Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History . Retrieved 5 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Reventador volcano spews lava near Ecuador capital '' . Associated Press . Jump up ^ `` A Restless Volcano Puts Ecuador on Edge Once More '' . WIRED. 17 June 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.igepn.edu.ec/cotopaxi National Polytechnic School Geophysics Institute is constantly monitoring Cotopaxi Jump up ^ `` Ecuador declares state of emergency over volcano '' . BBC.com . Jump up ^ `` Cotopaxi volcano ( Ecuador ) : increased seismic activity , volcanic unrest '' . volcanodiscovery.com . Jump up ^ `` 15 sitios seguros en el Distrito Metropolitano de Quito por el Cotopaxi '' . El Comercio . Jump up ^ `` Official Web Site of the Peruvian Geophysical Institute '' . Jump up ^ `` Ubinas '' . Smithsonian Institution . Jump up ^ `` Ubinas '' . volcanodiscovery.com . Jump up ^ `` Fresh Lava Arrives at Ubinas Volcano : Natural Hazards '' . NASA . Jump up ^ `` Peru evacuates Ubinas volcano area after ash cloud '' . BBC . Jump up ^ `` Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Costa Rica ( OVSICORI ) '' . National University of Costa Rica . Jump up ^ `` Poás Volcano Erupts in Central Costa Rica '' . New York Daily News . Jump up ^ `` Volcano tourists enjoy the phreatic eruption of the Poás Volcano '' . Jump up ^ `` Despite Record Breaking Eruptions at Poas Volcano the Park Remains Open for Visitors to Enjoy '' . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2014 . Retrieved December 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mexico Volcanoes and Volcanics '' . USGS . Archived from the original on 2005 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Alaska Volcano Observatory -- About Alaska 's Volcanoes '' . Avo.alaska.edu . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Public Safety Geoscience Program '' . Natural Resources Canada . ^ Jump up to : `` Skiing the Pacific Ring of Fire and Beyond : Alaska and Northwest Canada '' . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian volcanoes '' . CAT. INIST . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Volcanoes of Canada '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2006 - 05 - 28 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Garibaldi Volcanic Belt '' . Calalogue of Canadian volcanoes . Archived from the original on 2006 - 02 - 19 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Meager '' . Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes . Archived from the original on 2006 - 02 - 19 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chilcotin Plateau basalts '' . Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes . Archived from the original on 2008 - 03 - 15 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Anahim Volcanic Belt '' . Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes . Archived from the original on 2006 - 02 - 19 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Skiing the Pacific Ring of Fire and Beyond : Kamchatka & Kuril Islands Retrieved on 2007 - 08 - 01 Jump up ^ `` LIST : Japan quake seventh largest in history '' . Smh.com.au. 2011 - 03 - 11 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ RI sits on Pacific `` ring of fire '' : official Jump up ^ `` GeoNet Hazards Monitoring Network '' . Jump up ^ `` Science Annual Report '' . GNS. 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand Volcanoes and Volcanics '' . USGS CVO . Archived from the original on 2005 - 12 - 23 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` GeoNet '' . New Zealand . ^ Jump up to : New Zealand Department of Conservation . `` Crater Lake Climb '' . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ New Zealand Department of Conservation . `` Central North Island Volcanoes '' . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Contingency Plan for the Auckland Volcanic Field '' ( PDF ) . Auckland Regional Council . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2006 - 01 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Skiing the Pacific Ring of Fire and Beyong : Antarctica . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Erebus Volcano Observatory '' . New Mexico Tech . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 02 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 29 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Maps of the Pacific Ring of Fire . Historic Earthquakes & Earthquake Statistics at the United States Geological Survey DESCRIPTION : `` Ring of Fire '' , Plate Tectonics , Sea - Floor Spreading , Subduction Zones , `` Hot Spots '' at the USGS Cascades Volcano Observatory , Vancouver , Washington Web site . Map of the Ring of Fire Ring of Fire , tectonic activity The Ring of Fire at work Physical World Map 2004 - 04 - 01 CIA World Factbook ; Robinson Projection ; standard parallels 38 ° N and 38 ° S Regions of the world Regions of Africa Central Africa Guinea region Gulf of Guinea Cape Lopez Mayombe Igboland Mbaise Maputaland Pool Malebo Congo Basin Chad Basin Congolese rainforests Ouaddaï highlands Ennedi Plateau East Africa African Great Lakes Albertine Rift East African Rift Great Rift Valley Gregory Rift Rift Valley lakes Swahili coast Virunga Mountains Kavirondo Zanj Serengeti Horn of Africa Afar Triangle Al - Habash Barbara Danakil Alps Danakil Desert Ethiopian Highlands Gulf of Aden Gulf of Tadjoura Indian Ocean islands Comoros Islands North Africa Maghreb Barbary Coast Bashmur Ancient Libya Atlas Mountains Nile Valley Cataracts of the Nile Darfur Gulf of Aqaba Lower Egypt Lower Nubia Middle Egypt Nile Delta Nuba Mountains Nubia The Sudans Upper Egypt Western Sahara West Africa Pepper Coast Gold Coast Slave Coast Ivory Coast Cape Palmas Cape Mesurado Guinea region Gulf of Guinea Niger Basin Guinean Forests of West Africa Niger Delta Inner Niger Delta Southern Africa Madagascar Central Highlands ( Madagascar ) Northern Highlands Rhodesia North South Thembuland Succulent Karoo Nama Karoo Bushveld Highveld Fynbos Cape Floristic Region Kalahari Desert Okavango Delta Cape Peninsula False Bay Hydra Bay Macro-regions Aethiopia Arab world Commonwealth realm East African montane forests Eastern Desert Equatorial Africa Françafrique Gibraltar Arc Greater Middle East Islands of Africa List of countries where Arabic is an official language Mediterranean Basin MENA MENASA Middle East Mittelafrika Negroland Northeast Africa Portuguese - speaking African countries Sahara Sahel Sub-Saharan Africa Sudan ( region ) Sudanian Savanna Tibesti Mountains Tropical Africa Regions of Asia Central Greater Middle East Aral Sea Aralkum Desert Caspian Sea Dead Sea Sea of Galilee Transoxiana Turan Greater Khorasan Ariana Khwarezm Sistan Kazakhstania Eurasian Steppe Asian Steppe Kazakh Steppe Pontic -- Caspian steppe Mongolian - Manchurian grassland Wild Fields Yedisan Muravsky Trail Ural Ural Mountains Volga region Idel - Ural Kolyma Transbaikal Pryazovia Bjarmaland Kuban Zalesye Ingria Novorossiya Gornaya Shoriya Tulgas Iranian Plateau Altai Mountains Pamir Mountains Tian Shan Badakhshan Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass Mount Imeon Mongolian Plateau Western Regions Taklamakan Desert Karakoram Trans - Karakoram Tract Siachen Glacier North Inner Asia Northeast Far East Russian Far East Okhotsk - Manchurian taiga Extreme North Siberia Baikalia ( Lake Baikal ) Transbaikal Khatanga Gulf Baraba steppe Kamchatka Peninsula Amur Basin Yenisei Gulf Yenisei Basin Beringia Sikhote - Alin East Orient Japanese archipelago Northeastern Japan Arc Sakhalin Island Arc Korean Peninsula Gobi Desert Taklamakan Desert Greater Khingan Mongolian Plateau Inner Asia Inner Mongolia Outer Mongolia China proper Manchuria Outer Manchuria Inner Manchuria Northeast China Plain Mongolian - Manchurian grassland North China Plain Yan Mountains Kunlun Mountains Liaodong Peninsula Himalayas Tibetan Plateau Tibet Tarim Basin Northern Silk Road Hexi Corridor Nanzhong Lingnan Liangguang Jiangnan Jianghuai Guanzhong Huizhou Wu Jiaozhou Zhongyuan Shaannan Ordos Loop Loess Plateau Shaanbei Hamgyong Mountains Central Mountain Range Japanese Alps Suzuka Mountains Leizhou Peninsula Gulf of Tonkin Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Yenisei Basin Altai Mountains Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass West Greater Middle East MENA MENASA Middle East Red Sea Caspian Sea Mediterranean Sea Zagros Mountains Persian Gulf Pirate Coast Strait of Hormuz Greater and Lesser Tunbs Al - Faw Peninsula Gulf of Oman Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Aden Balochistan Arabian Peninsula Najd Hejaz Tihamah Eastern Arabia South Arabia Hadhramaut Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert Tigris -- Euphrates Mesopotamia Upper Mesopotamia Lower Mesopotamia Sawad Nineveh plains Akkad ( region ) Babylonia Canaan Aram Aram - Naharaim Eber - Nari Suhum Eastern Mediterranean Mashriq Kurdistan Levant Southern Levant Transjordan Jordan Rift Valley Israel Levantine Sea Golan Heights Hula Valley Galilee Gilead Judea Samaria Arabah Anti-Lebanon Mountains Sinai Peninsula Arabian Desert Syrian Desert Fertile Crescent Azerbaijan Syria Palestine Iranian Plateau Armenian Highlands Caucasus Caucasus Mountains Greater Caucasus Lesser Caucasus North Caucasus South Caucasus Kur - Araz Lowland Lankaran Lowland Alborz Absheron Peninsula Anatolia Cilicia Cappadocia Alpide belt South Orient Greater India Indian subcontinent Himalayas Hindu Kush Carnatic region Western Ghats Eastern Ghats Ganges Basin Ganges Delta Pashtunistan Punjab Balochistan Kashmir Kashmir Valley Pir Panjal Range Thar Desert Indus Valley Indus River Delta Indus Valley Desert Indo - Gangetic Plain Eastern coastal plains Western Coastal Plains Meghalaya subtropical forests MENASA Lower Gangetic plains moist deciduous forests Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows Doab Bagar tract Great Rann of Kutch Little Rann of Kutch Deccan Plateau Coromandel Coast Konkan False Divi Point Hindi Belt Ladakh Aksai Chin Gilgit - Baltistan Baltistan Shigar Valley Karakoram Saltoro Mountains Siachen Glacier Bay of Bengal Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Mannar Trans - Karakoram Tract Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass Lakshadweep Andaman and Nicobar Islands Andaman Islands Nicobar Islands Maldive Islands Alpide belt Southeast Orient Sundaland Mainland Indochina Malay Peninsula Maritime Peninsular Malaysia Sunda Islands Greater Sunda Islands Lesser Sunda Islands Indonesian Archipelago Wallacea Timor New Guinea Bonis Peninsula Papuan Peninsula Huon Peninsula Huon Gulf Bird 's Head Peninsula Gazelle Peninsula Philippine Archipelago Luzon Visayas Mindanao Leyte Gulf Gulf of Thailand East Indies Nanyang Alpide belt Asia - Pacific Tropical Asia Ring of Fire Regions of Europe North Nordic Northwestern Scandinavia Scandinavian Peninsula Fennoscandia Baltoscandia Sápmi West Nordic Baltic Baltic Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Iceland Faroe Islands East Danubian countries Prussia Galicia Volhynia Donbass Sloboda Ukraine Sambia Peninsula Amber Coast Curonian Spit Izyum Trail Lithuania Minor Nemunas Delta Baltic Baltic Sea Vyborg Bay Karelia East Karelia Karelian Isthmus Lokhaniemi Southeastern Balkans Aegean Islands Gulf of Chania North Caucasus Greater Caucasus Kabardia European Russia Southern Russia Central Baltic Baltic Sea Alpine states Alpide belt Mitteleuropa Visegrád Group West Benelux Low Countries Northwest British Isles English Channel Channel Islands Cotentin Peninsula Normandy Brittany Gulf of Lion Iberia Al - Andalus Baetic System Pyrenees Alpide belt South Italian Peninsula Insular Italy Tuscan Archipelago Aegadian Islands Iberia Al - Andalus Baetic System Gibraltar Arc Southeastern Mediterranean Crimea Alpide belt Germanic Romance Celtic Slavic countries Uralic European Plain Eurasian Steppe Pontic -- Caspian steppe Wild Fields Pannonian Basin Great Hungarian Plain Little Hungarian Plain Eastern Slovak Lowland Regions of North America Northern Eastern Canada Western Canada Canadian Prairies Central Canada Northern Canada Atlantic Canada The Maritimes French Canada English Canada Acadia Acadian Peninsula Quebec City -- Windsor Corridor Peace River Country Cypress Hills Palliser 's Triangle Canadian Shield Interior Alaska - Yukon lowland taiga Newfoundland ( island ) Vancouver Island Gulf Islands Strait of Georgia Canadian Arctic Archipelago Labrador Peninsula Gaspé Peninsula Avalon Peninsula Bay de Verde Peninsula Brodeur Peninsula Melville Peninsula Bruce Peninsula Banks Peninsula ( Nunavut ) Cook Peninsula Gulf of Boothia Georgian Bay Hudson Bay James Bay Greenland Pacific Northwest Inland Northwest Northeast New England Mid-Atlantic Commonwealth West Midwest Upper Midwest Mountain states Intermountain West Basin and Range Province Oregon Trail Mormon Corridor Calumet Region Southwest Old Southwest Llano Estacado Central United States Tallgrass prairie South South Central Deep South Upland South Four Corners East Coast West Coast Gulf Coast Third Coast Eastern United States Appalachia Trans - Mississippi Great North Woods Great Plains Interior Plains Great Lakes Great Basin Great Basin Desert Acadia Ozarks Ark - La - Tex Waxhaws Siouxland Twin Tiers Driftless Area Palouse Piedmont Atlantic coastal plain Outer Lands Black Dirt Region Blackstone Valley Piney Woods Rocky Mountains Mojave Desert The Dakotas The Carolinas Shawnee Hills San Fernando Valley Tornado Alley North Coast Lost Coast Emerald Triangle San Francisco Bay Area San Francisco Bay North Bay East Bay Silicon Valley Interior Alaska - Yukon lowland taiga Gulf of Mexico Lower Colorado River Valley Sacramento -- San Joaquin River Delta Yukon -- Kuskokwim Delta Colville Delta Arkansas Delta Mobile -- Tensaw River Delta Mississippi Delta Mississippi River Delta Columbia River Estuary Great Basin High Desert Monterey Peninsula Upper Peninsula of Michigan Lower Peninsula of Michigan Virginia Peninsula Keweenaw Peninsula Middle Peninsula Delmarva Peninsula Alaska Peninsula Kenai Peninsula Niagara Peninsula Beringia Belt regions Bible Belt Black Belt Corn Belt Cotton Belt Frost Belt Rice Belt Rust Belt Sun Belt Snow Belt Latin Northern Mexico Baja California Peninsula Gulf of California Colorado River Delta Gulf of Mexico Soconusco Tierra Caliente La Mixteca La Huasteca Bajío Valley of Mexico Mezquital Valley Sierra Madre de Oaxaca Yucatán Peninsula Basin and Range Province Western Caribbean Zone Isthmus of Panama Gulf of Panama Pearl Islands Azuero Peninsula Mosquito Coast West Indies Antilles Greater Antilles Lesser Antilles Leeward Leeward Antilles Windward Lucayan Archipelago Southern Caribbean Aridoamerica Mesoamerica Oasisamerica Northern Middle Anglo Latin French Hispanic American Cordillera Ring of Fire LAC Regions of Oceania Australasia Gulf of Carpentaria Zealandia Kula Gulf Australia Capital Country Eastern Australia Lake Eyre basin Murray -- Darling basin Northern Australia Nullarbor Plain Outback Southern Australia Maralinga Sunraysia Great Victoria Desert Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf St Vincent Lefevre Peninsula Fleurieu Peninsula Yorke Peninsula Eyre Peninsula Mornington Peninsula Bellarine Peninsula Mount Henry Peninsula Melanesia Islands Region Bismarck Archipelago Solomon Islands North Solomon Islands Solomon Islands Fiji New Caledonia New Guinea Papua New Guinea Republic of West Papua Vanuatu Micronesia Caroline Islands Federated States of Micronesia Palau Kiribati Mariana Islands Guam Northern Mariana Islands Marshall Islands Nauru Wake Island Polynesia Easter Island Hawaiian Islands Cook Islands French Polynesia Austral Islands Gambier Islands Mangareva Islands Marquesas Islands Society Islands Tuamotu Kermadec Islands New Zealand South Island North Island Niue Pitcairn Islands Samoan Islands American Samoa Independent State of Samoa Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Ring of Fire Regions of South America East Amazon basin Atlantic Forest Caatinga Cerrado North Caribbean South America West Indies Los Llanos The Guianas Amazon basin Amazon rainforest Gulf of Paria Paria Peninsula Paraguaná Peninsula Orinoco Delta South Tierra del Fuego Patagonia Pampas Pantanal Gran Chaco Chiquitano dry forests Valdes Peninsula West Andes Tropical Andes Wet Andes Dry Andes Pariacaca mountain range Altiplano Atacama Desert Latin Hispanic American Cordillera Ring of Fire LAC Polar regions Antarctic Antarctic Peninsula East Antarctica West Antarctica Eklund Islands Ecozone Extreme points Islands Arctic Arctic Alaska British Arctic Territories Canadian Arctic Archipelago Finnmark Greenland Northern Canada Northwest Territories Nunavik Nunavut Russian Arctic Sakha Sápmi Yukon North American Arctic Earth 's oceans and seas Arctic Ocean Amundsen Gulf Barents Sea Beaufort Sea Chukchi Sea East Siberian Sea Greenland Sea Gulf of Boothia Kara Sea Laptev Sea Lincoln Sea Prince Gustav Adolf Sea Pechora Sea Queen Victoria Sea Wandel Sea White Sea Atlantic Ocean Adriatic Sea Aegean Sea Alboran Sea Archipelago Sea Argentine Sea Baffin Bay Balearic Sea Baltic Sea Bay of Biscay Bay of Bothnia Bay of Campeche Bay of Fundy Black Sea Bothnian Sea Caribbean Sea Celtic Sea English Channel Foxe Basin Greenland Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Gulf of Lion Gulf of Guinea Gulf of Maine Gulf of Mexico Gulf of Saint Lawrence Gulf of Sidra Gulf of Venezuela Hudson Bay Ionian Sea Irish Sea Irminger Sea James Bay Labrador Sea Levantine Sea Libyan Sea Ligurian Sea Marmara Sea Mediterranean Sea Myrtoan Sea North Sea Norwegian Sea Sargasso Sea Sea of Åland Sea of Azov Sea of Crete Sea of the Hebrides Thracian Sea Tyrrhenian Sea Wadden Sea Indian Ocean Andaman Sea Arabian Sea Bali Sea Bay of Bengal Flores Sea Great Australian Bight Gulf of Aden Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Oman Gulf of Suez Java Sea Laccadive Sea Mozambique Channel Persian Gulf Red Sea Timor Sea Pacific Ocean Arafura Sea Banda Sea Bering Sea Bismarck Sea Bohai Sea Bohol Sea Camotes Sea Celebes Sea Ceram Sea Chilean Sea Coral Sea East China Sea Gulf of Alaska Gulf of Anadyr Gulf of California Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf of Fonseca Gulf of Panama Gulf of Thailand Gulf of Tonkin Halmahera Sea Koro Sea Mar de Grau Molucca Sea Moro Gulf Philippine Sea Salish Sea Savu Sea Sea of Japan Sea of Okhotsk Seto Inland Sea Shantar Sea Sibuyan Sea Solomon Sea South China Sea Sulu Sea Tasman Sea Visayan Sea Yellow Sea Southern Ocean Amundsen Sea Bellingshausen Sea Cooperation Sea Cosmonauts Sea Davis Sea D'Urville Sea King Haakon VII Sea Lazarev Sea Mawson Sea Riiser - Larsen Sea Ross Sea Scotia Sea Somov Sea Weddell Sea Landlocked seas Aral Sea Caspian Sea Dead Sea Salton Sea Book Related subjects and articles Countries of the Pacific Ring of Fire Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Colombia Chile Costa Rica Ecuador East Timor El Salvador Micronesia Fiji Guatemala Honduras Indonesia Japan Kiribati Mexico New Zealand Nicaragua Palau Papua New Guinea Panama Peru Philippines Russia Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu United States Oceanic Trenches of the Pacific Ring of Fire Aleutian Trench Bougainville Trench Kermadec Trench Izu Bonin Trench Japan Trench Kurile Trench Mariana Trench Middle America Trench Peru -- Chile Trench Philippine Trench Ryukyu Trench Tonga Trench Yap Trench Tectonic Plates of the Pacific Ring of Fire Antarctic Plate Australian Plate Caribbean Plate Cocos Plate Eurasian Plate Explorer Plate Gorda Plate Juan de Fuca Plate Nazca Plate North American Plate Pacific Plate Philippine Sea Plate Rivera Plate South American Plate Volcanoes of the Pacific Ring of Fire Baker Bulusan Cold Bay Concepción Fuego Fuji Galeras Hood Mount Erebus Krakatoa Mayon Cascade Volcanoes Merapi Momotombo Novarupta Parícutin Pico de Orizaba Pinatubo Popocatépetl Shasta Rainier Ruapehu Nevado del Ruiz Saint Helens Tambora Taranaki Tungurahua Usu Hoodoo Edziza Tseax The Volcano Meager Garibaldi Cayley Silverthrone Volcano Mountain Other Notable Geographic Features of the Pacific Ring of Fire Alaska Aleutian Islands American cordillera Andes Antarctica Bali Borneo Bougainville British Columbia California Cascade Range Challenger Deep Coast Mountains Fais Island Flores Guam Honshū Insular Mountains Java Kamchatka Kurile Islands Luzon Mariana Islands Melanesia Micronesia Mindanao New Guinea North Island ( NZL ) Northern Mariana Islands Oregon Pacific Coast Range Pacific Ocean Polynesia Rocky Mountains San Andreas Fault Queen Charlotte Fault Sierra Madre ( PHL ) Sierra Madre ( USA ) Sierra Madre del Sur Sierra Madre Occidental Sierra Madre Oriental South Island ( NZL ) Sulawesi Timor Washington Yap Yukon Territory Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ring_of_Fire&oldid=853766768 '' Categories : Plate tectonics Volcanology Geographic areas of seismological interest Geography of Oceania Volcanoes of the Pacific Ocean Extreme points of Earth Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles using GVP links in vnum format All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Basa Banyumasan Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Қазақша Latina Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 中文 51 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 August 2018 , at 21 : 37 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what volcanoes from us are in the ring of fire	[]	[]
-9022378806503569406	List of United Kingdom general elections	List of United Kingdom general elections - wikipedia List of United Kingdom general elections Jump to : navigation , search For by - election results , see List of United Kingdom by - elections ( 1979 -- present ) . For information on UK elections in general , see Elections in the United Kingdom . For voting figures in general elections from 1922 , see United Kingdom general elections overview . This is a list of United Kingdom general elections ( elections for the UK House of Commons ) since the first in 1802 . The members of the 1801 -- 1802 Parliament had been elected to the former Parliament of Great Britain and Parliament of Ireland , before being co-opted to serve in the first Parliament of the United Kingdom , so that Parliament is not included in the table below . Election results ( edit ) Shares of the vote in general elections since 1832 received by Conservatives ( blue ) , Liberals / Liberal Democrats ( orange ) , Labour ( red ) and others ( grey ) In 1801 the right to vote in the United Kingdom was severely restricted . Universal suffrage , on an equal basis for men and women over the age of 21 , was established in 1929 . Before 1918 , general elections did not occur on a single day and polling was spread over several weeks . The date given in the table for elections prior to 1918 is the date Parliament assembled after the election , which could be in the year after the general election . The majority figure given is for the difference between the number of MPs elected at the general election from the party ( or parties ) of the government , as opposed to all other parties ( some of which may have been giving some support to the government , but were not participating in a coalition ) . The Speaker is excluded from the calculation . A negative majority means that there was a hung parliament ( or minority parliament ) following that election . For example , in the 1929 election , Labour was 42 seats short of forming a majority , and so its majority is listed as − 42 . If the party in office changed the figure is re-calculated , but no allowance is made for changes after the general election . No attempt is made to define a majority before 1832 , when the Reform Act disenfranchised the rotten boroughs ; before then the Tory party had an undemocratically entrenched dominance . Particularly in the early part of the period the complexity of factional alignments , with both the Whig and Tory traditions tending to have some members in government and others in opposition factions simultaneously , make it impossible to produce an accurate majority figure . The figures between 1832 and about 1859 are approximate due to problems of defining what was a party in government , as the source provides figures for all Liberals rather than just the Whig component in what developed into the Liberal Party . The Whig and Peelite Prime Ministers in the table below are regarded as having the support of all Liberals . Election Date Prime Minister ( s ) ( during term ) Winning Party Majority Turnout ( % ) Notes 1802 ( MPs ) 22 July 1802 Henry Addington William Pitt the Younger The Lord Grenville Tory Tory ( Pittite who called himself a Whig ) Whig ... 1806 ( MPs ) 17 November 1806 The Lord Grenville The Duke of Portland Whig Tory ( Pittite who called himself a Whig ) ... 1807 ( MPs ) 22 June 1807 The Duke of Portland Spencer Perceval The Earl of Liverpool Tory ( Pittite who called himself a Whig ) Tory Tory ... 1812 ( MPs ) 24 November 1812 The Earl of Liverpool Tory ... 1818 ( MPs ) 4 August 1818 The Earl of Liverpool Tory ... 1820 ( MPs ) 16 January 1821 The Earl of Liverpool Tory ... 1826 ( MPs ) 19 June 1826 The Earl of Liverpool George Canning The Viscount Goderich The Duke of Wellington Tory Tory Tory Tory ... 1830 ( MPs ) 9 August 1830 The Duke of Wellington The Earl Grey Tory Whig ... 1831 ( MPs ) 25 July 1831 The Earl Grey Whig 136 At this point , the Reform Act 1832 gave suffrage to propertied male adults and disenfranchised almost all of the rotten boroughs . 1832 ( MPs ) 29 January 1833 The Earl Grey The Viscount Melbourne The Duke of Wellington Sir Robert Peel Whig Whig Conservative Conservative 225 ( L ) − 308 ( C ) 1835 ( MPs ) 19 February 1835 Sir Robert Peel The Viscount Melbourne Conservative Whig − 113 ( C ) 113 ( L ) 1837 ( MPs ) 15 November 1837 The Viscount Melbourne Whig 29 1841 ( MPs ) 19 August 1841 The Viscount Melbourne Sir Robert Peel Lord John Russell Whig Conservative Whig 77 1847 ( MPs ) 9 August 1847 Lord John Russell The Earl of Derby Whig Conservative − 72 1852 ( MPs ) 4 November 1852 The Earl of Derby The Earl of Aberdeen The Viscount Palmerston Conservative Peelite Whig 7 1857 ( MPs ) 30 April 1857 The Viscount Palmerston The Earl of Derby Whig Conservative 100 1859 ( MPs ) 31 May 1859 The Earl of Derby The Viscount Palmerston Conservative Liberal 59 1865 ( MPs ) 11 July 1865 The Viscount Palmerston The Earl Russell The Earl of Derby Benjamin Disraeli Liberal Liberal Conservative Conservative 81 At this point , the Reform Act 1867 significantly widened the suffrage and disenfranchised more smaller boroughs . 1868 ( MPs ) 10 December 1868 William Ewart Gladstone Liberal 115 1874 ( MPs ) 5 March 1874 Benjamin Disraeli Conservative 49 1880 ( MPs ) 29 April 1880 William Ewart Gladstone The Marquess of Salisbury Liberal Conservative 51 At this point , the Representation of the People Act 1884 extended the borough franchise of 1867 to the counties , increasing the electorate to about 5,500,000 men . 1885 ( MPs ) 12 January 1886 The Marquess of Salisbury William Ewart Gladstone Conservative Liberal − 172 1886 ( MPs ) 5 August 1886 The Marquess of Salisbury Conservative 116 1892 ( MPs ) 4 August 1892 The Marquess of Salisbury William Ewart Gladstone The Earl of Rosebery The Marquess of Salisbury Conservative Liberal Liberal Conservative − 126 1895 ( MPs ) 12 August 1895 The Marquess of Salisbury Conservative 153 1900 ( MPs ) 3 December 1900 The Marquess of Salisbury Arthur Balfour Sir Henry Campbell - Bannerman Conservative Conservative Liberal 135 Khaki election 1906 ( MPs ) 13 February 1906 Sir Henry Campbell - Bannerman H.H. Asquith Liberal 129 January 1910 ( MPs ) 15 February 1910 H.H. Asquith Liberal − 122 December 1910 ( MPs ) 31 January 1911 H.H. Asquith David Lloyd George Liberal − 126 The Parliament Act 1911 reduced the maximum life of a Parliament from seven years to five ; however , the election that would have been due by 1915 as a result of the Act was not held due to the First World War ( 1914 -- 1918 ) . At this point , the Representation of the People Act 1918 gave suffrage to most of the adult population ( men over 21 , women over 30 ) . 1918 ( MPs ) 14 December 1918 David Lloyd George Bonar Law Liberal ( Coalition government ) Conservative 238 57.2 Coalition Coupon 1922 ( MPs ) 15 November 1922 Bonar Law Stanley Baldwin Conservative 74 73 1923 ( MPs ) 6 December 1923 Stanley Baldwin Ramsay MacDonald Conservative Labour − 98 71.1 1924 ( MPs ) 29 October 1924 Stanley Baldwin Conservative 210 77 At this point , the Representation of the People Act 1928 gave universal suffrage to the adult population over 21 . 1929 ( MPs ) 30 May 1929 Ramsay MacDonald Labour − 42 76.3 The `` flapper '' election 1931 ( MPs ) 27 October 1931 Ramsay MacDonald National Labour ( National Government ) 492 76.4 1935 ( MPs ) 14 November 1935 Stanley Baldwin Neville Chamberlain Winston Churchill Winston Churchill Conservative ( National Government ) Conservative ( National Government ) Conservative ( Wartime Coalition ) Conservative ( Caretaker Government ) 242 242 609 242 71.1 The election due by 1940 was not held due to the Second World War ( 1939 -- 1945 ) 1945 ( MPs ) 5 July 1945 Clement Attlee Labour 146 72.8 640 seats in Commons At this point , the Representation of the People Act 1948 abolished plural voting , university constituencies and the few remaining two - member constituencies . 1950 ( MPs ) 23 February 1950 Clement Attlee Labour 83.9 625 seats in Commons 1951 ( MPs ) 25 October 1951 Sir Winston Churchill Sir Anthony Eden Conservative 17 82.6 1955 ( MPs ) 26 May 1955 Sir Anthony Eden Harold Macmillan Conservative 60 76.8 630 seats in Commons 1959 ( MPs ) 8 October 1959 Harold Macmillan Sir Alec Douglas - Home Conservative 100 78.7 1964 ( MPs ) 15 October 1964 Harold Wilson Labour 77.1 1966 ( MPs ) 31 March 1966 Harold Wilson Labour 98 75.8 At this point , the Representation of the People Act 1969 gave suffrage to the adult population over 18 years old . 1970 ( MPs ) 18 June 1970 Edward Heath Conservative 30 72 February 1974 ( MPs ) 28 February 1974 Harold Wilson Labour ( minority government ) − 33 78.8 Hung Parliament October 1974 ( MPs ) 10 October 1974 Harold Wilson James Callaghan Labour 72.8 635 seats in Commons 1979 ( MPs ) 3 May 1979 Margaret Thatcher Conservative 43 76 1983 ( MPs ) 9 June 1983 Margaret Thatcher Conservative 144 72.7 650 seats in Commons 1987 ( MPs ) 11 June 1987 Margaret Thatcher John Major Conservative 102 75.3 1992 ( MPs ) 9 April 1992 John Major Conservative 21 77.7 651 seats in Commons 1997 ( MPs ) 1 May 1997 Tony Blair Labour 179 71.4 659 seats in Commons 2001 ( MPs ) 7 June 2001 Tony Blair Labour 167 59.4 2005 ( MPs ) 5 May 2005 Tony Blair Gordon Brown Labour 66 61.4 646 seats in Commons 2010 ( MPs ) 6 May 2010 David Cameron Conservative ( formed coalition with Liberal Democrats ) 78 ( combined coalition ) 65.1 650 seats in Commons Hung Parliament At this point , the Fixed - term Parliaments Act 2011 was passed . Elections are now every 5 years , barring parliamentary vote . Before this , the election could be called at any point the Prime Minister wished . 2015 ( MPs ) 7 May 2015 David Cameron Theresa May Conservative 12 66.1 650 seats in Commons 2017 8 June 2017 Theresa May Conservative ( minority government ) - 8 68.7 Snap election approved 19 April 2017 Hung Parliament See also ( edit ) List of UK Conservative Party general election manifestos List of UK Labour Party general election manifestos List of UK Liberal Party general election manifestos United Kingdom general elections overview Referendums in the United Kingdom References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Including Tory ( 1832 ) , Conservative ( from 1835 ) , Liberal Conservative ( 1847 -- 59 ) , Liberal Unionist ( 1886 -- 1910 ) , National parties ( 1931 -- 45 ) . Jump up ^ Including Whig ( to mid-19th century ) , Liberal ( mid-19th century to 1979 ) , National Liberal ( 1922 ) , Independent Liberal ( 1931 ) , SDP - Liberal Alliance ( 1983 -- 87 ) and Liberal Democrat ( from 1992 ) . Jump up ^ Table 2.01 `` Summary Results of General Elections 1832 -- 2005 ( UK ) '' , British electoral facts , 1832 -- 2006 , by Colin Rallings and Michael Thrasher , 7th edition , 2007 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 2712 - 8 , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Election 2010 Results , BBC News . Jump up ^ Election 2015 Results , BBC News . Jump up ^ Rogers , Simon ( 16 November 2012 ) . `` UK election historic turnouts since 1918 News '' . theguardian.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ Died in office . Jump up ^ Was murdered in office . Jump up ^ Died in office . Jump up ^ Was defeated on a motion to examine the accounts of the Civil List on 15 November 1830 and resigned on 16 November Jump up ^ Was dismissed by William IV on 14 November 1834 Jump up ^ Was defeated on a report on the Irish Church on 7 April 1835 and resigned on 8 April Jump up ^ Was defeated on a motion of no confidence on 4 June 1841 and advised the Queen to dissolve Parliament , which she did on 23 June Jump up ^ Ministry met the Commons , but was defeated on an amendment to the Address on 27 August 1841 and resigned on 30 August Jump up ^ Was defeated on an Irish Coercion Bill on 25 June 1846 and resigned on 29 June Jump up ^ Was defeated on a militia Bill on 20 February 1852 and resigned on 23 February Jump up ^ Was defeated on the Budget on 16 December 1852 and resigned on 19 December Jump up ^ Was defeated on a vote in favour of a select committee to enquire into alleged mismanagement during the Crimean War on 29 January 1855 and resigned the next day Jump up ^ Was defeated on a Bill , which made it a felony to plot in Britain to murder someone abroad , on 19 February 1858 and resigned on the same day Jump up ^ Ministry met the Commons , but was defeated on an amendment to the Address on 10 June 1859 and resigned on 11 June Jump up ^ Died in office Jump up ^ Was defeated on Parliamentary reform proposals on 18 June 1866 and resigned on 26 June Jump up ^ Was defeated on the Budget on 8 June 1885 and resigned the next day Jump up ^ Met the Commons , but was defeated on an amendment to the Address on 26 January 1886 and resigned on 28 January Jump up ^ Was defeated on the Government of Ireland Bill on 7 June 1886 and advised the Queen to dissolve Parliament , which she did on 26 June . Jump up ^ Met the Commons , but was defeated on an amendment to the Address on 11 August 1892 and resigned the same day Jump up ^ Was defeated on the Cordite Vote on 21 June 1895 and resigned that day Jump up ^ Became Prime Minister on 25 June 1895 and immediately advised the dissolution of Parliament Jump up ^ Became Prime Minister on 5 December 1905 and immediately advised the dissolution of Parliament Jump up ^ Became Prime Minister on 23 October 1922 and immediately advised the dissolution of Parliament Jump up ^ Met the Commons , but was defeated on an amendment to the Address on 21 January 1924 and resigned the next day Jump up ^ `` Gordon Brown calls 6 May general election '' . BBC News . 6 April 2010 . Retrieved 6 April 2010 . Elections and referendums in the United Kingdom General elections 1801 co-option 1802 1806 1807 1812 1818 1820 1826 1830 1831 1832 1835 1837 1841 1847 1852 1857 1859 1865 1868 1874 1880 1885 1886 1892 1895 1900 1906 1910 ( Jan ) 1910 ( Dec ) 1918 1922 1923 1924 1929 1931 1935 1945 1950 1951 1955 1959 1964 1966 1970 1974 ( Feb ) 1974 ( Oct ) 1979 1992 1997 2001 2005 2015 2017 Next Local elections 1889 1890 1892 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1989 1992 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 European elections 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2009 2014 Referendums 2011 2016 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_Kingdom_general_elections&oldid=787195799 '' Categories : General elections to the Parliament of the United Kingdom Lists of elections in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2015 Use British English from October 2013 Talk About Wikipedia Cymraeg Deutsch 日本語 Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 24 June 2017 , at 00 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the last time labour won an election	[]	[]
-5512897852312721257	So So Def Recordings	So So Def recordings - wikipedia So So Def recordings Jump to : navigation , search So So Def Recordings Parent company Sony Music Entertainment Founded 1993 ; 25 years ago ( 1993 ) Founder Jermaine Dupri Distributor ( s ) Epic Records Genre Hip hop , R&B Country of origin United States Location Atlanta , Georgia So So Def Recordings is a record label based in Atlanta , Georgia , and owned by producer Jermaine Dupri , specializing in Southern hip hop , R&B , and bass music . So So Def has managed artists such as Bow Wow , Kris Kross , TLC , and Usher Contents ( hide ) 1 Beginnings 2 Current Artists 3 Distribution 4 Discography 5 References 6 External links Beginnings ( edit ) So So Def was established in 1993 as a spin - off of Dupri 's production company of the same moniker , through a joint venture with Sony and Columbia . Its 1st act was Xscape , whose debut album was released in the fall of the same year and went Platinum -- as did their 2nd and 3rd albums , released in 1995 and 1998 . In 1994 , the label released the debut album of Da Brat , who became the 1st solo female emcee to be certified for Platinum album sales . In 1996 , Kandi Burruss brought Jagged Edge to the attention of the label ; their debut album , A Jagged Era , was released in 1997 . So So Def later released the Triple Platinum debut album by Bow Wow in 2000 . Other acts on the label have included : Dem Franchise Boyz , Maestro Harrell , The Ghost Town DJs , INOJ , J - Kwon , Trina Broussard , 3LW , and Anthony Hamilton . Current Artists ( edit ) Da Brat Bow Wow J - Kwon Jagged Edge Xscape Nova Mani Distribution ( edit ) In 2003 , So So Def 's distribution deal with Columbia ended . The following year , Dupri moved So So Def to Arista . While many of So So Def 's acts moved with the label to Arista , Bow Wow and Jagged Edge were forced to remain at Columbia , due to their contracts having been with that company primarily . In 2004 , per the re-consolidation of labels caused by the merger of its former Sony parent and BMG , So So Def was shifted from Arista to Zomba . In 2005 , Dupri was appointed Executive Vice President of Urban Music at Virgin , causing So So Def to move again , this time over to Virgin and EMI -- resulting in the loss of Bone Crusher and YoungBloodZ . So So Def , meanwhile , was able to retain J - Kwon and Anthony Hamilton , despite them still being signed to Zomba . In 2006 , Dupri had a falling out with Virgin , resulting in him leaving his post at the company . Intermittent , he was appointed President of urban music at Universal 's Island , resulting in So So Def once again making a move to UMG 's The Island Def Jam . In 2009 , it was reported that Dupri had been terminated from his post at Island . Later in the same year , it was rumored that So So Def had moved back to Sony , where it reportedly operated under Zomba once more . In 2010 , Mississippi - based independent label Malaco Records distributed So So Def 's release of the Why Did I Get Married Too ? soundtrack . In 2014 , So So Def partnered with Primary Wave for the release of Jagged Edge 's album J.E. Heartbreak 2 . In June 2016 , So So Def partnered with Epic for current distribution . Discography ( edit ) Year Title Artist 1993 Hummin ' Comin ' at ' Cha Xscape Funkdafied Da Brat 1995 Off the Hook Xscape 12 Soulful Nights of Christmas Various artists Anuthatantrum Da Brat Young , Rich & Dangerous Kris Kross A Jagged Era Jagged Edge 1998 Traces of My Lipstick Xscape 1998 Life in 1472 Jermaine Dupri 1999 The Movement Harlem World 2000 J.E. Heartbreak Jagged Edge 2000 Unrestricted Da Brat 2000 Beware of Dog Lil ' Bow Wow 2001 Jagged Little Thrill Jagged Edge 2001 Instructions Jermaine Dupri 2001 Doggy Bag Lil ' Bow Wow 2002 Drankin ' Patnaz YoungBloodZ 2003 AttenCHUN ! BoneCrusher 2003 Comin ' From Where I 'm From Anthony Hamilton 2003 Unleashed Lil ' Bow Wow Hood Hop ' J - Kwon 2005 Ai n't Nobody Worryin ' Anthony Hamilton 2005 Young , Fly & Flashy , Vol. 1 Jermaine Dupri 2006 On Top of Our Game Dem Franchize Boyz 2006 A Point of No Return 3LW 2006 So So Gangsta Daz Dillinger 2007 Baby Makin ' Project Jagged Edge 2008 Self - Made Rocko 2008 100 Laws Of Power 2.0 Hot Dollar 2014 J.E. Heartbreak 2 Jagged Edge References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` JD Moves So So Def To Sony '' . Rap Basement . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Janet Jackson `` Nothing '' ( So So Def / Malaco Music ) `` . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . Jump up ^ http://addboard.mediabase.com/SongAddHistory.asp?Sngcde=DONDWDWG&OB=1&format=U1 Jump up ^ Jermaine Dupri & So So Def Label Team with Epic Records & L.A. Reid External links ( edit ) Official site Jermaine Dupri Discography Production discography Videography Studio albums Life in 1472 Instructions Compilations Young , Fly & Flashy , Vol. 1 Singles `` The Party Continues '' `` Sweetheart '' `` Money Ai n't a Thang '' `` I 've Got to Have It '' `` Welcome to Atlanta '' `` Gotta Getcha '' `` I Think They Like Me '' Featured singles `` With Me '' `` Imagination '' `` Get None '' `` Bounce with Me '' `` Too Hood '' `` Ghetto Girls '' `` Thank You '' `` Basketball '' `` Pop That Booty '' `` Get Your Number '' `` Fresh Azimiz '' `` Dem Jeans '' `` I 'm Throwed '' `` Stepped on My J'z '' `` Boomerang '' Related articles So So Def Recordings Janet Jackson Bow Wow Portal : Biography Portal : Hip hop Portal : R&B and Soul Music Zomba Group of Companies Current labels Battery ( hip hop ) Verity Volcano Silvertone Former labels Jive Jive Electro LaFace Mojo Battery ( dance ) EBUL Music for Nations Pepper Violator So So Def GospoCentric Personnel Clive Calder Ralph Simon Barry Weiss Related articles BMG List of Zomba Group companies Sony BMG Sony Music Entertainment Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=So_So_Def_Recordings&oldid=820386888 '' Categories : American record labels Hip hop record labels Record labels established in 1993 Rhythm and blues record labels Zomba Group subsidiaries Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Français 한국어 Italiano 日本語 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 January 2018 , at 12 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is signed to so so def records	[]	[]
-3108202159212729275	T.J. Miller	T.J. Miller - wikipedia T.J. Miller Jump to : navigation , search T.J. Miller Miller at the 2017 San Diego Comic - Con Todd Joseph Miller ( 1981 - 06 - 04 ) June 4 , 1981 ( age 36 ) Denver , Colorado , U.S. Alma mater George Washington University Occupation Actor , stand - up comedian , producer , writer Years active 2007 -- present Spouse ( s ) Kate Gorney ( m . 2015 ) Website Official website Todd Joseph `` T.J. '' Miller ( born June 4 , 1981 ) is an American actor , stand - up comedian , producer , and writer . From 2014 to 2017 , he starred as Erlich Bachman in the HBO sitcom Silicon Valley . Miller has also performed in several movies , and hosts The Gorburger Show on Comedy Central . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and education 2 Career 2.1 Stand - Up 2.2 Television 2.3 Film 2.4 Music 2.5 Podcasting 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Video games 5 References 6 External links Early life and education ( edit ) Miller was born in Denver , Colorado , the son of Leslie Miller , a clinical psychologist , and Kent Miller , an attorney . He attended Graland Country Day School and graduated from Denver 's East High School , where he participated in drama productions . His drama teacher at East High , Melody Duggan , confirms Miller was a `` typical class clown '' , but said he was much more intuitive than the average teenager . `` He understands the frailty of the human condition better than any kid I 've ever had . In 2003 , Miller graduated from George Washington University in Washington , D.C. with a B.A. in psychology with a concentration in situation theory and social influence . At GWU , he was a member of the comedy group receSs and the Lambda chapter of Phi Sigma Kappa fraternity . While in college , Miller studied the circus arts at Frichess Theatre Urbain in Paris , and attended the British American Drama Academy in London , where he studied Shakespeare for a summer . Career ( edit ) Stand - up ( edit ) After college , Miller moved to Chicago and began to perform improvisation and stand - up comedy , performing with many local troupes . He toured with The Second City for two years . In 2008 , he was named one of Variety 's 10 Comics To Watch . In 2011 , Miller released an hour comedy special , No Real Reason , and a comedy album , Mash Up Audiofile in 2012 . In 2015 , he was part of Funny or Die 's Oddball Comedy and Curiosity Festival , a touring show which included Amy Schumer , Aziz Ansari , and other comics . On June 17 , 2017 , HBO premiered his hourlong comedy special , T.J. Miller : Meticulously Ridiculous , which was filmed in Miller 's native Denver at the end of his 2016 Meticulously Ridiculous Tour . Television ( edit ) Miller appeared frequently as a member of the `` round table '' on Chelsea Lately . He appeared as Marmaduke Brooker in Carpoolers , which ran for 13 episodes on ABC in 2007 -- 2008 . In 2012 , he voiced Robbie Valentino on the Disney channel cartoon Gravity Falls . On December 13 , 2010 , October 28 , 2011 , and June 14 , 2012 , he performed stand - up on Conan . On November 15 , 2011 , his stand - up special No Real Reason premiered on Comedy Central . In 2011 , he hosted a special called Mash Up , which was picked up in 2012 for a full season by Comedy Central . He starred in the Fox TV series The Goodwin Games as Jimmy Goodwin . Miller starred in the HBO sitcom Silicon Valley , which has been met with widespread critical acclaim and he won the Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series in 2015 . In May 2017 , Miller and HBO jointly announced that Miller will not be returning for the 5th season of Silicon Valley . As a commercial actor , he voices a talking ball of mucus in commercials for Mucinex and stars as Greg the Genie in a promotional campaign for Slim Jim meat snacks . Film ( edit ) In Miller 's film debut , Cloverfield , he appeared onscreen for only a few minutes , but his voice was heard in almost every scene as the character who videotaped most of the events depicted . In 2009 , he played Cessna Jim in The Goods : Live Hard , Sell Hard and the dim - witted grindcore musician Rory in Mike Judge 's comedy Extract . In 2010 , he co-starred in She 's Out of My League as Stainer , played Brian the Concierge in Get Him to the Greek and appeared in a supporting role in the film Unstoppable . He voiced the character ' Tuffnut ' in the Oscar - nominated animated films How to Train Your Dragon and How to Train Your Dragon 2 . He also played Dan in Gulliver 's Travels , released in December 2010 . He played the supporting character of Ranger Jones in the live - action / animated Yogi Bear 2010 film . Unlike his character on the cartoon show , he is `` dumb - but - not - in - a-funny - way '' , according to the Buffalo News . He was cast in the part after two auditions ; as a joke , he sent Warner Bros. an improvised video audition with an actual bear , though he had already been offered the part before they received it . In 2011 , he appeared in the film Our Idiot Brother . He had a cameo as administrative personnel for Rolling Stone in the 2012 film Rock of Ages . He starred in the 2016 movie Search Party alongside Adam Pally . In 2014 , he appeared in Transformers : Age of Extinction . In November 2014 , he was the voice of Fred in the superhero CGI film Big Hero 6 . Miller portrayed Weasel in Deadpool . In 2017 , he portrayed the voice of the main protagonist Gene , a meh emoji with different expressions , in the animated The Emoji Movie . Music ( edit ) On September 12 , 2011 , Miller released a comedy rap concept album titled The Extended Play E.P. The album features comedians Bo Burnham , Doug Benson , Pete Holmes and hip - hop artists Ugly Duckling and Johnny Polygon . In 2012 , Miller released The Extended Play E.P. Illegal Art Remix Tape . Also in 2012 , Miller released Mash Up Audiofile on Comedy Central Records to mixed reviews . Podcasting ( edit ) Miller started appearing on Chicago - based comedy Podcast Red Bar Radio in 2006 as a semi-regular co-host . He hosts a podcast with friend and fellow comedian Cash Levy , titled Cashing in With TJ Miller , which began airing in March 2012 on the Nerdist Network . He is also a frequent guest on Doug Benson 's podcast Doug Loves Movies . Personal life ( edit ) In 2014 , Miller became engaged to his long - term girlfriend , actress and mixed - media artist Kathryn Gorney . They were married on September 6 , 2015 at the Denver Botanic Gardens . A self - described `` enthusiastic marijuana user '' , Miller notes other similarities between himself and Erlich Bachman , his character on Silicon Valley . `` He is just sort of , unfortunately for me , a magnification of certain aspects of my personality , mixed in with a couple of fictional things ... I am , at times , a Falstaffian figure ; he very much is that too . We are in line with each other as nihilists : He thinks you should tell it like it is ... because everybody 's opinion including yours does n't mean anything . '' Miller described learning about an undiagnosed cerebral arteriovenous malformation on his right frontal lobe on the Pete Holmes podcast You Made It Weird on October 28 , 2011 . He stated that he became more philosophical , narrated his behaviors , and was unable to sleep while filming Yogi Bear in New Zealand in 2010 . His brain surgery was successful , though there was a 10 percent risk of fatality . On December 9 , 2016 , Miller was arrested and jailed in Los Angeles for allegedly assaulting a driver of the Uber car service company because of an argument he had with the driver over Donald Trump . He was released on his own recognizance after bail was set at $20,000 . Miller , according to an interview by Thomas Middleditch , is an atheist . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2008 Cloverfield Hudson `` Hud '' Platt 2009 Goods : Live Hard , Sell Hard , The The Goods : Live Hard , Sell Hard Cessna Jim Extract Rory She 's Out of My League Wendell ( `` Stainer '' ) How to Train Your Dragon Tuffnut Thorston ( voice ) Get Him to the Greek Brian Unstoppable Gilleece Yogi Bear Ranger Jones Gulliver 's Travels Dan Quint Successful Alcoholics Drake Short film , also co-writer 2011 Our Idiot Brother Billy Orwin Charlie on Parole Charlie Short film 2012 Rock of Ages Rolling Stone Receptionist Seeking a Friend for the End of the World Darcy 2014 How to Train Your Dragon 2 Tuffnut Thorston ( voice ) Transformers : Age of Extinction Lucas Flannery Big Hero 6 Fred ( voice ) Search Party Jason 2015 Hell and Back Augie ( voice ) 2016 Deadpool Jack Hammer / Weasel Office Christmas Party Clay Vanstone 2017 Goon : Last of the Enforcers Chad Bailey The Emoji Movie Gene ( voice ) 2018 Ready Player One i - R0k Post-production Underwater Post-production Deadpool 2 Jack Hammer / Weasel Post-production 2019 How to Train Your Dragon 3 Tuffnut Thorston ( voice ) In production Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2007 -- 2008 Carpoolers Marmaduke Brooker 13 episodes 2011 Traffic Light Jason Episode : `` Breaking Bread '' 2011 Happy Endings Jason Shershow Episode : `` The Shershow Redemption '' 2011 Ice Age : A Mammoth Christmas Prancer ( voice ) Television short 2011 The League Gabriel Episode : `` The Light of Genesis '' 2011 Fact Checkers Unit Cop Episode : `` Excessive Gass '' 2011 T.J. Miller : No Real Reason Himself Stand - up special 2012 Romantic Encounters Toy Story 5 Episode : `` Toy Story 5 '' 2012 How to Rock Danny Mango 2 episodes 2012 -- 2013 The Gorburger Show Gorburger 16 episodes ; also writer 2012 -- 2016 Gravity Falls Robbie Valentino ( voice ) 13 episodes 2012 -- present DreamWorks Dragons Tuffnut Thorston ( voice ) 82 episodes 2013 , 2014 American Dad ! Benji / Cowboy ( voices ) 2 episodes 2013 The Goodwin Games Jimmy Goodwin 7 episodes 2013 High School USA ! Brad Slovee ( voice ) 12 episodes 2013 The Jeselnik Offensive Himself 3 episodes 2014 Garfunkel and Oates Matthew Uncredited Episode : `` Speechless '' 2014 -- 2017 Silicon Valley Erlich Bachman 38 episodes Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series ( 2015 ) Nominated -- Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series ( 2016 ) 2015 Family Guy Premature Volcano ( voice ) Episode : `` Roasted Guy '' 2016 21st Critics ' Choice Awards Himself ( host ) Television special 2016 Those Who Ca n't Uncle Jake Episode : `` What 's Eating Uncle Jake ? '' 2016 22nd Critics ' Choice Awards Himself ( host ) Television special 2017 The Gorburger Show Gorburger 8 episodes ; also writer and executive producer 2017 Crashing Himself 2 episodes 2017 F is for Family Randy ( voice ) 3 episodes 2017 T.J. Miller : Meticulously Ridiculous Himself Stand - up special Video games ( edit ) Year Title Voice role How to Train Your Dragon Tuffnut Thorston Yogi Bear : The Video Game Ranger Jones References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ryzik , Melena ( April 20 , 2016 ) . `` Q. and A. With T.J. Miller : ' Silicon Valley ' and the Mucinex Phlegm Ball '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Marantz , Andrew ( June 9 , 2016 ) . `` How ' Silicon Valley ' Nails Silicon Valley '' . The New Yorker . Jump up ^ Wenzel , John ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` T.J. Miller on leaving Silicon Valley , his summer of controversy , and losing his mind : `` I was stunting '' `` . The Denver Post . ^ Jump up to : Husted , Bill ( December 11 , 2010 ) . `` Husted : 2010 is Miller time for Denver kid who made it big '' . The Denver Post . ^ Jump up to : Blair , Elizabeth ( February 13 , 2016 ) . `` Comic T.J. Miller : Trained Clown And Student Of Nietzsche '' ( Includes audio ) . Weekend Edition Saturday . NPR . Jump up ^ Kabas , Marisa ( October 1 , 2007 ) . `` GW alum stars in ABC 's new primetime show '' . The GW Hatchet . Jump up ^ Anderson , Devin ( October 8 , 2014 ) . `` Real Talk with TJ Miller '' . The Ferris State Torch . Ferris State University . ^ Jump up to : `` Performers : T.J. Miller '' . The Groundlings . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Heidemann , Jason ( 1 April 2015 ) . `` Silicon Valley Star T.J. Miller Says Nietzsche Made Him Funny '' . Chicago . Jump up ^ Campus Activities Magazine ( 3 December 2007 ) . `` TJ Miller '' . Second Thoughts from The Second City . Jump up ^ @ iowastatedaily.com , Emily. Urban . `` TJ Miller to perform in the Great Hall '' . Iowa State Daily . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Frankel , Daniel ( July 10 , 2008 ) . `` T.J. Miller : 10 Comics to Watch '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` T.J. Miller 's `` No Real Reason '' keeps it weird , keeps it great `` . The Laugh Button . November 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Heisler , Steve ( December 10 , 2012 ) . `` The best comedy albums of 2012 '' . The A.V. Club . ^ Jump up to : Niccum , Jon ( August 26 , 2015 ) . `` Comic actor T.J. Miller : An oddball among oddballs '' . The Kansas City Star . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` HBO Sets Summer Premiere For Stand - Up Special From Silicon Valley 's T.J. Miller '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 17 February 2012 ) . `` Comedy Central Greenlights Stand - Up Series Hosted By T.J. Miller '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ Heisler , Steve ( 11 March 2011 ) . `` Mash Up '' . The A.V. Club . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 7 , 2012 ) . `` T.J. Miller To Play Lead On New Fox Comedy Series ' Goodwin Games ' In Recasting '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` T.J. Miller to Exit ' Silicon Valley ' Ahead of Season 5 '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Sandberg , Bryn Elise ( June 25 , 2017 ) . `` T.J. Miller Says Leaving ' Silicon Valley ' `` Felt Like a Breakup '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . ^ Jump up to : Marchese , David ( July 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' People Need a Villain ' - T.J. Miller Knows You Think He 's Crazy for Leaving Silicon Valley '' . Vulture . Jump up ^ Husband , Andrew ( 30 September 2015 ) . `` T.J. Miller Tells Us Why He Thinks Making Funny Commercials Is Better Than Being On ' SNL ' '' . Uproxx . Jump up ^ Chang , Justin ( December 13 , 2010 ) . `` Review : ' Yogi Bear ' '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Miller , Melinda ( December 16 , 2010 ) . `` Spoiling the fun ; Film with potential winds up being mostly unbearable '' . The Buffalo News . Jump up ^ `` T.J. Miller Auditions for Yogi the Bear '' ( Video ) . JordanVogtRoberts . October 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 23 , 2013 ) . `` ' Search Party ' Finds Its Stars , Begins Shooting Next Week '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( May 28 , 2013 ) . `` T.J. Miller Joins ' Transformers 4 ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . ^ Jump up to : Snierson , Dan ( 17 July 2016 ) . `` ' Silicon Valley ' star T.J. Miller to voice lead character in emoji movie '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Jeffries , David ( September 25 , 2011 ) . `` The Extended Play EP - T.J. Miller '' . AllMusic . Jump up ^ Coplanon , Chris ( September 19 , 2012 ) . `` Stream : T.J. Miller -- The Extended Play E.P. Illegal Art ReMixTape ( CoS Premiere ) '' . Consequence of Sound . Jump up ^ Seabaugh , Julie ( November 12 , 2012 ) . `` T.J. Miller Mash Up Audiofile album review '' . The Spit Take . Jump up ^ `` Cashing In with T.J. Miller '' . Nerdist . Jump up ^ `` Doug Loves Movies '' . A Special Thing Records . Jump up ^ Sykes , Logan ( December 9 , 2016 ) . `` You 've Never Seen Anything Like This Whimsical Art Deco - Inspired Wedding '' . Town & Country . Jump up ^ Harwood , Erika ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` Kate Miller , Artist and Wife of T.J. , Is O.K. Being Misunderstood '' . Vanity Fair . Jump up ^ Holmes , Pete ; Miller , T.J. ( 28 October 2011 ) . `` You Made It Weird # 2 : TJ Miller '' ( Podcast ) . Nerdist . Jump up ^ Stone , Natalie ( 9 December 2016 ) . `` Silicon Valley 's T.J. Miller Arrested on Suspicion of Battery on Car Service Driver '' . People . Jump up ^ Dobuzinskis , Alex ( 9 December 2016 ) . `` Actor T.J. Miller arrested after altercation with Uber driver '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ Yee , Yip Wai ( 4 May 2015 ) . `` 8 Questions with : Silicon Valley star and real - life geek Thomas Middleditch '' . The Straits Times . Jump up ^ bradmin ( 27 March 2014 ) . `` Disney 's ' Big Hero 6 ' First Casting Announcement is Literally a Monster '' . Stitch Kingdom . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to T.J. Miller . Official website T.J. Miller on IMDb ( hide ) Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Neil Patrick Harris ( 2011 ) Ty Burrell ( 2012 ) Simon Helberg ( 2013 ) Andre Braugher ( 2014 ) T.J. Miller ( 2015 ) Andre Braugher ( 2016 ) Louie Anderson ( 2016 ) VIAF : 74183811 LCCN : n2008021423 ISNI : 0000 0000 8154 6531 GND : 1076340172 SUDOC : 156504561 BNF : cb15795492q ( data ) BIBSYS : 1479731350910 MusicBrainz : 9d2f548a - 8f82 - 4801 - 9749 - cfdfec386ddf BNE : XX5001135 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T.J._Miller&oldid=815863724 '' Categories : 1981 births 21st - century American male actors 21st - century American comedians American atheists American male comedians American male film actors American male television actors American male voice actors American stand - up comedians Jewish American male actors George Washington University alumni Living people Male actors from Denver Alumni of the British American Drama Academy Jewish atheists Jewish comedians Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Commons category without a link on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Occitan Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 December 2017 , at 18 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who does tj miller play in gravity falls	[ "Miller appeared frequently as a member of the \"round table\" on Chelsea Lately. He appeared as Marmaduke Brooker in Carpoolers, which ran for 13 episodes on ABC in 2007–2008. In 2012, he voiced Robbie Valentino on the Disney channel cartoon Gravity Falls. On December 13, 2010, October 28, 2011, and June 14, 2012, he performed stand-up on Conan. On November 15, 2011, his stand-up special No Real Reason premiered on Comedy Central. In 2011, he hosted a special called Mash Up, which was picked up in 2012 for a full season by Comedy Central.[17][18] He starred in the Fox TV series The Goodwin Games as Jimmy Goodwin.[19]" ]	[ "Robbie Valentino" ]
8560952845625514513	Nigerian naira	Nigerian naira - wikipedia Nigerian naira Jump to : navigation , search For the village in India , see Naira , Srikakulam . Nigerian naira ISO 4217 Code NGN Denominations Subunit 1 / 100 Kobo Plural Naira Kobo Kobo Symbol ₦ Banknotes 5 , 10 , 20 , 50 , 100 , 200 , 500 & 1000 Naira Coins 50 Kobo , 1 & 2 Naira Demographics User ( s ) Nigeria Issuance Central bank Central Bank of Nigeria Website www.cenbank.org Printer Nigerian Security Printing and Minting Company Limited Website www.mintnigeria.com Mint Nigerian Security Printing and Minting Company Limited Website www.mintnigeria.com Valuation Inflation 8.2 % Source 2014 The naira ( sign : ₦ ; code : NGN ) is the currency of Nigeria . It is subdivided into 100 Kobo . The Central Bank of Nigeria ( CBN ) is the sole issuer of legal tender money throughout the Nigerian Federation . It controls the volume of money supplied in the economy in order to ensure monetary and price stability . The Currency & Branch Operations Department of the CBN is in charge of currency management , through the procurement , distribution / supply , processing , reissue and disposal / disintegration of bank notes and coins . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Coins 1.2 Banknotes 2 Second naira 2.1 Coins 2.2 Banknotes 3 Exchange rates 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) The naira was introduced on 1 January 1973 , replacing the pound at a rate of 2 naira = 1 pound . This made Nigeria the last country to abandon the £ sd currency system . There was a plan to redenominate the naira at 1 new naira = 100 old naira in 2008 , but the plan was suspended . The currency sign is U + 20A6 ₦ Naira sign . Rampant inflation has occurred in Nigeria . The Central Bank of Nigeria claimed that they attempted to control the annual inflation rate below 10 % . In 2011 , the CBN increased key interest rate 6 times , rising from 6.25 % to 12 % . On 31 January 2012 , the CBN decided to maintain the key interest rate at 12 % , in order to reduce the impact of inflation due to reduction in fuel subsidies . As of 20 June 2016 , the naira was allowed to float , after being pegged at 197 to one US dollar for several months . Trades speculated the natural range of the naira would be between 280 and 350 to the dollar . Coins ( edit ) Nigerian coins from the colonial era until now , popularly known as `` kobo '' In 1973 , coins were introduced in denominations of 1⁄2 , 1 , 5 , 10 and 25 kobo , with the 1⁄2 and 1 kobo in bronze and the higher denominations in cupro - nickel . The 1⁄2 kobo coins were minted only that year . In 1991 , smaller 1 , 10 and 25 kobo coins were issued in copper - plated - steel , along with nickel - plated - steel 50 kobo and 1 naira . On 28 February 2007 , new coins were issued in denominations of 50 kobo , 1 and 2 naira , with the 1 and 2 naira bimetallic . Some Nigerians expressed concerns over the usability of the ₦ 2 coin . The deadline for exchanging the old currency was set at 31 May 2007 . The central bank stated that the 1⁄2 to 25 kobo coins were withdrawn from circulation with effect from 28 February 2007 . 1⁄2 kobo 1 kobo 5 kobo 10 kobo 25 kobo 50 kobo 1 naira 2 naira Banknotes ( edit ) On January 1 , 1973 , the Central Bank of Nigeria introduced notes for 50 kobo , 1 , 5 , 10 and 20 naira . The 50 kobo notes were last issued in 1989 . In 1991 , 50 naira notes were issued , followed by 100 naira in 1999 , 200 naira in 2000 , 500 naira in 2001 and 1000 naira on October 12 , 2005 . On February 28 , 2007 , new versions of the 5 to 50 naira banknotes were introduced . Originally the 10 , 20 and 50 naira were to be polymer banknotes , but the 5 , 10 and 50 were delayed to late 2009 and only the 20 was released in polymer . The notes are slightly smaller ( 130 × 72 mm ) and redesigned from the preceding issues . In mid-2009 when Sanusi Lamido Sanusi took over as CBN Governor he eventually changed the 5 , 10 and 50 naira to polymer notes . On the 1000 naira notes , there is a subtle shiny strip running down the back of the note . It is a shimmery gold colour showing 1000 naira . The triangular shape in the middle of the front of the note changes its colour from green to blue when tilted . The main feature on the front is the engraved portraits of Alhaji Aliyu Mai - Bornu and Dr Clement Isong , former governors of the Central Bank of Nigeria . On the first prints of the 100 naira notes issued starting December 1 , 1999 , Zuma Rock was captioned as located in Federal Capital Territory , while actually it is situated in Niger State . Later prints removed the reference to FCT , ABUJA . In 2012 the Central Bank of Nigeria may be contemplating the introduction of new currency denominations of N5 , 000 . The bank has also made plans to convert ₦ 5 , ₦ 10 , ₦ 20 and ₦ 50 into coins which are all presently notes . The Central Bank of Nigeria has announced that it will no longer issue banknotes on polymer citing higher costs and environmental issues . On November 12 , 2014 , the Central Bank of Nigeria issued a 100 naira commemorative note to celebrate the centennial of Nigeria 's existence . The notes are similar to its regular issue with the portrait of Chief Obafemi Awolowo on front , but is redesigned to include a new color scheme , revised security features , the text `` One Nigeria , Great Promise '' in microprinting and on the back is a quickresponse code ( QRC ) which when scanned leads users to a website about Nigeria 's history . ( show ) Currently Circulating Banknotes ( 1 ) 1999 -- 2005 Series Image Value Main Colour Description Date of Obverse Reverse Obverse Reverse Watermark first printing issue ( 2 ) ₦ 100 151 × 78 mm Red and multicolour Chief Obafemi Awolowo Zuma Rock As portrait ( s ) , `` CBN '' , value 1999 1 December 1999 ( 3 ) ₦ 200 Blue and multicolour Sir Ahmadu Bello Pyramid of agricultural commodity and livestock farming 2000 1 November 2000 ( 4 ) ₦ 500 Purple and multicolour Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe Off - shore oil - rig 2001 4 April 2001 ( 5 ) ₦ 1000 Purple Alhaji Aliyu Mai - Bornu , Dr. Clement Isong CBN 's corporate headquarters in Abuja 2005 12 October 2005 2006 Series ( Paper and Polymer banknotes ) ( 6 ) ₦ 5 130 × 72 mm Mauve Alhaji Abubakar Tafawa Balewa Nkpokiti dancers Central Bank of Nigeria logo , `` CBN '' 2006 28 February 2007 ( 7 ) ₦ 10 Red Mr. Alvan Ikoku Fulani milk maids ( 8 ) ₦ 20 Green General Murtala Mohammed Ladi Kwali ( 9 ) ₦ 50 Blue Hausa , Igbo and Yoruba men and a woman Local fishermen For table standards , see the banknote specification table . Nigerian Naira Notes Second naira ( edit ) The naira was scheduled for redenomination in August 2008 , although this was cancelled by then - President Umaru Musa Yar'Adua ) , with 100 old naira to become 1 new naira . The Nigerian Central Bank stated that it will make the naira fully convertible against foreign currencies by 2009 . Currently , the amount of foreign currency is regulated through weekly auctions , while the Central Bank sets the exchange rate . The naira appreciated against the dollar through 2007 due to high oil revenues . Also , the then - Bank Governor , Professor Chukwuma Soludo noted the weekly central bank auctions of foreign currency will gradually be phased out , and that the bank would `` only intervene in the market as may be required to achieve defined policy objectives '' . Coins ( edit ) Coins were to be issued in denominations of : 1 Kobo ( ₦ 0.01 ) 2 Kobo ( ₦ 0.02 ) 5 Kobo ( ₦ 0.05 ) 10 Kobo ( ₦ 0.10 ) 20 Kobo ( ₦ 0.20 ) Banknotes ( edit ) Banknotes were to be printed in denominations of : 50 Kobo ( ₦ 0.50 ) 1 Naira ( ₦ 1 ) 5 Naira ( ₦ 5 ) : 10 Naira ( ₦ 10 ) 20 Naira ( ₦ 20 ) 50 naira ( ₦ 50 ) 100 naira ( ₦ 100 ) 200 naira ( ₦ 200 ) 500 naira ( ₦ 500 ) 1000 naira ( ₦ 1000 ) 50 kobo & 1 naira -- are no longer in use . Exchange rates ( edit ) Rate of the Nigerian naira for 1 USD ( 1994 - 2005 ) This table shows the historical value of one U.S. Dollar in Nigerian naira - PM = Parallel Market . Date Naira per US $ Date Naira per US $ Date Naira per US $ 1972 0.658 17.30 ( 21.90 PM ) 2014 170 - 199 1973 0.658 22.33 ( 56.80 PM ) 2015 199 - 300 0.63 1995 21.89 ( 71.70 PM ) 2016 390 - 489 0.616 21.89 ( 84.58 PM ) 2017 ? 1976 0.62 21.89 ( 84.58 PM ) 2018 360 1977 0.647 1998 21.89 ( 84.70 PM ) 1978 0.606 1999 21.89 ( 88 - 90 PM ) 1979 0.596 2000 85.98 ( 105.00 PM ) 1980 0.550 ( 0.900 PM ) 2001 99 - 106 ( 104 - 122 PM ) 1981 0.61 2002 109 - 113 ( 122 - 140 PM ) 1982 0.673 2003 114 - 127 ( 135 - 137 PM ) 0.724 127 - 130 ( 137 - 144 PM ) 1984 0.765 2005 132 - 136 1985 0.894 ( 1.70 PM ) 2006 128.50 - 131.80 1986 2.02 ( 3.90 PM ) 2007 120 - 125 4.02 ( 5.90 PM ) 2008 115.50 - 120 4.54 ( 6.70 PM ) 2009 145 - 171 7.39 ( 10.70 PM ) 148.21 - 154.8 7.39 ( 10.70 PM ) 2011 151.05 - 165.1 1991 8.04 ( 9.30 PM ) 2012 155.09 - 161.5 9.91 2013 153.21 - 162.9 Current NGN exchange rates From Google Finance : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD INR CNY From Yahoo ! Finance : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD INR CNY From XE : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD INR CNY From OANDA : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD INR CNY From fxtop.com : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD INR CNY See also ( edit ) Economy of Nigeria References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Central Bank of Nigeria - Home '' . Central Bank of Nigeria . Central Bank of Nigeria . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Central Bank of Nigeria : : History of The Currency '' . Jump up ^ `` Nigeria leaves key rate at 12 pct as expected '' , Reuters , 31 January 2012 Jump up ^ `` Nigeria Floats its Currency '' . The Economist. 18 June 2016 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Nigeria : Nigeria 's New Notes And Coins '' . This Day . 2007 - 02 - 21 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Nigeria : New Currency - Two Per Cent of Withdrawals to Be in Coins - CBN '' . Vanguard . 2007 - 02 - 21 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ Central Bank of Nigeria. `` Old Coins - 1973 Coins '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 01 - 17 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the New Central Bank of Nigeria Website '' . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the New Central Bank of Nigeria Website '' . cenbank.org . Jump up ^ `` Central Bank of Nigeria Website - Currency - 25 Kobo '' . cenbank.org . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the New Central Bank of Nigeria Website '' . cenbank.org . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the New Central Bank of Nigeria Website '' . cenbank.org . Jump up ^ `` Central Bank of Nigeria - Did You Find '' . cenbank.org . Jump up ^ `` CBN warns against fixing prices in foreign currency * To launch new notes Feb 2007 '' . Vanguard Nigeria. 2006 - 11 - 06 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Big banknote too much for Nigeria '' . 29 December 1999 -- via bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ CBN To Introduce N5000 , N2000 Notes ; N50 , N20 , N10 Coins Archived May 16 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Nigeria to abandon polymer banknotes Archived March 4 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . BanknoteNews.com . September 13 , 2012 . Retrieved on 2012 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ CBN Clarifies Decision to Abandon Polymer Banknotes AllAfrica ( allafrica.com ) September 12 , 2012 . Retrieved on 2012 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Plan to Phase - out Polymer Banknotes Stirs New Controversy Archived April 27 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . This Day Live ( www.thisdaylive.com ) . April 24 , 2013 . Retrieved on 2013 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` New ₦ 100 Commemorative Centenary Celebration '' . Jump up ^ Nigeria new 100 - naira commemorative confirmed Archived October 14 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . BanknoteNews.com February 9 , 2015 . Retrieved on 2015 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2007 - 09 - 26 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Nigeria set to free its currency '' Archived March 5 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , BBC News , 14 August 2007 Jump up ^ `` Dollar to naira Parallel Market Rate : : 1USD to Naira '' . External links ( edit ) Interview with Sanusi Lamido Sanusi , Governor of the Central Bank of Nigeria , on the Australian Broadcasting Corporation 's Four Corners television program on the scandal involving the transfer from paper to polymer currency in Nigeria Nigeria articles History Kingdoms Empires Aro Benin Fulani Kanem - Bornu Nri Oyo Timeline Northern Nigeria Southern Nigeria Civil War Geography Adamawa Plateau Cities Ecoregions Environmental issues Islands Jos Plateau Mountains National parks Niger Delta Rivers Niger Benue Wildlife Politics Administrative divisions Cabinet Constitution Elections Federal Executive Council Foreign relations Human rights Law enforcement LGBT history Military National Assembly House of Representatives Senate Political parties PDP APC President Vice-President Supreme Court Economy Agriculture Central Bank Economic history Energy Mining Naira ( currency ) Petroleum Stock Exchange Telecommunications Tourism Transport Society Capital punishment Corruption Demographics Diaspora Education Ethnic groups MASSOB MOSOP Oodua Peoples Congress Health Languages Organized crime Poverty Rankings Refugees Water supply and sanitation Islamist insurgency Communal conflicts in Nigeria , Herder -- farmer conflicts in Nigeria Niger Delta conflict 2016 Biafra conflict Culture Anthem Cinema Nollywood Colonial era Golden Age Video film era New Wave Coat of arms Cuisine Demonyms Flag List of Nigerians Literature Media Newspapers Radio TV Music Public holidays Religion Smoking Sport Video gaming Outline Index Portal Currency symbols ( ¤ ) Circulating ؋ ฿ ₵ ₡ ¢ $ ₫ ֏ € ƒ ₲ ₴ ₾ ₭ ₺ ₼ ₦ ₱ £ 元圆圓 ریال ៛ ₽ ₹ ૱ ௹ ꠸ Rs ₪ ৳ ₸ ₮ ₩ ¥ 円 Historic ₳ ₢ ₰ ₯ ₠ ₣ ₤ ₶ RM M ₧ 𐆚 𐆖 𐆙 𐆗 𐆘 Uncirculated ₿ ₥ ₷ Currencies of Africa North Algerian dinar Egyptian pound Euro Plazas de soberanía Libyan dinar Mauritanian ouguiya Moroccan dirham Sahrawi peseta ( unrecognized ) Sudanese pound Tunisian dinar Central Angolan kwanza Burundian franc Central African CFA franc Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Republic of the Congo Equatorial Guinea Gabon Congolese franc Rwandan franc East Comorian franc Djiboutian franc Eritrean nakfa Ethiopian birr Kenyan shilling Seychellois rupee Somali shilling Somaliland shilling ( unrecognized ) South Sudanese pound Tanzanian shilling Ugandan shilling South Botswana pula British pound sterling Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Zimbabwe Euro French Southern and Antarctic Lands Mayotte Réunion Zimbabwe Lesotho loti Malagasy ariary Malawian kwacha Mauritian rupee Mozambican metical Namibian dollar Saint Helena pound South African rand Lesotho Namibia Swaziland Zimbabwe Swazi lilangeni U.S. dollar Zimbabwe Zambian kwacha Zimbabwean dollar ( defunct due to hyperinflation since April 2009 ) Zimbabwean bond coins ( since 18 December 2014 - denominated in U.S. Cents ) Zimbabwean bond notes ( since 28 November 2016 - denominated in U.S. Dollars ) West Cape Verdean escudo Euro Canary Islands Madeira Gambian dalasi Ghanaian cedi Guinean franc Liberian dollar Nigerian naira São Tomé and Príncipe dobra Sierra Leonean leone West African CFA franc Benin Burkina Faso Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Mali Niger Senegal Togo Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nigerian_naira&oldid=835541293 '' Categories : ISO 4217 Currency symbols Currencies of Africa Circulating currencies Currencies of the Commonwealth of Nations Currencies of Nigeria Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles with dead external links from October 2010 Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Afrikaans Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська Yorùbá 中文 32 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 09 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did nigeria change to naira and kobo	[]	[]
-1790138119309079805	Queen of the South (TV series)	Queen of the South ( TV series ) - wikipedia Queen of the South ( TV series ) Queen of the South Genre Action Crime Drama Thriller Created by M.A. Fortin Joshua John Miller Based on La Reina del Sur by Arturo Pérez - Reverte Written by Scott Rosenbaum M.A. Fortin Joshua John Miller Arturo Pérez - Reverte Starring Alice Braga Veronica Falcon Justina Machado Peter Gadiot Hemky Madera Gerardo Taracena Joaquim de Almeida Jon - Michael Ecker Nick Sagar Theme music composer Giorgio Moroder Raney Shockne Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 39 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) David Friendly Scott Rosenbaum M.A. Fortin Joshua John Miller Producer ( s ) Robert J. Wilson Lorenzo O'Brien Cinematography Cameron Duncan Alejandro Martinez Production company ( s ) Frequency Films Friendly Films Skeeter Rosenbaum Productions Fox 21 Television Studios Universal Cable Productions Distributor NBCUniversal Television Distribution 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment ( MOD releases ) Release Original network USA Network Original release June 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 23 ) -- present External links Website Queen of the South is an American television crime drama - thriller series . It premiered June 23 , 2016 , on USA Network and is an adaptation of the successful telenovela La Reina del Sur , which airs on USA 's sister network Telemundo , which in turn is an adaptation of the novel of the same name by Spanish author Arturo Pérez - Reverte . On September 6 , 2016 , USA Network renewed the series for a second season which premiered June 8 , 2017 . On August 10 , 2017 , USA renewed the series for a third season , which premiered on June 21 , 2018 . On October 1 , 2018 , it was announced that the USA Network had renewed the series for a fourth season . Contents 1 Cast and characters 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2018 ) 3 Reception 3.1 Critical response 3.2 Ratings 3.3 Awards and nominations 4 Broadcast 5 Source Material 6 References 7 External links Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Alice Braga as Teresa Mendoza , a poor woman from Sinaloa , Mexico who becomes a wealthy woman by building a drug empire Veronica Falcon as Doña Camila Vargas , Don Epifañio 's estranged wife and head of the American chapter of the Vargas Cartel in Dallas , Texas Justina Machado as Brenda Parra , Teresa 's best friend , Chino 's wife , and Tony 's mother ( season 1 ) Peter Gadiot as James Valdez , Camila 's right - hand man Hemky Madera as Pote Galvez , a lieutenant in the Vargas Cartel Gerardo Taracena as Cesar `` Batman '' Guemes , Don Epifañio Vargas ' right - hand man ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Joaquim de Almeida as Don Epifañio Vargas , Camilla Vargas ' husband , head of the Vargas Cartel ( see : Sinaloa Cartel ) , and a candidate for the governor of the Mexican state of Sinaloa ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Jon - Michael Ecker as Raymundo `` El Güero '' Davila ( season 2 , recurring season 1 ) Nick Sagar as DEA agent Alonzo Loya Yancey Arias as Alberto Cortez ( season 3 , recurring season 2 ) Idalia Valles as Isabela Vargas daughter of Camila and Epifañio Vargas Recurring ( edit ) Mark Consuelos as Teo Aljarafe , Camila 's lawyer who is killed in season 2 by his boss in the firm . ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) James Martinez as Gato Fierros , a lieutenant in the Vargas Cartel Carlos Gomez as Javier Acosta Rafael Amaya as Aurelio Casillas Ximena Duque as Eva Buemeros ( season 2 ) Michel Duval as Enrique `` Kique '' Jiménez ( season 1 - 3 ) Alfonso Herrera as Javier Jimenez ( season 3 ) Iván Sánchez as Santiago López Fisterra ( season 3 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 13 June 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 23 ) September 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 15 ) 13 June 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 08 ) August 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 31 ) 13 June 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 21 ) September 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 13 ) Season 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Piloto ( Pilot ) '' Charlotte Sieling M.A. Fortin & Joshua John Miller June 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 23 ) 101 1.39 While working as a money changer in Sinaloa , Mexico , Teresa Mendoza falls for drug dealer Güero . His murder a year later forces Teresa and her friend Brenda to flee from Güero 's former cartel . They are separated during their escape ; Brenda remains in Mexico while Teresa ends up in Dallas , Texas . `` Cuarenta Minutos ( Forty Minutes ) '' Matthew Penn Scott Rosenbaum June 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 30 ) 102 1.35 Teresa must prove her worth to Camila Vargas , who rescued Teresa in Mexico but now holds her captive in Dallas . Epifañio Vargas continues hunting for Teresa . In Mexico , Brenda tries to hide from the cartel . `` Estrategia de Entrada ( Entry Strategy ) '' Scott Peters Scott Rosenbaum July 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 07 ) 103 1.26 Camila tests Teresa 's loyalty on a major drug operation . Camila makes a move to take over Epifañio 's cartel . Teresa impresses Camila with skills she picked up as a money changer in Sinaloa . Brenda plots her escape from Mexico while hiding from the cartel sicarios . `` Lirio de los Valles ( Lily of the Valley ) '' Zetna Fuentes Scott Rosenbaum July 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 14 ) 104 1.26 Teresa 's first solo drug run turns deadly . Epifañio realizes Teresa is in Dallas with Camila . Camila tries to win over her estranged husband 's associates . Brenda and Tony make an escape to Dallas . 5 5 `` Un Alma . Un Mapa . Dos Futuros . ( One Soul . One Map . Two Futures . ) '' T.J. Scott Scott Rosenbaum July 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 21 ) 105 1.22 Teresa is tasked with infiltrating a wild party at a rival drug boss ' estate . After witnessing a horrific event , Teresa advances her escape plans . Needing money to survive , Brenda discovers a business opportunity right outside her hotel . In Mexico , Cesar betrays Camila , revealing Camila 's operation to Epifañio . 6 6 `` El Engaño Como la Regla ( Deception as the Rule ) '' Dave Rodriguez Scott Rosenbaum July 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 28 ) 106 1.22 Teresa 's delivery route puts her in touch with Russell , an immigration lawyer . Epifañio tips off the DEA about Camila 's incoming shipment from Colombia . Caught in the DEA 's trap , Teresa and James must race to escape downtown Dallas before law enforcement blockades shut down all roads . Realizing her cocaine supply is dangerously low , Camila grows desperate . Brenda 's burgeoning drug enterprise creates a rift between her and her son Tony . 7 7 `` El Hombre Pájaro ( The Bird Man ) '' David Platt Benjamin Daniel Lobato & David Ehrman August 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 04 ) 107 1.21 Epifañio ensures his latest shipment to Camila is also intercepted by the DEA . Taking advantage of Camila 's recent shortages , a rival cartel begins encroaching on Camila 's territory . Teresa visits the immigration lawyer . To pay back the Colombians for their seized shipment and ensure future shipments , Camila sends James and Teresa to retrieve a stash of savings . They 're attacked , but Teresa believes she knows who ordered the ambush . Brenda decides to sell more than just cocaine . 8 8 `` Billete de Magia ( Magic Ticket ) '' David Boyd Gregg Hurwitz August 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 11 ) 108 1.06 Out of cocaine and desperate to supply her most demanding customers , Camila attempts a risky heist . Teresa goes undercover as a hotel maid , and must make a choice that will change her forever . Brenda and her crew try making crystal meth . 9 9 `` Coge Todo lo Que Puede Llevar ( Take Everything You Can Carry ) '' Jamie Payne Benjamin Daniel Lobato & David Ehrman August 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 18 ) 109 1.05 Camila assures her partners and local distributors that she is back in business and done with Epifañio . A man from Florida comes to avenge his brothers ' deaths , not knowing Camila is responsible . Camila orders Maria , the hotel maid , killed . Still wracked with guilt , Teresa disobeys Camila and helps Maria escape . To recover a valuable piece of evidence and potential blackmail material , Teresa travels with Maria through the underground tunnel to Mexico . 10 10 `` Esta Cosa Que Es Nuestra ( This Thing That is Ours ) '' Scott Peters Benjamin Daniel Lobato & David Ehrman August 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 25 ) 110 1.20 In Mexico , Teresa is met by Maria 's irate relatives , who complicate her plans to retrieve Güero 's notebook . After the failed attempt to kill Birdman , a member of the rival Jimenez cartel , Camila returns home to Mexico in order to protect her life . Epifañio vouches for Birdman 's safety to protect Camila . James hunts down Teresa . Brenda severs ties with her street dealers . 11 11 `` Punto sin Retorno ( Point of No Return ) '' Constantine Makris Kyle Lierman September 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 01 ) 111 1.16 Teresa returns to Texas with Güero 's notebook . Despite Epifañio 's previous promises to the Jimenez cartel , Camila orders Birdman killed . Brenda tries selling the notebook to Birdman ; she is present when James kills Birdman but escapes unseen and unharmed . Following an entry in Güero 's notebook that they believe is a cash storage location , Teresa and Brenda return to Mexico . Camila visits Don Manuel Jimenez and offers to break a Jimenez lieutenant out of jail as reparation for Birdman 's death . 12 12 `` Quinientos Mil ( Five Hundred Thousand ) '' David Rodriguez Benjamin Daniel Lobato & David Ehrman September 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 08 ) 112 1.12 The coordinates lead Teresa and Brenda to a shocking find . Teresa and Brenda risk everything to extort money from Epifañio 's men . James leads the attempt to extract a Jimenez cartel lieutenant from a DEA safe house . As the governor 's election draws near and public scrutiny around Epifañio increases , Camila takes irreversible steps to overtake Epifañio 's empire . 13 13 `` Cicatriz ( Scar ) '' Matthew Penn Scott Rosenbaum September 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 15 ) 113 1.35 Epifañio retaliates against Camila 's takeover in an unexpected way . Teresa escapes Epifañio 's imprisonment , killing one of Epifañio 's sicarios and forcing a second sicario , Pote , to drive to El Limpiador 's ranch to rescue Brenda . Pote learns about Epifañio 's actions on the radio . Realizing that Teresa saved his life by taking him prisoner , Pote renounces Epifañio and swears lifelong allegiance to Teresa . Camila and James meet Teresa and Pote on El Limpiador 's ranch . Hidden in nearby weeds , a DEA photographer captures images as Teresa makes an offer to Camila . In a field office , another agent receives the photographs , and asks a surprising source to identify the conversation 's four participants . Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 14 `` El Cuerpo de Cristo ( The Body of Christ ) '' David Boyd Natalie Chaidez June 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 08 ) 201 1.25 To become Camila 's partner , Teresa uses the information from Güero 's notebook to broker a deal with an eccentric gun smuggler . Camila struggles to rebuild her empire . Epifañio unwillingly takes on a new partner he may not be able to control . 15 `` Dios y el Abogado ( God and the Lawyer ) '' Nick Gomez Jason Ganzel June 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 15 ) 202 1.27 To get the cash necessary to restart her business , Camila sets her sights on a high - stakes cartel horse race , but old enemies threaten to tear everything apart . Teresa is torn between joy and disgust when she encounters a ghost from her past . Pote warns Teresa that Camila is using expensive gifts and high - society events to distract Teresa . The DEA attempts to force Camila 's lawyer to cooperate . 16 `` Un Pacto Con el Diablo ( A Pact With the Devil ) '' Eduardo Sanchez Dailyn Rodriguez June 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 22 ) 203 1.08 A flashback reveals what happened to Güero three months prior . Teresa and James come face - to - face with a group of American border vigilantes while attempting to destroy Epifañio 's drug smuggling tunnels . Camila meets with her new lawyer . Güero escapes from DEA surveillance in order to speak with Teresa alone . 17 `` El Beso de Judas ( The Kiss of Judas ) '' Ami Canaan Mann Benjamin Daniel Lobato June 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 29 ) 204 0.90 Teresa 's loyalties are tested when she and James are ordered to hunt down and kill a DEA mole . A wedding in Sinaloa brings together Camila , Epifañio , and Jimenez . A song reveals Epifañio 's past to Isabella . 18 5 `` El Nacimiento de Bolivia ( The Birth of Bolivia ) '' Nick Copus Joe Loya July 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 06 ) 205 1.11 Teresa , James and Güero travel to Bolivia in search of a new cocaine supplier : the mysterious and dangerous narco - cult leader El Santo . An old flame and a soldier waging a personal vendetta complicate their hunt . 19 6 `` El Camino de la Muerte ( The Road of Death ) '' David Boyd Ryan O'Nan July 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 13 ) 206 1.10 Captured by narco - cult leader El Santo , Teresa embarks on a spiritual journey . The line between reality and illusion blur , with hallucinations leading to real - world consequences . Buena muerte , Teresita . 20 7 `` El Precio de la Fe ( The Price of Faith ) '' Joe Menendez Jorge A. Reyes July 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 20 ) 207 1.18 With their payment deadline looming , Teresa and Camila search for a new cocaine distributor , but Epifañio threatens their plans . Epifañio becomes concerned when El Santo 's symbol is found near his sleeping daughter . 21 8 `` Sacar Con Sifón el Mar ( Siphon Out the Sea ) '' Bronwen Hughes Tina Mabry July 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 27 ) 208 1.16 After an elusive drug distributor refuses to accept Camila 's business , Camila sends Teresa , Pote , James , and Güero to Chicago to give Devon Finch 's tastemaker a mind - changing sample of their coke . After capturing James , a DEA agent witnesses Cortez ' brutal methods . A heated telephone disagreement between Epifañio and Camila has lasting consequences for Epifañio . 22 9 `` Sólo el Amor de Una Madre ( Only the Love of A Mother ) '' David Rodriguez Tina Mabry & Dailyn Rodriguez August 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 03 ) 209 1.02 Camila and Teresa meet with Devon Finch to negotiate a deal , unaware they 're being followed . An uncharacteristic blunder forces Camila and Teresa to run from hit men , but the experience deepens their bond . Still shaken by his health scare , Epifañio offers Boaz a proposal during a funeral in Sinaloa . 23 10 `` Que Manden los Payasos ( Send in the Clowns ) '' Loni Peristere Jason Ganzel & Jorge A. Reyes August 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 10 ) 210 1.18 Epifañio plans to leave the cartel world for good , and insists on some fiery revenge as part his retirement . When Teresa competes with James for Camila 's trust , she begins to question everything . Kelly Ann , the wife of Camila 's lawyer , searches through her husband 's documents for evidence to incriminate Camila , but finds something that changes Teresa 's life . Battle lines are drawn and Teresa goes on the run to flee Camila . 24 11 `` La Noche Oscura del Alma ( The Dark Night of the Soul ) '' Tina Mabry Benjamin Daniel Lobato August 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 17 ) 211 1.24 With Teresa and Kelly Ann on the run , James 's loyalties are put to the test . An oversight enables Agent Loya to track down the two fugitives . After a showdown with hired guns , Teresa realizes the time for running is over . 25 12 `` Todas las Horas Hieren ( All Hours Hurt ) '' Eduardo Sanchez Ryan O'Nan August 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 24 ) 212 1.24 With Camila in jail , Teresa aims to take over her business . Teresa recruits a street gang to help her steal the remaining cocaine and cash that Camila has stored . El Santo dispatches an assassin to ensure Teresa either pays or dies . Camila 's transfer to a maximum - security prison is interrupted . The sins of the father haunt Epifañio as Isabella and her friends go missing . 26 13 `` La Última Hora Mata ( The Last Hour Kills ) '' David Boyd Natalie Chaidez & Ryan O'Nan August 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 31 ) 213 1.33 Camila and Epifañio realize Isabela hid a clue to her whereabouts in the ransom video . Teresa gets a nasty surprise when she goes to collect Devon Finch 's payment for the cocaine . James realizes Camila no longer needs him . And in a dramatic final showdown between Teresa and Camila , a shocking sacrifice causes the two women to realize only one queen can reign . Season 3 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 27 `` La Ermitaña ( The Hermit ) '' David Boyd Natalie Chaidez June 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 21 ) 301 1.24 While hiding in Malta , Spain from now - Governor Camila Vargas , Teresa has begun building a drug empire of her own in Europe . Isabella 's engagement to Kique Jimenez moves forward . Teresa strikes a deal with a dangerous , but technologically advanced , money launderer . 28 `` El Colgado ( The Hanged Man ) '' David Boyd Benjamin Daniel Lobato June 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 28 ) 302 1.02 While running from the sicarios Camila sent to Malta , an old acquaintance of Teresa 's reemerges offering help , but his true intentions are unclear . Pote 's loyalty to Teresa costs him everything he values . In Mexico , Cortez convinces Boaz Jimenez to add heroin to his cocaine shipments without Camila 's knowledge , and without giving her a cut of the profits . Camila opens Casa Para Los Niños Orphanage . 29 `` Reina de Oros ( Queen of Gold ) '' David Grossman Ryan O'Nan July 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 05 ) 303 1.02 Teresa puts her life and her developing empire on the line when she attempts to rescue girls being trafficked by her new European business partner and money launderer . Camila allies herself with the DEA in an attempt to use their resources against Teresa . James and Pote are involved in a not - bank - robbery . 30 `` La Fuerza ( The Force ) '' Darren Grant Mark Valadez July 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 12 ) 304 1.22 Fleeing Europe , Teresa looks to starts anew in Phoenix , Ariz . Before she can , she must deal with a commission of cartel bosses and a corrupt local sheriff . Kelly Ann helps Teresa find a headquarters to start her mail order cocaine business . Boaz Jimenez makes an attempt on Camila 's life . 31 5 `` El Juicio ( The Judgement ) '' Eduardo Sanchez Jorge A. Reyes July 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 19 ) 305 1.12 An old enemy lays siege to Teresa 's new Phoenix property -- a winery that serves as a front for cocaine processing -- and Teresa 's crew is on their own when La Comisión refuses to help . James questions Lil T 's loyalty . Teresa finds passion with an old friend , before her past catches up to her . 32 6 `` Los Enamorados ( The Lovers ) '' Rebecca Rodriguez Dailyn Rodriguez & Fernanda Coppel July 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 26 ) 306 1.09 Teresa tries to escape her captors with the help of an unexpected ally . James and Pote confront Pecas . Despite her mother 's instructions , Isabella visits Teresa in captivity . Teresa faces the loss of someone that has been with her since the beginning . 33 7 `` Reina de Espadas ( Queen of Swords ) '' Meera Menon Tony Puryear August 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 02 ) 307 1.09 Still processing a deeply personal tragedy , Teresa battles a mutiny within her own ranks . Taza tries to convince La Comisión to honour their prior deal with Teresa . Pecas continues to balance La Comisión and Camila , but a bloody message is sent to inform him his time playing both sides is running out . Kique becomes the latest pawn in Cortez 's game . 34 8 `` El Carro ( The Car ) '' Ben Hernadez Bray Benjamin Daniel Lobato August 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 09 ) 308 1.05 Frustrated at La Comisión 's multiple betrayals , Teresa makes a deal with the devil in a bold move to take over drug distribution in Phoenix . Pecas uses Lil T and Tonto to deliver a deadly reply to Teresa 's previous threat . King George and Bilal realize their luck has run out . After seeing Kique 's body , Isabella joins force with Cortez . 35 9 `` El Diablo ( The Devil ) '' Eduardo Sanchez Story by : Dailyn Rodriguez & Mark Valadez Teleplay by : Mark Valadez August 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 16 ) 309 1.19 Teresa uses Kelly Ann 's high - society connections to contact an ambitious politician . Pote and James attempts to turn Bedoya of La Comisión against Pecas and the others . George tries to barter for his and Bilal 's freedom , but realizes Cortez has prevented Bilal from ever being free again . Kelly Ann begins to dip into Teresa 's cocaine stash . Isabella betrays Camila . 36 10 `` La Muerte ( Death ) '' David Boyd Story by : Natalie Chaidez & Ryan O'Nan Teleplay by : Ryan O'Nan August 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 23 ) 310 1.14 The narco - cult leader El Santo summons all his high - level distributors , including Teresa , to Bolivia . A Judas is among his ranks , and El Santo will not rest until they are found and killed . Teresa risks her life to prove her loyalty , but loyalty only goes so far . 37 11 `` Diez de Copas ( Ten of Cups ) '' Nick Copus Fernanda Coppel August 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 30 ) 311 1.18 Teresa and Pote hunt for a mole inside the operation and gain a valuable piece of technology . With Camila on the run , flashbacks reveal how Camila and Epifañio first met . Teresa severs ties with Lil T. A terrible choice must be made as damning evidence reveals the mole as someone Teresa holds dear . 38 12 `` Justicia ( Justice ) '' Laura Belsey Dailyn Rodriguez & Ryan O'Nan September 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 06 ) 312 1.14 With her Bolivian cocaine connection destroyed , Teresa makes a deal with her sworn enemy . Cortez is targeted . Teresa tries freeing a friend from his cage . Camila is trusted with a once - traitorous piece of technology , though it 's uncertain if she 's aware of its presence . 39 13 `` El Mundo ( The World ) '' Eduardo Sanchez Natalie Chaidez & Benjamin Daniel Lobato September 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 13 ) 313 1.22 Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Queen of the South 's first season received mixed to positive feedback from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , it has a rating of 69 % , based on 16 reviews . The site 's consensus reads : `` Queen of the South enlivens an overdone premise with action and narrative vigor -- and shows hints of intriguing potential . '' On Metacritic , the first season scored 59 out of 100 , based on 15 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Ratings ( edit ) Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired Avg . viewers ( millions ) 18 -- 49 rating ( average ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Thursday 10 : 00 pm 13 June 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 23 ) 1.39 September 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 15 ) 1.35 1.22 0.39 13 June 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 08 ) 1.25 August 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 31 ) 1.33 1.16 0.38 Thursday 9 : 00 pm 13 June 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 21 ) 1.24 September 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 13 ) 1.22 1.13 0.37 Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominee Result Ref . 2017 Imagen Awards Best Supporting Actor - Television Peter Gadiot Won Best Primetime Television Series - Drama Queen of the South Nominated Best Actress - Television Alice Braga Nominated Best Actor - Television Joaquim de Almeida Nominated Best Supporting Actress - Television Veronica Falcon Nominated 2018 WIN Awards Film or Show Written By a Woman Natalie Chaidez Won Drama Series Queen Of the South Nominated Broadcast ( edit ) Internationally , the series premiered in Australia on Showcase on August 4 , 2016 . German TV channel DMAX is showing the series since June 14 , 2017. . Source material ( edit ) Pérez - Reverte , author of the novel , has stated that a great source of inspiration were mexican drug ballads , country - polka songs that tell the stories about real life mexican drug lords . One of the real life characters that inspired the novel is Sandra Ávila Beltrán , known as the Queen of the Pacific , famous for being one of the first female drug traffickers to reach the level of `` Boss '' in the Mexican cartels , a place usually reserved for men . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross A. ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` ' Queen Of The South ' Composers Giorgio Moroder & Raney Shockne On Collaboration , Moroder 's Legacy & ' Scarface ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Queen of the South '' . NBCUniversal Media Village . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` Queen of the South - DVDs Are Coming Soon for the First Season of the USA Network Series ! '' . TVShowsonTV.com . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2017 . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ N'Duka , Amanda ( June 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Queen Of The South ' EP & Cast Talk Female Empowerment And The Importance of Keeping It Real -- ATX TV Festival '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 23 , 2014 ) . `` Adaptation Of Telenovela ' La Reina Del Sur ' Ordered To Pilot By USA Network '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Queen Of The South ' Renewed For Season 3 By USA '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' Queen Of The South ' Renewed For Season 4 By USA With Dailyn Rodriguez & Ben Lobato As New Co-Showrunners '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( November 25 , 2014 ) . `` Justina Machado Joins ' Queen Of The South ' ; Kyle Gallner In ' Outsiders ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( September 30 , 2015 ) . `` Peter Gadiot Joins USA Drama Series ' Queen Of The South ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The Deadline Team ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` Loretta Devine Joins Jerrod Carmichael Comedy Pilot ; Hemky Madera In ' Queen Of The South ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( January 23 , 2015 ) . `` Kyle Dean Massey Joins ' Nashville ' ; Joaquim de Almeida In ' Queen Of The South ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Queen Of The South ' : Yancey Arias Upped To Series Regular For Season 3 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The Deadline Team ( January 15 , 2015 ) . `` James Martinez Cast In ' Queen Of The South ' ; Luis Guzman & Finesse Mitchell Tour With ' Roadies ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( October 19 , 2015 ) . `` Carlos Gomez Joins USA Drama Series ' Queen Of The South ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hansen , Lena ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` Rafael Amaya talks about his role in the Queen of the South series '' . People en Español . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Trejos , Carolina ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` Ximena Duque y Michel Duval se unen a Queen of the South '' . People en Español . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cordero , Rosy ( May 31 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Exorcist ' Star Alfonso Herrera Joins USA Network 's ' Queen of the South ' ( Exclusive ) '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sharma , Shubham ( September 20 , 2018 ) . `` Queen of the South Season 4 : Release Date , Cast , Trailer , Spoilers & News '' . thecinemaholic . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( 2016 - 06 - 24 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : NBA Draft wins the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( 2016 - 07 - 05 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 07 - 07 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( 2016 - 07 - 08 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : CNN wins the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( 2016 - 07 - 18 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 07 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( 2016 - 07 - 22 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : Republican National Convention dominates the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( 2016 - 07 - 29 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : Democratic National Convention lands on top '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 07 - 30 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( 2016 - 08 - 05 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Queen of the South ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 06 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( 2016 - 08 - 12 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Queen of the South ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 13 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( 2016 - 08 - 19 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Queen of the South ' ticks up , NFL Preseason dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 26 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Mountain Men ' and ' Ice Road Truckers ' hold steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2016 . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( September 6 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Queen of the South ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2016 . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Queen of the South ' ticks back up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2016 . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Alex Welch ( 2016 - 09 - 16 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : Thursday Night Football scores top spot '' . Tvbythenumbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 09 - 19 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.8. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2017 . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 16 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.15. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 23 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.22. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 30 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.29. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.6. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2017 . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.13. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2017 . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.20. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 28 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.27. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.3. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 11 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.10. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.17. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.24. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 1 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.31. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( June 22 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.21. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 29 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.28. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 6 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.5. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 13 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.12. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 20 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.19. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 27 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.26. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 3 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.2. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 10 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.9. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 17 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.16. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 24 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.23. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 31 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.30. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 7 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.6. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 14 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.13. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Queen of the South : Season 1 ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2016 . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Queen of the South : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2016 . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Queen of the South : Season One Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . September 16 , 2016 . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Queen of the South : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . September 1 , 2017 . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Queen of the South : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . September 14 , 2018 . Retrieved September 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Purcell , Charles ( 28 July 2016 ) . `` New This Week ( Aug 1 ) : Sharknado 4 , Shades Of Blue , Queen Of The South , Super Rugby and live sport '' . The Green Room . Archived from the original on 29 July 2016 . Retrieved 29 July 2016 . Jump up ^ KG , imfernsehen GmbH & Co. , Queen of the South ( in German ) , retrieved 2017 - 12 - 12 Jump up ^ http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2007/10/04/index.php?section=sociedad&article=048o1soc Jump up ^ http://www.elmundo.es/internacional/2015/02/08/54d71e0e22601ded2e8b456d.html Jump up ^ http://www.unionjalisco.mx/articulo/2018/07/16/espectaculos/la-mujer-que-inspiro-la-reina-del-sur Jump up ^ https://www.debate.com.mx/show/La-narco-mas-famosa-llega-a-Estados-Unidos-20160622-0013.html Jump up ^ http://www.sinembargo.mx/20-05-2018/3420275 Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/society/2016/may/16/mexico-drug-cartels-famous-female-leader-sandra-avila External links ( edit ) Official website Queen of the South on IMDb USA Network original programming Current American Ninja Warrior : Ninja vs. Ninja ( since 2017 ) Chrisley Knows Best ( since 2014 ) Mr. Robot ( since 2015 ) Miz & Mrs. ( since 2018 ) Queen of the South ( since 2016 ) The Purge ( since 2018 ) The Sinner ( since 2017 ) Suits ( since 2011 ) Talk Stoop ( since 2009 ) Unsolved ( since 2018 ) Westminster Dog Show WWE Raw ( 1993 -- 2000 , since 2005 ) WWE SmackDown ( since 2016 ) WWE Tribute to the Troops ( since 2005 ) Former 1970s debuts NBA on USA NHL on USA USA Thursday Game of the Week 1980s debuts Airwolf Alfred Hitchcock Presents ( 1985 ) American Bandstand Bumper Stumpers Chain Reaction Commander USA 's Groovie Movies Dance Party USA The Dick Cavett Show The Hitchhiker Jackpot Love Me , Love Me Not Night Flight PGA Tour on USA Radio 1990 Southwest Championship Wrestling Tuesday Night Fights Tuesday Night Titans U.S. Open Tennis Championship USA Cartoon Express USA Saturday Nightmares USA Up All Night WWF All American Wrestling WWF Prime Time Wrestling 1990s debuts Beyond Reality Campus Cops Claude 's Crib Crush Duckman Eco-Challenge Farmclub.com Free 4 All G vs E Highlander : The Animated Series The Huntress La Femme Nikita Lost on Earth Manhattan , AZ Mortal Kombat : Defenders of the Realm The Net Night Flight Pacific Blue Quicksilver The Savage Dragon Silk Stalkings Street Fighter Strip Poker The Superman / Batman Adventures Swamp Thing Ultraforce USA Action Extreme Team USA High The War Next Door Weird Science Wing Commander Academy World League of American Football WWF Action Zone WWF Heat WWF LiveWire WWF Mania 2000s debuts The 4400 Burn Notice Cannonball Run 2001 Cover Me Combat Missions Cool Money D.C. Sniper : 23 Days of Fear The Dead Zone Dr. Steve - O Frankenstein Helen of Troy In Plain Sight Kojak The Last Ride Law & Order : Criminal Intent Monk Nashville Star Peacemakers Psych Royal Pains Spartacus The Starter Wife miniseries TV series Stealing Christmas Smush Three Wise Guys To Love and Die Touching Evil Traffic Underfunded White Collar 2010s debuts Benched Colony Common Law Complications Covert Affairs Damnation Dig Donny ! Eyewitness Fairly Legal Falling Water First Impressions Graceland Necessary Roughness Political Animals Playing House Rush Satisfaction Shooter Sirens WWE Tough Enough Upcoming Second City ( TBA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queen_of_the_South_(TV_series)&oldid=863639027 '' Categories : 2010s American crime television series 2010s American drama television series 2016 American television series debuts American action television series American crime drama television series American television series based on telenovelas English - language television programs Serial drama television series USA Network shows Television series by 20th Century Fox Television Television series by Universal Television Television shows filmed in Texas Television shows set in Dallas Television shows set in Costa Rica Television shows set in Spain American thriller television series Films about Mexican drug cartels Works about Mexican drug cartels Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Magyar Polski Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2018 , at 01 : 42 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who is the series queen of the south based on	[]	[]
5384420522924168565	Fight-or-flight response	Fight - or - flight response - wikipedia Fight - or - flight response Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Fight or Flight . Fight or flight ? The fight - or - flight response ( also called hyperarousal , or the acute stress response ) is a physiological reaction that occurs in response to a perceived harmful event , attack , or threat to survival . It was first described by Walter Bradford Cannon . His theory states that animals react to threats with a general discharge of the sympathetic nervous system , preparing the animal for fighting or fleeing . More specifically , the adrenal medulla produces a hormonal cascade that results in the secretion of catecholamines , especially norepinephrine and epinephrine . The hormones estrogen , testosterone , and cortisol , as well as the neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin , also affect how organisms react to stress . This response is recognized as the first stage of the general adaptation syndrome that regulates stress responses among vertebrates and other organisms . Contents ( hide ) 1 Physiology 1.1 Autonomic nervous system 1.1. 1 Sympathetic nervous system 1.1. 2 Parasympathetic nervous system 1.2 Reaction 1.3 Function of physiological changes 2 Emotional components 2.1 Emotion regulation 2.2 Emotional reactivity 3 Cognitive components 3.1 Content specificity 3.2 Perception of control 3.3 Social information processing 4 Other animals 4.1 Evolutionary perspective 4.2 Examples 4.3 Varieties of responses 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further reading Physiology ( edit ) Autonomic nervous system ( edit ) See also : Autonomic nervous system The autonomic nervous system is a control system that acts largely unconsciously and regulates heart rate , digestion , respiratory rate , pupillary response , urination , and sexual arousal . This system is the primary mechanism in control of the fight - or - flight response and its role is mediated by two different components : the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system . Sympathetic nervous system ( edit ) See also : Sympathetic nervous system The sympathetic nervous system originates in the spinal cord and its main function is to activate the physiological changes that occur during the fight - or - flight response . This component of the autonomic nervous system utilizes and activates the release of norepinephrine in the reaction . Parasympathetic nervous system ( edit ) See also : Parasympathetic nervous system The parasympathetic nervous system originates in the sacral spinal cord and medulla , physically surrounding the sympathetic origin , and works in concert with the sympathetic nervous system . Its main function is to activate the `` rest and digest '' response and return the body to homeostasis after the fight or flight response . This system utilizes and activates the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine . Reaction ( edit ) The fight - or - flight response The reaction begins in the amygdala , which triggers a neural response in the hypothalamus . The initial reaction is followed by activation of the pituitary gland and secretion of the hormone ACTH . The adrenal gland is activated almost simultaneously , via the sympathetic nervous system , and releases the hormone epinephrine . The release of chemical messengers results in the production of the hormone cortisol , which increases blood pressure , blood sugar , and suppresses the immune system . The initial response and subsequent reactions are triggered in an effort to create a boost of energy . This boost of energy is activated by epinephrine binding to liver cells and the subsequent production of glucose . Additionally , the circulation of cortisol functions to turn fatty acids into available energy , which prepares muscles throughout the body for response . Catecholamine hormones , such as adrenaline ( epinephrine ) or noradrenaline ( norepinephrine ) , facilitate immediate physical reactions associated with a preparation for violent muscular action and : Acceleration of heart and lung action Paling or flushing , or alternating between both Inhibition of stomach and upper - intestinal action to the point where digestion slows down or stops General effect on the sphincters of the body Constriction of blood vessels in many parts of the body Liberation of metabolic energy sources ( particularly fat and glycogen ) for muscular action Dilation of blood vessels for muscles Inhibition of the lacrimal gland ( responsible for tear production ) and salivation Dilation of pupil ( mydriasis ) Relaxation of bladder Inhibition of erection Auditory exclusion ( loss of hearing ) Tunnel vision ( loss of peripheral vision ) Disinhibition of spinal reflexes Shaking . Function of physiological changes ( edit ) The physiological changes that occur during the fight or flight response are activated in order to give the body increased strength and speed in anticipation of fighting or running . Some of the specific physiological changes and their functions include : Increased blood flow to the muscles activated by diverting blood flow from other parts of the body . Increased blood pressure , heart rate , blood sugars , and fats in order to supply the body with extra energy . The blood clotting function of the body speeds up in order to prevent excessive blood loss in the event of an injury sustained during the response . Increased muscle tension in order to provide the body with extra speed and strength . Emotional components ( edit ) Emotion regulation ( edit ) See also : Emotional self - regulation In the context of the fight or flight response , emotional regulation is used proactively to avoid threats of stress or to control the level of emotional arousal . Emotional reactivity ( edit ) During the reaction , the intensity of emotion that is brought on by the stimulus will also determine the nature and intensity of the behavioral response . Individuals with higher levels of emotional reactivity may be prone to anxiety and aggression , which illustrates the implications of appropriate emotional reaction in the fight or flight response . Cognitive components ( edit ) Content specificity ( edit ) The specific components of cognitions in the fight or flight response seem to be largely negative . These negative cognitions may be characterized by : attention to negative stimuli , the perception of ambiguous situations as negative , and the recurrence of recalling negative words . There also may be specific negative thoughts associated with emotions commonly seen in the reaction . Perception of control ( edit ) See also : Control ( psychology ) Perceived control relates to an individual 's thoughts about control over situations and events . Perceived control should be differentiated from actual control because an individual 's beliefs about their abilities may not reflect their actual abilities . Therefore , overestimation or underestimation of perceived control can lead to anxiety and aggression . Social information processing ( edit ) See also : Social information processing ( cognition ) The social information processing model proposes a variety of factors that determine behavior in the context of social situations and preexisting thoughts . The attribution of hostility , especially in ambiguous situations , seems to be one of the most important cognitive factors associated with the fight or flight response because of its implications towards aggression . Other animals ( edit ) Evolutionary perspective ( edit ) An evolutionary psychology explanation is that early animals had to react to threatening stimuli quickly and did not have time to psychologically and physically prepare themselves . The fight or flight response provided them with the mechanisms to rapidly respond to threats against survival . Examples ( edit ) A typical example of the stress response is a grazing zebra . If the zebra sees a lion closing in for the kill , the stress response is activated as a means to escape its predator . The escape requires intense muscular effort , supported by all of the body 's systems . The sympathetic nervous system 's activation rarely provides for these needs . A similar example involving fight is of a cat about to be attacked by a dog . The cat shows accelerated heartbeat , piloerection ( hair standing on end , normally to dissipate heat ) , and pupil dilation , all signs of sympathetic arousal . Note that the zebra and cat still maintain homeostasis in all states . Varieties of responses ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Bison hunted by dogs Animals respond to threats in many complex ways . Rats , for instance , try to escape when threatened , but will fight when cornered . Some animals stand perfectly still so that predators will not see them . Many animals freeze or play dead when touched in the hope that the predator will lose interest . Other animals have alternative self - protection methods . Some species of cold - blooded animals change color swiftly , to camouflage themselves . These responses are triggered by the sympathetic nervous system , but , in order to fit the model of fight or flight , the idea of flight must be broadened to include escaping capture either in a physical or sensory way . Thus , flight can be disappearing to another location or just disappearing in place . And often both fight and flight are combined in a given situation . The fight or flight actions also have polarity -- the individual can either fight or flee against something that is threatening , such as a hungry lion , or fight for or fly towards something that is needed , such as the safety of the shore from a raging river . A threat from another animal does not always result in immediate fight or flight . There may be a period of heightened awareness , during which each animal interprets behavioral signals from the other . Signs such as paling , piloerection , immobility , sounds , and body language communicate the status and intentions of each animal . There may be a sort of negotiation , after which fight or flight may ensue , but which might also result in playing , mating , or nothing at all . An example of this is kittens playing : each kitten shows the signs of sympathetic arousal , but they never inflict real damage . See also ( edit ) Hypothalamic -- pituitary -- adrenal axis Coping ( psychology ) Defense physiology Emotional dysregulation Freezing behavior Escape distance The Relaxation Response Rest and digest Vasoconstriction Workplace bullying Yerkes -- Dodson law Acute stress reaction Anxiety Anxiety disorder Panic attack Phobia Social anxiety Social anxiety disorder Tend and befriend Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Some references say he first described the response in 1914 in The American Journal of Physiology . Others in the 1915 edition of Bodily Changes in Pain , Hunger , Fear and Rage . Other sources say that he first used the term in 1929 or in 1932 edition of the same book . The issue needs further research . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cannon , Walter ( 1932 ) . Wisdom of the Body . United States : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0393002055 . Jump up ^ Walter Bradford Cannon ( 1929 ) . Bodily changes in pain , hunger , fear , and rage . New York : Appleton - Century - Crofts . Jump up ^ Jansen , A ; Nguyen , X ; Karpitsky , V ; Mettenleiter , M ( 27 October 1995 ) . `` Central Command Neurons of the Sympathetic Nervous System : Basis of the Fight - or - Flight Response '' . Science Magazine . 5236 ( 270 ) . Jump up ^ Walter Bradford Cannon ( 1915 ) . Bodily Changes in Pain , Hunger , Fear and Rage : An Account of Recent Researches into the Function of Emotional Excitement . Appleton - Century - Crofts . Jump up ^ `` Adrenaline , Cortisol , Norepinephrine : The Three Major Stress Hormones , Explained '' . Hufflington Post . April 19 , 2014 . Retrieved 16 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Gozhenko , A ; Gurkalova , I.P. ; Zukow , W ; Kwasnik , Z ( 2009 ) . PATHOLOGY -- Theory . Medical Student 's Library . Radom . pp. 270 -- 275 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , A ; Thews , G ( 1989 ) . `` Autonomic Nervous System '' . In Janig , W. Human Physiology ( 2 ed . ) . New York , NY : Springer - Verlag . pp. 333 -- 370 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Chudler , Eric . `` Neuroscience For Kids '' . University of Washington . Retrieved 19 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Margioris , Andrew ; Tsatsanis , Christos ( April 2011 ) . `` ACTH Action on the Adrenal '' . Endotext.org . Archived from the original on 6 March 2013 . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Padgett , David ; Glaser , R ( August 2003 ) . `` How stress influences the immune response '' . Trends in Immunology. 24 ( 8 ) : 444 -- 448 . doi : 10.1016 / S1471 - 4906 ( 03 ) 00173 - X . PMID 12909458 . Jump up ^ King , Michael . `` PATHWAYS : GLYCOGEN & GLUCOSE '' . Washington University , St. Louis . Jump up ^ `` HOW CELLS COMMUNICATE DURING THE FIGHT OR FLIGHT RESPONSE '' . University of Utah . Archived from the original on 8 August 2013 . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Henry Gleitman , Alan J. Fridlund and Daniel Reisberg ( 2004 ) . Psychology ( 6 ed . ) . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 97767 - 6 . Jump up ^ Stress Management for Health Course . `` The Fight Flight Response '' . Retrieved 19 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Olpin , Michael . `` The Science of Stress '' . Weber State University . Jump up ^ Cistler , Josh ; Bunmi O. Olatunji ; Matthew T. Feldner ; John P. Forsyth ( 2010 ) . `` Emotion Regulation and the Anxiety Disorders : An Integrative Review '' . Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment . 32 ( 1 ) : 68 -- 82 . doi : 10.1007 / s10862 - 009 - 9161 - 1 . PMC 2901125 . PMID 20622981 . Jump up ^ Gross , James ( 1998 ) . `` Sharpening the Focus : Emotion Regulation , Arousal , and Social Competence '' . Psychological Inquiry. 9 ( 4 ) : 287 -- 290 . doi : 10.1207 / s15327965pli0904_8 . Jump up ^ Avero , Pedro ; Calvo , M ( 1 July 1999 ) . `` Emotional reactivity to social - evaluative stress : genderdifferences in response systems concordance '' . Personality and Individual Differences. 27 ( 1 ) : 155 -- 170 . doi : 10.1016 / S0191 - 8869 ( 98 ) 00229 - 3 . Jump up ^ Carthy , T ; Horesh N ; Apter A ; Edge MD ; Gross JJ ( May 2010 ) . `` Emotional reactivity and cognitive regulation in anxious children '' . Behavior Research and Therapy . 48 ( 5 ) : 384 -- 393 . doi : 10.1016 / j. brat. 2009.12. 013 . Jump up ^ Valiente , C ; Eisenberg N ; Smith CL ; Reiser M ; Fabes RA ; Losoya S ; Guthrie IK ; Murphy BC ( December 2003 ) . `` The relations of effortful control and reactive control to children 's externalizing problems : A longitudinal assessment '' . Personality . 71 ( 6 ) : 1171 -- 1196 . doi : 10.1111 / 1467 - 6494.7106011 . PMID 14633062 . Jump up ^ Reid , Sophie C. ; Salmon , Karen ; Peter F. Lovibond ( October 2006 ) . `` Cognitive Biases in Childhood Anxiety , Depression , and Aggression : Are They Pervasive or Specific ? '' . Cognitive Therapy and Research . 30 ( 5 ) : 531 -- 549 . doi : 10.1007 / s10608 - 006 - 9077 - y . Jump up ^ Beck , Aaron ( 1979 ) . Cognitive Therapy and the Emotional Disorders . United States : Penguin Books . Jump up ^ Weems , CF ; Silverman , WK ( April 2006 ) . `` An integrative model of control : implications for understanding emotion regulation and dysregulation in childhood anxiety '' . Journal of Affective disorders . 91 ( 2 ) : 113 -- 124 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jad. 2006.01. 009 . Jump up ^ Brendgen , M ; Vitaro F ; Turgeon L ; Poulin F ; Wanner B ( June 2004 ) . `` Is there a dark side of positive illusions ? Overestimation of social competence and subsequent adjustment in aggressive and nonaggressive children '' . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology . 32 ( 3 ) : 305 -- 320 . doi : 10.1023 / B : JACP.0000026144.08470.cd . PMID 15228179 . Jump up ^ Crick , Nicki ; Dodge , Kenneth ( January 1994 ) . `` A review and reformulation of social information - processing mechanisms in children 's social adjustment '' . Psychological Bulletin . 115 ( 1 ) : 74 -- 101 . doi : 10.1037 / 0033 - 2909.115. 1.74 . Jump up ^ Dodge , Kenneth ( March 1980 ) . `` Social cognition and children 's aggressive behavior '' . Journal of Child Development . 51 ( 1 ) : 162 -- 170 . doi : 10.2307 / 1129603 . Jump up ^ Grohol , John . `` What 's the purpose of the fight or flight response ? '' . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , David ; Kopin , I ( 2007 ) . `` Evolution of concepts of stress '' . Stress. 10 ( 2 ) : 109 -- 20 . doi : 10.1080 / 10253890701288935 . PMID 17514579 . Jump up ^ Gill , A.C. ( 2004 ) . Revision of the Indo - Pacific dottyback fish subfamily Pseudochrominae ( Perciformes : Pseudochromidae ) . Smithiana Monographs . pp. 1 -- 123 . Further reading ( edit ) Sapolsky , Robert M. , 1994 . Why Zebras Do n't Get Ulcers . W.H. Freeman and Company . This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Government document `` http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/mentalhealth/chapter4/sec2_1.html '' . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fight-or-flight_response&oldid=828274726 '' Categories : Sympathetic nervous system Aggression Fear Dichotomies Psychological theories Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles needing additional references from October 2016 All articles needing additional references Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns - list with deprecated parameters Wikipedia articles incorporating text from public domain works of the United States Government Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Português Русский Scots Simple English Svenska ไทย 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 16 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what part of the brain is the fight or flight response	[]	[]
-9030146435606644037	2018 French Open – Women's Singles	2018 French Open -- Women 's singles - wikipedia 2018 French Open -- Women 's singles Women 's Singles 2018 French Open Champion Simona Halep Runner - up Sloane Stephens Final score 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 1 Events Singles men women boys girls Doubles men women mixed boys girls Legends − 45 45 + women WC Singles men women WC Doubles men women ← 2017 French Open 2019 → Main article : 2018 French Open Jeļena Ostapenko was the defending champion , but lost in the first round to Kateryna Kozlova , making her only the second French Open champion ( after Anastasia Myskina in 2005 ) to lose in the first round of her title defense . World No. 1 Simona Halep won her first Grand Slam title , defeating Sloane Stephens in the final , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 1 . She became the second Romanian woman to win a Grand Slam title after the 1978 French Open champion Virginia Ruzici . She also became the sixth woman to win both the senior and junior title , having won the latter in 2008 . Halep retained the WTA no . 1 singles ranking after defeating fellow contender Garbiñe Muguruza in the semifinals . In addition to Halep and Muguruza , Caroline Wozniacki , Elina Svitolina , Karolína Plíšková and Caroline Garcia were also in contention for the top ranking at the start of the tournament . The elimination on the first day of the tournament of Sara Errani , Francesca Schiavone and Venus Williams , in addition to Ostapenko , ensured a first - time French Open finalist from the bottom half of the draw . Williams ' loss to Wang Qiang marked the first time she had lost in the first round in back - to - back majors in her career . This tournament marked the first time that Agnieszka Radwańska did not play in the main draw of a Grand Slam singles event since her debut at the 2006 Wimbledon Championships , ending a streak of 47 consecutive appearances . This was Serena Williams ' first Grand Slam appearance since the 2017 Australian Open and giving birth to her daughter in September 2017 . She was unseeded in a Grand Slam singles event for the first time since the 2007 Australian Open . Williams was attempting to equal Margaret Court 's all - time record of 24 Grand Slam singles titles . She was also attempting to become only the second player , after Steffi Graf , to complete a quadruple career Grand Slam . However , she withdrew before her fourth round match against Maria Sharapova due to a pectoral muscle injury . Contents 1 Seeds 2 Qualifying 3 Draw 3.1 Key 3.2 Finals 3.3 Top half 3.3. 1 Section 1 3.3. 2 Section 2 3.3. 3 Section 3 3.3. 4 Section 4 3.4 Bottom half 3.4. 1 Section 5 3.4. 2 Section 6 3.4. 3 Section 7 3.4. 4 Section 8 4 References Seeds ( edit ) 01 . Simona Halep ( Champion ) 02 . Caroline Wozniacki ( Fourth round ) 03 . Garbiñe Muguruza ( Semifinals ) 04 . Elina Svitolina ( Third round ) 05 . Jeļena Ostapenko ( First round ) 06 . Karolína Plíšková ( Third round ) 07 . Caroline Garcia ( Fourth round ) 08 . Petra Kvitová ( Third round ) 09 . Venus Williams ( First round ) 10 . Sloane Stephens ( Final ) 11 . Julia Görges ( Third round ) 12 . Angelique Kerber ( Quarterfinals ) 13 . Madison Keys ( Semifinals ) 14 . Daria Kasatkina ( Quarterfinals ) 15 . CoCo Vandeweghe ( Second round ) 16 . Elise Mertens ( Fourth round ) 17 . Ashleigh Barty ( Second round ) 18 . Kiki Bertens ( Third round ) 19 . Magdaléna Rybáriková ( Third round ) 20 . Anastasija Sevastova ( First round ) 21 . Naomi Osaka ( Third round ) 22 . Johanna Konta ( First round ) 23 . Carla Suárez Navarro ( Second round ) 24 . Daria Gavrilova ( Third round ) 25 . Anett Kontaveit ( Fourth round ) 26 . Barbora Strýcová ( Fourth round ) 27 . Zhang Shuai ( Second round ) 28 . Maria Sharapova ( Quarterfinals ) 29 . Kristina Mladenovic ( First round ) 30 . Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova ( Second round ) 31 . Mihaela Buzărnescu ( Fourth round ) 32 . Alizé Cornet ( Second round ) Click on the seed number of a player to go to their draw section . Qualifying ( edit ) Main article : 2018 French Open -- Women 's Singles Qualifying Draw ( edit ) Key ( edit ) Q = Qualifier WC = Wild Card LL = Lucky Loser Alt = Alternate SE = Special Exempt PR = Protected Ranking w / o = Walkover r = Retired d = Defaulted Finals ( edit ) Quarterfinals Semifinals Final Simona Halep 6 6 6 12 Angelique Kerber 7 Simona Halep 6 6 Garbiñe Muguruza Garbiñe Muguruza 6 6 28 Maria Sharapova Simona Halep 6 6 10 Sloane Stephens 6 Yulia Putintseva 6 13 Madison Keys 7 6 13 Madison Keys 10 Sloane Stephens 6 6 10 Sloane Stephens 6 6 14 Daria Kasatkina Top half ( edit ) Section 1 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round S Halep 6 6 A Riske 6 S Halep 6 6 WC M Georges WC T Townsend WC T Townsend 6 6 S Halep 7 6 PR B Mattek - Sands 6 6 A Petkovic 5 0 J Larsson PR B Mattek - Sands 0 6 A Petkovic 7 6 A Petkovic 6 7 29 K Mladenovic 6 S Halep 6 6 24 D Gavrilova 7 6 16 E Mertens S Cîrstea 6 6 24 D Gavrilova 5 7 6 B Pera 6 6 B Pera 7 5 E Vesnina 24 D Gavrilova H Watson 6 6 16 E Mertens 6 6 O Dodin 0 H Watson V Lepchenko 7 6 0 16 E Mertens 6 6 16 E Mertens 6 7 6 Section 2 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 12 A Kerber 6 6 M Barthel 12 A Kerber 6 6 A Bogdan 6 6 A Bogdan M Vondroušová 6 12 A Kerber 7 7 A Sasnovich 6 6 18 K Bertens 6 6 D Allertová A Sasnovich A Sabalenka 18 K Bertens 6 6 18 K Bertens 6 6 12 A Kerber 6 6 27 S Zhang 6 7 7 C Garcia PR K Kučová 0 5 27 S Zhang I-C Begu 6 5 9 I-C Begu 6 6 AK Schmiedlová 7 7 I-C Begu S Peng 6 6 7 C Garcia 6 6 A Krunić S Peng 6 Y Duan 0 7 C Garcia 6 6 7 C Garcia 6 6 Section 3 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round G Muguruza 7 6 S Kuznetsova 6 G Muguruza 6 6 WC F Ferro 6 6 WC F Ferro C Witthöft G Muguruza 6 6 S Stosur 6 6 S Stosur 0 Y Wickmayer S Stosur 6 7 P Hercog 6 30 A Pavlyuchenkova 6 30 A Pavlyuchenkova 6 7 G Muguruza 19 M Rybáriková 6 6 L Tsurenko 0 L Kumkhum 0 19 M Rybáriková 6 6 B Bencic 7 7 B Bencic Q D Chiesa 6 6 5 19 M Rybáriková L Tsurenko 6 6 L Tsurenko 6 6 S Vögele 6 L Tsurenko 6 6 L Siegemund 15 C Vandeweghe 6 0 15 C Vandeweghe 6 6 Section 4 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 11 J Görges 6 5 6 D Cibulková 7 0 11 J Görges 7 7 A Van Uytvanck 6 6 A Van Uytvanck 5 6 WC I Wallace 0 11 J Görges Kr Plíšková 6 PR S Williams 6 6 PR S Williams 7 6 PR S Williams 6 6 N Vikhlyantseva 17 A Barty 6 17 A Barty 6 6 PR S Williams 28 M Sharapova 6 6 28 M Sharapova w / o Q R Hogenkamp 6 28 M Sharapova 7 6 K Bondarenko D Vekić 5 D Vekić 6 6 28 M Sharapova 6 6 L Šafářová 6 6 6 Ka Plíšková WC J Ponchet L Šafářová 6 Q B Krejčíková 6 6 Ka Plíšková 6 6 6 Ka Plíšková 7 6 Bottom half ( edit ) Section 5 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 5 J Ostapenko 5 K Kozlova 7 6 K Kozlova 7 K Siniaková 7 7 K Siniaková 6 6 6 PR V Azarenka 5 5 K Siniaková PR S Zheng 26 B Strýcová 6 6 E Makarova 6 6 E Makarova K Nara 6 26 B Strýcová 6 6 26 B Strýcová 6 6 26 B Strýcová 22 J Konta Y Putintseva 6 6 Y Putintseva 6 6 Y Putintseva 6 6 J Brady 6 6 J Brady WC A Hesse Y Putintseva 7 6 P Martić 6 6 Q Wang 6 5 Y Wang P Martić Q Wang 6 7 Q Wang 6 6 9 V Williams 5 Section 6 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 13 M Keys 6 6 S Vickery 13 M Keys 6 6 Q C Dolehide 6 6 Q C Dolehide Q V Golubic 13 M Keys 6 7 M Linette 21 N Osaka 6 Z Diyas 6 6 Z Diyas 5 S Kenin 5 21 N Osaka 6 7 21 N Osaka 6 7 13 M Keys 6 6 31 M Buzărnescu 6 6 31 M Buzărnescu PR V King 31 M Buzărnescu 6 6 Q R Peterson 6 6 Q R Peterson S-w Hsieh 31 M Buzărnescu 6 7 Q F Schiavone 6 6 E Svitolina 5 V Kužmová 7 7 V Kužmová A Tomljanović 5 E Svitolina 6 6 E Svitolina 7 6 Section 7 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 8 P Kvitová 6 7 V Cepede Royg 6 5 8 P Kvitová 6 6 L Arruabarrena 7 6 L Arruabarrena 0 T Babos 6 8 P Kvitová 6 6 Q A Dulgheru 5 7 6 25 A Kontaveit 7 7 C McHale 7 6 Q A Dulgheru 5 M Brengle 6 25 A Kontaveit 7 6 25 A Kontaveit 6 6 25 A Kontaveit 0 20 A Sevastova 6 10 S Stephens 6 6 Q M Duque Mariño 6 6 Q M Duque Mariño 0 C Giorgi 6 6 C Giorgi 6 6 Q G Min C Giorgi 6 6 Q M Fręch 6 6 10 S Stephens 6 8 E Alexandrova 6 Q M Fręch LL A Rus 0 10 S Stephens 6 6 10 S Stephens 6 6 Section 8 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 14 D Kasatkina 6 6 K Kanepi 14 D Kasatkina 6 6 T Maria 6 K Flipkens K Flipkens 7 6 14 D Kasatkina 6 6 PR M Minella 6 M Sakkari 6 M Sakkari 7 6 M Sakkari 7 6 A Konjuh 0 23 C Suárez Navarro 5 23 C Suárez Navarro 6 6 14 D Kasatkina 7 6 32 A Cornet 6 6 C Wozniacki 6 S Errani 6 32 A Cornet 7 WC C Paquet 6 6 WC P Parmentier 6 6 6 WC P Parmentier 7 6 WC P Parmentier 0 LL D Jakupović C Wozniacki 6 6 Q G García Pérez 6 6 Q G García Pérez 0 D Collins 6 C Wozniacki 6 6 C Wozniacki 7 6 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` French Open 2018 : Venus Williams and Jelena Ostapenko lose in first round '' . BBC Sport. 27 May 2018 . Retrieved 11 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Simona Halep beats Sloane Stephens to win French Open title -- as it happened '' . Guardian . 9 June 2018 . Retrieved 12 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Jonathan Jurejko ( 9 June 2018 ) . `` French Open 2018 : Simona Halep beats Sloane Stephens in final '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 9 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Simona Halep reaches French Open final and retains number one ranking '' . PA Sport. 7 June 2018 . Retrieved 11 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Courtney Nguyen ( 23 May 2018 ) . `` Battle for No. 1 : Wozniacki , Svitolina , Muguruza aim to unseat Halep in Paris '' . WTA Insider . Retrieved 11 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Bonnie D. Ford ( 27 May 2018 ) . `` An unhappy ' first ' for Venus Williams this season '' . ESPN . Retrieved 27 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Roland Garros 2018 . Agnieszka Radwańska nie zagra . ' Nie chcemy ryzykować ' '' . Sport.pl ( in Polish ) . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ Christopher Clarey ( 27 January 2007 ) . `` Williams shocks Sharapova to win Australian Open - Sports - International Herald Tribune '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 7 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Christopher Clarey ( 4 June 2018 ) . `` Serena Williams Is Out of French Open With Injury '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 4 June 2018 . French Open singles drawsheets Men 's singles 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Women 's singles 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 French Open women 's singles champions ( 1968 ) Nancy Richey ( 1969 ) Margaret Court ( 1970 ) Margaret Court ( 1971 ) Evonne Goolagong ( 1972 ) Billie Jean King ( 1973 ) Margaret Court ( 1974 ) Chris Evert ( 1975 ) Chris Evert ( 1976 ) Sue Barker ( 1977 ) Mima Jaušovec ( 1978 ) Virginia Ruzici ( 1979 ) Chris Evert ( 1980 ) Chris Evert ( 1981 ) Hana Mandlíková ( 1982 ) Martina Navratilova ( 1983 ) Chris Evert ( 1984 ) Martina Navratilova ( 1985 ) Chris Evert ( 1986 ) Chris Evert ( 1987 ) Steffi Graf ( 1988 ) Steffi Graf ( 1989 ) Arantxa Sánchez ( 1990 ) Monica Seles ( 1991 ) Monica Seles ( 1992 ) Monica Seles ( 1993 ) Steffi Graf ( 1994 ) Arantxa Sánchez Vicario ( 1995 ) Steffi Graf ( 1996 ) Steffi Graf ( 1997 ) Iva Majoli ( 1998 ) Arantxa Sánchez Vicario ( 1999 ) Steffi Graf ( 2000 ) Mary Pierce ( 2001 ) Jennifer Capriati ( 2002 ) Serena Williams ( 2003 ) Justine Henin ( 2004 ) Anastasia Myskina ( 2005 ) Justine Henin ( 2006 ) Justine Henin ( 2007 ) Justine Henin ( 2008 ) Ana Ivanovic ( 2009 ) Svetlana Kuznetsova ( 2010 ) Francesca Schiavone ( 2011 ) Li Na ( 2012 ) Maria Sharapova ( 2013 ) Serena Williams ( 2014 ) Maria Sharapova ( 2015 ) Serena Williams ( 2016 ) Garbiñe Muguruza ( 2017 ) Jeļena Ostapenko ( 2018 ) Simona Halep 2018 WTA Tour `` 2017 2019 '' Grand Slam events Australian Open ( S , D , X ) French Open ( S , D , X ) Wimbledon ( S , D , X ) US Open ( S , D , X ) WTA Premier Mandatory tournaments Indian Wells ( S , D ) Miami ( S , D ) Madrid ( S , D ) Beijing ( S , D ) WTA Premier 5 tournaments Doha ( S , D ) Rome ( S , D ) Montreal ( S , D ) Cincinnati ( S , D ) Wuhan ( S , D ) WTA Premier tournaments Brisbane ( S , D ) Sydney ( S , D ) St. Petersburg ( S , D ) Dubai ( S , D ) Charleston ( S , D ) Stuttgart ( S , D ) Birmingham ( S , D ) Eastbourne ( S , D ) San Jose ( S , D ) New Haven ( S , D ) Tokyo ( S , D ) Moscow ( S , D ) WTA International tournaments Auckland ( S , D ) Shenzhen ( S , D ) Hobart ( S , D ) Taipei ( S , D ) Budapest ( S , D ) Acapulco ( S , D ) Monterrey ( S , D ) Bogotá ( S , D ) Lugano ( S , D ) İstanbul ( S , D ) Prague ( S , D ) Rabat ( S , D ) Nuremberg ( S , D ) Strasbourg ( S , D ) Rosmalen ( S , D ) Nottingham ( S , D ) Santa Ponsa ( S , D ) Bucharest ( S , D ) Gstaad ( S , D ) Moscow ( S , D ) Nanchang ( S , D ) Washington D.C. ( S , D ) Hiroshima ( S , D ) Quebec City ( S , D ) Guangzhou ( S , D ) Seoul ( S , D ) Tashkent ( S , D ) Hong Kong ( S , D ) Linz ( S , D ) Tianjin ( S , D ) Luxembourg City ( S , D ) Team events Fed Cup World Group I + World Group II WG I Play - offs WG II Play - offs Americas Asia / Oceania Europe / Africa WTA Finals , Singapore ( S , D ) WTA Elite Trophy , Zhuhai ( S , D ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_French_Open_ -- _Women % 27s_Singles&oldid = 850130995 '' Categories : 2018 French Open French Open by year -- Women 's Singles 2018 WTA Tour Hidden categories : CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) Pages using infobox tennis tournament year footer with an unknown event Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 July 2018 , at 20 : 19 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who won the women's french open in 2018	[ "World No. 1 Simona Halep won her first Grand Slam title, defeating Sloane Stephens in the final, 3–6, 6–4, 6–1.[2]\t\nShe became the second Romanian woman to win a Grand Slam title after the 1978 French Open champion Virginia Ruzici.[3] She also became the sixth woman to win both the senior and junior title, having won the latter in 2008.[3]\n" ]	[ "Simona Halep" ]
-664577745655643212	Demographics of Malaysia	Demographics of Malaysia - wikipedia Demographics of Malaysia Jump to : navigation , search Demographics of Malaysia Indicator Rank Measure Economy GDP ( PPP ) per capita 38th $ 23,298 Unemployment rate Unknown 3.0 % * CO emissions 51st 7.07 t Electricity consumption 31st 93.80 GWh Economic Freedom 68th 2.98 Politics Human Development Index 62nd 0.773 Political freedom Unknown Corruption ( A higher score means less ( perceived ) corruption . ) ↑ 60th 4.3 Press freedom 122nd 56.00 Society Literacy Rate 39th 92.5 % Number of Internet users 26th 15,635,925 users E-readiness 38th 5.87 ± Ease of Doing Business 18th Unknown Health Life Expectancy 65th 4.2 Birth rate 82nd 20.74 Fertility rate 78th 1.94 Infant mortality 124th 16.39 Death rate 181st 4.5 HIV / AIDS rate 81st 0.40 % Quality - of - life 36th 6.608 ± Notes * including several non-sovereign entities ↓ indicates rank is in reverse order ( e.g. 1st is lowest ) per capita score out of 10 per 1000 people per woman per 1000 live births The demographics of Malaysia are represented by the multiple ethnic groups that exist in this country . Malaysia 's population , according to the 2010 census , is 28,334,000 including non-citizens , which makes it the 41st most populated country in the world . Of these , 5.72 million live in East Malaysia and 22.5 million live in Peninsular Malaysia . The population distribution is uneven , with some 79 % of its citizens concentrated in Peninsular Malaysia , which has an area of 131,598 square kilometres ( 50,810.27 sq mi ) constituting under 40 % of the total area of Malaysia . The Malaysian population is growing at a rate of 1.94 % per annum as of 2017 . According to latest projection of the 2010 census , among the three largest Malaysian groups Malays and Bumiputera fertility rates are at 2.4 children per woman , Chinese 1.4 children per woman , and Indians 1.8 children per woman . Malay fertility rates are 40 % higher than Malaysian Indians and 56 % higher than Malaysian Chinese . Population projections in 2017 show that the Malays and Bumiputeras comprised a total of 68.8 % , Chinese 23.2 % , and the Indians 7.0 % of the total population . The Chinese population has shrunk from the figures of 1957 when it was about 40 % of Malaya , although in absolute numbers they have multiplied around threefold by 2017 in Malaysia ( 2.4 million in 1957 to 6.6 million in 2017 , the later figure include East Malaysia ) , but dwarfed by the fivefold increase of Malays ( from around 3.1 million in 1957 to 15.5 million in 2017 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Demographic trends and key rates 1.1 Population distribution by states and territories 1.2 Population age distribution trends for 2001 -- 2016 1.3 Structure of the population 1.4 Key demographic rates 2 Vital statistics 2.1 UN estimates 2.2 Registered births and deaths 2.3 Total fertility rate by ethnic group 2.4 Total fertility rate by state 3 Ethnolinguistic groups 3.1 Bumiputras 3.1. 1 Malays 3.1. 2 Other Bumiputras 3.2 Non-Bumiputras 3.2. 1 Chinese 3.2. 2 Indian 3.2. 3 Others 4 Languages 5 Citizenship 6 Religion 6.1 Islam 7 Education 7.1 Primary education 7.2 Secondary education 7.3 Tertiary education 7.4 International schools 8 Health 9 Major cities 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Demographic trends and key rates ( edit ) Demographics of Malaysia , Data of FAO , year 2005 ; Number of inhabitants in thousands . Censuses were taken in Malaysia in 1970 , 1980 , 1991 , and 2000 , with the one in 2000 taking place between 5 and 20 July . The total population is around 28.3 million according to the 2010 census . The population distribution is highly uneven , with some 20 million residents concentrated in Peninsula Malaysia . 74.7 % of the population is urban . Due to the rise in labour - intensive industries , Malaysia is estimated to have over 3 million migrant workers , which is about 10 % of the Malaysian population . The exact numbers are unknown : there are a million legal foreign workers and perhaps another million unauthorised foreigners . The state of Sabah alone had nearly 25 % of its 2.7 million population listed as illegal foreign workers in the last census . Sabah based NGOs estimate that out of the 3 million population , 2 million are illegal immigrants . Additionally , according to the World Refugee Survey 2008 , published by the US Committee for Refugees and Immigrants ( USCRI ) , Malaysia hosts a population of refugees and asylum seekers numbering approximately 155,700 . Of this population , approximately 70,500 refugees and asylum seekers are from the Philippines , 69,700 from Burma , and 21,800 from Indonesia . The USCRI named Malaysia as one of the ten worst places for refugees on account of the country 's discriminatory practices toward them . Malaysian officials are reported to have turned deportees directly over to human smugglers in 2007 , and Malaysia employs RELA , a volunteer militia , to enforce its immigration law . Population distribution by states and territories ( edit ) In 2000 Source : National Census 2000 , Department of Statistics Malaysia . State Population Area ( km ) Pop . density Urban pop. ( % ) Bumiputra ( % ) Chinese ( % ) Indian ( % ) Johor 2,740,625 18987 144 65.2 57.1 35.4 6.9 Kedah 1,649,756 9425 175 39.3 76.6 14.9 7.1 Kelantan 1,313,014 15024 87 34.2 95.0 3.8 0.3 Malacca 635,791 1652 385 67.2 62.8 30.1 6.5 Negeri Sembilan 859,924 6644 129 53.4 57.9 25.6 16.0 Pahang 1,288,376 35965 36 42.0 76.8 17.7 5.0 Penang 1,313,449 1031 1274 80.1 42.5 46.5 10.6 Perak 2,051,236 21005 98 58.7 54.7 32.0 13.0 Perlis 204,450 795 257 34.3 85.5 10.3 1.3 Selangor 4,188,876 7960 526 87.6 53.5 30.7 14.6 Terengganu 898,825 12955 69 48.7 96.8 2.8 0.2 Sabah 2,603,485 73619 35 48.0 80.5 13.2 0.5 Sarawak 2,071,506 124450 17 48.1 72.9 26.7 0.2 FT Kuala Lumpur 1,379,310 243 5676 100.0 43.6 43.5 11.4 FT Labuan 76,067 92 827 77.7 79.6 15.8 1.3 FT Putrajaya 45,000 148 304 100.0 94.8 1.8 2.7 Putrajaya data is for 2004 . Population estimates are rounded to the nearest hundred . In 2010 Source : National Census 2010 , Department of Statistics Malaysia State Population Area ( km ) Pop . density Urban pop. ( % ) Bumiputra ( % ) Chinese ( % ) Indian ( % ) Johor 3,348,283 19,210 174 71.9 58.9 33.6 7.1 Kedah 1,890,098 9,500 199 64.6 77.9 13.6 7.3 Kelantan 1,459,994 15,099 97 42.4 95.7 3.4 0.3 Malacca 788,706 1,664 470 86.5 66.9 26.4 6.2 Negeri Sembilan 997,071 6,686 150 66.5 61.3 23.2 15.2 Pahang 1,443,365 36,137 40 50.5 79.0 16.2 4.4 Penang 1,520,143 1,048 1,500 90.8 43.6 45.6 10.4 Perak 2,258,428 21,035 110 69.7 57.0 30.4 12.2 Perlis 227,025 821 280 51.4 88.4 8.0 1.2 Selangor 5,411,324 8,104 670 91.4 57.1 28.6 13.5 Terengganu 1,015,776 13,035 69 59.1 97.0 2.6 0.2 Sabah 3,117,405 73,631 42 54.0 84.8 12.8 0.3 Sarawak 2,420,009 124,450 19 53.8 74.8 24.5 0.3 FT Kuala Lumpur 1,627,172 243 6,891 100.0 45.9 43.2 10.3 FT Labuan 86,908 91 950 82.3 83.7 13.4 0.9 FT Putrajaya 67,964 49 1,400 100.0 98.0 0.7 1.2 Population age distribution trends for 2001 -- 2016 ( edit ) Year < 15 Years ( % ) 15 - 64 Years ( % ) > 64 Years ( % ) Population ( in millions ) 32.7 63.4 3.9 24.12 2002 31.9 64.1 4.0 24.72 30.4 65.5 4.1 25.91 2005 29.7 66.1 4.2 26.48 2006 29.2 66.5 4.3 26.83 2007 28.7 66.9 4.4 27.00 2008 28.2 67.3 4.5 27.54 2009 27.7 67.7 4.6 27.90 27.2 68.1 4.7 28.25 2015 24.9 69.3 5.8 31.20 2016 24.5 69.5 6.0 31.71 Data from July 2010 . Structure of the population ( edit ) Structure of the population ( 01.07. 2011 ) ( Estimates - Data refer to projections based on the 2000 Population Census ) : Age Group Male Female Total % Total 14 523 912 14 028 800 28 552 712 100 0 - 4 1 257 227 1 197 893 2 455 120 8 , 60 5 - 9 1 258 724 1 200 377 2 459 101 8 , 61 10 - 14 1 407 479 1 333 133 2 740 612 9 , 60 15 - 19 1 382 650 1 298 541 2 681 191 9 , 39 20 - 24 1 305 753 1 255 439 2 561 192 8 , 97 25 - 29 1 225 425 1 202 220 2 427 645 8 , 50 30 - 34 1 156 987 1 133 836 2 290 823 8 , 02 35 - 39 1 084 255 1 055 838 2 140 093 7 , 50 40 - 44 1 021 261 980 714 2 001 975 7 , 01 45 - 49 923 951 878 655 1 802 606 6 , 31 50 - 54 780 930 741 641 1 522 571 5 , 33 55 - 59 627 320 599 062 1 226 382 4 , 30 60 - 64 440 893 421 490 862 383 3 , 02 65 - 69 276 593 276 416 553 009 1 , 94 70 - 74 180 583 198 929 379 512 1 , 33 75 - 79 104 871 127 903 232 774 0 , 82 80 - 84 56 445 73 578 130 023 0 , 46 85 - 89 22 803 31 736 54 539 0 , 19 90 + 9 762 21 399 31 161 0 , 11 Age group Male Female Total Percent 0 - 14 3 923 430 3 731 403 7 654 833 26 , 81 15 - 64 9 949 425 9 567 436 19 516 861 68 , 35 65 + 651 057 729 961 1 381 018 4 , 84 Structure of the population ( 2015 estimates ) : Age Group Male Female Total % Total 15 994 299 15 001 407 30 995 706 100 0 - 4 1 342 280 1 250 354 2 592 634 8.36 5 - 9 1 290 296 1 220 033 2 510 329 8.10 10 - 14 1 361 753 1 289 823 2 651 576 8.55 15 - 19 1 467 520 1 374 861 2 842 381 9.17 20 - 24 1 666 826 1 512 363 3 179 189 10.26 25 - 29 1 636 156 1 453 738 3 089 894 9.97 30 - 34 1 421 538 1 277 508 2 699 046 8.71 35 - 39 1 122 020 1 012 167 2 134 187 6.89 40 - 44 966 696 919 886 1 886 582 6.09 45 - 49 866 201 857 006 1 723 207 5.56 50 - 54 802 194 754 597 1 556 791 5.02 55 - 59 662 308 642 015 1 304 323 4.21 60 - 64 504 442 495 056 999 498 3.22 65 - 69 370 875 378 953 749 828 2.42 70 - 74 225 299 236 337 461 636 1.49 75 - 79 151 764 168 867 320 631 1.03 80 - 84 73 949 85 206 159 155 0.51 85 - 89 38 547 47 792 86 339 0.28 90 - 94 13 383 14 359 27 742 0.09 95 + 10 252 10 486 20 738 0.07 Age group Male Female Total Percent 0 - 14 3 994 329 3 760 210 7 754 539 25.02 15 - 64 11 115 901 10 299 197 21 415 098 69.09 65 + 884 069 942 000 1 826 069 5.89 Key Demographic rates ( edit ) Population growth rate ^ : 1.542 % ( 2012 data ) Age Structure ^ : 0 -- 14 years : 29.6 % ( male 4,118,086 / female 3,884,403 ) 15 -- 64 years : 65.4 % ( male 7,838,166 / female 7,785,833 ) 65 years and over : 5 % ( male 526,967 / female 667,831 ) ( 2011 est . ) Net migration rate : - 0.37 migrant ( s ) / 1,000 population ( 2012 est . ) note : does not reflect net flow of an unknown number of illegal immigrants from other countries in the region Human sex ratio : at birth : 1.07 male ( s ) / female under 15 years : 1.06 male ( s ) / female 15 -- 64 years : 1.03 male ( s ) / female 65 years and over : 0.89 male ( s ) / female total population : 1.03 male ( s ) / female ( 2012 est . ) Infant mortality rate : ^ 14.57 deaths / 1,000 live births ( 2012 data ) Life expectancy at birth : total population : 74.04 years ( at 1 : 1 male - to - female ratio ) male : ^ 71.28 years ( 2012 data ) female : ^ 76.99 years ( 2012 data ) Total fertility rate : 2.64 children born / woman ( 2012 est . ) In 1987 , Malays had a TFR of 4.51 , Chinese had TFR of 2.25 and Indians had TFR of 2.77 . The corresponding figures in Singapore was 2.16 , 1.48 and 1.95 . Data for ( ^ ) obtained from Department of Statistics releases . See notes . All key rates sampled per 1000 of population . Vital statistics ( edit ) UN estimates ( edit ) Period Live births per year Deaths per year Natural change per year CBR CDR NC TFR IMR 1950 - 1955 280 000 92 000 188 000 42.7 14.0 25.3 6.23 96.4 1955 - 1960 318 000 89 000 229 000 41.9 11.7 28.9 6.23 79.5 1960 - 1965 361 000 86 000 275 000 40.8 9.7 29.9 6.23 64.3 1965 - 1970 351 000 82 000 268 000 34.2 8.0 28.1 5.21 51.0 1970 - 1975 365 000 82 000 283 000 31.4 7.1 25.9 4.56 40.4 1975 - 1980 385 000 83 000 302 000 29.4 6.3 21.7 3.93 31.9 1980 - 1985 436 000 86 000 350 000 29.5 5.8 26.4 3.73 25.3 1985 - 1990 488 000 91 000 397 000 28.7 5.3 26.9 3.59 19.9 1990 - 1995 535 000 97 000 438 000 27.5 5.0 22.8 3.42 15.7 1995 - 2000 559 000 104 000 454 000 25.3 4.7 19.8 3.18 12.4 2000 - 2005 572 000 114 000 458 000 23.1 4.6 18.2 2.96 9.8 2005 - 2010 571 000 127 000 443 000 20.9 4.7 14.3 2.72 7.7 CBR = crude birth rate ( per 1000 ) ; CDR = crude death rate ( per 1000 ) ; NC = natural change ( per 1000 ) ; TFR = total fertility rate ( number of children per woman ) ; IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births Registered births and deaths ( edit ) Average population Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate ( per 1000 ) Crude death rate ( per 1000 ) Natural change ( per 1000 ) Total fertility rate ( TFR ) 2009 496 315 130 135 366 178 17.7 4.6 13.0 2,329 28 334 491 239 130 978 360 261 17.2 4.6 12.6 2,136 2011 511 594 135 463 376 131 17.6 4.7 12.9 2,174 2012 ( p ) 508 774 136 836 371 938 17.2 4.6 12.6 2,118 2013 503 914 142 202 361 712 16.7 4.7 12.0 2 , 0 2014 30 733 528 612 150 318 378 294 17.2 4.9 12.3 2 , 1 2015 31 205 521 136 155 786 365 350 16.7 5.0 11.7 2 , 0 Total fertility rate by ethnic group ( edit ) Malays Chinese Indians Total 2.694 1.517 1.733 2.136 2011 2.694 1.557 1.663 2.174 2012 2.743 1.719 1.579 2.188 2013 2.640 1.384 1.474 2.022 2014 2.653 1.414 1.384 2.018 2015 2.553 1.353 1.361 1.941 2016 ( p ) 2.482 1.345 1.337 1.892 Total fertility rate by state ( edit ) Total fertility rate ( TFR ) by state as of 2011 : State Total fertility rate 2011 Total fertility rate 2015 Putrajaya 1.44 1.37 Kuala Lumpur 1.53 1.40 Penang 1.62 1.51 Sabah 1.81 1.64 Selangor 1.96 1.82 Johor 2.18 1.88 Melaka 2.23 1.93 Sarawak 2.23 2.01 Negeri Sembilan 2.30 2.02 Perak 2.39 2.05 Pahang 2.50 2.31 Perlis 2.56 2.33 Kedah 2.61 2.37 Terengganu 3.46 2.80 Kelantan 3.77 3.07 Ethnolinguistic groups ( edit ) Malaysia 's population comprises many ethnic groups . People of Austronesian origin make up the majority of the population , and are known as the Bumiputras . Large Chinese and Indian minorities also exist . Malays , as Bumiputra , see Malaysia as their land , and since race riots in 1969 Bumiputra have been especially privileged in Malaysia -- top government positions are reserved for Malays , and the Malays received cheaper housing , priority in government jobs as well as business licenses . However , since the riot racial stability has prevailed , if not full harmony , and mixed marriages are on the rise . The following are the twenty - five largest ethnolinguistic groups in Malaysia ; speakers of distinct dialects of a language may be grouped separately , for example Terengganu Malay and Kelantan Malay are grouped into East Coast Malay : Distribution of the Bumiputera and Chinese population in Malaysia Group Total Malay 6,916,000 Kedah Malay 3,095,000 Malay , East coast 2,448,000 Han Chinese , Hokkien 1,903,000 Tamil 1,796,000 Han Chinese , Hakka 1,729,000 Han Chinese , Cantonese 1,396,000 Han Chinese , Teochew 1,004,000 Han Chinese , Mandarin 986,000 Minangkabau 901,000 Indonesian 796,000 Iban 686,000 Javanese 640,000 Filipino , Tagalog 456,000 Han Chinese , Hainanese 396,000 Han Chinese , Northern Min 384,000 Brunei Malay , Kedayan 350,000 Malay , East Malaysia 280,000 Han Chinese , Eastern Min 256,000 Straits Chinese 244,000 Nepalese 224,000 Tausug 209,000 Dusun , Central 197,000 Malayali , Malayalam 170,000 Bugis , Buginese 139,000 Bumiputras ( edit ) Main article : Bumiputra A sign of a Kuala Lumpur kopi tiam that depicts the ethnic groups of Malaysia Bumiputras totaling 68.8 % of Malaysia 's population as of 2017 are divided into Muslim Malays proper , who make up the majority of the Malaysian population at 54.66 % ; and other bumiputra , who make up 14.14 % of the Malaysian population , and most of whom belong to various Austronesian Malay ethnic groups related to the Muslim Malays . Bumiputra status is also accorded to certain non-Malay indigenous peoples , including ethnic Thais , Khmers , Chams and the natives of Sabah and Sarawak . Laws over who gets Bumiputra status vary between states . Some Eurasians can obtain bumiputra privileges , providing they can prove they are of Portuguese ( Kristang ) descent . Malays ( edit ) Main articles : Malays ( ethnic group ) and Malaysian Malay The Malays are an ethnic group predominantly inhabiting the Malay Peninsula and parts of Sumatra and Borneo . They form the largest community in Malaysia and play a dominant role politically . They make up about half of the total population . By constitutional definition , Malays are Muslims who practice Malay customs ( adat ) and culture . Their language , Malay ( Bahasa Malaysia ) , is the national language of the country . Citizens of Minangkabau , Bugis or Javanese origins , who can be classified `` Malay '' under constitutional definitions may also speak their respective ancestral tongues . However , English is also widely spoken in major towns and cities across the country . Malays from different states in Malaysia carry distinct dialects that can sometimes be unintelligible to most of their fellow countrymen . By definition of the Malaysian constitution , all Malays are Muslims . In the past , Malays wrote in Pallava or using the Sanskrit - based alphabet of Kawi . Arabic traders later introduced Jawi , an Arabic - based script , which became popular after the 15th century . Until then reading and writing were mostly the preserve of scholars and nobility , while most Malay commoners were illiterate . Jawi was taught along with Islam , allowing the script to spread through all social classes . Nevertheless , Kawi remained in use by the upper - class well into the 15th century . The Romanised script was introduced during the colonial period and , over time , it came to replace both Sanskrit and Jawi . This was largely due to the influence of the European education system , wherein children were taught the Latin alphabet . Malay culture shows strong influences from Buddhism , Hinduism and animism . However , since the Islamisation movement of the 1980s and 90s , these aspects are often neglected or banned altogether . Because any Malay - speaking Muslim is entitled to Bumiputra privileges , many non-Malay Muslims have adopted the Malay language , customs and attire in the last few decades . This is particularly the case with Indian Muslims from the peninsula and the Kedayan of Borneo . The Malay ethnic group is distinct from the concept of a Malay race , which encompasses a wider group of people , including most of Indonesia and the Philippines . Other Bumiputras ( edit ) Main article : Orang Asal Ethnic groups in Sabah Malaysia has many other non-Malay indigenous people , who are given Bumiputra status . The indigenous tribes are the oldest inhabitants of Malaysia , and the indigenous groups of Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia are collectively known as the `` Orang Asli '' . They account for about 11 percent of the nation 's population , and represent a majority in East Malaysia of Sabah and Sarawak . In Sarawak , the dominant tribal group are the Dayak people , who are either Iban ( also known as Sea Dayak ) or Bidayuh ( also known as Land Dayak ) of which are mainly Christians . The Iban form the largest of all indigenous groups , numbering over 600,000 ( 35 % of Sarawak 's population ) , who mostly still live in traditional longhouses which can hold up to 200 people . Longhouses are mostly places along the Rajang and Lupar rivers and their tributaries , although many Iban have moved to the cities . The Bidayuhs , numbering around 170,000 , are concentrated in the southwestern part of Sarawak . They , together with other indigenous groups in Sarawak make up over half of the states population . The largest indigenous tribe in Sabah is the Kadazan , most of whom are Christians and rice farmers . They live as substinence farmers . Sabah has a large amount of indigenous people , 28 % of the population are Kadazan - Dusuns , and 17 % are Bajaus . There also exist aboriginal groups in much smaller numbers on the peninsula , where they are collectively known as Orang Asli ( literally meaning `` original person '' ) . The 140,000 Orang Asli comprise a number of different ethnic communities . Many tribes , both on the peninsula and in Borneo , were traditionally nomadic or semi-nomadic hunter -- gatherers who practice animism , including the Punan , Penan and Senoi . However , their ancestral land and hunting grounds are commonly reclaimed by the state , shifting them to inferior land and sometimes pushing them out of their traditional way of life . The most numerous of the Orang Asli are called Negritos and are related to native Papuans in West Papua , Indonesia and Papua New Guinea , and possibly even to the aborigines in Australia . Other bumiputera minorities to a lesser degree include the Malaysian Siamese , Khmers , Chams , Burmese and the Indian Muslims commonly known as Mamaks . Non-Bumiputras ( edit ) A magnet depicting the ethnic groups of Malaysia Minorities who lack Bumiputra status have established themselves in Malaysia . Those who are not considered to be Bumiputras make up a considerable portion of the Malaysian population -- non-Malays once constituted around 50 % of the population of peninsula Malaya ( 1947 -- 1957 ) , but have since declined in percentage term due to a higher birthrate of Malays as well as some degree of out - migration by the Chinese . A large number of the non-Bumiputra arrived during the colonial period , but most of the non-Bumiputras were native - born by 1947 as large - scale immigration had effectively ceased by the late 1940s . Some Chinese families , known as Peranakan ( `` straits - born '' ) , have resided in Malaysia since as far back as 15th century Malacca . Chinese ( edit ) Main article : Malaysian Chinese The second largest ethnic group at 6.66 million are the Chinese who make up 23.2 % of the population excluding non-citizens as of 2017 . They have been dominant in trade and business since the early 20th century . Malaysian Chinese businesses developed as part of the larger bamboo network , a network of overseas Chinese businesses operating in the markets of Southeast Asia that share common family and cultural ties . George Town and Ipoh are Chinese - majority cities , while Penang is the only state in Malaysia with a non-Bumiputera majority population . The Chinese have been settling in Malaysia for many centuries , as seen in the emergence of the Peranakan culture , but the exodus peaked during the nineteenth century through trading and tin - mining . When they first arrived , the Chinese often worked the most grueling jobs like tin mining and railway construction . Later on , some of them owned businesses that became large conglomerates in today 's Malaysia . Most Chinese are Tao Buddhist and retain strong cultural ties to their ancestral homeland . The first Chinese people to settle in the Straits Settlements , primarily in and around Malacca , gradually adopted elements of Malayan culture , and some intermarried with the Malayan community . A distinct sub-ethnic group called babas ( male ) and nyonyas ( female ) emerged . Babas and nyonyas as a group are known as Peranakan . They produced a syncretic set of practices , beliefs , and arts , combining Malay and Chinese traditions in such a way as to create a new culture . The Peranakan culture is still visible to this day in the former Straits Settlements of Singapore , Malacca and Penang . The Chinese community in Malaysia , depending on the predominant dialect in a particular region , speaks a variety of Chinese dialects including Mandarin , Hokkien , Cantonese , Hakka and Teochew . In certain regions in Malaysia , some dialects are more widely used ; Hokkien predominates in Penang and Kedah , while most Chinese in the former centres of tin mining , such as Ipoh and Kuala Lumpur , speak Cantonese . More recently , however , with the standardised , compulsory use of Mandarin in Chinese schools , a huge majority of Malaysian Chinese now speak Mandarin , a non-native language that originated from northern China . On the other hand , it was reported that up to 10 % of Malaysian Chinese are primarily English - speaking . The English - speaking Chinese minority is typically concentrated in cities such as Kuala Lumpur , Petaling Jaya , George Town , Ipoh and Malacca . The English speakers form a distinct subset within the larger Chinese community , as they are known to have a less Sinocentric mindset , and are rather Westernized in thinking and attitudes . Indian ( edit ) Main article : Malaysian Indian The 2.01 million strong Indian community in Malaysia is the smallest of the three main ethnic groups , comprising only 7.0 % of the total population excluding non-citizens as of 2017 . Indians were brought in to Malaysia during the British colonial period in late 18th century and early 19th centuries . They first came to Malaya for barter trade , especially in the former Straits Settlements of Singapore , Malacca and Penang . During the British colonial rule , Indian labourers , who were mostly Tamils and Telugus from Tamil Nadu , Andhra Pradesh and lesser so from Kerala in the South of India were brought to Malaya to work on sugarcane and coffee plantations , rubber and oil palm estates , construction of buildings , railways , roads and bridges . English - educated Ceylon Tamils from Ceylon ( now Sri Lanka ) , and Malayalees ( from Kerela ) were brought in to handle white - collar jobs . Kerela had the first mission schools in India and as such produced english educated administrators . Both ethnicities worked mainly as clerks , public servants , teachers , hospital assistants , doctors and in other skilled professions . As for the Punjabis from Punjab , most of them where enlisted in the army in Malaya while some handled the bullock - cart services in the country . The South Asians that came to Malaysia followed Hinduism , Islam and Sikhism . Hindu religion with its unique temples Kovils and Gurdwaras , Tamil cuisine and colourful garments . More than 85 % of Malaysian Indians adhere to Hinduism . The Chitty community in Malacca are descendants of much earlier Indian immigrants who adopted local culture . Though they remain Hindu , the Chitties speak Bahasa Malaysia and women dress in sarong kebayas . The Hindu community celebrates two main festivals -- Deepavali and Thaipusam -- and many other smaller religious events each year . The ethnic Malayalees from Kerela celebrate the Onam festival ( new year ) and Vishu . The ethnic Punjabis celebrate Vasakhi , Lodi and Gurpurab . Majority of the Indians in Malaysia mainly speak Tamil while Telugu , Malayalam and Punjabi are also spoken . Some other South Asian Muslims mostly from Pakistan and Bangladesh have intermarried with the local Malay Muslims and have integrated with the Malays to a certain degree . Indian Muslims are commonly known as Mamak people in Malaysia and have recently gained Bumiputera status recognition in 2017 . Others ( edit ) A small minority of Malaysians do not fit into the broader ethnic groups . A small population exists of people of European and Middle Eastern descent . Europeans and Middle Easterners , who first arrived during the colonial period , assimilated through intermarriage into the Christian and Muslim communities . Most Eurasian Malaysians trace their ancestry to British , Dutch and / or Portuguese colonists , and there is a strong Kristang community in Malacca . The Madhesi Nepalese are mostly migrant workers from Nepal totalling 356,199 of which Malaysian Citizens are as little over 600 and lives in Rawang , Selangor . Originally brought by the British as bodyguards and security personnel , Nepali population consist of Rana , Chettri , Rai and Gurung clans . Other minorities include Filipinos and Burmese . A small number of ethnic Vietnamese from Cambodia and Vietnam settled in Malaysia as Vietnam War refugees . There is no general consensus on the ethnic profiling of children of mixed parentage . Some choose to be identified according to paternal ethnicity while others simply think that they fall in the `` Others '' category . The majority choose to identify themselves as Malay as long as either parent is Malay , mainly due to the legal definition of Bumiputra and the privileges that comes along with it . Children of Chinese -- Indian parentage are known as Chindians . Though this is not an official category in national census data , it is an increasing number especially in urban areas due to the increasing ethnic Chinese - Indian relationships . Languages ( edit ) Main article : Languages of Malaysia A sign showing common languages in Malaysia : Malay , English , Chinese , and Tamil Malaysia contains speakers of 137 living languages , 41 of which are found in Peninsula Malaysia . The official language of Malaysia is known as Bahasa Malaysia , a standardised form of the Malay language . English was , for a protracted period , the de facto , administrative language of Malaysia , though its status was later rescinded . Despite that , English remains an active second language in many areas of Malaysian society and is taught as a compulsory subject in all public schools . Many businesses in Malaysia conduct their transactions in English , and it is sometimes used in official correspondence . Examinations are based on British English , although there has been much American influence through television . Malaysian English , also known as Malaysian Standard English ( MySE ) , is a form of English derived from British English , although there is little official use of the term , except with relation to education . Malaysian English also sees wide use in business , along with Manglish , which is a colloquial form of English with heavy Malay , Chinese languages and Tamil influences . Most Malaysians are conversant in English , although some are only fluent in the Manglish form . The Malaysian government officially discourages the use of Manglish . Malaysian Chinese mostly speak Chinese languages from the southern provinces of China . The more common languages in Peninsular Malaysia are Hokkien , Cantonese , Hakka , Teochew , Hainanese , and Hokchiu . In Sarawak , most ethnic Chinese speak either Foochow or Hakka while Hakka predominates in Sabah except in the city of Sandakan where Cantonese is more often spoken despite the Hakka - origins of the Chinese residing there . Hokkien is mostly spoken in Penang and Kedah whereas Cantonese is mostly spoken in Ipoh and Kuala Lumpur . However , in Malaysia as a whole , the majority of ethnic Chinese now speak Standard Mandarin , a non-native language from northern China ( originally spoken by the Beijing elite and chosen as the official language of China ) , as their first language , while English is the first language for the rest . Some of the less - spoken languages such as Hainanese are facing extinction . As with Malaysian youths of other races , most Chinese youth are multilingual and can speak up to four languages with at least moderate fluency -- their native Chinese language , Mandarin , English and Malay . Tamil is the most common language spoken among Indians in Malaysia , especially in Peninsular Malaysia where they still maintain close cultural ties with their homeland Tamilnadu & Ceylon . This is because there are far fewer Indians in East Malaysia than in the Peninsula . Besides Tamil , Telugu is also spoken by the Telugu community . Malayalam Language is used by the Malayalee ethnic group . Punjabi is widely used In the city of Ipoh . This language is also used in Klang Valley . Besides that , Sinhalese is used by the ethnic group from Sri Lanka . Citizens of Minangkabau , Bugis or Javanese origins , who can be classified `` Malay '' under constitutional definitions may also speak their respective ancestral tongues . The native tribes of East Malaysia have their own languages which are related to , but easily distinguishable from , Malay . The Iban is the main tribal language in Sarawak while Dusunic languages are spoken by the natives in Sabah . A variant of the Malay language that is spoken in Brunei is also commonly spoken in both states . Some Malaysians have Caucasian ancestry and speak creole languages , such as the Portuguese - based Malaccan Creoles , and the Spanish - based Zamboangueño Chavacano . Thai is also spoken in some areas . Citizenship ( edit ) Main articles : Malaysian citizenship and Malaysian nationality law Citizenship is usually granted by lex soli . Citizenship in the states of Sabah and Sarawak in Malaysian Borneo are distinct from citizenship in Peninsular Malaysia for immigration purposes . Every citizen is issued a biometric smart chip identity card , known as MyKad , at the age of 12 , and must carry the card at all times . Religion ( edit ) Main article : Religion in Malaysia Kampung Laut Mosque in Tumpat is one of the oldest mosques in Malaysia , dating to early 18th century Islam is the largest and state religion of Malaysia , although Malaysia is a multi-religious society and the Malaysian constitution guarantees religious freedom . Despite the recognition of Islam as the state religion , the first 4 prime ministers have stressed that Malaysia could function as a secular state . According to the Population and Housing Census 2000 figures , approximately 60.4 percent of the population practised Islam ; 19.2 percent Buddhism ; 9.1 percent Christianity ; 6.3 percent Hinduism ; and 2.6 percent practise Confucianism , Taoism and other traditional Chinese religions . The remainder was accounted for by other faiths , including animism , folk religion , and Sikhism while 0.9 % either reported having no religion or did not provide any information . The majority of Malaysian Indians follow Hinduism ( 84.5 % ) , with a significant minority identifying as Christians ( 7.7 % ) , Sikhs ( 3.9 % ) , Muslims ( 3.8 % ) , and 1,000 Jains . Most Malaysian Chinese follow a combination of Buddhism , Taoism , Confucianism and ancestor - worship but , when pressed to specify their religion , will identify themselves as Buddhists . Statistics from the 2000 Census indicate that 75.9 % of Malaysia 's ethnic Chinese identify as Buddhist , with significant numbers of adherents following Taoism ( 10.6 % ) and Christianity ( 9.6 % ) , along with small Hui - Muslim populations in areas like Penang . Christianity constitutes a slim majority of the non-Malay Bumiputra community ( 50.1 % ) with an additional 36.3 % identifying as Muslims while 7.3 % follow folk religion . Islam ( edit ) Main article : Islam in Malaysia Islam is thought to have been brought to Malaysia around the 12th century by Arab traders . Since then the religion has become the predominant religion of the country and is recognised as the state 's official religion . All ethnic Malays are considered Muslim by Article 160 of the Constitution of Malaysia . Muslims are obliged to follow the decisions of Syariah courts in matters concerning their religion . The Islamic judges are expected to follow the Shafi ` i legal school of Islam , which is the main madh'hab of Malaysia . The jurisdiction of Shariah courts is limited only to Muslims in matters such as marriage , inheritance , divorce , apostasy , religious conversion , and custody among others . No other criminal or civil offences are under the jurisdiction of the Shariah courts , which have a similar hierarchy to the Civil Courts . Despite being the supreme courts of the land , the Civil Courts ( including the Federal Court ) do not hear matters related to Islamic practices , as ratified by Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad in the late 1980s . Regulation of sexual activities among the Muslim population is strict ; with laws prohibiting unmarried couples from occupying a secluded area or a confined space to prevent suspicion of acts forbidden in Islam . Education ( edit ) Main article : Education in Malaysia University of Nottingham campus at Semenyih , Selangor Literacy rates ( percentage of people over 15 who can read and write ) are high in Malaysia , with an overall Literacy rate of 88.7 % . Literacy rates are higher among males ( 92 % ) than females ( 85.4 % ) Education in Malaysia is monitored by the federal government Ministry of Education . The education system features a non-compulsory kindergarten education followed by six years of compulsory primary education , and five years of optional secondary education . Most Malaysian children start schooling between the ages of three to six , in kindergarten . Primary education ( edit ) Children begin primary schooling at the age of seven for a period of six years . Primary schools are divided into two categories , national primary schools and vernacular school . Vernacular schools ( Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan ) use either Chinese or Tamil as the medium of instruction , whereas national primary schools ( Sekolah Kebangsaan ) uses Bahasa Malaysia as the medium of instruction for subjects except English , Science and Mathematics . Malay College Kuala Kangsar ( MCKK ) is one of the earliest boarding schools established in British Malaya . Before progressing to the secondary level of education , pupils in Year 6 are required to sit the Primary School Achievement Test ( Ujian Pencapaian Sekolah Rendah , UPSR ) . A programme called First Level Assessment ( Penilaian Tahap Satu , PTS ) taken during Primary Year 3 was abolished in 2001 . Secondary education ( edit ) Secondary education in Malaysia is conducted in secondary schools ( Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan ) for five years . National secondary schools use Malay as the main language of instruction . The only exceptions are Mathematics and Science and languages other than Malay , however this was only implemented in 2003 , prior to which all non-language subjects were taught in Malay . At the end of Form Three , which is the third year , students are evaluated in the Form Three Assessment ( `` Pentaksiran Tingkatan Tiga '' , PT3 ) . Secondary students no longer sit for PMR in Form Three that has been abolished in 2014 . In the final year of secondary education ( Form Five ) , students sit the Malaysian Certificate of Education ( Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia , SPM ) examination , which is equivalent to the former British Ordinary or ' O ' Levels . The government has decided to abandon the use of English in teaching maths and science and revert to Bahasa Malaysia , starting in 2012 . Malaysian national secondary schools are sub-divided into several types : National Secondary School ( Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan ) , Religious Secondary School ( Sekolah Menengah Agama ) , National - Type Secondary School ( Sekolah Menengah Jenis Kebangsaan ) ( also referred to as Mission Schools ) , Technical Schools ( Sekolah Menengah Teknik ) , Residential Schools and MARA Junior Science College ( Maktab Rendah Sains MARA ) . There are also 60 Chinese Independent High Schools in Malaysia , where most subjects are taught in Chinese . Chinese Independent High Schools are monitored and standardised by the United Chinese School Committees ' Association of Malaysia ( UCSCAM ) . However , unlike government schools , independent schools are autonomous . It takes six years to complete secondary education in Chinese independent schools . Students will sit a standardised test conducted by UCSCAM , which is known as the Unified Examination Certificate ( UEC ) in Junior Middle 3 ( equivalent to PMR ) and Senior Middle 3 ( equivalent to A level ) . A number of independent schools conduct classes in Malay and English in addition to Chinese , enabling the students to sit the PMR and SPM additionally . Tertiary education ( edit ) See also : List of universities in Malaysia An aerial view of Multimedia University 's Cyberjaya campus . Multimedia University is Malaysia 's first private university . Before the introduction of the matriculation system , students aiming to enter public universities had to complete an additional 18 months of secondary schooling in Form Six and sit the Malaysian Higher School Certificate ( Sijil Tinggi Persekolahan Malaysia , STPM ) ; equivalent to the British Advanced or ' A ' levels . Since the introduction of the matriculation programme as an alternative to STPM in 1999 , students who completed the 12 - month programme in matriculation colleges ( kolej matrikulasi in Malay ) can enrol in local universities . However , in the matriculation system , only 10 per cent of the places are open to non-Bumiputra students . There are a number of government - funded public universities in Malaysia , the most prominent of them being University of Malaya . Although the ethnic quota system favouring Malays at such universities was abolished in 2002 , disparity of student intake still exists in these universities with underrepresentation of non-Bumiputras . Instead , private universities have sprung up to cater to the local population . These private universities are also gaining a reputation for international quality education and students from all over the world attend these universities . In addition , four reputable international universities have set up their branch campuses in Malaysia since 1998 . A branch campus can be seen as an ' offshore campus ' of the foreign university , which offers the same courses and awards as the main campus . Both local and international students can acquire these identical foreign qualifications in Malaysia at a lower fee . The foreign university branch campuses in Malaysia are : Monash University Malaysia Campus , Curtin University , Malaysia , Swinburne University of Technology Sarawak Campus and University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus . Students also have the option of enrolling in private tertiary institutions after secondary studies . Most institutions have educational links with overseas universities especially in the United States , the United Kingdom and Australia , allowing students to spend a portion of their course duration abroad as well as getting overseas qualifications . One such example is Tunku Abdul Rahman University College which partnered with Sheffield Hallam University and Coventry University . International schools ( edit ) In addition to the Malaysian National Curriculum , Malaysia has many international schools such as The International School Kuala Lumpur , Alice Smith School , Gardens International School , Cempaka Schools Malaysia , Kolej Tuanku Ja'afar ... etc . These schools cater to the growing expatriate population in the country and the Malaysians who want a foreign curriculum , UK based curriculum , English education or Australian curriculum as well . Health ( edit ) See also : Healthcare in Malaysia The Malaysian government places importance on the expansion and development of health care , putting 5 % of the government social sector development budget into public health care -- an increase of more than 47 % over the previous figure . This has meant an overall increase of more than RM 2 billion . With a rising and ageing population , the Government wishes to improve in many areas including the refurbishment of existing hospitals , building and equipping new hospitals , expansion of the number of polyclinics , and improvements in training and expansion of telehealth . A major problem with the health care sector is the lack of medical centres for rural areas , which the government is trying to counter through the development of and expansion of a system called `` tele - primary care '' . Another issue is the overperscription of drugs , though this has decreased in recent years . Since 2009 the Malaysian Health Ministry has increased its efforts to overhaul the system and attract more foreign investment . The country generally has an efficient and widespread system of health care . It implements a universal healthcare system , which co-exists with the private healthcare system . Infant mortality rate in 2009 was 6 deaths per 1000 births , and life expectancy at birth in 2009 was 75 years . Malaysia has the highest levels of obesity among ASEAN countries . The Malaysian health care system requires doctors to perform a compulsory three years service with public hospitals to ensure that the manpower in these hospitals is maintained . Recently foreign doctors have also been encouraged to take up employment in Malaysia . There is still , however , a significant shortage in the medical workforce , especially of highly trained specialists ; thus , certain medical care and treatment are available only in large cities . Recent efforts to bring many facilities to other towns have been hampered by lack of expertise to run the available equipment . The majority of private hospitals are in urban areas and , unlike many of the public hospitals , are equipped with the latest diagnostic and imaging facilities . Private hospitals have not generally been seen as an ideal investment -- it has often taken up to ten years before companies have seen any profits . However , the situation has now changed and companies are now exploring this area again , corresponding with the increased number of foreigners entering Malaysia for medical care and the recent government focus on developing the health tourism industry . The Government has also been trying to promote Malaysia as a health care destination , regionally and internationally . Major cities ( edit ) Main article : List of cities and towns in Malaysia by population § Largest urban agglomerations Kuala Lumpur is the capital and largest city of Malaysia . Although many executive and judicial branches of the federal government have moved to Putrajaya , Kuala Lumpur is the seat of the Parliament of Malaysia , making it the country 's legislative capital . It is also the economic and business centre of the country , and is a primate city . Kuala Lumpur is also rated as a global city , and is the only global city in Malaysia . Along with Subang Jaya , Klang , Petaling Jaya , Shah Alam , Kajang - Sungai Chua , Ampang Jaya and Selayang it forms the country 's largest and most important urban area , the Klang Valley . Penang Island , with its capital city George Town , is the second largest city , with an estimated 710,000 inhabitants as of 2010 . It used to be Malaysia 's largest and only city until the 1970s when Kuala Lumpur became the capital . Today , the city serves as the economic , financial , logistics and medical tourism hub in the northern region of Malaysia . Together with surrounding towns including Bayan Lepas , Balik Pulau , Butterworth , Sungai Petani , Kulim and Bandar Baharu , it forms the Greater Penang conurbation , the second largest metropolitan area in the country with a population of over 2.5 million . Johor Bahru is the third largest urban area in the country . It is situated next to Singapore , and receives more than 60 % of the country 's annual 16 million foreign tourists . The city is also an important industrial , tourism and commercial hub for southern Malaysia . Other major cities in Malaysia include Ipoh , Kota Kinabalu and Kuching . Largest cities of Malaysia ( 2010 ) Kuala Lumpur George Town Rank City State Population view talk Ipoh Petaling Jaya Kuala Lumpur Federal Territories 1,588,750 George Town Penang 708,127 Ipoh Perak 657,892 Petaling Jaya Selangor 613,977 5 Shah Alam Selangor 541,306 6 Johor Bahru Johor 497,067 7 Melaka Melaka 484,885 8 Kota Kinabalu Sabah 452,058 9 Alor Setar Kedah 405,523 10 Kuala Terengganu Terengganu 337,553 See also ( edit ) Immigration to Malaysia Project IC , corruption & electoral demographics References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` 2010 Population and Housing Census of Malaysia '' ( PDF ) . Department of Statistics , Malaysia . p. 11 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Population , Household and Living Quarters ( 2010 ) Archived 28 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine. , Department of Statistics , Malaysia . Jump up ^ `` Current Population Estimates , Malaysia , 2014 - 2016 '' . Department of Statistics , Malaysia . Archived from the original on 12 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Demographic Transition in Malaysia , Demographic Statistics Division , Malaysia . ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Charles Hirschman ( March 1980 ) . `` Demographic Trends in Peninsula Malaya '' ( PDF ) . Population and Development Review . 6 ( 1 ) : 103 -- 125 . JSTOR 1972660 . Jump up ^ `` Population by States and Ethnic Group '' . Department of Information , Ministry of Communications and Multimedia , Malaysia . 2015 . Archived from the original on 12 February 2016 . Retrieved 12 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Malaysian government statistics department ( 2001 ) . `` Population and Housing Census 2000 '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 23 March 2007 . Retrieved 23 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Malaysia '' . State.gov. 14 July 2010 . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Hassan , Asan Ali Golam ( 2004 ) . Growth , structural change , and regional inequality in Malaysia . Hants : Ashgate Publishing Ltd. p. 12 . ISBN 0 - 7546 - 4332 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : `` The World Factbook '' . cia.gov . Retrieved 2 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` As Malaysia deports illegal workers , employers run short '' . New York Times . 13 July 2009 . Retrieved 26 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Kent , Jonathan ( 29 October 2004 ) . `` Illegal workers leave Malaysia '' . BBC News . Retrieved 26 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Quek , Kim . `` Demographic implosion in Sabah ? Really ? '' . Malaysiakini . Retrieved 21 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Refugee Survey 2008 '' . U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants. 19 June 2008 . Archived from the original on 5 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Population And Housing Census 2000 '' . Department of Statistics Malaysia . Archived from the original on 30 December 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Department of Statistics Malaysia '' . statistics.gov.my . Archived from the original on 5 July 2015 . Retrieved 2 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Population by Age Group ( 1963 -- 2010 ) , Department of Statistics Malaysia Archived 21 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2.htm Jump up ^ `` 2015 Demographic Yearbook '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . p. 225 . Jump up ^ Saw SH . `` Ethnic fertility differentials in Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore . '' . nih.gov . Retrieved 2 July 2015 . Jump up ^ 9 February 2007 -- Statistics Department , Malaysia -- Vital statistics Archived 23 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ 9 February 2007 -- Statistics Department , Malaysia -- Demographic key rates Archived 6 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` World Population Prospects , the 2012 Revision '' . un.org . Archived from the original on 6 May 2011 . Retrieved 2 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Department of Statistics Malaysia '' . statistics.gov.my . Archived from the original on 5 July 2015 . Retrieved 2 July 2015 . Jump up ^ DOSM Jump up ^ Saw Swee - Hock. 2015 . The Population of Malaysia , 2nd ed , p. 158 . Singapore : Institute of Southeast Asian Studies . Jump up ^ Anthony Spaeth ( 9 December 1996 ) . `` Bound for Glory '' . Time magazine . Archived from the original on 17 March 2009 . Retrieved 26 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Joshua Project . `` People Groups '' . joshuaproject.net . Retrieved 2 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` PM asked to clarify mixed - race bumiputra status '' . Thestar.com.my. 4 November 2009 . Archived from the original on 2 July 2014 . Retrieved 26 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Kahn , Joel S. ( 1998 ) . Southeast Asian identities : culture and the politics of representation in Indonesia , Malaysian , Singapore and Thailand . Singapore : Institute of Southeast Asian Studies . pp. 189 -- 190 . ISBN 981 - 3055 - 79 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Constitution of Malaysia : Article 152 Jump up ^ `` Geography of Wealth -- Iban People / Malaysia Profile '' . National Geographic . 17 October 2002 . Archived from the original on 18 February 2011 . Retrieved 15 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` KadazanDusun , Kadazan Dusun Sabahan ABC Sabah Malaysia '' . Abcsabah.com . Archived from the original on 23 October 2010 . Retrieved 15 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The People Of Sabah '' . Sabah.org.my . Archived from the original on 17 May 2011 . Retrieved 15 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Gomes , Alberto G. ( 2007 ) . Modernity and Malaysia : settling the Menraq forest nomads . New York : Taylor & Francis Group . p. 10 . ISBN 0 - 203 - 96075 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Environmental Justice Case Study : Displacement of Indigenous People in Sarawak , Malaysia '' . Umich.edu. 27 September 1994 . Retrieved 17 September 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Current Population Estimates , Malaysia , 2016 - 2017 '' . Department of Statistics , Malaysia . Jump up ^ Murray L Weidenbaum ( 1 January 1996 ) . The Bamboo Network : How Expatriate Chinese Entrepreneurs are Creating a New Economic Superpower in Asia . Martin Kessler Books , Free Press . pp. 4 -- 8 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 82289 - 1 . Jump up ^ ( PDF ) https://web.archive.org/web/20120227011347/http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/population/04Jadual_PBT_negeri/PBT_Perak.pdf . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 February 2012 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Chinese , and truly Malaysian - Nation - The Star Online '' . Jump up ^ Baradan Kuppusamy ( 24 March 2006 ) . `` Racism alive and well in Malaysia '' . Asia times . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Indian Communities in Southeast Asia . 1993 . Jump up ^ Ramasamy , Rajakrishnan ( 1988 ) . Sojourners to citizens : Sri Lankan Tamils in Malaysia , 1885 - 1965 . Jump up ^ The Encyclopedia of the Sri Lankan Diaspora. 2014 . pp. 78 -- 84 . Jump up ^ Indian Communities in Southeast Asia . 1993 . pp. 541 -- 556 . Jump up ^ `` Non-resident Indian and Person of Indian Origin '' . NRIOL . NRIOL . Retrieved 27 November 2008 . Most Indians migrated to Malaysia as plantation laborers under British rule Jump up ^ `` Indian Fulbright scholar Honored by Malaysian PM '' . India Post.com . Archived from the original on 5 December 2008 . Retrieved 27 November 2008 . `` The British encouraged many Indians to migrate from India to Malaysia , and they were mostly lower caste groups so the British took advantage of that , '' says Ramanujan , adding that thousands of Indians , especially from Tamil Nadu , came as indentured labour to work the plantations , with only a few coming over as plantation managers or more skilled labour . Jump up ^ `` Total migrant workers from Terai Madhesh of Nepal to Malaysia '' . Jump up ^ `` 1 in 10 madhesi of Madhesi are migrant workers in Malaysia : Nepali times '' . Jump up ^ `` Madhesi are recognizes Nepali first in Qatar , Malaysia and India '' . Jump up ^ `` Ethnologue report for Malaysia '' . Ethnologue.com . Retrieved 18 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ethnologue report for Malaysia ( Peninsular ) '' . Ethnologue.com . Archived from the original on 10 May 2011 . Retrieved 18 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` PAGE hands in second memorandum '' . The Star Online . 9 July 2010 . Archived from the original on 18 October 2014 . Retrieved 8 September 2010 . Deputy Prime Minister Tan Sri Muhyiddin Yassin announced last year that the policy of Teaching of Mathematics and Science in English ( known by its Malay acronym , PPSMI ) would be scrapped from 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Math and Science back to Bahasa , mother tongues '' . The Star Online . 8 July 2009 . Archived from the original on 2 March 2011 . Retrieved 8 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Zimmer , Benjamin ( 5 October 2006 ) . `` Language Log : Malaysia cracks down on `` salad language '' `` . Itre.cis.upenn.edu . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Book Review : The Chinese in Malaysia '' . Phuakl.tripod.com . Retrieved 21 September 2010 . Jump up ^ West , Barbara ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania , Volume 1 . New York : Facts on File inc . p. 486 . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 7109 - 8 . Jump up ^ The Austronesian languages of Asia ... -- Google Books . Books.google.com.ph. 2005 - 01 - 01 . ISBN 9780700712861 . Retrieved 21 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Malaysian Creole Portuguese : Asian , African or European ? '' . 17 . University of Texas . 1975 : 211 -- 236 . JSTOR 30027570 . Jump up ^ Michaelis , Susanne ( 2008 ) . Roots of Creole structures . Amsterdam : John Benjamins Publishing Co. p. 279 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 272 - 5255 - 5 . Jump up ^ Constitution of Malaysia : Article 14 - 1 Jump up ^ Leow Yong May ( 30 August 2007 ) . `` More than just a card '' . Thestar.com.my . Archived from the original on 2 July 2014 . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Department of Statistics , Malaysia ( 2005 ) . General Report of the Population and Housing Census 2000 . Putrajaya : Department of Statistics , Malaysia . pp. 60 -- 64 . ISBN 983 - 9044 - 26 - 5 . Jump up ^ Barbara Watson Andaya , Leonard Y . Andaya ( 1984 ) . A History of Malaysia . Basingstoke , Hampshire , UK : MacMillan Press Ltd . pp. 52 -- 53 . ISBN 0 - 333 - 27672 - 8 . ( text at Google Books ) Jump up ^ Constitution of Malaysia : Article 160 ( 2 ) - 1 Jump up ^ Peletz , Michael ( 2002 ) . Islamic modern : religious courts and cultural politics in Malaysia . Princeton : Princeton University Press . pp. 84 -- 85 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 09508 - 6 . Jump up ^ Mahathir , Marina ( 17 August 2010 ) . `` Malaysia moving forward in matters of Islam and women by Marina Mahathir -- Common Ground News Service '' . Commongroundnews.org . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Jennifer Pak , `` Unmarried couples caught in Malaysia hotel raids '' , BBC News , 4 January 2010 Jump up ^ Moran , Robert T. ; Harris , Philip R. ; Moran , Sarah V. ( 2007 ) . Managing cultural differences : global leadership strategies for the 21st century . Oxford : Butterworth Heinemann . p. 452 . ISBN 0 - 7506 - 8247 - 7 . Jump up ^ Constitution of Malaysia Ninth Schedule Jump up ^ Mustafa , Shazwan ( 22 August 2010 ) . `` Malay groups want vernacular schools abolished '' . The Malaysian Insider . Archived from the original on 25 August 2010 . Retrieved 18 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Primary School Education '' . Malaysia.gov.my . Archived from the original on 11 May 2011 . Retrieved 26 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Gooch , Liz ( 10 July 2009 ) . `` In Malaysia , English Ban Raises Fears for Future '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 9 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Academic Qualification Equivalence '' . StudyMalaysia.com . Retrieved 15 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Saw , Swee - Hock ; Kesavapany , K ( 2006 ) . Malaysia : recent trends and challenges . Singapore : Institute of Southeast Asian Studies . p. 259 . ISBN 981 - 230 - 339 - 1 . Jump up ^ Jennifer Pak ( 2 September 2013 ) . `` Is Malaysia university entry a level playing field ? '' . BBC . Jump up ^ `` Collaborative Partnership '' . Tunku Abdul Rahman University College . Retrieved 23 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Official Site of Malaysia Healthcare Travel & Medical Tourism '' . Myhealthcare.gov.my. 3 July 2009 . Archived from the original on 17 October 2010 . Retrieved 17 September 2010 . ^ Jump up to : moveforward ( 8 August 2009 ) . `` Health Care in Malaysia '' . Expatforum.com . Retrieved 17 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Healthcare in Malaysia '' . Allianzworldwidecare.com . Retrieved 17 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Malaysia -- Statistics '' . UNICEF . Retrieved 22 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Confirmed : Malaysia fattest ASEAN nation '' . Investvine.com. 26 February 2013 . Retrieved 6 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Too fat '' . Investvine.com. 6 April 2013 . Retrieved 6 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Media Release : Health Tourism in Malaysia '' . Tourism Malaysia . Retrieved 21 June 2010 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Population Distribution by Local Authority Areas and Mukims , 2010 ( page 1 & 8 ) '' ( PDF ) . Department of Statistics , Malaysia . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 February 2015 . Retrieved 19 July 2013 . External links ( edit ) Department of Statistics , Malaysia Ethnic groups in Malaysia by region Malaysians Nationwide Malay ( list ) Chinese ( list ) Indian ( list ) Tamil Native Indonesian Banjarese Buginese Javanese Minangkabau Peninsular Malaysia Malays Johorean Malay Kedahan Malay Kelantanese Malay Malaccan Malay Negeri Sembilanese Malay Perakian Malay Pahang Malay Selangorian Malay Terengganuan Malay Orang Asli Proto - Malay Jakun Orang Kanaq Orang Laut Orang Kuala Orang Seletar Semelai Temoq Temuan Semang Batek Lanoh Jahai Kensiu Kintaq Mos Senoi Semai Mah Meri Cheq Wong Temiar Jah Hut Semaq Beri Chinese Peranakan Hokkien Cantonese Hakka Hainanese Teochew Penangite Chinese Indian Gujrati Penangite Indian Punjabi Malayali Tamil Chitty Telugu Others Acehnese Cham Jawi Peranakan Javanese Malaysian Kristang Malaysian Siamese Mandailing Pashto Rawa Sri Lankan Sarawak Malays Bruneian Malay Kedayan Sarawakian Malay Dayak Bidayuh Bukitan Iban Selako Orang Ulu Kayan Kelabit Kenyah Lun Bawang Penan Punan Ukit Others Bisaya Melanau Sabah Malays Bruneian Malay Kedayan Cocos Malays Kadazan - Dusun Dumpas Dusun Ida'an Kadazan Kwijau Lotud Mangka'ak Maragang Minokok Orang Sungai Rumanau Rungus Tambanuo Others Bajau Bisaya Illanun Lun Bawang Murut Suluk Tidong Foreign ethnicities / expatriates African Arab ( Hadhrami ) Bangladeshi Burmese ( Rohingya ) China / Taiwan Chinese East Timorese Filipino ( Zamboangans ) India Indian Indonesian Iranian Japanese Jewish ( former ) Korean Nepali Pakistani Vietnamese Malaysia articles History Timeline Prehistoric Portuguese Malacca Dutch Malacca British Malaya Straits Settlements Federated Malay States Unfederated Malay States British Borneo Kingdom of Sarawak Crown Colony of Labuan North Borneo Japanese occupation of Malaya / Borneo British Military Administration ( Malaya / Borneo ) Malayan Union Federation of Malaya Independence Malayan Emergency Crown Colony of Singapore Self - government Crown Colony of Sarawak Self - government Crown Colony of North Borneo Self - government Malaysia Agreement 1962 Singapore referendum Cobbold Commission 18 - point agreement 20 - point agreement Indonesia -- Malaysia confrontation Sarawak Communist Insurgency Proclamation Malaysia Day PAP -- UMNO relations 1964 race riots Singapore in Malaysia Second Malayan Emergency 13 May Incident 1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis 1997 Asian financial crisis Geography Cities , towns and villages Districts Divisions East Malaysia Environment Fauna Flora World Heritage Sites Islands Lakes Mountains National parks Peninsular Malaysia Rivers States Politics Cabinet Constitution Elections Foreign relations Government Human rights Judiciary Law Law enforcement Military Monarchies Parliament Political parties Prime Minister State legislative assemblies Head of state Economy Agriculture Banks Central bank Energy Federal budget Ringgit ( currency ) States by GDP Science and technology Stock exchange Telecommunications Tourism Transport Unions Society Crime Demographics Malaysians Education Post-secondary Universities Ethnic groups Health Income disparity Languages Poverty Religion Water supply and sanitation Women International rankings Culture Architecture Cinema Cuisine Folklore Mythology Literature Malay lordship Media Music Names Public holidays Sport Symbols Animal Anthem Emblem Flag Flower Pledge Outline Index Book Portal Demographics of Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Ethnic groups in Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Malaysia&oldid=801439614 '' Categories : Demographics by country Demographics of Malaysia Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs CS1 errors : missing author or editor All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links EngvarB from September 2014 Use dmy dates from September 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Български Deutsch Español Français Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Русский Shqip Suomi Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017 , at 17 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what are the main ethnic groups in malaysia	[ "\n\nGroup\nTotal\n\n\nMalay\n6,916,000\n\n\nKedah Malay\n3,095,000\n\n\nMalay, East coast\n2,448,000\n\n\nHan Chinese, Hokkien\n1,903,000\n\n\nTamil\n1,796,000\n\n\nHan Chinese, Hakka\n1,729,000\n\n\nHan Chinese, Cantonese\n1,396,000\n\n\nHan Chinese, Teochew\n1,004,000\n\n\nHan Chinese, Mandarin\n986,000\n\n\nMinangkabau\n901,000\n\n\nIndonesian\n796,000\n\n\nIban\n686,000\n\n\nJavanese\n640,000\n\n\nFilipino, Tagalog\n456,000\n\n\nHan Chinese, Hainanese\n396,000\n\n\nHan Chinese, Northern Min\n384,000\n\n\nBrunei Malay, Kedayan\n350,000\n\n\nMalay, East Malaysia\n280,000\n\n\nHan Chinese, Eastern Min\n256,000\n\n\nStraits Chinese\n244,000\n\n\nNepalese\n224,000\n\n\nTausug\n209,000\n\n\nDusun, Central\n197,000\n\n\nMalayali, Malayalam\n170,000\n\n\nBugis, Buginese\n139,000\n\n", "\n\nGroup\nTotal\n\n\nMalay\n6,916,000\n\n\nKedah Malay\n3,095,000\n\n\nMalay, East coast\n2,448,000\n\n\nHan Chinese, Hokkien\n1,903,000\n\n\nTamil\n1,796,000\n\n\nHan Chinese, Hakka\n1,729,000\n\n\nHan Chinese, Cantonese\n1,396,000\n\n\nHan Chinese, Teochew\n1,004,000\n\n\nHan Chinese, Mandarin\n986,000\n\n\nMinangkabau\n901,000\n\n\nIndonesian\n796,000\n\n\nIban\n686,000\n\n\nJavanese\n640,000\n\n\nFilipino, Tagalog\n456,000\n\n\nHan Chinese, Hainanese\n396,000\n\n\nHan Chinese, Northern Min\n384,000\n\n\nBrunei Malay, Kedayan\n350,000\n\n\nMalay, East Malaysia\n280,000\n\n\nHan Chinese, Eastern Min\n256,000\n\n\nStraits Chinese\n244,000\n\n\nNepalese\n224,000\n\n\nTausug\n209,000\n\n\nDusun, Central\n197,000\n\n\nMalayali, Malayalam\n170,000\n\n\nBugis, Buginese\n139,000\n\n", "\n\nGroup\nTotal\n\n\nMalay\n6,916,000\n\n\nKedah Malay\n3,095,000\n\n\nMalay, East coast\n2,448,000\n\n\nHan Chinese, Hokkien\n1,903,000\n\n\nTamil\n1,796,000\n\n\nHan Chinese, Hakka\n1,729,000\n\n\nHan Chinese, Cantonese\n1,396,000\n\n\nHan Chinese, Teochew\n1,004,000\n\n\nHan Chinese, Mandarin\n986,000\n\n\nMinangkabau\n901,000\n\n\nIndonesian\n796,000\n\n\nIban\n686,000\n\n\nJavanese\n640,000\n\n\nFilipino, Tagalog\n456,000\n\n\nHan Chinese, Hainanese\n396,000\n\n\nHan Chinese, Northern Min\n384,000\n\n\nBrunei Malay, Kedayan\n350,000\n\n\nMalay, East Malaysia\n280,000\n\n\nHan Chinese, Eastern Min\n256,000\n\n\nStraits Chinese\n244,000\n\n\nNepalese\n224,000\n\n\nTausug\n209,000\n\n\nDusun, Central\n197,000\n\n\nMalayali, Malayalam\n170,000\n\n\nBugis, Buginese\n139,000\n\n", "\n\nGroup\nTotal\n\n\nMalay\n6,916,000\n\n\nKedah Malay\n3,095,000\n\n\nMalay, East coast\n2,448,000\n\n\nHan Chinese, Hokkien\n1,903,000\n\n\nTamil\n1,796,000\n\n\nHan Chinese, Hakka\n1,729,000\n\n\nHan Chinese, Cantonese\n1,396,000\n\n\nHan Chinese, Teochew\n1,004,000\n\n\nHan Chinese, Mandarin\n986,000\n\n\nMinangkabau\n901,000\n\n\nIndonesian\n796,000\n\n\nIban\n686,000\n\n\nJavanese\n640,000\n\n\nFilipino, Tagalog\n456,000\n\n\nHan Chinese, Hainanese\n396,000\n\n\nHan Chinese, Northern Min\n384,000\n\n\nBrunei Malay, Kedayan\n350,000\n\n\nMalay, East Malaysia\n280,000\n\n\nHan Chinese, Eastern Min\n256,000\n\n\nStraits Chinese\n244,000\n\n\nNepalese\n224,000\n\n\nTausug\n209,000\n\n\nDusun, Central\n197,000\n\n\nMalayali, Malayalam\n170,000\n\n\nBugis, Buginese\n139,000\n\n" ]	[ "Malay", "Han Chinese", "Tamil", "Kedah Malay" ]
4493551087438341048	Hum Hain Rahi Pyar Ke	Hum Hain Rahi Pyar Ke - wikipedia Hum Hain Rahi Pyar Ke Jump to : navigation , search Hum Hain Rahi Pyar Ke DVD cover हम हैं राही प्यार के Directed by Mahesh Bhatt Produced by Tahir Hussain Screenplay by Aamir Khan Robin Bhatt ( also Dialogues ) Story by Robin Bhatt , Sujit Sen Starring Aamir Khan Juhi Chawla Sharokh Bharucha Kunal Khemu Baby Ashrafa Music by Songs : Nadeem - Shravan Background Score : Shyam Surender Cinematography Pravin Bhatt Edited by Sanjay Sankla Production company Tahir Hussain Enterprises Distributed by T.V. Films Pvt Ltd Release date 23 July 1993 ( 1993 - 07 - 23 ) Running time 155 minutes Country India Language Hindi Hum Hain Rahi Pyar Ke ( Hindi : हम हैं राही प्यार के translation : We Are Travelers on the Path of Love ) is a 1993 Indian comedy - drama film directed by Mahesh Bhatt , produced by Tahir Hussain and with a musical score by Nadeem - Shravan . It is a copy of the Cary Grant movie Houseboat . It stars Juhi Chawla and Aamir Khan . Upon release , the film fetched the Filmfare Best Actress Award for Juhi Chawla . The film has also garnered the National Film Award - Special Jury Award / Special Mention ( Feature Film ) , and the Filmfare Best Film Award . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Soundtrack 4 Awards 4.1 Awards and nominationes 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Rahul Malhotra ( Aamir Khan ) is the caretaker of a garment company that has a pending order of one lakh shirts to Mr Bijlani . Rahul is also the guardian of his deceased sister 's mischievous kids : Sunny , Munni , and Vicky . He finds it hard to control the kids , as he is new to this . When the kids cause trouble , Rahul punishes them by locking them in their room . However , the children escape and head for a carnival in town . Vyjayanti ( Juhi Chawla ) is the bubbly daughter of a South Indian businessman and music - lover . Her father wants her to marry Natarajan , an Iyer - clan music legend , who is somewhat creepy . Vyjayanti refuses to marry him ; as punishment , she is also locked up and escapes . She meets the three kids at the carnival and they become friends . Vyjayanti explains that she has no home so the children invite her to stay with them . The children go to great lengths to hide Vyjayanti from Rahul . In a row of hilarious sequences , they are always one step ahead of Rahul before he can discover Vyjayanti . Two nights later however , Vyjayanti is revealed . Initially angry , Rahul sees that the children love her so he gives her a job as the children 's governess . Vyjayanti begins to live with Rahul and the kids and slowly falls in love with him . And then there enters seductive , glitzy Maya , Bijlani 's daughter , is obsessed with Rahul . She wants to marry Rahul , and Rahul approves , deciding that it would benefit the children . When Vyjayanti and the children find out about Maya and Rahul 's upcoming engagement ceremony , Vyjayanti is heartbroken and the kids are upset , as they dislike Maya . On the day of the engagement , Vyjayanti explains to the kids that she loves Rahul and wants to marry him . The kids come up with a plan to stop the engagement . They crash the party with a dramatic act , which successfully postpones the engagement but angers Rahul . Back home , he scolds Vyjayanti and she admits that she loves him , shocking him . The next morning , Bijlani comes with Maya to offer Rahul a second chance . Rahul defends Vyjayanti against their insults , thereby expressing his own love for her . The mischievous kids chase Bijlani and Maya out of the house with rotten eggs and tomatoes . As revenge , Bijlani and Maya set on auctioning Rahul 's house . Rahul asks his workers to work overtime to make up for the shirt orders , which the supportive workers agree to . A successful two lakh shirts are made and loaded onto a truck to be delivered to Bijlani . Bijlani hires some thugs to ensure that the truck does n't arrive on time . Much to their distaste , Rahul arrives on time with the order , and Bijlani and Maya are arrested . Vyjayanti is reunited with her father , who disapproves of her marrying anyone outside the Iyer clan . All the factory workers , Rahul 's colleagues , and the children ask him to allow Rahul and Vyjayanti to marry . With so much persistence , he accepts and Vyjayanti and Rahul are married in a South Indian ceremony . Cast ( edit ) Aamir Khan as Rahul Malhotra Juhi Chawla as Vyjayanti Iyer / Vyjayanti Rahul Malhotra Dalip Tahil as Bijlani Navneet Nishan as Maya K.D. Chandran as Mr. Iyer Veeru Krishnan as Natraj Iyer Tiku Talsania as Adv . Homi Wadia Mushtaq Khan as Bhagwati Prasad Mishra `` Mishraji '' Javed Khan as Thief Chhotya Sharokh Bharucha as Vicky Kunal Khemu as Sunny Baby Ashrafa as Munni Soundtrack ( edit ) The soundtrack of the movie was composed by the music duo Nadeem Shravan . Song lyrics were by Sameer . No Title Singer ( s ) Length `` Ghunghat Ki Aaad Se Dilbar Ka '' Kumar Sanu , Alka Yagnik 06 : 17 `` Mujhse Mohabbat Ka Izhar '' Kumar Sanu , Alka Yagnik 05 : 07 `` Yunhi Kat Jaayega Safar Saath '' Kumar Sanu , Alka Yagnik 07 : 40 `` Woh Meri Neend Mera Chain Mujhe '' Sadhna Sargam 04 : 48 5 `` Bambai Se Gayi Poona '' Alka Yagnik 04 : 23 6 `` Chikni Soorat Tu Kahan Tha '' Kumar Sanu 04 : 24 Awards ( edit ) Awards and nominationes ( edit ) 39th Filmfare Awards Winner Filmfare Best Film Award - Tahir Hussain Filmfare Best Actress Award - Juhi Chawla Filmfare Best Lyricist Award - Sameer for Ghunghat Ki Aad Se National Film Special Jury Award - Mahesh Bhatt National Film Award - Best Female Playback Singer - Alka Yagnik for `` Goonghat Ki Aad Se '' Nominated Filmfare Best Director Award - Mahesh Bhatt Filmfare Best Actor Award - Aamir Khan Filmfare Best Music Director Award - Nadeem - Shravan Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer - Alka Yagnik for Hum Hain Rahi Pyar Ke References ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) External links ( edit ) Hum Hain Rahi Pyaar Ke on IMDb Films and television series by Mahesh Bhatt Director Manzilein Aur Bhi Hain ( 1974 ) Naya Daur ( 1978 ) Lahu Ke Do Rang ( 1979 ) Abhimanyu ( 1980 ) Arth ( 1982 ) Saaransh ( 1984 ) Janam ( 1985 ) Aashiana ( 1986 ) Naam ( 1986 ) Aaj ( 1987 ) Kaash ( 1987 ) Thikana ( 1987 ) Siyasat ( 1988 ) Kabzaa ( 1988 ) Daddy ( 1989 ) Awaargi ( 1990 ) Jurm ( 1990 ) Aashiqui ( 1990 ) Swayam ( 1991 ) Saathi ( 1991 ) Dil Hai Ke Manta Nahin ( 1991 ) Sadak ( 1991 ) Saatwan Aasman ( 1992 ) Junoon ( 1992 ) Phir Teri Kahani Yaad Aayee ( 1993 ) Gunaah ( 1993 ) Sir ( 1993 ) Hum Hain Rahi Pyar Ke ( 1993 ) Gumrah ( 1993 ) Tadipaar ( 1993 ) The Gentleman ( 1994 ) Naaraaz ( 1994 ) Milan ( 1995 ) Naajayaz ( 1995 ) Criminal ( 1995 ) Papa Kehte Hai ( 1996 ) Chaahat ( 1996 ) Dastak ( 1996 ) Tamanna ( 1997 ) Duplicate ( 1998 ) Angaaray ( 1998 ) Zakhm ( 1998 ) Yeh Hai Mumbai Meri Jaan ( 1999 ) Kartoos ( 1999 ) Writer only Dushman ( 1998 ) Sangharsh ( 1999 ) Kasoor ( 2001 ) Yeh Zindagi Ka Safar ( 2001 ) Raaz ( 2002 ) Gunaah ( 2002 ) Saaya ( 2003 ) Footpath ( 2003 ) Jism ( 2003 ) Inteha ( 2003 ) Murder ( 2004 ) Rog ( 2005 ) Zeher ( 2005 ) Nazar ( 2005 ) Kalyug ( 2006 ) Woh Lamhe ( 2006 ) Murder 2 ( 2011 ) Jism 2 ( 2012 ) Murder 3 ( 2013 ) Hamari Adhuri Kahani ( 2015 ) Television Swabhimaan ( 1995 ) A Mouthful of Sky ( 1995 ) Kabhie Kabhie ( 1997 ) Naamkarann ( 2016 ) Filmfare Award for Best Film 1954 -- 1975 Do Bigha Zamin ( 1954 ) Boot Polish ( 1955 ) Jagriti ( 1956 ) Jhanak Jhanak Payal Baaje ( 1957 ) Mother India ( 1958 ) Madhumati ( 1959 ) Sujata ( 1960 ) Mughal - e-Azam ( 1961 ) Jis Desh Men Ganga Behti Hai ( 1962 ) Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam ( 1963 ) Bandini ( 1964 ) Dosti ( 1965 ) Himalay Ki Godmein ( 1966 ) Guide ( 1967 ) Upkar ( 1968 ) Brahmachari ( 1969 ) Aradhana ( 1970 ) Khilona ( 1971 ) Anand ( 1972 ) Be-Imaan ( 1973 ) Anuraag ( 1974 ) Rajnigandha ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Deewaar ( 1976 ) Mausam ( 1977 ) Bhumika ( 1978 ) Main Tulsi Tere Aangan Ki ( 1979 ) Junoon ( 1980 ) Khubsoorat ( 1981 ) Kalyug ( 1982 ) Shakti ( 1983 ) Ardh Satya ( 1984 ) Sparsh ( 1985 ) Ram Teri Ganga Maili ( 1986 ) Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak ( 1989 ) Maine Pyar Kiya ( 1990 ) Ghayal ( 1991 ) Lamhe ( 1992 ) Jo Jeeta Wohi Sikandar ( 1993 ) Hum Hain Rahi Pyar Ke ( 1994 ) Hum Aapke Hain Koun ... ! ( 1995 ) Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge ( 1996 ) Raja Hindustani ( 1997 ) Dil To Pagal Hai ( 1998 ) Kuch Kuch Hota Hai ( 1999 ) Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Kaho Naa ... Pyaar Hai ( 2001 ) Lagaan ( 2002 ) Devdas ( 2003 ) Koi ... Mil Gaya ( 2004 ) Veer - Zaara ( 2005 ) Black ( 2006 ) Rang De Basanti ( 2007 ) Taare Zameen Par ( 2008 ) Jodhaa Akbar ( 2009 ) 3 Idiots ( 2010 ) Dabangg ( 2011 ) Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara ( 2012 ) Barfi ! ( 2013 ) Bhaag Milkha Bhaag ( 2014 ) Queen ( 2015 ) Bajirao Mastani ( 2016 ) Dangal ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hum_Hain_Rahi_Pyar_Ke&oldid=798927853 '' Categories : 1993 films Hindi - language films 1990s Hindi - language films Indian films Film scores by Nadeem -- Shravan Hindi films remade in other languages Films directed by Mahesh Bhatt Hidden categories : EngvarB from May 2014 Use dmy dates from May 2014 Articles needing additional references from April 2010 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Français हिन्दी Italiano मराठी नेपाल भाषा Polski اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 4 September 2017 , at 16 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	hum hain rahi pyar ke full movie mp4	[]	[]
3481649344829150344	Member states of the League of Nations	Member states of the League of Nations - wikipedia Member states of the League of Nations Jump to : navigation , search For United Nations member states , see Member states of the United Nations . Between 1920 and 1939 , a total of 63 countries became member states of the League of Nations . The Covenant forming the League of Nations was included in the Treaty of Versailles and came into force on 10 January 1920 . The League of Nations was dissolved on 18 April 1946 , when its assets and responsibilities were transferred to the United Nations . The League 's greatest extent was from 28 September 1934 ( when Ecuador joined ) to 23 February 1935 ( when Paraguay withdrew ) with 58 members . At this time , only Costa Rica ( 22 January 1925 ) , Brazil ( 14 June 1926 ) , Japan ( 27 March 1933 ) and Germany ( 19 September 1933 ) had withdrawn and only Egypt was left to join ( on 26 May 1937 ) . The members ( listed from earliest joining and alphabetically if they joined on the same day ) at this time were Argentina , Australia , Belgium , Bolivia , the British Empire , Canada , Chile , China , Colombia , Cuba , Czechoslovakia , Denmark , El Salvador , France , Greece , Guatemala , Haiti , Honduras , India , Italy , Liberia , the Netherlands , New Zealand , Nicaragua , Norway , Panama , Paraguay , Persia / Iran , Peru , Poland , Portugal , Romania , Siam , South Africa , Spain , Sweden , Switzerland , Uruguay , Venezuela , Yugoslavia , Austria , Bulgaria , Finland , Luxembourg , Albania , Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania , Hungary , the Irish Free State , Ethiopia , the Dominican Republic , Mexico , Turkey , Iraq , the Soviet Union , Afghanistan , and Ecuador . Of the 42 founding members , 23 ( or 24 , counting Free France ) remained members until the League of Nations was dissolved in 1946 . A further 21 countries joined between 1920 and 1937 , but 7 left , withdrew or were expelled before 1946 . Countries are listed under the year in which they joined . The word `` withdrew '' indicates that a country left of its own choice . The word `` left '' indicates a country that ceased to exist because of annexation by Germany , Italy or the Soviet Union . The Soviet Union was the only country to be expelled by the League ( in 1939 , following its invasion of Finland ) . Despite formulating the concept and signing the Covenant , the United States never joined the League of Nations . Contents ( hide ) 1 Map 2 10 January 1920 : founding members 3 1920 4 1921 5 1922 6 1923 7 1924 8 1926 9 1931 10 1932 11 1934 12 1937 13 See also 14 Notes 15 External links Map ( edit ) A map of the world in the years 1920 -- 1945 , which shows the League of Nations members during its history . Members Colonies of members Mandates Non-members Colonies of non-members 10 January 1920 : founding members ( edit ) Argentina ( withdrew 1921 on rejection of an Argentine resolution that all sovereign states would be admitted to the League . It resumed full membership 26 September 1933 ) Belgium Bolivia Brazil ( withdrew 14 June 1926 ) British Empire separate membership for : United Kingdom Australia Canada India New Zealand South Africa Chile ( withdrew 14 May 1938 ) China Colombia Cuba Czechoslovakia ( occupied by Germany 15 March 1939 ) Denmark El Salvador ( withdrew 11 August 1937 ) France ( Vichy France withdrew 18 April 1941 ; withdrawal not recognised by Free French forces ) Greece Guatemala ( withdrew 26 May 1936 ) Haiti ( withdrew April 1942 ) Honduras ( withdrew 10 July 1936 ) Italy ( withdrew 11 December 1937 ) Japan ( withdrew 27 March 1933 ) Liberia Netherlands Nicaragua ( withdrew 27 June 1936 ) Norway Panama Paraguay ( withdrew 23 February 1935 ) Persia ( known as Iran from 1934 ) Peru ( withdrew 8 April 1939 ) Poland Portugal Romania ( withdrew July 1940 ) Siam ( known as Thailand from 1939 ) Spain ( withdrew May 1939 ) Sweden Switzerland Uruguay Venezuela ( withdrew 12 July 1938 ) Yugoslavia ( known as Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes until 1929 ) 1920 ( edit ) Austria ( joined 15 December 1920 ; occupied and annexed by Germany 13 March 1938 ) Bulgaria ( joined 16 December 1920 ) Costa Rica ( joined 16 December 1920 ; withdrew 22 January 1925 ) Finland ( joined 16 December 1920 ) Luxembourg ( joined 16 December 1920 ) Albania ( joined 17 December 1920 ) 1921 ( edit ) Estonia ( joined 22 September 1921 ; occupied and annexed by the Soviet Union in 1940 ) Latvia ( joined 22 September 1921 ; occupied and annexed by the Soviet Union in 1940 ) Lithuania ( joined 22 September 1921 ; occupied and annexed by the Soviet Union in 1940 ) 1922 ( edit ) Hungary ( joined 18 September 1922 ; withdrew 11 April 1939 ) 1923 ( edit ) Irish Free State ( joined 10 September 1923 , known as Ireland from 1937 ) Abyssinia ( joined 28 September 1923 ) 1924 ( edit ) Dominican Republic ( joined 28 September 1924 ) 1926 ( edit ) Germany ( joined 8 September 1926 ; withdrew 19 October 1933 ) 1931 ( edit ) Mexico ( joined 9 September 1931 , and is declared member 12 September 1931 ) 1932 ( edit ) Turkey ( joined 18 July 1932 ) Iraq ( joined 3 October 1932 ) 1934 ( edit ) Soviet Union ( joined 18 September 1934 ; expelled 14 December 1939 ) Afghanistan ( joined 27 September 1934 ) Ecuador ( joined 28 September 1934 ) 1937 ( edit ) Egypt ( joined 26 May 1937 ) See also ( edit ) United Nations portal Member states of the United Nations Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ South America Archived 10 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , Encyclopedia of World History Jump up ^ League of Nations chronology , United Nations Jump up ^ Members of the 1st Assembly , League of Nations , Geneva , November 15 to December 18 , 1920 . Jump up ^ Czechoslovakia never formally left the League and was present at the last meeting of the Assembly in 1946 Jump up ^ Left upon German takeover in 1943 Jump up ^ Occupied by Axis Powers 1941 -- 1945 Jump up ^ Withdrew from active participation in the League after its defeat by the Soviet Union in 1944 . Jump up ^ Forced to withdraw by German occupation in May 1940 and incorporation into the German Reich . Jump up ^ Forced to withdraw by Italian invasion of 1939 . Jump up ^ Toledo - García , Itzel ; University of Essex , UK : ' ' `` La cuestión de la dignidad nacional en el ingreso de México a la Sociedad de Naciones , 1919 - 1931 '' ' ' ( 1 ) Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . ( Translated from Spanish : `` On September 7th , 1931 , the British Empire , Germany , Northern Ireland , Spain , France , Italy and Japan began the initiative ; next day the proposal was adopted unanimously by the assembly , and the invitation was sent to the government of Mexico . The 10th of September the acceptance was communicated in Geneva ... Two days later , Mexico was declared member of the League of Nations . '' ) External links ( edit ) Map of League of Nations members worldstatesmen.org List of States Members of the League of Nations on 31. XII. 1944 from the League of Nations Statistical Yearbook ( 1942 - 44 ) ( hide ) Paris Peace Conference , 1919 League of Nations Covenant of the League of Nations Members Organisation Minority Treaties Little Treaty of Versailles Mandates Treaty of Versailles War guilt Reparations Role in the Weimar Republic 's hyperinflation Dawes Plan Young Plan Lausanne Conference Locarno Stresa Front Possible cause of the Second World War International Opium Convention Subsequent treaties Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye Treaty of Neuilly - sur - Seine Treaty of Trianon Treaty of Sèvres Partition of the Ottoman Empire Conference of London ( 1920 ) San Remo conference Turkish National Movement Turkish War of Independence Treaty of Lausanne Other American Commission to Negotiate Peace Commission of Responsibilities The Inquiry Related A Peace Conference at the Quai d'Orsay The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors To the Unknown British Soldier in France Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Member_states_of_the_League_of_Nations&oldid=841512995 '' Categories : League of Nations Countries by international organization League of Nations - related lists Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Use dmy dates from March 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Română Русский Suomi 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 May 2018 , at 09 : 08 . About Wikipedia	what country did not join the league of nations	[ "Despite formulating the concept and signing the Covenant, the United States never joined the League of Nations." ]	[ "the United States" ]
778683923303147660	List of capitals in the United States	List of capitals in the United States - wikipedia List of capitals in the United States Jump to : navigation , search Washington , D.C. is the current federal capital city of the United States , as it has been since 1800 . Each U.S. state has its own capital city , as do many of its Insular areas . Historically , most states have not changed their capital city since becoming a state , but the capital cities of their respective preceding colonies , territories , kingdoms , and republics typically changed multiple times . There have also been other governments within the current borders of the United States with their own capitals , such as the Republic of Texas , Native American nations , and other unrecognized governments . Contents ( hide ) 1 State capitals 2 Insular area capitals 3 Former national capitals 3.1 Kingdom and Republic of Hawaii 3.2 Republic of Texas 4 Native American capitals 4.1 Cherokee Nation 4.2 Muscogee Creek Nation 4.3 Iroquois Confederacy 4.3. 1 Seneca Nation of Indians 4.4 Navajo Nation 5 Unrecognized national capitals 5.1 Vermont Republic 5.2 State of Franklin 5.3 State of Muskogee 5.4 Republic of West Florida 5.5 Republic of Indian Stream 5.6 California Republic 5.7 Confederate States 6 Historical state , colonial , and territorial capitals 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links State capitals ( edit ) States ( purple ) whose capital is also that state 's largest city in population ( 2016 estimate ) The dates listed in the following table indicate the year in which the city started to continuously serve as the state 's sole capital . Most states have changed their capital city at least once -- see Historical state , colonial , and territorial capitals for details . In the case of the thirteen original states , `` statehood '' in the table refers to date of ratification of the U.S. Constitution . State capitals of the United States State Abr . State - hood Capital Capital since Area ( mi2 ) Population ( 2010 ) Notes Municipal ( Within city proper boundaries ) Metropolitan ( Both within the capital city proper and the surrounding area of the city proper ) Rank in state Rank in US Alabama AL 1819 Montgomery 1846 155.4 205,764 374,536 115 Birmingham is the state 's largest city . Alaska AK 1959 Juneau 1906 2716.7 31,275 Largest capital by municipal land area . Anchorage is the state 's largest city . Arizona AZ 1912 Phoenix 1889 474.9 1,445,632 4,192,887 5 Most populous U.S. state capital and the only capital with more than 1 million citizens . Arkansas AR 1836 Little Rock 1821 116.2 193,524 877,091 117 California CA 1850 Sacramento 1854 97.2 466,488 2,527,123 6 35 Supreme Court of California is headquartered in San Francisco . The state 's largest city is Los Angeles . Colorado CO 1876 Denver 1867 153.4 600,158 2,552,195 19 Denver was called Denver City until 1882 . Connecticut CT 1788 Hartford 1875 17.3 124,775 1,212,381 221 Bridgeport is the state 's largest city , Hartford , however , is the state 's largest Metro area Delaware DE 1787 Dover 1777 22.4 36,047 162,310 Longest - serving capital in terms of statehood . Wilmington is the state 's largest city . Florida FL 1845 Tallahassee 1824 95.7 181,412 367,413 7 126 Jacksonville is the largest city . Miami is the largest metropolitan area . Georgia GA 1788 Atlanta 1868 131.7 420,003 5,789,700 38 State capital with the most populous metro area in the U.S. Hawaii HI 1959 Honolulu 1845 85.7 337,256 953,207 55 Idaho ID 1890 Boise 1865 63.8 205,671 616,561 99 Illinois IL 1818 Springfield 1837 54.0 116,250 208,182 6 241 Chicago is the state 's largest city . Indiana IN 1816 Indianapolis 1825 361.5 829,718 1,756,221 15 Iowa IA 1846 Des Moines 1857 75.8 203,433 580,255 102 Kansas KS 1861 Topeka 1856 56.0 127,473 230,824 217 Wichita is the state 's largest city . Kentucky KY 1792 Frankfort 1792 14.7 25,527 70,758 14 Louisville is the state 's largest city . Louisiana LA 1812 Baton Rouge 1880 76.8 229,553 802,484 97 New Orleans is the state 's largest city and home to the Louisiana Supreme Court , although Baton Rouge is located in the state 's most populous parish . It is also home to the tallest state capitol building . Maine ME 1820 Augusta 1832 55.4 19,136 117,114 8 Portland is the state 's largest city . Maryland MD 1788 Annapolis 1694 6.73 38,394 7 Smallest capital by land area . Baltimore is the state 's largest city and county . Capitol building is the oldest in the U.S. still in use . Massachusetts MA 1788 Boston 1630 48.4 617,594 4,522,858 22 Longest continuously serving capital in the U.S. Michigan MI 1837 Lansing 1847 35.0 114,297 464,036 5 239 Only state capital that is not also its county seat ( not counting the two state capitals that are independent cities and not located in any county ) . Detroit is the state 's largest city . Minnesota MN 1858 Saint Paul 1849 52.8 300,851 3,502,891 64 Capital 's twin city , Minneapolis , is the state 's largest . The two form the core of the state 's Largest Metro Area . Mississippi MS 1817 Jackson 1821 104.9 173,514 539,057 149 Only state capital that shares its status as county seat with another city ( Raymond , Mississippi ) . Missouri MO 1821 Jefferson City 1826 27.3 43,079 149,807 15 Kansas City is the state 's largest city , and Greater St. Louis is the state 's largest metropolitan area . Montana MT 1889 Helena 1875 14.0 28,190 74,801 6 Billings is the state 's largest city . Nebraska NE 1867 Lincoln 1867 74.6 258,379 302,157 71 Omaha is the state 's largest city . It shares the largest metro area with Council Bluffs , Iowa . Nevada NV 1864 Carson City 1861 143.4 55,274 6 One of two independent cities that serves as a state capital . Las Vegas is the state 's largest city . It shares the largest metro area with Paradise . New Hampshire NH 1788 Concord 1808 64.3 42,695 Manchester is the state 's largest city . New Jersey NJ 1787 Trenton 1784 7.66 84,913 366,513 10 Served as the U.S. capital for a short period in the late 18th century . Newark is the state 's largest city , although Trenton is the center of the largest Metropolitan Statistical Area centered in New Jersey . New Mexico NM 1912 Santa Fe 1610 37.3 75,764 183,732 Longest serving capital in the United States . Highest elevation of any state capital . Albuquerque is the state 's largest city . New York NY 1788 Albany 1797 21.4 97,856 857,592 6 New York City is the state 's largest city . North Carolina NC 1789 Raleigh 1792 114.6 403,892 1,130,490 41 Charlotte is the state 's largest city . North Dakota ND 1889 Bismarck 1883 26.9 61,272 108,779 Fargo is the state 's largest city . Ohio OH 1803 Columbus 1816 210.3 822,553 1,967,066 14 Third - largest state capital ; however , the Cincinnati and Cleveland metropolitan areas are both slightly larger . Oklahoma OK 1907 Oklahoma City 1910 607.0 580,000 1,252,987 27 Shortest serving current state capital . Oregon OR 1859 Salem 1855 45.7 154,637 390,738 151 Portland is the state 's largest city . Pennsylvania PA 1787 Harrisburg 1812 8.11 49,528 647,390 9 Philadelphia is the state 's largest city . Rhode Island RI 1790 Providence 1900 18.5 178,042 1,630,956 137 Also served as the state 's capital from 1636 -- 1686 and 1689 -- 1776 . It was one of five co-capitals 1776 -- 1853 , and one of two co-capitals 1853 -- 1900 . South Carolina SC 1788 Columbia 1786 125.2 131,686 913,797 199 Charleston is the state 's largest city , while Greenville is the Largest Metro area . South Dakota SD 1889 Pierre 1889 13.0 13,646 8 Sioux Falls is the state 's largest city . Tennessee TN 1796 Nashville 1826 473.3 635,710 1,582,264 24 Texas TX 1845 Austin 1839 251.5 790,390 1,716,291 11 Houston is the state 's largest city and the previous capital , and Dallas -- Fort Worth is the largest metro area . Austin is the largest state capital that is not also the state 's largest city by population . Utah UT 1896 Salt Lake City 1858 109.1 186,440 1,124,197 123 Vermont VT 1791 Montpelier 1805 10.2 7,855 6 Least populous U.S. state capital . Burlington is the state 's most populous city and has the lowest population of those cities that are the most populous in their state . Virginia VA 1788 Richmond 1780 60.1 204,214 1,231,675 98 Virginia Beach and Norfolk are the state 's largest cities , and Hampton Roads is the state 's largest metro area based in the state . Richmond is one of two independent cities that serves as a state capital . Although Richmond is the county seat of Henrico County , it is not part of the county . Washington WA 1889 Olympia 1853 16.7 46,478 234,670 24 Seattle is the state 's largest city . West Virginia WV 1863 Charleston 1885 31.6 51,400 304,214 Charleston is the smallest capital city that is still the most populous city in its state . Huntington has the largest metropolitan area . Wisconsin WI 1848 Madison 1838 68.7 233,209 561,505 82 Milwaukee is the state 's largest city . Wyoming WY 1890 Cheyenne 1869 21.1 59,466 91,738 Insular area capitals ( edit ) An insular area is a United States territory that is neither a part of one of the fifty states nor a part of the District of Columbia , the nation 's federal district . Those insular areas with territorial capitals are listed below . Capitals of United States Insular Areas Insular area Abr . Date Capital Population Date Notes American Samoa AS 1899 Pago Pago 3,656 Pago Pago refers to both a village and a group of villages , one of the group is Fagatogo the official seat of government stated in the territory 's constitution since 1967 . Guam GU 1898 Hagåtña 1,051 Dededo is the area 's largest village . Northern Mariana Islands MP 1947 Saipan 1,028 Puerto Rico PR 1898 San Juan 395,326 The city of San Juan was originally called Puerto Rico while the island was called San Juan Bautista . U.S. Virgin Islands VI 1917 Charlotte Amalie 18,481 Former National capitals ( edit ) From 1774 to 1800 , Congress met in numerous locations ; therefore , the following cities can be said to have once been the United States capital : First Continental Congress Carpenters ' Hall , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : September 5 , 1774 to October 24 , 1774 Second Continental Congress Independence Hall , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : May 10 , 1775 to December 12 , 1776 Henry Fite House , Baltimore , Maryland : December 20 , 1776 to February 27 , 1777 Independence Hall , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : March 4 , 1777 to September 18 , 1777 Court House , Lancaster , Pennsylvania : September 27 , 1777 ( one day ) Court House , York , Pennsylvania : September 30 , 1777 to June 2 , 1778 College Hall , College of Philadelphia : July 2 , 1778 to July 20 , 1778 Independence Hall , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : July 23 , 1778 to March 1 , 1781 Congress of the Confederation Independence Hall , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : March 1 , 1781 to June 21 , 1783 Nassau Hall , Princeton , New Jersey : June 30 , 1783 to November 4 , 1783 Maryland State House , Annapolis , Maryland : November 26 , 1783 to August 19 , 1784 French Arms Tavern , Trenton , New Jersey : November 1 , 1784 to December 24 , 1784 City Hall ( Federal Hall ) , New York City , New York : January 11 , 1785 to October 2 , 1788 Fraunces Tavern , New York City , New York : October 6 , 1788 to March 3 , 1789 United States Constitution Federal Hall , New York City , New York : March 4 , 1789 to December 5 , 1790 Congress Hall , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : December 6 , 1790 to May 14 , 1800 United States Capitol , Washington , Maryland : November 17 , 1800 to February 27 , 1801 United States Capitol , Washington , D.C. : February 27 , 1801 to December 8 , 1815 Old Brick Capitol , Washington , D.C. : December 8 , 1815 to 1819 United States Capitol , Washington , D.C. : 1819 to present Kingdom and Republic of Hawaii ( edit ) Prior to becoming a territory of the United States in 1898 , Hawaii was an independent country . Five sites served as its capital : Waikīkī . Served as the capital of the Kingdom of Hawaii , 1795 -- 1796 Hilo . Served as the capital of the Kingdom of Hawaii , 1796 -- 1803 Kailua - Kona . Served as the capital of the Kingdom of Hawaii , 1812 -- 1820 Lahaina . Served as the capital of the Kingdom of Hawaii , 1820 -- 1845 . Honolulu Served as the capital of the Kingdom of Hawaii , 1803 -- 1812 . Served as the capital of the Kingdom of Hawaii , 1845 -- January 17 , 1893 . Served as the seat of the Provisional Government of Hawaii after the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii , January 17 , 1893 -- July 4 , 1894 . Served as the capital of the Republic of Hawaii when it was established on July 4 , 1894 until the Republic was annexed by the United States on July 7 , 1898 under the Newlands Resolution to become the Territory of Hawaii . On becoming a state in 1959 , Honolulu became the capital of the State of Hawaii . Republic of Texas ( edit ) Before joining the United States under the Texas Annexation in 1845 , Texas was an independent nation known as the Republic of Texas . Seven cities served as its capital : Washington ( now Washington - on - the - Brazos ) , 1836 Harrisburg ( now part of Houston ) , 1836 Galveston , 1836 Velasco , 1836 West Columbia , 1836 Houston , 1837 -- 1839 Austin , 1839 -- 1845 ( also present - day capital of the State of Texas ) Native American capitals ( edit ) Some Native American tribes , in particular the Five Civilized Tribes , organized their states with constitutions and capitals in Western style . Others , like the Iroquois , had long - standing , pre-Columbian traditions of a ' capitol ' longhouse where wampum and council fires were maintained with special status . Since they did business with the U.S. Federal Government , these capitals can be seen as officially recognized in some sense . Cherokee Nation ( edit ) New Echota 1825 - 1832 New Echota , now near Calhoun , Georgia was founded in 1825 , realizing the dream and plans of Cherokee Chief Major Ridge . Major Ridge chose the site because of its centrality in the historic Cherokee Nation which spanned parts of Georgia , North Carolina , Tennessee and Alabama , and because it was near the confluence of the Conasauga and Coosawattee rivers . The town 's layout was partly inspired by Ridge 's many visits to Washington D.C. and to Baltimore , but also invoked traditional themes of the Southeastern ceremonial complex . Complete with the Council House , Supreme Court , Cherokee syllabary printing press , and the houses of several of the Nation 's constitutional officers , New Echota served as the capital until 1832 when the state of Georgia outlawed Native American assembly in an attempt to undermine the Nation . Thousands of Cherokee would gather in New Echota for the annual National Councils , camping along the nearby rivers and holding long stomp dances in the park - like woods that were typical of many Southeastern Native American settlements . Red Clay 1832 - 1838 The Cherokee National council grounds were moved to Red Clay , Tennessee on the Georgia state line in order to evade the Georgia state militia . The log cabins , limestone springs and park - like woods of Red Clay served as the capital until the Cherokee Nation was removed to Indian Territory ( Oklahoma ) on the Trail of Tears . Tahlequah 1839 - 1907 , 1938 -- present Tahlequah , in present - day Oklahoma , served as the capital of the original Cherokee Nation after Removal . After the Civil War , a turbulent period for the Nation which was involved in its own civil war resulting from pervasive anger and disagreements over removal from Georgia , the Cherokee Nation built a new National Capitol in Tahlequah out of brick . The building served as the capitol until 1907 , when the Dawes Act finally dissolved the Cherokee Nation and Tahlequah became the county seat of Cherokee County , Oklahoma . The Cherokee National government was re-established in 1938 and Tahlequah remains the capital of the modern Cherokee Nation ; it is also the capital of the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians . Cherokee 20th century - present ( Eastern Band of Cherokee ) Approximately four to eight hundred Cherokees escaped removal because they lived on a separated tract , purchased later with the help of Confederate Colonel William Holland Thomas , along the Oconaluftee river deep in the Smoky Mountains of North Carolina . Some Cherokees fleeing the Federal Army sent for the `` round up , '' fled to the remote settlements separated from the rest of the Cherokee Territory in Georgia and North Carolina in order to remain in their homeland . In the 20th century , their descendants organized as the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians ; its capital is at Cherokee , North Carolina , in the tribally - controlled Qualla Boundary . Muscogee Creek Nation ( edit ) Hot Springs , Arkansas c. 1837 - 1866 After Removal from their Alabama - Georgia homeland , the Creek national government met near Hot Springs which was then part of their new territory as prescribed in the Treaty of Cusseta . However , the Union forced the Creeks to cede over three million acres ( half of their land ) of what is now Arkansas , after some Creeks fought with the Confederacy in the American Civil War . Okmulgee 1867 - 1906 Served as the National capital after the American Civil War . It was probably named after Ocmulgee , on the Ocmulgee river in Macon , a principle Coosa and later Creek town built with mounds and functioning as part of the Southeastern ceremonial complex . However , there were other traditional Creek `` mother - towns '' before removal . The Ocmulgee mounds were ceded illegally in 1821 with the Treaty of Indian Springs . Iroquois Confederacy ( edit ) Onondaga ( Onondaga privilege c. 1450 -- present ) The Iroquois Confederacy or Haudenosaunee , which means `` People of the Longhouse , '' was an alliance between the Five and later Six - Nations of Iroquoian language and culture of upstate New York . These include the Seneca , Cayuga , Onondaga , Oneida , Mohawk , and , after 1722 , the Tuscarora Nations . Since the Confederacy 's formation around 1450 , the Onondaga Nation has held privilege of hosting the Iroquois Grand Council and the status of Keepers of the Fire and the Wampum -- which they still do at the official Longhouse on the Onondaga Reservation . Now spread over reservations in New York and Ontario , the Six Nations of the Haudenosaunee preserve this arrangement to this day in what they claim to be the `` world 's oldest representative democracy . '' Seneca Nation of Indians ( edit ) Jimerson Town ( Allegany Reservation ) Irving ( Cattaraugus Reservation ) The Seneca Nation republic was founded in 1848 and has two capitals that rotate responsibilities every two years . Jimerson Town was founded in the 1960s following the formation of the Allegheny Reservoir . The Senecas also have an administrative longhouse in Steamburg but do not consider that location to be a capital . Navajo Nation ( edit ) Window Rock Window Rock ( Navajo : Tségháhoodzání ) , Arizona , is a small city that serves as the seat of government and capital of the Navajo Nation ( 1936 -- present ) , the largest territory of a sovereign Native American nation in North America . It lies within the boundaries of the St. Michaels Chapter , adjacent to the Arizona and New Mexico state line . Window Rock hosts the Navajo Nation governmental campus which contains the Navajo Nation Council , Navajo Nation Supreme Court , the offices of the Navajo Nation President and Vice President , and many Navajo government buildings . Unrecognized National capitals ( edit ) There have been a handful of nations within the current borders of the United States which were never officially recognized as legally independent sovereign entities ; however , these nations did have de facto control over their respective regions during their existence . Vermont Republic ( edit ) Before joining the United States as the fourteenth state , Vermont was an independent republic known as the Vermont Republic . Two cities served as the capital of the Republic : Westminster , 1777 Windsor , 1777 -- 1791 The current capital of the State of Vermont is Montpelier . State of Franklin ( edit ) The State of Franklin was an autonomous , secessionist United States territory created , not long after the end of the American Revolution , from territory that later was ceded by North Carolina to the federal government . Franklin 's territory later became part of the state of Tennessee . Franklin was never officially admitted into the Union of the United States and existed for only four years . Jonesborough , Tennessee , 1784 -- ? Greeneville , Tennessee , 1785 ? -- ? State of Muskogee ( edit ) The State of Muskogee was a short - lived Native American state in Florida . It consisted of several tribes of Creeks and Seminoles . It existed from 1799 to 1803 . It had one capital : Miccosukee , 1799 -- 1803 Republic of west Florida ( edit ) The Republic of West Florida was a short - lived republic involving the area known today as Louisiana 's Florida Parishes -- at the time the westernmost portion of Spanish West Florida . The area was soon seized by the United States under President James Madison and incorporated into the Territory of Orleans . St. Francisville , Louisiana , 1810 Republic of Indian Stream ( edit ) The Republic of Indian Stream was an unrecognized independent nation within the present state of New Hampshire . Pittsburg , New Hampshire , 1832 -- 1835 California Republic ( edit ) Before being annexed by the United States in 1848 ( following the Mexican -- American War ) , a small portion of north - central California declared itself the California Republic , in an act of independence from Mexico , in 1846 ( see Bear Flag Revolt ) . The republic only existed a month before it disbanded itself , to join the advancing American army and therefore became part of the United States . The very short - lived California Republic was never recognized by the United States , Mexico or any other nation . There was one de facto capital of the California Republic : Sonoma , 1846 Confederate States ( edit ) The Confederate States of America ( C.S.A. ) had two capitals during its existence . The first capital was established February 4 , 1861 , in Montgomery , Alabama , and remained there until it was moved to Richmond , Virginia , on May 29 , 1861 . The individual state capitals remained the same in the Confederacy as they had been in the Union ( U.S.A. ) , although as the advancing Union Army used those cities for military districts , some of the Confederate governments were relocated or moved out of state , traveling along with secessionist armies . Montgomery , February 4 , 1861 -- May 29 , 1861 Richmond , May 29 , 1861 -- April 3 , 1865 Historical state , colonial , and territorial capitals ( edit ) Most of the original Thirteen Colonies had their capitals occupied or attacked by the British during the American Revolutionary War . State governments operated where and as they could . The City of New York was occupied by British troops from 1776 to 1783 . A similar situation occurred during the War of 1812 , during the American Civil War in many Confederate states , and during the Pueblo Revolt of 1680 -- 1692 in New Mexico . Twenty - two state capitals have been a capital longer than their state has been a state , since they served as the capital of a predecessor territory , colony , or republic . Boston , Massachusetts , has been a capital city since 1630 ; it is the oldest continuously - running capital in the United States . Santa Fe , New Mexico , is the oldest capital city , having become capital in 1610 and interrupted only by the aforementioned Pueblo Revolt . An even older Spanish city , St. Augustine , Florida , served as a colonial capital from 1565 until about 1820 , more than 250 years . The table below includes the following information : The state , the year in which statehood was granted , and the state 's capital are shown in bold type . NOTE : For the first thirteen states , formerly the Thirteen Colonies of Great Britain on the Atlantic seaboard , the year of statehood is shown as 1776 ( United States Declaration of Independence ) rather than the subsequent year each state ratified the 1787 United States Constitution . ( See List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union . ) The year listed for each capital is the starting date ; the ending date is the starting date for the successor unless otherwise indicated . In many cases , capital cities of historical jurisdictions were outside of a state 's present borders . ( Those cities are generally indicated with the two - letter abbreviation for the U.S. state in which the former administrative capital is now located . ) Historical capitals in the United States of America State Capital Date Notes Alabama Statehood in 1819 San Agustín 1565 Capital of the Spanish colony of La Florida . Savannah 1733 Capital of the British proprietary Colony of Georgia . 1755 Capital of the British Province of Georgia . 1776 Capitals of the State of Georgia . Augusta ( GA ) 1778 Heard 's Fort ( GA ) 1780 Augusta ( GA ) 1781 Savannah ( GA ) 1782 Ebenezer ( GA ) 1782 Savannah ( GA ) 1784 Augusta ( GA ) 1786 Louisville ( GA ) 1796 Natchez ( MS ) 1798 Capitals of the Mississippi Territory . Washington ( MS ) 1802 St. Stephens 1817 Capital of the Alabama Territory . Huntsville 1819 Capitals of the State of Alabama . Cahawba 1820 Tuscaloosa 1826 Montgomery 1846 Capital of the State of Alabama . ( Capital of the Confederate States of America in 1861 . ) Alaska Statehood in 1959 Novo - Arkhangelsk Sitka 1808 Capital of the Russian colony of Alaska . 1867 Capital of the Department of Alaska . 1900 Capitals of the District of Alaska . Juneau 1906 1912 Capital of the Territory of Alaska . 1959 Capital of the State of Alaska . Arizona Statehood in 1912 Santa Fe ( NM ) 1848 Capital of the U.S. provisional government of New Mexico 1848 -- 1850 . 1850 Capital of the U.S. Territory of New Mexico 1850 -- 1912 . Mesilla ( NM ) 1862 Capital of the Confederate Territory of Arizona ( southern New Mexico and Arizona 1862 ) . San Antonio ( TX ) 1862 Capital of the government - in - exile of the Confederate Territory of Arizona 1862 -- 1865 . Fort Whipple 1864 Capitals of the U.S. Territory of Arizona . Prescott 1864 Tucson 1867 Prescott 1877 Phoenix 1889 1912 Capital of the State of Arizona . Arkansas Statehood in 1836 Saint - Louis San Luis St. Louis 1765 Capital of the Spanish ( though predominantly Francophone ) district of Alta Louisiana . 1800 Capital of the French district of La Haute - Louisiane . 1804 Capital of the District of Louisiana ( under the authority of the Indiana Territory . ) 1805 Capital of the Louisiana Territory . 1812 Capital of the Missouri Territory . Arkansas Post 1819 Capitals of the Arkansaw Territory . Little Rock 1821 1836 Capital of the State of Arkansas . ( Washington was the Confederate state capital 1863 -- 1865 . ) California Statehood in 1850 Loreto ( BCS ) 1770 Capitals of the Spanish Virreinato de la Nueva España colonies of las Californias . Presidio Reál de San Carlos de Monterey Monterey 1777 1804 Capital of the Spanish Virreinato de la Nueva España province of Alta California . 1821 Capital of the Mexican province of Alta California . 1846 Capital of the U.S. military government of California . 1849 Capital of the Provisional Government of California . Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe 1850 Capitals of the State of California Vallejo 1852 Benicia 1853 Sacramento 1854 Colorado Statehood in 1876 Denver City 1859 Capitals of the extralegal Territory of Jefferson . Golden City 1860 Denver City 1861 Capitals of the Territory of Colorado . Colorado City 1862 Golden City 1862 Denver City Denver 1867 1876 Capital of the State of Colorado . Connecticut Statehood in 1776 Fort Amsterdam ( NY ) 1625 Capital of the Netherlands colony of New Netherland . Hartford 1639 Capital of the English Colony of Connecticut 1639 -- 1686 . New - Haven 1640 Capital of the English Colony of New - Haven until its merger into the Connecticut Colony in 1662 . Boston ( MA ) 1686 Capital of the English Dominion of New - England in America . Hartford 1689 Capital of the English Colony of Connecticut . joint capitals 1701 Hartford and New - Haven served as the `` co-capitals '' of the English Colony of Connecticut , with the Assembly holding its May session in Hartford and its October session in New - Haven . 1707 Hartford and New - Haven joint capitals of the British Colony of Connecticut . 1776 Hartford and New Haven joint capitals of the State of Connecticut . Hartford 1875 Capital of the State of Connecticut . Delaware Statehood in 1776 Fort Kristina 1638 Capital of the Swedish colony of Nya Sverige . Fort Amsterdam Nieuw - Amsterdam New - York Nieuw - Oranje New - York ( NY ) 1655 Capital of the Dutch province of New Netherland . 1664 Capital of the English Colony of New - York . 1673 Capital of the Dutch military government of New Netherland . 1674 Capital of the English Colony of New - York . Philadelphia ( PA ) 1682 Capital of the English Colony of Pennsylvania . New Castle 1704 Capital of the English Lower Counties on the Delaware . 1707 Capital of the British Lower Counties on the Delaware . 1776 Capitals of the State of Delaware . Dover 1777 Florida Statehood in 1845 Fort de la Caroline 1564 Capital of the French colony of La Caroline 1564 -- 1565 . San Agustín St. Augustine 1565 Capital of the Spanish colony of La Florida 1565 -- 1763 . 1763 Capital of the British province of East Florida 1763 -- 1783 . 1783 Capital of the Spanish province of Florida Oriental 1783 -- 1821 . Santa María de Ochuse Pensacola 1763 Capital of the British province of British West Florida 1763 -- 1783 . 1783 Capital of the Spanish province of Florida Occidental 1783 -- 1821 . Tallahassee 1824 Capital of the Florida Territory . 1845 Capital of the State of Florida . Georgia Statehood in 1776 San Agustín 1565 Capital of the Spanish colony of La Florida . Savannah 1733 Capital of the British proprietary Colony of Georgia . 1755 Capital of the British Province of Georgia . 1776 Capitals of the State of Georgia . Augusta 1778 Heard 's Fort 1780 Augusta 1781 Savannah 1782 Ebenezer 1782 Savannah 1784 Augusta 1786 Louisville 1796 Milledgeville 1807 Macon 1864 Milledgeville 1865 Atlanta 1868 Hawaii Statehood in 1959 Lahaina 1820 Capitals of the Kingdom of Hawaii . Honolulu 1845 1894 Capital of the Republic of Hawaii . 1898 Capital of the Territory of Hawaii . 1959 Capital of the State of Hawai ʻi . Idaho Statehood in 1890 Oregon City ( OR ) 1843 Capital of the Provisional Government of Oregon in the Oregon Country . 1848 Capitals of the Territory of Oregon ( all of Idaho 1848 -- 1853 , southern Idaho 1853 -- 1859 . ) Salem ( OR ) 1851 Olympia ( WA ) 1853 Capital of the Territory of Washington ( northern Idaho 1853 -- 1859 , all of Idaho 1859 -- 1863 . ) Lewiston 1863 Capitals of the Territory of Idaho . Boise 1865 1890 Capital of the State of Idaho . Illinois Statehood in 1818 Marietta ( OH ) 1788 Capital of the Territory Northwest of the River Ohio . Vincennes ( IN ) 1800 Capital of the Territory of Indiana . Kaskaskia 1809 Capital of the Territory of Illinois . 1818 Capitals of the State of Illinois . Vandalia 1820 Springfield 1839 Indiana Statehood in 1816 Marietta ( OH ) 1788 Capital of the Territory Northwest of the River Ohio . Vincennes 1800 Capitals of the Territory of Indiana . Corydon 1813 1816 Capitals of the State of Indiana . Indianapolis 1825 Iowa Statehood in 1846 Saint - Louis San Luis St. Louis ( MO ) 1765 Capital of the Spanish ( though predominantly Francophone ) district of Alta Louisiana . 1800 Capital of the French district of La Haute - Louisiane . 1804 Capital of the District of Louisiana ( under the authority of the Indiana Territory . ) 1805 Capital of the Louisiana Territory . 1812 Capital of the Missouri Territory ( 1812 -- 1821 ) . Detroit ( MI ) 1834 Capital of the Territory of Michigan . Belmont ( WI ) 1836 Capitals of the Territory of Wisconsin . Burlington 1837 1838 Capitals of the Territory of Iowa . Iowa City 1841 1846 Capitals of the State of Iowa . Des Moines 1857 Kansas Statehood in 1861 Saint - Louis San Luis St. Louis 1765 Capital of the Spanish ( though predominantly Francophone ) district of Alta Louisiana . 1800 Capital of the French district of La Haute - Louisiane . 1804 Capital of the District of Louisiana ( under the authority of the Indiana Territory . ) 1805 Capital of the Louisiana Territory . 1812 Capital of the Missouri Territory ( 1812 -- 1821 ) . Pawnee 1855 Capital of the Kansas Territory ( July 2 -- July 6 ) . Shawnee Mission 1855 Capital of the Kansas Territory . Lecompton 1856 Capital de jure ( pro-slavery ) of the Territory of Kansas . Topeka Capital de facto ( anti-slavery ) of the Territory of Kansas . Minneola 1858 Declared capital by territorial legislature , although this action was later declared void . Topeka 1861 Capital of the State of Kansas . Kentucky Statehood in 1792 Williamsburg ( VA ) 1699 Capital of the English Colony of Virginia . 1707 Capital of the British Colony of Virginia . 1776 Capital of the Commonwealth of Virginia . Richmond ( VA ) 1780 Frankfort 1792 Capital of the Commonwealth of Kentucky . ( The government initially met at Lexington but Frankfort was quickly named the capital . Bowling Green was the rival Confederate state capital 1861 -- 62 . ) Louisiana Statehood in 1812 San Agustín 1565 Capital of the Spanish colony of La Florida . La Mobile 1702 Capitals of the French colony of La Louisiane . Bilocci 1720 La Nouvelle - Orléans Nueva Orleans New Orleans 1722 1763 Capital of the Spanish district of Baja Louisiana . 1800 Capital of the French district of La Basse - Louisiane . 1804 Capital of the Territory of Orleans . 1812 Capitals of the State of Louisiana . Donaldsonville 1830 New Orleans 1831 Baton Rouge 1849 Opelousas 1862 Shreveport 1863 New Orleans 1865 Baton Rouge 1882 Maine Statehood in 1820 Île Sainte - Croix 1604 Capitals of the French colony of l'Acadie . Port - Royal ( NS ) 1605 Boston ( MA ) 1630 Capital of the English Colony of Massachusetts Bay . 1686 Capital of the English Dominion of New - England in America . 1689 Capital of the dissident Colony of Massachusetts Bay . 1691 Capital of the English Province of Massachusetts Bay . 1707 Capital of the British Province of Massachusetts Bay . 1774 Capital of the dissident Province of Massachusetts Bay . 1776 Capital of the State of Massachusetts Bay . 1780 Capital of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts . Portland 1820 Capital of the State of Maine . 1827 Capital de facto of the State of Maine . Augusta Capital de jure of the State of Maine . 1832 Capital of the State of Maine . Maryland Statehood in 1776 St. Mary 's City 1634 Capital of the English proprietary Colony of Maryland . Anne Arundel 's Towne Annapolis 1694 Capital of the English Province of Maryland . 1707 Capital of the British Province of Maryland . 1776 Capital of the State of Maryland . ( Capital of the United States of America 1783 -- 1784 . ) Massachusetts Statehood in 1776 Plimouth 1620 Capital of the English Colony of New - Plimouth 1620 -- 1686 . Boston 1630 Capital of the English Colony of Massachusetts Bay 1630 -- 1686 . 1686 Capital of the English Dominion of New - England in America 1686 -- 1689 . Plimouth 1688 Capital of the dissident Colony of New - Plimouth 1688 -- 1692 . Boston 1689 Capital of the dissident Colony of Massachusetts Bay 1689 -- 1692 . 1692 Capital of the English Province of Massachusetts Bay . 1707 Capital of the British Province of Massachusetts Bay . 1774 Capital of the dissident Province of Massachusetts Bay . 1776 Capital of the State of Massachusetts Bay . 1780 Capital of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts . Michigan Statehood in 1837 Marietta ( OH ) 1788 Capitals of the Territory Northwest of the River Ohio ( all of Michigan 1788 -- 1800 , eastern Michigan 1800 -- 1803 . ) Chillicothe ( OH ) 1800 Vincennes ( IN ) Capitals of the Territory of Indiana ( western Michigan 1800 -- 1803 ; all of Michigan 1803 -- 1805 , a portion of the Upper Peninsula 1805 -- 1816 . ) Corydon ( IN ) 1813 Detroit 1805 Capital of the Territory of Michigan ( Lower Peninsula 1805 -- 1818 , all of Michigan 1818 -- 1837 . ) ( Detroit was occupied by British Armed Forces 1812 -- 1813 . ) 1837 Capitals of the State of Michigan . Lansing 1847 Minnesota Statehood in 1858 Saint - Louis San Luis St. Louis ( MO ) 1765 Capital of the Spanish ( though predominantly Francophone ) district of Alta Louisiana 1765 -- 1800 . 1800 Capital of the French district of la Haute - Louisiane ( west of Mississippi River 1800 -- 1804 . ) 1804 Capital of the District of Louisiana ( west of Mississippi River under the authority of the Indiana Territory 1804 -- 1805 . ) 1805 Capital of the Territory of Louisiana ( west of Mississippi River 1805 -- 1812 . ) 1812 Capital of the Territory of Missouri ( west of Mississippi River 1812 -- 1821 . ) Marietta ( OH ) 1788 Capital of the Territory Northwest of the River Ohio ( east of Mississippi River 1788 -- 1800 . ) Vincennes ( IN ) 1800 Capital of the Territory of Indiana ( east of Mississippi River 1800 -- 1809 . ) Kaskaskia ( IL ) 1809 Capital of the Territory of Illinois ( east of Mississippi River 1809 -- 1818 . ) Detroit ( MI ) 1818 Capital of the Territory of Michigan ( east of Mississippi River 1818 - 1834 , all of Minnesota 1834 -- 1836 . ) Belmont ( WI ) 1836 Capitals of the Territory of Wisconsin . Burlington ( IA ) 1837 1838 Capital of the Territory of Iowa ( west of Mississippi River 1838 -- 1841 . ) Madison ( WI ) Capital of the Territory of Wisconsin ( east of Mississippi River 1838 -- 1848 . ) Iowa City ( IA ) 1841 Capital of the Territory of Iowa ( west of Mississippi River 1841 -- 1846 . ) Saint Paul 1849 Capital of the Territory of Minnesota . 1858 Capital of the State of Minnesota . Mississippi Statehood in 1817 San Agustín 1565 Capital of the Spanish colony of La Florida . Savannah 1733 Capital of the British proprietary Colony of Georgia . 1755 Capital of the British Province of Georgia . 1776 Capitals of the State of Georgia . Augusta ( GA ) 1778 Heard 's Fort ( GA ) 1780 Augusta ( GA ) 1781 Savannah ( GA ) 1782 Ebenezer ( GA ) 1782 Savannah ( GA ) 1784 Augusta ( GA ) 1786 Louisville ( GA ) 1796 Natchez 1798 Capitals of the Territory of Mississippi . Washington 1802 Natchez 1817 Capitals of the State of Mississippi . Jackson 1821 Missouri Statehood in 1821 Saint - Louis San Luis St. Louis 1765 Capital of the Spanish ( though predominantly Francophone ) district of Alta Louisiana . 1800 Capital of the French district of La Haute - Louisiane . 1804 Capital of the District of Louisiana ( under the authority of the Indiana Territory . ) 1805 Capital of the Louisiana Territory . 1812 Capital of the Missouri Territory . Saint Charles 1821 Capitals of the State of Missouri . ( A Confederate state government in exile operated from Neosho 1861 -- 1863 , and from Marshall , Texas , 1863 -- 1865 . ) Jefferson City 1826 Montana Statehood in 1889 Saint - Louis San Luis St. Louis ( MO ) 1765 Capital of the Spanish ( though predominantly Francophone ) district of Alta Louisiana ( east of Continental Divide 1763 -- 1800 . ) 1800 Capital of the French district of la Haute - Louisiane ( east of Continental Divide 1800 -- 1804 . ) 1804 Capital of the District of Louisiana ( east of Continental Divide under the authority of the Indiana Territory 1804 -- 1805 . ) 1805 Capital of the Territory of Louisiana ( east of Continental Divide 1805 -- 1812 . ) 1812 Capital of the Territory of Missouri ( east of Continental Divide 1812 -- 1821 . ) Fort Vancouver ( WA ) 1825 Capital de facto of the Oregon Country ( west of Continental Divide 1818 -- 1843 . ) Oregon City ( OR ) 1843 Capital of the Provisional Government of Oregon ( west of Continental Divide 1843 -- 1848 . ) 1848 Capitals of the Territory of Oregon ( west of Continental Divide 1848 -- 1853 . ) Salem ( OR ) 1851 Olympia ( WA ) 1853 Capital of the Territory of Washington ( west of Continental Divide 1853 -- 1863 . ) Omaha ( NE ) 1854 Capital of the Territory of Nebraska ( east of Continental Divide 1854 -- 1861 . ) Yankton ( SD ) 1861 Capital of the Territory of Dakota ( east of Continental Divide 1861 -- 1863 . ) Lewiston ( ID ) 1863 Capital of the Territory of Idaho . Bannack 1864 Capitals of the Territory of Montana . Virginia City 1865 Helena 1875 1889 Capital of the State of Montana . Nebraska Statehood in 1867 Saint - Louis San Luis St. Louis ( MO ) 1765 Capital of the Spanish ( though predominantly Francophone ) district of Alta Louisiana . 1800 Capital of the French district of la Haute - Louisiane . 1804 Capital of the District of Louisiana ( under the authority of the Indiana Territory . ) 1805 Capital of the Territory of Louisiana . 1812 Capital of the Territory of Missouri ( 1812 -- 1821 ) . Omaha 1854 Capitals of the Territory of Nebraska . Lancaster Lincoln 1867 1867 Capital of the State of Nebraska . Nevada Statehood in 1864 Fillmore ( UT ) 1850 Capitals of the Territory of Utah . Salt Lake City ( UT ) 1858 Carson City 1861 Capital of the Territory of Nevada . 1864 Capital of the State of Nevada . New Hampshire Statehood in 1776 Boston ( MA ) 1630 Capital of the English Colony of Massachusetts Bay . Portsmouth 1680 Capital of the English Province of New Hampshire . Boston ( MA ) 1686 Capital of the English Dominion of New - England in America . Portsmouth 1689 Capital of the dissident Province of New Hampshire . 1691 Capital of the English Province of New Hampshire . 1698 Capital of the English Province of New Hampshire under jurisdiction of the Royal Governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay . 1707 Capital of the British Province of New Hampshire under jurisdiction of the Royal Governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay . 1741 Capital of the British Province of New Hampshire . Exeter 1775 Capital of the Revolutionary War government of New Hampshire . 1776 Capitals of the State of New Hampshire . Concord 1808 New Jersey Statehood in 1776 Fort Amsterdam ( NY ) 1625 Capital of the Dutch colony of New Netherland . 1652 Capital of the Dutch province of New Netherland . Elizabethtown ( now Elizabeth ) 1665 Capital of the English Province of New Jersey . Perth Amboy 1673 Capital of the English Province of East Jersey 1673 -- 1688 . Burlington Capital of the English Province of West Jersey 1673 -- 1688 . Boston ( MA ) 1688 Capital of the English Dominion of New - England in America 1688 -- 1689 . Perth Amboy 1689 Capital of the English Province of East Jersey 1689 -- 1702 . Burlington Capital of the English Province of West Jersey 1689 -- 1702 . joint capitals 1702 East Jersey and West Jersey were re-united as the English Province of New Jersey in 1702 . Perth Amboy and Burlington served jointly as the capital until 1784 . 1707 Joint capitals of the British Province of New Jersey . 1776 Joint capitals of the State of New Jersey . Trenton 1784 Capital of the State of New Jersey . ( Capital of the United States of America in 1784 . ) New Mexico Statehood in 1912 San Juan de los Caballeros 1598 Capitals of the Spanish Virreinato de la Nueva España colony of Santa Fe de Nuevo México . La Villa Real de la Santa Fé de San Francisco de Asís 1610 El Paso del Norte ( now Ciudad Juárez CHH ) 1680 Capital of the Spanish Virreinato de la Nueva España colony - in - exile of Santa Fe de Nuevo México ( Pueblo Revolt 1680 -- 1692 ) . La Villa Real de la Santa Fé de San Francisco de Asís Santa Fe 1692 Capital of the Spanish Virreinato de la Nueva España colony of Santa Fe de Nuevo México . 1821 Capital of the Mexican province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México . 1824 Capital of the Mexican territory of Santa Fe de Nuevo México . 1846 Capital of the U.S. military government of New Mexico 1846 . 1846 Capital of the U.S. provisional government of New Mexico 1846 -- 1850 . 1850 Capital of the U.S. Territory of New Mexico 1850 -- 1912 . Mesilla 1862 Capital of the Confederate Territory of Arizona ( southern New Mexico and Arizona 1862 ) . San Antonio ( TX ) 1862 Capital of the government - in - exile of the Confederate Territory of Arizona 1862 -- 1865 . Santa Fe 1912 Capital of the State of New Mexico . New York Statehood in 1776 Fort Amsterdam Nieuw - Amsterdam New - York Nieuw - Oranje New - York 1625 Capital of the Dutch colony of New Netherland ( Novum Belgium ) . 1652 Capital of the Dutch province of New Netherland . 1664 Capital of the English Province of New York . 1673 Capital of the Dutch military government of New Netherland . 1674 Capital of the English Province of New York . Boston ( MA ) 1688 Capital of the English Dominion of New - England in America . New - York 1689 Capital of the dissident government of New - York . 1691 Capital of the English Province of New York . 1707 Capital of the British Province of New York . 1776 Capitals of the State of New York . Kingston 1777 Hurley 1777 Poughkeepsie 1777 New York 1788 Capital of the State of New York . ( Capital of the United States of America 1785 -- 1788 and 1789 -- 1790 . ) Albany 1797 Capital of the State of New York . North Carolina Statehood in 1776 San Agustín ( FL ) 1565 Capital of the Spanish colony of la Florida . Charlestown ( SC ) 1670 Capital of the English Province of Carolina . 1707 Capital of the British Province of Carolina . New Bern 1712 Capital of the British Province of North Carolina . 1776 Capitals of the State of North Carolina . Fayetteville 1789 Raleigh 1794 North Dakota Statehood in 1889 Saint - Louis San Luis St. Louis ( MO ) 1765 Capital of the Spanish ( though predominantly Francophone ) district of Alta Louisiana . 1800 Capital of the French district of la Haute - Louisiane . 1804 Capital of the District of Louisiana ( under the authority of the Indiana Territory . ) 1805 Capital of the Territory of Louisiana . 1812 Capital of the Territory of Missouri ( 1812 -- 1821 ) . Detroit ( MI ) 1834 Capital of the Territory of Michigan ( east of Missouri River and White Earth River 1834 -- 1836 . ) Belmont ( WI ) 1836 Capitals of the Territory of Wisconsin ( east of Missouri River and White Earth River 1836 -- 1838 . ) Burlington ( IA ) 1837 1838 Capitals of the Territory of Iowa ( east of Missouri River and White Earth River 1838 -- 1846 . ) Iowa City ( IA ) 1841 Saint Paul ( MN ) 1849 Capital of the Territory of Minnesota ( east of Missouri River and White Earth River 1849 -- 1858 . ) Omaha ( NE ) 1854 Capital of the Territory of Nebraska ( west of Missouri River or White Earth River 1854 -- 1861 . ) Yankton ( SD ) 1861 Capitals of the Territory of Dakota . Bismarck 1883 1889 Capital of the State of North Dakota . Ohio Statehood in 1803 Marietta 1788 Capitals of the Territory Northwest of the River Ohio . Chillicothe 1800 1803 Capitals of the State of Ohio . Zanesville 1810 Chillicothe 1812 Columbus 1816 Oklahoma Statehood in 1907 Saint - Louis San Luis St. Louis ( MO ) 1765 Capital of the Spanish ( though predominantly Francophone ) district of Alta Louisiana . 1800 Capital of the French district of la Haute - Louisiane . 1804 Capital of the District of Louisiana ( under the authority of the Indiana Territory . ) 1805 Capital of the Territory of Louisiana . 1812 Capital of the Territory of Missouri . Arkansas Post ( AR ) 1819 Capitals of the Territory of Arkansaw ( south of the parallel 36 ° 30 ' north 1819 -- 1824 , southeastern Oklahoma 1824 -- 1828 . ) Little Rock ( AR ) 1821 Tahlequah 1838 Capital of the Cherokee Nation . Tuskahoma 1838 Capital of the Choctaw Nation . Tishomingo 1855 Capital of the Chickasaw Nation . Wewoka 1866 Capital of the Seminole Nation . Okmulgee 1867 Capital of the Creek Nation . Pawhuska ? Capital of the Osage Nation . Guthrie 1889 Capital of the Territory of Oklahoma . 1907 Capitals of the State of Oklahoma . Oklahoma City 1910 Oregon Statehood in 1859 Champoeg 1843 Temporary capital of the disputed Oregon Country . Oregon City 1843 Capital of the Provisional Government of Oregon in the Oregon Country . 1848 Capitals of the Territory of Oregon . Salem 1851 Corvallis 1855 Salem 1855 1859 Capital of the State of Oregon . Pennsylvania Statehood in 1776 Philadelphia 1682 Capital of the English proprietary Colony of Pennsylvania . 1707 Capital of the British proprietary Colony of Pennsylvania . 1776 Capital of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania . ( Capital of the United States of America 1776 , 1777 , 1778 -- 1783 , and 1790 -- 1800 . ) Lancaster 1799 Capital of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania . ( Capital of the United States of America 1777 . ) Harrisburg 1812 Capital of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania . Rhode Island Statehood in 1776 Providence 1636 Capital of the English Colony of Providence 1636 -- 1644 . Portsmouth 1639 Capital of the English Colony of Aquidneck Island 1639 -- 1644 . 1644 Capital of the English Colony of Rhode Island . Providence 1644 Capital of the English Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations . Boston ( MA ) 1686 Capital of the English Dominion of New - England in America . Providence 1689 Capital of the English Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations . 1707 Capital of the British Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations . five capitals 1776 From 1776 to 1853 , the legislature of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations rotated among the county seats of the state 's five counties : Providence , Newport , East Greenwich , South Kingstown , and Bristol . joint capitals 1854 From 1854 to 1899 , the legislature of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations alternated sessions between Providence and Newport . Providence 1900 Capital of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations . South Carolina Statehood in 1776 San Agustín ( FL ) 1565 Capital of the Spanish colony of la Florida . Charlestown 1670 Capital of the English Province of Carolina . 1707 Capital of the British Province of Carolina . 1712 Capital of the British Province of South Carolina . 1776 Capitals of the State of South Carolina . Columbia 1786 South Dakota Statehood in 1889 Saint - Louis San Luis St. Louis ( MO ) 1765 Capital of the Spanish ( though predominantly Francophone ) district of Alta Louisiana . 1800 Capital of the French district of la Haute - Louisiane . 1804 Capital of the District of Louisiana ( under the authority of the Indiana Territory . ) 1805 Capital of the Territory of Louisiana . 1812 Capital of the Territory of Missouri ( 1812 -- 1821 ) . Detroit ( MI ) 1834 Capital of the Territory of Michigan ( east of Missouri River 1834 -- 1836 . ) Belmont ( WI ) 1836 Capitals of the Territory of Wisconsin ( east of Missouri River 1836 -- 1838 . ) Burlington ( IA ) 1837 1838 Capitals of the Territory of Iowa ( east of Missouri River 1838 -- 1846 . ) Iowa City ( IA ) 1841 Saint Paul ( MN ) 1849 Capital of the Territory of Minnesota ( east of Missouri River 1849 -- 1858 . ) Omaha ( NE ) 1854 Capital of the Territory of Nebraska ( west of Missouri River 1854 -- 1861 . ) Yankton 1861 Capitals of the Territory of Dakota . Bismarck ( ND ) 1883 Pierre 1889 Capital of the State of South Dakota . Tennessee Statehood in 1796 New Bern ( NC ) 1712 Capital of the British Province of North Carolina . 1776 Capital of the State of North Carolina . Rocky Mount 1790 Capitals of the Territory South of the River Ohio . White 's Fort Knoxville 1791 1796 Capital of the State of Tennessee . Kingston 1807 Capital of the State of Tennessee for one day in 1807 to fulfill treaty obligations with the Cherokee Nation . Knoxville 1807 Capitals of the State of Tennessee . Nashville 1812 Knoxville 1817 Murfreesboro 1818 Nashville 1826 Texas Statehood in 1845 Los Adaes ( LA ) 1729 Capitals of the Spanish colony of Tejas . San Antonio de Béxar ( now San Antonio ) 1772 Saltillo ( COA ) 1824 Capitals of the Mexican province of Coahuila y Tejas . Monclova ( COA ) 1833 Washington ( now Washington - on - the - Brazos ) 1836 Capitals of the Republic of Texas . Galveston 1836 Harrisburg 1836 Velasco 1836 Columbia 1836 Houston 1837 Austin 1839 1845 Capital of the State of Texas . Utah Statehood in 1896 Salt Lake City 1849 Capital of the extralegal State of Deseret . Fillmore 1850 Capitals of the Territory of Utah . Salt Lake City 1858 1896 Capital of the State of Utah . Vermont Statehood in 1791 Westminster 1777 Capitals of the Republic of New Connecticut . Windsor 1777 1777 Capital of the Vermont Republic . 1791 Capitals of the State of Vermont . Montpelier 1805 Virginia Statehood in 1776 Jamestown 1619 Capitals of the English Colony of Virginia . Middle Plantation Williamsburg 1698 1707 Capital of the British Colony of Virginia . 1776 Capital of the Commonwealth of Virginia . Richmond 1780 Capital of the Commonwealth of Virginia . ( Capital of the Confederate States of America 1861 -- 1865 . ) ( A rival pro-Union state government operated from Wheeling 1861 -- 1863 and from Alexandria 1863 -- 1865 . ) Washington Statehood in 1889 Champoeg ( OR ) 1843 Temporary capital of the disputed Oregon Country . Oregon City ( OR ) 1843 Capital of the Provisional Government of Oregon in the Oregon Country . 1848 Capitals of the Territory of Oregon . Salem ( OR ) 1851 Olympia 1853 Capital of the Territory of Washington . 1889 Capital of the State of Washington . West Virginia Statehood in 1863 Jamestown ( VA ) 1619 Capitals of the English Colony of Virginia . Middle Plantation ( VA ) Williamsburg ( VA ) 1698 1707 Capital of the British Colony of Virginia . 1776 Capitals of the Commonwealth of Virginia . Richmond ( VA ) 1780 Wheeling 1861 Capital of the rival pro-Union government of the Commonwealth of Virginia . 1863 Capitals of the State of West Virginia . Charleston 1870 Wheeling 1875 Charleston 1885 Wisconsin Statehood in 1848 Marietta ( OH ) 1788 Capital of the Territory Northwest of the River Ohio . Vincennes ( IN ) 1800 Capital of the Territory of Indiana . Kaskaskia ( IL ) 1809 Capital of the Territory of Illinois . Detroit ( MI ) 1818 Capital of the Territory of Michigan . Belmont 1836 Capitals of the Territory of Wisconsin . Burlington ( IA ) 1837 Madison 1838 1848 Capital of the State of Wisconsin . Wyoming Statehood in 1890 Lewiston ( ID ) 1863 Capital of the Territory of Idaho . Yankton ( SD ) 1864 Capital of the Territory of Dakota . Cheyenne 1869 Capital of the Territory of Wyoming . 1890 Capital of the State of Wyoming . See also ( edit ) Historic regions of the United States History of the Philippines ( 1898 -- 1946 ) History of the United States Lists of capitals List of U.S. colonial possessions Outline of United States history Political divisions of the United States Territorial evolution of the United States Timeline of country and capital changes Notes ( edit ) ^ ( a ) Even though the urbanized area of Carson City is about 15 miles ( 24 km ) from the California border , the larger Consolidated Municipality of Carson City does form part of the Nevada state border . Similarly , the City and Borough of Juneau extends eastward to British Columbia , although the urbanized area of Juneau is about 35 miles ( 56 km ) from the Canada -- US border . ^ ( b ) Congress was forced to move from Philadelphia due to a riot of angry soldiers . See : Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783 ^ ( c ) President James Madison fled to the home of Caleb Bentley in Brookeville , Maryland following the burning of Washington on August 24 -- 25 , 1814 . As such , the town claims to have been the `` U.S. Capital for a Day '' despite the fact that Congress never met there . See : `` A Brief History '' . Town of Brookeville , Maryland . 2006 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 07 . ^ ( d ) Due to flooding in Sacramento , San Francisco served as a temporary capital from January 24 , 1862 to May 15 , 1862 . See `` California 's State Capitols 1850 -- present '' ( PDF ) ... ^ ( e ) The District of Columbia was formed February 27 , 1801 , with the District of Columbia Organic Act of 1801 . The city of Washington was founded in 1791 and construction of the new capital began while it was still part of Maryland . President John Adams moved to the White House on November 1 , 1800 and the 6th United States Congress held its first session in Washington on November 17 , 1800 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Nine Capitals of the United States . United States Senate Historical Office . Accessed June 9 , 2005 . Based on Fortenbaugh , Robert , The Nine Capitals of the United States , York , PA : Maple Press , 1948 . Jump up ^ `` United States Capitols '' . Jump up ^ `` United States Capitols '' . Jump up ^ `` United States Capitols '' . ^ Jump up to : Ehle , John ( 1988 ) . Trail of Tears : The Rise and Fall of the Cherokee Nation . New York : Anchor Books Doubleday . ISBN 0385239548 . Jump up ^ `` Qualla Boundary NCpedia '' . www.ncpedia.org . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Muscogee Creek Nation - Culture / history '' . Muscogee Creek Nation . Jump up ^ nysmuseum ( 2014 - 09 - 30 ) , Haudenosaunee or Iroquois ? , retrieved 2017 - 01 - 24 Jump up ^ `` Haudenosaunee Confederacy '' . www.haudenosauneeconfederacy.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Haudenosaunee Confederacy '' . www.haudenosauneeconfederacy.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ The State of Muskogee , State Flags of Florida , Cultural , Historical and Information Programs , Office of Cultural and Historical Programs website , Florida Department of State , Government of Florida , retrieved October 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Capitals of Alabama . Alabama Department of Archives and History . Updated October 29 , 2001 . Accessed June 9 , 2005 . ^ Jump up to : The Spanish name La Florida originally referred to all of the American continent north of Mexico . As other European nations colonized North America , the extent of La Florida shrank to encompass only the Spanish territorial claims in the southeastern portion of the present United States . Jump up ^ Frequently Asked Questions About Alaska Archived 2005 - 06 - 13 at the Wayback Machine ... Statewide Library Electronic Doorway . Updated September 21 , 2004 . Accessed June 9 , 2005 ; based on Alaska Blue Book 1993 -- 94 , 11th ed. , Juneau , Department of Education , Division of State Libraries , Archives & Museums . ExploreNorth : The History of Sitka Archived 2005 - 02 - 18 at the Wayback Machine ... Department of Community and Economic Development , Alaska Community Database Online . Accessed June 9 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Capitals before the Capitol Archived 2005 - 03 - 07 at the Wayback Machine ... Arizona State Library , Archives and Public Records . Accessed June 9 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Educational Materials : Facts Archived 2005 - 06 - 26 at the Wayback Machine ... Arkansas Secretary of State . Accessed June 9 , 2005 . Washington State Park 19th century village in SW Arkansas . Arkansas Department of Parks and Tourism , Confederate Capital Old Division of State Parks . 2003 . Accessed June 9 , 2005 . ^ Jump up to : The name Arkansas has been pronounced and spelled in a variety of fashions . The region was organized as the Territory of Arkansaw on July 4 , 1819 , but the territory was admitted to the Union as the State of Arkansas on June 15 , 1836 . The name was historically pronounced / ˈɑːrkənsɔː / , / ɑːr ˈkænzəs / , and several other variants . In 1881 , the Arkansas General Assembly passed the following concurrent resolution ( Arkansas Statutes , Title 1 , Chapter 4 , Section 105 ) : Whereas , confusion of practice has arisen in the pronunciation of the name of our state and it is deemed important that the true pronunciation should be determined for use in oral official proceedings . And , whereas , the matter has been thoroughly investigated by the State Historical Society and the Eclectic Society of Little Rock , which have agreed upon the correct pronunciation as derived from history , and the early usage of the American immigrants . Be it therefore resolved by both houses of the General Assembly , that the only true pronunciation of the name of the state , in the opinion of this body , is that received by the French from the Native Americans and committed to writing in the French word representing the sound . It should be pronounced in three ( 3 ) syllables , with the final `` s '' silent , the `` a '' in each syllable with the Italian sound , and the accent on the first and last syllables . The pronunciation with the accent on the second syllable with the sound of `` a '' in `` man '' and the sounding of the terminal `` s '' is an innovation to be discouraged . Citizens of the State of Kansas often pronounce the Arkansas River / ɑːr ˈkænzəs / in a manner similar to the common pronunciation of the name of their state . Jump up ^ E. Dotson Wilson ( 2006 ) . Ebbert , Brian S. , ed . California 's Legislature ( PDF ) . Sacramento , California : State of California . pp. 157 -- 165 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ Early Capitol and Legislative Assembly Locations Colorado State Archives , Colorado State Capitol Virtual Tour . Updated June 20 , 2003 . Accessed June 9 , 2005 . Jump up ^ From December 3 , 1859 , to December 3 , 1861 , Denver City was formally the City of Denver , Auraria , and Highland . Jump up ^ On November 15 , 1902 , the City of Denver became the City and County of Denver . Jump up ^ Florida State History . Florida Division of Historical Resources . Jump up ^ Jackson , Edwin L. Story of Georgia 's Capitols and Capital Cities Archived 2007 - 10 - 09 at the Wayback Machine ... Carl Vinson Institute of Government . University of Georgia . 1988 Jump up ^ Chronological History of Idaho . Idaho Office of the Governor . Created 2000 . Accessed June 9 , 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Clarke , S.A. ( 1905 ) . Pioneer Days of Oregon History . J.K. Gill Company . Jump up ^ Past Capitols ; based on Illinois Bluebook , 1975 -- 1976 . Created March 5 , 2005 . Accessed June 10 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Sabin , Henry . Making of Iowa , chapter 24 : Locating a Capital . Originally published 1900 by A. Flanagan Co. of Chicago and New York ; published online by Iowa History Project , posted August 25 , 2004 . Accessed June 10 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Harding , Eldon . Stories from the Kansas State Capital : Choosing a Capital City -- Why Topeka ? Archived 2005 - 03 - 12 at the Wayback Machine ... Kansas State Historical Society . April 2001 . Accessed June 10 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Fitzgerald , Daniel ( 1988 ) . Ghost Towns of Kansas . University Press of Kansas . pp. 61 -- 65 . ISBN 0700603689 . Jump up ^ Kentucky 's State Capitols Archived 2006 - 08 - 13 at the Wayback Machine ... Kentucky Department for Libraries and Archives . Accessed July 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Note : The Louisiana Capitals information may be incorrect or incomplete . See `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 06 - 15 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 28 . and elsewhere . Jump up ^ Students Questions Frequently Ask Archived 2005 - 03 - 13 at the Wayback Machine ... Maine State Senate . Accessed June 10 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Historical Chronology . Maryland State Archives . Accessed July 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Michigan in Brief State of Michigan . Updated March 7 , 2005 . Accessed June 10 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Saint Paul 's 150th birthday Archived 2005 - 04 - 11 at the Wayback Machine ... City of Saint Paul , Minnesota . Accessed June 9 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Bunn , Mike and Clay Williams , Capitals and Capitols : The Places and Spaces of Mississippi 's Seat of Government Archived 2005 - 05 - 11 at the Wayback Machine ... Mississippi History Now . Mississippi Historical Society Online . Posted September 2003 . Accessed June 10 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Lambert , Kirby . Montana 's crown jewel of architecture : The Montana state capitol Archived 2011 - 09 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . Montana : The Magazine of Western History , Montana Historical Society . Summer 2002 . Accessed June 10 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Rocha , Guy Nevada State Archives Historical Myth a Month : Myth # 28 , Las Vegas : Nevada 's Next State Capital Archived 2003 - 08 - 22 at the Wayback Machine ... Updated July 14 , 2003 . Accessed June 9 , 2005 ; originally published as Sierra Sage , Carson City / Carson Valley , Nevada . May 1998 edition . Jump up ^ New Hampshire Senate Page For Kids . New Hampshire General Court . Accessed June 9 , 2005 . New Hampshire History in Brief . New Hampshire Division of Historical Resources . Created 1989 . Accessed June 9 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Oregon Legislative Assembly History . Oregon State Archives . Accessed February 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The History of Pennsylvania 's Capital . Pennsylvania Department of Education . Accessed July 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Capital Cities . Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture . 2002 . Accessed March 12 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Early History of Montpelier , Vermont Archived 2005 - 02 - 12 at the Wayback Machine ... Vermont Historical Society . Accessed June 9 , 2005 ; adapted from Esther Munroe Swift , Vermont Place - Names : Footprints of History , 1977 , 1996 , and Montpelier Heritage Group , Three Walking Tours of Montpelier , Vt. , 1991 . Jump up ^ About Our Capital Archived 2006 - 06 - 25 at the Wayback Machine ... Virginia General Assembly . Accessed July 20 , 2006 . Jump up ^ The History of Olympia . City of Olympia . Accessed June 9 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Cravens , Stanley H. `` Capitals and Capitols in Early Wisconsin '' Archived 2006 - 06 - 23 at the Wayback Machine ... Wisconsin Blue Book Archived 2006 - 02 - 09 at the Wayback Machine. , 1983 -- 1984 edition . Jump up ^ Saban , Mary Thompson , Wyoming Sage : Brief History of Wyoming . Updated January 17 , 2004 . Accessed June 10 , 2005 . Jump up ^ http://www.britishcolumbia.com/regions/towns/?townID=4124 Jump up ^ Carter II , Edward C. ( 1971 -- 1972 ) , `` Benjamin Henry Latrobe and the Growth and Development of Washington , 1798 - 1818 '' , Records of the Columbia Historical Society : 139 Further reading ( edit ) Christian Montes . American Capitals : A Historical Geography ( University of Chicago Press ; 2014 ) 394 pages ; scholarly study of geographic and other factors that have shaped the designation of capitals in all 50 states External links ( edit ) Find more aboutstate capitalat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Florida Facts - The Capitol The Capitalization of Georgia The State Houses of Louisiana Las Vegas : Nevada 's Next State Capital ? New Hampshire Senate for Kids - Capitals Handbook of Texas Online -- Capitals Colonial Capitals of the Dominion of Virginia Utah History To Go - Utah 's Capitols Links to related articles Capitals of the United States by jurisdiction Nation : US Washington States : AL Montgomery AK Juneau AZ Phoenix AR Little Rock CA Sacramento CO Denver CT Hartford DE Dover FL Tallahassee GA Atlanta HI Honolulu ID Boise IL Springfield IN Indianapolis IA Des Moines KS Topeka KY Frankfort LA Baton Rouge ME Augusta MD Annapolis MA Boston MI Lansing MN Saint Paul MS Jackson MO Jefferson City MT Helena NE Lincoln NV Carson City NH Concord NJ Trenton NM Santa Fe NY Albany NC Raleigh ND Bismarck OH Columbus OK Oklahoma City OR Salem PA Harrisburg RI Providence SC Columbia SD Pierre TN Nashville TX Austin UT Salt Lake City VT Montpelier VA Richmond WA Olympia WV Charleston WI Madison WY Cheyenne Territories : AS Pago Pago GU Hagåtña MP Saipan PR San Juan VI Charlotte Amalie United States state - related lists List of states and territories of the United States Demographics Educational attainment Irreligion Largest cities by population Most popular given names Most populous counties Population Density Growth rate Birth and death rates Historical African American Amish Hispanic and Latino Spanish - speaking Economy Billionaires Budgets Companies Federal tax revenue Federal taxation and spending Gross domestic product Growth rate Per capita Income Household Per capita Inequality Minimum wages Poverty rates Sales taxes Sovereign wealth funds State income taxes Flat rate None Unemployment rates Union affiliation Vehicles per capita Environment Carbon dioxide emissions Parks Renewable energy Superfund sites Wilderness areas Geography Area Coastline Elevation Forest Geographic centers Government Attorneys general Capitals Historical Capitol buildings Comparison Counties Alphabetical Current State Legislators Governors Lieutenant governors Legislatures Libraries and archives Official languages Poets laureate State auditors State secretaries of state State superintendents of education State supreme courts State treasurers Health Human Development Index Fertility rates Hospitals Life expectancy Obesity rates History Date of statehood Name etymologies Historical societies and museums National Historic Landmarks National Register of Historic Places State partitions Historic regions Law Abortion Age of consent Alcohol Dry communities Alford plea Cell phone use while driving Constitutions Firearms Homicide Law enforcement agencies Legality of cannabis Peace Index Prisons Incarceration rate Same - sex unions Former constitutional bans Marriage law Seat belt laws Self - representation Smoking bans Statutory codes Miscellaneous Abbreviations Demonyms Fictional states Flags Insignia Symbols Tallest buildings Time zones Commons Portals Location of the capital of the United States and predecessors 1774 First Continental Congress Philadelphia 1775 -- 81 Second Continental Congress Philadelphia → Baltimore → Lancaster → York → Philadelphia 1781 -- 89 Congress of the Confederation Philadelphia → Princeton → Annapolis → Trenton → New York City 1789 -- present Federal government of the United States New York City → Philadelphia → Washington , D.C. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_capitals_in_the_United_States&oldid=817560011 '' Categories : Former state capitals in the United States State capitals in the United States Lists of cities in the United States States of the United States - related lists Lists of capitals Lists of capitals of country subdivisions Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Boarisch Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch فارسی Français Galego Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa Kapampangan Қазақша Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Македонски მარგალური नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina தமிழ் Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 December 2017 , at 04 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	list of all states and capitals in usa	[]	[]
-6909979039393438408	Ingeniero Aeronáutico Ambrosio L.V. Taravella International Airport	Ingeniero Aeronáutico Ambrosio L.V. Taravella International airport - Wikipedia Ingeniero Aeronáutico Ambrosio L.V. Taravella International airport `` Pajas Blancas '' redirects here . For Casabó -- Pajas Blancas in Montevideo , Uruguay , see Casabó . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Ingeniero Aeronáutico Ambrosio L.V. Taravella International Airport Aeropuerto Internacional de Córdoba `` Ingeniero Aeronáutico Ambrosio L.V. Taravella '' IATA : COR ICAO : SACO WMO : 87344 Summary Airport type Public Operator Aeropuertos Argentina 2000 S.A. Serves Córdoba Location Córdoba , Córdoba Province , Argentina Elevation AMSL 489 m / 1,604 ft Coordinates 31 ° 18 ′ 36 '' S 64 ° 12 ′ 30 '' W / 31.31000 ° S 64.20833 ° W / - 31.31000 ; - 64.20833 Coordinates : 31 ° 18 ′ 36 '' S 64 ° 12 ′ 30 '' W / 31.31000 ° S 64.20833 ° W / - 31.31000 ; - 64.20833 Website Aeropuertos Argentina 2000 Map COR Location of the airport in Argentina Runways Direction Length Surface m ft 18 / 36 3,200 10,498 Asphalt 05 / 23 2,280 7,480 Concrete Statistics ( 2017 ) Total passengers 2.901. 691 Sources : Argentinian AIP , ORSNA Ingeniero Aeronáutico Ambrosio L.V. Taravella International Airport ( Spanish : Aeropuerto Internacional de Cordoba `` Ingeniero Aeronáutico Ambrosio L.V. Taravella '' ) ( IATA : COR , ICAO : SACO ) , more commonly known as Pajas Blancas , is located 9 km ( 5.6 mi ) north - northwest away from the center of Córdoba , the capital city of the Córdoba Province . The airport covers an area of 1,020 ha ( 2,520 acres ) and is operated by Aeropuertos Argentina 2000 S.A. Contents 1 Overview 2 Airlines and destinations 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Overview ( edit ) Check - in area Cordoba is currently Argentina 's third - largest airport , after Ministro Pistarini International Airport and Aeroparque Jorge Newbery , both of which are located in Buenos Aires . The airport had been a jetport for a long time , but it had been lacking the size to receive larger numbers of passengers until Aeropuertos Argentina 2000 , a private company that operates several airports in Argentina , decided to give internal Argentine airports more money so that they could expand and lure more airlines . Up until that moment , the Taravella airport , which was named after an architect , only had one story and one terminal . The construction of a second and third floor began in 2000 , designed by prominent local architect Mario Roberto Álvarez ; by 2002 , it was finished and Aerolíneas Argentinas decided to make the Taravella airport a hub for domestic flights . The airport is equipped with the necessary lights to have night air traffic , but pilots flying there , especially pilots of light aircraft , are recommended to look out for birds , as there is quite a substantial number of them inhabiting the areas nearby . Today , Córdoba Airport primarily serves only domestic and regional destinations across deep South America . There are two intercontinental flights : Air Europa to Madrid and American Airlines to Miami ( from 2019 ) . Most intercontinental passengers route through Sao Paulo or Buenos Aires . In 2017 , the airport was to have the new Argentinian airline Alas Del Sur based there , with plans to begin to carry out domestic and regional flights and add some intercontinental destinations in 2022 . As of 2018 , Alas Del Sur had not commenced service ; however , once it does , it is expected to connect Cordoba with Shanghai , China . Airlines and destinations ( edit ) Airlines Destinations Aerolíneas Argentinas Buenos Aires -- Aeroparque , Cómodoro Rivadavia , Neuquén , Salta , Tucumán Seasonal : Porto Seguro , Punta Cana , Rio de Janeiro -- Galeão , Salvador , San Carlos de Bariloche , El Calafate , Trelew Aerolíneas Argentinas operated by Austral Líneas Aéreas Bahía Blanca , Buenos Aires -- Aeroparque , Buenos Aires -- Ezeiza , Mendoza , Posadas , Puerto Iguazú , Resistencia , Rosario , San Carlos de Bariloche , San Salvador de Jujuy , Santiago de Chile , Ushuaia Seasonal : Florianópolis , Mar Del Plata , El Calafate , Punta del Este Air Europa Asunción , Madrid Amaszonas Santa Cruz de la Sierra Amaszonas Uruguay Montevideo American Airlines Miami ( begins 2 April 2019 ) Andes Líneas Aéreas Buenos Aires -- Aeroparque , Samaná Charter : Maceio Azul Brazilian Airlines Recife , Porto Alegre Copa Airlines Panama City -- Tocumen Flybondi Buenos Aires - El Palomar , Mendoza , Puerto Iguazú , San Carlos de Bariloche Gol Transportes Aéreos Fortaleza , Rio de Janeiro -- Galeão , Salvador LATAM Argentina Buenos Aires -- Aeroparque Seasonal : Maceió , Porto Seguro LATAM Brasil São Paulo -- Guarulhos LATAM Chile Santiago de Chile LATAM Perú Lima Sky Airline Santiago de Chile See also ( edit ) Argentina portal Aviation portal List of airports in Argentina Transport in Argentina References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2 April 2014 . Retrieved 1 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : ( in Spanish ) `` SACO -- CORDOBA / Ing . Aer . A.L.V. Taravella '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 31 May 2011 . ( 846 KB ) at AIP Argentina ^ Jump up to : ( in Spanish ) Aeropuerto Internacional de Cordoba `` Ing . Aeronáutico Ambrosio Taravella '' -- Pajas Blancas Archived 27 November 2012 at Archive.is at Organismo Regulador del Sistema Nacional de Aeropuertos ( ORSNA ) Jump up ^ http://www.sirchandler.com.ar/2016/12/novedades-alas-del-sur/ Jump up ^ `` Córdoba and Tucumán , united again by Aerolíneas Argentinas '' ( in Spanish ) . AeropuertosArg.com.ar . Retrieved 15 March 2015 . Jump up ^ https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/278857/aerolineas-argentinas-plans-cordoba-punta-cana-from-late-august-2018/ Jump up ^ Liu , Jim ( 20 June 2017 ) . `` Aerolineas Argentinas adds Cordoba -- Trelew route from Sep 2017 '' . Routesonline . Retrieved 25 April 2018 . Jump up ^ AR increases Bahía Blanca Jump up ^ AR increases domestic flights Jump up ^ AR overtaking flights Jump up ^ L , J ( 2 May 2016 ) . `` Air Europa comenzará a volar a la ciudad argentina de Córdoba el próximo 18 de diciembre '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Air Europa . Retrieved 2 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` American Airlines Adds New Service To Destinations In Mexico And South America '' . AA.com . American Airlines . Retrieved 25 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Karstow , Iani ( 19 October 2017 ) . `` Flybondi , the first low - cost airline in Argentina prepares to start AviatioNews.net '' . AviatioNews.net . Retrieved 25 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Flybondi presentó su primer avión y vuela desde el 3 de enero '' . La Voz del Interior . 6 December 2017 . Retrieved 25 April 2018 . Jump up ^ http://aeropuertocordoba.blogspot.com/2018/04/cordoba-cerca-de-tener-vuelos-fortaleza.html Jump up ^ GOL Adds Salvador da Bahía - Córdoba External links ( edit ) Official website Current weather for SACO at NOAA / NWS Accident history for COR at Aviation Safety Network Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Ingeniero_Aeronáutico_Ambrosio_L. V. _Taravella_International_Airport&oldid = 856578145 '' Categories : Airports in Argentina Buildings and structures in Córdoba , Argentina Hidden categories : Articles with Spanish - language external links Webarchive template archiveis links CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Use dmy dates from May 2014 Articles needing additional references from April 2009 All articles needing additional references Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Spanish - language text All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from December 2015 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2015 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cebuano Deutsch Español فارسی Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Bahasa Melayu Polski Português Svenska Тоҷикӣ 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2018 , at 06 : 11 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	ingeniero aeronáutico ambrosio l.v. taravella international airport	[]	[]
2190089447943302883	Brown v. Board of Education	Brown v. Board of Education - wikipedia Brown v. Board of Education Jump to : navigation , search Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court of the United States Argued December 9 , 1952 Reargued December 8 , 1953 Decided May 17 , 1954 Full case name Oliver Brown , et al. v. Board of Education of Topeka , et al . Citations 347 U.S. 483 ( more ) 74 S. Ct. 686 ; 98 L. Ed . 873 ; 1954 U.S. LEXIS 2094 ; 53 Ohio Op. 326 ; 38 A.L.R. 2d 1180 Prior history Judgment for defendants , 98 F. Supp. 797 ( D. Kan . 1951 ) Subsequent history Judgment on relief , 349 U.S. 294 ( 1955 ) ( Brown II ) ; on remand , 139 F. Supp. 468 ( D. Kan . 1955 ) ; motion to intervene granted , 84 F.R.D. 383 ( D. Kan . 1979 ) ; judgment for defendants , 671 F. Supp. 1290 ( D. Kan . 1987 ) ; reversed , 892 F. 2d 851 ( 10th Cir. 1989 ) ; vacated , 503 U.S. 978 ( 1992 ) ( Brown III ) ; judgment reinstated , 978 F. 2d 585 ( 10th Cir. 1992 ) ; judgment for defendants , 56 F. Supp . 2d 1212 ( D. Kan . 1999 ) Holding Segregation of students in public schools violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment , because separate facilities are inherently unequal . District Court of Kansas reversed . Court membership Chief Justice Earl Warren Associate Justices Hugo Black Stanley F. Reed Felix Frankfurter William O. Douglas Robert H. Jackson Harold H. Burton Tom C. Clark Sherman Minton Case opinions Majority Warren , joined by unanimous Laws applied U.S. Const . amend . XIV This case overturned a previous ruling or rulings Plessy v. Ferguson ( 1896 ) Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education ( 1899 ) Berea College v. Kentucky ( 1908 ) Educational segregation in the US prior to Brown Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka , 347 U.S. 483 ( 1954 ) , was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional . The decision effectively overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson decision of 1896 , which allowed state - sponsored segregation , insofar as it applied to public education . Handed down on May 17 , 1954 , the Warren Court 's unanimous ( 9 -- 0 ) decision stated that `` separate educational facilities are inherently unequal . '' As a result , de jure racial segregation was ruled a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution . This ruling paved the way for integration and was a major victory of the Civil Rights Movement , and a model for many future impact litigation cases . However , the decision 's fourteen pages did not spell out any sort of method for ending racial segregation in schools , and the Court 's second decision in Brown II ( 349 U.S. 294 ( 1955 ) ) only ordered states to desegregate `` with all deliberate speed '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Case 2.1 Filing and arguments 2.2 Supreme Court review 2.3 Unanimous opinion and consensus building 2.4 Holding 2.5 Local outcomes 3 Social implications 3.1 Deep South 3.2 Upland South 3.3 North 4 Legal criticism and praise 5 Brown II 6 Brown III 7 Related cases 8 Other comments 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Background For much of the sixty years preceding the Brown case , race relations in the United States had been dominated by racial segregation . This policy had been endorsed in 1896 by the United States Supreme Court case of Plessy v. Ferguson , which held that as long as the separate facilities for the separate races were equal , segregation did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment ( `` no State shall ... deny to any person ... the equal protection of the laws '' ) . The plaintiffs in Brown asserted that this system of racial separation , while masquerading as providing separate but equal treatment of both white and black Americans , instead perpetuated inferior accommodations , services , and treatment for black Americans . Racial segregation in education varied widely from the 17 states that required racial segregation to the 16 in which it was prohibited . Brown was influenced by UNESCO 's 1950 Statement , signed by a wide variety of internationally renowned scholars , titled The Race Question . This declaration denounced previous attempts at scientifically justifying racism as well as morally condemning racism . Another work that the Supreme Court cited was Gunnar Myrdal 's An American Dilemma : The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy ( 1944 ) . Myrdal had been a signatory of the UNESCO declaration . The research performed by the educational psychologists Kenneth B. Clark and Mamie Phipps Clark also influenced the Court 's decision . The Clarks ' `` doll test '' studies presented substantial arguments to the Supreme Court about how segregation affected black schoolchildren 's mental status . The United States and the Soviet Union were both at the height of the Cold War during this time , and U.S. officials , including Supreme Court Justices , were highly aware of the harm that segregation and racism played on America 's international image . When Justice William O. Douglas traveled to India in 1950 , the first question he was asked was , `` Why does America tolerate the lynching of Negroes ? '' Douglas later wrote that he had learned from his travels that `` the attitude of the United States toward its colored minorities is a powerful factor in our relations with India . '' Chief Justice Earl Warren , nominated to the Supreme Court by President Eisenhower , echoed Douglas 's concerns in a 1954 speech to the American Bar Association , proclaiming that `` Our American system like all others is on trial both at home and abroad , ... the extent to which we maintain the spirit of our constitution with its Bill of Rights , will in the long run do more to make it both secure and the object of adulation than the number of hydrogen bombs we stockpile . '' Case Filing and arguments Education in the United States By state and in insular areas By subject area History of Issues : Finance -- Law -- Literacy -- Reform Levels : Pre-kindergarten -- Primary -- Secondary -- Higher Organizations Education portal United States portal In 1951 , a class action suit was filed against the Board of Education of the City of Topeka , Kansas in the United States District Court for the District of Kansas . The plaintiffs were thirteen Topeka parents on behalf of their 20 children . The suit called for the school district to reverse its policy of racial segregation . The Topeka Board of Education operated separate elementary schools under an 1879 Kansas law , which permitted ( but did not require ) districts to maintain separate elementary school facilities for black and white students in 12 communities with populations over 15,000 . The plaintiffs had been recruited by the leadership of the Topeka NAACP . Notable among the Topeka NAACP leaders were the chairman McKinley Burnett ; Charles Scott , one of three serving as legal counsel for the chapter ; and Lucinda Todd . The named plaintiff , Oliver L. Brown , was a parent , a welder in the shops of the Santa Fe Railroad , an assistant pastor at his local church , and an African American . He was convinced to join the lawsuit by Scott , a childhood friend . Brown 's daughter Linda , a third grader , had to walk six blocks to her school bus stop to ride to Monroe Elementary , her segregated black school one mile ( 1.6 km ) away , while Sumner Elementary , a white school , was seven blocks from her house . As directed by the NAACP leadership , the parents each attempted to enroll their children in the closest neighborhood school in the fall of 1951 . They were each refused enrollment and directed to the segregated schools . The case `` Oliver Brown et al. v . The Board of Education of Topeka , Kansas '' was named after Oliver Brown as a legal strategy to have a man at the head of the roster . The lawyers , and the National Chapter of the NAACP , also felt that having Mr. Brown at the head of the roster would be better received by the U.S. Supreme Court Justices . The 13 plaintiffs were : Oliver Brown , Darlene Brown , Lena Carper , Sadie Emmanuel , Marguerite Emerson , Shirley Fleming , Zelma Henderson , Shirley Hodison , Maude Lawton , Alma Lewis , Iona Richardson , and Lucinda Todd . The last surviving plaintiff , Zelma Henderson , died in Topeka , on May 20 , 2008 , at age 88 . The District Court ruled in favor of the Board of Education , citing the U.S. Supreme Court precedent set in Plessy v. Ferguson , 163 U.S. 537 ( 1896 ) , which had upheld a state law requiring `` separate but equal '' segregated facilities for blacks and whites in railway cars . The three - judge District Court panel found that segregation in public education has a detrimental effect on negro children , but denied relief on the ground that the negro and white schools in Topeka were substantially equal with respect to buildings , transportation , curricula , and educational qualifications of teachers . Supreme Court Review The case of Brown v. Board of Education as heard before the Supreme Court combined five cases : Brown itself , Briggs v. Elliott ( filed in South Carolina ) , Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County ( filed in Virginia ) , Gebhart v. Belton ( filed in Delaware ) , and Bolling v. Sharpe ( filed in Washington D.C. ) . All were NAACP - sponsored cases . The Davis case , the only case of the five originating from a student protest , began when 16 - year - old Barbara Rose Johns organized and led a 450 - student walkout of Moton High School . The Gebhart case was the only one where a trial court , affirmed by the Delaware Supreme Court , found that discrimination was unlawful ; in all the other cases the plaintiffs had lost as the original courts had found discrimination to be lawful . The Kansas case was unique among the group in that there was no contention of gross inferiority of the segregated schools ' physical plant , curriculum , or staff . The district court found substantial equality as to all such factors . The lower court , in its opinion , noted that , in Topeka , `` the physical facilities , the curricula , courses of study , qualification and quality of teachers , as well as other educational facilities in the two sets of schools ( were ) comparable . '' The lower court observed that `` colored children in many instances are required to travel much greater distances than they would be required to travel could they attend a white school '' but also noted that the school district `` transports colored children to and from school free of charge '' and that `` ( n ) o such service ( was ) provided to white children . '' In the Delaware case the district court judge in Gebhart ordered that the black students be admitted to the white high school due to the substantial harm of segregation and the differences that made the separate schools unequal . The NAACP 's chief counsel , Thurgood Marshall -- who was later appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court in 1967 -- argued the case before the Supreme Court for the plaintiffs . Assistant attorney general Paul Wilson -- later distinguished emeritus professor of law at the University of Kansas -- conducted the state 's ambivalent defense in his first appellate argument . In December 1952 , the Justice Department filed a friend of the court brief in the case . The brief was unusual in its heavy emphasis on foreign - policy considerations of the Truman administration in a case ostensibly about domestic issues . Of the seven pages covering `` the interest of the United States , '' five focused on the way school segregation hurt the United States in the Cold War competition for the friendship and allegiance of non-white peoples in countries then gaining independence from colonial rule . Attorney General James P. McGranery noted that The existence of discrimination against minority groups in the United States has an adverse effect upon our relations with other countries . Racial discrimination furnishes grist for the Communist propaganda mills . The brief also quoted a letter by Secretary of State Dean Acheson lamenting that The United States is under constant attack in the foreign press , over the foreign radio , and in such international bodies as the United Nations because of various practices of discrimination in this country . British barrister and parliamentarian Anthony Lester has written that `` Although the Court 's opinion in Brown made no reference to these considerations of foreign policy , there is no doubt that they significantly influenced the decision . '' Unanimous opinion and consensus building The members of the U.S. Supreme Court that on May 17 , 1954 , ruled unanimously that racial segregation in public schools is unconstitutional . In spring 1953 , the Court heard the case but was unable to decide the issue and asked to rehear the case in fall 1953 , with special attention to whether the Fourteenth Amendment 's Equal Protection Clause prohibited the operation of separate public schools for whites and blacks . The Court reargued the case at the behest of Associate Justice Felix Frankfurter , who used reargument as a stalling tactic , to allow the Court to gather a consensus around a Brown opinion that would outlaw segregation . The justices in support of desegregation spent much effort convincing those who initially intended to dissent to join a unanimous opinion . Although the legal effect would be same for a majority rather than unanimous decision , it was felt that dissent could be used by segregation supporters as a legitimizing counter-argument . Conference notes and draft decisions illustrate the division of opinions before the decision was issued . Justices Douglas , Black , Burton , and Minton were predisposed to overturn Plessy . Fred M. Vinson noted that Congress had not issued desegregation legislation ; Stanley F. Reed discussed incomplete cultural assimilation and states ' rights and was inclined to the view that segregation worked to the benefit of the African - American community ; Tom C. Clark wrote that `` we had led the states on to think segregation is OK and we should let them work it out . '' Felix Frankfurter and Robert H. Jackson disapproved of segregation , but were also opposed to judicial activism and expressed concerns about the proposed decision 's enforceability . Chief Justice Vinson had been a key stumbling block . After Vinson died in September 1953 , President Dwight D. Eisenhower appointed Earl Warren as Chief Justice . Warren had supported the integration of Mexican - American students in California school systems following Mendez v. Westminster . However , Eisenhower invited Earl Warren to a White House dinner , where the president told him : `` These ( southern whites ) are not bad people . All they are concerned about is to see that their sweet little girls are not required to sit in school alongside some big overgrown Negroes . '' Nevertheless , the Justice Department sided with the African American plaintiffs . In his reading of the unanimous decision , Justice Warren noted the adverse psychological effects that segregated schools had on African American children . Brown 's cite of the Kenneth and Mamie Doll Study was criticized by Justice Clarence Thomas in a later concurring opinion for implying black inferiority . According to Susan Firestone , the study itself is dubious in conclusion and unreliable in reproduction . While all but one justice personally rejected segregation , the judicial restraint faction questioned whether the Constitution gave the Court the power to order its end . The activist faction believed the Fourteenth Amendment did give the necessary authority and were pushing to go ahead . Warren , who held only a recess appointment , held his tongue until the Senate confirmed his appointment . Warren convened a meeting of the justices , and presented to them the simple argument that the only reason to sustain segregation was an honest belief in the inferiority of Negroes . Warren further submitted that the Court must overrule Plessy to maintain its legitimacy as an institution of liberty , and it must do so unanimously to avoid massive Southern resistance . He began to build a unanimous opinion . Although most justices were immediately convinced , Warren spent some time after this famous speech convincing everyone to sign onto the opinion . Justices Jackson and Reed finally decided to drop their dissent . The final decision was unanimous . Warren drafted the basic opinion and kept circulating and revising it until he had an opinion endorsed by all the members of the Court . Reed was the last holdout and reportedly cried during the reading of the opinion . Holding Reporters who observed the court holding were surprised by two facts . First , the court made a unanimous decision . Prior to the ruling , there were reports that the court members were sharply divided and might not be able to agree . Second , the attendance of Justice Robert H. Jackson who had suffered a mild heart attack and was not expected to return to the bench until early June 1954 . `` Perhaps to emphasize the unanimity of the court , perhaps from a desire to be present when the history - making verdict was announced , Justice Jackson was in his accustomed seat when the court convened . '' Reporters also noted that former Secretary of State Dean Acheson ( who had related the case to foreign policy considerations ) and current Attorney General Herbert Brownell were in the courtroom . The key holding of the Court was that , even if segregated black and white schools were of equal quality in facilities and teachers , segregation by itself was harmful to black students and unconstitutional . They found that a significant psychological and social disadvantage was given to black children from the nature of segregation itself , drawing on research conducted by Kenneth Clark assisted by June Shagaloff . This aspect was vital because the question was not whether the schools were `` equal '' , which under Plessy they nominally should have been , but whether the doctrine of separate was constitutional . The justices answered with a strong `` no '' : ( D ) oes segregation of children in public schools solely on the basis of race , even though the physical facilities and other `` tangible '' factors may be equal , deprive the children of the minority group of equal educational opportunities ? We believe that it does ... `` Segregation of white and colored children in public schools has a detrimental effect upon the colored children . The effect is greater when it has the sanction of the law , for the policy of separating the races is usually interpreted as denoting the inferiority of the negro group . A sense of inferiority affects the motivation of a child to learn . Segregation with the sanction of law , therefore , has a tendency to ( retard ) the educational and mental development of negro children and to deprive them of some of the benefits they would receive in a racial ( ly ) integrated school system . '' ... We conclude that , in the field of public education , the doctrine of `` separate but equal '' has no place . Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal . Therefore , we hold that the plaintiffs and others similarly situated for whom the actions have been brought are , by reason of the segregation complained of , deprived of the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment . Local outcomes Judgment and order of the Supreme Court for the case . The Topeka junior high schools had been integrated since 1941 . Topeka High School was integrated from its inception in 1871 and its sports teams from 1949 on . The Kansas law permitting segregated schools allowed them only `` below the high school level '' . Soon after the district court decision , election outcomes and the political climate in Topeka changed . The Board of Education of Topeka began to end segregation in the Topeka elementary schools in August 1953 , integrating two attendance districts . All the Topeka elementary schools were changed to neighborhood attendance centers in January 1956 , although existing students were allowed to continue attending their prior assigned schools at their option . Plaintiff Zelma Henderson , in a 2004 interview , recalled that no demonstrations or tumult accompanied desegregation in Topeka 's schools : `` They accepted it , '' she said . `` It was n't too long until they integrated the teachers and principals . '' The Topeka Public Schools administration building is named in honor of McKinley Burnett , NAACP chapter president who organized the case . Monroe Elementary was designated a U.S. National Historic Site unit of the National Park Service on October 26 , 1992 . Social implications Not everyone accepted the Brown v. Board of Education decision . In Virginia , Senator Harry F. Byrd , Sr. organized the Massive Resistance movement that included the closing of schools rather than desegregating them . See , for example , The Southern Manifesto . For more implications of the Brown decision , see School integration in the United States . Deep South Texas Attorney General John Ben Shepperd organized a campaign to generate legal obstacles to implementation of desegregation . In 1957 , Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus called out his state 's National Guard to block black students ' entry to Little Rock Central High School . President Dwight Eisenhower responded by deploying elements of the 101st Airborne Division from Fort Campbell , Kentucky , to Arkansas and by federalizing Arkansas 's National Guard . Also in 1957 , Florida 's response was mixed . Its legislature passed an Interposition Resolution denouncing the decision and declaring it null and void . But Florida Governor LeRoy Collins , though joining in the protest against the court decision , refused to sign it , arguing that the attempt to overturn the ruling must be done by legal methods . In Mississippi fear of violence prevented any plaintiff from bringing a school desegregation suit for the next nine years . When Medgar Evers sued to desegregate Jackson , Mississippi schools in 1963 White Citizens Council member Byron De La Beckwith murdered him . Two subsequent trials resulted in hung juries . Beckwith was not convicted of the murder until 1994 . In 1963 , Alabama Gov. George Wallace personally blocked the door to Foster Auditorium at the University of Alabama to prevent the enrollment of two black students . This became the infamous Stand in the Schoolhouse Door where Wallace personally backed his `` segregation now , segregation tomorrow , segregation forever '' policy that he had stated in his 1963 inaugural address . He moved aside only when confronted by General Henry Graham of the Alabama National Guard , who was ordered by President John F. Kennedy to intervene . Upland South In North Carolina , there was often a strategy of nominally accepting Brown , but tacitly resisting it . On May 18 , 1954 the Greensboro , North Carolina school board declared that it would abide by the Brown ruling . This was the result of the initiative of D.E. Hudgins Jr. , a former Rhodes Scholar and prominent attorney , who chaired the school board . This made Greensboro the first , and for years the only , city in the South , to announce its intent to comply . However , others in the city resisted integration , putting up legal obstacles to the actual implementation of school desegregation for years afterward , and in 1969 , the federal government found the city was not in compliance with the 1964 Civil Rights Act . Transition to a fully integrated school system did not begin until 1971 , after numerous local lawsuits and both nonviolent and violent demonstrations . Historians have noted the irony that Greensboro , which had heralded itself as such a progressive city , was one of the last holdouts for school desegregation . In Moberly , Missouri , the schools were desegregated , as ordered . However , after 1955 , the African - American teachers from the local `` negro school '' were not retained ; this was ascribed to poor performance . They appealed their dismissal in Naomi Brooks et al. , Appellants , v. School District of City of Moberly , Missouri , Etc. , et al. ; but it was upheld , and SCOTUS declined to hear a further appeal . North Many Northern cities also had de facto segregation policies , which resulted in a vast gulf in educational resources between black and white communities . In Harlem , New York , for example , not a single new school had been built since the turn of the century , nor did a single nursery school exist , even as the Second Great Migration caused overcrowding of existing schools . Existing schools tended to be dilapidated and staffed with inexperienced teachers . Northern officials were in denial of the segregation , but Brown helped stimulate activism among African - American parents like Mae Mallory who , with support of the NAACP , initiated a successful lawsuit against the city and State of New York on Brown 's principles . Mallory and thousands of other parents bolstered the pressure of the lawsuit with a school boycott in 1959 . During the boycott , some of the first freedom schools of the period were established . The city responded to the campaign by permitting more open transfers to high - quality , historically - white schools . ( New York 's African - American community , and Northern desegregation activists generally , now found themselves contending with the problem of white flight , however . ) The intellectual roots of Plessy v. Ferguson , the landmark United States Supreme Court decision upholding the constitutionality of racial segregation in 1896 under the doctrine of `` separate but equal '' were , in part , tied to the scientific racism of the era . However , the popular support for the decision was more likely a result of the racist beliefs held by many whites at the time . In deciding Brown v. Board of Education , the Supreme Court rejected the ideas of scientific racists about the need for segregation , especially in schools . The Court buttressed its holding by citing ( in footnote 11 ) social science research about the harms to black children caused by segregated schools . Both scholarly and popular ideas of hereditarianism played an important role in the attack and backlash that followed the Brown decision . The Mankind Quarterly was founded in 1960 , in part in response to the Brown decision . Legal criticism and praise U.S. circuit judges Robert A. Katzmann , Damon J. Keith , and Sonia Sotomayor at a 2004 exhibit on the Fourteenth Amendment , Thurgood Marshall , and Brown v. Board of Education William Rehnquist wrote a memo titled `` A Random Thought on the Segregation Cases '' when he was a law clerk for Justice Robert H. Jackson in 1952 , during early deliberations that led to the Brown v. Board of Education decision . In his memo , Rehnquist argued : `` I realize that it is an unpopular and unhumanitarian position , for which I have been excoriated by ' liberal ' colleagues but I think Plessy v. Ferguson was right and should be reaffirmed . '' Rehnquist continued , `` To the argument ... that a majority may not deprive a minority of its constitutional right , the answer must be made that while this is sound in theory , in the long run it is the majority who will determine what the constitutional rights of the minorities are . '' Rehnquist also argued for Plessy with other law clerks . However , during his 1971 confirmation hearings , Rehnquist said , `` I believe that the memorandum was prepared by me as a statement of Justice Jackson 's tentative views for his own use . '' Justice Jackson had initially planned to join a dissent in Brown . Later , at his 1986 hearings for the slot of Chief Justice , Rehnquist put further distance between himself and the 1952 memo : `` The bald statement that Plessy was right and should be reaffirmed , was not an accurate reflection of my own views at the time . '' In any event , while serving on the Supreme Court , Rehnquist made no effort to reverse or undermine the Brown decision , and frequently relied upon it as precedent . Chief Justice Warren 's reasoning was broadly criticized by contemporary legal academics with Judge Learned Hand decrying that the Supreme Court had `` assumed the role of a third legislative chamber '' and Herbert Wechsler finding Brown impossible to justify based on neutral principles . Some aspects of the Brown decision are still debated . Notably , Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas , himself an African American , wrote in Missouri v. Jenkins ( 1995 ) that at the very least , Brown I has been misunderstood by the courts . Brown I did not say that `` racially isolated '' schools were inherently inferior ; the harm that it identified was tied purely to de jure segregation , not de facto segregation . Indeed , Brown I itself did not need to rely upon any psychological or social - science research in order to announce the simple , yet fundamental truth that the Government can not discriminate among its citizens on the basis of race. ... Segregation was not unconstitutional because it might have caused psychological feelings of inferiority . Public school systems that separated blacks and provided them with superior educational resources making blacks `` feel '' superior to whites sent to lesser schools -- would violate the Fourteenth Amendment , whether or not the white students felt stigmatized , just as do school systems in which the positions of the races are reversed . Psychological injury or benefit is irrelevant ... Given that desegregation has not produced the predicted leaps forward in black educational achievement , there is no reason to think that black students can not learn as well when surrounded by members of their own race as when they are in an integrated environment . ( ... ) Because of their `` distinctive histories and traditions , '' black schools can function as the center and symbol of black communities , and provide examples of independent black leadership , success , and achievement . Some Constitutional originalists , notably Raoul Berger in his influential 1977 book `` Government by Judiciary , '' make the case that Brown can not be defended by reference to the original understanding of the 14th Amendment . They support this reading of the 14th amendment by noting that the Civil Rights Act of 1875 did not ban segregated schools and that the same Congress that passed the 14th Amendment also voted to segregate schools in the District of Columbia . Other originalists , including Michael W. McConnell , a federal judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit , in his article `` Originalism and the Desegregation Decisions , '' argue that the Radical Reconstructionists who spearheaded the 14th Amendment were in favor of desegregated southern schools . Evidence supporting this interpretation of the 14th amendment has come from archived Congressional records showing that proposals for federal legislation which would enforce school integration were debated in Congress a few years following the amendment 's ratification . The case also has attracted some criticism from more liberal authors , including some who say that Chief Justice Warren 's reliance on psychological criteria to find a harm against segregated blacks was unnecessary . For example , Drew S. Days has written : `` we have developed criteria for evaluating the constitutionality of racial classifications that do not depend upon findings of psychic harm or social science evidence . They are based rather on the principle that ' distinctions between citizens solely because of their ancestry are by their very nature odious to a free people whose institutions are founded upon the doctrine of equality , ' Hirabayashi v. United States , 320 U.S. 81 ( 1943 ) ... '' In his book The Tempting of America ( page 82 ) , Robert Bork endorsed the Brown decision as follows : By 1954 , when Brown came up for decision , it had been apparent for some time that segregation rarely if ever produced equality . Quite aside from any question of psychology , the physical facilities provided for blacks were not as good as those provided for whites . That had been demonstrated in a long series of cases ... The Court 's realistic choice , therefore , was either to abandon the quest for equality by allowing segregation or to forbid segregation in order to achieve equality . There was no third choice . Either choice would violate one aspect of the original understanding , but there was no possibility of avoiding that . Since equality and segregation were mutually inconsistent , though the ratifiers did not understand that , both could not be honored . When that is seen , it is obvious the Court must choose equality and prohibit state - imposed segregation . The purpose that brought the fourteenth amendment into being was equality before the law , and equality , not separation , was written into the law . In June 1987 , Philip Elman , a civil rights attorney who served as an associate in the Solicitor General 's office during Harry Truman 's term , claimed he and Associate Justice Felix Frankfurter were mostly responsible for the Supreme Court 's decision , and stated that the NAACP 's arguments did not present strong evidence . Elman has been criticized for offering a self - aggrandizing history of the case , omitting important facts , and denigrating the work of civil rights attorneys who had laid the groundwork for the decision over many decades . However , Frankfurter was also known for being one of court 's most outspoken advocates of the judicial restraint philosophy of basing court rulings on existing law rather than personal or political considerations . Public officials in the United States today are nearly unanimous in lauding the ruling . In May 2004 , the fiftieth anniversary of the ruling , President George W. Bush spoke at the opening of the Brown v. Board of Education National Historic Site , calling Brown `` a decision that changed America for the better , and forever . '' Most Senators and Representatives issued press releases hailing the ruling . In an article in Townhall , Thomas Sowell argued that When Chief Justice Earl Warren declared in the landmark 1954 case of Brown v. Board of Education that racially separate schools were `` inherently unequal , '' Dunbar High School was a living refutation of that assumption . And it was within walking distance of the Supreme Court . '' Brown II In 1955 , the Supreme Court considered arguments by the schools requesting relief concerning the task of desegregation . In their decision , which became known as `` Brown II '' the court delegated the task of carrying out school desegregation to district courts with orders that desegregation occur `` with all deliberate speed , '' a phrase traceable to Francis Thompson 's poem , The Hound of Heaven . Supporters of the earlier decision were displeased with this decision . The language `` all deliberate speed '' was seen by critics as too ambiguous to ensure reasonable haste for compliance with the court 's instruction . Many Southern states and school districts interpreted `` Brown II '' as legal justification for resisting , delaying , and avoiding significant integration for years -- and in some cases for a decade or more -- using such tactics as closing down school systems , using state money to finance segregated `` private '' schools , and `` token '' integration where a few carefully selected black children were admitted to former white - only schools but the vast majority remained in underfunded , unequal black schools . For example , based on `` Brown II , '' the U.S. District Court ruled that Prince Edward County , Virginia did not have to desegregate immediately . When faced with a court order to finally begin desegregation in 1959 the county board of supervisors stopped appropriating money for public schools , which remained closed for five years , from 1959 to 1964 . White students in the county were given assistance to attend white - only `` private academies '' that were taught by teachers formerly employed by the public school system , while black students had no education at all unless they moved out of the county . But the public schools reopened after the Supreme Court overturned `` Brown II '' in Griffin v. County School Board of Prince Edward County , declaring that `` ... the time for mere ' deliberate speed ' has run out , '' and that the county must provide a public school system for all children regardless of race . Brown III In 1978 , Topeka attorneys Richard Jones , Joseph Johnson and Charles Scott , Jr. ( son of the original Brown team member ) , with assistance from the American Civil Liberties Union , persuaded Linda Brown Smith -- who now had her own children in Topeka schools -- to be a plaintiff in reopening Brown . They were concerned that the Topeka Public Schools ' policy of `` open enrollment '' had led to and would lead to further segregation . They also believed that with a choice of open enrollment , white parents would shift their children to `` preferred '' schools that would create both predominantly African American and predominantly European American schools within the district . The district court reopened the Brown case after a 25 - year hiatus , but denied the plaintiffs ' request finding the schools `` unitary '' . In 1989 , a three - judge panel of the Tenth Circuit on 2 -- 1 vote found that the vestiges of segregation remained with respect to student and staff assignment . In 1993 , the Supreme Court denied the appellant School District 's request for certiorari and returned the case to District Court Judge Richard Rodgers for implementation of the Tenth Circuit 's mandate . After a 1994 plan was approved and a bond issue passed , additional elementary magnet schools were opened and district attendance plans redrawn , which resulted in the Topeka schools meeting court standards of racial balance by 1998 . Unified status was eventually granted to Topeka Unified School District No. 501 on July 27 , 1999 . One of the new magnet schools is named after the Scott family attorneys for their role in the Brown case and civil rights . Related cases Main article : List of 14th amendment cases Other comments Linda Brown Thompson later recalled the experience of being refused enrollment : ... we lived in an integrated neighborhood and I had all of these playmates of different nationalities . And so when I found out that day that I might be able to go to their school , I was just thrilled , you know . And I remember walking over to Sumner school with my dad that day and going up the steps of the school and the school looked so big to a smaller child . And I remember going inside and my dad spoke with someone and then he went into the inner office with the principal and they left me out ... to sit outside with the secretary . And while he was in the inner office , I could hear voices and hear his voice raised , you know , as the conversation went on . And then he immediately came out of the office , took me by the hand and we walked home from the school . I just could n't understand what was happening because I was so sure that I was going to go to school with Mona and Guinevere , Wanda , and all of my playmates . Linda Brown died on March 25 , 2018 at the age of 76 . See also African - American Civil Rights Movement ( 1896 -- 1954 ) Little Rock Nine Rubey Mosley Hulen , federal judge who made a similar ruling in an earlier case Timeline of the African American Civil Rights Movement Ruby Bridges , the first black child to attend an all - white elementary school in the South References Jump up ^ Brown v. Board of Education , 347 U.S. 483 ( 1954 ) . This article incorporates public domain material from this U.S government document . Jump up ^ Brown v Board of Education Decision ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ Schuck , P.H. ( 2006 ) . Meditations of a Militant Moderate : Cool Views on Hot Topics . G - Reference , Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 104 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 3961 - 7 . Jump up ^ Harald E.L. Prins . `` Toward a World without Evil : Alfred Métraux as UNESCO Anthropologist ( 1946 -- 1962 ) '' . UNESCO . As a direct offshoot of the 1948 `` Universal Declaration of Human Rights , '' it sought to dismantle any scientific justification or basis for racism and proclaimed that race was not a biological fact of nature but a dangerous social myth . As a milestone , this critically important declaration contributed to the 1954 U.S. Supreme Court desegregation decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka . ' ( in English ) Jump up ^ Myrdal , Gunnar ( 1944 ) . An American Dilemma : The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy . New York : Harper & Row . Jump up ^ `` Desegregation to diversity ? '' . American Psychological Association . 2004 . Retrieved May 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kenneth Clark , 90 ; His Studies Influenced Ban on Segregation -- Los Angeles Times '' . Los Angeles Times . May 3 , 2005 . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mary L. Dudziak , `` The Global Impact of Brown v. Board of Education '' SCOTUS Blog Jump up ^ Mary L Dudziak `` Brown as a Cold War Case '' Journal of American History , June 2004 Archived December 7 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Anderson , Legacy of Brown : Many people part of local case , Thirteen parents representing 20 children signed up as Topeka plaintiffs , The Topeka Capital - Journal ( Sunday , May 9 , 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Black , White , and Brown , PBS NewsHour ( May 12 , 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka MSN Encarta , archived on October 31 , 2009 from the original Archived October 31 , 2009 , at WebCite Jump up ^ `` Interactive map of locations in Topeka important to the Brown case -- Topeka Capital Journal online '' . Cjonline.com . October 26 , 1992 . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Brown Foundation for Educational Equity , Excellence and Research , Myths Versus Truths Archived June 27 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine . ( revised April 11 , 2004 ) Jump up ^ Ric Anderson , Legacy of Brown : Many people part of local case , Thirteen parents representing 20 children signed up as Topeka plaintiffs , The Topeka Capital - Journal ( Sunday , May 9 , 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Fox , Margalit ( May 22 , 2008 ) . `` Zelma Henderson , Who Aided Desegregation , Dies at 88 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Last surviving Brown v. Board plaintiff dies at 88 - TwinCities.com '' . May 24 , 2008 . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ School facilities for Negroes here held comparable , The Topeka State Journal ( August 3 , 1951 ) Jump up ^ Brown v. Board of Education , 98 F. Supp. 797 ( D. Kan . 1951 ) . Jump up ^ Student Strike at Moton High ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans ^ Jump up to : Brown , 98 F. Supp . at 798 . Jump up ^ Neier , By Aryeh . `` Brown v. Board of Ed : Key Cold War weapon '' . ^ Jump up to : Antonly Lester , `` Brown v. Board of Education Overseas '' PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY VOL. 148 , NO . 4 , DECEMBER 2004 Archived May 1 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ See Smithsonian , `` Separate is Not Equal : Brown v. Board of Education Archived June 30 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Cass R. Sunstein ( May 3 , 2004 ) . `` Did Brown Matter ? '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved January 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ George R. Goethals , Georgia Jones Sorenson ( 2006 ) . The quest for a general theory of leadership . Edward Elgar Publishing . p. 165 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84542 - 541 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Digital History '' . www.digitalhistory.uh.edu . Jump up ^ Beschloss , Michael ( November 15 , 2014 ) . `` The Gang That Always Liked Ike '' -- via NYTimes.com . Jump up ^ Warren , Earl ( 1977 ) . The Memoirs of Earl Warren . New York : Doubleday & Company . p. 291 . ISBN 0385128355 . Jump up ^ Mungazi , D.A. ( 2001 ) . Journey to the promised land : The African American struggle for development since the Civil War ( pp. 46 ) . Westport , CT : Greenwood Publishing Group Jump up ^ Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1 , 551 U.S. 701 ( 2006 ) ( J. Thomas , concurring ) Jump up ^ `` The Problem of Kenneth Clark - Commentary Magazine '' . Jump up ^ Patterson , James T. ( 2001 ) . Brown v. Board of Education : A Civil Rights Milestone and Its Troubled Legacy . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 515632 - 3 . Jump up ^ Caro , Robert A. ( 2002 ) . Master of the Senate . Vintage Books . p. 696 . ISBN 9780394720951 . Retrieved 17 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Huston , Luther A. ( 18 May 1954 ) . `` High Court Bans School Segregation ; 9 - to - 0 Decision Grants Time to Comply '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` AP WAS THERE : Original 1954 Brown v. Board story '' Archived December 9 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Topeka Capital Journal article on integration of THS sports teams '' . Cjonline.com . July 10 , 2001 . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Topeka Capital Journal on line article '' . Cjonline.com . February 28 , 2002 . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Racial bar down for teachers here '' , Topeka Daily Capital ( January 19 , 1956 ) Jump up ^ `` First step taken to end segregation '' , Topeka Daily Capital ( September 9 , 1953 ) Jump up ^ `` Little Effect On Topeka '' Topeka Capital - Journal ( May 18 , 1954 ) Jump up ^ Erin Adamson , `` Breaking barriers : Topekans reflect on role in desegregating nation 's schools '' Archived April 27 , 2004 , at the Wayback Machine. , Topeka Capital Journal ( May 11 , 2003 ) Jump up ^ `` Massive Resistance '' to Integration ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ Howell , Mark C. , John Ben Shepperd , Attorney General of the State of Texas : His Role in the Continuation of Segregation in Texas , 1953 - 1957 , Master 's Thesis , The University of Texas of the Permian Basin , Odessa , Texas , July 2003 . Jump up ^ The Little Rock Nine ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ Michael Klarman , The Supreme Court , 2012 Term - Comment : Windsor and Brown : Marriage Equality and Racial Equality 127 Harv . L. Rev. 127 , 153 ( 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Id . citing Karlman , From Jim Crow to Civil Rights : The Supreme Court and the Struggle for Racial Equality at 352 - 354 ( 2004 ) . Jump up ^ `` De La Beckwith v. State , 707 So . 2d 547 ( Miss . 1997 ) '' . Jump up ^ Standing In the Schoolhouse Door ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ The American Experience ; George Wallace : Settin ' the Woods on Fire ; Wallace Quotes , Public Broadcasting Service , pbs.org , 2000 . Retrieved February 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Civil Rights Greensboro '' . library.uncg.edu . Jump up ^ `` '' Summary of ' Civilities and Civil Rights ' : by William H. Chafe '' George Mason University website `` . Jump up ^ `` Naomi Brooks et al. , Appellants , v. School District of City of Moberly , Missouri , Etc. , et al. , Appellees , 267 F. 2d 733 ( 8th Cir. 1959 ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Revisionist History Season 2 Episode 3 '' . Revisionist History . Jump up ^ Melissa F. Weiner , Power , Protest , and the Public Schools : Jewish and African American Struggles in New York City ( Rutgers University Press , 2010 ) p. 51 - 66 Jump up ^ Adina Back `` Exposing the Whole Segregation Myth : The Harlem Nine and New York City Schools '' in Freedom north : Black freedom struggles outside the South , 1940 - 1980 , Jeanne Theoharis , Komozi Woodard , eds. ( Palgrave Macmillan , 2003 ) p. 65 - 91 Jump up ^ Austin Sarat ( 1997 ) . Race , Law , and Culture : Reflections on Brown v. Board of Education . Oxford University Press . p. 55 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 510622 - 0 . What lay behind Plessy v. Ferguson ? There were , perhaps , some important intellectual roots ; this was the era of scientific racism . Jump up ^ Charles A. Lofgren ( 1988 ) . The Plessy Case . Oxford University Press . p. 184 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 505684 - 6 . But he ( Henry Billings Brown ) at minimum established popular sentiment and practice , along with legal and scientific testimony on race , as a link in his train of reasoning . ^ Jump up to : Race , Law , and Culture : Reflections on Brown v. Board of Education By Austin Sarat . Page 55 and 59 . 1997 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 510622 - 9 Jump up ^ Schaffer , Gavin ( 2007 ) . `` '' ' Scientific ' Racism Again ? `` : Reginald Gates , the Mankind Quarterly and the Question of `` Race '' in Science after the Second World War `` . Journal of American Studies . 41 ( 2 ) : 253 -- 278 . doi : 10.1017 / S0021875807003477 . Jump up ^ Science for Segregation : Race , Law , and the Case Against Brown v. Board of Education . By John P. Jackson . ISBN 0 - 8147 - 4271 - 8 Page 148 Jump up ^ William Rehnquist , `` A Random Thought on the Segregation Cases '' Archived June 15 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , S. Hrg. 99 - 1067 , Hearings Before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary on the Nomination of Justice William Hubbs Rehnquist to be Chief Justice of the United States ( July 29 , 30 , 31 , and August 1 , 1986 ) . Jump up ^ Peter S. Canellos , Memos may not hold Roberts 's opinions , The Boston Globe , August 23 , 2005 . Here is what Rehnquist said in 1986 about his conversations with other clerks about Plessy : I thought Plessy had been wrongly decided at the time , that it was not a good interpretation of the equal protection clause to say that when you segregate people by race , there is no denial of equal protection . But Plessy had been on the books for 60 years ; Congress had never acted , and the same Congress that had promulgated the 14th Amendment had required segregation in the District schools ... I saw factors on both sides ... I did not agree then , and I certainly do not agree now , with the statement that Plessy against Ferguson is right and should be reaffirmed . I had ideas on both sides , and I do not think I ever really finally settled in my own mind on that ... ( A ) round the lunch table I am sure I defended it ... I thought there were good arguments to be made in support of it . S. Hrg. 99 - 1067 , Hearings Before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary on the Nomination of Justice William Hubbs Rehnquist to be Chief Justice of the United States ( July 29 , 30 , 31 , and August 1 , 1986 ) . Jump up ^ Justice William O. Douglas wrote : `` In the original conference there were only four who voted that segregation in the public schools was unconstitutional . Those four were Black , Burton , Minton , and myself . '' See Bernard Schwartz , Decision : How the Supreme Court Decides Cases , page 96 ( Oxford 1996 ) . Likewise , Justice Felix Frankfurter wrote : `` I have no doubt that if the segregation cases had reached decision last term , there would have been four dissenters -- Vinson , Reed , Jackson , and Clark . '' Id . Justice Jackson 's longtime legal secretary had a different view , calling Rehnquist 's Senate testimony an attempt to `` smear the reputation of a great justice . '' See Alan Dershowitz , Telling the Truth About Chief Justice Rehnquist , Huffington Post , September 5 , 2005 . Retrieved March 15 , 2007 . See also Felix Frankfurter on the death of Justice Vinson . Jump up ^ Adam Liptak , The Memo That Rehnquist Wrote and Had to Disown , NY Times ( September 11 , 2005 ) Jump up ^ Cases where Justice Rehnquist has cited Brown v. Board of Education in support of a proposition Archived June 15 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , S. Hrg. 99 - 1067 , Hearings Before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary on the Nomination of Justice William Hubbs Rehnquist to be Chief Justice of the United States ( July 29 , 30 , 31 , and August 1 , 1986 ) . Also see Jeffery Rosen , Rehnquist the Great ? , Atlantic Monthly ( April 2005 ) : `` Rehnquist ultimately embraced the Warren Court 's Brown decision , and after he joined the Court he made no attempt to dismantle the civil - rights revolution , as political opponents feared he would '' . Jump up ^ Michael Klarman , The Supreme Court , 2012 Term - Comment : Windsor and Brown : Marriage Equality and Racial Equality , 127 Harv . L. Rev. 127 , 142 ( 2013 ) citing Learned Hand , The Bill of Rights at 55 ( Oliver Wendell Holmes Lecture , 1958 ) . Jump up ^ Id. , Pamela Karlan , `` What Can Brown Do For You : Neutral Principles and the Struggle Over the Equal Protection Clause , 58 DUKE L.J. 1049 ( 2008 ) citing Herbert Wechsler , Toward Neutral Principles of Constitutional Law , 73 HARV . L. REV. 1 ( Oliver Wendell Holmes Lecture , 1959 ) . Jump up ^ Missouri v. Jenkins , 515 U.S. 70 , 120 - 22 ( 1995 ) ( Thomas , J. , concurring ) . Jump up ^ McConnell , Michael W. ( May 1995 ) . `` Originalism and the desegregation decisions '' . Virginia Law Review . The Virginia Law Review Association via JSTOR. 81 ( 4 ) : 947 -- 1140 . doi : 10.2307 / 1073539 . JSTOR 1073539 . Response to McConnell : Klarman , Michael J. ( October 1995 ) . `` Response : Brown , originalism , and constitutional theory : a response to Professor Mcconnell '' . Virginia Law Review . The Virginia Law Review Association via JSTOR. 81 ( 7 ) : 1881 -- 1936 . doi : 10.2307 / 1073643 . JSTOR 1073643 . Response to Klarman : McConnell , Michael W. ( October 1995 ) . `` Reply : The originalist justification for Brown : a reply to Professor Klarman '' . Virginia Law Review . The Virginia Law Review Association via JSTOR. 81 ( 7 ) : 1937 -- 1955 . doi : 10.2307 / 1073644 . JSTOR 1073644 . Jump up ^ Adam Liptak ( November 9 , 2009 ) . `` From 19th - Century View , Desegregation Is a Test '' . New York Times . Retrieved June 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Days , III , Drew S. ( 2001 ) , `` Days , J. , concurring '' , in Balkan , Jack ; Ackerman , Bruce A. , What ' Brown v. Board of Education ' should have said , New York : New York University Press , p. 97 , ISBN 9780814798904 . Preview . Jump up ^ Harvard Law Review , Vol. 100 , No. 8 ( June 1987 ) , pp. 1938 -- 1948 Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Randall Kennedy . `` A Reply to Philip Elman . '' Harvard Law Review 100 ( 1987 ) : 1938 -- 1948 . Jump up ^ A Justice for All , by Kim Isaac Eisler , page 11 ; ISBN 0 - 671 - 76787 - 9 Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court History : Expanding civil rights , biographies of the robes : Felix Frankfurter '' . pbs.org/wnet . Educational Broadcasting Corp. , PBS . Jump up ^ Remarks by the President at Grand Opening of the Brown v Board of Education National Historic Site , Topeka , Kansas ( May 17 , 2004 ) Jump up ^ Thomas Sowell ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Dunbar High School After 100 Years '' . townhall.com . Jump up ^ Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka , 349 U.S. 294 ( 1955 ) Jump up ^ Jim Chen , Poetic Justice , 29 Cardozo Law Review ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ The `` Brown II , '' `` All Deliberate Speed '' Decision ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ Smith , Bob ( 1965 ) . They Closed Their Schools . University of North Carolina Press . Jump up ^ Brown v. Board of Education , 892 F. 2d 851 ( 10th Cir. 1989 ) . Jump up ^ Brown v. Unified School Dist . No. 501 , 56 F. Supp . 2d 1212 ( D. Kan . 1999 ) . Jump up ^ Topeka Public Schools Desegregation History : `` The Naming of Scott Computer Technology Magnet '' Archived October 1 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Brown v. Board of Education '' . PBS NewsHour. 2014 - 05 - 09 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Black / White and Brown : Brown versus the Board of Education of Topeka '' . KTWU Channel 11 . transcript of program produced by KTWU Channel 11 in Topeka , Kansas . Originally aired May 3 , 2004. : KTWU Video . 2005 - 09 - 10 . Archived from the original on 2005 - 09 - 10 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ Vanessa Romo ( March 26 , 2018 ) . `` Linda Brown , Who Was At Center Of Brown v. Board Of Education , Dies '' . NPR . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Further reading Keppel , Ben . Brown v. Board and the Transformation of American Culture ( LSU Press , 2016 ) . xiv , 225 pp . Kluger , Richard ( 1975 ) . Simple Justice : The History of Brown v. Board of Education and Black America 's Struggle for Equality . New York : Knopf . ISBN 9780394472898 . External video Booknotes interview with Charles Ogletree on All Deliberate Speed , May 9 , 2004 , C - SPAN Ogletree , Charles J. , Jr. ( 2004 ) . All Deliberate Speed : Reflections on the First Half Century of Brown v. Board of Education . New York : W.W. Norton . ISBN 9780393058970 . Patterson , James T. , and William W. Freehling . Brown v. Board of Education : A civil rights milestone and its troubled legacy ( Oxford University Press , 2001 ) . Tushnet , Mark V. ( 2008 ) . `` '' Our decision does not end but begins the struggle over segregation '' Brown v. Board of Education , 1954 : Justice Robert H. Jackson `` . In Tushnet , Mark V. I dissent : Great Opposing Opinions in Landmark Supreme Court Cases . Boston : Beacon Press . pp. 133 -- 150 . ISBN 9780807000366 . Preview . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Brown v. Board of Education . Works related to Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka ( 347 U.S. 483 ) at Wikisource Text of Brown v. Board of Education , 347 U.S. 483 ( 1954 ) is available from : Cornell CourtListener Google Scholar Justia Oyez Case Brief for Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka at Lawnix.com Case information and transcripts on The Curiae Project Brown v. Board of Education National Historic Site ( US Park Service ) A copy of Florida 's 1957 Interposition Resolution in Response to the Brown decision , with Gov. Collin 's handwritten rejection of it . Made available for public use by the State Archives of Florida . U.S. District Court of Kansas : Records of Brown v. Board of Education , Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library Online documents relating to Brown vs. Board of Education , Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library Documents from the district court , including the original complaint and trial transcript , at the Civil Rights Litigation Clearinghouse 60th Anniversary of Brown v. Board of Education curated by Michigan State University 's Diversity of Excellence through Artistic Expression Brown v. Board of Education , Civil Rights Digital Library . `` Supreme Court Landmark Case Brown v. Board of Education '' from C - SPAN 's Landmark Cases : Historic Supreme Court Decisions ( hide ) Civil rights movement Notable events ( timeline ) Prior to 1954 Lynching in the United States Murder of Harry and Harriette Moore 1954 -- 1959 Brown v. Board of Education Bolling v. Sharpe Briggs v. Elliott Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County Gebhart v. Belton White America , Inc . Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company Emmett Till Montgomery bus boycott Browder v. Gayle Tallahassee bus boycott Mansfield school desegregation 1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom `` Give Us the Ballot '' Royal Ice Cream sit - in Little Rock Nine National Guard blockade Civil Rights Act of 1957 Kissing Case Biloxi wade - ins 1960 -- 1963 Greensboro sit - ins Nashville sit - ins Sit - in movement Civil Rights Act of 1960 Gomillion v. Lightfoot Boynton v. Virginia Rock Hill sit - ins Robert F. Kennedy 's Law Day Address Freedom Rides attacks Garner v. Louisiana Albany Movement University of Chicago sit - ins `` Second Emancipation Proclamation '' Meredith enrollment , Ole Miss riot `` Segregation now , segregation forever '' Stand in the Schoolhouse Door 1963 Birmingham campaign Letter from Birmingham Jail Children 's Crusade Birmingham riot 16th Street Baptist Church bombing John F. Kennedy 's Report to the American People on Civil Rights March on Washington `` I Have a Dream '' St. Augustine movement 1964 -- 1968 Twenty - fourth Amendment Bloody Tuesday Freedom Summer workers ' murders Civil Rights Act of 1964 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches `` How Long , Not Long '' Voting Rights Act of 1965 Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections March Against Fear White House Conference on Civil Rights Chicago Freedom Movement / Chicago open housing movement Memphis sanitation strike King assassination funeral riots Poor People 's Campaign Civil Rights Act of 1968 Green v. County School Board of New Kent County Activist groups Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights Atlanta Student Movement Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) Committee on Appeal for Human Rights Council for United Civil Rights Leadership Dallas County Voters League Deacons for Defense and Justice Georgia Council on Human Relations Highlander Folk School Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights Montgomery Improvement Association Nashville Student Movement NAACP Youth Council Northern Student Movement National Council of Negro Women National Urban League Operation Breadbasket Regional Council of Negro Leadership Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Southern Regional Council Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) The Freedom Singers Wednesdays in Mississippi Women 's Political Council Activists Ralph Abernathy Victoria Gray Adams Zev Aelony Mathew Ahmann William G. Anderson Gwendolyn Armstrong Arnold Aronson Ella Baker Marion Barry Daisy Bates Harry Belafonte James Bevel Claude Black Gloria Blackwell Randolph Blackwell Unita Blackwell Ezell Blair Jr . Joanne Bland Julian Bond Joseph E. Boone William Holmes Borders Amelia Boynton Raylawni Branch Ruby Bridges Aurelia Browder H. Rap Brown Guy Carawan Stokely Carmichael Johnnie Carr James Chaney J.L. Chestnut Colia Lafayette Clark Ramsey Clark Septima Clark Xernona Clayton Eldridge Cleaver Kathleen Cleaver Charles E. Cobb Jr . Annie Lee Cooper Dorothy Cotton Claudette Colvin Vernon Dahmer Jonathan Daniels Joseph DeLaine Dave Dennis Annie Devine Patricia Stephens Due Joseph Ellwanger Charles Evers Medgar Evers Myrlie Evers - Williams Chuck Fager James Farmer Walter E. Fauntroy James Forman Marie Foster Golden Frinks Andrew Goodman Fred Gray Jack Greenberg Dick Gregory Lawrence Guyot Prathia Hall Fannie Lou Hamer William E. Harbour Vincent Harding Dorothy Height Lola Hendricks Aaron Henry Oliver Hill Donald L. Hollowell James Hood Myles Horton Zilphia Horton T.R.M. Howard Ruby Hurley Jesse Jackson Jimmie Lee Jackson Richie Jean Jackson T.J. Jemison Esau Jenkins Barbara Rose Johns Vernon Johns Frank Minis Johnson Clarence Jones J. Charles Jones Matthew Jones Vernon Jordan Tom Kahn Clyde Kennard A.D. King C.B. King Coretta Scott King Martin Luther King Jr . Martin Luther King Sr . Bernard Lafayette James Lawson Bernard Lee Sanford R. Leigh Jim Letherer Stanley Levison John Lewis Viola Liuzzo Z. Alexander Looby Joseph Lowery Clara Luper Malcolm X Mae Mallory Vivian Malone Thurgood Marshall Benjamin Mays Franklin McCain Charles McDew Ralph McGill Floyd McKissick Joseph McNeil James Meredith William Ming Jack Minnis Amzie Moore Douglas E. Moore Harriette Moore Harry T. Moore William Lewis Moore Irene Morgan Bob Moses William Moyer Elijah Muhammad Diane Nash Charles Neblett Edgar Nixon Jack O'Dell James Orange Rosa Parks James Peck Charles Person Homer Plessy Adam Clayton Powell Jr . Fay Bellamy Powell Al Raby Lincoln Ragsdale A. Philip Randolph George Raymond Jr . Bernice Johnson Reagon Cordell Reagon James Reeb Frederick D. Reese Gloria Richardson David Richmond Bernice Robinson Jo Ann Robinson Bayard Rustin Bernie Sanders Michael Schwerner Cleveland Sellers Charles Sherrod Alexander D. Shimkin Fred Shuttlesworth Modjeska Monteith Simkins Glenn E. Smiley A. Maceo Smith Kelly Miller Smith Mary Louise Smith Maxine Smith Ruby Doris Smith - Robinson Charles Kenzie Steele Hank Thomas Dorothy Tillman A.P. Tureaud Hartman Turnbow Albert Turner C.T. Vivian Wyatt Tee Walker Hollis Watkins Walter Francis White Roy Wilkins Hosea Williams Kale Williams Robert F. Williams Andrew Young Whitney Young Sammy Younge Jr . James Zwerg Influences Nonviolence Padayatra Sermon on the Mount Mahatma Gandhi Ahimsa Satyagraha The Kingdom of God Is Within You Frederick Douglass W.E.B. Du Bois Mary McLeod Bethune Related Jim Crow laws Plessy v. Ferguson Separate but equal Buchanan v. Warley Hocutt v. Wilson Sweatt v. Painter Heart of Atlanta Motel , Inc. v. United States Katzenbach v. McClung Loving v. Virginia Fifth Circuit Four Brown Chapel Holt Street Baptist Church Edmund Pettus Bridge March on Washington Movement African - American churches attacked Journey of Reconciliation Freedom Songs `` Kumbaya '' `` Keep Your Eyes on the Prize '' `` Oh , Freedom '' `` This Little Light of Mine '' `` We Shall Not Be Moved '' `` We Shall Overcome '' Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam `` Beyond Vietnam : A Time to Break Silence '' Watts riots Voter Education Project 1960s counterculture In popular culture King Memorial Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument Freedom Riders National Monument Civil Rights Memorial The New Jim Crow ( 2010 ) Noted historians Taylor Branch Clayborne Carson John Dittmer Michael Eric Dyson Chuck Fager Adam Fairclough David Garrow David Halberstam Vincent Harding Steven F. Lawson Doug McAdam Diane McWhorter Charles M. Payne Timothy Tyson Akinyele Umoja Movement photographers ( hide ) United States Fourteenth Amendment case law Citizenship Clause Slaughter - House Cases ( 1873 ) Elk v. Wilkins ( 1884 ) United States v. Wong Kim Ark ( 1898 ) Perez v. Brownell ( 1958 ) Afroyim v. Rusk ( 1967 ) Rogers v. Bellei ( 1971 ) Saenz v. Roe ( 1999 ) Due Process Clause Economic substantive due process Mugler v. Kansas ( 1887 ) Allgeyer v. Louisiana ( 1897 ) Lochner v. New York ( 1905 ) Coppage v. Kansas ( 1915 ) Adams v. Tanner ( 1917 ) Adkins v. Children 's Hospital ( 1923 ) Right to privacy Meyer v. Nebraska ( 1923 ) Pierce v. Society of Sisters ( 1925 ) Griswold v. Connecticut ( 1965 ) Doe v. Bolton ( 1973 ) Roe v. Wade ( 1973 ) Bowers v. Hardwick ( 1986 ) Webster v. Reproductive Health Services ( 1989 ) Planned Parenthood v. Casey ( 1992 ) Lawrence v. Texas ( 2003 ) Whole Woman 's Health v. Hellerstedt ( 2016 ) Right to abortion United States v. Vuitch ( 1971 ) Doe v. Bolton ( 1973 ) Roe v. Wade ( 1973 ) H.L. v. Matheson ( 1981 ) City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health ( 1983 ) Webster v. Reproductive Health Services ( 1989 ) Hodgson v. Minnesota ( 1990 ) Planned Parenthood v. Casey ( 1992 ) Stenberg v. Carhart ( 2000 ) Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood of New England ( 2006 ) Gonzales v. Carhart ( 2007 ) Whole Woman 's Health v. Hellerstedt ( 2016 ) Civil rights liability under Section 1983 Monroe v. Pape ( 1961 ) McNeese v. Board of Educ. ( 1963 ) Pierson v. Ray ( 1967 ) Jenkins v. McKeithen ( 1969 ) Scheuer v. Rhodes ( 1974 ) Wood v. Strickland ( 1975 ) O'Connor v. Donaldson ( 1975 ) Paul v. Davis ( 1976 ) Imbler v. Pachtman ( 1976 ) Monell v. Department of Social Services of the City of New York ( 1978 ) Procunier v. Navarette ( 1978 ) Owen v. City of Independence ( 1980 ) Harlow v. Fitzgerald ( 1982 ) Felder v. Casey ( 1988 ) Will v. Michigan Department of State Police ( 1989 ) Gonzaga University v. Doe ( 2002 ) Inyo County v. Paiute - Shoshone Indians of the Bishop Community ( 2003 ) City of Rancho Palos Verdes v. Abrams ( 2005 ) Fitzgerald v. Barnstable School Committee ( 2009 ) Ashcroft v. Iqbal ( 2009 ) Los Angeles County v. Humphries ( 2010 ) Connick v. Thompson ( 2011 ) Other Holden v. Hardy ( 1898 ) Muller v. Oregon ( 1908 ) Buck v. Bell ( 1927 ) Powell v. Alabama ( 1932 ) West Coast Hotel v. Parrish ( 1937 ) NAACP v. Alabama ( 1958 ) Griswold v. Connecticut ( 1965 ) Loving v. Virginia ( 1967 ) Epperson v. Arkansas ( 1968 ) In re Winship ( 1971 ) Edwards v. Aguillard ( 1987 ) Troxel v. Granville ( 2000 ) Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co. ( 2009 ) Obergefell v. Hodges ( 2015 ) Equal Protection Clause United States v. Cruikshank ( 1876 ) Pace v. Alabama ( 1883 ) Civil Rights Cases ( 1883 ) Yick Wo v. Hopkins ( 1886 ) Plessy v. Ferguson ( 1896 ) Buchanan v. Warley ( 1917 ) Lum v. Rice ( 1927 ) Skinner v. Oklahoma ( 1942 ) Perez v. Sharp ( 1948 ) Goesaert v. Cleary ( 1948 ) Shelley v. Kraemer ( 1948 ) Sipuel v. Board of Regents of Univ. of Okla . ( 1948 ) Sweatt v. Painter ( 1950 ) McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents ( 1950 ) Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka ( 1954 ) Hernandez v. Texas ( 1954 ) Griffin v. County School Board of Prince Edward County ( 1964 ) Katzenbach v. Morgan ( 1966 ) Loving v. Virginia ( 1967 ) Swann v. Charlotte - Mecklenburg Board of Education ( 1971 ) Guey Heung Lee v. Johnson ( 1971 ) Reed v. Reed ( 1971 ) Frontiero v. Richardson ( 1973 ) Craig v. Boren ( 1976 ) Milliken v. Bradley ( 1974 ) Plyler v. Doe ( 1982 ) Romer v. Evans ( 1996 ) Grutter v. Bollinger ( 2003 ) Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1 ( 2007 ) Obergefell v. Hodges ( 2015 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brown_v._Board_of_Education&oldid=841740809 '' Categories : United States Supreme Court decisions that overrule a prior Supreme Court decision 1954 in United States case law 20th century American trials Education in Kansas History of education in the United States History of the United States ( 1945 -- 64 ) Legal history of Kansas Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower United States equal protection case law United States school desegregation case law United States Supreme Court cases 1954 in Kansas American Civil Liberties Union litigation Civil rights movement African - American history of Kansas United States Supreme Court cases of the Warren Court 1954 in education Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating text from public domain works of the United States Government Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template webcite links Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from December 2012 Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2015 Good articles Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Bosanski Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית ქართული Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska 粵語中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 May 2018 , at 19 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who argued before the supreme court that separate schools violate the fourteenth amendment	[]	[]
8870284212938743611	Madden NFL 18	Madden NFL 18 - wikipedia Madden NFL 18 Jump to : navigation , search Madden NFL 18 Xbox One cover art featuring Tom Brady Developer ( s ) EA Tiburon Publisher ( s ) EA Sports Series Madden NFL Engine Frostbite 3 Platform ( s ) PlayStation 4 Xbox One Release WW : August 25 , 2017 Genre ( s ) Sports Mode ( s ) Single - player Multiplayer Madden NFL 18 is an American football sports video game based on the National Football League , developed and published by EA Sports for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One . The 29th installment of the Madden NFL series , the game features New England Patriots quarterback Tom Brady on the cover , the second straight year a Patriots player has the distinction , following tight end Rob Gronkowski . It was released worldwide on August 25 , 2017 , although those who pre-ordered the `` G.O.A.T. Edition '' were able to play it three days earlier . It is the first game of the series since Madden NFL 2005 to not be released on both PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 , and also the first game in the main series to be available on only two platforms since Madden NFL ' 94 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Longshot plot 3 Development 4 Reception 4.1 Accolades 5 References 6 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Madden NFL 18 is the first game in the series to use the Frostbite engine . While the Madden series has typically featured a Superstar career mode , Madden NFL 18 introduces a story mode known as Longshot , the first such mode in the series . Longshot follows Devin Wade , a quarterback from Mathis , Texas , as he tries to reach the NFL , and includes high school and college football games ( the first appearance of the latter in an EA Sports game since 2013 , when EA ended the NCAA Football series ) , as well as the NFL Scouting Combine . The player 's decisions and performances in the game determine Devin 's career path , as dialog trees are used to help him make decisions . Madden NFL 18 also included many subtle game - play changes . One of the major changes was a new element to the overall difficulty of a game , introducing `` game styles '' . Game styles were an attempt to create a more enjoyable experience to the player , allowing them to choose ( excluding Madden Ultimate Team solo challenges ) one of three game styles to fit their enjoyment . The first game style was arcade mode , which was made for players who like an easy experience . Arcade mode made the game much easier for the user . The second game style was simulation mode . This game style was an attempt to make the game - play feel like an authentic NFL game . This brought the difficulty up from arcade mode , but was n't as intense as the third and final game style , competitive . This was created for the hard - core Madden players , making the AI increadibly skilled , and making game - play incredibly difficult . More minor game - play changes included the addition of Target Passing , a new game - play element when attempting a pass . The goal of this new feature was to give the user more control over the game and have more confidence in the pass going where it was intended to go . Other changes / additions included the creation of MUT Squads , and coaching adjustments in - game . Longshot plot ( edit ) Quarterback Devin Wade , along with childhood friend and wide receiver Colton `` Colt '' Cruise , visit Indianapolis to participate in the NFL Regional Combine . There , Devin 's performance catches the attention of TV producers Ross Fountain and Julia Vasco , who want him to be the star of a series titled Longshot , which would follow the story of a player with low odds of making it into the NFL and turn him into an NFL Draftee , receiving the assistance of coach Jack Ford , the presenter of the program . Devin and Colt leave without an answer to think . On the drive home , Devin reminisces about his successful high school career before his struggles at the University of Texas , which he left after just four games following his father 's death in a car accident . To Devin , Colt , and Julia 's surprise , Ross arranges for three other quarterbacks to compete with him on the show . Although Jack urges Ross to select another quarterback due to Devin 's inability to call plays , Ross forces Jack to choose him for his better marketing potential and guilt tripping him by mentioning Devin 's deceased parents . Annoyed by what he considers boring television , Ross arranges an exhibition match for Devin in front of NFL scouts , scheduled to take place in two weeks . Devin is worried about the game , but Colt , who had been invited to the NFL Super Regional Combine , instead decides to join the show and help him . At a press conference the day before the game , Devin 's confidence is shattered by questions about where he had disappeared after his Texas career . Devin asks Ross to postpone the game , but he and Julia are fired . Jack attempts to persuade Devin to stay , but he and Colt drive home . In Texas , Colt tells Devin he is tired of helping him , only for Devin to quit whenever the situation proves to be too difficult . Devin starts working at his friend 's construction business , where his coworkers and former Mathis teammates remember their high school days . That night , Devin is still working against his friends ' interests as a Mathis High School football ceremony is taking place . Colt eventually arrives and makes amends with Devin . After the ceremony , Julia visits the two and convinces them to rejoin the show . Returning to the Longshot studios , Devin reunites with Jack and apologizes for leaving , while Jack does so for failing to properly train him . At the meeting , the chairman of the TV network that Longshot is on , declares Ross ' behavior onscreen inappropriate and allows the player to choose whether to demote or fire him . Following said meeting , Jack introduces Devin to his good friend , former Miami Dolphins great Dan Marino , who further coaches Devin . The two visit a military base in Dubai in the United Arab Emirates , where Devin was stationed after enlisting in the Army following his time at Texas . There , Captain McCarthy explains he had helped Devin rediscover his love for football . For the Legends Game , Devin 's team is to progress through five challenges , with the first three based on moving the offense downfield from certain starting yard lines in an allotted time frame . In the fourth , Devin has to complete a scoring drive without throwing a pass to Colt . For the final challenge , rain falls on the stadium as Devin faces a 3rd and 15 situation , an atmosphere resembling his final game at Texas . After scoring , Devin is greeted by the cheers of Longhorn fans , having finally redeemed himself . Devin and Colt 's NFL futures vary based on the player 's behavior in the Legends Game . There are two possible endings related to the Draft : Devin gets drafted by his favorite team ( which the player picked earlier in the game ) , or Colt gets drafted by Devin 's favorite team 's rival and Devin is undrafted . In the former , Devin is selected in the seventh round , but Colt is not drafted . Devin tries to encourage him , but Colt tells him to enjoy the feeling . Devin leaves the house and shouts in glee before stopping to remember his childhood . In the undrafted ending , Colt is drafted in the sixth round , but apologizes to Devin out of disbelief . As the seventh round concludes , Devin is not drafted and leaves the house , where he vents his frustration and sits on the porch . A flashback to his childhood days with his father takes place , where Cutter tells him while victory does not always occur , if one gives it their best , they have the right to feel like a winner . However , Dan calls Devin to announce two teams have expressed interest in signing him as an undrafted free agent : his favorite team and Colt 's team . After telling Colt of his new team , the two celebrate . Standing on his porch , Devin receives a text from Jack , who congratulates and thanks him for allowing him to be his coach . Devin returns to his room and looks at his Texas cap on the desk , telling his father he finally had something to be proud of before placing his NFL team 's cap with it . Development ( edit ) Like Madden NFL 17 , EA did not hold an open vote for who would appear on the cover , but personally selected and announced New England Patriots quarterback Tom Brady in May 2017 . EA Sports marketed the game with a trailer featuring Brady 's entrance to Super Bowl LI . Madden NFL 18 was released on August 25 , 2017 for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One . It was first game in the series not to be released on Xbox 360 since Madden NFL 06 and the first not to be released on PlayStation 3 since Madden NFL 07 . The soundtrack for the game , which features 40 songs , includes Kendrick Lamar , Big Sean , Imagine Dragons , Steve Aoki , Waka Flocka Flame , Pharrell , Snoop Dogg , Young Jeezy , Rick Ross , Big Boi , Killer Mike , and ASAP Rocky among others . Written by EA Sports creative director Mike Young , Longshot is split into three acts , the first discussing the Regional Combine , while the second and third follow the Longshot TV show and Devin 's return , respectively . While Longshot is comparable to story modes in other games like NBA 2K 's MyCareer and FIFA 's The Journey , Longshot is different in that the protagonist is not a rising star in their respective sport , but is instead a fringe player . Young described the story as like a `` playable movie '' , rather than a `` career mode with cutscenes '' . To develop Longshot , EA Sports used motion capture on the actors . Devin is portrayed by JR Lemon , a former Stanford Cardinal football player and member of the Oakland Raiders , while Academy Award winner Mahershala Ali plays Devin 's father Cutter . Colt is played by Scott Porter , a cast member in the TV series Friday Night Lights and ex-high school football player . Ross and Julia are portrayed by Ricky Wayne and Marem Hassler , respectively . Rus Blackwell plays Jack ; Bill Cowher , who was originally considered for Jack 's role , along with former players like Marino , Chad Johnson , and Larry English are also involved in the story . United States Army soldier and former Texas Longhorns long snapper Nate Boyer appears in the story as Captain McCarthy . Like Boyer , Devin is a Texas Longhorn and soldier , which Boyer pointed out was a coincidence ; an ESPN documentary about the long snapper was also named The Long Shot . Unlike other characters , Jim Miller and Pat Kirwan appear in the game as live action analysts for the fictional Real Football show , as do players Kirk Cousins and Josh Norman in Twitter videos . NHL player Theoren Fleury and Phil Deschambault wrote the song `` Longshot '' for the story . Colt also writes and performs the song in the game . Reception ( edit ) Reception Aggregate score Aggregator Score Metacritic ( XONE ) 82 / 100 ( PS4 ) 82 / 100 Review scores Publication Score Destructoid 7 / 10 EGM 7 / 10 Game Informer 8.25 / 10 Game Revolution GameSpot 9 / 10 GamesRadar IGN 8.6 / 10 Polygon 8 / 10 Madden NFL 18 received `` generally favorable '' reviews from critics , according to review aggregator Metacritic . The new game mode Longshot , however , was met with a mixed reception , with some calling it `` game changing '' and praising the story , while others referred to it as an `` ambitious disappointment '' and criticized the lack of actual football gameplay in the mode . In its 8.6 / 10 review , IGN wrote : `` The shift to Frostbite does n't refresh Madden NFL 18 's gameplay much , but Longshot is a memorable single - player mode . '' EGMNow gave the game a 7 / 10 , writing : `` Although the new Longshot mode shines , Madden misses the mark with a few of its gameplay additions this year -- so if you do n't immediately take a liking to them and choose to ignore them , the experience will feel a lot like last year 's . '' Accolades ( edit ) The game won the award for `` Best Fantasy Team Mode '' at Game Informer 's 2017 Sports Game of the Year Awards , and was nominated for `` Sports Game of the Year '' at the upcoming 21st Annual D.I.C.E. Awards . Longshot was nominated for Outstanding Achievement in Videogame Writing at the upcoming Writers Guild of America Awards 2017 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Madden NFL 18 - Football Video Game - EA SPORTS Official Site '' . easports.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Madden 18 - Official Teaser Trailer - YouTube '' . youtube.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Performance enhancers : Madden NFL 18 will run on Battlefield 's Frostbite graphics engine '' . VentureBeat.com. 2017 - 01 - 31 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Sarkar , Samit ( June 10 , 2017 ) . `` Madden NFL 18 's story mode is designed to be a ' playable movie ' '' . Polygon . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taste amateur football glory with ' Madden 18 's ' ' Longshot ' mode '' . Engadget . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Madden NFL 18 ' to introduce story mode , feature new play styles NFL Sporting News '' . sportingnews.com . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Good , Owen ( June 10 , 2017 ) . `` College football comes back in Madden NFL 's new story mode '' . Polygon . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Myers , Maddy ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Madden 18 's New Story Mode Is Actually Pretty Touching '' . Kotaku . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Madden NFL 18 Game Styles '' . EA SPORTS . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Madden NFL 18 Game Styles '' . EA SPORTS . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Madden NFL 18 Game Styles '' . EA SPORTS . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Madden Mechanics : Target Passing '' . EA SPORTS . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` MUT Squads - Madden NFL 18 - EA SPORTS Official Site '' . www.easports.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` New Features and Modes - Madden NFL 18 - EA SPORTS Official Site '' . www.easports.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Lilley , Kevin ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` Army plays supporting role in ' Madden 18 ' story mode ... and so does a former Green Beret '' . Army Times . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Adams , Jonathan ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Madden 18 Longshot Mode : How Many Endings Are There ? '' . Heavy.com . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady stars in Madden 18 trailer - ESPN Video - ESPN.com '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ Mazique , Brian . `` ' Madden 18 ' Cover Athlete , Release Date , Pre-Order Details , New Features And EA Access Announced '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( 2017 - 06 - 10 ) . `` E3 2017 : Madden 18 Trailer Reveals `` Longshot '' Story Mode Featuring House Of Cards Actor `` . GameSpot . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Buy Madden NFL 18 - Microsoft Store '' . Microsoft Store . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Turn Up with the Madden NFL 18 Soundtrack '' . EA Sports . August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cryer , Hiyun ( September 1 , 2017 ) . `` Madden 18 Longshot Story Mode Walkthrough - How to Get Drafted , All Correct Answers and Choices '' . USGamer . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Joel ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Madden NFL 18 's Longshot Proves to Be a Real Touchdown '' . Operation Sports . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Meet the Cast of Longshot '' . EA Sports . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Good , Owen ( August 27 , 2017 ) . `` How Madden 's Longshot turned down a future Hall of Famer , and got its best character '' . Polygon . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vazquez , Suriel ( September 4 , 2017 ) . `` Madden 18 's Longshot Made Me Care About Football '' . Game Informer . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schlager , Brandon ( August 26 , 2017 ) . `` How Theo Fleury made it into ' Madden NFL 18 ' '' . Sporting News . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Madden 18 - Xbox One '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Madden 18 - PS4 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Cory ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` Review : Madden ( NFL ) 18 '' . Destructoid . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Carsillo , Ray ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` Madden NFL 18 review '' . EGMNow . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kato , Matthew ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` Madden NFL 18 : A Tale Of Two Halves '' . Game Informer . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kozanitis , James ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` Madden NFL 18 Review : Madden NFL 18 Review -- Marginal Improvements Do n't Cut It Anymore '' . Game Revolution . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Newhouse , Alex ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` Madden NFL 18 Review '' . GameSpot . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Russell , Bradley ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` Madden NFL 18 review '' . GamesRadar . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Toms , Dustin ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Madden NFL 18 Review '' . IGN . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Good , Owen S. ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` Review : Madden NFL 18 '' . Polygon . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Game Informer staff ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` The 2017 Sports Game Of The Year Awards '' . Game Informer . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( January 14 , 2018 ) . `` Game Of The Year Nominees Announced For DICE Awards '' . GameSpot . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( January 11 , 2018 ) . `` Best Video Game Writing Nominees Announced , See Them All Here '' . GameSpot . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) New `` Game Styles '' New `` Target Passing '' New `` MUT Squads '' ( hide ) Madden NFL Main series John Madden Football ( 1989 ) John Madden Football ( 1990 ) John Madden Football II John Madden Football ' 92 John Madden Football ' 93 ' 94 95 ' 96 97 98 99 2000 2002 2003 2005 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 25 15 16 17 18 Other games Madden Football 64 NFL Head Coach NFL Head Coach 09 Madden NFL Football Related games Mutant League Football NCAA Football Madden NFL Mobile Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madden_NFL_18&oldid=821624881 '' Categories : 2017 video games EA Sports games Madden NFL PlayStation 4 games Video games set in the United States Xbox One games Video games developed in the United States Hidden categories : Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 21 January 2018 , at 17 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when is madden 18 coming out for xbox 360	[ "Like Madden NFL 17, EA did not hold an open vote for who would appear on the cover, but personally selected and announced New England Patriots quarterback Tom Brady in May 2017. EA Sports marketed the game with a trailer featuring Brady's entrance to Super Bowl LI.[17] Madden NFL 18 was released on August 25, 2017 for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One.[18][19][20] It was first game in the series not to be released on Xbox 360 since Madden NFL 06 and the first not to be released on PlayStation 3 since Madden NFL 07. The soundtrack for the game, which features 40 songs, includes Kendrick Lamar, Big Sean, Imagine Dragons, Steve Aoki, Waka Flocka Flame, Pharrell, Snoop Dogg, Young Jeezy, Rick Ross, Big Boi, Killer Mike, and ASAP Rocky among others.[21]" ]	[ "not to be released on Xbox 360" ]
5761818545383814947	William Francis Deegan	William Francis Deegan - Wikipedia William Francis Deegan Jump to : navigation , search Memorial at E 138th Street William Francis Deegan ( December 28 , 1882 -- April 3 , 1932 ) was an architect , organizer of the American Legion , major in the Army Corps of Engineers , and Democratic political leader in New York City . Biography ( edit ) He was born on December 28 , 1882 to Irish immigrants . He studied architecture at Cooper Union and at age 35 served in World War I as a staff officer in the 105th Field Artillery . Deegan later joined the United States Army Corps of Engineers as a major , where he supervised the construction of military bases in the New York area under the command of General George W. Goethals . After the war he helped organize the American Legion in 1919 , advancing to State Commander in 1921 . Deegan worked as an architect at a number of distinguished firms , including McKim , Mead , and White ; Post , Magnicke and Franke ; and Starrett and Van Vieck . Later in life he held a number of political positions , most of them in the Bronx . Deegan was President of the Bronx Chamber of Commerce until the chamber grew critical of Mayor Jimmy Walker , at which point he resigned . In 1928 , Mayor Walker appointed him Tenement House Commissioner of New York City -- a post he was to hold for the rest of his life -- and in 1930 , Chairman of the Mayor 's Committee on Receptions to Distinguished Guests , or `` official greeter '' , a job in which he was preceded by his friend Rodman Wanamaker and eventually succeeded by Grover Whalen . Deegan died following an appendectomy on April 3 , 1932 . Legacy ( edit ) At the time of his death , a new road was being built from the Triborough Bridge to the Grand Concourse . This was renamed and expanded in 1956 into the Major Deegan Expressway section of I - 87 in the Bronx , which retains his name . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Kenneth T. Jackson ( 1995 ) . The Encyclopedia of New York City : The New York Historical Society . Yale University Press . p. 323 . ^ Jump up to : `` W.F. Deegan Dies After Operation . Tenement House Commissioner Recovering From Appendicitis When Complications Set In . Close Friend of Walker . In the City Cabinet Since 1928 . Headed Official Reception Committeeu . Active in Legion '' . New York Times . April 4 , 1932 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 27 . Major William F. Deegan , Tenement House Commissioner , and chairman of the ... William F. Deegan gave up an established practice as an architect to become ... ^ Jump up to : `` William Francis Deegan '' . New York City Department of Parks and Recreation . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) This article about a United States architect or architectural firm is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This New York City -- related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Francis_Deegan&oldid=799340008 '' Categories : 1882 births 1932 deaths American people of Irish descent People from the Bronx Cooper Union alumni Chairpersons of the Mayor 's Committee on Receptions to Distinguished Guests Commissioners in New York City Greeters American architect stubs New York City stubs Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 7 September 2017 , at 02 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the major deegan expressway named after	[ "William Francis Deegan (December 28, 1882 – April 3, 1932) was an architect, organizer of the American Legion, major in the Army Corps of Engineers, and Democratic political leader in New York City.[1][2]" ]	[ "William Francis Deegan" ]
-6309628195830010484	The Lorax	The Lorax - wikipedia The Lorax Jump to : navigation , search This article is about a book . For other uses , see Lorax ( disambiguation ) . The Lorax Author Dr. Seuss Country United States Language English Genre Children 's literature Publisher Random House Publication date 1971 ( renewed 1999 ) Pages 56 ISBN 0 - 394 - 82337 - 0 OCLC 183127 Dewey Decimal ( E ) LC Class PZ8. 3. G276 Lo Preceded by `` I Can Write -- By Me , Myself '' Followed by `` Marvin K. Mooney Will You Please Go Now ! '' The Lorax is a children 's book written by Dr. Seuss and first published in 1971 . It chronicles the plight of the environment and the Lorax , who speaks for the trees against the Once - ler . As in most Dr. Seuss works , most of the creatures mentioned are original to the book . The book is commonly recognized as a fable concerning the danger corporate greed poses to nature , using the literary element of personification to give life to industry as the Once - ler and the environment as the Lorax . The Lorax was Dr. Seuss ' personal favorite of his books . He was able to create a story addressing economic and environmental issues without it being dull . `` The Lorax , '' he once explained , `` came out of me being angry . In The Lorax I was out to attack what I think are evil things and let the chips fall where they might . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Reception 3 Controversy 4 Adaptations 4.1 1972 television special 4.2 2012 feature film 4.3 Audio books 4.4 Musical 5 See also 6 References Plot ( edit ) A boy living in a polluted area visits a strange isolated man called the Once - ler on the Street of the Lifted Lorax . The boy pays the Once - ler fifteen cents , a nail , and the shell of a great - great - great grandfather snail to hear the legend of how the Lorax was lifted and taken away . The Once - ler tells the boy of his arrival in a beautiful valley containing a forest of Truffula trees and a range of animals . The Once - ler , having long searched for such a tree as the Truffula , chops one down and uses its silk - like foliage to knit a Thneed , an impossibly versatile garment . The Lorax , who `` speaks for the trees '' as they have no tongues , emerges from the stump of the Truffula and voices his disapproval both of the sacrifice of the tree and of the Thneed itself . However , the first other person to happen by purchases the Thneed for $3.98 , so the Once - ler is encouraged and starts a business making and selling Thneeds . The Once - ler 's small shop soon grows into a factory . The Once - ler 's relatives all come to work for him and new vehicles and equipment are brought in to log the Truffula forest and ship out Thneeds . The Lorax appears again to report that the small bear - like Bar - ba - loots , who eat Truffula fruits , are short of food and must be sent away to find more . The Lorax later returns to complain that the factory has polluted the air and the water , forcing the Swanee - Swans and Humming - Fish to migrate as well . The Once - ler is unrepentant and defiantly tells the Lorax that he will keep on `` biggering '' his business , but at that moment one of his machines fells the very last Truffula tree . Without raw materials , the factory shuts down and the Once - ler 's relatives leave . The Lorax says nothing but with one sad backward glance lifts himself into the air `` by the seat of his pants '' and disappears behind the smoggy clouds . Where he last stood is a small monument engraved with a single word : `` UNLESS '' . The Once - ler ponders the message for years , in solitude and self - imposed exile . In the present , his buildings falling apart around him , the Once - ler at last realizes out loud what the Lorax meant : `` Unless someone like you cares a whole awful lot , nothing is going to get better . It 's not . '' He then gives the boy the last Truffula seed and urges him to grow a forest from it , saying that , if the trees can be protected from logging , then the Lorax and all of his friends may come back . Reception ( edit ) Based on a 2007 online poll , the National Education Association named The Lorax one of its `` Teachers ' Top 100 Books for Children '' . In 2012 it was ranked number 33 among the `` Top 100 Picture Books '' in a survey published by School Library Journal -- the second of five Dr. Seuss books on the list . In a retrospective critique written in the journal Nature in 2011 upon the 40th anniversary of the book 's publication , Emma Marris described the Lorax character as a `` parody of a misanthropic ecologist '' . She called the book `` gloomy '' and expressed skepticism that its message would resonate with small children in the manner intended . Nevertheless , she praised the book as effective in conveying the consequences of ecological destruction in a way that young children will understand . Controversy ( edit ) In 1988 , a small school district in California kept the book on a reading list for second graders , though some in the town claimed the book was unfair to the logging industry . Terri Birkett , a member of a family - owned hardwood flooring factory , authored The Truax , offering a logging - friendly perspective to an anthropomorphic tree known as the Guardbark . This book was published by the National Oak Flooring Manufacturers ' Association ( NOFMA ) . Just as in The Lorax , the book consists of a disagreement between two people . The logging industry representative states that they have efficiency and re-seeding efforts . The Guardbark , a personification of the environmentalist movement much as the Once - ler is for big business , refuses to listen and lashes out . But in the end , he is convinced by the logger 's arguments . However , this story was criticized for what were viewed as skewed arguments and clear self - interest , particularly a `` casual attitude toward endangered species '' that answered the Guardbark 's concern for them . In addition , the book 's approach as a more blatant argument , rather than one worked into a storyline , was also noted . The line `` I hear things are just as bad up in Lake Erie '' was removed more than fourteen years after the story was published , after two research associates from the Ohio Sea Grant Program wrote to Seuss about the clean - up of Lake Erie . The line remains in the home video releases of the television special and in the audiobook read by Rik Mayall . Adaptations ( edit ) 1972 television special ( edit ) Main article : The Lorax ( 1972 film ) The book was adapted as an animated musical television special produced by DePatie - Freleng Enterprises , directed by Hawley Pratt and starring the voices of Eddie Albert and Bob Holt . It was first aired by CBS on February 14 , 1972 . A reference to pollution of Lake Erie was spoken by one of the Humming - Fish as they depart ; it remains in DVD releases of the show , although later removed from the book . The special also shows the Once - ler arguing with himself , and asking the Lorax whether shutting down his factory ( thus putting hundreds of people out of work ) is practical . An abridged version of the special is used in the 1994 TV movie In Search of Dr. Seuss , with Kathy Najimy 's reporter character hearing the Once - ler 's story . 2012 feature film ( edit ) Main article : The Lorax ( film ) On March 2 , 2012 , Universal Studios and Illumination Entertainment released a 3 - D CGI film based upon the book . The release coincided with the 108th birthday of Seuss , who died at 87 in 1991 . The cast includes Danny DeVito as the Lorax , Zac Efron as Ted ( the boy in the book ) , and Ed Helms as the Once - ler . The film includes several new characters : Rob Riggle as villain Aloysius O'Hare , Betty White as Ted 's Grammy Norma , Jenny Slate as Ted 's neurotic mother Mrs. Wiggins , and Taylor Swift as Audrey , Ted 's romantic interest . The film debuted in the No. 1 spot at the box office , making $70 million , though it received mixed reviews . The film eventually grossed a domestic total of $214,030,500 . Audio books ( edit ) Two audio readings have been released on CD , one narrated by Ted Danson in the United States ( Listening Library , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8072 - 1873 - 0 ) and one narrated by Rik Mayall in the United Kingdom ( HarperCollins , ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 715705 - 1 ) . Musical ( edit ) A musical adaptation of The Lorax was originally included in script for the Broadway musical Seussical , but was cut before the show opened . From December 2 , 2015 , to January 16 , 2016 , a musical version of the book ran at the Old Vic theatre in London . With former Noah and the Whale frontman , Charlie Fink , who wrote the music for the production . See also ( edit ) Revegetation References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bird , Elizabeth ( July 6 , 2012 ) . `` Top 100 Picture Books Poll Results '' . A Fuse No. 8 Production . Blog . School Library Journal ( blog.schoollibraryjournal.com ) . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lisa Lebduska . `` Rethinking Human Need : Seuss 's The Lorax . '' Children 's Literature Association Quarterly 19.4 ( 1994 ) : 170 - 176 . Project MUSE . Web . October 20 , 2014 . < http://muse.jhu.edu/ > . Jump up ^ National Education Association ( 2007 ) . `` Teachers ' Top 100 Books for Children '' . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ In retrospect : The Lorax . Marris , E. 2011 . Nature . 476 : 147 -- 149 . Jump up ^ `` California : Chopping Down Dr. Seuss '' . Time . October 2 , 1989 . Jump up ^ `` A Boy Sides with Dr. Seuss 's Lorax , and Puts a Town at Loggerheads -- Vol. 32 No. 17 '' . October 23 , 1989 . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Truax '' . Terri Birkett . National Oak Flooring Manufacturers ' Association ( NOFMA ) Environmental Committee . ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` The People - Centered Development Forum - Living Economies Forum '' . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2002 . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What 's A Truax ? Well I 'm So Glad You Asked , Let Me Tell You ! - Ann Arbor District Library '' . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Green Eggs & Sham ? 10 / 16 / 2001 . The Daily Show With Jon Stewart . `` According to Terri Birkett , a popular Dr. Seuss character is being used to teach children to hate the wood products industry '' . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Seuss & Mr. Geisel : a biography '' . Judith & Neil Morgan . Random House . 1995 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 41686 - 9 . Jump up ^ The Lorax at Box Office Mojo Jump up ^ Jones , Kenneth ( June 1 , 2007 ) . `` Ahrens & Flaherty Double Bill of Musicals Pairs Lorax and Emperor 's New Clothes '' . Playbill . Retrieved December 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2015 . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Dr. Seuss Characters The Cat in the Hat The Grinch Horton the Elephant Bartholomew Cubbins Bibliography And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street The 500 Hats of Bartholomew Cubbins The King 's Stilts The Seven Lady Godivas Horton Hatches the Egg McElligot 's Pool Thidwick the Big - Hearted Moose Bartholomew and the Oobleck If I Ran the Zoo Scrambled Eggs Super ! Horton Hears a Who ! On Beyond Zebra ! If I Ran the Circus How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! The Cat in the Hat The Cat in the Hat Comes Back Yertle the Turtle and Other Stories Happy Birthday to You ! Green Eggs and Ham One Fish , Two Fish , Red Fish , Blue Fish The Sneetches and Other Stories Dr. Seuss 's Sleep Book Dr. Seuss 's ABC Hop on Pop Fox in Socks I Had Trouble in Getting to Solla Sollew I Wish That I Had Duck Feet Come over to My House The Foot Book I Can Lick 30 Tigers Today ! and Other Stories My Book about ME Mr. Brown Can Moo ! Can You ? : Dr. Seuss 's Book of Wonderful Noises ! The Lorax Marvin K. Mooney Will You Please Go Now ! Did I Ever Tell You How Lucky You Are ? The Shape of Me and Other Stuff There 's a Wocket in My Pocket Great Day for Up ! Wacky Wednesday Oh , the Thinks You Can Think ! The Cat 's Quizzer I Can Read with My Eyes Shut ! Oh Say Can You Say ? Hunches in Bunches The Butter Battle Book You 're Only Old Once ! I Am Not Going to Get Up Today ! Oh , the Places You 'll Go ! Daisy - Head Mayzie My Many Colored Days Hooray for Diffendoofer Day ! The Bippolo Seed and Other Lost Stories Horton and the Kwuggerbug and More Lost Stories What Pet Should I Get ? Adaptations Television series The Gerald McBoing - Boing Show ( 1956 -- 57 ) The Wubbulous World of Dr. Seuss ( 1996 -- 98 ) ( episodes ) Gerald McBoing - Boing ( 2005 -- 07 ) The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That ! ( 2010 -- present ) ( episodes ) Green Eggs and Ham ( 2018 ) Television specials Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( 1966 ) Horton Hears a Who ! ( 1970 ) The Cat in the Hat ( 1971 ) The Lorax ( 1972 ) Dr. Seuss on the Loose ( 1973 ) The Hoober - Bloob Highway ( 1975 ) Halloween Is Grinch Night ( 1977 ) Pontoffel Pock , Where Are You ? ( 1980 ) The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat ( 1982 ) The Butter Battle Book ( 1989 ) In Search of Dr. Seuss ( 1994 ) Daisy - Head Mayzie ( 1995 ) Film Horton Hatches the Egg ( short ; 1942 ) Gerald McBoing - Boing ( short ; 1950 ) How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 ) The Cat in the Hat ( 2003 ) Horton Hears a Who ! ( 2008 ) The Lorax ( 2012 ) The Grinch ( 2018 ) The Cat in the Hat ( TBA ) Other media Welcome ( Russian short film ) Seussical ( musical ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! The Musical The Grinch ( video game ) Dr. Seuss : How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( video game ) `` You 're a Mean One , Mr. Grinch '' ( song ) The Lorax ( play ) Other works Private Snafu The Pocket Book of Boners Your Job in Germany Our Job in Japan Design for Death The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T . Hejji Society of Red Tape Cutters Flit Related A Fish out of Water Amazing World of Dr. Seuss Museum Beginner Books Dr. Seuss Goes to War The Secret Art of Dr. Seuss Dr. Seuss National Memorial Geisel Award Geisel Library Geisel School of Medicine Helen Palmer PM Political messages of Dr. Seuss Read Across America Seuss Landing as `` Theo . LeSieg '' . Posthumous . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Lorax&oldid=843051854 '' Categories : 1971 children 's books Books by Dr. Seuss American picture books Environmental fiction books Literature featuring anthropomorphic characters Environmentalist books Fictional endangered and extinct species Dr. Seuss characters Fictional characters introduced in 1971 Books adapted into films Books adapted into plays Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2017 Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Кыргызча Português Русский Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 26 May 2018 , at 14 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what kind of trees does the lorax try to save	[ "The Once-ler tells the boy of his arrival in a beautiful valley containing a forest of Truffula trees and a range of animals. The Once-ler, having long searched for such a tree as the Truffula, chops one down and uses its silk-like foliage to knit a Thneed, an impossibly versatile garment. The Lorax, who \"speaks for the trees\" as they have no tongues, emerges from the stump of the Truffula and voices his disapproval both of the sacrifice of the tree and of the Thneed itself. However, the first other person to happen by purchases the Thneed for $3.98, so the Once-ler is encouraged and starts a business making and selling Thneeds." ]	[ "Truffula" ]
-4952760864128660586	Annie Edson Taylor	Annie Edson Taylor - wikipedia Annie Edson Taylor Jump to : navigation , search For other people called Annie Taylor , see Annie Taylor . This article or section appears to contradict itself . Please see the talk page for more information . ( November 2016 ) Annie Edson Taylor Annie Taylor posing next to her barrel ( 1838 - 10 - 24 ) 24 October 1838 Auburn , New York , United States April 29 , 1921 ( 1921 - 04 - 29 ) ( aged 82 ) Lockport , New York , USA Nationality USA Occupation schoolteacher Known for falling down Niagara Falls in a barrel on 24 October 1901 Annie Edson Taylor ( October 24 , 1838 -- April 29 , 1921 ) was an American schoolteacher who , on her birthday , October 24 , 1901 , became the first person to survive a trip over Niagara Falls in a barrel . Her motives were financial but she never made much money from her adventure . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Niagara Falls 3 Later years 4 Death 5 In popular culture 6 References 7 Sources 8 External links Early life ( edit ) Annie Edson Taylor was born on October 24 , 1838 in Auburn , New York . She was one of eight children ; her father , Merrick Edson , owned a flour mill . He died when she was 12 years old but the money he left behind continued to provide a comfortable living for the family . She became a schoolteacher ( she received an honors degree in a four - year training course ) . During her studies she met David Taylor . They were married and had a son who died in infancy . Her husband died soon after . After she was widowed , she spent her working years in between jobs and locales . Eventually , she ended up in Bay City , Michigan where she hoped to be a dance instructor . Since there were no dance schools in Bay City at that time , Taylor opened her own . Later she moved to Sault Ste . Marie in 1900 to teach music . From Sault Ste . Marie she traveled to San Antonio , Texas where she and a friend got together and went to Mexico City to find work . Unsuccessful , she returned to Bay City . Niagara Falls ( edit ) `` The Queen of the Mist '' posing with her barrel and cat . Desiring to secure her later years financially , and avoid the poorhouse , she decided she would be the first person to ride over Niagara Falls in a barrel . Taylor used a custom - made barrel for her trip , constructed of oak and iron and padded with a mattress . Several delays occurred in the launching of the barrel , particularly because no one wanted to be part of a potential suicide . Two days before Taylor 's own attempt , a domestic cat was sent over the Horseshoe Falls in her barrel to test its strength to see if the barrel would break or not . Contrary to rumors at the time , the cat survived the plunge and 17 minutes later , after she was found with a bleeding head , posed with Taylor in photographs . On October 24 , 1901 , her 63rd birthday , the barrel was put over the side of a rowboat , and Taylor climbed in , along with her lucky heart - shaped pillow . After screwing down the lid , friends used a bicycle tire pump to compress the air in the barrel . The hole used for this was plugged with a cork , and Taylor was set adrift near the American shore , south of Goat Island . The Niagara River currents carried the barrel over the Canadian Horseshoe Falls , which has since been the site for all daredevil stunting at Niagara Falls . Rescuers reached her barrel shortly after the plunge . Taylor was discovered to be alive and relatively uninjured , except for a small gash on her head . The trip itself took less than twenty minutes , but it was some time before the barrel was actually opened . After the journey , Annie Taylor told the press : If it was with my dying breath , I would caution anyone against attempting the feat ... . I would sooner walk up to the mouth of a cannon , knowing it was going to blow me to pieces than make another trip over the Fall . Taylor 's Barrel at the IMax Later years ( edit ) She briefly earned money speaking about her experience , but was never able to build much wealth . Her manager , Frank M. Russell , ran away with her barrel , and most of her savings were used towards private detectives hired to find it . It was eventually located in Chicago , only to permanently disappear some time later . She spent her final years posing for photographs with tourists at her souvenir stand , attempting to earn money from the New York Stock Exchange , briefly talking about taking a second plunge over the cataracts in 1906 , attempting to write a novel , re-constructing her 1901 plunge on film ( which was never seen ) , working as a clairvoyant , and providing magnetic therapeutic treatments to local residents . Death ( edit ) Annie 's resting Place Annie Taylor died on April 29 , 1921 , aged 82 , at the Niagara County Infirmary in Lockport , New York . She is interred in the `` Stunters Section '' of Oakwood Cemetery in Niagara Falls , New York . In popular culture ( edit ) Annie Taylor 's character appears in the IMAX film Niagara : Miracles , Myths and Magic . Emma Donoghue has written a short story featuring Taylor 's descent . Legends of the Hidden Temple had an episode entitled `` The Heart - Shaped Pillow of Annie Taylor . '' Composer Michael John LaChiusa wrote a musical , `` Queen of the Mist '' , based on Taylor 's life . It was premiered by Transport Group in New York City on October 18 , 2011 , and starred Mary Testa as Taylor . Taylor 's story inspired the plot to the episode `` Barrel Bear '' of the television show Wonderfalls . Chris Van Allsburg has written a children 's book called `` Queen of the Falls '' about her amazing feat . Nancy Kelly Allen published a children 's book in 2013 called `` Barreling Over Niagara Falls '' . Annie is portrayed at Niagara Falls State Park by Kathleen Ordiway on the `` Encounter Niagara '' tour . In TV Murdoch Mysteries 7 - 1 `` Murdoch Ahoy '' , Annie ( Jillian Cook ) is in Toronto for a speech , at the police station accusing her manager ( Joel Rinzler ) of stealing her barrel . Her story also appears in `` Niagara Falls Daredevil , Accidental Nuclear Bomb , Railroad Heroine '' , an episode of Mysteries at the Museum . The poet John Wall Barger portrayed Annie Edson Taylor as the heroine / radiation victim of a fictitious movie in his 2014 poem `` Chernobyl . '' She is also depicted in a National Geographic special `` Conquering Niagara '' where National Geographic documents all stunts attempted over the falls . In the episode `` Return of the Technodrome '' of the 1987 - 1996 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles series , when the Turtleblimp glider is about to fall down the Niagara Falls , Raphael says that if they after all should fall down the Niagara Falls , they should have done it in a barrel . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Niagara Falls Live Archived July 23 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ http://www.niagarafallsforyou.com/travel-information/niagara_daredevils.html Jump up ^ Biodata Archived July 23 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Parish , Charles Carlin , Queen of the Mist : The Story of Annie Edson Taylor , First Person Ever To Go Over Niagara Falls and Survive ( Empire State Books , Interlaken , New York , 1987 , ISBN 0 - 932334 - 89 - X ) ; p. 47 . Jump up ^ Parish , C. Queen of the Mist , ibid. , p. 55 Jump up ^ First barrel ride down Niagara Falls , History.com , Retrieved 23 October 2016 Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00yyhw5 Jump up ^ http://www.broadway.com/shows/queen-mist/buzz/158552/transport-groups-queen-of-the-mist-starring-mary-testa-extends-through-december-4/ Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/Barreling-Niagara-Falls-Nancy-Allen/dp/1455617660/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1480950432&sr=8-1&keywords=barreling+over+niagara+falls Jump up ^ `` TV Murdoch Mysteries 7 - 1 `` Murdoch Ahoy '' `` . CBC News . Retrieved 5 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Niagara Falls Daredevil , Accidental Nuclear Bomb , Railroad Heroine . '' Mysteries at the Museum , performance by Don Wildman , season 4 , episode 1 , Travel Channel , 15 Nov. 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Return of the Technodrome '' . Springfield ! Springfield ! . 1988 . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Sources ( edit ) Women of Bay County , Joan Totten Musinski Rezmer ( ed . ) Bay County Historical Society : Bay City , Michigan , 1980 . Queen of the Mist : The Forgotten Heroine of Niagara , Joan Murray . Beacon Press , 1999 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Annie Taylor . Annie Taylor biodata `` Daredevils of Niagara Falls '' Annie Edson Taylor images from the Niagara Falls , Ontario Public Library `` Annie Edson Taylor Bio from Oakwood Cemetery website '' `` Not the usual carnival show - off '' : Annie Edson Taylor at Niagara Falls - ABC Radio National program describing the background and circumstances of Taylor 's stunt broadcast September 2011 VIAF : 13787090 LCCN : n86035938 SNAC : w6b886zr Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Annie_Edson_Taylor&oldid=831306850 '' Categories : American stunt performers People from Lockport , New York American schoolteachers Niagara Falls People from Bay City , Michigan 1838 births 1921 deaths People from Auburn , New York Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Self - contradictory articles from November 2016 All self - contradictory articles Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Español فارسی Français 日本語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English Svenska Tiếng Việt 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 March 2018 , at 22 : 30 . About Wikipedia	who was the first person to go down niagara falls in a barrel	[]	[]
-4058406075815023962	Start-up Nation	Start - up Nation - wikipedia Start - up Nation Jump to : navigation , search Start - up Nation : The Story of Israel 's Economic Miracle Author Dan Senor and Saul Singer Country United States Language English Publisher Twelve Publication date November 4 , 2009 Media type Print ( hardcover ) Pages 320 ISBN 978 - 0 - 446 - 54146 - 6 Start - up Nation : The Story of Israel 's Economic Miracle is a 2009 book by Dan Senor and Saul Singer about the economy of Israel . It examines how Israel , a 60 - year - old nation with a population of 7.1 million , was able to reach such economic growth that `` at the start of 2009 , some 63 Israeli companies were listed on the NASDAQ , more than those of any other foreign country . '' In 2010 , Start - up Nation was ranked fifth on the business bestseller list of The New York Times . It also reached The Wall Street Journal bestseller list . Contents ( hide ) 1 Book overview 2 Authors 3 Critical reception 3.1 Praise 3.2 Criticism 4 Impact 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Book overview ( edit ) The Council on Foreign Relations states in its publisher 's blurb for the book that Start - up Nation addresses the question : `` How is it that Israel -- a country of 7.1 million people , only sixty years old , surrounded by enemies , in a constant state of war since its founding , with no natural resources -- produces more start - up companies than large , peaceful , and stable nations like Japan , China , India , Korea , Canada , and the United Kingdom ? '' The Economist notes that Israel now has more high - tech start - ups and a larger venture capital industry per capita than any other country in the world . The success of Israel 's high - tech sector over the past two decades has attracted recent attention from business journalists and The Economist describes Start - up Nation as the most notable of a `` growing pile '' of books on the subject . In their attempt to explain Israel 's success in this area , Senor and Singer discard `` the argument from ethnic or religious exceptionalism , dismissing ' unitary Jewishness ' or even individual talent as major reasons for Israel 's high - tech success '' and analyze two major factors that , in the authors ' opinion , contribute most to Israel 's economic growth . Those factors are mandatory military service and immigration . The authors argue that a major factor for Israel 's economic growth can be found in the culture of the Israel Defense Forces , in which service is mandatory for most young Israelis . The authors believe that IDF service provides potential entrepreneurs with the opportunities to develop a wide array of skills and contacts . They also believe that IDF service provides experience exerting responsibility in a relatively un-hierarchical environment where creativity and intelligence are highly valued . IDF soldiers `` have minimal guidance from the top , and are expected to improvise , even if this means breaking some rules . If you 're a junior officer , you call your higher - ups by their first names , and if you see them doing something wrong , you say so . '' Neither ranks nor ages matter much `` when taxi drivers can command millionaires and 23 - year - olds can train their uncles , '' and `` Israeli forces regularly vote to oust their unit leaders . '' The book also dwells at length on immigration and its role in Israel 's economic growth : `` Immigrants are not averse to start from scratch . They are by definition risk - takers . A nation of immigrants is a nation of entrepreneurs . From survivors of the Holocaust to Soviet refuseniks through the Ethiopian Jews , the State of Israel never ceased to be a land of immigration : 9 out of 10 Jewish Israelis today are immigrants or descendants of immigrants the first or second generation . This specific demographic , causing fragmentation of community that still continues in the country , is nevertheless a great incentive to try their luck , to take risks because immigrants have nothing to lose . '' Additional factors cited by the authors include a sense of dissatisfaction with the current state of affairs , a culture where individuals frequently tinker with technology , and government policies friendly to start - ups . Using stories and anecdotes , the book provides examples of Israel 's technological and medical achievements , among them `` the Israeli innovations that made possible Google Suggest , the list of suggestions that appear instantly in menu form as you type a search request , the capsule endoscopy , a miniature camera embedded in a pill so that 18 photos per second can be wirelessly and painlessly transmitted from gastrointestinal tracts . '' While the book describes Israel 's many successes in technological innovation , it also attempts to address , in the words of one reviewer , why Israel still lacks its own Nokia , Samsung , or IBM . According to the book 's authors , this is partly because Israeli startups tend to be bought up by large foreign companies and partly because Israeli business has thus far failed to develop the kind of mature management culture needed to run such companies . Senor and Singer interviewed over 100 people to write the book , among them leading Israeli venture investors including key players in Google , Intel , and Cisco ; and historians , U.S. military leaders , and Israeli heads of state . Their conclusion is that `` while Israel has much to learn from the world , the world has much to learn from Israel . '' Authors ( edit ) Dan Senor is a former foreign policy official in the United States government . He served as chief spokesmen for the Coalition Provisional Authority in Iraq and now advises venture capital firms . Saul Singer is a columnist and former editorial page editor for The Jerusalem Post . Critical reception ( edit ) Praise ( edit ) Jon Rosen OF USA Today believes that the book is written from an Israeli perspective and may irk those with reservations about Israeli foreign policy , but it is still an accomplishment , `` not simply for exposing the roots of Israel 's success , but by showing what the Israeli case might teach the rest of the world . '' In The Wall Street Journal , James K. Glassman says that `` the greatest strength of Start - up Nation is not analysis but anecdote . The authors tell vivid stories of entrepreneurial success , such as that of Shai Agassi , the son of an Iraqi immigrant to Israel , with his electric - automobile technology , now in the process of creating ' Car 2.0 . ' '' Publishers Weekly states that `` the authors ground their analysis in case studies and interviews with some of Israel 's most brilliant innovators to make this a rich and insightful read not just for business leaders and policy makers but for anyone curious about contemporary Israeli culture . '' In The Economic Times , R Gopalakrishnan writes that the use of Hebrew expressions makes the book `` alive and eminently - readable . '' Besides chutzpah , the authors use the word bitzua , which roughly means `` getting things done . '' Another Hebrew expression used in the book is rosh gadol , literally `` big head '' , which could be translated `` can - do and responsible attitude with scant respect for the limitations of formal authority . '' Gopalakrishnan concludes that the ideas demonstrated in the book `` are highly relevant for innovation capability in general , but for India , especially at this juncture . '' David Horovitz of The Jerusalem Post says that conclusions of Start - up Nation find confirmation in the real world , such as how the life of Congresswoman Gabrielle Giffords was saved when an emergency medical team applied a revolutionary elasticized bandage developed in Israel to staunch her head wounds . A review in The Washington Post says that `` the book weaves together colorful stories of Israeli technological triumphs '' such as the story of Shvat Shaked , who `` founded a cybersecurity firm with his old buddy from Army intelligence and had the chutzpah to bet a top executive at PayPal , the online commerce company owned by eBay , that his few dozen engineers could beat PayPal 's thousands in developing secure online software . '' The review also states that the authors could have done a better job drawing `` straight lines between their theories about Israel 's success and these case studies '' . Maureen Farrell of Forbes was disappointed that the authors mostly ignored the effects of U.S. foreign aid , but says the book `` is worth reading to understand not just Israel 's history but the history of capitalism and innovation . '' Criticism ( edit ) Ruth Schuster , reviewing the book for Haaretz , feels that it is `` tarnished by a jarring , tub - thumping patriotism . '' A review in The Christian Science Monitor notes that `` critics say that the story behind how a country of 7 million has more Nasdaq - listed companies than Europe is more complex than Singer and Senor paint it to be . '' Economist Yusuf Mansur , writing in the Jordan Times , argues that two of the factors to which Senor and Singer attribute Israel 's success , the IDF and Soviet - Jewish immigration , have only been sustainable because of the foreign aid that Israel receives from the United States and private sources . Mansur also faults the authors for suggesting that the disparity between entrepreneurship in Israel 's Arab and Jewish sectors is rooted in the exemption of Arabs from military service rather than what Mansour perceives to be `` the discriminatory policies of Israel against its Arab citizens , '' particularly in education and the labor market . Gal Beckerman , writing in The Forward magazine , observes that the book `` presents Israel in an extremely positive light as a bastion of entrepreneurial spirit and technological achievement . It skirts a discussion of the conflict with the Palestinians , or even the wealth inequality within Israel , thereby dovetailing nicely with recent public relations efforts by Israel to shift attention away from its problems and toward its achievements . '' Impact ( edit ) Journalists and policymakers in several countries have recommended Start - up Nation as a useful guide for promoting entrepreneurship . A review of the book in The Irish Times calls on Ireland to follow Israel 's model . Andrius Kubilius , the prime minister of Lithuania , has cited Start - up Nation as his favorite book . Yrjö Ojasaar , managing partner of Solon Partners , an executive consulting and angel investor company in Estonia , says `` there is much to be learned from the Israeli experience of venture capital incubation through building incentives for privatization . '' CNN 's Fareed Zakaria called Start - up Nation `` a book every single Arab businessman , Arab bureaucrat , and Arab politician should read . '' The book is cited as a handbook of `` classic economics . '' It teaches small businesses `` how effective a cohesive team can be , especially when that team places an emphasis on chutzpah first . '' Palestinian Prime Minister Salam Fayyad reportedly keeps a copy of Start - up Nation on his desk as a source of inspiration for the West Bank 's own burgeoning technology industry . See also ( edit ) Economy of Israel Israeli inventions and discoveries Science and technology in Israel Silicon Wadi List of Israeli companies quoted on the Nasdaq List of multinationals with research and development centres in Israel Start - Up Nation Central TAVtech Venture capital in Israel References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Saul Singer interview on Startup Camel Podcast about the challenges Israel is facing as a global innovation leader . '' . Startup Camel . Retrieved 28 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Glassman , James K. ( November 23 , 2009 ) . `` Where Tech Keeps Booming In Israel , a clustering of talent , research universities and venture capital ... '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved April 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ NYT Hardcover Business Best Sellers Jump up ^ The Massachusetts - Israel Economic Relationship ^ Jump up to : `` Start - up Nation : The Story of Israel 's Economic Miracle '' . Council on Foreign Relations . Retrieved April 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Schumpeter ( December 29 , 2010 ) . `` Beyond the start - up nation : Israel has become a high - tech superpower over the past two decades . Can the good news last ? '' . The Economist . Retrieved April 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Oram , Andy ( February 14 , 2010 ) . `` Innovation Lessons in `` Start - Up Nation '' `` . O'Reilly Radar . Retrieved May 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Maureen Farrell ( November 10 , 2009 ) . `` Israel As Incubator '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2013 . Retrieved April 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Steve Nadjari ( April 11 , 2009 ) . `` Israël , une nation d'entrepreneurs '' ( in French ) . inaglobal . Retrieved April 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Feith , Douglas J. ( January 25 , 2010 ) . `` Innovation needs more bitzua and chutzpah '' . 15 ( 18 ) . The Weekly Standard . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Ilene R. Prusher ( March 9 , 2010 ) . `` Innovation center ? How Israel became a ' Start - Up Nation . ' '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved April 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Senor and Singer , pp. 240 - 241 . Jump up ^ Senor and Singer , p. 236 . ^ Jump up to : Zachary A. Goldfarb ( January 31 , 2010 ) . `` Start - Up Nation : The Story of Israel 's Economic Miracle '' . The Washington Post . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Jon Rosen ( December 23 , 2009 ) . `` Israel offers fertile soil for entrepreneurs , book says '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Start - Up Nation : The Story of Israel 's Economic Miracle '' . Publishers Weekly . September 7 , 2009 . p. 36 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : R Gopalakrishnan ( December 6 , 2010 ) . `` Israel 's Secret The ' informal ... improvisational ' approach to business innovation '' . The Economic Times . India . Retrieved April 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ David Horovitz ( January 4 , 2011 ) . `` They tried to kill us , we won , now we 're changing the world '' . The Jerusalem Post . Retrieved April 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Schuster , Ruth ( November 8 , 2009 ) . `` The Israel Effect '' . Haaretz . Jump up ^ `` Financing ' the start - up nation ' '' , Jordan Times , April 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Beckerman , Gal : `` Senor Decides Against Running for Senate , Citing Family and Business '' , The Forward , March 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ What Ireland has to learn from Israel 's high tech companies Jump up ^ Startup nation without physics teachers , Haaretz Jump up ^ Solon Partners : Start - up Nation . The Story of Israel 's Economic Miracle Jump up ^ `` Book of the Week '' . Fareed Zakaria GPS . CNN . November 19 , 2009 . Retrieved May 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Start - Up Nation : Business Lessons from Israel Jump up ^ Gwen Ackerman ( March 15 , 2011 ) . `` Israeli Technology Companies Turn to West Bank for Outsourcing '' . Bloomberg News . Retrieved May 11 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Official website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Start-up_Nation&oldid=800686254 '' Categories : 2009 books Business books Books about Israel Economy of Israel Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages using web citations with no URL Use mdy dates from October 2012 Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français עברית Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 01 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	start-up nation the story of israel’s economic miracle	[]	[]
8847585016312982344	Tennis scoring system	Tennis scoring system - wikipedia Tennis scoring system Jump to : navigation , search Final score of the 2005 singles final of the SAP Open in San Jose of Andy Roddick vs Cyril Saulnier . The tennis scoring system is the standard system by which tennis matches and tournaments are generally operated and scored . A tennis tournament is organized into matches between players ( for singles tournaments ) or teams of two players ( for doubles tournaments ) . Very often the tournament takes the form of a knockout tournament consisting of several rounds . In round 1 , all players ( or teams ) are paired ( assuming there are no byes ) and play a match against each other . The losers are eliminated , and take no further part in the tournament ( this is single elimination ) . The winners are again paired to matches in the next round . The tournament continues until the quarterfinal round ( having eight players or teams playing a total of four matches ) , then the semifinal round ( four players or teams , two matches ) , and finally the final round ( with just two players or teams ) is played . The winner of the final round is declared the winner of the entire tournament . A tennis match is composed of points , games , and sets . A set consists of a number of games ( a minimum of six ) , which in turn each consist of points . A set is won by the first side to win 6 games , with a margin of at least 2 games over the other side ( e.g. 6 -- 3 or 7 -- 5 ) . There is usually a tie - break if the set is tied at six games per player . A match is won when a player or a doubles team wins the majority of prescribed sets . Matches employ either a best - of - three or best - of - five set format . The best - of - five set format is typically only played in the men 's singles or doubles matches at Majors and Davis Cup matches . Contents ( hide ) 1 Game score 1.1 Description 1.2 History 1.3 Alternative ( `` no - ad '' ) game scoring 2 Set score 2.1 Description 2.2 Comparison 2.3 Scoring a tiebreak game 2.3. 1 History of the tiebreak 2.4 Alternative set scoring format 3 Match score 3.1 Description 3.2 Total points won 3.3 Total games won 4 Announcing the score 4.1 Variations and slang 5 Scorecards 6 Notes 7 References Game score ( edit ) Description ( edit ) A game consists of a sequence of points played with the same player serving , and is won by the first side to have won at least four points with a margin of two points or more over their opponent . Normally the server 's score is always called first and the opponent 's score second . Score calling in tennis is unusual in that each point has a corresponding call that is different from its point value . Number of points won Corresponding call 0 `` love '' `` 15 '' `` 30 '' `` 40 '' Game = winner For instance if the server has won three points so far in the game , and the non-server has won one , the score is `` 40 - 15 '' . When both sides have won the same number of points then : when each side has won one , or two , points , the score is described as `` 15 - all '' and `` 30 - all '' ( or `` 15 - up '' and `` 30 - up '' ) , respectively . However , if each player has won three points , the score is called as `` deuce '' , not `` 40 -- all '' . From that point on in the game , whenever the score is tied , it is described as `` deuce '' , regardless of how many points have been played . In standard play , scoring beyond a `` deuce '' score , in which both players have scored three points each , requires that one player must get two points ahead in order to win the game . This type of tennis scoring is known as `` advantage scoring '' ( or `` ads '' ) . The side which wins the next point after deuce is said to have the advantage . If they lose the next point , the score is again deuce , since the score is tied . If the side with the advantage wins the next point , that side has won the game , since they have a lead of two points . When the server is the player with the advantage , the score may be called as `` advantage in '' . When the server 's opponent has the advantage , the score may be called as `` advantage out '' . These phrases are sometimes shortened to `` ad in '' or `` van in '' ( or `` my ad '' ) and `` ad out '' ( or `` your ad '' ) . Alternatively , the players ' names are used : in professional tournaments the umpire announces the score in this format ( e.g. `` advantage Federer '' or `` advantage Murray '' ) . In the USTA rule book ( but not the ITF rules ) there is the comment : ' `` Zero , '' `` one , '' `` two , '' and `` three , '' may be substituted for `` Love , '' `` 15 , '' `` 30 , '' and `` 40 . '' This is particularly appropriate for matches with an inexperienced player or in which one player does not understand English . ' For tie - breaks the calls are simply the number of points won by each player . Tie break point score examples Corresponding call 1 -- 0 `` One , zero '' 4 -- 3 `` Four , three '' 4 -- 4 , 5 -- 5 , 6 -- 6 , etc . `` Four - all '' , `` five - all '' , `` six - all '' , etc . 4 -- 7 , 10 -- 8 , etc . `` set '' The current point score is announced orally before each point by the judge , or by the server if there is no judge . When stating the score , the server 's score is stated first . If the server ( or the judge ) announces the score as `` 30 -- love '' , for example , it means that the server has won two points and the receiver none . History ( edit ) The origins of the 15 , 30 , and 40 scores are believed to be medieval French . The earliest reference is in a ballad by Charles D'Orleans in 1435 which refers to quarante cinque ( which gave rise to modern 40 ) and in 1522 there is a sentence in Latin `` we are winning 30 , we are winning 45 '' . The first recorded theories about the origin of 15 were published in 1555 and 1579 . However , the origins of this convention remain obscure . It is possible that clock faces were used on court , with a quarter move of the hand to indicate a score of 15 , 30 , and 45 . When the hand moved to 60 , the game was over . However , in order to ensure that the game could not be won by a one - point difference in players ' scores , the idea of `` deuce '' was introduced . To make the score stay within the `` 60 '' ticks on the clock face , the 45 was changed to 40 . Therefore , if both players have 40 , the first player to score receives ten and that moves the clock to 50 . If the player scores a second time before the opponent is able to score , they are awarded another ten and the clock moves to 60 . The 60 signifies the end of the game . However , if a player fails to score twice in a row , then the clock would move back to 40 to establish another `` deuce '' . Although this suggestion might sound attractive , the medieval period ran until the end of the 15th century ( i.e. until 1500 ) , at which time clocks recorded only the hours ( 1 to 12 ) . It was n't until 1690 that clocks regularly had minute hands when the pendulum system was invented and such a valuable piece of delicate equipment would not have been on an early tennis court where it could easily have been damaged . So the concept of tennis scores originating from the clock face , could not have come from medieval times . Another theory is that the scoring nomenclature came from the French game jeu de paume ( a precursor to tennis which initially used the hand instead of a racket ) . Jeu de paume was very popular before the French revolution , with more than 1,000 courts in Paris alone . The traditional court was 90 ft ( pied du roi ) in total with 45 ft on each side . When the server scored , he or she moved forward 15 ft . If the server scored again , he or she would move another 15 ft . If the server scored a third time , he or she could only move 10 ft closer . The origin of the use of `` love '' for zero is also disputed . It is possible that it derives from the French expression for `` the egg '' ( l'œuf ) because an egg looks like the number zero . This is similar to the origin of the term `` duck '' in cricket , supposedly from `` duck 's egg '' , referring to a batsman who has been called out without completing a run . One possibility comes from the Dutch expression iets voor lof doen , which means to do something for praise , implying no monetary stakes . Another theory on the origins of the use of `` love '' comes from the acceptance that , at the start of any match , when scores are at zero , players still have `` love for each other '' . Alternative ( `` no - ad '' ) game scoring ( edit ) A popular alternative to advantage scoring is `` no - advantage '' ( or `` no - ad '' ) scoring , created by James Van Alen in order to shorten match playing time . No - advantage scoring is a scoring method in which the first player to reach four points wins the game . No - ad scoring eliminates the requirement that a player must win by two points . Therefore , if the game is tied at deuce , the next player to win a point wins the game . This method of scoring is used in most World TeamTennis matches . When this style of play is implemented , at deuce , the receiver then chooses from which side of the court he or she desires to return the serve . However , in no - ad mixed doubles play gender always serves to the same gender at game point and during the final point of tiebreaks . Set score ( edit ) Description ( edit ) In tennis , a set consists of a sequence of games played with alternating service and return roles . There are two types of set formats that require different types of scoring . An advantage set is played until a player or team wins 6 games and that player or team has a 2 - game lead over their opponent ( s ) . The set continues , without tiebreak ( er ) , until a player or team wins the set by 2 games . Advantage sets are no longer played under the rules of the United States Tennis Association , however they are still used in the final sets in men 's and women 's draws in singles of the Australian Open , French Open , Wimbledon and Fed Cup . Mixed doubles at the Grand Slams except for Wimbledon are a best - of - three format with the final set being played as a `` Super Tie Break '' ( sometimes referred to as a `` best of two '' format ) except at Wimbledon , which still plays a best - of - three match with the final set played as an advantage set and the first two played as tie - break sets . A tie - break set is played with the same rules as the advantage set , except when the score is tied at 6 -- 6 , a tie - break game ( or tiebreaker ) is played . Typically , the tie - break game continues until one player wins seven points by a margin of two or more points . However , many tie - break games are played with different tiebreak point requirements , such as 8 or 10 points . Often , a 7 - point tie - breaker is played when the set score is tied at 6 - 6 to determine who wins the set . The score of games within a set is counted in the ordinary manner , except when a player or team has a score of no games it is read as `` love '' . The score is written using digits separated by a dash . This score is announced by the judge or server at the start of each game . Example set scores Corresponding verbal set score 0 -- 0 `` love -- love '' 7 -- 5 `` set '' 3 -- 6 `` set '' In doubles , service alternates between the teams . One player serves for an entire service game , with that player 's partner serving for the entirety of the team 's next service game . Players of the receiving team receive the serve on alternating points , with each player of the receiving team declaring which side of the court ( deuce or ad side ) they will receive serve on for the duration of the set . Comparison ( edit ) Advantage sets have a tendency to go significantly longer than tie - break sets . The 2010 Wimbledon first - round match between John Isner and Nicolas Mahut , which is the longest professional tennis match in history , notably ended with Isner winning the 5th set , 70 -- 68 . The match lasted in total 11 hours and 5 minutes with the 5th set alone lasting 8 hours , 11 minutes . Nevertheless , even tie - break sets can last a long time . For instance , once players reach 6 -- 6 set score and also reach 6 -- 6 tiebreaker score , play must continue until one player has a 2 - point advantage , which can take a considerable time . Sets decided by tiebreakers , however , are typically significantly shorter than extended advantage sets . The set is won by the first player ( or team ) to have won at least six games and at least two games more than his or her opponent . Traditionally , sets would be played until both these criteria had been met , with no maximum number of games . To shorten matches , James Van Alen created a tie - breaker system , which was widely introduced in the early 1970s . If the score reaches 6 -- 5 ( or 5 - 6 ) , one further game is played . If the leading player wins this game , the set is won 7 -- 5 ( or 5 - 7 ) . If the trailing player wins the game , the score is tied at 6 -- 6 and a special tiebreaker game is played . The winner of the tiebreak wins the set by a score of 7 -- 6 ( or 6 - 7 ) . The tiebreak is sometimes not employed for the final set of a match and an advantage set is used instead . Therefore , the deciding set must be played until one player or team has won two more games than the opponent . This is true in three of the four major tennis championships , all except the US Open where a tiebreak is played even in the deciding set ( fifth set for the men , third set for the women ) at 6 -- 6 . A tiebreak is not played in the deciding set in the other three majors -- the Australian Open , the French Open , and Wimbledon . ( When the tiebreak was first introduced at Wimbledon in 1971 , it was invoked at 8 -- 8 rather than 6 -- 6 . ) Scoring a tiebreak game ( edit ) At a score of 6 -- 6 , a set is often determined by one more game called a `` twelve point tiebreaker '' . Only one more game is played to determine the winner of the set ; the score of the set is always 7 -- 6 ( or 6 -- 7 ) . Points are counted using ordinary numbering . The set is decided by the player who wins at least seven points in the tiebreak but also has two points more than his or her opponent . For example , if the score is 6 points to 5 points and the player with 6 points wins the next point , he or she wins the tiebreak and the set . If the player with 5 points wins the point , the tiebreak continues and can not be won on the next point , since no player will be two points better . In the scoring of the set , sometimes the tiebreak points are included as well as the game count , for example 7 -- 6 . Another way of listing the score of the tiebreak is to list only the loser 's points . For example , if the set score is listed as 7 -- 6 , the tiebreak score was 10 -- 8 ( since 8 is the loser 's points , and the winner must win by two points ) . Similarly , 7 -- 6 means the tiebreak score was 7 -- 3 . The player who would normally be serving after 6 -- 6 is the one to serve first in the tiebreak , and the tiebreak is considered a service game for this player . The server begins his or her service from the deuce court and serves one point . After the first point , the serve changes to the first server 's opponent . Each player then serves two consecutive points for the remainder of the tiebreak . The first of each two - point sequence starts from the server 's advantage court and the second starts from the deuce court . In this way , the sum of the scores is even when the server serves from the deuce court . After every six points , the players switch ends of the court ; note that the side - changes during the tiebreak will occur in the middle of a server 's two - point sequence . At the end of the tiebreak , the players switch ends of the court again , since the set score is always odd ( 13 games ) . An alternative tie - break system called the `` Coman Tie - Break '' is sometimes used by the United States Tennis Association . Scoring is the same , but end changes take place after the first point and then after every four points . This approach allows the servers of doubles teams to continue serving from the same end of the court as during the body of the set . It also reduces the advantage the elements ( e.g. wind and sun ) could give playing the first six points of a seven - point tiebreak on one side of the court . History of the tiebreak ( edit ) The tiebreaker -- more recently shortened to just `` tiebreak '' , though both terms are still used interchangeably -- was invented by James Van Alen and unveiled in 1965 as an experiment at the pro tournament he sponsored at Newport Casino , Rhode Island , after an earlier , unsuccessful attempt to speed up the game by the use of his so - called `` Van Alen Streamlined Scoring System '' ( `` VASSS '' ) . For two years before the Open Era , in 1955 and 1956 , the United States Pro Championship in Cleveland , Ohio , was played by VASSS rules . The scoring was the same as that in table tennis , with sets played to 21 points and players alternating five services , with no second service . The rules were created partially to limit the effectiveness of the powerful service of the reigning professional champion , Pancho Gonzales . Even with the new rules , however , Gonzales beat Pancho Segura in the finals of both tournaments . Even though the 1955 match went to 5 sets , with Gonzales barely holding on to win the last one 21 -- 19 , it is reported to have taken 47 minutes to complete . The fans attending the matches preferred the traditional rules , however , and in 1957 the tournament reverted to the old method of scoring . Van Alen called his innovation a `` tiebreaker '' , and he actually proposed two different kinds or versions of it : best - five - of - nine - points tiebreaker and best - seven - of - 12 - points tiebreaker . The first lasts a maximum of 9 points , and awards victory in the set to whichever player or team first reaches 5 points -- even if the other player or team already has 4 ; the margin of victory can be a single point . Because this `` 9 - point '' tiebreaker must end after a maximum of 9 points , even if neither player or team has a 2 - point ( or greater ) margin , Van Alen also called it a `` sudden - death tiebreaker '' ( If and when the score reached four points all , both players faced simultaneous set point and / or match point . ) . This type of tiebreaker had its Grand Slam debut at 1970 US Open and was employed there until 1974 . Apart from being used for 5 years at US Open it was also used 1 year at Wimbledon and for a while on the Virginia Slims circuit and in American Colleges . The other type of tiebreaker Van Alen introduced is the `` 12 - point '' tiebreaker that is most familiar and widely used today . Because it ends as soon as either player or team reaches 7 points -- provided that that player or team leads the other at that point by at least two points -- it can actually be over in as few as 7 points . However , because the winning player or team must win by a margin of at least two points , a `` 12 - point '' tiebreaker may go beyond 12 points -- sometimes well beyond . That is why Van Alen derisively likened it to a `` lingering death '' , in contrast to the 9 - point ( or fewer ) `` sudden - death tiebreaker '' that he recommended and preferred . The impetus to use some kind of a tie - breaking procedure gained force after a monumental 1969 struggle at Wimbledon between Pancho Gonzales and Charlie Pasarell . This was a 5 - set match that lasted five hours and 12 minutes and took 2 days to complete . In the fifth set the 41 - year - old Gonzales won all seven match points that Pasarell had against him , twice coming back from 0 -- 40 deficits . The final score was 22 -- 24 , 1 -- 6 , 16 -- 14 , 6 -- 3 , 11 -- 9 for Gonzales . The tiebreaker gave tennis a definite `` finish line '' . In what follows , the `` final set '' means the fifth set for best - of - five matches , and the third set for best - of - three matches . In 1971 , the nine - point tiebreaker was introduced at Wimbledon ( the first scoring change at Wimbledon in 94 years ) . In 1972 , Wimbledon put into effect a 12 - point tiebreaker when the score in a set reached 8 -- 8 in games unless the set was one in which one of the players could achieve a match victory by winning it . In 1979 , Wimbledon changed their rules so that a ( 12 - point ) tiebreak would be played once any set except the final set reached 6 -- 6 in games . In 1989 , the Davis Cup adopted the tie - break in all sets except for the final set , and then extended it to the final set starting in 2016 . In 2001 , the Australian Open replaced the deciding third set of mixed doubles with an eighteen - point `` match tiebreak '' ( first to ten points and win by two points wins the match ) . Despite some criticism of the change by fans and former pros , the US Open and the French Open have since gone on to join the Australian Open in using the same format for mixed doubles . Wimbledon continues to play a traditional best of three match , requiring an advantage set for the third set . Tie - break sets are now nearly universal in all levels of play , for all sets in a match ; however , the tie - break is not a compulsory element in any set , and the actual formatting of sets and tie - breaks depends on the tournament director in tournaments , and , in private matches , on the players ' agreement before play begins . Tie - breaks are not used in the final set in the Australian Open for singles , the French Open for singles , Wimbledon , or the Fed Cup , nor were they used for final sets in Davis Cup play or the Olympics before 2016 . The US Open now uses a tiebreak in the final set , both in singles and in doubles , and is the only major tournament to use a tiebreak in the final set for singles . However , the Australian Open and French Open do now use a final set tiebreak in both men 's and women 's doubles . Alternative set scoring format ( edit ) While traditional sets continue until a player wins at least six games by a margin of at least two games there are some alternative set scoring formats in use . A common alternative set format is the eight or nine game pro set . Instead of playing until one player reaches six games with a margin of two games , one plays until one player wins eight or nine games with a margin of two games . A tie - break is then played at eight or nine games all . While the format is not used in modern professional matches or recognized by the ITF rules , it was supposedly used in early professional tours . It is commonly utilized in various amateur leagues and high school tennis as a shorter alternative to a best of three match , but longer than a traditional tie - break set . In addition , eight game pro sets were used during doubles for all Division I college dual matches , until the 2014 - 2015 season . Another alternative set format are so called `` short sets '' where the first to four games to win by two games . In this format a tie - break is played at four games all . The ITF experimented with this format in low level Davis Cup matches , but the experiment was not continued . Nevertheless , this alternative remains as an acceptable alternative in the ITF rules of Tennis . Another alternative set format is seen in World Team Tennis where the winner of a set is the first to win five games and a nine - point tie - break is played at 4 -- 4 . Match score ( edit ) Description ( edit ) Most singles matches consist of an odd number of sets , the match winner being the player who wins more than half of the sets . The match ends as soon as this winning condition is met . Men 's singles and doubles matches may consist of up to five sets ( the winner being the first to take the majority of total allocated sets ) while women 's singles matches are usually best of three sets . Doubles matches ( including mixed doubles ) are usually best of three sets , with a Super Tiebreak to ten points played if the score reaches a set all . While the alternation of service between games continues throughout the match without regard to sets , the ends are changed after each odd game within a set ( including the last game ) . If , for example , the second set of a match ends with the score at 6 -- 3 , 1 -- 6 , the ends are changed as the last game played was the 7th ( odd ) game of the set and in spite of it being the 16th ( even ) game of the match . Notably , in situations where a set ends with an odd game , back to back games see change of ends -- i.e. , ends are changed before and after the first game of the following set . A tiebreaker game is treated as a single game for the purposes of this alternation . Since tiebreakers always result in a score of 7 -- 6 , there is always a court change after the tiebreaker . The score of a complete match may be given simply by sets won , or with the scores of each set given separately . In either case , the match winner 's score is stated first . In the former , shorter form , a match might be listed as 3 -- 1 ( i.e. three sets to one ) . In the latter form , this same match might be further described as `` 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 6 '' . ( As noted above , an alternate form of writing the tiebreak score lists only the loser 's score -- e.g. , `` 7 -- 6 '' for the fourth set in the example . ) This match was won three sets to one , with the match loser winning the second set on a tiebreaker . The numbers in parentheses , normally included in printed scorelines but omitted when spoken , indicate the duration of the tiebreaker following a given set . Here , the match winner lost the second - set tiebreaker 7 -- 4 and won the fourth - set tiebreaker 8 -- 6 . Total points won ( edit ) Because tennis is scored set by set and game by game , a player may lose a match despite winning the majority of points and / or games played . Consider a player who wins six games in each of two sets , all by a score of game -- 30 . The winner has scored 4 × 12 = 48 points and the loser 2 × 12 = 24 . Suppose also that the loser wins four games in each set , all by a score of game - love . The loser has scored 4 × 8 = 32 points and the winner zero in those games . The final score is a win by 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 ; total points 48 -- 56 . An example of this in actual practice was the record - breaking Isner - Mahut match in the Wimbledon first round , 22 -- 24 June 2010 . American John Isner beat Nicolas Mahut of France 6 -- 4 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 7 , 7 -- 6 , 70 -- 68 -- Mahut winning a total of 502 points to Isner 's 478 . Total games won ( edit ) Likewise , a player may lose a match despite winning the majority of games played ( or win a match despite losing the majority of games ) . Roger Federer won the 2009 Wimbledon final over Andy Roddick ( 5 -- 7 , 7 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , 3 -- 6 , 16 -- 14 ) despite Roddick 's winning more games ( 39 , versus Federer 's 38 ) . Announcing the score ( edit ) If there is no judge to announce the score of a match , there is a specific protocol for stating the score . During a game , the server has the responsibility to announce the game score before serving . This is done by announcing the server 's score first . If , for example , the server loses the first three points of his or her service game , he or she would say `` love -- 40 '' . This convention is used consistently . After a set is complete , the server , before serving for the first game of the next set , announces the set scores so far completed in the match , stating his or her own scores first . If the server has won the first two sets and is beginning the third , he or she would say , `` two -- love , new set . '' If the server had lost the first two sets , he or she would say , `` love -- two , new set . '' Finally , after the completion of the match , either player , when asked the score , announces his or her own scores first . As an example , consider a match between Victoria Azarenka and Ana Ivanovic . Azarenka wins the first set 6 -- 4 , Ivanovic wins the next set 7 -- 6 , and Azarenka wins the final set 6 -- 0 . At the end of each set , the umpire would announce the winner of each set : Game , first set , Azarenka . Game , second set , Ivanovic . At the completion of the match , the result would be announced as : Game , set , match , ( Victoria ) Azarenka , two sets to one , six -- four , six -- seven , six -- love . The result would be written as : Victoria Azarenka defeated Ana Ivanovic 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 0 The score is always written and announced in respect to the winner of the match . The score of the tiebreak is not included in announcing the final result ; it is simply said `` seven -- six '' or `` six -- seven '' regardless of the score in the tiebreak . If a match ends prematurely due to one player retiring or being disqualified ( defaulting ) , the partial score at that point is announced as the final score , with the remaining player as the nominal winner . For instance , the result in the final of the 2012 Aegon Championships is written : Marin Čilić defeated David Nalbandian 6 -- 7 , 4 -- 3 ( default ) Variations and slang ( edit ) During informal play of tennis , especially at tennis clubs in the U.S. ( also in other English speaking countries ) , score announcements are frequently shortened with the use of abbreviations . For example , a score 15 is replaced with `` five '' , or in some cases `` fif '' . Similarly , the scores of 30 and 40 may sometimes be spoken as `` three '' or `` four '' respectively . A score of 15 - all may sometimes be announced as `` fives . '' To further confuse score announcements , a score of 30 - all ( 30 -- 30 ) may often be called `` deuce '' , and the following point referred to as `` ad in '' or `` ad out '' ( or `` my ad '' or `` your ad '' ) , depending on which player ( or team ) won the point . The logic for this is that a 30 - all score is effectively the same as deuce ( 40 -- 40 ) . Scorecards ( edit ) Sample scorecard , from Isner -- Mahut at Wimbledon 2010 For formal scorekeeping , the official scoring the match ( e.g. the chair umpire ) fills out a scorecard , either on paper or electronically . The scorecard allows the official to record details for each point , as well as rule violations and other match information . Standard markings for each point are : ⁄ -- point won A -- point won via ace D -- point won via double - fault C -- point won via code violation T -- point won via time violation An additional dot is marked in a score box to indicate a missed first serve fault . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ ITF , `` Rules of Tennis 2010 '' p. 5 http://www.itftennis.com/shared/medialibrary/pdf/original/IO_46376_original.PDF Last visited : 11 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Friend at Court ( PDF ) . United States Tennis Association . 2013 . p. 7 . Retrieved 1 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Whitman , Malcolm ( 2004 ) . `` The Mystery of Fifteen in Scoring '' . Tennis : Origin and mysteries ( reprint of 1932 ed . ) . Dover Publications . Jump up ^ `` The Baltimore Sun : A scoring system you have to love '' . Retrieved 29 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Hart , Jay . `` Yahoo Sports : So What 's Up With The Strange Scoring System ? '' . Retrieved 29 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Milham , Willis I. Time and Timekeepers . New York : MacMillan . p. 195 . ISBN 0 - 7808 - 0008 - 7 . Jump up ^ Françoise Bonnefoy ( 1991 ) . Jeu de Paume : History . Réunion des musées nationaux . p. 42 . ISBN 9782908901016 . Jump up ^ Palmatier , Robert . Speaking of animals : a dictionary of animal metaphors , page 245 ( 1995 ) . Jump up ^ Horn , Geoffrey . Rafael Nadal , page 13 ( 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Bondt , Cees de ( 1993 ) Heeft yemant lust met bal , of met reket te spelen ... ? Hilversum : Uitgeverij Verloren p. 10 Jump up ^ Collynshum , Cirt Frijk ( 1971 ) Brikt noordjest tennis ul areven Kreb. : Steken of en lad Verk p. 132 Jump up ^ USTA ( n.d. ) . `` Improving your game : Scoring '' . United States Tennis Association . Retrieved 21 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` USTA : Improve Your Game '' . Retrieved 29 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` WTT Rules '' . Retrieved 29 January 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , ITF `` Rules of Tennis 2010 '' , Appendix IV -- Alternative Procedures and Scoring Methods Jump up ^ ITF , `` Rules of Tennis 2010 '' p. 6 http://www.itftennis.com/shared/medialibrary/pdf/original/IO_46376_original.PDF Last visited : 22 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Last visited 22 April 2010 '' ( PDF ) . usta.com . Retrieved 29 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tennis Score Solutions . Tie - Breaker Scoring . Playing a ' 7 Point Tiebreak ' '' . tennistips.org . Retrieved 29 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Fein , Paul ( 29 March 2018 ) . `` Tennis Confidential : Today 's Greatest Players , Matches , and Controversies '' . Potomac Books , Inc . Retrieved 29 March 2018 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ USTA Midwest , http://www.midwest.usta.com/content/custom.sps?iType=1435&icustompageid=2647 Jump up ^ CNNSI.com , `` Reactions : Mixed doubles , Responses overwhelmingly against new format '' http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/your_turn/news/2001/01/16/reactions_mixeddoubles/ Last visited : 5 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` What They 're Saying about Tiebreakers Replacing Third Sets ... '' http://www.tennisconfidential.com/articles6.htm Last visited : 5 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Improving your game Scoring http://www.usta.com/Improve-Your-Game/Rules/Rules-and-Line-Calls/Scoring/ Jump up ^ Rules of Tennis 2010 http://www.itftennis.com/shared/medialibrary/pdf/original/IO_46376_original.PDF Jump up ^ `` Wimbledon Championships Website '' . Wimbledon.org. 1998 - 09 - 21 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Why do club players say `` five '' not `` fifteen '' when scoring ? - Talk Tennis `` . Tt.tennis-warehouse.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` USTA Chair Umpire Handbook '' ( PDF ) . usta.com . Retrieved 29 March 2018 . References ( edit ) Faulkner , Trish & Lemelman , Vivian , The Complete Idiot 's Guide to Tennis . New York : Macmillan Publishing , 1999 . ( hide ) Tennis ITF History Glossary Match types Statistics Players Umpires Women 's tennis Basics General Scoring system point Strategy grips serve and volley Equipment ball racket strings Official Technology electronic line judge hawk - eye cyclops Courts Carpet Clay Grass Hard Shots Backhand Backspin Drop shot Flat Forehand Groundstroke Half volley Lob Passing shot Serve ace Smash Topspin Volley Grand Slams Events Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Stats Records Singles finals Professional tours Men ATP World Tour ATP Challenger Tour ITF Men 's Circuit Women WTA Tour WTA 125K series ITF Women 's Circuit Team tennis tournaments Active Davis Cup Fed Cup Hopman Cup Laver Cup World TeamTennis Defunct Wightman Cup World Team Cup Champions Tennis League International Premier Tennis League Multi-sport events Intercontinental Olympics Youth Olympics Universiade Commonwealth Island Mediterranean Continental All - Africa Asian Pacific Pan American Outline Portal WikiCommons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tennis_scoring_system&oldid=833155548 '' Categories : Tennis Tennis terminology Scoring ( sport ) Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from October 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 23 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many points to win a tennis match	[]	[]
-455522481629941063	The Cat in the Hat (film)	The Cat in the Hat ( film ) - Wikipedia The Cat in the Hat ( film ) This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 11 October 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search The Cat in the Hat Theatrical release poster Directed by Bo Welch Produced by Brian Grazer Screenplay by Alec Berg David Mandel Jeff Schaffer Based on The Cat in the Hat by Dr. Seuss Starring Mike Myers Alec Baldwin Kelly Preston Dakota Fanning Spencer Breslin Amy Hill Sean Hayes Narrated by Victor Brandt Music by David Newman ( Score ) Marc Shaiman ( Songs ) Cinematography Emmanuel Lubezki Edited by Don Zimmerman Production company Imagine Entertainment Distributed by Universal Pictures ( United States ) DreamWorks Pictures ( International ) Release date November 21 , 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 21 ) Running time 82 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $109 million Box office $134 million Dr. Seuss ' The Cat in the Hat is a 2003 American family comedy film directed by Bo Welch . It is based on the 1957 Dr. Seuss book of the same name . The film stars Mike Myers in the title role of the Cat in the Hat , and Dakota Fanning as Sally . Sally 's brother ( who is unnamed in the book and the 1971 TV special ) , Conrad , is portrayed by Spencer Breslin . The film is the second feature - length Dr. Seuss adaptation after the 2000 holiday film How the Grinch Stole Christmas . The idea was originally conceived in 2001 , with Tim Allen initially cast as the Cat , but he dropped his role due to work on The Santa Clause 2 , and the role was later given to Myers . Filming took place in California for three months . While the basic plot parallels that of the book , the film filled out its 82 minutes by adding new subplots and characters significantly different from the original story , similar to the feature film adaptation of How the Grinch Stole Christmas . Released on November 21 , 2003 in the United States , the film grossed $134 million worldwide . After the film 's release , Seuss ' widow , Audrey Geisel , decided not to allow any further live - action adaptations of Seuss ' works to be produced , and as a result , a planned sequel based on The Cat in the Hat Comes Back was cancelled . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Makeup and visual effects 3.4 Filming 4 Music 4.1 Track listing 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Awards and nominations 7 Cancelled sequel 8 Animated reboot 9 Video game 9.1 Plot 9.2 Differences From The Movie 9.3 Video game reviews 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Plot ( edit ) Conrad and Sally Walden live in the city of Anville with their mother , Joan Walden . Joan works for neat - freak Hank Humberfloob , and is hosting an office party at her house . One day , she is called back to the office , leaving the kids with Mrs. Kwan , a tired babysitter , and forbidding them to enter the living room , which is being kept pristine for the upcoming party . Joan is also dating their next - door neighbor , Larry Quinn , much to Conrad 's dismay . Larry is constantly on the lookout for any mischief Conrad may be up to , as he wants nothing more than to send him away to military school , as Conrad has earned the reputation of `` hot - headed trouble - maker '' , while his sister is characterized as `` perfect and well - behaved '' . Once their mother leaves , Sally and Conrad meet a humanoid , oversized talking cat in a hat in their house . The cat reveals he wants them to learn to have fun , but the children 's pet fish does n't want the cat around when Joan is away . The Cat balances some stuff , ruins Joan 's best dress , jumps on the living room 's couch , and bakes cupcakes that explode . In the process , he releases two trouble - making things , Thing 1 and Thing 2 , from a crate that he explains is actually a portal to another world . The Cat tells Conrad that he only has one rule : never open the crate , then allows the Things to have fun , but they make a mess of the house . Despite the Cat 's warning , Conrad picks the lock on the crate . When the crate 's lock attaches itself to the collar of the family dog , Nevins , Cat and the kids must go find him and the lock . They drive a super-powered car in search of Nevins and use Cat 's magic hat . Conrad realizes that the Things always do the opposite to what they are told . and that this can be used to their advantage and has them stall Joan . Meanwhile , Larry is revealed to be a fat , unemployed man with false teeth and is in financial ruin , though claiming he is a successful businessman in the hopes of marrying to Joan and sponging off of her . Larry sees Nevins running across the street and tracks down Joan to tell her , but Things 1 and 2 have stalled her on the road , posing as police officers . Larry goes back to the house , telling Joan to meet him there . By the time the kids and the Cat return to the house with the lock , a huge mess spills from the unlocked crate and enters the house . They navigate their way through the oversized house and find the crate while cleaning up . The house is returned to its normal proportions but then immediately falls apart . The Cat tells the kids that he planned the whole day , including making not opening the crate his one rule , as he knew Conrad could not resist . The kids angrily tell the Cat to leave the house . Conrad prepares to face the consequences when Joan comes home , but Sally says she will share the blame . The Cat , having overheard this , happily returns to clean up the mess with a great cleaning contraption . Afterwards The Cat says goodbye and departs as Joan is arriving . Larry arrives when all is restored , thinking he has busted the kids , but when Joan sees the clean house ( and a messy Larry ) , she does not believe Larry and rejects him . After the successful party , Joan spends time with her children and the Cat finishes narrating . The film ends as he and his things decide to go on a vacation . Cast ( edit ) Mike Myers as the Cat in the Hat , a huge , anthropomorphic , wise - cracking cat with a Brooklyn accent who wears a special hat which reveals many magical abilities . Spencer Breslin as Conrad Walden , Joan 's destructive and misbehaved son . Dakota Fanning as Sally Walden , Joan 's dull , well - behaved , and rule - obeying daughter . Kelly Preston as Joan Walden , Conrad and Sally 's mother , and a workaholic real - estate agent . Alec Baldwin as Larry Quinn , the Waldens ' pompous , lazy , unemployed next - door neighbor . He is revealed to be allergic to cats , steals food from the Waldens and gets away with it , and is determined to both marry Joan for her wealth and send Conrad to military school to straighten up his behavior . Amy Hill as Mrs. Kwan , an elderly Taiwanese woman who gets hired to watch the kids , though she sleeps through her job . Her weight and sleep serves as a running gag . Sean Hayes as Mr. Hank Humberfloob , Joan 's boss . Hayes is also the voice of the family fish . Danielle Chuchran and Taylor Rice as Thing One , and Brittany Oaks and Talia - Lynn Prairie as Thing Two ; two gibbering trouble - making creatures that the Cat brings in with him . Dan Castellaneta provided the voices for both Things . Steven Anthony Lawrence as Dumb Schweitzer Paris Hilton as a female club - goer Bugsy as Nevins , the Waldens ' pet dog . Frank Welker provided his voice . Candace Dean Brown as a secretary who works for the Humberfloob Real Estate . Daran Norris as the Astounding Products Announcer Clint Howard as Kate the Caterer Paige Hurd as Denise , who does n't speak to Sally anymore , not long after she talked back to her . She never invited Sally to her birthday party either since Sally earlier stated that she told Denise not to speak to her anymore . Stephen Hibbert as Jim McFinnigan Roger Morrisey as Mr. Vompatatat Victor Brandt as the Narrator , who tells the story ; he is revealed to be the Cat using a voice - changer at the end . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) DreamWorks acquired rights to the original book in 1997 . However , production did not originally start until after the 2000 Christmas / comedy film How the Grinch Stole Christmas , based on another Dr. Seuss book of the same name , became a commercial success . Brian Grazer , who was the producer of The Grinch , stated , `` Because we grew up with these books , and because they have such universal themes and the illustrations ignite such fantasy in your mind as a child -- the aggregation of all those feelings -- it leaves an indelible , positive memory . And so when I realized I had a chance to convert first The Grinch and then , The Cat in the Hat , into movies , I was willing to do anything to bring them to the screen . '' Grazer contacted Bo Welch over the phone with the offer to direct the film , and he accepted . When production began , songs written by Randy Newman were dropped because they were deemed inferior . Newman 's cousin , David Newman , composed the score for the film . Although Welch and a publicist for Myers denied it , several people said Myers had considerable input into the film 's direction , telling some of the cast ( co-stars Baldwin and Preston ) how to perform their scenes . Casting ( edit ) Tim Allen was originally planned to play the role of the Cat . The script would be originally based on a story conceived by Allen , who admitted that as a child he was afraid of Seuss ' `` mischievous feline '' babysitter . Allen stated , `` My dream is to give it the edge that scared me . '' However , producers did not commission a screenplay until late February 2001 , when Alec Berg , Jeff Schaffer , and Dave Mandel ( who were also writers on Seinfeld ) were hired to write the script ( replacing the original draft of the film that was written a few years before ) , so the film would not be ready to shoot before the deadline . Allen was also committed to shooting Disney 's The Santa Clause 2 , which was also delayed because Allen wanted a script rewrite . Due to a scheduling conflict with The Santa Clause 2 , he dropped out his role . In March 2002 , the role of the Cat was given to Mike Myers , even though he had an argument with Grazer about starring in a cancelled Saturday Night Live skit named Dieter . Myers stated in an interview that he was a long - time fan of the original Dr. Seuss book , and that it was the first book he ever read . Makeup and visual effects ( edit ) Makeup for the character was designed by Steve Johnson . The Cat costume was made of angora and human hair and was fitted with a cooling system . To keep Myers cool during the outdoor shoots , a portable air conditioner was available that connected a hose to the suit between shots . The tail and ears were battery operated . The Fish was considered somewhat of a unique character for Rhythm & Hues ( responsible for some of the effects and animation in such films as Cats & Dogs , The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King , and Scooby - Doo ) , in that the character had no shoulders , hips or legs , so all of the physical performance had to emit from the eyes , head and fin motion . Sean Hayes , who provided the voice for the Fish , found the role significantly different from his usual on - camera jobs ; he did not know how the final animation would look , and all of his work took place alone in a sound booth . Filming ( edit ) Prior to filming , giant props for the film were stolen from the set . Local police found the props vandalized in a mall car park in Pomona , California . The props were covered with graffiti . No arrests had been made , and filming was to start the next week . Principal photography took place mostly in California from October 2002 until January 2003 . The neighborhood and the town centre was filmed in a rural valley near Simi Valley , where 24 houses ( each 26 - feet square and 52 - feet tall ) were constructed . The downtown area outdoor shots were filmed along a Pomona street where a number of antique and gift shops are located . The community decided not to redecorate after filming ended , so the surreal paint scheme and some of the signage could still be seen as it appears in the film . Because of so much smog in the area , the sky had to be digitally replaced with the cartoon - like sky and colours of the background had to be digitally fixed . Music ( edit ) The Cat in the Hat Film score / Soundtrack album by David Newman Released November 18 , 2003 Recorded 2002 Genre Orchestra Length 48 : 55 Label BMG Soundtracks The soundtrack was released on November 18 , 2003 . It includes David Newman 's score , plus a song by Smash Mouth ( `` Getting Better '' ) and ( `` Hang On '' ) that makes it the third film in a row playing a song in an film starring Mike Myers , after Shrek ( 2001 ) and Austin Powers in Goldmember ( 2002 ) . The soundtrack also includes a couple of songs performed by Mike Myers ( the role of the Cat ) . Newman 's score won a BMI Film Music Award . Track listing ( edit ) All music composed by David Newman , except as noted . ( show ) Track listing No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Main Title ; The Kids '' 8 : 07 2 . `` Getting Better '' ( Performed by Smash Mouth ) Lennon -- McCartney 2 : 24 3 . `` The Cat '' 3 : 50 4 . `` Two Things - Couch Jumping - Lea ... '' 5 : 16 5 . `` Military Academy Seduction '' 3 : 02 6 . Untitled 2 : 12 7 . `` Surfer Cat - the Phunometer '' 2 : 23 8 . `` Fun , Fun , Fun '' ( Performed by Mike Myers ) Marc Shaiman , Scott Wittman 2 : 38 9 . `` The Contract '' 1 : 53 10 . `` Oven Explodes - `` Clean Up This Mess ! '' '' 1 : 36 11 . `` Things Wreck the House '' 2 : 52 12 . `` Larry the Slob '' 3 : 10 13 . `` Birthday Party '' 2 : 11 14 . `` S.L.O.W. Drive '' 2 : 32 15 . `` Rescuing Nevins '' 4 : 27 16 . `` Clean Up '' ( Performed by Mike Myers ) Shaiman , Whitman 0 : 23 Total length : 47 : 25 Release ( edit ) Home media ( edit ) The Cat in the Hat was released for VHS and DVD on March 16 , 2004 . It features 16 deleted scenes , 20 outtake scenes , almost a dozen featurettes , and a `` Dance with the Cat '' tutorial to teach kids a Cat in the Hat dance . On February 7 , 2012 , the film was released on Blu - ray . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The Cat in the Hat opened theatrically on November 21 , 2003 and earned $38,329,160 in its opening weekend , ranking first in the North American box office . The film ended its theatrical run on March 18 , 2004 , having grossed $101,149,285 domestically and $32,811,256 overseas for a worldwide total of $133,960,541 . Critical response ( edit ) Review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 10 % approval rating based on reviews from 158 critics . The website 's consensus reads : `` Filled with double entendres and potty humor , this Cat falls flat . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 19 / 100 based on 37 reviews , indicating `` overwhelming dislike '' . It also received an average grade of D+ from critics in the interpretation of Yahoo 's film website . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film one star , stating , `` Cat , another over-blown Hollywood raid on Dr. Seuss , has a draw on Mike Myers , who inexplicably plays the Cat by mimicking Bert Lahr in The Wizard of Oz . '' Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film 2 out of 4 stars . Although he praised the production design , he considered the film to be `` all effects and stunts and CGI and prosthetics , with no room for lightness and joy '' . Ebert and co-host Richard Roeper gave the film `` Two Thumbs Down '' . Roeper said of Myers ' performance that `` Maybe a part of him was realizing as the movie was being made that a live - action version of The Cat in the Hat just was n't a great idea . '' Ebert had the same problem with the film that he had with How the Grinch Stole Christmas , in that `` If there is one thing I 've learned from these two movies is that we do n't want to see Jim Carrey as a Grinch , and we do n't want to see Mike Myers as a cat . These are talented comedians , let 's see them do their stuff , do n't bury them under a ton of technology . '' Concerns were also raised over the PG rating of the film with some critics , stating that it should have instead been rated PG - 13 in relation to its high amount of adult content . Leonard Maltin in his Movie Guide gave it one and a half stars out of four saying that the `` Brightly colored adaptation of the beloved rhyming book for young children is a betrayal of everything Dr. Seuss ever stood for , injecting potty humor and adult ( wink - wink ) jokes into a mixture of heavy - handed slapstick and silliness . '' Maltin also claimed that the film 's official title which included Dr Seuss ' The Cat in the Hat was `` an official insult . '' However , Jeffrey Lyons from NBC - TV , enjoyed the film and considered it `` enormously funny '' . Baldwin addressed complaints the film received because of its dissimilarity to the source material . He expressed a belief that a film is `` an idea about something '' and that because Dr. Seuss ' work is so unique , making a feature - length film out of one of his stories would entail taking liberties and making broad interpretations . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Award Subject Nominee Result BMI Film Awards Best Music David Newman Won DFWFCA Awards Worst Film Won Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Movie Actor Mike Myers Nominated Golden Raspberry Awards Worst Actor of the Decade Nominated Worst Actor Nominated Worst Supporting Actor Alec Baldwin Nominated Worst Supporting Actress Kelly Preston Nominated Worst Picture Nominated Worst Director Bo Welch Nominated Worst Screenplay Alec Berg , David Mandel and Jeff Schaffer , based on the book by Dr. Seuss Nominated Worst Screen Couple Mike Myers and either Thing One or Thing Two Nominated Worst Excuse for an Actual Movie ( All Concept / No Content ) Won Worst `` Comedy '' of Our First 25 Years Nominated Stinkers Bad Movie Awards Worst Picture Won Worst Director Bo Welch Nominated Worst Screenplay for a Film Grossing More Than $100 Million Worldwide Alec Berg , David Mandel and Jeff Schaffer , based on the book by Dr. Seuss Won Worst Actor Mike Myers Nominated Worst Fake Accent - Male Nominated Worst Supporting Actor Alec Baldwin Nominated Most Painfully Unfunny Comedy Nominated Worst Song `` Fun , Fun , Fun '' ; music by Marc Shaiman , lyrics by Shaiman and Scott Wittman Nominated Most Annoying Non-Human Character Cat in the Hat Won Thing One and Thing Two ( voices by Dan Castellaneta ) Nominated The Spencer Breslin Award ( Worst Performance by a Child Actor ) Spencer Breslin Won Dakota Fanning Nominated The film also received three nominations at the Hollywood Makeup & Hairstylists Guild Awards . Cancelled sequel ( edit ) On the day of the film 's release , Mike Myers stated in an interview that he expected a sequel , since there was a sequel to the book . A sequel based on The Cat in the Hat Comes Back was in development , a little more than a month before the film 's release . In February 2004 , Dr. Seuss ' widow , Audrey Geisel , said she would never allow any further live action adaptations of her husband 's works , and the sequel was eventually cancelled . Animated reboot ( edit ) On March 15 , 2012 , a computer animated ( CGI ) reboot of the film was announced by Universal Pictures and Illumination Entertainment , following the success of The Lorax . Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` The Cat in the Hat ( film ) '' dated February 20 , 2011 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Video game ( edit ) The Cat in the Hat Developer ( s ) Magenta Software ( PS2 , Xbox ) Digital Eclipse ( Microsoft Windows , Game Boy Advance ) Publisher ( s ) Vivendi Universal Games Platform ( s ) PlayStation 2 Microsoft Windows Xbox Game Boy Advance Release NA : November 5 , 2003 ( PS2 , Xbox , GBA ) NA : November 9 , 2003 ( PC ) EU : March 19 , 2004 JP : March 25 , 2004 ( Xbox ) Genre ( s ) Platform Action The Cat in the Hat is a 2003 platformer video game released by Vivendi Universal Games and developed by Magenta Software and Digital Eclipse . It is based on the film of the same name . The game was released for PlayStation 2 , Xbox , and Game Boy Advance on November 5 , 2003 , and PC on November 9 , 2003 , shortly before the film 's theatrical release . A version for the Nintendo GameCube was planned to be release , but was later cancelled . Plot ( edit ) The plot of the game is different from the film ; instead of Conrad unlocking the Cat 's Crate , Larry unlocks it and steals the Lock . Playing as the Cat , the player must go through thirteen levels through the transformed house and chase down Larry , who is collecting the magic released from the Crate for himself , and defeat him to get the Lock ( called the `` Crablock '' in - game ) back and re-lock the Crate before the children 's mother returns home . Differences from the Movie ( edit ) The plot of the game is different from the film ; instead of Conrad unlocking the Cat 's Crate , Larry unlocks it and steals the Lock . Playing as the Cat , the player must go through thirteen levels through the transformed house and chase down Larry , who is collecting the magic released from the Crate for himself , and defeat him to get the Lock ( called the `` Crablock '' in - game ) back and re-lock the Crate before the children 's mother returns home . Video game reviews ( edit ) Reception Aggregate scores Aggregator Score GameRankings ( Xbox ) 52.67 % ( PS2 ) 50 % ( GBA ) 46.50 % ( PC ) 19.50 % Metacritic ( Xbox ) 56 / 100 ( PS2 ) 56 / 100 ( GBA ) 40 / 100 ( PC ) 40 / 100 Review scores Publication Score Famitsu 27 / 40 GameSpot 3.8 / 10 GameZone ( PC ) 8 / 10 ( PS2 ) 7.2 / 10 ( GBA ) 5 / 10 IGN 6 / 10 ( GBA ) 4 / 10 Nintendo Power 2.3 / 5 OPM ( US ) OXM ( US ) 5.5 / 10 PC Gamer ( UK ) 9 % PC Zone 30 % X-Play The game received mixed reviews ( except for the PC version , which received negative reviews ) . See also ( edit ) United States portal Children 's literature portal Film portal List of films based on Dr. Seuss books References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` THE CAT IN THE HAT ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . November 27 , 2003 . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Cat in the Hat ( 2003 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . March 18 , 2004 . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Cat in the Hat ( 2003 ) - Box Office Mojo '' . www.boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Linder , Brian ( March 13 , 2001 ) . `` Grazer Talks Cat in the Hat '' . IGN . Retrieved March 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` THE CAT IN THE HAT - Production Notes '' . p. 1 . Retrieved March 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Welch , Bo. ( 2004 ) . Commentary for The Cat in the Hat ( DVD ) . Universal Pictures . Jump up ^ Horn , John ( November 19 , 2003 ) . `` A ' Cat ' with some bite '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Keck , William ( November 24 , 2000 ) . `` Scary ' Cat ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stax ( February 26 , 2001 ) . `` New Cats Hired for Live - Action Hat '' . IGN . Retrieved March 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Susman , Gary ( April 26 , 2001 ) . `` The strike : a film - goer 's guide '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Keck , William ( March 8 , 2002 ) . `` ' The Cat ' Came Back '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Meow Nix '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . November 16 , 2001 . Retrieved February 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Myers to play The Cat in the Hat '' . The Guardian . March 7 , 2002 . Retrieved March 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Keck , William ( March 15 , 2002 ) . `` Hello Kitty '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Murray , Rebecca . `` Dr. Seuss Fan Mike Myers Talks About `` The Cat in the Hat '' `` . About.com . Retrieved March 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Welch , Bo ( November 21 , 2003 ) , The Cat in the Hat , retrieved April 10 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` THE CAT IN THE HAT - Production Notes '' . p. 3 . Retrieved March 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Stolen ' Cat in the Hat ' Props Found '' . WENN . IMDb . October 16 , 2002 . Retrieved March 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` THE CAT IN THE HAT - Production Notes '' . p. 5 . Retrieved March 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Cat in the Hat ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) - David Newman Songs , Reviews , Credits AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Seuss ' The Cat In The Hat ( Widescreen Edition ) ( 2003 ) '' . Amazon . Retrieved March 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Telsch , Rafe . `` The Cat in the Hat DVD Review '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved March 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Seuss ' The Cat in the Hat ( Blu - ray ) ( 2003 ) '' . Amazon . Retrieved March 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for November 21 - 23 , 2003 '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . November 24 , 2003 . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dr. Seuss - The Cat in the Hat - Rotten Tomatoes Jump up ^ The Cat in the Hat - Metacritic Jump up ^ The Yahoo film website gives a compendium of reviewer and public reaction to the 2003 film , as well as its box - office history Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( November 21 , 2003 ) . `` Dr. Seuss ' The Cat in The Hat '' . The Chicago Sun - Times . Rogerebert.com . Retrieved March 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Seuss 's The Cat in the Hat review at Haro Online '' . Haro Online . Retrieved May 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Maltin , Leonard ( 2013 ) Leonard Maltin 's Movie Guide Plume Jump up ^ Baldwin , Alec . ( 2004 ) . Commentary for The Cat in the Hat ( DVD ) . Universal Pictures . Jump up ^ `` 2003 26th Hastings Bad Cinema Society Stinker Awards '' . Stinkers Bad Movie Awards . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2006 . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.cinemasight.com/Oscars/Precursors/HMHG.html Jump up ^ Kirschillng , Gregory ( October 3 , 2003 ) . `` The Deal Report '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seussentenial : 100 years of Dr. Seuss , MSNBC . February 26 , 2004 . Accessed September 2010. : `` Geisel says she will never again allow Hollywood to portray Seuss characters in live action . '' Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( March 15 , 2012 ) . `` Dr. Seuss ' ' The Cat In The Hat ' Get Another Life At Chris Meledandri 's Illumination '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Seuss ' ' The Cat in the Hat ' coming to the big screen again '' . Hit Fix . March 15 , 2012 . Retrieved March 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Elsenberg , Eric ( March 15 , 2012 ) . `` The Cat In The Hat To Get A Second Go At The Big Screen '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved March 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Arruda , Cameron ( March 16 , 2012 ) . `` Dr. Seuss ' ' The Cat in The Hat ' Will Be Remade As Animated Film '' . Durance Magazine . Retrieved March 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lee , Mike ( March 16 , 2012 ) . `` Universal Reboots THE CAT IN THE HAT Into 3D CGI Animated Feature '' . Cinema Blend . Fushed Film . Retrieved March 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Makarechi , Kia ( March 16 , 2012 ) . `` ' Cat In The Hat ' Movie : Universal Hopes To Follow ' The Lorax ' With Another Dr. Seuss Box Office Win '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved March 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dean Schmitz , Greg ( March 16 , 2012 ) . `` Weekly Ketchup : The Cat in the Hat Gets A CGI Remake '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dr Seuss : The Cat in the Hat '' . Amazon . Retrieved March 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dr. Seuss ' The Cat in the Hat for Xbox '' . GameRankings . Retrieved March 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dr. Seuss ' The Cat in the Hat for PlayStation 2 '' . GameRankings . Retrieved March 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dr. Seuss ' The Cat in the Hat for Game Boy Advance '' . GameRankings . Retrieved March 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dr. Seuss ' The Cat in the Hat for PC '' . GameRankings . Retrieved March 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dr. Seuss ' The Cat in the Hat for Xbox Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dr. Seuss ' The Cat in the Hat for PlayStation 2 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dr. Seuss ' The Cat in the Hat for Game Boy Advance Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dr. Seuss ' The Cat in the Hat for PC Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Seuss ' The Cat in the Hat '' . Famitsu. 798 . April 2 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Provo , Frank ( December 15 , 2003 ) . `` Dr. Seuss ' The Cat in the Hat Review ( GBA ) '' . GameSpot . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hollingshead , Anise ( December 10 , 2003 ) . `` Dr. Seuss ' The Cat in the Hat - PC - Review '' . GameZone . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2008 . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tha Wiz ( November 16 , 2003 ) . `` Dr. Seuss ' The Cat in the Hat - PS2 - Review '' . GameZone . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2008 . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hollingshead , Anise ( December 17 , 2003 ) . `` Dr. Seuss ' The Cat in the Hat - GBA - Review '' . GameZone . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2008 . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hwang , Kaiser ( February 6 , 2004 ) . `` The Cat in the Hat '' . IGN . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tierney , Adam ( December 1 , 2003 ) . `` Dr. Seuss ' The Cat in the Hat ( GBA ) '' . IGN . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Cat in the Hat '' . Nintendo Power . 176 : 160 . January 2004 . Jump up ^ `` The Cat in the Hat '' . Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine : 133 . January 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Review : The Cat in the Hat '' . Official Xbox Magazine : 73 . January 2004 . Jump up ^ `` The Cat in the Hat '' . PC Gamer UK . June 2004 . Jump up ^ PC Zone Staff ( May 10 , 2004 ) . `` Review : The Cat in the Hat '' . PC Zone . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Miller , Skyler ( March 10 , 2004 ) . `` ' The Cat in the Hat ' ( PS2 ) Review '' . X-Play . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2004 . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Cat in the Hat ( film ) Official website The Cat in the Hat on IMDb The Cat in the Hat at Box Office Mojo The Cat in the Hat at Rotten Tomatoes The Cat in the Hat at Metacritic Dr. Seuss ' The Cat in the Hat at MobyGames Dr. Seuss Characters The Cat in the Hat The Grinch Horton the Elephant Bartholomew Cubbins Bibliography And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street The 500 Hats of Bartholomew Cubbins The King 's Stilts The Seven Lady Godivas Horton Hatches the Egg McElligot 's Pool Thidwick the Big - Hearted Moose Bartholomew and the Oobleck If I Ran the Zoo Scrambled Eggs Super ! Horton Hears a Who ! On Beyond Zebra ! If I Ran the Circus How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! The Cat in the Hat The Cat in the Hat Comes Back Yertle the Turtle and Other Stories Happy Birthday to You ! Green Eggs and Ham One Fish , Two Fish , Red Fish , Blue Fish The Sneetches and Other Stories Dr. Seuss 's Sleep Book Dr. Seuss 's ABC Fox in Socks Hop on Pop I Had Trouble in Getting to Solla Sollew Come over to My House The Foot Book I Can Lick 30 Tigers Today ! and Other Stories Mr. Brown Can Moo ! Can You ? : Dr. Seuss 's Book of Wonderful Noises ! The Lorax Marvin K. Mooney Will You Please Go Now ! Did I Ever Tell You How Lucky You Are ? Wacky Wednesday Great Day for Up ! Oh , the Thinks You Can Think ! The Cat 's Quizzer I Can Read with My Eyes Shut ! Oh Say Can You Say ? The Butter Battle Book You 're Only Old Once ! I Am Not Going to Get Up Today ! Oh , the Places You 'll Go ! There 's a Wocket in My Pocket I Wish That I Had Duck Feet Daisy - Head Mayzie My Many Colored Days Hooray for Diffendoofer Day ! The Bippolo Seed and Other Lost Stories Horton and the Kwuggerbug and More Lost Stories What Pet Should I Get ? Adaptations Television The Gerald McBoing - Boing Show ( 1956 -- 57 ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( 1966 ) Horton Hears a Who ! ( 1970 ) The Cat in the Hat ( 1971 ) The Lorax ( 1972 ) Dr. Seuss on the Loose ( 1973 ) The Hoober - Bloob Highway ( 1975 ) Halloween Is Grinch Night ( 1977 ) Pontoffel Pock , Where Are You ? ( 1980 ) The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat ( 1982 ) The Butter Battle Book ( 1989 ) In Search of Dr. Seuss ( 1994 ) Daisy - Head Mayzie ( 1995 ) The Wubbulous World of Dr. Seuss ( 1996 -- 98 ) Gerald McBoing - Boing ( 2005 -- 07 ) The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That ! ( 2010 -- present ) Green Eggs and Ham ( 2018 ) Film Horton Hatches the Egg ( short ; 1942 ) Gerald McBoing - Boing ( short ; 1950 ) How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 ) The Cat in the Hat ( 2003 ) Horton Hears a Who ! ( 2008 ) The Lorax ( 2012 ) How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2018 ) Other media Welcome ( Russian short film ) Seussical ( musical ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! The Musical The Grinch ( video game ) Dr. Seuss : How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( video game ) `` You 're a Mean One , Mr. Grinch '' ( song ) The Lorax ( play ) Other works Private Snafu The Pocket Book of Boners Your Job in Germany Our Job in Japan Design for Death The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T Hejji Society of Red Tape Cutters Flit Related A Fish out of Water Amazing World of Dr. Seuss Museum Beginner Books Dr. Seuss Goes to War The Secret Art of Dr. Seuss Dr. Seuss National Memorial Geisel Award Geisel Library Geisel School of Medicine Helen Palmer Geisel PM Political messages of Dr. Seuss Read Across America Seuss Landing as `` Theo . LeSieg '' . Posthumous . Dr. Seuss ' The Cat in the Hat ( 1957 ) Live - action film The Cat in the Hat ( 2003 ) Television The Cat in the Hat ( 1971 ) Dr. Seuss on the Loose ( 1973 ) The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat ( 1982 ) The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That ! ( 2010 -- present ) episodes Books The Cat in the Hat The Cat in the Hat Comes Back The Cat 's Quizzer I Can Read with My Eyes Shut ! Daisy - Head Mayzie Stage Seussical Related Dr. Seuss Memorial I Can Lick 30 Tigers Today ! and Other Stories In Search of Dr. Seuss ( 1994 ) Brian Grazer Films produced Night Shift Splash Real Genius Spies Like Us Armed and Dangerous Like Father Like Son Parenthood Kindergarten Cop Closet Land My Girl Far and Away Housesitter Boomerang For Love or Money My Girl 2 Greedy The Paper The Cowboy Way Apollo 13 Sgt . Bilko Fear The Nutty Professor The Chamber Ransom Liar Liar Inventing the Abbotts Mercury Rising Psycho Edtv Life Bowfinger Beyond the Mat Nutty Professor II : The Klumps How the Grinch Stole Christmas A Beautiful Mind Undercover Brother Blue Crush 8 Mile Intolerable Cruelty The Cat in the Hat The Missing Friday Night Lights Inside Deep Throat Cinderella Man Flightplan Fun with Dick and Jane Inside Man The Da Vinci Code American Gangster Changeling Frost / Nixon Angels & Demons Robin Hood The Dilemma Restless Cowboys & Aliens J. Edgar Tower Heist Katy Perry : Part of Me Rush In the Heart of the Sea Inferno Lowriders American Made TV series created Shadow Chasers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Cat_in_the_Hat_(film)&oldid=804811691 '' Categories : 2003 films English - language films American films 2000s comedy films 2000s fantasy films American children 's comedy films American children 's adventure films American fantasy - comedy films Children 's fantasy films Directorial debut films DreamWorks Pictures films Film scores by David Newman Films about cats Films about fish Films based on children 's books Films based on works by Dr. Seuss Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films produced by Brian Grazer Films shot in California Films shot in Florida Films shot in Los Angeles Imagine Entertainment films Slapstick films Universal Pictures films Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Use mdy dates from June 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Spoken articles Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 09 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the actor cat in the hat	[ "Dr. Seuss' The Cat in the Hat is a 2003 American family comedy film directed by Bo Welch. It is based on the 1957 Dr. Seuss book of the same name. The film stars Mike Myers in the title role of the Cat in the Hat, and Dakota Fanning as Sally. Sally's brother (who is unnamed in the book and the 1971 TV special), Conrad, is portrayed by Spencer Breslin. The film is the second feature-length Dr. Seuss adaptation after the 2000 holiday film How the Grinch Stole Christmas." ]	[ "Mike Myers" ]
8470015482621490320	Blood type	Blood type - wikipedia Blood type Jump to : navigation , search For the album by Soviet band Kino , see Blood Type ( album ) . Blood type ( or blood group ) is determined , in part , by the ABO blood group antigens present on red blood cells . A blood type ( also called a blood group ) is a classification of blood based on the presence and absence of antibodies and also based on the presence or absence of inherited antigenic substances on the surface of red blood cells ( RBCs ) . These antigens may be proteins , carbohydrates , glycoproteins , or glycolipids , depending on the blood group system . Some of these antigens are also present on the surface of other types of cells of various tissues . Several of these red blood cell surface antigens can stem from one allele ( or an alternative version of a gene ) and collectively form a blood group system . Blood types are inherited and represent contributions from both parents . A total of 35 human blood group systems are now recognized by the International Society of Blood Transfusion ( ISBT ) . The two most important ones are ABO and the RhD antigen ; they determine someone 's blood type ( A , B , AB and O , with + , − or Null denoting RhD status ) . Many pregnant women carry a fetus with a blood type which is different from their own , which is not a problem . What can matter is whether the baby is RhD positive or negative . Mothers who are RhD - and carry a RhD+ baby can form antibodies against fetal RBCs . Sometimes these maternal antibodies are IgG , a small immunoglobulin , which can cross the placenta and cause hemolysis of fetal RBCs , which in turn can lead to hemolytic disease of the newborn called erythroblastosis fetalis , an illness of low fetal blood counts that ranges from mild to severe . Sometimes this is lethal for the fetus ; in these cases it is called hydrops fetalis . Contents ( hide ) 1 Blood group systems 1.1 ABO blood group system 1.2 Rh blood group system 1.3 ABO and Rh distribution by country 1.4 Other blood group systems 2 Clinical significance 2.1 Blood transfusion 2.2 Hemolytic disease of the newborn ( HDN ) 2.3 Blood products 2.4 Red blood cell compatibility 2.5 Plasma compatibility 2.6 Universal donors and universal recipients 3 Blood group genotyping 4 History 5 Society and culture 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Blood group systems ( edit ) A complete blood type would describe a full set of 30 substances on the surface of RBCs , and an individual 's blood type is one of many possible combinations of blood - group antigens . Across the 35 blood groups , over 600 different blood - group antigens have been found. Almost always , an individual has the same blood group for life , but very rarely an individual 's blood type changes through addition or suppression of an antigen in infection , malignancy , or autoimmune disease . Another more common cause in blood type change is a bone marrow transplant . Bone - marrow transplants are performed for many leukemias and lymphomas , among other diseases . If a person receives bone marrow from someone who is a different ABO type ( e.g. , a type A patient receives a type O bone marrow ) , the patient 's blood type will eventually convert to the donor 's type . Some blood types are associated with inheritance of other diseases ; for example , the Kell antigen is sometimes associated with McLeod syndrome . Certain blood types may affect susceptibility to infections , an example being the resistance to specific malaria species seen in individuals lacking the Duffy antigen . The Duffy antigen , presumably as a result of natural selection , is less common in ethnic groups from areas with a high incidence of malaria . ABO blood group system ( edit ) ABO blood group system : diagram showing the carbohydrate chains that determine the ABO blood group Main article : ABO blood group system In human blood there are two antigens and antibodies . The two antigens are antigen A and antigen B . The two antibodies are antibody A and antibody B . The antigens are present in the red blood cells and the antibodies in the serum . Regarding the antigen property of the blood all human beings can be classified into 4 groups , those with antigen A ( group A ) , those with antigen B ( group B ) , those with both antigen A and B ( group AB ) and those with neither antigen ( group O ) . The antibodies present together with the antigens are found as follows : 1 . Antigen A with antibody B 2 . Antigen B with antibody A 3 . Antigen AB has no antibodies 4 . Antigen nil ( group O ) with antibody A and B . There is an agglutination reaction between similar antigen and antibody ( for example , antigen A agglutinates the antibody A and antigen B agglutinates the antibody B) Thus , transfusion can be considered safe as long as the serum of the recipient does not contain antibodies for the blood cell antigens of the donor . The ABO system is the most important blood - group system in human - blood transfusion . The associated anti-A and anti-B antibodies are usually immunoglobulin M , abbreviated IgM , antibodies . ABO IgM antibodies are produced in the first years of life by sensitization to environmental substances such as food , bacteria , and viruses . The original terminology used by Karl Landsteiner in 1901 for the classification was A / B / C ; in later publications `` C '' became `` O '' . `` O '' is often called 0 ( zero , or null ) in other languages . Phenotype Genotype AA or AO BB or BO AB AB O OO Rh blood group system ( edit ) Main article : Rh blood group system The Rh system ( Rh meaning Rhesus ) is the second most significant blood - group system in human - blood transfusion with currently 50 antigens . The most significant Rh antigen is the D antigen , because it is the most likely to provoke an immune system response of the five main Rh antigens . It is common for D - negative individuals not to have any anti-D IgG or IgM antibodies , because anti-D antibodies are not usually produced by sensitization against environmental substances . However , D - negative individuals can produce IgG anti-D antibodies following a sensitizing event : possibly a fetomaternal transfusion of blood from a fetus in pregnancy or occasionally a blood transfusion with D positive RBCs . Rh disease can develop in these cases . Rh negative blood types are much less common in Asian populations ( 0.3 % ) than they are in White populations ( 15 % ) . The presence or absence of the Rh ( D ) antigen is signified by the + or − sign , so that , for example , the A − group is ABO type A and does not have the Rh ( D ) antigen . ABO and Rh Distribution by country ( edit ) Main article : Blood type distribution by country As with many other genetic traits , the distribution of ABO and Rh blood groups varies significantly between populations . Other blood group systems ( edit ) Main article : Human blood group systems Thirty - three blood - group systems have been identified by the International Society for Blood Transfusion in addition to the common ABO and Rh systems . Thus , in addition to the ABO antigens and Rh antigens , many other antigens are expressed on the RBC surface membrane . For example , an individual can be AB , D positive , and at the same time M and N positive ( MNS system ) , K positive ( Kell system ) , Le or Le negative ( Lewis system ) , and so on , being positive or negative for each blood group system antigen . Many of the blood group systems were named after the patients in whom the corresponding antibodies were initially encountered . Clinical significance ( edit ) Blood transfusion ( edit ) Main article : Blood transfusion Transfusion medicine is a specialized branch of hematology that is concerned with the study of blood groups , along with the work of a blood bank to provide a transfusion service for blood and other blood products . Across the world , blood products must be prescribed by a medical doctor ( licensed physician or surgeon ) in a similar way as medicines . Main symptoms of acute hemolytic reaction due to blood type mismatch . Much of the routine work of a blood bank involves testing blood from both donors and recipients to ensure that every individual recipient is given blood that is compatible and is as safe as possible . If a unit of incompatible blood is transfused between a donor and recipient , a severe acute hemolytic reaction with hemolysis ( RBC destruction ) , renal failure and shock is likely to occur , and death is a possibility . Antibodies can be highly active and can attack RBCs and bind components of the complement system to cause massive hemolysis of the transfused blood . Patients should ideally receive their own blood or type - specific blood products to minimize the chance of a transfusion reaction . Risks can be further reduced by cross-matching blood , but this may be skipped when blood is required for an emergency . Cross-matching involves mixing a sample of the recipient 's serum with a sample of the donor 's red blood cells and checking if the mixture agglutinates , or forms clumps . If agglutination is not obvious by direct vision , blood bank technicians usually check for agglutination with a microscope . If agglutination occurs , that particular donor 's blood can not be transfused to that particular recipient . In a blood bank it is vital that all blood specimens are correctly identified , so labelling has been standardized using a barcode system known as ISBT 128 . The blood group may be included on identification tags or on tattoos worn by military personnel , in case they should need an emergency blood transfusion . Frontline German Waffen - SS had blood group tattoos during World War II . Rare blood types can cause supply problems for blood banks and hospitals . For example , Duffy - negative blood occurs much more frequently in people of African origin , and the rarity of this blood type in the rest of the population can result in a shortage of Duffy - negative blood for these patients . Similarly for RhD negative people , there is a risk associated with travelling to parts of the world where supplies of RhD negative blood are rare , particularly East Asia , where blood services may endeavor to encourage Westerners to donate blood . Hemolytic disease of the newborn ( HDN ) ( edit ) Main article : Hemolytic disease of the newborn A pregnant woman can make IgG blood group antibodies if her fetus has a blood group antigen that she does not have . This can happen if some of the fetus ' blood cells pass into the mother 's blood circulation ( e.g. a small fetomaternal hemorrhage at the time of childbirth or obstetric intervention ) , or sometimes after a therapeutic blood transfusion . This can cause Rh disease or other forms of hemolytic disease of the newborn ( HDN ) in the current pregnancy and / or subsequent pregnancies . If a pregnant woman is known to have anti-D antibodies , the Rh blood type of a fetus can be tested by analysis of fetal DNA in maternal plasma to assess the risk to the fetus of Rh disease . One of the major advances of twentieth century medicine was to prevent this disease by stopping the formation of Anti-D antibodies by D negative mothers with an injectable medication called Rho ( D ) immune globulin . Antibodies associated with some blood groups can cause severe HDN , others can only cause mild HDN and others are not known to cause HDN . Blood products ( edit ) To provide maximum benefit from each blood donation and to extend shelf - life , blood banks fractionate some whole blood into several products . The most common of these products are packed RBCs , plasma , platelets , cryoprecipitate , and fresh frozen plasma ( FFP ) . FFP is quick - frozen to retain the labile clotting factors V and VIII , which are usually administered to patients who have a potentially fatal clotting problem caused by a condition such as advanced liver disease , overdose of anticoagulant , or disseminated intravascular coagulation ( DIC ) . Units of packed red cells are made by removing as much of the plasma as possible from whole blood units . Clotting factors synthesized by modern recombinant methods are now in routine clinical use for hemophilia , as the risks of infection transmission that occur with pooled blood products are avoided . Red blood cell compatibility ( edit ) Blood group AB individuals have both A and B antigens on the surface of their RBCs , and their blood plasma does not contain any antibodies against either A or B antigen . Therefore , an individual with type AB blood can receive blood from any group ( with AB being preferable ) , but can not donate blood to any group other than AB . They are known as universal recipients . Blood group A individuals have the A antigen on the surface of their RBCs , and blood serum containing IgM antibodies against the B antigen . Therefore , a group A individual can receive blood only from individuals of groups A or O ( with A being preferable ) , and can donate blood to individuals with type A or AB . Blood group B individuals have the B antigen on the surface of their RBCs , and blood serum containing IgM antibodies against the A antigen . Therefore , a group B individual can receive blood only from individuals of groups B or O ( with B being preferable ) , and can donate blood to individuals with type B or AB . Blood group O ( or blood group zero in some countries ) individuals do not have either A or B antigens on the surface of their RBCs , and their blood serum contains IgM anti-A and anti-B antibodies . Therefore , a group O individual can receive blood only from a group O individual , but can donate blood to individuals of any ABO blood group ( i.e. , A , B , O or AB ) . If a patient in a hospital situation needs a blood transfusion in an emergency , and if the time taken to process the recipient 's blood would cause a detrimental delay , O negative blood can be issued . Because it is compatible with anyone , O negative blood is often overused and consequently is always in short supply . According to the American Association of Blood Banks and the British Chief Medical Officer 's National Blood Transfusion Committee , the use of group O RhD negative red cells should be restricted to persons with O negative blood , women who might be pregnant , and emergency cases in which blood - group testing is genuinely impracticable . Red blood cell compatibility chart In addition to donating to the same blood group ; type O blood donors can give to A , B and AB ; blood donors of types A and B can give to AB . Red blood cell compatibility table Recipient Donor O − O+ A − A+ B − B+ AB − AB+ O − Y O+ Y Y A − Y Y A+ Y Y Y Y B − Y Y B+ Y Y Y Y AB − Y Y Y Y AB+ Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Table note 1 . Assumes absence of atypical antibodies that would cause an incompatibility between donor and recipient blood , as is usual for blood selected by cross matching . An Rh D - negative patient who does not have any anti-D antibodies ( never being previously sensitized to D - positive RBCs ) can receive a transfusion of D - positive blood once , but this would cause sensitization to the D antigen , and a female patient would become at risk for hemolytic disease of the newborn . If a D - negative patient has developed anti-D antibodies , a subsequent exposure to D - positive blood would lead to a potentially dangerous transfusion reaction . Rh D - positive blood should never be given to D - negative women of child bearing age or to patients with D antibodies , so blood banks must conserve Rh - negative blood for these patients . In extreme circumstances , such as for a major bleed when stocks of D - negative blood units are very low at the blood bank , D - positive blood might be given to D - negative females above child - bearing age or to Rh - negative males , providing that they did not have anti-D antibodies , to conserve D - negative blood stock in the blood bank . The converse is not true ; Rh D - positive patients do not react to D negative blood . This same matching is done for other antigens of the Rh system as C , c , E and e and for other blood group systems with a known risk for immunization such as the Kell system in particular for females of child - bearing age or patients with known need for many transfusions . Plasma compatibility ( edit ) Plasma compatibility chart In addition to donating to the same blood group ; plasma from type AB can be given to A , B and O ; plasma from types A , B and AB can be given to O . Blood plasma compatibility is the inverse of red blood cell compatibility . Type AB plasma carries neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies and can be transfused to individuals of any blood group ; but type AB patients can only receive type AB plasma . Type O carries both antibodies , so individuals of blood group O can receive plasma from any blood group , but type O plasma can be used only by type O recipients . Plasma compatibility table Recipient Donor O AB O Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y AB Y Table note 1 . Assumes absence of strong atypical antibodies in donor plasma Rh D antibodies are uncommon , so generally neither D negative nor D positive blood contain anti-D antibodies . If a potential donor is found to have anti-D antibodies or any strong atypical blood group antibody by antibody screening in the blood bank , they would not be accepted as a donor ( or in some blood banks the blood would be drawn but the product would need to be appropriately labeled ) ; therefore , donor blood plasma issued by a blood bank can be selected to be free of D antibodies and free of other atypical antibodies , and such donor plasma issued from a blood bank would be suitable for a recipient who may be D positive or D negative , as long as blood plasma and the recipient are ABO compatible . Universal donors and universal recipients ( edit ) A hospital corpsman with the Blood Donor Team from Naval Medical Center Portsmouth takes samples of blood from a donor for testing In transfusions of packed red blood cells , individuals with type O Rh D negative blood are often called universal donors . Those with type AB Rh D positive blood are called universal recipients . However , these terms are only generally true with respect to possible reactions of the recipient 's anti-A and anti-B antibodies to transfused red blood cells , and also possible sensitization to Rh D antigens . One exception is individuals with hh antigen system ( also known as the Bombay phenotype ) who can only receive blood safely from other hh donors , because they form antibodies against the H antigen present on all red blood cells . Blood donors with exceptionally strong anti-A , anti-B or any atypical blood group antibody may be excluded from blood donation . In general , while the plasma fraction of a blood transfusion may carry donor antibodies not found in the recipient , a significant reaction is unlikely because of dilution . Additionally , red blood cell surface antigens other than A , B and Rh D , might cause adverse reactions and sensitization , if they can bind to the corresponding antibodies to generate an immune response . Transfusions are further complicated because platelets and white blood cells ( WBCs ) have their own systems of surface antigens , and sensitization to platelet or WBC antigens can occur as a result of transfusion . For transfusions of plasma , this situation is reversed . Type O plasma , containing both anti-A and anti-B antibodies , can only be given to O recipients . The antibodies will attack the antigens on any other blood type . Conversely , AB plasma can be given to patients of any ABO blood group , because it does not contain any anti-A or anti-B antibodies . Blood group genotyping ( edit ) In addition to the current practice of serologic testing of blood types , the progress in molecular diagnostics allows the increasing use of blood group genotyping . In contrast to serologic tests reporting a direct blood type phenotype , genotyping allows the prediction of a phenotype based on the knowledge of the molecular basis of the currently known antigens . This allows a more detailed determination of the blood type and therefore a better match for transfusion , which can be crucial in particular for patients with needs for many transfusions to prevent allo - immunization . History ( edit ) Karl Landsteiner Two blood group systems were discovered by Karl Landsteiner during early experiments with blood transfusion : the ABO group in 1901 and in co-operation with Alexander S. Wiener the Rhesus group in 1937 . Development of the Coombs test in 1945 , the advent of transfusion medicine , and the understanding of ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn led to discovery of more blood groups , and now 33 human blood group systems are recognized by the International Society of Blood Transfusion ( ISBT ) , and in the 33 blood groups , over 600 blood group antigens have been found ; many of these are rare or are mainly found in certain ethnic groups . Czech serologist Jan Janský is credited with the first classification of blood into the four types ( A , B , AB , O ) in 1907 , which remains in use today . Blood types have been used in forensic science and were formerly used to demonstrate impossibility of paternity ( e.g. , a type AB man can not be the father of a type O infant ) , but both of these uses are being replaced by genetic fingerprinting , which provides greater certainty . According to the Austrian Federal Ministry of Health the original terminology used by Karl Landsteiner in 1901 for the classification is A , B and 0 ( zero ) ; the `` O '' ( oh ) you find in the ABO group system is actually a subsequent variation occurred during the translation process , probably due to the similar shape between the number 0 and the letter O . Society and culture ( edit ) Main article : Blood type personality theory A popular belief in Japan is that a person 's ABO blood type is predictive of their personality , character , and compatibility with others . This belief is also widespread in South Korea and Taiwan . The theory reached Japan in a 1927 psychologist 's report , and the government of the time commissioned a study aimed at breeding better soldiers . Interest in the theory faded in the 1930s . Ultimately , the discovery of DNA in the following decades indicated that DNA instead had an important role in both heredity generally and personality specifically . Interest in the theory was revived in the 1970s by Masahiko Nomi , a broadcaster with a background in law rather than science . The theory is widely accepted in Japanese and South Korean popular culture . See also ( edit ) hh blood group Blood type ( non-human ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Maton , Anthea ; Jean Hopkins ; Charles William McLaughlin ; Susan Johnson ; Maryanna Quon Warner ; David LaHart ; Jill D. Wright ( 1993 ) . Human Biology and Health . Englewood Cliffs NJ : Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 981176 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Table of blood group systems v4. 0 '' ( PDF ) . International Society of Blood Transfusion . November 2014 . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : E.A. Letsky ; I. Leck ; J.M. Bowman ( 2000 ) . `` Chapter 12 : Rhesus and other haemolytic diseases '' . Antenatal & neonatal screening ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 262826 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : `` Table of blood group systems '' . International Society of Blood Transfusion . October 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Red Cross Blood Services , New England Region , Maine , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , Vermont '' . American Red Cross Blood Services -- New England Region. 2001 . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 15 . there are more than 600 known antigens besides A and B that characterize the proteins found on a person 's red cells Jump up ^ Dean 2005 , The ABO blood group `` ... A number of illnesses may alter a person 's ABO phenotype ... '' Jump up ^ Stayboldt C , Rearden A , Lane TA ( 1987 ) . `` B antigen acquired by normal A1 red cells exposed to a patient 's serum '' . Transfusion. 27 ( 1 ) : 41 -- 4 . PMID 3810822 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1537 - 2995.1987. 27187121471. x . Jump up ^ Matsushita S , Imamura T , Mizuta T , Hanada M ( November 1983 ) . `` Acquired B antigen and polyagglutination in a patient with gastric cancer '' . The Japanese Journal of Surgery . 13 ( 6 ) : 540 -- 2 . PMID 6672386 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02469500 . Jump up ^ Kremer Hovinga I , Koopmans M , de Heer E , Bruijn J , Bajema I ( 2007 ) . `` Change in blood group in systemic lupus erythematosus '' . Lancet . 369 ( 9557 ) : 186 -- 7 ; author reply 187 . PMID 17240276 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 07 ) 60099 - 3 . Jump up ^ Chown B. ; Lewis M. ; Kaita K. ( October 1957 ) . `` A new Kell blood - group phenotype '' . Nature . 180 ( 4588 ) : 711 . PMID 13477267 . doi : 10.1038 / 180711a0 . Jump up ^ Miller LH , Mason SJ , Clyde DF , McGinniss MH ( August 1976 ) . `` The resistance factor to Plasmodium vivax in blacks . The Duffy - blood - group genotype , FyFy '' . The New England Journal of Medicine . 295 ( 6 ) : 302 -- 4 . PMID 778616 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJM197608052950602 . Jump up ^ Kwiatkowski DP ( August 2005 ) . `` How Malaria Has Affected the Human Genome and What Human Genetics Can Teach Us about Malaria '' . American Journal of Human Genetics . 77 ( 2 ) : 171 -- 92 . PMC 1224522 . PMID 16001361 . doi : 10.1086 / 432519 . The different geographic distributions of α thalassemia , G6PD deficiency , ovalocytosis , and the Duffy - negative blood group are further examples of the general principle that different populations have evolved different genetic variants to protect against malaria ^ Jump up to : Schmidt , P ; Okroi , M ( 2001 ) , `` Also sprach Landsteiner -- Blood Group ' O ' or Blood Group ' NULL ' '' , Infus Ther Transfus Med , 28 ( 4 ) : 206 -- 8 , doi : 10.1159 / 000050239 Jump up ^ `` Your blood -- a textbook about blood and blood donation '' ( PDF ) . p. 63 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 26 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ Talaro , Kathleen P. ( 2005 ) . Foundations in microbiology ( 5th ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . pp. 510 -- 1 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 111203 - 0 . Jump up ^ Moise KJ ( July 2008 ) . `` Management of rhesus alloimmunization in pregnancy '' . Obstetrics and Gynecology. 112 ( 1 ) : 164 -- 76 . PMID 18591322 . doi : 10.1097 / AOG. 0b013e31817d453c . Jump up ^ `` Rh 血型的由來 '' . Hospital.kingnet.com.tw . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Joshua E. Brown ( 22 February 2012 ) . `` Blood Mystery Solved '' . University Of Vermont . Retrieved 11 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Possible Risks of Blood Product Transfusions from American Cancer Society . Last Medical Review : 03 / 08 / 2008 . Last Revised : 01 / 13 / 2009 Jump up ^ 7 adverse reactions to transfusion Pathology Department at University of Michigan . Version July 2004 , Revised 11 / 5 / 08 Jump up ^ Nickel RG ; Willadsen SA ; Freidhoff LR ; et al. ( August 1999 ) . `` Determination of Duffy genotypes in three populations of African descent using PCR and sequence - specific oligonucleotides '' . Human Immunology. 60 ( 8 ) : 738 -- 42 . PMID 10439320 . doi : 10.1016 / S0198 - 8859 ( 99 ) 00039 - 7 . Jump up ^ Bruce , MG ( May 2002 ) . `` BCF -- Members -- Chairman 's Annual Report '' . The Blood Care Foundation . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 15 . As Rhesus Negative blood is rare amongst local nationals , this Agreement will be of particular value to Rhesus Negative expatriates and travellers Jump up ^ Daniels G , Finning K , Martin P , Summers J ( September 2006 ) . `` Fetal blood group genotyping : present and future '' . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences . 1075 : 88 -- 95 . PMID 17108196 . doi : 10.1196 / annals. 1368.011 . Jump up ^ `` Use of Anti-D Immunoglobulin for Rh Prophylaxis '' . Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists . May 2002 . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Pregnancy -- routine anti-D prophylaxis for D - negative women '' . NICE . May 2002 . ^ Jump up to : American Association of Blood Banks ( 24 April 2014 ) , `` Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question '' , Choosing Wisely : an initiative of the ABIM Foundation , American Association of Blood Banks , retrieved 25 July 2014 , which cites The Chief Medical Officer 's National Blood Transfusion Committee ( c. 2008 ) . `` The appropriate use of group O RhD negative red cells '' ( PDF ) . National Health Service . Retrieved 25 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RBC compatibility table '' . American National Red Cross . December 2006 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 13 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Blood types and compatibility bloodbook.com Jump up ^ `` Blood Component ABO Compatibility Chart Red Blood Cells and Plasma '' . Blood Bank Labsite . University of Michigan . Retrieved 16 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Fauci , Anthony S. ; Eugene Braunwald ; Kurt J. Isselbacher ; Jean D. Wilson ; Joseph B. Martin ; Dennis L. Kasper ; Stephen L. Hauser ; Dan L. Longo ( 1998 ) . Harrison 's Principals of Internal Medicine . McGraw - Hill . p. 719 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 020291 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Universal acceptor and donor groups '' . Webmd.com. 2008 - 06 - 12 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Anstee DJ ( 2009 ) . `` Red cell genotyping and the future of pretransfusion testing '' . Blood . 114 ( 2 ) : 248 -- 56 . PMID 19411635 . doi : 10.1182 / blood - 2008 - 11 - 146860 . Jump up ^ Avent ND ( 2009 ) . `` Large - scale blood group genotyping : clinical implications '' . Br J Haematol. 144 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 13 . PMID 19016734 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2141.2008. 07285. x . Jump up ^ Landsteiner K ( 1900 ) . `` Zur Kenntnis der antifermentativen , lytischen und agglutinierenden Wirkungen des Blutserums und der Lymphe '' . Zentralblatt Bakteriologie. 27 : 357 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Farr AD ( April 1979 ) . `` Blood group serology -- the first four decades ( 1900 -- 1939 ) '' . Medical History . 23 ( 2 ) : 215 -- 26 . PMC 1082436 . PMID 381816 . doi : 10.1017 / s0025727300051383 . Jump up ^ Landsteiner K , Wiener AS ( 1940 ) . `` An agglutinable factor in human blood recognized by immune sera for rhesus blood '' . Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 43 : 223 -- 4 . doi : 10.3181 / 00379727 - 43 - 11151 . Jump up ^ Coombs RR , Mourant AE , Race RR ( 1945 ) . `` A new test for the detection of weak and incomplete Rh agglutinins '' . Br J Exp Pathol. 26 : 255 -- 66 . PMC 2065689 . PMID 21006651 . Jump up ^ Johnson P , Williams R , Martin P ( 2003 ) . `` Genetics and Forensics : Making the National DNA Database '' . Science Studies . 16 ( 2 ) : 22 -- 37 . PMC 1351151 . PMID 16467921 . ^ Jump up to : `` Despite scientific debunking , in Japan you are what your blood type is '' . MediResource Inc . Associated Press . 2009 - 02 - 01 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ Nuwer , Rachel . `` You are what you bleed : In Japan and other east Asian countries some believe blood type dictates personality '' . Scientific American . Retrieved 16 Feb 2011 . Further reading ( edit ) Dean , Laura ( 2005 ) . Blood Groups and Red Cell Antigens , a guide to the differences in our blood types that complicate blood transfusions and pregnancy . Bethesda MD : National Center for Biotechnology Information . ISBN 1 - 932811 - 05 - 2 . NBK2261 . Mollison PL , Engelfriet CP , Contreras M ( 1997 ) . Blood Transfusion in Clinical Medicine ( 10th ed . ) . Oxford UK : Blackwell Science . ISBN 0 - 86542 - 881 - 6 . External links ( edit ) BGMUT Blood Group Antigen Gene Mutation Database at NCBI , NIH has details of genes and proteins , and variations thereof , that are responsible for blood types Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man ( OMIM ) ABO Glycosyltransferase ; ABO - 110300 Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man ( OMIM ) Rhesus Blood Group , D Antigen ; RHD - 111680 `` Blood group test '' . Gentest.ch GmbH . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 23 . `` Blood Facts -- Rare Traits '' . LifeShare Blood Centers . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2006 . Retrieved September 15 , 2006 . `` Modern Human Variation : Distribution of Blood Types '' . Dr. Dennis O'Neil , Behavioral Sciences Department , Palomar College , San Marcos , California . 2001 - 06 - 06 . Archived from the original on 2001 - 06 - 06 . Retrieved November 23 , 2006 . `` Racial and Ethnic Distribution of ABO Blood Types -- BloodBook.com , Blood Information for Life '' . bloodbook.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2006 . `` Molecular Genetic Basis of ABO '' . Retrieved July 31 , 2008 . ( hide ) Transfusion medicine General concepts Apheresis ( plasmapheresis , plateletpheresis , leukapheresis ) Blood transfusion Coombs test ( direct and indirect ) Cross-matching Exchange transfusion International Society of Blood Transfusion Intraoperative blood salvage ISBT 128 Transfusion reactions Blood group systems / blood types ABO Chido - Rodgers Colton Cromer Diego Dombrock Duffy Er FORS Gerbich GIL GLOB Hh Ii Indian JR JMH Kell ( Xk ) Kidd Knops Lan Lewis Lutheran LW MNS OK Raph Rh and RHAG Scianna T - Tn Vel Xg Yt Other Blood products / blood donation Whole blood Platelets Red blood cells Plasma / Fresh frozen plasma / PF24 ( Cryoprecipitate + Cryosupernatant ) Blood substitutes GND : 4007277 - 0 NDL : 00565674 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blood_type&oldid=797965620 '' Categories : Blood Genetics Hematology Transfusion medicine Antigens Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2009 Articles needing more detailed references Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Български Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Sardu Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 August 2017 , at 06 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many types of blood transfusions are there and what are they	[]	[]
-5229787698054969619	The King's Speech	The King 's Speech - wikipedia The King 's Speech For the stage play based on the film , see The King 's Speech ( play ) . The King 's Speech British release poster Directed by Tom Hooper Produced by Iain Canning Emile Sherman Gareth Unwin Written by David Seidler Starring Colin Firth Geoffrey Rush Helena Bonham Carter Guy Pearce Timothy Spall Derek Jacobi Jennifer Ehle Michael Gambon Music by Alexandre Desplat Cinematography Danny Cohen Edited by Tariq Anwar Production company UK Film Council See - Saw Films Bedlam Productions Distributed by Momentum Pictures ( UK ) Release date 6 September 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 06 ) ( Telluride Film Festival ) 7 January 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 07 ) ( United Kingdom ) Running time 119 minutes Country United Kingdom Language English Budget $15 million Box office $414.2 million The King 's Speech is a 2010 British historical drama film directed by Tom Hooper and written by David Seidler . Colin Firth plays the future King George VI who , to cope with a stammer , sees Lionel Logue , an Australian speech and language therapist played by Geoffrey Rush . The men become friends as they work together , and after his brother abdicates the throne , the new king relies on Logue to help him make his first wartime radio broadcast on Britain 's declaration of war on Germany in 1939 . Seidler read about George VI 's life after overcoming a stuttering condition he endured during his own youth . He started writing about the relationship between the therapist and his royal patient as early as the 1980s , but at the request of the King 's widow , Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother , postponed work until her death in 2002 . He later rewrote his screenplay for the stage to focus on the essential relationship between the two protagonists . Nine weeks before filming began , Logue 's notebooks were discovered and quotations from them were incorporated into the script . Principal photography took place in London and around Britain from November 2009 to January 2010 . Hard light was used to give the story a greater resonance and wider than normal lenses were employed to recreate the Duke of York 's feelings of constriction . A third technique Hooper employed was the off - centre framing of characters . It was widely praised by film critics for its visual style , art direction , and acting . Other commentators discussed the film 's representation of historical detail , especially the reversal of Winston Churchill 's opposition to abdication . The film received many awards and nominations , particularly for Colin Firth 's performance . Released in the United Kingdom on 7 January 2011 , The King 's Speech was a major box office and critical success . Censors initially gave it adult ratings due to profanity , though these were later revised downwards after criticism by the makers and distributors in the UK and some instances of swearing were muted in the US . On a budget of £ 8 million , it earned over £ 250 million ( $400 million ) internationally . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Location and design 3.3 Dialogue 4 Soundtrack 4.1 Track listing 5 Visual style 6 Historical accuracy 6.1 Relationship with Lionel Logue 6.2 Politics 6.3 Realism 7 Release 7.1 Cinema release 7.2 Ratings controversy 8 Reception 8.1 Box office 8.2 Critical response 8.3 Awards and nominations 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Plot ( edit ) At the closing of the British Empire Exhibition at Wembley Stadium , the Prince Albert , Duke of York , the second son of King George V , addresses them with a strong stammer . His search for treatment has been discouraging , but his wife Elizabeth persuades him to see the Australian - born Lionel Logue , a non-medically trained Harley Street speech defects therapist . `` Bertie , '' as he is called by his family , believes the first session is not going well although Lionel ( he insists that all his patients address him as such ) manages to have the potential client recite , on an acetate recording , Hamlet 's `` To be , or not to be '' soliloquy sublimely all the while hearing piped - in classical music on a pair of head phones . Bertie is disappointed and Lionel gives him the recording as a souvenir . George V delivering the Royal Christmas Message in 1934 Bertie 's father , King George V makes his 1934 Christmas wireless address , and he explains to Bertie that the machine will play a significant part in the role of the Royal Family invading the homes of the people and that Bertie 's brother 's neglect of his responsibilities make training on it necessary . The attempt is a failure . Bertie in frustration plays the recording Lionel gave him . Bertie returns for daily treatments of exercises and practices to overcome the physical and psychological roots of his speaking difficulty . George V dies in 1936 , and his eldest son David ascends the throne as King Edward VIII . A constitutional crisis arises with the new king over a prospective marriage with the twice - divorced American socialite Wallis Simpson . Edward , as head of the Church of England , can not marry her , even if she receives her second divorce , since both her previous husbands are alive . Colin Firth and Helena Bonham Carter as the Duke and Duchess of York At an unscheduled session , Albert ( Bertie ) expresses his frustration that while his speech has improved when talking to most people , he still stammers when talking to David and reveals the extent of Edward VIII 's folly with Simpson . When Lionel insists that Bertie could be a good king , Bertie accuses Lionel of speaking treason and quits Lionel . Bertie must face the Accession Council without any assistance from Lionel . Bertie and Lionel come together after King Edward decides to abdicate in order to marry Simpson , and Bertie becomes King George VI . The new Royal pair visit the home of Lionel before the Coronation , much to the surprise of Mrs. Logue when she comes upon Queen Elizabeth having tea at her dining room table , and learning that the King is her husband 's patient . Bertie and Lionel 's relationship comes to be known to the King 's advisors when there are preparations for his coronation in Westminster Abbey . It comes to light that George never asked for advice from his advisors about his speech defect treatment and that Lionel never had formal training to be a medical doctor . Lionel explains that at the time he started with speech defects there was no formal training and that the only known help that was available for returning Great War shell - shocked Australian soldiers was from personal experience . Bertie remains unconvinced about his suitability as king until provoked into expressing his voice , angered by Lionel 's disrespect for King Edward 's Chair and the Stone of Scone . Only after this pivotal moment is Bertie able to rehearse with Lionel , and then complete the coronation ceremony . Now King George VI , Bertie is in a crisis when he must declare over the wireless in 1939 Britain 's declaration of war with Nazi Germany . Lionel is summoned to Buckingham Palace to prepare the new king for his wireless address to Britain and the Empire . Knowing the challenge that lies before him , the Archbishop of Canterbury , Winston Churchill , and Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain are present to offer support . The King and Logue are then left in the broadcasting room . He delivers his speech with Logue conducting him , but by the end he is speaking freely . Preparing to leave the room for the congratulations of those present in the palace , Logue mentions to the King that he still had difficulty enunciating ' w ' and the King jokes back , `` I had to throw in a few so they 'd know it was me '' . The Royal Family step onto the balcony of the palace and are applauded by the crowd , a title card explains that Logue was always present at King George VI 's speeches during the war and that they remained friends for the rest of their lives . Cast ( edit ) Third choice to play the lead , Colin Firth 's performance earned him a BAFTA and an Academy Award , among other accolades Colin Firth as King George VI Geoffrey Rush as Lionel Logue Helena Bonham Carter as Queen Elizabeth Guy Pearce as King Edward VIII Timothy Spall as Winston Churchill Derek Jacobi as Cosmo Gordon Lang Jennifer Ehle as Myrtle Logue Michael Gambon as King George V Freya Wilson as Princess Elizabeth Ramona Marquez as Princess Margaret Patrick Ryecart as Clive Wigram , 1st Baron Wigram Simon Chandler as Bertrand Dawson , 1st Viscount Dawson of Penn Claire Bloom as Queen Mary Orlando Wells as Prince George , Duke of Kent Eve Best as Wallis Simpson Anthony Andrews as Stanley Baldwin Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Not a great deal was written about His Majesty 's speech therapist , Lionel Logue , certainly not in the official biographies . Nor was much published about the Royal stutter ; it appeared to be a source of profound embarrassment . -- David Seidler As a child , David Seidler developed a stammer , which he believes was caused by the emotional trauma of World War II and the murder of his grandparents during the Holocaust . King George VI 's success in overcoming his stammer inspired the young Seidler , `` Here was a stutterer who was a king and had to give radio speeches where everyone was listening to every syllable he uttered , and yet did so with passion and intensity . '' When Seidler became an adult , he resolved to write about King George VI . During the late 1970s and 1980s he voraciously researched the King , but found a dearth of information on Logue . Eventually Seidler contacted Valentine Logue , who agreed to discuss his father and make his notebooks available if the Queen Mother gave her permission . She asked him not to do so in her lifetime , and Seidler halted the project . The film 's producers broke etiquette by hand - delivering Geoffrey Rush the script ; he eventually produced the film as well as performing in it . The Queen Mother died in 2002 . Three years later , Seidler returned to the story during a bout of creative work inspired by a recovery from cancer . His research , including a chance encounter with an uncle whom Logue had treated , indicated he used mechanical breathing exercises combined with psychological counselling to probe the underlying causes of the condition . Thus prepared , Seidler imagined the sessions . He showed the finished screenplay to his wife , who liked it , but pronounced it too `` seduced by cinematic technique '' . She suggested he rewrite it as a stage play to focus on the essential relationship between the King and Logue . After he had completed it , he sent it to a few friends who worked in theatre in London and New York for feedback . In 2005 , Joan Lane of Wilde Thyme , a production company in London , received the script . Lane started talking with Simon Egan and Gareth Unwin of Bedlam Productions , and they invited Seidler to London to rewrite the play again , this time for the screen . Together , Lane and Bedlam Productions organised a reading of the play in Pleasance Theatre , a small house in north London , to a group of Australian expatriates , among whom was Tom Hooper 's mother . She called her son and said , `` I 've found your next project '' . Instead of trying to contact his agent , Lane asked an Australian staff member to hand - deliver the script to Geoffrey Rush 's house , not far away from hers in Melbourne . Unwin reports that he received a four - page e-mail from Rush 's manager admonishing them for the breach of etiquette , but ending with an invitation to discuss the project further . Iain Canning from See - Saw Films became involved and , in Gareth Unwin 's words : `` We worked with ex-chair of BAFTA Richard Price , and started turning this story about two grumpy men sitting in a room into something bigger . '' Hooper liked the story , but thought that the original ending needed to be changed to reflect events more closely : `` Originally , it had a Hollywood ending ... If you hear the real speech , he 's clearly coping with his stammer . But it 's not a perfect performance . He 's managing it . '' The production team learned -- some nine weeks prior to the start of filming -- of a diary containing Logue 's original notes on his treatment of the Duke . They then went back and re-worked the script to reflect what was in the notes . Hooper said some of the film 's most memorable lines , such as at the climax , when Logue smiles , `` You still stammered on the W '' to the King , who replies , `` I had to throw in a few so they would know it was me '' were direct quotations from Logue 's notes . Changes from the script to reflect the historical record included Michael Gambon improvising the ramblings of George V as he signed away authority , and the decision in the opening scene to dress the Duke in an overcoat rather than regal finery . Seidler thought Paul Bettany would be a good choice to play King George VI , Tom Hooper preferred Hugh Grant , though both actors refused the offer . Once they met with Firth and heard him read for the part , Seidler and Hooper were convinced of his suitability for the role . The UK Film Council awarded the production £ 1 million in June 2009 . Filming began in December 2009 , and lasted 39 days . Most was shot in the three weeks before Christmas because Rush would be performing in a play in January . The schedule was further complicated by Bonham Carter 's availability : she worked on Harry Potter during the week , so her scenes had to be filmed during the weekend . Location and design ( edit ) The Pullens buildings with a 1930s advertisement . Period dramas rely to an extent on the quality of production , so combining regal opulence with scruffy , depression - era London on the relatively limited £ 8 million budget presented a challenge . On 25 November 2009 the crew took over the Pullens buildings in Southwark . To emphasise Logue 's humble background , the entire street was transformed into one from 1930s London . Large advertisements for ( among other things ) Bovril and fascism were added to walls , grit and grime to streets and buildings . To reproduce London smog of the time -- thick enough that cars might need guidance from someone walking ahead -- so much artificial smoke was used that fire alarms were triggered . On 26 November , a week 's filming with Firth , Rush , and Jacobi began at Ely Cathedral , the location used for Westminster Abbey . The production had asked for permission to film in the Abbey but were denied due to the demands of tourism . Though Lincoln Cathedral is architecturally a closer match to the Abbey , they preferred Ely , a favoured filming location . Its size allowed them to build sets showing not just the coronation , but the preparations before it . Lancaster House , an opulent government - owned period house in London , was rented ( at £ 20,000 per day ) for interior scenes of Buckingham Palace . The 1936 Accession Council at St. James 's Palace , where George VI swore an oath , was filmed in the Livery Hall of Drapers ' Hall . The room , ornate and vast , met the occasion : the daunting nature of the new King 's responsibilities was shown by surrounding him with rich detail , flags and royal portraiture . The crew investigated Logue 's former consultation rooms , but they were too small to film in . Instead , they found a high , vaulted room not far away in 33 Portland Place . Eve Stewart , the production designer , liked the mottled , peeling wallpaper there so much that she recreated the effect throughout the entire room . In his DVD commentary , Hooper said he liked Portland Place as a set because it felt `` lived - in '' , unlike other period houses in London . The scenes of the Duke of York at home with his family were also filmed here ; showing the Prince living in a townhouse `` subverted '' expectations of a royal drama . The opening scene , set at the closing ceremony of the 1925 British Empire Exhibition at Wembley Stadium , was filmed on location at Elland Road , home of Leeds United , and Odsal Stadium , home of Bradford RLFC . Elland Road was used for the speech elements of the prince stammering his way through his first public address , and Odsal Stadium was selected because of the resemblance of its curved ends to Wembley Stadium in 1925 . The crew had access to the stadium only at 10 pm , after a football game . They filled the terraces with inflatable dummies and over 250 extras dressed in period costumes . Live actors were interspersed to give the impression of a crowd . Additional people , as well as more ranks of soldiers on the pitch , were added in post-production with visual effects . Other locations include Cumberland Lodge , Harley Street , Knebworth , Hatfield House , the Old Royal Naval College in Greenwich , Queen Street Mill Textile Museum in Burnley , and Battersea Power Station , which doubled as a BBC wireless control room . The final cut of the film was completed on 31 August 2010 . Dialogue ( edit ) In developing his portrayal of George VI 's stammer , Firth worked with Neil Swain , the voice coach for the film . His sister , Kate Firth , also a professional voice coach to actors , proposed exercises the King might have done with Logue , and made suggestions on how to imagine Logue 's mix of physical and psychological coaching for the film . In addition , Firth watched archive footage of the King speaking . In an interview with Allan Tyrer published by the British Stammering Association , Swain said : `` ( It ) was very interesting while we were working on the film just to think tonally how far we could go and should go with the strength of George 's stammer . I think a less courageous director than Tom ( Hooper ) -- and indeed a less courageous actor than Colin ( Firth ) -- might have felt the need to slightly sanitise the degree and authenticity of that stammer , and I 'm really really pleased that neither of them did . '' In May 2011 Firth said he was finding traces of the stammer difficult to eliminate : `` You can probably hear even from this interview , there are moments when it 's quite infectious , '' he said . `` You find yourself doing it and if I start thinking about it the worse it gets . If nothing else it 's an insight into what it feels like . '' Soundtrack ( edit ) The King 's Speech ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) Film score by Alexandre Desplat Released 22 November 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 22 ) Genre Film score Classical Length 41 : 00 Label Decca The film 's original score was composed by Alexandre Desplat . In a film about a man struggling to articulate himself , Desplat was wary of overshadowing the dramaturgy : `` This is a film about the sound of the voice . Music has to deal with that . Music has to deal with silence . Music has to deal with time . '' The score is a sparse arrangement of strings and piano ( with the addition of oboe and harp in one cut ) , intended to convey the sadness of the King 's muteness , and then the growing warmth of friendship between him and Logue . The minimalist approach emphasises the protagonist 's struggle for control . Desplat used the repetition of a single note to represent the stickiness of the King 's speech . As the film progresses , growing banks of warm strings swaddle the deepening friendship between the two leads . The music rises to a climax in the coronation scene . Hooper originally wanted to film the scene without music , but Desplat argued that it was the real climax of the story -- the point when the friendship was ratified by their decision to trust each other . `` That is really rare '' , said Desplat , `` mostly you have love stories '' . To create a dated sound , the score was recorded on old microphones extracted from the EMI archives which had been specially made for the royal family . The music played during the broadcast of the 1939 radio speech at the climax of the film is from the 2nd movement ( Allegretto ) of Beethoven 's 7th Symphony ; it was added by Tariq Anwar , the editor . When Desplat later joined the team to write the music , he praised and defended Anwar 's suggestion . Hooper further remarked that the stature of the piece helps elevate the status of the speech to a public event . The score was nominated for several awards , including Best Original Score at the Oscars , Golden Globes , and BAFTAs , winning the latter award . The score also won a Grammy at the 54th Grammy Awards . Track listing ( edit ) All tracks written by Alexandre Desplat , except where noted . No . Title Length 1 . `` Lionel and Bertie '' 2 : 10 2 . `` The King 's Speech '' 3 : 54 3 . `` My Kingdom , My Rules '' 2 : 51 4 . `` The King Is Dead '' 2 : 06 5 . `` Memories of Childhood '' 3 : 36 6 . `` King George VI '' 3 : 05 7 . `` The Royal Household '' 1 : 43 8 . `` Queen Elizabeth '' 3 : 35 9 . `` Fear and Suspicion '' 3 : 24 10 . `` The Rehearsal '' 1 : 42 11 . `` The Threat of War '' 3 : 56 12 . `` Speaking Unto Nations ( Beethoven Symphony No. 7 - II ) '' ( Terry Davies conducting the London Symphony Orchestra ) 5 : 02 13 . `` Epilogue ( Beethoven Piano Concerto No. 5 `` Emperor '' - II ) '' ( Terry Davies conducting the London Symphony Orchestra ) 3 : 56 Visual style ( edit ) Tom Hooper operating a camera on location at Queen Street Mill Textile Museum , Lancashire Hooper employed a number of cinematic techniques to evoke the King 's feelings of constriction . He and cinematographer Danny Cohen used wider than normal lenses to photograph the film , typically 14mm , 18mm , 21mm , 25mm and 27mm , where the subtle distortion of the picture helps to convey the King 's discomfort . For instance , the subjective point of view shot during the Empire exhibition speech used a close up of the microphone with a wider lens , similar to the filming technique used for one of the Duke 's early consultations with a physician . In The New York Times , Manohla Dargis wrote that the feeling of entrapment inside the King 's head was rendered overly literal with what she believed to be a fisheye lens , though in these scenes the wider lenses were used . Hooper also discussed using the 18mm lens , one he likes `` because it puts human beings in their context '' . Roger Ebert noted that the majority of the film was shot indoors , where oblong sets , corridors , and small spaces manifest constriction and tightness , in contrast to the usual emphasis on sweep and majesty in historical dramas . Hooper used wide shots to capture the actors ' body language , particularly that of Geoffrey Rush , who trained at L'École Internationale de Théâtre Jacques Lecoq in Paris and `` is consequently brilliant in the way he carries his body '' . Hooper widened his scope first to capture Rush 's gestures , then full body movements and silhouettes . The approach carried over to Firth as well . In the first consultation scene , the Duke is squeezed against the end of a long couch framed against a large wall , `` as if to use the arm of the sofa as a kind of friend , as a security blanket ? '' Martin Filler praised the `` low - wattage '' cinematography of Danny Cohen 's , as making everything look like it has been `` steeped in strong tea '' . At other times , the camera was positioned very close to the actors to catch the emotion in their faces : `` If you put a lens 6 inches from somebody 's face , you get more emotion than if you 're on a long lens 20 feet away , '' Cohen said in an interview . Hooper sought a second subtlety while filming the first consultation room scene between the two men , having placed the camera 18 inches from Colin Firth 's face : `` I wanted the nervousness of the first day to percolate into his performances , '' he said . Historical dramas traditionally tend to use `` soft light '' , but Hooper wanted to use a harsher glare , which gives a more contemporary feel , and thus a greater emotional resonance . To achieve the effect , the lighting team erected huge blackout tents over the Georgian buildings and used large lights filtered through Egyptian cotton . Historical accuracy ( edit ) Relationship with Lionel Logue ( edit ) The filmmakers not only tightened the chronology of the events to just a few years but even shifted the timeline of treatment . The Duke of York actually began working with Logue in October 1926 , ten years before the abdication crisis , and the improvement in his speech was apparent in months rather than years as suggested by the film . When he was dispatched to Australia to open their new parliament in 1927 , the Duke gave numerous speeches during the journey and performed well despite Logue not accompanying him on the trip . He wrote to Logue from the Caribbean , `` You remember my fear of ' The King ' . I give it every evening at dinner on board . This does not worry me any more . '' And of his speech opening Parliament it was observed that he spoke `` resonantly and without stuttering '' . Robert Logue , a grandson of Lionel , doubted the film 's depiction of the speech therapist , stating `` I do n't think he ever swore in front of the King and he certainly never called him ' Bertie ' '' . Andrew Roberts , an English historian , states that the severity of the King 's stammer was exaggerated and the characters of Edward VIII , Wallis Simpson , and George V made more antagonistic than they really were , to increase the dramatic effect . Politics ( edit ) Christopher Hitchens and Isaac Chotiner have criticised the film for failing to indict the appeasement of the era or to portray Edward VIII 's sympathetic attitude to Nazi Germany . The Guardian also corrected the portrayal of Stanley Baldwin as having resigned due to his refusal to order Britain 's re-armament , when he in fact stepped down as `` a national hero , exhausted by more than a decade at the top '' . Hugo Vickers , an adviser on the film , agreed that the alteration of historical details to preserve the essence of the dramatic story was sometimes necessary . The high - ranking officials , for instance , would not have been present when the King made his speech , nor would Churchill have been involved at any level , `` but the average viewer knows who Churchill is ; he does n't know who Lord Halifax and Sir Samuel Hoare ( later Lord Templewood ) are . '' Hitchens and Chotiner also challenged the film 's portrayal of Winston Churchill 's role in the abdication crisis . It is well established that Churchill encouraged Edward VIII to resist pressure to abdicate , whereas he is portrayed in the film as supportive of the Duke of York and not opposed to the abdication . Hitchens attributes this treatment to the `` cult '' surrounding Churchill 's legacy . In a smart , well - made film `` would the true story not have been fractionally more interesting for the audience ? '' , he wondered . Realism ( edit ) Martin Filler acknowledged that the film legitimately used artistic licence to make valid dramatic points , such as in the probably imagined scene when George V lectures his son on the importance of broadcasting . Filler cautions that George VI would never have tolerated Logue addressing him casually , nor swearing , and the King almost certainly would have understood a newsreel of Hitler speaking in German . Filler makes the larger point that both the King and his wife were , in reality , lukewarm towards Churchill because of the latter 's support for his brother during the abdication crisis . Commenting on the film 's final scene on the balcony of Buckingham Palace , Andrew Roberts has written , `` The scene is fairly absurd from a historical point of view -- Neville Chamberlain and Winston Churchill were not present and there were no cheering crowds outside Buckingham Palace . '' But Roberts praises the film overall as a sympathetic portrayal of the King 's `` quiet , unassuming heroism '' ... The portrayals by Firth and Bonham Carter are sympathetic and acute , and the movie 's occasional factual bêtises should not detract from that . '' Release ( edit ) Cinema release ( edit ) The film had its world première on 6 September 2010 at the Telluride Film Festival in the United States . It was screened at the 2010 Toronto International Film Festival , on Firth 's 50th birthday , where it received a standing ovation and won the People 's Choice Award . The cinema release poster was re-designed to show an extreme close - up of Firth 's jaw and a microphone after Hooper criticised the first design as a `` train smash '' . Tim Appelo called the original , air - brushed effort , which showed the three leads , `` shockingly awful '' though the new one `` really is worthwhile '' . The film was distributed by Transmission Films in Australia and by Momentum Pictures in the United Kingdom . The Weinstein Company distributed it in North America , Germany , Benelux , Scandinavia , China , Hong Kong , and Latin America . The film was released in France on 2 February 2011 , under the title Le discours d'un roi . It was distributed by Wild Bunch Distribution . Ratings controversy ( edit ) The film was initially given a 15 certificate by the British Board of Film Classification , due to a minute - long scene where Logue encourages the King to shout profanities , which he could do without stuttering . At the London Film Festival , Hooper criticised the decision , questioning how the board could certify the film `` 15 '' for bad language but allow films such as Salt ( 2010 ) and Casino Royale ( 2006 ) to have `` 12A '' ratings , despite their graphic torture scenes . Following Hooper 's criticism , the board lowered the rating to `` 12A '' , allowing children under 12 years of age to see the film if they are accompanied by an adult . Hooper levelled the same criticism at the Motion Picture Association of America , which gave the film an `` R '' rating , preventing anyone under the age of 17 from seeing the film without an adult . In his review , Roger Ebert criticised the `` R '' rating , calling it `` utterly inexplicable '' , and wrote , `` This is an excellent film for teenagers . '' In January 2011 Harvey Weinstein , the executive producer and distributor , said he was considering having the film re-edited to remove some profanity , so that it would receive a lower classification and reach a larger audience . Hooper , however , refused to cut the film , though he considered covering the swear words with bleeps . Helena Bonham Carter also defended the film , saying , `` ( The film ) is not violent . It 's full of humanity and wit . ( It 's ) for people not with just a speech impediment , but who have got confidence ( doubts ) . '' After receiving his Academy Award , Colin Firth noted that he does not support re-editing the film ; while he does not condone the use of profanity , he maintains that its use was not offensive in this context . `` The scene serves a purpose '' , Firth states . An alternate version , with some of the profanities muted out , was classified as `` PG - 13 '' in the United States ; this version was released to cinemas on 1 April 2011 , replacing the R - rated one . The PG - 13 version of this film is not available on DVD and Blu - ray . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) In Great Britain and Ireland , the film was the highest earning film on its opening weekend . It took in £ 3,510,000 from 395 cinemas . The Guardian said that it was one of the biggest takes in recent memory , and compared it to Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) , which , two years earlier , earned £ 1.5 million less . The King 's Speech continued a `` stunning three weeks '' atop the UK Box office , and earned over £ 3 million for four consecutive weekends , the first film to do so since Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) . After five weeks on UK release , it was hailed as the most successful independent British film ever . In the United States The King 's Speech opened with $355,450 ( £ 220,000 ) in four cinemas . It holds the record for the highest per - cinema gross of 2010 . It was widened to 700 screens on Christmas Day and 1,543 screens on 14 January 2011 . It eventually made $138 million in North America overall . In Australia The King 's Speech made more than A $ 6,281,686 ( £ 4 million ) in the first two weeks , according to figures collected by the Motion Picture Distributors Association of Australia . The executive director of Palace Cinemas , Benjamin Zeccola , said customer feedback on the film was spectacular . `` It 's our No. 1 for all the period , all throughout the country ... I think this is more successful than Slumdog Millionaire and a more uplifting film . It 's a good example of a film that started out in the independent cinemas and then spread to the mainstream cinemas . '' Of the film 's net profit , estimated to amount to $30 -- 40 million ( £ 20 -- 25 million ) from the cinema release alone , roughly 20 % will be split between Geoffrey Rush ( as executive producer ) , Tom Hooper and Colin Firth , who receive their bonuses before the other stakeholders . The remaining profit is to be split equally between the producers and the equity investors . The UK Film Council invested £ 1 million of public funds from the United Kingdom lottery into the film . In March 2011 Variety estimated that the return could be between fifteen and twenty times that . The Council 's merger into the British Film Institute means that the profits are to be returned to that body . Critical response ( edit ) As the actor of the year in the film of the year , I ca n't think of enough adjectives to praise Firth properly . The King 's Speech has left me speechless . -- Rex Reed , New York Observer The King 's Speech has received widespread critical acclaim , with Firth 's performance receiving universal praise . Bonham Carter and Rush were also widely praised with both going on to win BAFTA 's and receiving Academy Award nominations Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 95 % based on reviews from 285 critics ; the film 's average rating was calculated as 8.6 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads : `` Colin Firth gives a masterful performance in The King 's Speech , a predictable but stylishly produced and rousing period drama . '' Metacritic gave the film a weighted score of 88 / 100 , based on 41 critical reviews , which indicates `` universal acclaim '' . CinemaScore reported that audiences gave the film a rare `` A + '' grade . Empire gave the film five stars out of five , commenting , `` You 'll be lost for words . '' Lisa Kennedy of the Denver Post gave the film full marks for its humane qualities and craftsmanship : `` It is an intelligent , winning drama fit for a king -- and the rest of us '' , she said . Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times awarded the film a full four stars , commenting that `` what we have here is a superior historical drama and a powerful personal one . '' Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian gave four stars out of five , stating , `` Tom Hooper 's richly enjoyable and handsomely produced movie ... is a massively confident crowd - pleaser . '' Manohla Dargis , whilst generally ambivalent towards the film , called the lead performances one of its principal attractions . `` With their volume turned up , the appealing , impeccably professional Mr. Firth and Mr. Rush rise to the acting occasion by twinkling and growling as their characters warily circle each other before settling into the therapeutic swing of things and unknowingly preparing for the big speech that partly gives the film its title , '' she wrote . The Daily Telegraph called Guy Pearce 's performance as Edward VIII `` formidable ... with glamour , charisma and utter self - absorption '' . Empire said he played the role well as `` a flash harry flinty enough to shed a nation for a wife . '' The New York Times thought he was able to create `` a thorny tangle of complications in only a few abbreviated scenes '' . Hooper praised the actor in the DVD commentary , saying he `` nailed '' the 1930s royal accent . Richard Corliss of Time magazine named Colin Firth 's performance one of the Top 10 Movie Performances of 2010 . The British Stammering Association welcomed the release of The King 's Speech , congratulating the film makers on their `` realistic depiction of the frustration and the fear of speaking faced by people who stammer on a daily basis . '' It said that `` Colin Firth 's portrayal of the King 's stammer in particular strikes us as very authentic and accurate . '' The Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists welcomed the film , and launched their `` Giving Voice '' campaign around the time of its commercial release . Allociné , a French cinema website , gave the film an average of four out of five stars , based on a survey of 21 reviews . Le Monde , which characterised the film as the `` latest manifestation of British narcissism '' and summarised it as `` We are ugly and boring , but , By Jove ! , we are right ! '' , nevertheless admired the performances of Firth , Rush , and Bonham Carter . It said that , though the film swept British appeasement under the carpet , it was still enjoyable . Slovenian Marxist philosopher and cultural critic Slavoj Žižek has incorporated the film into his critique of ideology by describing it as `` reactionary , '' interpreting the king 's stutter as evidence that he `` displays a minimum of common sense , experiencing the stupidity of seriously accepting that one is king by divine will '' and claiming that `` the task of the Australian voice - coach is to render him stupid enough to accept his being a king as his natural property . '' Žižek thus interprets the king 's stutter as a case of what is referred to in Lacanian psychoanalysis as `` symbolic castration . '' Queen Elizabeth II , the daughter and successor of King George VI , was sent two copies of the film before Christmas 2010 . The Sun newspaper reported she had watched the film in a private screening at Sandringham House . A palace source described her reaction as being `` touched by a moving portrayal of her father '' . Seidler called the reports `` the highest honour '' the film could receive . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by The King 's Speech Hooper and Firth in January 2011 ; each received multiple award nominations for their work At the 83rd Academy Awards , The King 's Speech won the Academy Award for Best Picture , Best Director ( Hooper ) , Best Actor ( Firth ) , and Best Original Screenplay ( Seidler ) . The film had received 12 Oscar nominations , more than any other film in that year . Besides the four categories it won , the film received nominations for Best Cinematography ( Danny Cohen ) and two for the supporting actors ( Bonham Carter and Rush ) , as well as two for its mise - en - scène : Art Direction and Costumes . At the 64th British Academy Film Awards , it won seven awards , including Best Film , Outstanding British Film , Best Actor for Firth , Best Supporting Actor for Rush , Best Supporting Actress for Bonham Carter , Best Original Screenplay for Seidler , and Best Music for Alexandre Desplat . The film had been nominated for 14 BAFTAs , more than any other film . At the 68th Golden Globe Awards , Firth won for Best Actor . The film won no other Golden Globes , despite earning seven nominations , more than any other film . At the 17th Screen Actors Guild Awards , Firth won the Best Actor award and the entire cast won Best Ensemble , meaning Firth went home with two acting awards in one evening . Hooper won the Directors Guild of America Awards 2010 for Best Director . The film won the Darryl F. Zanuck Award for Best Theatrical Motion Picture at the Producers Guild of America Awards 2010 . The King 's Speech won the People 's Choice Award at the 2010 Toronto International Film Festival , Best British Independent Film at the 2010 British Independent Film Awards , and the 2011 Goya Award for Best European Film from the Academia de las Artes y las Ciencias Cinematográficas de España ( Spanish Academy of Cinematic Art and Science ) . See also ( edit ) Bertie & Elizabeth ( 2002 ) , a television film which also addresses the stammering of the king ( played by James Wilby ) . It was a co-production of PBS ( Masterpiece Theatre ) and Carlton Television . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The King 's Speech rated 12A by the BBFC '' . British Board of Film Classification . Archived from the original on 2 March 2012 . Retrieved 17 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Smith , N. ( 28 February 2011 ) . `` Oscars 2011 : Film Council basks in King 's Speech glory '' . BBC News . Retrieved 28 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Never mind the Baftas ... who will get The King 's Speech riches ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 28 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The King 's Speech '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 20 May 2011 . Jump up ^ As of 21 August 2011 all US Dollar - Sterling currency conversions were made using an exchange rate of $1 = £ 0.60 ^ Jump up to : Walker , T. ( 20 January 2011 ) `` Colin Firth was the third choice to play George VI in The King 's Speech '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 20 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidler , D. ( 20 December 2010 ) . `` How the ' naughty word ' cured the King 's stutter ( and mine ) '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 3 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Spencer , Adam ( 21 January 2011 ) . `` The King 's Speech : From Geoffrey Rush 's letterbox to the big screen '' . 702 ABC Sydney . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gritten , D. ( 23 December 2010 ) . `` Tom Hooper Interview for the King 's Speech '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 2 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Unwin , G. ( 3 January 2011 ) . `` Crowning Glory : How The King 's Speech got made '' . The Independent . Retrieved 2 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Finding the real King 's Speech '' . BBC . 4 January 2011 . Retrieved 8 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Addiego , Walter ( 4 February 2011 ) . `` Q&A with ' King 's Speech ' director Tom Hooper '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas Hooper ( Director ) ( 9 May 2011 ) . The King 's Speech ( PAL ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Momentum Pictures Home Ent . ASIN : B0049MP72G . Jump up ^ `` Awards database The King 's Speech '' . UK Film Council . Retrieved 5 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Bedell , G. ( 2 January 2011 ) . `` The King 's Speech : How clever sets create a compelling picture of 1930s London '' The Observer . Retrieved 2 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Sparham , Laurie ( 10 December 2010 ) . `` The King 's Speech : set report '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 28 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 25 November 2009 ) . `` Cathedral starring again in blockbuster '' . Cambridge News . Archived from the original on 12 January 2012 . Retrieved 6 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 4 December 2009 ) . `` The King 's Speech : Colin Firth and Bonham Carter in Ely '' . BBC Cambridgeshire . Retrieved 6 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The King 's Speech film locations '' . www.movielocations.com . Retrieved 4 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Martyn ( 6 February 2011 ) . `` The making of a very British smash hit '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 25 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Huddleston , Tom . `` On the set of ' The King 's Speech ' '' . Time Out . Archived from the original on 18 October 2012 . Retrieved 25 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Firth is lost for words as the monarch whose dilemma gripped the country '' . Yorkshire Post . 3 January 2011 . Retrieved 30 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dummies line terraces of Elland Road '' . Yorkshire Evening Post . 7 January 2011 . Retrieved 30 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The King 's Speech '' . UK Film Council . Retrieved 6 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Hoyle , Ben ( 9 September 2010 ) . `` Story of the King who was lost for words is an Oscar favourite '' . The Times . p. 23 . Jump up ^ Dunbar , Polly ( 23 January 2011 ) . `` Revealed : The Little Sister Who Taught Colin Firth to Stammer '' . The Daily Mail . London . Retrieved 31 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The King 's Voice '' . British Stammering Association . May 2011 . Retrieved 10 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Ward , Victoria ( 5 May 2011 ) . `` Colin Firth admits he is struggling to lose his stutter '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 21 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Martens , T. ( 26 November 2010 ) . `` The sound of silence : Alexandre Desplat on the music that ' just floats ' throughout ' The King 's Speech ' '' . Pop & hiss ( LA Times music blog ) . Retrieved 9 February 2011 . Jump up ^ McNab , K. ( 27 January 2011 ) . `` The King 's Speech score review '' . www.soundonsight.org . Retrieved 9 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Hooper , Tom ( 21 January 2011 ) . `` The King 's Speech director Tom Hooper answers your questions -- live ! '' . The Guardian Film blog Retrieved on 6 July 2011 ( archived by WebCite on 6 July 2011 ) . Jump up ^ http://www.terrydavies.com/biography.html ^ Jump up to : Appelo , T. ( 31 January 2011 ) . `` The 5 Secrets of Tom Hooper 's ' King 's Speech ' Success '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 9 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Oppenheimer , Jean ( December 2010 ) . `` Production Slate : A Future King Finds His Voice '' . American Cinematographer ( American Society of Cinematographers ) 91 ( 12 ) : pp. 18 -- 22 . ^ Jump up to : Dargis , M. ( 25 November 2010 ) . `` The King 's English , Albeit With Twisted Tongue '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 6 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Ebert , Roger ( 15 December 2010 ) . `` The King 's Speech : Review '' . Rogerebert.suntimes.com . Retrieved 30 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Filler , M. ( 25 January 2011 ) . `` Hollywood 's Royal Stammer '' . NYR Blog . Retrieved 9 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Oppenheimer ( 2010 : 19 ) Jump up ^ Schultz , Cathy ( 4 January 2011 ) . `` History in the Movies '' . The Bulletin . Retrieved 4 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Logue , Mark ; Conradi , Peter ( 2010 ) . The King 's Speech , How One Man Saved the British Monarchy . Sterling . pp. 73 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Meacham , S. ( 10 November 2011 ) King 's voice coach calmed a nation . Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 20 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Logue ' never swore in front of King George VI ' '' . BBC Radio Leicester. 27 January 2011 . Retrieved 27 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Roberts , A. ( 6 January 2011 ) . `` How the King found his voice '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 30 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Hitchens , Christopher ( 24 January 2011 ) . `` Churchill Did n't Say That '' . Slate . Retrieved 9 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Unthinkable ? Historically accurate films '' . London : The Guardian . 29 January 2011 . Retrieved 23 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Henley , J. ( 9 January 2011 ) . `` How historically accurate is the King 's Speech ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 3 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Chotiner , I. ( 6 January 2011 ) . `` Royal Mess '' . The New Republic . Retrieved 9 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Zohn , Patricia ( 11 February 2011 ) . `` David Seidler Protects and Defends The King 's Speech '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 4 August 2011 . Jump up ^ For critiques of the film , see e.g. , Hitchens FN 47 and Chotiner FN 44 . For historical sources substantiating Churchill 's stance during the abdication crisis , see e.g. , Roy Jenkins 's biography of Churchill ( 2001 ) and Frances Donaldson 's biography of Edward VIII ( 1976 ) . Jump up ^ `` Firth movie lands Toronto Film Festival prize '' . BBC News . 20 September 2010 . Retrieved 6 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New Poster for ' The King 's Speech ' Keeps it Simple '' . The Film Stage . Retrieved 2 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Appelo , T. ( 8 December 2010 ) `` ' The King 's Speech ' Poster and Queen Bonham Carter 's Oscar Problem '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 19 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Weinstein Company Acquires The King 's Speech '' . Comingsoon.net. 2 September 2009 . Retrieved 6 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Accueil : Le discours d'un roi '' . www.allocine.fr . Retrieved 3 February 2011 ( in French ) Jump up ^ `` Colin Firth welcomes censors ' reclassification decision '' . BBC News . 22 October 2010 . Retrieved on 23 October 2010 ( archived on 3 January 2011 ) . Jump up ^ `` The King 's Speech '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved on 23 October 2010 ( archived by WebCite on 3 January 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Patrick ( 1 November 2010 ) . `` To the MPAA ratings board , ' The King 's Speech ' is just as bad as ' Saw 3D ' '' . The Big Picture ( Tribune Company ) . Retrieved on 7 November 2010 ( archived by WebCite on 3 January 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Child , B. ( 26 January 2011 ) . `` King 's Speech re-edit could cut swearing '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Labrecque , J. ( 31 January 2011 ) . `` Tom Hooper on PG - 13 ' King 's Speech ' : ' I would n't support cutting the film in any way ' -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 5 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Kemp , Stuart ( 1 March 2011 ) . `` Firth rejects ' cleaned - up ' version of film '' . The Independent . Retrieved 21 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Scrubbed ' King 's Speech ' gets PG - 13 rating '' . Los Angeles Times . 26 February 2011 . Retrieved 27 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Vilkomerson , Sara ( 24 March 2011 ) . `` ' The King 's Speech ' to be re-released as PG - 13 version on April 1 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 28 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Gant , C. ( 11 January 2011 ) . `` The King 's Speech rouses Britain to the box office '' . The Guardian Blog Retrieved 3 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Gant , C. ( 1 February 2011 ) . `` Tangled 's revamped princess tale dethrones The King 's Speech '' . The Guardian Blog Retrieved 3 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Arthouse Audit : ' King 's Speech ' Has Royal Debut '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 1 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Kwek , Glenda ( 6 January 2010 ) . `` Stutterly marvellous : why we clamour for the stammer story '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 7 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Dawtrey , Adam ( 12 March 2011 ) . `` Slicing ' King 's ' profit pie '' . Variety . Retrieved 4 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 12 March 2011 ) . `` U.K. Film Council had chunk of Speech '' . Variety . Retrieved 4 August 2011 . ( Archived by WebCite ® at https://www.webcitation.org/60gexco0N ) Jump up ^ Reed , R. ( 22 November 2010 ) . `` Did I Stutter ? The King 's Speech Is the Best Movie of the Year '' . New York Observer . Retrieved 8 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Holland , James R. ( 4 January 2010 ) . `` Movie Review : The King 's Speech '' Archived 12 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine ... California Chronicle . Retrieved 4 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Safaya , Rubin ( 17 December 2010 ) . `` The King 's Speech '' . www.cinemalogue.com . Retrieved 4 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved 1 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The King 's Speech Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 27 February 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.thewrap.com/movies-you-loved-or-hated-films-got-or-f-cinemascores-photos-90331/9/ ^ Jump up to : `` The King 's Speech Review Empire '' . Empireonline.com . Retrieved 30 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Lisa ( 24 December 2010 ) . `` Movie review : ' The King 's Speech ' is , in a word , excellent '' The Denver Post . Retrieved 4 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( 21 October 2010 ) . The King 's Speech -- review . The Guardian . Retrieved 30 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Gritten , D. ( 21 October 2010 ). `` The King 's Speech , London Film Festival Review '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 3 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( 9 December 2010 ) . `` The Top 10 Everything of 2010 -- Colin Firth as King George VI in The King 's Speech '' . Time . Retrieved 13 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` British Stammering Association comments on The King 's Speech '' . BSA . Retrieved 17 March 2011 . Jump up ^ McVeigh , Tracy ( 6 February 2011 ) . `` The King 's Speech : spending cuts threaten £ 765m legacy of speech and language therapy '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 8 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Discours d'un roi > Critiques Presse '' . www.allocine.fr . Retrieved 3 February 2011 . ( in French ) Jump up ^ `` '' Le Discours d'un roi '' : comment faire un roi d'un prince bègue `` . Le Monde. 1 February 2011 . Retrieved 3 February 2011 . ( in French ) Jump up ^ Žižek , Slavoj. ( 22 May 2012 ) . `` Less Than Nothing : Hegel and the Shadow of Dialectical Materialism '' . Verso Books . Retrieved 1 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Queen Elizabeth Praises ' The King 's Speech ' - BBC America '' . BBC . Jump up ^ Larcombe , D. ( 4 February 2011 ) . `` The King 's a hit with the Queen '' . The Sun . Retrieved 5 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Queen ' approves ' of King 's Speech '' . BBC News . 5 February 2011 . Retrieved 6 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Winners and Nominees for the 83rd Academy Awards '' . www.oscars.org. 2011 - 08 - 04 . Retrieved 4 August 2011 ( Archived by WebCite ® at https://www.webcitation.org/60ghsJjST ) Jump up ^ Reynolds , Simon ( 13 February 2011 ) . `` Live : BAFTA Film Awards 2011 Winners '' . Digital Spy . Hachette Filipacchi UK . Retrieved 13 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Glee and The Social Network dominate Golden Globes '' . BBC News . 17 January 2011 . Retrieved 17 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Kilday , G. ( 3 February 2011 ) . `` Can Harvey Weinstein Keep ' The King 's Speech ' Oscar Mojo ? '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 8 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Germain , D. ( 30 January 2011 ) . `` Hooper earns top DGA prize for ' King 's Speech ' '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 8 February 2011 . Jump up ^ McNary , D. ( 24 January 2011 ) . `` PGA prizes ' King 's Speech ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 9 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Firth movie lands Toronto Film Festival prize '' . BBC News . 20 September 2010 . Retrieved 20 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` King 's Speech reigns at British Independent Film awards '' . BBC News . Retrieved 28 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` King 's Speech wins ' Spanish Oscar ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 14 February 2011 . Retrieved 14 February 2011 . Further reading ( edit ) Bowen , C ( 2002 ) , `` Lionel Logue : Pioneer speech therapist '' , Speech Language Therapy , retrieved 1 January 2011 . Hitchens , Christopher ( 21 February 2011 ) . `` The King 's Speech Revisited '' . Slate . A second article by Hitchens discussing the film 's interpretation of history , and some rebuttals to Seidler 's response . Logue , Mark ; Conradi , Peter ( 2010 ) , The King 's Speech : How One Man Saved the British Monarchy ( Lionel Logue 's grandson and a Sunday Times journalist ) , New York : Sterling , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4027 - 8676 - 1 . Rhodes James , Robert ( 1998 ) . A spirit undaunted : the political role of George VI . London : Little , Brown & Co . ISBN 0 - 316 - 64765 - 9 . Retrieved 6 October 2010 . St Claire , M ( 2 January 1937 ) , `` An Australian Cures Defect in King 's Speech '' , The Australian Women 's Weekly , p. 12 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The King 's Speech Wikimedia Commons has media related to The King 's Speech . Official website The King 's Speech on IMDb The King 's Speech at AllMovie The King 's Speech at Rotten Tomatoes Flickr set of photographs from filming in Southwark , London The King to His Peoples . H.M. King George VI from Buckingham Palace September 3rd 1939 on YouTube Footage of King George VI stammering in the 1938 speech from British Pathé King George VI Addresses the Nation at the BBC Archives The King 's Speech : George and Lionel 's private thoughts -- The unseen letters and diaries of King George VI 's speech therapist , Lionel Logue Works directed by Tom Hooper Theatrical films Red Dust ( 2004 ) The Damned United ( 2009 ) The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) Les Misérables ( 2012 ) The Danish Girl ( 2015 ) Television Love in a Cold Climate ( 2001 ) Daniel Deronda ( 2002 ) Elizabeth I ( 2005 ) Longford ( 2006 ) John Adams ( 2008 ) Awards for The King 's Speech Academy Award for Best Picture 1927 / 28 -- 1950 Wings ( 1927 / 28 ) The Broadway Melody ( 1928 / 29 ) All Quiet on the Western Front ( 1929 / 30 ) Cimarron ( 1930 / 31 ) Grand Hotel ( 1931 / 32 ) Cavalcade ( 1932 / 33 ) It Happened One Night ( 1934 ) Mutiny on the Bounty ( 1935 ) The Great Ziegfeld ( 1936 ) The Life of Emile Zola ( 1937 ) You Ca n't Take It with You ( 1938 ) Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) Rebecca ( 1940 ) How Green Was My Valley ( 1941 ) Mrs. Miniver ( 1942 ) Casablanca ( 1943 ) Going My Way ( 1944 ) The Lost Weekend ( 1945 ) The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) Gentleman 's Agreement ( 1947 ) Hamlet ( 1948 ) All the King 's Men ( 1949 ) All About Eve ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 An American in Paris ( 1951 ) The Greatest Show on Earth ( 1952 ) From Here to Eternity ( 1953 ) On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) Marty ( 1955 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) Gigi ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) The Apartment ( 1960 ) West Side Story ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1966 ) In the Heat of the Night ( 1967 ) Oliver ! ( 1968 ) Midnight Cowboy ( 1969 ) Patton ( 1970 ) The French Connection ( 1971 ) The Godfather ( 1972 ) The Sting ( 1973 ) The Godfather Part II ( 1974 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Rocky ( 1976 ) Annie Hall ( 1977 ) The Deer Hunter ( 1978 ) Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) Ordinary People ( 1980 ) Chariots of Fire ( 1981 ) Gandhi ( 1982 ) Terms of Endearment ( 1983 ) Amadeus ( 1984 ) Out of Africa ( 1985 ) Platoon ( 1986 ) The Last Emperor ( 1987 ) Rain Man ( 1988 ) Driving Miss Daisy ( 1989 ) Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) Unforgiven ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Braveheart ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Million Dollar Baby ( 2004 ) Crash ( 2005 ) The Departed ( 2006 ) No Country for Old Men ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Birdman or : ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) Spotlight ( 2015 ) Moonlight ( 2016 ) The Shape of Water ( 2017 ) BAFTA Award for Best Film 1940s The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1947 ) Hamlet ( 1948 ) Bicycle Thieves ( 1949 ) 1950s All About Eve ( 1950 ) La Ronde ( 1951 ) The Sound Barrier ( 1952 ) Forbidden Games ( 1953 ) The Wages of Fear ( 1954 ) Richard III ( 1955 ) Gervaise ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) Room at the Top ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) 1960s The Apartment ( 1960 ) Ballad of a Soldier ( 1961 ) The Hustler ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb ( 1964 ) My Fair Lady ( 1965 ) Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 1966 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1967 ) The Graduate ( 1968 ) Midnight Cowboy ( 1969 ) 1970s Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid ( 1970 ) Sunday Bloody Sunday ( 1971 ) Cabaret ( 1972 ) Day for Night ( 1973 ) Lacombe , Lucien ( 1974 ) Alice Does n't Live Here Anymore ( 1975 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1976 ) Annie Hall ( 1977 ) Julia ( 1978 ) Manhattan ( 1979 ) 1980s The Elephant Man ( 1980 ) Chariots of Fire ( 1981 ) Gandhi ( 1982 ) Educating Rita ( 1983 ) The Killing Fields ( 1984 ) The Purple Rose of Cairo ( 1985 ) A Room with a View ( 1986 ) Jean de Florette ( 1987 ) The Last Emperor ( 1988 ) Dead Poets Society ( 1989 ) 1990s Goodfellas ( 1990 ) The Commitments ( 1991 ) Howards End ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Four Weddings and a Funeral ( 1994 ) Sense and Sensibility ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) The Full Monty ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) 2000s Gladiator ( 2000 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Pianist ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) The Aviator ( 2004 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) The Queen ( 2006 ) Atonement ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) 2010s The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Boyhood ( 2014 ) The Revenant ( 2015 ) La La Land ( 2016 ) Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri ( 2017 ) BAFTA Award for Best British Film 1947 -- 1967 Odd Man Out ( 1947 ) The Fallen Idol ( 1948 ) The Third Man ( 1949 ) The Blue Lamp ( 1950 ) The Lavender Hill Mob ( 1951 ) The Sound Barrier ( 1952 ) Genevieve ( 1953 ) Hobson 's Choice ( 1954 ) Richard III ( 1955 ) Reach for the Sky ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) Room at the Top ( 1958 ) Sapphire ( 1959 ) Saturday Night and Sunday Morning ( 1960 ) A Taste of Honey ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb ( 1964 ) The Ipcress File ( 1965 ) The Spy Who Came in from the Cold ( 1966 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1967 ) 1992 -- present The Crying Game ( 1992 ) Shadowlands ( 1993 ) Shallow Grave ( 1994 ) The Madness of King George ( 1995 ) Secrets & Lies ( 1996 ) Nil by Mouth ( 1997 ) Elizabeth ( 1998 ) East Is East ( 1999 ) Billy Elliot ( 2000 ) Gosford Park ( 2001 ) The Warrior ( 2002 ) Touching the Void ( 2003 ) My Summer of Love ( 2004 ) Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit ( 2005 ) The Last King of Scotland ( 2006 ) This Is England ( 2007 ) Man on Wire ( 2008 ) Fish Tank ( 2009 ) The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy ( 2011 ) Skyfall ( 2012 ) Gravity ( 2013 ) The Theory of Everything ( 2014 ) Brooklyn ( 2015 ) I , Daniel Blake ( 2016 ) Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri ( 2017 ) BIFA Award for Best British Independent Film My Name Is Joe ( 1998 ) Wonderland ( 1999 ) Billy Elliot ( 2000 ) Sexy Beast ( 2001 ) Sweet Sixteen ( 2002 ) Dirty Pretty Things ( 2003 ) Vera Drake ( 2004 ) The Constant Gardener ( 2005 ) This Is England ( 2006 ) Control ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) Moon ( 2009 ) The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) Tyrannosaur ( 2011 ) Broken ( 2012 ) Metro Manila ( 2013 ) Pride ( 2014 ) Ex Machina ( 2015 ) American Honey ( 2016 ) God 's Own Country ( 2017 ) European Film Academy People 's Choice Award for Best European Film The Full Monty ( 1997 ) Godzilla ( 1998 ) All About My Mother ( 1999 ) Dancer in the Dark ( 2000 ) Amélie ( 2001 ) Talk to Her ( 2002 ) Good Bye , Lenin ! ( 2003 ) Head - On ( 2004 ) Sophie Scholl -- The Final Days ( 2005 ) Volver ( 2006 ) The Unknown Woman ( 2007 ) Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix ( 2008 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2009 ) Mr. Nobody ( 2010 ) The King 's Speech ( 2011 ) Come as You Are ( 2012 ) The Gilded Cage ( 2013 ) Ida ( 2014 ) Marshland ( 2015 ) Body ( 2016 ) Stefan Zweig : Farewell to Europe ( 2017 ) London Film Critics ' Circle British Film of the Year Life Is Sweet ( 1991 ) Howards End ( 1992 ) The Remains of the Day ( 1993 ) Four Weddings and a Funeral ( 1994 ) The Madness of King George ( 1995 ) Secrets & Lies ( 1996 ) The Full Monty ( 1997 ) Lock , Stock and Two Smoking Barrels ( 1998 ) East Is East ( 1999 ) Billy Elliot ( 2000 ) Gosford Park ( 2001 ) All or Nothing ( 2002 ) The Magdalene Sisters ( 2003 ) Vera Drake ( 2004 ) The Constant Gardener ( 2005 ) The Queen ( 2006 ) Control ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) Fish Tank ( 2009 ) The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) We Need to Talk About Kevin ( 2011 ) Berberian Sound Studio ( 2012 ) The Selfish Giant ( 2013 ) Under the Skin ( 2014 ) 45 Years ( 2015 ) I , Daniel Blake ( 2016 ) Dunkirk ( 2017 ) Producers Guild of America Award for Best Theatrical Motion Picture Driving Miss Daisy ( 1989 ) Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) The Crying Game ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Apollo 13 ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) Moulin Rouge ! ( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) The Aviator ( 2004 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) Little Miss Sunshine ( 2006 ) No Country for Old Men ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave / Gravity ( 2013 ) Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) The Big Short ( 2015 ) La La Land ( 2016 ) The Shape of Water ( 2017 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Apollo 13 ( 1995 ) The Birdcage ( 1996 ) The Full Monty ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Traffic ( 2000 ) Gosford Park ( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Sideways ( 2004 ) Crash ( 2005 ) Little Miss Sunshine ( 2006 ) No Country for Old Men ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) Inglourious Basterds ( 2009 ) The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) The Help ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) American Hustle ( 2013 ) Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) Spotlight ( 2015 ) Hidden Figures ( 2016 ) Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri ( 2017 ) Edward VIII abdication crisis Edward VIII Wallis Simpson People Prince Albert ( Edward VIII 's brother , later George VI ) Stanley Baldwin ( Prime Minister of the United Kingdom ) Alfred Blunt ( Bishop of Bradford ) John Theodore Goddard ( Mrs Simpson 's solicitor ) Alec Hardinge ( Edward VIII 's private secretary ) J.B.M. Hertzog ( Prime Minister of South Africa ) Cosmo Gordon Lang ( Archbishop of Canterbury ) Joseph Lyons ( Prime Minister of Australia ) William Lyon Mackenzie King ( Prime Minister of Canada ) Queen Mary ( Edward VIII 's mother ) Walter Monckton ( advisor to Edward VIII ) Michael Joseph Savage ( Prime Minister of New Zealand ) Ernest Simpson ( Mrs Simpson 's husband ) Éamon de Valera ( President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State ) Legal documents His Majesty 's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936 ( United Kingdom ) Executive Authority ( External Relations ) Act 1936 ( Ireland ) His Majesty King Edward the Eighth 's Abdication Act , 1937 ( South Africa ) Succession to the Throne Act 1937 ( Canada ) Cultural depictions Edward & Mrs. Simpson ( 1978 ) The Woman He Loved ( 1988 ) Wallis & Edward ( 2005 ) The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) W.E. ( 2012 ) Stuttering Therapy Organizations American Institute for Stuttering British Stammering Association European League of Stuttering Associations International Stuttering Association Israel Stuttering Association McGuire Programme Michael Palin Centre for Stammering Children National Stuttering Association Starfish Project Stuttering Center of Western Pennsylvania Stuttering Foundation of America The Indian Stammering Association Other Delayed Auditory Feedback Electronic fluency device International Stuttering Awareness Day National Stuttering Awareness Week The Monster Study Popular culture A Fish Called Wanda Attention bandits ! The Case of the Stuttering Bishop `` K-K-K - Katy '' The King 's Speech `` My Generation '' `` Scatman ( Ski - Ba - Bop - Ba - Dop - Bop ) '' `` Stutter '' Rocket Science Stutterer Su ... Su ... Sudhi Vathmeekam List of stutterers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_King%27s_Speech&oldid=849401127 '' Categories : 2010 films English - language films 2010s drama films 2010s biographical films Biographical films about British royalty British films British independent films British biographical films British drama films Cultural depictions of George V Cultural depictions of George VI Best Picture Academy Award winners Cultural depictions of the Edward VIII abdication crisis Cultural depictions of Winston Churchill Films shot at Elstree Studios Films directed by Tom Hooper Drama films based on actual events Films whose director won the Best Directing Academy Award Films whose writer won the Best Original Screenplay Academy Award Films featuring a Best Actor Academy Award - winning performance European Film Awards winners ( films ) British buddy films Films set in London Films set in Scotland Films set in 1925 Films set in 1934 Films set in 1936 Films set in 1937 Films set in 1939 Films shot in London George VI Independent Spirit Award for Best Foreign Film winners Films featuring a Best Drama Actor Golden Globe winning performance Stuttering Best Film BAFTA Award winners Best British Film BAFTA Award winners Films whose writer won the Best Original Screenplay BAFTA Award Films scored by Alexandre Desplat Films based on British novels Czech Lion Awards winners ( films ) Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2011 All articles containing potentially dated statements Pages using citations with format and no URL Articles with French - language external links Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use British English from May 2011 Use dmy dates from March 2011 Good articles Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം მარგალური Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 50 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 July 2018 , at 19 : 00 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays david in the king's speech	[]	[]
9221766512961657203	Time in the United States	Time in the United States - wikipedia Time in the United States Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Time in the United States , by law , is divided into nine standard time zones covering the states and its possessions , with most of the United States observing daylight saving time ( DST ) for approximately the spring , summer , and fall months . The time zone boundaries and DST observance are regulated by the Department of Transportation . Official and highly precise timekeeping services ( clocks ) are provided by two federal agencies : the National Institute of Standards and Technology ( NIST ) ( an agency of the Department of Commerce ) ; and its military counterpart , the United States Naval Observatory ( USNO ) . The clocks run by these services are kept synchronized with each other as well as with those of other international timekeeping organizations . It is the combination of the time zone and daylight saving rules , along with the timekeeping services , which determines the legal civil time for any U.S. location at any moment . Map of U.S. time zones between April 2 , 2006 , and March 11 , 2007 . The current situation is different only in that several Indiana counties are now in the eastern time zone instead of the central time zone . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 From GMT to UTC 2 United States time zones 2.1 Standard time and daylight saving time 2.2 Zones used in the contiguous U.S. 2.3 Zones used in states beyond the contiguous U.S. 2.4 Zones outside the states 2.5 Minor Outlying Islands 2.6 Antarctic research stations 3 Boundaries between the zones 3.1 Eastern / Central boundary 3.2 Central / Mountain boundary 3.3 Mountain / Pacific boundary 4 Daylight saving time 5 Time representation 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Prior to the adoption of four standard time zones for the continental United States , many towns and cities set clocks based on sunsets and sunrises at their locations and by observing the Sun 's zenith at noon ( mean solar time ) . Dawn and dusk occur at different times but time differences between distant locations were barely noticeable prior to the 19th century because of long travel times and the lack of long - distance instant communications prior to the development of the telegraph . The use of local solar time became increasingly awkward as railways and telecommunications improved . American railroads maintained many different time zones during the late 1800s . Each train station set its own clock making it difficult to coordinate train schedules and confusing passengers . Time calculation became a serious problem for people travelling by train ( sometimes hundreds of miles in a day ) , according to the Library of Congress . Every city in the United States used a different time standard so there were more than 300 local sun times to choose from . Time zones were therefore a compromise , relaxing the complex geographic dependence while still allowing local time to be approximate with mean solar time . Railroad managers tried to address the problem by establishing 100 railroad time zones , but this was only a partial solution to the problem . Operators of the new railroad lines needed a new time plan that would offer a uniform train schedule for departures and arrivals . Four standard time zones for the continental United States were introduced at noon on November 18 , 1883 , when the telegraph lines transmitted time signals to all major cities . In October 1884 , the International Meridian Conference at Washington DC adopted a proposal which stated that the prime meridian for longitude and timekeeping should be one that passes through the centre of the transit instrument at the Greenwich Observatory in the United Kingdom ( UK ) . The conference therefore established the Greenwich Meridian as the prime meridian and Greenwich Mean Time ( GMT ) as the world 's time standard . The US time - zone system grew from this , in which all zones referred back to GMT on the prime meridian . From GMT to UTC ( edit ) GMT was superseded as the international civil time standard by Coordinated Universal Time ( UTC ) in 1960 , when the International Radio Consultative Committee formalized the concept of Coordinated Universal Time , abbreviated as UTC . It is , within about 1 second , mean solar time at 0 ° . It does not observe daylight saving time . It is one of several closely related successors to Greenwich Mean Time ( GMT ) . For most purposes , UTC is considered interchangeable with GMT , but GMT is no longer precisely defined by the scientific community . United States time zones ( edit ) Standard time zones in the United States are currently defined at the federal level by law 15 USC § 260 . The federal law also establishes the transition dates and times at which daylight saving time occurs , if observed . It is ultimately the authority of the Secretary of Transportation , in coordination with the states , to determine which regions will observe which of the standard time zones and if they will observe daylight saving time . As of August 9 , 2007 , the standard time zones are defined in terms of hourly offsets from UTC . Prior to this they were based upon the mean solar time at several meridians 15 ° apart west of Greenwich ( GMT ) . Only the full - time zone names listed below are official ; abbreviations are by common use conventions , and duplicated elsewhere in the world for different time zones . The United States uses nine standard time zones . As defined by US law they are : The Atlantic standard time zone The Eastern standard time zone The Central standard time zone The Mountain standard time zone The Pacific standard time zone The Alaska standard time zone The Hawaii -- Aleutian standard time zone The Samoa standard time zone The Chamorro standard time zone View the standard time zone boundaries here . Standard time and daylight saving time ( edit ) Time Zone Standard Time Daylight Time States in Zone Hawaii -- Aleutian Time Zone HST ( UTC − 10 : 00 ) HDT ( UTC − 09 : 00 ) Alaska , Hawaii ( no DST ) Alaska Time Zone AKST ( UTC − 09 : 00 ) AKDT ( UTC − 08 : 00 ) Alaska Pacific Time Zone PST ( UTC − 08 : 00 ) PDT ( UTC − 07 : 00 ) California , Washington , Oregon , Nevada , Idaho Mountain Time Zone MST ( UTC − 07 : 00 ) MDT ( UTC − 06 : 00 ) Arizona ( no DST outside of Navajo Nation ) , Colorado , Idaho , Kansas , Montana , Nebraska , New Mexico , North Dakota , Oregon , South Dakota , Texas , Utah , Wyoming Central Time Zone CST ( UTC − 06 : 00 ) CDT ( UTC − 05 : 00 ) Alabama , Arkansas , Florida , Illinois , Indiana , Iowa , Kansas , Kentucky , Louisiana , Michigan , Minnesota , Mississippi , Missouri , Nebraska , North Dakota , Oklahoma , South Dakota , Tennessee , Texas , Wisconsin Eastern Time Zone EST ( UTC − 05 : 00 ) EDT ( UTC − 04 : 00 ) Connecticut , Florida , District of Columbia , Delaware , Georgia , Indiana , Kentucky , Maine , Massachusetts , Michigan , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New York , North Carolina , Ohio , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , South Carolina , Tennessee , Vermont , Maryland , Virginia , West Virginia Zones used in the contiguous U.S. ( edit ) From east to west , the times zones of the contiguous United States are : The Eastern standard time zone : ( Zone R ) , which comprises roughly the states on the Atlantic coast and the eastern two thirds of the Ohio Valley . The Central standard time zone : ( Zone S ) , which comprises roughly the Gulf Coast , Mississippi Valley , and Great Plains . The Mountain standard time zone : ( Zone T ) , which comprises roughly the states that include the Rocky Mountains . The Pacific standard time zone : ( Zone U ) , which comprises roughly the states on the Pacific coast , plus Nevada and the Idaho panhandle . Zones used in States beyond the contiguous U.S. ( edit ) The Alaska standard time zone : ( AKST ; UTC − 09 : 00 ; Zone V ) , which comprises most of the state of Alaska . The Hawaii - Aleutian standard time zone : ( or unofficially Hawaii Standard Time : HST ) ( HAST ; UTC − 10 : 00 ; zone W ) , which includes Hawaii and most of the length of the Aleutian Islands chain ( west of 169 ° 30 ′ W ) . Zones outside the States ( edit ) The Atlantic standard time zone : ( AST ; UTC − 04 : 00 ; Zone Q ) , which comprises Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands . The Samoa standard time zone ( SST ; UTC − 11 : 00 ; Zone X ) , which comprises American Samoa . The Chamorro standard time zone : ( ChST ; UTC + 10 : 00 ; Zone K ) , which comprises Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands . Minor outlying Islands ( edit ) Some United States Minor Outlying Islands are outside the time zones defined by 15 U.S.C. § 260 and exist in waters defined by Nautical time . In practice , military crews may simply use Zulu time ( UTC ± 00 : 00 ) when on these islands . Baker Island and Howland Island are in UTC − 12 , while Wake Island is in UTC + 12 : 00 . Because they exist on opposite sides of the International Date Line , it can , for example , be noon Thursday on Baker and Howland islands while simultaneously being noon Friday on Wake Island . Other outlying islands include Jarvis Island , Midway Atoll , Palmyra Atoll , and Kingman Reef ( UTC − 11 : 00 ) ; Johnston Atoll ( UTC − 10 : 00 ) ; and Navassa Island , Bajo Nuevo Bank , and Serranilla Bank ( UTC − 05 : 00 ) . Antarctic research stations ( edit ) See also : Time in Antarctica In Antarctica , the US research facility Palmer Station is in UTC − 03 : 00 , while McMurdo Station and Amundsen -- Scott South Pole Station use UTC + 12 : 00 in order to coordinate with their main supply base in New Zealand . Boundaries between the zones ( edit ) ( Described from north to south along each boundary . ) Eastern / Central boundary ( edit ) Marker showing the border of Wayne County , Kentucky , and the Eastern Time Zone Time in Indiana : red areas belong to the Central Time Zone . roughly follows the border between Wisconsin ( to the south and west ) and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan ( to the north and east ) ; the Upper Peninsula counties that border Wisconsin ( namely Gogebic , Iron , Dickinson , and Menominee counties ) observe CT , all other counties in the U.P. observe ET follows Lake Michigan divides a small portion of Northwestern Indiana near Chicago from the rest of the state follows the border between Illinois ( west ) and Indiana ( east ) divides a small portion of Southwestern Indiana from the rest of the state divides Kentucky in half roughly along a line that is west of Louisville , Kentucky running from northwest to southeast . divides the region legally defined as East Tennessee , except for four counties adjoining Middle Tennessee , from the rest of Tennessee . follows the border between Alabama ( west ) and Georgia ( east ) divides the Florida Panhandle along the Apalachicola River and Intracoastal Waterway just west of Tallahassee , Florida . Central / Mountain boundary ( edit ) divides the southwest portion of North Dakota from the rest of the state divides South Dakota roughly in half divides the western third of Nebraska from the rest of the state divides a very small portion of extreme western Kansas bordering Colorado ( Greeley , Hamilton , Sherman , and Wallace counties ) from the rest of the state ( three other counties which border Colorado -- Cheyenne , Morton , and Stanton counties -- observe CST ) follows the border between New Mexico ( west ) and Oklahoma ( east ) follows the border between New Mexico ( west ) and Texas ( east ) divides El Paso County , Hudspeth County , and a portion of northern Culberson County that includes eastern Guadalupe Mountains National Park from the rest of Texas Mountain / Pacific boundary ( edit ) follows the border between northern Idaho ( to the west ) and northwestern Montana ( to the east ) turns west at 45 ° 33.46 ′ N 114 ° 33.89 ′ W / 45.55767 ° N 114.56483 ° W / 45.55767 ; - 114.56483 ( just south of Nez Perce Pass ) , and follows the Idaho County line to the Salmon River follows the Salmon River west to the town of Riggins , where the Salmon River turns north . This puts almost all of northern Idaho in the Pacific time zone , except for the small loop described next . turns north and follows the Salmon River to the Snake River at the Oregon border ( at 45 ° 51.3 ′ N 116 ° 47.5 ′ W / 45.8550 ° N 116.7917 ° W / 45.8550 ; - 116.7917 ) . Interestingly , this loop to the north creates a curious situation where one can enter a more - westerly time zone by traveling east over one of the bridges across this portion of the Salmon River . turns south and follows the Snake River between Oregon ( west ) and Idaho ( east ) to the northern border of Malheur County , Oregon turns west and follows the northern border of Malheur County , Oregon to its western border , where it turns south follows the western border of Malheur County to latitude 42.45 ° ( 42 ° 27 ′ N ) , where it turns east , and returns to the Oregon / Idaho border turns south and follows the border between Oregon ( west ) and Idaho ( east ) turns east and follows the border between Idaho ( north ) and Nevada ( south ) along the 42nd parallel north to longitude 114.041726 W . turns south and follows the border between Nevada ( west ) and Utah ( east ) , except for following the west city limit line of West Wendover dividing it from the rest of Nevada , and putting it in the mountain time zone . Jackpot , Nevada , just south of the 42nd parallel and some 25 miles ( 40 km ) west of the time zone south turn , also observes Mountain Time , on an unofficial basis . follows the border between Nevada ( west ) and Arizona ( east ) follows the border between California ( west ) and Arizona ( east ) , as defined by the Colorado river , to the border between the U.S. and Mexico . Daylight saving time ( edit ) Main article : Daylight saving time in the United States The Energy Policy Act of 2005 extended daylight saving time ( DST ) for an additional month beginning in 2007 . The start of DST now occurs on the second Sunday in March and ends on the first Sunday in November . Clocks will be set ahead one hour at 2 a.m. on the following start dates and set back one hour at 2 a.m. on these ending dates : Year Start date Ending date 2006 April 2 October 29 2007 March 11 November 4 2008 March 9 November 2 2009 March 8 November 1 March 14 November 7 2011 March 13 November 6 2012 March 11 November 4 2013 March 10 November 3 2014 March 9 November 2 2015 March 8 November 1 2016 March 13 November 6 2017 March 12 November 5 2018 March 11 November 4 2019 March 10 November 3 2020 March 8 November 1 In response to the Uniform Time Act of 1966 , each state of the US has officially chosen to apply one of two rules over its entire territory : Most use the standard time for their zone ( or zones , where a state is divided between two zones ) , except for using daylight saving time during the summer months . Originally this ran from the last Sunday in April until the last Sunday in October . Two subsequent amendments , in 1986 and 2005 , have shifted these days so that daylight saving time now runs from the second Sunday in March until the first Sunday in November . Arizona time zones Arizona and Hawaii use standard time throughout the year . However : The Navajo Nation observes DST throughout its entire territory , including the portion that lies in Arizona . But the Hopi Nation , which is entirely surrounded by the Navajo Nation and is entirely in Arizona , does not observe DST . ( See map inset right . ) In 2005 , Indiana passed legislation which took effect on April 2 , 2006 , that placed the entire state on daylight saving time ( see Time in Indiana ) . Before then , Indiana officially used standard time year - round , with the following exceptions : The portions of Indiana that were on Central Time observed daylight saving time . Also , some Indiana counties near Cincinnati and Louisville were on Eastern Time , but did ( unofficially ) observe DST . Time representation ( edit ) Further information : Date and time notation in the United States and Speaking clock § United States There exist more than one hundred clock towers in the United States ; see Category : Clock towers in the United States . See also ( edit ) History of time in the United States List of time zones by U.S. state Daylight saving time in the United States Lists of time zones Effects of time on North American broadcasting Date and time notation in the United States East Coast bias References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Why Do We Have Time Zones ? '' . Jump up ^ What is Greenwich Mean Time ( GMT ) http://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com/info/gmt.htm Jump up ^ Bernard Guinot , `` Solar time , legal time , time in use '' Metrologica , August 2011 ( volume 48 , issue 4 ) , pages 181 -- 185 . Jump up ^ 15 USC § 260 . Jump up ^ `` 15 U.S. Code Subchapter IX - STANDARD TIME '' . Jump up ^ Pupblic Law 110 -- 69 -- America COMPETES Act ( August 9 , 2007 ) . Sec. 3013 ) Jump up ^ Standard Time Zone Boundaries 49CFR71 External links ( edit ) Official website U.S. Navy time zone page North American Time Zone border data and images CFR 's Title 40 - Protection of Environment ( also at wikisource : Code of Federal Regulations / Title 49 / Subtitle A / Part 71 ) Standard Time Law 15USC260 - 267 ( also at wikisource : United States Code / Title 15 / Chapter 6 / Subchapter IX ) ( hide ) Time in the Americas North America South America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Falkland Islands French Guiana Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Turks and Caicos Islands US Virgin Islands ( hide ) Time in the United States States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. Insular areas American Samoa The Marianas Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Time_in_the_United_States&oldid=802358542 '' Categories : Time in the United States Geography of the United States Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2013 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Frysk Bahasa Indonesia Русский Українська اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2017 , at 17 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does the east coast time zone start	[]	[]
-4286417008041170344	Gun laws in Indiana	Gun laws in Indiana - wikipedia Gun laws in Indiana Location of Indiana in the United States Gun laws in Indiana regulate the sale , possession , and use of firearms and ammunition in the U.S. state of Indiana . Contents 1 Summary table 2 State preemption 3 Carrying handguns 4 Restricted locations 5 Ownership and purchase 6 Reciprocity 7 Firearm ( Handgun ) License Statistics 8 Loss of Firearm Rights 9 Restoration of Firearm Rights 10 Other laws 11 References Summary table ( edit ) Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes State permit required to purchase ? No No None Firearm registration ? No No None Assault weapon law ? No No None Magazine capacity restriction ? No No None Owner license required ? No No None Carry license required ? No Yes IC 35 - 47 - 2 - 3 Shall - Issue . Officially `` License to Carry Handgun '' , which covers concealed and open carry . As of July 1 , 2017 , persons who a ) are at least 18 years old , b ) are protected by a protection order , c ) have applied for a license , and d ) are not prohibited from possessing a handgun may carry a handgun without a license for 60 days from the date of the protection order being issued . Open carry ? Yes Yes IC 35 - 47 - 2 - 3 May carry openly with license . On May 9 , 2017 , the Indiana Supreme Court ruled that detaining an individual based solely upon their possession of a handgun ( in order to verify that they are licensed ) violates the Fourth Amendment absent any other reasonable articulable suspicion of a crime being committed . Vehicle carry ? Yes Yes IC 35 - 47 - 2 - 3 May carry in a vehicle with license . State preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes IC 35 - 47 - 11.1 - 2 Enacted in 2011 NFA weapons restricted ? No No IC 35 - 47 - 5 - 10 Federal laws observed . Shall certify ? Yes Yes Shall certify within 15 days . Peaceable journey laws ? No No None Federal rules observed . Castle Doctrine law ? Yes Yes IC 35 - 41 - 3 - 2 No duty to retreat from dwelling , curtilage , or occupied motor vehicle . Duty to inform ? No No IC 35 - 47 - 2 - 24 Indiana law does not require one to disclose possession of a firearm on contact with Law Enforcement . Background checks required for private sales ? No No None Red flag law ? Yes Yes IC 35 - 47 - 14 - 6 ( b ) The police may temporarily confiscate firearms from people who are threatening to harm themselves or others , and then get a court order afterwards . State preemption ( edit ) Local laws regulating the possession and ownership of ammunition , firearms and shooting accessories are prohibited per IC 35 -- 47 -- 11.1 -- 2 , subject to the exemptions listed in IC 35 -- 47 -- 11.1 -- 4 . ( New provisions effective 2011 Jul 01 . ) Carrying handguns ( edit ) Indiana requires a license for carrying a handgun generally , although there are several exceptions . Manner of carry , whether open or concealed , is not explicitly specified in the code , thus the license is required for concealed , open , or transport within vehicle , unless covered by one of the exceptions . A license is not required if carrying on property `` owned , rented , leased , or otherwise legally controlled '' by the carrier , or carried on another person 's legally controlled property if permission has been obtained . A license is not required for carrying at a `` gun show , firearm expo , gun owner 's club or convention , hunting club , shooting club , or training course '' , or places where carrier is receiving `` firearm related services . '' A license is also not required at a `` shooting range '' , at a location where one is participating in a `` firearms instructional course '' , or during `` legal hunting activity . '' One may transport a handgun in a vehicle without a license if the handgun is `` unloaded '' , `` not readily accessible '' , and `` secured in a case . '' A violation of is a class A misdemeanor . Indiana handgun license allows carrier to carry virtually anywhere at anytime except for the following exceptions : In or on school property ( locked in a vehicle is OK ) , on a school bus , in or on property that is being used by a school for a school function , private school , head start , preschool programs , on commercial or charter aircraft , controlled access areas of an airport , on the premises of the annual Indiana State Fair , shipping ports controlled by Indiana Port Commission , riverboat casinos , or any place where the carrying of firearms is prohibited by Federal Law . Prohibitions by businesses are not enforced under the color of law , although management may eject a person for carrying . Indiana is a `` shall issue '' state for the License To Carry a Handgun . A license to carry will be issued to individuals age 18 or older who meet a number of legal requirements . Currently both limited term and unlimited lifetime licenses are available . Grounds for disqualification include a conviction for a felony or for misdemeanor domestic battery . A license can also be denied if the applicant has been arrested for a violent crime and `` a court has found probable cause to believe that the person committed the offense charged '' . Documented substance abuse within a certain time frame is a disqualifier , as is documented evidence of any given person 's `` propensity for violent or emotionally unstable conduct . '' Indiana residents , or non-residents with a `` regular place of business '' in Indiana , must obtain an Indiana license . Application for a license must be made to the local police department , or absent that , to the county police department . Four - year and lifetime permits are issued for Indiana residents . Out - of - state residents may only be issued four - year permits , minus Active Duty Military who become stationed in Indiana . Active Duty military stationed in Indiana can apply for lifetime permits through their local city or county police department . Indiana law stands mute vis - à - vis long gun carry . There are some Department of Natural Resources ( DNR ) rules , but these only apply on DNR properties or to hunters . Generally speaking , possession of long guns is legal whether the gun is either on one 's person or in one 's motor vehicle , loaded or not , concealed or not . There are additional rules regarding firearms possession on ATVs and snowmobiles . Restricted locations ( edit ) It is illegal for anyone , except for law enforcement officers and authorized school resource officers , to possess a firearm on school property ( K - 12 and day care ) or on a school bus , except that lawful gun owners may have guns in their vehicles on school property provided that the gun is stored out of plain sight in the person 's locked motor vehicle or that the driver is only transporting someone to , or from , a school event . It is also illegal to carry a firearm on a commercial airplane or in the controlled section of an airport , on a riverboat gambling cruise , at the Indiana State Fair , courthouses and the Indiana Statehouse and Government Center . Carrying on Army Corps of Engineers property which include Brookville Lake , Cagles Mill Lake , Cecil M. Harden Lake , J. Edward Roush Lake , Mississinewa Lake , Monroe Lake , Patoka Lake , and Salamonie Lake is restricted according to CFR Title 36 , Chapter 111 , Part 327 . Private businesses may restrict or forbid firearms on their properties . However , a 2010 law prohibits employers from discharging employees for in - vehicle firearms possession on business property . Furthermore , an employer may not ask any employee about the possession of firearms and / or ammunition . Ownership and purchase ( edit ) Firearms dealers or private individuals may not sell any firearm to someone less than 18 years old , or less than 23 years old if the buyer was `` adjudicated a delinquent child for an act that would be a felony if committed by an adult '' , or to a person who is mentally incompetent or is a drug or alcohol abuser . All NFA - regulated weapons and devices are legal in Indiana . Reciprocity ( edit ) Indiana honors all other states handgun licenses , though not all other states honor Indiana 's license . Because there is no obligation for one state to notify another state of any change in their gun laws the Indiana State Police does not attempt to track this information . An Illinois Firearms Owners Identification ( FOID ) card allows Illinois residents to purchase and possess firearms and ammunition . The FOID is not a permit to carry a handgun , therefore it is not honored as such by Indiana , but the Illinois license to carry a concealed firearm , first issued in February 2014 , is honored like that of any other state . The following states have established arrangements where they recognize or honor permits or licenses issued by the State of Indiana : Alabama , Alaska , Arizona , Arkansas , Colorado , Florida , Georgia , Idaho , Iowa , Kansas , Kentucky , Louisiana , Michigan , Mississippi , Missouri , Montana , New Hampshire , North Carolina , North Dakota , Ohio , Oklahoma , Pennsylvania , South Dakota , Tennessee , Texas , Utah , Vermont , Wisconsin , and Wyoming . Firearm ( handgun ) license Statistics ( edit ) In January 2013 , the Indiana State Police Firearms Section began publishing quarterly reports that show the number of active handgun licenses held by Indiana residents . As of December 31 , 2015 , there were 661,334 active licenses to carry firearms issued by Indiana , with 23.8 % being issued to females . In 2015 , 5.4 % of all applicants were rejected for various reasons , 15.5 % of rejected applicants being female . Loss of firearm rights ( edit ) Both Indiana and Federal laws restrict purchase and possession under certain circumstances . Federal law prohibits possession of firearms for life by those convicted of felonies and for those convicted of misdemeanors involving domestic violence . Indiana law prohibits as follows : IC 35 - 47 - 2 - 1 prohibits carrying handguns or possession within dwelling by those convicted of domestic battery . IC 35 - 47 - 4 - 6 states that it is a Class A misdemeanor for a person convicted of domestic battery to possess a firearm . IC 35 - 47 - 2 - 7 prohibits transfer or sale of firearms to any person with a felony conviction . IC 35 - 47 - 4 - 5 prohibits possession of firearms for convictions of `` serious violent felonies '' . While Indiana law mirrors federal law for the most part , it does not ban those with non-violent felonies from possession of firearms . Therefore , a person with a non-violent felony in Indiana would be allowed to possess a firearm under Indiana law , but because federal law prohibits possession in this instance , that person would be unable to purchase a firearm since purchasing a firearm is subject to federal law and a NICS background check . Restoration of firearm rights ( edit ) Because firearm rights are governed by state and federal law , whether someone can restore those rights can be a tricky question even for an attorney to answer . In some circumstances a person might be able to restore their Indiana rights while not fully restoring their federal rights . For those barred from possession because of a conviction for domestic battery , Indiana Code § 35 - 47 - 4 - 7 allows one to petition the court for restoration of the right after 5 years from the date of conviction . Restoration of rights for those convicted of felonies is usually barred by federal law . This arises because federal law does not recognize expungements as restoring firearm rights if the expungement does not fully satisfy federal law by fully sealing the conviction so that it can not be used in subsequent proceedings . Therefore , while an Indiana expungement restores civil rights ( except for domestic battery , which requires a separate petition ) , it does not restore one 's federal rights . The only exception is for non-violent Class D felony convictions . Because Indiana law allows those with non-violent Class D felony convictions to petition the court to reduce the felony to a Class A misdemeanor , unless a person was barred by other convictions , a successful reduction will restore a person 's rights under federal and state law . Other laws ( edit ) In Indiana , the police may temporarily confiscate firearms from people who are threatening to harm themselves or others . No warrant or judge 's signature is necessary . The police must submit a written statement describing why the person whose guns were seized is considered dangerous , and the person can respond at a hearing . Within 14 days a judge must agree that probable cause exists , or the person 's guns must be returned . Cartridges that `` can be fired in a handgun '' that have `` a projectile that has a metal core and an outer coating of plastic '' are prohibited . `` This section does not apply to nylon coated ammunition , plastic shot capsules , or ammunition designed to be used in rifles or shotguns . '' Indiana provides lawsuit protection to law - abiding manufacturers , sellers , and trade associations for the misuse of firearms by third parties . Lawsuits are permitted for cases of damage or injury caused by defective firearms or ammunition , or breach of contract or warranty . Indiana 's law about self - defense ( and the defense of others ) can be found at Indiana Code , Title 35 , Article 41 , Chapter 3 -- 2 . Suppressors are legal in the state of Indiana with the correct provisions and tax stamps to the correct federal entities and may be used for hunting . The information in this article is either directly stated ( or inferred ) from Indiana Code , Title 35 , Article 47 , Chapters 1 -- 14 , Title 34 , Article 28 , Chapter 7 and Title 34 , Article 12 , Chapter 3 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ NRA - ILA . `` NRA - ILA Indiana : 2017 Legislative Session Adjourns '' . NRA - ILA . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Gun Guy : Police May Not Detain Armed Hoosiers to Check for Handgun License 93.1 WIBC '' . 93.1 WIBC . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Does Indiana law require me to carry my handgun on my person in a concealed or exposed manner ? '' , Frequently Asked Questions , IN.gov . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ NRA - ILA . `` NRA - ILA Indiana : Governor Pence Signs Pro-Gun Bill '' . NRA - ILA . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` IC 35 - 47 - 2 '' . Jump up ^ `` Gun laws in Indiana '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` IC 35 -- 47 -- 2 -- 3 -- Application for license to carry handgun ; procedure '' . In.gov . Retrieved November 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` IC 35 -- 47 -- 9 -- Possession of Firearms on School Property and School Buses '' . In.gov . Retrieved March 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ https://iga.in.gov/legislative/2014/bills/senate/229#digest-heading Jump up ^ `` IC 35 -- 47 -- 6 -- Weapons on Aircraft '' . In.gov . Retrieved March 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` US ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Possession of Firearms and Ammunition in Locked Vehicles '' . In.gov . Retrieved November 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Disclosure of Firearm or Ammunition Information as a Condition of Employment '' . In.gov . Retrieved November 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ https://iga.in.gov/static-documents/6/c/b/b/6cbb10c7/TITLE35_AR47_ch2.pdf Jump up ^ `` Indiana State Police : Firearm FAQ '' ( PDF ) . IN.gov . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` National Rifle Association : Indiana : State Gun Laws : Reciprocity '' . NRA . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana State Police : Firearms Licensing Statistics 2015 '' ( PDF ) . IN.gov . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Restoring Firearm Rights in Indiana '' . Jump up ^ `` Restoring Firearm Rights in Indiana '' . Jump up ^ Hussein , Fatima ; Martin , Ryan ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` Indiana 's ' Red Flag ' Gun Law Is Getting National Attention . But Does It Work ? '' . The Indianapolis Star . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Covington , Olivia ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` Hill Meets Trump on Gun Reform , Points Out Indiana ' Red Flag Law ' '' . The Indiana Lawyer . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Leblanc , Matthew ( March 4 , 2018 ) . `` Local Agencies Hail ' Red Flag ' Law '' . The Journal Gazette . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Carden , Dan ; Cross , Lauren ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` Law Letting Officers Take Guns from Dangerous Individuals in Indiana Could Become National Model '' . Purdue Exponent . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kivisto , Aaron J. ; Phalen , Peter Lee ( 2018 - 08 - 01 ) . `` Effects of Risk - Based Firearm Seizure Laws in Connecticut and Indiana on Suicide Rates , 1981 - 2015 '' . Psychiatric Services ( Washington , D.C. ) . 69 ( 8 ) : 855 -- 862 . doi : 10.1176 / appi. ps. 201700250 . ISSN 1557 - 9700 . PMID 29852823 . Jump up ^ `` IC 34 - 12 - 3 : Legal Actions Involving Firearms and Ammunition '' . In.gov. 2001 - 04 - 18 . Retrieved March 16 , 2012 . Gun laws in the United States by state Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming District of Columbia American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gun_laws_in_Indiana&oldid=866500580 '' Categories : Indiana law United States gun laws by state Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 18 : 33 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	indiana concealed carry permit is good in what states	[]	[]
4538875907351126146	Premier League Player of the Month	Premier League Player of the Month - wikipedia Premier League Player of the Month This is the current revision of this page , as edited by ChocolateRabbit ( talk contribs ) at 14 : 19 , 24 August 2017 ( → ‎ Multiple winners ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 14 : 19 , 24 August 2017 by ChocolateRabbit ( talk contribs ) ( → ‎ Multiple winners ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search The Player of the Month is an association football award that recognises the best Premier League player each month of the season . The recipient is chosen by a panel assembled by the League 's sponsor , and announced alongside the Manager of the Month on the first or second Friday of the following month . It has been called the Carling Premiership Player of the Month ( 1994 -- 2001 ) , the Barclaycard Premiership Player of the Month ( 2001 -- 2004 ) , Barclays Player of the Month ( 2004 - 2016 ) , and presently it is the EA SPORTS Player of the Month . The Premier League was formed in 1992 , when the members of the First Division resigned from The Football League . These clubs then set up a new commercially independent league that negotiated its own broadcast and sponsorship agreements . The inaugural season had no sponsor until Carling agreed to a four - year deal for £ 12 million that started the following season . Carling introduced new Manager of the Month and Manager of the Season awards for the 1993 -- 94 season , supplementing the existing Football Writers ' Association and Professional Footballers ' Association Player of the Year awards . For the 1994 -- 95 season they introduced the Player of the Month award , which was first awarded to Jürgen Klinsmann for his performances in his team in August 1994 . Steven Gerrard has been Player of the Month the most with six awards . Five players have won the award in consecutive months ; Robbie Fowler ( 1995 -- 96 ) , Dennis Bergkamp ( 1997 ) , Cristiano Ronaldo ( 2006 ) , Harry Kane ( 2015 ) and Jamie Vardy ( 2015 ) . 12 individuals have won two awards in a season : Ryan Giggs , Ruud van Nistelrooy , Thierry Henry , Wayne Rooney , Peter Odemwingie , Robin van Persie , Daniel Sturridge , Luis Suárez , Jamie Vardy , Sergio Agüero , Heung Min Son and Ashley Young , who is also the only player to win the award three times in a calendar year . Robbie Keane has won the award while playing for three different clubs ( Coventry City , Leeds United and Tottenham Hotspur ) . Nine other players have won the award playing for two different clubs . The award has been shared on six occasions : by Blackburn Rovers 's Alan Shearer and Chris Sutton in November 1994 , Liverpool 's Robbie Fowler and Stan Collymore in January 1996 , Southampton 's Kevin Davies and Manchester United 's Andy Cole in November 1997 , Arsenal 's Dennis Bergkamp and Edu in February 2004 , Tottenham Hotspur strikers Dimitar Berbatov and Robbie Keane in April 2007 and Liverpool duo Steven Gerrard and Luis Suárez in April 2014 . Almost half of the Player of the Month awards have gone to English players , and the majority of foreign winners have been French or Dutch . Manchester United have had more Player of the Month awards than any other club . Contents ( hide ) 1 Winners 2 Multiple winners 3 Awards won by position 4 Awards won by nationality 5 Awards won by club 6 See also 7 Footnotes 8 References Winners ( edit ) As of 12 May 2017 Contents 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 Key Award was shared with another player GK Goalkeeper DF Defender MF Midfielder FW Forward Steven Gerrard won the Player of the Month Award a record six times . Wayne Rooney and Robin van Persie have received five Player of the Month awards . Jürgen Klinsmann , who won the first Player of the Month award in August 1994 Cristiano Ronaldo and Alan Shearer both won four Player of the Month awards . Month Year Nationality Player Team Position Ref 5 ! August 1994.5 1994 Germany Klinsmann , Jürgen Jürgen Klinsmann Tottenham Hotspur FW 6 ! September 1994.6 1994 England Lee , Rob Rob Lee Newcastle United E ! MF 7 ! October 1994.7 1994 England Ince , Paul Paul Ince Manchester United E ! MF 8 ! November 1994.8 1994 England Shearer , Alan Alan Shearer † Blackburn Rovers FW 8 ! November 1994.8 1994 England Sutton , Chris Chris Sutton † Blackburn Rovers FW 9 ! December 1994.9 1994 England Le Tissier , Matt Matt Le Tissier Southampton E ! MF 1 ! January 1995.1 1995 England Waddle , Chris Chris Waddle Sheffield Wednesday E ! MF 2 ! February 1995.2 1995 Scotland Ferguson , Duncan Duncan Ferguson Everton FW 3 ! March 1995.3 1995 Ghana Yeboah , Tony Tony Yeboah Leeds United FW 4 ! April 1995.4 1995 England Seaman , David David Seaman Arsenal A ! GK 5 ! August 1995.5 1995 France Ginola , David David Ginola Newcastle United E ! MF 6 ! September 1995.6 1995 Ghana Yeboah , Tony Tony Yeboah Leeds United FW 7 ! October 1995.7 1995 England Sinclair , Trevor Trevor Sinclair Queens Park Rangers E ! MF 8 ! November 1995.8 1995 England Lee , Rob Rob Lee Newcastle United E ! MF 9 ! December 1995.9 1995 England Fowler , Robbie Robbie Fowler Liverpool FW 1 ! January 1996.1 1996 England Collymore , Stan Stan Collymore † Liverpool FW 1 ! January 1996.1 1996 England Fowler , Robbie Robbie Fowler † Liverpool FW 2 ! February 1996.2 1996 Trinidad and Tobago Yorke , Dwight Dwight Yorke Aston Villa FW 3 ! March 1996.3 1996 France Cantona , Eric Eric Cantona Manchester United FW 4 ! April 1996.4 1996 Russia Kanchelskis , Andrei Andrei Kanchelskis Everton E ! MF 5 ! August 1996.5 1996 England Beckham , David David Beckham Manchester United E ! MF 6 ! September 1996.6 1996 Czech Republic Berger , Patrik Patrik Berger Liverpool E ! MF 7 ! October 1996.7 1996 England Le Tissier , Matt Matt Le Tissier Southampton E ! MF 8 ! November 1996.8 1996 England Wright , Ian Ian Wright Arsenal FW 9 ! December 1996.9 1996 Italy Zola , Gianfranco Gianfranco Zola Chelsea FW 1 ! January 1997.1 1997 England Flowers , Tim Tim Flowers Blackburn Rovers A ! GK 2 ! February 1997.2 1997 Jamaica Earle , Robbie Robbie Earle Wimbledon E ! MF 3 ! March 1997.3 1997 Brazil Juninho Paulista , Juninho Paulista Middlesbrough E ! MF 4 ! April 1997.4 1997 Ireland Evans , Mickey Mickey Evans Southampton FW 5 ! August 1997.5 1997 Netherlands Bergkamp , Dennis Dennis Bergkamp Arsenal FW 5 ! September 1997.6 1997 Netherlands Bergkamp , Dennis Dennis Bergkamp Arsenal FW 7 ! October 1997.7 1997 Costa Rica Wanchope , Paulo Paulo Wanchope Derby County FW 8 ! November 1997.8 1997 England Cole , Andy Andy Cole † Manchester United FW 8 ! November 1997.8 1997 England Davies , Kevin Kevin Davies † Southampton FW 9 ! December 1997.9 1997 England McManaman , Steve Steve McManaman Liverpool E ! MF 1 ! January 1998.1 1998 England Dublin , Dion Dion Dublin Coventry City FW 2 ! February 1998.2 1998 England Sutton , Chris Chris Sutton Blackburn Rovers FW 3 ! March 1998.3 1998 Austria Manninger , Alex Alex Manninger Arsenal A ! GK 4 ! April 1998.4 1998 France Petit , Emmanuel Emmanuel Petit Arsenal E ! MF 5 ! August 1998.5 1998 England Owen , Michael Michael Owen Liverpool FW 6 ! September 1998.6 1998 England Shearer , Alan Alan Shearer Newcastle United FW 7 ! October 1998.7 1998 Ireland Keane , Roy Roy Keane Manchester United E ! MF 8 ! November 1998.8 1998 England Dublin , Dion Dion Dublin Aston Villa FW 9 ! December 1998.9 1998 France Ginola , David David Ginola Tottenham Hotspur E ! MF 1 ! January 1999.1 1999 Trinidad and Tobago Yorke , Dwight Dwight Yorke Manchester United FW 2 ! February 1999.2 1999 France Anelka , Nicolas Nicolas Anelka Arsenal FW 3 ! March 1999.3 1999 England Parlour , Ray Ray Parlour Arsenal E ! MF 4 ! April 1999.4 1999 England Campbell , Kevin Kevin Campbell Everton FW 5 ! August 1999.5 1999 Ireland Keane , Robbie Robbie Keane Coventry City FW 6 ! September 1999.6 1999 Turkey Izzet , Muzzy Muzzy Izzet Leicester City E ! MF 7 ! October 1999.7 1999 England Phillips , Kevin Kevin Phillips Sunderland FW 8 ! November 1999.8 1999 Finland Hyypiä , Sami Sami Hyypiä Liverpool DF 9 ! December 1999.9 1999 Ireland Keane , Roy Roy Keane Manchester United E ! MF 1 ! January 2000.1 2000 England Southgate , Gareth Gareth Southgate Aston Villa DF 2 ! February 2000.2 2000 England Merson , Paul Paul Merson Aston Villa E ! MF 3 ! March 2000.3 2000 Trinidad and Tobago Yorke , Dwight Dwight Yorke Manchester United FW 4 ! April 2000.4 2000 France Henry , Thierry Thierry Henry Arsenal FW 5 ! August 2000.5 2000 England Smith , Alan Alan Smith Leeds United FW 6 ! September 2000.6 2000 England Flowers , Tim Tim Flowers Leicester City A ! GK 7 ! October 2000.7 2000 England Sheringham , Teddy Teddy Sheringham Manchester United FW 8 ! November 2000.8 2000 England Robinson , Paul Paul Robinson Leeds United A ! GK 9 ! December 2000.9 2000 England Beattie , James James Beattie Southampton FW 1 ! January 2001.1 2001 Ireland Keane , Robbie Robbie Keane Leeds United FW 2 ! February 2001.2 2001 England Pearce , Stuart Stuart Pearce West Ham United DF 3 ! March 2001.3 2001 England Gerrard , Steven Steven Gerrard Liverpool E ! MF 4 ! April 2001.4 2001 Scotland McAllister , Gary Gary McAllister Liverpool E ! MF 5 ! August 2001.5 2001 France Saha , Louis Louis Saha Fulham FW 6 ! September 2001.6 2001 Argentina Verón , Juan Sebastián Juan Sebastián Verón Manchester United E ! MF 7 ! October 2001.7 2001 England Ferdinand , Rio Rio Ferdinand Leeds United DF 8 ! November 2001.8 2001 England Murphy , Danny Danny Murphy Liverpool E ! MF 9 ! December 2001.9 2001 Netherlands van Nistelrooy , Ruud Ruud van Nistelrooy Manchester United FW 1 ! January 2002.1 2002 England Bent , Marcus Marcus Bent Ipswich Town FW 2 ! February 2002.2 2002 Netherlands van Nistelrooy , Ruud Ruud van Nistelrooy Manchester United FW 3 ! March 2002.3 2002 Netherlands Bergkamp , Dennis Dennis Bergkamp Arsenal FW 4 ! April 2002.4 2002 Sweden Ljungberg , Fredrik Fredrik Ljungberg Arsenal E ! MF 5 ! August 2002.5 2002 France Wiltord , Sylvain Sylvain Wiltord Arsenal FW 6 ! September 2002.6 2002 France Henry , Thierry Thierry Henry Arsenal FW 7 ! October 2002.7 2002 Italy Zola , Gianfranco Gianfranco Zola Chelsea FW 8 ! November 2002.8 2002 England Beattie , James James Beattie Southampton FW 9 ! December 2002.9 2002 England Shearer , Alan Alan Shearer Newcastle United FW 1 ! January 2003.1 2003 England Scholes , Paul Paul Scholes Manchester United E ! MF 2 ! February 2003.2 2003 France Pirès , Robert Robert Pirès Arsenal E ! MF 3 ! March 2003.3 2003 England Gerrard , Steven Steven Gerrard Liverpool E ! MF 4 ! April 2003.4 2003 Netherlands van Nistelrooy , Ruud Ruud van Nistelrooy Manchester United FW 5 ! August 2003.5 2003 England Sheringham , Teddy Teddy Sheringham Portsmouth FW 6 ! September 2003.6 2003 England Lampard , Frank Frank Lampard Chelsea E ! MF 7 ! October 2003.7 2003 England Shearer , Alan Alan Shearer Newcastle United FW 8 ! November 2003.8 2003 Nigeria Okocha , Jay - Jay Jay - Jay Okocha Bolton Wanderers E ! MF 9 ! December 2003.9 2003 England Scholes , Paul Paul Scholes Manchester United E ! MF 1 ! January 2004.1 2004 France Henry , Thierry Thierry Henry Arsenal FW 2 ! February 2004.2 2004 Netherlands Bergkamp , Dennis Dennis Bergkamp † Arsenal FW 2 ! February 2004.2 2004 Brazil Edu , Edu † Arsenal E ! MF 3 ! March 2004.3 2004 Finland Forssell , Mikael Mikael Forssell Birmingham City FW 4 ! April 2004.4 2004 France Henry , Thierry Thierry Henry Arsenal FW 5 ! August 2004.5 2004 Spain Reyes , José Antonio José Antonio Reyes Arsenal FW 6 ! September 2004.6 2004 England King , Ledley Ledley King Tottenham Hotspur DF 7 ! October 2004.7 2004 England Johnson , Andrew Andrew Johnson Crystal Palace FW 8 ! November 2004.8 2004 Netherlands Robben , Arjen Arjen Robben Chelsea E ! MF 9 ! December 2004.9 2004 England Gerrard , Steven Steven Gerrard Liverpool E ! MF 1 ! January 2005.1 2005 England Terry , John John Terry Chelsea DF 2 ! February 2005.2 2005 England Rooney , Wayne Wayne Rooney Manchester United FW 3 ! March 2005.3 2005 England Cole , Joe Joe Cole Chelsea E ! MF 4 ! April 2005.4 2005 England Lampard , Frank Frank Lampard Chelsea E ! MF 5 ! August 2005.5 2005 England Bent , Darren Darren Bent Charlton Athletic FW 6 ! September 2005.6 2005 England Murphy , Danny Danny Murphy Charlton Athletic E ! MF 7 ! October 2005.7 2005 England Lampard , Frank Frank Lampard Chelsea E ! MF 8 ! November 2005.8 2005 Netherlands van Persie , Robin Robin van Persie Arsenal FW 9 ! December 2005.9 2005 England Rooney , Wayne Wayne Rooney Manchester United FW 1 ! January 2006.1 2006 England Ferdinand , Anton Anton Ferdinand West Ham United DF 2 ! February 2006.2 2006 England Nolan , Kevin Kevin Nolan Bolton Wanderers E ! MF 3 ! March 2006.3 2006 England Rooney , Wayne Wayne Rooney Manchester United FW 4 ! April 2006.4 2006 England Gerrard , Steven Steven Gerrard Liverpool E ! MF 5 ! August 2006.5 2006 Wales Giggs , Ryan Ryan Giggs Manchester United E ! MF 6 ! September 2006.6 2006 England Johnson , Andrew Andrew Johnson Everton FW 7 ! October 2006.7 2006 England Scholes , Paul Paul Scholes Manchester United E ! MF 8 ! November 2006.8 2006 Portugal Ronaldo , Cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo Manchester United E ! MF 9 ! December 2006.9 2006 Portugal Ronaldo , Cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo Manchester United E ! MF 1 ! January 2007.1 2007 Spain Fabregas , Cesc Cesc Fàbregas Arsenal E ! MF 2 ! February 2007.2 2007 Wales Giggs , Ryan Ryan Giggs Manchester United E ! MF 3 ! March 2007.3 2007 Czech Republic Cech , Petr Petr Čech Chelsea A ! GK 4 ! April 2007.4 2007 Bulgaria Berbatov , Dimitar Dimitar Berbatov † Tottenham Hotspur FW 4 ! April 2007.4 2007 Ireland Keane , Robbie Robbie Keane † Tottenham Hotspur FW 5 ! August 2007.5 2007 England Richards , Micah Micah Richards Manchester City DF 6 ! September 2007.6 2007 Spain Fabregas , Cesc Cesc Fàbregas Arsenal E ! MF 7 ! October 2007.7 2007 England Rooney , Wayne Wayne Rooney Manchester United FW 8 ! November 2007.8 2007 England Agbonlahor , Gabriel Gabriel Agbonlahor Aston Villa FW 9 ! December 2007.9 2007 Paraguay Santa Cruz , Roque Roque Santa Cruz Blackburn Rovers FW 1 ! January 2008.1 2008 Portugal Ronaldo , Cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo Manchester United E ! MF 2 ! February 2008.2 2008 Spain Torres , Fernando Fernando Torres Liverpool FW 3 ! March 2008.3 2008 Portugal Ronaldo , Cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo Manchester United E ! MF 4 ! April 2008.4 2008 England Young , Ashley Ashley Young Aston Villa E ! MF 5 ! August 2008.5 2008 Portugal Deco , Deco Chelsea E ! MF 6 ! September 2008.6 2008 England Young , Ashley Ashley Young Aston Villa E ! MF 7 ! October 2008.7 2008 England Lampard , Frank Frank Lampard Chelsea E ! MF 8 ! November 2008.8 2008 France Anelka , Nicolas Nicolas Anelka Chelsea FW 9 ! December 2008.9 2008 England Young , Ashley Ashley Young Aston Villa E ! MF 1 ! January 2009.1 2009 Serbia Vidić , Nemanja Nemanja Vidić Manchester United DF 2 ! February 2009.2 2009 England Jagielka , Phil Phil Jagielka Everton DF 3 ! March 2009.3 2009 England Gerrard , Steven Steven Gerrard Liverpool E ! MF 4 ! April 2009.4 2009 Russia Arshavin , Andrei Andrei Arshavin Arsenal E ! MF 5 ! August 2009.5 2009 England Defoe , Jermain Jermain Defoe Tottenham Hotspur FW 6 ! September 2009.6 2009 Spain Torres , Fernando Fernando Torres Liverpool FW 7 ! October 2009.7 2009 Netherlands van Persie , Robin Robin van Persie Arsenal FW 8 ! November 2009.8 2009 England Bullard , Jimmy Jimmy Bullard Hull City E ! MF 9 ! December 2009.9 2009 Argentina Tevez , Carlos Carlos Tevez Manchester City FW 1 ! January 2010.1 2010 England Rooney , Wayne Wayne Rooney Manchester United FW 2 ! February 2010.2 2010 Australia Schwarzer , Mark Mark Schwarzer Fulham A ! GK 3 ! March 2010.3 2010 France Malouda , Florent Florent Malouda Chelsea E ! MF 4 ! April 2010.4 2010 Wales Bale , Gareth Gareth Bale Tottenham Hotspur MF 5 ! August 2010.5 2010 England Scholes , Paul Paul Scholes Manchester United E ! MF 6 ! September 2010.6 2010 Nigeria Odemwingie , Peter Peter Odemwingie West Bromwich Albion FW 7 ! October 2010.7 2010 Netherlands van der Vaart , Rafael Rafael van der Vaart Tottenham Hotspur E ! MF 8 ! November 2010.8 2010 Sweden Elmander , Johan Johan Elmander Bolton Wanderers FW 9 ! December 2010.9 2010 France Nasri , Samir Samir Nasri Arsenal E ! MF 1 ! January 2011.1 2011 Bulgaria Berbatov , Dimitar Dimitar Berbatov Manchester United FW 2 ! February 2011.2 2011 England Parker , Scott Scott Parker West Ham United E ! MF 3 ! March 2011.3 2011 Brazil Luiz , David David Luiz Chelsea DF 4 ! April 2011.4 2011 Nigeria Odemwingie , Peter Peter Odemwingie West Bromwich Albion FW 5 ! August 2011.5 2011 Bosnia and Herzegovina Dzeko , Edin Edin Džeko Manchester City FW 6 ! September 2011.6 2011 Spain Silva , David David Silva Manchester City E ! MF 7 ! October 2011.7 2011 Netherlands van Persie , Robin Robin van Persie Arsenal FW 8 ! November 2011.8 2011 England Parker , Scott Scott Parker Tottenham Hotspur E ! MF 9 ! December 2011.9 2011 Senegal Ba , Demba Demba Ba Newcastle United FW 1 ! January 2012.1 2012 Wales Bale , Gareth Gareth Bale Tottenham Hotspur E ! MF 2 ! February 2012.2 2012 Nigeria Odemwingie , Peter Peter Odemwingie West Bromwich Albion FW 3 ! March 2012.3 2012 Iceland Sigurðsson , Gylfi Gylfi Sigurðsson Swansea City E ! MF 4 ! April 2012.4 2012 Croatia Jelavić , Nikica Nikica Jelavić Everton FW 6 ! September 2012.6 2012 Scotland Fletcher , Steven Steven Fletcher Sunderland FW 6 ! October 2012.6 2012 Spain Mata , Juan Juan Mata Chelsea MF 8 ! November 2012.8 2012 Belgium Fellaini , Marouane Marouane Fellaini Everton MF 9 ! December 2012.9 2012 Netherlands van Persie , Robin Robin van Persie Manchester United FW 1 ! January 2013.1 2013 England Fondre , Adam le Adam le Fondre Reading FW 2 ! February 2013.2 2013 Wales Bale , Gareth Gareth Bale Tottenham Hotspur MF 3 ! March 2013.3 2013 Belgium Vertonghen , Jan Jan Vertonghen Tottenham Hotspur DF 4 ! April 2013.4 2013 Netherlands van Persie , Robin Robin van Persie Manchester United FW 5 ! August 2013.5 2013 England Sturridge , Daniel Daniel Sturridge Liverpool FW 6 ! September 2013.6 2013 Wales Ramsey , Aaron Aaron Ramsey Arsenal MF 7 ! October 2013.7 2013 Argentina Agüero , Sergio Sergio Agüero Manchester City FW 8 ! November 2013.8 2013 Netherlands Krul , Tim Tim Krul Newcastle United GK 9 ! December 2013.9 2013 Uruguay Suárez , Luis Luis Suárez Liverpool FW 1 ! January 2014.1 2014 England Johnson , Adam Adam Johnson Sunderland FW 2 ! February 2014.2 2014 England Sturridge , Daniel Daniel Sturridge Liverpool FW 3 ! March 2014.3 2014 England Gerrard , Steven Steven Gerrard Liverpool MF 3 ! March 2014.3 2014 Uruguay Suárez , Luis Luis Suárez Liverpool FW 4 ! April 2014.1 2014 England Wickham , Connor Connor Wickham Sunderland FW 8 ! August 2014.1 2014 Spain Costa , Diego Diego Costa Chelsea FW 9 ! September 2014.1 2014 Italy Pellè , Graziano Graziano Pellè Southampton FW 10 ! October 2014.1 2014 Senegal Sakho , Diafra Diafra Sakho West Ham United FW 11 ! November 2014.1 2014 Argentina Agüero , Sergio Sergio Agüero Manchester City FW 12 ! December 2014.2 2014 England Austin , Charlie Charlie Austin Queens Park Rangers FW 1 ! January 2014.2 2015 England Kane , Harry Harry Kane Tottenham Hotspur FW 2 ! February 2014.2 2015 England Kane , Harry Harry Kane Tottenham Hotspur FW 3 ! March 2014.2 2015 France Giroud , Olivier Olivier Giroud Arsenal FW 4 ! April 2014.2 2015 Belgium Benteke , Christian Christian Benteke Aston Villa FW 4 ! August 2014.2 2015 Ghana Ayew , André André Ayew Swansea City FW September 2015 France Anthony Martial Manchester United FW October 2015 England Jamie Vardy Leicester City FW November 2015 England Jamie Vardy Leicester City FW December 2015 Nigeria Odion Ighalo Watford FW January 2016 Argentina Agüero , Sergio Sergio Agüero Manchester City FW February 2016 England Fraser Forster Southampton GK March 2016 England Harry Kane Tottenham Hotspur FW April 2016 Argentina Agüero , Sergio Sergio Agüero Manchester City FW August 2014.2 2016 England Raheem Sterling Manchester City MF September 2014.2 2016 South Korea Heung Min Son Tottenham Hotspur FW October 2014.2 2016 Belgium Eden Hazard Chelsea MF November 2014.2 2016 Spain Diego Costa Chelsea FW December 2014.2 2016 Sweden Zlatan Ibrahimović Manchester United FW January 2014.2 2017 England Dele Alli Tottenham Hotspur MF February 2014.2 2017 England Harry Kane Tottenham Hotspur FW March 2014.3 2017 Belgium Romelu Lukaku Everton FW April 2014.2 2017 South Korea Son Heung - min Tottenham Hotspur FW Multiple winners ( edit ) The below table lists those who have won on more than one occasion . As of 12 May 2017 Indicates current Premier League player Italics Indicates players still playing professional football Rank Player Wins 1st Steven Gerrard 6 2nd Wayne Rooney 5 Robin van Persie 4th Sergio Agüero 4 Harry Kane Dennis Bergkamp Thierry Henry Frank Lampard Cristiano Ronaldo Paul Scholes Alan Shearer 11th Robbie Keane 3 Peter Odemwingie Ruud van Nistelrooy Gareth Bale Dwight Yorke Ashley Young 18th Nicolas Anelka 2 James Beattie Dimitar Berbatov Dion Dublin Cesc Fàbregas Diego Costa Tim Flowers Robbie Fowler Ryan Giggs David Ginola Andrew Johnson Roy Keane Matthew Le Tissier Rob Lee Danny Murphy Scott Parker Teddy Sheringham Daniel Sturridge Son Heung - min Luis Suárez Chris Sutton Fernando Torres Jamie Vardy Tony Yeboah Gianfranco Zola Awards won by position ( edit ) As of 12 May 2017 Position Wins Forward 7002109000000000000 ♠ 109 Midfielder 7001750000000000000 ♠ 75 Defender 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 Goalkeeper 9 Awards won by nationality ( edit ) As of 05 January 2017 French players have won the award on 17 occasions , the most of any foreign country . Thierry Henry won it four times Country Wins England 7001930000000000000 ♠ 93 France 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 Netherlands 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Spain 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Ireland 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Wales 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Argentina 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Belgium 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Nigeria 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Portugal 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Brazil 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Italy 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Scotland 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Sweden 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Trinidad and Tobago 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Ghana 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Bulgaria 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Czech Republic 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Finland 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Russia 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Senegal 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 South Korea 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Uruguay 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Australia 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Austria 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Bosnia and Herzegovina 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Costa Rica 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Croatia 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Germany 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Iceland 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Jamaica 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Paraguay 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Serbia 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Turkey 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Awards won by club ( edit ) As of 05 January 2017 On a record 34 occasions , the award has been given to Manchester United players , the first of whom was Paul Ince in October 1994 . Club Wins Manchester United 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 Arsenal 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 Liverpool 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 Tottenham Hotspur 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 Chelsea 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 Manchester City 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Aston Villa 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Newcastle United 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Southampton 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Everton 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Leeds United 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Blackburn Rovers 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Sunderland 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Leicester City 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 West Ham United 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Bolton Wanderers 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 West Bromwich Albion 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Charlton Athletic 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Coventry City 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Fulham 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Queens Park Rangers 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Swansea City 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Birmingham City 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Crystal Palace 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Derby County 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Hull City 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Ipswich Town 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Middlesbrough 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Portsmouth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Reading 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Sheffield Wednesday 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Wimbledon 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 See also ( edit ) Football League Championship Player of the Month Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ 87 English wins , 191 awards : ⁄ = 45.5 % Jump up ^ Each year is linked to an article on the particular season associated with the month of that year . Jump up ^ Gerrard shared his March 2014 award with teammate Luis Suárez . Jump up ^ Bergkamp shared his February 2004 award with teammate Edu . Jump up ^ Shearer shared his November 1994 award with teammate Chris Sutton . Jump up ^ Keane shared his April 2007 award with teammate Dimitar Berbatov . Jump up ^ Fowler shared his January 1996 award with teammate Stan Collymore . Jump up ^ Suarez shared his March 2014 award with teammate Steven Gerrard . Jump up ^ Sutton shared his November 1994 award with teammate Alan Shearer . Jump up ^ Of the forwards ' 107 awards of which 10 have been shared . Jump up ^ Of the midfielders ' 75 awards of which 2 has been shared . Jump up ^ Of the English players ' 93 awards , 7 have been shared ; Chris Sutton and Alan Shearer in November 1994 , Stan Collymore and Robbie Fowler in January 1996 , Andy Cole and Kevin Phillips in November 1997 , and Steven Gerrard ( With Uruguay striker Luis Suárez ) in March 2014 . Jump up ^ Netherlands ' Dennis Bergkamp shared his February 2004 award with teammate Edu . Jump up ^ Ireland 's Robbie Keane shared his April 2007 award with teammate Dimitar Berbatov . Jump up ^ Brazil 's Edu shared his February 2004 award with teammate Dennis Bergkamp . Jump up ^ Bulgaria 's Dimitar Berbatov shared his April 2007 award with teammate Robbie Keane . Jump up ^ In November 1997 , Andy Cole shared his award with Southampton 's Kevin Davies . Jump up ^ Two awards for Arsenal were shared by Dennis Bergkamp and Edu in February 2004 . Jump up ^ Two awards for Liverpool were shared by Stan Collymore and Robbie Fowler in January 1996 . Jump up ^ Two awards for Liverpool were shared by Steven Gerrard and Luis Suárez in April 2014 . Jump up ^ Two awards for Tottenham Hotspur were shared by Robbie Keane and Dimitar Berbatov in April 2007 . Jump up ^ In November 1997 , Andy Cole shared his award with Southampton 's Kevin Davies . Jump up ^ Two awards for Blackburn were shared by Chris Sutton and Alan Shearer in November 1994 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Ferguson and Arshavin take Barclays honours '' . premierleague.com . Premier League . 8 May 2009 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Seasonal Awards '' . premierleague.com . Premier League . Archived from the original on 9 December 2006 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` A History of the Premier League '' . premierleague.com . Premier League . Archived from the original on 18 November 2011 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Jones , Peter ( 19 January 2001 ) . `` Why Carling called time on Premiership '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Premier League Awards '' . premierleague.com . Premier League . Archived from the original on 10 December 2006 . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Carling Premiership Player of the Month 1994 / 95 '' . premierleague.com . Premier League . Archived from the original on 11 December 2006 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ronaldo wins monthly award again '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 11 January 2007 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Young handed third monthly award '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 16 January 2009 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Liverpool : Suarez , Gerrard & Rodgers win awards '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 11 April 2014 . Retrieved 11 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Carling Premiership Player of the Month 1995 / 96 '' . premierleague.com . Premier League . Archived from the original on 10 December 2006 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Carling Premiership Player of the Month 1996 / 97 '' . premierleague.com . Premier League . Archived from the original on 11 December 2006 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Carling Premiership Player of the Month 1997 / 98 '' . premierleague.com . Premier League . Archived from the original on 9 December 2006 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Carling Premiership Player of the Month 1998 / 99 '' . premierleague.com . Premier League . Archived from the original on 10 December 2006 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Carling Premiership Player of the Month 1999 / 2000 '' . premierleague.com . Premier League . Archived from the original on 11 December 2006 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Carling Premiership Player of the Month 2000 / 01 '' . premierleague.com . Premier League . Archived from the original on 9 December 2006 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Barclaycard Premiership Player of the Month 2001 / 02 '' . premierleague.com . Premier League . Archived from the original on 9 December 2006 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool duo scoop awards '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 3 December 2001 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool duo bag award '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 5 April 2002 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Barclaycard Premiership Player of the Month 2002 / 03 '' . premierleague.com . Premier League . Archived from the original on 11 December 2006 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Houllier , Zola bag awards '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 1 November 2002 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Barclaycard Premiership Player of the Month 2003 / 04 '' . premierleague.com . Premier League . Archived from the original on 11 December 2006 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Barclays Player of the Month 2004 / 05 '' . premierleague.com . Premier League . Archived from the original on 11 December 2006 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Gerrard named player of the month '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 14 January 2005 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Barclays Player of the Month 2005 / 06 '' . premierleague.com . Premier League . Archived from the original on 9 December 2006 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Rooney wins monthly player award '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 13 January 2006 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Redknapp & Liverpool pair hailed '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 10 May 2006 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ferguson & Giggs win August prize '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 8 September 2006 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Barclays Player of the Month 2006 / 07 '' . premierleague.com . Premier League . Archived from the original on 10 December 2006 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Benitez and Fabregas scoop awards '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 9 February 2007 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd pair win February awards '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 16 March 2007 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Williamson , Laura ( 11 March 2009 ) . `` Time for a reality Cech : Chelsea No 1 Petr needs to rediscover his golden gloves '' . Mail Online . London : Associated Newspapers . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Keane & Berbatov win April award '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 7 May 2007 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Man City 's Richards claims award '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 14 September 2007 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Gunners Duo Celebrate Awards Double '' ( PDF ) . premierleague.com . Premier League . 19 October 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 1 December 2008 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Rooney and Hughes handed awards '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 9 November 2007 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Villa Claim Maiden Barclays Awards Double '' ( PDF ) . premierleague.com . Premier League . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 1 December 2008 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Wenger and Santa Cruz scoop awards '' . premierleague.com . Premier League . 11 January 2008 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd pair land monthly award '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 8 February 2008 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Moyes & Torres win monthly awards '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 7 March 2008 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ferguson and Ronaldo win awards '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 11 April 2008 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Grant and Young win April awards '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 9 May 2008 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Southgate and Deco clinch awards '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 12 September 2008 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Young earns monthly player award '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 10 October 2008 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Benitez and Lampard scoop awards '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 14 November 2008 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Megson and Anelka pick up awards '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 12 December 2008 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ferguson and Vidic secure awards '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 6 February 2009 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Moyes and Jagielka scoop awards '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 6 March 2009 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool duo claim Barclays awards '' . premierleague.com . Premier League . 3 April 2009 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Defoe and Redknapp scoop awards '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 11 September 2009 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Torres and Ferguson scoop awards '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 2 October 2009 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Van Persie claims player of month award '' . Premier League . Premier League . 6 November 2009 . Retrieved 6 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bullard claims monthly honour '' . Premier League . Premier League . 4 December 2009 . Archived from the original on 7 December 2009 . Retrieved 4 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tevez crowned Premier League Player of the Month '' . Premier League . Premier League . 8 January 2010 . Archived from the original on 10 January 2010 . Retrieved 8 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rooney named Barclays Player of the Month '' . Premier League . Premier League . 5 February 2010 . Retrieved 5 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Fulham pair Roy Hodgson and Mark Schwarzer win awards '' . BBC Sport . BBC Sport. 5 March 2010 . Retrieved 5 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Malouda claims Player of the Month award '' . Premier League . Premier League . 9 March 2010 . Retrieved 9 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bale scoops player award '' . Premier League . Premier League . 30 April 2010 . Archived from the original on 3 May 2010 . Retrieved 3 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Scholes is Barclays Player of the Month '' . Premier League . Premier League . 10 September 2010 . Retrieved 10 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Baggies scoop historic Barclays awards double '' . Premier League . Premier League . 1 October 2010 . Retrieved 1 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Moyes & Van der Vaart win Premier League awards '' . BBC Sport. 8 November 2010 . Retrieved 8 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bolton duo scoop Barclays awards '' . Premier League . 3 December 2010 . Retrieved 3 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Nasri and Mancini scoop Barclays awards '' . Premier League . 15 January 2011 . Archived from the original on 6 November 2011 . Retrieved 15 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` United duo scoop Barclays awards '' . premierleague.com. 4 February 2011 . Archived from the original on 7 February 2011 . Retrieved 4 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` West Ham talisman Parker scoops player of the month award as Wenger is named top boss for February '' . Daily Mail . London . 4 March 2011 . Retrieved 4 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Top prizes for Blues pair '' . Sky Sports . 1 April 2011 . Retrieved 1 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Odemwingie scoops Barclays award '' . The Premier League . 6 May 2011 . Retrieved 6 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dzeko named Barclays Player of the Month '' . premierleague.com . Premier League . 2 September 2011 . Archived from the original on 27 September 2011 . Retrieved 2 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Silva picks up prestigious award '' . mcfc.co.uk . Manchester City F.C. 30 September 2011 . Retrieved 1 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Robin van Persie and Roberto Mancini win October awards '' . BBC Sport. 4 November 2011 . Retrieved 4 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Parker : We can win title '' . Sky Sports . 4 December 2011 . Retrieved 6 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ba and O'Neill win Barclays awards '' . premierleague.com . Premier League . 6 January 2012 . Archived from the original on 10 January 2012 . Retrieved 7 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gareth wins Barclays Player of the Month '' . tottenhamhotspur.com . Tottenham Hotspur. 3 February 2012 . Retrieved 3 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wenger and Odemwingie win Barclays awards '' . premierleague.com. 2 March 2012 . Retrieved 3 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gylfi Sigurdsson wins Premier League player award '' . bbc.co.uk/sport. 4 April 2012 . Retrieved 4 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Martinez and Jelavic earn Barclays awards '' . premierleague.com . Premier League . 4 May 2012 . Retrieved 4 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` David Moyes named Barclays Manager of the Month '' . premierleague.com . Premier League . 9 October 2012 . Archived from the original on 11 October 2012 . Retrieved 9 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Juan Mata and Sir Alex Ferguson win October awards '' . premierleague.com . Premier League . 6 November 2012 . Retrieved 6 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Marouane Fellaini and Steve Clarke win November awards '' . premierleague.com . Premier League . 11 December 2012 . Archived from the original on 13 December 2012 . Retrieved 11 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Van Persie and Villas - Boas win December awards '' . premierleague.com . Premier League . 11 January 2013 . Retrieved 11 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Reading pride as Le Fondre and McDermott claim January awards '' . Premier League . 6 February 2013 . Archived from the original on 9 February 2013 . Retrieved 9 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Spurs double up with Barclays monthly awards '' . premierleague.com . Premier League . 1 March 2013 . Archived from the original on 4 March 2013 . Retrieved 1 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vertonghen and Moyes win Barclays awards '' . premierleague.com . Premier League . 5 April 2013 . Archived from the original on 29 July 2013 . Retrieved 5 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Robin van Persie is April 's Premier League Player of the Month '' . bbc.co.uk . BBC . 3 May 2013 . Retrieved 3 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool double up with Barclays monthly award '' . premierleague.com . Premier League . 13 September 2013 . Retrieved 13 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` LArsenal secure Barclays monthly awards double '' . premierleague.com . Premier League . 8 October 2013 . Retrieved 8 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Aguero and Pochettino claim Barclays awards '' . premierleague.com. 8 November 2013 . Retrieved 9 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Newcastle United 's Alan Pardew And Tim Krul Win November Manager And Player Of The Month '' . tyneandwear.sky.com. 6 December 2013 . Retrieved 6 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Suarez and Pellegrini claim Barclays monthly awards '' . premierleague.com . Premier League . 10 January 2014 . Retrieved 10 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pellegrini and Johnson secure Barclays monthly awards '' . premierleague.com . Premier League . 7 February 2014 . Archived from the original on 14 February 2014 . Retrieved 7 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Sturridge & Sam Allardyce win player and manager of month '' . premierleague.com . Premier League . 14 March 2014 . Retrieved 14 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Crystal Palace 's Tony Pulis scoops Manager of the Month as Connor Wickham takes player gong '' . premierleague.com . Premier League . 2 May 2014 . Retrieved 2 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Diego Costa accepts August accolade '' . Chelsea F.C. 12 September 2014 . Retrieved 12 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Southampton 's Ronald Koeman is named manager of the month '' . BBC Sport . Jump up ^ `` West Ham exceed Allardyce 's expectations '' . premierleague.com. 7 November 2014 . Archived from the original on 8 January 2015 . Retrieved 7 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sergio Aguero named Barclays Premier League Player of the Month for November '' . Mirror Football UK . 12 December 2014 . Retrieved 12 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Austin and Pellegrini claim Barclays ' monthly awards '' . premierleague.com. 16 January 2015 . Retrieved 16 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kane and Koeman claim Barclays monthly awards '' . premierleague.com. 13 February 2015 . Archived from the original on 15 February 2015 . Retrieved 13 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kane and Pulis claim Barclays monthly awards '' . premierleague.com. 13 March 2015 . Archived from the original on 13 March 2015 . Retrieved 13 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal 's Arsene Wenger and Olivier Giroud win awards '' . BBC Sport. 3 April 2015 . Retrieved 3 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Benteke and Pearson win Barclays monthly awards '' . premierleague.com. 8 May 2015 . Archived from the original on 10 May 2015 . Retrieved 9 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Andre Ayew & Manuel Pellegrini win Premier League awards '' . BBC Sport. 11 September 2015 . Retrieved 11 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Anthony Martial : Man Utd forward wins player of the month '' . BBC Sport. 16 October 2015 . Retrieved 6 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Arsene Wenger wins manager of the month award while Jamie Vardy picks up player gong '' . Mirror Sport. 10 November 2015 . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Vardy and Ranieri win Barclays monthly awards '' . Premier League . 10 November 2015 . Archived from the original on 16 December 2015 . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Watford duo Quique Florez and Odion Ighalo named Premier League manager and player of the month '' . Premier League . 15 January 2015 . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sergio Aguero wins Barclays player of the month award for January while Ronald Koeman lands manager gong '' . mirror.co.uk. 5 February 2016 . Retrieved 5 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Flanagan , Aaron . `` Mauricio Pochettino and Fraser Forster claim Manager and Player of the Month '' . mirror . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Prescott , Daniel . `` Tottenham ace Harry Kane named Barclays Premier League Player of the Month after netting his side five goals in four matches '' . mail . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Brennan , Stuart . `` Manchester City 's Sergio Aguero is Barclay 's Player of the Month '' . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Sterling voted EA SPORTS Player of the Month '' . Premier League . 9 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Son claims EA SPORTS Player of the Month prize '' . Premier League . 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.premierleague.com/news/139292 Jump up ^ http://www.chelseafc.com/news/latest-news/2016/12/chelsea-hat-trick-in-monthly-awards.html Jump up ^ `` Manchester United striker Zlatan Ibrahimovic wins December player of the month '' . Sky Sports . 13 January 2017 . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.premierleague.com/news/327706 ^ Jump up to : https://www.premierleague.com/stats/awards ( show ) Premier League Seasons 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Clubs 2017 -- 18 AFC Bournemouth Arsenal Brighton & Hove Albion Burnley Chelsea Crystal Palace Everton Huddersfield Town Leicester City Liverpool Manchester City Manchester United Newcastle United Southampton Stoke City Swansea City Tottenham Hotspur Watford West Bromwich Albion West Ham United Former Aston Villa Barnsley Birmingham City Blackburn Rovers Blackpool Bolton Wanderers Bradford City Cardiff City Charlton Athletic Coventry City Derby County Fulham Hull City Ipswich Town Leeds United Middlesbrough Norwich City Nottingham Forest Oldham Athletic Portsmouth Queens Park Rangers Reading Sheffield United Sheffield Wednesday Sunderland Swindon Town Wigan Athletic Wimbledon Wolverhampton Wanderers Competition Teams winners Players foreign foreign scorers winners Managers current Stadia Founding Broadcasting foundation Broadcasters Referees Statistics and awards Records All - time table Hat - tricks Highest scores Golden Boot Golden Glove Manager of the Season Player of the Season Manager of the Month Player of the Month Goal of the Month Players with 500 + appearances Players with 100 + goals Top scorers by season Goalkeepers with 100 + clean sheets 10 Seasons Awards 20 Seasons Awards Finances Richest clubs : Deloitte list Forbes ' list Team owners Transfer records Game 39 Premier League -- Football League gulf Associated competitions Asia Trophy FA Community Shield FA Cup EFL Cup UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League Premier League 2 U18 Premier League Premier League International Cup Category ( show ) Awards in English football All time 100 League Legends Hall of Fame Premier League Manager of the Season Player of the Season Manager of the Month Player of the Month Goal of the Month Winner 's Medal Golden Boot Golden Glove 10 Seasons Awards 20 Seasons Awards Football League Football League Awards Championship Top Scorer Golden Glove Manager of the Month : Championship League One League Two First Division ( defunct ) Second Division ( defunct ) Third Division ( defunct ) Player of the Month : Championship League One League Two First Division ( defunct ) Second Division ( defunct ) Third Division ( defunct ) Young Player of the Month Professional Footballers ' Association ( PFA ) Players ' Player of the Year Women 's Players ' Player of the Year Fans ' Player of the Year Young Player of the Year Women 's Young Player of the Year Team of the Year Merit Award Football Supporters ' Federation Player of the Year League Managers Association ( LMA ) Manager of the Year Football Writers ' Association ( FWA ) Footballer of the Year Tribute Award League Football Education ( LFE ) Football League Apprentice of the Year Match of the Day ( BBC Television ) Goal of the Month Goal of the Season British honours system Football personalities with British honours Football players and officials awarded knighthoods Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Premier_League_Player_of_the_Month&oldid=797026903 '' Categories : Association football Player of the Month awards Premier League trophies and awards Lists of Premier League players Hidden categories : Use British English from August 2016 Use dmy dates from March 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia العربية Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Русский Slovenčina Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2017 , at 14 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when will the premier league player of the month be announced	[]	[]
298530060062944443	The Wolf Among Us	The Wolf Among Us - wikipedia The Wolf Among Us Jump to : navigation , search The Wolf Among Us Developer ( s ) Telltale Games Publisher ( s ) Telltale Games Director ( s ) Nick Herman Dennis Lenart Jason Latino Martin Montgomery Kent Mudle Vahram Antonian Producer ( s ) Chris Schroyer Designer ( s ) Ryan Kaufman Joe Pinnery Matt LoPresti Aaron Casillas John Drake Kendall Davis Programmer ( s ) Keenan Patterson Writer ( s ) Pierre Shorette Dave Grossman Adam Hines Nicole Martinez Dan Martin Composer ( s ) Jared Emerson - Johnson Series Fables Engine Telltale Tool Platform ( s ) Android iOS Microsoft Windows OS X PlayStation 3 PlayStation 4 PlayStation Vita Xbox 360 Xbox One Release October 14 , 2013 -- July 9 , 2014 Episode 1 ( show ) WW : October 11 , 2013 WW : October 14 , 2013 ( OS X ) NA : October 15 , 2013 ( PS3 ) EU : October 16 , 2013 ( PS3 ) AU : October 16 , 2013 ( PS3 ) WW : December 4 , 2013 ( iOS ) Episode 2 ( show ) WW : February 4 , 2014 NA : February 4 , 2014 ( PS3 ) EU : February 5 , 2014 ( PS3 ) WW : February 5 , 2014 ( X360 ) Episode 3 ( show ) WW : April 8 , 2014 NA : April 8 , 2014 ( PS3 ) EU : April 9 , 2014 ( PS3 ) WW : April 9 , 2014 ( X360 ) WW : April 10 , 2014 ( iOS ) Episode 4 ( show ) WW : May 27 , 2014 NA : May 27 , 2014 ( PS3 ) WW : May 28 , 2014 ( X360 ) WW : May 29 , 2014 ( IOS ) EU : June 4 , 2014 ( PS3 ) Episode 5 ( show ) WW : July 8 , 2014 NA : July 8 , 2014 ( PS3 ) EU : July 9 , 2014 ( PS3 ) WW : July 9 , 2014 ( X360 ) WW : July 10 , 2014 ( iOS ) Retail version ( show ) NA : November 4 , 2014 EU : November 7 , 2014 Genre ( s ) Graphic adventure Interactive movie Mode ( s ) Single - player The Wolf Among Us is an episodic interactive fantasy mystery graphic adventure video game based on Bill Willingham 's Fables comic book series . It is developed by Telltale Games . It is canon with the comic book universe and is set as a prequel to the comic book . The game consists of five episodes , with the first episode being released for Microsoft Windows and Xbox 360 worldwide on October 11 , 2013 , for OS X worldwide on October 14 , 2013 , for PlayStation 3 on October 15 , 2013 , in North America and on October 16 , 2013 , in Europe and Australia , for iOS worldwide on December 4 , 2013 , and PlayStation Vita before the end of 2014 . Retail versions for the PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 4 , PlayStation Vita , Xbox 360 , and Xbox One consoles were released in November 2014 . Since its release , the game has been generally well received by critics and garnered a considerable cult following . In July 2017 , Telltale announced that season 2 of The Wolf Among Us would be coming in 2018 . However by May 2018 , Telltale announced that due to recent internal studio issues , they had to push back the release of the sequel until 2019 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Synopsis 2.1 Setting 2.2 Characters 2.3 Plot 3 Episodes 4 Development 4.1 Sequel 5 Reception 5.1 Episode 1 -- Faith 5.2 Episode 2 -- Smoke and Mirrors 5.3 Episode 3 -- A Crooked Mile 5.4 Episode 4 -- In Sheep 's Clothing 5.5 Episode 5 -- Cry Wolf 5.6 Awards 6 Legacy 7 References 8 External links Gameplay ( edit ) In - game conversations are presented in the form of dialogue trees The Wolf Among Us is a graphic adventure game , played from a third - person perspective . The player controls protagonist Bigby Wolf , who must investigate the murder of a woman . Throughout the game , the player will explore various three - dimensional environments , such as apartment buildings and a bar . When exploring an environment , the player may find an object they can interact with ; when this occurs , they must move a cursor over the object to select and examine it . Items of interest are stored in an inventory , and can be used later in the story . The player may also talk with non-player characters , and the conversations presented in the form of dialogue trees . The dialogue options chosen during conversations will either have a positive or negative affect on how other characters view Bigby , and their perceptions will influence future events in the story . Some scenes are more action - oriented , forcing the player to respond to a series of quick time event ( QTE ) prompts . The player is not required to complete every QTE prompt , and skipping certain prompts may affect future events in the story . Synopsis ( edit ) Setting ( edit ) The Wolf Among Us is set in the year 1986 , nearly twenty years before the events of Fables . For years , many of the magical lands described in myth , legend , and folklore ( known as The Homelands ) have been occupied by an enigmatic tyrant known as the Adversary . To escape the Adversary 's totalitarian regime , many of The Homelands inhabitants fled to colonial America , and created an enclave known as Fabletown , now located in modern - day Manhattan . To mask their presence from the native humans , all non-human fables have to purchase an enchantment known as a `` glamour '' which allows them to appear human , or be relocated to a rural community known as `` The Farm '' . Characters ( edit ) See also : List of Fables characters The player - protagonist of The Wolf Among Us is Bigby Wolf ( Adam Harrington ) , formerly the Big Bad Wolf . He is the sheriff of Fabletown , currently working at the `` Business Office '' under interim mayor Ichabod Crane ( Roger L. Jackson ) , aided by Snow White ( Erin Yvette ) and her Magic Mirror ( Gavin Hammon ) in his investigation along with the help of Bufkin the winged monkey ( Chuck Kourouklis ) that manages Fabletown 's records . Bluebeard ( Dave Fennoy ) also works at the Office though his motives are unclear . Bigby resides at the Woodlands apartments , where he is currently allowing Colin ( Brian Sommer ) , one of the Three Little Pigs , to stay with him after blowing down the pig 's home . Beauty and the Beast ( Melissa Hutchison and Gavin Hammon ) are also residents of Woodlands , though currently struggling with a troubled marriage . One of the Fables that Bigby frequently contacts is Mr. Toad ( Chuck Kourouklis ) and his son TJ ( Toad Jr . ) , who live in a run - down apartment building nearby . As the game opens , the player is introduced to The Woodsman ( Adam Harrington ) who lives in the same building as Mr. Toad , and Faith ( Cia Court ) and Prince Lawrence ( Anthony Lam ) , characters from the Allerleirauh / Donkeyskin fables . Standing in Bigby 's way are Dee and Dum Tweedle ( Gavin Hammon ) , twin thugs working for an unknown agent . Bigby also encounters Holly ( Janet Lipsey ) , a Troll that runs the Trip Trap bar , and Grendel ( Kid Beyond ) , a barfly there . The second episode introduces Georgie Porgie ( Kevin Howarth ) , the owner of the Pudding and Pie strip club and Faith 's pimp , along with two of his dancers , Nerissa ( Molly Benson ) the former Little Mermaid and Vivian ( Sandy Delonga ) , and Clever Hans ( Ben Knoll ) , the club 's bouncer . The third episode introduces Bloody Mary ( Kathryn Cressida ) as an agent of the Crooked Man ( Philip Banks ) and Aunty Greenleaf ( Laura Bailey ) , a rogue witch who illegally sells cheap black - market glamours to Fables who can not afford the glamours in the 13th Floor . The fourth episode introduces the Jersey Devil ( Bobby Vickers ) , the manager of the Lucky Pawn shop and Johann the butcher ( Terry McGovern ) , the former owner of the Cut Above butcher shop and has since been forced out by the Crooked Man 's henchmen . Plot ( edit ) This is a broad overview of the plot . Certain decisions made by the player will alter details of specific events . Bigby Wolf , formerly the Big Bad Wolf , is the Sheriff of Fabletown , a hidden community of fairytale characters located in 1980s New York City . Receiving a call from Mr. Toad , Bigby manages to save a prostitute from an intoxicated Woodsman . He escorts her to safety and before she departs , she tells him he is not as bad as everyone says he is . Later that night , Bigby is shocked to find the woman 's head left on the Woodlands doorstep . Clues left with the head identify her as Faith , a Fable from Allerleirauh . Deputy Mayor Ichabod Crane orders him and Snow White to investigate her death . They head to the apartment she shared with her husband Prince Lawrence and find the Tweedles , Dee and Dum , snooping through it . They learn from Lawrence that they struggled to make ends meet and Faith took up prostitution to help pay the bills . Bigby leaves Snow at the Woodlands while he continues to trace leads . When he returns , he finds the Woodlands surrounded by police , Snow 's head sitting on the building 's steps . Bigby is taken in for questioning , but Crane uses a spell to wipe the incident from the police 's minds . When they return , they are surprised to find Snow still alive ; the head is shown to be disguised by a black - market glamour , a spell that Fables use to look human , and belongs to a troll named Lily . Bigby tracks Lily 's connections to a strip club run by Georgie Porgie , but Georgie claims innocence . One of his other prostitutes , Nerissa , cryptically directs Bigby to a nearby hotel room . There he finds Lily 's blood on the bed , and photographic evidence of Crane engaging in sexual acts with Lily glamoured to look like Snow . He informs Snow of this , and they race back to the Woodlands to find Crane gone , and the Magic Mirror , which could have revealed his location , shattered with one shard missing . Bigby follows a trail of clues to Crane 's whereabouts to the apartment of Aunty Greenleaf , one of the witches that makes the black - market glamours . Along the way , Bigby discovers that Crane has been embezzling money from Fabletown over the years to pay off a loan shark known as the Crooked Man . When Bigby and Snow threaten to destroy the tree she needs to make them , Greenleaf begs forgiveness and points the two back to Georgie 's club . Storming the club , they find Crane trying to hide in the back . Snow realizes Crane 's actions are not that of a murderer , and the two convince Crane to return for questioning . En route , they are stopped by the Crooked Man and his agents , the Tweedles and Bloody Mary . Mary and the Tweedles goad Bigby into his werewolf form , and a fight breaks out . When Mary wounds Bigby with a silver bullet , Snow steps in to stop the fight and willingly gives up Crane . Back at Woodlands , Bigby is healed and is struggling to find clues when Nerissa appears . He realizes the ribbon she wears prevents her from speaking the truth , that Faith wore an identical ribbon , and that Faith died when the ribbon was removed . He follows another trail of clues , and finds evidence of the black - market glamour ring in the Cut Above butcher shop , a pawn shop called the Lucky Pawn where the Crooked Man distributes his loans to Fables owned by Jersey Devil , another henchman of the Crooked Man , and Crane 's presence , as well as the missing Mirror Shard . The Mirror reveals Mary putting Crane onto an overseas flight to keep him from talking , as well as the next location of the door to the Crooked Man 's realm , which moves around the city . Bigby enters the Crooked Man 's realm alone , meeting him and his agents . The Crooked Man explains that the situation is all a misunderstanding by Georgie , who had only been asked to deal with an internal problem , but Georgie asserts the Crooked Man told him to kill the women . A fight ensues and ends with the Crooked Man escaping , and a fatally slashed Georgie fleeing with Vivian . When Bigby tracks Vivian to the Club , she explains that the Crooked Man and Georgie were acting to stop a plot spearheaded by Faith with the other prostitutes . Vivian is revealed to be the girl with the ribbon around her neck and , having made copies of her ribbon , trapped women like Faith , Lily , and Nerissa for Georgie whilst guaranteeing their silence . Regretting her actions , Vivian undoes her ribbon , breaking the spell but severing her head . Bigby then finds the Crooked Man 's hideout and corners him in an office , where he demands a fair trial at the Woodlands . Bigby returns to the Witching Well at the Business Office to recount events to the assembled Fables of Woodlands , where he and Snow are forced to defend their actions against claims from the Fables . Bigby recounts Vivian 's and Georgie 's confessions regarding the Crooked Man 's involvement , but his word is deemed untrustworthy . Nerissa appears and testifies that she and five other women heard the Crooked Man order the murders . Their testimonies are considered sufficient to believe what Bigby did was right . In the epilogue , Snow and Bluebeard deal with the fallout of the Crooked Man 's actions , while Bigby sees off those Fables being taken back to the Farm . Afterward , he encounters Nerissa , who is moving on with her life . She admits that Faith concocted a plan with Lily , Nerissa , and the other prostitutes to blackmail Georgie and the Crooked Man for their freedom , using a picture of Lily and Crane together , but Georgie killed Faith when he discovered their plot . Nerissa left Faith 's head at the Woodlands to get Bigby involved , and gave false testimony to have the Crooked Man punished , knowing that he was the one who ordered their deaths . Leaving , she comments Bigby is not as bad everyone says he is , causing Bigby to recall Faith said the same before her death . Several past conversations with Faith and Nerissa , regarding the use of glamours play out in Bigby 's head , leading him to question the true identity of Nerissa . Episodes ( edit ) Episodic releases for the Microsoft Windows , Xbox 360 , OS X and PlayStation 3 platforms were released near - simultaneously within the same week ; the iOS and PlayStation Vita episodic releases are expected to trail these by about a month or so . No . Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` Faith '' Nick Herman & Dennis Lenart Pierre Shorette , Ryan Kaufmann October 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 11 ) The first murder of a Fable in several years leads Bigby on the trail of a killer . `` Smoke and Mirrors '' Jason Latino Dave Grossman , Adam Hines & Nicole Martinez , Joe Pinney February 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 04 ) Bigby continues investigating for the now ' serial killer ' walking the streets of Fabletown . He also attempts to find answers from Faith 's pimp : Georgie Porgie , and becomes more involved with Beauty and Beast 's affairs . `` A Crooked Mile '' Martin Montgomery Adam Hines & Nicole Martinez , Joe Pinney , John Drake , Ryan Kaufmann April 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 08 ) Following a shocking revelation , Bigby pursues Ichabod Crane , who is now in hiding . `` In Sheep 's Clothing '' Kent Mudle Dan Martin , Aaron Casillas May 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 27 ) Bigby must delve into the criminal underworld to find the Crooked Man . 5 `` Cry Wolf '' Vahram Antonian Nicole Martinez & Adam Hines , Kendall Davis , Joe Pinney July 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 08 ) Secrets are revealed and decisions are made as Bigby squares off against the Crooked Man , facing off against his deadliest agent , Bloody Mary and learns the full truth about his crimes against Fabletown . Development ( edit ) In 2011 , Telltale Games announced that it had acquired licenses to develop video games based on two comic book series , The Walking Dead by Robert Kirkman , and Fables by Bill Willingham . This announcement came around the same time that the television series The Walking Dead became critically successful , leading to Telltale to put much of their initial focus on developing The Walking Dead property through 2011 and 2012 . This game was released by April 2012 , and was a critical success for Telltale . With The Walking Dead shipping , the company then started working on their Fables title , but according to Telltale 's Job Stauffer , they struggled with the narrative of the title over a year and a half . Stauffer said at one point , they found the game to be more of a comedy , but without much humorous substance and in an un-shippable state . Stauffer said that their team rallied together to refocus the game , delaying it from an early 2012 release to late 2012 , and ultimately to October 2013 when it finally shipped . This did allow for Telltale to incorporate mechanics that had proven successful in The Walking Dead into their Fables game . Due to these delays , Telltale re-announced the Fables game at the New York Comic Con in October 2012 . The name The Wolf Among Us was revealed in February 2013 , and is based on the main character Bigby Wolf . The game was initially released across five episodes between October 2013 and July 2014 for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , and Xbox 360 platform . Releases for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One consoles were announced in May 2014 with release at a later date , along with retail versions of the game for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 consoles . Sequel ( edit ) When The Wolf Among Us was completed by July 2014 , Telltale had thought of doing a second season , but they had already committed to the projects leading to Tales from the Borderlands , Minecraft : Story Mode , and Game of Thrones . The company has been aware of strong interest in a second season through the intervening years , and they have been looking for the right time to develop it . A second yet - to - be-named season was announced during the July 2017 San Diego Comic Con , and was original set to premiere in 2018 for personal computers , consoles , and mobile devices . Both Harrington and Yvette will return to voice Bigby and Snow White , respectively . Stauffer said that Season Two will not resolve the apparent cliffhanger related to Nerissa 's connection to Faith ; he said that it was meant to be ending similar to a film noir work that made the viewer think about the implications , but never saw this themselves as a cliffhanger . Instead , Season 2 will continue on with more narrative related to Bigby and Snow White . By May 2018 , Telltale announced that due to recent internal studio issues , they had to push back the release of the sequel until 2019 . Reception ( edit ) The Wolf Among Us has received mostly positive reviews from critics . Praise was given to the game 's story , action sequences , atmosphere , visual style and faithfulness to the source material while criticism was focused on its pacing and technical issues . Aggregate review scores Game GameRankings Metacritic Episode 1 -- Faith ( PS3 ) 87.00 % ( PC ) 86.14 % ( X360 ) 80.96 % ( PS3 ) 85 ( PC ) 85 ( X360 ) 82 Episode 2 -- Smoke and Mirrors ( PS3 ) 84.57 % ( PC ) 78.37 % ( X360 ) 73.50 % ( PS3 ) 82 ( PC ) 76 ( X360 ) 73 Episode 3 -- A Crooked Mile ( PS3 ) 88.80 % ( PC ) 83.10 % ( X360 ) 78.62 % ( PS3 ) 82 ( PC ) 82 ( X360 ) 77 Episode 4 -- In Sheep 's Clothing ( PC ) 76.73 % ( X360 ) 71.36 % ( PS3 ) 70.75 % ( PC ) 75 ( X360 ) 74 ( PS3 ) 69 Episode 5 -- Cry Wolf ( PC ) 87.96 % ( X360 ) 84.77 % ( PS3 ) 76.83 % ( X360 ) 85 ( PC ) 84 ( PS3 ) 75 Episode 1 -- Faith ( edit ) Episode 1 -- Faith received positive reviews from critics . Aggregating review websites GameRankings and Metacritic gave the PlayStation 3 version 87.00 % and 85 / 100 , the PC version 86.14 % and 85 / 100 and the Xbox 360 version 80.96 % and 82 / 100 . Episode 2 -- Smoke and Mirrors ( edit ) Episode 2 -- Smoke and Mirrors received mixed to positive reviews from critics . Aggregating review websites GameRankings and Metacritic gave the PlayStation 3 version 84.57 % and 82 / 100 , the PC version 78.37 % and 76 / 100 and the Xbox 360 version 73.50 % and 73 / 100 . Episode 3 -- a Crooked Mile ( edit ) Episode 3 -- A Crooked Mile received positive reviews . Aggregating review websites GameRankings and Metacritic gave the PlayStation 3 version 88.80 % and 82 / 100 , the PC version 83.10 % and 82 / 100 and the Xbox 360 version 78.62 % and 77 / 100 . Episode 4 -- in Sheep 's Clothing ( edit ) Episode 4 -- In Sheep 's Clothing received mixed to positive reviews from critics . Aggregating review websites GameRankings and Metacritic gave the PC version 76.73 % and 75 / 100 , the Xbox 360 version 71.36 % and 74 / 100 and the PlayStation 3 version 70.75 % and 69 / 100 . Episode 5 -- Cry Wolf ( edit ) Episode 5 -- Cry Wolf received positive reviews from critics . Aggregating review websites GameRankings and Metacritic gave the PC version 87.96 % and 84 / 100 , the Xbox 360 version 84.77 % and 85 / 100 and the PlayStation 3 version 76.83 % and 75 / 100 . Awards ( edit ) The series was nominated for Outstanding Achievement in Story and Adventure Game of the Year for the 18th Annual D.I.C.E. Awards by the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences . The series was nominated for two 2014 BAFTA Games Awards for Story and Performer ( Adam Harrington as Bigby Wolf ) , losing both to The Last of Us : Left Behind . At the 2014 National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers ( NAVGTR ) awards the game won Direction in a Game Cinema and received six nominations : Writing in a Drama ( Pierre Shorette ) , Performance in a Drama , Lead ( Adam Harrington ) , Original Dramatic Score , Franchise ( Jared Emerson - Johnson ) , Game , Original Adventure ( Joe Pinney ) , Camera Direction in a Game Engine ( Dennis Lenart ) and Art Direction , Contemporary ( David Bogan ) . Legacy ( edit ) At the 2014 New York Comic Con , Vertigo Comics announced that they will be adapting The Wolf Among Us into comic form , to be released digitally first in December 2014 and later as print comic . The story was adapted for the comic by Matthew Sturges , who has previously written for the Fables series , and Dave Justus , staying otherwise true to the game 's story but exploring some of the characters and back story in more depth . The comic has since been completed . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Wolf On Wall Street Available For Pre-order , Out This Month '' . Polygon. 2013 - 10 - 03 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Tach , Dave ( 2013 - 10 - 24 ) . `` The Wolf Among Us headed to iOS and PS Vita this fall '' . Polygon . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` Telltale 's Fables is Called The Wolf On Wall Street '' . IGN. 2013 - 03 - 27 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 07 - 15 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mac Version of The Wolf On Wall Street : Faith Out Now '' . The International House of Mojo. 2013 - 10 - 14 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Ivan , Tom ( 2013 - 10 - 09 ) . `` The Telltale 's The Wolf Among Us launches on October 11 '' . GamesRadar . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : L , Stefan ( 2013 - 10 - 16 ) . `` PlayStation Store Update : 16 / 10 / 13 -- The Wolf Among Us , Sanctum 2 & TLOU DLC '' . The Sixth Axis . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Liebl , Matt ( 2013 - 12 - 04 ) . `` The Wolf Among Us Episode 1 ' Faith ' coming to iOS devices today '' . GameZone . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Desat , Marla ( 2014 - 02 - 01 ) . `` Telltale 's The Wolf Among Us Episode Two Arrives February 4 '' . The Escapist . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Mahardy , Mike ( 2014 - 04 - 02 ) . `` The Wolf Among Us Episode 3 Release Dates Announced '' . IGN . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : DeMat , DeMat ( 2014 - 05 - 22 ) . `` Episode 4 of The Wolf Among Us will fix this starting May 27 '' . Destructoid . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Mahardy , Mike ( 2014 - 07 - 03 ) . `` The Wolf Among Us Finale Release Date Announced '' . IGN . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Telltale Games Snags Walking Dead , Fables '' . Wired. 2011 - 02 - 18 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` CCI : `` Fables '' Creators Panel Recap `` . Comic Book Resources . 2011 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Yoon , Andrew ( 2013 - 08 - 20 ) . `` The Wolf Among Us season begins early October , spans five episodes '' . Shacknews . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Dunning , Jason ( February 10 , 2014 ) . `` PlayStation Vita to Get `` Over 100 Games '' in 2014 : The Wolf Among Us , Invizimals , and More Highlighted `` . playstationlifestyle.net . Retrieved April 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Critically - acclaimed # TheWolfAmongUs is now available on @ Xbox One and @ PlayStation 4 , via download and at retail ! '' . Twitter . Telltale Games . 2014 - 11 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Why The Wolf Among Us Remains Telltale 's Best Game '' . Desiblitz . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Telltale Games : Summer 2017 Update '' . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Kim , Matt ( May 25 , 2018 ) . `` The Wolf Among Us 2 Delayed Until 2019 '' . USGamer . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Brown , Chris ( October 17 , 2013 ) . `` The Wolf Among Us Episode 1 : Faith review '' . Gameplanet . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Hollander ( August 27 , 2013 ) . `` The Wolf Among Us preview '' . PC Gamer . Future plc . Retrieved June 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gronli , Jonathan ( October 21 , 2013 ) . `` The Wolf Among Us Episode 1 Review : Bringing Fables to life '' . Technology Tell . NAPCO Media . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McElroy , Justin ( October 10 , 2013 ) . `` The Wolf Among Us Episode One : Faith Review : At The Door '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Aziz , Hamza ( October 10 , 2013 ) . `` Review : The Wolf Among Us : Faith '' . Destructoid . Modern Method . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Corriea , Alexa Ray ( April 9 , 2014 ) . `` The female gaze : how being watched affects your morality in adventure games '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Retrieved June 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Watters , Chris ( October 21 , 2013 ) . `` The Wolf Among Us : Episode 1 Review - Testing My Faith '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Leray , Joseph ( August 25 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Wolf Among Us ' Review - Red in Tooth and Claw '' . TouchArcade . Retrieved June 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clark , Justin ( December 5 , 2014 ) . `` The Wolf Among Us Review '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mejia , Ozzie ( October 16 , 2013 ) . `` The characters of The Wolf Among Us and where the story may go next '' . Shacknews . Gamerhub . Retrieved June 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kalmari , Luke ( 2014 - 05 - 22 ) . `` The wolf among us episode 4 release date announced '' . IGN . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Matulef , Jeffrey ( 2014 - 07 - 03 ) . `` The Wolf Among Us ' first season concludes next week '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Telltale Signs That Videogames Will Be Downloaded , Not Sold At Retail '' . All Things Digital . 2011 - 02 - 17 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Willingham to work on Telltale 's Fables ? '' . Rock , Paper , Shotgun. 2011 - 02 - 17 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Byrne , Katherine ( September 18 , 2017 ) . `` The Wolf Among Us was ' almost unshippable ' and could have been a comedy , says Telltale '' . Market for Computer and Video Games . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Telltale 's first Fables episode due in Q1 2012 '' . Joystiq. 2011 - 02 - 18 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Fables wo n't tell tales until Q3 2012 '' . Joystiq. 2012 - 03 - 12 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Wolf Among Us Reportedly Delayed Until Fall 2013 '' . The International House of Mojo. 2013 - 08 - 21 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` What 's Next for Telltale Games ? '' . IGN. 2013 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Telltale Confirms Fables Game '' . GameSpot. 2012 - 10 - 15 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Corriea , Alexa Rae ( 2014 - 05 - 30 ) . `` Telltale 's The Walking Dead , The Wolf Among Us coming to PS4 and Xbox One '' . Polygon . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ Nunneley , Stephanny ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` The Wolf Among Us 2 , The Walking Dead : The Final Season coming in 2018 , Batman : The Enemy Within out in August '' . VG247 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Purslow , Matt ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` The Wolf Among Us 's ending is `` absolutely not a cliffhanger '' `` . PCGamesN . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kim , Matt ( May 25 , 2018 ) . `` The Wolf Among Us 2 Delayed Until 2019 '' . USGamer . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Wolf Among Us : Episode 1 -- Faith Reviews '' . GameRankings . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Wolf Among Us : Episode 1 -- Faith Reviews '' . GameRankings . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Wolf Among Us : Episode 1 -- Faith Reviews '' . GameRankings . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Wolf Among Us : Episode 1 -- Faith Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Wolf Among Us : Episode 1 -- Faith Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Wolf Among Us : Episode 1 -- Faith Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Wolf Among Us : Episode 2 -- Smoke and Mirrors Reviews '' . GameRankings . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Wolf Among Us : Episode 2 -- Smoke and Mirrors Reviews '' . GameRankings . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Wolf Among Us : Episode 2 -- Smoke and Mirrors Reviews '' . GameRankings . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Wolf Among Us : Episode 2 -- Smoke and Mirrors Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Wolf Among Us : Episode 2 -- Smoke and Mirrors Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Wolf Among Us : Episode 2 -- Smoke and Mirrors Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Wolf Among Us : Episode 3 -- A Crooked Mile Reviews '' . GameRankings . Retrieved April 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Wolf Among Us : Episode 3 -- A Crooked Mile Reviews '' . GameRankings . Retrieved April 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Wolf Among Us : Episode 3 -- A Crooked Mile Reviews '' . GameRankings . Retrieved April 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Wolf Among Us : Episode 3 -- A Crooked Mile Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Wolf Among Us : Episode 3 -- A Crooked Mile Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Wolf Among Us : Episode 3 -- A Crooked Mile Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Wolf Among Us : Episode 4 -- In Sheep 's Clothing Reviews '' . GameRankings . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Wolf Among Us : Episode 4 -- In Sheep 's Clothing Reviews '' . GameRankings . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Wolf Among Us : Episode 4 -- In Sheep 's Clothing Reviews '' . GameRankings . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Wolf Among Us : Episode 4 -- In Sheep 's Clothing Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Wolf Among Us : Episode 4 -- In Sheep 's Clothing Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Wolf Among Us : Episode 4 -- In Sheep 's Clothing Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Wolf Among Us : Episode 5 -- Cry Wolf Reviews '' . GameRankings . Retrieved July 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Wolf Among Us : Episode 5 -- Cry Wolf Reviews '' . GameRankings . Retrieved July 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Wolf Among Us : Episode 5 -- Cry Wolf Reviews '' . GameRankings . Retrieved July 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Wolf Among Us : Episode 5 -- Cry Wolf Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved July 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Wolf Among Us : Episode 5 -- Cry Wolf Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved July 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Wolf Among Us : Episode 5 -- Cry Wolf Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved July 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 18th Annual D.I.C.E. Awards Finalists '' ( PDF ) . Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences . January 14 , 2015 . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Games in 2015 - BAFTA Awards '' . British Academy of Film and Television Arts . Retrieved December 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NAVGTR Awards ( 2014 ) '' . National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers . Jump up ^ Hennon , Blake ( 2014 - 10 - 10 ) . `` ' Fables : The Wolf Among Us ' : Matthew Sturges , Dave Justus on the case '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Pitts , Lan ( 2014 - 12 - 11 ) . `` FABLES : THE WOLF AMONG US Writers Tackle Comic Adaptation of Game Adaptation of Comic '' . Newsarama . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 11 . External links ( edit ) Telltale 's The Wolf Among Us website Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Wolf Among Us Telltale Games Bone series Out from Boneville The Great Cow Race CSI series 3 Dimensions of Murder Hard Evidence Deadly Intent Fatal Conspiracy Sam & Max series Save the World Beyond Time and Space The Devil 's Playhouse Puzzle Agent series Puzzle Agent Puzzle Agent 2 Poker Night series Poker Night at the Inventory Poker Night 2 The Walking Dead series The Walking Dead Season Two Michonne A New Frontier Minecraft : Story Mode series Minecraft : Story Mode Season 2 Batman series Batman : The Telltale Series The Enemy Within The Wolf Among Us Series The Wolf Among Us Season 2 Game of Thrones series Game of Thrones Season 2 Other titles Telltale Texas Hold'em Strong Bad 's Cool Game for Attractive People Wallace & Gromit 's Grand Adventures Tales of Monkey Island Back to the Future : The Game Jurassic Park : The Game Law & Order : Legacies Tales from the Borderlands Guardians of the Galaxy : The Telltale Series Fables Creators Bill Willingham Series Fables Jack of Fables Fairest Specials 1001 Nights of Snowfall Peter & Max : A Fables Novel Cinderella : From Fabletown with Love Characters Snow White Jack Horner Boy Blue Flycatcher Frau Totenkinder Pinocchio Geppetto Locations Fabletown The Homelands Golden Boughs Retirement Village Related The Wolf Among Us Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Wolf_Among_Us&oldid=843118174 '' Categories : 2013 video games Detective video games Episodic video games Fables ( comics ) Interactive movie video games IOS games Mystery games Neo-noir MacOS games PlayStation 3 games PlayStation 4 games PlayStation Vita games PlayStation Network games Point - and - click adventure games Single - player video games Telltale Games games Video games with cel - shaded animation Video games based on DC Comics Video games developed in the United States Video games scored by Jared Emerson - Johnson Video games set in 1986 Video games set in New York City Werewolf video games Windows games Xbox 360 games Xbox 360 Live Arcade games Xbox One games Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Comics navigational boxes purge Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska Türkçe 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 00 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does the wolf among us season 2 come out	[ "Since its release, the game has been generally well received by critics and garnered a considerable cult following.[17] In July 2017, Telltale announced that season 2 of The Wolf Among Us would be coming in 2018.[18] However by May 2018, Telltale announced that due to recent internal studio issues, they had to push back the release of the sequel until 2019.[19]" ]	[ "2019" ]
-8091276390595297098	Florence	Florence - Wikipedia Florence `` Firenze '' redirects here . For other uses , see Florence ( disambiguation ) , Florentin ( disambiguation ) , Florentine ( disambiguation ) , and Firenze ( disambiguation ) . Comune in Tuscany , Italy Florence Firenze Comune Comune di Firenze A collage of Florence showing the Galleria degli Uffizi ( top left ) , followed by the Palazzo Pitti , a sunset view of the city and the Fountain of Neptune in the Piazza della Signoria . Flag Coat of arms Florence Location of Florence in Tuscany Florence Florence ( Italy ) Florence Florence ( Europe ) Show map of Tuscany Show map of Italy Show map of Europe Show all Coordinates : 43 ° 47 ′ N 11 ° 15 ′ E / 43.783 ° N 11.250 ° E / 43.783 ; 11.250 Coordinates : 43 ° 47 ′ N 11 ° 15 ′ E / 43.783 ° N 11.250 ° E / 43.783 ; 11.250 Country Italy Region Tuscany Metropolitan city Florence ( FI ) Government Mayor Dario Nardella ( PD ) Area Total 102.41 km ( 39.54 sq mi ) Elevation 50 m ( 160 ft ) Population ( 30 June 2016 ) Total 383,083 Density 3,700 / km ( 9,700 / sq mi ) Demonym ( s ) Fiorentino ( man ) , Fiorentini ( men ) , Fiorentina ( woman ) , Fiorentine ( women ) Time zone CET ( UTC + 1 ) Summer ( DST ) CEST ( UTC + 2 ) Postal code 50121 -- 50145 Dialing code 055 ISTAT code 048017 Patron saint John the Baptist Saint day 24 June Website Official website Florence ( / ˈflɒrəns / FLORR - ənss ; Italian : Firenze ( fiˈrɛntse ) ( listen ) ) is the capital city of the Italian region of Tuscany . It is the most populous city in Tuscany , with 383,084 inhabitants in 2013 , and over 1,520,000 in its metropolitan area . Florence was a centre of medieval European trade and finance and one of the wealthiest cities of that era . It is considered the birthplace of the Renaissance , and has been called `` the Athens of the Middle Ages '' . A turbulent political history includes periods of rule by the powerful Medici family and numerous religious and republican revolutions . From 1865 to 1871 the city was the capital of the recently established Kingdom of Italy . The Florentine dialect forms the base of Standard Italian and it became the language of culture throughout Italy due to the prestige of the masterpieces by Dante Alighieri , Petrarch , Giovanni Boccaccio , Niccolò Machiavelli and Francesco Guicciardini . The city attracts millions of tourists each year , and the Historic Centre of Florence was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1982 . The city is noted for its culture , Renaissance art and architecture and monuments . The city also contains numerous museums and art galleries , such as the Uffizi Gallery and the Palazzo Pitti , and still exerts an influence in the fields of art , culture and politics . Due to Florence 's artistic and architectural heritage , it has been ranked by Forbes as one of the most beautiful cities in the world . Florence is an important city in Italian fashion , being ranked in the top 15 fashion capitals of the world ; furthermore , it is a major national economic centre , as well as a tourist and industrial hub . In 2008 , the city had the 17th highest average income in Italy . Contents 1 History 1.1 Roman origins 1.2 Second millennium 1.3 Middle Ages and Renaissance 1.3. 1 Rise of the Medici 1.3. 2 Savonarola and Machiavelli 1.4 18th and 19th centuries 1.5 20th century 2 Geography 2.1 Climate 3 Government 4 Main sights 4.1 Monuments , museums and religious buildings 4.2 Squares , streets and parks 5 Demographics 6 Economy 6.1 Industry , commerce and services 6.2 Tourism 6.3 Food and wine production 7 Culture 7.1 Art 7.2 Language 7.3 Literature 7.4 Music 7.5 Cinema 7.6 Cuisine 7.7 Research activity 7.8 Science and discovery 7.9 Fashion 7.10 Historical evocations 7.10. 1 Scoppio del Carro 7.10. 2 Calcio Storico 7.11 Sport 8 Transportation 8.1 Cars 8.2 Buses 8.3 Trams 8.4 Florence public transport statistics 8.5 Railway station 8.6 Airport 9 International relations 9.1 Twin towns and sister cities 10 Other partnerships 11 Notable residents 12 See also 13 References 14 Sources 15 External links History ( edit ) Main articles : History of Florence and Timeline of Florence View of Florence by Hartmann Schedel , published in 1493 Florence originated as a Roman city , and later , after a long period as a flourishing trading and banking medieval commune , it was the birthplace of the Italian Renaissance . According to the Encyclopædia Britannica , it was politically , economically , and culturally one of the most important cities in Europe and the world from the 14th to 16th centuries . The language spoken in the city during the 14th century was , and still is , accepted as the Italian language . Almost all the writers and poets in Italian literature of the golden age are in some way connected with Florence , leading ultimately to the adoption of the Florentine dialect , above all the local dialects , as a literary language of choice . Starting from the late Middle Ages , Florentine money -- in the form of the gold florin -- financed the development of industry all over Europe , from Britain to Bruges , to Lyon and Hungary . Florentine bankers financed the English kings during the Hundred Years War . They similarly financed the papacy , including the construction of their provisional capital of Avignon and , after their return to Rome , the reconstruction and Renaissance embellishment of Rome . Florence was home to the Medici , one of European history 's most important noble families . Lorenzo de ' Medici was considered a political and cultural mastermind of Italy in the late 15th century . Two members of the family were popes in the early 16th century : Leo X and Clement VII . Catherine de Medici married king Henry II of France and , after his death in 1559 , reigned as regent in France . Marie de ' Medici married Henry IV of France and gave birth to the future king Louis XIII . The Medici reigned as Grand Dukes of Tuscany , starting with Cosimo I de ' Medici in 1569 and ending with the death of Gian Gastone de ' Medici in 1737 . Roman origins ( edit ) Historical affiliations Roman Republic 59 -- 27 BC Roman Empire 27 BC -- AD 285 Western Roman Empire 285 -- 476 Kingdom of Odoacer 476 -- 493 Ostrogothic Kingdom 493 -- 553 Eastern Roman Empire 553 - 568 Lombard Kingdom 570 -- 773 Carolingian Empire 774 -- 797 Regnum Italiae 797 -- 1001 March of Tuscany 1002 -- 1115 Republic of Florence 1115 -- 1532 Duchy of Florence 1532 -- 1569 Grand Duchy of Tuscany 1569 -- 1801 Kingdom of Etruria 1801 -- 1807 First French Empire 1807 -- 1815 Grand Duchy of Tuscany 1815 -- 1859 United Provinces of Central Italy 1859 -- 1860 Kingdom of Italy 1861 -- 1946 Italian Republic 1946 -- present Julius Caesar established Florence in 59 BC The Goth King Totila razes the walls of Florence during the Gothic War : illumination from the Chigi manuscript of Villani 's Cronica The Etruscans initially formed in 200 BC the small settlement of Fiesole ( Faesulae in Latin ) , which was destroyed by Lucius Cornelius Sulla in 80 BC in reprisal for supporting the populares faction in Rome . The present city of Florence was established by Julius Caesar in 59 BC as a settlement for his veteran soldiers and was named originally Fluentia , owing to the fact that it was built between two rivers , which was later changed to Florentia ( `` flowering '' ) . It was built in the style of an army camp with the main streets , the cardo and the decumanus , intersecting at the present Piazza della Repubblica . Situated along the Via Cassia , the main route between Rome and the north , and within the fertile valley of the Arno , the settlement quickly became an important commercial centre . In centuries to come , the city experienced turbulent periods of Ostrogothic rule , during which the city was often troubled by warfare between the Ostrogoths and the Byzantines , which may have caused the population to fall to as few as 1,000 people . Peace returned under Lombard rule in the 6th century . Florence was conquered by Charlemagne in 774 and became part of the Duchy of Tuscany , with Lucca as capital . The population began to grow again and commerce prospered . In 854 , Florence and Fiesole were united in one county . Second millennium ( edit ) The Basilica di San Miniato al Monte Margrave Hugo chose Florence as his residency instead of Lucca at about 1000 AD . The Golden Age of Florentine art began around this time . In 1013 , construction began on the Basilica di San Miniato al Monte . The exterior of the church was reworked in Romanesque style between 1059 and 1128 . In 1100 , Florence was a `` Commune '' , meaning a city state . The city 's primary resource was the Arno river , providing power and access for the industry ( mainly textile industry ) , and access to the Mediterranean sea for international trade . Another great source of strength was its industrious merchant community . The Florentine merchant banking skills became recognised in Europe after they brought decisive financial innovation ( e.g. bill of exchange , double - entry bookkeeping system ) to medieval fairs . This period also saw the eclipse of Florence 's formerly powerful rival Pisa ( defeated by Genoa in 1284 and subjugated by Florence in 1406 ) , and the exercise of power by the mercantile elite following an anti-aristocratic movement , led by Giano della Bella , that resulted in a set of laws called the Ordinances of Justice ( 1293 ) . Middle Ages and Renaissance ( edit ) Main articles : Republic of Florence and Italian Renaissance Rise of the Medici ( edit ) Leonardo da Vinci statue outside the Uffizi Gallery Of a population estimated at 94,000 before the Black Death of 1348 , about 25,000 are said to have been supported by the city 's wool industry : in 1345 Florence was the scene of an attempted strike by wool combers ( ciompi ) , who in 1378 rose up in a brief revolt against oligarchic rule in the Revolt of the Ciompi . After their suppression , Florence came under the sway ( 1382 -- 1434 ) of the Albizzi family , who became bitter rivals of the Medici . In the 15th century , Florence was among the largest cities in Europe , considered rich and economically successful . Life was not idyllic for all residents though , among whom there were great disparities in wealth . Cosimo de ' Medici was the first Medici family member to essentially control the city from behind the scenes . Although the city was technically a democracy of sorts , his power came from a vast patronage network along with his alliance to the new immigrants , the gente nuova ( new people ) . The fact that the Medici were bankers to the pope also contributed to their ascendancy . Cosimo was succeeded by his son Piero , who was , soon after , succeeded by Cosimo 's grandson , Lorenzo in 1469 . Lorenzo was a great patron of the arts , commissioning works by Michelangelo , Leonardo da Vinci and Botticelli . Lorenzo was an accomplished poet and musician and brought composers and singers to Florence , including Alexander Agricola , Johannes Ghiselin , and Heinrich Isaac . By contemporary Florentines ( and since ) , he was known as `` Lorenzo the Magnificent '' ( Lorenzo il Magnifico ) . Following Lorenzo de ' Medici 's death in 1492 , he was succeeded by his son Piero II . When the French king Charles VIII invaded northern Italy , Piero II chose to resist his army . But when he realised the size of the French army at the gates of Pisa , he had to accept the humiliating conditions of the French king . These made the Florentines rebel and they expelled Piero II . With his exile in 1494 , the first period of Medici rule ended with the restoration of a republican government . Savonarola and Machiavelli ( edit ) Girolamo Savonarola being burnt at the stake in 1498 During this period , the Dominican friar Girolamo Savonarola had become prior of the San Marco monastery in 1490 . He was famed for his penitential sermons , lambasting what he viewed as widespread immorality and attachment to material riches . He blamed the exile of the Medici as the work of God , punishing them for their decadence . He seized the opportunity to carry through political reforms leading to a more democratic rule . But when Savonarola publicly accused Pope Alexander VI of corruption , he was banned from speaking in public . When he broke this ban , he was excommunicated . The Florentines , tired of his extreme teachings , turned against him and arrested him . He was convicted as a heretic and burned at the stake on the Piazza della Signoria on 23 May 1498 . A second individual of unusually acute insight was Niccolò Machiavelli , whose prescriptions for Florence 's regeneration under strong leadership have often been seen as a legitimisation of political expediency and even malpractice . In other words , Machiavelli was a political thinker , perhaps most renowned for his political handbook , titled The Prince , which is about ruling and the exercise of power . Commissioned by the Medici , Machiavelli also wrote the Florentine Histories , the history of the city . Florentines drove out the Medici for a second time and re-established a republic on 16 May 1527 . Restored twice with the support of both Emperor and Pope , the Medici in 1537 became hereditary dukes of Florence , and in 1569 Grand Dukes of Tuscany , ruling for two centuries . In all Tuscany , only the Republic of Lucca ( later a Duchy ) and the Principality of Piombino were independent from Florence . 18th and 19th centuries ( edit ) Leopold II , Holy Roman Emperor and his family . Leopold was , from 1765 to 1790 , the Grand Duke of Tuscany The extinction of the Medici dynasty and the accession in 1737 of Francis Stephen , duke of Lorraine and husband of Maria Theresa of Austria , led to Tuscany 's temporary inclusion in the territories of the Austrian crown . It became a secundogeniture of the Habsburg - Lorraine dynasty , who were deposed for the House of Bourbon - Parma in 1801 . From 1801 to 1807 Florence was the capital of the Napoleonic client state Kingdom of Etruria . Bourbon - Parma were deposed in December 1807 when Tuscany was annexed by France . Florence was the prefecture of the French département of Arno from 1808 to the fall of Napoleon in 1814 . The Habsburg - Lorraine dynasty was restored on the throne of Tuscany at the Congress of Vienna but finally deposed in 1859 . Tuscany became a region of the Kingdom of Italy in 1861 . Florence replaced Turin as Italy 's capital in 1865 and , in an effort to modernise the city , the old market in the Piazza del Mercato Vecchio and many medieval houses were pulled down and replaced by a more formal street plan with newer houses . The Piazza ( first renamed Piazza Vittorio Emanuele II , then Piazza della Repubblica , the present name ) was significantly widened and a large triumphal arch was constructed at the west end . This development was unpopular and was prevented from continuing by the efforts of several British and American people living in the city . A museum recording the destruction stands nearby today . The country 's second capital city was superseded by Rome six years later , after the withdrawal of the French troops made its addition to the kingdom possible . 20th century ( edit ) Porte Sante cemetery , burial place of notable figures of Florentine history . After doubling during the 19th century , Florence 's population was to triple in the 20th , resulting from growth in tourism , trade , financial services and industry . During World War II the city experienced a year - long German occupation ( 1943 -- 1944 ) and was declared an open city in late July 1944 as troops of the British 8th Army closed in . In early August , the retreating Germans decided to demolish all the bridges along the Arno linking the district of Oltrarno to the rest of the city , making it difficult for troops of the 8th Army to cross . However , at the last moment Charles Steinhauslin , at the time consulate of 26 countries in Florence , convinced the German general in Italy that the Ponte Vecchio was not to be destroyed due to its historical value . Florence was liberated by New Zealand , South African and British troops on 4 August 1944 . The Allied soldiers who died driving the Germans from Tuscany are buried in cemeteries outside the city ( Americans about nine kilometres ( 5.6 miles ) south of the city , British and Commonwealth soldiers a few kilometres east of the centre on the right bank of the Arno ) . Instead , an equally historic area of streets directly to the south of the bridge , including part of the Corridoio Vasariano , was destroyed using mines . Since then the bridges have been restored to their original forms using as many of the remaining materials as possible , but the buildings surrounding the Ponte Vecchio have been rebuilt in a style combining the old with modern design . Shortly before leaving Florence , as they knew that they would soon have to retreat , the Germans executed many freedom fighters and political opponents publicly , in streets and squares including the Piazza Santo Spirito . At the end of World War II in May 1945 , the US Army 's Information and Educational Branch was ordered to establish an overseas university campus for demobilised American service men and women in Florence , Italy . The first American University for service personnel was established in June 1945 at the School of Aeronautics in Florence , Italy . Some 7,500 soldier - students were to pass through the University during its four one - month sessions ( see G.I. American Universities ) . In November 1966 , the Arno flooded parts of the centre , damaging many art treasures . Around the city there are tiny placards on the walls noting where the flood waters reached at their highest point . On 25 May 2016 the BBC reported that a sinkhole , thought to have been caused by a bursting of a water pipe , opened up a 200 - metre ( 660 ft ) hole on the Arno river bank in Florence . Geography ( edit ) November 2005 view of the city and Arno valley , with the Apennine mountains in the background Florence lies in a basin formed by the hills of Careggi , Fiesole , Settignano , Arcetri , Poggio Imperiale and Bellosguardo ( Florence ) . The Arno river , three other minor rivers ( Mugnone , Ema and Greve ) and some streams flow through it . Climate ( edit ) Florence with snow cover in December 2009 Florence has a humid subtropical climate ( Cfa ) , tending to Mediterranean ( Csa ) . It has hot summers with moderate or light rainfall and cool , damp winters . As Florence lacks a prevailing wind , summer temperatures are higher than along the coast . Rainfall in summer is convectional , while relief rainfall dominates in the winter . Snow flurries happen almost every year , but often result in no accumulation . The highest officially recorded temperature was 42.6 ° C ( 108.7 ° F ) on 26 July 1983 and the lowest was − 23.2 ° C ( − 9.8 ° F ) on 12 January 1985 . hide Climate data for Florence Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 21.6 ( 70.9 ) 23.4 ( 74.1 ) 28.5 ( 83.3 ) 28.7 ( 83.7 ) 33.8 ( 92.8 ) 40.0 ( 104 ) 42.6 ( 108.7 ) 39.5 ( 103.1 ) 36.4 ( 97.5 ) 30.8 ( 87.4 ) 25.2 ( 77.4 ) 20.4 ( 68.7 ) 42.6 ( 108.7 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 10.9 ( 51.6 ) 12.5 ( 54.5 ) 15.7 ( 60.3 ) 18.5 ( 65.3 ) 23.7 ( 74.7 ) 27.7 ( 81.9 ) 31.4 ( 88.5 ) 31.5 ( 88.7 ) 26.7 ( 80.1 ) 20.9 ( 69.6 ) 14.7 ( 58.5 ) 11.1 ( 52 ) 20.4 ( 68.8 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 6.5 ( 43.7 ) 7.5 ( 45.5 ) 10.3 ( 50.5 ) 13.0 ( 55.4 ) 17.7 ( 63.9 ) 21.4 ( 70.5 ) 24.6 ( 76.3 ) 24.6 ( 76.3 ) 20.5 ( 68.9 ) 15.5 ( 59.9 ) 9.9 ( 49.8 ) 6.8 ( 44.2 ) 14.9 ( 58.7 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 2.0 ( 35.6 ) 2.5 ( 36.5 ) 4.9 ( 40.8 ) 7.5 ( 45.5 ) 11.6 ( 52.9 ) 15.0 ( 59 ) 17.7 ( 63.9 ) 17.7 ( 63.9 ) 14.4 ( 57.9 ) 10.1 ( 50.2 ) 5.1 ( 41.2 ) 2.6 ( 36.7 ) 9.3 ( 48.7 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) − 23.2 ( − 9.8 ) − 9.9 ( 14.2 ) − 8.0 ( 17.6 ) − 2.2 ( 28 ) 3.6 ( 38.5 ) 5.6 ( 42.1 ) 10.2 ( 50.4 ) 9.6 ( 49.3 ) 3.6 ( 38.5 ) − 1.4 ( 29.5 ) − 6.0 ( 21.2 ) − 8.6 ( 16.5 ) − 23.2 ( − 9.8 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 60.5 ( 2.382 ) 63.7 ( 2.508 ) 63.5 ( 2.5 ) 86.4 ( 3.402 ) 70.0 ( 2.756 ) 57.1 ( 2.248 ) 36.7 ( 1.445 ) 56.0 ( 2.205 ) 79.6 ( 3.134 ) 104.2 ( 4.102 ) 113.6 ( 4.472 ) 81.3 ( 3.201 ) 872.6 ( 34.355 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 1.0 mm ) 8.3 7.1 7.5 9.7 8.4 6.3 3.5 5.4 6.2 8.5 9.0 8.3 88.2 Source # 1 : Servizio Meteorologico Source # 2 : World Meteorological Organisation ( United Nations ) Government ( edit ) See also : List of mayors of Florence The traditional boroughs of the whole comune of Florence The 5 administrative boroughs of the whole comune of Florence The legislative body of the municipality is the City Council ( Consiglio Comunale ) , which is composed of 36 councillors elected every five years with a proportional system , contextually to the mayoral elections . The executive body is the City Committee ( Giunta Comunale ) , composed by 7 assessors , that is nominated and presieded over by a directly elected Mayor . The current mayor of Florence is Dario Nardella . The municipality of Florence is subdivided into five administrative Boroughs ( Quartieri ) . Each Borough is governed by a Council ( Consiglio ) and a President , elected contextually to the city Mayor . The urban organisation is governed by the Italian Constitution ( art . 114 ) . The Boroughs have the power to advise the Mayor with nonbinding opinions on a large spectrum of topics ( environment , construction , public health , local markets ) and exercise the functions delegated to them by the City Council ; in addition they are supplied with an autonomous founding in order to finance local activities . The Boroughs are : Centro storico ( Historic Centre ) ; population : 67,170 ; Campo di Marte ; population : 88,588 ; Gavinana - Galluzzo ; population : 40,907 ; Isolotto - Legnaia ; population : 66,636 ; Rifredi ; population : 103,761 . All of the five boroughs are governed by the Democratic Party . The former Italian Prime Minister ( 2014 - 2016 ) , Matteo Renzi , served as mayor from 2009 to 2014 . Main sights ( edit ) Main article : Architecture of Florence Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore Palazzo Vecchio 1835 City Map of Florence , still largely in the confines of its medieval city centre . Ponte Vecchio , which spans the Arno river Florence is known as the `` cradle of the Renaissance '' ( la culla del Rinascimento ) for its monuments , churches , and buildings . The best - known site of Florence is the domed cathedral of the city , Santa Maria del Fiore , known as The Duomo , whose dome was built by Filippo Brunelleschi . The nearby Campanile ( partly designed by Giotto ) and the Baptistery buildings are also highlights . The dome , 600 years after its completion , is still the largest dome built in brick and mortar in the world . In 1982 , the historic centre of Florence ( Italian : centro storico di Firenze ) was declared a World Heritage Site by the UNESCO . The centre of the city is contained in medieval walls that were built in the 14th century to defend the city . At the heart of the city , in Piazza della Signoria , is Bartolomeo Ammannati 's Fountain of Neptune ( 1563 -- 1565 ) , which is a masterpiece of marble sculpture at the terminus of a still functioning Roman aqueduct . The layout and structure of Florence in many ways harkens back to the Roman era , where it was designed as a garrison settlement . Nevertheless , the majority of the city was built during the Renaissance . Despite the strong presence of Renaissance architecture within the city , traces of medieval , Baroque , Neoclassical and modern architecture can be found . The Palazzo Vecchio as well as the Duomo , or the city 's Cathedral , are the two buildings which dominate Florence 's skyline . The river Arno , which cuts through the old part of the city , is as much a character in Florentine history as many of the people who lived there . Historically , the locals have had a love - hate relationship with the Arno -- which alternated between nourishing the city with commerce , and destroying it by flood . Florence at night from Piazzale Michelangelo Palazzo Pitti One of the bridges in particular stands out -- the Ponte Vecchio ( Old Bridge ) , whose most striking feature is the multitude of shops built upon its edges , held up by stilts . The bridge also carries Vasari 's elevated corridor linking the Uffizi to the Medici residence ( Palazzo Pitti ) . Although the original bridge was constructed by the Etruscans , the current bridge was rebuilt in the 14th century . It is the only bridge in the city to have survived World War II intact . It is the first example in the western world of a bridge built using segmental arches , that is , arches less than a semicircle , to reduce both span - to - rise ratio and the numbers of pillars to allow lesser encumbrance in the riverbed ( being in this much more successful than the Roman Alconétar Bridge ) . Ponte Santa Trinita with the Oltrarno district The church of San Lorenzo contains the Medici Chapel , the mausoleum of the Medici family -- the most powerful family in Florence from the 15th to the 18th century . Nearby is the Uffizi Gallery , one of the finest art museums in the world -- founded on a large bequest from the last member of the Medici family . Florence Duomo as seen from Michelangelo hill . The Uffizi is located at the corner of Piazza della Signoria , a site important for being the centre of Florence 's civil life and government for centuries . The Palazzo della Signoria facing it is still home of the municipal government . Many significant episodes in the history of art and political changes were staged here , such as : In 1301 , Dante Alighieri was sent into exile from here ( commemorated by a plaque on one of the walls of the Uffizi ) . On 26 April 1478 , Jacopo de ' Pazzi and his retainers tried to raise the city against the Medici after the plot known as La congiura dei Pazzi ( The Pazzi conspiracy ) , murdering Giuliano di Piero de ' Medici and wounding his brother Lorenzo . All the members of the plot who could be apprehended were seized by the Florentines and hanged from the windows of the palace . In 1497 , it was the location of the Bonfire of the Vanities instigated by the Dominican friar and preacher Girolamo Savonarola On 23 May 1498 , the same Savonarola and two followers were hanged and burnt at the stake . ( A round plate in the ground marks the spot where he was hanged ) In 1504 , Michelangelo 's David ( now replaced by a replica , since the original was moved in 1873 to the Galleria dell'Accademia ) was installed in front of the Palazzo della Signoria ( also known as Palazzo Vecchio ) . The Loggia dei Lanzi in Piazza della Signoria is the location of a number of statues by other sculptors such as Donatello , Giambologna , Ammannati and Cellini , although some have been replaced with copies to preserve the originals . Monuments , museums and religious buildings ( edit ) See also : List of churches in Florence and Theatres in Florence Piazzale degli Uffizi Florence contains several palaces and buildings from various eras . The Palazzo Vecchio is the town hall of Florence and also an art museum . This large Romanesque crenellated fortress - palace overlooks the Piazza della Signoria with its copy of Michelangelo 's David statue as well as the gallery of statues in the adjacent Loggia dei Lanzi . Originally called the Palazzo della Signoria , after the Signoria of Florence , the ruling body of the Republic of Florence , it was also given several other names : Palazzo del Popolo , Palazzo dei Priori , and Palazzo Ducale , in accordance with the varying use of the palace during its long history . The building acquired its current name when the Medici duke 's residence was moved across the Arno to the Palazzo Pitti . It is linked to the Uffizi and the Palazzo Pitti through the Corridoio Vasariano . Palazzo Medici Riccardi , designed by Michelozzo di Bartolomeo for Cosimo il Vecchio , of the Medici family , is another major edifice , and was built between 1445 and 1460 . It was well known for its stone masonry that includes rustication and ashlar . Today it is the head office of the Metropolitan City of Florence and hosts museums and the Riccardiana Library . The Palazzo Strozzi , an example of civil architecture with its rusticated stone , was inspired by the Palazzo Medici , but with more harmonious proportions . Today the palace is used for international expositions like the annual antique show ( founded as the Biennale dell'Antiquariato in 1959 ) , fashion shows and other cultural and artistic events . Here also is the seat of the Istituto Nazionale del Rinascimento and the noted Gabinetto Vieusseux , with the library and reading room . There are several other notable places , including the Palazzo Rucellai , designed by Leon Battista Alberti between 1446 and 1451 and executed , at least in part , by Bernardo Rossellino ; the Palazzo Davanzati , which houses the museum of the Old Florentine House ; the Palazzo delle Assicurazioni Generali , designed in the Neo-Renaissance style in 1871 ; the Palazzo Spini Feroni , in Piazza Santa Trinita , a historic 13th - century private palace , owned since the 1920s by shoe - designer Salvatore Ferragamo ; as well as various others , including the Palazzo Borghese , the Palazzo di Bianca Cappello , the Palazzo Antinori , and the Royal building of Santa Maria Novella . Palazzo Pitti on Boboli Gardens ' side Florence contains numerous museums and art galleries where some of the world 's most important works of art are held . The city is one of the best preserved Renaissance centres of art and architecture in the world and has a high concentration of art , architecture and culture . In the ranking list of the 15 most visited Italian art museums , 2⁄3 are represented by Florentine museums . The Uffizi is one of these , having a very large collection of international and Florentine art . The gallery is articulated in many halls , catalogued by schools and chronological order . Engendered by the Medici family 's artistic collections through the centuries , it houses works of art by various painters and artists . The Vasari Corridor is another gallery , built connecting the Palazzo Vecchio with the Pitti Palace passing by the Uffizi and over the Ponte Vecchio . The Galleria dell'Accademia houses a Michelangelo collection , including the David . It has a collection of Russian icons and works by various artists and painters . Other museums and galleries include the Bargello , which concentrates on sculpture works by artists including Donatello , Giambologna and Michelangelo ; the Palazzo Pitti , containing part of the Medici family 's former private collection . In addition to the Medici collection , the palace 's galleries contain many Renaissance works , including several by Raphael and Titian , large collections of costumes , ceremonial carriages , silver , porcelain and a gallery of modern art dating from the 18th century . Adjoining the palace are the Boboli Gardens , elaborately landscaped and with numerous sculptures . The façade of the Cathedral There are several different churches and religious buildings in Florence . The cathedral is Santa Maria del Fiore . The San Giovanni Baptistery located in front of the cathedral , is decorated by numerous artists , notably by Lorenzo Ghiberti with the Gates of Paradise . Other churches in Florence include the Basilica of Santa Maria Novella , located in Santa Maria Novella square ( near the Firenze Santa Maria Novella railway station ) which contains works by Masaccio , Paolo Uccello , Filippino Lippi and Domenico Ghirlandaio ; the Basilica of Santa Croce , the principal Franciscan church in the city , which is situated on the Piazza di Santa Croce , about 800 metres ( 2,600 feet ) south east of the Duomo , and is the burial place of some of the most illustrious Italians , such as Michelangelo , Galileo , Machiavelli , Foscolo , Rossini , thus it is known also as the Temple of the Italian Glories ( Tempio dell'Itale Glorie ) ; the Basilica of San Lorenzo , which is one of the largest churches in the city , situated at the centre of Florence 's main market district , and the burial place of all the principal members of the Medici family from Cosimo il Vecchio to Cosimo III ; Santo Spirito , in the Oltrarno quarter , facing the square with the same name ; Orsanmichele , whose building was constructed on the site of the kitchen garden of the monastery of San Michele , now demolished ; Santissima Annunziata , a Roman Catholic basilica and the mother church of the Servite order ; Ognissanti , which was founded by the lay order of the Umiliati , and is among the first examples of Baroque architecture built in the city ; the Santa Maria del Carmine , in the Oltrarno district of Florence , which is the location of the Brancacci Chapel , housing outstanding Renaissance frescoes by Masaccio and Masolino da Panicale , later finished by Filippino Lippi ; the Medici Chapel with statues by Michelangelo , in the San Lorenzo ; as well as several others , including Santa Trinita , San Marco , Santa Felicita , Badia Fiorentina , San Gaetano , San Miniato al Monte , Florence Charterhouse , and Santa Maria del Carmine . The city additionally contains the Orthodox Russian church of Nativity , and the Great Synagogue of Florence , built in the 19th century . Florence contains various theatres and cinemas . The Odeon Cinema of the Palazzo dello Strozzino is one of the oldest cinemas in the city . Established from 1920 to 1922 in a wing of the Palazzo dello Strozzino , it used to be called the Cinema Teatro Savoia ( Savoy Cinema - Theatre ) , yet was later called Odeon . The Teatro della Pergola , located in the centre of the city on the eponymous street , is an opera house built in the 17th century . Another theatre is the Teatro Comunale ( or Teatro del Maggio Musicale Fiorentino ) , originally built as the open - air amphitheatre , the Politeama Fiorentino Vittorio Emanuele , which was inaugurated on 17 May 1862 with a production of Donizetti 's Lucia di Lammermoor and which seated 6,000 people . There are several other theatres , such as the Saloncino Castinelli , the Teatro Puccini , the Teatro Verdi , the Teatro Goldoni and the Teatro Niccolini . Squares , streets and parks ( edit ) See also : Squares of Florence Piazza della Repubblica Panorama composite , overview of Firenze , taken from the Giardino Bardini viewpoint . Aside from such monuments , Florence contains numerous major squares ( piazze ) and streets . The Piazza della Repubblica is a square in the city centre , location of the cultural cafés and bourgeois palaces . Among the square 's cafés ( like Caffè Gilli , Paszkowski or the Hard Rock Cafè ) , the Giubbe Rosse café has long been a meeting place for artists and writers , notably those of Futurism . The Piazza Santa Croce is another ; dominated by the Basilica of Santa Croce , it is a rectangular square in the centre of the city where the Calcio Fiorentino is played every year . Furthermore , there is the Piazza Santa Trinita , a square near the Arno that mark the end of the Via de ' Tornabuoni street . Replica of David and other statues , Piazza della Signoria Other squares include the Piazza San Marco , the Piazza Santa Maria Novella , the Piazza Beccaria and the Piazza della Libertà . The centre additionally contains several streets . Such include the Via Camillo Cavour , one of the main roads of the northern area of the historic centre ; the Via Ghibellina , one of central Florence 's longest streets ; the Via dei Calzaiuoli , one of the most central streets of the historic centre which links Piazza del Duomo to Piazza della Signoria , winding parallel to via Roma and Piazza della Repubblica ; the Via de ' Tornabuoni , a luxurious street in the city centre that goes from Antinori square to ponte Santa Trinita , across Piazza Santa Trinita , characterised by the presence of fashion boutiques ; the Viali di Circonvallazione , 6 - lane boulevards surrounding the northern part of the historic centre ; as well as others , such as Via Roma , Via degli Speziali , Via de ' Cerretani , and the Viale dei Colli . Florence also contains various parks and gardens . Such include the Boboli Gardens , the Parco delle Cascine , the Giardino Bardini and the Giardino dei Semplici , amongst others . Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Year Pop . ± % 1200 50,000 -- 1300 120,000 + 140.0 % 1500 70,000 − 41.7 % 1650 70,000 + 0.0 % 1861 150,864 + 115.5 % 1871 201,138 + 33.3 % 1881 196,072 − 2.5 % 1901 236,635 + 20.7 % 1911 258,056 + 9.1 % 1921 280,133 + 8.6 % 1931 304,160 + 8.6 % 1936 321,176 + 5.6 % 1951 374,625 + 16.6 % 1961 436,516 + 16.5 % 1971 457,803 + 4.9 % 1981 448,331 − 2.1 % 1991 403,294 − 10.0 % 2001 356,118 − 11.7 % 2011 358,079 + 0.6 % Source : ISTAT 2011 In 1200 the city was home to 50,000 people . By 1300 the population of the city proper was 120,000 , with an additional 300,000 living in the Contado . Between 1500 and 1650 the population was around 70,000 . As of 31 October 2010 , the population of the city proper is 370,702 , while Eurostat estimates that 696,767 people live in the urban area of Florence . The Metropolitan Area of Florence , Prato and Pistoia , constituted in 2000 over an area of roughly 4,800 square kilometres ( 1,853 sq mi ) , is home to 1.5 million people . Within Florence proper , 46.8 % of the population was male in 2007 and 53.2 % were female . Minors ( children aged 18 and less ) totalled 14.10 percent of the population compared to pensioners , who numbered 25.95 percent . This compares with the Italian average of 18.06 percent ( minors ) and 19.94 percent ( pensioners ) . The average age of Florence resident is 49 compared to the Italian average of 42 . In the five years between 2002 and 2007 , the population of Florence grew by 3.22 percent , while Italy as a whole grew by 3.56 percent . The birth rate of Florence is 7.66 births per 1,000 inhabitants compared to the Italian average of 9.45 births . As of 2009 , 87.46 % of the population was Italian . An estimated 6,000 Chinese live in the city . The largest immigrant group came from other European countries ( mostly Romanians and Albanians ) : 3.52 % , East Asia ( mostly Chinese and Filipino ) : 2.17 % , the Americas : 1.41 % , and North Africa ( mostly Moroccan ) : 0.9 % . Economy ( edit ) Tourism is , by far , the most important of all industries and most of the Florentine economy relies on the money generated by international arrivals and students studying in the city . The value tourism to the city totalled some € 62.5 billion in 2015 and the number of visitors had increased by 5.5 % from the previous year . In 2013 , Florence was listed as the second best world city by Condé Nast Traveler . Manufacturing and commerce , however , still remain highly important . Florence is also Italy 's 17th richest city in terms of average workers ' earnings , with the figure being € 23,265 ( the overall city 's income is € 6,531,204,473 ) , coming after Mantua , yet surpassing Bolzano . Industry , commerce and services ( edit ) Florence is a major production and commercial centre in Italy , where the Florentine industrial complexes in the suburbs produce all sorts of goods , from furniture , rubber goods , chemicals , and food . However , traditional and local products , such as antiques , handicrafts , glassware , leatherwork , art reproductions , jewellery , souvenirs , elaborate metal and iron - work , shoes , accessories and high fashion clothes also dominate a fair sector of Florence 's economy . The city 's income relies partially on services and commercial and cultural interests , such as annual fairs , theatrical and lyrical productions , art exhibitions , festivals and fashion shows , such as the Calcio Fiorentino . Heavy industry and machinery also take their part in providing an income . In Nuovo Pignone , numerous factories are still present , and small - to medium industrial businesses are dominant . The Florence - Prato - Pistoia industrial districts and areas were known as the ' Third Italy ' in the 1990s , due to the exports of high - quality goods and automobile ( especially the Vespa ) and the prosperity and productivity of the Florentine entrepreneurs . Some of these industries even rivalled the traditional industrial districts in Emilia - Romagna and Veneto due to high profits and productivity . In the fourth quarter of 2015 , manufacturing increased by 2.4 % and exports increased by 7.2 % . Leading sectors included mechanical engineering , fashion , pharmaceutics , food and wine . During 2015 , permanent employment contracts increased by 48.8 percent , boosted by nationwide tax break . Tourism ( edit ) Tourists flock to the Fontana del Porcellino . Tourism is the most significant industry in central Florence . From April to October , tourists outnumber local population . Tickets to the Uffizi and Accademia museums are regularly sold out and large groups regularly fill the basilicas of Santa Croce and Santa Maria Novella , both of which charge for entry . Tickets for The Uffizi and Accademia can be purchased online prior to visiting . In 2010 , readers of Travel + Leisure magazine ranked the city as their third favourite tourist destination . In 2015 , Condé Nast Travel readers voted Florence as the best city in Europe . Studies by Euromonitor International have concluded that cultural and history - oriented tourism is generating significantly increased spending throughout Europe . Florence is believed to have the greatest concentration of art ( in proportion to its size ) in the world . Thus , cultural tourism is particularly strong , with world - renowned museums such as the Uffizi selling over 1.93 million tickets in 2014 . The city 's convention centre facilities were restructured during the 1990s and host exhibitions , conferences , meetings , social forums , concerts and other events all year . Tourists and restaurant in the Piazza del Duomo In 2016 , Florence had 20,588 hotel rooms in 570 facilities . International visitors use 75 % of the rooms ; some 18 % of those were from the U.S. In 2014 , the city had 8.5 million overnight stays . A Euromonitor report indicates that in 2015 the city ranked as the world 's 36th most visited in the world , with over 4.95 million arrivals for the year . Tourism brings revenue to Florence , but it creates certain problems . The Ponte Vecchio , The San Lorenzo Market and Santa Maria Novella are plagued by pickpockets . The province of Florence receives roughly 13 million visitors per year and in peak seasons , that can lead to over crowding at popular locations . Mayor Dario Nardella is particularly concerned about visitors who arrive on buses , stay only a few hours , spend little money but contribute significantly to overcrowding . `` No museum visit , just a photo from the square , the bus back and then on to Venice ... We do n't want tourists like that , '' he said . Some tourists are less than respectful of the city 's cultural heritage , according to Nardella . In June 2017 , he instituted a programme of spraying church steps with water to prevent tourists from using such areas as picnic spots . While he values the benefits of tourism , there has been `` an increase among those who sit down on church steps , eat their food and leave rubbish strewn on them , '' he explained . To boost the sale of traditional foods , the mayor had introduced legislation ( enacted in 2016 ) that requires restaurants to use typical Tuscan products and rejected McDonald 's application to open a location in the Piazza del Duomo . Food and wine production ( edit ) Fiascos of basic Chianti . Food and wine have long been an important staple of the economy . The Chianti region is just south of the city , and its Sangiovese grapes figure prominently not only in its Chianti Classico wines but also in many of the more recently developed Supertuscan blends . Within 32 km ( 20 mi ) to the west is the Carmignano area , also home to flavourful sangiovese - based reds . The celebrated Chianti Rufina district , geographically and historically separated from the main Chianti region , is also few kilometres east of Florence . More recently , the Bolgheri region ( about 150 km ( 93 mi ) southwest of Florence ) has become celebrated for its `` Super Tuscan '' reds such as Sassicaia and Ornellaia . Culture ( edit ) Art ( edit ) Main article : Art in Florence See also : Guilds of Florence Botticelli 's Venus , stored in the Uffizi Sculptures in the Loggia dei Lanzi Michelangelo 's David Cimabue and Giotto , the fathers of Italian painting , lived in Florence as well as Arnolfo and Andrea Pisano , renewers of architecture and sculpture ; Brunelleschi , Donatello and Masaccio , forefathers of the Renaissance , Ghiberti and the Della Robbias , Filippo Lippi and Angelico ; Botticelli , Paolo Uccello and the universal genius of Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo . Their works , together with those of many other generations of artists , are gathered in the several museums of the town : the Uffizi Gallery , the Palatina gallery with the paintings of the `` Golden Ages '' , the Bargello with the sculptures of the Renaissance , the museum of San Marco with Fra Angelico 's works , the Academy , the chapels of the Medicis Buonarroti 's house with the sculptures of Michelangelo , the following museums : Bardini , Horne , Stibbert , Romano , Corsini , The Gallery of Modern Art , the Museo dell'Opera del Duomo , the museum of Silverware and the museum of Precious Stones . Several monuments are located in Florence : the Florence Baptistery with its mosaics ; the Cathedral with its sculptures , the medieval churches with bands of frescoes ; public as well as private palaces : Palazzo Vecchio , Palazzo Pitti , Palazzo Medici Riccardi , Palazzo Davanzati ; monasteries , cloisters , refectories ; the `` Certosa '' . In the archaeological museum includes documents of Etruscan civilisation . In fact the city is so rich in art that some first time visitors experience the Stendhal syndrome as they encounter its art for the first time . Uffizi hallway Florentine architects such as Filippo Brunelleschi ( 1377 -- 1466 ) and Leon Battista Alberti ( 1404 -- 1472 ) were among the fathers of both Renaissance and Neoclassical architecture . The cathedral , topped by Brunelleschi 's dome , dominates the Florentine skyline . The Florentines decided to start building it -- late in the 13th century , without a design for the dome . The project proposed by Brunelleschi in the 14th century was the largest ever built at the time , and the first major dome built in Europe since the two great domes of Roman times -- the Pantheon in Rome , and Hagia Sophia in Constantinople . The dome of Santa Maria del Fiore remains the largest brick construction of its kind in the world . In front of it is the medieval Baptistery . The two buildings incorporate in their decoration the transition from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance . In recent years , most of the important works of art from the two buildings -- and from the nearby Giotto 's Campanile , have been removed and replaced by copies . The originals are now housed in the Museum dell'Opera del Duomo , just to the east of the Cathedral . Florence has large numbers of art - filled churches , such as San Miniato al Monte , San Lorenzo , Santa Maria Novella , Santa Trinita , Santa Maria del Carmine , Santa Croce , Santo Spirito , the Annunziata , Ognissanti and numerous others . The Palazzo della Signoria , better known as the Palazzo Vecchio ( English : The Old Palace ) Artists associated with Florence range from Arnolfo di Cambio and Cimabue to Giotto , Nanni di Banco , and Paolo Uccello ; through Lorenzo Ghiberti , and Donatello and Massaccio and the della Robbia family ; through Fra Angelico and Botticelli and Piero della Francesca , and on to Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci . Others include Benvenuto Cellini , Andrea del Sarto , Benozzo Gozzoli , Domenico Ghirlandaio , Filippo Lippi , Bernardo Buontalenti , Orcagna , Pollaiuolo , Filippino Lippi , Verrocchio , Bronzino , Desiderio da Settignano , Michelozzo , the Rossellis , the Sangallos , and Pontormo . Artists from other regions who worked in Florence include Raphael , Andrea Pisano , Giambologna , Il Sodoma and Peter Paul Rubens . Brunelleschi 's dome Picture galleries in Florence include the Uffizi and the Pitti Palace . Two superb collections of sculpture are in the Bargello and the Museum of the Works of the Duomo . They are filled with the creations of Donatello , Verrochio , Desiderio da Settignano , Michelangelo and others . The Galleria dell'Accademia has Michelangelo 's David -- perhaps the best - known work of art anywhere , plus the unfinished statues of the slaves Michelangelo created for the tomb of Pope Julius II . Other sights include the medieval city hall , the Palazzo della Signoria ( also known as the Palazzo Vecchio ) , the Archeological Museum , the Museum of the History of Science , the Garden of Archimedes , the Palazzo Davanzatti , the Stibbert Museum , St. Marks , the Medici Chapels , the Museum of the Works of Santa Croce , the Museum of the Cloister of Santa Maria Novella , the Zoological Museum ( `` La Specola '' ) , the Bardini , and the Museo Horne . There is also a collection of works by the modern sculptor , Marino Marini , in a museum named after him . The Strozzi Palace is the site of special exhibits . Language ( edit ) Main article : Florentine dialect See also : Tuscan language Florentine ( fiorentino ) , spoken by inhabitants of Florence and its environs , is a Tuscan dialect and the immediate parent language to modern Italian . Its vocabulary and pronunciation are largely identical to standard Italian , though the hard c ( k ) between two vowels ( as in ducato ) is pronounced as a fricative ( h ) , similar to an English h . This gives Florentines a highly recognisable accent ( the so - called gorgia toscana ) . Other traits include using a form of the subjunctive mood last commonly used in medieval times , a frequent usage in everyday speech of the modern subjunctive , and a shortened pronunciation of the definite article , ( i ) instead of `` il '' . Dante , Petrarch , and Boccaccio pioneered the use of the vernacular instead of the Latin used for most literary works at the time . Literature ( edit ) The introduction of the Decameron ( 1350 -- 1353 ) by Giovanni Boccaccio . Despite Latin being the main language of the courts and the Church in the Middle Ages , writers such as Dante Alighieri and many others used their own language , the Florentine vernacular descended from Latin , in composing their greatest works . The oldest literary pieces written in Florentine go as far back as the 13th century . Florence 's literature fully blossomed in the 14th century , when not only Dante with his Divine Comedy ( 1306 -- 1321 ) and Petrarch , but also poets such as Guido Cavalcanti and Lapo Gianni composed their most important works . Dante 's masterpiece is the Divine Comedy , which mainly deals with the poet himself taking an allegoric and moral tour of Hell , Purgatory and finally Heaven , during which he meets numerous mythological or real characters of his age or before . He is first guided by the Roman poet Virgil , whose non-Christian beliefs damned him to Hell . Later on he is joined by Beatrice , who guides him through Heaven . In the 14th century , Petrarch and Giovanni Boccaccio led the literary scene in Florence after Dante 's death in 1321 . Petrarch was an all - rounder writer , author and poet , but was particularly known for his Canzoniere , or the Book of Songs , where he conveyed his unremitting love for Laura . His style of writing has since become known as Petrarchism . Boccaccio was better known for his Decameron , a slightly grim story of Florence during the 1350s bubonic plague , known as the Black Death , when some people fled the ravaged city to an isolated country mansion , and spent their time there recounting stories and novellas taken from the medieval and contemporary tradition . All of this is written in a series of 100 distinct novellas . In the 16th century , during the Renaissance , Florence was the home town of political writer and philosopher Niccolò Machiavelli , whose ideas on how rulers should govern the land , detailed in The Prince , spread across European courts and enjoyed enduring popularity for centuries . These principles became known as Machiavellianism . Music ( edit ) Main article : Music of Florence See also : Music of Tuscany The Teatro della Pergola . Florence became a musical centre during the Middle Ages and music and the performing arts remain an important part of its culture . The growth of Northern Italian Cities in the 1500s likely contributed to its increased prominence . During the Renaissance , there were four kinds of musical patronage in the city with respect to both sacred and secular music : state , corporate , church , and private. ( 73 ) It was here that the Florentine Camerata convened in the mid-16th century and experimented with setting tales of Greek mythology to music and staging the result -- in other words , the first operas , setting the wheels in motion not just for the further development of the operatic form , but for later developments of separate `` classical '' forms such as the symphony and concerto . After the year 1600 , Italian trends prevailed across Europe , by 1750 it was the primary musical language . The genre of the Madrigal , born in Italy , gained popularity in Britain and elsewhere . Several Italian cities were `` larger on the musical map than their real - size for power suggested . Florence , was once such city which experienced a fantastic period in the early seventeenth Century of musico - theatrical innovation , including the beginning and flourishing of opera . Opera was invented in Florence in the late 16th century when Jacobo Peri 's Dafne an opera in the style of monody , was premiered. ( 74 ) Opera spread from Florence throughout Italy and eventually Europe . Vocal Music in the choir setting was also taking new identity at this time . At the beginning of the 17th century , two practices for writing music were devised , one the first practice or Stile Antico / Prima Prattica the other the Stile Moderno / Secondo Prattica . The Stile Antico was more prevalent in Northern Europe and Stile Moderno was practiced more by the Italian Composers of the time . Composers and musicians who have lived in Florence include Piero Strozzi ( 1550 -- after 1608 ) , Giulio Caccini ( 1551 -- 1618 ) and Mike Francis ( 1961 -- 2009 ) . Giulio Caccini 's book Le Nuove Musiche was significant in performance practice technique instruction at the time . The book specified a new term , in use by the 1630s , called monody which indicated the combination of voice and basso continuo and connoted a practice of stating text in a free , lyrical , yet speech - like manner . This would occur while an instrument , usually a keyboard type such as harpsichord , played and held chords while the singer sang / spoke the monodic line . Cinema ( edit ) Florence has been a setting for numerous works of fiction and movies , including the novels and associated films , such as Light in the Piazza , Calmi Cuori Appassionati , Hannibal , A Room with a View , Tea with Mussolini , Virgin Territory and Inferno . The city is home to renowned Italian actors and actresses , such as Roberto Benigni , Leonardo Pieraccioni and Vittoria Puccini . Cuisine ( edit ) Florentine steak in Florence . Florentine food grows out of a tradition of peasant eating rather than rarefied high cooking . The majority of dishes are based on meat . The whole animal was traditionally eaten ; tripe ( trippa ) and stomach ( lampredotto ) were once regularly on the menu and still are sold at the food carts stationed throughout the city . Antipasti include crostini toscani , sliced bread rounds topped with a chicken liver - based pâté , and sliced meats ( mainly prosciutto and salame , often served with melon when in season ) . The typically saltless Tuscan bread , obtained with natural levain frequently features in Florentine courses , especially in its soups , ribollita and pappa al pomodoro , or in the salad of bread and fresh vegetables called panzanella that is served in summer . The bistecca alla fiorentina is a large ( the customary size should weigh around 1.2 to 1.5 kg ( 40 to 50 oz ) ) -- the `` date '' steak -- T - bone steak of Chianina beef cooked over hot charcoal and served very rare with its more recently derived version , the tagliata , sliced rare beef served on a bed of arugula , often with slices of Parmesan cheese on top . Most of these courses are generally served with local olive oil , also a prime product enjoying a worldwide reputation . Among the desserts , `` schiacciata alla fiorentina '' ( white flatbread cake ) is one of the most popular ; it is a very soft cake , prepared with extremely simple ingredients as it is peculiar of the florentine cuisine , and it is typically eaten on Carnival time . Research activity ( edit ) UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre Research institutes and university departments are located within the Florence area and within two campuses at Polo di Novoli and Polo Scientifico di Sesto Fiorentino as well as in the Research Area of Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche . Science and Discovery ( edit ) A display of proboscideans in the Museo di Storia Naturale di Firenze , or the Natural History Museum of Florence Florence has been an important scientific centre for centuries , notably during the Renaissance with scientists such as Leonardo da Vinci . Florentines were one of the driving forces behind the Age of Discovery . Florentine bankers financed Henry the Navigator and the Portuguese explorers who pioneered the route around Africa to India and the Far East . It was a map drawn by the Florentine Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli , a student of Brunelleschi , that Christopher Columbus used to sell his `` enterprise '' to the Spanish monarchs , and which he used on his first voyage . Mercator 's `` Projection '' is a refined version of Toscanelli 's -- taking into account the Americas , of which the Florentine was , obviously , ignorant . Galileo and other scientists pioneered the study of optics , ballistics , astronomy , anatomy , and so on . Pico della Mirandola , Leonardo Bruni , Machiavelli , and many others laid the groundwork for our understanding of science . Fashion ( edit ) Main article : Italian fashion See also : Fashion designers of Florence and Polimoda Luxury boutiques along Florence 's prestigious Via de ' Tornabuoni . By the year 1300 Florence had become a centre of textile production in Europe . Many of the rich families in Renaissance Florence were major purchasers of locally produced fine clothing , and the specialists of fashion in the economy and culture of Florence during that period is often underestimated . Florence is regarded by some as the birthplace and earliest centre of the modern ( post World War Two ) fashion industry in Italy . The Florentine `` soirées '' of the early 1950s organised by Giovanni Battista Giorgini were events where several Italian designers participated in group shows and first garnered international attention . Florence has served as the home of the Italian fashion company Salvatore Ferragamo since 1928 . Gucci , Roberto Cavalli , and Emilio Pucci are also headquartered in Florence . Other major players in the fashion industry such as Prada and Chanel have large offices and stores in Florence or its outskirts . Florence 's main upscale shopping street is Via de ' Tornabuoni , where major luxury fashion houses and jewellery labels , such as Armani and Bulgari , have their elegant boutiques . Via del Parione and Via Roma are other streets that are also well known for their high - end fashion stores . Historical evocations ( edit ) Scoppio del Carro ( edit ) The Scoppio del Carro ( `` Explosion of the Cart '' ) is a celebration of the First Crusade . During the day of Easter , a cart , which the Florentines call the Brindellone and which is led by four white oxen , is taken to the Piazza del Duomo between the Baptistery of St. John the Baptist ( Battistero di San Giovanni ) and the Florence Cathedral ( Santa Maria del Fiore ) . The cart is connected by a rope to the interior of the church . Near the cart there is a model of a dove , which , according to legend , is a symbol of good luck for the city : at the end of the Easter mass , the dove emerges from the nave of the Duomo and ignites the fireworks on the cart . Calcio storico ( edit ) Calcio Storico See also : Calcio Fiorentino Calcio Storico Fiorentino ( `` Historic Florentine Football '' ) , sometimes called Calcio in costume , is a traditional sport , regarded as a forerunner of soccer , though the actual gameplay most closely resembles rugby . The event originates from the Middle Ages , when the most important Florentine nobles amused themselves playing while wearing bright costumes . The most important match was played on 17 February 1530 , during the siege of Florence . That day Papal troops besieged the city while the Florentines , with contempt of the enemies , decided to play the game notwithstanding the situation . The game is played in the Piazza di Santa Croce . A temporary arena is constructed , with bleachers and a sand - covered playing field . A series of matches are held between four teams representing each quartiere ( quarter ) of Florence during late June and early July . There are four teams : Azzurri ( light blue ) , Bianchi ( white ) , Rossi ( red ) and Verdi ( green ) . The Azzurri are from the quarter of Santa Croce , Bianchi from the quarter of Santo Spirito , Verdi are from San Giovanni and Rossi from Santa Maria Novella . Sport ( edit ) Stadio Artemio Franchi In association football Florence is represented by ACF Fiorentina , which plays in Serie A , the top league of Italian league system . AFC Fiorentina has won two Italian Championships since their formation in 1926 . They play their games at the Stadio Artemio Franchi , which currently holds 47,282 . The female squad of ACF Fiorentina have won the women 's association football Italian Championship of the 2016 - 17 season . The city is home of Coverciano , the main training ground of the Italian national team , and the technical department of the Italian Football Federation . Florence was selected to host the 2013 UCI World Road Cycling Championships . Since 2017 Florence is also represented in Eccellenza , the top tier of rugby union league system in Italy , by I Medicei , which is a club established in 2015 by the merging of the senior squads of I Cavalieri ( of Prato ) and Firenze Rugby 1931 . I Medicei won the Serie A Championship in 2016 - 17 and were promoted to Eccellenza for the 2017 - 18 season . Rari Nantes Florentia is a successful water polo club based in Florence ; both its male and female squads have won several Italian Championship and the femal squad has also European titles in their palmarès . Transportation ( edit ) This article needs to be updated . Please update this section to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( April 2013 ) See also : Trams in Florence Route map of the tramway Cars ( edit ) The centre of Florence is closed to through - traffic , although buses , taxis and residents with appropriate permits are allowed in . This area is commonly referred to as the ZTL ( Zona Traffico Limitato ) , which is divided into several subsections . Residents of one section , therefore , will only be able to drive in their district and perhaps some surrounding ones . Cars without permits are allowed to enter after 7.30 pm , or before 7.30 am . The rules shift during the tourist - filled summers , putting more restrictions on where one can get in and out . Buses ( edit ) Tramway Sirio in Florence The principal public transit network in the city is run by the ATAF and Li - nea bus company . Individual tickets , or a pass called Carta Agile with multiple rides , should be purchased in advance and are available at local tobacconists , bars and newspaper stalls and must be validated once on board . These tickets may be used on ATAF and Li - nea buses , Tramvia and second - class local trains only within city railway stations . Train tickets must be validated before boarding. The main bus station is next to Santa Maria Novella railway station . Trenitalia runs trains between the railway stations within the city , and to other destinations around Italy and Europe . The central railway station , Santa Maria Novella , is about 500 m ( 1,600 ft ) northwest of the Piazza del Duomo . There are two other important stations : Campo di Marte and Rifredi . Most bundled routes are Firenze -- Pisa , Firenze -- Viareggio and Firenze - Arezzo ( along the main line to Rome ) . Other local railways connect Florence with Borgo San Lorenzo in the Mugello area ( Faentina railway ) and Siena . Long distance 10 km ( 6.21 mi ) buses are run by the SITA , Copit , CAP companies . The transit companies also accommodate travellers from the Amerigo Vespucci Airport , which is 5 km ( 3.1 mi ) west of the city centre , and which has scheduled services run by major European carriers . Trams ( edit ) In an effort to reduce air pollution and car traffic in the city , a multi-line tram network called Tramvia is under construction . The first line began operation on 14 February 2010 and connects Florence 's primary intercity railway station ( Santa Maria Novella ) with the southwestern suburb of Scandicci . This line is 7.4 km ( 4.6 mi ) long and has 14 stops . The construction of a second line began on 5 November 2011 , construction was stopped due to contractors ' difficulties and restarted in 2014 , completion is now scheduled for 2018 . This second line will connect Florence 's airport with the city centre . A third line ( from Santa Maria Novella to the Careggi area , where are the most important hospitals of Florence ) is also under construction Florence public transport Statistics ( edit ) The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Firenze , for example to and from work , on a weekday is 59 min . 13 % of public transit riders , ride for more than 2 hours every day . The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 14 min , while 22 % of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day . The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 4.1 km , while 3 % travel for over 12 km in a single direction . Railway station ( edit ) Firenze Santa Maria Novella railway station is the main national and international railway station in Florence and is used by 59 million people every year . The building , designed by Giovanni Michelucci , was built in the Italian Rationalism style and it is one of the major rationalist buildings in Italy . It is located in Piazza della Stazione , near the Fortezza da Basso ( a masterpiece of the military Renaissance architecture ) and the Viali di Circonvallazione , and in front of the Basilica of Santa Maria Novella 's apse from which it takes its name . As well as numerous high speed trains to major Italian cities Florence is served by international overnight sleeper services to Munich and Vienna operated by Austrian railways ÖBB . A new high - speed rail station is under construction and is contracted to be operational by 2015 . It is planned to be connected to Vespucci airport , Santa Maria Novella railway station , and to the city centre by the second line of Tramvia . The architectural firms Foster + Partners and Lancietti Passaleva Giordo and Associates designed this new rail station . Airport ( edit ) Florence Airport The Florence Airport , Peretola , is one of two main airports in the Tuscany region though it is not widely used by popular airlines . The other airport in the Tuscany region is the Galileo Galilei International Airport in Pisa . International Relations ( edit ) See also : List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy Twin towns and Sister cities ( edit ) Florence is twinned with : Bethlehem , Palestine Budapest , Hungary Dresden , Germany Edinburgh , Scotland , United Kingdom Fes , Morocco Isfahan , Iran Kassel , Germany Kiev , Ukraine Kuwait City , Kuwait Turku , Finland Kyoto , Japan Nanjing , China Nazareth , Israel Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , United States Puebla , Mexico Reims , France Riga , Latvia Salvador , Brazil Sydney , Australia Tirana , Albania Valladolid , Spain Other partnerships ( edit ) Arequipa , Peru Cannes , France Gifu , Gifu Japan Kraków , Poland Malmö , Sweden Mauthausen , Austria Ningbo , China Porto - Vecchio , Corsica Providence , Rhode Island , United States Tallinn , Estonia Notable residents ( edit ) See also : Category : People from Florence Niccolò Machiavelli Lorenzo de ' Medici Dante Alighieri Amerigo Vespucci Sir Harold Acton , author and aesthete John Argyropoulos , scholar Leone Battista Alberti , polymath Dante Alighieri , poet Giovanni Boccaccio , poet Baldassarre Bonaiuti , 14th - century chronicler Sandro Botticelli , painter Aureliano Brandolini , agronomist and development cooperation scholar Robert Browning and Elizabeth Barrett Browning , 19th - century English poets Filippo Brunelleschi , architect Michelangelo Buonarroti , sculptor , painter , author of the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and David Francesco Casagrande , cyclist Roberto Cavalli , fashion designer Carlo Collodi , writer Enrico Coveri , fashion designer Donatello , sculptor Oriana Fallaci , journalist and author Salvatore Ferragamo , fashion designer and shoemaker Mike Francis ( born Francesco Puccioni ) , singer and composer Silpa Bhirasri ( born Corrado Feroci ) , sculptor , credited as the principal figure of modern art in Thailand . Frescobaldi Family , notable bankers and wine producers Galileo Galilei , Italian physicist , astronomer , and philosopher Giotto , early 14th - century painter , sculptor and architect Lorenzo Ghiberti , sculptor Guccio Gucci , founder of the Gucci label Robert Lowell , poet Niccolò Machiavelli , poet , philosopher and political thinker , author of The Prince and The Discourses Masaccio , painter Rose McGowan , Florence - born actress Medici family Girolamo Mei , historian and humanist Antonio Meucci , inventor of the telephone Florence Nightingale , pioneer of modern nursing , and statistician Virginia Oldoini , Countess of Castiglione , early photographic artist , secret agent and courtesan Valerio Profondavalle , Flemish painter Raphael , painter Anna Sarfatti , children 's author Girolamo Savonarola , reformist Adriana Seroni , politician Giovanni Spadolini , politician Antonio Squarcialupi , organist and composer Evangelista Torricelli , Italian physicist Giorgio Vasari , painter , architect , and historian Amerigo Vespucci , explorer and cartographer , namesake of the Americas Leonardo da Vinci , polymath Lisa del Giocondo , model of the Mona Lisa Giorgio Antonucci , physician , psychoanalyst and an international reference on the questioning of the basis of psychiatry See also ( edit ) Italy portal Category : Buildings and structures in Florence Chancellor of Florence Cronaca fiorentina European University Institute Florentine School Historical states of Italy List of squares in Florence Outline of Florence References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Bilancio demografico anno 2015 e popolazione residente al 31 dicembre ; Comune : Firenze '' . ISTAT . Select : Italia Centrale / Toscana / Firenze / Firenze . Jump up ^ Alternative obsolete form : Fiorenza ( fjoˈrɛntsa ) ; Latin : Florentia Jump up ^ Bilancio demografico anno 2013 , dati ISTAT Jump up ^ `` Economy of Renaissance Florence , Richard A. Goldthwaite , Book -- Barnes & Noble '' . Search.barnesandnoble.com. 23 April 2009 . Retrieved 22 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Spencer Baynes , L.L.D. , and W. Robertson Smith , L.L.D. , Encyclopædia Britannica . Akron , Ohio : The Werner Company , 1907 : p. 675 Jump up ^ Brucker , Gene A. ( 1969 ) . Renaissance Florence . New York : Wiley . p. 23 . ISBN 0520046951 . Jump up ^ `` storia della lingua in `` Enciclopedia dell'Italiano '' `` . Treccani.it . Retrieved 28 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Florence ( Italy ) '' . Britannica Concise Encyclopedia . Britannica.com . Retrieved 22 January 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` FASHION : Italy 's Renaissance '' . TIME. 4 February 1952 . Retrieved 9 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Tim Kiladze ( 22 January 2010 ) . `` World 's Most Beautiful Cities '' . Forbes . Retrieved 12 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Paris Towers Over World of Fashion as Top Global Fashion Capital for 2015 '' . Languagemonitor.com . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` La classifica dei redditi nei comuni capoluogo di provincia '' . Il Sole 24 ORE . Retrieved 9 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Italian Language '' . italian.about.com . Retrieved 28 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Planet , Lonely . `` History of Florence -- Lonely Planet Travel Information '' . lonelyplanet.com . Jump up ^ Leonardo Bruni , History of the Florentine People I. 1 , 3 Jump up ^ Bleek , Ulrike . Explore the World Nelles Pocket : Florence - Fiesole , Prato , Pistoia , San Gimignano , Voltera , Siena . Munich : Gunter Nelles . p. 13 . Jump up ^ `` Cradle of capitalism '' . The Economist. 16 April 2009 . ISSN 0013 - 0613 . Retrieved 16 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Decameron Web , Boccaccio , Plague '' . Brown University . Jump up ^ Pallanti , Giuseppe ( 2006 ) . Mona Lisa Revealed : The True Identity of Leonardo 's Model . Florence , Italy : Skira . pp. 17 , 23 , 24 . ISBN 88 - 7624 - 659 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` University Study Center , Florence `` The GI University Project '' . Giuniversity.wordpress.com . Retrieved 16 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Huge sinkhole swallows cars in Florence '' . Bbc.com. 25 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` World map of Köppen -- Geiger Climate Classification '' . koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at. April 2006 . Retrieved 28 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Clima en Firenze / Peretola Históricos desde 1964 hasta 2016 ( METAR ) '' . tutiempo.net ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Borchi , Emilio ; Macii , Renzo ( 2011 ) . La neve a Firenze ( 1874 - 2010 ) ( Snow in Florence ( 1874 -- 2010 ) ) ( in Italian ) . Florence : Pagnini Editore . ISBN 978 - 88 - 8251 - 382 - 5 . Jump up ^ MeteoAM.it ! Il portale Italiano della Meteorologia ( 20 May 2005 ) . `` MeteoAM.it ! Il portale Italiano della Meteorologia '' . Meteoam.it . Archived from the original on 8 October 2006 . Retrieved 22 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` FIRENZE / PERETOLA '' ( PDF ) . Servizio Meteorologico . Retrieved 13 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` World Weather Information Service - Florence '' . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Ross King , Brunelleschi 's Dome , The Story of the great Cathedral of Florence , Penguin , 2001 Jump up ^ Centre , UNESCO . `` Historic Centre of Florence -- UNESCO World Heritage Centre '' . whc.unesco.org . Retrieved 8 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Miner , Jennifer ( 2 September 2008 ) . `` Florence Art Tours , Florence Museums , Florence Architecture '' . Travelguide.affordabletours.com . Archived from the original on 29 January 2010 . Retrieved 22 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Touring Club Italiano -- Dossier Musei 2009 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 22 September 2012 . Retrieved 12 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gruppo Cine Hall '' . Cinehall.it . Retrieved 19 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Spruyt , H. ( 1996 ) . The Sovereign State and Its Competitors : An Analysis of Systems Change . Princeton University Press . p. 132 . ISBN 9780691029108 . Retrieved 27 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Bruce , S.G. ( 2010 ) . Ecologies and Economies in Medieval and Early Modern Europe : Studies in Environmental History for Richard C. Hoffmann . Brill . p. 48 . ISBN 9789004180079 . Retrieved 27 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Chant , C. ; Goodman , D. ( 2005 ) . Pre-Industrial Cities and Technology . Taylor & Francis . p. 141 . ISBN 9781134636204 . Retrieved 27 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Tellier , L.N. ( 2009 ) . Urban World History : An Economic and Geographical Perspective . Presses de l'Universite du Quebec . p. 311 . ISBN 9782760522091 . Retrieved 27 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Statistiche demografiche ISTAT '' . Demo.istat.it . Retrieved 5 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Chinese immigrants to Italy build no ordinary Chinatown , Chicago Tribune , 1 January 2009 Jump up ^ `` Statistiche demografiche ISTAT '' . Demo.istat.it . Retrieved 5 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Economy of Florence twice the national average - The Florentine '' . Theflorentine.net. 27 May 2016 . Retrieved 28 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The world best cities are ... '' CNN . Retrieved 17 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` La classifica dei redditi nei comuni capoluogo di provincia '' . Il Sole 24 ORE . Retrieved 19 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Florence , Italy : Tourist Travel Guide for Holidays in Florence , Firenze , Italy '' . www.visitflorence.com . Retrieved 28 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Travel + Leisure '' . Travelandleisure.com . Retrieved 11 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 15 Best Things to Do in Florence , Italy '' . Cntraveler.com . Retrieved 28 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Tourists spend more than ever before on cultural destinations Archived 9 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine . ( for 2004 -- 2005 ) at Euromonitor International Jump up ^ `` Study Abroad in Florence Italy -- Florentine artisan courses for school groups '' . Florenceart.net . Retrieved 22 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Florence 's Uffizi leading the pack in terms of visitors ' numbers , after the Colosseum and Pompeii '' . Florence 's Uffizi leading the pack in terms of visitors ' numbers , after the Colosseum and Pompeii . Retrieved 28 October 2017 . Jump up ^ https://hvs.com/Print/In-Focus-Florence-Italy?id=7942 Jump up ^ Bill.Alen@tourism-review.com , Bill Alen , . `` Florence : A Record Year for the Tourism Industry - . TR '' . Tourism-review.com . Retrieved 28 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Euromonitor International 's Top City Destinations Ranking '' . Euromonitor.com. 2016 . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Where in Europe are you Most Likely to be a Victim of Pickpocketing ? '' . Yourcoffeebreak.co.uk . Retrieved 28 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Bill.Alen@tourism-review.com , Bill Alen , . `` Florence : A Record Year for the Tourism Industry - . TR '' . Tourism-review.com . Retrieved 28 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italian hotspots struggling with ' too many tourists ' '' . Thelocal.it. 18 July 2016 . Retrieved 28 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Kirchgaessner , Stephanie ( 6 December 2015 ) . `` Florence seeks a better class of tourist to share its besieged medieval treasures '' . Theguardian.com . Retrieved 28 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Giuffrida , Angela ( 31 May 2017 ) . `` Florence mayor aims to keep picnicking tourists at bay with hosepipes '' . Theguardian.com . Retrieved 28 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Florence is hosing down monuments to deter tourists '' . Independent.co.uk. 1 June 2017 . Retrieved 28 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Oxford Companion to Wine . `` Bolgheri '' . Archived from the original on 8 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Art in Florence '' . learner.org . Retrieved 27 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Renaissance Artists '' . library.thinkquest.org . Archived from the original on 24 November 2010 . Retrieved 28 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Uffizi Gallery Florence Uffizi Museum Ticket Reservation '' . Virtualuffizi.com . Archived from the original on 18 February 2009 . Retrieved 5 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Peter Barenboim , Sergey Shiyan , Michelangelo : Mysteries of Medici Chapel , SLOVO , Moscow , 2006 . ISBN 5 - 85050 - 825 - 2 Jump up ^ `` Palace of Bargello ( Bargello 's Palace ) , Florence Italy -- ItalyGuides.it '' . ItalyGuides.it. 28 October 2006 . Retrieved 5 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Inner court of Pitti Palace ( Palazzo Pitti ) , Florence Italy -- ItalyGuides.it '' . ItalyGuides.it. 28 October 2006 . Retrieved 5 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Auxologia : Graziella Magherini : La Sindrome di Stendhal ( book ) '' . Archived from the original on 12 October 2006 . Retrieved 12 October 2006 . ( excerpts in Italian ) Jump up ^ `` Why Was Florence Considered Important For Culture And Arts ? -- Essay -- Michellekim '' . StudyMode.com . Retrieved 14 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Duomo of Florence Tripleman '' . www.tripleman.com . Retrieved 25 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` brunelleschi 's dome -- Brunelleschi 's Dome '' . Brunelleschisdome.com . Retrieved 25 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Florence , Tuscany Region , Italy -- The Duomo , Statue Of David , Piazza Dell Signoria '' . Europe.travelonline.com . Retrieved 25 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Florence Art Gallery : Art Galleries and Museums in Florence Area , Italy '' . Florence.world-guides.com . Retrieved 25 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Become a friend of Palazzo Strozzi -- Fondazione Palazzo Strozzi -- Firenze '' . Palazzostrozzi.org . Archived from the original on 27 July 2011 . Retrieved 25 March 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Literature in Florence , Florentine Writers and Poets '' . Florenceholidays.com . Retrieved 25 March 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Literature in Florence -- Petrarch and Boccaccio , Florentine Writers and Poet : Petrarch and Boccaccio '' . Florenceholidays.com . Retrieved 25 March 2010 . ^ Jump up to : . Hanning , Barbara Russano , J. Peter Burkholder , Donald Jay Grout , and Claude V. Palisca . Concise History of Western Music . New York : W.W. Norton , 2010.pg. 182 . Jump up ^ Grout , Donald Jay , Donald Jay Grout , and Claude V. Palisca . A History of Western Music . New York : W.W. Norton & Company , 1973 . Jump up ^ Bonds , Mark E. , Etd . Kassell , Richard . A History of Music in Western Culture . Combined Volume. 3rd edition . Prentice Hall , Upper Saddle River , NJ . ISBN 0 - 205 - 64531 - 3 . Jump up ^ welcometuscany.it . `` Tuscany italy tuscany tourists guide , travel tips extra virgin olive oil wines and foods of the most beautiful land in the world '' . welcometuscany.it . Retrieved 5 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Polo Scientifico di Sesto Fiorentino '' . Polosci.unifi.it . Archived from the original on 18 March 2014 . Retrieved 18 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Florence CNR Research Area '' . Area.fi.cnr.it . Archived from the original on 7 August 2014 . Retrieved 18 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Frick , Carole Collier . Dressing Renaissance Florence : Families , Fortunes , and Fine Clothing . Baltimore : The Johns Hopkins University Press , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` The birth of italian fashion '' . Gbgiorgini.it . Retrieved 7 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Conde Nast Traveller 's guide to shopping in Florence '' . Cntraveller.com . Retrieved 9 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Calcio Storico Fiorentino ( Official site ) ( in Italian ) Jump up ^ `` The ZTL - Avoid Restricted Traffic Zones & Fines in Italy - Italy Perfect Travel Blog '' . Italy Perfect Travel Blog. 2015 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Florence Driving Map , the ZTL explained : Florence On Line '' . www.florence-on-line.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Arriva La Tramvia ( in Italian ) '' . GEST . Retrieved 11 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tramvia -- Il Sistema Tramviario Fiorentino '' . Archived from the original on 2 February 2012 . Retrieved 11 December 2011 . , Tramvia page of Florence 's city government web site ( in Italian ) . Jump up ^ Trams in Florence , Wikipedia article `` Florence tramway '' Jump up ^ `` Firenze Public Transportation Statistics '' . Global Public Transit Index by Moovit . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . Material was copied from this source , which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License . Jump up ^ `` Grandi Stazioni -- Firenze S. Maria Novella '' . Grandistazioni.it . Retrieved 22 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Florence travel information Holiday apartment near Ducati Museum '' . city-getaway.com . Archived from the original on 27 October 2014 . Retrieved 27 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Report Quindiciale N. 17 '' ( PDF ) . Rete Ferroviaria Italiana . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 May 2012 . Retrieved 11 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Descrizione Della Linea 2 '' ( PDF ) . Comune di Firenze . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 May 2012 . Retrieved 11 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Florence TAV Station '' . Foster + Partners . Archived from the original on 27 November 2011 . Retrieved 11 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gemellaggi , Patti di amicizia e di fratellanza '' ( in Italian ) . Comune di Firenze . Retrieved 28 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bethlehem Municipality '' . www.bethlehem-city.org . Archived from the original on 24 July 2010 . Retrieved 10 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Dresden -- Partner Cities '' . Landeshauptstadt Dresden . Archived from the original on 16 October 2008 . Retrieved 29 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Twin and Partner Cities '' . City of Edinburgh Council . Archived from the original on 14 June 2012 . Retrieved 16 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sister Cities of Kyoto City '' . City of Kyoto . Archived from the original on 21 January 2014 . Retrieved 21 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Florence , Italy '' . Ivc.org . Archived from the original on 5 September 2012 . Retrieved 26 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Twin cities of Riga '' . Riga City Council . Archived from the original on 4 December 2008 . Retrieved 27 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Twinning Cities : International Relations ( NB Florence is listed as ' Firenze ' ) '' ( PDF ) . Municipality of Tirana . www.tirana.gov.al . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 10 October 2011 . Retrieved 23 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Kraków -- Miasta Partnerskie '' ( Kraków - Partnership Cities ) . Miejska Platforma Internetowa Magiczny Kraków ( in Polish ) . Archived from the original on 2 July 2013 . Retrieved 10 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vänorter '' ( in Swedish ) . Malmö stad . Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 . Retrieved 6 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Special Note : Professor Silpa Bhirasri 's Life and Works '' . journal.su.ac.th . Retrieved 27 October 2014 . Sources ( edit ) Niccolò Machiavelli . Florentine Histories Brucker , Gene A. ( 1983 ) . Renaissance Florence . Brucker , Gene A. ( 1971 ) . The Society of Renaissance Florence : A Documentary Study . Chamberlin , Russell ( 22 May 2008 ) . Travellers Florence & Tuscany , 3rd : Guides to Destinations Worldwide . Thomas Cook Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84157 - 844 - 6 . Retrieved 11 March 2010 . Chaney , Edward ( 2003 ) , A Traveller 's Companion to Florence . Goldthwaite , Richard A. ( 1982 ) . The Building of Renaissance Florence : An Economic and Social History . Hibbert , Christopher ( 1999 ) . The House of Medici : Its Rise and Fall . Lewis , R.W.B. ( 1996 ) . The City of Florence : Historical Vistas and Personal Sightings . Najemy , John ( 2006 ) . A History of Florence 1200 -- 1575 . Schevill , Ferdinand ( 1936 ) . History of Florence : From the Founding of the City Through the Renaissance . Trexler , Richard C. ( 1991 ) . Public Life in Renaissance Florence . Ferdinand Schevill , History of Florence : From the Founding of the City Through the Renaissance ( Frederick Ungar , 1936 ) is the standard overall history of Florence . Sciacca , Christine ( 2012 ) . Florence at the Dawn of the Renaissance : Painting and Illumination , 1300 -- 1500 . Getty Publications . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60606 - 126 - 8 . Archived from the original on 20 September 2012 . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutFlorenceat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Florence Art Museums The High Renaissance in Florence -- Video UNESCO video Tourism in Florence Museums , galleries and palaces Bargello Casa Buonarroti Casa Guidi Galleria dell'Accademia David Garden of Archimedes Loggia del Bigallo Loggia del Mercato Nuovo Loggia del Pesce Loggia Rucellai Museo dell'Opera del Duomo Museo Galileo Museo Nazionale Alinari della Fotografia Museo Nazionale di San Marco Museo di Storia Naturale di Firenze La Specola National Archaeological Museum Orsanmichele Ospedale degli Innocenti Palazzo dell'Arte dei Beccai Palazzo Davanzati Palazzo Gondi Palazzo Medici Riccardi Magi Chapel Palazzo Pitti Museo delle Porcellane Palazzo Vecchio Studiolo of Francesco I Palazzo Spini Feroni Stibbert Museum Uffizi Loggia dei Lanzi Vasari Corridor Religious sites Basilicas Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore S Lorenzo Medici Chapel S Croce Baroncelli and Pazzi Chapels S Maria Novella Tornabuoni Chapel SS Annunziata S Marco S Miniato al Monte S Maria del Carmine Brancacci Chapel S Trinita Bartolini Salimbeni Chapel Sassetti Chapel S Spirito Churches Badia Fiorentina Battistero di San Giovanni S Maria degli Angeli Certosa Orsanmichele Ognissanti Oratorio dei Vanchetoni Oratory of Gesù Pellegrino Oratory of S Thomas Aquinas San Frediano in Cestello S Gaetano S Giovannino degli Scolopi S Giovannino dei Cavalieri S Jacopo sopr'Arno S Salvatore al Vescovo S Ambrogio S Felicita Santa Maria Maddalena dei Pazzi S Maria Maggiore S Martino del Vescovo Ss Apostoli S Pancrazio S Salvi Ss Simone e Giuda S Stefano al Ponte Other Great Synagogue Towers ( Torri ) degli Amidei degli Alberti dei Della Bella dei Gianfigliazzi dei Mannelli dei Pulci Giotto 's Campanile Library Biblioteca Riccardiana at Palazzo Medici Riccardi British Institute of Florence Gabinetto Vieusseux ( Palazzo Strozzi ) Kunsthistorisches Institut Laurentian Library National Central Library Landmarks Fountain of Neptune Giotto 's Campanile Ponte Vecchio Monument to Dante Theatres Teatro Comunale Teatro della Pergola Teatro Verdi Squares Piazza del Duomo Piazza della Repubblica Piazza della Signoria Piazza Santa Croce Piazzale Michelangelo Streets Via Cavour Via de ' Tornabuoni Forts Belvedere Fortezza da Basso Gardens and parks Boboli Gardens Giardino Bardini Giardino dell'Iris Giardino delle rose Orto Botanico di Firenze Parco delle Cascine Villas Medici villas di Castello La Petraia di Careggi Medicea L'Ambrogiana del Poggio Imperiale Gamberaia I Tatti Il Gioiello La Pietra Rusciano Events and traditions Calcio Fiorentino Maggio Musicale Fiorentino Scoppio del carro Districts of Florence Trams in Florence Regional capitals of Italy L'Aquila , Abruzzo Aosta , Aosta Valley Bari , Apulia Potenza , Basilicata Catanzaro , Calabria Naples , Campania Bologna , Emilia - Romagna Trieste , Friuli - Venezia Giulia Rome , Lazio Genoa , Liguria Milan , Lombardy Ancona , Marche Campobasso , Molise Turin , Piedmont Cagliari , Sardinia Palermo , Sicily Trento , Trentino - Alto Adige / Südtirol Florence , Tuscany Perugia , Umbria Venice , Veneto World Heritage Sites in Italy Northwest Crespi d'Adda Genoa Ivrea Mantua and Sabbioneta Monte San Giorgio Porto Venere , Palmaria , Tino and Tinetto , Cinque Terre Corniglia Manarola Monterosso al Mare Riomaggiore Vernazza Residences of the Royal House of Savoy Castle of Moncalieri Castle of Racconigi Castle of Rivoli Castello del Valentino Royal Palace of Turin Palazzo Carignano Palazzo Madama , Turin Palace of Venaria Palazzina di caccia of Stupinigi Villa della Regina Rhaetian Railway in the Albula / Bernina Landscapes Rock Drawings in Valcamonica Sacri Monti of Piedmont and Lombardy Santa Maria delle Grazie , Milan Vineyard Landscape of Piedmont : Langhe - Roero and Monferrato Northeast Aquileia The Dolomites Ferrara Modena Cathedral , Torre della Ghirlandina and Piazza Grande , Modena Orto botanico di Padova Ravenna Venice Verona City of Vicenza and the Palladian Villas of the Veneto Central Assisi Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi Etruscan Necropolises of Cerveteri and Tarquinia Florence Hadrian 's Villa Medici villas Piazza del Duomo , Pisa Pienza Rome San Gimignano Siena Urbino Val d'Orcia Villa d'Este South Alberobello Amalfi Coast Castel del Monte , Apulia Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park , Paestum and Velia , Certosa di Padula Herculaneum Oplontis and Villa Poppaea Naples Palace of Caserta , Aqueduct of Vanvitelli and San Leucio Complex Pompeii Sassi di Matera Islands Aeolian Islands Arab - Norman Palermo and the Cathedral Churches of Cefalù and Monreale Archaeological Area of Agrigento Barumini nuraghes Mount Etna Syracuse and Necropolis of Pantalica Val di Noto Caltagirone Catania Militello in Val di Catania Modica Noto Palazzolo Acreide Ragusa Scicli Villa Romana del Casale Countrywide Longobards in Italy , Places of Power ( 568 -- 774 A.D. ) Brescia Cividale del Friuli Castelseprio Spoleto Temple of Clitumnus located at Campello sul Clitunno Santa Sofia located at Benevento Sanctuary of Monte Sant'Angelo located at Monte Sant'Angelo Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps Primeval Beech Forests of Europe Venetian Works of Defence between 15th and 17th centuries Bergamo Palmanova Peschiera del Garda Shared with Switzerland Shared with the Holy See Shared with Austria , France , Germany , Slovenia , and Switzerland Shared with Albania , Austria , Belgium , Bulgaria , Croatia , Germany , Poland , Romania , Slovakia , Slovenia , Spain and Ukraine Shared with Croatia and Montenegro European Capitals of Culture 1985 Athens 1986 Florence Amsterdam West Berlin Paris Glasgow 1991 Dublin Madrid Antwerp Lisbon 1995 Luxembourg City Copenhagen Thessaloniki 1998 Stockholm 1999 Weimar 2000 Reykjavík Bergen Helsinki Brussels Prague Kraków Santiago de Compostela Avignon Bologna 2001 Rotterdam Porto 2002 Bruges Salamanca 2003 Graz Plovdiv Genoa Lille 2005 Cork 2006 Patras 2007 Luxembourg City and Greater Region Sibiu 2008 Liverpool Stavanger 2009 Linz Vilnius Ruhr Istanbul Pécs 2011 Turku Tallinn 2012 Maribor Guimarães 2013 Košice Marseille 2014 Umeå Riga 2015 Mons Plzeň 2016 San Sebastián Wrocław 2017 Aarhus Paphos 2018 Valletta Leeuwarden 2019 Plovdiv Matera 2020 Rijeka Galway 2021 Timișoara Elefsina Novi Sad 2022 Kaunas Esch - sur - Alzette Tuscany Comuni of the Metropolitan City of Florence Bagno a Ripoli Barberino Val d'Elsa Barberino di Mugello Borgo San Lorenzo Calenzano Campi Bisenzio Capraia e Limite Castelfiorentino Cerreto Guidi Certaldo Dicomano Empoli Fiesole Figline e Incisa Valdarno Firenzuola Florence Fucecchio Gambassi Terme Greve in Chianti Impruneta Lastra a Signa Londa Marradi Montaione Montelupo Fiorentino Montespertoli Palazzuolo sul Senio Pelago Pontassieve Reggello Rignano sull'Arno Rufina San Casciano in Val di Pesa San Godenzo Scandicci Scarperia e San Piero Sesto Fiorentino Signa Tavarnelle Val di Pesa Vaglia Vicchio Vinci Cities in Italy by population 1,000,000 + Rome Milan 500,000 + Naples Turin Palermo Genoa 200,000 + Bari Bologna Catania Florence Messina Padua Trieste Venice Verona 100,000 + Ancona Andria Arezzo Bergamo Bolzano Brescia Cagliari Ferrara Foggia Forlì Giugliano Latina Livorno Modena Monza Novara Parma Perugia Pescara Piacenza Prato Ravenna Reggio Calabria Reggio Emilia Rimini Salerno Sassari Syracuse Taranto Terni Trento Udine Vicenza BNF : cb11931414h ( data ) GND : 4017581 - 9 HDS : 6623 NARA : 10044577 NDL : 00629096 VIAF : 158387156 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Florence&oldid=853557160 '' Categories : Cities and towns in Tuscany Communes of the Metropolitan City of Florence Florence Former capitals of Italy Former national capitals 50s BC establishments 59 BC University towns in Italy Hidden categories : Articles containing Latin - language text CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Webarchive template wayback links Articles with Italian - language external links CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) EngvarB from November 2016 Articles with short description Articles containing Italian - language text Coordinates on Wikidata Italian commune articles with missing parameters Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012 Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2010 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from April 2013 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Use dmy dates from November 2017 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with HDS identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés Asturianu Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Bikol Central Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Коми Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Монгол Dorerin Naoero Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Napulitano Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Papiamentu Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Runa Simi Русский संस्कृतम् Sardu Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Twi Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Volapük 文言 West - Vlams Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Kabɩyɛ 132 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 August 2018 , at 16 : 07 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is florence located on the world map	[]	[]
7578915712220340958	Kirby Star Allies	Kirby Star Allies - wikipedia Kirby Star Allies Jump to : navigation , search Kirby Star Allies Packaging artwork , showcasing Kirby Developer ( s ) HAL Laboratory Publisher ( s ) Nintendo Director ( s ) Shinya Kumazaki Producer ( s ) Tadashi Kamitake Hitoshi Yamagami Artist ( s ) Riki Fuhrmann Composer ( s ) Hirokazu Ando Jun Ishikawa Yuuta Ogasawara Series Kirby Platform ( s ) Nintendo Switch Release 16 March 2018 Genre ( s ) Platformer Mode ( s ) Single - player , multiplayer Kirby Star Allies is a platform game developed by HAL Laboratory and published by Nintendo as part of the Kirby series . It was released worldwide on the Nintendo Switch on 16 March 2018 . It sold over a million copies worldwide within a month . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Plot 3 Development and release 4 Reception 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Kirby Star Allies is a 2.5 D platform game played from a side - on perspective . Players control the series ' titular protagonist Kirby who can be accompanied by up to three companions . Kirby can throw hearts at enemies to turn them into allies . The game can be played alone with the game 's AI controlling companions or cooperatively with other players controlling companions . When Kirby has companions , new special attacks become available which allow Kirby to combine his abilities with those of his allies ' , a feature not seen since Kirby : Squeak Squad . The elemental fusions last for as long as the power is held or until a new element is introduced over it , while some of the combinations are single - use moves that bear more of a resemblance to the combinations found in Kirby 64 : The Crystal Shards . Also , when Kirby has three allies , they can perform `` Friend Actions '' on specific stages , like `` Friend Train '' and `` Friend Star . '' He can also bring `` Dream Friends '' on his side , which are ally characters from previous Kirby games , such as Rick , Coo , and Kine ( Dream Land 2 ) , Gooey ( Dream Land 3 ) , and Marx ( Super Star ) . To fight the final boss , Kirby can use a Friend Action called the Star Allies Sparkler , which resembles to the Dragoon from Kirby Air Ride . With it , Kirby can traverse around the boss in full 3D - a rarity for the series - and shoot targets of interest . The game pays many homages to previous titles of the Kirby series by introducing the Dream Friend system which allows the player to call upon past characters from the series , which in the future will be added as downloadable content . For example , the Animal Friends Rick , Kine & Coo from Kirby 's Dream Land 2 , Gooey from Kirby 's Dream Land 3 as well as Marx from Kirby Super Star were all offered as the first free downloadable content pack shortly after the game 's release . Various references to Kirby 's past are included in the game : the final bosses ' wings resembles Marx 's , the boss also morphs into different shapes like Dark Matter from Kirby 's Dream Land 2 , as well as changing eye shapes resembling Zero - Two from Kirby 64 : The Crystal Shards . The Star Allies Sparkler also has six symmetrical protrusions that resemble the Dragoon from Kirby Air Ride . Plot ( edit ) On the planet Jambastion far away from Kirby 's home planet , a dark crystal heart explodes due to a mysterious ritual , sending its numerous fragments , Jamba Hearts , hurling into deep space . Many characters , including King Dedede and Meta Knight , are possessed while investigating the hearts . A heart hits Kirby , but it gives him the ability to befriend enemies by throwing hearts instead of possessing him . Kirby notices many Waddle Dees bringing food to Castle Dedede and decides to investigate . After Kirby defeats Meta Knight and King Dedede and frees them from the Jamba Heart 's influence , a large fortress lands on Popstar . After defeating three generals of ice , fire , and electricity , Francisca , Flamberge , and Zan Partizanne , respectively , Kirby and his friends fly to Jambastion itself . After defeating Francisca , Flamberge , and Zan again with other bosses , Kirby and his friends connect a path to Jambandra Base and breach its defensive barrier . They battle Zan once again before meeting Hyness , a robed figure who is planning to restore a mysterious dark force to full power using the Jamba Hearts . Defeating Hyness reveals his true face , a blue large - nosed figure with twitching eyes . He summons Francisca , Flamberge , and Zan and uses dark energy to strengthen them . After being defeated , the Hyness sacrifices the three and himself to subsequently revives Void Termina . Kirby and his friends use a Friend Pedestal to transform the Friend Star into the Star Allies Sparkler via the power of the four pins stuck in the prison of Void Termina . After overcoming Void Termina 's body , also regurgitating Hyness , Francisca , Flamberge , and Zan in the process , it is revealed that its true form is a purple cluster with three dark eye - like spots that resembles Kirby 's face . During battle , this blob morphs into different shapes that reference previous bosses from earlier games , such as Dark Matter from Kirby 's Dream Land 2 and Zero - Two from Kirby 64 : The Crystal Shards . The Sparkler is destroyed by asteroids , but Kirby uses a Warp Star to return himself and his friends safely home . Development and release ( edit ) Kirby Star Allies was developed by HAL Laboratory and published by Nintendo . The game is thought to be based upon the first incarnation of the cancelled Kirby game for the Nintendo GameCube , the trailer for which shows four playable characters on the screen at once . The game was initially teased under the tentative title Kirby during the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2017 . In September 2017 , the game 's official title was announced during a Nintendo Direct presentation . The game was released for the Nintendo Switch game console on 16 March 2018 . On 3 March 2018 , a free demo of the game was released on the Nintendo eShop showcasing two of the game 's stages . Reception ( edit ) Reception Aggregate score Aggregator Score Metacritic 73 / 100 Review scores Publication Score Destructoid 9 / 10 Edge 7 / 10 EGM 9 / 10 Game Informer 6.25 / 10 GameSpot 8 / 10 IGN 8.3 / 10 Nintendo Life Polygon 7 / 10 Kirby Star Allies received `` mixed or average reviews '' according to video game review aggregator Metacritic . Critics praised the game 's visuals , saying that they are `` gorgeous '' , however they criticized the game 's easy difficulty with Kyle Hilliard from Game Informer saying that `` ( Kirby Star Allies ) demands so little from the player that I sometimes felt like I was barely involved at all '' . Critics praised the game 's soundtrack . Hilliard called the game 's soundtrack `` fun and bubbly '' and GameSpot reviewer Peter Brown and IGN reviewer Brendan Graeber calling the soundtrack `` catchy '' . Kirby Star Allies sold 222,031 copies within its first week on sale in Japan , which placed it at number one on the all format sales chart . By the end of March , it had sold over a million copies . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Known in Japan as Kirby of the Stars : Star Allies ( 星のカービィスターアライズ , Hoshi no Kābi Sutā Araizu ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jenni ( 13 September 2017 ) . `` Nintendo Switch Kirby Is Now Kirby : Star Allies '' . Siliconera . Archived from the original on 16 September 2017 . Retrieved 16 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kirby Star Allies for Nintendo Switch '' . Nintendo . Archived from the original on 15 September 2017 . Retrieved 16 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kirby GCN Trailer '' . Retrieved 6 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Iwata Asks : The Three Lost Kirby Games '' . Retrieved 6 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Goldfarb , Andrew ( 13 September 2017 ) . `` Kirby for Switch Is Officially Titled Kirby Star Allies , 3DS ' Kirby Battle Royale Gets Release Date '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 13 September 2017 . Retrieved 16 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Vogel , Mitch ( 2 March 2018 ) . `` Kirby Star Allies Has a Demo Live on the eShop Now '' . Nintendo Life . Archived from the original on 3 March 2018 . Retrieved 3 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kirby Star Allies for Switch Reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on 16 March 2018 . Retrieved 14 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Carter , Chris ( 14 March 2018 ) . `` Review : Kirby Star Allies '' . Destructoid . Archived from the original on 15 March 2018 . Retrieved 14 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kirby Star Allies '' . Edge . Future plc ( 318 ) : 112 -- 113 . May 2018 . Jump up ^ Carsillo , Ray ( 14 March 2018 ) . `` Kirby Star Allies review '' . EGM . Archived from the original on 15 March 2018 . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Hilliard , Kyle ( 14 March 2018 ) . `` Kirby Star Allies : The Pink Puff Goes On Auto - Pilot '' . Game Informer . Archived from the original on 15 March 2018 . Retrieved 14 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Peter ( 14 March 2018 ) . `` Kirby Star Allies Review : Take It Easy '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on 14 March 2018 . Retrieved 14 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Graeber , Brendan ( 14 March 2018 ) . `` Kirby Star Allies Review '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 14 March 2018 . Retrieved 14 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Vogel , Mitch ( 14 March 2018 ) . `` Kirby Star Allies Review '' . Nintendo Life . Archived from the original on 14 March 2018 . Retrieved 14 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Parish , Jeremy ( 14 March 2018 ) . `` Kirby Star Allies review '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on 14 March 2018 . Retrieved 14 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Romano , Sal ( 21 March 2018 ) . `` Media Create Sales : 3 / 12 / 18 -- 3 / 18 / 18 '' . Gematsu . Retrieved 21 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Title Sales Units '' . Nintendo. 27 April 2018 . Retrieved 27 April 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website ( hide ) Kirby series Main series Kirby 's Dream Land Adventure Dream Land 2 Super Star Dream Land 3 64 : The Crystal Shards The Amazing Mirror Squeak Squad Return to Dream Land Triple Deluxe Planet Robobot ‎ Star Allies Curse series Canvas Curse Rainbow Curse Spin - offs Kirby 's Pinball Land Dream Course Avalanche Block Ball Star Stacker Tilt ' n ' Tumble Air Ride Epic Yarn Mass Attack Battle Royale Remakes and collections Nightmare in Dream Land Super Star Ultra Dream Collection Characters Kirby King Dedede Meta Knight Related Masahiro Sakurai Satoru Iwata Shigeru Miyamoto List of media Kirby : Right Back at Ya ! Episodes Super Smash Bros . HAL Laboratory Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kirby_Star_Allies&oldid=842354184 '' Categories : Kirby video games HAL Laboratory games Multiplayer and single - player video games Nintendo Switch eShop games Nintendo Switch games Nintendo Switch - only games Video games developed in Japan Video games that use Amiibo figurines Video games with 2.5 D graphics 2018 video games Hidden categories : Articles containing Japanese - language text Use dmy dates from April 2018 Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano مصرى Nederlands 日本語 Português Русский Svenska 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 May 2018 , at 22 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many planets are in kirby star allies	[]	[]
5981562297511679237	Buc-ee's	Buc - ee 's - wikipedia Buc - ee 's Jump to : navigation , search Buc - ee 's Type Private Industry Retail ( Convenience store ) Founded 1982 Founder Arch `` Beaver '' Aplin III and Don Wasek Headquarters Lake Jackson , Texas , U.S. Number of locations 40 Products Fuel , coffee , beverages , beef jerky , snacks , car wash , prepared foods , and specialty gifts Website www.buc-ees.com Buc - ee 's is a chain of convenience stores located in the Central , North , South , and Southeast regions of Texas . The company is owned by Arch `` Beaver '' Aplin III and Don Wasek and has its headquarters in Lake Jackson , Texas . The chain is famous for its logo depicting a beaver . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Products 3 Lawsuits 4 Advertising 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Co-Founders `` Beaver '' Aplin and Don Wasek opened the first store , which is still open as of 2017 , in Lake Jackson , Texas in 1982 . Aplin formed the name Buc - ee 's by combining his childhood nickname and the name of his Labrador Retriever , Buck . Buc - ee 's expanded and opened their first travel center in Luling , Texas in 2001 . Buc - ee 's are large stores ( no 18 wheelers allowed ) with fuel pumps that range from 80 - 120 fueling positions for gas and diesel ( some stores include Ethanol Free and DEF ) and a huge selection of beef jerky , pastries , fresh sandwiches , tacos , Dippin ' Dots and homemade fudge . In 2012 , Buc - ee 's opened its largest travel center in New Braunfels , Texas on Interstate 35 . The New Braunfels store is the largest convenience store in the world at 68,000 square feet . The store features 120 fueling positions , 83 toilets , 31 cash registers , 4 Icee machines , and 80 fountain dispensers . It also offers tubing and water gear for enjoying the nearby Guadalupe River . The New Braunfels , Texas store was named the 2012 `` Best Restroom in America '' by Cintas . The first Buc - ee 's in North Texas Metroplex opened in Terrell , Texas on June 22 , 2015 . The travel center is located across the street from Tanger Outlets . The Tanger Factory Outlet centers is located three miles east of Buc - ee 's on Interstate 20 . The second Buc - ee 's in the Dallas / Fort Worth Metroplex area opened on May 23 , 2016 . The location is located in far northern Fort Worth , across the street from Texas Motor Speedway . The third DFW location is scheduled to open in Denton , Texas in 2018 . On March 8th , 2016 , Buc - ee 's announced a possible first location outside of the state of Texas would be located in Baton Rouge , LA . The location was expected to open in early 2017 , however , on October 4 , 2016 , Buc - ee 's announced that the plans for the Baton Rouge location had been terminated . On April 12 , 2017 , Buc - ee 's announced that it will open their first convenience store / gas station outside of Texas in Daytona Beach , Florida . The travel center is scheduled to open in 2018 and will be located on the north side of LPGA Boulevard across from Tanger Outlets , just east of Interstate 95 and immediately west of Stonewood Grill & Tavern ( formerly Vince Carter 's ) . At 50,000 square feet with 120 fueling positions the Daytona Beach travel center will be the largest in Florida and the largest outside of Texas . Buc - ee 's in Terrell , Texas Products ( edit ) Buc - ee 's offers products found at most convenience stores such as fuel , cigarettes , tobacco , chips , drinks , and soft drinks at their smaller neighborhood stores . Travel centers include a deli , coffee shop , exterior tunnel car washes , Texas - themed specialty gifts and food , and products catering to hunters and river rafters . All Buc - ee 's are open 24 hours per day , 365 days per year . Buc - ee 's offers private labeled beef jerky , novelty candy , trail mixes , granola , pralines , jarred vegetables , preserves , and salsa . Their # 1 branded product is caramel and butter - glazed corn puffs known as ' Beaver Nuggets . ' Lawsuits ( edit ) In recent years , during the company 's rapidly growing success , Buc - ee 's has filed numerous lawsuits against other convenience store chains , most of them based out of Texas , for alleged logo infringement . In 2014 , Buc - ee 's filed a lawsuit against Texas based convenience store chain `` Frio Beaver . Frio Beaver , a company with a logo also depicting a beaver in a yellow circle with a black outline , was accused of attempting to copy the iconic Buc - ee 's beaver head logo , which the company is widely known for in Texas . In 2016 , Buc - cee 's sued `` Choke Canyon BBQ '' , another Texas convenience store , for logo infringement . Choke Canyon uses a logo of a grinning alligator in the middle of a yellow circle , which Buc - ee 's claims is an attempt by the chain to resemble the Buc - ee 's logo . In 2017 , Buc - cee 's again filed a lawsuit for logo infringement , this time against a Nebraska based convenience store chain known as `` Bucky 's '' . There was also a non-logo related lawsuit filed in 2013 against `` Chicks '' , a convenience store located in Bryan Texas , for allegedly copying Buc - ee 's mega convenience store designs and layout . The case was settled out of court . Advertising ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Buc - ee 's is known for posting billboards by Texas ( and beginning in 2018 , Florida ) interstate highways with simple and humorous slogans . `` If It Harms Beavers , We 're Against It ! '' `` Clean Restrooms , We Guaranpee It '' `` No dancing the two - step in our restroom '' `` It 's A Beaver ! '' `` Restrooms So Clean , We Leave Mints on the Urinals '' `` Ice , Beer , Jerky : The 3 Food Groups '' `` The Top Two Reasons to Stop at Buc - ee 's : # 1 and # 2 '' `` A Bigger Kolache I Never Sausage a Thing '' `` Do n't worry , P happy '' `` Epic Flush '' `` Do n't stay thirsty my friends . '' `` Worth the Wait '' `` The Eyes of Buc - ee 's Are Upon You '' `` Buy a gift , leave a gift . '' `` Do n't pass our gas ! '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Made In Texas : The Buc - ee 's Success Story '' . TexasMonthly.com. 2013 - 02 - 26 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ Buc - ee 's New Braunfels Bathroom is America 's Best EON : Enhanced Online News Jump up ^ Cokely , Kevin ( 2016 - 05 - 19 ) . `` Buc - ee 's Fort Worth to Open Monday NBC 5 Dallas - Fort Worth '' . Nbcdfw.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Park , Clayton ( 2017 - 04 - 12 ) . `` Texas - sized Buc - ee 's to put 1st Florida gas station in Daytona '' . The Daytona Beach News - Journal . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/texas/article/Buc-ees-sues-rival-Texas-convenience-store-5625832.php Jump up ^ http://austin.blog.statesman.com/2016/07/21/buc-ees-is-suing-a-rival-chain-for-copying-its-beaver-logo/ , Jump up ^ http://www.houstonchronicle.com/business/article/Buc-ee-s-sues-long-time-rival-for-expansion-to-11005165.php Jump up ^ http://www.cspdailynews.com/industry-news-analysis/corporate-news/articles/chicks-hatching-plot-be-buc-ees Jump up ^ http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/texas/article/Buc-ees-sues-rival-Texas-convenience-store-5625832.php External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Buc - ee 's . Company website Buc - ee 's Facebook page Buc - ee 's in New Braunfels vying for best restrooms in America , KHOU.com , September 2 , 2012 . Miguel Bustillo , Roadside Stopper : Can Something Be Too Big in Texas ? , Wall Street Journal , September 12 , 2012 . Convenience stores Major convenience stores in Africa Eastern Africa National Oil Northern Africa Mini-Brahim Southern Africa Sasol SPAR SPAR Express Major convenience stores in Asia East 759 Store 7 - Eleven Circle K Circle K Sunkus CU Daily Yamazaki FamilyMart GS25 Hi - Life Lawson Ministop OK Mart PARKnSHOP Express Poplar SPAR Storyway VanGO With me Southeast 108 Shop 7 - Eleven All Day Alfamart B 's mart Choices Co. op Food Cheers Circle K FairPrice Xpress Fresh Mart Jiffy Lawson Lawson 108 FamilyMart Indomaret Mini Big C Ministop Mesra Shop&Go Star Mart Tesco Lotus Express Tops Daily VanGO South SPAR West Circle K SPAR Former ampm Buy the Way BP Connect Daily Stop On the Run Major convenience stores in Europe Northern 7 - Eleven Bargain Booze Best - One BP Connect Budgens Centra The Co-operative Food Costcutter David Sands Deli de Luca Happy Shopper Jones Convenience Stores Kwik Save Londis ( Ireland ) Londis ( United Kingdom ) Mace Narvesen Nisa On the Run One Stop Pressbyrån R - Kioski McColl 's Sainsbury 's Local Scotmid SPAR Tesco Express Waitrose WHSmith Southern Couche - Tard Mac 's On the Run Opencor Provi - Soir SPAR Eastern Billa CBA Groszek Małpka Express SPAR Żabka Western Albert Heijn Carrefour City Delhaize Franprix Marché Plus Monoprix On the Run Petit Casino SPAR Former Jacksons Stores Local Plus Mills Morrisons M Local Somerfield Ugo Major convenience stores in North America Canada 7 - Eleven Circle K CST Couche - Tard Irving Mac 's Needs On the Run Pioneer Provi - Soir Quickie Honduras Circle K Mexico 7 - Eleven Circle K OXXO Super City Tiendas United States 7 - Eleven A-Plus ABC Alimentation Couche - Tard Circle K CST Holiday Allsup 's ampm Andeavor Giant SuperAmerica USA Gasoline Buc - ee 's Byrne Dairy Casey 's Cenex Chevron Convenient Cumberland Farms Dairy Barn Dari Mart Exxon Gate Petroleum GetGo Global GPM Investments Village Pantry Go - Mart High 's Dairy Store Jr . Food Mart Jr . Food Stores Kroger Convenience Stores Kwik Shop Loaf ' N Jug Quik Stop Smith 's Express Tom Thumb Turkey Hill Minit Markets Kum & Go Kwik Fill / Red Apple / Country Fair Kwik Trip / Kwik Star Lawson Love 's MAPCO Express Mobil Mart Murphy USA On the Go On the Run PDQ Food Stores Pilot Flying J Plaid Pantry Quality Dairy Company Quick Chek QuikTrip RaceTrac / RaceWay Road Ranger Roady 's Truck Stops Royal Farms Rutter 's Sheetz Speedway Stewart 's Shops Stripes Convenience Stores Stuckey 's Tedeschi Thorntons Inc . Tom 's Town Pump TravelCenters of America Minit Mart United Dairy Farmers Wawa Weigel 's Former Becker 's BP Connect Getty Town & Country Uni-Mart UtoteM White Hen Wilco Major convenience stores in Oceania Australia 7 - Eleven BP Connect NewsLink NightOwl Convenience Stores SPAR Express New Zealand BP Connect Night ' n Day Woolworths @ Gull List of convenience stores Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buc-ee%27s&oldid=805770128 '' Categories : Retail companies established in 1982 Companies based in Texas Brazoria County , Texas 1982 establishments in Texas Convenience stores of the United States Gas stations in the United States Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles needing additional references from August 2015 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 October 2017 , at 14 : 45 . About Wikipedia	when did the first buc ee's open	[ "Co-Founders \"Beaver\" Aplin and Don Wasek opened the first store, which is still open as of 2017, in Lake Jackson, Texas in 1982. Aplin formed the name Buc-ee's by combining his childhood nickname and the name of his Labrador Retriever, Buck." ]	[ "1982" ]
2948825339814011017	White Wedding (song)	White wedding ( song ) - wikipedia White wedding ( song ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` White Wedding '' Single by Billy Idol from the album Billy Idol A-side `` White Wedding ( Parts 1 and 2 ) '' B - side `` White Wedding ( Part 2 ) '' Released 21 June 1982 Format 12 - inch single Recorded 1982 Length 4 : 12 ( album version ) 3 : 30 ( 7 - inch version ) 8 : 19 ( 12 - inch version ) Label Chrysalis Songwriter ( s ) Billy Idol Producer ( s ) Keith Forsey Billy Idol singles chronology `` Hot in the City '' ( 1982 ) `` White Wedding '' ( 1982 ) `` Rebel Yell '' ( 1983 ) `` Hot in the City '' ( 1982 ) `` White Wedding '' ( 1982 ) `` Rebel Yell '' ( 1983 ) Audio sample file help Music video `` White Wedding Pt 1 '' on YouTube `` White Wedding '' is a song by Billy Idol that appeared on his album Billy Idol in 1982 . It is often considered one of his most recognizable songs , although other Idol songs charted higher . It peaked at No. 108 on the Billboard Bubbling Under the Hot 100 on its original release , and reached No. 36 on the Billboard Hot 100 when it was re-issued in 1983 . In the UK it reached No. 6 in the UK Singles Chart upon its re-release there in 1985 and 1988 , when it was re-issued to promote the Vital Idol remix album . Contents 1 1982 release 2 1983 release 3 1985 re-issue 4 Music video 5 Other versions and appearances 6 Charts 7 References 8 External links 1982 release ( edit ) 7 '' : Chrysalis - CHS 2656 ( UK ) `` White Wedding '' ( 3 : 30 ) `` Hole in the Wall '' ( 4 : 14 ) 12 '' : Chrysalis - CHS 12 2656 ( UK ) `` White Wedding ( Parts 1 and 2 ) '' ( 8 : 20 ) `` White Wedding '' ( 3 : 30 ) `` Hole in the Wall '' ( 4 : 14 ) 7 '' : Chrysalis - CHS 2648 ( US ) `` White Wedding '' ( 3 : 30 ) `` Dead on Arrival '' ( 3 : 54 ) 12 '' : Chrysalis - EPC 5002 ( US ) `` White Wedding ( Parts 1 and 2 ) '' ( 8 : 20 ) `` White Wedding ( Part 2 ) '' ( 4 : 27 ) 1983 release ( edit ) 12 '' : Chrysalis - 4V9 42685 ( US ) `` White Wedding ( Parts 1 and 2 ) '' ( 8 : 20 ) `` White Wedding ( Part 2 ) '' ( 4 : 27 ) 7 '' : Chrysalis - CHS 42697 ( US ) `` White Wedding '' ( 3 : 30 ) `` Dead on Arrival '' ( 3 : 54 ) 1985 re-issue ( edit ) 7 '' : Chrysalis - IDOL 5 ( UK ) `` White Wedding '' ( 3 : 30 ) `` Mega-Idol Mix '' ( 5 : 34 ) 7 '' Mega-Idol comprises `` Flesh For Fantasy '' and `` Hot in the City '' 12 '' : Chrysalis - IDOLX 5 ( UK ) `` White Wedding Parts I & II ( Shot Gun Mix ) '' ( 8 : 20 ) `` Mega-Idol Mix '' ( 7 : 50 ) 12 '' Mega-Idol comprises `` Flesh For Fantasy , '' `` Hot in the City '' and `` Dancing With Myself '' Music video ( edit ) The music video , featuring Idol attending a gothic wedding , is one of his best - known . The bride is played by Perri Lister , Idol 's real - life girlfriend at the time . She is also one of the three dancers clad in black leather , who slap their buttocks in time with the clap track in the song as they shimmy downwards near the end . `` That 's the kind of thing they love in England '' , says Idol . In one scene from the video , Idol forces the barbed - wire wedding ring onto the bride 's finger and cuts her knuckle . Lister insisted that her knuckle actually be cut in order for the scene to appear more realistic . MTV initially removed this scene from the video . Also controversial were the apparent Nazi salutes made by the crowd toward the couple . Director David Mallet says he was merely `` playing with the power of crowd imagery '' when he had the extras reach toward the bride and did not realize how it looked until later . The MTV - edited version of the video is included on the DVD portion of The Very Best of Billy Idol : Idolize Yourself CD / DVD package . Other versions and appearances ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The song has been covered by many bands including the Young Werewolves , Murderdolls , Umbra et imago , Deathstars , Doro , Rowland S. Howard , Sentenced , Aiden and the band Queens of the Stone Age . Serbian punk rock band KBO ! recorded a version on their 2001 cover album ( Ne ) Menjajte Stanicu ( which translates as ( Do Not ) Change the Station ) . Post-hardcore band Aiden recorded a version of `` White Wedding '' for their EP Rain in Hell . Part of it is included in Franz Ferdinand 's cover of Gwen Stefani 's `` What You Waiting For ? '' . Also , the gothic rock / steampunk band Abney Park recorded a cover on their 2005 album Taxidermy . The Swedish rock singer Jay Smith recorded a version , included on his first album , self - titled Jay Smith . Metal band Powderburn recorded a cover as part of a medley with `` Rebel Yell '' for their Come and Take It EP . Herman 's Hermits did a version released on the album When Pigs Fly : Songs You Never Thought You 'd Hear . It was featured in the 1998 film The Wedding Singer ( in which Idol appears ) , on the American TV series My Name Is Earl and on the British TV series Blackpool . It was also featured in the 1993 film True Romance during the scene where Alabama is being tattooed . It was also featured in the skate video CKY . The line , `` It 's a nice day to start again '' , was featured on the sticker on the front of Idol 's 2005 album , Devil 's Playground . The song was remixed as ( Trashcan Jack vs Billy Idol ) `` Club Wedding '' ( Frenetic ) under Digital Dog 's Jack Rokka guise . It has appeared on numerous dance compilations such as Wild Bassline ( CD2 Mixed by Brooklyn Bounce ) and Clubland 12 . The song is included in the video games Rock Band 2 , Rock Band Unplugged , Guitar Hero Van Halen , Grand Theft Auto : San Andreas and as DLC in Rocksmith . The song was also used in an advertisement for British soap opera Hollyoaks , promoting the week of a wedding storyline . It also featured in an episode of the 2004 BBC miniseries Blackpool as part of the story . The track also appeared on an advert for Coronation Street in 2003 , promoting the climax of a bigamous storyline involving the character Peter Barlow . Barlow , portrayed by Chris Gascoyne , was seated at a table , reflectively spinning his two wedding rings around . On The Colbert Report , a couple who had been prevented from wedding at the Jefferson Memorial , by the 2013 government shutdown , were married . The couple 's first dance was to Audra McDonald singing the song . H.P. Baxxter , frontman of German band Scooter occasionally sings this song unplugged on TV events . A version sung in Greek by George Kostoglou appeared in My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2 . The American metal band In This Moment was set to collaborate with Idol on the track `` Black Wedding '' off their sixth album Ritual ; the song 's chorus contains the line , `` it 's a nice night for a black wedding , '' an obvious homage to Idol 's 1982 hit `` White Wedding . '' Due to claimed scheduling difficulties , Rob Halford of Judas Priest was featured on the track instead . In The Simpsons episode number 329 ( Season 15 , Episode 16 ) The Wandering Juvie , the beginning of the song is played as Bart Simpson scans the wedding gifts for a fraudulent wedding , to which he was arrested and sent to juvenile hall for . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1982 -- 1983 ) Peak position UK Singles Chart 6 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 36 U.S. Billboard Top Tracks U.S. Billboard Dance / Disco Top 80 10 Can . RPM RPM Top 50 Singles 5 Notes : * UK re-release in 1985 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Marks , Craig ; Tannenbaum , Rob ( 2011 ) . I Want My MTV : The Uncensored Story of the Music Video Revolution . New York , NY : Dutton . pp. 124 -- 125 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 525 - 95230 - 5 . Jump up ^ Billy Idol , Biography , A & E Jump up ^ Randee Dawn ( 2013 - 10 - 04 ) . `` Stephen Colbert marries couple whose wedding was shut out by shutdown '' . TODAY.com . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ Blabbermouth ( 2017 - 05 - 12 ) . `` In This Moment 's Ritual Album to Feature Guest Appearance by Judas Priest 's Rob Halford '' . blabbermouth.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ The Wandering Juvie Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 266 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` Billy Idol Awards '' . AllMusic. 1955 - 11 - 30 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 09 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Billy Idol Discography Studio albums Billy Idol Rebel Yell Whiplash Smile Charmed Life Cyberpunk Devil 's Playground Happy Holidays Kings & Queens of the Underground Live albums VH1 Storytellers Singles & EPs Do n't Stop ( EP ) `` Dancing with Myself '' `` Mony Mony '' `` Hot in the City '' `` White Wedding '' `` Rebel Yell '' `` Eyes Without a Face '' `` Flesh for Fantasy '' `` Catch My Fall '' `` To Be a Lover '' `` Do n't Need a Gun '' `` Sweet Sixteen '' `` Soul Standing By '' ( Aus & NZ only ) `` Mony Mony ( Live ) '' `` Cradle of Love '' `` L.A. Woman '' `` Prodigal Blues '' `` Heroin '' `` Shock to the System '' `` Adam in Chains '' `` Speed '' `` Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) '' `` Scream '' Compilations Vital Idol Idol Songs : 11 of the Best Greatest Hits The Very Best of Billy Idol : Idolize Yourself Video albums The Very Best of Billy Idol : Idolize Yourself Related articles Generation X Steve Stevens Book : Billy Idol Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_Wedding_(song)&oldid=854317860 '' Categories : 1982 singles Billy Idol songs RPM Top Singles number - one singles Songs written by Billy Idol 1982 songs Chrysalis Records singles Songs about marriage Hidden categories : Use British English from October 2014 Use dmy dates from October 2014 Articles needing additional references from June 2008 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from July 2011 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from August 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Magyar Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2018 , at 13 : 07 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who sings nice night for a black wedding	[ "The American metal band In This Moment was set to collaborate with Idol on the track \"Black Wedding\" off their sixth album Ritual; the song's chorus contains the line, \"it's a nice night for a black wedding,\" an obvious homage to Idol's 1982 hit \"White Wedding.\" Due to claimed scheduling difficulties, Rob Halford of Judas Priest was featured on the track instead.[4]\n" ]	[ "American metal band In This Moment" ]
1631230817560947461	Rick and Morty (season 3)	Rick and Morty ( season 3 ) - wikipedia Rick and Morty ( season 3 ) Jump to : navigation , search Rick and Morty ( season 3 ) Promotional poster Country of origin United States No. of episodes 10 Release Original network Adult Swim Original release April 1 ( 2017 - 04 - 01 ) -- October 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 2 List of Rick and Morty episodes The third season of the animated television series Rick and Morty originally aired in the United States on Cartoon Network 's late night programming block , Adult Swim . It premiered with `` The Rickshank Rickdemption '' , which aired unannounced on April 1 , 2017 as part of Adult Swim 's annual April Fools ' prank . The remaining episodes began airing weekly four months later , on July 30 , 2017 . The season concluded on October 1 , 2017 and consisted of ten episodes . The season has received positive reviews , with critics highlighting its focus on character development . Beth and Jerry are given the opportunity to realize how much they need each other , Morty and Summer seek more control over their lives and Rick remains unable to change his self - destructive behavior . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast and characters 1.1 Main cast 1.2 Guest cast 1.3 Other cast members 2 Episodes 3 Production 4 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Cultural influence 5.3 Awards and accolades 6 Notes 7 References Cast and characters ( edit ) See also : List of Rick and Morty characters The actors and actresses listed below lend their voices to the corresponding animated characters . Main cast ( edit ) Justin Roiland as Rick Sanchez and Morty Smith , the two main characters of the show ; Rick is an eccentric mad scientist and Morty is his kind but easily distressed grandson . Chris Parnell as Jerry Smith , Rick 's son - in - law and Morty 's father ; a simple - minded and insecure person , who disapproves of Rick 's influence over his family . Spencer Grammer as Summer Smith , Rick 's granddaughter and Morty 's sister ; a conventional teenager who worries about improving her status among her peers . Sarah Chalke as Beth Smith , Rick 's daughter and Morty 's mother ; a generally level - headed person , who is dissatisfied with her marriage . Guest cast ( edit ) Nathan Fillion as Cornvelious Daniel , a galactic federation agent . Tony Hale as Eli , Summer 's neighbor in a post-apocalyptic version of Earth . Joel McHale as Hemorrhage , the leader of the post-apocalyptic scavenger group Death Stalkers . Susan Sarandon as Dr. Wong , a family therapist . Danny Trejo as Jaguar , a human held prisoner by foreign government agents . Peter Serafinowicz as a foreign government agency director . Christian Slater as Vance Maximus Renegade Star Soldier , the leader of the superhero group The Vindicators . Gillian Jacobs as Supernova , a member of The Vindicators . Logic ( Bobby Hall ) as himself , a performer at a party . Lance Reddick as Alan Rails , a member of The Vindicators . Thomas Middleditch as King Tommy , a childhood friend of Beth . Keith David as President of the United States . Other cast members ( edit ) Other cast members of the season , who each have voiced one or more characters , include : Dan Harmon , Brandon Johnson , Tom Kenny , Maurice LaMarche , Nolan North , Cassie Steele , Kari Wahlgren , Laura Bailey , John DiMaggio , Ryan Ridley , Scott Chernoff , Dan Benson , Clancy Brown , Echo Kellum , Melique Berger , William Holmes , Tara Strong , Jeff B. Davis , Jonas Briedis , Phil Hendrie , Rob Paulsen , Alex Jayne Go , Jennifer Hale and Mariana Wise . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Rick and Morty episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 22 `` The Rickshank Rickdemption '' Juan Meza - León Mike McMahan April 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 01 ) 0.68 Rick is interrogated via a mind - computer link , inside a galactic federal prison . Summer and Morty attempt to rescue him , but they are captured by SEAL Team Ricks , who take them to the Citadel of Ricks and decide to assassinate Rick . Back at the prison , Rick tricks both the federal agents and his aspiring assassins by switching bodies with them . He then teleports the entire Citadel into the federal prison , prompting a massive battle . Amid the confusion , Rick rescues Morty and Summer and uses the Galactic Federation 's mainframe to make its currency worthless . The Federation falls into chaos and collapses as a result , with the aliens leaving Earth . Rick , Morty , and Summer return home , where Jerry gives Beth an ultimatum to choose between him and Rick . Beth chooses Rick and they decide to get a divorce . After the new status quo is established , Rick reveals to Morty that his ulterior motive was to become his de facto male influence . This escalates into a nonsensical angry rant , centered around Rick 's desire to find more of the discontinued McDonald 's Szechuan sauce , a promotional product for the 1998 film Mulan . Post-credit scene : Tammy observes Bird Person 's resurrection as a cyborg dubbed `` Phoenix Person '' . 23 `` Rickmancing the Stone '' Dominic Polcino Jane Becker July 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 30 ) 2.86 Rick takes Morty and Summer to a Mad Max-esque version of Earth , where they are chased by a group of scavengers , known as Death Stalkers . Rick notices that the group is carrying a valuable rock of Isotope 322 , so he and the kids join them in hope of stealing it . Summer falls in love with the Death Stalkers ' leader , while Morty is given the strength of a giant arm , which takes him in search of its previous owner 's killer . Rick leaves and replaces the kids with androids to fool Beth . When he returns , he helps the Death Stalkers use the Isotope to power a more advanced civilization . Summer does n't like how the change softens the Death Stalkers , and she decides to follow Rick and Morty back home . Before leaving , Rick steals the Isotope . The experience helps the kids overcome their parents ' divorce . Summer reconciles with Jerry , and Morty realizes he must live his own life . Post-credit scene : As Jerry receives his unemployment check , a growling wolf appears and bullies him into handing it over . The wolf eats the check and regurgitates it , thus further ruining Jerry 's new life . 24 `` Pickle Rick '' Anthony Chun Jessica Gao August 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 06 ) 2.31 Rick turns himself into a pickle to get out of attending school - ordered family therapy , but Beth takes Rick 's serum which would revert the transformation . Left alone , Rick eventually rolls down into an open sewer drain , where he manages to manipulate the nervous systems of dead roaches and rats to build himself a mobile exoskeleton , with added weapons such as razors and drills . He unwittingly escapes into a foreign government agency . The guards try to kill Rick , under orders from the agency director , but Rick kills them all . In the process , Rick battles and ultimately befriends a prisoner named Jaguar . Rick changes his mind and decides to attend the therapy session , arriving towards the end . Dr. Wong gives her diagnosis , observing that Rick crafts relationships that punish emotions and vulnerability . On their way home , Rick apologizes to Beth for deceiving her and uses the serum to turn human again . Morty and Summer wish to continue seeing Dr. Wong , but Rick and Beth ignore them . Post-credit scene : Jaguar saves Rick and Morty from being killed in an elaborate piano death machine by a villain named `` Concerto '' . 25 `` Vindicators 3 : The Return of Worldender '' Bryan Newton Sarah Carbiener & Erica Rosbe August 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 13 ) 2.66 At Morty 's insistence , Rick agrees to join the Vindicators , a group of intergalactic superheroes , to fight their arch - nemesis , Worldender . Rick can not hide his disdain for the superheroes , while Morty is thrilled . The next morning , the Vindicators enter Worldender 's base , only to find that , the previous night , Rick had killed him and set up a variety of puzzles that the Vindicators must solve to survive while he was blackout drunk . They start arguing and kill one another , while Morty solves all the puzzles , as he knows what Rick had in mind when he put them up . After all puzzles are solved , the only ones left alive are Rick , Morty and Supernova , a member of the Vindicators . Supernova tries to kill Rick and Morty , but before she can do so , the three of them are transported to a party that Rick also set up while blackout drunk , where she gets away . Post-credit scene : Gearhead tries to use a Vindicators vest to pick up some young girls , but when an alien terrorist attack strikes , he runs away eventually tripping and falling , breaking into pieces . 26 5 `` The Whirly Dirly Conspiracy '' Juan Meza - León Ryan Ridley August 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 20 ) 2.29 To bolster Jerry 's self - esteem , Rick takes him on an adventure at Morty 's request . They visit an otherworldly resort within an immortality field so Jerry wo n't be harmed while away . Jerry encounters Risotto Groupon , an alien who blames Rick for his kingdom being usurped . Risotto enlists Jerry in a plot to kill Rick , but Jerry backs out after Rick apologizes for ruining his marriage . Meanwhile , Summer deals with self - esteem issues as well . Her boyfriend , Ethan , leaves her for a larger - breasted girlfriend , and Summer attempts to enlarge her own breasts using one of Rick 's devices . Her aim is off , and she grows to freakish proportions . Morty wants to call Rick for assistance , but Beth refuses . Arrogantly trying to prove her own self - worth , Beth repeatedly fails to fix the problem and is tricked into releasing three tiny technical support workers that were trapped inside the machine . Once Morty figures out how the machine works , he restores Summer 's size and spitefully uses it to deform Ethan in an act of vengeance . Post-credit scene : The three tiny workers are enjoying their retirement next to a river . As an extremely deformed Ethan walks by , one of them is snatched by an eagle . 27 6 `` Rest and Ricklaxation '' Anthony Chun Tom Kauffman August 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 27 ) 2.47 After a six - day outer space adventure that leaves them on the verge of psychological collapse , Rick and Morty decide to spend some time at an alien spa . There , they use a machine that extracts a person 's negative personality traits . However , without Rick and Morty knowing , those traits are transposed into toxic physical counterparts , characterized by Rick 's arrogance and Morty 's self - loathing . On the other hand , the true Rick becomes more considerate , and Morty 's confidence soars , which allows him to start dating girls . Toxic Rick uses a moonlight tower to remake the whole Earth in his own image , but the true Rick reverts the situation by merging back with him . Morty avoids merging back with his toxic counterpart and goes on to live a life as a stockbroker in New York City . Rick tracks him down with the help of Jessica , Morty 's classmate , and restores order by re-injecting the negative personality traits into him . Post-credit scene : A tour of the same moonlight tower releases Stacy , one of the girls Morty dated in the episode , who had been inadvertently trapped inside the toxin machine . 28 7 `` The Ricklantis Mixup '' Dominic Polcino Dan Guterman & Ryan Ridley September 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 10 ) 2.38 As Rick and Morty adventure to Atlantis , the episode shifts focus towards the Citadel , a secret society populated by numerous versions of Ricks and Mortys . There , a group of Mortys journey to a portal to have their wishes granted , a rookie cop Rick starts working with an experienced Morty cop to take down drug dealers and a worker Rick revolts at a wafer factory , where the key ingredient is extracted from a Rick hooked up to a machine to re-experience his best memories . Meanwhile , an election is held for the new president of the Citadel . Despite being the underdog , the Morty Party candidate manages to secure the presidency . When his campaign manager receives information that the new president is in fact Evil Morty from the first - season episode `` Close Rick - counters of the Rick Kind '' , he attempts to assassinate him but he fails . Evil Morty orders the execution of a shadow council of Ricks and anybody else he considers a potential threat to his rule . Post-credit scene : Rick and Morty return home from Atlantis , satisfied with their trip . Morty wonders what happened at the Citadel , but Rick tells him it will likely have no effect on their lives . 29 8 `` Morty 's Mind Blowers '' Bryan Newton Mike McMahan , James Siciliano , Ryan Ridley , Dan Guterman , Justin Roiland & Dan Harmon September 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 17 ) 2.51 After Morty requests to have a traumatic memory deleted , Rick reveals a room where he has been storing a number of memories he has removed from Morty 's mind . However , as it turns out , besides the memories that Morty did n't want to keep from their adventures , the room also contains memories in which Rick was made to look foolish , so he had them forcibly removed from Morty . This revelation prompts a fight , during which Rick and Morty have their memories accidentally erased . Morty scours the memories to replace the ones he lost , but he is displeased with the truth he finds , and convinces Rick to both kill themselves . Summer enters the room moments before they commit suicide . At this point , it is revealed that Rick has a contingency plan should this happen . Summer , following written instructions , tranquilizes Rick and Morty , restores their memories and drags them to the living room . Rick and Morty wake up on the couch , believing that they slept through an entire `` Interdimensional Cable '' episode . Post-credit scene : Jerry discovers a box labeled `` Jerry 's Mind Blowers '' , which contains a memory of him being accidentally responsible for the death of an alien . 30 9 `` The ABC 's of Beth '' Juan Meza - León Mike McMahan September 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 24 ) 2.49 Rick and Beth enter Froopyland , a fantasy world created by Rick for young Beth . Their goal is to recover Tommy , Beth 's childhood friend who 's been trapped in Froopyland , and prevent the execution of his father , who is being falsely accused of eating him . Tommy , who has survived all these years by resorting to bestiality , incest and cannibalism , refuses to return to the real world . Rick and Beth manage to save his father 's life by creating a clone of Tommy . Back at home , Beth is presented with the option of having a replacement clone of her created , so that she will be free to travel the world . Meanwhile , Jerry dates an alien hunter named Kiara , to Morty and Summer 's dismay . When he decides to get out of the relationship , Kiara is enraged and tries to kill the kids , whom she holds responsible . The situation is resolved following the revelation that Kiara was using Jerry to get over her previous boyfriend , much like Jerry was doing with her . Post-credit scene : Jerry 's answering machine plays messages warning him that Kiara 's boyfriend is coming to kill him , and Rick saying that he has killed Kiara 's boyfriend , but also had sex with her . 31 10 `` The Rickchurian Mortydate '' Anthony Chun Dan Harmon October 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) 2.60 The President calls on Rick and Morty to defeat a monster in the tunnels underneath the White House , which they do with little effort . Annoyed that he constantly calls on them without any gratitude , they go back home , with the President quickly finding out . The resulting argument leads to a battle of egos that culminates in a fight in the White House between Rick and the President 's security . Meanwhile , fearing she might be a clone made by Rick , Beth reunites with Jerry to figure out the truth . Shortly after , the entire family gets together to hide from Rick , but he tracks them down . Rick eventually submits to Jerry once again being a family - member . Rick ends his conflict with the President by pretending to be Fly Fishing Rick , a Rick from a different reality , and calling a truce . The episode ends with the family happy to be together again , except for Rick who is disappointed by this outcome . Post-credit scene : Mr. Poopybutthole returns to apologize for not appearing in Season 3 , but he has gotten married and has a wife and son . He ends the scene by saying that it will be a long wait until Season 4 . Production ( edit ) Dan Harmon is the co-creator of Rick and Morty . On August 12 , 2015 , shortly after a successful second - season premiere , Adult Swim renewed the series for a third season . Female writers were added to the staff for the first time , and -- counting out the co-creators of the show , Justin Roiland and Dan Harmon -- the writing room was gender - balanced . Talking about the writing process , Harmon said that the writers `` all write the show together '' , and that the name of the writer that appears in the credits is usually that of the person who has been assigned to create the outline of an episode . Writing began on November 2 , 2015 , and the first episode was recorded on February 18 , 2016 . In July 2016 , already behind on schedule , the production team admitted that the success of the series has increased pressure to meet the expectations of the viewers . Creative freedom provided by Adult Swim entails taking responsibility for product quality . As the bar rises higher , work becomes harder , improvements are constantly being sought , and this often results in delays . Writing was finally completed in November 2016 . On February 5 , 2017 , Dan Harmon , answering questions regarding the delayed release , announced on his podcast , Harmontown , that the show was in the animation process , after a long period of writing . On June 24 , 2017 , when production of the season had been completed , Harmon wrote a series of posts on Twitter , explaining that the writing process took that long to complete because of his perfectionism . As a result , the third season of the show consisted of only ten episodes instead of fourteen , as was initially intended . Home media ( edit ) Following the conclusion of the show 's third season , Adult Swim has made a livestream marathon of Rick and Morty available to watch on its official website in select regions , hoping to dissuade viewers from watching other illegal livestreams . Uncensored versions of the season are also available to purchase on various digital platforms , including iTunes , Amazon and Microsoft Store . The digital release also includes commentary on every episode , as well as seven more short videos featuring co-creators Dan Harmon and Justin Roiland . The season is also available to watch on Netflix , in a number of countries outside the United States , including the United Kingdom . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The season currently holds a 97 % approval rating from review aggregation site Rotten Tomatoes based on 13 reviews , with an average rating of 8.77 out of 10 and an audience score average of 4.7 out of 5 . Jesse Schedeen of IGN described the third season of the show as darker and more unpredictable than the first two , and praised its high - concept storytelling and character development . Schedeen gave the season an 8.8 out of 10 rating , saying that it `` did n't quite reach the heights of Season 2 , but it is the series ' most consistently entertaining and ambitious season yet . '' Julia Alexander of Polygon highlighted the philosophical conflict between nihilist realism and life in ignorant bliss as the season 's main theme , and noted that `` after an introspective season built on the importance of self - realization and reflection , Rick and Morty 's third year ended on a total reset '' , with Beth and the kids seeking comfort through escapism and ignoring the realities of their lives . Kayla Cobb of Decider focused on the dynamism displayed by Beth and Summer , as the characters broke the stereotypical conventions of the first two seasons . Cobb stated that `` Season 3 is the first time Rick and Morty really handed over the reigns to its leading ladies , and it was a horrifying delight . '' Cultural influence ( edit ) The McDonald 's Szechuan sauce reference in the season premiere brought huge online attention for the discontinued promotional product . Internet memes spread rapidly on Reddit and Twitter , more than 40,000 people signed a petition at Change.org , asking for the return of the sauce , while an eBay auction resulted in a 20 - year - old packet of this teriyaki sauce being sold for $14,700 . On October 7 , 2017 , McDonald 's served limited quantities of Szechuan sauce , with the company calling it `` the year 's most talked - about dipping sauce . '' Awards and accolades ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2017 Teen Choice Awards Choice Animated TV Show Rick and Morty Nominated IGN Awards TV Series of the Year Rick and Morty Nominated Best TV Episode `` The Ricklantis Mixup '' Nominated Best Animated Series Rick and Morty Won Best Comedy Series Rick and Morty Nominated Best Comedic TV Performance Justin Roiland Won IGN People 's Choice Award TV Series of the Year Rick and Morty Won Best TV Episode `` The Ricklantis Mixup '' Nominated Best Animated Series Rick and Morty Won Best Comedy Series Rick and Morty Won Best Comedic TV Performance Justin Roiland Won 2018 Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Animated Series Rick and Morty Won Annie Award Best General Audience Animated Television / Broadcast Production `` Pickle Rick '' Pending Outstanding Achievement for Writing in an Animated Television / Broadcast Production Ryan Ridley , Dan Guterman ( for `` The Ricklantis Mixup '' ) Pending Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The third season of Rick and Morty premiered unannounced on April 1 , 2017 . The remaining episodes began airing weekly four months later , on July 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Rickshank Rickdemption '' premiered unannounced and re-ran for four hours straight with improving ratings . This is the viewership of only the first broadcast of the episode . Jump up ^ An alternate title used for this episode is `` Tales from the Citadel '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Matar , Joe ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` Rick and Morty Season 3 Air Date Released , Episode Currently Streaming on Adult Swim '' . Den of Geek . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Framke , Caroline ( August 6 , 2017 ) . `` In season 3 , Rick and Morty is still one of TV 's most inventive shows '' . Vox . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Virtue , Graeme ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` Rick and Morty : how the world 's most ingenious animation punk 'd its fans '' . The Guardian . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Greene , Steve ( July 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Rick and Morty ' Review : Summer Takes Center Stage in a ' Mad Max : Fury Road ' Therapy Session '' . IndieWire . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Starkey , Adam ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Rick And Morty : Susan Sarandon , Danny Trejo and more set to star in season 3 '' . Metro . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Greene , Steve ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Rick and Morty ' Review : ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Gets a Deadly Twist in ' Vindicators 3 : The Return of Worldender ' '' . IndieWire . Retrieved September 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Greene , Steve ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Rick and Morty ' Review : ' The ABCs of Beth ' is a Touching Father - Daughter Adventure Drenched in Plenty of Alien Blood '' . IndieWire . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Rick and Morty Wage War With the President in Season 3 Finale '' . TVLine . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` Saturday cable ratings : Surprise ' Rick & Morty ' premiere gets solid numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Rick & Morty ' returns strong , more highs for ' Insecure ' and ' Ballers ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Sharknado 5 ' lacks bite , ' Game of Thrones ' hits total - viewer high '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' scores another series high '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2017 . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Survivor 's Remorse ' premiere steady , ' Game of Thrones ' down a little '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : VMAs hit all - time low opposite ' Game of Thrones ' finale '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Deuce ' starts off on par with ' The Night Of ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Outlander ' and ' The Deuce ' steady with second episodes '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Outlander ' hits total - viewer high , ' Fear the Walking Dead ' ticks up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Curb Your Enthusiasm ' returns , ' Outlander ' ticks up again '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Denise Petski ( August 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' Rick And Morty ' Renewed For Season 3 By Adult Swim '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shanley , Patrick ( August 11 , 2017 ) . `` Meet the Women Behind ' Rick and Morty 's ' Third Season '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( September 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Rick and Morty ' Co-Creator Slams Trolls Attacking Their Female Writers '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Justin Roiland ( @ JustinRoiland ) ( November 1 , 2015 ) . `` Great . Going to be hungover for first day of season three writing tomorrow '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Mike McMahan ( @ MikeMcMahanTM ) ( February 18 , 2016 ) . `` We 're recording episode # 301 today '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Longo , Chris ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` Dan Harmon : Rick and Morty Season 3 Has Been Harder To Make '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Rick and Morty ' Writer Says Season 4 May Not Premiere Until Late 2019 '' . Collider . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rick and Morty Creators Give Season 3 Update : They 're Drawing It '' . The Interrobang . February 7 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2017 . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cabin , Chris ( June 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Rick and Morty ' Season 3 : Dan Harmon Explains Delay '' . Collider . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2017 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kettley , Sebastian ( 2017 - 08 - 16 ) . `` Rick and Morty season 3 : How many episodes does the new season have ? '' . Express.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Swim Streams - Rick and Morty '' . Adult Swim . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Julia ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Adult Swim 's Rick and Morty marathon calls out illegal YouTube livestreams '' . Polygon . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Plante , Corey ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's When ' Rick and Morty ' Is Probably Coming to Netflix '' . Inverse . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rick and Morty - Season 3 '' . Microsoft Store . June 29 , 2017 . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rick and Morty , Season 3 ( Uncensored ) on iTunes '' . iTunes . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harrison , Mark ( October 22 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix UK TV review : Rick & Morty Season 3 '' . VODzilla . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rick and Morty : Season 3 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2017 . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schedeen , Jesse ( November 5 , 2017 ) . `` Rick and Morty : Season 3 Review '' . IGN . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Julia ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Rick and Morty season 3 finale review : hitting the reset button '' . Polygon . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cobb , Kayla ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Rick And Morty ' Is Better When It Embraces Its Strong Women '' . Decider . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nolfi , Joey ( April 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Rick and Morty ' premiere ignites McDonald 's Szechuan sauce craze '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hathaway , Jay ( April 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Rick and Morty ' just made a defunct McDonald 's dipping sauce the hottest thing online '' . The Daily Dot . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Menta , Anna ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` Why are ' Rick and Morty ' fans so angry about a McNuggets sauce ? '' . Newsweek . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lisi , Brian ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` McDonald 's Szechuan sauce sells for nearly $15 K on eBay '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Julia ( October 1 , 2017 ) . `` Rick and Morty fans , McDonald 's is bringing back Szechuan sauce '' . Polygon . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vulpo , Mike ( August 13 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 Winners : The Complete List '' . E ! Online . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Series of the Year - Best of 2017 Awards - IGN '' . IGN . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Best TV Episode - Best of 2017 Awards - IGN '' . IGN . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Best Animated Series - Best of 2017 Awards - IGN '' . IGN . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Best Comedy Series - Best of 2017 Awards - IGN '' . IGN . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Best Comedic TV Performance - Best of 2017 Awards - IGN '' . IGN . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , Paul ( January 11 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 Critics ' Choice Awards : Full winners list in the 25 film and 22 TV categories '' . GoldDerby . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Annie Awards - Best General Audience Animated Television / Broadcast Production '' . Annie Awards . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Annie Awards - Outstanding Achievement For Writing In An Animated Television Broadcast Production '' . Annie Awards . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . ( hide ) Rick and Morty Characters Rick Sanchez Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Lawnmower Dog '' `` Meeseeks and Destroy '' `` Rick Potion # 9 '' `` Rixty Minutes '' Season 2 `` A Rickle in Time '' `` The Ricks Must Be Crazy '' `` The Wedding Squanchers '' Season 3 `` The Rickshank Rickdemption '' `` Pickle Rick '' Video games Pocket Mortys Rick and Morty : Virtual Rick - ality Related `` Mathlete 's Feat '' ( The Simpsons episode ) `` Terryfold '' Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rick_and_Morty_(season_3)&oldid=821059975 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons Rick and Morty seasons Hidden categories : Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Wikipedia articles scheduled for update tagging Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Gaeilge Italiano 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 January 2018 , at 04 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did vindicators 1 happen rick and morty	[]	[]
9140787733506698453	Earth's magnetic field	Earth 's magnetic field - wikipedia Earth 's magnetic field Jump to : navigation , search Computer simulation of the Earth 's field in a period of normal polarity between reversals . The lines represent magnetic field lines , blue when the field points towards the center and yellow when away . The rotation axis of the Earth is centered and vertical . The dense clusters of lines are within the Earth 's core . Earth 's magnetic field , also known as the geomagnetic field , is the magnetic field that extends from the Earth 's interior out into space , where it meets the solar wind , a stream of charged particles emanating from the Sun . Its magnitude at the Earth 's surface ranges from 25 to 65 microteslas ( 0.25 to 0.65 gauss ) . Roughly speaking it is the field of a magnetic dipole currently tilted at an angle of about 11 degrees with respect to Earth 's rotational axis , as if there were a bar magnet placed at that angle at the center of the Earth . The North geomagnetic pole , located near Greenland in the northern hemisphere , is actually the south pole of the Earth 's magnetic field , and the South geomagnetic pole is the north pole . Unlike a bar magnet , Earth 's magnetic field changes over time because it is generated by a geodynamo ( in Earth 's case , the motion of molten iron alloys in its outer core ) . While the North and South magnetic poles are usually located near the geographic poles , they can wander widely over geological time scales , but sufficiently slowly for ordinary compasses to remain useful for navigation . However , at irregular intervals averaging several hundred thousand years , the Earth 's field reverses and the North and South Magnetic Poles relatively abruptly switch places . These reversals of the geomagnetic poles leave a record in rocks that are of value to paleomagnetists in calculating geomagnetic fields in the past . Such information in turn is helpful in studying the motions of continents and ocean floors in the process of plate tectonics . The magnetosphere is the region above the ionosphere that is defined by the extent of the Earth 's magnetic field in space . It extends several tens of thousands of kilometers into space , protecting the Earth from the charged particles of the solar wind and cosmic rays that would otherwise strip away the upper atmosphere , including the ozone layer that protects the Earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Importance 2 Main characteristics 2.1 Description 2.1. 1 Intensity 2.1. 2 Inclination 2.1. 3 Declination 2.2 Geographical variation 2.3 Dipolar approximation 2.4 Magnetic poles 3 Magnetosphere 4 Time dependence 4.1 Short - term variations 4.2 Secular variation 4.3 Magnetic field reversals 4.4 Earliest appearance 4.5 Future 5 Physical origin 5.1 Earth 's core and the geodynamo 5.1. 1 Numerical models 5.2 Currents in the ionosphere and magnetosphere 6 Measurement and analysis 6.1 Detection 6.2 Crustal magnetic anomalies 6.3 Statistical models 6.3. 1 Spherical harmonics 6.3. 1.1 Radial dependence 6.3. 2 Global models 7 Biomagnetism 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Importance ( edit ) The Earth 's magnetic field serves to deflect most of the solar wind , whose charged particles would otherwise strip away the ozone layer that protects the Earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation . One stripping mechanism is for gas to be caught in bubbles of magnetic field , which are ripped off by solar winds . Calculations of the loss of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere of Mars , resulting from scavenging of ions by the solar wind , indicate that the dissipation of the magnetic field of Mars caused a near total loss of its atmosphere . The study of past magnetic field of the Earth is known as paleomagnetism . The polarity of the Earth 's magnetic field is recorded in igneous rocks , and reversals of the field are thus detectable as `` stripes '' centered on mid-ocean ridges where the sea floor is spreading , while the stability of the geomagnetic poles between reversals has allowed paleomagnetists to track the past motion of continents . Reversals also provide the basis for magnetostratigraphy , a way of dating rocks and sediments . The field also magnetizes the crust , and magnetic anomalies can be used to search for deposits of metal ores . Humans have used compasses for direction finding since the 11th century A.D. and for navigation since the 12th century . Although the magnetic declination does shift with time , this wandering is slow enough that a simple compass remains useful for navigation . Using magnetoception various other organisms , ranging from some types of bacteria to pigeons , use the Earth 's magnetic field for orientation and navigation . Main characteristics ( edit ) Description ( edit ) At any location , the Earth 's magnetic field can be represented by a three - dimensional vector . A typical procedure for measuring its direction is to use a compass to determine the direction of magnetic North . Its angle relative to true North is the declination ( D ) or variation . Facing magnetic North , the angle the field makes with the horizontal is the inclination ( I ) or magnetic dip . The intensity ( F ) of the field is proportional to the force it exerts on a magnet . Another common representation is in X ( North ) , Y ( East ) and Z ( Down ) coordinates . Common coordinate systems used for representing the Earth 's magnetic field . Intensity ( edit ) The intensity of the field is often measured in gauss ( G ) , but is generally reported in nanoteslas ( nT ) , with 1 G = 100,000 nT . A nanotesla is also referred to as a gamma ( γ ) . The tesla is the SI unit of the Magnetic field , B . The Earth 's field ranges between approximately 25,000 and 65,000 nT ( 0.25 -- 0.65 G ) . By comparison , a strong refrigerator magnet has a field of about 10,000,000 nanoteslas ( 100 G ) . A map of intensity contours is called an isodynamic chart . As the World Magnetic Model shows , the intensity tends to decrease from the poles to the equator . A minimum intensity occurs in the South Atlantic Anomaly over South America while there are maxima over northern Canada , Siberia , and the coast of Antarctica south of Australia . Inclination ( edit ) Main article : Magnetic dip The inclination is given by an angle that can assume values between - 90 ° ( up ) to 90 ° ( down ) . In the northern hemisphere , the field points downwards . It is straight down at the North Magnetic Pole and rotates upwards as the latitude decreases until it is horizontal ( 0 ° ) at the magnetic equator . It continues to rotate upwards until it is straight up at the South Magnetic Pole . Inclination can be measured with a dip circle . An isoclinic chart ( map of inclination contours ) for the Earth 's magnetic field is shown below . Declination ( edit ) Main article : Magnetic declination Declination is positive for an eastward deviation of the field relative to true north . It can be estimated by comparing the magnetic north / south heading on a compass with the direction of a celestial pole . Maps typically include information on the declination as an angle or a small diagram showing the relationship between magnetic north and true north . Information on declination for a region can be represented by a chart with isogonic lines ( contour lines with each line representing a fixed declination ) . Geographical variation ( edit ) Components of the Earth 's magnetic field at the surface from the World Magnetic Model for 2015 . Intensity Inclination Declination Dipolar approximation ( edit ) The variation between magnetic north ( N ) and `` true '' north ( N ) . See also : Dipole model of the Earth 's magnetic field Near the surface of the Earth , its magnetic field can be closely approximated by the field of a magnetic dipole positioned at the center of the Earth and tilted at an angle of about 11 ° with respect to the rotational axis of the Earth . The dipole is roughly equivalent to a powerful bar magnet , with its south pole pointing towards the geomagnetic North Pole . This may seem surprising , but the north pole of a magnet is so defined because , if allowed to rotate freely , it points roughly northward ( in the geographic sense ) . Since the north pole of a magnet attracts the south poles of other magnets and repels the north poles , it must be attracted to the south pole of Earth 's magnet . The dipolar field accounts for 80 -- 90 % of the field in most locations . Magnetic poles ( edit ) Main article : Geomagnetic pole The movement of Earth 's North Magnetic Pole across the Canadian arctic . The positions of the magnetic poles can be defined in at least two ways : locally or globally . One way to define a pole is as a point where the magnetic field is vertical . This can be determined by measuring the inclination . The inclination of the Earth 's field is 90 ° ( downwards ) at the North Magnetic Pole and - 90 ° ( upwards ) at the South Magnetic Pole . The two poles wander independently of each other and are not directly opposite each other on the globe . They can migrate rapidly : movements of up to 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) per year have been observed for the North Magnetic Pole . Over the last 180 years , the North Magnetic Pole has been migrating northwestward , from Cape Adelaide in the Boothia Peninsula in 1831 to 600 kilometres ( 370 mi ) from Resolute Bay in 2001 . The magnetic equator is the line where the inclination is zero ( the magnetic field is horizontal ) . The global definition of the Earth 's field is based on a mathematical model . If a line is drawn through the center of the Earth , parallel to the moment of the best - fitting magnetic dipole , the two positions where it intersects the Earth 's surface are called the North and South geomagnetic poles . If the Earth 's magnetic field were perfectly dipolar , the geomagnetic poles and magnetic dip poles would coincide and compasses would point towards them . However , the Earth 's field has a significant non-dipolar contribution , so the poles do not coincide and compasses do not generally point at either . Magnetosphere ( edit ) An artist 's rendering of the structure of a magnetosphere. 1 ) Bow shock . 2 ) Magnetosheath. 3 ) Magnetopause. 4 ) Magnetosphere. 5 ) Northern tail lobe. 6 ) Southern tail lobe. 7 ) Plasmasphere . Main article : Magnetosphere Earth 's magnetic field , predominantly dipolar at its surface , is distorted further out by the solar wind . This is a stream of charged particles leaving the Sun 's corona and accelerating to a speed of 200 to 1000 kilometres per second . They carry with them a magnetic field , the interplanetary magnetic field ( IMF ) . The solar wind exerts a pressure , and if it could reach Earth 's atmosphere it would erode it . However , it is kept away by the pressure of the Earth 's magnetic field . The magnetopause , the area where the pressures balance , is the boundary of the magnetosphere . Despite its name , the magnetosphere is asymmetric , with the sunward side being about 10 Earth radii out but the other side stretching out in a magnetotail that extends beyond 200 Earth radii . Sunward of the magnetopause is the bow shock , the area where the solar wind slows abruptly . Inside the magnetosphere is the plasmasphere , a donut - shaped region containing low - energy charged particles , or plasma . This region begins at a height of 60 km , extends up to 3 or 4 Earth radii , and includes the ionosphere . This region rotates with the Earth . There are also two concentric tire - shaped regions , called the Van Allen radiation belts , with high - energy ions ( energies from 0.1 to 10 million electron volts ( MeV ) ) . The inner belt is 1 -- 2 Earth radii out while the outer belt is at 4 -- 7 Earth radii . The plasmasphere and Van Allen belts have partial overlap , with the extent of overlap varying greatly with solar activity . As well as deflecting the solar wind , the Earth 's magnetic field deflects cosmic rays , high - energy charged particles that are mostly from outside the Solar system . ( Many cosmic rays are kept out of the Solar system by the Sun 's magnetosphere , or heliosphere . ) By contrast , astronauts on the Moon risk exposure to radiation . Anyone who had been on the Moon 's surface during a particularly violent solar eruption in 2005 would have received a lethal dose . Some of the charged particles do get into the magnetosphere . These spiral around field lines , bouncing back and forth between the poles several times per second . In addition , positive ions slowly drift westward and negative ions drift eastward , giving rise to a ring current . This current reduces the magnetic field at the Earth 's surface . Particles that penetrate the ionosphere and collide with the atoms there give rise to the lights of the aurorae and also emit X-rays . The varying conditions in the magnetosphere , known as space weather , are largely driven by solar activity . If the solar wind is weak , the magnetosphere expands ; while if it is strong , it compresses the magnetosphere and more of it gets in . Periods of particularly intense activity , called geomagnetic storms , can occur when a coronal mass ejection erupts above the Sun and sends a shock wave through the Solar System . Such a wave can take just two days to reach the Earth . Geomagnetic storms can cause a lot of disruption ; the `` Halloween '' storm of 2003 damaged more than a third of NASA 's satellites . The largest documented storm occurred in 1859 . It induced currents strong enough to short out telegraph lines , and aurorae were reported as far south as Hawaii . Time dependence ( edit ) Short - term variations ( edit ) Background : a set of traces from magnetic observatories showing a magnetic storm in 2000 . Globe : map showing locations of observatories and contour lines giving horizontal magnetic intensity in μ T . The geomagnetic field changes on time scales from milliseconds to millions of years . Shorter time scales mostly arise from currents in the ionosphere ( ionospheric dynamo region ) and magnetosphere , and some changes can be traced to geomagnetic storms or daily variations in currents . Changes over time scales of a year or more mostly reflect changes in the Earth 's interior , particularly the iron - rich core . Frequently , the Earth 's magnetosphere is hit by solar flares causing geomagnetic storms , provoking displays of aurorae . The short - term instability of the magnetic field is measured with the K - index . Data from THEMIS show that the magnetic field , which interacts with the solar wind , is reduced when the magnetic orientation is aligned between Sun and Earth -- opposite to the previous hypothesis . During forthcoming solar storms , this could result in blackouts and disruptions in artificial satellites . Secular variation ( edit ) Main article : Geomagnetic secular variation Estimated declination contours by year , 1590 to 1990 ( click to see variation ) . Strength of the axial dipole component of Earth 's magnetic field from 1600 to 2020 . Changes in Earth 's magnetic field on a time scale of a year or more are referred to as secular variation . Over hundreds of years , magnetic declination is observed to vary over tens of degrees . A movie on the right shows how global declinations have changed over the last few centuries . The direction and intensity of the dipole change over time . Over the last two centuries the dipole strength has been decreasing at a rate of about 6.3 % per century . At this rate of decrease , the field would be negligible in about 1600 years . However , this strength is about average for the last 7 thousand years , and the current rate of change is not unusual . A prominent feature in the non-dipolar part of the secular variation is a westward drift at a rate of about 0.2 degrees per year . This drift is not the same everywhere and has varied over time . The globally averaged drift has been westward since about 1400 AD but eastward between about 1000 AD and 1400 AD . Changes that predate magnetic observatories are recorded in archaeological and geological materials . Such changes are referred to as paleomagnetic secular variation or paleosecular variation ( PSV ) . The records typically include long periods of small change with occasional large changes reflecting geomagnetic excursions and reversals . Magnetic field reversals ( edit ) Geomagnetic polarity during the late Cenozoic Era . Dark areas denote periods where the polarity matches today 's polarity , light areas denote periods where that polarity is reversed . Main article : Geomagnetic reversal Although generally Earth 's field is approximately dipolar , with an axis that is nearly aligned with the rotational axis , occasionally the North and South geomagnetic poles trade places . Evidence for these geomagnetic reversals can be found in basalts , sediment cores taken from the ocean floors , and seafloor magnetic anomalies . Reversals occur nearly randomly in time , with intervals between reversals ranging from less than 0.1 million years to as much as 50 million years . The most recent geomagnetic reversal , called the Brunhes -- Matuyama reversal , occurred about 780,000 years ago . A related phenomenon , a geomagnetic excursion , amounts to an incomplete reversal , with no change in polarity . The Laschamp event is an example of an excursion , it having occurred during the last ice age ( 41,000 years ago ) . The past magnetic field is recorded mostly by strongly magnetic minerals , particularly iron oxides such as magnetite , that can carry a permanent magnetic moment . This remanent magnetization , or remanence , can be acquired in more than one way . In lava flows , the direction of the field is `` frozen '' in small minerals as they cool , giving rise to a thermoremanent magnetization . In sediments , the orientation of magnetic particles acquires a slight bias towards the magnetic field as they are deposited on an ocean floor or lake bottom . This is called detrital remanent magnetization . Thermoremanent magnetization is the main source of the magnetic anomalies around ocean ridges . As the seafloor spreads , magma wells up from the mantle , cools to form new basaltic crust on both sides of the ridge , and is carried away from it by seafloor spreading . As it cools , it records the direction of the Earth 's field . When the Earth 's field reverses , new basalt records the reversed direction . The result is a series of stripes that are symmetric about the ridge . A ship towing a magnetometer on the surface of the ocean can detect these stripes and infer the age of the ocean floor below . This provides information on the rate at which seafloor has spread in the past . Radiometric dating of lava flows has been used to establish a geomagnetic polarity time scale , part of which is shown in the image . This forms the basis of magnetostratigraphy , a geophysical correlation technique that can be used to date both sedimentary and volcanic sequences as well as the seafloor magnetic anomalies . Studies of lava flows on Steens Mountain , Oregon , indicate that the magnetic field could have shifted at a rate of up to 6 degrees per day at some time in Earth 's history , which significantly challenges the popular understanding of how the Earth 's magnetic field works . This finding was later attributed to unusual rock magnetic properties of the lava flow under study , not rapid field change , by one of the original authors of the 1995 study . Temporary dipole tilt variations that take the dipole axis across the equator and then back to the original polarity are known as excursions . Earliest appearance ( edit ) Paleomagnetic studies of Paleoarchean lava in Australia and conglomerate in South Africa have concluded that the magnetic field has been present since at least about 3,450 million years ago . Future ( edit ) Variations in virtual axial dipole moment since the last reversal . At present , the overall geomagnetic field is becoming weaker ; the present strong deterioration corresponds to a 10 -- 15 % decline over the last 150 years and has accelerated in the past several years ; geomagnetic intensity has declined almost continuously from a maximum 35 % above the modern value achieved approximately 2,000 years ago . The rate of decrease and the current strength are within the normal range of variation , as shown by the record of past magnetic fields recorded in rocks . The nature of Earth 's magnetic field is one of heteroscedastic fluctuation . An instantaneous measurement of it , or several measurements of it across the span of decades or centuries , are not sufficient to extrapolate an overall trend in the field strength . It has gone up and down in the past for unknown reasons . Also , noting the local intensity of the dipole field ( or its fluctuation ) is insufficient to characterize Earth 's magnetic field as a whole , as it is not strictly a dipole field . The dipole component of Earth 's field can diminish even while the total magnetic field remains the same or increases . The Earth 's magnetic north pole is drifting from northern Canada towards Siberia with a presently accelerating rate -- 10 kilometres ( 6.2 mi ) per year at the beginning of the 20th century , up to 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) per year in 2003 , and since then has only accelerated . Physical origin ( edit ) Main article : Dynamo theory The Earth 's magnetic field is believed to be generated by electric currents in the conductive material of its core , created by convection currents due to heat escaping from the core . However the process is complex , and computer models that reproduce some of its features have only been developed in the last few decades . Earth 's core and the geodynamo ( edit ) A schematic illustrating the relationship between motion of conducting fluid , organized into rolls by the Coriolis force , and the magnetic field the motion generates . The Earth and most of the planets in the Solar System , as well as the Sun and other stars , all generate magnetic fields through the motion of electrically conducting fluids . The Earth 's field originates in its core . This is a region of iron alloys extending to about 3400 km ( the radius of the Earth is 6370 km ) . It is divided into a solid inner core , with a radius of 1220 km , and a liquid outer core . The motion of the liquid in the outer core is driven by heat flow from the inner core , which is about 6,000 K ( 5,730 ° C ; 10,340 ° F ) , to the core - mantle boundary , which is about 3,800 K ( 3,530 ° C ; 6,380 ° F ) . The pattern of flow is organized by the rotation of the Earth and the presence of the solid inner core . The mechanism by which the Earth generates a magnetic field is known as a dynamo . The magnetic field is generated by a feedback loop : current loops generate magnetic fields ( Ampère 's circuital law ) ; a changing magnetic field generates an electric field ( Faraday 's law ) ; and the electric and magnetic fields exert a force on the charges that are flowing in currents ( the Lorentz force ) . These effects can be combined in a partial differential equation for the magnetic field called the magnetic induction equation : ∂ B ∂ t = η ∇ 2 B + ∇ × ( u × B ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ partial \ mathbf ( B ) ) ( \ partial t ) ) = \ eta \ nabla ^ ( 2 ) \ mathbf ( B ) + \ nabla \ times ( \ mathbf ( u ) \ times \ mathbf ( B ) ) ) ... where u is the velocity of the fluid ; B is the magnetic B - field ; and η = 1 / σμ is the magnetic diffusivity , which is inversely proportional to the product of the electrical conductivity σ and the permeability μ . The term ∂ B / ∂ t is the time derivative of the field ; ∇ is the Laplace operator and ∇ × is the curl operator . The first term on the right hand side of the induction equation is a diffusion term . In a stationary fluid , the magnetic field declines and any concentrations of field spread out . If the Earth 's dynamo shut off , the dipole part would disappear in a few tens of thousands of years . In a perfect conductor ( σ = ∞ ( \ displaystyle \ sigma = \ infty \ ; ) ) , there would be no diffusion . By Lenz 's law , any change in the magnetic field would be immediately opposed by currents , so the flux through a given volume of fluid could not change . As the fluid moved , the magnetic field would go with it . The theorem describing this effect is called the frozen - in - field theorem . Even in a fluid with a finite conductivity , new field is generated by stretching field lines as the fluid moves in ways that deform it . This process could go on generating new field indefinitely , were it not that as the magnetic field increases in strength , it resists fluid motion . The motion of the fluid is sustained by convection , motion driven by buoyancy . The temperature increases towards the center of the Earth , and the higher temperature of the fluid lower down makes it buoyant . This buoyancy is enhanced by chemical separation : As the core cools , some of the molten iron solidifies and is plated to the inner core . In the process , lighter elements are left behind in the fluid , making it lighter . This is called compositional convection . A Coriolis effect , caused by the overall planetary rotation , tends to organize the flow into rolls aligned along the north - south polar axis . A dynamo can amplify a magnetic field , but it needs a `` seed '' field to get it started . For the Earth , this could have been an external magnetic field . Early in its history the Sun went through a T - Tauri phase in which the solar wind would have had a magnetic field orders of magnitude larger than the present solar wind . However , much of the field may have been screened out by the Earth 's mantle . An alternative source is currents in the core - mantle boundary driven by chemical reactions or variations in thermal or electric conductivity . Such effects may still provide a small bias that are part of the boundary conditions for the geodynamo . The average magnetic field in the Earth 's outer core was calculated to be 25 gauss , 50 times stronger than the field at the surface . Numerical models ( edit ) Simulating the geodynamo requires numerically solving a set of nonlinear partial differential equations for the magnetohydrodynamics ( MHD ) of the Earth 's interior . Simulation of the MHD equations is performed on a 3D grid of points and the fineness of the grid , which in part determines the realism of the solutions , is limited mainly by computer power . For decades , theorists were confined to creating kinematic dynamo computer models in which the fluid motion is chosen in advance and the effect on the magnetic field calculated . Kinematic dynamo theory was mainly a matter of trying different flow geometries and testing whether such geometries could sustain a dynamo . The first self - consistent dynamo models , ones that determine both the fluid motions and the magnetic field , were developed by two groups in 1995 , one in Japan and one in the United States . The latter received attention because it successfully reproduced some of the characteristics of the Earth 's field , including geomagnetic reversals . Currents in the ionosphere and magnetosphere ( edit ) Electric currents induced in the ionosphere generate magnetic fields ( ionospheric dynamo region ) . Such a field is always generated near where the atmosphere is closest to the Sun , causing daily alterations that can deflect surface magnetic fields by as much as one degree . Typical daily variations of field strength are about 25 nanoteslas ( nT ) ( one part in 2000 ) , with variations over a few seconds of typically around 1 nT ( one part in 50,000 ) . Measurement and analysis ( edit ) Detection ( edit ) The Earth 's magnetic field strength was measured by Carl Friedrich Gauss in 1832 and has been repeatedly measured since then , showing a relative decay of about 10 % over the last 150 years . The Magsat satellite and later satellites have used 3 - axis vector magnetometers to probe the 3 - D structure of the Earth 's magnetic field . The later Ørsted satellite allowed a comparison indicating a dynamic geodynamo in action that appears to be giving rise to an alternate pole under the Atlantic Ocean west of S. Africa . Governments sometimes operate units that specialize in measurement of the Earth 's magnetic field . These are geomagnetic observatories , typically part of a national Geological survey , for example the British Geological Survey 's Eskdalemuir Observatory . Such observatories can measure and forecast magnetic conditions such as magnetic storms that sometimes affect communications , electric power , and other human activities . The International Real - time Magnetic Observatory Network , with over 100 interlinked geomagnetic observatories around the world has been recording the earths magnetic field since 1991 . The military determines local geomagnetic field characteristics , in order to detect anomalies in the natural background that might be caused by a significant metallic object such as a submerged submarine . Typically , these magnetic anomaly detectors are flown in aircraft like the UK 's Nimrod or towed as an instrument or an array of instruments from surface ships . Commercially , geophysical prospecting companies also use magnetic detectors to identify naturally occurring anomalies from ore bodies , such as the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly . Crustal magnetic anomalies ( edit ) A model of short - wavelength features of Earth 's magnetic field , attributed to lithospheric anomalies . Magnetometers detect minute deviations in the Earth 's magnetic field caused by iron artifacts , kilns , some types of stone structures , and even ditches and middens in archaeological geophysics . Using magnetic instruments adapted from airborne magnetic anomaly detectors developed during World War II to detect submarines , the magnetic variations across the ocean floor have been mapped . Basalt -- the iron - rich , volcanic rock making up the ocean floor -- contains a strongly magnetic mineral ( magnetite ) and can locally distort compass readings . The distortion was recognized by Icelandic mariners as early as the late 18th century . More important , because the presence of magnetite gives the basalt measurable magnetic properties , these magnetic variations have provided another means to study the deep ocean floor . When newly formed rock cools , such magnetic materials record the Earth 's magnetic field . Statistical models ( edit ) Each measurement of the magnetic field is at a particular place and time . If an accurate estimate of the field at some other place and time is needed , the measurements must be converted to a model and the model used to make predictions . Spherical harmonics ( edit ) See also : Multipole expansion Schematic representation of spherical harmonics on a sphere and their nodal lines . P is equal to 0 along m great circles passing through the poles , and along l - m circles of equal latitude . The function changes sign each ltime it crosses one of these lines . Example of a quadrupole field . This can also be constructed by moving two dipoles together . The most common way of analyzing the global variations in the Earth 's magnetic field is to fit the measurements to a set of spherical harmonics . This was first done by Carl Friedrich Gauss . Spherical harmonics are functions that oscillate over the surface of a sphere . They are the product of two functions , one that depends on latitude and one on longitude . The function of longitude is zero along zero or more great circles passing through the North and South Poles ; the number of such nodal lines is the absolute value of the order m . The function of latitude is zero along zero or more latitude circles ; this plus the order is equal to the degree l . Each harmonic is equivalent to a particular arrangement of magnetic charges at the center of the Earth . A monopole is an isolated magnetic charge , which has never been observed . A dipole is equivalent to two opposing charges brought close together and a quadrupole to two dipoles brought together . A quadrupole field is shown in the lower figure on the right . Spherical harmonics can represent any scalar field ( function of position ) that satisfies certain properties . A magnetic field is a vector field , but if it is expressed in Cartesian components X , Y , Z , each component is the derivative of the same scalar function called the magnetic potential . Analyses of the Earth 's magnetic field use a modified version of the usual spherical harmonics that differ by a multiplicative factor . A least - squares fit to the magnetic field measurements gives the Earth 's field as the sum of spherical harmonics , each multiplied by the best - fitting Gauss coefficient g or h . The lowest - degree Gauss coefficient , g , gives the contribution of an isolated magnetic charge , so it is zero . The next three coefficients -- g , g , and h -- determine the direction and magnitude of the dipole contribution . The best fitting dipole is tilted at an angle of about 10 ° with respect to the rotational axis , as described earlier . Radial dependence ( edit ) Spherical harmonic analysis can be used to distinguish internal from external sources if measurements are available at more than one height ( for example , ground observatories and satellites ) . In that case , each term with coefficient g or h can be split into two terms : one that decreases with radius as 1 / r and one that increases with radius as r . The increasing terms fit the external sources ( currents in the ionosphere and magnetosphere ) . However , averaged over a few years the external contributions average to zero . The remaining terms predict that the potential of a dipole source ( l = 1 ) drops off as 1 / r . The magnetic field , being a derivative of the potential , drops off as 1 / r . Quadrupole terms drop off as 1 / r , and higher order terms drop off increasingly rapidly with the radius . The radius of the outer core is about half of the radius of the Earth . If the field at the core - mantle boundary is fit to spherical harmonics , the dipole part is smaller by a factor of about 8 at the surface , the quadrupole part by a factor of 16 , and so on . Thus , only the components with large wavelengths can be noticeable at the surface . From a variety of arguments , it is usually assumed that only terms up to degree 14 or less have their origin in the core . These have wavelengths of about 2,000 kilometres ( 1,200 mi ) or less . Smaller features are attributed to crustal anomalies . Global models ( edit ) The International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy maintains a standard global field model called the International Geomagnetic Reference Field . It is updated every 5 years . The 11th - generation model , IGRF11 , was developed using data from satellites ( Ørsted , CHAMP and SAC - C ) and a world network of geomagnetic observatories . The spherical harmonic expansion was truncated at degree 10 , with 120 coefficients , until 2000 . Subsequent models are truncated at degree 13 ( 195 coefficients ) . Another global field model , called World Magnetic Model , is produced jointly by the United States National Centers for Environmental Information ( formerly the National Geophysical Data Center ) and the British Geological Survey . This model truncates at degree 12 ( 168 coefficients ) with an approximate spatial resolution of 3,000 kilometers . It is the model used by the United States Department of Defense , the Ministry of Defence ( United Kingdom ) , the United States Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA ) , the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) , and the International Hydrographic Office as well as in many civilian navigation systems . A third model , produced by the Goddard Space Flight Center ( NASA and GSFC ) and the Danish Space Research Institute , uses a `` comprehensive modeling '' approach that attempts to reconcile data with greatly varying temporal and spatial resolution from ground and satellite sources . For users with higher accuracy needs , the United States National Centers for Environmental Information developed the Enhanced Magnetic Model ( EMM ) , which extends to degree and order 720 and resolves magnetic anomalies down to a wavelength of 56 kilometers . It was compiled from satellite , marine , aeromagnetic and ground magnetic surveys . The latest version , EMM2015 , includes data from The European Space Agency 's Swarm satellite mission . Biomagnetism ( edit ) Main article : Magnetoception Animals including birds and turtles can detect the Earth 's magnetic field , and use the field to navigate during migration . Some researchers have found that cows and wild deer tend to align their bodies north - south while relaxing , but not when the animals are under high - voltage power lines , suggesting that magnetism is responsible . Other researchers reported in 2011 that they could not replicate those findings using different Google Earth images . Researchers found out that very weak electromagnetic fields disrupt the magnetic compass used by European robins and other songbirds to navigate using the Earth 's magnetic field . Neither power lines nor cellphone signals are to blame for the electromagnetic field effect on the birds , according to the new study published in the 8 May 2014 edition of the journal Nature . Instead , the culprits consist of frequencies between 2 kHz and 5 MHz , such as AM radio signals and ordinary electronic equipment that might be found in businesses or private homes . See also ( edit ) Earth sciences portal Physics portal Book : Geomagnetism Van Allen radiation belt Thermal History of the Earth Geomagnetic jerk Geomagnetic latitude History of geomagnetism Magnetic field of the Moon Magnetosphere of Jupiter Magnetotellurics References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Glatzmaier , Gary A. ; Roberts , Paul H. ( 1995 ) . `` A three - dimensional self - consistent computer simulation of a geomagnetic field reversal '' . Nature . 377 ( 6546 ) : 203 -- 209 . Bibcode : 1995Natur. 377 ... 203G . doi : 10.1038 / 377203a0 . Jump up ^ Glatzmaier , Gary . `` The Geodynamo '' . University of California Santa Cruz . Retrieved 20 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Finlay , C.C. ; Maus , S. ; Beggan , C.D. ; Bondar , T.N. ; Chambodut , A. ; Chernova , T.A. ; Chulliat , A. ; Golovkov , V.P. ; Hamilton , B. ; Hamoudi , M. ; Holme , R. ; Hulot , G. ; Kuang , W. ; Langlais , B. ; Lesur , V. ; Lowes , F.J. ; Lühr , H. ; Macmillan , S. ; Mandea , M. ; McLean , S. ; Manoj , C. ; Menvielle , M. ; Michaelis , I. ; Olsen , N. ; Rauberg , J. ; Rother , M. ; Sabaka , T.J. ; Tangborn , A. ; Tøffner - Clausen , L. ; Thébault , E. ; Thomson , A.W.P. ; Wardinski , I. ; Wei , Z. ; Zvereva , T.I. ( December 2010 ) . `` International Geomagnetic Reference Field : the eleventh generation '' . Geophysical Journal International . 183 ( 3 ) : 1216 -- 1230 . Bibcode : 2010GeoJI. 183.1216 F . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 246X. 2010.04804. x . Jump up ^ Shlermeler , Quirin ( 3 March 2005 ) . `` Solar wind hammers the ozone layer '' . News@nature . doi : 10.1038 / news050228 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Solar wind ripping chunks off Mars '' . Cosmos Online . 25 November 2008 . Retrieved 21 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Luhmann , Johnson & Zhang 1992 Jump up ^ Structure of the Earth Archived 2013 - 03 - 15 at the Wayback Machine ... Scign.jpl.nasa.gov . Retrieved on 2012 - 01 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : McElhinny , Michael W. ; McFadden , Phillip L. ( 2000 ) . Paleomagnetism : Continents and Oceans . Academic Press . ISBN 0 - 12 - 483355 - 1 . Jump up ^ Opdyke , Neil D. ; Channell , James E.T. ( 1996 ) . Magnetic Stratigraphy . Academic Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 527470 - 8 . Jump up ^ Mussett , Alan E. ; Khan , M. Aftab ( 2000 ) . Looking into the Earth : An introduction to Geological Geophysics . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 78085 - 3 . Jump up ^ Temple , Robert ( 2006 ) . The Genius of China . Andre Deutsch . ISBN 0 - 671 - 62028 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Merrill , McElhinny & McFadden 1996 , Chapter 2 ^ Jump up to : `` Geomagnetism Frequently Asked Questions '' . National Geophysical Data Center . Retrieved 21 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Palm , Eric ( 2011 ) . `` Tesla '' . National High Magnetic Field Laboratory . Retrieved 20 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Chulliat , A. ; Macmillan , S. ; Alken , P. ; Beggan , C. ; Nair , M. ; Hamilton , B. ; Woods , A. ; Ridley , V. ; Maus , S. ; Thomson , A. ( 2015 ) . The US / UK World Magnetic Model for 2015 - 2020 ( PDF ) ( Report ) . National Geophysical Data Center . Retrieved 21 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Casselman , Anne ( 28 February 2008 ) . `` The Earth Has More Than One North Pole '' . Scientific American . Retrieved 21 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Wallace A. ( 1996 ) . `` '' Magnetic '' pole locations on global charts are incorrect `` . Eos , Transactions American Geophysical Union . 77 ( 36 ) : 345 . Bibcode : 1996EOSTr ... 77 ... 345C . doi : 10.1029 / 96EO00237 . Jump up ^ `` The Magnetic North Pole '' . Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution . Retrieved 21 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Phillips , Tony ( 29 December 2003 ) . `` Earth 's Inconstant Magnetic Field '' . Science@Nasa . Retrieved 27 December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Merrill 2010 , pages 126 -- 141 ^ Jump up to : Parks , George K. ( 1991 ) . Physics of space plasmas : an introduction . Redwood City , Calif. : Addison - Wesley . ISBN 0201508214 . Jump up ^ Darrouzet , Fabien ; De Keyser , Johan ; Escoubet , C. Philippe ( 10 September 2013 ) . `` Cluster shows plasmasphere interacting with Van Allen belts '' ( Press release ) . European Space Agency . Retrieved 22 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Shields Up ! A breeze of interstellar helium atoms is blowing through the solar system '' . Science@NASA. 27 September 2004 . Retrieved 23 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Odenwald , Sten ( 2010 ) . `` The great solar superstorm of 1859 '' . Technology through time . NASA . 70 . Retrieved 24 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The K - index '' . Space Weather Prediction Center . Retrieved 20 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Steigerwald , Bill ( 16 December 2008 ) . `` Sun Often `` Tears Out A Wall '' In Earth 's Solar Storm Shield `` . THEMIS : Understanding space weather . NASA . Retrieved 20 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Andrew ; Jonkers , Art R.T. ; Walker , Matthew R. ( 2000 ) . `` Four centuries of Geomagnetic Secular Variation from Historical Records '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A. 358 ( 1768 ) : 957 -- 990 . Bibcode : 2000RSPTA. 358 ... 957J . doi : 10.1098 / rsta. 2000.0569 . JSTOR 2666741 . ^ Jump up to : `` Secular variation '' . Geomagnetism . Canadian Geological Survey . 2011 . Retrieved 18 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Constable , Catherine ( 2007 ) . `` Dipole Moment Variation '' . In Gubbins , David ; Herrero - Bervera , Emilio . Encyclopedia of Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism . Springer - Verlag . pp. 159 -- 161 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4020 - 4423 - 6_67 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 3992 - 8 . Jump up ^ Dumberry , Mathieu ; Finlay , Christopher C. ( 2007 ) . `` Eastward and westward drift of the Earth 's magnetic field for the last three millennia '' ( PDF ) . Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 254 : 146 -- 157 . Bibcode : 2007E&PSL. 254 ... 146D . doi : 10.1016 / j. epsl. 2006.11. 026 . Jump up ^ Tauxe 1998 , Chapter 1 Jump up ^ Vacquier , Victor ( 1972 ) . Geomagnetism in marine geology ( 2nd ed . ) . Amsterdam : Elsevier Science . p. 38 . ISBN 9780080870427 . Jump up ^ Merrill , McElhinny & McFadden 1996 , Chapter 5 Jump up ^ `` Ice Age Polarity Reversal Was Global Event : Extremely Brief Reversal of Geomagnetic Field , Climate Variability , and Super Volcano '' . ScienceDaily. 16 October 2012 . Bibcode : 2012E&PSL. 351 ... 54N . doi : 10.1016 / j. epsl. 2012.06. 050 . Retrieved 21 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Merrill , McElhinny & McFadden 1996 , pp. 148 -- 155 Jump up ^ Coe , R.S. ; Prévot , M. ; Camps , P. ( 20 April 1995 ) . `` New evidence for extraordinarily rapid change of the geomagnetic field during a reversal '' . Nature . 374 ( 6524 ) : 687 -- 692 . Bibcode : 1995Natur. 374 ... 687C . doi : 10.1038 / 374687a0 . ( also available online at es.ucsc.edu ) Jump up ^ Coe , R.S. ; Jarboe , N.A. ; Le Goff , M. ; Petersen , N. ( 15 August 2014 ) . `` Demise of the rapid - field - change hypothesis at Steens Mountain : The crucial role of continuous thermal demagnetization '' . Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 400 : 302 -- 312 . Bibcode : 2014E&PSL. 400 ... 302C . doi : 10.1016 / j. epsl. 2014.05. 036 . Jump up ^ McElhinney , T.N.W. ; Senanayake , W.E. ( 1980 ) . `` Paleomagnetic Evidence for the Existence of the Geomagnetic Field 3.5 Ga Ago '' . Journal of Geophysical Research . 85 : 3523 . Bibcode : 1980JGR ... 85.3523 M . doi : 10.1029 / JB085iB07p03523 . Jump up ^ Usui , Yoichi ; Tarduno , John A. ; Watkeys , Michael ; Hofmann , Axel ; Cottrell , Rory D. ( 2009 ) . `` Evidence for a 3.45 - billion - year - old magnetic remanence : Hints of an ancient geodynamo from conglomerates of South Africa '' . Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems. 10 ( 9 ) . Bibcode : 2009GGG ... 1009Z07U . doi : 10.1029 / 2009GC002496 . Jump up ^ Tarduno , J.A. ; Cottrell , R.D. ; Watkeys , M.K. ; Hofmann , A. ; Doubrovine , P.V. ; Mamajek , E.E. ; Liu , D. ; Sibeck , D.G. ; Neukirch , L.P. ; Usui , Y. ( 4 March 2010 ) . `` Geodynamo , Solar Wind , and Magnetopause 3.4 to 3.45 Billion Years Ago '' . Science . 327 ( 5970 ) : 1238 -- 1240 . Bibcode : 2010Sci ... 327.1238 T . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1183445 . PMID 20203044 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Richard A. ( December 24 , 2009 ) . `` North Magnetic Pole Moving Due to Core Flux '' . Jump up ^ `` How does the Earth 's core generate a magnetic field ? '' . USGS FAQs . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 21 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Weiss , Nigel ( 2002 ) . `` Dynamos in planets , stars and galaxies '' . Astronomy and Geophysics. 43 ( 3 ) : 3.09 -- 3.15 . Bibcode : 2002A&G ... 43c ... 9W . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1468 - 4004.2002. 43309. x . Jump up ^ Jordan , T.H. ( 1979 ) . `` Structural Geology of the Earth 's Interior '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 76 ( 9 ) : 4192 -- 4200 . Bibcode : 1979PNAS ... 76.4192 J . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 76.9. 4192 . PMC 411539 . PMID 16592703 . Jump up ^ European Synchrotron Radiation Facility ( 25 April 2013 ) . `` Earth 's Center Is 1,000 Degrees Hotter Than Previously Thought , Synchrotron X-Ray Experiment Shows '' . ScienceDaily . Retrieved 21 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Buffett , B.A. ( 2000 ) . `` Earth 's Core and the Geodynamo '' . Science . 288 ( 5473 ) : 2007 -- 2012 . Bibcode : 2000Sci ... 288.2007 B . doi : 10.1126 / science. 288.5473. 2007 . Jump up ^ Feynman , Richard P. ( 2010 ) . The Feynman lectures on physics ( New millennium ed . ) . New York : BasicBooks . pp. 13 -- 3 , 15 -- 14 , 17 -- 2 . ISBN 9780465024940 . ^ Jump up to : Merrill , McElhinny & McFadden 1996 , Chapter 8 Jump up ^ Merrill , McElhinny & McFadden 1996 , Chapter 10 Jump up ^ Merrill , McElhinny & McFadden 1996 , Chapter 11 Jump up ^ Buffett , Bruce A. ( 2010 ) . `` Tidal dissipation and the strength of the Earth 's internal magnetic field '' . Nature . 468 ( 7326 ) : 952 -- 954 . Bibcode : 2010Natur. 468 ... 952B . doi : 10.1038 / nature09643 . PMID 21164483 . Lay summary -- Science 20 . ^ Jump up to : Kono , Masaru ; Roberts , Paul H. ( 2002 ) . `` Recent geodynamo simulations and observations of the geomagnetic field '' . Reviews of Geophysics. 40 ( 4 ) : 1 -- 53 . Bibcode : 2002RvGeo ... 40.1013 K . doi : 10.1029 / 2000RG000102 . Jump up ^ Kageyama , Akira ; Sato , Tetsuya ; the Complexity Simulation Group ( 1 January 1995 ) . `` Computer simulation of a magnetohydrodynamic dynamo. II '' . Physics of Plasmas. 2 ( 5 ) : 1421 -- 1431 . Bibcode : 1995PhPl ... 2.1421 K . doi : 10.1063 / 1.871485 . Jump up ^ Glatzmaier , Gary A. ; Roberts , Paul H. ( 1995 ) . `` A three - dimensional convective dynamo solution with rotating and finitely conducting inner core and mantle '' . Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors. 91 ( 1 -- 3 ) : 63 -- 75 . Bibcode : 1995PEPI ... 91 ... 63G . doi : 10.1016 / 0031 - 9201 ( 95 ) 03049 - 3 . Jump up ^ Stepišnik , Janez ( 2006 ) . `` Spectroscopy : NMR down to Earth '' . Nature . 439 ( 7078 ) : 799 -- 801 . Bibcode : 2006Natur. 439 ... 799S . doi : 10.1038 / 439799a . Jump up ^ Gauss , C.F ( 1832 ) . `` The Intensity of the Earth 's Magnetic Force Reduced to Absolute Measurement '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ Courtillot , Vincent ; Le Mouel , Jean Louis ( 1988 ) . `` Time Variations of the Earth 's Magnetic Field : From Daily to Secular '' . Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences . 1988 ( 16 ) : 435 . Bibcode : 1988AREPS ... 16 ... 389C . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. ea. 16.050188. 002133 . Jump up ^ Hulot , G. ; Eymin , C. ; Langlais , B. ; Mandea , M. ; Olsen , N. ( April 2002 ) . `` Small - scale structure of the geodynamo inferred from Oersted and Magsat satellite data '' . Nature . 416 ( 6881 ) : 620 -- 623 . Bibcode : 2002Natur. 416 ... 620H . doi : 10.1038 / 416620a . PMID 11948347 . Jump up ^ Frey , Herbert . `` Satellite Magnetic Models '' . Comprehensive Modeling of the Geomagnetic Field . NASA . Retrieved 13 October 2011 . Jump up ^ William F. Hanna ( 1987 ) . Geologic Applications of Modern Aeromagnetic Surveys ( PDF ) . USGS . p. 66 . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ G.D. Nicholls ( 1965 ) . `` Basalts from the Deep Ocean Floor '' ( PDF ) . Mineralogical Magazine . Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland . 34 : 373 -- 388 . Bibcode : 1965MinM ... 34 ... 373N . doi : 10.1180 / minmag. 1965.034. 268.32 . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jacqueline W. Kious ; Robert I. Tilling ( 1996 ) . This Dynamic Earth : The Story of Plate Tectonics . USGS . p. 17 . ISBN 978 - 0160482205 . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Campbell 2003 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Finlay , C.C. ; Maus , S. ; Beggan , C.D. ; Hamoudi , M. ; Lowes , F.J. ; Olsen , N. ; Thébault , E. ( 2010 ) . `` Evaluation of candidate geomagnetic field models for IGRF - 11 '' ( PDF ) . Earth , Planets and Space . 62 ( 10 ) : 787 -- 804 . Bibcode : 2010EP&S ... 62 ... 787F . doi : 10.5047 / eps. 2010.11. 005 . Jump up ^ `` The International Geomagnetic Reference Field : A `` Health '' Warning `` . National Geophysical Data Center . January 2010 . Retrieved 13 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The World Magnetic Model '' . National Geophysical Data Center . Retrieved 14 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Herbert , Frey . `` Comprehensive Modeling of the Geomagnetic Field '' . NASA . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Enhanced Magnetic Model '' . United States National Centers for Environmental Information . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Deutschlander , M. ; Phillips , J. ; Borland , S. ( 1999 ) . `` The case for light - dependent magnetic orientation in animals '' . Journal of Experimental Biology . 202 ( 8 ) : 891 -- 908 . PMID 10085262 . Jump up ^ Burda , H. ; Begall , S. ; Cerveny , J. ; Neef , J. ; Nemec , P. ( 2009 ) . `` Extremely low - frequency electromagnetic fields disrupt magnetic alignment of ruminants '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 106 ( 14 ) : 5708 -- 13 . Bibcode : 2009PNAS ... 106.5708 B . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0811194106 . PMC 2667019 . PMID 19299504 . Jump up ^ `` Biology : Electric cows '' . Nature . 458 ( 7237 ) : 389 . 2009 . Bibcode : 2009Natur. 458Q. 389 ... doi : 10.1038 / 458389a . Jump up ^ Hert , J ; Jelinek , L ; Pekarek , L ; Pavlicek , A ( 2011 ) . `` No alignment of cattle along geomagnetic field lines found '' . Journal of Comparative Physiology. 197 ( 6 ) : 677 -- 682 . doi : 10.1007 / s00359 - 011 - 0628 - 7 . ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Hsu , Jeremy ( 9 May 2014 ) . `` Electromagnetic Interference Disrupts Bird Navigation , Hints at Quantum Action '' . IEEE Spectrum . Retrieved 31 May 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) Campbell , Wallace H. ( 2003 ) . Introduction to geomagnetic fields ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 52953 - 2 . Comins , Neil F. ( 2008 ) . Discovering the Essential Universe ( Fourth ed . ) . W.H. Freeman . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4292 - 1797 - 2 . Herndon , J.M. ( 1996 - 01 - 23 ) . `` Substructure of the inner core of the Earth '' . PNAS. 93 ( 2 ) : 646 -- 648 . Bibcode : 1996PNAS ... 93 ... 646H . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 93.2. 646 . PMC 40105 . PMID 11607625 . Hollenbach , D.F. ; Herndon , J.M. ( 2001 - 09 - 25 ) . `` Deep - Earth reactor : Nuclear fission , helium , and the geomagnetic field '' . PNAS. 98 ( 20 ) : 11085 -- 90 . Bibcode : 2001PNAS ... 9811085H . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 201393998 . PMC 58687 . PMID 11562483 . Love , Jeffrey J. ( 2008 ) . `` Magnetic monitoring of Earth and space '' ( PDF ) . Physics Today . 61 ( 2 ) : 31 -- 37 . Bibcode : 2008PhT ... 61b ... 31H . doi : 10.1063 / 1.2883907 . Luhmann , J.G. ; Johnson , R.E. ; Zhang , M.H.G. ( 1992 ) . `` Evolutionary impact of sputtering of the Martian atmosphere by O pickup ions '' . Geophysical Research Letters. 19 ( 21 ) : 2151 -- 2154 . Bibcode : 1992GeoRL ... 19.2151 L . doi : 10.1029 / 92GL02485 . Merrill , Ronald T. ( 2010 ) . Our Magnetic Earth : The Science of Geomagnetism . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 52050 - 1 . Merrill , Ronald T. ; McElhinny , Michael W. ; McFadden , Phillip L. ( 1996 ) . The magnetic field of the earth : paleomagnetism , the core , and the deep mantle . Academic Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 491246 - 5 . `` Temperature of the Earth 's core '' . NEWTON Ask a Scientist. 1999 . Tauxe , Lisa ( 1998 ) . Paleomagnetic Principles and Practice . Kluwer . ISBN 0 - 7923 - 5258 - 0 . Towle , J.N. ( 1984 ) . `` The Anomalous Geomagnetic Variation Field and Geoelectric Structure Associated with the Mesa Butte Fault System , Arizona '' . Geological Society of America Bulletin . 9 ( 2 ) : 221 -- 225 . Bibcode : 1984GSAB ... 95 ... 221T . doi : 10.1130 / 0016 - 7606 ( 1984 ) 95 < 221 : TAGVFA > 2.0.CO ; 2 . Wait , James R. ( 1954 ) . `` On the relation between telluric currents and the earth 's magnetic field '' . Geophysics. 19 ( 2 ) : 281 -- 289 . Bibcode : 1954Geop ... 19 ... 281W . doi : 10.1190 / 1.1437994 . Walt , Martin ( 1994 ) . Introduction to Geomagnetically Trapped Radiation . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 61611 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Geomagnetism . Geomagnetism & Paleomagnetism background material . American Geophysical Union Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism Section . National Geomagnetism Program . United States Geological Survey , March 8 , 2011 . BGS Geomagnetism . Information on monitoring and modeling the geomagnetic field . British Geological Survey , August 2005 . William J. Broad , Will Compasses Point South ? . New York Times , July 13 , 2004 . John Roach , Why Does Earth 's Magnetic Field Flip ? . National Geographic , September 27 , 2004 . Magnetic Storm . PBS NOVA , 2003 . ( ed. about pole reversals ) When North Goes South . Projects in Scientific Computing , 1996 . The Great Magnet , the Earth , History of the discovery of Earth 's magnetic field by David P. Stern . Exploration of the Earth 's Magnetosphere , Educational web site by David P. Stern and Mauricio Peredo Dr. Dan Lathrop : The study of the Earth 's magnetic field . Interview with Dr. Dan Lathrop , Geophysicist at the University of Maryland , about his experiments with the Earth 's core and magnetic field . July 3 , 2008 International Geomagnetic Reference Field 2011 Global evolution / anomaly of the Earth 's magnetic field Sweeps are in 10 degree steps at 10 years intervals . Based on data from : The Institute of Geophysics , ETH Zurich Atmospheric electricity General Geophysics Atmospheric sciences Atmospheric physics Atmospheric dynamics Atmospheric dynamo Atmospheric chemistry Earth 's magnetic field Electromagnetism ELF / VLF emissions Radio atmospherics Whistlers Chorus Hiss Optical emissions Transient luminous events Upper - atmospheric lightning Sprites St. Elmo 's fire Ball lightning Sources Solar radiation Lightning Equatorial electrojet Applications Electrodynamic tethers Magnetotellurics People Georg Wilhelm Richmann Egon Schweidler Nikola Tesla Geology Overviews Outline of geology Index of geology articles Сomposition and structure Geochemistry Crystallography Mineralogy Petrography Petrology Historical geology Stratigraphy Paleontology Paleoclimatology Motion Structural geology Geodynamics Plate tectonics Geomorphology Water Glaciology Hydrogeology Marine geology Geophysics Geodesy Geomagnetism Geophysical survey Seismology Tectonophysics Applications Economic geology Engineering geology Planetary geology Geology Earth sciences Geology Geophysics Overview Outline Geophysicists Subfields Geophysical fluid dynamics Geodesy Geodynamics Geomagnetism Mathematical geophysics Mineral physics Near - surface geophysics Paleomagnetism Seismology Tectonophysics Physical phenomena Chandler wobble Coriolis effect Earth 's magnetic field Geodynamo Geothermal gradient Gravity of Earth Mantle convection Precession of the equinoxes Seismic wave Tides Organizations American Geophysical Union American Meteorological Society Canadian Geophysical Union Environmental and Engineering Geophysical Society European Association of Geoscientists and Engineers European Geosciences Union International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics Royal Astronomical Society Society of Exploration Geophysicists Seismological Society of America Magnetospherics Submagnetosphere Atmospheric circulation Aurora Earth 's magnetic field Geosphere Jet stream Polar wind Earth 's magnetosphere Birkeland current Ionosphere Magnetopause Magnetosheath Magnetosphere Magnetosphere chronology Magnetosphere particle motion Plasmasphere Ring current Van Allen radiation belt Solar wind Coronal cloud Coronal mass ejection Solar flare Geomagnetic storm Heliosphere Interplanetary magnetic field Heliospheric current sheet Heliopause Space weather Satellites Full list Arase ( 2016 ) Cluster II Double Star Geotail IMAGE MMS ( 2015 ) Polar THEMIS Van Allen Probes WIND Research projects HAARP SHARE Unwin Radar SuperDARN Other magnetospheres Hermian Lunar Jovian Ganymedian Saturnian Uranian Neptunian Related topics Flux tube Gas torus Lunar swirls Planetary rings Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune GND : 4015173 - 6 NDL : 00573127 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earth%27s_magnetic_field&oldid=808858764 '' Categories : Geomagnetism Geophysics Magnetospheres Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Good articles Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego Gĩkũyũ 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 November 2017 , at 17 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the process by which magnetic fields of the earth move	[]	[]
1761894181953693045	Here Comes the Rain Again	Here Comes the Rain Again - wikipedia Here Comes the Rain Again Jump to : navigation , search `` Here Comes the Rain Again '' Single by Eurythmics from the album Touch B - side `` Paint a Rumour '' Released 12 January 1984 Format 7 `` , 12 '' Recorded Genre New wave , Synthpop Length 4 : 56 5 : 08 ( 7 `` ) Label RCA Records Songwriter ( s ) Annie Lennox and David A. Stewart Producer ( s ) David A. Stewart Eurythmics singles chronology `` Right By Your Side '' ( 1983 ) `` Here Comes the Rain Again '' ( 1984 ) `` Sexcrime ( Nineteen Eighty - Four ) '' ( 1984 ) `` Right By Your Side '' ( 1983 ) `` Here Comes the Rain Again '' ( 1984 ) `` Sexcrime ( Nineteen Eighty - Four ) '' ( 1984 ) Music video `` Here Comes the Rain Again '' on YouTube `` Here Comes the Rain Again '' is a 1984 song by British duo Eurythmics . It was written by group members Annie Lennox and David A. Stewart and produced by Stewart . The song was released on 12 January 1984 as the third single in the UK from the album Touch and in the United States as the first single . It became Eurythmics ' second Top 10 U.S. hit , peaking at number 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 . `` Here Comes the Rain Again '' hit number eight in the UK Singles Chart , becoming their fifth consecutive Top 10 single in that country . Contents ( hide ) 1 Song information 2 Music video 3 Track listings 4 Chart performance 4.1 Weekly charts 4.1. 1 Original release 4.1. 2 1991 re-issue 4.2 Year - end charts 5 Personnel 6 Sampling 7 References 8 External links Song information ( edit ) Stewart explained to Songfacts that creating a melancholy mood in his songs is something at which he excels . He said : `` ' Here Comes the Rain Again ' is kind of a perfect one where it has a mixture of things , because I 'm playing a b - minor , but then I change it to put a b - natural ( sic -- the song is in A minor ) in , and so it kind of feels like that minor is suspended , or major . So it 's kind of a weird course . And of course that starts the whole song , and the whole song was about that undecided thing , like here comes depression , or here comes that downward spiral . But then it goes , ' so talk to me like lovers do . ' It 's the wandering in and out of melancholy , a dark beauty that sort of is like the rose that 's when it 's darkest unfolding and bloodred just before the garden , dies . And capturing that in kind of oblique statements and sentiments . '' The string arrangements by Michael Kamen were performed by members of the British Philharmonic Orchestra . However , due to the limited space in the studio , the Church , the players had to improvise by recording their parts in other parts of the studio . The song was then mixed by blending the orchestral tracks on top of the original synthesized backing track . During Eurythmics reunion `` Peacetour '' they performed an in - studio concert for the A&E Network in the U.S. Dave Stewart revealed that the lyrics to the song came into being after an argument between him and Lennox while they were doing some songwriting in New York City 's Columbus Hotel . The basic melody had already been written and Lennox looked out the window after their fight and noticed it was starting to rain . She announced , `` Here comes the rain again . '' The running time for `` Here Comes the Rain Again '' is in actuality about five minutes long and was edited on the Touch album ( fading out at approximately four - and - a-half minutes ) . Although it was edited even further for its single and video release , many U.S. radio stations played the full - length version of it . The entire five - minute version did not appear on any Eurythmics album until the U.S. edition of Greatest Hits in 1991 . In the UK , the single became Eurythmics ' fifth Top 10 hit , peaking at # 8 . It was the duo 's second top ten hit in the United States , peaking at # 4 in March 1984 . Music video ( edit ) The music video , featuring both Annie Lennox and Dave Stewart , was directed by Stewart , Jonathan Gershfield and Jon Roseman , and released in December 1983 , a month before the single came out . The video opens with a passing aerial shot of The Old Man of Hoy on the Island of Hoy in the Orkney Islands before transitioning to Lennox walking along the rocky shore and cliff top . She later explores a derelict cottage while wearing a nightgown and holding a lantern . Stewart stalks her with a video camera . In many scenes the two are filmed separately , then superimposed into the same frame . The result is that the viewer may perceive one as being a ghost in the world of the other . Track listings ( edit ) 7 '' A : `` Here Comes The Rain Again '' ( 7 '' Edit ) -- 3 : 53 B : `` Paint A Rumour '' ( Long Version ) -- 8 : 00 12 '' A : `` Here Comes The Rain Again '' ( Full Version ) * -- 5 : 05 B1 : `` This City Never Sleeps '' ( Live Version , San Francisco ' 83 ) -- 5 : 30 B2 : `` Paint A Rumour '' ( Long Version ) * -- 8 : 00 * both ( Versions ) are longer than the ones found on the Touch album Other versions `` Here Comes The Rain Again '' ( Freemasons Vocal Mix ) -- 7 : 17 / ( 2009 ) `` Here Comes The Rain Again '' ( Freemasons Radio Edit ) -- 4 : 41 / ( 2009 ) Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Original release ( edit ) Chart ( 1984 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 16 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 15 Canada ( RPM ) Adult Contemporary Chart 7 Canada ( RPM ) Top Singles 8 France ( SNEP ) 33 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 14 Ireland ( IRMA ) 8 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 33 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 32 Norway ( VG - lista ) 10 Polish Lista Przebojów Programu Trzeciego Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 20 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 19 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 8 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 6 US Hot Dance Club Play ( Billboard ) 1991 re-issue ( edit ) Chart ( 1991 ) Peak position French Singles Chart 92 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1984 ) Rank Canada 58 US Billboard Hot 100 38 Personnel ( edit ) Eurythmics Annie Lennox - vocals , keyboard Dave Stewart - guitar , keyboard Additional personnel Michael Kamen - conductor British Philharmonic - strings Sampling ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The song 's opening was used in the Belgium Dance act Oxy 's 1992 single `` The Feeling . '' George Nozuka sings the same note when he says `` Talk to me '' with a slight stutter on his hit single , `` Talk to Me '' . Another hit by Nozuka , `` Last Night '' , features a riff that is inspired by `` Sweet Dreams '' . The line `` Talk to me '' is sampled in Alice DeeJay 's song `` Better Off Alone '' . The lyrics of the chorus were sampled in the 1995 song `` Tragedy '' by RZA from the Wu - Tang Clan . The lyrics `` Walk with me , like lovers do / Talk to me , like lovers do '' were used in Platinum Weird 's song `` Taking Chances '' which incidentally , was co-written by Stewart . `` Taking Chances '' was later covered by Celine Dion and released as the title track of her 2007 album . The lyrics of the chorus were sampled in Jamaican singer 's Nadirah X song Here It Comes in 2010 on her debut album Ink . Madonna sampled the song on her Sticky and Sweet Tour in 2008 - 2009 with her own song Rain as a video interlude . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Record News '' . NME . London , England : IPC Media : 28 . 7 January 1984 . ^ Jump up to : `` Here Comes The Rain Again '' . Songfacts.com . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ EurythmicsVEVO ( 2009 - 10 - 25 ) , Eurythmics - Here Comes The Rain Again ( Remastered ) , retrieved 2017 - 06 - 07 Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . St Ives , NSW : Australian Chart Book . p. 105 . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Eurythmics -- Here Comes the Rain Again '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Results - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` RPM 50 Singles '' . RPM -- Volume 40 , No. 2 . 17 March 1984 . Retrieved 5 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` InfoDisc : Tout les Titres par Artiste '' . Infodisc.fr . Archived from the original on 28 January 2013 . Retrieved 6 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Eurythmics Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Here Comes the Rain Again '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Eurythmics -- Here Comes the Rain Again '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Eurythmics -- Here Comes the Rain Again '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Eurythmics -- Here Comes the Rain Again '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Archiwum Listy Przebojów Programu Trzeciego '' . lp3.pl . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Eurythmics -- Here Comes the Rain Again '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Eurythmics -- Here Comes the Rain Again '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart : 1984 - 02 - 04 '' UK Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Eurythmics -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Eurythmics . Jump up ^ `` Eurythmics -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Contemporary for Eurythmics . Jump up ^ `` Touch -- Awards at AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 5 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Singles of 1984 -- Volume 41 , No. 17 , January 05 1985 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Musicoutfitters.com External links ( edit ) Music video on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Eurythmics Annie Lennox David A. Stewart Studio albums In the Garden Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) Touch Be Yourself Tonight Revenge Savage We Too Are One Peace Other albums Touch Dance 1984 ( For the Love of Big Brother ) Live 1983 -- 1989 Compilations Greatest Hits Ultimate Collection Boxed Singles `` Never Gonna Cry Again '' `` Belinda '' `` This Is the House '' `` The Walk '' `` Love Is a Stranger '' `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' `` Who 's That Girl ? '' `` Right by Your Side '' `` Here Comes the Rain Again '' `` Sexcrime ( Nineteen Eighty - Four ) '' `` Julia '' `` Would I Lie to You ? '' `` There Must Be an Angel ( Playing with My Heart ) '' `` Sisters Are Doin ' It for Themselves '' `` It 's Alright ( Baby 's Coming Back ) '' `` When Tomorrow Comes '' `` Thorn in My Side '' `` The Miracle of Love '' `` Missionary Man '' `` Beethoven ( I Love to Listen to ) '' `` Shame '' `` I Need a Man '' `` You Have Placed a Chill in My Heart '' `` Revival '' `` Do n't Ask Me Why '' `` The King and Queen of America '' `` Angel '' `` ( My My ) Baby 's Gonna Cry '' `` Sweet Dreams ' 91 '' `` I Saved the World Today '' `` 17 Again '' `` I 've Got a Life '' Videography Sweet Dreams Live Savage We Two Are One Too Greatest Hits Peacetour Ultimate Collection Related articles Discography The Tourists Book : Eurythmics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Here_Comes_the_Rain_Again&oldid=800126779 '' Categories : 1983 songs 1984 singles Eurythmics songs RCA Records singles Songs written by Annie Lennox Songs written by David A. Stewart Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2015 Use British English from June 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010 Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Articles needing additional references from June 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands Polski Română Русский Simple English Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 17 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	eurythmics here comes the rain again video location	[ "The music video, featuring both Annie Lennox and Dave Stewart, was directed by Stewart, Jonathan Gershfield and Jon Roseman, and released in December 1983, a month before the single came out. The video opens with a passing aerial shot of The Old Man of Hoy on the Island of Hoy in the Orkney Islands before transitioning to Lennox walking along the rocky shore and cliff top. She later explores a derelict cottage while wearing a nightgown and holding a lantern. Stewart stalks her with a video camera. In many scenes the two are filmed separately, then superimposed into the same frame. The result is that the viewer may perceive one as being a ghost in the world of the other.[3][citation needed]" ]	[ "Island of Hoy in the Orkney Islands" ]
-279507563067117249	Gone Girl (The Vampire Diaries)	Gone Girl ( the Vampire Diaries ) - wikipedia Gone Girl ( the Vampire Diaries ) This article is about an episode of TV series The Vampire Diaries . For other uses , see Gone Girl . `` Gone Girl '' The Vampire Diaries episode Episode no . Season 5 Episode 15 Directed by Lance Anderson Written by Melinda Hsu Taylor Production code 2J7515 Original air date March 6 , 2014 Guest appearance ( s ) Olga Fonda ( Nadia ) Rick Cosnett ( Wes Maxfield ) Penelope Mitchell ( Liv Parker ) Episode chronology ← Previous `` No Exit '' Next → `` While You Were Sleeping '' The Vampire Diaries ( season 5 ) List of The Vampire Diaries episodes `` Gone Girl '' is the 15th episode of the fifth season of the American series The Vampire Diaries and the series ' 104th episode overall . `` Gone Girl '' was originally aired on March 6 , 2014 , on The CW . The episode was written by Melinda Hsu Taylor and directed by Lance Anderson . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Feature music 3 Reception 3.1 Ratings 3.2 Reviews 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) Nadia ( Olga Fonda ) has hallucinations of her past while she was searching for her mother Katherine ( Nina Dobrev ) , after Tyler ( Michael Trevino ) bit her . Katherine is there for her and tells her that she will not leave her side and that she will find a way to save her life but not by asking Klaus ( Joseph Morgan ) for help . Instead , she calls Wes ( Rick Cosnett ) who takes a sample of the werewolf toxin from Nadia 's wound and promised to create an antidote . Meanwhile , Stefan ( Paul Wesley ) and Caroline ( Candice Accola ) inform everyone that Katherine has taken over Elena 's body and they try to find a way to bring Katherine to them before she realizes that she knows . Tyler says that he bit Nadia and they all figure out that Katherine must be with her daughter and that they have to find something that Elena could not say no to . Katherine finds excuses for everything , and the persistence of everyone trying to see her makes her figure out that they have figured out her identity . She tests this by calling Damon ( Ian Somerhalder ) , who falls into her trap and practically begs her to come over to the Salvatore house , which she realizes he would not do to Elena , as the previous day he tried to kill her . Katherine confirms her suspicions but the phone call also makes Stefan realize that she knows that they know . Bonnie ( Kat Graham ) and Jeremy ( Steven R. McQueen ) go to college to find Liv ( Penelope Mitchell ) and ask her help . They need her to do a spell to find Katherine 's location . Liv agrees to help but her interest on Jeremy makes Bonnie get jealous . Tyler watches over Damon who knows what buttons to push to make him enter the cell . The two of them argue and when Tyler gets close enough , Damon grabs him and feeds on him . Damon gets his strength back , breaks the chains and escapes . Damon heads to find Wes to ask him for the antidote of the ripper virus , but Wes refuses to help him , leading Damon to kill him . Meanwhile , Katherine takes Nadia to a church to keep her safe while waiting for Wes , but because Wes is taking a long time with the cure , Katherine leaves to find him . When she gets to his laboratory , she finds him dead . Stefan calls Katherine revealing her that they know and tells her that they have Nadia at the Salvatore house and if she wants she can run away to survive or come and see her daughter for a last time . Katherine chooses the latter and shows up at the Salvatore house . Everyone is there and they let her in with Nadia to say goodbye . Katherine apologizes to Nadia , tells her that she loves her and Nadia dies happy . Katherine stands and tries to get away but Damon is blocking the door . She seems to accept that there is no way out this time and she asks who has the traveler knife to stab her . She says goodbye to everyone in her own way leaving Stefan last . She kisses him and Stefan stabs her . Katherine collapses and leaves Elena 's body . Stefan and Damon watch over Elena waiting for her to wake up . Meanwhile Caroline and Tyler discuss her sleeping with Klaus . Matt takes Nadia 's body to bury it despite Stefan 's suggestion to throw her in a ditch . Bonnie is praying to her father at a church when Katherine appears , ready to cross over to the other side via Bonnie . Before she does , she takes the time to reveal to Bonnie that she had already accepted her death sentence before showing up at the Salvatore house , but that did not mean she would cooperate . When Katherine went to Wes ' laboratory earlier , she found out that Wes never intended to help Nadia . He had instead extracted werewolf venom from Nadia 's wound and used it to enhance the ripper virus . Katherine then injected herself with the virus so that when Elena wakes up , she will be doubly infected . The episode ends with Elena waking up to resume her life while Katherine prepares to embark into the afterlife ; However when Katherine touches Bonnie nothing happens . She asks Bonnie what is happening but Bonnie does not know . A wind whips up in the church , the doors open and a dark abyss appears . Bonnie says to Katherine that it is not her decision to let her pass to the other side or not and that she can not help her . Katherine is dragged , screaming , into the darkness . Feature Music ( edit ) In the `` Gone Girl '' episode we can hear the songs : `` White Collar Whiskey '' by Emily Wolfe `` Good Mistake '' by Mr. Little Jeans Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) In its original American broadcast , `` Gone Girl '' was watched by 2.19 million ; up by 0.16 from the previous episode . Reviews ( edit ) `` Gone Girl '' received positive reviews . Carrie Raisler from The A.V. Club gave an A - rate to the episode . `` The Vampire Diaries has a strange relationship with death . People die all of the time -- largely because they are killed by one of the main characters -- and often these deaths are treated with such blithe disinterest that the death becomes almost startling in its inconsequence . But once in a while , the show remembers the finality of death . And when it does , it always knocks the emotion of it out of the park . '' Ashley Dominique from Geeked Out Nation gave an A - rate to the episode saying that it `` marked the loss of one of the Petrova women in a strong send off . '' Stephanie Flasher of TV After Dark gave a B+ rate to the episode saying that it was a good one and pointing the pros of it : `` Nina and Olga 's performances were phenomenal ; Good story development ; Enticing cliffhanger ; More character developed with Liv . '' Matt Richenthal of TV Fanatic rated the episode with 4.1 / 5 saying that the episode was extremely well done . `` We got to hang out with our favorite heroes and heroines and listen to them playfully banter with each other ( do n't worry , Caroline used a calculator ) and not - so - playfully taunt each other ( You 're a joke , Damon / Says the guy pining for the girl who slept with Klaus . ) The Katherine - Nadia farewell was touching , perfectly acted and expertly made viewers feel sympathy for the vampire who was about to finally die . '' About the ending scene , where Katherine is taken away , Richenthal says that it was awesome the way it was done . Stephanie Hall from KSiteTV gave a good review to the episode saying that it was easily one of the best of the season . `` A significantly more intriguing and monumental episode than last week , `` Gone Girl '' served as an appropriate sendoff for Katherine and appears to have rejuvenated the underdeveloped virus storyline . It contained more heart than plot , which allowed the audience to truly dwell in the drama and absorb every emotion running through the characters . '' Shannon Vestal from Buzzsugar gave a good review to the episode saying that finally , after years of waiting , Katherine is dead . `` We thought she was going to die a few episodes ago , but this week , she really , truly dies -- and she has a spectacularly appropriate farewell . ( ... ) Maybe now with Katherine gone , we can move on to new , more exciting things , hopefully ! '' Christopher Monigle of Starpulse gave a good review saying that season five is rounding into form and that `` Gone Girl '' is split in two parts . `` The first half of the episode concerns the plan to corner Katherine and kill her . ( ... ) The first half of the episode is typical TVD fare : planning , bad execution , a brutal murder by Damon . The second half slows down . The writing and acting become thoughtful rather than reactive . TVD executes slow , thoughtful bits very effectively and movingly , and Nadia 's was very well written and delicately acted . '' Alyse Wax from Fearnet also gives a good review saying that it was a very enjoyable episode . `` First off , Damon going Dr. Mengele on Wes was a scene of epic beauty . It was swift , it was violent , it was slick . I would not have minded seeing a little more of Damon 's `` playtime '' with Wes . Katherine going to hell was an obvious choice , but I liked the way they did it . The comedy of her slapping Bonnie 's shoulders , trying to get it to work , then just getting swallowed up by darkness . '' Jen from TVovermind says that this was the best episode of the season so far . `` It was a pretty great episode , raising even more questions . Will this revolving door of recurring characters ever slow down ? It seems we no sooner get used to one new face , and suddenly they 're killed off only to introduce even more new characters . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries Season 5 Episode 15 : `` Gone Girl '' Music `` . TV Fanatic . Retrieved March 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 7 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' Once Upon A Time in Wonderland ' , ' Parks and Recreation ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Millers ' & ' Two and a Half Men ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Raisler , Carrie ( March 6 , 2014 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries : Gone Girl '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved March 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dominique , Ashley ( March 6 , 2014 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries : `` Gone Girl '' Review `` . Geeked Out Nation . Retrieved March 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Flasher , Stephanie ( March 18 , 2014 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries Episode 5 × 15 -- `` Gone Girl '' Review `` . March 21 , 2014 . TV After Dark . Jump up ^ Richenthal , Matt ( March 6 , 2014 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries Review : Oh , Hell '' . TV Fanatic . Retrieved March 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hall , Stephanie ( March 13 , 2014 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries # 5.15 `` Gone Girl '' Recap & Review `` . KSiteTV . Retrieved March 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Vestal , Shannon ( March 7 , 2014 ) . `` The Good , Bad , and Bloody Moments of The Vampire Diaries '' . Buzzsugar . Retrieved March 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monigle , Christopher ( March 7 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Vampire Diaries ' Season 5 Episode 15 : ' Gone Girl ' Review '' . Starpulse . Retrieved March 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wax , Alyse ( March 7 , 2014 ) . `` TV Recap : ' The Vampire Diaries ' Episode 515 - ' Gone Girl '' . Fearnet . Retrieved March 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jen ( March 7 , 2014 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries 5.15 Review : `` Gone Girl '' `` . TVovermind . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2014 . Retrieved March 8 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) List of The Vampire Diaries episodes on IMDb Afterbuzz 's discussion about `` Gone Girl '' on You Tube hide The Vampire Diaries Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Night of the Comet '' `` Friday Night Bites '' `` Family Ties '' `` You 're Undead to Me '' `` Lost Girls '' `` Haunted '' `` 162 Candles '' `` History Repeating '' `` The Turning Point '' `` Bloodlines '' `` Unpleasantville '' `` Children of the Damned '' `` Fool Me Once '' `` A Few Good Men '' `` There Goes the Neighborhood '' `` Let the Right One In '' `` Under Control '' `` Miss Mystic Falls '' `` Blood Brothers '' `` Isobel '' `` Founder 's Day '' Season 2 `` The Return '' `` Brave New World '' `` Bad Moon Rising '' `` Memory Lane '' `` Kill or Be Killed '' `` Plan B '' `` Masquerade '' `` Rose '' `` Katerina '' `` The Sacrifice '' `` By the Light of the Moon '' `` The Descent '' `` Daddy Issues '' `` Crying Wolf '' `` The Dinner Party '' `` The House Guest '' `` Know Thy Enemy '' `` The Last Dance '' `` Klaus '' `` The Last Day '' `` The Sun Also Rises '' `` As I Lay Dying '' Season 3 `` The Birthday '' `` The Hybrid '' `` The End of the Affair '' `` Disturbing Behavior '' `` The Reckoning '' `` Smells Like Teen Spirit '' `` Ghost World '' `` Ordinary People '' `` Homecoming '' `` The New Deal '' `` Our Town '' `` The Ties That Bind '' `` Bringing Out the Dead '' `` Dangerous Liaisons '' `` All My Children '' `` The Departed '' Season 4 `` Growing Pains '' `` Memorial '' `` The Rager '' `` The Five '' `` The Killer '' `` We All Go a Little Mad Sometimes '' `` My Brother 's Keeper '' `` We 'll Always Have Bourbon Street '' `` O Come , All Ye Faithful '' `` After School Special '' `` Catch Me If You Can '' `` A View to a Kill '' Season 5 `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' `` True Lies '' `` Original Sin '' `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' `` Monster 's Ball '' `` Handle with Care '' `` Death and the Maiden '' `` Dead Man on Campus '' `` The Cell '' `` Fifty Shades of Grayson '' `` 500 Years of Solitude '' `` The Devil Inside '' `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' `` No Exit '' `` Gone Girl '' `` While You Were Sleeping '' `` Rescue Me '' `` Resident Evil '' `` Man on Fire '' `` What Lies Beneath '' `` Promised Land '' `` Home '' Season 6 `` I 'll Remember '' `` Yellow Ledbetter '' `` Welcome to Paradise '' `` Black Hole Sun '' `` The World Has Turned and Left Me Here '' `` The More You Ignore Me , the Closer I Get '' `` Do You Remember the First Time ? '' `` Fade Into You '' `` I Alone '' Season 7 `` Gods and Monsters '' Season 8 `` I Was Feeling Epic '' Characters Elena Gilbert Katherine Pierce Stefan Salvatore Damon Salvatore Related Awards and nominations Novel series L.J. Smith Original Vampires The Originals episodes season 1 5 characters Legacies Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gone_Girl_(The_Vampire_Diaries)&oldid=804222128 '' Categories : 2014 American television episodes The Vampire Diaries ( season 5 ) episodes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 15 : 35 . About Wikipedia	when does katherine get out of elanas body	[]	[]
1324902343254269460	It takes a village	It takes a village - wikipedia It takes a village Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the proverb . For the book by Hillary Clinton , see It Takes a Village . It takes a village to raise a child is a proverb which means that it takes an entire community of different people interacting with children in order for children to experience and grow in a safe environment . The villages would look out for the children . This does not mean an entire village is responsible for raising your children . Attributions ( edit ) The proverb has been attributed to African cultures . In 2016 , NPR decided to research the origins of the proverb , and concluded it was unable to pinpoint its origins , though academics said the proverb nevertheless holds the true spirits of some African cultures . Examples of African societies with proverbs which translate to ' It takes a village ... ' include the following : In Lunyoro ( Bunyoro ) there is a proverb that says `` Omwana takulila nju emoi , '' whose literal translation is `` A child does not grow up only in a single home . '' In Kihaya ( Bahaya ) there is a saying , `` Omwana taba womoi , '' which translates as `` A child belongs not to one parent or home . '' In Kijita ( Wajita ) there is a proverb which says `` Omwana ni wa bhone , '' meaning regardless of a child 's biological parent ( s ) its upbringing belongs to the community . In Swahili , the proverb `` Asiye funzwa na mamae hufunzwa na ulimwengu '' approximates to the same . Books titled It takes a village ( edit ) It Takes a Village by Jane Cowen - Fletcher , published in 1994 It Takes a Village : And Other Lessons Children Teach Us , by Hillary Rodham Clinton , published in 1996 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` It Takes A Village To Determine The Origins Of An African Proverb '' . NPR . Jump up ^ `` Proverb : It takes a Whole Village to Raise a Child '' . www.h-net.org . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 01 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It_takes_a_village&oldid=825849319 '' Categories : Proverbs Hidden categories : Articles containing Swahili - language text Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 February 2018 , at 19 : 51 . About Wikipedia	it takes whole village to raise a child	[]	[]
-6148052210062078530	Jadzia Dax	Jadzia Dax - wikipedia Jadzia Dax Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article includes a list of references , related reading or external links , but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( August 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( October 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jadzia Dax Star Trek character Jadzia pictured in 2374 wearing the black and grey Starfleet uniform , introduced the previous year First appearance `` Emissary '' ( DS9 ) Portrayed by Terry Farrell Information Species Trill Affiliation United Federation of Planets Starfleet Posting Deep Space Nine USS Defiant Position Chief Science Officer Commanding Officer USS Defiant ( Season 6 ) Rank Lieutenant Commander ( Seasons 4 - 6 ) Lieutenant ( Seasons 1 - 3 ) Partner Worf Jadzia Dax / dʒ ædˈziːə ˈdæks / , played by Terry Farrell , is a fictional character from the science fiction television series Star Trek : Deep Space Nine . Jadzia Dax is a joined Trill . Though she appears to be a young woman , Jadzia lives in symbiosis with a wise and long - lived creature , known as a symbiont , named Dax . The two share a single , conscious mind , and her personality is a blending of the characteristics of both the host and the symbiont . As such , Jadzia has access to all the skills and memories of the symbiont 's seven previous hosts . Jadzia holds academic degrees in exobiology , zoology , astrophysics and exoarchaeology , all of which she earned before being joined with the symbiont Dax . ( DS9 Season 1 Episode Dax ) Jadzia Dax is the station 's chief science officer , and is close friends with commander Benjamin Sisko and Bajoran first officer Kira Nerys . Later in the series , she becomes involved with the Klingon character Worf , and they marry during the sixth season of the show . Her character is killed by Gul Dukat during the sixth - season finale ( due to her desire for a reduced role so that she had time for other things , which producer Rick Berman refused to allow ) . The character of Dax re-emerges in the seventh - season premiere in the form of Ezri Dax . Contents ( hide ) 1 Joined nature 2 Portrayal 3 Romantic interests 4 Dax and Worf 5 Death 6 References 7 External links Joined nature ( edit ) See also : Dax ( Star Trek ) Jadzia Dax is a joined Trill . `` Jadzia '' is the name of the young Trill woman , while `` Dax '' refers to a slug - like symbiont that resides in her abdomen ; Jadzia 's actual family name was never revealed on the show . In the novels , her original name is said to be Jadzia Idaris . While Jadzia is 28 years old at the beginning of the series , the creature Dax is roughly 300 years old , having previously been hosted by seven other Trill . As a result , Dax may be considered the oldest crewmate on Deep Space Nine . Prior to Jadzia , the Dax symbiont had been hosted by Lela , Tobin , Emony , Audrid , Torias , Joran , and Curzon . The burden of seven lifetimes ' worth of memories is not always a positive one ; several episodes of Deep Space Nine focus on Dax 's struggle with her dual nature : In the extended pilot episode , when Jadzia touches an Orb , a brief scene shows the symbiont being removed from Curzon and being placed into Jadzia . She ( presumably ) sees Curzon die . In the first - season episode `` Dax '' , the previous host Curzon Dax is accused of murder . This leads to an extradition hearing to determine whether Jadzia can be held responsible for crimes committed during another lifetime . While the moral question remained unsolved , the legal issue was resolved when evidence arose of Curzon 's innocence . In the second - season episode `` Invasive Procedures '' , an unjoined Trill named Verad attempts to steal the Dax symbiont . Verad is upset that his application for a joining has been rejected by the Trill Symbiosis Commission , and he plans to steal the Dax symbiont and escape into the Gamma quadrant . He manages to remove the Dax symbiont from Jadzia and partially join with it before his escape is thwarted . Later that season , Dax mentors a Trill initiate in the episode `` Playing God '' . Dax is responsible for training the young Trill , and for evaluating his suitability for joining . During the episode , Jadzia and Sisko discuss her own training under Curzon Dax , as well as the role that joining plays in Trill society . In the third - season episode `` Equilibrium '' , Dax begins to experience unsettling mental problems . She travels back to Trill to discover the source of the problems . On her homeworld , she visits the `` Caves of Mak'ala '' , a place on Trill where unjoined symbionts swim in pools carefully and lovingly tended by Trill Guardians . Eventually , she learns that Dax had previously been joined with an unsuitable host known as Joran , and that her memories of this trauma had been suppressed . Her mental problems subside after the other Trill help her to regain these memories . Later that season in the episode `` Facets '' , Jadzia encounters each of Dax 's previous hosts in the Trill `` rite of closure '' , including the insane Joran . This episode reveals much of the back story for the Dax character , and explores the relationship between Jadzia Dax , Curzon Dax , and Benjamin Sisko . In the fourth - season episode `` Rejoined '' , Jadzia Dax encounters Lenara Kahn , the current host of the symbiont Kahn , who had been previously joined to Nilani Kahn , the wife of Torias Dax . Because Torias died suddenly , Dax 's relationship with Kahn through its previous host was never resolved , and the two current hosts struggle in the episode with their feelings towards one another . This is complicated by a taboo in Trill culture against romantic relationships with partners of previous hosts . This episode features one of the first televised kisses between two female characters . Portrayal ( edit ) At the beginning of the series , Jadzia has just recently been joined with the symbiont Dax after the natural death of the previous host , Curzon Dax . Curzon had been a friend and mentor to station Commander Benjamin Sisko , and as Jadzia Dax , they continue this friendship despite the change in circumstances . Throughout the series , Sisko refers to Jadzia Dax by the affectionate nickname `` Old Man . '' She begins the series at the rank of Lieutenant ; at the start of the fourth season , she becomes a Lieutenant Commander and remains one until her death in the sixth - season finale . During the first few seasons , Jadzia Dax is pursued romantically by Dr. Julian Bashir . Dax consistently but politely rebuffs him , though she later admits that she somewhat enjoyed the attention ( cf . `` Starship Down '' ) . After Jadzia 's death , Dax 's new host Ezri begins dating Bashir . During the first season of the show , Jadzia Dax is often portrayed as somewhat reserved and aloof . In the early second - season episode `` The Siege '' , she is ill - at - ease in the spider - filled caverns of a Bajoran moon , and is later disoriented by Kira 's reckless piloting of a Bajoran starfighter . The writers ' portrayal of the character begins to change in the second season , as they emphasize Jadzia Dax 's gusto for life and extensive knowledge of other cultures : The second - season episode `` Rules of Acquisition '' begins with a scene in which Jadzia Dax plays tongo with a group of Ferengi . She seems surprisingly at home in this setting , calmly ignoring their sexist overtures and showing considerable skill at the game . Later in the episode , she remarks that the Ferengi are among the most interesting races she has encountered . Later that season , Jadzia Dax joins a group of Klingons in a revenge quest ( `` Blood Oath '' ) . In this episode , it is revealed the Curzon Dax was a Federation diplomat to the Klingon Empire , and swore a blood oath against `` the Albino '' with the Klingons Kang , Koloth , and Kor . Jadzia takes up the blood oath , and against Sisko 's wishes she travels to the Albino 's planet and participates in the revenge killing of the Albino and his minions . Jadzia Dax 's connection to the Klingon culture would become increasingly important as the series progressed , especially after the fourth - season arrival of Worf . In the episode `` The Sword of Kahless '' , Dax joins Worf and Kor in the search for the titular Klingon artifact . In `` Sons of Mogh '' , she becomes aware of and subsequently warns Captain Sisko of Worf 's attempt to kill his brother Kurn , and in `` Soldiers of the Empire '' she and Worf go on a tense mission aboard a Klingon ship . Jadzia Dax would eventually marry Worf and join him as a member of the Klingon House of Martok . Romantic interests ( edit ) Jadzia Dax was initially pursued by Dr. Julian Bashir aboard the station . The Ferengi bar owner , Quark , also has a special affection for the Trill scientist , even after the Dax symbiont was transferred to Ezri . However , her most notable and serious suitors include Deral , played by Brett Cullen , a prominent member of the recurring planet Meridian ( `` Meridian '' ) Dr. Lenara Kahn , played by Susanna Thompson , a Trill theoretical quantum physicist and the current host of the symbiont Kahn , who was previously joined to Nilani , the widow of Torias Dax ( `` Rejoined '' ) Lt. Commander Worf , a Klingon . Dax and Worf connected over their mutual love of Klingon traditions , including Klingon Opera and martial arts . Their intimate relationship began in `` Looking for par'Mach in All the Wrong Places , '' and in `` You Are Cordially Invited ... '' they were married and Jadzia Dax formally joined the House of Martok . Their attempts at parenthood ( despite the difficulties faced by biological incompatibilities between Klingons and Trills ) were cut short when Jadzia Dax was murdered . Captain Boday . An unseen former lover of Jadzia 's who is occasionally referenced . Boday is a Gallamite and like all Gallamites has a transparent skull . Worf becomes angry with Jadzia when he learns she had lunch with Boday . Dax and Worf ( edit ) In the fourth season , Michael Dorn joins the cast of Deep Space Nine as the Klingon character Worf . Perhaps because of her past interactions with Klingons , Dax is fairly flirtatious with Worf . Worf appears at first to be oblivious to this attention , and in the fifth - season episode `` Looking for par'Mach in All the Wrong Places '' he becomes enamored with a female Klingon named Grilka . This is resolved by the end of the episode , with Quark ironically winning the heart of Grilka , and Worf becoming romantically involved with Dax . In the beginning , their relationship is very sexual , with the strong implication that their encounters are somewhat rough ( the above episode ends with Worf and Dax visiting the infirmary with various bruises and other injuries ) . In the season 5 finale `` Call to Arms '' , the station is overrun by Dominion forces , and Dax and Worf are assigned to different starships for the Dominion War . Near the end of the episode , they agree to get married after the war is over . Worf and Dax 's marriage is the centerpiece of season 6 episode `` You Are Cordially Invited ... '' . During the episode , Dax must obtain permission from the lady Sirella to join the House of Martok . At first Dax is loath to pay Sirella the required respect , and the lady is unwilling to accede to Dax 's request . The situation is resolved by the conclusion , with Sirella admitting during the ceremony that nothing can stand between `` the beating of two Klingon hearts '' . Death ( edit ) Jadzia is murdered in `` Tears of the Prophets '' , the finale of the sixth season . She and Worf had been trying to conceive , despite the doubts of Dr. Bashir that such a pregnancy was possible . After Major Kira tells Jadzia she has been praying for a conception , Jadzia receives encouraging test results from Julian , and goes to the station 's temple to thank the Prophets . It now appears a pregnancy will be possible . The Cardassian Dukat arrives , possessed by a Pah - wraith , with the intention of destroying the orb - like Bajoran artifacts known as the `` Tears of the Prophets '' . Jadzia is no match for Dukat while he is infused with the Pah - wraith . He mortally wounds her and destroys the orbs . Upon her death in the infirmary , a distraught Worf screams out a Klingon wail of sorrow for his beloved and to let the Klingon afterworld know a warrior was on the way ( `` Heart of Glory '' ) . Her death shakes the crew to its core : by the beginning of season 7 , Sisko has left the station in despair and Worf has been risking his life on increasingly dangerous missions . Though the host Jadzia is dead , the symbiont Dax survives and is implanted in a Trill named Ezri Tigan . The resulting joined Trill , Ezri Dax , becomes a main character during the seventh and last season of the series . References ( edit ) Block , Paula M. ; Erdmann , Terry J. ( 2000 ) . Star trek : Deep Space Nine Companion . Pocket Books . ISBN 0 - 671 - 50106 - 2 . Reeves - Stevens , Garfield ; Reeves - Stevens , Judith ( 1994 ) . The Making of Star Trek : Deep Space Nine . Pocket Books . ISBN 0 - 671 - 87430 - 6 . Stengel , Wendy AF G. `` Intimacy & Sex on Deep Space Nine . '' Some Fantastic , Issue 6 ( Fall 2005 ) . Geraghty , Lincoln . `` Homosocial Desire on the final frontier : kinship , the American romance , and Deep Space Nine 's ' erotic triangles ' . '' Journal of Popular Culture . 36 : 3 Winter : 2003 pp. 441 -- 465 . Ferguson , Kathy . `` This Species Which Is Not One : Identity Practices in Star Trek : Deep Space Nine , '' Strategies 15.2 ( Fall , 2002 ) : 181 -- 195 . External links ( edit ) Jadzia Dax at Memory Alpha ( a Star Trek wiki ) Jadzia Dax ( mirror ) at Memory Alpha ( a Star Trek wiki ) Darlene Kursky at Memory Alpha ( a Star Trek wiki ) Jadzia Dax at StarTrek.com Lenara Kahn and Jadzia Dax kiss from ' Rejoined ' ( hide ) Star Trek : Deep Space Nine Primary characters Julian Bashir Ezri Dax Jadzia Dax Vic Fontaine Kira Nerys Miles O'Brien Odo Quark Benjamin Sisko Jake Sisko Worf Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 Other topics Awards Cast Home video releases Recurring characters `` Relaunch '' novels Companion Video games Crossroads of Time The Fallen Dominion Wars Bajor Dax Deep Space Nine USS Defiant Dominion War Runabout Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jadzia_Dax&oldid=814830792 '' Categories : Star Trek alien characters Star Trek : Deep Space Nine characters Fictional bisexual females Fictional gamblers Fictional lieutenant commanders Fictional lieutenants Fictional female musicians Fictional women scientists Fictional women soldiers and warriors Starfleet captains Starfleet officers Starfleet lieutenant commanders Starfleet lieutenants Fictional characters introduced in 1993 Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from August 2012 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from October 2010 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles with multiple maintenance issues Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Español Français Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 11 December 2017 , at 04 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what episode of deep space nine does dax die	[ "Jadzia is murdered in \"Tears of the Prophets\", the finale of the sixth season. She and Worf had been trying to conceive, despite the doubts of Dr. Bashir that such a pregnancy was possible. After Major Kira tells Jadzia she has been praying for a conception, Jadzia receives encouraging test results from Julian, and goes to the station's temple to thank the Prophets. It now appears a pregnancy will be possible. The Cardassian Dukat arrives, possessed by a Pah-wraith, with the intention of destroying the orb-like Bajoran artifacts known as the \"Tears of the Prophets\". Jadzia is no match for Dukat while he is infused with the Pah-wraith. He mortally wounds her and destroys the orbs. Upon her death in the infirmary, a distraught Worf screams out a Klingon wail of sorrow for his beloved and to let the Klingon afterworld know a warrior was on the way (\"Heart of Glory\"). Her death shakes the crew to its core: by the beginning of season 7, Sisko has left the station in despair and Worf has been risking his life on increasingly dangerous missions." ]	[ "\"Tears of the Prophets\"" ]
6346180745492985171	Connecticut Compromise	Connecticut Compromise - wikipedia Connecticut Compromise Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the agreement sometimes referred to as the Great Compromise . For the song by John Prine , see The Great Compromise ( song ) . The Connecticut Compromise ( also known as the Great Compromise of 1787 or Sherman Compromise ) was an agreement that both large and small states reached during the Constitutional Convention of 1787 that in part defined the legislative structure and representation that each state would have under the United States Constitution . It retained the bicameral legislature as proposed by Roger Sherman , along with proportional representation of the states in the lower house , but required the upper house to be weighted equally between the states . Each state would have two representatives in the upper house . Contents ( hide ) 1 Context 2 The Compromise 3 Aftermath 4 See also 5 References Context ( edit ) On May 29 , 1787 , Edmund Randolph of the Virginia delegation proposed the creation of a bicameral legislature . Under his proposal , membership in both houses would be allocated to each state proportional to its population ; however , candidates for the lower house would be nominated and elected by the people of each state . This proposal allowed fairness and equality to the people . Candidates for the upper house would be nominated by the state legislatures of each state and then elected by the members of the lower house . This proposal was known as the Virginia Plan . Less populous states like Delaware were afraid that such an arrangement would result in their voices and interests being drowned out by the larger states . Many delegates also felt that the Convention did not have the authority to completely scrap the Articles of Confederation , as the Virginia Plan would have . In response , on June 15 , 1787 , William Paterson of the New Jersey delegation proposed a legislature consisting of a single house . Each state was to have equal representation in this body , regardless of population . The New Jersey Plan , as it was called , would have left the Articles of Confederation in place , but would have amended them to somewhat increase Congress 's powers . At the time of the convention , the South was growing more quickly than the North , and Southern states had the most extensive Western claims . South Carolina , North Carolina , and Georgia were small in the 1780s , but they expected growth , and thus favored proportional representation . New York was one of the largest states at the time , but two of its three representatives ( Alexander Hamilton being the exception ) supported an equal representation per state , as part of their desire to see maximum autonomy for the states . ( The two representatives other than Hamilton had left the convention before the representation issue was resolved , leaving Hamilton , and New York state , without a vote . ) James Madison and Hamilton were two of the leaders of the proportional representation group . Madison argued that a conspiracy of large states against the small states was unrealistic as the large states were so different from each other . Hamilton argued that the states were artificial entities made up of individuals , and accused small state representatives of wanting power , not liberty ( see History of the United States Senate ) . For their part , the small state representatives argued that the states were , in fact , of a legally equal status , and that proportional representation would be unfair to their states . Gunning Bedford , Jr. of Delaware notoriously threatened on behalf of the small states , `` the small ones w ( ould ) find some foreign ally of more honor and good faith , who will take them by the hand and do them justice . '' Elbridge Gerry ridiculed the small states ' claim of sovereignty , saying `` that we never were independent States , were not such now , & never could be even on the principles of the Confederation . The States & the advocates for them were intoxicated with the idea of their sovereignty . '' The Compromise ( edit ) This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : this section is disorganized and repetitive , stating the same information multiple times in different orders so it is difficult to understand the actual sequence of events Please help improve this section if you can . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) On June 14 , when the Convention was ready to consider the report on the Virginia plan , William Paterson of New Jersey requested an adjournment to allow certain delegations more time to prepare a substitute plan . The request was granted , and , on the next day , Paterson submitted nine resolutions embodying necessary amendments to the Articles of Confederation , which was followed by a vigorous debate . On June 19 , the delegates rejected the New Jersey Plan and voted to proceed with a discussion of the Virginia Plan . The small States became increasingly discontented , and some threatened to withdraw . On July 2 , the Convention was deadlocked over giving each State an equal vote in the upper house , with five States in the affirmative , five in the negative , and one divided . The problem was referred to a committee consisting of one delegate from each State to reach a compromise . On July 5 , the committee submitted its report , which became the basis for the `` Great Compromise '' of the Convention . The report recommended that in the upper house each State should have an equal vote and in the lower house , each State should have one representative for every 40,000 inhabitants , counting slaves as three - fifths of an inhabitant , and that money bills should originate in the lower house ( not subject to amendment by the upper chamber ) . After six weeks of turmoil , North Carolina switched its vote to equal representation per state and Massachusetts abstained , and a compromise was reached , being called the `` Great Compromise . '' In the `` Great Compromise , '' every state was given equal representation , previously known as the New Jersey Plan , in one house of Congress , and proportional representation , known before as the Virginia Plan , in the other . Because it was considered more responsive to majority sentiment , the House of Representatives was given the power to originate all legislation dealing with the federal budget and revenues / taxation , per the Origination Clause . Roger Sherman and Oliver Ellsworth , both of the Connecticut delegation , created a compromise that , in a sense , blended the Virginia ( large - state ) and New Jersey ( small - state ) proposals regarding congressional apportionment . Ultimately , however , its main contribution was in determining the apportionment of the Senate . Sherman sided with the two - house national legislature of the Virginia Plan but proposed `` That the proportion of suffrage in the 1st . Branch ( house ) should be according to the respective numbers of free inhabitants ; and that in the second branch or Senate , each State should have one vote and no more . '' Although Sherman was well liked and respected among the delegates , his plan failed at first . It was not until July 23 that representation was finally settled . What was ultimately included in the constitution was a modified form of this plan , partly because the larger states disliked it . In committee , Benjamin Franklin modified Sherman 's proposal to make it more acceptable to the larger states . He added the requirement that revenue bills originate in the house . The final July 16 vote on the Connecticut Compromise left the Senate looking to the Confederation Congress . In the preceding weeks of debate , Madison , King , and Gouverneur Morris each vigorously opposed the compromise for this reason . For the nationalists , the Convention 's vote for the compromise was a stunning defeat . However , on July 23 , they found a way to salvage their vision of an elite , independent Senate . Just before most of the convention 's work was referred to the Committee of Detail , Morris and King moved that state representatives in the Senate be given individual votes , rather than voting en bloc , as they had in the Confederation Congress . Then Oliver Ellsworth , a leading proponent of the Connecticut Compromise , supported their motion , and the Convention adopted it . As the Convention had early acquiesced in the Virginia Plan 's proposal that senators have long terms , restoring that Plan 's vision of individually powerful senators stopped the Senate from becoming a strong safeguard of federalism . State governments lost their direct say in Congress 's decisions to make national laws . As the personally influential senators received terms much longer than the state legislators who appointed them , they became substantially independent . The compromise nonetheless continued to serve the self - interest of small - state political leaders , who were assured of access to more seats in the Senate than they might otherwise have obtained . Aftermath ( edit ) Senate representation was explicitly protected in Article Five of the United States Constitution : ... no state , without its consent , shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate . This agreement allowed deliberations to continue and thus led to the Three - Fifths Compromise , which further complicated the issue of popular representation in the House . See also ( edit ) History of the United States Senate Constitutional Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Three - Fifths Compromise References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Madison 's notes , June 16 1787 '' . Yale Avalon project . Jump up ^ `` Madison 's notes , May 30 1787 '' . Yale Avalon project . Jump up ^ `` Madison 's notes , June 15 1787 '' . Yale Avalon project . Jump up ^ `` Madison 's notes , June 29 1787 '' . Yale Avalon project . ^ Jump up to : Yazawa , Melvin ( 2016 ) . Contested Conventions : The Struggle to Establish the Constitution and Save the Union , 1787 -- 1789 . JHU Press . p. 67 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4214 - 2026 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : US Constitution.net . `` Constitutional Topic : The Constitutional Convention '' . Retrieved October 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ 1 THE RECORDS OF THE FEDERAL CONVENTION OF 1787 , at 489 , 490 , 551 ( Max Farrand ed. , 1911 ) Jump up ^ 2 THE RECORDS OF THE FEDERAL CONVENTION OF 1787 , at 94 - 95 ( Max Farrand ed. , 1911 ) Jump up ^ See Laurence Claus , Power Enumeration and the Silences of Constitutional Federalism http://ssrn.com/abstract=2837390 Jump up ^ National Archives and Records Administration . `` The Constitution of the United states Article V '' . archives.gov . ( hide ) United States Constitution Text ( via Wikisource ) Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments 1 -- 10 Amendments 11 -- 27 Unsuccessful Proposed Amendments Debates in State Conventions on the Adoption of the Constitution Preamble and articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 Others 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Repealed Eighteenth Amendment Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights List of Amendments Bill of Rights ( Amendments 1 -- 10 ) Reconstruction Amendments ( Amendments 13 -- 15 ) Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bills of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Congressional enforcement Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Connecticut_Compromise&oldid=815498920 '' Categories : Drafting of the United States Constitution History of the United States ( 1776 -- 89 ) 1787 in the United States Hidden categories : Articles needing cleanup from May 2015 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from May 2015 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from May 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Galego 한국어 Simple English 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 05 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the great compromise at the constitutional convention was negotiated by delegates from which state	[ "The Connecticut Compromise (also known as the Great Compromise of 1787 or Sherman Compromise) was an agreement that both large and small states reached during the Constitutional Convention of 1787 that in part defined the legislative structure and representation that each state would have under the United States Constitution. It retained the bicameral legislature as proposed by Roger Sherman, along with proportional representation of the states in the lower house, but required the upper house to be weighted equally between the states. Each state would have two representatives in the upper house." ]	[ "Connecticut" ]
4419126792901775021	California Proposition 65 (1986)	California Proposition 65 ( 1986 ) - wikipedia California Proposition 65 ( 1986 ) Jump to : navigation , search Product information insert for plastic plumbing fixture , which includes at bottom a Proposition 65 warning notice . Proposition 65 ( formally titled `` The Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986 '' ) is a California law passed by direct voter initiative in 1986 by a 63 % - 37 % vote . Its goals are to protect drinking water sources from toxic substances that may cause cancer and birth defects and to reduce or eliminate exposures to those chemicals generally , for example in consumer products , by requiring warnings in advance of those exposures . Contents ( hide ) 1 Introduction 2 Rationale and enumerated rights 3 Enforcement 4 Warning label 5 Abuse 6 Recent reform efforts 7 Reformulation of consumer goods 7.1 Summary of settlements 8 List of chemicals 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Introduction ( edit ) Proposition 65 is administered by Cal / EPA 's California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment ( OEHHA ) . Proposition 65 regulates substances officially listed by California as having a 1 in 100,000 chance of causing cancer over a 70 - year period or birth defects or other reproductive harm in two ways . The first statutory requirement of Proposition 65 prohibits businesses from knowingly discharging listed substances into drinking water sources , or onto land where the substances can pass into drinking water sources . The second prohibits businesses from knowingly exposing individuals to listed substances without providing a clear and reasonable warning . An official list of substances covered by Proposition 65 is maintained and made publicly available . Chemicals are added to or removed from the official list based on California 's analysis of current scientific information . All substances listed show their known risk factors , a unique CAS chemical classification number , the date they were listed , and , if so , whether they have been delisted . Proposition 65 remains politically controversial even after 25 years , in large part because , in effect , it puts the burden of proof on business instead of government to make a key scientific determination about safety levels for specific toxic chemicals that the businesses are knowingly exposing members of the public to . According to the California Environmental Protection Agency , `` Proposition 65 has ... increased public awareness about the adverse effects of exposures to listed chemicals ... ( and ) provided an incentive for manufacturers to remove listed chemicals from their products ... Although Proposition 65 has benefited Californians , it has come at a cost for companies doing business in the state . '' The law has also been criticized for the proliferation of `` bounty hunter '' lawsuits . Attorneys have collected more than two - thirds of the money paid by businesses to settle Proposition 65 lawsuits since 2000 . Proposition 65 's effectiveness also remains controversial , with some pointing out the lack of any studies suggesting a decrease in cancer rates in the state . Rationale and enumerated rights ( edit ) Elections in California Federal government ( show ) Presidential elections 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Primary elections Democratic 2000 2008 2016 Republican 2000 2008 2012 2016 United States Senate elections 1950 1980 1982 1986 1988 1992 1992 ( special ) 1994 1998 2000 2006 2012 2016 2018 Congressional elections At - Large ( 1849 - 1863 ) 1864 1866 1868 1870 1872 1874 1876 1878 1880 1882 1884 1886 1888 1890 1892 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 12 ( 1946 ) 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1998 2000 2002 2006 11 ( 2006 ) 2008 2012 2014 2016 2018 Special elections to the House 5 ( 2005 ) 48 ( 2005 ) 36 ( 2007 ) 12 ( 2008 ) 10 ( 2009 ) 32 ( 2009 ) 36 ( 2011 ) 34 ( 2017 ) State government ( executive ) ( show ) Gubernatorial elections 1849 1851 1853 1855 1857 1859 1861 1863 1867 1871 1875 1879 1882 1886 1890 1894 1898 1902 1906 1910 1914 1918 1922 1926 1930 1934 1938 1942 1946 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2003 ( recall ) 2006 2014 2018 Lieutenant gubernatorial elections 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Attorney General elections 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Secretary of State elections 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Treasurer elections 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Controller elections 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Insurance Commissioner elections 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Superintendent of Public Instruction elections 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 State government ( legislative ) ( show ) State Senate elections 1990 1992 1994 1998 2000 2002 2006 2008 2012 2014 2016 2018 Special State Assembly elections 1992 1994 1998 2000 2002 2006 2008 2012 2014 2016 2018 Special State government ( judicial ) ( show ) Court of Appeals elections 1994 1998 2002 2006 Propositions ( show ) 1910 -- 1919 1911 7 8 1960 -- 1969 1964 14 1970 -- 1979 1972 11 17 9 1978 8 13 Briggs Initiative 1980 -- 1989 1982 8 1986 64 65 1988 98 99 1990 -- 1999 1994 187 196 209 215 218 1998 6 10 227 2000 -- 2009 2000 21 22 36 39 2003 53 54 1A 55 56 57 58 59 60 60A 61 62 63 64 65 66 69 71 2005 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 2006 81 82 83 85 87 89 90 2008 91 92 93 94 , 95 , 96 , and 97 98 and 99 1A 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 2009 1A 1B 1C 1D 1E 1F 2010 -- 2019 13 14 15 16 17 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 2012 29 30 32 34 37 38 39 2014 41 42 45 46 47 48 2016 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 Full list Elections by year ( show ) State elections Nov 1992 Nov 1994 Nov 1996 Nov 1998 Nov 2000 Nov 2002 Nov 2004 Nov 2005 Nov 2006 Feb 2008 Jun 2008 Nov 2008 May 2009 Jun 2010 Nov 2010 Jun 2012 Nov 2012 2014 Jun 2016 Nov 2016 Los Angeles ( show ) Mayoral elections 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1909 ( M ) 1909 ( N ) 1911 1913 1915 1917 1919 1921 1923 1925 1929 1933 1937 1938 1941 1945 1949 1953 1957 1961 1965 1969 1973 1977 1981 1985 2005 2009 2013 2017 General elections 2009 2011 City Attorney elections 2009 Board of Supervisors elections 1980 2006 2008 2012 San Diego ( show ) Mayoral elections 1887 1889 1891 1893 1895 1897 1899 1901 1903 1905 1907 1909 1911 1913 1915 1917 1919 1921 1923 1925 1927 1929 1931 1932 1935 1939 1943 1947 1951 1955 1959 1963 1967 1971 1979 1984 1986 1988 1992 2000 2005 2008 2012 2013 -- 14 2016 City Council elections 2002 2006 2008 2012 2014 2016 2018 City Attorney elections 2008 2016 General elections Jun 2010 Nov 2010 Jun 2012 Nov 2012 Jun 2014 Nov 2014 Jun 2016 Nov 2016 San Francisco ( show ) Mayoral elections 1979 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2018 Board of Supervisors elections 1977 1998 2000 2002 2006 2008 2012 2014 2016 2018 General elections Mar 2004 Nov 2004 Nov 2005 Jun 2006 Nov 2006 Nov 2007 Feb 2008 Jun 2008 Nov 2008 Nov 2009 Jun 2010 Nov 2010 Nov 2011 Jun 2012 Nov 2012 Nov 2013 San Jose ( show ) Mayoral elections 2014 In addition to amending the California Health and Safety Code , Proposition 65 contained the following language in the 1986 ballot initiative : SECTION 1 . The people of California find that hazardous chemicals pose a serious potential threat to their health and well - being , that state government agencies have failed to provide them with adequate protection , and that these failures have been serious enough to lead to investigations by federal agencies of the administration of California 's toxic protection programs . The people therefore declare their rights : ( a ) To protect themselves and the water they drink against chemicals that cause cancer , birth defects , or other reproductive harm . ( b ) To be informed about exposures to chemicals that cause cancer , birth defects , or other reproductive harm . ( c ) To secure strict enforcement of the laws controlling hazardous chemicals and deter actions that threaten public health and safety . ( d ) To shift the cost of hazardous waste cleanups more onto offenders and less onto law - abiding citizens . The people hereby enact the provisions of this initiative in furtherance of their rights . The Legislature 's 2003 amendments to Proposition 65 contained the statement that the changes `` further the purposes of the Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986 . '' Enforcement ( edit ) Enforcement is carried out through civil lawsuits against Proposition 65 violators . These lawsuits may be brought by the California Attorney General , any district attorney , or certain city attorneys ( those in cities with a population exceeding 750,000 ) . Lawsuits may also be brought by private parties `` acting in the public interest , '' but only after providing notice of the alleged violation to the Attorney General , the appropriate district attorney and city attorney , and the business accused of the violation . A Proposition 65 Notice of Violation must provide adequate information to allow the recipient to assess the nature of the alleged violation . A notice must comply with the information and procedural requirements specified in regulations . A private party may not pursue an enforcement action directly under Proposition 65 if one of the government officials noted above initiates an action within sixty days of the notice . After 2003 , private enforcers must also serve a certificate of merit ( statement of expert consultation ( s ) supporting belief of reasonable and meritorious private action ) as a means of preventing frivolous enforcement actions . A business found to be in violation of Proposition 65 is subject to civil penalties of up to $2,500 per day for each violation . In addition , the business may be ordered by a court of law to stop committing the violation . Other penalties may apply , including unfair business practices violations as limited under California Proposition 64 ( 2004 ) . Businesses can become compliant by learning upfront whether or not their products contain chemicals that match the current Proposition 65 list of 910 chemicals . Users can do this by searching in a Microsoft Excel chemical list or a website offering the search by chemical name or CAS Number . Product manufacturers may also learn if a chemical in their products has been removed from the Proposition 65 list , such as saccharin , removed December 2010 . Alternatively , they can post generic Prop 65 warnings just in case their products contain any listed chemicals . Warning label ( edit ) California Proposition 65 Warning The following warning language is standard on products sold in California if they contain chemicals on the Proposition 65 list and the amount of exposure caused by the product is not within defined safety limits . WARNING : This product contains chemicals known to the State of California to cause cancer and birth defects or other reproductive harm . The wording can be changed as necessary , so long as it communicates that the chemical in question is known to the state to cause cancer , or birth defects or other reproductive harm . For exposures from other sources , such as car exhaust in a parking garage , a standard sign might read : `` This area contains chemicals known to the State of California to cause cancer , or birth defects or other reproductive harm '' . ABUSE ( edit ) A vague Prop 65 warning sign at Disneyland Resort . Some businesses in the state post similar notices on their premises , even when they have not evaluated the actual level of risk from a listed chemical they know is present . Warning signs are often posted at gas stations , hardware suppliers , grocery stores , drug stores , medical facilities , and many other businesses . Government agencies , parking garages , hotels , apartment complexes , retail stores , banks , and restaurants also post warning signs because of the possibility of hazardous chemicals being present in everyday items or the nearby environment . Some large businesses , such as utility companies , mail a Prop 65 notice to all customers each year to warn them of dangerous substances like natural gas or the sand used in sandblasting . There is no penalty for posting an unnecessary warning sign . Because of the overuse of the vague warning , the ubiquitous signs ultimately communicate very little information to the end user . This problem has been recognized by California courts , advocates , and businesses . Political controversy over the law , including industry attempts to have it preempted by federal law , have died down . However , enforcement actions remain controversial . Most of the Proposition 65 complaints are filed on behalf of straw man plaintiffs by private attorneys , some of whose businesses are built entirely on filing Proposition 65 lawsuits . Proposition 65 has also been criticized because the majority of settlement money collected from businesses has been used to pay plaintiffs ' attorney fees . Businesses paid over $14.58 million in attorney fees and costs in 2012 , 71 % of all settlement money paid . Labeling requirements conceded the reality that listing and classifying substances did not help the consumer if the contents of a purchase were unknown . At the same time , there were no other labeling requirements to support the proposition . Industry critics and corporate defense lawyers charge that Proposition 65 is `` a clever and irritating mechanism used by litigious NGOs and others to publicly spank politically incorrect opponents ranging from the American gun industry to seafood retailers , etc . '' In addition , because the law allows private citizens to sue and collect damages from any business violating the law , there have been cases of lawyers and law firms using Proposition 65 to force monetary settlements out of California businesses . The Attorney General 's office has cited several instances of settlements where plaintiff attorneys received significant awards without providing for environmental benefit to the people of California , resulting in the requirement of the Attorney General 's approval of pre-trial Proposition 65 settlements . The Attorney General also objected to efforts in settlements between private parties to pre-empt the Attorney General 's right and duty to protect the public interest against future violations . Recent reform efforts ( edit ) In the 2013 - 14 session of the California State Assembly , a consensus bill , AB 227 , introduced by Assemblyman Mike Gatto ( D - Los Angeles ) , effectively offered to protect certain small companies in specified circumstances from the threat of citizen enforcement lawsuits , by providing them with a streamlined compliance procedure . The bill was passed unanimously and was enacted on October 10 , 2013 . Following the success of AB 227 , Gov. Jerry Brown announced on May 7 , 2013 that his office plans to introduce a proposal to reform Proposition 65 . Since Brown 's initial announcement , his office has held meetings with Proposition 65 stakeholders , but has been tight - lipped about what was accomplished by the meetings . According to California Environmental Protection Agency Secretary Matthew Rodriquez , the Governor 's office plans to release a white paper after concluding its stakeholder meetings . The white paper may form the basis of a legislative proposal by the Governor . Assembly Bill 1252 , introduced by Assemblyman Brian Jones ( R - Santee ) during the 2015 - 2016 legislative session , proposed giving small businesses two weeks to fix violations before a lawsuit can be filed . The legislation died in committee . Reformulation of consumer goods ( edit ) Over the years , Prop 65 has led to consent agreements for a variety of consumer products , such as bibs , bicycles , products containing brass , cookware , cosmetics , exercise mats , ceramic ware and glassware , clothing , fake leather upholstery , headphone cables , jewelry , lunchboxes , poker chips , luggage , and accessories . In early 2011 , a number of new Prop 65 consent agreements were reported , covering vinyl inflatable structures , vinyl lounge chairs , inspection lights with clamp handles , brass door handles , cadmium in jewelry and a revised judgment for fashion accessories . In the latter part of 2011 , further consent agreements were reported . These included reformulation of up to 1000 ppm DEHP for book covers and jackets . Further reformulations for lead content also concluded . For fashion jackets and belts with components that can be handled , touched or mouthed , two tests are necessary for compliance : less than 1.0 μg lead using method NIOSH 9100 and less than 100 ppm lead using EPA 3050B . More recently , since December 2011 and during the first half of 2012 , a further number of consent settlements for Prop 65 have been concluded , enforcing reformulation of a range of additional products by specifying the limits of heavy metals and organic chemicals . Summary of settlements ( edit ) In externally decorated glassware the cadmium and lead content are limited , with lower concentrations permitted for the lip or rim region . Lead content is also restricted in ceramic ware with exterior decorations , booster cables , and safety pins in varying concentrations . In the case of safety pins the preliminary limit is 300 ppm for 2012 , but a much lower limit of 100 ppm will come into force in 2013 . For the grips of hand tools the content of lead and certain phthalates are restricted . Various specific phthalates are also restricted in varying concentrations in notepads with vinyl coverings , purses , slippers , flip flops with rhinestones and similar plastic footwear , ear buds and headsets , and exercise / fitness mats . Restriction on volatile organic compounds ( VOCs ) is defined for smoothing solution products , and in this case a specific warning is mandatory in the material safety data sheets if the product releases detectable amounts of formaldehyde . List of chemicals ( edit ) Main article : California Proposition 65 list of chemicals Proposition 65 requires that the governor revise and republish at least once per year the list of chemicals known to the State to cause cancer or reproductive toxicity . See also ( edit ) California ballot proposition Environmentalism Pollution Toxicity References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment '' . Oehha.ca.gov . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ OEHHA list of substances as of January , 2015 `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2015 - 02 - 16 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ If a `` no significant effect '' level has been established for a cancer - causing chemical listed under Prop. 65 , then no warning is required as long as the actual exposure is below that level . But it is up to the business causing the exposure to know what that level is , and to do the scientific analysis if government has not already done so . Jump up ^ Proposition 65 FAQ California Environmental Protection Agency Accessed 25 October 2012 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Orange County Register Accessed 15 September 2015 Jump up ^ http://www.ocregister.com/articles/businesses-681758-prop-state.html Jump up ^ `` Caution : This Warning May Be Useless '' . Retrieved 3 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Prop. 65 ballot pamphlet full text from Hastings ' California Ballot Measures Databases Jump up ^ `` AB 1756 of 2003 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Proposition 65 '' . California Cleaners Association . Retrieved 10 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 01 - 19 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` PROPOSITION 65 LIST '' . Caslab.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Saccharin Removed from EPA 's Hazardous Substance List '' . Caslab.com. 2010 - 12 - 15 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ ComplianceSigns.com . `` CA Proposition 65 Signs '' . InfoTag , Inc . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Prop 65 Made Simple '' . Prop 65 News . 2005 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 22 . When a warning is given by a business , it means one of two things : ( 1 ) the business has evaluated the exposure and has concluded that it exceeds the no significant risk level ; or ( 2 ) the business has chosen to provide a warning simply based on its knowledge about the presence of a listed chemical , without attempting to evaluate the exposure . In these cases , exposure could be below the Proposition 65 level of concern , or could even be zero . ^ Jump up to : Written Testimony of Jeffrey B. Margulies . Proposition 65 's Effect on Small Businesses . In the United States House of Representatives , Committee on Small Business . October 28 , 1999 . `` Implications for consumers . While the intent of Prop 65 was to `` inform '' consumers , the impact of warnings under the Act has been a proliferation of meaningless warnings . Virtually every business has some sort of Prop 65 warning sign posted , and innumerable products are labeled with the warning . From gas stations to hotels , from grocery stores to hardware stores , consumers are deluged with warnings that they are being exposed to unnamed carcinogens and reproductive toxins . They are not told either the degree of exposure or the likelihood that they may actually be impacted by it . Moreover , because the risks to business of not providing a warning , many provide a warning even though they do n't actually know whether an exposure is occurring , or even if the exposure is trivial , further diluting the meaning of warnings to consumers . Jump up ^ Watts Water Technologies , Inc . `` California Proposition 65 '' . Jump up ^ Kaweah Delta Health Care District . `` Electronic Devices '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` California Hotel & Lodging Association Helps Lodging Guests Understand Proposition 65 ; Court Approval Obtained for Comprehensive Compliance Procedure '' ( Press release ) . California Hotel & Lodging Association . 2004 - 07 - 07 . Archived from the original on 2005 - 08 - 24 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 22 . `` Unfortunately , the ' safe harbor ' warning - sign language specified under Proposition 65 is designed to be so all - encompassing that it is vague and typically does n't provide much useful information , '' said Jim Abrams , president and CEO of CH&LA . `` People see Prop. 65 warning signs nearly every place they go -- grocery and hardware stores , restaurants , commercial buildings , car show rooms , hotels and inns , pretty much everywhere ... Jump up ^ Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment . `` Comparison of the Warning Requirement and the Government Employee Disclosure Requirement '' . California Environmental Protection Agency . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment . `` Proposition 65 Fact Sheet for Tenants '' . California Environmental Protection Agency . Jump up ^ Target.com . `` California Proposition 65 '' . Jump up ^ Lucas , Greg ( 2005 - 05 - 25 ) . `` Cancer label for foods is considered '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ `` July 2008 bill inserts '' . Pacific Gas and Electric Company . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 22 . Pacific Gas and Electric Company uses chemicals in its operations that are `` known to the State of California '' to cause cancer , birth defects or other reproductive harm . For example , Pacific Gas and Electric Company uses natural gas and petroleum products in its operations . Pacific Gas and Electric Company also delivers natural gas to its customers . Petroleum products , natural gas , and their combustion by - products contain chemicals `` known to the State of California '' to cause cancer , birth defects or other reproductive harm . Jump up ^ `` Proposition 65 -- Public Warning '' ( PDF ) . Pacific Gas and Electric Company . April 2004 . p. 4 . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on 16 March 2007 . Retrieved 10 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Proposition 65 Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986 '' . State of California . 1986 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ Consumer Defense Group v. Rental Housing Industry Members , 40 Cal Rptr 3d 832 ( Cal . Ct . App . 4th Dist . Div. 3 2006 - 03 - 24 ) ( `` Given the ease with which it was brought , and the absolute lack of any real public benefit from telling people that things like dried paint may be slowly emitting lead molecules or that parking lots are places where there might be auto exhaust , instead of $540,000 , this legal work merited an award closer to a dollar ninety - eight . '' ) . ^ Jump up to : Consumer Defense Group v. Rental Housing Industry Members , 40 Cal Rptr 3d 832 ( Cal . Ct . App . 4th Dist . Div. 3 2006 - 03 - 24 ) ( `` As the Attorney General pointed out in oral argument , it does not serve the public interest to have the almost the entirety of the state of California `` swamped in a sea ( of ) generic warning signs . '' '' ) . Jump up ^ Pamela A. MacLean ( 2006 - 04 - 13 ) . `` Calif . Judge Blasts Firm in Toxic - Warnings Case '' . The National Law Journal . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ Indira Nair and Detlof von Winterfeldt . `` Equity and Environmental Justice Considerations in Electromagnetic Field ( EMF ) Policy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 07 - 26 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 22 . This is to be contrasted with Prop. 65 warning experience where the public received meaningless warnings filled with disclaimers , information that trivializes risk , and fails to put it into context . Jump up ^ `` Defending the Proposition 65 Bounty Hunter Case '' . Docstoc.com. 2007 - 12 - 29 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Dorothy Pomerantz ( 2001 - 10 - 15 ) . `` Toxic Avengers - Forbes.com '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` CALIFORNIA 'S ATTORNEY GENERAL ACKNOWLEDGES PROP 65 ABUSE '' ( PDF ) . 2007 - 07 - 27 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ https://oag.ca.gov/prop65 Jump up ^ `` NGO Strategies for 2004 and Beyond '' . Fisheries.ifcnr.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Cal . Attorney General news alert , paragraph 10 '' . Ag.ca.gov. 2005 - 08 - 26 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Chapter 3 - Settlement Guidelines , Cal . Attorney General 's Proposition 65 regulations Jump up ^ `` Bill Text - AB - 227 Proposition 65 : enforcement '' . Leginfo.legislature.ca.gov. 2002 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Gov. Brown Announces Proposition 65 Reform Proposal '' . Prop65news.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ http://oehha.ca.gov/prop65.html Jump up ^ California Proposition 65 list of chemicals External links ( edit ) Official Proposition 65 website Official Proposition 65 list of substances California Attorney General - Proposition 65 regulations Forbes.com - Toxic Avengers , Morse Mehrban gets rich from Proposition 65 ( hide ) Health issues of plastics and polyhalogenated compounds ( PHCs ) Plasticizers : Phthalates DIBP DBP BBP ( BBzP ) DIHP DEHP ( DOP ) DIDP DINP Miscellaneous plasticizers Organophosphates Adipates ( DEHA DOA ) Monomers Bisphenol A ( BPA , in Polycarbonates ) Vinyl chloride ( in PVC ) Miscellaneous additives incl . PHCs PBDEs PCBs Organotins PFCs Perfluorooctanoic acid Health issues Teratogen Carcinogen Endocrine disruptor Diabetes Obesity Obesogen Polymer fume fever Pollution Plastic pollution Great Pacific garbage patch Persistent organic pollutant Dioxins List of environmental health hazards Regulations California Proposition 65 European REACH regulation Japan Toxic Substances Law Toxic Substances Control Act Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=California_Proposition_65_(1986)&oldid=823018527 '' Categories : 1986 in the environment California ballot propositions , 1986 Environment of California United States state environmental legislation Initiatives in the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 29 January 2018 , at 21 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	this product contains chemicals known to the state of california to cause	[]	[]
-1101465897721703916	Magnum P.I. (2018 TV series)	Magnum P.I. ( 2018 tv series ) - wikipedia Magnum P.I. ( 2018 tv series ) Magnum P.I. Genre Crime drama Based on Magnum , P.I. by Donald P. Bellisario Glen A. Larson Developed by Peter M. Lenkov Eric Guggenheim Starring Jay Hernandez Perdita Weeks Zachary Knighton Stephen Hill Amy Hill Tim Kang Composer ( s ) Brian Tyler Keith Power Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 6 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) John Davis John Fox Eric Guggenheim Peter M. Lenkov Justin Lin Danielle Woodrow Producer ( s ) Craig Cannold Running time 45 minutes Production company ( s ) 101st Street Entertainment Perfect Storm Entertainment Davis Entertainment Universal Television CBS Television Studios Distributor NBCUniversal Television Distribution Release Original network CBS Picture format 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release September 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 24 ) -- present ( present ) External links Website Magnum P.I. is an American crime drama television series developed by Peter M. Lenkov and Eric Guggenheim . It is a reboot of the series of the same name created by Donald P. Bellisario and Glen A. Larson , which aired from 1980 to 1988 . It stars Jay Hernandez as the title character alongside Perdita Weeks , Zachary Knighton , Stephen Hill , Amy Hill , and Tim Kang . The pilot was directed by Justin Lin It was ordered to series on May 11 , 2018 , and premiered September 24 , 2018 , on CBS . On October 19 , 2018 , it was announced that the series had received a full season order from CBS . Contents 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 1.3 Guest 2 Episodes 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Ratings 5 References 6 External links Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Jay Hernandez as Thomas Magnum , a former Navy Seal who works as a security consultant for the successful novelist Robin Masters and a private investigator . Perdita Weeks as Juliet Higgins , a former MI6 agent who is major - domo to Robin Masters , she and Magnum bicker but become allies . Zachary Knighton as Orville `` Rick '' Wright , an ex-Marine who runs his own bar and is also a playboy . Stephen Hill as Theodore `` TC '' Calvin , an ex-Marine helicopter pilot who runs helicopter tours of Hawaii and is a member of Magnum 's team . Amy Hill as Kumu , the cultural curator of Robin Masters ' estate . Tim Kang as Detective Gordon Katsumoto , Magnum 's ally . Recurring ( edit ) Domenick Lombardozzi as Sebastian Nuzo Kimee Balmilero as medical examiner Noelani Cunha , a crossover character from Hawaii Five - 0 . Guest ( edit ) Taylor Wily as entrepreneur Kamekona Tupuola , a crossover character from Hawaii Five - 0 . Faith Fay as Monica Sung Kang as Lieutenant Yoshi Tanaka Carl Weathers as Dan Sawyer Ken Jeong as Luther H. Gillis , private investigator . Cyndi Lauper as Vanessa Nero Elisabeth Röhm as Brooke Mason Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) `` I Saw the Sun Rise '' Justin Lin Peter M. Lenkov & Eric Guggenheim September 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 24 ) MPI101 8.12 `` From the Head Down '' Karen Gaviola Peter M. Lenkov & Eric Guggenheim October 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 01 ) MPI102 6.23 `` The Woman Who Never Died '' Sylvain White Joe Gazzam October 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 08 ) MPI103 6.08 `` Six Paintings , One Frame '' Antonio Negret Ashley Gable October 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 15 ) MPI104 5.48 5 `` Sudden Death '' David Grossman David Fury October 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 22 ) MPI106 5.63 6 `` Death is Only Temporary '' Duane Clark Gene Hong & Scarlett Lacey October 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 29 ) MPI105 5.69 7 `` The Cat Who Cried Wolf '' Eagle Egilsson Neil Tolkin November 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 11 - 05 ) MPI107 TBD 8 `` Die He Said '' Peter Weller Joe Gazzam November 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 11 - 12 ) TBA TBD Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) On October 20 , 2017 , CBS announced a pilot commitment for a remake of the original series to be written by Peter M. Lenkov and Eric Guggenheim . The pilot would be co-produced by CBS Studios and Universal Television , the latter of which holds the rights to the original series . In February 2018 , CBS announced that pilot production had been greenlit . Justin Lin was set to direct . On May 11 , 2018 , the network picked up the series . Co-creator and executive producer Peter M. Lenkov will serve as the showrunner . On May 16 , 2018 , CBS released a first video trailer for new series . The pilot episode was aired as a special preview prior to the series San Diego Comic - Con panel . On July 19 , 2018 , Lenkov announced that multiple crossovers have been planned with the ninth season of Hawaii Five - 0 . Lenkov confirmed that Kimee Balmilero and Taylor Wily will make guest appearances as their Hawaii Five - 0 characters , medical examiner Noelani Cunha and entrepreneur Kamekona Tupuola respectively . Balmilero is set to appear in episode one while Wily is set to appear in episode two . Meanwhile , Alex O'Loughlin's character , Steve McGarrett , is set to cross paths with Hernandez 's character later in the season . On Wednesday , August 22 , 2018 , with the anticipated landfall of Hurricane Lane , a Category 4 hurricane , in Hawaii CBS reported that they `` were closely monitoring the situation '' but that production would continue as planned . The following day CBS temporarily shut down production of both Magnum P.I. and Hawaii Five - 0 until further notice . Casting ( edit ) On February 20 , 2018 , Jay Hernandez was announced as the new Magnum . It was announced on March 2 , 2018 that Perdita Weeks will play Juliet Higgins . According to a May 16 , 2018 announcement , Magnum 's best friend from U.S. Marines , Rick Wright , will be portrayed by Zachary Knighton . Three days later , it was announced that another one of Magnum 's friends , Theodore `` T.C. '' Calvin , will be played by Stephen Hill . On July 20 , 2018 , it was announced that Tim Kang would join the cast as Honolulu PD detective Gordon Katsumoto , who will develop a friendly rivalry with Magnum as they work cases . Finally , it was announced on July 25 , 2018 that Amy Hill had been cast in a recurring role . Hill and Kang both debuted in the series ' third episode . Filming ( edit ) Following production of the pilot earlier in the year , filming for the first season began on July 23 , 2018 with a traditional Hawaiian blessing . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Magnum P.I. has been met with mixed reviews . On review aggregation Rotten Tomatoes , the series holds an approval rating of 53 % with an average rating of 5.88 / 10 , based on 15 reviews . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` The rebooted Magnum P.I. may not be quite distinctive enough to hold up to comparisons with its source material , but a charismatic star , slickly staged action , and a handful of modern twists hint at greater potential . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned the series a score of 47 out of 100 based on 16 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews . '' Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` I Saw the Sun Rise '' September 24 , 2018 1.2 / 5 8.12 0.7 3.86 1.9 11.99 `` From the Head Down '' October 1 , 2018 0.9 / 4 6.23 0.6 2.90 1.5 9.14 `` The Woman Who Never Died '' October 8 , 2018 0.9 / 4 6.08 0.5 2.76 1.4 8.84 `` Six Paintings , One Frame '' October 15 , 2018 0.9 / 4 5.48 TBD TBD TBD TBD 5 `` Sudden Death '' October 22 , 2018 0.8 / 3 5.63 TBD TBD TBD TBD 6 `` Death is Only Temporary '' October 29 , 2018 0.8 / 3 5.69 TBD TBD TBD TBD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 18 , 2018 ) . `` Upfronts 2018 : Network Ownership Peaks , Digital Rights Demands Increase As Volume & License Fees Slide '' . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Magnum P.I. ' , ' God Friended Me ' & ' The Red Line ' Dramas Get CBS Series Orders '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Magnum P.I ' : Justin Lin To Direct CBS Pilot Reboot '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( October 19 , 2018 ) . `` God Friended Me , Neighborhood , Magnum Snag Full - Season Orders '' . TVLine . Retrieved October 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( September 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' The Good Doctor ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( October 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' The Good Doctor ' and ' Dancing with the Stars ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( October 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Bull ' and ' The Resident ' adjust up , ' Manifest ' and ' The Voice ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( October 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Magnum P.I. ' and ' Bull ' adjust up , ' Dancing with the Stars ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( October 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Happy Together ' adjusts up , ' Dancing with the Stars ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( October 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' Happy Together ' adjusts up , ' Dancing with the Stars ' and ' The Good Doctor ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` MAGNUM TAKES THE CASE OF A LITTLE GIRL 'S MISSING CAT AND , IN THE PROCESS , STUMBLES UPON ANOTHER CAT 'S MURDERED OWNER WHO HAPPENS TO BE AN FBI AGENT , ON `` MAGNUM P.I. , '' MONDAY , NOV. 5 `` . CBS Press Express . October 22 , 2018 . Retrieved October 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` '' Die He Said `` '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Magnum P.I. ' Reboot In the Works At CBS '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Magnum P.I. ' & ' Cagney And Lacey ' Reboots , Cop Drama ' Chiefs ' Get CBS Pilot Orders '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Magnum P.I ' : Justin Lin To Direct CBS Pilot Reboot '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Magnum P.I. ' , ' God Friended Me ' & ' The Red Line ' Dramas Get CBS Series Orders '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Lenkov , Peter ( July 19 , 2018 ) . `` Comic - Con 2018 : Stream Exclusive Video Of Magnum P.I. Panel '' . CBS ( Interview ) . Interviewed by Kevin Frazier . San Diego Comic - Con . Retrieved July 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Surette , Tim ( July 19 , 2018 ) . `` The No - Brainer Magnum P.I. - Hawaii Five - 0 Crossover Will Happen , Obviously '' . TV Guide . Retrieved July 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( July 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Magnum P.I. ' will do a crossover episode with ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' producer promises '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Rey ; Petski , Denise ( August 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Hawaii - Five - O ' & ' Magnum P.I. ' Shut Down Production As Hurricane Lane Moves In -- Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Chris ( August 22 , 2018 ) . `` Hawaii Five - 0 and Magnum PI filming could be shut down by hurricane '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved August 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Sandra ( August 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Magnum P.I. , ' ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' shut down production ahead of Hurricane Lane '' . CNN . Retrieved August 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Boucher , Ashley ( August 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' and ' Magnum PI ' Productions Shut Down for Hurricane Lane '' . The Wrap . Retrieved August 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' Magnum P.I. ' : Jay Hernandez Cast As Thomas Magnum In CBS ' Reboot Pilot '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ; Petski , Denise ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Magnum P.I. ' : Perdita Weeks To Star As Juliet Higgins In CBS Reboot Pilot '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Magnum P.I. ' : Zachary Knighton To Play Rick In CBS Reboot Pilot '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Magnum P.I. ' Casts Stephen Hill ; ' Dead Inside ' Adds Myles Bullock '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( July 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Magnum P.I ' Adds ' The Mentalist ' Alum Tim Kang '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Denise , Petski ( July 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' Magnum P.I. ' : Amy Hill To Recur In CBS Reboot '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Andrew , Kimi ( July 23 , 2018 ) . `` Filming for ' Magnum PI ' reboot kicks off with Hawaiian blessing '' . Hawaii News Now . Retrieved July 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Magnum P.I. : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Magnum P.I. : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( October 10 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ' Manifest ' is Most - Watched NBC Drama Series Premiere in 19 Years '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved October 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( October 16 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : Long - running Stalwarts ' The Big Bang Theory ' and ' Modern Family ' Lead All Network Comedies in Adults 18 - 49 Gains '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved October 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( October 24 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ' Riverdale ' Season Premiere and ' Charmed ' Remake Debut Each More Than Double Their Adults 18 - 49 Crowds '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved October 24 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Magnum P.I. on IMDb CBS programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime 48 Hours ( since 1988 ) 60 Minutes ( since 1968 ) The Amazing Race ( since 2001 ) The Big Bang Theory ( since 2007 ) Big Brother ( since 2000 ) Blue Bloods ( since 2010 ) Bull ( since 2016 ) Celebrity Big Brother ( since 2018 ) Celebrity Undercover Boss ( since 2018 ) Criminal Minds ( since 2005 ) Elementary ( since 2012 ) FBI ( since 2018 ) God Friended Me ( since 2018 ) Happy Together ( since 2018 ) Hawaii Five - 0 ( since 2010 ) Instinct ( since 2018 ) Life in Pieces ( since 2015 ) MacGyver ( since 2016 ) Madam Secretary ( since 2014 ) Magnum P.I. ( since 2018 ) Man with a Plan ( since 2016 ) Mom ( since 2013 ) Murphy Brown ( 1988 -- 1998 ; since 2018 ) NCIS ( since 2003 ) NCIS : Los Angeles ( since 2009 ) NCIS : New Orleans ( since 2014 ) The Neighborhood ( since 2018 ) Ransom ( since 2017 ) Salvation ( since 2017 ) SEAL Team ( since 2017 ) Survivor ( since 2000 ) S.W.A.T. ( since 2017 ) Undercover Boss ( since 2010 ) Whistleblower ( since 2018 ) Young Sheldon ( since 2017 ) Daytime The Bold and the Beautiful ( since 1987 ) Let 's Make a Deal ( since 2009 ) The Price Is Right ( since 1972 ) The Talk ( since 2010 ) The Young and the Restless ( since 1973 ) Late night The Late Show with Stephen Colbert ( since 2015 ) The Late Late Show with James Corden ( since 2015 ) News 48 Hours ( since 1988 ) 60 Minutes ( since 1968 ) CBSN : On Assignment ( since 2017 ) CBS Evening News ( since 1948 ) CBS Morning News ( since 1982 ) CBS News Sunday Morning ( since 1979 ) CBS Overnight News ( since 2015 ) CBS This Morning ( 1987 -- 1999 ; since 2012 ) Face the Nation ( since 1954 ) Sports CBS Sports Spectacular ( since 1960 ) NCAA Basketball / Road to the Final Four ( since 1981 ) NFL on CBS / The NFL Today ( 1956 -- 1993 ; since 1998 ) PGA Tour on CBS SEC on CBS NCAA March Madness ( co-produced with Turner Sports ) ( since 2011 ) Premier Boxing Champions ( since 2015 ) Saturday morning Dr. Chris : Pet Vet ( since 2013 ) The Inspectors ( since 2015 ) Upcoming Blood & Treasure ( 2019 ) The Code ( 2019 ) Fam ( 2019 ) The Red Line ( 2019 ) The World 's Best ( 2019 ) Million Dollar Mile ( TBA ) Love Island ( TBA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magnum_P.I._(2018_TV_series)&oldid=866518908 '' Categories : 2018 American television series debuts 2010s American crime drama television series English - language television programs CBS network shows Magnum , P.I. Television series by Universal Television Television series by CBS Television Studios Television shows set in Hawaii Television series reboots Fictional portrayals of the Honolulu Police Department Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 20 : 49 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays buck green in the new magnum pi	[]	[]
5339067624744169705	It's a Good Life (The Twilight Zone)	It 's a good Life ( the Twilight Zone ) - wikipedia It 's a good Life ( the Twilight Zone ) Jump to : navigation , search `` It 's a Good Life '' The Twilight Zone episode Episode no . Season 3 Episode 8 Directed by James Sheldon Written by Rod Serling from the story `` It 's a Good Life '' by Jerome Bixby Featured music Stock plus `` Moonglow '' and `` Stardust '' Production code 4801 Original air date November 3 , 1961 Guest appearance ( s ) John Larch Cloris Leachman Don Keefer Billy Mumy Alice Frost Max Showalter ( as Casey Adams ) Jeanne Bates Lenore Kingston Tom Hatcher Episode chronology ← Previous `` The Grave '' Next → `` Deaths - Head Revisited '' The Twilight Zone ( 1959 TV series ) ( season 3 ) List of The Twilight Zone episodes `` It 's a Good Life '' is episode 73 of the American television anthology series The Twilight Zone . It is based on the 1953 short story `` It 's a Good Life '' by Jerome Bixby and is considered by many , such as Time Magazine and TV Guide , to be one of the best episodes of the series . It originally aired on November 3 , 1961 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Opening narration 2 Plot summary 3 Closing narration 4 Cast 5 Reception and legacy 5.1 Remake 5.2 Sequel 6 References 6.1 Bibliography 7 See also 8 External links Opening narration ( edit ) `` Tonight 's story on The Twilight Zone is somewhat unique and calls for a different kind of introduction . This , as you may recognize , is a map of the United States , and there 's a little town there called Peaksville . On a given morning not too long ago , the rest of the world disappeared and Peaksville was left all alone . Its inhabitants were never sure whether the world was destroyed and only Peaksville left untouched or whether the village had somehow been taken away . They were , on the other hand , sure of one thing : the cause . A monster had arrived in the village . Just by using his mind , he took away the automobiles , the electricity , the machines -- because they displeased him -- and he moved an entire community back into the dark ages -- just by using his mind . Now I 'd like to introduce you to some of the people in Peaksville , Ohio . This is Mr. Fremont . It 's in his farmhouse that the monster resides . This is Mrs. Fremont . And this is Aunt Amy , who probably had more control over the monster in the beginning than almost anyone . But one day she forgot . She began to sing aloud . Now , the monster does n't like singing , so his mind snapped at her , turned her into the smiling , vacant thing you 're looking at now . She sings no more . And you 'll note that the people in Peaksville , Ohio , have to smile . They have to think happy thoughts and say happy things because once displeased , the monster can wish them into a cornfield or change them into a grotesque , walking horror . This particular monster can read minds , you see . He knows every thought , he can feel every emotion . Oh yes , I did forget something , did n't I ? I forgot to introduce you to the monster . This is the monster . His name is Anthony Fremont . He 's six years old , with a cute little - boy face and blue , guileless eyes . But when those eyes look at you , you 'd better start thinking happy thoughts , because the mind behind them is absolutely in charge . This is the Twilight Zone . '' Plot summary ( edit ) Six - year - old Anthony Fremont has godlike mental powers , including mind - reading . He has isolated his town of Peaksville , Ohio from the rest of the universe . The people must thus grow their own food , and supplies of common household items , such as bar soap , have been dwindling . He has blocked television signals and caused cars not to work . Everybody is under his rule , even his parents . The people live in fear of him , constantly telling him how everything he does is `` good , '' since he banishes anyone thinking unhappy thoughts into the otherworldly cornfield from which there is no return . Never having experienced any form of discipline , Anthony does not even understand that his actions are wrong , and is confused when his father tells him that the neighbors are reluctant to let their children play with them after he sent several of his playmates to the cornfield . One night each week , Anthony gives the townsfolk one hour of television , which he creates and projects onto the family TV set . The adults gather around in the Fremonts ' living room , squirming uncomfortably as Anthony shows them a vision of screaming dinosaurs , engaged in a gory battle . Unable to voice their real feelings , they tell Anthony that it was far better than what used to be on TV . After the program is over , the adults celebrate Dan Hollis ' birthday . He gets two presents from his wife : a bottle of brandy and a Perry Como record . Dan is eager to listen to the record , but he 's reminded by everyone that Anthony does not like singing and he must listen to it at home . Getting drunk from the brandy , he starts complaining about the miserable state of the town , not listening to the record , and no one singing `` Happy Birthday '' to him . Anthony at first ignores him after telling him to be quiet . Dan eventually snaps with repressed rage surfacing and confronts the child , calling him a monster and a murderer . While Anthony 's anger grows , Dan yells for someone to attack Anthony from behind and end his reign of terror . Aunt Amy ( who is n't able to sing anymore because of Anthony ) tentatively reaches for a fireplace poker , but no one has the courage to act . Anthony transforms Dan into a jack - in - the - box , causing his wife to break down . The adults are horrified at what Anthony had done , and his father asks him to wish it into the cornfield , which he does . Anthony causes snow to begin falling outside . The snow will kill off at least half the crops and the town will face starvation . Anthony 's father starts to rebuke Anthony about this , but his wife and the other adults look on with worried smiles on their faces . The father then smiles and tells Anthony in a terrified voice , `` ... But it 's good you 're making it snow . A real good thing . And tomorrow ... tomorrow 's gon na be a ... real good day ! '' Closing narration ( edit ) `` No comment here , no comment at all . We only wanted to introduce you to one of our very special citizens , little Anthony Fremont , age 6 , who lives in a village called Peaksville in a place that used to be Ohio . And if by some strange chance you should run across him , you had best think only good thoughts . Anything less than that is handled at your own risk , because if you do meet Anthony , you can be sure of one thing : you have entered The Twilight Zone . '' Cast ( edit ) John Larch as Mr. Fremont Cloris Leachman as Mrs. Fremont Don Keefer as Dan Hollis Billy Mumy as Anthony Fremont Alice Frost as Aunt Amy Max Showalter ( as Casey Adams ) as Pat Riley Jeanne Bates as Ethel Hollis Lenore Kingston as Thelma Dunn Tom Hatcher as Bill Soames Reception and legacy ( edit ) Time Magazine named this the third - best Twilight Zone episode , behind `` Time Enough At Last '' and `` The Monsters Are Due on Maple Street '' . Rod Serling 's map background intro which is seen at the beginning of this episode , was recycled and edited with a sound - alike voiceover artist to place him within the library preshow introduction for The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror attractions at Disney theme parks . The library room also contains other numerous episode artifacts from The Twilight Zone TV series such as Serling 's name engraved on a shelf , books titled with all the episode names from the series , and a broken pair of glasses from `` Time Enough At Last , '' among many other things . In 1997 TV Guide ranked the episode number 31 on its 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time list . Remake ( edit ) In a 1974 interview with Marvel Comics , Rod Serling said `` I 'm on my third draft of a feature film based on Jerome Bixby 's short story , ' It 's a Good Life ' . We did it originally on Twilight Zone but now we 're doing a full - length version . Alan Landsburg , who produced Chariots of the Gods , is producing it . It 's in the fantasy - horror genre . '' This was one of Serling 's last interviews before his death in 1975 . An updated remake of this episode with a lighter ending , written by Richard Matheson and directed by Joe Dante , was featured as the third segment of 1983 's Twilight Zone : The Movie . Bill Mumy also made a cameo appearance in the segment . This episode was also remade as a parody in The Simpsons episode `` Treehouse of Horror II '' in 1991 . The episode `` Johnny Real Good '' from Johnny Bravo is also based in this episode . Johnny has to babysit a boy named Timmy , who also has supernatural powers and sends Johnny several times to a nearby cornfield for `` thinking bad thoughts '' . The episode was referenced in an episode of American Dad ! , `` I Ca n't Stan You '' , where Stan listened in on his neighbors private conversations . Anyone who was heard criticizing him had their house seized by the CIA and was summarily banished to the Cornfield Motel . Sequel ( edit ) In the 2002 revival series , a sequel to this episode was broadcast , entitled `` It 's Still a Good Life '' . In the episode , Anthony is a middle - aged man who now has a daughter Audrey who has inherited his powers . Bill Mumy and Cloris Leachman reprised their roles from the original episode . Anthony Fremont 's daughter , Audrey , is played by actor Bill Mumy 's real - life daughter Liliana Mumy . A commercial for Me - TV airing on that channel in 2015 features an adult Bill Mumy as adult Anthony intercut with scenes from the original episode , apparently interacting as the adult Anthony uses his powers to beam Me - TV to little Anthony 's set . In early 2017 , the network used clips from this episode in promos for the show 's late - night reruns . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Twilight Zone episodes '' . Time . 2009 - 10 - 05 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ MacDonald , Brady ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` Disney voice - over actors bring theme park rides to life '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ TV Guide Guide to TV . Barnes and Noble. 2004 . p. 667 . ISBN 0 - 7607 - 5634 - 1 . Jump up ^ Rod Serling Recalls -- ' Marvel Planet of the Apes ' UK Issue 12 ( 1975 ) Jump up ^ `` Bill Mumy -- Biography '' . Billmumy.com . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Twilight Zone '' . Zap2it.com . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` The Twilight Zone Special Remake Episodes '' . Sci Fi Weekly . Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 06 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 22 . Played by Mumy 's real life daughter , Liliana Mumy Bibliography ( edit ) Zicree , Marc Scott : The Twilight Zone Companion . Sillman - James Press , 1982 ( second edition ) DeVoe , Bill . ( 2008 ) . Trivia from The Twilight Zone . Albany , GA : Bear Manor Media . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59393 - 136 - 0 Grams , Martin . ( 2008 ) . The Twilight Zone : Unlocking the Door to a Television Classic . Churchville , MD : OTR Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9703310 - 9 - 0 Diaz , Junot . Penguin Books New York ( 2007 ) The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao p.g 224 See also ( edit ) Narcissistic personality disorder External links ( edit ) `` It 's a Good Life '' on IMDb `` It 's a Good Life '' at TV.com ( hide ) The Twilight Zone ( 1959 ) episodes Season 1 `` Where Is Everybody ? '' `` One for the Angels '' `` Mr. Denton on Doomsday '' `` The Sixteen - Millimeter Shrine '' `` Walking Distance '' `` Escape Clause '' `` The Lonely '' `` Time Enough at Last '' `` Perchance to Dream '' `` Judgment Night '' `` And When the Sky Was Opened '' `` What You Need '' `` The Four of Us Are Dying '' `` Third from the Sun '' `` I Shot an Arrow into the Air '' `` The Hitch - Hiker '' `` The Fever '' `` The Last Flight '' `` The Purple Testament '' `` Elegy '' `` Mirror Image '' `` The Monsters Are Due on Maple Street '' `` A World of Difference '' `` Long Live Walter Jameson '' `` People Are Alike All Over '' `` Execution '' `` The Big Tall Wish '' `` A Nice Place to Visit '' `` Nightmare as a Child '' `` A Stop at Willoughby '' `` The Chaser '' `` A Passage for Trumpet '' `` Mr. Bevis '' `` The After Hours '' `` The Mighty Casey '' `` A World of His Own '' Season 2 `` King Nine Will Not Return '' `` The Man in the Bottle '' `` Nervous Man in a Four Dollar Room '' `` A Thing About Machines '' `` The Howling Man '' `` The Eye of the Beholder '' `` Nick of Time '' `` The Lateness of the Hour '' `` The Trouble with Templeton '' `` A Most Unusual Camera '' `` The Night of the Meek '' `` Dust '' `` Back There '' `` The Whole Truth '' `` The Invaders '' `` A Penny for Your Thoughts '' `` Twenty Two '' `` The Odyssey of Flight 33 '' `` Mr. Dingle , the Strong '' `` Static '' `` The Prime Mover '' `` Long Distance Call '' `` A Hundred Yards Over the Rim '' `` The Rip Van Winkle Caper '' `` The Silence '' `` Shadow Play '' `` The Mind and the Matter '' `` Will the Real Martian Please Stand Up ? '' `` The Obsolete Man '' Season 3 `` Two '' `` The Arrival '' `` The Shelter '' `` The Passersby '' `` A Game of Pool '' `` The Mirror '' `` The Grave '' `` It 's a Good Life '' `` Deaths - Head Revisited '' `` The Midnight Sun '' `` Still Valley '' `` The Jungle '' `` Once Upon a Time '' `` Five Characters in Search of an Exit '' `` A Quality of Mercy '' `` Nothing in the Dark '' `` One More Pallbearer '' `` Dead Man 's Shoes '' `` The Hunt '' `` Showdown with Rance McGrew '' `` Kick the Can '' `` A Piano in the House '' `` The Last Rites of Jeff Myrtlebank '' `` To Serve Man '' `` The Fugitive '' `` Little Girl Lost '' `` Person or Persons Unknown '' `` The Little People '' `` Four O'Clock '' `` Hocus - Pocus and Frisby '' `` The Trade - Ins '' `` The Gift '' `` The Dummy '' `` Young Man 's Fancy '' `` I Sing the Body Electric '' `` Cavender Is Coming '' `` The Changing of the Guard '' Season 4 `` In His Image '' `` The Thirty - Fathom Grave '' `` Valley of the Shadow '' `` He 's Alive '' `` Mute '' `` Death Ship '' `` Jess - Belle '' `` Miniature '' `` Printer 's Devil '' `` No Time Like the Past '' `` The Parallel '' `` I Dream of Genie '' `` The New Exhibit '' `` Of Late I Think of Cliffordville '' `` The Incredible World of Horace Ford '' `` On Thursday We Leave for Home '' `` Passage on the Lady Anne '' `` The Bard '' Season 5 `` In Praise of Pip '' `` Steel '' `` Nightmare at 20,000 Feet '' `` A Kind of a Stopwatch '' `` The Last Night of a Jockey '' `` Living Doll '' `` The Old Man in the Cave '' `` Uncle Simon '' `` Probe 7 , Over and Out '' `` The 7th Is Made Up of Phantoms '' `` A Short Drink from a Certain Fountain '' `` Ninety Years Without Slumbering '' `` Ring - a-Ding Girl '' `` You Drive '' `` The Long Morrow '' `` The Self - Improvement of Salvadore Ross '' `` Number 12 Looks Just Like You '' `` Black Leather Jackets '' `` Night Call '' `` From Agnes -- With Love '' `` Spur of the Moment '' `` An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge '' `` Queen of the Nile '' `` What 's in the Box '' `` The Masks '' `` I Am the Night -- Color Me Black '' `` Sounds and Silences '' `` Caesar and Me '' `` The Jeopardy Room '' `` Stopover in a Quiet Town '' `` The Encounter '' `` Mr. Garrity and the Graves '' `` The Brain Center at Whipple 's '' `` Come Wander with Me '' `` The Fear '' `` The Bewitchin ' Pool '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It%27s_a_Good_Life_(The_Twilight_Zone)&oldid=804197430 '' Categories : 1961 television episodes The Twilight Zone ( 1959 TV series ) episodes Fictional telepaths Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Tv.com template using numeric id Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 12 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the twilight zone it's a good life full episode	[]	[]
-3604772607148737163	The Grapes of Wrath	The Grapes of Wrath - wikipedia The Grapes of Wrath Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the novel . For other uses , see Grapes of Wrath ( disambiguation ) . The Grapes of Wrath First edition cover Author John Steinbeck Cover artist Elmer Hader Country United States Language English Genre Novel Publisher The Viking Press - James Lloyd Publication date April 14 , 1939 Pages 464 OCLC 289946 Dewey Decimal 813.52 The Grapes of Wrath is an American realist novel written by John Steinbeck and published in 1939 . The book won the National Book Award and Pulitzer Prize for fiction , and it was cited prominently when Steinbeck was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1962 . Set during the Great Depression , the novel focuses on the Joads , a poor family of tenant farmers driven from their Oklahoma home by drought , economic hardship , agricultural industry changes , and bank foreclosures forcing tenant farmers out of work . Due to their nearly hopeless situation , and in part because they are trapped in the Dust Bowl , the Joads set out for California . Along with thousands of other `` Okies '' , they seek jobs , land , dignity , and a future . The Grapes of Wrath is frequently read in American high school and college literature classes due to its historical context and enduring legacy . A celebrated Hollywood film version , starring Henry Fonda and directed by John Ford , was released in 1940 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Characters 3 Religious Interpretation 4 Development 4.1 Title 5 Author 's note 6 Critical reception 7 Adaptations 7.1 In film 7.2 In music 7.3 In theatre 8 See also 9 References 9.1 Notes 9.2 Bibliography 10 External links Plot ( edit ) The narrative begins just after Tom Joad is paroled from McAlester prison , where he had been imprisoned after being convicted of homicide . On his return to his home near Sallisaw , Oklahoma , Tom meets former preacher Jim Casy , whom he remembers from his childhood , and the two travel together . When they arrive at Tom 's childhood farm home , they find it deserted . Disconcerted and confused , Tom and Casy meet their old neighbor , Muley Graves , who tells them the family has gone to stay at Uncle John Joad 's home nearby . Graves tells them that the banks have evicted all the farmers , but he refuses to leave the area . The next morning , Tom and Casy go to Uncle John 's . Tom finds his family loading their remaining possessions into a Hudson Motor Car Company sedan converted to a truck ; with their crops destroyed by the Dust Bowl , the family has defaulted on their bank loans , and their farm has been repossessed . Consequently , the Joads see no option but to seek work in California , described in handbills as fruitful and offering high pay . The Joads put everything they have into making the journey . Although leaving Oklahoma would violate his parole , Tom decides it is worth the risk , and invites Casy to join him and his family . Traveling west on Route 66 , the Joad family find the road crowded with other migrants . In makeshift camps , they hear many stories from others , some returning from California , and the group worries about lessening prospects . The family dwindles as well : Grandpa dies along the road , and they bury him in a field ; Grandma dies close to the California state line ; and both Noah ( the eldest Joad son ) and Connie Rivers ( the husband of the pregnant Joad daughter , Rose of Sharon ) leave the family . Led by Ma , the remaining members realize they can only continue , as nothing is left for them in Oklahoma . Reaching California , they find the state oversupplied with labor ; wages are low , and workers are exploited to the point of starvation . The big corporate farmers are in collusion and smaller farmers suffer from collapsing prices . Weedpatch Camp , one of the clean , utility - supplied camps operated by the Resettlement Administration , a New Deal agency , offers better conditions but does not have enough resources to care for all the needy families . Nonetheless , as a Federal facility , the camp protects the migrants from harassment by California deputies . `` How can you frighten a man whose hunger is not only in his own cramped stomach but in the wretched bellies of his children ? You ca n't scare him -- he has known a fear beyond every other . '' -- Chapter 19 In response to the exploitation , Casy becomes a labor organizer and tries to recruit for a labor union . The remaining Joads work as strikebreakers in a peach orchard , where Casy is involved in a strike that eventually turns violent . When Tom Joad witnesses Casy 's fatal beating , he kills the attacker and flees as a fugitive . The Joads later leave the orchard for a cotton farm , where Tom is at risk of being arrested for the homicide . Tom bids his mother farewell and promises to work for the oppressed . Rose of Sharon 's baby is stillborn . Ma Joad remains steadfast and forces the family through the bereavement . With rain , the Joads ' dwelling is flooded and they move to higher ground . In the final chapter of the book , the family takes shelter from the flood in an old barn . Inside they find a young boy and his father , who is dying of starvation . Rose of Sharon takes pity on the man and offers him her breast milk to save him from starvation . Characters ( edit ) Tom Joad : Protagonist of the story ; the Joad family 's second son , named after his father . Later on , Tom takes leadership of the family even though he is young . Ma Joad : Matriarch . Practical and warm - spirited , she tries to hold the family together . Her given name is never learned ; it is suggested that her maiden name was Hazlett . Pa Joad : Patriarch , also named Tom , age 50 . Hardworking sharecropper and family man . Pa becomes a broken man upon losing his livelihood and means of supporting his family , forcing Ma to assume leadership . Uncle John Joad : Pa Joad 's older brother ( Tom describes him as `` a fella about 60 '' , but in narrative he is described as 50 ) . He felt guilty about the death of his young wife years before , and has been prone to binges involving alcohol and prostitutes , but is generous with his goods . Jim Casy : A former preacher who lost his faith . He is a Christ - like figure and is based on Ed Ricketts . Al Joad : The third youngest son , a `` smart - aleck sixteen - year - older '' who cares mainly for cars and girls ; he looks up to Tom , but begins to find his own way . Rose of Sharon Joad Rivers : Childish and dreamy teenage daughter ( 18 ) who develops into a mature woman . Pregnant in the beginning of the novel , she delivers a stillborn baby , perhaps due to malnutrition . Connie Rivers : Rose of Sharon 's husband . Nineteen years old and naïve , he is overwhelmed by marriage and impending fatherhood ; he abandons his wife shortly after they arrive in California . Noah Joad : The oldest son , he is the first to leave the family , planning to live off fishing on the Colorado River . Injured at birth and described as `` strange '' , he may have slight learning difficulties . Grampa Joad : Tom 's grandfather , who expresses his strong desire to stay in Oklahoma . His full name is given as William James Joad . Grampa is drugged by his family with `` soothin ' syrup '' to force him to leave , but he dies the first evening on the road . Casy attributes his death to a stroke but says that Grampa is `` jus ' stayin ' with the lan ' . He couldn ' leave it . '' Granma Joad : Grampa Joad 's religious wife ; she loses her will to live after his death . She dies while the family is crossing the Mojave Desert . Ruthie Joad : The youngest daughter , age twelve . She is shown to be reckless and childish . Quarreling with another child , she reveals Tom in hiding . Winfield Joad : The youngest male in the family , age ten , `` kid - wild and calfish '' . Jim Rawley : Manages the camp at Weedpatch , he shows the Joads surprising favor . Muley Graves : A neighbor of the Joads ' ; he is invited to come along to California with them but refuses . The family leave two of their dogs with him ; a third they take but it is killed by a car during their travels . Ivy and Sairy Wilson : Migrants from Kansas , they attend the death of Grampa and share the journey as far as the California state line . Mr. Wainwright : The father of Aggie Wainwright and husband of Mrs. Wainwright . Worries over his daughter Aggie . Mrs. Wainwright : Mother to Aggie Wainwright and wife to Mr. Wainwright . She helps Ma deliver Rose of Sharon 's baby . Aggie Wainwright : Sixteen - year - old daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Wainwright . Intends to marry Al . Floyd Knowles : The man at the Hooverville who urges Tom and Casy to join labor organizations . His agitation results in Casy 's being jailed . Religious interpretation ( edit ) This section relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . ( April 2017 ) Many scholars note Steinbeck for his many uses of Christian imagery within The Grapes of Wrath . The largest implications lie with Tom Joad and Jim Casy , who are both interpreted as Christ - like figures at certain intervals within the novel . These two are often interpreted together , with Jim Casy representing Jesus Christ in the early days of his ministry , up until his death , which is interpreted as representing the death of Christ . From there , Tom takes over , rising in Casy 's place as the Christ figure risen from the dead . However , the religious imagery is not limited to these two characters . Scholars have regularly inspected other characters and plot points within the novel , including Ma Joad , Rose of Sharon , Rose of Sharon 's stillborn child , and Uncle John . In an article first published in 2009 , Ken Eckert even compared the migrant 's movement west as a reversed version of the slaves ' escape from Egypt in Exodus . Many of these extreme interpretations are brought on by Steinbeck 's own documented beliefs , which Eckert himself refers to as `` unorthodox . '' Development ( edit ) This is the beginning -- from `` I '' to `` we '' . If you who own the things people must have could understand this , you might preserve yourself . If you could separate causes from results , if you could know that Paine , Marx , Jefferson , Lenin were results , not causes , you might survive . But that you can not know . For the quality of owning freezes you forever into `` I '' , and cuts you off forever from the `` we '' . -- Chapter 14 Steinbeck was known to have borrowed from field notes taken during 1938 by Farm Security Administration worker and author Sanora Babb . While Babb collected personal stories about the lives of the displaced migrants for a novel she was developing , her supervisor , Tom Collins , shared her reports with Steinbeck , then working at the San Francisco News . Babb 's own novel , Whose Names Are Unknown , was eclipsed in 1939 by the success of The Grapes of Wrath and was shelved until it was finally published in 2004 , a year before Babb 's death . The Grapes of Wrath developed from The Harvest Gypsies , a series of seven articles that ran in the San Francisco News , from October 5 to 12 , 1936 . The newspaper commissioned that work on migrant workers from the Midwest in California 's agriculture industry . ( It was later compiled and published separately . ) Title ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) While writing the novel at his home , 16250 Greenwood Lane , in what is now Monte Sereno , California , Steinbeck had unusual difficulty devising a title . The Grapes of Wrath , suggested by his wife Carol Steinbeck , was deemed more suitable than anything by the author . The title is a reference to lyrics from `` The Battle Hymn of the Republic '' , by Julia Ward Howe ( emphasis added ) : Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord : He is trampling out the vintage where the grapes of wrath are stored ; He hath loosed the fateful lightning of His terrible swift sword : His truth is marching on . These lyrics refer , in turn , to the biblical passage Revelation 14 : 19 -- 20 , an apocalyptic appeal to divine justice and deliverance from oppression in the final judgment . This and other biblical passages had inspired a long tradition of imagery of Christ in the winepress , in various media . The passage reads : And the angel thrust in his sickle into the earth , and gathered the vine of the earth , and cast it into the great winepress of the wrath of God . And the winepress was trodden without the city , and blood came out of the winepress , even unto the horse bridles , by the space of a thousand and six hundred furlongs . The phrase also appears at the end of chapter 25 in Steinbeck 's book , which describes the purposeful destruction of food to keep the price high : ( A ) nd in the eyes of the hungry there is a growing wrath . In the souls of the people the grapes of wrath are filling and growing heavy , growing heavy for the vintage . The image invoked by the title serves as a crucial symbol in the development of both the plot and the novel 's greater thematic concerns : from the terrible winepress of Dust Bowl oppression will come terrible wrath but also the deliverance of workers through their cooperation . This is suggested but not realized within the novel . Author 's note ( edit ) When preparing to write the novel , Steinbeck wrote : `` I want to put a tag of shame on the greedy bastards who are responsible for this ( the Great Depression and its effects ) . '' He famously said , `` I 've done my damnedest to rip a reader 's nerves to rags . '' This work won a large following among the working class due to Steinbeck 's sympathy for the migrants and workers ' movement , and his accessible prose style . Critical reception ( edit ) Steinbeck scholar John Timmerman sums up the book 's influence : `` The Grapes of Wrath may well be the most thoroughly discussed novel -- in criticism , reviews , and college classrooms -- of 20th century American literature . '' The Grapes of Wrath is referred to as a Great American Novel . At the time of publication , Steinbeck 's novel `` was a phenomenon on the scale of a national event . It was publicly banned and burned by citizens , it was debated on national radio ; but above all , it was read . '' According to The New York Times , it was the best - selling book of 1939 and 430,000 copies had been printed by February 1940 . In that month it won the National Book Award , favorite fiction book of 1939 , voted by members of the American Booksellers Association . Soon it won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction . The book was noted for Steinbeck 's passionate depiction of the plight of the poor , and many of his contemporaries attacked his social and political views . Bryan Cordyack writes , `` Steinbeck was attacked as a propagandist and a socialist from both the left and the right of the political spectrum . The most fervent of these attacks came from the Associated Farmers of California ; they were displeased with the book 's depiction of California farmers ' attitudes and conduct toward the migrants . They denounced the book as a ' pack of lies ' and labeled it ' communist propaganda ' '' . Some accused Steinbeck of exaggerating camp conditions to make a political point . Steinbeck had visited the camps well before publication of the novel and argued their inhumane nature destroyed the settlers ' spirit . In 1962 , the Nobel Prize committee cited Grapes of Wrath as a `` great work '' and as one of the committee 's main reasons for granting Steinbeck the Nobel Prize for Literature . In 2005 Time magazine included the novel in its `` TIME 100 Best English - language Novels from 1923 to 2005 '' . In 2009 , The Daily Telegraph of the United Kingdom included the novel in its `` 100 novels everyone should read '' . In 1998 , the Modern Library ranked The Grapes of Wrath tenth on its list of the 100 best English - language novels of the 20th century . In 1999 , French newspaper Le Monde of Paris ranked The Grapes of Wrath as seventh on its list of the 100 best books of the 20th century . In the UK , it was listed at number 29 among the `` nation 's best loved novels '' on the BBC 's 2003 survey The Big Read . Adaptations ( edit ) In film ( edit ) The book was quickly made into a famed , 1940 Hollywood movie of the same name directed by John Ford and starring Henry Fonda as Tom Joad . The first part of the film version follows the book fairly accurately . However , the second half and the ending , in particular , differ significantly from the book . John Springer , author of The Fondas ( Citadel , 1973 ) , said of Henry Fonda and his role in film version of The Grapes of Wrath : `` The Great American Novel made one of the few enduring Great American Motion Pictures . '' The documentary American : The Bill Hicks Story ( 2009 ) revealed that The Grapes of Wrath was comedian Bill Hicks ' favorite novel . He based his famous last words on Tom Joad 's final speech : `` I left in love , in laughter , and in truth , and wherever truth , love and laughter abide , I am there in spirit . '' In July 2013 , Steven Spielberg announced his plans to direct a remake of The Grapes of Wrath for DreamWorks . In music ( edit ) Woody Guthrie 's two - part song -- `` Tom Joad -- Parts 1 & 2 '' -- from the album Dust Bowl Ballads ( 1940 ) , explores the protagonist 's life after being paroled from prison . It was covered in 1988 by Andy Irvine , who recorded both parts as a single song -- `` Tom Joad '' -- on Patrick Street 's second album , No. 2 Patrick Street . The song `` Here Comes that Rainbow Again '' by Kris Kristofferson ( 1981 ) is based on the scene in the roadside diner where Pa Joad buys a loaf of bread and two candy sticks for Ruthie and Winfield . The band The Mission UK included a song , titled `` The Grapes of Wrath '' , in their album Carved in Sand ( 1990 ) . The progressive rock band Camel released an album , titled Dust and Dreams ( 1991 ) , inspired by the novel . American rock singer - songwriter Bruce Springsteen named his 11th studio album , The Ghost of Tom Joad ( 1995 ) , after the character . The first track on the album is titled `` The Ghost of Tom Joad '' . The song -- and to a lesser extent , the other songs on the album -- draws comparisons between the Dust Bowl and modern times . Rage Against the Machine recorded a version of `` The Ghost of Tom Joad '' in 1997 . Like Andy Irvine in 1988 , Dick Gaughan recorded Woody Guthrie 's `` Tom Joad '' on his album Outlaws & Dreamers ( 2001 ) . An opera based on the novel was co-produced by the Minnesota Opera , and Utah Symphony and Opera , with music by Ricky Ian Gordon and libretto by Michael Korie . The opera made its world premiere in February 2007 , to favorable local reviews . Bad Religion have a song entitled `` Grains of Wraith '' on their album , New Maps of Hell ( 2007 ) . Bad Religion lead vocalist , Greg Graffin , is a fan of Steinbeck 's . The song `` Dust Bowl Dance '' on Mumford & Sons ' album Sigh No More ( 2009 ) is based on the novel . Pink Floyd 's song `` Sorrow '' , written by David Gilmour , from the album A Momentary Lapse of Reason is thematically derived / based on the novel . In Theatre ( edit ) The Steppenwolf Theatre Company produced a stage version of the book , adapted by Frank Galati . Gary Sinise played Tom Joad for its entire run of 188 performances on Broadway in 1990 . One of these performances was filmed and shown on PBS the following year . In 1990 , the Illegitimate Players theater company in Chicago produced Of Grapes and Nuts , an original , satirical mash - up of The Grapes of Wrath and Steinbeck 's acclaimed novella Of Mice and Men . See also ( edit ) Novels portal The Jungle Le Monde 's 100 Books of the Century References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Grapes of Wrath , a classic for today ? '' . BBC News . April 14 , 2009 . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The official publication date of April 14 , 1939 , was exactly four years to the day of the Black Sunday Storm , among the worst Dust Bowl dust storms which , in real life , caused Oklahomans to migrate to California in search of work . ^ Jump up to : `` 1939 Book Awards Given by Critics : Elgin Groseclose 's ' Ararat ' is Picked as Work Which Failed to Get Due Recognition '' , The New York Times , February 14 , 1940 , page 25 . ProQuest Historical Newspapers The New York Times ( 1851 -- 2007 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Novel '' The Pulitzer Prizes . Retrieved 8 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Osterling , Anders . `` Nobel Prize in Literature 1962 -- Presentation Speech '' . Retrieved February 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` AP : English Literature '' . CollegeBoard . Retrieved May 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Read The Grapes of Wrath '' . National Endowment for the Arts . Retrieved May 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Eckert , Ken ( 2009 - 11 - 01 ) . `` ( Exodus Inverted : A New Look at The Grapes of Wrath , Color Plates ) '' . Religion and the Arts . 13 ( 4 ) : 340 -- 357 . doi : 10.1163 / 156852909X460447 . ISSN 1568 - 5292 . Jump up ^ Eckert , Ken ( 2009 - 11 - 01 ) . `` ( Exodus Inverted : A New Look at The Grapes of Wrath , Color Plates ) '' . Religion and the Arts . 13 ( 4 ) : 340 -- 357 . doi : 10.1163 / 156852909X460447 . ISSN 1568 - 5292 . Jump up ^ Sanora Babb ( Ken Burns ) Jump up ^ Published by the Simon S. Lubin Society of California as a pamphlet entitled `` Their Blood is Strong . '' Republished 1988 by Heyday as `` The Harvest Gypsies : On the Road to the Grapes of Wrath . '' Source : Cordyack . ^ Jump up to : Cordyack , Brian . `` 20th - Century American Bestsellers : John Steinbeck , The Grapes of Wrath '' . Graduate School of Library and Information Science , University of Illinois , Urbana - Champaign . Retrieved February 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ DeMott , Robert ( 1992 ) . Robert DeMott 's Introduction to The Grapes of Wrath . Viking Penguin , a Division of Penguin Books . p. xviii . ISBN 0 - 14 - 018640 - 9 . Jump up ^ http://www.greenleft.org.au/node/8555 Jump up ^ Dana , Gioia . `` The Grapes of Wrath Radio Show -- Transcript '' . The Big Read . The National Endowment for the Arts . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 22 . Writer Richard Rodriguez discussed The Grapes of Wrath as The Great American Novel : `` There has n't been anything like this novel since it was written . And this is the great American novel that everyone keeps waiting for but it has been written now . '' Jump up ^ Lisca , Peter ( 1958 ) . `` The Wide World of John Steinbeck '' . Brunswick , NJ : Rutgers University Press . Jump up ^ Shillinglaw , Susan ; Benson , Jackson J ( February 2 , 2002 ) . `` Of Men and Their Making : The Non-Fiction Of John Steinbeck '' . London : Penguin . Retrieved December 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` All Time 100 Novels '' . Time . October 16 , 2005 . Retrieved May 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 100 novels everyone should read '' . The Daily Telegraph . January 16 , 2009 . Retrieved June 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Read '' , BBC , April 2003 . Retrieved January 12 , 2014 Jump up ^ Nixon , Rob . `` The Grapes of Wrath '' . This Month Spotlight . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Spielberg eyes Grapes of Wrath '' . guardian.co.uk. 4 July 2013 . Retrieved 9 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Spielberg in talks to remake ' The Grapes Of Wrath ' '' . nme.com. 4 July 2013 . Retrieved 9 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Sleeve notes from No. 2 Patrick Street , Green Linnet SIF 1088 , 1988 . Jump up ^ Symynkywicz , Jeffery B. ( 2008 ) . The Gospel According to Bruce Springsteen : Rock and Redemption , from Asbury Park to Magic . Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 0 - 664 - 23169 - 1 . p. 122 . Jump up ^ `` Dick Gaughan Discography Outlaws & Dreamers ( 2001 ) '' , Retrieved 8th October 2015 Jump up ^ Michael Anthony , `` ' Grapes ' is a sweet , juicy production '' , Minneapolis Star Tribune , 2 / 12 / 2007 Jump up ^ Books The Answer The Bad Religion Page -- Since 1995 Jump up ^ `` American Playhouse '' The Grapes of Wrath ( TV Episode 1991 ) , retrieved 2017 - 09 - 30 Jump up ^ Lawrence Bommer , `` Sending Up Steinbeck , '' Chicago Reader , 11 / 8 / 1990 Bibliography ( edit ) Garcia , Reloy . `` The Rocky Road to Eldorado : The Journey Motif in John Steinbeck 's The Grapes of Wrath . '' Steinbeck Quarterly 14.03 - 04 ( Summer / Fall 1981 ) : 83 - 93 Gregory , James N. `` Dust Bowl Legacies : the Okie Impact on California , 1939 -- 1989 '' . California History 1989 68 ( 3 ) : 74 -- 85 . ISSN 0162 - 2897 Henkel , Scott . `` A Seditious Proposal . '' The Grapes of Wrath : A Reconsideration ' Vol. 1 . Ed . Michael J. Meyer . Amsterdam : Rodopi , 2009 . 219 - 42 . Saxton , Alexander . `` In Dubious Battle : Looking Backward '' . Pacific Historical Review 2004 73 ( 2 ) : 249 -- 262 . ISSN 0030 - 8684 Fulltext : online at Swetswise , Ingenta , Ebsco Sobchack , Vivian C. `` The Grapes of Wrath ( 1940 ) : Thematic Emphasis Through Visual Style '' . American Quarterly 1979 31 ( 5 ) : 596 -- 615 . ISSN 0003 - 0678 Fulltext : in Jstor . Discusses the visual style of John Ford 's cinematic adaptation of the novel . Usually the movie is examined in terms of its literary roots or its social protest . But the imagery of the film reveals the important theme of the Joad family 's coherence . The movie shows the family in closeups , cramped in small spaces on a cluttered screen , isolated from the land and their surroundings . Dim lighting helps abstract the Joad family from the reality of Dust Bowl migrants . The film 's emotional and aesthetic power comes from its generalized quality attained through this visual style . Windschuttle , Keith . `` Steinbeck 's Myth of the Okies '' . The New Criterion , Vol. 20 , No. 10 , June 2002 . Zirakzadeh , Cyrus Ernesto . `` John Steinbeck on the Political Capacities of Everyday Folk : Moms , Reds , and Ma Joad 's Revolt '' . Polity 2004 36 ( 4 ) : 595 -- 618 . ISSN 0032 - 3497 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Grapes of Wrath . Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Grapes of Wrath John Steinbeck in the Santa Cruz Mountains -- A history of Steinbeck 's life living in the Santa Cruz Mountain 's while writing The Grapes of Wrath 2 short radio episodes `` Spring in California '' and `` Route 66 '' from The Grapes of Wrath , California Legacy Project . `` The Grapes of Wrath revisited , '' ( videos ) The Guardian ( Chris McGreal journeys along Route 66 -- following the path of the Joads , of John Steinbeck 's The Grapes of Wrath , to compare that account of the Great Depression with today 's United States under President Barack Obama . Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture -- Grapes of Wrath National Public Radio : Grapes of Wrath , Present at the Creation Oklahoma Digital Maps : Digital Collections of Oklahoma and Indian Territory The Grapes of Wrath on Open Library at the Internet Archive `` National Steinbeck Center in Salinas , CA '' . steinbeck.org . National Steinbeck Center . Pulitzer Prize for Fiction 1918 -- 1925 His Family by Ernest Poole ( 1918 ) The Magnificent Ambersons by Booth Tarkington ( 1919 ) The Age of Innocence by Edith Wharton ( 1921 ) Alice Adams by Booth Tarkington ( 1922 ) One of Ours by Willa Cather ( 1923 ) The Able McLaughlins by Margaret Wilson ( 1924 ) So Big by Edna Ferber ( 1925 ) 1926 -- 1950 Arrowsmith by Sinclair Lewis ( declined ) ( 1926 ) Early Autumn by Louis Bromfield ( 1927 ) The Bridge of San Luis Rey by Thornton Wilder ( 1928 ) Scarlet Sister Mary by Julia Peterkin ( 1929 ) Laughing Boy by Oliver La Farge ( 1930 ) Years of Grace by Margaret Ayer Barnes ( 1931 ) The Good Earth by Pearl S. Buck ( 1932 ) The Store by Thomas Sigismund Stribling ( 1933 ) Lamb in His Bosom by Caroline Pafford Miller ( 1934 ) Now in November by Josephine Winslow Johnson ( 1935 ) Honey in the Horn by Harold L. Davis ( 1936 ) Gone with the Wind by Margaret Mitchell ( 1937 ) The Late George Apley by John Phillips Marquand ( 1938 ) The Yearling by Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings ( 1939 ) The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck ( 1940 ) In This Our Life by Ellen Glasgow ( 1942 ) Dragon 's Teeth by Upton Sinclair ( 1943 ) Journey in the Dark by Martin Flavin ( 1944 ) A Bell for Adano by John Hersey ( 1945 ) All the King 's Men by Robert Penn Warren ( 1947 ) Tales of the South Pacific by James A. Michener ( 1948 ) Guard of Honor by James Gould Cozzens ( 1949 ) The Way West by A.B. Guthrie Jr. ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 The Town by Conrad Richter ( 1951 ) The Caine Mutiny by Herman Wouk ( 1952 ) The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway ( 1953 ) A Fable by William Faulkner ( 1955 ) Andersonville by MacKinlay Kantor ( 1956 ) A Death in the Family by James Agee ( 1958 ) The Travels of Jaimie McPheeters by Robert Lewis Taylor ( 1959 ) Advise and Consent by Allen Drury ( 1960 ) To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee ( 1961 ) The Edge of Sadness by Edwin O'Connor ( 1962 ) The Reivers by William Faulkner ( 1963 ) The Keepers of the House by Shirley Ann Grau ( 1965 ) The Collected Stories of Katherine Anne Porter by Katherine Anne Porter ( 1966 ) The Fixer by Bernard Malamud ( 1967 ) The Confessions of Nat Turner by William Styron ( 1968 ) House Made of Dawn by N. Scott Momaday ( 1969 ) The Collected Stories of Jean Stafford by Jean Stafford ( 1970 ) Angle of Repose by Wallace Stegner ( 1972 ) The Optimist 's Daughter by Eudora Welty ( 1973 ) The Killer Angels by Michael Shaara ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Humboldt 's Gift by Saul Bellow ( 1976 ) Elbow Room by James Alan McPherson ( 1978 ) The Stories of John Cheever by John Cheever ( 1979 ) The Executioner 's Song by Norman Mailer ( 1980 ) A Confederacy of Dunces by John Kennedy Toole ( 1981 ) Rabbit Is Rich by John Updike ( 1982 ) The Color Purple by Alice Walker ( 1983 ) Ironweed by William Kennedy ( 1984 ) Foreign Affairs by Alison Lurie ( 1985 ) Lonesome Dove by Larry McMurtry ( 1986 ) A Summons to Memphis by Peter Taylor ( 1987 ) Beloved by Toni Morrison ( 1988 ) Breathing Lessons by Anne Tyler ( 1989 ) The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love by Oscar Hijuelos ( 1990 ) Rabbit at Rest by John Updike ( 1991 ) A Thousand Acres by Jane Smiley ( 1992 ) A Good Scent from a Strange Mountain by Robert Olen Butler ( 1993 ) The Shipping News by E. Annie Proulx ( 1994 ) The Stone Diaries by Carol Shields ( 1995 ) Independence Day by Richard Ford ( 1996 ) Martin Dressler : The Tale of an American Dreamer by Steven Millhauser ( 1997 ) American Pastoral by Philip Roth ( 1998 ) The Hours by Michael Cunningham ( 1999 ) Interpreter of Maladies by Jhumpa Lahiri ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay by Michael Chabon ( 2001 ) Empire Falls by Richard Russo ( 2002 ) Middlesex by Jeffrey Eugenides ( 2003 ) The Known World by Edward P. Jones ( 2004 ) Gilead by Marilynne Robinson ( 2005 ) March by Geraldine Brooks ( 2006 ) The Road by Cormac McCarthy ( 2007 ) The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao by Junot Díaz ( 2008 ) Olive Kitteridge by Elizabeth Strout ( 2009 ) Tinkers by Paul Harding ( 2010 ) A Visit from the Goon Squad by Jennifer Egan ( 2011 ) No award given ( 2012 ) The Orphan Master 's Son by Adam Johnson ( 2013 ) The Goldfinch by Donna Tartt ( 2014 ) All the Light We Cannot See by Anthony Doerr ( 2015 ) The Sympathizer by Viet Thanh Nguyen ( 2016 ) The Underground Railroad by Colson Whitehead ( 2017 ) Works by John Steinbeck Novels and novellas Cup of Gold ( 1929 ) The Red Pony ( 1933 ) To a God Unknown ( 1933 ) Tortilla Flat ( 1935 ) In Dubious Battle ( 1936 ) Of Mice and Men ( 1937 ) The Grapes of Wrath ( 1939 ) The Moon Is Down ( 1942 ) Cannery Row ( 1945 ) The Wayward Bus ( 1947 ) The Pearl ( 1947 ) Burning Bright ( 1950 ) East of Eden ( 1952 ) Sweet Thursday ( 1954 ) The Short Reign of Pippin IV : A Fabrication ( 1957 ) The Winter of Our Discontent ( 1961 ) The Acts of King Arthur and His Noble Knights ( 1976 ) Short story collections The Pastures of Heaven ( 1932 ) The Long Valley ( 1938 ) Screenplays The Forgotten Village ( 1941 ) The Pearl ( 1947 ) The Red Pony ( 1949 ) Viva Zapata ! ( 1952 ) Adaptations Of Mice and Men Of Mice and Men ( 1937 play ) Of Mice and Men ( 1939 film ) Of Mice and Men ( 1969 opera ) Of Mice and Men ( 1992 film ) Best Laid Plans ( 2012 film ) The Grapes of Wrath The Grapes of Wrath ( 1940 film ) The Grapes of Wrath ( 1988 play ) The Grapes of Wrath ( 2007 opera ) The Red Pony The Red Pony ( 1949 film ) The Red Pony ( 1949 film score ) The Red Pony ( 1973 film ) Other Tortilla Flat ( 1942 film ) The Moon Is Down ( 1943 film ) La perla ( The Pearl ) ( 1947 film ) East of Eden ( 1955 film ) The Wayward Bus ( 1957 film ) East of Eden ( 1981 miniseries ) Cannery Row ( 1982 film ) The Winter of Our Discontent ( 1983 film ) In Dubious Battle ( 2016 film ) Non-fiction Sea of Cortez : A Leisurely Journal of Travel and Research ( 1941 ) Bombs Away : The Story of a Bomber Team ( 1942 ) A Russian Journal ( 1948 ) The Log from the Sea of Cortez ( 1951 ) Once There Was a War ( 1958 ) Travels with Charley ( 1962 ) America and Americans ( 1966 ) Journal of a Novel : The East of Eden Letters ( 1969 ) John Steinbeck 's The Grapes of Wrath ( 1939 ) Characters Tom Joad Jim Casy Grandpa William James Joad Ruthie Joad Connie Rivers Muley Graves Performances The Grapes of Wrath ( 1940 film ) The Grapes of Wrath ( 1988 play ) The Grapes of Wrath ( 2007 opera ) Music `` The Ghost of Tom Joad '' Dust Bowl Ballads ( `` Tom Joad '' `` Do Re Mi '' ) `` Pastures of Plenty '' Dust and Dreams Related Great Depression Dust Bowl Blue Willow `` Over Logging '' `` The Battle Hymn of the Republic '' VIAF : 178502508 LCCN : no2008156136 GND : 4305432 - 8 SUDOC : 02736304X BNF : cb119421113 ( data ) BNE : XX2043346 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Grapes_of_Wrath&oldid=837224473 '' Categories : 1939 American novels Culture of Bakersfield , California U.S. Route 66 Novels set in Oklahoma Novels set in California History of Southern California Great Plains American novels adapted into films Novels by John Steinbeck National Book Award for Fiction winning works Pulitzer Prize for the Novel - winning works Dust Bowl Great Depression novels American novels adapted into plays Viking Press books The Grapes of Wrath Novels adapted into operas Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2013 Articles needing additional references from April 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from July 2014 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from July 2014 Articles with Open Library links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote تۆرکجه Башҡортса Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano עברית Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 32 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 14 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wrote the book the grapes of wrath	[ "The Grapes of Wrath is an American realist novel written by John Steinbeck and published in 1939.[2] The book won the National Book Award[3] and Pulitzer Prize[4] for fiction, and it was cited prominently when Steinbeck was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1962.[5]" ]	[ "John Steinbeck" ]
-1186422901711599991	Dear Dumb Diary (film)	Dear Dumb Diary ( film ) - wikipedia Dear Dumb Diary ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article consists almost entirely of a plot summary . It should be expanded to provide more balanced coverage that includes real - world context . Please edit the article to focus on discussing the work rather than merely reiterating the plot . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Dear Dumb Diary Directed by Kristin Hanggi Produced by Jim Bechtold Sean Gesell Don Schain Brian Wells Written by Jim Benton Kristin Hanggi Based on Dear Dumb Diary by Jim Benton Starring Emily Alyn Lind Mary - Charles Jones David Mazouz Sterling Griffith James Waterston Lea DeLaria Maddie Corman Laura Bell Bundy Jeffrey Hanson Tom Markus Music by Steven Argila Edited by Dan Schalk Production company Zucker Productions Walden Media Triple D Productions Distributed by The Hallmark Channel Walden Media Arc Entertainment Release date September 6 , 2013 Country United States Language English Dear Dumb Diary is a Hallmark Channel TV movie based on the book series of the same name by Jim Benton . It stars Emily Alyn Lind as Jamie Kelly , a seventh - grader who documents her experiences at Mackerel Middle School in her diary , as well as Mary - Charles Jones as her best friend Isabella and Sterling Griffith as popular girl Angeline . First airing on the Hallmark Channel in September 6 , 2013 , the movie received mixed reviews . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Music 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Jamie Kelly is a student at Mackerel Middle School . Her closest relationships include her best friend Isabella Vinchella , her ' nemesis ' Angeline and her love interest Hudson Rivers . Upon finding out that budget cuts are taking away the art class , she inadvertently signs up for the Jump - A-Thon , which Angeline is also participating in . Jamie and Isabella go door - to - door asking for donations , with Isabella also getting donations for a donation group she refers to as the `` Juvenile Optometry Federation '' Meanwhile , her Aunt Carol applies for a job as a secretary after Jamie accidentally injures an older secretary in Assistant Principal Devon 's office . Aunt Carol starts dating and Jamie tries to figure out who this mysterious date is . Meanwhile , Angeline appears to be hanging around Jamie a bit more , which Jamie assumes is something evil or manipulative going on . Jamie attempts to steal Angeline 's permanent record , trying to find things to use against Angeline . Just days prior to the Jump - A-Thon , Jamie finds out that Isabella lied about the `` Juvenile Optometry Federation '' and was just using the money to buy herself some contact lenses , which turn out to be faulty . At the Jump - A-Thon , Jamie learns that Angeline , despite all the sponsors she has received for the Jump - A-Thon , can not do jump - rope . Against her own preferences , she decides to help Angeline and gets Isabella to help Angeline too . Her family has a gathering at her house in which several of the teachers are invited . At this party , she learns that the mystery boyfriend of Aunt Carol is none other than Assistant Principal Devon , whom she soon learns is Angeline 's `` Uncle Dan '' when he announces that he & Aunt Carol are engaged . This disturbs Jamie upon learning that she may end up being Angeline 's cousin . Isabella then reveals that she started up a charity called the `` Juvenile Optometry Federation '' Jamie tells Angeline that she had taken her permanent record , but has returned it , Angeline in turn telling Jamie that she 's still taking Hudson to the wedding . Cast ( edit ) Emily Alyn Lind as Jamie Kelly Katy Jensen as Adult Jamie Mary - Charles Jones as Isabella Sterling Griffith as Angeline David Mazouz as Hudson Rivers Carson Oliver as Mike Pinsetti James Waterston as Assistant Principal Devon Laura Bell Bundy as Aunt Carol Jacque Gray as Miss Anderson Lea DeLaria as Ms. Bruntford Maddie Corman as Mrs. Kelly Jeffrey Hanson as Mr. Kelly Tom Markus as Mr Vandoy Duane Stephens as Coach Dover Production ( edit ) The movie was first announced on Jim Benton 's website . The movie utilizes plot - lines and aspects from various instalments in the Dear Dumb Diary . The main storylines of the Jump - A-Thon and Aunt Carol 's mystery date originate from Never Do Anything , Ever and Can Adults Become Human , respectively . The side story of Jamie stealing Angeline 's permanent record is borrowed from Let 's Pretend This Never Happened , while the `` zone - shampooing '' gag originates from a storyline in Am I The Princess Or The Frog . Three of the original songs , `` Dear Future Jamie , '' `` My Awesomeness is Awesome , '' and `` Meatloaf Mystery , '' were written by Dan Mackenzie . Other songs were written by Steven Argila and Seth Freeman . Music ( edit ) The songs include : Dear Dumb Diary - performed by Emily Alyn Lind Same Girl - performed by Emily Alyn Lind Just A Number - performed by Emily Alyn Lind My Awesomeness Is Awesome - performed by Emily Alyn Lind May The Dumb Be With You - performed by Emily Alyn Lind Dear Future Jamie - performed by Emily Alyn Lind Meatloaf Mystery - performed by Lea DeLaria Perfect People Of The World - performed by Emily Alyn Lind Paparazzi - performed by Emily Alyn Lind Love Is Everything - performed by Lea Andreone The soundtrack includes `` Score Suite for Dear Dumb Diary '' performed by Steven Argila , the film 's composer , and `` Dear Dumb Diary ( Karaoke Mix ) '' by Emily Alyn Lind . Reception ( edit ) The movie has mixed reviews , with an audience rating of 57 % on Rotten Tomatoes , whilst IMDb has gotten a rating of 5.8 out of 10 for the film based on rankings of the film . Common Sense Media has given the film 4 / 5 however , stating `` Books - inspired movie has great social messages for kids '' . Pretty Famous has ranked the movie 49 % References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dear Dumb Diary '' . www.jimbenton.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News - `` Dear Dumb Diary , '' a Hallmark Channel Original Movie Starring Emily Alyn Lind and Mary - Charles Jones , Begins Production in Salt Lake City TheFutonCritic.com `` . www.thefutoncritic.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Hanggi , Kristin ( 2013 - 09 - 06 ) , Dear Dumb Diary , retrieved 2016 - 01 - 30 Jump up ^ `` Dear Dumb Diary ( 2013 ) Movie Script SS '' . Springfield ! Springfield ! . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Dear Dumb Diary '' . jimbenton.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Dear Dumb Diary Original Soundtrack www.allmusic.com Jump up ^ Hanggi , Kristin ( 2013 - 09 - 06 ) , Dear Dumb Diary , retrieved 2016 - 02 - 08 Jump up ^ `` Dear Dumb Diary Soundtrack ( 2013 ) '' . www.soundtrack.net . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Dear Dumb Diary '' . www.rottentomatoes.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Hanggi , Kristin ( 2013 - 09 - 06 ) , Dear Dumb Diary , retrieved 2016 - 02 - 08 Jump up ^ `` Dear Dumb Diary - Movie Review '' . www.commonsensemedia.org . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Dear Dumb Diary - '' . movies.prettyfamous.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 08 . External links ( edit ) Dear Dumb Diary on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dear_Dumb_Diary_(film)&oldid=806873214 '' Categories : English - language films Hallmark Channel original films Films based on American novels Films based on children 's books 2013 films 2013 television films Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from January 2016 All articles to be expanded Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 17 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays aunt carol in dear dumb diary	[ "\nEmily Alyn Lind as Jamie Kelly\n\nKaty Jensen as Adult Jamie\n\n\nMary-Charles Jones as Isabella\nSterling Griffith as Angeline\nDavid Mazouz as Hudson Rivers\nCarson Oliver as Mike Pinsetti\nJames Waterston as Assistant Principal Devon\nLaura Bell Bundy as Aunt Carol\nJacque Gray as Miss Anderson\nLea DeLaria as Ms. Bruntford\nMaddie Corman as Mrs. Kelly\nJeffrey Hanson as Mr. Kelly\nTom Markus as Mr Vandoy\nDuane Stephens as Coach Dover\n" ]	[ "Laura Bell Bundy" ]

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.