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-4510034552037440678	Monday Night Football	Monday Night Football - Wikipedia Monday Night Football Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Monday Night Football ( disambiguation ) . `` NFL on ESPN '' redirects here . For the program aired between 1987 and 2005 , see ESPN Sunday Night Football . ESPN Monday Night Football Genre NFL game telecasts Created by Roone Arledge Directed by Chet Forte ( 1970 -- 1986 ) Larry Kamm ( 1987 ) Craig Janoff ( 1988 -- 1999 ) Drew Esocoff ( 2000 -- 2005 ) Chip Dean ( 2006 -- present ) Presented by Commentators : Sean McDonough Jon Gruden Lisa Salters Studio hosts : Suzy Kolber Steve Young Randy Moss Matt Hasselbeck Charles Woodson Opening theme `` Score '' by Bob 's Band ( 1970 -- 1975 ) `` All My Rowdy Friends Are Here on Monday Night '' by Hank Williams , Jr. ( 1989 -- 2011 ; 2017 -- present ) `` Heavy Action '' by Johnny Pearson ( 1976 -- 1989 ; 2011 -- 2016 ) ( used as secondary theme from 1989 to 2011 and again from 2017 -- present ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 47 ( NFL seasons ) No. of episodes 718 ( games ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Norby Williamson ( 2006 -- present ) Producer ( s ) Roger Lewin Jay Rothman Suzy Kolber ( uncredited ; 2006 -- present ) Location ( s ) Various NFL stadiums ( game telecasts ) ESPN Center , Bristol , Connecticut ( studio segments ) Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 3 - 4 hours Production company ( s ) National Football League ABC Sports ( 1970 -- 2005 ) ESPN ( 2006 -- present ) Release Original network ABC ( 1970 -- 2005 ) ESPN ( 2006 -- present ) Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) ( 1970 -- 2010 ) , 480i ( 16 : 9 SDTV ) ( 2011 -- present ) , 720p ( HDTV ) ( 2011 -- present ) Original release September 21 , 1970 ( 1970 - 09 - 21 ) -- present Chronology Related shows Monday Night Countdown External links Website espn.go.com/nfl/mnf ESPN Monday Night Football ( also known as ESPN Monday Night Football on ABC for rare live special broadcast ) is a live television broadcast of weekly National Football League ( NFL ) games on ESPN in the United States . From 1970 to 2005 , it aired on sister broadcast network ABC . Monday Night Football was , along with Hallmark Hall of Fame and the Walt Disney anthology television series , one of the longest - running prime time programs ever on commercial network television , and one of the highest - rated , particularly among male viewers . MNF is preceded on air by Monday Night Countdown served by Applebees . Monday Night Football is also broadcast in Canada on TSN and RDS , and in most of Europe . On September 7 , 2013 , the NFL announced that British Eurosport would show Monday Night Football games live in the United Kingdom for the 2013 and 2014 seasons . The telecasts are also seen in most of Australia on ESPN Australia , in Portugal on SportTV 3 and SportTV HD and on TV 2 Sport in Denmark , and in some other regions of the world outside the U.S. on ESPN International . A Spanish - language version airs on ESPN Deportes in the U.S. and on ESPN International in Latin America , while a Portuguese version airs on ESPN Brasil . Per an NFL broadcasting policy intended to allow those who do not subscribe to cable or satellite television to see games televised by a pay television network , the games are also made available on over-the - air television stations in each participating team 's local market . On September 8 , 2011 , the first day of the 2011 regular season , ESPN extended its contract for Monday Night Football for eight additional seasons , giving it rights to the broadcasts until 2021 . The new deal , valued between $14.2 billion and $15.2 billion , also gives ESPN rights to expanded highlights , international and streaming rights , and possibly a wild - card playoff game . Cable television providers condemned the new contract , noting that ESPN has the highest retransmission consent fees of any national cable television channel , nearly seven times higher than the nearest competitor ( TNT ) , and raises fees on an annual basis . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 1.1 Scheduling problems 1.2 Franchises with the most appearances 2 As entertainment 2.1 2000s 2.1. 1 2006 summary 2.1. 2 2007 summary 2.1. 3 2008 summary 2.1. 4 2009 summary 2.2 2010s 2.2. 1 2010 summary 2.2. 2 2011 summary 2.2. 3 2012 summary 2.2. 4 2013 -- 14 summary 2.2. 5 2015 summary 2.2. 6 2016 summary 2.2. 7 2017 summary 3 Theme music 4 Digital on - screen graphics 4.1 1997 -- 2005 4.2 2006 -- present 5 Scoring records 6 Scheduling on local stations 7 Commentators 8 Foreign - language versions 8.1 Spanish version 8.2 Portuguese version 9 Radio broadcasts 10 Nielsen ratings 11 Additional NFL game rights 11.1 Playoff games 11.2 Pro Bowl 12 See also 13 Footnotes 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External links Overview ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( November 2010 ) See also : History of Monday Night Football After 45 seasons , there now have been a total of 730 games televised by the Monday Night Football franchise . Scheduling problems ( edit ) To avoid any scheduling unfairness where , just before the first playoff game , a team may have five days off and others six , there is no Monday night game during the final week of the regular season . From 2003 to 2005 , one game was played on Thursday and another Monday under the Monday Night Football banner . Starting in 2006 , when the series moved to cable , two games are played on the opening Monday night to capitalize on fan interest during `` NFL Kickoff Weekend '' . Monday night games early in the season are often highly anticipated since records are new , teams usually are showcasing fresh talent and potential , and storylines coming into the season are often played out as fans try to see if these hyped teams are up to form . Since no one knows during the first month of the season if a team is indeed good , or will rebound from a difficult start , interest is usually high for the first few weeks of the MNF season . Since the MNF schedule is set in April and can not be changed , the league and network can not guarantee a late season matchup will have any significance or be highly anticipated . Teams thought to be good during the off - season could be out of playoff contention by the middle of the season ; a prime example occurred in 1999 , when the San Francisco 49ers and Atlanta Falcons both entered the season 's final MNF game with 4 -- 11 records . It had seemed like a good pre-season matchup since the Falcons had played in the previous season 's Super Bowl and the 49ers coming into the 1999 season had posted 16 consecutive 10 - win seasons . It is also possible for a team like the 1999 St. Louis Rams not to be scheduled for a Monday night game because of its dismal record the year before , and many other NFL teams ( such as the 2004 San Diego Chargers , with zero primetime games ) have had huge unforeseen turnarounds that result in lack of MNF attention ( these teams generally receive multiple MNF spots the year after their breakout success , which is great for viewers if those teams continue to play well , and not so great if they return to mediocrity or worse ) . However , the forecasting abilities of the NFL 's scheduling officials have exhibited uncanny proficiency . Many MNF games occurring later in the season feature at least one team that is either headed to the playoffs or must win the MNF game to clinch a playoff spot . The problem of having a national spotlight game which during the season 's most critical weeks late in the year probably would not show the most important game of the week was long known by the league and network . As a result of this , the NFL wished to move the `` Game of the Week '' idea to Sunday nights as to make flex scheduling possible . This was a move which would ultimately mean the end of Monday Night Football on ABC ( cable games are protected from the NFL 's flexible scheduling rule adopted for the 2006 -- 07 season ; the new rule applies only to CBS , Fox , and NBC 's Sunday night games ) . The league currently has no interest in expanding flexible scheduling to include Monday Night Football , citing the logistical issues of moving games back and forth between Sundays and Mondays . Franchises with the most appearances ( edit ) See also : Monday Night Football all - time team standings The franchise with the most Monday night appearances is the Miami Dolphins . The San Francisco 49ers won their record 48th Monday Night game with a 28 -- 0 win over the Los Angeles Rams on September 12 , 2016 . The most common Monday Night Football pairings are Broncos vs. Raiders ( 17 match - ups as of 2013 ) and Cowboys vs. Redskins ( met for a 17th time in 2015 ) . The defunct Candlestick Park in San Francisco currently holds the record for hosting the most Monday Night Football games , including its 36th and final Monday night game on December 23 , 2013 . Among the active stadiums following the conclusion of the 2013 season , Miami Gardens , Florida 's Hard Rock Stadium has hosted the most games with 32 . As entertainment ( edit ) Monday Night Football has continued to provide as much entertainment as sports throughout its run . In addition to the extra cameras , the program has also pioneered technological broadcast innovations , such as the use of enhanced slow motion replays and computerized graphics . Celebrity guests -- such as former Vice President Spiro Agnew , singers Plácido Domingo and former Beatle John Lennon , President Bill Clinton , and even Kermit the Frog -- were often featured during the game to `` liven up '' the broadcast . The December 9 , 1974 contest featured a rare instance of two celebrities entering the booth , with Lennon being interviewed by Howard Cosell and California governor Ronald Reagan speaking with Frank Gifford , with Reagan explaining the rules of American football ( off - camera ) to Lennon as the game went along . However , the late 1990s and early 2000s saw an even more increased reliance on the entertainment factor . Some halftime shows , featuring popular music stars , were broadcast in their entirety rather than being ignored in favor of analysis of the game by the commentators , as in previous seasons . In December 1980 , one of the most memorable moments of MNF occurred when Cosell announced in a news flash that Lennon had been shot and killed in New York City . Monday Night Football was the first national broadcast to announce his death . An advertisement during halftime on the October 19 , 2015 game featured the world premiere of the third trailer of Star Wars : The Force Awakens . 2000s ( edit ) 2006 summary ( edit ) For its 2006 debut on ESPN , Williams , Jr. re-recorded the MNF opening theme with an all - star jam band that included among others Brian Setzer , Little Richard , Questlove , Joe Perry , Clarence Clemons , Rick Nielsen , Bootsy Collins , Charlie Daniels and Steven Van Zandt . The 2006 telecast generally began with a cinematic tease produced by Rico Labbe , Michael Sciallis and Jason Jobes . It was during one of these teases that Barack Obama spoofed his announcement for the 2008 Presidential candidacy in favor of his hometown Chicago Bears in their game against the St. Louis Rams . That year , the tease was followed by the show open produced by Los Angeles - based The Syndicate called `` Transformation '' . It features computer - generated imagery showing a city being transformed into a football stadium and passers - by on the street turning into players , coaches , fans and officials set to an updated orchestral treatment of the `` Heavy Action '' theme song . The sequence began every week with a different celebrity walking down the street , picking up a glowing football helmet with the ESPN logo on the side and saying , `` I 'm ready for some football ! Are you ? '' , thus beginning the transformation process . Celebrities for 2006 included Arnold Schwarzenegger , Matthew Fox , Hugh Hefner , Paris Hilton , Spike Lee , Ashton Kutcher , Samuel L. Jackson , Ludacris , Jack Black , Kiefer Sutherland , James Belushi , Ben Stiller , Tyra Banks , Carmen Electra and Eva Longoria . In addition , celebrities returned in full force to the booth , though this proved to be the major criticism of ESPN 's first MNF season . On the opening weekend , Arnold Schwarzenegger , another celebrity - turned - California governor , was in the booth at McAfee Coliseum in Oakland , California ; before that , Jamie Foxx appeared at FedExField in suburban Washington , D.C. Following them , celebrity appearances included NBA basketball superstar Dwyane Wade , Basketball Hall of Fame player Charles Barkley , NASCAR Cup Series driver Jeff Gordon , comedian Jimmy Kimmel ( whose opening words to Joe Theismann were `` how 's the leg ? '' ) , actor Sylvester Stallone , film director Spike Lee , hip hop artist Jay - Z , and MNF theme singer Hank Williams Jr . 2007 summary ( edit ) ESPN scaled back to only one opening tease for the 2007 season . Williams Jr. and the all - star band returned , only this time they played in a `` juke joint '' set on a country road . The lead singer arrives in a GMC Yukon truck ( GMC paid for product placement ) with the license plate `` BOCEPHUS '' , which is Williams ' nickname . The Syndicate 's computer - generated tease was dropped and replaced by short pre-taped films focusing on a team or player in the game . Some of them have featured actor Jamie Foxx . The guest visits continued : Barkley returned to the booth on September 17 in Philadelphia . Other guests throughout the season included Kimmel ( another returnee ) , Drew Carey , Miley Cyrus , Russell Crowe and Terry Bradshaw . In addition , Gordon was a halftime guest on the game just before the season - ending Ford 400 and was joined by teammate Jimmie Johnson . At the end of each game , Williams returned to say , `` See you in ( city that is the site of the next week 's game ) . '' Both the open and close contain helmets of the participating teams , organized in the style of a concert poster . 2008 summary ( edit ) Despite the de-emphasis on entertainment on the overall telecast , ESPN did bring back Hank Williams , Jr. for his 20th season as part of the opening . This time , the opening sequence was set in a private residence . At the end of the song , Williams Jr. touched a foot pump , which supposedly contained the helmets of that night 's participating teams . The helmets were launched from the home toward the stadium at which the game was held . Through computer - generated imagery , the helmets `` land '' at midfield during a live shot , and then explode . The `` exploding helmets '' gimmick was also used at various times in the 1980s and 1990s during the pre-game tease . Williams Jr. then appeared again at the end of the game to promote the next week 's matchup . ESPN also continued to promote upcoming albums through its use in bumper music . On September 29 ( Baltimore Ravens at Pittsburgh Steelers ) , ESPN used `` Another Way to Die '' , a duet between Alicia Keys and Jack White of the White Stripes -- the song was part of the soundtrack for the 2008 film Quantum of Solace , then the latest in the James Bond series . Monday Night Football celebrated its 600th game broadcast on October 20 , 2008 in a game which the New England Patriots defeated the Denver Broncos , 41 -- 7 . The 39th season of MNF ended on December 22 , 2008 , when the Bears beat the Green Bay Packers , 20 -- 17 , in overtime at home at Soldier Field in Chicago . 2009 summary ( edit ) The title sequence for the 40th season of Monday Night Football featured Hank Williams , Jr. seen on the steps of a building ( presumably a museum ) , surrounded by dancers , football fans , and statues / busts -- which , along with everyone else in the scene , begin to move and dance -- patterned after those at the Pro Football Hall of Fame . The transition to Williams Jr. is a book , with the chapter number ( in Roman numerals , sequentially with each week ) and a tag line about the game to be played that night . At the end of the song , Williams Jr. plugged in the cords , thereby launching animated `` helmets '' into space , from the building toward the stadium at which the game was held ( with the exception of October 5 , 2009 , when the helmets zoomed towards Brett Favre instead ) , passing the International Space Station . As with the previous season ( as mentioned above ) , the helmets `` land '' at midfield during a live shot and then crashed into each other . Williams Jr. appeared again at the end of the telecast to promote the following week 's matchup . After that , the picture was freezeframed and the shot zoomed out to the book , which showed the freezeframed picture as part of a page . As this happened , the NFL end - of - game bumper music was played and the book closed , revealing a golden NFL logo on the back cover and signifying the end of the `` chapter '' , or game . The scene was filmed in the summer of 2009 at The Parthenon in Nashville , Tennessee . Before Williams Jr. appears , Frank Gifford gave a short vignette about a memorable moment in the history of Monday Night Football featuring one or both of the teams playing that night 's game . The 40th season of Monday Night Football ended on December 28 , 2009 with the Minnesota Vikings -- Chicago Bears game in Chicago , in which the Bears won in overtime , 36 -- 30 . The telecast ended with a vignette that featured Gifford taking a look back at highlights from the previous four decades -- and the 40th season -- of MNF , after which the book closed , signifying the end of the season . The 40th season had the highest season viewership for MNF since ESPN acquired the rights to the broadcast . 2010s ( edit ) 2010 summary ( edit ) The opening for the 2010 season was identical to that used in 2009 , except for the final scenes . This time , Williams Jr. turns a wheel filled with paint , with CGI colors blasting into the air , revealing the helmets containing logos of the participating teams -- which stay on top of the building . In one other minor difference , the chapter numbers in the `` book '' were changed from Roman to Arabic numerals . Gifford provided new vignettes and the Parthenon scenes were repeated from the year before . The 2010 season marked Williams ' 22nd as part of the telecast 's open . In an unusual coincidence , both games which had the New York Jets as a home team at New Meadowlands Stadium ( now MetLife Stadium ) were delayed because of heavy rain and lightning in the area . In the first instance , the September 13 game against the Baltimore Ravens , it was delayed 25 minutes ; the second delay , prior to the October 11 contest against the Minnesota Vikings , lasted for 40 minutes . Prior to the September 13 game , the last ESPN telecast to encounter weather problems was on October 4 , 1998 ( a Sunday night ) when lightning halted a game between the Seattle Seahawks and Kansas City Chiefs during the second quarter . The first delay forced ESPN to use ESPN2 for a game telecast , this time for the Chiefs ' home opener against the San Diego Chargers . As in 2007 , the broadcast was shifted to ESPN once the first game was over . The game between the Jets and the Vikings was both Brett Favre 's first game in East Rutherford since his only season there in 2008 and marked Randy Moss 's return to the Vikings . Moss played only four games for Minnesota until he was waived on November 2 . 2011 summary ( edit ) The opening sequence for the 2011 season was set in a closed - studio setting , with Hank Williams Jr. ( in his 23rd year ) performing with a band in front of a live audience with large video screens in the background . The end of the opening sequence featured the team logos of that night 's participants transitioning into the new ESPN Monday Night Football logo before going to a live shot . On October 3 , 2011 , ESPN pulled the theme song after Williams appeared on the Fox News Channel program , Fox & Friends , where he compared a golf outing involving Barack Obama , John Boehner , Joe Biden and John Kasich to `` Hitler playing golf with Netanyahu . '' On October 6 , 2011 , it was announced that Williams would no longer be singing the theme song , and that `` All My Rowdy Friends '' would no longer be used as its theme , as Williams still owns the song . A statement from ESPN said that the network has `` decided to part ways with Hank Williams Jr . We appreciate his contributions over the past years . The success of Monday Night Football has always been about the games and that will continue . '' Williams commented on the matter : `` After reading hundreds of e-mails , I have made my decision ... By pulling my opening October 3 , ( ESPN ) stepped on the toes of the First Amendment Freedom of Speech , so therefore me , my song , and All My Rowdy Friends are out of here . It 's been a great run . '' MNF did not have an opening sequence at all from Week 4 through the end of that season . With Suzy Kolber reassigned to the new studio show NFL32 , and Michele Tafoya having left ESPN for NBC Sunday Night Football , the sideline reporter position rotated between various reporters for the season . For the second year in a row , and the third time overall , the beginning of the 10 : 15 p.m. Eastern Time game ( Oakland Raiders at Denver Broncos ) was shown on ESPN2 as the game that began at 7 : 00 p.m. Eastern Time ( New England Patriots at Miami Dolphins ) ran past the scheduled time period . 2012 summary ( edit ) Lisa Salters was named the permanent solo sideline reporter for the 2012 season . In addition , color commentator Ron Jaworski did not return to the program . As a result , Jon Gruden became the solo color commentator , with MNF going back to a two - man booth for the first time since its final season on ABC ( 2005 ) . MNF 's opening graphic sequence , which showed the helmet logos of the game 's two participating NFL teams and then the program 's logo , was seen before the Monday Night Football Launch segment . 2013 -- 14 summary ( edit ) The opening animation sequence begins with an image of a 2014 GMC Sierra ( GMC paid for product placement ) and then goes into a timeline of historical events that occurred during the Monday Night Football era , including some highlights of MNF games from the previous 43 seasons up to 2012 . At the end of the sequence , helmets featuring logos of that night 's two participating teams are shown , followed by the various Monday Night Football logos used since the program 's debut in 1970 . The 80 - second opening animation sequence , which also featured Pac - Man , Darth Vader and President Ronald Reagan , was created by actor / filmmaker Peter Berg . A revision of the opening sequence was used for the 2014 season . Among the few changes , GMC 's product placement promoted the automaker 's line of Denali vehicles , while the sequence itself included some additional highlights of MNF games from the previous 44 seasons up to 2013 . 2015 summary ( edit ) A 3D opening animation sequence is used for the 2015 season ( 46th season overall and tenth on ESPN ) . GMC 's product placement once again promoted the automaker 's line of Denali vehicles , including the Yukon Denali that is seen at the beginning . Also among the many changes is the highlights of MNF games -- this time , they are set inside a computer - generated stadium using 3D imagery -- from the previous 45 seasons up to 2014 . 2016 summary ( edit ) After three years of using the timeline - themed open , MNF debuted a new 75 - second , Hollywood - themed open on September 12 , 2016 and it features ESPN 's new MNF broadcast team -- Sean McDonough ( play - by - play ) , Jon Gruden ( color ) and Lisa Salters ( sideline reporter ) -- and more than 20 current NFL stars and Pro Football Hall of Famers walking along a red carpet entrance lined by cheering fans and photographers taking pictures . It begins with a shot of a downtown stadium surrounded by skyscrapers , with a 2017 GMC Acadia ( product placement again provided by GMC ) displaying the location for that week 's MNF game on its navigation system . The Acadia then heads to a glitzy red carpet at the stadium 's entrance , where McDonough , Gruden and Salters exit the car , followed on the carpet by a flood of NFL players representing the past and present of MNF . Players then pose for pictures and wave to the crowd as they reach the stadium entrance . Josh Norman ( Redskins ) , Larry Fitzgerald ( Cardinals ) and Rob Gronkowski ( Patriots ) are among the current players being represented in the open , with Franco Harris ( Steelers ) , Jerry Rice ( 49ers ) , Barry Sanders ( Lions ) and Bruce Smith ( Bills ) among the past players being represented . For the Spanish - language version of the Hollywood - themed open , it features ESPN 's Spanish - language MNF broadcast team -- Álvaro Martín ( play - by - play ) , Raúl Allegre ( color ) and John Sutcliffe ( sideline reporter ) as well as the current Hispanic NFL players and the team of the Latin American version of NFL Live led by Ciro Procuna . 2017 summary ( edit ) MNF returned to two teases for the first time since its first season on ESPN ( 2006 ) . The Hollywood - themed open was repeated from the previous season , this time with the 2018 GMC Terrain being used as the automaker 's product placement . Also , Hank Williams , Jr. returned to MNF on September 11 , 2017 with an all - new version of the iconic opening theme song , `` All My Rowdy Friends Are Here on Monday Night '' ( used from 1989 to Week 3 of the 2011 season ) and it appeared just before that night 's New Orleans Saints - Minnesota Vikings game . The new version , which is seen just before the kickoff of each game , is a collaboration of Williams , Jr , country duo Florida Georgia Line , and R&B singer Jason Derulo . Theme music ( edit ) Hank Williams Jr. reworked his country music hit `` All My Rowdy Friends Are Coming Over Tonight '' to be included in the telecast 's introduction as `` All My Rowdy Friends Are Here on Monday Night '' ( the original introduction music was an organ - based piece called `` Score '' , written by Charles Fox and recorded by Bob 's Band ) . In addition , Edd Kalehoff modernized the classic `` Heavy Action '' theme in 1989 . For ABC 's last MNF game in 2005 , Williams Jr. 's rendition of `` Turn Out the Lights , The Party 's Over '' , closed the broadcast . Digital on - screen graphics ( edit ) Some of this article 's listed sources may not be reliable . Please help this article by looking for better , more reliable sources . Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted . ( September 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Prior to 1997 , Monday Night Football had a limited graphics package . A CGI - based intro began being used in 1984 , with on - screen graphics still limited to basic text . In 1988 , the entire graphics package was updated significantly to be more in line with the rest of ABC Sports ' presentations . That year , it introduced the `` clashing helmets '' intro , with on - screen graphics consisting of italicized text underlined in red . It was updated in 1994 , the year the network hosted Super Bowl XXIX , with a more box - like design . A permanent score bug would not be introduced until 1997 . 1997 -- 2005 ( edit ) Monday Night Football began using a score bug in 1997 , the second network to do so after Fox introduced the first regular on - screen scoring bug when it began airing NFL games in 1994 . Prior to this , the graphics package was limited , but followed a basic `` ketchup and mustard '' color scheme of red and yellow . The first scorebug included team names , scores , time remaining , and displayed which quarter the game was in . This design was used through the 1998 season . ABC hosted Super Bowl XXXIV for 1999 , and updated its graphics package to more closely resemble those of sister cable network ESPN . ABC began using extended abbreviations for team names ( for example , `` TENN '' , `` VIKES '' , `` PACK '' , and `` FINS '' instead of `` TEN '' , `` MIN '' , `` GB '' , and `` MIA '' ) , as four - letter and five - letter abbreviations were used on ESPN coverage . The result was a larger scorebug with a more conventional font . It was slightly modified in 2000 to have a border that was more in line with the red and yellow color scheme . The graphics for Monday Night Football were changed in the 2002 season , the year the network hosted Super Bowl XXXVII . The scorebug was a solid color , with a more rounded shape , and a horizontally compressed font . ESPN 's graphics were no longer similar to those of ABC 's ( with ESPN instead using a gray and black design with rounded corners ) . In 2005 , the broadcast 's final year on ABC , Monday Night Football began using a horizontal bar on the bottom of the screen rather than a scorebug , with all information being contained on a single line . 2006 -- present ( edit ) After Monday Night Football moved to ESPN in 2006 ( around the same time that ABC Sports rebranded as ESPN on ABC ) , ESPN changed its entire graphics package to a red and black design , while NFL coverage used a separate design . For NFL telecasts in 2006 and 2007 , a dark gray , metallic scorebug was used , located in an unorthodox placement at the center of the bottom of the screen . For the 2008 season , a new graphics scheme was introduced that was built around a new display known as the `` dashboard '' ; the scoreboard , which now took the form of a horizontal bar , was mounted in a dedicated area spanning across the bottom the screen . All lower - third graphics were also displayed within the dashboard , replacing the scorebar when in use . For the 2009 and 2010 seasons , a revamped version of the 2008 design was used , incorporating a new , metallic silver design . Timeout indicators were added to the score bar in Week 4 of the 2009 season . For the 2009 season only , a `` 40th anniversary '' logo was incorporated into the bar in celebration of Monday Night Football 's 40th season . The `` silver '' graphics scheme would later be adopted by other ESPN properties , such as its college football games in December 2009 . In the 2011 season , the banner was restructured as a black , metallic design , which was considerably larger than most scorebars -- including the previous one ( although its sizes has varied , becoming significantly wider , though thinner in 2012 ) . For ESPN 's first pre-season game of 2012 , the timeout indicators were also accompanied by two smaller red lamps to the right , indicating the number of play challenges remaining , but these were unexpectedly removed the following game . On September 10 , 2012 , Monday Night Countdown began using MNF 's graphics scheme . For the 2015 season , the graphics were completely overhauled to match the motif that has been used for ESPN 's NFL studio programming since the year prior . However , the studio programming uses the new motif only for introductions and transitions , while the actual insert graphics use the standard ESPN package used for SportsCenter and all other sports . Meanwhile , MNF uses the NFL motif for all insert graphics , not just introductions and transitions . Most notably , the NFL motif uses a horizontal score bar across the bottom of the screen , whereas the standard graphics package uses a score box . The layout is standard , with teams on the background of their color , with timeout indicators also displaying in team colors . Experimentally , the score bar `` auto - hides '' itself during plays , though it is shown permanently during the final two minutes of each half and , if necessary , overtime . This is also the first time that ESPN has used the full 16 : 9 frame for its NFL graphics . Scoring records ( edit ) See also : Monday Night Football all - time team standings , List of Monday Night Football results ( 1970 -- 89 ) , List of Monday Night Football results ( 1990 -- 2009 ) , and List of Monday Night Football results ( 2010 -- present ) Most points 59 -- Philadelphia Eagles , November 15 , 2010 vs. Washington Redskins 55 -- Indianapolis Colts , October 31 , 1988 vs. Denver Broncos 52 -- San Francisco 49ers , December 23 , 1991 vs. Chicago Bears 52 -- San Diego Chargers , December 20 , 1982 vs. Cincinnati Bengals 51 -- New Orleans Saints , November 24 , 2008 vs. Green Bay Packers 49 -- Philadelphia Eagles , November 15 , 2004 vs. Dallas Cowboys 49 -- Kansas City Chiefs , December 13 , 2004 vs. Tennessee Titans 48 -- Detroit Lions , October 19 , 1981 vs. Chicago Bears 48 -- Green Bay Packers , October 17 , 1983 vs. Washington Redskins 48 -- Baltimore Ravens , December 19 , 2005 vs. Green Bay Packers 48 -- Tennessee Titans , October 11 , 2004 vs. Green Bay Packers Most one - sided games 45 points -- Baltimore 48 , Green Bay 3 -- December 19 , 2005 42 points -- New England 45 , N.Y. Jets 3 -- December 6 , 2010 42 points -- Miami 45 , N.Y. Jets 3 -- November 24 , 1986 42 points -- Seattle 42 , Philadelphia 0 -- December 5 , 2005 ( largest margin of victory by an MNF road team ) 41 points -- San Francisco 41 , Chicago 0 -- December 14 , 1987 39 points -- Los Angeles 42 , Philadelphia 3 -- November 3 , 1975 38 points -- Green Bay 45 , Minnesota 7 -- November 14 , 2011 38 points -- San Francisco 52 , Chicago 14 -- December 23 , 1991 38 points -- San Francisco 41 , Atlanta 3 -- November 9 , 1992 38 points -- St. Louis Cardinals 38 , Dallas 0 -- November 16 , 1970 Highest scoring games 95 points -- Green Bay 48 , Washington 47 -- October 17 , 1983 87 points -- Kansas City 49 , Tennessee 38 -- December 13 , 2004 87 points -- Philadelphia 59 , Washington 28 -- November 15 , 2010 86 points -- San Diego 52 , Cincinnati 34 -- December 20 , 1982 82 points -- Dallas 43 , Seattle 39 -- December 6 , 2004 80 points -- New Orleans 51 , Green Bay 29 -- November 24 , 2008 80 points -- Green Bay 43 , Atlanta 37 -- December 8 , 2014 79 points -- Oakland 45 , Pittsburgh 34 -- October 20 , 1980 78 points -- Indianapolis Colts 55 , Denver Broncos 23 -- October 31 , 1988 78 points -- Dallas 41 , Philadelphia 37 -- September 15 , 2008 78 points -- Oakland 40 , Dallas 38 -- October 23 , 1983 Lowest scoring games 3 points -- Pittsburgh 3 , Miami 0 -- November 26 , 2007 9 points -- Jacksonville 9 , Pittsburgh 0 -- September 18 , 2006 10 points -- San Francisco 7 , N.Y. Giants 3 -- December 3 , 1990 12 points -- Oakland 9 , Denver 3 -- December 1 , 1980 13 points -- Baltimore 10 , Washington 3 -- November 7 , 1977 13 points -- Los Angeles 10 , Pittsburgh 3 -- December 20 , 1975 14 points -- Washington 9 , Dallas 5 -- October 2 , 1978 15 points -- Buffalo 9 , Indianapolis 6 -- October 20 , 1997 15 points -- Detroit 13 , Minnesota 2 -- December 5 , 1983 15 points -- Houston 9 , Miami 6 -- November 5 , 1979 Ties Detroit 14 , Green Bay 14 -- November 1 , 1971 Oakland 23 , Denver 23 -- October 22 , 1973 N.Y. Giants 20 , St. Louis 20 ( OT ) -- October 24 , 1983 Scheduling on local stations ( edit ) From 1970 to 1997 , ABC 's Monday Night Football coverage began at 9 : 00 p.m. Eastern Time , with game kickoff typically occurring at seven minutes past the hour . Coverage was moved one hour earlier to 8 : 00 p.m. Eastern Time in 1998 , with a pre-game show titled Monday Night Blast , hosted by Chris Berman from the ESPN Zone restaurant in Baltimore preceding the start of the game at 8 : 20 p.m. This was done mainly to address ABC 's inability to find a suitable 8 : 00 p.m. lead - in program for MNF since MacGyver ended its run in 1992 ( not even two other series from MacGyver 's production company Paramount Television -- The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles and The Marshal -- saw success , despite the former 's ties to Paramount 's Indiana Jones film series ) , and to allow stations to start their late local newscasts nearer to their regular times . Poor ratings caused this experiment to be dropped after one season , with MNF once again moving to 9 : 00 p.m. in 1999 , though in many NFL markets , the 8 : 00 p.m. ( Eastern Time ) hour from 1999 to 2006 was replaced by affiliates with locally produced and programmed sports discussion and coaches shows , with ABC programming in that hour moved to late night or weekend slots ; by the end of the ABC run , the 8 : 00 p.m. timeslot was filled with either newsmagazines and short - lived reality television programs which failed to make any ratings headways due to affiliate pre-emptions . From 1970 to 1995 , Fisher Broadcasting 's ABC affiliates in Seattle ( KOMO - TV ) and Portland ( KATU ) aired MNF games on a one - hour tape delay starting at 7 : 00 p.m. Pacific Time ( games normally started in the Pacific Time Zone at 6 : 00 p.m. , corresponding to 9 : 00 Eastern ) in order to accommodate local newscasts ( unless the Seattle Seahawks were playing , in which case the game would be shown live ) . The practice , long opposed by viewers and ABC , ended in 1996 . KOMO then tried to accommodate having to air its local newscasts earlier than its local station competitors by marketing it as KOMO 4 News Primetime , touting it as a way to watch the news at a more convenient time than during evening rush hour . Additionally , this practice was done in Hawaii , where Honolulu ABC affiliate KITV delayed the game until 6 : 00 p.m. Hawaii - Aleutian Time , corresponding to 11 : 00 p.m. or midnight Eastern during daylight saving time on the mainland . Thus , the game , which was broadcast live on local radio starting at 3 : 00 or 4 : 00 p.m. , was almost over before it aired on television . In the case of Guam , KTGM , the ABC affiliate in that U.S. territory , aired MNF live on Tuesdays at 11 : 00 a.m. , as Guam is a day ahead of the United States due to being located on the other side of International Date Line . The demand to broadcast Monday Night Football games live across the United States over ABC was difficult to reconcile with other prime time programming , which is usually set to begin at a certain local time regardless of time zone . On the East Coast , with MNF beginning at 9 : 00 p.m. Eastern Time , there was an hour of primetime in which to schedule regular programming . However , on the West Coast , the games lasted from 6 : 00 to 9 : 30 p.m. Pacific Time ( or in the case of Seattle and Portland from 1970 to 1995 , 7 : 00 to 10 : 30 p.m. ) , leaving little or no time for additional network programming on Monday . As a result , network programs scheduled for prime time on the East Coast were broadcast at various hours on the West Coast . Most affiliates pushed the network shows to immediately after the game ; however , Los Angeles owned - and - operated station KABC - TV postponed them until 10 : 00 p.m. from at least the mid-1990s until 2005 to show trivia contests and other sports shows produced locally ( the longest - tenured such show was Monday Night Live , hosted by sports anchor Todd Donoho ) . Meanwhile , KOMO , one of the stations that tape - delayed MNF in most cases , broadcast new episodes of the sitcom Coach on Saturday afternoons ( usually reserved , coincidentally enough , for college football telecasts ; much of the series took place on a fictional college campus ) . Except for Seattle and Portland from 1970 to 1995 , ABC World News Tonight was routinely preempted on most West Coast affiliates , though the ABC network - owned stations ( e.g. Los Angeles ) aired the program earlier in the afternoon . Since ESPN took over the coverage in 2006 , games normally have a kickoff time of 8 : 30 p.m. Eastern . However , when ESPN airs a doubleheader during the first week of the season , the games respectively start at 7 : 00 and 10 : 15 p.m. Eastern . There have been issues with local stations in the ESPN era , where stations in each team 's home market that air the ESPN simulcast are in most cases ABC affiliates , which must pre-empt Dancing with the Stars to air NFL . This both forces the affiliate to air that program immediately after late - evening local newscasts , and has resulted in the program 's telephone and Internet voting coordinators keeping a late - night voting window open for the market or markets where Dancing with the Stars was pre-empted . In some cases , the program is moved to a sister station of the ABC affiliate to air live instead ( for example , until 2011 in the Minneapolis -- St. Paul market , when NBC affiliate KARE took over as the local broadcaster of MNF games , if the Minnesota Vikings were playing a game being simulcast on local ABC affiliate KSTP - TV , sister independent station KSTC - TV aired DWTS live ) . In 2016 , for the opening week Monday night game ( the second in a doubleheader ) between the Los Angeles Rams and San Francisco 49ers , the ABC - owned stations in both markets ( KABC - TV and KGO - TV ) would broadcast World News Tonight and DWTS in their live Eastern Time Zone slots , thus airing at 3 : 30 and 5pm PT respectively . Commentators ( edit ) Main article : List of Monday Night Football commentators Foreign - language versions ( edit ) Spanish version ( edit ) Since 2006 , a Spanish - language telecast is also broadcast on ESPN Deportes , the Spanish version of ESPN and on ESPN Latin América featuring NBA and NFL play - by - play announcer Álvaro Martín , Super Bowl winner Raul Allegre as color commentator and John Sutcliffe as the field reporter . This is the same crew of La NFL Dominical , the Spanish version of ESPN Sunday Night Football , until 2005 . The announcers of the second game of the 2006 doubleheader were Eduardo Varela ( play - by - play ) , Robert Abramowitz ( color ) and Georgina Ruiz Sandoval ( field reporter ) . Preceding the game NFL Esta Noche ( NFL Tonight ) , the 30 - minute pre-game show , can be seen on both networks . The four booth announcers called the 2007 season opening games from ESPN 's Bristol , Connecticut headquarters while watching games on monitors . None of them traveled to the game sites and there were no sideline reporters in the early weeks . Sutcliffe would later report from the game sites . Allegre did not work the season finale between the Broncos and Chargers ; he was replaced by Abramovitz . In 2008 , Martin and Allegre only travelled to the Cowboys - Eagles game , during the NFL 's celebrations of the Hispanic Heritage Month . As part of ESPN 's agreement to simulcast their Wild Card game on ABC , Martin and Allegre 's Spanish - language commentary is carried over the SAP channel on ABC , equivalent to the rest of the NFL 's over-the - air broadcast partners . In 2016 , ESPN Deportes served as the official Spanish - language broadcaster of Super Bowl 50 in parallel with CBS 's English - language broadcast , with Martin and Allegre commentating . During the first 9 weeks of the 2017 NFL season , ESPN2 will simulcast ESPN Deportes ' broadcast , NFL Esta Noche , and the Spanish version of SportsCenter . Portuguese version ( edit ) Since the 1990s , ESPN Latin America has a feed in Portuguese language targeted to their viewers in Brazil . Ivan Zimmermann ( play - by - play ) , André José Adler ( play - by - play ) , Roberto Figueroa ( color ) , Marco Alfaro ( color ) among others , were the announcers broadcasting from ESPN 's headquarters . Since 2006 , the structure of the Brazilian feed was merged with ESPN Brasil and the broadcasting is made from São Paulo . The current announcers are Everaldo Marques ( play - by - play ) and Paulo Antunes ( color ) . Ari Aguiar ( play - by - play ) , Rômulo Mendonça ( play - by - play ) , Paulo Mancha ( color ) and Antony Curti ( color ) occasionally fill - in . Radio broadcasts ( edit ) Main articles : NFL on Westwood One Sports and NFL on NBC Radio Monday Night Football has also been carried on national radio networks over the years . The Mutual Broadcasting System aired the games initially , with Van Patrick ( 1972 -- 1973 ) , Lindsey Nelson ( 1974 -- 1977 ) and Al Wester announcing . CBS Radio took over the rights in 1978 with Jack Buck and Hank Stram commentating . After a two - year stint ( 1985 -- 1986 ) with Don Criqui and Bob Trumpy calling the games on NBC Radio , Buck and Stram resumed with CBS Radio in 1987 . In 1996 , Howard David and Matt Millen replaced Buck and Stram . Marv Albert and Boomer Esiason were the MNF radio voices from 2002 to 2009 , with Kevin Harlan replacing Albert in 2010 . Kurt Warner joined the crew in 2014 for games when Esiason is unavailable . In the 1990s , CBS Radio purchased a controlling stake in Westwood One , which in turn had bought out both the NBC and Mutual networks . As of 2008 , Westwood One was no longer controlled by CBS , but the network retained its NFL broadcast rights . In 2011 , Westwood One was purchased by Dial Global . Then in 2014 , Dial Global , including Westwood One , was acquired by Cumulus Media . The Spanish - language broadcast is carried on ESPN Deportes Radio . Nielsen ratings ( edit ) This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( December 2016 ) The highest - rated Monday Night Football telecast on ABC was the Miami Dolphins ' victory over the previously undefeated Chicago Bears on December 2 , 1985 , which drew a national Nielsen rating of 29.6 and a share of 46 . ABC 's lowest - rated MNF game was the St. Louis Rams ' defeat of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers on October 18 , 2004 , which drew a 7.7 rating . During the 1995 -- 1996 television season , Monday Night Football averaged a 17.1 household rating . Its main competitor , Murphy Brown on CBS , averaged a 12.3 rating . The highest - rated Monday Night Football game on ESPN , and the highest - rated program in U.S. cable television history at that time , was the Minnesota Vikings ' defeat of the Green Bay Packers 30 -- 23 on October 5 , 2009 , with a rating of 15.3 . The game featured the much - hyped matchup of Vikings quarterback Brett Favre facing his longtime former Green Bay team . In a press release , ESPN noted that the telecast `` was watched by more than 16.8 million people . The previous record was more than 13.6 million viewers for 2008 's Monday night game between the Philadelphia Eagles and Dallas Cowboys . This was subsequently beaten by ESPN 's coverage of the 2011 BCS National Championship Game . ESPN also stated that the game drew the highest rating in the network 's 30 - year history . The 15.3 rating beat the 14.4 for a Bears - Vikings game on Dec. 6 , 1987 , during ESPN 's first season of televising NFL games '' . ESPN 's lowest - rated MNF game to date was the New York Giants ' defeat of the Atlanta Falcons on October 15 , 2007 , which drew a 5.7 rating . ESPN 's third season of Monday Night Football was the most - watched program on cable television in 2008 , setting an all - time cable viewership record for the third straight year and drawing that year 's three largest cable household audiences and 13 of the top 15 . In three seasons on ESPN , Monday Night Football has registered seven of the top 10 all - time largest household audiences in cable history , led by the Eagles - Cowboys telecast on September 15 , 2008 , which attracted cable 's largest household audience ever ( an average of 12,953,000 homes ) . ESPN 's 17 MNF telecasts in 2008 averaged an 8.9 rating , representing an average of 8,679,000 households ( 11,962,000 viewers ) , increases of 3 % , 5 % and 7 % , respectively , vs. 2007 ( 8.6 ; 8,277,000 and 11,230,000 ) . Additional NFL game rights ( edit ) Playoff games ( edit ) When ABC first acquired the rights to air MNF in 1970 , it did not include any playoff games . The network was eventually allowed into the rotation of airing the Super Bowl , starting with Super Bowl XIX in January 1985 . When the league expanded the playoffs from a 10 - team to a 12 - team tournament in 1990 , ABC was then given the rights to air the first two Wild Card Playoff games . After MNF was awarded to ESPN and Sunday Night Football was acquired by NBC in 2006 , the Wild Card doubleheader that had aired on ABC , as well as a share of the rotating rights to the Super Bowl , was also given to NBC . On April 22 , 2014 , the NFL announced that it had exercised an option in ESPN 's recent contract extension for Monday Night Football rights to air a first - round Wild Card playoff game on the channel after the conclusion of the 2014 season . This was the first time that an NFL playoff game was ever broadcast exclusively on cable television in the United States , in lieu of any of the league 's broadcast network partners . The MNF broadcast team of Mike Tirico , Jon Gruden and sideline reporter Lisa Salters called the game , the first of the 2014 -- 15 NFL playoffs . The Carolina Panthers defeated the Arizona Cardinals 27 -- 16 . As with all MNF games , the matchup was simulcast on WJZY in Charlotte and KASW in the Phoenix market to allow local viewers over-the - air access to the game . However , the cable - only playoff game experiment would only last one season . On May 11 , 2015 , it was announced that ABC would simulcast a Wild Card playoff game with ESPN for the 2015 season . This was the first NFL game broadcast nationally on ABC since MNF left the network at the end of the 2005 season . The game , announced by the broadcast team of Tirico , Gruden and Salters , was the first of the 2015 -- 16 NFL playoffs . The Kansas City Chiefs defeated the Houston Texans 30 -- 0 . The ESPN / ABC simulcast continued for the 2016 season as well . Pro Bowl ( edit ) ABC televised the Pro Bowl from 1975 to 1987 , and again from 1995 to 2003 . As part of their 2011 rights agreement , ESPN was given the exclusive rights to the Pro Bowl from 2015 through 2022 . Starting in 2018 , it will be simulcast on ABC . See also ( edit ) NFL on CBS Fox NFL NBC Sunday Night Football Monday night games before 1970 Monday Night Mayhem , a 2002 television film about the origin of Monday Night Football Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Does not include the game on December 3 , 1978 , which occurred on a Sunday , but was televised by ABC 's Monday Night Football television crew . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` British Eurosport to air NFL 's Monday Night Football in UK '' . NFL UK . September 7 , 2013 . Retrieved September 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Leonard Shapiro ; Mark Maske ( April 19 , 2005 ) . `` ' Monday Night Football ' Changes the Channel '' . The Washington Post . The Washington Post Company . p . A1 . Jump up ^ `` Updated : ESPN Kicks Off New Eight - Year , $14 Billion NFL Deal '' . Multichannel News . September 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Claire Atkinson ( September 10 , 2011 ) . `` Cable operators rip ESPN 's $15 B rights deal with NFL '' . New York Post . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` What to Look For -- A Look Back ( Week 5 ) '' ( PDF ) . National Football League . December 23 , 2013 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on December 24 , 2013 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Zachary A. Goldfarb ( December 17 , 2006 ) . `` On ' Monday Night Football , ' An Announcement From Obama '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN 's Highest - Rated and Most - Viewed Season of Monday Night Football '' . The Futon Critic . December 29 , 2009 . Retrieved April 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Michael Martinez ( October 5 , 2011 ) . `` Hank Williams Jr. apologizes for Hitler - Obama comparison '' . CNN.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN pulls Williams from MNF opening '' . ESPN.com . October 4 , 2011 . Retrieved October 7 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hank Williams Jr . out on Monday Night Football '' . Yahoo ! News . Associated Press . October 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ NBC Sports https://web.archive.org/web/20121012025010/http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/10612536/ns/sports-nfl/ . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2012 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ 1983 Monday Night Football intro on YouTube Jump up ^ 1984 Monday Night Football intro on YouTube Jump up ^ 1988 Monday Night Football intro on YouTube Jump up ^ Monday Night Football , 1994 on YouTube Jump up ^ Monday Night Football , 1997 on YouTube Jump up ^ Super Bowl XXXIV on YouTube Jump up ^ Monday Night Football , 2000 on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXVII '' . Jump up ^ Super Bowl XL on YouTube Jump up ^ `` ESPN Rethinks Lower - Third Graphics for ' Monday Night Football ' '' . Sports Video Group . Retrieved September 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN Deportes to carry Spanish - language telecast of Super Bowl 50 '' . Los Angeles Times . February 5 , 2016 . Retrieved 10 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Goes Out of House , Taps ESPN Deportes to Simulcast Super Bowl 50 '' . Advertising Age . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN Deportes To Air Spanish - Language Broadcast Of Super Bowl 50 '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 50 : CBS , NFL Set Spanish Simulcast with ESPN Deportes '' . Variety . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish - language ' MNF ' coming to ESPN2 '' . Sports Business Daily . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Complete TV Ratings 1995 -- 1996 '' . Jump up ^ `` Favre 's matchup with Packers draws record television audience '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News -- Monday Night Football : Most - Watched Series on Cable '' . The Futon Critic . December 23 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` ESPN to air 1st NFL playoff game in 2015 '' . ESPN.com. April 22 , 2014 . Retrieved April 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Chris Chase ( April 22 , 2014 ) . `` ESPN to broadcast first ever NFL playoff game in 2015 '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pro Bowl # Television Jump up ^ Coelho , Ana Livia ( May 11 , 2015 ) . `` NFL Wild Card Playoff Game Will Return to ESPN -- and Be Simulcast for the First Time on ABC '' ( Press release ) . ESPN MediaZone . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stoneberg , Allie ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` NFL Wild Card Playoff Game Will Return to ESPN and ABC '' . ESPN Media Zone . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fang , Ken ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` ESPN TO AGAIN SIMULCAST ITS NFL WILD CARD PLAYOFF GAME ON ABC '' . Awful Announcing . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Gunther , Marc , and Bill Carter . ( 1988 ) . Monday Night Mayhem : The Inside Story of ABC 's Monday Night Football . New York : Beech Tree Books . ISBN 0 - 688 - 07553 - 3 Hyatt , Wesley. ( 2007 ) . Kicking Off the Week : A History of Monday Night Football on ABC Television , 1970 -- 2005 . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Co . ISBN 0 - 786 - 42969 - 0 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did espn take over monday night football	[ "To avoid any scheduling unfairness where, just before the first playoff game, a team may have five days off and others six, there is no Monday night game during the final week of the regular season. From 2003 to 2005, one game was played on Thursday and another Monday under the Monday Night Football banner. Starting in 2006, when the series moved to cable, two games are played on the opening Monday night to capitalize on fan interest during \"NFL Kickoff Weekend\"." ]	[ "2006," ]
-227207778282118622	With a Little Help from My Friends	With a Little Help from My Friends - wikipedia With a Little Help from My Friends Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the song . For the albums , see With a Little Help from My Friends ( Joe Cocker album ) and With a Little Help from My Friends ( Neal Morse album ) . For the album by The Flaming Lips , see With a Little Help from My Fwends . `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' Song by the Beatles from the album Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band Released 26 May 1967 Recorded EMI Studios 29 -- 30 March 1967 Genre Pop rock , psychedelic pop Length 2 : 44 Label Parlophone PMC 7027 ( mono ) , PCS 7027 ( stereo ) Songwriter ( s ) Lennon -- McCartney Producer ( s ) George Martin `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band '' / `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' Single by the Beatles B - side `` A Day in the Life '' Released 14 August 1978 ( US ) 30 September 1978 ( UK ) Format 7 '' Recorded February -- March 1967 Length 4 : 46 Label Capitol 4612 ( US ) Parlophone R6022 ( UK ) Songwriter ( s ) Lennon -- McCartney The Beatles UK singles chronology `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' ( 1976 ) `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band '' / `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' ( 1978 ) `` The Beatles Movie Medley '' ( 1982 ) `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' ( 1976 ) `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band '' / `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' ( 1978 ) `` The Beatles Movie Medley '' ( 1982 ) The Beatles US singles chronology `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' ( 1976 ) Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da 1976 `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band '' / `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' ( 1978 ) Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band With a Little Help from My Friends1978 `` The Beatles Movie Medley '' ( 1982 ) The Beatles Movie Medley 1982 `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' is a song by the English rock band the Beatles from their 1967 album Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band . It was written by John Lennon and Paul McCartney , and intended as the album 's featured vocal for drummer Ringo Starr . The group recorded the song towards the end of the sessions for Sgt . Pepper , with Starr singing as the character `` Billy Shears '' . A subsequent recording of the track by Joe Cocker became a hit single in 1968 and an anthem for the Woodstock era . In 1978 , the Beatles ' recording , paired with `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band '' , was reissued as a single , and peaked at number 63 in Britain and number 71 in the United States . Starr has regularly performed the song in concert as a solo artist . `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' was ranked number 311 on Rolling Stone 's list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 Recording 3 Personnel 4 Live performances 5 Cover versions 6 Joe Cocker version 7 In popular culture 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Origins Lennon and McCartney finished writing this song in mid-March 1967 , written specifically as Starr 's track for the album . McCartney said : `` It was pretty much co-written , John and I doing a work song for Ringo , a little craft job . '' In 1970 Lennon stated : `` Paul had the line about ' a little help from my friends . ' He had some kind of structure for it , and we wrote it pretty well fifty - fifty from his original idea . '' , but in 1980 Lennon said : `` This is Paul , with a little help from me . ' What do you see when you turn out the light / I ca n't tell you , but I know it 's mine ... ' is mine . '' It was briefly called `` Bad Finger Boogie '' ( later the inspiration for the band name Badfinger ) , supposedly because Lennon composed the melody on a piano using his middle finger after having hurt his forefinger . The song begins with the applause from the end of Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band . Lennon and McCartney deliberately wrote a tune with a limited range -- except for the last note , which McCartney worked closely with Starr to achieve . Speaking in the Anthology , Starr explained that he insisted on changing the first line -- which originally was `` What would you think if I sang out of tune ? Would you throw ripe tomatoes at me ? '' -- so that fans would not throw tomatoes at him should he perform it live . ( In the early days , after George Harrison made a passing comment that he liked jelly babies , the group was showered with them at all of their live performances . ) The song 's composition is unusually well documented , as Hunter Davies was present and described the writing process in the Beatles ' official biography . The song is partly in the form of a conversation in which the other three Beatles sing a question -- e.g. `` Would you believe in a love at first sight ? '' where Starr answers , `` Yes , I 'm certain that it happens all the time . '' Recording The Beatles began recording the song on 29 March 1967 , the day before they posed for the Sgt . Pepper album cover . They recorded 10 takes of the song , wrapping up sessions at 5 : 45 in the morning . The backing track consisted of Starr on drums , McCartney playing piano , Harrison playing lead guitar and Lennon beating a cowbell . At dawn , Starr trudged up the stairs to head home -- but the other Beatles cajoled him into doing his lead vocal then and there , standing around the microphone for moral support . The following day they added tambourine , backing vocals , bass and more electric guitar . Personnel According to Ian MacDonald , except where noted : Ringo Starr -- lead vocal , drums John Lennon -- backing vocal , cowbell Paul McCartney -- backing vocal , piano , bass guitar George Harrison -- backing vocal , rhythm and lead guitars George Martin -- Hammond organ Live performances To date , Starr has closed every concert performed by each version of his All - Starr Band with this song . After he is done singing , Starr tells the audience `` Peace and love ... peace and love is the only way ... and good night '' , then walks off the stage . Since 2008 , the band segued right into `` Give Peace a Chance '' , during which Starr comes back onstage , then walks off again . Starr performed the song with George Harrison , Eric Clapton , Bruce Springsteen , George Michael , Phil Collins , Elton John , and many others at the 1987 Prince 's Trust Concert at Wembley Arena , London . McCartney and Starr performed this song for the first time together at the David Lynch Foundation Benefit Concert in the Radio City Music Hall , New York on 4 April 2009 . McCartney and Starr also performed the song together on `` The Night That Changed America : A Grammy Salute to The Beatles '' , a commemorative show on 27 January 2014 , that marked 50 years since the band 's first appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show. , then again in 2015 at Ringo Starr 's induction in the Rock'n Roll Hall of Fame . Cover versions There have been at least 50 cover versions of the song and it has achieved the number one position on the British singles charts three times : by Joe Cocker in 1968 , Wet Wet Wet in 1988 , and by Sam & Mark in 2004 . Chris Clark , the first white female recording artist to have an album released on Motown , recorded the song for her second album , 1969 's CC Rides Again . The song was also covered by Mumford & Sons and Dawes on the Tour of Two Halves in 2012 . Mumford & Sons also covered the song to close out their headline set at the 2013 Glastonbury Festival with Vampire Weekend , The Vaccines , First Aid Kit , and The Staves on 30 June 2013 . For the 1981 compilation Rarities , the Beach Boys released their version recorded in 1967 , while in 2015 , Brian Wilson named it one of his favorite songs , and in that year German rock band Bonfire , with new frontman David Reece , recorded their version for the album Glörious . Widespread Panic has performed the song twice , both times during their special 3 - Set New Year 's Eve shows . In March 2017 , Broadway and Hollywood artists including Liz Callaway , FORTE , Annie Golden , Telly Leung and Chris Mann performed a gospel - flavored version of the song for a single and video to benefit Americans for the Arts . `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' Single by Joe Cocker from the album With a Little Help from My Friends B - side `` Something 's Coming On '' Released October 1968 ( UK ) Format 7 '' Recorded 1968 Genre Blues rock , hard rock , soul Length 5 : 11 Label Regal Zonophone Songwriter ( s ) Lennon -- McCartney Joe Cocker singles chronology `` Marjorine '' ( 1968 ) Marjorine1968 `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' ( 1968 ) With a Little Help from My Friends1968 `` Delta Lady '' ( 1969 ) Delta Lady1969 Audio sample file help Joe Cocker version English singer Joe Cocker 's version of `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' was a radical re-arrangement of the original , in a slower , meter , using different chords in the middle eight , and a lengthy instrumental introduction ( featuring drums by Procol Harum 's B.J. Wilson , guitar lines from Jimmy Page , and organ by Tommy Eyre ) . Cocker performed the song at Woodstock in 1969 and that performance was included in the documentary film , Woodstock . This version gained even more fame when it was used as the opening theme song for the television series The Wonder Years . Cocker 's cover was ranked number two in UpVenue 's top 10 best music covers of all time in 2009 . In 2014 , a BBC poll saw it voted the seventh best cover version ever . The version heard in the film Across the Universe segues from the original to Cocker 's arrangement at the end of the song . In 2001 , Cocker 's version of the song was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame . Personnel Joe Cocker -- lead vocals Jimmy Page -- guitar Chris Stainton -- bass Tommy Eyre -- organ B.J. Wilson -- drums Madeline Bell -- backing vocals Rosetta Hightower -- backing vocals Patrice Holloway -- backing vocals Sunny Wheetman -- backing vocals `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' Single by Wet Wet Wet from the album Sgt . Pepper Knew My Father A-side `` She 's Leaving Home '' ( performed by Billy Bragg ) Released 9 May 1988 ( UK ) Format 7 '' Recorded Genre Pop Label PolyGram Songwriter ( s ) Lennon -- McCartney Wet Wet Wet singles chronology `` Temptation '' ( 1988 ) `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' / `` String Module Error : Match not found '' ( 1988 ) `` Sweet Surrender '' ( 1989 ) `` Temptation '' ( 1988 ) `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' / `` She 's Leaving Home '' ( Billy Bragg and Cara Tivey ) ( 1988 ) `` Sweet Surrender '' ( 1989 ) In popular culture Janice sang this song as an opening number to an episode of The Muppet Show where other members of Dr. Teeth and The Electric Mayhem were pretending to rescue her from a Hindu human sacrifice . Sesame Street spoofed this song as `` With a Little Yelp from My Friends '' , sung by a dog named Moe Cocker , who spoofs Joe Cocker , and the arrangement is clearly based on Cocker 's version . The Animaniacs sketch Woodstock Slappy features Joe Cocker singing the song . The song was featured in the EastEnders 2007 Children in Need sketch where the cast sang to famous Beatles songs , the song was the last to be sung by the cast with the characters of Ronnie Mitchell , Roxy Mitchell , Chelsea Fox , Carly Wicks , Jane Beale , Lucy Beale , Peter Beale , Ben Mitchell , Zainab Masood , Masood Ahmed , Honey Mitchell , Dawn Swann and Mickey Miller singing the majority of the song . The Joe Cocker version was used as the title music for the 1988 -- 1993 television series The Wonder Years . The Cocker version appears in a 2017 TV commercial for Volkswagen . `` Lend me your ears '' is a Shakespearean reference , taken from the `` Friends , Romans , countrymen '' speech in Julius Caesar and used at the time as a popular way of asking people to listen . `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' was played as wake - up music on Space Shuttle Mission STS - 61 . On Saturday Night Live , Season - 1 Ep. 3 : John Belushi performed a full - length impression of Cocker singing this song . The cult PBS film The Lathe of Heaven ( from 1980 ) uses the original recording of the song . The main character ( George Orr ) , who can manipulate reality with his dreams , comes upon a 45 of the song at a novelty shop run by an alien . The alien hands George the 45 saying `` Help is available . '' The song plays in the soundtrack and morphs into a synthesizer version . The film was out of circulation for over 20 years . When it was finally re-aired on PBS and released on DVD in 2001 , many fans were upset that the original Beatles recording was replaced by a singer with an acoustic guitar . This was due to changes in publishing rights that have occurred since 1980 involving the dissolution of The Beatles ' original Northern Songs and the acquisition by Sony / ATV ( partly owned by the Jackson family ) . Notes Jump up ^ Everett 1999 , p. 123 . `` In the United Kingdom Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band ... was rush - released six days ahead of its official date , June 1 . '' Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , p. 247 . Jump up ^ Dowlding 1989 , p. 165 . ^ Jump up to : `` 100 Greatest Beatles Songs . No. 61 -- ' With a Little Help From My Friends ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 18 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Matovina 2000 . Jump up ^ The Beatles 2000 , p. 242 . ^ Jump up to : Lewisohn 1988 , p. 106 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , p. 246 . Jump up ^ Everett 1999 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ `` With a Little Help From My Friends '' . Retrieved 11 November 2017 Jump up ^ `` Paul McCartney and Friends : Change Begins Within '' . Radio City Music Hall . New York , NY : Madison Square Garden . Archived from the original on 21 January 2010 . Retrieved 27 March 2010 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TEGwjAKK5z4 Jump up ^ `` Song : With a Little Help From My Friends -- John Lennon , Paul McCartney '' . Second Hand Songs . Retrieved 21 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Number 1 Singles of the 1960s '' . everyHit.com . Retrieved 21 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Number 1 Singles of the 1980s '' . everyHit.com . Retrieved 21 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Number 1 Singles of the 2000s '' . everyHit.com. 16 March 2000 . Retrieved 21 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mumford & Sons Get a Little Help From Their Friends for Glastonbury Finale '' . 30 June 2013 . Retrieved 1 July 2013 . Jump up ^ bradelliott.com 1983 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Brian ( May 8 , 2015 ) . `` Brian Wilson : The Music That Made Me '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ `` Everyday Companion '' . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` Broadway Stars Come Together For All - Star Single ' With a Little Help from My Friends ' to Support the Arts '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Parrott , Billy ( 9 August 2013 ) . `` The Wonder Years : Music and References from Season One '' . The New York Public Library . Archived from the original on 2 September 2013 . Jump up ^ UpVenue.com 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pet Shop Boys ' Always On My Mind tops cover version vote '' . BBC News . 27 October 2014 . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Grammy Hall of Fame Award . Grammy.org Retrieved 21 December 2012 Jump up ^ Sesame Street -- With a Little YELP from my Friends on YouTube Jump up ^ Fries 2009 . Jump up ^ `` SNL Season 01 Episode 03 - Rob Reiner , John Belushi as Joe Cocker - NBC.com '' . NBC . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 05 . References The Beatles ( 2000 ) . The Beatles Anthology . San Francisco : Chronicle Books . ISBN 0 - 8118 - 2684 - 8 . Chianello , Joanne ( 2 October 2009 ) . `` Harper gets on stage with a little help from his wife '' . Ottawa Citizen . Archived from the original on 6 October 2009 . Retrieved 2 October 2009 . Dowlding , William J. ( 1989 ) . Beatlesongs . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 68229 - 6 . Everett , Walter ( 1999 ) . The Beatles as Musicians : Revolver Through the Anthology . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 512941 - 0 . Fries , Colin , ed. ( 30 November 2009 ) . `` Chronology of Wakeup Calls '' ( PDF ) . National Aeronautics and Space Administration . Lewisohn , Mark ( 1988 ) . The Beatles Recording Sessions . New York : Harmony Books . ISBN 0 - 517 - 57066 - 1 . MacDonald , Ian ( 2005 ) . Revolution in the Head : The Beatles ' Records and the Sixties ( Second Revised ed . ) . London : Pimlico ( Rand ) . ISBN 1 - 84413 - 828 - 3 . Matovina , Dan ( 2000 ) . Without You : The Tragic Story of Badfinger . Frances Glover Books . ISBN 0 - 9657122 - 2 - 2 . Apple 's Neil Aspinall remembers , `` ( ... ) Badfinger just popped in my head . It was from an old Lennon thing . He was playing the piano and he had a bad finger so he called the piece he was playing ' Bad Finger Boogie ' ( which evolved into ' With A Little Help From My Friends ' ) `` Original liner notes for Capitol 's Beach Boys Rarities album '' . bradelliott.com. 1983 . `` Ringo Starr -- With a Little Help from My Friends '' . The Daily Show with Jon Stewart . 13 January 2010 . Kilpatrick , Sean ( 4 October 2009 ) . `` Stephen Harper rocks out '' . thestar.com . Toronto . Retrieved 22 October 2009 . `` UpVenue Top 10 Best Music Covers '' . UpVenue.com. 2010 . External links Quotations related to Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band at Wikiquote How B.J. Wilson Rescued a Classic Joe Cocker Track ( page about B.J. Wilson and Joe Cocker 's recording of the song ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band Songs Side one `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band '' `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' `` Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds '' `` Getting Better '' `` Fixing a Hole '' `` She 's Leaving Home '' `` Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite ! '' Side two `` Within You Without You '' `` When I 'm Sixty - Four '' `` Lovely Rita '' `` Good Morning Good Morning '' `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band ( Reprise ) '' `` A Day in the Life '' Non-album single `` Strawberry Fields Forever '' `` Penny Lane '' Outtakes `` Only a Northern Song '' `` Carnival of Light '' Tribute albums Easy Star 's Lonely Hearts Dub Band Sgt . Pepper Knew My Father Sgt . Pepper Live Sgt . Petsound 's Lonely Hearts Club Band With a Little Help from My Fwends Related articles The Beatles discography Sgt . Pepper 's cover Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band ( film ) Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band ( soundtrack ) It Was Twenty Years Ago Today Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band on the Road Yellow Submarine ( film ) `` Tina in the Sky with Diamonds '' Please Please Me With the Beatles A Hard Day 's Night Beatles for Sale Help ! Rubber Soul Revolver Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band Magical Mystery Tour The Beatles ( White Album ) Yellow Submarine Abbey Road Let It Be Past Masters The Beatles singles discography UK and US ( all labels ) 1963 `` Please Please Me '' / `` Ask Me Why '' `` From Me to You '' / `` Thank You Girl '' `` She Loves You '' / `` I 'll Get You '' 1964 `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' / `` You Ca n't Do That '' `` I Feel Fine '' / `` She 's a Woman '' 1965 `` Ticket to Ride '' / `` Yes It Is '' `` Help ! '' / `` I 'm Down '' `` We Can Work It Out '' / `` Day Tripper '' 1966 `` Paperback Writer '' / `` Rain '' `` Yellow Submarine '' / `` Eleanor Rigby '' 1967 `` Penny Lane '' / `` Strawberry Fields Forever '' `` All You Need Is Love '' / `` Baby , You 're a Rich Man '' `` Hello , Goodbye '' / `` I Am the Walrus '' 1968 `` Lady Madonna '' / `` The Inner Light '' `` Hey Jude '' / `` Revolution '' 1969 `` Get Back '' / `` Do n't Let Me Down '' `` The Ballad of John and Yoko '' / `` Old Brown Shoe '' `` Something '' / `` Come Together '' 1970 `` Let It Be '' / `` You Know My Name ( Look Up the Number ) '' 1978 `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band / With a Little Help from My Friends '' / `` A Day in the Life '' 1982 `` The Beatles Movie Medley '' / `` I 'm Happy Just to Dance with You '' 1995 `` Free as a Bird '' / `` Christmas Time ( Is Here Again ) '' `` Real Love '' / `` Baby 's in Black '' UK only ( Parlophone , Apple ) 1962 `` My Bonnie '' / `` The Saints '' `` Love Me Do '' / `` P.S. I Love You '' 1963 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' / `` This Boy '' 1964 `` Ai n't She Sweet '' / `` If You Love Me , Baby '' `` A Hard Day 's Night '' / `` Things We Said Today '' 1976 `` Yesterday '' / `` I Should Have Known Better '' `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' / `` Twist and Shout '' US only ( Vee - Jay , Swan , Tollie , Capitol , Apple ) 1963 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' / `` I Saw Her Standing There '' 1964 `` Twist and Shout '' / `` There 's a Place '' `` Do You Want to Know a Secret '' / `` Thank You Girl '' `` Love Me Do '' / `` P.S. I Love You '' `` Sie liebt dich '' / `` I 'll Get You '' `` I 'll Cry Instead '' / `` I 'm Happy Just to Dance with You '' `` And I Love Her '' / `` If I Fell '' `` A Hard Day 's Night '' / `` I Should Have Known Better '' `` Matchbox '' / `` Slow Down '' 1965 `` Eight Days a Week '' / `` I Do n't Want to Spoil the Party '' `` Yesterday '' / `` Act Naturally '' 1966 `` Nowhere Man '' / `` What Goes On '' 1970 `` The Long and Winding Road '' / `` For You Blue '' 1976 `` Got to Get You into My Life '' / `` Helter Skelter '' `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` Julia '' Other countries ( Odeon , Parlophone , Apple ) 1963 `` All My Loving '' / `` This Boy '' ( Canada ) 1964 `` Komm , gib mir deine Hand / Sie liebt dich '' ( Germany ) 1966 `` Norwegian Wood ( This Bird Has Flown ) '' / `` Nowhere Man '' ( Australia ) 1968 `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' ( Europe , Japan , Australia ) `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` I Will '' ( Philippines ) `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' / `` Do n't Pass Me By '' ( Sweden ) 1969 `` You 're Going to Lose That Girl '' / `` Tell Me What You See '' ( Japan ) 1970 `` Oh ! Darling '' / `` Here Comes the Sun '' ( Japan ) 1972 `` All Together Now '' / `` Hey Bulldog '' ( Europe ) 1978 `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band / With a Little Help from My Friends '' / `` Within You Without You '' ( Germany ) Wet Wet Wet Graeme Clark Tommy Cunningham Neil Mitchell Marti Pellow Studio albums Popped In Souled Out The Memphis Sessions Holding Back the River High on the Happy Side Cloak & Dagger Picture This 10 Timeless Singles `` Wishing I Was Lucky '' `` Sweet Little Mystery '' `` Angel Eyes ( Home and Away ) '' `` Temptation '' `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' `` Sweet Surrender '' `` Broke Away '' `` Hold Back the River '' `` Goodnight Girl '' `` More than Love '' `` Lip Service '' `` Shed a Tear '' `` Cold Cold Heart '' `` Love Is All Around '' `` Julia Says '' `` Do n't Want to Forgive Me Now '' `` Somewhere Somehow '' `` If I Never See You Again '' `` Strange '' `` Yesterday / Maybe I 'm in Love '' `` Weightless '' Live albums Wet Wet Wet : Live Live at the Royal Albert Hall Compilations End of Part One : Their Greatest Hits The Greatest Hits Step by Step : The Greatest Hits Videos Live Glasgow Green Free Concert Wets at the Castle End of Part One Picture This - All Around and in the Crowd Playing Away at Home The Greatest Hits and More Related articles Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=With_a_Little_Help_from_My_Friends&oldid=843653697 '' Categories : 1967 songs 1968 singles 1988 singles The Beatles songs Songs about friendship Barbra Streisand songs Joe Cocker songs The Beach Boys songs The Muppets songs Number - one singles in Switzerland Sham 69 songs Song recordings produced by George Martin Songs written by Lennon -- McCartney UK Singles Chart number - one singles Wet Wet Wet songs Song recordings produced by Jeff Lynne Capitol Records singles Parlophone singles PolyGram singles Regal Zonophone Records singles Songs published by Northern Songs Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from September 2014 EngvarB from September 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Music infoboxes with Module : String errors All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012 Talk View source Contents Help About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara Français Italiano עברית ქართული Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 15 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who originally sang i get by with a little help from my friends	[ "\"With a Little Help from My Friends\" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles from their 1967 album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. It was written by John Lennon and Paul McCartney, and intended as the album's featured vocal for drummer Ringo Starr. The group recorded the song towards the end of the sessions for Sgt. Pepper, with Starr singing as the character \"Billy Shears\"." ]	[ "the English rock band the Beatles" ]
7376999579719096697	Superman logo	Superman logo - wikipedia Superman logo Jump to : navigation , search Superman Shield The Superman `` S '' shield . Publication information Publisher DC Comics First appearance Action Comics # 1 ( June 1938 ) In story information Type Emblem Element of stories featuring Superman The Superman shield , also known as the Superman logo , is the iconic emblem for the fictional DC Comics superhero Superman . As a representation of one of the first superheroes , it served as a template for character design decades after Superman 's first appearance . The tradition of wearing a representative symbol on the chest was mimicked by many subsequent superheroes , including Batman , Spider - Man , the Fantastic Four , Green Lantern , the Flash , Wonder Woman , Hawkman , and many others . In modern - day Superman stories published by DC , the symbol is typically explained as being Superman 's family crest from his home planet Krypton , known as the insignia of the House of El , with its resemblance to a letter S being merely a coincidence . Contents ( hide ) 1 Evolution of the symbol 2 Representations 2.1 House of El 2.2 Cape 2.3 Variants 2.4 Wearers of the Shield 3 Diamond and eight shield 4 References 5 External links Evolution of the symbol ( edit ) In its original inception in Action Comics # 1 , Superman 's symbol was a letter S with red and blue on a yellow police badge symbol that resembled a shield . The symbol was first changed a few issues later in Action Comics # 7 . The shield varied over the first few years of the comics , and many times was nothing more than an inverted triangle with an S inside of it . The shield first became a diamond in the Fleischer cartoon serial Superman . It was black with a red S outlined with white ( or occasionally with yellow ) . The S has varied in size and shape and the diamond shape containing it has also changed size and shape . Extreme examples of this would be the very large logo on the Dean Cain costume from the television series Lois & Clark : The New Adventures of Superman and the comparatively small version of the shield as depicted in the 2006 film Superman Returns . It has , in most incarnations , retained its original color , while changing shape here and there . The classic logo is the basis for virtually all other interpretations of the logo . In the mid-1990s , when Superman 's costume and powers changed briefly , during the `` Superman Red / Superman Blue '' comic book storylines , the shield changed colors and slightly changed shape , in accordance with the changes in the costume . In 1997 's Superman Vol 2 # 123 Superman 's new powers forced him to find a suit that was capable of containing his new abilities . The effective material found to create Superman 's suit , along with being blue and silver , was also courtesy of Lex Luthor . Not only did the colors and powers change , the logo also evolved into a re-imagined `` electric '' emblem . In the miniseries Kingdom Come , an aged Superman sported an S - like symbol against a black background in a red pentagon . In the 2000s TV series Smallville , the S symbol originally appeared as a diamond with a vertical infinity symbol ( to be similar to the S ) , in an attempt to make it seem more alien . However , beginning with the Season Six opening episode `` Zod , '' Clark is given a crystal bearing the S logo in the style of the Superman Returns logo and is seen several times throughout the series and specifically in the season finale when a beam shaped like the logo hits a Phantom Zone escapee . The logo also appeared in the first episode of the series , when the students captured Clark by giving him a kryptonite necklace ( which they did n't know was a weakness ) and tied him to a cross-like beam in a cornfield and painted a red ' S ' on Clark 's chest ( standing for Scarecrow , which was what he was meant to be as part of a high school hazing tradition ) as a reference . Representations ( edit ) Initially , the S - shield had one meaning : S for Superman . One of the first alternative meanings was presented in Superman : The Movie , in which it was not an S , but rather the S - shaped Coat of arms of the House of El as it was Brando 's idea to have Jor - El wear the `` S '' as a family crest , folklore spun off from there . After the Superman reboot story The Man of Steel , the symbol 's story was that it was designed by Jonathan Kent and was derived from an ancient Native American symbol . The symbol was featured on a medicine blanket given to an ancestor of the Kent family by a Native American tribe after he helped to cure them of a plague and was supposed to represent a snake , an animal held to possess healing powers by the tribe ( implying that , by wearing this symbol , Superman was a metaphorical healer ) . This was also included in the 1997 Superman encyclopedia . In 2004 , Mark Waid 's Superman : Birthright series says the S - Shield is the Kryptonian symbol for `` hope '' and Superman believes it may have begun as a coat of arms for the House of El . Later , writer Geoff Johns confirmed it was indeed a coat of arms , as well as a symbol for hope . In the 2013 film Man of Steel , when asked by Lois Lane what the `` S '' stands for , Superman states that it is not an `` S '' , but rather the Kryptonian symbol for `` hope '' . In Supergirl ( TV series , 2015 ) Season 1 , episode 2 Kara states that the Kryptonian symbol stands for her family 's motto , `` Stronger together . '' House of El ( edit ) Marv Wolfman 's novelization of the film Superman Returns depicts the symbol as belonging to one of the three primary houses of Krypton that brought peace to the planet after a civil uprising , a serpent coiled inside a shield , a warning not to return to the ways of violence and deception . The shield has since been taken as a coat of arms , resulting in Jor - El 's continued presence in the council despite his `` mad '' findings . The other two are merely described , including Pol - Us ' eye of vigilance and Kol - Ar 's open hand of truth and justice . Cape ( edit ) In almost all versions , Superman 's red cape has an all - yellow version of the logo , with a thin black ( in the comics ) or red ( in movies , matching the red color of the cape ) line separating the areas . A notable exception is in Superman : The Animated Series , where the logo was absent from Superman 's cape . This was due to the difficulty in animating the S on the flowing cape . In the 2006 film Superman Returns , the logo appeared on the belt buckle in reverse colors ( yellow diamond and S with red background pieces ) instead of on Superman 's cape . The logo is also absent from Superman 's cape in the 2013 film Man of Steel . In the 2011 reboot of the comic book series , on his cape is a black pentagon and S with red background pieces . Variants ( edit ) In the 1960s the tiny bottle city of Kandor , the miniaturized capital city of the planet Krypton , resided in Superman 's Fortress of Solitude . Originally , certain inhabitants resembling Kal - El formed the Superman Emergency Squad and would , on occasion , leave the bottle , enter the Earth 's atmosphere and gain super powers in order to aid Superman . As designed by artist Curt Swan , their uniforms were similar to that of Superman save for the ' S ' on their chests which resembled the early version , the ' S ' and border in red on a yellow field , but in an elongated triangle . During the Reign of the Supermen story arc , Each of the four different Supermen was represented by a variant of the symbol , which each wore on their person . The Last Son of Krypton ( The Eradicator ) wore a normal shield when he attempted to continue Superman 's career . Later on , he wore a slightly altered , more curved version with an opening in the border and which was red and black instead of yellow and red . The Man of Tomorrow ( The Cyborg ) 's shield was half - normal on the left side , but the red darkened to an almost black color on the right half . Superboy wore an all - yellow symbol stitched into the back of his leather jacket , in addition to a normal one on his chest . The Man of Steel wore an all - metallic symbol . Black and red The modern Superboy wears a black and red variant of the symbol on his third costume . Lex Luthor hypothesized it is because that version of the symbol was everywhere following the death of Superman and his consequent first appearance . In Kingdom Come , Superman wears a black and red , simplified version following his return . After the Imperiex War , Superman wore the black and red variant to signify his mourning of the losses during the war . The Eradicator , for a time , wore a red and blacked , curvier version of the S - Shield . Bizarro 's symbol is a reversed purple and yellow version . The inverted symbol , first seen in 52 , means `` resurrection '' in Kryptonian . Jor - El sports a white symbol on his black clothing , as well as a black symbol on his white clothing in the 1978 Superman movie . In his modern appearances , Superman of Earth - 2 wears a slightly different version of the symbol . Its most notable difference is an exaggerated serif on the ' S ' . A variation of the symbol , designed as a stubbed red lightning bolt against a black shield has been used in several media , including an Elseworlds where Darkseid raised Kal - El , and was the basis of one of the final season of Superman : The Animated Series , and an episode named Brave New Metropolis from an alternate reality where Superman and Luthor took over Metropolis . A further variation , this time a white symbol against a red background , was used in episodes of Justice League and Justice League Unlimited , including an over the shoulder style cape and black costume . This version was a fascistic Superman and his Justice Lords who assassinated President Lex Luthor and then ruled the world with an iron fist after Luthor arranged the murder of The Flash . The symbol has been adapted to various flags in alternate realities , including the Nazi swastika ( in JL - Axis ) and Soviet Union hammer and sickle ( Superman : Red Son ) . In the movie Justice League : The New Frontier the symbol on his chest has black background pieces , resembling the Golden Age version . Wearers of the shield ( edit ) Kryptonian family members of Superman wear the symbol , but sometimes it is worn to honor Superman . After the death of Superman , many DC Comics superheroes wore a black armband with the Superman logo . Superman Kal - El Kal - L ( variant ) Kal Kent ( variant ) Supergirl Kara Zor - El Linda Danvers Matrix Superboy Kal - El ( Superman as a teenager ; pre-1986 ) Conner Kent ( red and black variant ) Superboy - Prime ( carves an S - symbol in blood on his chest ) . Krypto ( shown as tag on his collar ) Bizarro ( reversed ' S ' , sometimes purple and yellow ) The Superman Emergency Squad from Kandor , a red ' S ' in an elongated triangle Hank Henshaw ( red and black variant , like Kon - El . It is sometimes shown as a white and black variant ) Steel ( John Henry Irons ) Natasha Irons Eradicator ( variant ) Jor - El ( Superman : Birthright , Superman , Action Comics # 850 ) Strange Visitor ( variant ) Preus Zor - El Alura ( red and white variant ) Mon - El Superwoman Lucy Lane ( white and red variant ) Diamond and eight shield ( edit ) In the television series Smallville , an octagonal silver metallic key is used in the Kawatche caves , as well as in a transport device used to travel to the Fortress of Solitude . Along the edges are imprinted Kryptonian characters , one of which is the diamond border of the Superman shield with a figure 8 inside of the diamond instead of the S . The 8 - shield is later described as being from an ancient form of the Kryptonian language , while the modern symbol is the familiar S - shield . The familiar S - shield is seen in season 9 . It is used as Clark Kent 's calling card in his vigilante actions in Metropolis . Clark , known as the Blur , burns the sign using his heat vision in various places throughout the city . In the season 9 episode `` Rabid '' , Clark mentions while talking to Oliver Queen that the mark `` gives people hope . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Emblem History '' . Supermans-shop.com . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` S Photo History '' . Supermanhomepage.com . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ Teen Titans Annual ( vol. 3 ) # 1 Jump up ^ Loeb , Jeph ( w ) . Superman v2 , 174 ( August 2001 ) , DC Comics Jump up ^ Memorable quotes for `` Smallville '' Rabid ( 2009 ) . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved March 18 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Superman homepage Superman 's Logo , Shield , Symbol and its History ! Superman Shield Evolution with picture Superman costume for black and white film ( brown , white , light blue ) ( hide ) Superman Jerry Siegel Joe Shuster Other writers and artists Superman family Superman Clark Kent Superboy Kal - El Kon - El Jonathan Samuel Kent Krypto Supergirl Kara Zor - El Matrix Linda Danvers Power Girl Superwoman Mon - El Nightwing Chris Kent / Lor - Zod Flamebird Thara Ak - Var The Eradicator Steel ( John Henry Irons ) Natasha Irons Supporting characters Bibbo Bibbowski Cat Grant David Corporon Emil Hamilton Inspector Henderson Jimmy Olsen Jor - El Jonathan and Martha Kent Lois Lane Lucy Lane Sam Lane Lana Lang Lara Lori Lemaris Steve Lombard Lena Luthor Maxima Chief Parker Professor Potter Pete Ross Maggie Sawyer George Taylor Ron Troupe Dan Turpin Perry White Zor - El Antagonists Atomic Skull Bizarro Brainiac Codename : Assassin Conduit Cyborg Superman Hank Henshaw Darkseid Doomsday Faora General Zod Mercy Graves Hector Hammond Imperiex Intergang Morgan Edge Bruno Mannheim Jax - Ur Kryptonite Man Lex Luthor Livewire Metallo Mister Mxyzptlk Mongul Neutron Non Parasite Prankster Silver Banshee Titano Toyman Ultra-Humanite Ursa Locations Metropolis Ace o ' Clubs Daily Planet Daily Star Galaxy Communications LexCorp Project Cadmus Suicide Slum List of areas , landmarks , institutions and businesses Krypton Argo City Kandor Kryptonopolis Vathlo Island Apokolips Bizarro World Colu Daxam Fortress of Solitude Phantom Zone S.T.A.R. Labs Smallville Stryker 's Island Warworld Objects and material Kryptonite Superman robots Supermobile History and themes Character and cast Dynasty Kryptonian Origin Powers and abilities Publication history Action Comics # 1 Superman and Lois Lane Symbol Ongoing publications Action Comics Batman / Superman Superboy Supergirl Superman Superman / Wonder Woman Alternative versions Superman Earth - One version Earth - Two version Earth - Three version ( Ultraman ) Earth Prime version ( Superboy - Prime ) Kingdom Come version Superman Red / Superman Blue Clark Kent ( Smallville ) Alternative versions of Lex Luthor Alternative versions of Supergirl In other media In film Miscellanea Superwoman Beppo Streaky Comet Superman ( gene ) Joanne Siegel Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superman_logo&oldid=802801174 '' Categories : DC Comics objects Superman Logos Hidden categories : Comics infobox image less alt text Prop pop Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 28 September 2017 , at 15 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what does the s on supermans suit mean	[ "In modern-day Superman stories published by DC, the symbol is typically explained as being Superman's family crest from his home planet Krypton, known as the insignia of the House of El, with its resemblance to a letter S being merely a coincidence." ]	[ "Superman's family crest from his home planet Krypton" ]
6144542208563995017	Medicine ball	Medicine ball - wikipedia Medicine ball Jump to : navigation , search For Chinese medicine balls , see Baoding Balls . For the American medical drama , see Medicine Ball ( TV series ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Exercising with a medicine ball Medicine Ball Plank A medicine ball ( also known as an exercise ball , a med ball , or a fitness ball ) is a weighted ball roughly the diameter of the shoulders ( approx . 13.7 inches ) , often used for rehabilitation and strength training . The medicine ball also serves an important role in the field of sports medicine . However , it should not be confused with the larger , inflated exercise ball . Medicine balls are usually sold as 2 -- 25 lb ( 1 -- 11 kg ) balls and are used effectively in ballistic training to increase explosive power in athletes in all sports e.g. throwing the medicine ball or jumping whilst holding it . Some medicine balls are up to 14 '' wide and up to 14 lbs weight , or in the form of weighted basketballs . Modern exercise balls are larger , up to 36 '' diameter . A med ball is used for children training as the best way to overcome fear of free weights exercises . Hippocrates is said to have stuffed animal skins for patients to toss for `` medicinal '' purposes . Similar large balls were used in Persia in 1705 . The term `` medicine ball '' dates back to at least 1876 , in American Gymnasia and Academic Record , by Robert Jenkins Roberts , Jr . See also ( edit ) Dumbbell Exercise ball Hooverball Kettlebell Medicine ball cabinet References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Merriam Webster - Medicine Ball '' . Retrieved 20 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Internicola , Dorene ( 6 October 2014 ) . `` Medicine balls are ancient fitness tools that keep bouncing back '' . Reuters . Retrieved 21 April 2015 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Medicine Ball at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Medicine_ball&oldid=842596769 '' Categories : Balls Exercise equipment Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2008 All articles needing additional references Talk About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands Norsk Polski Српски / srpski Svenska Українська 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 May 2018 , at 12 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did the medicine ball get its name	[]	[]
-643722736210881215	South Dakota	South Dakota - wikipedia South Dakota This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 16 April 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the U.S. state of South Dakota . For other uses , see South Dakota ( disambiguation ) . State of South Dakota Flag Seal Nickname ( s ) : The Mount Rushmore State ( official ) Motto ( s ) : Under God the people rule Official language English Demonym South Dakotan Capital Pierre Largest city Sioux Falls Largest metro Sioux Falls metropolitan area Area Ranked 17th Total 78,116 sq mi ( 199,729 km ) Width 210 miles ( 340 km ) Length 380 miles ( 610 km ) % water 1.7 Latitude 42 ° 29 ′ N to 45 ° 56 ′ N Longitude 96 ° 26 ′ W to 104 ° 03 ′ W Population Ranked 46th Total 865,454 ( 2016 est . ) Density 11.08 / sq mi ( 4.33 / km ) Ranked 46th Median household income $55,065 ( 29th ) Elevation Highest point Black Elk Peak 7,244 ft ( 2208 m ) Mean 2,200 ft ( 670 m ) Lowest point Big Stone Lake on Minnesota border 968 ft ( 295 m ) Before statehood Dakota Territory Admission to Union November 2 , 1889 ( 40th ) Governor Dennis Daugaard ( R ) Lieutenant Governor Matt Michels ( R ) Legislature South Dakota Legislature Upper house Senate Lower house House of Representatives U.S. Senators John Thune ( R ) Mike Rounds ( R ) U.S. House delegation Kristi Noem ( R ) ( list ) Time zones eastern half Central : UTC - 6 / - 5 western half Mountain : UTC - 7 / - 6 ISO 3166 US - SD Abbreviations SD , S.D. , S. Dak . Website www.sd.gov ( show ) South Dakota state symbols The Flag of South Dakota The Seal of South Dakota Living insignia Bird Ring - necked pheasant Fish Walleye Flower American Pasque flower Grass Western wheat grass Insect Western honeybee Mammal Coyote Tree Black Hills Spruce Inanimate insignia Beverage Milk Dance Square dance Fossil Triceratops Gemstone Fairburn agate Rock Rose quartz Soil Houdek Song `` Hail , South Dakota ! '' Other Kuchen ( state dessert ) State route marker State quarter Released in 2006 Lists of United States state symbols South Dakota ( / - dəˈkoʊtə / ( listen ) ) is a U.S. state in the Midwestern region of the United States . It is named after the Lakota and Dakota Sioux Native American tribes , who compose a large portion of the population and historically dominated the territory . South Dakota is the seventeenth largest by area , but the fifth smallest by population and the 5th least densely populated of the 50 United States . As the southern part of the former Dakota Territory , South Dakota became a state on November 2 , 1889 , simultaneously with North Dakota . Pierre is the state capital and Sioux Falls , with a population of about 174,000 , is South Dakota 's largest city . South Dakota is bordered by the states of North Dakota ( to the north ) , Minnesota ( to the east ) , Iowa ( to the southeast ) , Nebraska ( to the south ) , Wyoming ( to the west ) , and Montana ( to the northwest ) . The state is bisected by the Missouri River , dividing South Dakota into two geographically and socially distinct halves , known to residents as `` East River '' and `` West River '' . Eastern South Dakota is home to most of the state 's population , and the area 's fertile soil is used to grow a variety of crops . West of the Missouri , ranching is the predominant agricultural activity , and the economy is more dependent on tourism and defense spending . Most of the Native American reservations are in West River . The Black Hills , a group of low pine - covered mountains sacred to the Sioux , are in the southwest part of the state . Mount Rushmore , a major tourist destination , is there . South Dakota has a temperate continental climate , with four distinct seasons and precipitation ranging from moderate in the east to semi-arid in the west . The state 's ecology features species typical of a North American grassland biome . Humans have inhabited the area for several millennia , with the Sioux becoming dominant by the early 19th century . In the late 19th century , European - American settlement intensified after a gold rush in the Black Hills and the construction of railroads from the east . Encroaching miners and settlers triggered a number of Indian wars , ending with the Wounded Knee Massacre in 1890 . Key events in the 20th century included the Dust Bowl and Great Depression , increased federal spending during the 1940s and 1950s for agriculture and defense , and an industrialization of agriculture that has reduced family farming . While several Democratic senators have represented South Dakota for multiple terms at the federal level , the state government is largely controlled by the Republican Party , whose nominees have carried South Dakota in each of the last 13 presidential elections . Historically dominated by an agricultural economy and a rural lifestyle , South Dakota has recently sought to diversify its economy in areas to attract and retain residents . South Dakota 's history and rural character still strongly influence the state 's culture . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 1.1 Regions and geology 1.2 Ecology 1.3 Climate 1.4 National parks and monuments 2 History 3 Demographics 3.1 Population 3.2 Ethnicity 3.3 Languages 3.4 Growth and rural flight 3.5 Religion 4 Economy 4.1 Awards and recognition 5 Transportation 6 Government and politics 6.1 Government 6.2 State taxes 6.3 Federal representation 6.4 Politics 7 Culture 8 Cities and towns 9 Media 10 Education 11 Sports and recreation 11.1 Organized sports 11.2 Recreation 12 State symbols 13 See also 14 References 14.1 Bibliography 15 Further reading 16 External links Geography ( edit ) Main article : Geography of South Dakota Terrain and primary geographic features of South Dakota South Dakota is in the north - central United States , and is considered a part of the Midwest by the U.S. Census Bureau ; it is also part of the Great Plains region . The culture , economy , and geography of western South Dakota have more in common with the West than the Midwest . South Dakota has a total area of 77,116 square miles ( 199,730 km ) , making the state the 17th largest in the Union . Black Elk Peak , formerly named Harney Peak , with an elevation of 7,242 ft ( 2,207 m ) , is the state 's highest point , while the shoreline of Big Stone Lake is the lowest , with an elevation of 966 ft ( 294 m ) . South Dakota is bordered to the north by North Dakota ; to the south by Nebraska ; to the east by Iowa and Minnesota ; and to the west by Wyoming and Montana . The geographical center of the U.S. is 17 miles ( 27 km ) west of Castle Rock in Butte County . The North American continental pole of inaccessibility is between Allen and Kyle , 1,024 mi ( 1,648 km ) from the nearest coastline . The Missouri River is the largest and longest river in the state . Other major South Dakota rivers include the Cheyenne , James , Big Sioux , and White Rivers . Eastern South Dakota has many natural lakes , mostly created by periods of glaciation . Additionally , dams on the Missouri River create four large reservoirs : Lake Oahe , Lake Sharpe , Lake Francis Case , and Lewis and Clark Lake . Regions and geology ( edit ) Much of western South Dakota is covered by grasslands and features buttes such as Thunder Butte , shown above . South Dakota can generally be divided into three regions : eastern South Dakota , western South Dakota , and the Black Hills . The Missouri River serves as a boundary in terms of geographic , social , and political differences between eastern and western South Dakota . The geography of the Black Hills , long considered sacred by Native Americans , differs from its surroundings to such an extent it can be considered separate from the rest of western South Dakota . At times the Black Hills are combined with the rest of western South Dakota , and people often refer to the resulting two regions divided by the Missouri River as West River and East River . Badlands National Park Eastern South Dakota generally features higher precipitation and lower topography than the western part of the state . Smaller geographic regions of this area include the Coteau des Prairies , the Dissected Till Plains , and the James River Valley . The Coteau des Prairies is a plateau bordered on the east by the Minnesota River Valley and on the west by the James River Basin . Further west , the James River Basin is mostly low , flat , highly eroded land , following the flow of the James River through South Dakota from north to south . The Dissected Till Plains , an area of rolling hills and fertile soil that covers much of Iowa and Nebraska , extends into the southeastern corner of South Dakota . Layers deposited during the Pleistocene epoch , starting around two million years ago , cover most of eastern South Dakota . These are the youngest rock and sediment layers in the state , the product of several successive periods of glaciation which deposited a large amount of rocks and soil , known as till , over the area . The Great Plains cover most of the western two - thirds of South Dakota . West of the Missouri River the landscape becomes more arid and rugged , consisting of rolling hills , plains , ravines , and steep flat - topped hills called buttes . In the south , east of the Black Hills , lie the South Dakota Badlands . Erosion from the Black Hills , marine skeletons which fell to the bottom of a large shallow sea that once covered the area , and volcanic material all contribute to the geology of this area . The Black Hills , a low mountain range , is located in Southwestern South Dakota . The Black Hills are in the southwestern part of South Dakota and extend into Wyoming . This range of low mountains covers 6,000 sq mi ( 16,000 km ) , with peaks that rise from 2,000 to 4,000 feet ( 600 to 1,200 m ) above their bases . The Black Hills are the location of Black Elk Peak ( 7,242 ft or 2,207 m above sea level ) , the highest point in South Dakota and also the highest point in the United States east of the Rocky Mountains . Two billion - year - old Precambrian formations , the oldest rocks in the state , form the central core of the Black Hills . Formations from the Paleozoic Era form the outer ring of the Black Hills ; these were created between roughly 540 and 250 million years ago . This area features rocks such as limestone , which were deposited here when the area formed the shoreline of an ancient inland sea . Ecology ( edit ) Wind Cave National Park Much of South Dakota ( except for the Black Hills area ) is dominated by a temperate grasslands biome . Although grasses and crops cover most of this region , deciduous trees such as cottonwoods , elms , and willows are common near rivers and in shelter belts . Mammals in this area include bison , deer , pronghorn , coyotes , and prairie dogs . The state bird , the ring - necked pheasant , has adapted well to the area after being introduced from China . Growing populations of bald eagles are spread throughout the state , especially near the Missouri River . Rivers and lakes of the grasslands support populations of walleye , carp , pike , bass , and other species . The Missouri River also contains the pre-historic paddlefish . Due to a higher elevation and level of precipitation , the Black Hills ecology differs significantly from the plains . The mountains are thickly blanketed by various types of pines , including ponderosa and lodgepole pines , as well as spruces . Black Hills mammals include deer , elk ( wapiti ) , bighorn sheep , mountain goats , pine marten , and mountain lions , while the streams and lakes contain several species of trout . Climate ( edit ) Köppen climate types in South Dakota South Dakota has a continental climate with four distinct seasons , ranging from cold , dry winters to hot and semi-humid summers . During the summers , the state 's average high temperature is often close to 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) , although it cools to near 60 ° F ( 16 ° C ) at night . It is not unusual for South Dakota to have severe hot , dry spells in the summer with the temperature climbing above 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) several times a year . Winters are cold with January high temperatures averaging below freezing and low temperatures averaging below 10 ° F ( − 12 ° C ) in most of the state . The highest recorded temperature is 120 ° F ( 49 ° C ) at Usta on July 15 , 2006 and the lowest recorded temperature is − 58 ° F ( − 50 ° C ) at McIntosh on February 17 , 1936 . Average annual precipitation in South Dakota ranges from semi-arid conditions in the northwestern part of the state ( around 15 inches or 380 mm ) to semi-humid around the southeast portion of the state ( around 25 inches or 640 mm ) , although a small area centered on Lead in the Black Hills has the highest precipitation at nearly 30 inches ( 760 mm ) per year . South Dakota summers bring frequent , sometimes severe , thunderstorms with high winds , thunder , and hail . The state 's eastern part is often considered part of Tornado Alley , and South Dakota experiences an average of 30 tornadoes each year . Severe blizzards and ice storms occur often during winter . Monthly average high and low temperatures for various South Dakota Cities City Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Aberdeen 21 / 1 29 / 9 40 / 21 57 / 33 70 / 46 79 / 55 85 / 60 84 / 57 73 / 47 59 / 34 39 / 20 26 / 6 Huron 25 / 4 31 / 11 43 / 22 58 / 34 70 / 46 80 / 55 86 / 61 84 / 59 75 / 47 61 / 35 41 / 21 29 / 8 Rapid City 34 / 10 38 / 14 45 / 21 55 / 31 65 / 42 75 / 52 83 / 58 82 / 55 73 / 45 61 / 34 44 / 21 37 / 13 Sioux Falls 25 / 3 32 / 10 44 / 21 59 / 33 71 / 45 81 / 55 86 / 60 83 / 58 74 / 48 61 / 35 42 / 21 29 / 8 National Parks and monuments ( edit ) Mount Rushmore in the Black Hills South Dakota has several sites administered by the National Park Service . Two national parks have been established in South Dakota , both in the state 's southwestern part . Wind Cave National Park , established in 1903 in the Black Hills , has an extensive cave network as well as a large herd of bison . Badlands National Park was created in 1978 . The park features an eroded , brightly colored landscape surrounded by semi-arid grasslands . Mount Rushmore National Memorial in the Black Hills was established in 1925 . The sculpture of four U.S. Presidents was carved into the mountainside by sculptor Gutzon Borglum . Other areas managed by the National Park Service include Jewel Cave National Monument near Custer , the Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail , the Minuteman Missile National Historic Site , which features a decommissioned nuclear missile silo and a separate missile control area several miles away , and the Missouri National Recreational River . The Crazy Horse Memorial is a large mountainside sculpture near Mt . Rushmore being built with private funds . The Mammoth Site near Hot Springs is another privately owned attraction in the Black Hills . A working paleontological dig , the site has one of the world 's largest concentrations of mammoth remains . History ( edit ) Main article : History of South Dakota See also : Timeline of South Dakota Humans have lived in what is today South Dakota for several thousand years . The first inhabitants were Paleoindian hunter - gatherers , and disappeared from the area around 5000 BC . Between 500 AD and 800 AD , a semi-nomadic people known as the Mound Builders lived in central and eastern South Dakota . In the 14th century , the Crow Creek Massacre occurred , in which several hundred men , women , and children were killed near the Missouri River . By 1500 , the Arikara ( or Ree ) had settled in much of the Missouri River valley . European contact with the area began in 1743 , when the LaVérendrye brothers explored the region . The LaVérendrye group buried a plate near the site of modern - day Pierre , claiming the region for France as part of greater Louisiana . in 1762 the entire region became part of the Spanish Louisiana until 1802 . By the early 19th century , the Sioux had largely replaced the Arikara as the dominant group in the area . In 1803 , the United States purchased the Louisiana Territory , an area that included most of South Dakota , from Napoleon Bonaparte , and President Thomas Jefferson organized a group commonly referred to as the `` Lewis and Clark Expedition '' to explore the region . In 1817 , an American fur trading post was set up at present - day Fort Pierre , beginning continuous American settlement of the area . In 1855 , the U.S. Army bought Fort Pierre but abandoned it in 1857 in favor of Fort Randall to the south . Settlement by Americans and Europeans was by this time increasing rapidly , and in 1858 the Yankton Sioux signed the 1858 Treaty , ceding most of present - day eastern South Dakota to the United States . Deadwood , like many other Black Hills towns , was founded after the discovery of gold . Land speculators founded two of eastern South Dakota 's largest present - day cities : Sioux Falls in 1856 and Yankton in 1859 . In 1861 , the Dakota Territory was established by the United States government ( this initially included North Dakota , South Dakota , and parts of Montana and Wyoming ) . Settlement of the area , mostly by people from the eastern United States as well as western and northern Europe , increased rapidly , especially after the completion of an eastern railway link to Yankton in 1873 . In 1874 , gold was discovered in the Black Hills during a military expedition led by George A. Custer and miners and explorers began illegally entering land promised to the Lakota . Custer 's expedition took place despite the fact the US had granted the entire western half of present - day South Dakota ( West River ) to the Sioux in 1868 by the Treaty of Laramie as part of the Great Sioux Reservation . The Sioux declined to grant mining rights or land in the Black Hills , and war broke out after the U.S. failed to stop white miners and settlers from entering the region . Eventually the US defeated the Sioux and broke up the Great Sioux Reservation into five reservations , settling the Lakota in those areas . ( In 1980 , the US Supreme Court and Congress ordered payment to the Lakota for the illegal seizure of the Black Hills . The case remains unsettled , as the Lakota refuse to accept the money and instead insist on the return of the land . ) A harvest in South Dakota in 1898 A growing population and political concerns ( admitting two states meant having four new senators for the Republican Party ) caused Dakota Territory to be divided in half and President Benjamin Harrison signed proclamations formally admitting South Dakota and North Dakota to the union on November 2 , 1889 . Harrison had the papers shuffled to obscure which one was signed first and the order went unrecorded . On December 29 , 1890 , the Wounded Knee Massacre occurred on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation . Commonly cited as the last major armed conflict between the United States and the Lakota Sioux Nation , the massacre resulted in the deaths of at least 146 Sioux , many of them women and children . 31 U.S. soldiers were also killed in the conflict . A South Dakota farm during the Dust Bowl , 1936 During the 1930s , several economic and climatic conditions combined with disastrous results for South Dakota . A lack of rainfall , extremely high temperatures and inappropriate cultivation techniques produced what was known as the Dust Bowl in South Dakota and several other plains states . Fertile topsoil was blown away in massive dust storms , and several harvests were completely ruined . The experiences of the Dust Bowl , coupled with local bank foreclosures and the general economic effects of the Great Depression , resulted in many South Dakotans leaving the state . The population of South Dakota declined by more than 7 % between 1930 and 1940 . Economic stability returned with the U.S. entry into World War II in 1941 , when demand for the state 's agricultural and industrial products grew as the nation mobilized for war . In 1944 , the Pick -- Sloan Plan was passed as part of the Flood Control Act of 1944 by the U.S. Congress , resulting in the construction of six large dams on the Missouri River , four of which are at least partially in South Dakota . Flood control , hydroelectricity , and recreational opportunities such as boating and fishing are provided by the dams and their reservoirs . In recent decades , South Dakota has been transformed from a state dominated by agriculture to one with a more diversified economy . The tourism industry has grown considerably since the completion of the interstate system in the 1960s , with the Black Hills becoming more important as a destination . The financial service industry began to grow in the state as well , with Citibank moving its credit card operations from New York to Sioux Falls in 1981 , a move that has been followed by several other financial companies . South Dakota was the first state to eliminate caps on interest rates . In 2007 , the site of the recently closed Homestake gold mine near Lead was chosen as the location of a new underground research facility , the Deep Underground Science and Engineering Laboratory . Despite a growing state population and recent economic development , many rural areas have been struggling over the past 50 years with locally declining populations and the emigration of educated young adults to larger South Dakota cities , such as Rapid City or Sioux Falls , or to other states . Mechanization and consolidation of agriculture has contributed greatly to the declining number of smaller family farms and the resulting economic and demographic challenges facing rural towns . Demographics ( edit ) Main article : Demographics of South Dakota South Dakota population density map Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1860 4,837 -- 1870 11,776 143.5 % 1880 98,268 734.5 % 1890 348,600 254.7 % 1900 401,570 15.2 % 1910 583,888 45.4 % 1920 636,547 9.0 % 1930 692,849 8.8 % 1940 642,961 − 7.2 % 1950 652,740 1.5 % 1960 680,514 4.3 % 1970 665,507 − 2.2 % 1980 690,768 3.8 % 1990 696,004 0.8 % 2000 754,844 8.5 % 814,180 7.9 % Est. 2017 869,666 6.8 % Source : 1910 -- 2010 2016 Estimate Population ( edit ) The United States Census Bureau estimates the population of South Dakota was 858,469 on July 1 , 2015 , a 5.44 % increase since the 2010 United States Census , only North Dakota , Alaska , Vermont , and Wyoming have fewer residents . As of 2015 , South Dakota had an estimated population of 858,469 , an increase of 44,289 , or 5.44 % , since the year 2010 . 7.3 % of South Dakota 's population was reported as under 5 , 24 % under 18 , and 14.3 % were 65 or older . Females made up approximately 50.2 % of the population . As of the 2000 census , South Dakota ranked fifth - lowest in the nation in population and population density . Of the people residing in South Dakota , 65.7 % were born in South Dakota , 31.4 % were born in another U.S. state , 0.6 % were born in Puerto Rico , U.S. Island areas , or born abroad to American parent ( s ) , and 2.3 % were born in another country . The center of population of South Dakota is in Buffalo County , in the unincorporated county seat of Gann Valley . Ethnicity ( edit ) According to the 2010 Census , the racial composition of the population was : 84.7 % White ( 83.8 % non-Hispanic white ) 8.8 % American Indian and Alaska Native 1.2 % African American or black 0.9 % Asian American 0.1 % from some other race 1.8 % of two or more races Ethnically , 2.7 % of South Dakota 's population was of Hispanic , Latino , or Spanish origin ( they may be of any race ) . South Dakota racial breakdown of population ( hide ) Racial composition 1990 2000 White 91.6 % 88.7 % 85.7 % Native 7.3 % 8.2 % 8.8 % African American 0.5 % 0.6 % 1.3 % Asian 0.4 % 0.6 % 0.9 % Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander -- -- 0.1 % Other race 0.2 % 0.5 % 0.9 % Two or more races -- 1.4 % 2.1 % As of 2011 , 25.4 % of South Dakota 's population younger than age 1 were minorities , meaning they had at least one parent who was not non-Hispanic white . As of 2000 , the five largest ancestry groups in South Dakota are German ( 40.7 % ) , Norwegian ( 15.3 % ) , Irish ( 10.4 % ) , Native American ( 8.3 % ) , and English ( 7.1 % ) . German Americans are the largest ancestry group in most parts of the state , especially in East River ( east of the Missouri River ) , although there are also large Scandinavian - descended populations in some counties . South Dakota has the nation 's largest population of Hutterites , a communal Anabaptist group which emigrated in 1874 from Europe , primarily from German - speaking areas . South Dakota has seven large Indian reservations ( shown in pink ) . American Indians , largely Lakota , Dakota , and Nakota ( Sioux ) , are predominant in several counties and comprise 20 per cent of the population in West River . The seven large Indian reservations in the state occupy an area much diminished from their former Great Sioux Reservation of West River , which the US government had once allocated to the Sioux tribes . South Dakota has the third - highest proportion of Native Americans of any state , behind Alaska and New Mexico . Five of the state 's counties are wholly within the boundaries of sovereign Indian reservations . Because of the limitations of climate and land , and isolation from urban areas with more employment opportunities , living standards on many South Dakota reservations are often far below the national average ; Ziebach County ranked as the poorest county in the nation in 2009 . The unemployment rate in Fort Thompson , on the Crow Creek Reservation , is 70 % , and 21 % of households lack plumbing or basic kitchen appliances . A 1995 study by the U.S. Census Bureau found 58 % of homes on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation did not have a telephone . The reservations ' isolation also inhibits their ability to generate revenue from gaming casinos , an avenue that has proved profitable for many tribes closer to urban centers . Languages ( edit ) In 1995 the legislature passed a law to make English the `` common language '' of the state . As of the 2000 census , 1.90 % of the population aged 5 or older speak German at home , while 1.51 % speak Lakota or Dakota , and 1.43 % Spanish . As of 2010 , 93.46 % ( 692,504 ) of South Dakota residents aged 5 and older spoke English as their primary language . 6.54 % of the population spoke a language other than English . 2.06 % ( 15,292 ) of the population spoke Spanish , 1.39 % ( 10,282 ) spoke Dakota , and 1.37 % ( 10,140 ) spoke German . Other languages spoken included Vietnamese ( 0.16 % ) , Chinese ( 0.12 % ) , and Russian ( 0.10 % ) . Growth and rural flight ( edit ) Over the last several decades , the population in many rural areas has declined in South Dakota , in common with other Great Plains states . The change has been characterized as `` rural flight '' as family farming has declined . Young people have moved to cities for other employment . This trend has continued in recent years , with 30 of South Dakota 's counties losing population between the 1990 and the 2000 census . During that time , nine counties had a population loss of greater than 10 % , with Harding County , in the northwest corner of the state , losing nearly 19 % of its population . Low birth rates and a lack of younger immigration has caused the median age of many of these counties to increase . In 24 counties , at least 20 % of the population is over the age of 65 , compared with a national rate of 12.8 % . The effect of rural flight has not been spread evenly through South Dakota , however . Although most rural counties and small towns have lost population , the Sioux Falls area , the larger counties along Interstate 29 , the Black Hills , and many Indian reservations have all gained population . As the reservations have exercised more sovereignty , some Sioux have returned to them from urban areas . Lincoln County near Sioux Falls was the seventh fastest - growing county ( by percentage ) in the United States in 2010 . The growth in these areas has compensated for losses in the rest of the state . South Dakota 's total population continues to increase steadily , albeit at a slower rate than the national average . Religion ( edit ) East Side Lutheran Church in Sioux Falls The largest denominations by number of adherents in 2010 were the Roman Catholic Church with 148,883 members ; the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America ( ELCA ) with 112,649 members ; and the United Methodist Church ( UMC ) with 36,020 members . ( The ELCA and UMC are specific denominations within the broader terms ' Lutheran ' and ' Methodist ' , respectively . ) The results of a 2001 survey , in which South Dakotans were asked to identify their religion , include : Christian ( 86 % ) Protestant ( 54 % ) Lutheran ( 27 % ) Methodist ( 13 % ) Baptist ( 4 % ) Presbyterian ( 4 % ) Other Protestant ( 6 % ) Roman Catholic ( 25 % ) Non-denominational Christian ( 7 % ) Not religious ( 8 % ) Other religions ( 3 % ) Refused to answer ( 2 % ) Economy ( edit ) See also : South Dakota locations by per capita income A B - 1B Lancer lifts off from Ellsworth Air Force Base , one of South Dakota 's largest employers . The current - dollar gross state product of South Dakota was US $39.8 billion as of 2010 , the fifth smallest total state output in the US . The per capita personal income was $38,865 in 2010 , ranked 25th in the U.S. , and 12.5 % of the population was below the poverty line in 2008 . CNBC 's list of `` Top States for Business for 2010 '' has recognized South Dakota as the seventh best state in the nation . In July 2011 , the state 's unemployment rate was 4.7 % . The service industry is the largest economic contributor in South Dakota . This sector includes the retail , finance , and health care industries . Citibank , which was the largest bank holding company in the United States at one time , established national banking operations in South Dakota in 1981 to take advantage of favorable banking regulations . Government spending is another important segment of the state 's economy , providing over ten percent of the gross state product . Ellsworth Air Force Base , near Rapid City , is the second - largest single employer in the state . Ethanol plant in Turner County Agriculture has historically been a key component of the South Dakota economy . Although other industries have expanded rapidly in recent decades , agricultural production is still very important to the state 's economy , especially in rural areas . The five most valuable agricultural products in South Dakota are cattle , corn ( maize ) , soybeans , wheat , and hogs . Agriculture - related industries such as meat packing and ethanol production also have a considerable economic impact on the state . South Dakota is the sixth leading ethanol - producing state in the nation . Another important sector in South Dakota 's economy is tourism . Many travel to view the attractions of the state , particularly those in the Black Hills region , such as historic Deadwood , Mount Rushmore , and the nearby state and national parks . One of the largest tourist events in the state is the annual Sturgis Motorcycle Rally . The five - day event drew over 739,000 attendees in 2015 ; significant considering the state has a total population of 850,000 . In 2006 , tourism provided an estimated 33,000 jobs in the state and contributed over two billion dollars to the economy of South Dakota . Awards and recognition ( edit ) South Dakota was recognized as the second best state for women entrepreneurs in the United States in the 2017 Fundera study , The Best States for Women Entrepreneurs in 2017 . South Dakota beat forty - eight other states because of its high 5 - year growth in average revenue for women - owned businesses , high average revenue of women - owned businesses , and high 5 - year growth in the number of women - owned businesses . Transportation ( edit ) Main article : Transportation in South Dakota See also : List of South Dakota railroads and List of South Dakota numbered highways Beaver Creek Bridge in Wind Cave National Park South Dakota has 83,609 miles ( 134,556 km ) of highways , roads , and streets , along with 679 miles ( 1,093 km ) of interstate highways . Two major interstates pass through South Dakota : Interstate 90 , which runs east and west through the southern half of the state ; and Interstate 29 , running north and south in the eastern portion of the state . The I - 29 corridor features generally higher rates of population and economic growth than areas in eastern South Dakota further from the interstate . Also in the state are the shorter Interstates 190 , a spur into central Rapid City , and 229 , a loop around southern and eastern Sioux Falls . Several major U.S. highways pass through the state . U.S. routes 12 , 14 , 16 , 18 and 212 travel east and west , while U.S. routes 81 , 83 , 85 and 281 run north and south . South Dakota and Montana are the only states sharing a land border which is not traversed by a paved road . South Dakota contains two National Scenic Byways . The Peter Norbeck National Scenic Byway is in the Black Hills , while the Native American Scenic Byway runs along the Missouri River in the north - central part of the state . Other scenic byways include the Badlands Loop Scenic Byway , the Spearfish Canyon Scenic Byway , and the Wildlife Loop Road Scenic Byway . Railroads have played an important role in South Dakota transportation since the mid-19th century . Some 4,420 miles ( 7,110 km ) of railroad track were built in South Dakota during the late 19th century and early 20th century , but only 1,839 miles ( 2,960 km ) are active . BNSF Railway is the largest railroad in South Dakota ; the Rapid City , Pierre and Eastern Railroad ( formerly the Dakota , Minnesota and Eastern ) is the state 's other major carrier . Other state carriers include Dakota Southern Railway , Dakota and Iowa Railroad , Ellis and Eastern Railroad , Sunflour Railroad , Canadian Pacific Railway , and the Sisseton Milbank Railroad . Rail transportation in the state is mostly confined only to freight , but two passenger heritage railroads operate in the state , them being The Black Hills Central , and the Prairie Village , Herman , and Milwaukee Railroad . However , South Dakota is one of the two continental states ( Wyoming being the other ) lacking Amtrak service . South Dakota 's largest commercial airports in terms of passenger traffic are the Sioux Falls Regional Airport and Rapid City Regional Airport . Delta Air Lines , Frontier Airlines , and Allegiant Airlines , as well as commuter airlines using the brand affiliation with major airlines serve the two largest airports . Several other cities in the state also have commercial air service : Aberdeen Regional Airport , Huron Regional Airport , Pierre Regional Airport , Brookings Regional Airport and Watertown Regional Airport , some of which is subsidized by the Essential Air Service program . Government and politics ( edit ) Main article : Government of South Dakota The South Dakota State Capitol in Pierre Government ( edit ) See also : Governor of South Dakota , South Dakota Legislature , and South Dakota Supreme Court Like other U.S. states , the structure of the government of South Dakota follows the same separation of powers as the federal government , with executive , legislative , and judicial branches . The structure of the state government is laid out in the Constitution of South Dakota , the highest law in the state . The constitution may be amended by a majority vote of both houses of the legislature , or by voter initiative . The Governor of South Dakota occupies the executive branch of the state government . The current governor is Dennis Daugaard , a Republican from Garretson . The state constitution gives the governor the power to sign into law or veto bills passed by the state legislature , to serve as commander - in - chief of the South Dakota National Guard , to appoint a cabinet , and to commute criminal sentences or to pardon those convicted of crimes . The governor serves for a four - year term , and may not serve more than two consecutive terms . The state legislature is made up of two bodies , the Senate , which has 35 members , and the House of Representatives , with 70 members . South Dakota is divided into 35 legislative districts , with voters electing two representatives and one senator per district . The legislature meets for an annual session which begins on the second Tuesday in January and lasts for 30 days ; it also meets if a special session is called by the governor . The judicial branch is made up of several levels . The state supreme court , with four justices and a chief justice , is the highest court in the state . Below the supreme court are the circuit courts ; 41 circuit judges serve in seven judicial circuits in the state . Below the circuit courts are the magistrate courts , which deal with more minor criminal and civil actions . State taxes ( edit ) As of 2005 , South Dakota has the lowest per capita total state tax rate in the United States . The state does not levy personal or corporate income taxes , inheritance taxes , or taxes on intangible personal property . The state sales tax rate is 4.5 percent . Various localities have local levies so in some areas the rate is 6 percent . The state sales tax does not apply to sales to Indians on Indian reservations , but many reservations have a compact with the state . Businesses on the reservation collect the tax and the state refunds to the Indian Tribes the percentage of sales tax collections relating to the ratio of Indian population to total population in the county or area affected . Ad valorem property taxes are local taxes and are a large source of funding for school systems , counties , municipalities and other local government units . The South Dakota Special Tax Division regulates some taxes including cigarette and alcohol - related taxes . Federal representation ( edit ) See also : List of United States Senators from South Dakota and List of United States Representatives from South Dakota South Dakota is represented at the federal level by Senator John Thune , Senator Mike Rounds , and Representative Kristi Noem . All three are Republicans . South Dakota is one of seven states with only one seat in the US House of Representatives . In United States presidential elections , South Dakota is allotted three of 538 votes in the Electoral College . As in all other states except Maine and neighboring Nebraska , South Dakota 's electoral votes are granted in a winner - take - all system . Politics ( edit ) See also : Political party strength in South Dakota South Dakota politics are generally dominated by the Republican Party . Since statehood , Republicans have carried the state 's electoral votes in all but five presidential elections : 1896 , 1912 ( By Theodore Roosevelt 's Progressive Party ) , 1932 , 1936 and 1964 . Only Alaska has been carried fewer times by Democrat presidential candidates . Not even George McGovern , the Democratic nominee in 1972 as well as a native South Dakotan , was able to carry the state . Additionally , a Democrat has not won the governorship since 1974 . As of 2016 , Republicans hold a 15 % voter registration advantage over Democrats and hold large majorities in both the state House of Representatives and Senate . Despite the state 's general Republican and conservative leanings , Democrats have found success in various statewide elections , most notably in those involving South Dakota 's congressional representatives in Washington . American Indians have been becoming more active in state and county electoral politics . In the 2002 election , American Indian voting carried Tim Johnson as the Democratic candidate by a margin of 532 votes . Until his electoral defeat in 2004 , Senator Tom Daschle was the Senate minority leader ( and briefly its majority leader during Democratic control of the Senate in 2001 -- 02 ) . In 2016 , South Dakota voted for Republican nominee Donald Trump over Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton by a margin of 30 % , incumbent Republican Senator John Thune won a third term against Democrat Jay Williams , and incumbent Republican congresswoman Kristi Noem defeated Democrat Paula Hawks for South Dakota 's at - large seat in the US House . Contemporary political issues in South Dakota include the costs and benefits of the state lottery , South Dakota 's relatively low rankings in education spending ( particularly teacher pay -- recently the State Sales Tax was increased from 4 % to 4.5 % to finance an increase in teacher pay ) , and recent legislative and electoral attempts to ban abortion in the state . Culture ( edit ) Black Elk with his family around 1910 Main article : Culture of South Dakota See also : List of people from South Dakota South Dakota 's culture reflects the state 's American Indian , rural , Western , and European roots . A number of annual events celebrating the state 's ethnic and historical heritage take place around the state , such as Days of ' 76 in Deadwood , Czech Days in Tabor , and the annual St. Patrick 's Day and Cinco de Mayo festivities in Sioux Falls . The various tribes hold many annual pow wows at their reservations throughout the state , to which non-Native Americans are sometimes invited . Custer State Park holds an annual Buffalo Roundup , in which volunteers on horseback gather the park 's herd of around 1,500 bison . Black Elk ( Lakota ) was a medicine man and heyokha , whose life spanned the transition to reservations . His accounts of the 19th - century Indian Wars and Ghost Dance movement , and his deep thoughts on personal visions and Native American religion , form the basis of the book Black Elk Speaks , first published in 1932 . ( Among several editions , a premier annotated edition was published in 2008 . ) Paul Goble , an award - winning children 's book author and illustrator , has been based in the Black Hills since 1977 . Laura Ingalls Wilder , whose semi-autobiographical books are based on her experiences as a child and young adult on the frontier , is one of South Dakota 's best - known writers . She drew from her life growing up on a homestead near De Smet as the basis for five of her novels : By the Shores of Silver Lake , The Long Winter , Little Town on the Prairie , These Happy Golden Years , and The First Four Years . These gained renewed popularity in the United States when Little House on the Prairie was adapted and produced as a television series in the . Wilder 's daughter , Rose Wilder Lane , who became a well - known writer in her own right , was born near De Smet in 1886 . South Dakota has also produced several notable artists . Harvey Dunn grew up on a homestead near Manchester in the late 19th century . While Dunn worked most of his career as a commercial illustrator , his most famous works showed various scenes of frontier life ; he completed these near the end of his career . Oscar Howe ( Crow ) was born on the Crow Creek Indian Reservation and won fame for his watercolor paintings . Howe was one of the first Native American painters to adopt techniques and style heavily influenced by the mid-20th century abstraction movement , rather than relying on traditional Native American styles . Terry Redlin , originally from Watertown , is an accomplished painter of rural and wildlife scenes . Many of his works are on display at the Redlin Art Center in Watertown . Cities and towns ( edit ) See also : List of cities in South Dakota and List of South Dakota counties Sioux Falls , with a population of around 160,000 , is the largest city in South Dakota . Sioux Falls is the largest city in South Dakota , with a 2010 population of 153,888 , and a metropolitan area population of 238,122 . The city , founded in 1856 , is in the southeast corner of the state . Retail , finance , and healthcare have assumed greater importance in Sioux Falls , where the economy was originally centered on agri - business and quarrying . Rapid City , with a 2010 population of 67,956 , and a metropolitan area population of 124,766 , is the second - largest city in the state . It is on the eastern edge of the Black Hills , and was founded in 1876 . Rapid City 's economy is largely based on tourism and defense spending , because of the proximity of many tourist attractions in the Black Hills and Ellsworth Air Force Base . The next eight largest cities in the state , in order of descending 2010 population , are Aberdeen ( 26,091 ) , Brookings ( 22,056 ) , Watertown ( 21,482 ) , Mitchell ( 15,254 ) , Yankton ( 14,454 ) , Pierre ( 13,646 ) , Huron ( 12,592 ) , and Vermillion ( 10,571 ) . Pierre is the state capital , and Brookings and Vermillion are the locations of the state 's two largest universities ( South Dakota State University and University of South Dakota , respectively ) . With a population of about 14,000 , Pierre is the second smallest state capital in the United States . Of the ten largest cities in the state , only Rapid City is west of the Missouri River . Media ( edit ) See also : List of newspapers in South Dakota , List of television stations in South Dakota , and List of radio stations in South Dakota South Dakota 's first newspaper , the Dakota Democrat , began publishing in Yankton in 1858 . Today , the state 's largest newspaper is the Sioux Falls Argus Leader , with a Sunday circulation of 63,701 and a weekday circulation of 44,334 . The Rapid City Journal , with a Sunday circulation of 32,638 and a weekday circulation of 27,827 , is South Dakota 's second largest newspaper . The next four largest newspapers in the state are the Aberdeen American News , the Watertown Public Opinion , the Huron Plainsman , and the Brookings Register . In 1981 , Tim Giago founded the Lakota Times as a newspaper for the local American Indian community on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation . The newspaper , now published in New York and known as Indian Country Today , is available in every state in the country . The Sioux City Journal also covers parts of South Dakota . There are nine television stations broadcasting in South Dakota ; South Dakota Public Television broadcasts from a number of locations around the state , while the other stations broadcast from Sioux Falls or Rapid City . The two largest television media markets in South Dakota are Sioux Falls - Mitchell , with a viewership of 246,020 , and Rapid City , with a viewership of 91,070 . The two markets rank as 114th and 177th largest in the United States , respectively . The state 's first television station , KELO - TV , began airing in Sioux Falls in 1953 . Among KELO 's early programs was Captain 11 , an afternoon children 's program . Captain 11 ran from 1955 until 1996 , making it the nation 's longest continuously running children 's television program . A number of South Dakotans are famous for their work in television and publishing . Former NBC Nightly News anchor and author Tom Brokaw is from Webster and Yankton , USA Today founder Al Neuharth was from Eureka and Alpena , gameshow host Bob Barker spent much of his childhood in Mission , and entertainment news hosts Pat O'Brien and Mary Hart are from Sioux Falls . Education ( edit ) The Coughlin Campanile , a landmark on the campus of South Dakota State University in Brookings See also : List of colleges and universities in South Dakota and List of high schools in South Dakota As of 2006 , South Dakota has a total primary and secondary school enrollment of 136,872 , with 120,278 of these students being educated in the public school system . There are 703 public schools in 168 school districts , giving South Dakota the highest number of schools per capita in the United States . The current high school graduation rate is 89.9 % , and the average ACT score is 21.8 , slightly above the national average of 21.1. 89.8 % of the adult population has earned at least a high school diploma , and 25.8 % has earned a bachelor 's degree or higher . South Dakota 's 2008 average public school teacher salary of $36,674 , compared to a national average of $52,308 , was the lowest in the nation . In 2007 South Dakota passed legislation modeled after Montana 's Indian Education for All Act ( 1999 ) , mandating education about Native American tribal history , culture , and heritage in all the schools , from pre-school through college , in an effort to increase knowledge and appreciation about Indian culture among all residents of the state , as well as to reinforce Indian students ' understanding of their own cultures ' contributions . The South Dakota Board of Regents , whose members are appointed by the governor , controls the six public universities in the state . South Dakota State University ( SDSU ) , in Brookings , is the state 's largest university , with an enrollment of 12,831 . The University of South Dakota ( USD ) , in Vermillion , is the state 's oldest university , and has South Dakota 's only law school and medical school . South Dakota also has several private universities , the largest of which is Augustana College in Sioux Falls . Sports and recreation ( edit ) Organized sports ( edit ) Because of its low population , South Dakota does not host any major league professional sports franchises . The state has minor league and independent league teams , all of which play in Sioux Falls or Rapid City . Sioux Falls is home to four teams : the Sioux Falls Canaries ( baseball ) , the Sioux Falls Skyforce ( basketball ) , the Sioux Falls Stampede ( hockey ) , and the Sioux Falls Storm ( indoor American football ) . The Canaries play in the American Association , and their home field is Sioux Falls Stadium . The Skyforce play in the NBA G League , and are owned by the NBA 's Miami Heat . They play at the Sanford Pentagon . The Stampede and Storm share the Denny Sanford Premier Center . The Stampede play in the USHL , and the Storm play in the CIF . Rapid City has a hockey team named the Rapid City Rush that plays in the ECHL . The Rush began their inaugural season in 2008 at the Rushmore Plaza Civic Center . Universities in South Dakota host a variety of sports programs . For many years , South Dakota was one of the only states in the country without a NCAA Division I football or basketball team . However , several years ago SDSU decided to move their teams from Division II to Division I , a move followed by the University of South Dakota . Other universities in the state compete at the NCAA 's Division II or III levels , or in the NAIA . Famous South Dakota athletes include Billy Mills , Mike Miller , Mark Ellis , Becky Hammon , Brock Lesnar , Chad Greenway , and Adam Vinatieri . Mills is from the town of Pine Ridge and competed at the 1964 Summer Olympic Games in Tokyo , becoming the only American to win a gold medal in the 10,000 - meter event . Miller , of Mitchell , is a two - time NBA champion who played college basketball at the University of Florida , leading them to the 2000 NCAA Championship game his sophomore year , and won the 2001 NBA rookie of the year award . Ellis , of Rapid City , played for the University of Florida and four MLB teams before retiring in 2015 . Hammon , of Rapid City , played for the WNBA 's New York Liberty and San Antonio Silver Stars before becoming an assistant coach for the NBA 's San Antonio Spurs in 2014 . Lesnar , of Webster , is a former heavy - weight champion in the UFC and WWE . Vinatieri is an NFL placekicker who grew up in Rapid City and attended SDSU . Recreation ( edit ) A tunnel along the George S. Mickelson Trail in the Black Hills Fishing and hunting are popular outdoor activities in South Dakota . Fishing contributes over $224 million to South Dakota 's economy , and hunting contributes over $303 million . In 2007 , over 275,000 hunting licences and 175,000 fishing licences were sold in the state ; around half of the hunting licences and over two - thirds of the fishing licences were purchased by South Dakotans . Popular species of game include pheasants , white - tailed deer , mule deer , and turkeys , as well as waterfowl such as Canada geese , snow geese , and mallards . Targets of anglers include walleye in the eastern glacial lakes and Missouri River reservoirs , Chinook salmon in Lake Oahe , and trout in the Black Hills . Other sports , such as cycling and running , are also popular in the state . In 1991 , the state opened the George S. Mickelson Trail , a 109 - mile ( 175 km ) rail trail in the Black Hills . Besides being used by cyclists , the trail is also the site of a portion of the annual Mount Rushmore marathon ; the marathon 's entire course is at an elevation of over 4,000 feet ( 1,200 m ) . Other events in the state include the Tour de Kota , a 478 - mile ( 769 km ) , six - day cycling event that covers much of eastern and central South Dakota , and the annual Sturgis Motorcycle Rally , which draws hundreds of thousands of participants from around the United States . State symbols ( edit ) Main article : List of South Dakota state symbols Reverse side of U.S. quarter coin with a commemorative South Dakota design depicting Mt . Rushmore , a pheasant , wheat , and the year of statehood Some of South Dakota 's official state symbols include : State bird : Ring - necked pheasant State flower : American pasque flower State tree : Black Hills spruce State nicknames : Mount Rushmore State ( official ) , Coyote state & Sunshine state ( both unofficial ) State motto : `` Under God , the people rule '' State slogan : `` Great Faces . Great Places . '' State mineral : Rose quartz State insect : Honey bee -- Apis mellifera L . State animal : Coyote State fish : Walleye State gemstone : Fairburn agate State song : `` Hail , South Dakota ! '' See also ( edit ) South Dakota portal Outline of South Dakota -- organized list of topics Index of South Dakota - related articles References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` South Dakota Codified Laws ( 1 -- 27 -- 20 ) '' . South Dakota State Legislature . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` State Area Measurements ( 2010 ) '' . U.S. Census . Retrieved March 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . U.S. Census Bureau . June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Median Annual Household Income '' . The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Black Elk Peak '' . NGS data sheet . U.S. National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 13 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Elevations and Distances in the United States '' . United States Geological Survey . 2001 . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988 . ^ Jump up to : Hasselstrom , pp. 2 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Census Regions and Divisions of the United States , U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Dirk . Gold Divides Dakotans as River Did NYtimes.com The New York Times . October 9 , 1988 . ( accessed February 14 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ Garcia - Castellanos , D. ; U. Lombardo ( 2007 ) . `` Poles of Inaccessibility : A Calculation Algorithm for the Remotest Places on Earth '' ( PDF ) . Scottish Geographical Journal . 123 ( 3 ) : 227 -- 233 . doi : 10.1080 / 14702540801897809 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson ( ed . ) , pp. 17 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Thompson ( ed . ) , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Schell , pp. 4 -- 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Geology of South Dakota '' . Northern State University . Retrieved August 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Pleistocene Deposits '' . South Dakota Department of Environment & Natural Resources . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2008 . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Schell , p. 6 . Jump up ^ `` Mesozoic Formations '' . South Dakota Department of Environment & Natural Resources . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2008 . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tertiary Formations '' . South Dakota Department of Environment & Natural Resources . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2007 . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Precambrian Formations '' . South Dakota Department of Environment & Natural Resources . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2008 . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Paleozoic Formations '' . South Dakota Department of Environment & Natural Resources . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2008 . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` A Short Introduction to Terrestrial Biomes '' . nearctica.com . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved September 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` South Dakota Flora '' . Northern State University . Retrieved September 22 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` South Dakota Fauna '' . Northern State University . Retrieved September 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ring - Necked Pheasant '' . Northern State University . Retrieved September 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hetland , Cara . `` South Dakota bald eagles make a comeback '' Publicradio.org Minnesota Public Radio . February 8 , 2007 . ( accessed September 22 , 2007 ) . Jump up ^ `` Paddlefish '' . Northern State University . Retrieved September 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` South Dakota 's Forest Resources . '' Piva , R. ; Haugan , D. ; Josten , G. ; Brand , G. ( U.S. Department of Interior . Forest Service Resource Bulletin . 2007 ) ^ Jump up to : Thompson ( ed . ) , p. 31 . Jump up ^ `` Deer '' . South Dakota Department of Game , Fish and Parks . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fishing '' . Black Hills National Forest . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Climate of South Dakota '' ( PDF ) . National Climatic Data Center . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 24 , 2008 . Retrieved November 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Each state 's high temperature record '' . USA Today . November 1 , 2007 . Retrieved March 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Each state 's low temperature record '' . USA Today . February 10 , 2011 . Retrieved March 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Precipitation Normals ( 1971 -- 2000 ) '' . South Dakota State University . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2012 . Retrieved November 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tornado Alley '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Average Number of Tornadoes , 1953 -- 2004 '' . National Climatic Data Center . Retrieved June 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Monthly Averages for Aberdeen , SD '' . weather.com . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Monthly Averages for Huron , SD '' . weather.com . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Monthly Averages for Rapid City , SD '' . weather.com . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Monthly Averages for Sioux Falls , SD '' . weather.com . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ Nettinga , Curt . Saving the bison may have saved Wind Cave Park . 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ISBN 9780465025114 . `` On February 22 , 1889 , outgoing President Cleveland signed an omnibus bill that divided the Territory of Dakota in half . The bill also enable the people in the new Territories of North Dakota and South Dakota , as well as the older territories of Montana and Washington , to write state constitutions and elect state governments . The four new states would be admitted into the Union in nine months . This plan cut Democratic New Mexico out of statehood , and split Republican Dakota Territory into two new Republican states . Rather than two new Republican states and two new Democratic states that Congress had considered the previous year , the omnibus bill created three new Republican states and one new Democratic state that Republicans thought they would capture . In their eagerness to admit both Dakotas , Republican congressmen also ignored the uncomfortable fact that much of the land in the anticipated state of South Dakota belonged to the Sioux ^ Jump up to : Schell , pp. 304 -- 305 . Jump up ^ `` Drought in the Dust Bowl Years '' . National Drought Mitigation Center . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2007 . Retrieved April 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Population of Counties by Decennial Census : 1900 to 1990 '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved December 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Schell , pp. 317 -- 320 . ^ Jump up to : Schell , pp. 323 -- 325 . ^ Jump up to : Hetland , Cara . Sioux Falls 25 years after Citibank 's arrival . Publicradio.org Minnesota Public Radio . February 24 , 2006 . ( accessed March 23 , 2007 ) Jump up ^ `` Homestake Strikes Gold Again '' . South Dakota Science and Technology Authority . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2007 . Retrieved August 28 , 2007 . 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Black Elk Speaks : Being the Life Story of a Holy Man of the Oglala Sioux , the Premier Edition . SUNY Press . pp. 149 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4384 - 2540 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Writings of Black Elk '' . American Writers : A Journey Through History . C - SPAN . July 10 , 2001 . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Goble '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved January 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Laura 's History '' . Laura Ingalls Wilder Historic Home and Museum . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2008 . Retrieved December 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Hasselstrom , pp. 34 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Hasselstrom , pp. 215 -- 217 . Jump up ^ `` Terry Redlin '' . South Dakota Hall of Fame . Retrieved May 11 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` South Dakota '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 11 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Metropolitan and micropolitan statistical area population and estimated components of change : April 1 , 2000 to July 1 , 2009 '' . United States Census Bureau . 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Jump up ^ Jawort , Adrian ( April 12 , 2012 ) . `` Montana Schools Try to Keep Indian Students Engaged by Teaching Indian Culture to All '' . Indian Country Today . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 School Enrollments ( Page 1 ) '' ( PDF ) . South Dakota Board of Regents . Retrieved August 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Locations '' . South Dakota Board of Regents . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2008 . Retrieved April 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` About Augustana -- City of Sioux Falls '' . Augustana College . Retrieved December 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rapid City Rush Hockey '' . Rapid City Visitors & Convention Bureau . Retrieved December 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` SDSU approved for Division I membership '' . South Dakota State University . Retrieved December 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` South Dakota leaves North Central Conference for D-I '' . ESPN . Retrieved December 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Billy Mills '' . South Dakota Hall of Fame . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Athletics -- Mark Ellis '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Ellis retires from baseball at age 37 '' . NBC Sports . February 25 , 2015 . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Profile -- Becky Hammon '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved January 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Becky Hammon Hired to Spurs ' Staff '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New exhibit details Rapid City native Adam Vinatieri 's kick '' . Rapid City Journal . Retrieved March 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Economic Impact '' . South Dakota Department of Game , Fish , and Parks . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` How many people hunt and fish in South Dakota ? '' . South Dakota Department of Game , Fish , and Parks . Retrieved December 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Fishing in South Dakota ( Northeastern ) '' . South Dakota Office of Tourism . Retrieved January 29 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fishing in South Dakota ( Central ) '' . South Dakota Office of Tourism . Retrieved January 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Fishing in South Dakota ( Western ) '' . South Dakota Office of Tourism . Retrieved January 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` George S. Mickelson Trail Guide '' ( PDF ) . South Dakota Department of Game , Fish and Parks . Retrieved January 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Course Info '' . Mount Rushmore Marathon . Retrieved December 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de Kota '' . Tour de Kota . Retrieved June 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` South Dakota Facts '' . South Dakota Department of Tourism . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Bibliography ( edit ) Hasselstrom , Linda M. ( 1994 ) . Roadside History of South Dakota . Missoula , MT : Mountain Press Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 87842 - 262 - 5 . Schell , Herbert S. ( 2004 ) . History of South Dakota . Pierre , SD : South Dakota State Historical Society Press . ISBN 0 - 9715171 - 3 - 4 . Thompson , Harry F. ( ed . ) ( 2009 ) . A New South Dakota History ( Second ed . ) . Sioux Falls , SD : Center for Western Studies -- Augustana College . ISBN 978 - 0 - 931170 - 00 - 3 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Further reading ( edit ) Lauck , Jon K. Prairie Republic : The Political Culture of Dakota Territory , 1879 -- 1889 ( University of Oklahoma Press ; 2010 ) 281 pages Wishart , David J. ed . Encyclopedia of the Great Plains , University of Nebraska Press , 2004 , ISBN 0 - 8032 - 4787 - 7 . complete text online ; 900 pages of scholarly articles Karolevitz , Robert F. ; Hunhoff , Bernie ( 1988 ) . Uniquely South Dakota . Donning Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89865 - 730 - 2 . From the publisher of South Dakota Magazine , with many photographs . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutSouth Dakotaat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Official website South Dakota Department of Tourism South Dakota State Databases -- annotated list of searchable databases produced by South Dakota state agencies and compiled by the Government Documents Roundtable of the American Library Association Energy Profile for South Dakota USGS real - time , geographic , and other scientific resources of South Dakota U.S. Census Bureau South Dakota State Facts from USDA South Dakota State Historical Society Press - books and journals published by the State Historical Society Reynolds , Francis J. , ed. ( 1921 ) . `` South Dakota '' . Collier 's New Encyclopedia . New York : P.F. Collier & Son Company . South Dakota at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Geographic data related to South Dakota at OpenStreetMap Dakota Pathways -- 20 episodes about the history of South Dakota Joe J. Foss , Medal of Honor -- Governor Joe Foss estate artifacts restored , preserved and displayed at Historical Registry Preceded by North Dakota List of U.S. states by date of statehood Admitted on November 2 , 1889 ( 40th ) Succeeded by Montana ( hide ) Topics related to South Dakota The Mount Rushmore State ( hide ) State of South Dakota Pierre ( capital ) Topics Bibliography Cities Delegations Famous South Dakotans Geography Government History Timeline Towns & Villages Townships Transportation State Parks Symbols Universities Tourist attractions Seal of South Dakota Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Politics Regions Badlands Black Hills Coteau des Prairies Coteau du Missouri Dissected Till Plains Drift Prairie East River Pine Ridge Siouxland West River Larger cities pop . over 5,000 Aberdeen Belle Fourche Box Elder Brandon Brookings Harrisburg Huron Madison Mitchell Pierre Rapid City Sioux Falls Spearfish Sturgis Tea Vermillion Watertown Yankton Smaller cities pop . 1,000 - 5,000 Baltic Beresford Britton Canton Chamberlain Clark Clear Lake Crooks Custer De Smet Deadwood Dell Rapids Eagle Butte Elk Point Flandreau Fort Pierre Freeman Garretson Gettysburg Gregory Groton Hartford Hill City Hot Springs Lead Lemmon Lennox Martin Milbank Miller Mission Mobridge North Sioux City Parker Parkston Platte Redfield Salem Sisseton Springfield Summerset Tyndall Volga Wagner Webster Winner Largest CDPs pop . over 1,000 Blackhawk Colonial Pine Hills Dakota Dunes Fort Thompson North Eagle Butte North Spearfish Oglala Pine Ridge Porcupine Rapid Valley Rosebud Largest towns pop . over 500 Aurora Humboldt St. Francis Wall Counties Aurora Beadle Bennett Bon Homme Brookings Brown Brule Buffalo Butte Campbell Charles Mix Clark Clay Codington Corson Custer Davison Day Deuel Dewey Douglas Edmunds Fall River Faulk Grant Gregory Haakon Hamlin Hand Hanson Harding Hughes Hutchinson Hyde Jackson Jerauld Jones Kingsbury Lake Lawrence Lincoln Lyman Marshall McCook McPherson Meade Mellette Miner Minnehaha Moody Oglala Lakota Pennington Perkins Potter Roberts Sanborn Spink Stanley Sully Todd Tripp Turner Union Walworth Yankton Ziebach Protected areas of South Dakota Federal National Parks Badlands Wind Cave National Historic Sites and Memorials Minuteman Missile NHS Mount Rushmore NMem National Monument Jewel Cave National Forests Black Hills Custer National Grasslands Buffalo Gap Dakota Prairie Fort Pierre Grand River National Historic Trail Lewis and Clark National Recreational River Missouri National Wildlife Refuges Huron WMD Karl E. 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475012818394877723	National Trust for Historic Preservation	National Trust for Historic Preservation - wikipedia National Trust for Historic Preservation Jump to : navigation , search For other National Trusts , see National Trust ( disambiguation ) . National Trust for Historic Preservation Motto `` Save the past . Enrich the future . '' Formation Act of Congress , October 26 , 1949 Type nonprofit , member - supported Headquarters Washington , D.C. , USA Membership approximately 750,000 President Stephanie K. Meeks Main organ Board of Trustees Website savingplaces.org The National Trust for Historic Preservation is a privately funded , nonprofit organization based in Washington , D.C. , that works in the field of historic preservation in the United States . The member - supported organization was founded in 1949 by congressional charter to support the preservation of America 's diverse historic buildings , neighborhoods , and heritage through its programs , resources , and advocacy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 History 3 Programs 3.1 National Treasures 3.2 11 Most Endangered Historic Places List 3.3 Preservation Leadership Forum and resources 3.4 Historic Hotels of America 4 Advocacy 4.1 Historic Tax Credit ( HTC ) and Creating American Prosperity through Preservation ( CAPP ) Act 4.2 Federal transportation legislation 4.3 Public lands 5 National Trust Historic Sites 5.1 Stewardships 5.2 Co-stewardships 5.3 Contracted affiliates 6 Subsidiaries and affiliated companies 6.1 Subsidiaries 6.2 Affiliated Companies of the National Trust 7 References 7.1 Bibliography 8 External links Overview ( edit ) The National Trust for Historic Preservation is headquartered in the Watergate complex , Washington , D.C. The National Trust for Historic Preservation aims to empower local preservationists by providing leadership to save and revitalize America 's historic places , and by working on both national policies as well as local preservation campaigns through its network of field offices and preservation partners , including the National Park Service , State Historic Preservation Offices , and local preservation groups . The National Trust is headquartered in Washington , D.C. , with field offices in Boston , New York City , Charleston , Nashville , Chicago , Houston , Denver , Boise , Los Angeles , San Francisco , Canby ( near Portland , Oregon ) , and Seattle . The organization is governed by a board of trustees and led by current president , Stephanie K. Meeks . The National Trust presently has around 750,000 members and supporters . In addition to leading campaigns and advocacy , the National Trust provides a growing educational resource through the Preservation Leadership Forum that offers articles , journals , case studies , and conferences and training . The National Trust issues the quarterly Preservation magazine and produces the `` PreservationNation '' blog . The National Trust 's current work focuses on building sustainable communities through the adaptive reuse of historic spaces ; preserving and empowering cultural diversity through protecting sites of cultural significance ; advocating for greater stewardship of historic places on public land ; and leading innovation in the management of historic properties . History ( edit ) The National Trust for Historic Preservation 's former headquarters of 35 years , the Andrew Mellon Building , located in the Dupont Circle neighborhood of Washington , D.C. The National Trust moved its headquarters to the Watergate complex in 2013 . Towards the end of the 19th century , as the United States was rebuilding after the Civil War , the country was beginning to form its sense of national identity and history . The government began to enact legislation for the preservation of sites and objects deemed significant to the nation 's history . In 1872 , an Act of Congress established the first National Park , Yellowstone . In 1906 , the Antiquities Act enabled the President to declare landmarks or objects as a national monument . Then in 1935 , Congress passed the Historic Sites Act which outlined programs for research and inventory of historic sites . Meanwhile , historic preservation initiatives existed on local and state levels . In 1931 , the first historic district was created in Charleston , South Carolina . However , efforts to save and maintain historic sites were still largely limited to private citizens or local groups . In the late 1940s , leaders in American historic preservation saw the need for a national organization to support local preservation efforts . In 1946 , David E. Finley , Jr. , George McAneny , Christopher Crittenden , and Ronald Lee met at the National Gallery of Art to discuss the formation of such a national organization . This meeting was followed by a larger gathering on April 15 , 1947 , attended by representatives from a number of art , architectural , and historical societies , which culminated in the creation of the National Council for Historic Sites and Buildings . The meeting 's attendants became the first charter members of the Council . The organization 's first headquarters was in the offices of Ford 's Theatre ( Lincoln Museum ) in downtown Washington , D.C. The Council then pursued the formation of a National Trust for Historic Preservation , somewhat modeled on the British National Trust , which would be tasked with the acquisition and maintenance of historic properties . The creation of the National Trust was proposed as a bill to Congress , H.R. 5170 , introduced by Congressman J. Hardin Peterson of Florida and passed . The National Trust for Historic Preservation was formally established through the Act of Congress when President Harry S. Truman signed the legislation on October 26 , 1949 . The charter provided that the Trust should acquire and preserve historic sites and objects of national significance and provide annual reports to Congress on its activities . Finley served as the National Trust 's first chairman of the board , remaining in the position for 12 years . Woodlawn Plantation & Pope - Leighey House , Alexandria , Virginia was the first site acquired into the National Trust portfolio . The National Trust and the National Council existed side by side for several years until the need to merge resources compelled the Executive Committee to integrate the two entities . In 1952 , the boards of both organizations approved a merger of the Council into the National Trust . The merger was effective the following year and was completed by 1956 . The National Trust became a membership organization and assumed all other functions of the National Council . In its early years , the National Trust 's founders envisioned an organization whose primary purpose would be the acquisition and administration of historic sites , while encouraging public participation in their preservation . In 1957 , the National Trust officially acquired its first property , Woodlawn Plantation in northern Virginia . Since , the National Trust portfolio of historic properties and contracted affiliates include twenty - seven historic sites , ranging from the 18th - century Drayton Hall in South Carolina to the Modernist Glass House in Connecticut . Over the next decade , the National Trust grew to become the leading national organization in historic preservation . They began working with citizens and city planning officials on legislative matters , including federal , state , and municipal ordinances for historic preservation . National Trust staff also traveled to parts of the country to advise local communities on preservation projects . In 1966 , Congress passed the National Historic Preservation Act , a significant legislation for the preservation movement . The Act also provided federal funding in support of the National Trust 's work . The funding later ceased in 1996 , at which point the National Trust became entirely privately funded . Following the adoption of the National Historic Preservation Act , the National Trust broadened in its mission beyond administrating historic sites . In 1969 , the National Trust created the Preservation Services Fund to provide financial assistance to local preservation projects . In 1971 , the National Trust opened its first field office in San Francisco . As the organization grew , the National Trust expanded its work , consisting of programs , educational resources , and advocacy . In 1980 , the National Trust initiated the National Main Street Center , specializing in revitalizing historic business districts , which has since transitioned into a subsidiary . The portfolio of National Trust sites has expanded to include Phillip Johnson 's Glass House , New Canaan , Connecticut . In 2010 , Stephanie Meeks became the organization 's president , replacing Richard Moe who had led the organization for 17 years . The change brought a shift in direction of the National Trust 's work towards a more focused , cause - based approach and involved more robust outreach to local preservationists . As part of this new approach , the National Trust initiated the National Treasures portfolio that specifically identifies threatened sites and strategizes efforts to preserve them . In 2013 , the National Trust headquarters moved from the Andrew Mellon Building on 1785 Massachusetts Avenue , NW in Washington D.C. 's Dupont Circle to the historic Watergate office complex . Regarding the move , Meeks said in a statement , `` The selection of the Watergate demonstrates our ongoing commitment to recognizing and protecting important places from every era in American history , including the recent past . '' Currently , the National Trust 's programs include National Treasures , launched in 2011 , which campaigns to save threatened historic landmarks , and the annual list of America 's 11 Most Endangered Historic Places , first issued in 1988 , which highlights endangered sites across the country . Programs ( edit ) The Houston Astrodome is one of the National Trust 's National Treasures . The historic Rosenwald Schools are named a National Treasure . The San Jose Church in Old San Juan , Puerto Rico was included in 2013 's list of 11 Most Endangered Historic Places . National Treasures ( edit ) Initiated in 2011 , the National Treasures program identifies historically significant landmarks that face imminent threat . With the support of local preservationists , the National Trust leads direct action to save these sites through fundraising , coalition building , and legal advocacy . The sites are selected based on criteria including : integrity , contribution to America 's diverse history , and preservation strategies that can be applied to other sites . The growing portfolio of National Treasures includes : Fort Monroe in Hampton , Virginia Historic Wintersburg in Huntington Beach , California Houston Astrodome in Houston , Texas Miami Marine Stadium in Miami , Florida The historic Rosenwald Schools built in the early 19th century to educate African - American children . 11 Most Endangered Historic Places list ( edit ) Main article : America 's Most Endangered Places First published in 1988 , the National Trust 's list of 11 Most Endangered Historic Places is an annual list that highlights endangered historic sites across the United States . The list serves to raise national awareness of these sites . The sites are nominated by the public and eventually selected based on a range of factors , including its significance , whether there is a local group engaged in its preservation , the urgency of the threat , and potential solutions to that threat . The 2014 list included : Battle Mountain Sanitarium , Hot Springs , South Dakota , 2014 Bay Harbor 's East Island , Dade County , Florida , 2014 Chattanooga State Office Building , Chattanooga , Tennessee , 2014 Frank Lloyd Wright 's Spring House , Tallahassee , Florida , 2014 Historic Wintersburg , Huntington Beach , California , 2014 Mokuaikaua Church , Hawaii , 2014 Music Hall , Cincinnati , Ohio , 2014 Palladium Building , St. Louis , Missouri , 2014 Shockoe Bottom , Richmond , Virginia , 2014 The Palisades , Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey , 2014 Union Terminal , Cincinnati , Ohio , 2014 Preservation Leadership Forum and resources ( edit ) The Preservation Leadership Forum is a network of preservation leaders -- professionals , students , volunteers , activists , and experts -- who share ideas , information , and advice , and have access to in - depth preservation resources and training . Forum members benefit from the quarterly Forum Journal , an all - digital journal of in - depth articles on preservation practices and issues ; the Forum Focus series , which presents reports on innovative preservation research and practices ; the Forum Bulletin , a weekly electronic communication ; the Forum Reference Desk , that supplies information , referrals , and tools ; and Forum Online , a searchable database of best practices and case studies in preservation . The Preservation Leadership Forum also maintains the `` Preservation Leadership Forum '' blog that publishes features , news and analysis , as well as articles and commentary from Forum members . As part of its educational mission , the National Trust offers conferences and training programs . Its biggest conference is the annual National Preservation Conference , the largest gathering of preservation professionals and those interested in preservation in the United States . Held in different cities each year , it annually attracts over 2,000 attendees to a week - long series of field sessions , education workshops , and tours that examine critical issues in the field of historic preservation . The Conference also has a Diversity Scholarship program which seeks to enrich the work of community leaders from diverse social , economic , racial , ethnic and cultural backgrounds . Other conferences and training include the National Main Street Conference , which focuses on preservation - based commercial district revitalization ; the Preservation Leadership Training ; and educational programs at National Trust sites . Historic Hotels of America ( edit ) The Willard Hotel in Washington , D.C. The Caribbean Motel in Wildwood Crest , New Jersey , listed in the National Register of Historic Places Historic Hotels of America identifies hotels that have maintained their authenticity , sense of place , and architectural integrity . The program includes over 260 members in 44 states , including the District of Columbia , Puerto Rico , and the U.S. Virgin Islands . The National Trust for Historic Preservation created Historic Hotels of America in 1989 with 32 charter members . To be included in the program , hotels must be at least 50 years old ; designated by the U.S. Secretary of the Interior as a National Historic Landmark or listed in or eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places ; and recognized as having historic significance . Advocacy ( edit ) The National Trust 's advocacy arm works to effect policy at the local , state , and federal level . Current advocacy priorities are : Historic Tax Credit ( HTC ) and Creating American Prosperity through Preservation ( CAPP ) Act ( edit ) The Historic Tax Credit ( HTC ) is the federal tax credit program that incentivizes the rehabilitation of historic buildings . The HTC , which has rehabilitated more than 38,700 buildings and leveraged about $106 billion in private investment nationwide , is in danger of being eliminated in current budget - balancing discussions in Congress . The National Trust and its partners advocate for the Creating American Prosperity through Preservation ( CAPP ) Act to preserve the tax credit policy . Federal transportation legislation ( edit ) The federal Department of Transportation Act of 1966 included Section 4 ( f ) , which stipulates that planners must develop projects that protect or avoid historic resources . However , Section 4 ( f ) is periodically challenged through the transportation reauthorization process , most recently during the consideration of MAP - 21 . Due to work by preservationists , Section 4 ( f ) remains intact . Public lands ( edit ) The National Trust advocates for the preservation of historic and cultural resources on federal public lands , partnering with the Bureau of Land Management , the Forest Service , and the National Park Service . The National Trust supported the Green Mountain Lookout Heritage Protection Act , a bill that would prevent the United States Forest Service from removing a building from the Glacier Peak Wilderness Area in Washington State unless the agency determines that the structure is unsafe for visitors . The National Trust stating that it was `` pleased that Congress has acted to protect this historically significant and locally cherished landmark . With this vote , the House joins the Senate in affirming that the preservation of this historic resource is compatible with wilderness protection . '' National Trust Historic sites ( edit ) Drayton Hall , Charleston , South Carolina Farnsworth House , Plano , Illinois The National Trust portfolio of historic sites contains National Trust owned - and - operated sites ( stewardship sites ) , sites owned but not operated by the National Trust ( co-stewardships ) , and contracted affiliates . Stewardships ( edit ) Sites owned and operated by the National Trust : Chesterwood , Stockbridge , Massachusetts Farnsworth House , Plano , Illinois Gaylord Building , Lockport , Illinois Glass House , New Canaan , Connecticut President Lincoln 's Cottage , Washington , D.C. ( President Lincoln 's Cottage is owned by the Armed Forces Retirement Home , but operated by the National Trust via a cooperative agreement . ) Lyndhurst , Tarrytown , New York Shadows - on - the - Teche , New Iberia , Louisiana Villa Finale , San Antonio , Texas Woodlawn Plantation & Pope - Leighey House , Alexandria , Virginia Woodrow Wilson House ( Washington , D.C. ) Co-stewardships ( edit ) Cliveden , an important site in the Battle of Germantown James Madison 's Montpelier , near Orange , Virginia Sites owned or leased by the National Trust and operated by an independent nonprofit organization : Belle Grove Plantation , Middletown , Virginia Brucemore , Cedar Rapids , Iowa Cliveden , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Drayton Hall , Charleston , South Carolina Cooper - Molera Adobe , Monterey , California Decatur House , Washington , D.C. Filoli , Woodside , California James Madison 's Montpelier , near Orange , Virginia Kykuit , Tarrytown , New York Oatlands Plantation , Leesburg , Virginia Contracted affiliates ( edit ) Acoma Pueblo Sky City , Acoma , New Mexico Sites neither owned nor operated by the National Trust but are included by cooperative agreements : Acoma Pueblo Sky City , Acoma , New Mexico African Meeting House & Abiel Smith School , Boston , Massachusetts African Meeting House & Boston - Higginbotham House , Nantucket , Massachusetts Hotel des Paris , Georgetown , Colorado Lower East Side Tenement Museum , New York , New York Touro Synagogue , Newport , Rhode Island Subsidiaries and affiliated companies ( edit ) Subsidiaries ( edit ) National Main Street Center National Trust Community Investment Corporation Affiliated Companies of the National Trust ( edit ) Historic Hotels of America ( a Preferred Hotel Group brand ) National Trust Insurance Services National Trust Tours ( Heritage Travel , LLC ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` We 're Saving Places National Trust for Historic Preservation '' . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ National Trust for Historic Preservation . `` Field Offices . '' PreservationNation.org . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ National Trust for Historic Preservation . `` Board of Trustees . '' PreservationNation.org . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ National Trust for Historic Preservation . `` A Brief History of the National Trust . '' PreservationNation.org . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Mulloy ( 1976 ) , p. 6 Jump up ^ Mulloy ( 1976 ) , p. 8 Jump up ^ Mulloy ( 1976 ) , p. 7 ^ Jump up to : Finley ( 1965 ) , p. 2 ^ Jump up to : Finley ( 1965 ) , p. 3 Jump up ^ Finley ( 1965 ) , p. 4 ^ Jump up to : Finley ( 1965 ) , p. 5 ^ Jump up to : Burdick , Kim ( 2000 ) . `` Remembering Louise Crowninshield . '' Forum Journal 14 ( 3 ) . Jump up ^ Finley ( 1965 ) , p. 11 Jump up ^ Finley ( 1965 ) , p. 1 Jump up ^ Finley ( 1965 ) , p. 7 Jump up ^ National Trust for Historic Preservation ( 2014 ) . `` Sites . '' PreservationNation.org . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ Finley ( 1965 ) , p. 17 Jump up ^ Finley ( 1965 ) , p. 16 ^ Jump up to : National Trust for Historic Preservation ( 2014 ) . `` A Brief History of the National Trust . '' PreservationNation.org . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ Trescott , Jacqueline ( June 15 , 2010 ) . `` Stephanie Meeks to Lead the National Trust for Historic Preservation . '' The Washington Post . ^ Jump up to : O'Connell , Jonathan ( June 17 , 2013 ) . `` National Trust for Historic Preservation moving offices to the Watergate . '' The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` National Treasures : Selection Process Overview '' ( PDF ) . National Trust for Historic Preservation . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` National Treasures '' . National Trust for Historic Preservation . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` About America 's 11 Most Endangered Historic Places '' . PreservationNation.org . National Trust for Historic Preservation . Retrieved September 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ National Trust for Historic Preservation . `` Preservation Leadership Forum . '' PreservationNation.org . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ National Trust for Historic Preservation . `` Join Preservation Leadership Forum . '' PreservationNation.org . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ National Trust for Historic Preservation . `` Conferences & Training . '' PreservationNation.org . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ National Trust for Historic Preservation . `` Diversity Scholarship Program . '' PreservationNation.org . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 15 Jump up ^ `` Willard Hotel '' . historichotels.org . Historic Hotels of America . Retrieved 12 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Caribbean Motel '' . historichotels.org . Historic Hotels of America . Retrieved 12 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` About Historic Hotels of America '' . Historic Hotels of America . Retrieved June 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` National Register of Historic Places '' . National Register of Historic Places . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ National Trust for Historic Preservation . `` Historic Tax Credits . '' PreservationNation.org . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ National Trust for Historic Preservation . `` Section 4 ( f ) . '' Preservation Leadership Forum . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ National Trust for Historic Preservation . `` Public Lands . '' Preservation Nation . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` S. 404 - Summary '' . United States Congress . Retrieved April 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` National Trust Applauds House Passage of Legislation to Save Historic Green Mountain Lookout '' . National Trust for Historic Preservation. April 7 , 2014 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Bibliography ( edit ) Finley , David E. ( 1965 ) . The History of the National Trust for Historic Preservation ( 1947 -- 1963 ) . Washington , DC : National Trust for Historic Preservation . Mulloy , Elizabeth ( 1976 ) . The History of the National Trust for Historic Preservation ( 1963 -- 1973 ) . Washington , DC : Preservation Press . ISBN 9780891330332 . External links ( edit ) Official website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Trust_for_Historic_Preservation&oldid=806235285 '' Categories : National Trust for Historic Preservation Conservation and restoration organizations Historic preservation organizations in the United States National trusts Non-profit organizations based in Washington , D.C. Organizations established in 1949 1949 establishments in the United States National Humanities Medal recipients Hidden categories : All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from October 2017 Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 20 October 2017 , at 17 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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915671536860252423	The 100 (TV series)	The 100 ( TV series ) - wikipedia The 100 ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search The 100 Genre Action Drama Dystopian Post-apocalyptic Science fiction Based on The 100 by Kass Morgan Developed by Jason Rothenberg Starring Eliza Taylor Paige Turco Thomas McDonell Eli Goree Marie Avgeropoulos Bob Morley Kelly Hu Christopher Larkin Devon Bostick Isaiah Washington Henry Ian Cusick Lindsey Morgan Ricky Whittle Richard Harmon Zach McGowan Theme music composer Evan Frankfort Liz Phair Composer ( s ) Evan Frankfort Marc Dauer Liz Phair Tree Adams Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 58 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Jason Rothenberg Leslie Morgenstein Matt Miller Gina Girolamo Bharat Nalluri Elizabeth Craft Producer ( s ) Jae Marchant Tim Scanlan Aaron Ginsburg Wade McIntyre T.J. Brady Rasheed Newson Location ( s ) Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada Running time 42 minutes Production company ( s ) Alloy Entertainment CBS Television Studios Warner Bros. Television Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network The CW Picture format HDTV 1080i Original release March 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 19 ) -- present External links Official website www.cwtv.com/shows/the-100/ The 100 ( pronounced The Hundred ) is an American post-apocalyptic science fiction drama television series that premiered on March 19 , 2014 , on The CW . The series , developed by Jason Rothenberg , is loosely based on the 2013 book of the same name , the first in a series by Kass Morgan . The series follows a group of post apocalypse survivors , representing many age groups : Clarke Griffin ( Eliza Taylor ) , Bellamy Blake ( Bob Morley ) , Octavia Blake ( Marie Avgeropoulos ) , Jasper Jordan ( Devon Bostick ) , Monty Green ( Christopher Larkin ) , Raven Reyes ( Lindsey Morgan ) , Finn Collins ( Thomas McDonell ) , John Murphy ( Richard Harmon ) , and Wells Jaha ( Eli Goree ) as they are among the first people from a space habitat , `` The Ark '' , to return to Earth after a devastating nuclear apocalypse ; the series also focuses on Dr. Abby Griffin ( Paige Turco ) , Clarke 's mother ; Marcus Kane ( Henry Ian Cusick ) , a council member on the Ark ; and Thelonious Jaha ( Isaiah Washington ) , the Chancellor of the Ark and Wells ' father . In March 2016 , The 100 was renewed for a fourth season of 13 episodes , which premiered on February 1 , 2017 . In March 2017 , The CW renewed the series for a fifth season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Notes 3 Episodes 4 Production 5 Broadcast 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Ratings 6.3 Accolades 7 Home media 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) The series is set 97 years after a devastating nuclear apocalypse wiped out almost all life on Earth . Over 2,400 survivors live on a single massive station in Earth 's orbit called `` The Ark '' . After the Ark 's life - support systems are found to be failing , 100 juvenile prisoners are sent to the surface in a last attempt to determine whether Earth is habitable . They discover that not all humanity was wiped out , and some survived the nuclear apocalypse : the Grounders , who live in clans locked in a power struggle ; the Reapers , another group of Grounders who have become cannibals ; and Mountain Men , who live in Mount Weather and locked themselves away before the apocalypse . In the second season , the remaining 48 of the 100 are captured and taken to Mount Weather by the Mountain Men . It is eventually revealed that the Mountain Men are transfusing blood from imprisoned Grounders as an anti-radiation treatment . Medical tests of the 100 show an even more potent anti-radiation efficacy ; their bone marrow will allow the mountain men to survive outside containment . Meanwhile , the inhabitants of the Ark have successfully crash - landed various stations on Earth and begun an alliance with the Grounders to save groups of people , naming the main settlement at Alpha Station `` Camp Jaha '' . In the third season , Camp Jaha , now renamed `` Arkadia '' , comes under new management when Pike , a former teacher and mentor , is elected as chancellor and begins a war with the Grounders . An artificial intelligence named A.L.I.E. , who was commanded to make life better for mankind and responded by solving the problem of human overpopulation by launching a nuclear apocalypse that devastated Earth 97 years ago . The AI takes over the minds of nearly everyone in Arkadia and Polis , the capital city of the Grounders . In the season three finale , Clarke manages to destroy A.L.I.E. In the fourth season , hundreds of nuclear reactors around the world are melting down due to decades of neglect that will result in 96 % of the planet becoming uninhabitable . Clarke and the others investigate ways to survive the coming wave of radiation . When it is discovered that Nightbloods , descendants of first , original Nightbloods , including Becca , the first Commander and creator of A.L.I.E. , can metabolize radiation , Clarke and the others attempt to recreate the formula , but their attempts failed . An old bunker is discovered that can protect 1,200 people for over 5 years ; each of the twelve clans select a hundred people to stay in the bunker . A small group decides to return to space and survive in the remnants of the original Ark . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of The 100 characters Eliza Taylor as Clarke Griffin Paige Turco as Dr. Abigail `` Abby '' Griffin Thomas McDonell as Finn Collins ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Eli Goree as Wells Jaha ( main season 1 ; guest season 2 ) Marie Avgeropoulos as Octavia Blake Bob Morley as Bellamy Blake Kelly Hu as Callie `` Cece '' Cartwig ( season 1 ) Christopher Larkin as Monty Green Devon Bostick as Jasper Jordan ( seasons 1 -- 4 ) Isaiah Washington as Thelonious Jaha Henry Ian Cusick as Marcus Kane Lindsey Morgan as Raven Reyes ( recurring season 1 ; main seasons 2 -- ) Ricky Whittle as Lincoln ( recurring season 1 ; main seasons 2 -- 3 ) Richard Harmon as John Murphy ( recurring seasons 1 -- 2 ; main seasons 3 -- ) Zach McGowan as Roan ( recurring season 3 ; main season 4 ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kelly Hu was credited as main cast only in the first episode . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of The 100 episodes Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Viewers ( millions ) 13 March 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 19 ) June 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 11 ) 150 2.59 16 October 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 22 ) March 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 11 ) 157 2.46 16 January 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 21 ) May 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 19 ) 165 1.94 13 February 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 01 ) May 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 24 ) TBA TBA Production ( edit ) Post production , including ADR recording for the series , was done at the recording studio Cherry Beach Sound . Broadcast ( edit ) In Canada , Season 1 of The 100 was licensed exclusively to Netflix . The series premiered on March 20 , 2014 , the day after the mid-season premiere of Season 1 on the CW . In New Zealand , the series premiered on TVNZ 's on - demand video streaming service on March 21 , 2014 . In the UK and Ireland , The 100 premiered on E4 on July 7 , 2014 . The first episode was viewed by an average audience of 1.39 million , making it the channel 's biggest ever program launch . Season 2 premiered on January 6 , 2015 , and averaged 1,118,000 viewers . Season 3 premiered on February 17 , 2016 . In Australia , The 100 was originally scheduled to premiere on Go ! but instead premiered on Fox8 on September 4 , 2014 . Season 2 premiered on January 8 , 2015 . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the show 's first season was certified `` fresh '' , with 72 % of professional reviewers reviewing it positively and the consensus : `` Although flooded with stereotypes , the suspenseful atmosphere helps make The 100 a rare high - concept guilty pleasure . '' On Metacritic , the first season scores 63 out of 100 points , indicating `` generally favorable reviews . '' The second season was met with more favorable reviews , holding a rating of 100 % on Rotten Tomatoes . In a review of the season 2 finale , Kyle Fowle of The A.V. Club said , `` Very few shows manage to really push the boundaries of moral compromise in a way that feels legitimately difficult . Breaking Bad did it . The Sopranos did it . Game of Thrones has done it . Those shows never back down from the philosophical murkiness of their worlds , refusing to provide a tidy , happy ending if it does n't feel right . With ' Blood Must Have Blood , Part Two , ' The 100 has done the same , presenting a finale that does n't shy away from the morally complex stakes it 's spent a whole season building up '' . Maureen Ryan of The Huffington Post , in another positive review , wrote : `` I can say with some assurance that I 've rarely seen a program demonstrate the kind of consistency and thematic dedication that The 100 has shown in its first two seasons . This is a show about moral choices and the consequences of those choices , and it 's been laudably committed to those ideas from Day 1 . '' On Rotten Tomatoes , the third season received an overall rating of 100 % . Maureen Ryan of Variety wrote in an early review of the third season : `` When looking at the epic feel and varied array of stories on display in season three , which overtly and covertly recalls `` The Lord of the Rings '' saga in a number of ways , it 's almost hard to recall how limited the scope and the ambitions of `` The 100 '' were two years ago , when a rag - tag band of survivors first crash - landed on Earth . In season three ( which the cast and showrunner previewed here ) , the show is more politically complicated than ever , and the world - building that accompanies the depiction of various factions , alliances and conflicts is generally admirable . '' In a review of the season 3 finale `` Perverse Instantiation : Part Two '' , Mariya Karimjee of Vulture.com wrote : `` Every moment of this finale is pitch - perfect : the choreography of the fight scenes , the plotting and pacing , and the stunning way in which the episode finally reaches it apex . `` Perverse Instantiation : Part Two '' elevates the season 's themes and pulls together its disparate story lines , setting us up nicely for season four . '' In another review of the season 3 finale and the season overall , Kyle Fowle of The A.V. Club wrote : `` Before we even get to tonight 's action - packed finale of The 100 , it needs to be said that this has been a rocky season . The first half of it was defined by shoddy character motivations and oversized villains . The second half of this season has done some work to bring the show back from the brink , focusing on the City Of Light and issues of freewill and difficult moral choices , bringing some much needed depth to the third season . That work pays off with `` Perverse Instantiation : Part Two , '' a thrilling , forward - thinking finale that provides some necessary closure to this season . '' He gave the finale itself an `` A - '' rating . Brian Lowry of The Boston Globe said : `` Our attraction to Apocalypse TV runs deep , as our culture plays out different futuristic possibilities . That 's still no reason to clone material , nor is it a reason to deliver characters who are little more than stereotypes . '' Allison Keene of The Hollywood Reporter wrote a negative review , stating : `` The sci - fi drama presents The CW 's ultimate vision for humanity : an Earth populated only by attractive teenagers , whose parents are left out in space . '' Kelly West of Cinema Blend gave it a more positive review while noting : `` CW 's Thrilling New Sci - fi Drama Is A Keeper . CW 's The 100 seeks to explore that concept and more with a series that 's about equal parts young adult drama , sci - fi adventure and thriller . It takes a little while for the series to warm up , but when The 100 begins to hit its stride , a unique and compelling drama begins to emerge . '' IGN 's editor Eric Goldman also gave the show a more positive review , writing : `` Overcoming most of its early growing pains pretty quickly , The 100 was a very strong show by the end of its first season . But Season 2 elevated the series into the upper echelon , as the show become one of the coolest and most daring series on TV these days . '' Maureen Ryan of Variety named the show one of the best of 2015 . In 2016 , the year Rolling Stone ranked the show # 36 on its list of the `` 40 Best Science Fiction TV Shows of All Time '' , the episode `` Thirteen '' attracted criticism when Lexa , one of the series ' LGBT characters , was killed off . Critics and fans considered the death a continuation of a persistent trope in television in which LGBT characters are killed off far more often than others -- implicitly portraying them as disposable , as existing only to serve the stories of straight characters , or to attract viewers . A widespread debate among writers and fans about the trope ensued , with Lexa 's death cited as a prime example of the trope , and why it should end . Showrunner Jason Rothenberg eventually wrote in response that `` I ( ... ) write and produce television for the real world where negative and hurtful tropes exist . And I am very sorry for not recognizing this as fully as I should have '' . Ratings ( edit ) Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( millions ) 18 -- 49 rating ( average ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Wednesday 9 : 00 pm 13 March 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 19 ) 2.73 June 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 11 ) 1.68 2013 -- 14 150 2.59 16 October 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 22 ) 1.54 March 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 11 ) 1.34 2014 -- 15 157 2.46 0.9 Thursday 9 : 00 pm 16 January 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 21 ) 1.88 May 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 19 ) 1.31 2015 -- 16 165 1.94 0.7 Wednesday 9 : 00 pm 13 February 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 01 ) 1.21 May 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 24 ) 0.91 2016 -- 17 158 1.47 TBD An estimated 2.7 million American viewers watched the series premiere , which received an 18 -- 49 rating of 0.9 , making it the most - watched show in its time slot on The CW since 2010 , with the series Life Unexpected . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2014 Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Special and Visual Effects Andrew Orloff , Michael Cliett , Tyler Weiss , Kornel Farkas , Chris Pounds , Andrew Bain , Mike Rhone for `` We Are Grounders , Part 2 '' Nominated Joey Award Young Actor in a TV Series Drama or Comedy , Guest Starring or Principal Role Spencer Drever Nominated 2015 Golden Reel Award Best Sound Editing -- Sound Effects and Foley in Short Form Television Norval D. Crutcher III , Peter Austin , Peter D. Lago , Mitch Gettleman , Catherine Harper , Ellen Heuer , Marc Meyer Nominated Saturn Award Best Youth - Oriented Series The 100 Won Joey Award Best Actor in a TV Comedy or Action Featured Role Liam O'Neill Nominated MTV Fandom Awards Ship of the Year Alycia Debnam - Carey and Eliza Taylor Nominated E ! Online Best . Ever . TV . Awards Best Guest Star Alycia Debnam - Carey Won Best Kiss Eliza Taylor and Alycia Debnam - Carey Won Best Fight Eliza Taylor and Dichen Lachman Nor ! Runner - up Most Underrated Show The 100 Nor ! Runner - up Best Binge - Watch The 100 Nor ! Runner - up Best Cast on Social Media The 100 Nor ! Runner - up Best Fandom The 100 Nominated Teen Choice Award Choice TV Show : Sci - Fi / Fantasy The 100 Nominated Choice TV Actor : Sci - Fi / Fantasy Bob Morley Nominated Choice TV Actress : Sci - Fi / Fantasy Eliza Taylor Nominated 2016 Saturn Award Best Science Fiction Television Series The 100 Nominated Teen Choice Award Choice TV Actress : Sci - Fi / Fantasy Eliza Taylor Nominated Choice TV : Chemistry Eliza Taylor and Bob Morley Nominated E ! TV Scoop Awards Best Drama The 100 Nominated Best Drama Actor Bob Morley Nominated Best Drama Actress Eliza Taylor Won Best Drama Actress Lindsey Morgan Nominated Best Couple Alycia Debnam - Carey and Eliza Taylor Nor ! Runner - up Steamiest / Sexiest Moment Alycia Debnam Carey and Eliza Taylor Won Female Breakout Star Alycia Debnam - Carey Won Most Heartbreaking Goodbye Ricky Whittle Won Best Fight Alycia Debnam Carey and Zach McGowan Won Best Kiss Alycia Debnam Carey and Eliza Taylor Won Moment That Made You Want To Throw Out Your TV For episode `` Thirteen '' Won Best Villain Erica Cerra Nor ! Runner - up Best Guest Star Alycia Debnam - Carey Won Best Fandom Clexa Won Best Cast On Social Media The 100 Nor ! Runner - up MTV Fandom Awards Ship of the Year Eliza Taylor and Alycia Debnam - Carey Nominated Fan Freakout of the Year Alycia Debnam - Carey Won 2017 Saturn Awards Best Science Fiction Television Series The 100 Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Actor Bob Morley Nominated Choice Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Actress Eliza Taylor Nominated Choice TV Ship Eliza Taylor and Bob Morley Nominated E ! TV Scoop Awards Best Drama The 100 Nor ! Runner - up Best Drama Actress Eliza Taylor Won Best Drama Actor Bob Morley Won Best Kiss / Sexiest Moment Bellamy caresses Clarke 's face Won Breakout Star - Male Zach McGowan Nor ! Runner - up Best Fight The Conclave Nor ! Runner - up Best Musical Moment `` I See You '' playing as Clarke messages Bellamy Nor ! Runner - up Worst Shocker Luna and Roan die Nor ! Runner - up Saddest Actor Exit Devon Bostick Nor ! Runner - up Saddest Death Devon Bostick Nor ! Runner - up Best Fandom Clexa Won Best Fandom Bellarke Nor ! Runner - up Home media ( edit ) Name DVD Blu - ray No. of episodes Features Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 Region A Region B The Complete First Season September 23 , 2014 September 29 , 2014 December 3 , 2014 September 23 , 2014 December 3 , 2014 13 Creating the World of The 100 Commentary on `` We Are Grounders , Part 2 '' The Complete Second Season October 13 , 2015 October 12 , 2015 October 14 , 2015 October 13 , 2015 October 14 , 2015 16 The 100 : Unlocking the Mountain The 100 Pre-Viz Stunts featurette The Complete Third Season July 19 , 2016 September 26 , 2016 September 28 , 2016 July 19 , 2016 September 28 , 2016 16 A Short Lived Victory : Unlocking the Season 3 Finale Arkadia : From Wreckage to Salvation Ice Nation : Brutal and Fierce Wanheda : Clarke 's Journey Polis : Capital of the Grounders The 100 Pre-Viz Stunts Season 3 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ellis , Kate . `` Dangerous planet Earth : The CW 's new sci - fi drama ' The 100 ' premieres '' . 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About Wikipedia	how many seasons are there of the 100	[]	[]
5755174888281183913	Victoria Coach Station	Victoria Coach station - wikipedia Victoria Coach station For the London Buses station , see Victoria bus station . Victoria Coach Station Victoria Coach Station Location Buckingham Palace Road Victoria , London , SW1 United Kingdom Coordinates 51 ° 29 ′ 35 '' N 0 ° 08 ′ 55 '' W / 51.4931 ° N 0.1486 ° W / 51.4931 ; - 0.1486 Coordinates : 51 ° 29 ′ 35 '' N 0 ° 08 ′ 55 '' W / 51.4931 ° N 0.1486 ° W / 51.4931 ; - 0.1486 Owned by Transport for London Operated by Transport for London Bus stands 22 Bus operators 15 Connections Victoria History Opened 1932 ; 86 years ago ( 1932 ) Traffic Passengers 14 million ( 2013 / 14 ) Location Victoria Coach Station Location within Central London Victoria Coach Station is the largest coach station in London , located in the central district of Victoria in the City of Westminster . It serves as a terminus for many medium - and long - distance coach services in the United Kingdom , intercity bus and is also the departure point for many countryside coach tours originating from London . It is operated by Victoria Coach Station Limited , a subsidiary of Transport for London ( TfL ) . It should not be confused with the nearby Green Line Coach Station for Green Line Coaches , or with Victoria bus station which serves London Buses operated by TfL . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Operation 3 Connections 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) Victoria Coach Station was opened at its present site in Buckingham Palace Road , Victoria , in 1932 , by London Coastal Coaches , a consortium of coach operators . The building is in a distinctive Art Deco style , the architects for which were Wallis , Gilbert and Partners . In 1970 the coach operators ' association which managed the station became a subsidiary of the National Bus Company . In 1988 , ownership of Victoria Coach Station Limited was transferred to London Transport . In 2000 , Transport for London was formed and took over the station . The freeholder of the site , Grosvenor Group , announced in 2013 that it wishes to redevelop the site and relocate the station elsewhere in London . However , the building was listed at Grade II by English Heritage in 2014 . Operation ( edit ) Victoria Coach Station has separate arrival and departure terminals which are located on opposite sides of Elizabeth Street . The main departures building includes food and retail outlets , left - luggage facilities and a ticket hall . There are 21 departure gates , with the site covering 3.3 acres ( 13,000 m ) . In the 12 months to March 2014 , 14 million passengers travelled on 240,000 services to and from the station . Services are operated by : Airport Bus Express Brigit 's Afternoon Tea David Urquhart DB IC Bus Ecolines Evan Evans Eurolines Flixbus Interbus Kosice Megabus National Express OUIBUS Premium Tours Sindbad Transmarian Connections ( edit ) London Buses routes 211 , C1 and N11 serve the coach station . It is a short walk from Victoria railway station . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Companies House extract company no 205610 Victoria Coach Station Limited ^ Jump up to : `` Victoria Coach Station - Celebrating 75 years of service '' . Transport for London . Retrieved 26 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Spittles , David ( 21 August 2013 ) . `` Victoria 's £ 2 - billion transformation as its coach station becomes a cultural quarter with homes , shops and arts venues '' . London Evening Standard . Retrieved 21 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Historic England . `` Victoria Coach Station Ltd , 164 Buckingham Palace Road , London , SW1W 9TP ( Grade II ) ( 1418262 ) '' . National Heritage List for England . Retrieved 2 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Annual Report for year ended 31 March 2014 Transport for London Jump up ^ `` Coach companies - Transport for London '' . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 25 . External links ( edit ) London transport portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Victoria Coach Station . Official site Transport in London Companies and organisations Transport for London Air Line Buses East London Transit Night buses Coach station Cycle hire Dial - a-Ride London Rail Docklands Light Railway London Overground TfL Rail Tramlink Crossrail ( under construction ) Crossrail 2 ( proposed ) London River Services London Streets London Underground Night Tube Source London Taxi and Private Hire office Bus operators Abellio Arriva East Herts & Essex Arriva London Arriva Southern Counties CT Plus Go - Ahead London London Sovereign London United Metrobus Metroline Quality Line Stagecoach London Tower Transit Uno River operators Bateaux London City Cruises Crown River Cruises Livett 's Launches Lower Thames and Medway Passenger Boat Company Thames Clippers Thames Executive Charters Thames River Services Westminster Passenger Services Association Train operators Arriva Rail London c2c Caledonian Sleeper Chiltern Railways East Midlands Trains Eurostar Govia Thameslink Railway Gatwick Express Great Northern Southern Thameslink Grand Central Great Western Railway Greater Anglia Stansted Express Heathrow Express Hull Trains London North Eastern Railway London Northwestern Railway South Western Railway Southeastern TfL Rail Virgin Trains Other Global Infrastructure Partners Heathrow Airport Holdings Port of London Authority Airports Within London City Heathrow Private : Biggin Hill Damyns Hall London Heliport Military : Northolt Outside London Gatwick Luton Southend Stansted Proposed : Thames Estuary Major stations Central area Bank / Monument Baker Street Blackfriars Bond Street Cannon Street Charing Cross City Thameslink Euston Farringdon Fenchurch Street King 's Cross Liverpool Street London Bridge Marylebone Moorgate Oxford Circus Paddington St Pancras International Tottenham Court Road Vauxhall Victoria Waterloo Waterloo East Westminster Other Barking Bromley South Canary Wharf Clapham Junction Ealing Broadway East Croydon Finsbury Park Heathrow Stations Highbury & Islington Ilford Lewisham London City Airport Orpington Putney Richmond Romford Stratford Surbiton Sutton Wimbledon Roads Motorways M1 M4 M11 M25 London Orbital Former : M41 ( West Cross Route ) A40 ( M ) ( Westway ) A102 ( M ) ( East Cross Route ) Ring roads London Inner Ring Road London Ringways North Circular Road South Circular Road Charging Congestion charge Low emission zone Ticketing Freedom Pass Oyster card Travelcard Other History of public transport authorities London Transport Museum Port of London Regent 's Canal Cycle routes Thameslink Trams Trolleybuses Windsor House Former BR sectors British Rail InterCity Network SouthEast Commons WikiProject London transport portal London bus and coach stations London Buses Aldgate Beckton Becontree Heath Brent Cross Canada Water Canning Town Chingford Crystal Palace East Croydon Edgware Eltham Euston Finsbury Park Hammersmith Harrow Heathrow Central Hounslow Kingston ( Cromwell Road ) Kingston ( Fairfield ) Lewisham Leytonstone Liverpool Street London Bridge North Finchley North Greenwich Orpington Peckham Putney Richmond Stratford Stratford City Tottenham Turnpike Lane Uxbridge Vauxhall Victoria ( bus ) Victoria ( coach ) Walthamstow West Croydon White City East London Transit Barking Riverside Dagenham Dock Terminus Becontree Heath Thames View Health Centre London transport portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victoria_Coach_Station&oldid=843268607 '' Categories : Art Deco architecture in London Bus stations in London Former nationalised industries of the United Kingdom Transport in the City of Westminster Grade II listed buildings in the City of Westminster Transport for London Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2013 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano Norsk Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 01 : 01 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	is victoria station the same as victoria coach station	[]	[]
1807596480940872269	University of Ibadan	University of Ibadan - wikipedia University of Ibadan University of Ibadan UI logo Former names University College Ibadan Motto `` Recte Sapere Fons '' ( To think straight is the fount of knowledge ) . Type Public Established 1948 Chairman Nde Joshua Mutka Waklek Chancellor ( His Eminence ) Alh . Saad Abubakar , Sultan of Sokoto Vice-Chancellor Professor Abel Idowu Olayinka Students 35,000 Location Ibadan , Oyo , Nigeria Affiliations Association of African Universities ( AAU ) Association of Commonwealth Universities ( ACU ) Academic Staff Union of Universities ( ASUU ) National Universities Commission ( NUC ) Website http://www.ui.edu.ng/ The University of Ibadan ( UI ) is the oldest Nigerian university , and is located five miles ( 8 kilometres ) from the centre of the major city of Ibadan in Western Nigeria . It is popularly known as Unibadan or UI . Besides the College of Medicine , there are now 12 other faculties : Arts , Science , Agriculture Renewable natural resources , Social Sciences , Education , Veterinary Medicine , Pharmacy , Technology , Law , Public Health , and Dentistry and economics , environmental design and management ( proposed ) . The university has residential and sports facilities for staff and students on campus , as well as separate botanical and zoological gardens . In September 2016 , it became the first Nigerian university to make the top 1000 in Times Higher Education rankings . Prior to that , it had always made the top African 10 in Webometrics Rankings . Contents 1 History 2 Administration 3 Faculties 4 Institutes 5 Centres 5.1 Academic Centres 5.2 Centres of Excellence 5.3 Administrative Centres 6 Units 7 Affiliate Institutions 8 Halls of residence 9 Notable places in the University 10 Students ' Union 11 Religious Activities 12 Vice Chancellors 13 Notable alumni 13.1 Alumni Association 14 Notable faculty 15 Recent activities 16 Gallery of infrastructures at the university 17 Notes 18 References 19 Further reading 20 External links History ( edit ) The origins of the university are in Yaba College , founded in 1932 in Yaba , Lagos , as the first tertiary educational institute in Nigeria . Yaba College was transferred to Ibadan , becoming the University College of Ibadan , in 1948 . The university was founded on its own site on 17 November 1948 . In late 1963 , on the university playing - fields , with a celebration marked by talking drums , the Rt . Hon . Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa , first Prime Minister of independent Nigeria , became the first Chancellor of its independent university . The first Nigerian vice-chancellor of the university was Kenneth Dike , after whom the University library is named . Administration ( edit ) The current principal members of the university administration are : People Office Holder Visitor Muhammadu Buhari Pro-Chancellor & Chairman Nde Joshua Mutka Waklek Chancellor Sultan of Sokoto , Alhaji Saad Abubakar Vice-Chancellor Professor Abel Idowu Olayinka Deputy Vice-Chancellor ( Administration ) Professor Kayode Oyebode Adebowale Deputy Vice-Chancellor ( Academic ) Professor Adeyinka Abideen Aderinto Deputy Vice-Chancellor ( Research , Innovation and Strategic Partnerships ) Professor Olanike Kudirat Adeyemo Registrar Mrs. Olubunmi Faluyi Bursar Mr. Michael O. Alatise Librarian Dr Helen O. Komolafe - Opadeji Faculties ( edit ) Agriculture and Forestry Arts Basic Medical Sciences Clinical Sciences Dentistry Education Law Pharmacy Public Health Science Technology The Social Sciences Veterinary Medicine Renewable natural resources Environmental design and management ( proposed ) In August 2011 Ruqayyah Ahmed Rufa'i , the then Nigerian Minister of Education , announced that the University of Ibadan would host the Nigerian node of the Pan-African University , the Institute of Earth and Life Sciences . A major arm of College of Medicine ( which comprises the faculties of Basic Medical Sciences , Clinical Sciences , Dentistry and Public Health ) is located about five kilometres from the main university , within the structure of The University College Hospital . The college has a dormitory for students who are in their clinical years of study . The college was created in August 1980 and some of her past provosts are Oluwole Akande , Isaac Folorunso Adewole , and Akinyinka Omigbodun . The University , through her website , advised applicants who applied for 2017 / 2018 session admission into undergraduate studies in the Faculty Pharmacy , to change their courses , as the course will not be taken in the 2017 / 2018 session . This is because the accreditation status of the programme had been denied by The National Universities Commission . Candidates are therefore advised to either change to another University or change their course in the University of Ibadan . Institutes ( edit ) Institutes of African Studies Institute of Child Health Institute of Education Advanced Medical Research and Training Institute for Peace and Strategic Studies LES Institute of PAU Centres ( edit ) Academic Centres ( edit ) Africa Regional Centre for Information Science ( ARCIS ) Distance Learning Centre ( DLC ) Centre for Educational Media Resource Studies Centre for General Studies ( CGS ) Centre for Sustainable Development ( CESDEV ) Centre for Petroleum , Energy Economics and Law ( CPEEL ) Health Policy Training and Research Programme Yoruba Language Centre Centres of Excellence ( edit ) Centre for Child & Adolescent Mental Health Centre for Control & Prevention of Zoonoses Centre for Drug Discovery , Development and Production ( CDDDP ) Centre For Excellence In Teaching & Learning Administrative Centres ( edit ) Centre for Social Orientation Industrial Training Co-ordinating Centre International Conference Centre Equipment Maintenance Centre University Advancement Centre Units ( edit ) The Registry The Bursary Careers Placement and Counselling Unit Foreign Students Unit The Sports Council The Library The Computing Centre The Press The Bookshop The Botanical Garden The Zoological Garden University Media Centre , which houses the campus radio station , DIAMOND 101.1 FM . The Abadina Media Resource Centre Advancement Centre The University Health Services Works and Maintenance Academic Planning Internal Audit Affiliate institutions ( edit ) Below is a list of affiliate institutions of the University if Ibadan , approved by the National Universities Commission ( NUC ) . Bigard Memorial Seminary , Enugu Archbishop Vining College Of Theology , Akure Christ Apostolic Church ( CAC ) Theological Seminary , Ile Ife . St Augustine 's College Of Education Akoka , Lagos Osun State College Of Education , Ilesa SS Peter And Paul Seminary , Bodija , Ibadan Immanuel College of Theology And Christian Education , Samonda , Ibadan Dominican Institute , Samonda , Ibadan ECWA Theological Seminary , Igbaja UMCA , Ilorin Nigeria Baptist Theological Seminary , Ogbomoso Halls of residence ( edit ) The university is primarily residential with halls of residence for male and female students . There is provision for the accommodation of post-graduate students . There are internet cafés , Knowledge Hubs , cafeterias , laundry centres , mini-marts , press boards , common - rooms , gymnasia ( in some halls ) , kitchenettes , etc . There is water and electricity supply . Electricity supply is also augmented by the inverter system . Football , table tennis and lawn tennis are sports often played and watched by students . The Halls of Residence are semi-autonomous . Each Hall of Residence has a Management Committee , which is responsible for matters of general policy for the social , cultural and intellectual activities of the Hall . The Management Committee is given powers to arrange its own social , cultural and intellectual activities designed to preserve , develop and enrich the traditions of the Hall and make life in the Hall generally interesting and worthwhile . The Management Committee consists of the Hall Master / Mistress , the Hall Warden and Assistant Wardens , the Hall Supervisor and the Hall Executives , which consists of students who are elected every session by the students of each hall to handle internal student matters , as well as act as an intermediary between the Hall Administration and the generality of students . Accommodation in the Halls ranges from one to four persons per room . The halls are : Mellanby Hall ( male , undergraduate ) . Location : to the North of the University Court . The first residence hall in the university , named after Kenneth Mellanby , the first Principal of University College , Ibadan ( 1947 -- 53 ) . Mellanby has a characteristically cool and serene ambience . It was formally opened on 17 November 1952 and has a capacity for well over 400 students . The hall is essentially the smallest in the school , possessing four blocks -- A , B , C , and D . The A block is primarily for freshmen while the D block houses students in their final year . The hall is the most centrally located , and hence sees a great daily traffic of people . It has a cafeteria , a common room for relaxation , a basketball ball court , a small football field and a volleyball court . The hall also has clubs such as The Literary and Debating Club and a press organization . The Mellanby Hall Press Organization is arguably one of the best in the school , and has in recent years won the award for the best press organization , awarded by The Union of Campus Journalists , the school 's highest press body . Queen Elizabeth II Hall ( female , undergraduate ) . Location : along Oduduwa Road . The first female hall , it is named after Queen Elizabeth II , who visited the University of Ibadan in February 1956 and performed the formal opening ceremony of the Hall . It has a capacity of over 650 students . Tedder Hall ( male , undergraduate ) . Location : to the west of the University Court and adjacent to Mellanby Hall . It is named after Lord Tedder . He formally opened the present site of the University as well as the hall in 1952 . Sultan Bello Hall ( male , undergraduate ). It is located west of Kuti Hall , along Niger Road . It is named after Muhammed Bello , grandfather of Ahmadu Bello . This hall was opened formally in 1962 by Sir Alhaji Ahmadu Bello . Kuti Hall ( male , undergraduate ) . It is located at the Eastern end of Niger Road . It was opened in 1954 , it is named after the late Rev. Israel Oladotun Ransome Kuti . Queen Idia Hall ( female , undergraduate ) . Queen Idia Halls of Residence , UI It is located along Barth Road , and adjacent to international school , Ibadan ( ISI ) and opposite Abdulsalami Abubakar Hall . It is the second female hall in the university . It is named after Idia , a Bini Queen who lived in the 15th century . Idia Hall was built in 1975 with an additional wing added in the 1992 / 1993 session Obafemi Awolowo Hall ( female , undergraduate and postgraduate ) . Represents the biggest hall in the University of Ibadan and , arguably , the biggest in the rest of West Africa . Nnamdi Azikiwe Hall Residents Nnamdi Azikiwe Hall ( male , undergraduate ) . Commonly known as Zik Hall , and its occupants as Zikites . It accommodates 999 students every session and it is normally referred to as the Heartbeat of the University of Ibadan . It is also known as the Baluba Republic and shares a long - standing rivalry with Independence Hall . It is located on El - Kanemi Road just before Independence Hall . Zik Hall is well known for its `` Aroism '' -- an avenue where Zikites make gest of themselves and other non-residents especially females . Independence Hall ( male , undergraduate ) . Location : at the end of El - Kanemi Road . `` The Republic of Katanga '' , as it is fondly called , was formally opened in 1961 , in commemoration of Nigeria 's attainment of Independence on 1 October 1960 . Members are known as `` Katangites '' . It is also regarded as the `` Only Living Hall In UI '' , in reference to the fact that it is named after Nigeria 's independence , which is still `` living '' . It has a capacity of about 1000 students . Tafawa Balewa Hall ( mixed , postgraduate ) . This hall is located along EI - Kanemi Road and directly behind Sultan Bellow Hall . It is mainly occupied by Ph. D. students . Tafawa Balewa Hall is the first post-graduate hall of residence in the university . Named after Sir Alhaji Tafawa Balewa , it was opened in 1968 . Alexander Brown Hall : Located in the College of Medicine campus at the University College Hospital , Ibadan , the Alexander Brown Hall accommodates students in the departments of Medicine , Dentistry , Physiotherapy , and Medical Laboratory Sciences during their clinical studies . Abdulsalam Abubakar Hall ( mixed , postgraduate ) . This hall is located along Barth Road , opposite Queen Idia Hall . It is easy to recall that this magnificent edifice was kindly donated to the University during her 50th Anniversary celebrations in 1998 while Gen. ( Dr ) Abdulsalami Abubakar was the visitor to the University . The donation was made by a pronouncement during the Foundation Day Ceremony . The first set of postgraduate students moved into the hall on March 1st , 2002 . This hall is the pride of the University . The designs of the halls are deliberately not identical . For example , the older halls - Mellanby , Tedder , Kuti , Sultan Bello and Queen Elizabeth II halls - were designed by Maxwell Fry and Jane Drew who , in appreciation of their contribution to the physical development of the University were honoured with honorary degrees in 1965 . Messrs Watkins Gray and Partners designed Alexander Brown Hall as a part of the overall design of the University College Hospital Complex . The two undergraduate halls , Independence and Nnamdi Azikiwe Halls , were designed by Messrs Design Group ( Nigeria ) Ltd . Obafemi Awolowo Hall was designed by Allied Group of Architects , while Tafawa Balewa and Idia Halls were designed by Messrs Aderele - Omisore - Adebanjo Associates . The Federal Ministry of Works designed the Abdusalami Abubakar Hall . Students are usually very passionate about their respective halls . Notable places in the University ( edit ) Kenneth Dike Library ; Among the notable structures in the university is the central library which is located just besides the Faculty of Arts . The library which has a large capacity for students , contain books relating to virtually all fields of knowledge both in and outside the university community . To ensure its easy access , students are made to carry out their library registration on their first year of admission . Students ' Union ( edit ) Kunle Adepeju First Student Martyr in Nigeria The University allows the participation of students in some decision making . The Students ' Union is headed by a President who wins by majority vote in the elections . All positions in the Students ' Union are contested for . Religious activities ( edit ) The University allows the smooth running of religious activities on campus . A Central Mosque situated along Benue Road is the headquarters of all Islamic activities on Campus . There is also the Abadina Mosque to serve residents in the Abadina area and also the Obafemi Awolowo Hall Mosque to serve the residents of Obafemi Awolowo Hall and others too far from the Central Mosque . Praying grounds are situated at the halls of residence and other places within the school premises . The umbrella body for all the Muslim students is the Muslim Students Society of Nigeria ( MSSN ) . Christian activities are also very robust . The Chapel of Resurrection , an interdenominational Chapel is the school 's centre of Christian activities . It is situated along Abadina Road . Our Lady Seat of Wisdom Catholic Chapel is the centre of all Roman Catholic activities on Campus . There is also the St. Anne 's Catholic Church in the Sasa area of the University . The U.I Baptist Church along Barth Road is another Church situated within the Campus . Various Christian Fellowships are housed within the campus . Some have the undergraduate arm separated from the postgraduate arm while some fellowships have both incorporated . The umbrella body that houses a vast majority of the Christian fellowships is the Assembly of UNIBADAN Christian Fellowships ( AUCSF ) , which has an undergraduate and a postgraduate wing . The fellowships meet at various locations ; from the Chapel of Resurrection to the Undergraduate Male Halls of Residence ( like the Zik Hall Cafeteria ) . A vast majority of the postgraduate fellowships meet at the Obafemi Awolowo Hall ( Awo Hall ) car park , now popularly known as Awo Mount Zion or Mount Zion . Temporary structures are put in place by these fellowships for their various activities . Mount Zion ( Obafemi Awolowo Hall Car Park ) , University of Ibadan The Christian Fellowships include , but are not limited to the following : Anglican Students Fellowship ( ASF ) Baptist Students Fellowship ( BSF ) Deeper Life Christian Fellowship Gospel Students Fellowship ( GSF ) Ibadan Varsity Christian Union ( IVCU ) ; postgraduate is IVCU - PG Mountain of Fire Campus Fellowship ( MFMCF ) ; MFMPGF for the postgraduate wing National Fellowship of Catholic Students ( NFCS ) Redeemed Christian Fellowship ( RCF ) ; RCPGF for the postgraduate arm Students Christian Movement ( SCM ) Winners Campus Fellowship ( WCF ) ; WCPGF for the postgraduate wing Cherubim and Seraphim Unification ( Isokan UI ) Vice Chancellors Kenneth Mellanby ( Principal ) - 1947 to 1953 J.T. Saunders ( Principal ) - 1953 to 1956 J.H. Parry ( Principal ) - 1956 to 1960 Kenneth Dike ( Principal / Vice Chancellor ) - 1960 to 1967 Thomas Adeoye Lambo - 1968 to 1971 Orishejolomi Thomas - Dec 1972 to Nov 1975 Tekena Tamuno - Dec 1975 to Nov 1979 Samson Olajuwon Kokumo Olayide - Dec 1979 to Nov 1983 Ladipo Ayodeji Banjo ( Acting ) - Nov 1983 to Nov 1984 Ladipo Ayodeji Banjo - Dec 1984 - Nov 1991 Allen B.O.O. Oyediran - Dec 1991 to Nov 1995 Oladosu A. Ojengbede ( Acting ) - Dec 1995 to Mar 1996 Omoniyi O. Adewoye - Mar 1996 to Sept 2000 Olufunso O. Olorunsogo ( Acting ) - Mar 2000 to Sept 2000 Ayodele O. Falase - Sept 2000 to Mar 2004 Olufemi Bamiro ( Acting ) - Mar 2004 to Nov 2005 Olufemi Bamiro - Dec 2005 to Nov 2010 Isaac Folorunso Adewole - Dec 2010 to Nov 2015 Abel Idowu Olayinka - Dec 2015 to Date Notable alumni ( edit ) See also Category : University of Ibadan alumni John Omoniyi Abiri , a Nigerian academic Sadique Abubakar , Nigeria Chief of Air Staff Chinua Achebe , novelist , author of Things Fall Apart Adiele Afigbo , historian Tunji Olaopa , founder and Executive Vice-Chairman , ISGPP Dapo Lam Adesina , Member of House of Representative for Ibadan North East / South Federal Consituency Jacob Ade Ajayi , Nigerian historian Eyitayo Lambo , Nigerian former Federal Minister of Health Funmi Iyanda , Nigerian talk show host , broadcaster , journalist Claude Ake , Professor of Political Economy , international scholar and social crusader Stephen Adebanji Akintoye Grace Alele - Williams Elechi Amadi Alexander Animalu , Emeritus Professor , former Director National Mathematical Centre , Abuja Emeka Anyaoku , former Commonwealth Secretary - General Kayode Are , former National Security Adviser and former Director General of the State Security Service Ladipo Ayodeji Banjo , vice chancellor of the University of Ibadan in 1984 Senator Robert Ajayi Boroffice Vivian E. Browne , visual artist J.P. Clark Segun Toyin Dawodu , physician , attorney , academic , and entrepreneur who established the first website on socio - political issues of Nigeria . Adebayo Faleti , a journalist , poet , actor and writer . Kayode Fayemi , former Governor of Ekiti State , Min of Solid Minerals Chukwuemeka Ike , writer Amadi Ikwechegh Abiola Irele William Kumuyi , founder and General Superintendent of Deeper Christian Life Ministry Eddie Mbadiwe , Member of the House of Representative Epaphras Denga Ndaitwah Adaobi Tricia Nwaubani Femi Osofisan , writer Christopher Okigbo Isidore Okpewho Olufunmilayo Olopade Akinyinka Omigbodun Michael Omolewa , former President of UNESCO General Conference and Ambassador of Nigeria to UNESCO Kole Omotosho Gamaliel Onosode Niyi Osundare Ken Saro - Wiwa Wole Soyinka , winner of the 1986 Nobel Prize in Literature Martin I. Uhomoibhi Farida Mzamber Waziri Sophie Oluwole , noted philosopher Zakariyau Oseni Alumni Association ( edit ) UIAA meeting Notable faculty ( edit ) See also : Category : University of Ibadan faculty Beatrice Aboyade , librarian Isaac Folorunso Adewole Ladipo Ayodeji Banjo , Professor of English Ayo Bamgbose , Professor of Linguistics Jacob Ade Ajayi , Professor of History F.V. Atkinson , mathematician Olumbe Bassir , founding member of Biochemistry and Microbiology departments Christine Hamill , mathematician Molly Mahood , literary scholar Abel Idowu Olayinka Michael Omolewa , Professor of History and Adult Education Niyi Osundare H.F.C. Smith Wole Soyinka Grace Oladunni Taylor , biochemist , first African to win a L'Oréal - UNESCO Award for Women in Science and second female inducted into the Nigerian Academy of Science Fabian Udekwu Professor of Surgery , first Nigerian cardiothoracic surgeon Duncan White Recent activities ( edit ) On May 29 , 2017 , the management of the school stopped academic activities for undergraduate students . This was as a result of the protest by the student union . The student body were in disagreement with the school authorities over their failure to issue identity cards to the students and the outlaw on some electrical appliances . On June 9 , it was announced that school will be reopened on 20th . The school resumed activities on July 2 . Gallery of infrastructures at the university ( edit ) Student Affairs Building. jpg The Bookshop , University of Ibadan. jpg Trenchard Hall , University of Ibadan , Nigeria. jpg U.I. Hotels , University of Ibadan. jpg UI Tower. jpg University Health Services Centre , University of Ibadan. jpg Statue of Feedom at the University of Ibadan. jpg A Statue at the University of Ibadan Kenneth Dike Library , University of Ibadan , Ibadan Arts Theatre , University of Ibadan Business School Building , University of Ibadan Catholic Chapel University of Ibadan. jpg CBT Centre , University of Ibadan. jpg Centre for Educational Media Resource Studies building Abadina , University of Ibadan. jpg Chapel of the Resurrection , University of Ibadan. jpg Conference Centre , UI. jpg Department of Industrial & Production Engineering , University of Ibadan. jpg Dr Michael Omolayole Centre ( Alumni Centre ) , University of Ibadan. jpg Dr. Emmanuel Egbogah Centre for Petroleum Engineering , University of Ibadan. jpg Engineering Laboratory Complex , Faculty of Technology , University of Ibadan. jpg Faculty of Arts , University of Ibadan. jpg Front View of the Tekena Tamuno Building , University of Ibadan. jpg Gamaliel Onosode Park UI. jpg Heritage Park , University of Ibadan. jpg Kuti Hall , University of Ibadan. jpg Lawn Tennis Court , University of Ibadan. jpg Life and Earth Sciences Institute , Pan African University , University of Ibadan. jpg Main road from the first gateUI. jpg Mellanby Hall , University of Ibadan. jpg National Archives of Nigeria , University of Ibadan. jpg Office of International Programmes , University of Ibadan. jpg School of Business UI. jpg The Post Graduate School , University of Ibadan , Ibadan - Nigeria Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Oyedele , Damilola ( 8 September 2013 ) . `` UI Receives Biggest Allocation of Intervention Funds '' . Archived from the original on 16 December 2014 . Retrieved 19 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Teferra et al. 2003 , pp. 492 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Van den Berghe 1973 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Nkulu , Kiluba L. ( 2005 ) . Serving the Common Good : an African perspective on higher education . Peter Lang . p. 54 . ISBN 0 - 8204 - 7626 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` University of Ibadan Principal Officers UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN ( UI ) '' . Ui.edu.ng . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` PAN AFRICAN UNIVERSITY TO BE LOCATED IN UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN ... AU '' . Education Matters. 10 August 2011 . Retrieved 1 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` College of Medicine , University of Ibadan , Nigeria '' . Retrieved 17 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Directorate of Public Communication . `` 2017 / 18 ADMISSION EXERCISE '' . University of Ibadan . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . Jump up ^ http://nuc.edu.ng/approved-affiliations/ Jump up ^ https://ui.edu.ng/hallsofresidence Jump up ^ https://www.ui.edu.ng/studentaffairs Jump up ^ https://ui.edu.ng/vicechancellors ^ Jump up to : July , Robert W ( 1987 ) . An African Voice . Durham ( NC ) : Duke University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8223 - 0769 - 3 . p. 64 . Jump up ^ `` Africultures - Biographie de Stephen Adebanji Akintoye '' . africultures.com ( in French ) . Retrieved 21 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` AMU CHMA NEWSLETTER # 12 ( 03 / 27 / 1994 ) '' . math.buffalo.edu . Retrieved 26 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Laurence , Margaret ( 2001 ) . Long Drums and Cannons : Nigerian Dramatists and Novelists , 1952 - 1966 . Alberta : University of Alberta Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88864 - 332 - 2 . p. viii . Jump up ^ `` Emeka Anyaoku - Imo State Investment Summit '' . imoinvestmentsummit.com . Retrieved 28 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Vivian E. Browne CV '' . The Crows Nest Studio . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` African Success : Biography of John Pepper Clark '' . 4 May 2009 . Retrieved 6 July 2010 . Jump up ^ DAWODU.COM , http://www.dawodu.com Jump up ^ `` The Life and Times of Amadi Ikwechegh '' . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Wumi Raji ( 14 February 2007 ) . `` Churchill College Celebrates Abiola Irele '' . Archived from the original on 14 September 2012 . Retrieved 6 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kumuyi : tomorrow belongs to Africa '' . Farmington Hills , Michigan , USA : The Gale Group . 1 August 2006 . Retrieved 27 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Fasehun , McNezer ( 13 April 2009 ) . `` Of Private Jets and Lot 's Wives '' . AllAfrica.com . AllAfrica Global Media . Retrieved 27 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Ndjebela , Toivo ( 25 January 2011 ) . `` NDF hails new chief '' . New Era . Archived from the original on 11 January 2013 . Retrieved 25 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Niyi Osundare at 60 Literary Fete '' . 4 February 2007 . Retrieved 6 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Nwaubani , author '' I do not come to you by chance '' wins Commonwealth Writers ' Prize `` . CP Africa . Jump up ^ `` C. Okigbo 1932 -- 1967 '' . Christopher Okigbo Foundation . Archived from the original on 6 February 2010 . Retrieved 6 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Olufunmilayo I. Olopade '' . AACR . American Association for Cancer Research . 2001 . Retrieved 6 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Adegun , Aanu . `` Dr. Olufunmilayo Olopade , Nigeria 's gift to the medical world '' . Saturday Newswatch . Retrieved 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Aakinyinka O. Omigbodun '' . University of Ibadan . Retrieved September 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Abiola Omolewa to preside over General Conference '' . UNESCO . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Kole Omotoso '' . Retrieved 6 July 2010 . Jump up ^ David Diai ( 20 July 2008 ) . `` Gamaliel Onosode : Ways Of Mr Integrity At 75 '' . The Guardian . Nigeria . Archived from the original on 22 July 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Boyle , Catherine ( 26 May 2009 ) . `` Portrait : Ken Saro - Wiwa '' . The Times . Wapping , London , UK : News Corporation . Retrieved 28 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nigerian expat sees us with fresh eyes '' . Canada.com . Toronto , Canada : Postmedia Network Inc. 27 April 2008 . Retrieved 28 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Biographical Note on Martin Ihoeghian Uhomoibhi President of Human Rights Council for 2008 -- 2009 '' ( Press release ) . Human Rights Council . 19 June 2008 . Retrieved 6 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Executive Chairman , EFCC '' . Economic and Financial Crimes Commission . 11 June 2008 . Archived from the original on 20 October 2009 . Retrieved 25 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` SOAS Honorary Fellows : Professor Jacob F. Ade Ajayi '' . soas.ac.uk . Retrieved 8 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Professor Olumbe Bassir '' . archivesofibadanmedicine.com . Retrieved 8 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nobel Laureate Wole Soyinka Joins LMU '' . lmu.edu . Archived from the original on 11 February 2009 . Retrieved 10 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ( BREAKING ) UI shut down , students to vacate campus by 6pm '' . Jump up ^ `` University of Ibadan reopens 20 June '' . 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` University of Ibadan Reopens 2 July , Exams Begin 4 July - NTA.ng - Breaking News , Nigeria , Africa , Worldwide '' . www.nta.ng . References ( edit ) Damtew Teferra ; et al. ( 2003 ) . African Higher Education : An International Reference Handbook . Indiana University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 34186 - 0 . Further reading ( edit ) Tekena Tamuno ( 1981 ) . Ibadan Voices : Ibadan University in Transition . Ibadan University Press . ISBN 978 - 978 - 121 - 109 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to University of Ibadan . Nigeria portal University portal Official webpage Coordinates : 7 ° 26 ′ 30 '' N 3 ° 54 ′ 00 '' E / 7.44167 ° N 3.90000 ° E / 7.44167 ; 3.90000 BNF : cb11868056g ( data ) GND : 1011188 - 8 ISNI : 0000 0004 1794 5983 SUDOC : 026431904 VIAF : 157094546 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Ibadan&oldid=856174732 '' Categories : University of Ibadan Educational institutions established in 1948 Public universities in Nigeria 1948 establishments in Nigeria Buildings and structures in Ibadan Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Instances of Infobox university using image size Use dmy dates from September 2010 Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Deutsch Español Français Kiswahili Latina 日本語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська Yorùbá 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2018 , at 11 : 16 ( UTC ) . 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7635724443392301512	Joe Gibbs Racing	Joe Gibbs Racing - wikipedia Joe Gibbs Racing Joe Gibbs Racing Owner ( s ) Joe Gibbs J.D. Gibbs Coy Gibbs Base Huntersville , North Carolina Series Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series Xfinity Series ARCA Racing Series Car numbers 02 , 2 , 8 , 10 , 11 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 25 , 42 , 44 , 48 , 54 , 75 , 80 , 81 Race drivers Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series : 11 . Denny Hamlin 18 . Kyle Busch 19 . Daniel Suárez 20 . Erik Jones Xfinity Series : 18 . Daniel Suárez , Kyle Benjamin , Kyle Busch , Ryan Preece , Denny Hamlin , Erik Jones , Riley Herbst 19 . Brandon Jones 20 . Christopher Bell ( R ) ARCA Racing Series : 18 . Riley Herbst Developmental : Riley Herbst Sponsors Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series : 11 . FedEx ( Express , Ground , Freight , Office ) , Sport Clips 18 . M&M 's , Snickers Almond , Skittles , Pedigree , Interstate Batteries 19 . Arris , Stanley , Comcast Business , Peak 20 . DeWalt , Sport Clips , Reser 's Fine Foods , Circle K , XYO Networks Xfinity Series : 18 . NOS Energy Drink , Hisense , Arris , Sport Clips , Peak , Juniper Networks , Sirius XM , Reser 's Fine Foods , Rheem , Comcast Business , Switch , Advance Auto Parts 19 . Menards , XYO Networks , Mobil 1 , Toyota Service Centers 20 . Rheem , JBL , GameStop , ToyotaCare ARCA Racing Series : 18 . NOS Energy Drink Manufacturer Toyota Opened Career Debut Monster Energy Cup Series : 1992 Daytona 500 ( Daytona ) Xfinity Series : 1997 All Pro Bumper To Bumper 300 ( Charlotte ) Camping World Truck Series : 2000 NAPA 250 ( Martinsville ) ARCA Racing Series : 1999 Georgia Boot 400 ( Atlanta ) Latest race Monster Energy Cup Series : 2018 Consumers Energy 400 ( Michigan ) Xfinity Series : 2018 Rock N Roll Tequila 170 ( Mid-Ohio ) Camping World Truck Series : 2002 Ford 200 ( Homestead ) ARCA Re / Max Series : 2018 PapaNicholas Coffee 150 ( Gateway ) Races competed Total : 3,532 Monster Energy Cup Series : 2,076 Xfinity Series : 1,379 Camping World Truck Series : 65 ARCA Racing Series : 12 Drivers ' Championships Total : 6 Monster Energy Cup Series : 4 2000 , 2002 , 2005 , 2015 Xfinity Series : 2 2009 , 2016 Camping World Truck Series : 0 ARCA Racing Series : 0 Race victories Total : 298 Monster Energy Cup Series : 152 Xfinity Series : 145 Camping World Truck Series : 0 ARCA Racing Series : 1 Pole positions Total : 270 Monster Energy Cup Series : 115 Xfinity Series : 154 Camping World Truck Series : 0 ARCA Racing Series : 1 Joe Gibbs Racing ( JGR ) is an American professional stock car racing team owned and operated by former Washington Redskins coach Joe Gibbs , which first started racing on the NASCAR circuit in 1991 , and J.D. Gibbs , his son . Headquartered in Huntersville , North Carolina , roughly 10 miles ( 16 km ) northwest of Charlotte Motor Speedway , the team has amassed four Cup Series championships since the year 2000 . For the team 's first sixteen seasons , JGR ran cars from General Motors . During that period , the team won their first three championships , two in Pontiac Grand Prixs and one in a Chevrolet Monte Carlo . Despite this , Joe Gibbs Racing announced during the 2007 season that they would be ending their arrangement with GM at the end of the year and begin running Toyotas the following season . This partnership would eventually bring Toyota their first Sprint Cup when Kyle Busch won the championship in 2015 . In the Monster Energy Cup Series , the team currently fields four full - time entries : the No. 11 Toyota Camry for Denny Hamlin , the No. 18 Camry for Kyle Busch , the No. 19 Camry for Daniel Suárez , and the No. 20 Camry for Erik Jones . In the Xfinity Series , the team currently fields three full - time entries : the No. 18 Camry for part - time drivers Daniel Suárez , Kyle Benjamin , Kyle Busch , Denny Hamlin , Erik Jones , and Ryan Preece ; the No. 19 Camry for Brandon Jones , and the No. 20 Camry for Christopher Bell . The team also has a strong development program for up and coming drivers , grooming future Sprint Cup Winners Joey Logano and Aric Almirola and winning one championship in the East Division of the NASCAR Camping World Series ( now K&N Pro Series ) with Logano . The organization teamed up with former NFL player Reggie White in 2004 to create a diversity program , fielding drivers such as Almirola , Marc Davis , and Darrell Wallace Jr. , and forming the basis for NASCAR 's own Drive for Diversity program . Currently Cody Coughlin and Riley Herbst are under development contracts , driving in the Truck Series for Thorsport Racing and the ARCA racing series for JGR . The team further has a technical alliance with Furniture Row Racing , the Denver - based team whose sole driver , Martin Truex Jr. won the 2017 Monster Energy Cup . Contents 1 Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series 1.1 Overview 1.2 Car No. 11 history 1.3 Car No. 18 history 1.4 Car No. 19 history 1.5 Car No. 20 history 2 Xfinity Series 2.1 Car No. 11 history 2.2 Car No. 18 history 2.3 Car No. 19 history 2.4 Car No. 20 history 3 Camping World Truck Series 4 ARCA Racing Series 4.1 Car No. 18 history 4.2 Car No. 81 history 5 Controversy 6 Motocross team 7 References 8 External links Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series ( edit ) This section needs expansion with : 2015 - 2017 . You can help by adding to it . ( May 2017 ) Overview ( edit ) The team 's headquarters . The team was founded by Gibbs in 1991 after exploring opportunities with Don Meredith , who currently serves as the team 's Executive Vice President . In 1997 , Gibbs ' son J.D. Gibbs was named team president . In 1998 , the team began construction on its current facility in Huntersville , North Carolina . The team expanded to a two - car operation in 1999 with Tony Stewart 's No. 20 Home Depot car , then a three - car operation in 2005 with the No. 11 FedEx car currently driven by Denny Hamlin and owned by J.D. Gibbs . The team expanded to four cars for the 2015 season with Carl Edwards driving the No. 19 car , following former Roush Racing teammate Matt Kenseth to JGR . After winning three Cup championships and over 70 NASCAR races in Chevrolet and Pontiac equipment , it was announced in September 2007 that the team would be switching to Toyota ( who had just entered the Cup series that year ) following the end of their commitment with General Motors at the end of the season . It was believed that the executives at JGR felt as if they were n't as important as some of the other GM teams such as Hendrick Motorsports and Richard Childress Racing , leading to the decision to swap manufacturers . According to Joe Gibbs , Toyota offered the team resources and options they `` were not going to be able to afford to do '' if they remained at GM . In 2012 , JGR shuttered its in - house Sprint Cup Series engine program , merging with California - based Toyota Racing Development which currently provides engines to JGR as well as Furniture Row Racing . The team continues to build engines for its own Xfinity Series operations and those of RAB Racing and JGL Racing , the Camping World Truck Series operations of Kyle Busch Motorsports , and the Truck Series and ARCA Racing Series operations of Venturini Motorsports . The team further has a technical alliance with Furniture Row Racing , a single car team based in Denver , Colorado . Car No. 11 history ( edit ) The original No. 11 car driven by Jason Leffler in 2005 . Denny Hamlin at Homestead in 2007 . The No. 11 car ( the number J.D. Gibbs wore playing football at College of William & Mary ) began in 2004 . Ricky Craven , recently released from PPI Motorsports finished 30th at Talladega with sponsorship from Old Spice , and Busch Series driver J.J. Yeley ran two races in the car with Vigoro / The Home Depot sponsorship . The No. 11 car went full - time in 2005 , with new sponsor FedEx coming on to fund the full season in a multi-year deal . Jason Leffler , who had driven for JGR in the Busch series , was signed to drive the No. 11 for the full season , while Dave Rogers was named the crew chief . The new team struggled early on in the season . Leffler missed the Coca - Cola 600 at Charlotte , with FedEx Freight moving over to the 18 car that Bobby Labonte would drive to a second - place finish . Rogers was reassigned and replaced with veteran crew chief Mike Ford in June , then former Cup champion Terry Labonte was hired to run the road course at Sonoma , qualifying 8th and finishing a solid 12th . After 19 starts with a best finish of 12th and sitting 36th in points , Leffler was released from the ride . Terry Labonte ran the next three races , then ran the Fall Richmond race finishing 9th . J.J. Yeley ran 4 races with a best finish of 25th . In November , it was announced that Denny Hamlin would drive the car for the remainder of the season , then run for Rookie of the Year in 2006 . Hamlin ran seven races , finished in the top 10 three times , and earned a pole at Phoenix International Raceway . Hamlin was awarded the No. 11 FedEx Express full - time ride in 2006 in addition to his full - time Busch schedule in the No. 20 Rockwell Automation Chevrolet . Hamlin was part of a large and strong rookie class , including teammate J.J. Yeley , Clint Bowyer , Martin Truex , Jr. , David Stremme , Brent Sherman , and Reed Sorenson . Hamlin opened the season by winning the Budweiser Shootout non-points race , holding off Dale Earnhardt , Jr. on a green - white - checker restart . In June , Hamlin scored his first Cup Series victory at the difficult Pocono Raceway . Hamlin started on the pole , then battled back from a cut tire to take the victory . In his return to the track in July , Hamlin again won the pole , then proceeded to lead 151 of 200 laps en route to a second victory , the first rookie to sweep both Pocono races . Hamlin credited his prowess on the track to practicing on the racing simulator NASCAR Racing 2003 Season . Hamlin 's strong performance earned the rookie a berth in the Chase for the NEXTEL Cup , where he would finish 3rd in points . Until 2016 , Hamlin was the only rookie to make the Chase . Joey Logano ( No. 20 ) and Denny Hamlin ( No. 11 ) on pit road during the 2009 Coca - Cola 600 . In 2007 , Hamlin won the first of two races at New Hampshire International Speedway in 2007 , and finished 12th in points . In 2008 , Hamlin won the Gatorade Duel and the first race at Martinsville Speedway , and improved to eighth in points . He qualified for the Chase again in 2009 after winning the second race at Pocono Raceway and Richmond International Raceway . He ended the season with four victories after winning Martinsville and Homestead - Miami Speedway in the chase . 2010 was Hamlin and the 11 team 's breakout year . They won at Martinsville and Denny followed the win by having knee surgery . After the surgery , the team won 4 of the next 10 races at Texas , Darlington , Pocono , and Michigan . The team made the chase after another win at Richmond . The team won races during the chase at Martinsville and Texas and held the points lead going into the season finale . However , an early wreck would put them behind the competition , and Hamlin wound up finishing second to Jimmie Johnson during the 2010 chase . Hamlin later admitted to putting too much pressure on himself during the Chase , which mentally impacted him . As a result , Mike Ford took a `` no compromise '' attitude for 2011 , hoping to right the ship . However , the team struggled throughout 2011 , with multiple blown engines and a single win at Michigan to push the No. 11 into the Chase . Hamlin would finish 9th in the final standings . At season 's end , Mike Ford was released as crew chief and was replaced by Tony Stewart 's crew chief Darian Grubb . Hamlin at Las Vegas in 2012 . Under Darian Grubb the team started 2012 off in the best way possible by winning the second race of the season at Phoenix . That win was followed with another victory at Kansas six weeks later . The 11 team once again proved dominant on the short tracks pulling off a convincing win in the Bristol Night Race in August . The week after Bristol , the No. 11 FedEx team brought home another victory at Atlanta Motor Speedway , making the No. 11 the car number with the most wins in NASCAR with 200 wins . Hamlin then won the Sylvania 300 , giving Joe Gibbs Racing its 100th win . Hamlin 's 2013 season began with an on - and - off track feud with former teammate Joey Logano . Initially started on Twitter , the on track incidents began at Bristol in March , where Hamlin spun Logano in turns 1 and 2 , leading Logano to confront Hamlin after the race . The rivalry continued into the next race at Auto Club Speedway , where the two fought for the lead in the closing laps . In the final corner , the two collided , allowing JGR teammate Kyle Busch to win the race , and sending Hamlin 's 11 car into a non-SAFER barrier wall near pit road . This wreck would mark the beginning of a difficult season for Hamlin , as he suffered a lower back fracture and was forced to sit out several races . Veteran Mark Martin replaced Hamlin at one of Denny 's better tracks , Martinsville Speedway , where he scored a top 10 . Brian Vickers then drove the car for the next three races , scoring an 8th - place finish at Texas . Though Hamlin returned to the car at Talladega Superspeedway , he never returned to form during the year , with only 8 top 10s on the year . He did score a win at the season finale at Homestead . After Jason Leffler 's death in 2013 , the 11 team paid tribute to their former driver by running a white FedEx scheme at Michigan similar to the one Leffler ran in 2005 . Erik Jones replacing Hamlin at Bristol in 2015 . In the 2014 Auto Club 400 , Sam Hornish , Jr. replaced Hamlin due to Hamlin having what was thought to be sinus infection , but later revealed to be a piece of metal in his eye that impaired his vision . Hornish , who was actually on standby for teammate Matt Kenseth , finished a solid 17th in his return to Cup . At the 2015 Food City 500 , Erik Jones replaced Hamlin after the latter suffered neck spasms . Jones took the car to a 26th - place finish , but Hamlin started the race and was credited with the finish . In 2016 , Hamlin started his season out well , winning the 2016 Daytona 500 by beating out Martin Truex Jr. by 0.010 seconds , the closest finish in Daytona 500 history . The win was also the first for his rookie crew chief , Mike Wheeler . In 2017 , Hamlin won at the first New Hampshire race and at Darlington and finished 6th in points . Car No. 18 history ( edit ) Bobby Labonte 's former Interstate Batteries Chevrolet Monte Carlo on display at JGR headquarters . J.J. Yeley at Homestead Miami Speedway in 2007 Joe Gibbs Racing debuted at the 1992 Daytona 500 with second - generation driver Dale Jarrett driving the No. 18 Interstate Batteries - sponsored Chevrolet Lumina to a 36th - place finish after a crash . The team improved dramatically the next year , when Jarrett won the Daytona 500 , and finished a then career - high 4th in points . Jarrett won a race at Charlotte but he slipped to 16th in points in 1994 , and moved to Robert Yates Racing 's famed 28 car for 1995 . The team replaced Jarrett with Bobby Labonte , younger brother of Terry Labonte and 1993 Rookie of the Year runner - up . In 1995 , Labonte won 3 races , sweeping both Michigan events and winning at Charlotte , finishing 10th in points . This would mark the beginning of a decade of success between Labonte , Joe Gibbs Racing , and Interstate Batteries . In 1996 the team struggled to win until the season finale at Atlanta and finished 11th in points . In 1997 the team had a similar year to the previous but managed to improve to 7th in points . Their lone win came at the season finale . The team improved in 1998 by winning races at Atlanta and Talladega en route to 6th place in points . 1999 was a breakout year for the No. 18 team . They scored 5 wins which came at Dover , Michigan , Atlanta and both races at Pocono . The team came just short of the championship and finished 2nd in points to Jarrett , once again at Atlanta . The team continued their success in the next season , winning the second race of the season at Rockingham . Labonte 's next win was the Brickyard 400 at the famed Indianapolis Motor Speedway . His third win came at the Southern 500 at Darlington recovering from a hard practice crash and taking the lead on a late race pit stop to win the rain and darkness shortened event . His fourth and final win of the year came at Charlotte a month later . Labonte would hold the points lead for 25 consecutive races to win the 2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series Championship . The team faced disappointment in 2001 after high expectations following the championship season , winning only 2 races at Pocono and Atlanta and finishing 6th in points . 2002 was the team 's worst year since Labonte joined the team , scoring only one win at Martinsville and finished a disappointing 16th in points . The team rebounded in 2003 scoring 2 wins at Atlanta and Homestead to finish 8th in points . Even though the team made some progression in 2004 , the team fired crew chief Michael `` Fatback '' McSwain midseason , with Brandon Thomas taking over for the rest of the year . The team went winless to finish 12th in points . Steve Addington , a Gibbs Busch Series crew chief , was named new crew chief for the 2005 season , but a rash of troubles , some caused by mechanical problems , continued to daunt the team . The high point of the year was the Coca - Cola 600 , when he finished second to Jimmie Johnson by half a car - length . Labonte finished 24th in the championship standings , and the team 's regression led to his departure following the end of 2005 . Bobby Labonte earned all 21 of his career Cup Series wins in the car , as well as the Winston Cup championship in 2000 . He would depart for the 43 car of Petty Enterprises . After Labonte 's departure , Gibbs announced that JGR Busch Series driver and former USAC standout J.J. Yeley would replace him in the No. 18 for 2006 , joining fellow rookie teammate Denny Hamlin . Yeley had a dismal rookie season with only three top tens while failing to finish seven races , leading to a 29th - place points finish . Yeley 's sophomore campaign was only slightly better , earning a pole at Michigan and scoring three more top tens to finish 21st in points . Yeley moved to JGR - affiliated Hall of Fame Racing for 2008 . Kyle Busch at Michigan International Speedway in 2008 On August 14 , 2007 , it was announced that 22 - year - old Kyle Busch had signed a contract to drive the number 18 with Joe Gibbs Racing through 2010 , leaving Hendrick Motorsports ' number 5 car after a successful but controversial tenure with the organization . Mars , Inc. 's M&M 's brand was signed as the team 's primary sponsor , leaving Robert Yates Racing , while longtime partner Interstate Batteries scaled down to be a secondary sponsor and six race primary sponsor . Joe Gibbs racing also left General Motors in favor of becoming Toyota 's highest - profile team . Busch gave Toyota its first Cup win on March 9 , 2008 , leading a race - high 173 laps to win the Kobalt Tools 500 at Atlanta Motor Speedway . In his first year in the 18 , Busch had brought the car back to its former glory , winning 7 additional races ( Talladega , Darlington , Dover , Infineon , Daytona , Chicagoland , and Watkins Glen ) and would finish tenth in points . In 2009 , Busch opened the season by winning his Gatorade Duel qualifying race , but finished 41st in the race after a crash . He won the third race of the season from the pole at Las Vegas , and scored additional wins at Richmond and both Bristol races , but failed to qualify for the Chase by only 8 points . As a result , longtime JGR crew chief Steve Addington was fired near the end of the season , and coincidentally went to crew chief for Kyle 's brother Kurt Busch at Penske Racing . Dave Rogers , Busch 's Nationwide Series crew chief , took over the pit box in 2010 . The year produced 3 victories at Richmond , Dover and Bristol , but more struggles in the final 10 races led to a 7th - place finish in the standings. 2011 was an up and down year for the 18 team . The team won at Bristol and Richmond early in the season , as well as the inaugural Cup race at Kentucky and the August race at Michigan . At Texas Motor Speedway in November , Busch was parked by NASCAR for the remainder of the race weekend after intentionally spinning out Ron Hornaday in the Truck Series race . Michael McDowell would replace Busch that weekend , finishing a dismal 33rd . Mars , Inc proceeded to pull its sponsorship for the final two races , with Interstate Batteries covering those races . Busch was relegated to tenth in the final standings . Kyle Busch driving the No. 18 M&Ms car in the 2013 STP Gas Booster 500 at Martinsville In 2012 , Busch won the Budweiser Shootout to open the season , and scored a single points - paying victory , the spring race at Richmond . He would miss making the Chase for the Sprint Cup by 3 points , but scored 7 top 5 and 8 top 10 finishes during the final ten races , finishing the year in 13th place and nearly 100 points ahead of 14th place Ryan Newman . In 2013 , Busch won the second Budweiser Duel qualifying race , and won the pole at the spring Bristol race , finishing second . He also swept the spring Fontana and Texas race weekends , winning the Nationwide and Cup races , giving Joe Gibbs his first win at Fontana in Sprint Cup competition and first win for himself at Texas . He would win at Watkins Glen and Atlanta . Busch 's four wins and career - high 22 top ten finishes would lead to a fourth - place finish in the championship , the highest of his career . In 2014 , Busch earned a spot in the new Chase for the Sprint Cup with his early season win at Fontana . Busch would be eliminated in the second round , after being swept up in a wreck at Talladega , and would finish tenth in points . Kyle Busch 's race - winning car at Sonoma in 2015 . For 2015 , sponsor Mars , Inc. introduced a new green paint scheme to promote Crispy M&M 's on the 18 car . After an injury to Kyle Busch in the season - opening Xfinity Series race , the No. 18 started the 2015 season with two - time Truck Series champion Matt Crafton making his Sprint Cup debut at the 2015 Daytona 500 , finishing 18th . The next week , David Ragan was announced as interim driver , moving from his full - time ride at Front Row Motorsports . Ragan drove the car for nine races through Talladega and scored a single top - five finish at Martinsville , before moving to Michael Waltrip Racing . Development driver Erik Jones , who drove for Busch in the Camping World Truck Series , made his first series start at Kansas . Jones ran in the top ten for much of the race , before crashing on the front stretch and finishing 40th . After missing a total of 11 races , Busch returned to the car for the Sprint All - Star Race at Charlotte , receiving a waiver from NASCAR to be eligible for the Chase for the Sprint Cup provided he win a race and gain a top 30 position in the championship standings . At Sonoma in June , his fifth start of the year , Busch scored his first victory of the season . It was also the first time he and his brother Kurt Busch had finished first and second in any Cup Series event . Busch would then win three consecutive races -- Kentucky , New Hampshire , and Indianapolis -- with four total wins across a five race span . The latter victory was also Busch 's first Brickyard 400 victory , the first for manufacturer Toyota , and marked the first time a driver swept both the Cup and Xfinity races at Indianapolis . Busch would go on to make the 2015 Chase for the Sprint Cup . At the second Phoenix race , Busch would be one of the four drivers going to Homestead - Miami Speedway with an opportunity to win the Sprint Cup championship after the race was stopped by NASCAR due to rain . The following weekend at Homestead - Miami Speedway , Busch would go on to win the race as well as his first Sprint Cup title . He and brother Kurt join Bobby and Terry Labonte as the only brothers in NASCAR 's top series to win championships . This was the 2nd championship for the No. 18 car . Busch ended the season with 5 wins , 12 top fives , and 16 top tens in only 25 starts . It was the first championship for manufacturer Toyota and fourth for team owner Joe Gibbs . On May 13 , 2016 , JGR announce that Kyle Busch will drive the number 75 car at the All - Star race only , to celebrate M&Ms 75th anniversary . Busch ended 2016 with 4 wins , made the championship 4 and finished 3rd in the final standings . In 2017 Busch was hampered by bad luck , especially in the beginning of the season as JGR was also having trouble finding speed . However he picked up steam late in the season and won 5 races starting at the second Pocono race , a week after being wrecked while leading at Indianapolis . Busch made the championship 4 again by winning at Martinsville and finished 2nd to Martin Truex Jr in both the Homestead race and the final standings . Car No. 19 history ( edit ) Joey Logano 's No. 02 cars in 2008 Prior to expanding to four full - time cars , JGR had occasionally fielded a fourth car for R&D or driver development purposes . Mike Bliss drove several races for JGR in 2004 in a No. 80 car . In 2007 , development driver Aric Almirola made his NEXTEL Cup debut in the No. 80 at Las Vegas with Joe Gibbs Driven sponsoring . Almirola started 31st and finished 40th after a crash . He was scheduled to drive at the All - Star Race and Coca - Cola 600 , but he suffered a practice crash and the car was withdrawn from both races . He would leave the team later in the season for Ginn Racing and Dale Earnhardt , Inc . In 2008 , 18 - year - old Joey Logano was scheduled to run several late - season races in preparation for running the full 2009 season . Logano drove the No. 02 ( reverse of the 20 ) , with an inverted Home Depot scheme of teammate Tony Stewart 's . He was scheduled to make his Sprint Cup debut at Richmond International Raceway , but qualifying was rained out by Hurricane Hanna . The 02 attempted again at Loudon and at Atlanta , but qualifying was rained out in both races as well , leading Logano to make his debut in JGR - affiliated Hall of Fame Racing 's No. 96 at Loudon and miss the Atlanta race . Logano made the race in his fourth attempt with Gibbs at Texas , starting last and finishing 40th , several laps down . In 2009 Farm Bureau Insurance , who had been banned from the Nationwide Series due to the Viceroy Rule , moved up to sponsor 6 Sprint Cup Series races for JGR , including 3 for the 02 car at Charlotte , Texas , and Homestead . David Gilliland was tabbed to drive the car in the three events , with a best finish of 25th at Charlotte . After the 2009 season , Farm Bureau Insurance announced they would not return for the 2010 season . The No. 19 car of Daniel Suárez during practice for the 2017 Ford EcoBoost 400 In 2013 , Elliott Sadler was signed to drive the renumbered No. 81 ( reverse of 18 ) for three races , with his former sponsor at Robert Yates Racing , Mars , Inc. , promoting their new Alert Energy Caffeine Gum on the car . Sadler was scheduled to run at Kansas Speedway , Talladega Superspeedway and a third unannounced race . The deal was made in part to avoid conflict on the 18 car with Kyle Busch 's sponsor Monster Energy . For Sadler , it was his first start in the Sprint Cup Series since the 2012 Daytona 500 , and his first opportunity since he was forced to turn down a part - time deal at Michael Waltrip Racing that same year ( ultimately taken by 2013 teammate Brian Vickers ) by then - owner Richard Childress . At Kansas , he got out of the racing groove and wrecked in turn 3 on lap 85 , relegating him to a 40th - place finish . He failed to qualify at Talladega after rain washed out qualifying and was set by owner points as the No. 81 was too low in points . After Alert Energy was pulled from the market , Doublemint sponsored the car at Talladega . After not running in 2014 , the fourth car returned full - time in 2015 as the No. 19 with Carl Edwards driving . New partner Arris signed on to sponsor 17 races , while Stanley Black & Decker moved from Richard Petty Motorsports to sponsor 12 races . Comcast / Xfinity , Sport Clips , and Edwards ' longtime sponsor Subway Restaurants also sponsored the car . Darian Grubb made his return to JGR as Edwards ' crew chief . Before the Cup series season , Edwards and JGR were informed that because the No. 19 team was not formed until 2015 , they were not eligible for one of the 36 charters NASCAR granted to teams who participated full - time in Cup . Joe Gibbs Racing , managed to secure Edwards a spot in every race of the 2016 NASCAR Sprint Cup season , by purchasing a charter from the defunct team Michael Waltrip Racing . Edwards won his first race with JGR at Charlotte in May . Starting third , he led a total of 25 laps , using fuel mileage strategy to take the victory . He also went on to win at Darlington Raceway and finished the season 5th in points . On January 11 , 2017 , Edwards announced that he was stepping away from NASCAR effective immediately , and it was announced that 2016 Xfinity Series champion Daniel Suárez would replace Edwards in the No. 19 car starting at the Daytona 500 in 2017 . Suarez finished 20th in points in his rookie season but lost rookie of the year to teammate Erik Jones . Car No. 20 history ( edit ) Tony Stewart in his 2005 championship car at Sonoma Raceway Tony Stewart debuted the No. 20 The Home Depot - sponsored car at the 1999 Daytona 500 , qualifying on the outside pole . He won three races at Richmond , Phoenix and Homestead as well as the Winston Open and the NASCAR Rookie of the Year honors and finished 4th in points . 2000 was an up and down year for Stewart as he won six races , including both Dover races , Martinsville , New Hampshire , Michigan and Homestead but only finished 6th in points . 2001 was another good year for Stewart , as he won the Budweiser Shootout , Richmond , Infineon , and Bristol and finished 2nd in the overall standings . 2002 was a break - out year for Stewart with wins at Atlanta , Richmond , and Watkins Glen along with the Budweiser Shootout and the team won the 2002 points championship . In 2003 , Stewart won twice at Pocono and Charlotte and finished 7th in the points standings . The next year , the team had a similar year to later year , with 2 wins and finished 6th in points in the first ever chase . Stewart won his second championship in 2005 . After winning the Gatorade Duel , the team did n't win again until Infineon and then they went on to win the Pepsi 400 at Daytona , followed by New Hampshire , Indianapolis , and Watkins Glen and held the championship through the Chase . 2006 statistically was Stewart 's worst season . After winning early at Martinsville , Stewart suffered an injury at Charlotte and was replaced during Dover . He won the Pepsi 400 again at Daytona but missed the Chase . During the Chase , Stewart won 3 races at Kansas , Atlanta , and Texas and finished 11th in points . 2007 was another good year for him and the team . Though Stewart won both the Budweiser Shootout and Gatorade Duel , an early wreck smashed his Daytona 500 hopes . He and the team won 3 races though at Chicagoland , Indianapolis , and Watkins Glen and finished 6th in points . Tony Stewart 's final season with Gibbs and The Home Depot . And his only season with Toyota , at Daytona International Speedway in 2008 Joey Logano ( right ) and Denny Hamlin ( left ) on pit road during the 2009 Coca - Cola 600 . Following the team 's switch from Chevrolet to Toyota , Stewart 's performance dwindled , earning ten Top 5s and sixteen Top 10s . Stewart 's only win for this season was the 2008 AMP Energy 500 at Talladega . On June 9 , 2008 , Stewart was granted a release from his final year of his contract with Joe Gibbs Racing , ending a twelve - year relationship with the organization that included over 30 wins and two Cup Series Championships . Stewart moved to Haas CNC Racing , renamed Stewart - Haas Racing after Stewart purchased a 50 % ownership stake from founder Gene Haas , in part to return to longtime manufacturer Chevrolet . On August 25 , 2008 , Joe Gibbs Racing announced that 18 - year - old Joey Logano would replace Stewart as the driver of the No. 20 car for the 2009 season , after only making his NASCAR debut in May 2008 and running abbreviated Nationwide and Cup schedules . Longtime crew chief Greg Zipadelli remained with JGR for Logano 's rookie season . Logano 's first win came in the rain - shortened Lenox Industrial Tools 301 at New Hampshire Motor Speedway after a fuel mileage gamble , becoming the youngest winner in Sprint Cup Series history . Logano beat former open - wheel drivers Max Papis and Scott Speed for the Rookie of the Year Award , with seven top - tens and a 20th - place points finish . Logano failed to win in 2010 and finished 16th in points . In 2011 , Logano again was winless and finished 24th in points . On October 13 , 2011 , Joe Gibbs Racing announced The Home Depot will become co-primary sponsor for Logano 's car with Dollar General . Dollar General is set to sponsor 12 races while the other 22 will continue to be sponsored by The Home Depot . The Home Depot had served as the sole primary sponsor of the No. 20 car since its debut with Tony Stewart in 1999 . Logano won his second career race at Pocono from the pole in the 2012 Pocono 400 after passing Mark Martin with 3 laps to go . Matt Kenseth at Martinsville in 2013 Kenseth 's pole and race winning car at Bristol in 2015 Beginning in 2013 , the No. 20 car was taken over by Matt Kenseth , who left Roush Fenway Racing , as Joey Logano moved to the No. 22 at Penske Racing . The team had a resurgence , with Kenseth winning five races in the regular season ( Las Vegas , Kansas , Darlington , Kentucky , and Bristol ) , and led the most laps at several other races ( Daytona 500 , Kansas , Richmond and Talladega ) . Kenseth also won the first two races of the Chase at Chicagoland and New Hampshire Motor Speedway , bringing the team up to 7 wins -- which was more wins in a single season than the car had ever achieved with Stewart or Logano . It was announced in September 2014 that Stanley Black & Decker would leave Richard Petty Motorsports to sponsor JGR in the Cup Series for 2015 . This move reunited Kenseth with longtime sponsor DeWalt for six races as a primary , and the entire season as an associate . Kenseth won the Food City 500 in Support of Steve Byrnes And Stand Up To Cancer at Bristol in April , his first victory since 2013 . On November 3rd , Kenseth was suspended 2 races for intentionally wrecking Joey Logano at Martinsville . Erik Jones was named the replacement driver for Kenseth in both of those races , with Jones finishing 12th and 19th in those races . In 2016 Kenseth won twice at Dover and New Hampshire and finished 5th in points after he was wrecked while leading at Phoenix by Alex Bowman . Dollar General would leave the team at the end of the season . On July 11 , 2017 JGR announced that Erik Jones would replace Kenseth in the No. 20 car in 2018 . Like his JGR teammates , Kenseth was hampered by bad luck and lack of speed in the beginning of the year . He scored his final win with Joe Gibbs Racing at Phoenix in November after passing Chase Elliott late in the race . Xfinity Series ( edit ) Car No. 11 history ( edit ) Brian Scott at Road America in 2012 . Elliott Sadler at Road America in 2014 . The No. 11 team began racing in 2011 . JGR signed 22 - year - old Brian Scott ( former driver of the No. 11 with Braun Racing ) to a two - year contract , with Kevin Kidd announced as the crew chief , and Scott bringing sponsorship from his family - owned Shore Lodge . The new team was constantly hampered by bad luck during races , with 5 DNF 's on the season . Scott earned a pole , two top 5s and seven top 10s , finishing 8th in points . For 2012 , Dollar General expanded its sponsorship deal with JGR , sponsoring the No. 11 car for the full season . Despite showing speed , the team continued to struggle finishing races ( 7 DNF 's ) , and had a best finish of 3rd at Dover , with Scott finishing 9th in points . In 2013 , Scott was replaced by veteran Elliott Sadler , who finished second in the championship standings in the two prior seasons . Sadler brought sponsorship from OneMain Financial with him from Richard Childress Racing . After winning four races in 2012 , Sadler went winless in 2013 , though he did score 20 top 10s en route to a fourth - place points finish . Sadler scored his first win for JGR at Talladega in 2014 , leading a race high 40 laps . On October 31 , 2014 , it was announced that Sadler would depart for Roush Fenway Racing 's Nationwide program , taking the OneMain sponsorship with him . The team 's points and crew were moved to the No. 18 for the 2015 season , and the number was reassigned in 2016 to Kaulig Racing for Blake Koch . Car No. 18 history ( edit ) Brad Coleman at Circuit Gilles Villeneuve in 2010 . The current 18 car came under JGR control when owner Joe Gibbs purchased the No. 44 Shell Oil - sponsored Pontiac from his Cup Series driver Bobby Labonte , who had been operating the team under his control . The team made its debut under the Gibbs banner at the 1998 NAPA Auto Parts 300 with then - IndyCar driver Tony Stewart driving . Stewart he qualified 9th but finished 31st after a crash . At the next week at Rockingham Speedway , Stewart qualified on the pole , led 60 laps and finished 2nd . Stewart ran a total of 22 races that year , with five top - five finishes and winning two pole positions . Labonte ran five races that year in that car in 1998 , winning the Diamond Hill Plywood 200 . The team switched to No. 18 with sponsorship from MBNA for 1999 . Labonte ran only one race before he suffered shoulder injuries in a qualifying crash at Darlington . Late in the year , Jason Leffler , like Stewart an accomplished open wheel racer , ran four races in the car that year , his best finish being a 20th at Memphis Motorsports Park . Leffler ran the car full - time in 2000 , winning a pole at Texas Motor Speedway , and posting three top - ten finishes . After that season , he left for the Cup Series with Chip Ganassi Racing , and Jeff Purvis took his place . Purvis started off strong and was seventh in points but was released after the GNC Live Well 250 because of sponsorship issues . Mike McLaughlin replaced him , finishing seventh in points that season . Despite going winless in 2002 , he moved up to fourth place in points . However , owner Joe Gibbs wanted his son Coy in a full - time ride , leaving McLaughlin without a ride . In his rookie season , Gibbs had two Top 10 finishes and finished runner - up to David Stremme for Rookie of the Year . Kyle Busch in 2008 . The team scaled back to a part - time schedule for 2004 . In November 2003 , JGR signed highly touted USAC Champion J.J. Yeley to a multi-year contract , beginning his stock car career with eight ARCA Racing Series events and 10 - 12 Busch Series races in the 2004 season . The Home Depot 's Vigoro Lawn and Garden Products would sponsor Yeley 's efforts , making their BGN debut at Las Vegas in March . In his first race , Yeley qualified a strong seventh , but finished 23rd and two laps down . Yeley would end up running 17 races , garnering four Top 10 finishes and finishing fourth in Rookie of the Year standings behind future Cup drivers Kyle Busch , Clint Bowyer , and Paul Menard . Bobby Labonte ran two races with a best finish of 7th , while Denny Hamlin finished a strong sixth at the fall race at Darlington . Yeley ran the car full - time in 2005 , finishing in the top - ten twelve times and finishing 11th in points . Yeley continued to run full - time in 2006 , finishing 5th in the points standings with three poles , nine Top 5s , 22 Top 10s , and 27 Top 15s . Yeley announced in Daytona that he would be driving in the No. 1 Miccosukee Gaming and Resorts - sponsored Chevrolet for Phoenix Racing in the 2007 NASCAR Busch Series . In January 2007 , former Brewco Motorsports development driver and ARCA standout Brad Coleman signed to drive the No. 18 car for 17 of the 35 races , with Carino 's Italian Grill sponsoring his efforts . Kevin Conway was signed for eight races beginning at Bristol in March with Z - Line Designs sponsoring , while Tony Stewart and development driver Aric Almirola filled out the schedule with Goody 's Headache Powder and ConAgra Foods sponsorships . Almirola put the car on the pole at the season opener at Daytona , and had a best finish of 4th at Charlotte . Coleman earned his first career Busch Series pole at Talladega , and had three Top 5s and five Top 10s . Without sponsorship for a full - time ride with JGR , Coleman returned to the renamed Baker Curb Racing following the season and signed a development contract with Hall of Fame Racing . For 2008 , the No. 18 was piloted by the team of Denny Hamlin and Kyle Busch with a sponsorship coming from Southern Farm Bureau , Interstate Batteries , and Z - Line Designs . Despite running a partial schedule , Busch won ten races in 2008 , including eight in the No. 18 , and would finish seventh in points while Hamlin scored a single victory in the No. 18 at Dover . 18 - year - old JGR development driver Marc Davis made his one and only national series start for the team in October at Memphis Motorsports Park with DLP HDTV sponsoring . In 2009 , Kyle Busch won the Nationwide Series Championship driving the No. 18 Z - Line Designs / NOS Toyota . Michael McDowell at Road America in 2012 . In 2010 , Kyle Busch ran most of the races that were paired with Sprint Cup Series races , while Brad Coleman returned to run the stand - alone races . For 2011 , Busch drove the No. 18 for a majority of the season , splitting the ride with Michael McDowell , who ran both Iowa races , Lucas Oil Raceway , and the road courses Road America and Circuit Gilles Villeneuve with a sponsorship from Pizza Ranch . McDowell won the pole at Road America and dominated until late race contact with another car . Drivers Kelly Bires , Drew Herring , and Joey Logano also took turns in the 18 . Bires ran at Richmond and Chicago with International Comfort Products Corporation , Herring drove at the second Nashville race with Sport Clips , and Logano drove the 18 at Chicago , Dover , Kansas , and Phoenix . For 2012 the 18 would have a similar lineup , featuring Hamlin , Logano , Herring , McDowell , and Ryan Truex . Logano would take a whooping seven victories with the 18 team , handing the team the Nationwide Owners ' Championship . For 2013 , the 18 and 20 teams swapped . Matt Kenseth drove the 18 for 16 races with sponsorship from Reser 's Fine Foods and GameStop . He won the July race at Daytona and the October race at Kansas . The 18 car did not run in 2014 . On August 19 , 2014 , JGR announced that Toyota Series and K&N Pro Series East driver Daniel Suárez would drive the No. 18 full - time in 2015 with a sponsorship from Arris , running for Rookie of the Year . Suárez had a strong rookie season , earning eight top fives , 18 top tens , and three poles to finish fifth in points and beat out Darrell Wallace , Jr. for Rookie of the Year . The team inherited the No. 54 's points and equipment in 2016 , fielding multiple drivers , starting with former JGR driver Bobby Labonte at Daytona . Kyle Busch drove a limited schedule , with former sponsor NOS Energy Drink ( owned by Monster Beverage ) funding both Busch and Labonte 's efforts . Matt Tifft was scheduled to drive 13 races for the team , but was replaced for several races as he recovered from a removal of a tumor in his brain . Sam Hornish Jr. replaced Tifft for the June Xfinity race at Iowa , and won the race . David Ragan ran the July Xfinity race at Daytona , and won the pole , and was in contention for the win , but crashed on the final lap of the race . Road course specialist Owen Kelly ran the road course races at Mid-Ohio and Road America , and Dakoda Armstrong ran the July Xfinity race at Iowa . The 18 car won 12 races in 2016 , 10 with Busch , 1 at Charlotte with Hamlin , and 1 with Hornish at Iowa . For 2017 , multiple drivers again raced in the 18 . Daniel Suarez drove 12 races beginning at Daytona in February with sponsorship from Juniper . Kyle Busch drove 10 races with sponsor NOS Energy Drink beginning at Atlanta in March , winning 5 races at Atlanta , Kentucky , Loudon , Watkins Glen , and Bristol . Kyle Busch Motorsports driver Christopher Bell made his xfinity series debut with the 18 team at Charlotte , finishing 4th . Bell would also drive the car at Road America , Kansas , Texas and Phoenix . Bell won the race at Kansas after catching and passing teammate Erik Jones for his first career xfinity series win in his 5th start . Bell had sponsorship from SiriusXM at Charlotte , Toyotacare at Road America , JBL at Kansas , and Safelite Auto Glass at Texas and Phoenix . ARCA Racing Series driver Kyle Benjamin drove the 18 with sponsorship from Reser 's Fine Foods and Sport Clips at both Iowa races and Kentucky in September with a best finish of 2nd at the July Iowa race to teammate Ryan Preece . Regan Smith returned to the xfinity series in a one - race deal in the 18 at Mid-Ohio with sponsorship from Interstate Batteries . Denny Hamlin also drove one race in the 18 , running a throwback scheme at Darlington with Sport Clips sponsoring , Hamlin won the race . Ryan Preece drove the 18 car at Homestead with Safelite Autoglass as the sponsor and finished 5th in preparation for an expanded 10 race schedule with the team in 2018 . In 2018 Preece will run 10 races , sharing the car with JGR 's cup series drivers Busch , Suarez , Hamlin and Jones . Car No. 19 history ( edit ) See also : Kyle Busch Motorsports Sam Hornish , Jr. at Road America in 2014 . Daniel Suárez won the 2016 Xfinity Series championship . The No. 19 team made its debut at the 2005 CarQuest Auto Parts 300 . It was driven by Bobby Labonte and sponsored by Banquet Foods . Labonte ran seven races that year , with three top - tens . With Labonte moving to Petty Enterprises , JGR development driver Aric Almirola ran the car in seven races in 2006 . Tony Stewart also drove the car at select races in 2006 , using his NEXTEL Cup crew when he raced . The No. 19 team was disbanded after the 2006 season . In 2012 The Car returned as the No. 54 & After running the 54 for his own team in 2012 with only one win ( by his brother Kurt ) , Kyle Busch returned to JGR 's strong Nationwide program with the No. 54 as a fourth JGR car , running 26 races and bringing sponsor Monster Energy with him . Parker Kligerman would take over the newly renumbered 77 for KBM . Busch did n't take long to get to victory lane . He won the pole , lead the most laps , and won the race in only the second race of the 2013 season at Phoenix International Raceway . He then scored victories at Bristol ( 4th race ) and at Fontana ( 5th race ) . During the 2013 season , he won a total of 12 races . Joey Coulter , Owen Kelly , and Drew Herring also ran in the 54 , which finished 2nd in the owner 's championship to the Team Penske No. 22 by one point . For the 2014 season , Kyle Busch ran part - time the No. 54 car , running all Sprint Cup Series companion races except Talladega and Daytona in July . Former IRL champion Sam Hornish , Jr. , who was not re-signed by Team Penske after scoring a win and finishing 2nd in Nationwide points in 2013 , ran 7 races to help compete for the owner 's championship . At Iowa in May , Hornish won the Get To Know Newton 250 , beating Ryan Blaney 's 22 for his third career win . The 54 once again finished 2nd in owners points to the Penske 22 . In 2015 , Kyle Busch suffered injuries during the season - opening race at Daytona . He broke his leg after hitting the inside wall that had no SAFER barrier installed . His replacements were announced to be Erik Jones ( at least 3 races ) , Cup series teammate Denny Hamlin ( 5 races ) , and road course veteran Boris Said ( 7 races ) . Busch returned to the Xfinity Series at Michigan in June and scored his first win of the season . Jones scored a win the following race at Chicagoland , his second of the season . The team was renumbered back to No. 19 for 2016 with Daniel Suárez and sponsor Arris moving from the 18 team , maintaining the same sponsor - number combination used by Carl Edwards in the Cup Series . Suárez got his first win at Michigan after a last lap pass to Kyle Busch . Suárez scored three victories and won the 2016 championship , becoming the first foreign - born driver to win a NASCAR National championship . It was announced that in 2017 , Matt Tifft would drive full - time in the 19 , with rookie crew chief Matt Beckham on the box . On November 15th , JGR announced that Brandon Jones would replace Tifft in the 19 in 2018 . Tifft would move to RCR in a driver swap . Chris Gabehart was announced as his crew chief , moving from the No. 20 xfinity team and replacing Matt Beckham . Car No. 20 history ( edit ) Main article : Diamond Ridge Motorsports Denny Hamlin 's No. 20 Busch car ( right ) battling Matt Kenseth ( left ) for position . After JGR purchased the team from Gary Bechtel in 2000 , the team received sponsorship from Porter - Cable . Despite missing three races , driver Jeff Purvis had eleven Top 10s and one pole , finishing 11th in points . The team switched to No. 20 for 2001 , and Mike McLaughlin was named the driver . Without a major sponsor , McLaughlin was able to win the Subway 300 and was sixth in points when Gibbs decided to shut down his team due to sponsorship problems . He moved to the No. 18 and finished seventh in points that year . Coy Gibbs ran five races in the No. 20 in 2002 , with a sponsorship from ConAgra Foods . His best finish was a 14th at Kentucky Speedway . After he moved to the 18 , Gibbs was replaced by Mike Bliss and Rockwell Automation came aboard as a sponsor . Bliss had fourteen Top 10s and finished 10th in points . In 2004 , he pulled off a win at Lowe 's Motor Speedway and had three poles . In 2005 , Denny Hamlin came aboard and posted eleven Top 10s and finished fifth points , the third - place finisher in rookie points . He ran the full schedule in the No. 20 in 2006 , winning two races and finishing fourth in points . Hamlin and developmental driver Aric Almirola split duties in the 20 in 2007 with sponsorship from Rockwell Automation , with Tony Stewart also piloting the No. 20 at Atlanta . With Hamlin running several non-companion races , Almirola would occasionally qualify the car that Hamlin would later drive . Hamlin took the car to victory lane in four races , including Darlington , Milwaukee , Michigan , and Dover . The win at Milwaukee was controversial , with Almirola putting the car on the pole and starting the race because of the fact that Hamlin was delayed flying from Sonoma Raceway . Almirola started the car and led the first 43 laps but was still relieved by Hamlin during a caution due to obligations to his sponsorship from Rockwell . Almirola was credited as the winner for starting the race , but did not participate in the victory celebration . He would leave JGR after the season . The No. 20 finished 2nd in the owners points behind RCR 's No. 29 . Joey Logano at Circuit Gilles Villeneuve in 2010 . In 2008 , the No. 20 was shared by Hamlin , Kyle Busch , and Stewart for nine races before defending NASCAR Camping World East Series champion Joey Logano was named the driver of the 20 for the rest of the season 's races except for Loudon ( which Stewart won in the No. 20 ) , Daytona ( which Hamlin won in the No. 20 ) , and Chicago ( which Busch won in the No. 18 ) . All four drivers of the No. 20 won races driving it in 2008 . For 2009 , 20 - year - old Brad Coleman returned to JGR for a part - time schedule , sharing the ride with Logano and Hamlin . In 2010 , Joey Logano , Denny Hamlin and Matt DiBenedetto shared the No. 20 car , with Hamlin winning at Darlington and Logano winning at Kentucky and Kansas . For 2011 , Logano returned to the No. 20 with sponsorships from GameStop and Sport Clips . Logano ran the first 10 races but picked up last minute sponsorship from Harvest Investments to run Nashville . Due to a lack of sponsorship , the 20 was unable to run a full schedule for the owners championship . In the 20 , Logano grabbed his first superspeedway win at the July Daytona race with help from Kyle Busch . The 20 was also driven by Denny Hamlin at Las Vegas , Richmond , and Darlington , with Hamlin winning at Richmond . Drew Herring drove the 20 with Sport Clips at both Iowa races , where Herring won the pole for the May race , and Lucas Oil Raceway . Ryan Truex stepped into the 20 late in the season for six races , finishing second to Logano at Dover after dominating the race . The 20 team returned in 2012 to run most of the season . Its primary driver lineup consisted of Logano , Hamlin , Truex , and JGR development driver Darrell Wallace , Jr . Michael Waltrip Racing driver Clint Bowyer also drove the No. 20 at Daytona when Hamlin was sidelined from the race by back problems . Brian Vickers in 2013 . Starting in the 2013 season , 2003 Busch Series Champion Brian Vickers joined the team driving the 20 for the full season with sponsorship from Dollar General , in addition to a partial Sprint Cup Series schedule in Michael Waltrip Racing 's 55 car . Dollar General had sponsored Vickers in the past with Braun Racing , and like teammate Elliott Sadler , Vickers was attempting to reclaim his career in the second - tier series . After 30 starts , Vickers was sidelined with a second incidence of blood clots , replaced by Denny Hamlin and Drew Herring in the final three races of the season . Though he went winless , Vickers scored 13 top 5s and 18 top 10s to finish 10th in points . He would leave for a full - time ride at MWR at the end of the year . Kenny Habul at Road America in 2014 The 20 team continued to run full - time in 2014 . Matt Kenseth drove the No. 20 in a total of 18 races , with GameStop sponsoring 10 races and Reser 's Fine Foods sponsoring 7 races . Sam Hornish , Jr. and Kenseth each ran 1 race and Kenny Habul 2 races with Habul 's Sun Energy 1 sponsoring . Darrell Wallace , Jr. ran at Talladega in the spring with Toyota Care and Daytona in July with Coca - Cola `` Share a Coke '' . Daniel Suárez made his debut at RIR , finishing 19th . Michael McDowell ran at both Iowa races with Pizza Ranch . Denny Hamlin returned to the 20 at Chicagoland in September with Sport Clips , finishing 32nd after a blown engine . Development driver Justin Boston , running the full ARCA schedule , made his debut in the 20 at Kentucky later in the month , with sponsor Zloop E-Recycling . Kenseth scored a win in the final race of the season at Homestead Miami Speedway , and the 20 would finish 9th in owners points . show 2014 driver rotation No. 20 Driver Races Sponsor Matt Kenseth 18 Reser 's Fine Foods , GameStop , Sun Energy 1 Erik Jones NarcolepsyLink.com , Reser 's Fine Foods , GameStop Michael McDowell Pizza Ranch Kenny Habul Sun Energy 1 Darrell Wallace , Jr . Toyota Care , Share a Coke Justin Boston Zloop Sam Hornish , Jr . Sun Energy 1 Daniel Suárez Silent Circle / Telcel Denny Hamlin Sport Clips Erik Jones was scheduled to run a limited schedule in the No. 20 car in 2015 , with Kenny Habul and SunEnergy1 also returning for the three road courses . Jones , whose schedule was expanded due to Kyle Busch 's injury , scored his first Xfinity win in his 9th career start at Texas in April , leading a race - high 79 laps . Ross Kenseth , son of Sprint Cup Series champion Matt Kenseth , made his Xfinity Series debut at Chicagoland Speedway on June 20 . David Ragan made a single start at Daytona in July with Interstate Batteries sponsorship . Kenny Wallace made his final career start in the 20 car at Iowa Speedway in August , with longtime sponsor U.S. Cellular . Wallace started seventh and finished 15th . Matt Tifft made his Xfinity Series debut at Kentucky in September , finishing 10th . Denny Hamlin drove a total of six races in the 20 ; two with SunEnergy 1 sponsorship , three with Hisense , and running a throwback scheme at Darlington in September with Sport Clips sponsoring . Hamlin scored three wins , all of which were from the pole starting position . Matt Kenseth ran five races with Reser 's Fine Foods , scoring four - second - place finishes . Erik Jones at Road America . Erik Jones drove the car full - time in 2016 , with Gamestop , Reser 's , Hisense , Interstate Batteries and Dewalt as the sponsors . Jones won 4 times but finished 4th in points after getting trapped behind the slow car of Cole Whitt on the last restart of the final race at Homestead . In 2017 , the 20 is being driven part - time by a variety of different drivers . Denny Hamlin , Erik Jones , Kyle Benjamin , Christopher Bell , and Ryan Preece are among them . Jones drove the car for 18 races starting at Daytona , sweeping the Texas races as well as winning the Bristol spring race . Hamlin drove the car for 3 races and won at Michigan . Suarez drove the 20 for 2 races at Las Vegas and the Bristol fall race , finishing 3rd and 2nd respectively . Benjamin drove the car for 2 races at the spring Richmond race and the first Pocono race , winning the pole in the latter . Bell drove the 20 for 3 races starting at the June Iowa race , where Bell won stage one , led the most laps , but finished 16th after being collected in a crash between the lapped cars of Brennan Poole and Ryan Reed while leading . Ryan Preece drove the car at Loudon , the July Iowa race , and the September Kentucky race . Preece finished 2nd to his teammate Kyle Busch at Loudon . In his next race at Iowa , Preece led the most laps and won the race , then finished 4th at Kentucky . James Davison drove the 20 at Mid Ohio and Road America , leading the most laps at Road America before getting collected in a wreck . For 2018 , Christopher Bell will drive the 20 full - time , competing for Rookie of the Year honors . Jason Ratcliff will be his crew chief , moving from the No. 20 cup series team . Camping World Truck Series ( edit ) See also : Kyle Busch Motorsports Erik Jones in 2013 . From 2000 to 2002 , Joe Gibbs fielded trucks numbered 20 and 48 in the then Craftsman Truck Series for his sons Coy and J.D. Gibbs , neither of whom are currently competitors in NASCAR . Coy ran 12 races in 2000 , then the full 2001 and 2002 seasons , with 21 top 10s and 10th - place points finishes in the latter two seasons . J.D. only ran a total of 8 races over the three seasons , with no top 10 finishes . From 2004 to 2006 , JGR drivers drove in the Truck Series for Chevrolet - affiliated Morgan - Dollar Motorsports , fielding Bobby Labonte , Tony Stewart , Denny Hamlin , J.J. Yeley , Jason Leffler , and Aric Almirola in select races . In 2006 , JGR contracted Spears Motorsports to field Almirola in their 75 truck for his rookie Truck season . Almirola had three top 10s ( compared to two top 10s in four starts the previous year ) , finishing 18th in points . Gibbs after Kyle Busch won the 2015 Toyota / Save Mart 350 JGR drivers currently compete in the Camping World Truck Series through Kyle Busch Motorsports , owned by Cup Series driver Kyle Busch . KBM uses JGR - built engines in competition . Busch himself , along with Todd Gilliland , Harrison Burton , Noah Gragson , David Gilliland , Riley Herbst , Brandon Jones , and Spencer Davis currently drive for KBM . ARCA Racing Series ( edit ) Riley Herbst in 2017 In 1999 , Joe Gibbs Racing field No. 18 car for Jason Leffler for one race . Leffler finish 5th at Atlanta . In 2000 , Leffler returned at Charlotte , he started 2nd and led one lap , however he crashed with 55 of 67 laps completed . From 2004 to 2005 , Joe Gibbs Racing partnered with Shaver Motorsports to field development drivers in the ARCA Racing Series . Denny Hamlin finished third in the 2004 season finale at Talladega . J.J. Yeley ran the 2005 season opener at Daytona , as part of his development deal with JGR . Aric Almirola ran the 2005 finale at Talladega . Car No. 18 history ( edit ) Leffler raced one race in 1999 and one race in 2000 with No. 18 . On December 15 , 2016 , it was announced that JGR would field a car for Riley Herbst full - time in the 2017 season . Matt Tifft ran the season opener at Daytona due to Herbst not being eligible to compete in the race . Car No. 81 history ( edit ) In 2017 , Riley Herbst was entered at the season opener in Daytona in the team 's second car ( No. 81 ) , but he was ineligible to race . Herbst and Zane Smith were both were ineligible to run the season opener at Daytona , though ARCA allowed both to participate in practice . Controversy ( edit ) Following the 2008 Chicagoland race , NASCAR made a regulation change specifically to Toyota , which mandated them to run a smaller restrictor plate to cut horsepower by estimated 15 to 20 horsepower ( 15 kW ) from their engines . After the August 16 , 2008 NASCAR Nationwide Series race at Michigan International Speedway , NASCAR used a dynometer to test the horsepower of several cars from all competing manufacturers . While testing the Joe Gibbs Racing cars , officials found that the throttle pedal on the two Joe Gibbs Racing cars had been manipulated using magnets a quarter - inch thick to prevent the accelerator from going 100 percent wide open . Joe Gibbs issued a statement saying `` we will take full responsibility and accept any penalties NASCAR levies against us '' and `` we will also investigate internally how this incident took place and who was involved and make whatever decisions are necessary to ensure that this kind of situation never happens again . '' Seven crew members were suspended indefinitely and two drivers and the team were penalized 150 points apiece . Motocross team ( edit ) In 2008 , Gibbs branched out into motorcycle racing , forming the JGRMX team competing in the AMA motocross and supercross championships . The team is based in Huntersville , North Carolina and is managed by Gibbs ' son , Coy Gibbs . On January 5 , 2008 the Muscle Milk / Toyota / JGRMX Team made its racing debut in the first round of the 2008 Supercross Series in Anaheim , CA with riders Josh Hansen and Josh Summey . Josh Grant and Cody Cooper rode for the team in 2009 , with Grant winning the opening round of Supercross at Anaheim . Grant and Justin Brayton rode for the team in 2010 , and Davi Millsaps replaced Grant in 2011 . James Stewart replaced Brayton in 2012 , and won the Oakland and Daytona Supercrosses , while Millsaps finished second in points . On May 6 , 2012 , Stewart and the team officially parted ways . Grant and Brayton returned as the team 's two riders in 2013 and were joined by Phil Nicoletti in 2014 . Justin Barcia and Weston Peick replaced Grant and Brayton on the team in 2015 , with Barcia winning two nationals ( Budds Creek and RedBud ) . In 2017 , the team switched from Yamaha to Suzuki and added a 250cc effort , with Nicoletti and Matt Bisceglia . For 2018 , JGRMX / Autotrader / Yoshimura Suzuki became the official factory Suzuki program , with riders Weston Peick and Justin Bogle ( 450 ) and 2017 250 Supercross West Champion Justin Hill , Phil Nicoletti , Jimmy Decotis , and Kyle Peters ( 250 ) . Hill scored a win at San Diego while Bogle missed most of the season with a broken back and Malcolm Stewart filled in for him . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` KYLE BUSCH WINS FIRST SPRINT CUP SERIES CHAMPIONSHIP '' . nascar.com . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Joe Gibbs Racing ( January 1 , 2004 ) . `` Joe Gibbs Racing 2004 preview '' . motorsport.com . Huntersville , North Carolina : motorsport.com . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Joe Gibbs Racing ( April 2 , 2005 ) . `` Joe Gibbs Racing Diversity Program , 2nd season '' . motorsport.com . Huntersville , North Carolina : motorsport.com . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Gibbs '' . joegibbsracing.com . Joe Gibbs Racing . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Gibbs family tradition '' . The Washington Times . July 28 , 2006 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Glick , Shav ( February 10 , 2004 ) . `` Race Team Still Run by a Gibbs : J.D. will replace father Joe , who will again coach the Washington Redskins . '' Los Angeles Times . Daytona Beach , Florida . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Spencer , Lee ( August 19 , 2014 ) . `` It 's official -- Carl Edwards and Daniel Suarez join JGR '' . motorsport.com . Huntersville , North Carolina : motorsport.com . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Newton , David ( September 5 , 2007 ) . `` Gibbs makes formal announcement on Toyota move '' . ESPN Sprint Cup . Huntersville , North Carolina : ESPN . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Nate ( August 11 , 2011 ) . `` Toyota , Joe Gibbs Racing to merge engine - building shops '' . USA Today . USA Today . Retrieved November 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sporting News Wire Service ( August 11 , 2011 ) . `` JOE GIBBS RACING , TRD FORGE ENGINE PARTNERSHIP '' . NASCAR . NASCAR , Sporting News . Retrieved November 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ NSSN Staff ( February 18 , 2014 ) . `` Matt Lucas Joins RAB Racing '' . National Speed Sport News . Concord , North Carolina : National Speed Sport News . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Knight , Chris ( January 11 , 2016 ) . `` Dakoda Armstrong Opens Up About Move To JGL Racing in 2016 '' . Catchfence.com . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Newton , David ( February 3 , 2013 ) . `` Kyle Busch signs deal with JGR '' . ESPN.go.com . Huntersville , North Carolina : ESPN . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Albert , Zach ( July 8 , 2016 ) . `` KBM LOGS 51ST CAMPING WORLD TRUCKS SERIES WIN , MOST IN SERIES '' . nascar.com . Sparta , Kentucky . Retrieved 30 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Kyle , Pokrefky ( February 12 , 2015 ) . `` Matt Tifft Racing Truck Opener for Venturini Motorsports '' . The Fourth Turn . Mooresville , North Carolina . Retrieved 30 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Zyla , Greg ( July 2013 ) . `` Industry Insights : Bill Venturini Sr. , Venturini Motorsports '' . PRI Magazine . Retrieved 30 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Cain , Holly ( September 27 , 2015 ) . `` FURNITURE ROW WILL FIELD TOYOTA CAMRYS IN 2016 '' . NASCAR . Retrieved September 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cain , Holly ( August 7 , 2016 ) . `` FURNITURE ROW ADDS ERIK JONES TO GROWING TEAM '' . NASCAR . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Joe Gibbs Racing ( October 14 , 2004 ) . `` JGR announces third car in 2005 : FedEx To Sponsor Third Gibbs Car , Leffler Named as Driver '' . motorsport.com . Charlotte , North Carolina : motorsport.com . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2014 . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Talladega II : News of note '' . motorsport.com . motorsport.com . October 10 , 2004 . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2014 . Retrieved September 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : GM Racing ( July 28 , 2004 ) . `` JJ Yeley to make debut at Michigan '' . motorsport.com . Statesville , North Carolina : motorsport.com . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2015 . Retrieved June 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : DeGroot , Nick ( May 22 , 2014 ) . `` The 2005 Coke 600 - A race we will never forget '' . Motorsport.com . Motorsport.com . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2014 . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Joe Gibbs Racing ( June 7 , 2005 ) . `` JGR hires Ford for Leffler 's car '' . motorsport.com . Huntersville , North Carolina : motorsport.com . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2014 . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Joe Gibbs Racing ( June 15 , 2005 ) . `` Terry Labonte to drive JGR No. 11 in Sonoma '' . motorsport.com . Huntersville , North Carolina : motorsport.com . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2014 . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Joe Gibbs Racing ( August 9 , 2005 ) . `` Joe Gibbs Racing releases Leffler from ride '' . motorsport.com . Huntersville , North Carolina : motorsport.com . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2014 . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ GM Racing ( November 8 , 2005 ) . `` Joe Gibbs Racing , Hamlin interview '' . motorsport.com . motorsport.com . Retrieved September 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Homestead Miami Speedway ( November 11 , 2005 ) . `` Final chance at Homestead for 2006 Shootout spot '' . motorsport.com . motorsport.com . Retrieved September 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Atlanta Motor Speedway ( February 9 , 2006 ) . `` Atlanta Motor Speedway welcomes 2006 rookie class '' . motorsport.com . Hampton , Georgia : motorsport.com . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2014 . Retrieved September 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dale Earnhardt , Inc. , Budweiser ( February 13 , 2006 ) . `` Daytona Shootout : Dale Earnhardt Jr race report '' . motorsport.com . motorsport.com . Retrieved September 22 , 2014 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Graves , Gary ( June 11 , 2006 ) . `` Rookie Hamlin charges to first win at Pocono '' . USA Today Motor Sports . Long Pond , Pennsylvania : USA Today . Retrieved September 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Perez , A.J. ( July 24 , 2006 ) . `` Hamlin sweeps Pocono , races into Chase contention '' . USA Today Motor Sports . Long Pond , Pennsylvania : USA Today . Retrieved September 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Nate ( March 17 , 2013 ) . `` Joey Logano , Denny Hamlin continue feud at Bristol '' . USA Today . Bristol , Tennessee : USA Today . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pockrass , Bob ( March 24 , 2013 ) . `` Denny Hamlin injured after last - lap crash with Joey Logano at California '' . Sporting News . Fontana , California : Sporting News . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pockrass , Bob ( April 3 , 2013 ) . `` Denny Hamlin still upset with Joey Logano , says rival wrecked him intentionally '' . Sporting News . Huntersville , North Carolina : Sporting News . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pockrass , Bob ( March 15 , 2014 ) . `` Denny Hamlin : Joey Logano still getting silent treatment '' . Sporting News . Bristol , Tennessee : Sporting News . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bruce , Kenny ( June 16 , 2013 ) . `` HAMLIN HONORS LEFFLER WITH 2005 PAINT SCHEME '' . NASCAR.com . Brooklyn , Michigan : NASCAR.com . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` PAINT SCHEME PREVIEW : MICHIGAN '' . NASCAR.com . NASCAR . June 16 , 2013 . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Denny Hamlin will drive the No. 11 FedEx Express Toyota . Jump up ^ Bromberg , Nick ( March 23 , 2014 ) . `` Denny Hamlin to miss race at Auto Club , Sam Hornish Jr. to fill in '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved March 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( February 27 , 2000 ) . `` Labonte , GM Win Dura - Lube '' . CBS News . CBS News . Retrieved November 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Estrada , Chris ( July 22 , 2014 ) . `` NASCAR : Rudd , Jarrett , Bobby Labonte look back on Brickyard 400 triumphs '' . NBC Sports . NBC Sports . Retrieved November 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( September 4 , 2000 ) . `` Labonte leaves pits first , wins Southern 500 '' . ESPN.go.com/auto . Darlington , South Carolina : ESPN . Retrieved November 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wine , Steven ( November 13 , 2000 ) . `` Labonte Wins Winston Cup '' . ABC News . Homestead , Florida : ABC News . Retrieved November 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Newton , David ( August 17 , 2007 ) . `` Kyle Busch says Gibbs gives him shot to contend now '' . ESPN.go.com . Huntersville , North Carolina : ESPN . Retrieved November 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Joe Gibbs Racing ( October 3 , 2007 ) . `` M&M 's Will Sponsor Kyle Busch on Gibbs ' No. 18 Toyota '' . The Salem News . Hackettstown , New Jersey : The Salem News . Retrieved November 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Nate ( November 8 , 2011 ) . `` Kyle Busch apologizes after being parked for Texas weekend '' . USA Today . Fort Worth , Texas : USA Today . Retrieved November 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Peltz , Jim ( November 11 , 2011 ) . `` NASCAR 's Kyle Busch apologetic after sponsor exits for two races '' . Los Angeles Times . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Staff Report ( December 3 , 2014 ) . `` JGR REVEALS KYLE BUSCH 'S NEW 2015 PAINT SCHEME '' . NASCAR.com . NASCAR . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Drivers Confirmed to Pilot No. 54 Monster Energy Toyota in Upcoming NASCAR XFINITY Series Events '' . Joe Gibbs Racing . March 3 , 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Crafton to sub for injured Kyle Busch '' . Racer . Haymarket Publications . February 21 , 2015 . Retrieved February 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` David Ragan to sub for Kyle Busch in No. 18 Toyota '' . NASCAR.com . NASCAR Media Group , LLC . February 24 , 2015 . Retrieved February 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Spencer , Lee ( April 11 , 2015 ) . `` What 's next for Erik Jones ? '' . motorsport.com . Fort Worth , Texas : motorsport.com . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` David Ragan To Drive No. 55 '' . Michael Waltrip Racing. April 28 , 2015 . Retrieved April 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Erik Jones to Pilot the No. 18 M&M 'S ® Toyota Camry Starting at Kansas Speedway '' . Joe Gibbs Racing. April 30 , 2015 . Retrieved April 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Spencer , Lee ( May 10 , 2015 ) . `` Erik Jones ' Sprint Cup debut comes to premature end after strong run '' . motorsport.com . Kansas City , Kansas : motorsport.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Spencer , Lee ( May 13 , 2015 ) . `` NASCAR waives Chase eligibility for Kyle Busch '' . motorsport.com . motorsport.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Spencer , Lee ( June 29 , 2015 ) . `` Rowdy rocks Sonoma '' . motorsport.com . motorsport.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Spencer , Lee ( July 26 , 2015 ) . `` Kyle Busch sweeps the weekend , wins Brickyard 400 '' . motorsport.com . motorsport.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` M&M 's reveals Kyle Busch 's new All - Star Race number '' . Jump up ^ Joe Gibbs Racing ( March 1 , 2007 ) . `` Almirola to debut at Las Vegas '' . motorsport.com . Huntersville , North Carolina : motorsport.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ginn Racing ( July 18 , 2007 ) . `` Ginn Racing outlines future plans '' . motorsport.com . Mooresville , North Carolina : motorsport.com . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2014 . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Mejia , Diego ( August 25 , 2008 ) . `` Logano to race Cup for Gibbs in 2009 '' . Autosport.com . Autosport . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Associated Press ( October 27 , 2008 ) . `` Too late , but Kyle Busch has another promising run '' . Sporting News . Sporting News . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Pace , David ( January 20 , 2009 ) . `` Farm Bureau Insurance To Sponsor JGR Sprint Cups in 2009 '' . Bleacher Report . Bleacher Report . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Joe Gibbs Racing ( October 14 , 2009 ) . `` Charlotte II : David Gilliland preview '' . motorsport.com . motorsport.com . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2014 . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pockrass , Bob ( April 9 , 2013 ) . `` Elliott Sadler will drive three races for JGR 's fourth team '' . Sporting News . Sporting News . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Joe Gibbs Racing ( April 23 , 2013 ) . `` Sadler 's day ends early at Kansas : Alert Energy driver finishes disappointing 40th '' . motorsport.com . motorsport.com . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2014 . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ James , Brant ( August 19 , 2014 ) . `` Carl Edwards to join JGR in 2015 '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` JGR ANNOUNCES NEW SPONSORS FOR KENSETH , EDWARDS '' . NASCAR.com . September 17 , 2014 . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Joe Gibbs Racing Announces 2015 Crew Chief Lineup '' . Joe Gibbs Racing . December 4 , 2014 . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Carl Edwards steps away from racing ; Daniel Suarez to wheel No. 19 '' . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Worrall , Catherine ( June 23 , 2008 ) . `` Is Toyota A Curse For Tony Stewart ? '' . Bleacher Report . Bleacher Report . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Marty ; McGee , Ryan ( July 9 , 2008 ) . `` Stewart granted release from Gibbs , will move to Haas '' . ESPN.go.com . Charlotte , North Carolina : ESPN . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Newton , Dave ( November 21 , 2008 ) . `` Stewart parting with JGR after Sunday the end of something special '' . ESPN.go.com . Homestead , Florida : ESPN . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Merritt ( April 25 , 2008 ) . `` Tony Stewart looking at making a return to Chevrolet '' . Autoblog.com . Autoblog.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( June 29 , 2009 ) . `` Logano wins for 1st time in 20 starts '' . ESPN . Loudon , New Hampshire : ESPN . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Busbee , Jay ( November 23 , 2009 ) . `` Joey Logano claws his way to Rookie of the Year '' . Yahoo !. Yahoo !. Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pockrass , Bob ( September 17 , 2014 ) . `` Carl Edwards , Matt Kenseth get new sponsors with Gibbs '' . Sporting News NASCAR . Huntersville , North Carolina : Sporting News . Retrieved September 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NASCAR suspends Matt Kenseth for two Sprint Cup races '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Erik Jones to drive No. 20 Cup car at Texas '' . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Press Release ( December 15 , 2010 ) . `` Brian Scott to drive No. 11 JGR Toyota with crew chief Kevin Kidd in Nationwide '' . SkirtsAndSkuffs.com . Huntersville , North Carolina : Skirts and Skuffs . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NASCAR Notebook : Brian Scott signs to drive for Joe Gibbs Racing in NASCAR Nationwide Series '' . MassLive.com . Fort Worth , Texas : MassLive.com . November 6 , 2010 . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : James , Brant ( March 27 , 2013 ) . `` Brian Scott has shown he belongs '' . ESPN . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dollar General Announces Racing Plans for 2012 '' . newscenter.dollargeneral.com . Goodlettsville , Tennessee : Dollar General . October 13 , 2011 . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pockrass , Bob ( November 20 , 2012 ) . `` Elliott Sadler lands full time Nationwide Series ride with Joe Gibbs Racing '' . Sporting News . Homestead , Florida : Sporting News . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Vinvent , Amanda ( May 3 , 2014 ) . `` Sadler survives late - race carnage to win at Talladega '' . motorsport.com . motorsport.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ELLIOTT SADLER TO JOIN ROUSH FENWAY IN 2015 '' . NASCAR.com . NASCAR.com . Retrieved November 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` BUSCH : USAC star Yeley gets the call to NASCAR '' . motorsport.com . motorsport.com . November 23 , 2003 . Retrieved November 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Joe Gibbs Racing ( February 16 , 2004 ) . `` BUSCH : JGR announces sponsor for Yeley '' . motorsport.com . Daytona Beach , Florida : motorsport.com . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2014 . Retrieved November 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chemris , Thomas ( March 9 , 2004 ) . `` BUSCH : Beating Around the Busch , chapter 6 '' . motorsport.com . motorsport.com . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2014 . Retrieved November 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BUSCH : 2004 Rookie standings '' . motorsport.com . motorsport.com . December 2 , 2004 . Retrieved November 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BUSCH : JGR sign Coleman and sponsor '' . motorsport.com . Concord , North Carolina : motorsport.com . January 25 , 2007 . Retrieved November 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Joe Gibbs Racing ( March 20 , 2007 ) . `` BUSCH : Conway debuts for JGR at Bristol '' . motorsport.com . Huntersville , North Carolina : motorsport.com . Retrieved November 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Joe Gibbs Racing ( December 19 , 2008 ) . `` Brad Coleman returns to Joe Gibbs Racing '' . motorsport.com . Charlotte , North Carolina : motorsport.com . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2014 . Retrieved November 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Joe Gibbs Racing ( October 21 , 2008 ) . `` Memphis : Marc Davis debut preview '' . motorsport.com . Huntersville , North Carolina : motorsport.com . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2014 . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Estrada , Chris ( August 19 , 2014 ) . `` NASCAR : Mexican rising star Daniel Suarez moving up to Nationwide '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ DeGroot , Nick ( December 4 , 2015 ) . `` Five most impressive drivers from 2015 NASCAR Xfinity season '' . motorsport.com . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Spencer , Lee ( January 8 , 2016 ) . `` Joe Gibbs Racing reveals 2016 Xfinity crew chief lineup '' . motorsport.com . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bromberg , Nick ( February 10 , 2016 ) . `` Bobby Labonte back with Joe Gibbs Racing for Daytona Xfinity race '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Team release ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` MATT TIFFT TO MAKE 13 STARTS IN XFINITY SERIES FOR JGR '' . NASCAR.com . Huntersville , North Carolina . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tifft undergoes surgery to remove brain tumor '' . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` JGR announces driver change for XFINITY Iowa race '' . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` What rust ? Hornish stomps field en route to Iowa win '' . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Spencer , Lee ( January 5 , 2014 ) . `` Sources : Hornish to share car with Kyle Busch in Nationwide Series '' . FOX Sports . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2014 . Retrieved January 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NASCAR Nationwide Series 2013 : Final owner point standings '' . motorsportsone.com . Motorsports One . 2013 . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Tom ( May 18 , 2014 ) . `` Opportunity seized : Hornish Jr. wins Newton 250 NNS race at Iowa '' . foxsports.com . Newton , Iowa ( Iowa Speedway ) : Fox Sports . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Team release ( January 18 , 2016 ) . `` ERIK JONES ' XFINITY SERIES SPONSOR LINEUP FOR 2016 '' . NASCAR.com . Huntersville , North Carolina . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Spencer , Lee ( June 12 , 2016 ) . `` Daniel Suarez becomes first Mexican driver to win NASCAR national series race '' . espn.com . Retrieved June 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pistone , Pete ( November 19 , 2016 ) . `` Suarez Winner and Champion '' . MRN.com . Motor Racing Network . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Tifft lands full - time XFINITY ride with JGR '' . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` ConAgra Foods and Coy Gibbs Combine Forces for Five Races on the NASCAR Busch Series '' . PR Newswire . Omaha , Nebraska . August 19 , 2002 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hamlin takes checkered flag at Milwaukee , but Almirola wins '' . USA Today . June 23 , 2007 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ Pockrass , Bob ( November 6 , 2012 ) . `` Brian Vickers driving full 2013 Nationwide schedule for Joe Gibbs Racing '' . Sporting News NASCAR . Sporting News . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Nate ( October 14 , 2013 ) . `` Brian Vickers has blood clot , will miss rest of season '' . USA Today . Concord , North Carolina : USA Today . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Reser 's Fine Foods and GameStop Return to Sponsor Matt Kenseth in 2014 NASCAR Nationwide Series '' . Business Wire . January 22 , 2014 . Retrieved January 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SunEnergy1 Sponsors Four NASCAR Nationwide Races : Matt Kenseth , Sam Hornish Jr. and Kenny Habul to Pilot No. 20 SunEnergy1 Toyota '' . joegibbsracing.com . Joe Gibbs Racing , Toyota . 2014 . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Spencer , Reid ( September 13 , 2014 ) . `` Kevin Harvick wins Chicagoland Nationwide race '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Joliet , Illinois : Yahoo !. Retrieved September 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Spencer , Lee ( September 16 , 2014 ) . `` Justin Boston 's Nationwide Series coming out party is scheduled for Saturday at Kentucky Speedway '' . motorsport.com . motorsport.com . Retrieved September 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Staff Report ( November 15 , 2014 ) . `` NASCAR NATIONWIDE SERIES OWNER STANDINGS '' . NASCAR.com . NASCAR . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jones to Run Full - Time NASCAR Camping World Truck Series and Part - Time NASCAR XFINITY Series Schedule in 2015 '' . Joe Gibbs Racing / Kyle Busch Motorsports . November 6 , 2014 . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2014 . Retrieved November 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Staff Report ( July 14 , 2015 ) . `` IOWA TO MARK KENNY WALLACE 'S LAST START : Veteran driver will pilot No. 20 Toyota before calling it a career '' . NASCAR.com . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vincent , Amanda ( April 11 , 2015 ) . `` Erik Jones holds off Keselowski and Earnhardt to win first XFINITY race '' . motorsport.com . motorsport.com . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Spencer , Lee ( April 17 , 2015 ) . `` Ross Kenseth is ready for his NASCAR debut '' . motorsport.com . Bristol , Tennessee : motorsport.com . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Tifft Joins Joe Gibbs Racing Lineup For Kentucky Speedway '' . Chris Knight via Catchfence . September 19 , 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Sport Clips Haircuts Expands Partnership with Joe Gibbs Racing for 2015 Season '' . Joe Gibbs Racing . January 15 , 2015 . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Spencer , Lee ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` J.D. Gibbs treated for complications due to head injuries '' . Motorsport.com . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hewitt New Chief For Coy Gibbs '' . Motor Racing Network . November 8 , 2001 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brother on brother : Gibbs boys continue rivalry '' . Crash.net . May 2001 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` JD Gibbs Rides Again '' . Motor Racing Network . September 5 , 2001 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ General Motors Racing ( January 13 , 2006 ) . `` Almirola to drive for Spears Motorsports '' . motorsport.com . Mooresville , North Carolina : motorsport.com . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Aric Almirola '' . racing-reference.info. 2014 . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hixson Motorsports Beckons for Buice at Palm Beach Int'l Raceway Roadcourse ... '' Automobile Racing Club of America . Soddy - Daisy , Tennessee . February 13 , 2010 . Retrieved 18 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Joe Gibbs Racing Taps Shaver Motorsports To Field Car For Yeley at Daytona '' . Automobile Racing Club of America . Huntersville , North Carolina . May 6 , 2005 . Retrieved 18 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rookie Riley Herbst joins Joe Gibbs Racing for ARCA ride in 2017 '' . Automobile Racing Club of America . Las Vegas . December 15 , 2016 . Retrieved 16 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Long , Mark ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` After brain tumor , Tifft welcomes ' different chapter ' '' . Associated Press , MSN Sports . Retrieved 18 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Mejia , Diego ( August 18 , 2008 ) . `` Gibbs facing penalties for dyno ' cheat ' '' . Autosport . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Long , Dustin ( August 20 , 2008 ) . `` NASCAR heavily penalizes Joe Gibbs Racing '' . The Virginian - Pilot . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASCAR drivers , Joe Gibbs get behind Supercross '' . usatoday.com . Retrieved 28 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` JGRMX Team '' . jgrmx.com . Retrieved 28 June 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Joe Gibbs Racing . Team Website Motocross Team Website Joe Gibbs owner statistics at Racing - Reference Coy Gibbs owner statistics at Racing - Reference Links to related articles Joe Gibbs Racing Management Joe Gibbs J.D. Gibbs Curtis Markham Jimmy Makar Drivers Monster Energy Cup Series ( 11 ) Denny Hamlin ( 18 ) Kyle Busch ( 19 ) Daniel Suárez ( 20 ) Erik Jones Xfinity Series ( 18 ) Daniel Suárez / Kyle Benjamin / Kyle Busch / Denny Hamlin / Ryan Preece / Noah Gragson / Riley Herbst ( 19 ) Brandon Jones ( 20 ) Christopher Bell ARCA Racing Series ( 18 ) Riley Herbst JGRMX Justin Brayton Crew chiefs Cup Series ( 11 ) Mike Wheeler ( 18 ) Adam Stevens ( 19 ) Scott Graves ( 20 ) Chris Gayle Xfinity Series ( 18 ) Chris Gayle ( 19 ) Scott Graves ( 20 ) Chris Gabehart Past drivers Aric Almirola Dakoda Armstrong Mike Bliss Justin Boston Brad Coleman Matt Crafton Matt DiBenedetto Carl Edwards Coy Gibbs J.D. Gibbs Kenny Habul Drew Herring Sam Hornish Jr . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who drove the 20 car in nascar last year	[ "In the Monster Energy Cup Series, the team currently fields four full-time entries: the No. 11 Toyota Camry for Denny Hamlin, the No. 18 Camry for Kyle Busch, the No. 19 Camry for Daniel Suárez, and the No. 20 Camry for Erik Jones. In the Xfinity Series, the team currently fields three full-time entries: the No. 18 Camry for part-time drivers Daniel Suárez, Kyle Benjamin, Kyle Busch, Denny Hamlin, Erik Jones, and Ryan Preece; the No. 19 Camry for Brandon Jones, and the No. 20 Camry for Christopher Bell.\n" ]	[ "Erik Jones" ]
-6921832380535828764	Abstract and concrete	Abstract and concrete - wikipedia Abstract and concrete Jump to : navigation , search `` Abstract entity '' redirects here . For the album by Kiana , see Abstract Entity . Abstract and concrete ( German : abstrakt ; konkret ) are classifications that denote whether a term describes an object with a physical referent or one with no physical referents . They are most commonly used in philosophy and semantics . Abstract objects are sometimes called abstracta ( sing . abstractum ) and concrete objects are sometimes called concreta ( sing . concretum ) . An abstract object is an object which does not exist at any particular time or place , but rather exists as a type of thing , i.e. , an idea , or abstraction . The term ' abstract object ' is said to have been coined by Willard Van Orman Quine . The study of abstract objects is called abstract object theory . Contents ( hide ) 1 In philosophy 1.1 Abstract objects and causality 2 Concrete and abstract thinking 3 Quasi-abstract entities 4 See also 5 References 6 External links In philosophy ( edit ) The type -- token distinction identifies physical objects that are tokens of a particular type of thing . The `` type '' that it is a part of , is in itself an abstract object . The abstract - concrete distinction is often introduced and initially understood in terms of paradigmatic examples of objects of each kind : Examples of abstract and concrete objects Abstract Concrete Tennis A tennis match Redness Red light reflected off of an apple and hitting your eyes Five Five cars Justice A just action Humanity ( the property of being human ) Humanity ( the set of all humans ) Abstract objects have often garnered the interest of philosophers because they raise problems for popular theories . In ontology , abstract objects are considered problematic for physicalism and some forms of naturalism . Historically , the most important ontological dispute about abstract objects has been the problem of universals . In epistemology , abstract objects are considered problematic for empiricism . If abstracta lack causal powers or spatial location , how do we know about them ? It is hard to say how they can affect our sensory experiences , and yet we seem to agree on a wide range of claims about them . Some , such as Edward Zalta and arguably , Plato in his Theory of Forms , have held that abstract objects constitute the defining subject matter of metaphysics or philosophical inquiry more broadly . To the extent that philosophy is independent of empirical research , and to the extent that empirical questions do not inform questions about abstracta , philosophy would seem especially suited to answering these latter questions . In modern philosophy , the distinction between abstract and concrete was explored by Immanuel Kant and G.W.F. Hegel . Gottlob Frege said that abstract objects , such as numbers , were members of a third realm ( German : Drittes Reich ) , different from the external world or from internal consciousness . Abstract objects and causality ( edit ) Another popular proposal for drawing the abstract - concrete distinction contends that an object is abstract if it lacks any causal powers . A causal power has the ability to affect something causally . Thus , the empty set is abstract because it can not act on other objects . One problem for this view is that it is not clear exactly what it is to have a causal power . For a more detailed exploration of the abstract - concrete distinction , follow the link below to the Stanford Encyclopedia article . Concrete and abstract thinking ( edit ) Jean Piaget uses the terms `` concrete '' and `` formal '' to describe the different types of learning . Concrete thinking involves facts and descriptions about everyday , tangible objects , while abstract ( formal operational ) thinking involves a mental process . Concrete idea Abstract idea Dense things sink . It will sink if its density is greater than the density of the fluid . You breathe in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide . Gas exchange takes place between the air in the alveoli and the blood . Plants get water through their roots . Water diffuses through the cell membrane of the root hair cells . Quasi-abstract Entities ( edit ) Recently , there has been some philosophical interest in the development of a third category of objects known as the quasi-abstract . Quasi-abstract objects have drawn particular attention in the area of social ontology and documentality . It has been argued that the over-adherence to the platonist duality of the concrete and the abstract has led to a large category of social objects having been overlooked or rejected as nonexisting because they exhibit characteristics which the traditional duality between the concrete and the abstract has regarded as incompatible . Specially , the ability to have temporal location , but not spatial location , and have causal agency ( if only by acting through representatives ) . These characteristics are exhibited by a number of social objects , including states of the international legal system . See also ( edit ) Abstraction Abstract object theory Abstract particulars Abstract structure Conceptual framework Nominalism Non-physical entity Object ( philosophy ) Object of the mind Incorporeality Philosophy of mathematics Platonic form Platonism Universal ( metaphysics ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Glenn Alexander Magee , The Hegel Dictionary , Continuum , 2010 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Meyer Howard ; Harpham , Geoffrey Galt ( 2011 ) . A Glossary of Literary Terms . ISBN 0495898023 . Retrieved 18 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , D.M. ( 2010 ) . Sketch for a systematic metaphysics . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 2 . ISBN 9780199655915 . Jump up ^ Carr , Philip ( 2012 ) `` The Philosophy of Phonology '' in Philosophy of Linguistics ( ed . Kemp , Fernando , Asher ) , Elsevier , p. 404 Jump up ^ KrV A51 / B75 -- 6 . See also : Edward Willatt , Kant , Deleuze and Architectonics , Continuum , 2010 p. 17 : `` Kant argues that cognition can only come about as a result of the union of the abstract work of the understanding and the concrete input of sensation . '' Jump up ^ Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel : The Science of Logic , Cambridge University Press , 2010 , p. 609 . See also : Richard Dien Winfield , Hegel 's Science of Logic : A Critical Rethinking in Thirty Lectures , Rowman & Littlefield Publishers , 2012 , p. 265 . Jump up ^ Gottlob Frege , `` Der Gedanke . Eine logische Untersuchung , '' in : Beiträge zur Philosophie des deutschen Idealismus 1 ( 1918 / 19 ) , pp. 58 -- 77 ; esp . p. 69 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Gideon ( 1 January 2014 ) . `` Abstract Objects '' . The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Metaphysics Research Lab , Stanford University . Retrieved 1 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Gideon . `` Abstract Objects '' . Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Jump up ^ B. Smith ( 2008 ) , `` Searle and De Soto : The New Ontology of the Social World . '' In The Mystery of Capital and the Construction of Social Reality . Open Court . Jump up ^ E.H. Robinson , `` A Theory of Social Agentivity and Its Integration into the Descriptive Ontology for Linguistic and Cognitive Engineering '' , International Journal on Semantic Web and Information Systems 7 ( 4 ) ( 2011 ) pp. 62 -- 86 . Jump up ^ E.H. Robinson ( 2014 ) , `` A Documentary Theory of States and Their Existence as Quasi-Abstract Entities , '' Geopolitics 19 ( 3 ) , pp. 1 -- 29 . External links ( edit ) Abstract and concrete at PhilPapers Nominalism , Realism , Conceptualism , Interface , from The Catholic Encyclopedia Abstract vs. Concrete in Writing , from Writing for Results Metaphysics Metaphysicians Parmenides Plato Aristotle Plotinus Duns Scotus Thomas Aquinas Francisco Suárez Nicolas Malebranche René Descartes John Locke David Hume Thomas Reid Immanuel Kant Isaac Newton Arthur Schopenhauer Baruch Spinoza Georg W.F. Hegel George Berkeley Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Henri Bergson Friedrich Nietzsche Charles Sanders Peirce Joseph Maréchal Ludwig Wittgenstein Martin Heidegger Alfred N. Whitehead Bertrand Russell Dorothy Emmet G.E. Moore Jean - Paul Sartre Gilbert Ryle Hilary Putnam P.F. Strawson R.G. Collingwood Adolph Stöhr Rudolf Carnap Saul Kripke Willard V.O. Quine G.E.M. Anscombe Donald Davidson Michael Dummett David Malet Armstrong David Lewis Alvin Plantinga Peter van Inwagen Derek Parfit more ... Theories Abstract object theory Action theory Anti-realism Determinism Dualism Enactivism Essentialism Existentialism Free will Idealism Libertarianism Liberty Materialism Meaning of life Monism Naturalism Nihilism Phenomenalism Realism Physicalism Pirsig 's metaphysics of Quality Platonic idealism Relativism Scientific realism Solipsism Subjectivism Substance theory Type theory Concepts Abstract object Anima mundi Being Category of being Causality Choice Cogito ergo sum Concept Embodied cognition Entity Essence Existence Experience Hypostatic abstraction Idea Identity Identity and change Information Insight Intelligence Intention Linguistic modality Matter Meaning Memetics Mental representation Mind Motion Necessity Notion Object Pattern Perception Physical body Principle Property Qualia Quality Reality Soul Subject Substantial form Thought Time Truth Type -- token distinction Universal Unobservable Value more ... 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Related topics Metaphysics Philosophy of artificial intelligence / information / perception / self Portal Category Philosophers category Project Task Force Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abstract_and_concrete&oldid=802742417 '' Categories : Abstraction Ontology Concepts Concepts in metaphysics Abstract object theory Concepts in the philosophy of language Hidden categories : Articles containing German - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Français Edit links This page was last edited on 28 September 2017 , at 04 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which shows these items in order from abstract to concrete	[]	[]
6038465773138149879	In the Garden (1912 song)	In the Garden ( 1912 song ) - wikipedia In the Garden ( 1912 song ) Jump to : navigation , search For the Van Morrison song , see In the Garden ( Van Morrison song ) . `` In the Garden '' ( sometimes rendered by its first line `` I Come to the Garden Alone '' ) is a gospel song written by American songwriter C. Austin Miles ( 1868 -- 1946 ) , a former pharmacist who served as editor and manager at Hall - Mack publishers for 37 years . According to Miles ' great - granddaughter , the song was written `` in a cold , dreary and leaky basement in Pitman , New Jersey that did n't even have a window in it let alone a view of a garden . '' The song was first published in 1912 and popularized during the Billy Sunday evangelistic campaigns of the early twentieth century by two members of his staff , Homer Rodeheaver and Virginia Asher . Roy Rogers and Dale Evans recorded the song with vocal quartet and orchestra on March 3 , 1950 . Tennessee Ernie Ford performed the song on his 1956 platinum album Hymns . A June 18 , 1958 recording by Perry Como was part of his album When You Come to the End of the Day . Rosemary Clooney included it on her 1959 MGM Records album Hymns from the Heart . It is also used in juxtaposition to `` Blue Tail Fly '' near the beginning of the Merchant Ivory film The Ballad of the Sad Cafe . The book of poetry Tea by D.A. Powell also refers to the song . Doris Day recorded the song on her 1962 album You 'll Never Walk Alone . Elvis Presley recorded the song on his gospel album How Great Thou Art ( 1967 ) . Willie Nelson recorded the song on his 1976 gospel album The Troublemaker . Glen Campbell recorded the song on his 1989 gospel album Favorite Hymns . The gospel song is sung in the closing scene of the film Places in the Heart ( 1984 ) and by Ronee Blakley in the Robert Altman film Nashville ( 1975 ) . The song is included on Johnny Cash 's 5 - CD box set Cash Unearthed , released posthumously in November , 2003 , and featured on disc 4 , My Mother 's Hymn Book . This collection of gospel songs was released as a stand - alone disc six months later . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Note about Miles Jump up ^ It was released by RCA Victor Records as catalog number 21 - 0344 ( in USA ) and by EMI on the His Master 's Voice label as catalog numbers IP 875 and JDF 393 . Jump up ^ RCA Victor Records catalog number LSP - 1885 . Jump up ^ Columbia Records catalog number KC 34112 . Jump up ^ American Recordings catalog number B0001679 - 02 . External links ( edit ) Song lyric In the Garden from HymnTime.com Sheet music and MIDI Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In_the_Garden_(1912_song)&oldid=772497236 '' Categories : American Christian hymns 1912 songs Glen Campbell songs Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 Talk About Wikipedia Norsk Norsk nynorsk Edit links This page was last edited on 27 March 2017 , at 17 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wrote i come to the garden alone hymn	[ "\"In the Garden\" (sometimes rendered by its first line \"I Come to the Garden Alone\"[citation needed]) is a gospel song written by American songwriter C. Austin Miles (1868–1946), a former pharmacist who served as editor and manager at Hall-Mack publishers for 37 years. According to Miles' great-granddaughter, the song was written \"in a cold, dreary and leaky basement in Pitman, New Jersey that didn't even have a window in it let alone a view of a garden.\"[1] The song was first published in 1912 and popularized during the Billy Sunday evangelistic campaigns of the early twentieth century by two members of his staff, Homer Rodeheaver and Virginia Asher." ]	[ "American songwriter C. Austin Miles" ]
5608590398263981827	Endocrine gland	Endocrine gland - wikipedia Endocrine gland Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Endocrine glands The major endocrine glands : 1 Pineal gland 2 Pituitary gland 3 Thyroid gland 4 Thymus 5 Adrenal gland 6 Pancreas 7 Ovary ( female ) 8 Testis ( male ) Details System Endocrine system Identifiers Latin glandulae endocrinae MeSH D004702 Code TH H2. 00.02. 0.03072 TA A11. 0.00. 000 TH H2. 00.02. 0.03072 FMA 9602 71653 , 9602 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) Endocrine glands are glands of the endocrine system that secrete their products , hormones , directly into the blood rather than through a duct . The major glands of the endocrine system include the pineal gland , pituitary gland , pancreas , ovaries , testes , thyroid gland , parathyroid gland , hypothalamus and adrenal glands . The hypothalamus and pituitary gland are neuroendocrine organs . Contents ( hide ) 1 Major endocrine organs 1.1 Pituitary gland 1.2 Thyroid gland 1.3 Parathyroid glands 1.4 Adrenal glands 1.5 Pancreas 1.6 Gonads 1.7 Pineal gland 1.8 Other hormone - producing structures 2 Development 3 Function 3.1 Hormones 3.2 Control 4 Clinical significance 4.1 Disease 5 References Major endocrine organs ( edit ) Further information : List of human endocrine organs and actions Pituitary gland ( edit ) Endocrine glands in the human head and neck and their hormones Main article : Pituitary gland The pituitary gland hangs from the base of the brain by a stalk and is enclosed by bone . It consists of a hormone - producing glandular portion ( anterior pituitary ) and a neural portion ( posterior pituitary ) , which is an extension of the hypothalamus . The hypothalamus regulates the hormonal output of the anterior pituitary and creates two hormones that it exports to the posterior pituitary for storage and later release . Four of the six anterior pituitary hormones are tropic hormones that regulate the function of other endocrine organs . Most anterior pituitary hormones exhibit a diurnal rhythm of release , which is subject to modification by stimuli influencing the hypothalamus . Somatotropic hormone or Growth hormone ( GH ) is an anabolic hormone that stimulates growth of all body tissues but especially skeletal muscle and bone . It may act directly , or indirectly via insulin - like growth factors ( IGFs ) . GH mobilizes fats , stimulates protein synthesis , and inhibits glucose uptake and metabolism . Secretion is regulated by growth hormone releasing hormone ( GHRH ) and growth hormone inhibiting hormone ( GHIH ) , or somatostatin . Hypersecretion causes gigantism in children and acromegaly in adults ; hyposecretion in children causes pituitary dwarfism . Thyroid - stimulating hormone ( TSH ) promotes normal development and activity of the thyroid gland . Thyrotropin - releasing hormone ( TRH ) stimulates its release ; negative feedback of thyroid hormone inhibits it . Adrenocorticotropic hormone ( ACTH ) stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids . ACTH release is triggered by corticotropin - releasing hormone ( CRH ) and inhibited by rising glucocorticoid levels . The gonadotropins -- follicle - stimulating hormone ( FSH ) and luteinizing hormone ( LH ) regulate the functions of the gonads in both sexes . FSH stimulates sex cell production ; LH stimulates gonadal hormone production . Gonadotropin levels rise in response to gonadotropin - releasing hormone ( GnRH ) . Negative feedback of gonadal hormones inhibits gonadotropin release . Prolactin ( PRL ) promotes milk production in human females . Its secretion is prompted by prolactin - releasing hormone ( PRH ) and inhibited by prolactin - inhibiting hormone ( PIH ) . The neurohypophysis stores and releases two hypothalamic hormones : Oxytocin stimulates powerful uterine contractions , which trigger labor and delivery of an infant , and milk ejection in nursing women . Its release is mediated reflexively by the hypothalamus and represents a positive feedback mechanism . Antidiuretic hormone ( ADH ) stimulates the kidney tubules to reabsorb and conserve water , resulting in small volumes of highly concentrated urine and decreased plasma osmolarity . ADH is released in response to high solute concentrations in the blood and inhibited by low solute concentrations in the blood . Hyposecretion results in diabetes insipidus . Thyroid gland ( edit ) Main article : Thyroid The thyroid gland is located at the front of the neck , in front of the thyroid cartilage , and is shaped like a butterfly , with two wings connected by a central isthmus . Thyroid tissue consists of follicles with stored protein called colloid , containing thyroglobulin , a precursor to other thyroid hormones , which are manufactured within the colloid . The thyroid hormones increase the rate of cellular metabolism , and include thyroxine ( T4 ) and triiodothyronine ( T3 ) . Secretion is stimulated by the hormone TSH , secreted by the anterior pituitary . When thyroid levels are high , there is negative feedback that decreases the amount of TSH secreted . Most T4 is converted to T3 ( a more active form ) in the target tissues . Calcitonin , produced by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland in response to rising blood calcium levels , depresses blood calcium levels by inhibiting bone matrix resorption and enhancing calcium deposit in bone . Parathyroid glands ( edit ) Main article : Parathyroid gland The parathyroid glands , of which there are 4 - 6 , are found on the back of the thyroid glands , and secrete parathyroid hormone ( PTH ) , which causes an increase in blood calcium levels by targeting bone , the intestine , and the kidneys . PTH is the antagonist of calcitonin . PTH release is triggered by falling blood calcium levels and is inhibited by rising blood calcium levels . Adrenal glands ( edit ) Main article : Adrenal gland The adrenal glands are located above the kidneys in humans and in front of the kidneys in other animals . The adrenal glands produce a variety of hormones including adrenaline and the steroids aldosterone and cortisol . It controls the behaviour during crisis and emotional situations . It stimulates the heart and its conducting tissues and metabolic processes . Pancreas ( edit ) Main article : Pancreas The pancreas , located in the abdomen below and behind to the stomach , is both an exocrine and an endocrine gland . The alpha and beta cells are the endocrine cells in the pancreatic islets that release insulin and glucagon and smaller amounts of other hormones into the blood . Insulin and glucagon influence blood sugar levels . Glucagon is released when blood glucose level is low , and stimulates the liver to release glucose into the blood . Insulin increases the rate of glucose uptake and metabolism by most body cells . Somatostatin is released by Delta cells and act as an Inhibitor of GH , Insulin and Glucagon . Gonads ( edit ) Main article : Gonad The ovaries of the female , located in the pelvic cavity , release two main hormones . Secretion of estrogens by the ovarian follicles begins at puberty under the influence of FSH . Estrogens stimulate maturation of the female reproductive system and development of the secondary sexual characteristics . Progesterone is released in response to high blood levels of LH . It works with estrogens in establishing the menstrual cycle . The testes of the male begin to produce testosterone at puberty in response to LH . Testosterone promotes maturation of the male reproductive organs , development of secondary sex characteristics , and production of sperm by the testes . Pineal gland ( edit ) Main article : Pineal gland The pineal gland is located in the diencephalon of the brain . It primarily releases melatonin , which influences daily rhythms and may have an antigonadotropic effect in humans . It may also influence the melanotropes and melanocytes located in the skin . Other hormone - producing structures ( edit ) Many body organs not normally considered endocrine organs contain isolated cell clusters that secrete hormones . Examples include the heart ( atrial natriuretic peptide ) ; gastrointestinal tract organs ( gastrin , secretin , and others ) ; the placenta ( hormones of pregnancy -- estrogen , progesterone , and others ) ; the kidneys ( erythropoietin and renin ) ; the thymus ; skin ( cholecalciferol ) ; and adipose tissue ( leptin and resistin ) . Development ( edit ) Main article : Development of the endocrine system Endocrine glands derive from all three germ layers . The natural decrease in function of the female 's ovaries during late middle age results in menopause . The efficiency of all endocrine glands seems to decrease gradually as aging occurs . This leads to a generalized increase in the incidence of diabetes mellitus and a lower metabolic rate . Function ( edit ) Hormones ( edit ) Main article : Hormone Local chemical messengers , not generally considered part of the endocrine system , include autocrines , which act on the cells that secrete them , and paracrines , which act on a different cell type nearby . The ability of a target cell to respond to a hormone depends on the presence of receptors , within the cell or on its plasma membrane , to which the hormone can bind . Hormone receptors are dynamic structures . Changes in number and sensitivity of hormone receptors may occur in response to high or low levels of stimulating hormones . Blood levels of hormones reflect a balance between secretion and degradation / excretion . The liver and kidneys are the major organs that degrade hormones ; breakdown products are excreted in urine and feces . Hormone half - life and duration of activity are limited and vary from hormone to hormone . Interaction of hormones at target cells Permissiveness is the situation in which a hormone can not exert its full effects without the presence of another hormone . Synergism occurs when two or more hormones produce the same effects in a target cell and their results are amplified . Antagonism occurs when a hormone opposes or reverses the effect of another hormone . Control ( edit ) Main article : Endocrine system The endocrine glands belong to the body 's control system . The hormones which they produce help to regulate the functions of cells and tissues throughout the body . Endocrine organs are activated to release their hormones by humoral , neural or hormonal stimuli . Negative feedback is important in regulating hormone levels in the blood . The nervous system , acting through hypothalamic controls , can in certain cases override or modulate hormonal effects . Clinical significance ( edit ) Disease ( edit ) Disability - adjusted life year for endocrine disorders per 100,000 inhabitants in 2002 . no data less than 80 80 -- 160 160 -- 240 240 -- 320 320 -- 400 400 -- 480 480 -- 560 560 -- 640 640 -- 720 720 -- 800 800 -- 1000 more than 1000 Main article : Endocrine diseases Diseases of the endocrine glands are common , including conditions such as diabetes mellitus , thyroid disease , and obesity . Endocrine disease is characterized by irregulated hormone release ( a productive pituitary adenoma ) , inappropriate response to signaling ( hypothyroidism ) , lack of a gland ( diabetes mellitus type 1 , diminished erythropoiesis in chronic renal failure ) , or structural enlargement in a critical site such as the thyroid ( toxic multinodular goitre ) . Hypofunction of endocrine glands can occur as a result of loss of reserve , hyposecretion , agenesis , atrophy , or active destruction . Hyperfunction can occur as a result of hypersecretion , loss of suppression , hyperplastic or neoplastic change , or hyperstimulation . Endocrinopathies are classified as primary , secondary , or tertiary . Primary endocrine disease inhibits the action of downstream glands . Secondary endocrine disease is indicative of a problem with the pituitary gland . Tertiary endocrine disease is associated with dysfunction of the hypothalamus and its releasing hormones . As the thyroid , and hormones have been implicated in signaling distant tissues to proliferate , for example , the estrogen receptor has been shown to be involved in certain breast cancers . Endocrine , paracrine , and autocrine signaling have all been implicated in proliferation , one of the required steps of oncogenesis . Other common diseases that result from endocrine dysfunction include Addison 's disease , Cushing 's disease and Grave 's disease . Cushing 's disease and Addison 's disease are pathologies involving the dysfunction of the adrenal gland . Dysfunction in the adrenal gland could be due to primary or secondary factors and can result in hypercortisolism or hypocortisolism . Cushing 's disease is characterized by the hypersecretion of the adrenocorticotropic hormone ( ACTH ) due to a pituitary adenoma that ultimately causes endogenous hypercortisolism by stimulating the adrenal glands . Some clinical signs of Cushing 's disease include obesity , moon face , and hirsutism . Addison 's disease is an endocrine disease that results from hypocortisolism caused by adrenal gland insufficiency . Adrenal insufficiency is significant because it is correlated with decreased ability to maintain blood pressure and blood sugar , a defect that can prove to be fatal . Graves ' disease involves the hyperactivity of the thyroid gland which produces the T3 and T4 hormones . Graves ' disease effects range from excess sweating , fatigue , heat intolerance and high blood pressure to swelling of the eyes that causes redness , puffiness and in rare cases reduced or double vision . Graves ' disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism ; hyposecretion causes cretinism in infants and myxoedema in adults . Hyperparathyroidism results in hypercalcaemia and its effects and in extreme bone wasting . Hypoparathyroidism leads to hypocalcaemia , evidenced by tetany seizure and respiratory paralysis . Hyposecretion of insulin results in diabetes mellitus ; cardinal signs are polyuria , polydipsia , and polyphagia . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Endocrinology : Tissue Histology . University of Nebraska at Omaha . Jump up ^ `` Adrenal gland '' . Medline Plus / Merriam - Webster Dictionary . Retrieved 11 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mortality and Burden of Disease Estimates for WHO Member States in 2002 '' ( xls ) . World Health Organization . 2002 . Jump up ^ Kasper ( 2005 ) . Harrison 's Principles of Internal Medicine . McGraw Hill . p. 2074 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 139140 - 1 . Jump up ^ Bhowmick NA , Chytil A , Plieth D , Gorska AE , Dumont N , Shappell S , Washington MK , Neilson EG , Moses HL ( 2004 ) . `` TGF - beta signaling in fibroblasts modulates the oncogenic potential of adjacent epithelia '' . Science . 303 ( 5659 ) : 848 -- 51 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1090922 . PMID 14764882 . Jump up ^ Buliman A , Tataranu LG , Paun DL , Mirica A , Dumitrache C ( 2016 ) . `` Cushing 's disease : a multidisciplinary overview of the clinical features , diagnosis , and treatment '' . Journal of Medicine & Life . 9 ( 1 ) : 12 -- 18 . ^ Jump up to : Vander , Arthur ( 2008 ) . Vander 's Human Physiology : the mechanisms of body function . Boston : McGraw - Hill Higher Education . pp. 345 - 347 Jump up ^ Inder , Warrick J. ; Meyer , Caroline ; Hunt , Penny J. ( 2015 - 06 - 01 ) . `` Management of hypertension and heart failure in patients with Addison 's disease '' . Clinical Endocrinology. 82 ( 6 ) : 789 -- 792 . doi : 10.1111 / cen. 12592 . ISSN 1365 - 2265 . ( hide ) Anatomy of the endocrine system Pituitary gland Anterior Pars intermedia Pars tuberalis Pars distalis Acidophil cell Somatotropic cell Prolactin cell Somatomammotrophic cell Basophil cell Corticotropic cell Gonadotropic cell Thyrotropic cell Chromophobe cell Posterior Pars nervosa Median eminence Stalk Pituicyte Herring bodies Thyroid Follicular cell Parafollicular cell Parathyroid gland Chief cell Oxyphil cell Adrenal gland Cortex Zona glomerulosa Zona fasciculata Zona reticularis Medulla Chromaffin cell Gonads Testicle Leydig cell Sertoli cell Ovary Theca interna Granulosa cell Corpus luteum Islets of pancreas Alpha cell Beta cell PP cell Delta cell Epsilon cell Pineal gland Pinealocyte Corpora arenacea Other Enteroendocrine cell Paraganglia Organ of Zuckerkandl Placenta Development List of human endocrine organs and actions Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Endocrine_gland&oldid=825332225 '' Categories : Endocrine system Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2010 All articles needing additional references Anatomy infobox template using code All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Català Cymraeg Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Kurdî Latviešu Lietuvių Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Basa Sunda Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 February 2018 , at 20 : 15 . 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2671980076972949331	Alfonso XIII of Spain	Alfonso XIII of Spain - wikipedia Alfonso XIII of Spain Jump to : navigation , search Alfonso XIII King of Spain ( more ... ) Reign 17 May 1886 -- 14 April 1931 Enthronement 17 May 1902 ( full age ) Predecessor Alfonso XII Successor Niceto Alcalá - Zamora as President of the Republic Juan Carlos I as King of Spain Regent Maria Christina of Austria ( 1886 -- 1902 ) Prime Ministers See list ( show ) 1886 -- 1902 : Práxedes Mateo Sagasta Antonio Cánovas del Castillo Marcelo Azcárraga Palmero Francisco Silvela y de le Vielleuze 1902 -- 1931 : Francisco Silvela y de le Vielleuze Raimundo Fernández Villaverde Antonio Maura y Montaner Marcelo Azcárraga Palmero Eugenio Montero Ríos Segismundo Moret y Prendergast José López Domínguez El Marqués de la Vega de Armijo José Canalejas y Méndez El Marqués de Alhucemas El Conde de Romanones Eduardo Dato e Iradier Joaquín Sánchez de Toca Calvo Manuel Allendesalazar El Conde de Bugallal José Sánchez - Guerra y Martínez El Marqués de Estella Dámaso Berenguer Juan Bautista Aznar - Cabañas ( 1886 - 05 - 17 ) 17 May 1886 Madrid , Kingdom of Spain 28 February 1941 ( 1941 - 02 - 28 ) ( aged 54 ) Rome , Kingdom of Italy Burial 3 March 1941 Church of Santa Maria in Monserrato degli Spagnoli , Rome , Italy 18 January 1980 El Escorial Spouse Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg ( m . 1906 -- 41 ; his death ) Issue more issue ... Alfonso , Prince of Asturias Jaime , Duke of Segovia and Anjou Beatriz , Princess of Civitella - Cesi Infante Fernando María Cristina , Countess Marone Juan , Count of Barcelona Infante Gonzalo Full name Alfonso León Fernando María Jaime Isidro Pascual Antonio de Borbón y Austria - Lorena House Bourbon Father Alfonso XII of Spain Mother Maria Christina of Austria Religion Roman Catholicism Signature Alfonso XIII ( Spanish : Alfonso León Fernando María Jaime Isidro Pascual Antonio de Borbón y Habsburgo - Lorena ; 17 May 1886 -- 28 February 1941 ) was King of Spain from 1886 until the proclamation of the Second Republic in 1931 . Alfonso was monarch from birth as his father , Alfonso XII , had died the previous year . Alfonso 's mother , Maria Christina of Austria , served as regent until he assumed full powers on his sixteenth birthday in 1902 . During Alfonso 's reign Spain experienced four major problems that contributed to the end of the liberal monarchy : the lack of real political representation of broad social groups , the poor situation of the popular classes , especially peasants , problems arising from the Rif War and Catalan nationalism . This political and social turbulence that began with the Spanish -- American War prevented the turnaround parties from establishing a true liberal democracy , which led to the establishment of the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera . With the political failure of the dictatorship , Alfonso impelled a return to the democratic normality with the intention of regenerating the regime . Nevertheless , it was abandoned by all political classes , as they felt betrayed by the king 's support of the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera . He left Spain voluntarily after the municipal elections of April 1931 , which were taken as a plebiscite between monarchy or republic . In exile , he retained his claim to the defunct throne until 1941 , when he renounced his claim in favour of his third son Juan ( whose eldest son , Juan Carlos , did eventually become king when the monarchy was restored ) and died six weeks later . Buried in Rome , his remains were not transferred until 1980 to the Pantheon of the Kings in the monastery of El Escorial . Contents ( hide ) 1 Reign 1.1 Birth and regency 1.2 Engagement and marriage 1.3 World War I 1.4 Rif War and the Marquess of Estella 1.5 Downfall and Second Republic 2 Exile 2.1 Civil War 2.2 Renunciation of claims to the throne and death 3 Legacy 4 Marriage and children 5 Illegitimate issue 6 Heraldry 7 Honours 7.1 Spanish honours 7.2 Foreign honours 8 Ancestry 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Reign This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Birth and regency Alfonso XIII and his mother , María Cristina ( who served as regent until 1902 ) . Painted by Luis Álvarez Catalá , 1898 . As he was born king , early coins from Alfonso 's reign , such as this 20 pesetas from 1889 , featured his portrait as a baby . Alfonso was born in Madrid on 17 May 1886 . He was the posthumous son of Alfonso XII of Spain , who had died in November 1885 , and became King of Spain upon his birth . Just after he was born , he was carried naked to the Spanish prime minister on a silver tray . Five days later he was carried in a solemn court procession with a golden fleece round his neck and was baptized with water specially brought from the River Jordan in Palestine . The French newspaper Le Figaro described the young king in 1889 as `` the happiest and best - loved of all the rulers of the earth '' . His mother , Maria Christina of Austria , served as his regent until his 16th birthday . During the regency , in 1898 , Spain lost its colonial rule over Cuba , Puerto Rico , Guam and the Philippines to the United States as a result of the Spanish -- American War . When he came of age in May 1902 , the week of his majority was marked by festivities , bullfights , balls and receptions throughout Spain . He took his oath to the constitution before members of the Cortes on 17 May . Engagement and marriage The nine sovereigns at Windsor for the funeral of King Edward VII , photographed on 20 May 1910 . Standing , from left to right : King Haakon VII of Norway , Tsar Ferdinand of the Bulgarians , King Manuel II of Portugal and the Algarve , Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany and Prussia , King George I of the Hellenes and King Albert I of the Belgians . Seated , from left to right : King Alfonso XIII of Spain , King George V of the United Kingdom and King Frederick VIII of Denmark . By 1905 , Alfonso was looking for a suitable consort . On a state visit to the United Kingdom , he stayed at Buckingham Palace with King Edward VII . There he met Princess Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg , the Scottish - born daughter of Edward 's youngest sister Princess Beatrice , and a granddaughter of Queen Victoria . He found her attractive , and she returned his interest . There were obstacles to the marriage . Victoria was a Protestant , and would have to become a Catholic . Victoria 's brother Leopold was a haemophiliac , so there was a 50 percent chance that Victoria was a carrier of the trait . Finally , Alfonso 's mother Maria Christina wanted him to marry a member of her family , the House of Habsburg - Lorraine or some other Catholic princess , as she considered the Battenbergs to be non-dynastic . Victoria was willing to change her religion , and her being a haemophilia carrier was only a possibility . Maria Christina was eventually persuaded to drop her opposition . In January 1906 she wrote an official letter to Princess Beatrice proposing the match . Victoria met Maria Christina and Alfonso in Biarritz , France , later that month , and converted to Catholicism in San Sebastián in March . Photograph taken moments after the assassination attempt on Alfonso and Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg on their wedding day . In May , diplomats of both kingdoms officially executed the agreement of marriage . Alfonso and Victoria were married at the Royal Monastery of San Jerónimo in Madrid on 31 May 1906 , with British royalty in attendance , including Victoria 's cousins the Prince and Princess of Wales ( later King George V and Queen Mary ) . The wedding was marked by an assassination attempt on Alfonso and Victoria by Catalan anarchist Mateu Morral . As the wedding procession returned to the palace , he threw a bomb from a window which killed or injured several bystanders and members of the procession . On 10 May 1907 , the couple 's first child , Alfonso , Prince of Asturias , was born . However , Victoria was in fact a haemophilia carrier , and Alfonso inherited the condition . Neither of the two daughters born to the King and Queen were haemophilia carriers , but another of their sons , Gonzalo ( 1914 -- 1934 ) , had the condition . Alfonso distanced himself from his Queen for transmitting the condition to their sons . From 1914 on , he had several mistresses , and fathered five illegitimate children . A sixth illegitimate child had been born before his marriage . World War I During World War I , because of his family connections with both sides and the division of popular opinion , Spain remained neutral . The King established an office for assistance to prisoners of war on all sides . This office used the Spanish diplomatic and military network abroad to intercede for thousands of POWs -- transmitting and receiving letters for them , and other services . The office was located in the Royal Palace . Alfonso became gravely ill during the 1918 flu pandemic . Spain was neutral and thus under no wartime censorship restrictions , so his illness and subsequent recovery were reported to the world , while flu outbreaks in the belligerent countries were concealed . This gave the misleading impression that Spain was the most - affected area and led to the pandemic being dubbed `` the Spanish Flu . '' Rif War and the Marquess of Estella Alfonso ( left ) in 1930 with his dictatorial Prime Minister , The Marquess of Estella . Following World War I , Spain entered the lengthy yet victorious Rif War ( 1920 -- 1926 ) to preserve its colonial rule over northern Morocco . Critics of the monarchy thought the war was an unforgivable loss of money and lives , and nicknamed Alfonso el Africano ( `` the African '' ) . Alfonso had not acted as a strict constitutional monarch , and supported the Africanists who wanted to conquer for Spain a new empire in Africa to compensate for the lost empire in the Americas and Asia . The Rif War had starkly polarized Spanish society between the Africanists who wanted to conquer an empire in Africa vs. the abandonistas who wanted to abandon Morocco as not worth the blood and treasure . Alfonso liked to play favourites with his generals , and one of his most favored generals was Manuel Fernández Silvestre . In 1921 , when Silvestre advanced up into the Rif mountains of Morocco , Alfonso sent him a telegram whose first line read `` Hurrah for real men ! '' , urging Silvestre not to retreat at a time when Silvestre was experiencing major difficulties . Silvestre stayed the course , leading his men into the Battle of Annual , one of Spain 's worst defeats . Alfonso , who was on holiday in the south of France at the time , was informed of the `` Disaster of the Annual '' while he was playing golf . Reportedly , Alfonso 's response to the news was to shrug his shoulders and say `` Chicken meat is cheap '' , before resuming his game of golf . Alfonso remained in France and did not return to Spain to comfort the families of the soldiers lost at the `` Disaster of the Annual '' , which many people at the time saw as a callous and cold act , a sign that the King could n't care less about the lives of his soldiers . In 1922 , the Cortes started an investigation into the responsibility for the Annual disaster and soon discovered evidence that the King had been one of the main supporters of Silvestre 's advance into the Rif mountains . After the `` Disaster of the Annual '' , Spain 's war in the Rif went from bad to worse , and as the Spanish were barely hanging onto Morocco , support for the abandonistas grew as many people could see no point to the war . In August 1923 , Spanish soldiers embarking for Morocco mutinied , other soldiers in Malaga simply refused to board the ships that were to take them to Morocco , while in Barcelona huge crowds of left - wingers had staged anti-war protests at which Spanish flags were burned while the flag of the Rif Republic was waved about . With the Africanists comprising only a minority , it was clear that it was only a matter of time before the abandonistas forced the Spanish to give up on the Rif , which was part of the reason for the military coup d'état later in 1923 . On September 13 , 1923 , General Miguel Primo de Rivera , 2nd Marquess of Estella , seized power in a military coup . He ruled as a dictator with Alfonso 's support until 1930 . It is believed that one of Alfonso 's main reasons for supporting the coup was his desire to suppress the publication of the damning Cortes report into the Annual disaster . The poetic Generation of ' 27 and Catalan and Basque nationalism grew in this era Downfall and Second Republic Postage stamps featuring Alfonso XIII , such as this 1930 issue , were overprinted when the Second Spanish Republic was declared in 1931 . In January 1930 , due to economic problems and general unpopularity , the 2nd Marquess of Estella resigned as Prime Minister . Alfonso , as the Marquess 's ally , shared the popular dislike . The King had so closely associated with the Primo de Rivera dictatorship that it was difficult for him to distance himself from the regime he had supported for almost 7 years . In April 1931 , General José Sanjurjo told him even the army was not loyal . On 12 April , the republican parties won a landslide victory in municipal elections . The municipal elections were fought as a virtual referendum on the future of the monarchy . On 14 April , he fled the country as the Second Spanish Republic was proclaimed , but did not formally abdicate . He settled eventually in Rome . By a law of 26 November 1931 , Alfonso was accused by the Cortes of high treason . This law would later be repealed by a new law dated 15 December 1938 , signed by Francisco Franco . Exile In 1933 , his two eldest sons , Alfonso and Jaime , renounced their claims to the throne , and in 1934 his youngest son Gonzalo died . This left his third son Juan , Count of Barcelona his only male heir . Juan later was the father of Juan Carlos I . Civil War When the Army rose up against the democratically elected Republican Government , war broke out , Alfonso made it clear he favoured the `` Nationalist '' military rebels against the Republic . But in September 1936 the Nationalist leader , General Francisco Franco , declared that the Nationalists would not restore Alfonso as king . ( The Nationalist army included many Carlist supporters of a rival pretender . ) Nevertheless , he sent his son Juan to Spain in 1936 , to participate in the uprising . However , General Mola had Juan arrested near the French border and expelled from the country . On 29 September 1936 , upon the death of Infante Alfonso Carlos , Duke of San Jaime ( the Carlist pretender ) , Alfonso also became the senior heir of Hugh Capet and so was hailed by some French legitimists as King Alphonse I of France and Navarre . Renunciation of claims to the throne and death On 15 January 1941 , Alfonso XIII abdicated his rights to the defunct Spanish throne in favour of Juan . He died in Rome on 28 February of that year . In Spain , the dictator Franco ordered three days of national mourning . His funeral was held in Rome in the Church of Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri . Alfonso was buried in the Church of Santa Maria in Monserrato degli Spagnoli , the Spanish national church in Rome , immediately below the tombs of Pope Callixtus III and Pope Alexander VI . In January 1980 his remains were transferred to El Escorial in Spain . Legacy Madrid 's Hotel Palace was built on Alfonso 's wishes in 1912 . Alfonso was a promoter of tourism in Spain . The need for the lodging of his wedding guests prompted the construction of the luxury Hotel Palace in Madrid . He also supported the creation of a network of state - run lodges ( Parador ) in historic buildings of Spain . His fondness for the sport of football led to the patronage of several `` Royal '' ( `` Real '' in Spanish ) football clubs , the first being Real Club Deportivo de La Coruña in 1907 . Selected others include Real Madrid , Real Sociedad , Real Betis , Real Unión , Espanyol and Real Zaragoza . An avenue in the northern Madrid neighbourhood of Chamartín , Avenida de Alfonso XIII , is named after him . A plaza or town center in Iloilo City , Philippines ( now Plaza Libertad ) was named in his honour called Plaza Alfonso XIII . A street in Merthyr Tydfil , in Wales , was built especially to house Spanish immigrants in the mining industry and named Alphonso Street after Alfonso XIII . Alfonso XIII appears as `` King Buby '' in Luis Coloma 's story of Ratoncito Pérez ( 1894 ) , which was written for the King when he was 8 years old . The story of Ratoncito Pérez has been adapted into further literary works and movies since then , with the character of Alfonso XIII appearing in some . Alfonso XIII is also mentioned on the plaque to Ratoncito Pérez on the second floor of `` la calle del Arenal '' . Marriage and children Main article : Descendants of Alfonso XIII of Spain On 31 May 1906 , Alfonso married Scottish - born Princess Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg ( 1887 -- 1969 ) . Only entitled to the style of Serene Highness by birth , Ena , as she was known , was granted the higher honorific of Royal Highness one month before her wedding . Alfonso and Ena had six surviving children : Name Birth Death Marriage Their children Date Spouse Alfonso , Prince of Asturias 10 May 1907 6 September 1938 21 June 1933 Divorced 8 May 1937 Edelmira Sampedro y Robato 3 July 1937 Divorced 8 January 1938 Marta Esther Rocafort - Altuzarra Infante Jaime , Duke of Segovia 23 June 1908 20 March 1975 4 March 1935 Divorced 6 May 1947 Emmanuelle de Dampierre Alfonso , Duke of Anjou and Cádiz Gonzalo , Duke of Aquitaine 3 August 1949 Charlotte Luise Auguste Tiedemann Infanta Beatriz 22 June 1909 22 November 2002 14 January 1935 Alessandro Torlonia , 5th Prince of Civitella - Cesi Doña Sandra Marco Torlonia , 6th Prince of Civitella - Cesi Don Marino Doña Olimpia Infante Fernando stillborn , 1910 1910 Infanta Maria Cristina 12 December 1911 23 December 1996 Enrico Eugenio Marone - Cinzano , 1st Conte Marone - Cinzano Infante Juan , Count of Barcelona heir - apparent to the throne 1941 -- 1969 , Count of Barcelona . 20 June 1913 1 April 1993 Princess María Mercedes of Bourbon - Two Sicilies Infanta Pilar , Duchess of Badajoz Juan Carlos I of Spain Infanta Margarita , Duchess of Soria and Hernani Infante Alfonso Infante Gonzalo 24 October 1914 13 August 1934 , a haemophiliac , like his elder brother Alfonso . He died due to bleeding from injuries suffered in a car crash . Illegitimate issue Alfonso also had six known illegitimate children : By French aristocrat Mélanie de Gaufridy de Dortan ( 1876 -- 1937 ) , married to Philippe de Vilmorin , he had Roger Marie Vincent Philippe Lévêque de Vilmorin ( 12 September 1905 -- 20 July 1980 ) By Pauline of Saint Glen , he had Charles Maxime Victor of Saint Glen ( 3 July 1914 -- 20 May 1934 ) . By Béatrice Noon , he had Juana Alfonsa Milán y Quiñones de León ( 19 April 1916 -- 16 May 2005 ) By Spanish actress María del Carmen Ruiz y Moragas ( 1898 -- 1936 ) : Ana María Teresa Ruiz y Moragas ( 9 October 1925 -- 6 September 1965 ) Leandro Alfonso Luis Ruiz y Moragas ( 26 April 1929 -- 18 June 2016 ) , officially recognized by Spanish Courts on 21 May 2003 as Leandro Alfonso Luis de Borbón y Ruiz Moragas By Marie Sousa , he had Alonso of Borbon Sousa ( 28 December 1930 -- 30 April 1934 ) . Heraldry Heraldry of Alfonso XIII of Spain Coat of arms of Alfonso XIII ( 1886 -- 1931 ) Coat of arms of Alfonso XIII ( 1931 ) Coat of arms of Alfonso XIII with royal supporters ( 1931 ) Royal Monogram Honours Spanish honours 1,072 nd Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece in Spain in 1886 Maestranza de caballería ( Royal Cavalry Armory ) de Ronda , Sevilla , Granada , Valencia y Zaragoza Order of Charles III Order of Santiago Order of Calatrava Order of Alcántara Order of Montesa Foreign honours 315th Grand Cross of the Order of the Tower and Sword -- 1900 815th Knight of the Order of the Garter -- 16 May 1902 -- King Edward VII _́ s brother , the Duke of Connaught attended the festivities marking the King 's enthronement , and invested him as a Knight in a special ceremony on 16 May 1902 . Knight of the Order of the Seraphim -- 16 May 1902 -- King Oscar II of Sweden sent his youngest son , Prince Prince Eugen to represent him at the festivities marking the King 's enthronement , and he invested the King as a Knight in a special ceremony on 16 May 1902 . Persia : Order of the Aqdas -- 16 May 1902 -- The King received the Persian order in a special ceremony during his enthronement festivities . Order of St Andrew -- 1902 -- During his enthronement festivities . Order of the Chrysanthemum -- 1930 -- Emperor Hirohito 's second brother , Prince Takamatsu , travelled to Madrid to confer the Great Collar of the Chrysanthemum on King Alfonso . This honour was intended , in part , to commemorate the diplomatic and trading history which existed long before other Western nations were officially aware of Japan 's existence . Prince Takamatsu travelled with his wife , Princess Takamatsu , to Spain . Her symbolic role in this unique mission to the Spanish Court was intended to emphasize the international links which were forged by her 16th - century ancestor , Ieyasu Tokugawa . In the years before the Tokugawa shogunate , that innovative daimyō from Western Japan had been actively involved in negotiating trade and diplomatic treaties with Spain and with the colonies of New Spain ( Mexico ) and the Philippines ; and it was anticipated that the mere presence of the Princess could serve to underscore the range of possibilities which could be inferred from that little - known history . In the Royal Library of Madrid , there are many books with different emblems and super libros of the king . Ancestry ( show ) Ancestors of Alfonso XIII of Spain 16 . Charles IV of Spain 8 . Infante Francisco de Paula of Spain 17 . Princess Maria Luisa of Parma 4 . Francis , Duke of Cádiz 18 . Francis I of the Two Sicilies 9 . Princess Luisa Carlotta of Naples and Sicily 19 . Infanta María Isabella of Spain 2 . Alfonso XII of Spain 20 . Charles IV of Spain ( = 16 ) 10 . Ferdinand VII of Spain 21 . Princess Maria Luisa of Parma ( = 17 ) 5 . Isabella II of Spain 22 . Francis I of the Two Sicilies ( = 18 ) 11 . Princess Maria Cristina of the Two Sicilies 23 . Infanta María Isabella of Spain ( = 19 ) 1 . Alfonso XIII of Spain 24 . Leopold II , Holy Roman Emperor 12 . Archduke Charles , Duke of Teschen 25 . Infanta Maria Luisa of Spain 6 . Archduke Karl Ferdinand of Austria 26 . Frederick William , Prince of Nassau - Weilburg 13 . Princess Henrietta of Nassau - Weilburg 27 . Burgravine Louise Isabelle of Kirchberg 3 . Archduchess Maria Christina of Austria 28 . Leopold II , Holy Roman Emperor ( = 24 ) 14 . Archduke Joseph , Palatine of Hungary 29 . Infanta Maria Luisa of Spain ( = 25 ) 7 . Archduchess Elisabeth Franziska of Austria 30 . Duke Louis of Württemberg 15 . Duchess Maria Dorothea of Württemberg 31 . Princess Henriette of Nassau - Weilburg See also 1902 Copa de la Coronación References Jump up ^ Magnificent Monarchs ( Fact Attack series ) p. 21 by Ian Locke ; published by Macmillan in 1999 ; ISBN 978 - 0330 - 374965 Jump up ^ `` The Happiest Living Monarch '' , New York Times . 14 August 1889 . Jump up ^ `` Alfonso 's Reign Begins on 17 May ; He Will Take the Oath on That Day -- Festivities to Last a Week , '' New York Times , 29 March 1902 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Wedding # 1 : Princess Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg & King Alfonso XIII of Spain '' . Edwardian Promenade . Retrieved 25 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Reinas Borbones de cuidado '' . elmundo.es . Retrieved 25 June 2015 . Jump up ^ his wife was British , his mother Austrian , amongst other family relationships . Jump up ^ `` '' Royal Knight of Charity `` : King Alfonso XIII of Spain in WWI '' . loc.gov . Retrieved 19 Jan 2018 . Jump up ^ Barry 171 . Jump up ^ `` Rebelion . Prlogo para `` Alfonso XIII : un enemigo del pueblo '' de Pedro L. Angosto `` . rebelion.org . Retrieved 25 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Perry , James Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them , Edison : Castle Books , 2005 page 274 ^ Jump up to : Perry , James Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them , Edison : Castle Books , 2005 page 286 . Jump up ^ Perry , James Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them , Edison : Castle Books , 2005 page 276 Jump up ^ Perry , James Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them , Edison : Castle Books , 2005 page 280 . Jump up ^ Perry , James Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them , Edison : Castle Books , 2005 page 284 . Jump up ^ See : Ley aprobando el acta acusatoria contra D. Alfonso de Borbón Habsurgo - Lorena , dictando sentencia condenatoria en la forma que se inserta . Gaceta de Madrid no . 332 , 28 / 11 / 1931 , p. 1250 Jump up ^ See : Ley concediendo la nacionalidad española a D. Alfonso de Borbón . Boletín Oficial del Estado no . 173 , 20 / 12 / 1938 , p. 3039 . Jump up ^ Paul Preston , History of the Spanish Civil War Jump up ^ `` Mourning in Spain '' , The Times ( 3 March 1941 ) : 3 . Jump up ^ `` Italians to Mourn Death of Alfonso , '' The New York Times . 2 March 1931 . Jump up ^ `` 21 Guns for Dead King 's Homecoming '' , The Times ( 21 January 1980 ) : 4 . Jump up ^ `` Deportivo history -- Football Espana '' . football-espana.net . Retrieved 25 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Plaza Libertad : The face of Ilonggo History '' . Iloilo I LOVE ! . Retrieved 25 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Morris , Jan . The Matter of Wales ( 1986 ed . ) . Penguin Books . p. 339 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 008263 - 8 . Jump up ^ Boletín Oficial del Estado Jump up ^ ( in French ) XII . Roger de Vilmorin , sur Dynastie capétienne , consulté le 09 / 09 / 2013 Jump up ^ ( in French ) Jean - Fred Tourtchine ( préf . Juan Balansó ) , Les manuscrits du C.E.D.R.E. -- dictionnaire historique et généalogique , numéro 6 : Le royaume d'Espagne , vol. 3 , Cercle d'Études des Dynasties Royales Européennes , Paris , 1996 , 213 p . ISSN 0993 - 3964 Jump up ^ Faustino Menéndez Pidal de Navascués ; María del Carmen Iglesias ( 1999 ) . Símbolos de España . ISBN 978 - 84 - 259 - 1074 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Dotor , Santiag . `` Discussion on the 1931 addition of Jerusalem arms '' . Royal Banner of Spain ( 1761 -- 1931 ) . Flags of the World . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Eduardo García - Menacho y Osset ( 2010 ) . Introducción a la Heráldica y Manual de Heráldica Militar Española . Ministerio de Defensa . Subdir . Gral . Publicaciones . pp. 105 -- 107 . ISBN 978 - 84 - 9781 - 559 - 8 . Jump up ^ Ricardo Mateos Sáinz de Medrano ( 2007 ) . La reina María Cristina : madre de Alfonso XIII y regente de España . ISBN 978 - 84 - 9734 - 638 - 2 . Jump up ^ Collier , William Miller . ( 1912 ) . At the Court of His Catholic Majesty , pp. 35 -- 36 ; Order of the Golden Fleece . Jump up ^ Miller , pp. 37 -- 38 ; Orden de Carlos III ( in Spanish ) Archived 24 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Miller , pp. 39 -- 39 ; Order of Santiago Archived 28 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Miller , pp. 39 -- 39 ; Order of Calatrava Archived 10 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Miller , pp. 39 -- 39 ; Order of Alcántara Archived 13 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Miller , pp. 39 -- 39 ; Order of Montesa Archived 13 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... ^ Jump up to : `` The King of Spain _́ s enthronement '' . The Times ( 36770 ) . London . 17 May 1902 . p. 7 . Jump up ^ `` No. 27441 '' . The London Gazette. 10 June 1902 . p. 3749 . Jump up ^ `` Japan to Decorate King Alfonso Today ; Emperor 's Brother Nears Madrid With Collar of the Chrysanthemum for Spanish King , '' New York Times , 3 November 1930 ; see also Nutail , Zelia. ( 1906 ) . The Earliest Historical Relations Between Mexico and Japan , p. 2 . Jump up ^ > `` Real Biblioteca -- Búsqueda por ex libris '' . realbiblioteca.es . Retrieved 25 June 2015 . Bibliography Barry , John M. ( 2004 ) . The Great Influenza : The Epic Story of the Greatest Plague in History . Viking Penguin . ISBN 0 - 670 - 89473 - 7 . Churchill , Sir Winston . Great Contemporaries . London : T. Butterworth , 1937 . Contains the most famous single account of Alfonso in the English language . The author , writing shortly after the Spanish Civil War began , retained considerable fondness for the ex-sovereign . Collier , William Miller . At the Court of His Catholic Majesty . Chicago : McClurg , 1912 . The author was American ambassador to Spain from 1905 to 1909 . Noel , Gerard . Ena : Spain 's English Queen . London : Constable , 1984 . Considerably more candid than Petrie about Alfonso , the private man , and about the miseries the royal family experienced because of their haemophiliac children . Nuttall , Zelia ( 1906 ) . The earliest historical relations between Mexico and Japan : from original documents preserved in Spain and Japan . The University Press . Petrie , Sir Charles . King Alfonso XIII and His Age . London : Chapman & Hall , 1963 . Written as it was during Queen Ena 's lifetime , this book necessarily omits the King 's extramarital affairs ; but it remains a useful biography , not least because the author knew Alfonso quite well , interviewed him at considerable length , and relates him to the wider Spanish intellectual culture of his time . Pilapil , Vicente R. Alfonso XIII . Twayne 's rulers and statesmen of the world series 12 . New York : Twayne , 1969 . Sencourt , Robert . King Alfonso : A Biography . London : Faber , 1942 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alfonso XIII of Spain . Historiaantiqua . Alfonso XIII ; ( in Spanish ) ( 2008 ) Visit by Alphonso XIII to Deauville in 1922 ( with images ) Alfonso XIII of Spain House of Bourbon Born : 17 May 1886 Died : 28 February 1941 Regnal titles Vacant Title last held by Alfonso XII King of Spain 17 May 1886 -- 14 April 1931 Vacant Second Spanish Republic Title next held by Juan Carlos Titles in pretence Loss of title -- TITULAR -- King of Spain 14 April 1931 -- 15 January 1941 Succeeded by Juan III Preceded by Alfonso Carlos -- TITULAR -- King of France and Navarre 29 September 1936 -- 28 February 1941 Reason for succession failure : Bourbon monarchy deposed in 1830 Succeeded by Jaime IV Awards and achievements Preceded by Dwight F. Davis Cover of Time Magazine 22 December 1924 Succeeded by Charles Evans Hughes Monarchs of Spain Charles I Philip II Philip III Philip IV Charles II Philip V Louis I Philip V Ferdinand VI Charles III Charles IV Ferdinand VII Joseph I Ferdinand VII Isabel II Amadeo I Alfonso XII Alfonso XIII Juan Carlos I Felipe VI Carlist pretenders to the Spanish throne Senior Carlists Infante Carlos , Count of Molina ( 1788 -- 1845 ) Infante Carlos , Count of Montemolin ( 1845 -- 1861 ) Juan , Count of Montizón ( 1861 -- 1868 ) Carlos , Duke of Madrid ( 1868 -- 1909 ) Jaime , Duke of Madrid ( 1909 -- 1931 ) Infante Alfonso Carlos , Duke of San Jaime ( 1931 -- 1936 ) Bourbon - Parma claimants Prince Xavier of Bourbon - Parma ( 1936 -- 1977 ) Carlos Hugo , Duke of Parma ( Partido Carlista , 1977 -- 2010 ) Prince Carlos , Duke of Parma ( Partido Carlista , 2010 -- present ) Prince Sixtus Henry of Bourbon - Parma ( Comunión Tradicionalista , 1977 -- present ) Bourbon claimants Alfonso XIII ( 1936 -- 1941 ) Infante Juan , Count of Barcelona ( 1941 -- 1977 ) Juan Carlos I ( 1977 -- 2014 ) Felipe VI ( 2014 -- present ) ( current King of Spain ) Alternative Bourbon claimants Alfonso XIII ( 1936 -- 1941 ) Infante Jaime , Duke of Segovia ( 1941 -- 1975 ) Alfonso , Duke of Anjou and Cádiz ( 1975 -- 1989 ) Louis Alphonse , Duke of Anjou ( 1989 -- present ) Habsburg claimants Archduke Karl Pius of Austria , Prince of Tuscany ( 1936 -- 1953 ) Archduke Anton of Austria ( 1953 -- 1961 ) Francisco ( 1961 -- 1975 ) Domingo ( 1975 -- present ) Pretenders to the French throne since 1792 Monarchy in exile ( 1792 -- 1815 ) 1792 Louis XVI 1793 Louis XVII 1795 Louis XVIII 1814 1815 Legitimist pretenders ( 1830 -- present ) 1830 Charles X 1836 Louis Antoine 1844 Henri 1883 Jean 1887 Charles 1909 Jacques 1931 Alphonse Charles 1936 Alphonse 1941 Jacques 1975 Alphonse 1989 Louis Alphonse present Orléanist pretenders ( 1848 -- present ) 1848 Louis Philippe I 1850 Philippe 1894 Philippe 1926 Jean 1940 Henri 1999 Henri present Unionist succession ( 1830 -- present ) 1830 Charles X 1836 Louis Antoine 1844 Henri 1883 Philippe 1894 Philippe 1926 Jean 1940 Henri 1999 Henri present Bonapartist Prince Imperial ( 1814 -- present ) 1814 1815 Napoléon I 1821 Napoléon II 1832 Joseph 1844 Louis 1846 Napoléon III ( Emperor 1852 -- 1870 ) 1873 Napoléon 1879 Victor 1926 Louis 1997 Charles / Jean - Christophe present ( disputed ) Bonapartist Prince Canino ( 1832 -- 1924 ) 1832 Lucien 1840 Charles 1857 Joseph 1865 Lucien 1895 Napoléon Charles 1899 Roland 1924 Biography portal Spain portal Monarchy portal BNE : XX871095 BNF : cb148212082 ( data ) GND : 11929074X ISNI : 0000 0001 2284 5096 LCCN : n80001204 NKC : xx0069524 SUDOC : 027996360 VIAF : 120694546 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfonso_XIII_of_Spain&oldid=843429644 '' Categories : 1886 births 1941 deaths Nobility from Madrid Spanish monarchs Roman Catholic monarchs House of Bourbon ( Spain ) Restoration ( Spain ) Legitimist pretenders to the French throne British field marshals Modern child rulers Burials at Santa Maria in Monserrato degli Spagnoli Spanish infantes Burials in the Pantheon of Kings at El Escorial Spanish captain generals Captain generals of the Navy Grand Masters of the Order of the Golden Fleece Knights of the Golden Fleece Grand Masters of the Order of Isabella the Catholic Recipients of the Order of Isabella the Catholic Collars of the Order of Isabella the Catholic Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic Laureate Cross of Saint Ferdinand Crosses of Military Merit Grand Crosses of Military Merit Crosses of Naval Merit Grand Crosses of Naval Merit Crosses of Aeronautical Merit Grand Crosses of Aeronautical Merit Grand Masters of the Royal and Military Order of San Hermenegild Recipients of the Royal and Military Order of Saint Hermenegild Grand Crosses of the Royal and Military Order of San Hermenegild Grand Masters of the Order of Calatrava Knights of Calatrava Grand Masters of the Order of Santiago Knights of Santiago Grand Masters of the Order of Alcántara Knights of the Order of Alcántara Grand Masters of the Order of Montesa Knights of the Order of Montesa Knights of the Garter Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order Recipients of the Royal Victorian Chain 19th - 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2128604131922588246	Roger Moore	Roger Moore - wikipedia Roger Moore Jump to : navigation , search For other people named Roger Moore , see Roger Moore ( disambiguation ) . Sir Roger Moore KBE Moore in 1973 Roger George Moore ( 1927 - 10 - 14 ) 14 October 1927 Stockwell , London , England 23 May 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 23 ) ( aged 89 ) Crans - Montana , Switzerland Cause of death Liver cancer , lung cancer Resting place Cremated ; ashes scattered in Monaco Occupation Actor Years active 1945 -- 2017 Spouse ( s ) Doorn van Steyn ( m . 1946 ; div. 1953 ) Dorothy Squires ( m . 1953 ; div. 1968 ) Luisa Mattioli ( m . 1969 ; div. 1996 ) Kristina Tholstrup ( m . 2002 ; his death 2017 ) Children Website roger-moore.com Signature Sir Roger George Moore , KBE ( / mɔər / ; 14 October 1927 -- 23 May 2017 ) was an English actor . He is best known for having played Ian Fleming 's British secret agent James Bond in seven feature films from 1973 to 1985 . He also played Simon Templar in the television series The Saint from 1962 to 1969 and Lord Brett Sinclair in The Persuaders ! from 1971 to 1972 with Tony Curtis . Moore took over the role of Bond from Sean Connery in 1972 , and made his first appearance as 007 in Live and Let Die ( 1973 ) . The longest serving Bond , he went on to portray the spy in six more films until his retirement from the role in 1985 . Appointed a UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador in 1991 , Moore was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in 2003 for `` services to charity '' . In 2007 , he received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his work in television and in film . In 2008 , the French government appointed Moore a Commander of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Early work ( 1945 -- 1951 ) 2.2 Early work in the USA ( 1952 -- 1953 ) 2.3 MGM ( 1954 -- 1956 ) 2.4 Freelancing and Ivanhoe ( 1957 -- 1959 ) 2.5 Warner Bros 2.5. 1 The Alaskans ( 1959 -- 1960 ) 2.5. 2 Maverick ( 1960 -- 1961 ) 2.6 The Saint ( 1962 -- 1969 ) 2.7 Post-Saint films ( 1969 -- 1971 ) 2.8 The Persuaders ! ( 1971 -- 1972 ) 2.9 James Bond era ( 1973 -- 1985 ) 2.9. 1 Live and Let Die ( 1973 ) 2.9. 2 The Man with the Golden Gun ( 1974 ) 2.9. 3 The Spy Who Loved Me ( 1977 ) 2.9. 4 Moonraker ( 1979 ) 2.9. 5 For Your Eyes Only ( 1981 ) and Octopussy ( 1983 ) 2.9. 6 A View to a Kill ( 1985 ) 2.10 Post-James Bond career ( 1986 -- 2017 ) 3 Humanitarian work 4 Personal life 4.1 Doorn Van Steyn 4.2 Dorothy Squires 4.3 Luisa Mattioli 4.4 Kristina `` Kiki '' Tholstrup 5 Political alignment 6 Tax exile 7 Health 8 Death 9 Royal circles 10 Honours and awards 11 Filmography 12 Publications 13 Books 14 References 15 External links Early life ( edit ) Roger Moore was born on 14 October 1927 in Stockwell , London . He was the only child of George Alfred Moore , a policeman ( PC168E based in Bow Street , London ) , and Lillian `` Lily '' ( Pope ) . His mother was born in Calcutta , India , to an English family . He attended Battersea Grammar School , but was evacuated to Holsworthy , Devon , during World War II , and attended Launceston College in Cornwall . He was further educated at Dr Challoner 's Grammar School in Amersham , Buckinghamshire . Moore apprenticed at an animation studio , but was fired after he made a mistake with some animation cells . When his father investigated a robbery at the home of film director Brian Desmond Hurst , Moore was introduced to the director and hired as an extra for the 1945 film Caesar and Cleopatra . While there , Moore attracted an off - camera female fan following , and Hurst decided to pay Moore 's fees at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art . Moore spent three terms at RADA , where he was a classmate of his future Bond co-star Lois Maxwell , the original Miss Moneypenny . During this time there , he developed the Mid-Atlantic accent and relaxed demeanour that would become his screen persona . At 18 , shortly after the end of World War II , Moore was conscripted for national service . On 21 September 1946 , he was commissioned into the Royal Army Service Corps as a second lieutenant . He was given the service number 372394 . He was an officer in the Combined Services Entertainment section and eventually became a captain , commanding a small depot in West Germany . He later looked after entertainers for the armed forces passing through Hamburg . Career ( edit ) Early work ( 1945 -- 1951 ) ( edit ) Moore had some early uncredited appearances in Perfect Strangers ( 1945 ) , Caesar and Cleopatra ( 1945 ) , Gaiety George ( 1946 ) Piccadilly Incident ( 1946 ) and Trottie True ( 1949 ) appearing alongside an uncredited Christopher Lee ( both actors cast by Brian Desmond Hurst as stage - door Johnnies ) . In the early 1950s , Moore worked as a model , appearing in print advertisements for knitwear ( earning him the nickname `` The Big Knit '' ) , and a wide range of other products such as toothpaste , an element that many critics have used as typifying his lightweight credentials as an actor . In his book Last Man Standing : Tales from Tinseltown , Moore states that his first television appearance was on 27 March 1949 in The Governess by Patrick Hamilton , a live broadcast ( as usual in that era ) , and he played the minor part of Bob Drew . Other actors in the show included Clive Morton and Betty Ann Davies . He had a small role in TV in A House in the Square ( 1949 ) then had uncredited parts in films like Paper Orchid ( 1949 ) , Trottie True ( 1949 ) and The Interrupted Journey ( 1949 ) . He was in Drawing - Room Detective on TV and appeared in the films One Wild Oat ( 1951 ) and Honeymoon Deferred ( 1951 ) . Early work in the usa ( 1952 -- 1953 ) ( edit ) Moore travelled to the US and begin to work in television . He was in adaptations of Julius Caesar ( 1953 ) and Black Chiffon ( 1953 ) and in two episodes of Robert Montgomery Presents ( 1953 ) . He was also in a TV movie The Clay of Kings ( 1953 ) . Then MGM signed him to a long term contract . MGM ( 1954 -- 1956 ) ( edit ) Moore started his MGM contract with a small role in The Last Time I Saw Paris ( 1954 ) , flirting with Elizabeth Taylor . He appeared in Interrupted Melody , a biographical movie about opera singer Marjorie Lawrence 's recovery from polio , in which he was billed third under Glenn Ford and Eleanor Parker as Lawrence 's brother Cyril . That same year , he played a supporting role in the swashbuckler The King 's Thief starring Ann Blyth , Edmund Purdom , David Niven and George Sanders . In the 1956 film Diane , Moore was billed third again , this time under Lana Turner and Pedro Armendariz , in a 16th - century period piece set in France with Moore playing Prince Henri , the future king . Moore was released from his MGM contract after two years following the film 's critical and commercial failure . In his own words , `` At MGM , RGM ( Roger George Moore ) was NBG ( no bloody good ) . '' Freelancing and Ivanhoe ( 1957 -- 1959 ) ( edit ) Moore freelanced for a time , appearing in episodes of Ford Star Jubilee ( 1956 ) , Lux Video Theatre ( 1957 ) and Matinee Theatre ' ( 1957 ) . Moore 's first success was playing the eponymous hero , Sir Wilfred of Ivanhoe , in the 1958 -- 59 series Ivanhoe , a loose adaptation of the 1819 romantic novel by Sir Walter Scott set in the 12th century during the era of Richard the Lionheart , delving into Ivanhoe 's conflict with Prince John . Shot mainly in England at Elstree Studios and Buckinghamshire , some of the show was also filmed in California due to a partnership with Columbia Studios ' Screen Gems . Aimed at younger audiences , the pilot was filmed in colour , a reflection of its comparatively high budget for a British children 's adventure series of the period , but subsequent episodes were shot in black and white . Christopher Lee and John Schlesinger were among the show 's guest stars , and series regulars included Robert Brown ( who in the 1980s would play M in several James Bond films ) as the squire Gurth , Peter Gilmore as Waldo Ivanhoe , Andrew Keir as villainous Prince John , and Bruce Seton as noble King Richard . Moore suffered broken ribs and a battle - axe blow to his helmet while performing some of his own stunts filming a season of 39 half - hour episodes , and later reminisced , `` I felt a complete Charlie riding around in all that armour and damned stupid plumed helmet . I felt like a medieval fireman . '' Warner Bros. ( edit ) After that , he spent a few years mainly doing one - shot parts in television series , including an episode of Alfred Hitchcock Presents in 1959 titled `` The Avon Emeralds '' . He signed another long - term contract to a studio , this time to Warner Bros . In 1959 , he took the lead role in The Miracle , a version of the play Das Mirakel for Warner Bros. showcasing Carroll Baker as a nun . The part had been turned down by Dirk Bogarde . That same year , Moore was directed by Arthur Hiller in `` The Angry Young Man '' , an episode of the television series The Third Man starring Michael Rennie as criminal mastermind Harry Lime , the role portrayed by Orson Welles in the film version . The Alaskans ( 1959 -- 1960 ) ( edit ) Moore 's next television series involved playing the lead as `` Silky '' Harris for the ABC / Warner Bros. 1959 -- 60 Western The Alaskans , with co-stars Dorothy Provine as Rocky , Jeff York as Reno , and Ray Danton as Nifty . The show ran for a single season of 37 hour - long episodes on Sunday nights . Though set in Skagway , Alaska , with a focus on the Klondike Gold Rush around 1896 , the series was filmed in the hot studio lot at Warner Bros. in Hollywood with the cast costumed in fur coats and hats . Moore found the work highly taxing and his off - camera affair with Provine complicated matters even more . He subsequently appeared as the questionable character `` 14 Karat John '' in the two - part episode `` Right Off the Boat '' of the ABC / WB crime drama The Roaring 20s , with Rex Reason , John Dehner , Gary Vinson , and Dorothy Provine , appearing in a similar role , but with a different character name . Maverick ( 1960 -- 1961 ) ( edit ) Moore as Beau Maverick , 1960 In the wake of The Alaskans , Moore was cast as Beau Maverick , an English - accented cousin of frontier gamblers Bret Maverick ( James Garner ) , Bart Maverick ( Jack Kelly ) , and Brent Maverick ( Robert Colbert ) in the much more successful ABC / WB Western series Maverick . Sean Connery was flown over from Britain to test for the part , but turned it down . Moore appeared as the character in 14 episodes after Garner had left the series at the end of the previous season , wearing some of Garner 's costumes ; while filming The Alaskans , he had already recited much of Garner 's dialogue since the Klondike series frequently recycled Maverick scripts , changing only the names and locales . He had also filmed a Maverick episode with Garner two seasons earlier in which Moore played a different character in a retooling of Richard Brinsley Sheridan 's 1775 comedy of manners play entitled `` The Rivals '' . In the course of the story , Moore and Garner 's characters switched names on a bet , with Moore consequently identifying himself as `` Bret Maverick '' through most of the episode . Moore 's debut as Beau Maverick occurred in the first episode of the 1960 -- 61 fourth season , `` The Bundle From Britain '' , one of four episodes in which he shared screen time with cousin Bart ( Jack Kelly ) . Robert Altman wrote and directed `` Bolt from the Blue '' , an episode featuring Will Hutchins as a frontier lawyer similar to his character in the series Sugarfoot , and `` Red Dog '' found Beau mixed up with vicious bank robbers Lee Van Cleef and John Carradine . Kathleen Crowley was Moore 's leading lady in two episodes ( `` Bullet For the Teacher '' and `` Kiz '' ) , and others included Mala Powers , Roxane Berard , Fay Spain , Merry Anders , Andra Martin , and Jeanne Cooper . Upon leaving the series , Moore cited a decline in script quality since the Garner era as the key factor in his decision to depart , ratings for the show were also down . Moore was still under contract with Warners who put him in The Sins of Rachel Cade ( 1961 ) , making love to a nun played by Angie Dickinson , and Gold of the Seven Saints ( 1961 ) , supporting Clint Walker . He went to Italy to make Romulus and the Sabines ( 1961 ) . The Saint ( 1962 -- 1969 ) ( edit ) Roger Moore ( left ) with Earl Green in The Saint Lew Grade cast Moore as Simon Templar in a new adaptation of The Saint , based on the novels by Leslie Charteris . Moore said in an interview in 1963 that he wanted to buy the rights to Leslie Charteris 's character and the trademarks . He also joked that the role was supposed to have been meant for Sean Connery , who was unavailable . The television series was made in the UK with an eye to the American market , and its success there ( and in other countries ) made Moore a household name . By early 1967 , he had achieved international stardom . The series also established his suave , quipping style which he carried forward to James Bond . Moore went on to direct several episodes of the later series , which moved into colour in 1967 . The Saint ran from 1962 for six series and 118 episodes , tying The Avengers as the longest - running series of its kind on British television . Moore grew increasingly tired of the role , and was keen to branch out . Post-saint films ( 1969 -- 1971 ) ( edit ) He made two films immediately after the series ended : Crossplot ( 1969 ) , a lightweight ' spy caper ' movie , and the more challenging The Man Who Haunted Himself ( 1970 ) . Directed by Basil Dearden , it gave Moore the opportunity to demonstrate a wider versatility than the role of Simon Templar had allowed . In 2004 , Moore said of The Man Who Haunted Himself : `` It was one of the few times I was allowed to act ... Many say my best role was in The Man Who Haunted Himself . Being a modest actor , I wo n't disagree . '' The Persuaders ! ( 1971 -- 1972 ) ( edit ) Television lured Moore back to star alongside Tony Curtis in The Persuaders ! . The show featured the adventures of two millionaire playboys across Europe . Moore was paid the then - unheard - of sum of £ 1 million for a single series , making him the highest paid television actor in the world . Lew Grade claimed in his autobiography Still Dancing , that Moore and Curtis `` did n't hit it off all that well '' . Curtis refused to spend more time on set than was strictly necessary , while Moore was always willing to work overtime . According to the DVD commentary , neither Roger Moore , an uncredited co-producer , nor Robert S. Baker , the credited producer , ever had a contract other than a handshake with Lew Grade . They produced the entire 24 episodes without a single written word guaranteeing that they would ever be paid . The series failed in the United States , where it had been sold to ABC , which Curtis put down to its showing at the Saturday 10 pm slot , but it was successful in Europe and Australia . In Germany , where the series was aired under the name Die Zwei ( `` The Two '' ) , it became a hit through especially amusing dubbing which only barely used translations of the original dialogue . In Britain , it was also popular , although on its premiere on the ITV network , it was beaten in the ratings by repeats of Monty Python 's Flying Circus on BBC One . Channel 4 repeated both The Avengers and The Persuaders ! in 1995 . Since then , The Persuaders ! has been issued on DVD , while in France , where the series ( entitled Amicalement Vôtre ) had always been popular , the DVD releases accompanied a monthly magazine of the same name . James Bond era ( 1973 -- 1985 ) ( edit ) Live and Let Die ( 1973 ) ( edit ) Moore in 1973 Due to his commitment to several television shows , in particular The Saint , Roger Moore was unavailable for the James Bond films for a considerable time . His participation in The Saint was as actor , producer , and director , and he also became involved in developing the series The Persuaders ! . In 1964 , he made a guest appearance as James Bond in the comedy series Mainly Millicent , Moore stated in his autobiography My Word Is My Bond ( 2008 ) that he had neither been approached to play the character in Dr. No , nor did he feel that he had ever been considered . Only after Sean Connery had declared in 1966 that he would not play Bond any longer did Moore become aware that he might be a contender for the role . After George Lazenby was cast in 1969 's On Her Majesty 's Secret Service and Connery played Bond again in Diamonds Are Forever ( 1971 ) , Moore did not consider the possibility until it seemed clear that Connery had stepped down as Bond for good . At that point , Moore was approached , and he accepted producer Albert Broccoli 's offer in August 1972 . In his autobiography , Moore writes that he had to cut his hair and lose weight for the role . Although he resented having to make those changes , he was finally cast as James Bond in Live and Let Die ( 1973 ) . Moore then made Gold ( 1974 ) , based on a novel by Wilbur Smith for producer Michael Klinger and director Peter R. Hunt ( who had directed and edited some Bond films ) . He was paid US $200,000 plus a percentage of the profits . The Man with the Golden Gun ( 1974 ) ( edit ) Moore made his second Bond , The Man with the Golden Gun ( 1974 ) , which was a hit though less than Live and Let Die . It featured Christopher Lee as the main antagonist . Also appearing are Britt Ekland , Herve Villechaize , and Maud Adams , who later starred in Octopussy , and A View to a Kill , subsequent Bond films with Roger Moore playing the lead . He then made a comedy That Lucky Touch ( 1975 ) which was a box office disaster . He made an Italian - shot action film Street People ( 1976 ) , then went back to South Africa for another Klinger - Hunt movie from a Wilbur Smith novel , Shout at the Devil ( 1976 ) , which was successful in England , though less so in the US . Lee Marvin was a main cast member . Ian Holm was also featured , as well as Barbara Parkins . The spy who Loved Me ( 1977 ) ( edit ) For American TV Moore played the title role in Sherlock Holmes in New York ( 1976 ) then was back as Bond in The Spy Who Loved Me ( 1977 ) , a massive success . With Barbara Bach , and Richard Kiel in his first appearance as the huge , but not brainy villain , Jaws . He returned to South Africa for a third action movie shot there , The Wild Geese ( 1978 ) , produced by Euan Lloyd and directed by Andrew V. McLaglen . It was a sizeable hit in Britain and Europe but , like Shout at the Devil , less so in the US. < The cast featured Richard Burton , who had top billing . And Richard Harris . Moore played the lead in Escape to Athena ( 1979 ) partly financed by Lew Grade . It was a heist adventure set in war - time Greece , and stars Telly Savalas and David Niven , and features mostly American character actors , including Elliott Gould , Stefanie Powers , Richard Roundtree , Sonny Bono , and Italian bombshell Claudia Cardinale . Roger Moore ( with top billing ) plays a charming former Austrian antiquities dealer turned crooked camp commandant , asked to guard Greek antiquities desired by the Third Reich , and also guard the collection of archaeologists who are being forced to work to find and recover these objects , but he has other plans for the treasure he guards and for the people under his watch . Moonraker ( 1979 ) ( edit ) Roger Moore in 1979 More successful was his fourth outing as Bond , Moonraker ( 1979 ) . He followed it with an action film North Sea Hijack ( 1980 ) where Moore played a very un-Bond - like hero , opposite Anthony Perkins . The film was a box office disappointment . Better received was The Sea Wolves ( 1980 ) , another World War Two adventure which reunited many of the crew from The Wild Geese including Euan Lloyd and McLaglen . It was based on the true story of a March 1943 event in British India and Portuguese Goa , in which a group of retired members of the Calcutta Light Horse , coloneled by David Niven 's character , assist regular British Army operatives , played by Moore and Gregory Peck , in destroying German ships in neutral Mormugao harbor , all the time surrounded by German spies and Indian nationalist intrigue . Trevor Howard , Patrick Macnee , and Barbara Kellerman also co-star , with a who 's who lineup of British character actors . Moore was in two all - star comedies : ' Sunday Lovers ' ( 1980 ) which flopped at the box office and The Cannonball Run ( 1981 ) which was a hit . In the latter he spoofs his fame by playing a millionaire so obsessed with Roger Moore that he had had plastic surgery to look like him . It featured an ensemble cast , including Burt Reynolds , Jackie Chan , Dean Martin , Dom DeLuise , Sammy Davis Jr , and Farrah Fawcett . For your Eyes only ( 1981 ) and Octopussy ( 1983 ) ( edit ) Moore returned to Bond for For Your Eyes Only ( 1981 ) . Following this film he expressed a desire to leave the role , and other actors - notably James Brolin were tested but Moore was eventually enticed back for Octopussy ( 1983 ) . He made a cameo as Chief Inspector Clouseau , posing as a famous movie star , in Curse of the Pink Panther ) ( 1983 ) ( for which he was credited as `` Turk Thrust II '' ) . Then he tried a thriller The Naked Face ( 1984 ) , written and directed by Bryan Forbes . A View to a Kill ( 1985 ) ( edit ) Moore made one last Bond , A View to a Kill ( 1985 ) . Moore was the longest - serving James Bond actor , having spent 12 years in the role ( from his debut in 1973 , to his retirement from the role in 1985 ) , having made seven of the Eon Production Bond films in a row . Moore was the oldest actor to have played Bond -- he was 45 in Live and Let Die , and 58 when he announced his retirement on 3 December 1985 . Moore is also tied with Sean Connery as the actor who played Bond in the most movies . They both appeared in seven . Moore 's Bond was very different from the version created by Ian Fleming . Screenwriters such as George MacDonald Fraser provided scenarios in which Moore was cast as a seasoned , debonair playboy who would always have a trick or gadget in stock when he needed it . This was designed to serve the contemporary taste of the 1970s . Moore 's version of Bond was also known for his sense of humour and witty one liners , Moore himself said , `` My personality is different from previous Bonds . I 'm not that cold - blooded killer type . Which is why I play it mostly for laughs . '' In 1987 , he hosted Happy Anniversary 007 : 25 Years of James Bond . Post-james Bond career ( 1986 -- 2017 ) ( edit ) Moore in 2012 Moore did not act on screen for five years after he stopped playing Bond ; in 1990 , he appeared in several films and in the writer - director Michael Feeney Callan 's television series My Riviera and starred in the film Bed & Breakfast which was shot in 1989 ; and also had a large role in the 1996 film The Quest ; in 1997 , he starred as the Chief in Spice World . At the age of 73 , he played a flamboyant homosexual man in Boat Trip ( 2002 ) with Cuba Gooding Jr . The British comedy show Spitting Image once had a sketch in which their latex likeness of Moore , when asked to display emotions by an offscreen director , did nothing but raise an eyebrow ; Moore himself stated that he thought the sketch was funny and took it in good humour . Indeed , he had always embraced the `` eyebrows '' gag wholeheartedly , slyly claiming that he `` only had three expressions as Bond : right eyebrow raised , left eyebrow raised , and eyebrows crossed when grabbed by Jaws '' . Spitting Image continued the joke , featuring a Bond film spoof , The Man with the Wooden Delivery , with Moore 's puppet receiving orders from Margaret Thatcher to kill Mikhail Gorbachev . Other comedy shows at that time ridiculed Moore 's acting , with Rory Bremner once claiming to have had a death threat from one of his irate fans following one such routine . In 2009 , Moore appeared in an advertisement for the Post Office , he also played the role of a secret agent in the Victoria Wood Christmas Special on BBC1 show over the festive period in the same year . Filming all his scenes in the London Eye , his mission was to eliminate another agent whose file photo looks like Pierce Brosnan . In 2010 , Moore provided the voice of a talking cat called Lazenby in the film Cats & Dogs : The Revenge of Kitty Galore which contained several references to , and parodies of , Bond films . In 2011 , Moore co-starred in the film A Princess for Christmas with Katie McGrath and Sam Heughan , and in 2012 , he took to the stage for a series of seven ' Evenings with ' in UK theatres and , in November , guest - hosted Have I Got News for You . Moore 's last on - screen performance was in 2013 , a brief cameo as himself in Incompatibles , the first feature - length film of the then 21 - year - old French director Paolo Cedolin Petrini . In 2015 , Moore was named one of GQ 's 50 best - dressed British men . In October 2015 , Moore read Hans Christian Andersen 's `` Little Claus and Big Claus '' for the children 's fairy tales app GivingTales in aid of UNICEF , together with a number of other British celebrities , including Michael Caine , Ewan McGregor , Joan Collins , Stephen Fry , Joanna Lumley , David Walliams , Charlotte Rampling , and Paul McKenna . Humanitarian work ( edit ) Moore 's friend Audrey Hepburn had impressed him with her work for UNICEF , and consequently he became a UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador in 1991 . He was the voice of Father Christmas or ' Santa ' in the 2004 UNICEF cartoon The Fly Who Loved Me . Moore was involved in the production of a video for PETA that protests against the production and wholesale of foie gras . Moore narrates the video . His assistance in this situation , and being a strong spokesman against foie gras , led to the department store Selfridges agreeing to remove foie gras from their shelves . Personal life ( edit ) Doorn Van Steyn ( edit ) In 1946 , aged 18 , Moore married a fellow RADA student , the actress and ice skater Doorn Van Steyn ( born Lucy Woodard ) , who was six years his senior ; Moore and Van Steyn lived in Streatham with her family , but tension over money matters and her lack of confidence in his acting ability took their toll on the relationship , during which he allegedly suffered domestic abuse . Dorothy Squires ( edit ) In 1952 , Moore met the Welsh singer Dorothy Squires , who was 12 years his senior , and Van Steyn and Moore divorced the following year . Squires and Moore were married in New York . They lived in Bexley , Kent , after their marriage . They moved to the United States in 1954 to develop their careers , but tensions developed in their marriage due to their age differences and Moore 's infatuation with starlet Dorothy Provine , and they moved back to the United Kingdom in 1961 . Squires suffered a series of miscarriages during their marriage , and Moore later said the outcome of their marriage might have been different if they had been able to have children . In their tempestuous relationship , Squires smashed a guitar over his head , and after learning of his affair with the Italian actress Luisa Mattioli , who became Moore 's third wife , Moore said , `` She threw a brick through my window . She reached through the glass and grabbed my shirt and she cut her arms doing it ... The police came and they said , ' Madam , you 're bleeding ' and she said , ' It 's my heart that 's bleeding ' . '' Squires intercepted letters from Mattioli to Moore and planned to include them in her autobiography , but the couple won injunctions against the publication in 1977 , which led Squires to unsuccessfully sue them for loss of earnings . The numerous legal cases launched by Squires led her to be declared a vexatious litigant in 1987 . Moore paid Squires 's hospital bills after her cancer treatment in 1996 , and upon her death in 1998 . Luisa Mattioli ( edit ) Roger Moore at the 1989 Cannes Film Festival with wife Luisa Mattioli In 1961 , while filming The Rape of the Sabine Women in Italy , Moore left Squires for the Italian actress Luisa Mattioli . Squires refused to accept their separation , and sued Moore for loss of conjugal rights , but Moore refused the court 's order to return to Squires in 28 days . Squires also smashed windows at a house in France where Moore and Mattioli were living , and unsuccessfully sued actor Kenneth More for libel , as More had introduced Moore and Mattioli at a charity event as `` Mr Roger Moore and his wife '' . Moore and Mattioli lived together until 1969 , when Squires finally granted him a divorce , after they had been separated for seven years . At Moore and Mattioli 's marriage in April 1969 at the Caxton Hall in Westminster , London , a crowd of 600 people was outside , with women screaming his name . Moore had three children with Mattioli : actress - daughter Deborah ( born 1963 ) and two sons , Geoffrey and Christian . Geoffrey is also an actor , and appeared alongside his father in the 1976 film Sherlock Holmes in New York . In later life , he co-founded Hush Restaurant in Mayfair , London , with Jamie Barber . Geoffrey and his wife Loulou have two daughters . Moore 's younger son , Christian , is a film producer . Kristina `` Kiki '' Tholstrup ( edit ) Moore and Mattioli separated in 1993 after Moore developed feelings for a Swedish - born Danish socialite , Kristina `` Kiki '' Tholstrup . Moore later described his prostate cancer diagnosis in 1993 as `` life - changing '' , which led him to reassess his life and marriage . Mattioli and Tholstrup had long been friends , but Mattioli was scathing of her in the book she subsequently wrote about her relationship with Moore , Nothing Lasts Forever , describing how she felt betrayed by Tholstrup and discarded by Moore . Moore remained silent on his divorce from Mattioli , later saying that he did not wish to hurt his children by `` engaging in a war of words '' . Moore 's children refused to speak to him for a period after the divorce , but they were later reconciled with their father . Mattioli refused to grant Moore a divorce until 2000 , when a £ 10 million settlement was agreed . Moore subsequently married Tholstrup in 2002 . Moore would later say that he loved Tholstrup as she was `` organised '' , `` serene '' , `` loving '' , and `` calm '' , saying , `` I have a difficult life . I rely on Kristina totally . When we are travelling for my job , she is the one who packs . Kristina takes care of all that '' . Moore also said that his marriage to Tholstrop was `` a tranquil relationship , there are no arguments '' . Tholstrup had a daughter , Christina Knudsen , from a previous relationship ; Knudsen described her stepfather as a positive influence , saying , `` I was in difficult relationships but that all changed '' when her mother met Moore . Christina Knudsen died from cancer on 25 July 2016 , at the age of 47 ; Moore posted on Twitter , `` We are heartbroken '' and `` We were all with her , surrounding her with love , at the end '' . Political alignment ( edit ) On politics , Moore stated he was a Conservative and thought that Conservatism is the way to run a country . The BBC listed Moore prior to the 2001 UK general election as a celebrity backer of the British Conservative Party . In 2011 , Moore gave his support to Conservative Prime Minister David Cameron regarding his policy on the European Union , stating : `` I think he 's doing absolutely wonderfully well , despite the opposition from many members of his own party . Traitors , I call them . I mean any hardliner within the Conservative Party who speaks out against their leader . You should support your leader . '' Despite his Conservative politics , Moore retained membership of the Entertainment and Media trade union BECTU until his death , having joined as an apprentice animation technician before his acting career took off . At his death , he was the union 's longest - serving member Tax exile ( edit ) Moore became a tax exile from the United Kingdom in 1978 , originally to Switzerland , and divided his year between his three homes : an apartment in Monte Carlo , Monaco ; a chalet in Crans - Montana , Switzerland ; and a home in the south of France . Moore became a resident of Monaco , having been appointed a Goodwill Ambassador of Monaco by Prince Albert II for his efforts in internationally promoting and publicising the principality . Moore was scathing of the Russian population in Monaco , saying , `` I 'm afraid we 're overstuffed with Russians . All the restaurant menus are in Russian now . '' Moore was vocal in his defence of his tax exile status , saying that in the 1970s , he had been urged by his `` accountants , agents , and lawyers '' that moving abroad was essential because `` you would never be able to save enough to ensure that you had any sort of livelihood if you did n't work '' as a result of the punitive taxation rates imposed on unearned income . Moore said in 2011 that his decision to live abroad was `` not about tax . That 's a serious part of it . I come back to England often enough not to miss it , to see the changes , to find some of the changes good ... I paid my taxes at the time that I was earning a decent income , so I 've paid my due '' . Health ( edit ) Moore had a series of childhood diseases , including chickenpox , measles , mumps , double pneumonia and jaundice . He had an infection of his foreskin at the age of eight and underwent a circumcision , and had his appendix , tonsils , and adenoids removed . Moore was a long - term sufferer of kidney stones and needed to be hospitalised during the making of Live and Let Die in 1973 and again while filming the 1979 film Moonraker . In 1993 , Moore was diagnosed with prostate cancer and underwent successful treatment for the disease . In 2003 , Moore collapsed on stage while appearing on Broadway , and was fitted with a pacemaker to treat a potentially deadly slow heartbeat . He was diagnosed with type 2 diabetes in 2013 . Death ( edit ) Wikinews has related news : James Bond star Roger Moore , 89 , dies Moore 's family announced his death in Switzerland , on 23 May 2017 from cancer that had spread to his liver and lungs after a brief battle . He died in his home in Crans - Montana , in the presence of his family . Royal circles ( edit ) Moore had friendships with some of Denmark 's royal family ; Prince Joachim and his then - wife Alexandra , Countess of Frederiksborg invited Moore and his wife Kiki to attend the christening of their youngest son , Prince Felix . On 24 May 2008 , Moore and his wife attended the wedding of Prince Joachim to his French fiancée Marie Cavallier . Moore also had a long - standing friendship with Princess Lilian of Sweden , whom he first met on a visit to Stockholm for UNICEF . Moore 's wife Kristina , who was born in Sweden , was already a friend of Princess Lilian 's through mutual friends . In his autobiography , Moore recalled meeting the princess for tea and dinners whenever his wife and he visited Stockholm . He spoke of his recollections at the princess ' memorial service at the English Church in Stockholm , on 8 September 2013 . On 1 and 2 July 2011 , Moore and his wife attended the wedding of Prince Albert of Monaco and Charlene Wittstock . Honours and Awards ( edit ) On 9 March 1999 , Moore was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( CBE ) , and promoted to Knight Commander of the same Order ( KBE ) on 14 June 2003 . The citation on the knighthood was for Moore 's charity work , which dominated his public life for more than a decade . Moore said that the citation `` meant far more to me than if I had got it for acting ... I was proud because I received it on behalf of UNICEF as a whole and for all it has achieved over the years '' . On 11 October 2007 , three days before he turned 80 , Moore was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his work on television and in film . Attending the ceremony were family , friends , and Richard Kiel , with whom he had acted in The Spy Who Loved Me and Moonraker . Moore 's star was the 2,350 th star installed , and is appropriately located at 7007 Hollywood Boulevard . On 28 October 2008 , the French government appointed Moore a Commander of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres . On 21 November 2012 , Moore was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Hertfordshire for his outstanding contributions to the UK film and television industry for over 50 years , in particular film and television productions in Hertfordshire . For his charity work 2007 : Dag Hammarskjöld Inspiration Award ( UNICEF ) 2004 : UNICEF 's Audrey Hepburn Humanitarian Award 2003 : German Federal Cross of Merit ( Bundesverdienstkreuz ) for his UNICEF work 2003 : Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( KBE ) 1999 : Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( CBE ) Lifetime achievements awards 2008 : Commander of the French National Order of Arts and Letters ( Ordre national des Arts et des Lettres ) 2007 : Hollywood Walk of Fame 2004 : TELEKAMERA ( `` Tele Tydzień '' Lifetime Achievement Award , Poland ) 2002 : Monte Carlo TV Festival ( Lifetime Achievement Award ) 2001 : Lifetime achievement award ( Filmfestival , Jamaica ) 1997 : Palm Springs film festival , USA , Lifetime Achievement Award 1995 : TELE GATTO ( Italian TV ; Lifetime Achievement Award ) 1991 : GOLDEN CAMERA ( German TV ; lifetime achievement award ) 1990 : BAMBI ( Lifetime Achievement Award from the German magazine BUNTE ) For his acting 1981 : OTTO ( Most popular Film Star ; from German Magazine BRAVO ) 1980 : Golden Globe Henrietta Award for World Film Favorite -- Male . 1980 : Saturn Award ( Most Popular International Performer ) 1973 : BAMBI ( shared with Tony Curtis for `` The Persuaders '' , from the German magazine BUNTE ) 1973 : BEST ACTOR IN TV , award from the French magazine TELE - 7 - JOURS , shared with Tony Curtis for `` The Persuaders '' 1967 : ONDAS - AWARD ( Spanish TV for `` The Saint '' ) 1967 : OTTO ( Most popular TV - star for `` The Saint '' ; from German magazine BRAVO ) Filmography ( edit ) With Kathleen Crowley in Maverick ( 1961 ) With Joanna Barnes in The Trials of O'Brien Moore , c. 1960 Year Title Role Notes 1954 The Last Time I Saw Paris Paul 1955 Interrupted Melody Cyril Lawrence The King 's Thief Jack 1956 Diane Prince Henri 1958 Ivanhoe Ivanhoe TV series 1959 The Miracle Capt . Michael Stuart The Alaskans Silky Harris Maverick Beau Maverick TV series 1961 The Sins of Rachel Cade Paul Wilton Gold of the Seven Saints Shaun Garrett 1962 Romulus and the Sabines Romulus No Man 's Land Enzo Prati 1962 -- 1969 The Saint Simon Templar TV series 1968 The Fiction Makers Simon Templar 1969 Vendetta for the Saint Crossplot Gary Fenn 1970 The Man Who Haunted Himself Harold Pelham 1971 The Persuaders ! Brett Sinclair 1973 Live and Let Die James Bond Gold Rod Slater The Man with the Golden Gun James Bond That Lucky Touch Michael Scott 1976 Street People Ulysses Shout at the Devil Sebastian Oldsmith 1977 Sherlock Holmes in New York Sherlock Holmes The Spy Who Loved Me James Bond 1978 The Wild Geese Lieutenant Shaun Fynn 1979 Escape to Athena Major Otto Hecht Moonraker James Bond North Sea Hijack Rufus Excalibur ffolkes 1980 The Sea Wolves Captain Gavin Stewart Sunday Lovers Harry Lindon 1981 The Cannonball Run Seymour For Your Eyes Only James Bond Octopussy Curse of the Pink Panther Chief Insp . Jacques Clouseau 1984 The Naked Face Dr. Judd Stevens 1985 A View to a Kill James Bond Fire , Ice and Dynamite Sir George Windsor Bullseye ! Sir John Bevistock Bed & Breakfast Adam 1995 The Man Who Would n't Die Thomas Grace The Quest Lord Edgar Dobbs Spice World The Chief The Enemy Supt . Robert Ogilvie 2002 Boat Trip Lloyd Faversham 2011 A Princess for Christmas Edward , Duke of Castlebury 2017 The Saint Jasper Publications ( edit ) Moore 's book about the filming of Live and Let Die , based on his diaries , titled Roger Moore as James Bond : Roger Moore 's Own Account of Filming Live and Let Die , was published in London in 1973 , by Pan Books . The book includes an acknowledgment to Sean Connery , with whom Moore was friends for many years : `` I would also like to thank Sean Connery -- with whom it would not have been possible . '' Moore 's autobiography My Word is My Bond ( ISBN 0061673889 ) was published by Collins in the US , in November 2008 and by Michael O'Mara Books Ltd in the UK , on 2 October 2008 ( ISBN 9781843173182 ) . On 16 October 2012 , Bond on Bond was published to tie in with the 50th anniversary of the James Bond films . The book , with many pictures , is based on Moore 's own memories , thoughts , and anecdotes about all things 007 , with some of the profits of the book going to UNICEF . Books ( edit ) Roger Moore as James Bond : Roger Moore 's Own Account of Filming Live and Let Die . 1973 . ISBN 9780330236539 . My Word Is My Bond : The Autobiography. 2008 . ISBN 9781843173878 . Bond on Bond : The Ultimate Book on 50 Years of Bond Movies . 2012 . ISBN 9781843178613 . Last Man Standing . 2014 . ISBN 9781782432074 . ( published as One Lucky Bastard in the United States ) À bientôt ... . 2017 . ISBN 9781782438618 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Roger Moore : Ein Schweizer Werbestar '' . Jump up ^ `` Roger Moore , the longest - serving Bond '' . CNN . Retrieved 23 May 2017 Jump up ^ `` Sir Roger Moore : ' Sir Sean Connery is the best Bond ' . BBC . Retrieved 23 May 2017 ^ Jump up to : `` Roger Moore obituary : the star who gave James Bond a martini - dry wit '' . BFI . Retrieved 25 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Moore Biography ( 1927 -- ) '' . Filmreference.com . Retrieved 18 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Sellers , Robert ( 23 May 2017 ) . `` Sir Roger Moore : Remembering the quintessential English actor forever linked with James Bond and The Saint '' . The Independent . Retrieved 24 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Genealogy Reviews : Families of the Famous : James Bond '' . Jump up ^ `` At war again '' . Dr Challoner 's Grammar School . Retrieved 25 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Obituary : Sir Roger Moore '' . BBC News . 23 May 2017 . Retrieved 24 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` No. 37793 '' . The London Gazette ( Supplement ) . 19 November 1946 . p. 5719 . Jump up ^ `` How it all began ... '' . Combined Services Entertainment . Archived from the original on 4 March 2014 . Retrieved 16 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Moore , Roger ( 2014 ) . Last Man Standing : Tales from Tinseltown . London : Michael O'Mara Books Limited . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78243 - 207 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Interrupted Melody '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved 25 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Maltin , Leonard ( 2005 ) . Leonard Maltin 's Classic Movie Guide . Penguin . ISBN 9780698197299 . Jump up ^ `` BFI Screenonline : Ivanhoe ( 1958 ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Ivanhoe at Television Heaven '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Roger Moore : 1927 - 2017 '' . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved 25 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Right off the Boat ' , Part 2 , The Roaring 20s '' . Internet Movie Data Base . Retrieved 20 January 2013 . Jump up ^ p. 111 Callan , Michael Feeney Sean Connery 2002 Virgin Publishing Jump up ^ `` Moore answer to a June 2007 question on his official website '' . ^ Jump up to : `` MAVERICK Mondays : `` The Rivals '' ( 1959 ) `` . Hornsection.blogspot.co.uk . Retrieved 25 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 8 Cancelled TV Shows That Got A ' Twin Peaks ' - Style Revival '' . indiewire.com . Retrieved 25 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Malone , Aubrey . The Defiant One : A Biography of Tony Curtis . p. 149 . ISBN 0786475951 . Jump up ^ `` The Persuaders ! ( 1971 -- 1972 ) Trivia '' . Jump up ^ Rozen , Leah ( 19 October 2012 ) . `` 50 Years of James Bond : Roger Moore , Seven Times 007 '' . www.bbcamerica.com . Retrieved 20 August 2015 . ( Moore ) played James Bond in 1964 on TV opposite British actress Millicent Martin in a guest appearance on her BBC comedy show , Mainly Millicent . Jump up ^ British Culture and Society in the 1970s : The Lost Decade edited by Laurel Forster , Sue Harper Jump up ^ `` The Global Film : Will It Play in Uruguay ? : The Global Film '' . By John M. Wilson . The New York Times , 26 November 1978 : D1 . Jump up ^ If a film chews gum , it 's American The Guardian ( 1959 -- 2003 ) ( London ( UK ) ) 05 July 1980 : 9 . Jump up ^ `` James Bond : 12 ( ! ) actors , and 26 movies in 54 years '' . the web log of Evert . Retrieved 25 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Moore : debonair 007 played Bond role for laughs '' . The Australian . Retrieved 26 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Roger Moore '' . BFI . Retrieved 25 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Champlin , Charles ( 17 September 1989 ) . `` Roger Moore and Talia Shire Take Sequel Break '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` 6 memorable Roger Moore roles including James Bond 007 '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved 25 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Moore in gay role '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 26 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Bremner , Rory Beware of Imitations ( 1999 ) Jump up ^ `` Episode 6 Have I Got News for You , Series 44 Episode 6 of 11 '' . BBC . Retrieved 25 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Best Dressed Men in Britain 2015 '' . GQ. 5 January 2015 . Archived from the original on 7 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Moore backs children 's fairy tales app in aid of Unicef '' . The Guardian . 18 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Fly Who Loved Me ( directed by Dan Chambers ) '' . Unicef.org.uk . Archived from the original on 29 September 2009 . Retrieved 18 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals Foundation '' . Peta.org.uk . Archived from the original on 13 October 2008 . Retrieved 18 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Moore helps Selfridges to Drop Foie Gras '' . Peta.org.uk . Retrieved 18 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : McGrath , Nick ( 30 September 2012 ) . `` Roger Moore : ' I love cash . The sheer luxury of crispy £ 1 notes ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 10 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Roger Moore ( 10 October 2009 ) . My Word is My Bond : The Autobiography . Michael OMara . pp. 36 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84317 - 419 - 6 . Jump up ^ Sir Roger Moore : James Bond actor ' beaten up by first two wives ' Daily Telegraph 12 Sept 2012 ^ Jump up to : `` Obituary : Dorothy Squires '' , The Times , London , 15 April 1998 , pg. 21 Jump up ^ May , Luke . `` Sir Roger Moore , former James Bond actor , Bexley and Tunbridge Wells resident , dies aged 89 from cancer '' . Kentnews.co.uk . Archant . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Retrieved May 2017 ^ Jump up to : `` Moore pays for Squires operation . '' The Times , London , 31 May 1996 , pg. 6 ^ Jump up to : Davies , Hugh ( 10 October 2000 ) . `` Roger Moore pays wife £ 10m in divorce deal '' . The Daily Telegraph . London , UK . Retrieved 10 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` News in Brief '' , The Times , London , 12 April 1969 , pg. 3 ^ Jump up to : Cavendish , Lucy ( 17 November 2003 ) . `` Roger Moore Saint or Sinner ? '' . London Evening Standard . Retrieved 10 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Geoffrey Moore '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ Anstead , Mark ( 10 August 2002 ) . `` Yes , the name 's bonds '' . The Guardian . London , UK . Retrieved 10 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Christian Moore '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ James Bone . `` Roger Moore 's £ 10m divorce . '' The Times , London , 10 October 2000 ^ Jump up to : Lee , Veronica ( 26 October 2003 ) . `` Roger Moore interview : ' If I had 24 hours to live , I 'd make a dry martini ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 10 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Roger Moore 's Daughter , Christina Knudsen , Dies Aged 47 - Huffington Post UK Jump up ^ `` Sir Roger Moore on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` Sir Roger Moore on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` ' Sean played Bond as a killer - I played him as a lover ' : Roger Moore 's best quotes '' . Jump up ^ `` Campaigning with the stars '' . BBC News . 14 May 2001 . Retrieved 22 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Roger Moore : ' I 've paid my dues in taxes ' '' . NME . Retrieved 22 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BECTU has expressed sadness at the death of Sir Roger Moore , aged 89 '' . ^ Jump up to : Julia Llewelyn Smith ( 30 April 2014 ) . `` Sir Roger Moore : ' I ca n't drink martinis any more -- but life is bliss ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 10 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Monaco Ambassador 's Club -- News '' . Monaco Ambassadors Club . Prince 's Palace of Monaco. 12 June 2012 . Retrieved 13 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Roger Moore defends decision to live in Monaco and Switzerland '' . The Scotsman . Edinburgh. 12 December 2011 . Retrieved 10 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Bryony ( 24 September 2008 ) . `` Sir Roger Moore : I 'm the worst James Bond , they say '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . Jump up ^ theguardian.com Jump up ^ Chase , Chris ( 26 June 1981 ) . `` At the Movies : Roger Moore is anybody 's replacement '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Moore : ' It 's all a bit of a joke ' '' . Sunday Star Times . 14 November 2008 . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . Jump up ^ McKay , Sinclair ( 11 October 2008 ) . `` Review : Roger Moore : My Word Is My Bond by Roger Moore '' . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 24 May 2017 ; `` Bond star Sir Roger Moore gets asked strange stuff '' . BBC . 30 March 2015 . Retrieved 24 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Moore , Roger ( 1973 ) . Roger Moore As James Bond : Roger Moore 's Own Account of Filming ' Live and Let Die ' . London : Pan Books . pp. 15 , 46 . ISBN 9780330236539 . Jump up ^ Moore , Roger ( 2012 ) . Bond on Bond : Reflections on 50 Years of James Bond Movies . Guilford , Conn. : Lyons Press . p. 141 . ISBN 9780762782819 . Jump up ^ France , Lisa ( 23 May 2017 ) . `` Roger Moore , ' 007 ' actor , dies at 89 '' . CNN . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Moore collapses on stage '' . The Guardian . 9 May 2003 . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Roger Moore , James Bond actor , dies at age 89 '' . BBC News . 23 May 2017 . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Family tweet re death of Sir Roger Moore '' . Twitter.com. 23 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Roger Moore 's daughter reveals Bond star 's heartbreaking final diary entries just weeks before his death Daily Mirror. 12 September 2017 Jump up ^ `` Six Royals and 007 : Memorial Service for Princess Lilian '' . The Diplomatic Dispatch . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Barchfield , Jenny ( 30 June 2011 ) . `` Monaco palace releases wedding guest list '' . Forbes . Retrieved 30 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` No. 55354 '' . The London Gazette ( Supplement ) . 30 December 1998 . p. 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` No. 56963 '' . The London Gazette ( Supplement ) . 14 June 2003 . p. 24 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Roger Moore , James Bond actor , dies of cancer aged 89 '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 28 May 2017 Jump up ^ `` Roger Moore Official Site '' . Roger-moore.com . Archived from the original on 7 January 2010 . Retrieved 18 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Moore , Commandeur des Arts et des Lettres '' . leparisien.fr . Retrieved 25 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` University of Hertfordshire News '' . University of Hertfordshire . Retrieved 21 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Roger Moore receives Dag Hammarskjöld Inspiration Award for his work with UNICEF '' . UNICEF . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Katy Perry gets charity award for her work with children from Hillary Clinton '' . BBC . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Actor Roger Moore Receives the Federal Service Fotografia de Noticias . Getty Images . Jump up ^ `` Winners & Nominees Henrietta Award ( World Film Favorites ) '' . Golden Globe Awards . Retrieved 29 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Moore is shooting `` Christmas at Castlebury Hall '' in Romania `` . nineoclock.ro . Retrieved 28 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Moore 's 1973 Book About The Making Of LIVE AND LET DIE Is Straight - Up Bonkers '' . birthmoviesdeath.com . Retrieved 25 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Moore 's official website '' . Roger-moore.com. 12 January 2010 . Retrieved 18 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bond on Bond Review '' . mi6-hq.com . Retrieved 25 May 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Roger Moore . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Roger Moore Official website `` People : Roger Moore '' . UNICEF . Roger Moore on IMDb Roger Moore at the Internet Broadway Database James Bond portal VIAF : 79071672 LCCN : n85326587 ISNI : 0000 0001 1072 3729 GND : 124482376 SUDOC : 071453687 BNF : cb12174576n ( data ) MusicBrainz : 776e6561 - d312 - 4b86 - 89d6 - 76383e5e7f8f NLA : 35361125 NDL : 00621158 NKC : xx0119464 ICCU : IT \ ICCU \ TO0V \ 391049 BNE : XX879288 IATH : w69893kn Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger_Moore&oldid=807345201 '' Categories : 1927 births 2017 deaths 20th - century British Army personnel 20th - century English male actors 21st - century English male actors Actors awarded British knighthoods Alumni of the College of the Venerable Bede , Durham Alumni of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art Commandeurs of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres Conservative Party ( UK ) people Deaths from cancer in Switzerland English autobiographers English expatriates in Monaco English expatriates in Switzerland British expatriates in Monaco English expatriates in the United States English humanitarians English male film actors English male stage actors English male television actors English male voice actors Golden Globe Award winners Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire Male actors from London Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer contract players People educated at Battersea Grammar School People educated at Dr Challoner 's Grammar School People from Stockwell Royal Army Service Corps officers UNICEF ambassadors Warner Bros. contract players Hidden categories : Pages containing London Gazette template with parameter supp set to y Use dmy dates from May 2017 Use British English from July 2011 Biography with signature Articles with hCards Internet Broadway Database person ID same as Wikidata Articles with IBDb links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SBN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés Aymar aru Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Livvinkarjala Magyar मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 11 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how old roger moore for your eyes only	[]	[]
-2546253341213479401	List of Saturday Night Live guests	List of Saturday Night Live guests - wikipedia List of Saturday Night Live guests Jump to : navigation , search George Carlin , the first person to host Saturday Night Live Saturday Night Live ( abbreviated as SNL ) is a late - night sketch comedy and variety show created by Lorne Michaels . It premiered on NBC , a terrestrial television network , on October 11 , 1975 under the title NBC 's Saturday Night . The show often satirizes contemporary American popular culture and politics . Saturday Night Live features a two - tiered cast : the repertory members , also known as the `` Not Ready for Prime - Time Players '' , and newer cast members , known as `` Featured Players . '' A typical episode of SNL will feature a single host , who delivers the opening monologue and performs in sketches with the cast . While the format also features a musical guest , and a number of episodes have featured celebrity cameos , the focus of this article is the guest host . George Carlin was first to host the show ; Candice Bergen was the first woman to host the show a few weeks later and again hosted only six weeks after that . Guests that host five times ( or more ) are members of the Five - Timers Club ( see below ) -- a term that originated on December 8 , 1990 , when Tom Hanks became the seventh person to host their fifth episode . Every so often , a host will also be the musical guest , such as first seen with Paul Simon on October 18 , 1975 , and , most recently , Drake on May 14 , 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of Saturday Night Live hosts 2 Five - Timers Club 3 See also 4 References List of Saturday Night Live hosts ( edit ) Main articles : Guests ( A -- D ) , ( E -- H ) , ( I -- L ) , ( M -- P ) , ( Q -- T ) , and ( U -- Z ) Saturday Night Live has featured a wide array of hosts and musical guests . George Carlin served as the show 's first host in October 1975 ; three episodes later , Candice Bergen became the first female host and the first to host more than once . Actor Alec Baldwin holds the record for most times hosting , having performed the duty on seventeen different occasions since 1990 ; Baldwin took the record from actor Steve Martin who has hosted fifteen times since 1976 . Several former cast members have returned to take on hosting duties . Original cast member Chevy Chase has hosted the most times , eight in total . Bill Murray and Tina Fey follow behind , having hosted five times . On December 11 , 1982 , Eddie Murphy became the only person to host while still a member of the cast , filling the role at the last minute when the scheduled host ( his 48 Hours co-star Nick Nolte ) became ill . Musical guests can be solo acts or bands , who perform two to three musical numbers . Occasionally , the musical guest has also simultaneously served as the host . Paul Simon was the first example , hosting and performing on the second episode on October 18 , 1975 . As of May 19 , 2012 , Dave Grohl is the most frequent musical guest , performing on eleven shows since 1992 . In 1982 , at age 7 , Drew Barrymore became the youngest person to host the show . Actress Betty White is the oldest person to host , having done so at 88 years of age on May 8 , 2010 . Concerned about White 's age and possible fatigue , her episode had Tina Fey , Molly Shannon , Maya Rudolph , Rachel Dratch and Amy Poehler on standby to replace her ; White went on to appear in every sketch . In 2000 , singer Britney Spears became the youngest person to both host and simultaneously serve as the show 's musical guest , at 18 years and 161 days old . In addition to making cameo appearances , political figures have also hosted the show . Al Gore hosted in 2002 , the only former Vice President to do so . Presidential candidates , either former , current , or future , have served as hosts : Ralph Nader in 1977 , George McGovern in 1984 , Steve Forbes in 1996 , Rudy Giuliani in 1997 , John McCain in 2002 , Al Sharpton in 2003 , and Donald Trump in 2004 ( promoting the reality TV hit The Apprentice ) and again in 2015 as a presidential hopeful . Five - Timers Club ( edit ) The Five - Timers Club is the group of performers who have hosted SNL at least five times . The club was first mentioned on the show on December 8 , 1990 by Tom Hanks who , in his monologue , touched upon the fact that it was his fifth appearance as host : Believe it or not , this is the fifth Saturday Night Live I have been lucky enough to host . Now , the first time you do the show , you ca n't believe you 're here . You just ca n't believe it . Your head buzzes with excitement . The second time you do the show , it means you were funny enough to be asked back - and you 're pushing a movie . The third time you do the show , the second time did n't go so well , and you have something to prove to yourself . The fourth time you do the show , you 're just blatantly pushing a movie . But the fifth time you do the show is the most special time of all , because you get this ( holds up a card ) ... a membership card in the Five - Timers Club . Come with me ... ( walks off the stage ) I 'm gon na give you a chance to look in on one of the most exclusive clubs in the world . Actor Alec Baldwin has hosted the show more than anyone else , 17 times between 1990 and 2017 , in addition to numerous guest appearances . After Hanks gave his monologue , the show segued to a sketch featuring Hanks , Steve Martin , Elliott Gould , and Paul Simon in the richly - appointed club . Martin and Gould were both five - time hosts ; Simon had only hosted four episodes , but was accepted as a member due to his numerous appearances as a musical guest . The Five - Timers Club was mentioned to have a swimming pool with perfect 80 degree waters . The food that is served there is named after SNL performers . Then - Saturday Night Live writer Conan O'Brien portrayed Sean , the doorman of the club . Jon Lovitz appears as a club waiter . Ralph Nader appears as a former SNL host trying to get into the Five - Timers Club only for Lovitz to tell him and his group to leave . The second time the Five - Timers Club was mentioned was when Danny DeVito was inducted in 1993 . It was actually his sixth time hosting , but apparently they did not count the show he co-hosted with his wife Rhea Perlman . The Club was mentioned again after the mark was reached by hosts Alec Baldwin ( 1994 ) , John Goodman ( 1994 ) , Christopher Walken ( 2001 ) , Drew Barrymore ( 2007 ) , Justin Timberlake ( 2013 ) , Ben Affleck ( 2013 ) , Scarlett Johansson ( 2017 ) Melissa McCarthy ( 2017 ) , and Dwayne Johnson ( 2017 ) ; Steve Martin appeared at the end of McCarthy 's fifth episode to present her with a jacket , while Alec Baldwin did the same for Dwayne Johnson in the monologue of the season finale . McCarthy had previously mentioned the club on her fourth appearance , when she claimed to be eligible because she had also been in the 40th anniversary special . Justin Timberlake 's monologue from March 9 , 2013 featured the reappearance of the richly - appointed club . The sketch features Paul Simon , Steve Martin , Chevy Chase , Alec Baldwin , Tom Hanks , and Candice Bergen . There were portraits of John Goodman and Drew Barrymore in the Five - Timers Club 's Hall of Portraits . The staff at the Five - Timers Club are former cast members , with Dan Aykroyd ( 1975 -- 79 ) and Martin Short ( 1984 -- 85 ) appearing as the club 's bartender and waiter , respectively . Future cast member Mike O'Brien makes an appearance as the doorman who greets Justin . The entertainment at the Five - Timers Club involves making the current SNL performers fight each other to the death , with Bobby Moynihan shown fighting Taran Killam . When Melissa McCarthy hosted for show for the fifth time , five - timers club member Steve Martin appeared in the goodnights to welcome her to the club . When Dwayne Johnson hosted the show for the fifth time , five - timers club members Tom Hanks and Alec Baldwin appeared in the monologue to welcome him to the club . Steve Martin was the fastest to join the Five - Timers club , hosting five times in only 546 days . Buck Henry is the only other member to join in less than four years , hosting five times in 671 days , although , in keeping with his persona on the show of being an undesirable or boring host , is said not to have been told about the club itself . The following people are members of the Five - Timers Club . Name Total appearances as host First appearance Fifth appearance Time to reach club Most recent appearance Affleck , Ben Ben Affleck 05 ! 5 000000002000 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 , 2000 000000002013 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2013 7003483700000000000 ♠ 13 years , 88 days 000000002013 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2013 Baldwin , Alec Alec Baldwin 17 000000001990 - 04 - 21 - 0000 April 21 , 1990 000000001994 - 12 - 10 - 0000 December 10 , 1994 7003169400000000000 ♠ 4 years , 233 days 000000002017 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 2017 Barrymore , Drew Drew Barrymore 06 ! 6 000000001982 - 11 - 20 - 0000 November 20 , 1982 000000002007 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2007 7003884100000000000 ♠ 24 years , 75 days 000000002009 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 , 2009 Bergen , Candice Candice Bergen 05 ! 5 000000001975 - 11 - 08 - 0000 November 8 , 1975 000000001990 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 , 1990 7003530600000000000 ♠ 14 years , 192 days 000000001990 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 , 1990 Chase , Chevy Chevy Chase 08 ! 8 000000001978 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 1978 000000001986 - 12 - 06 - 0000 December 6 , 1986 7003321300000000000 ♠ 8 years , 291 days 000000001997 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 , 1997 DeVito , Danny Danny DeVito 06 ! 6 000000001982 - 05 - 15 - 0000 May 15 , 1982 000000001993 - 01 - 09 - 0000 January 9 , 1993 7003389200000000000 ♠ 10 years , 239 days 000000001999 - 12 - 11 - 0000 December 11 , 1999 Fey , Tina Tina Fey 05 ! 5 000000002008 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2008 000000002015 - 12 - 19 - 0000 December 19 , 2015 7003285600000000000 ♠ 7 years , 299 days 000000002015 - 12 - 19 - 0000 December 19 , 2015 Goodman , John John Goodman 13 000000001989 - 12 - 02 - 0000 December 2 , 1989 000000001994 - 05 - 07 - 0000 May 7 , 1994 7003161700000000000 ♠ 4 years , 156 days 000000002013 - 12 - 14 - 0000 December 14 , 2013 Gould , Elliott Elliott Gould 06 ! 6 000000001976 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 1976 000000001980 - 02 - 16 - 0000 February 16 , 1980 7003149800000000000 ♠ 4 years , 37 days 000000001980 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 1980 Hanks , Tom Tom Hanks 09 ! 9 000000001985 - 12 - 14 - 0000 December 14 , 1985 000000001990 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 1990 7003182000000000000 ♠ 4 years , 359 days 000000002016 - 10 - 22 - 0000 October 22 , 2016 Henry , Buck Buck Henry 10 000000001976 - 01 - 17 - 0000 January 17 , 1976 000000001977 - 11 - 19 - 0000 November 19 , 1977 7002672000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 306 days 000000001980 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 1980 Johansson , Scarlett Scarlett Johansson 05 ! 5 000000002006 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 2006 000000002017 - 03 - 11 - 0000 March 11 , 2017 7003407400000000000 ♠ 11 years , 56 days 000000002017 - 03 - 11 - 0000 March 11 , 2017 Johnson , Dwayne Dwayne Johnson 05 ! 5 000000002000 - 03 - 18 - 0000 March 18 , 2000 000000002017 - 05 - 20 - 0000 May 20 , 2017 7003627200000000000 ♠ 17 years , 63 days 000000002017 - 05 - 20 - 0000 May 20 , 2017 Martin , Steve Steve Martin 15 000000001976 - 10 - 23 - 0000 October 23 , 1976 000000001978 - 04 - 22 - 0000 April 22 , 1978 7002546000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 181 days 000000002009 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2009 McCarthy , Melissa Melissa McCarthy 05 ! 5 000000002011 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1 , 2011 000000002017 - 05 - 13 - 0000 May 13 , 2017 7003205100000000000 ♠ 5 years , 224 days 000000002017 - 05 - 13 - 0000 May 13 , 2017 Murray , Bill Bill Murray 05 ! 5 000000001981 - 03 - 07 - 0000 March 7 , 1981 000000001999 - 02 - 20 - 0000 February 20 , 1999 7003655900000000000 ♠ 17 years , 350 days 000000001999 - 02 - 20 - 0000 February 20 , 1999 Simon , Paul Paul Simon 04 ! 4 000000001975 - 10 - 18 - 0000 October 18 , 1975 000000001986 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 1986 7003385700000000000 ♠ 10 years , 204 days 000000002011 - 05 - 14 - 0000 May 14 , 2011 Timberlake , Justin Justin Timberlake 05 ! 5 000000002003 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 2003 000000002013 - 03 - 09 - 0000 March 9 , 2013 7003343700000000000 ♠ 9 years , 149 days 000000002013 - 12 - 21 - 0000 December 21 , 2013 Walken , Christopher Christopher Walken 07 ! 7 000000001990 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1990 000000002001 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 , 2001 7003413700000000000 ♠ 11 years , 119 days 000000002008 - 04 - 05 - 0000 April 5 , 2008 Simon has only guest - hosted four times but has been included in both Five - Timers Club sketches . The show credits him as co-host of the 100th episode even though a host is not officially credited in the opening sequence . His fifth appearance on the show was as a musical guest appearance . Out of his four appearances as host , Simon acted as both host and musical guest during one episode . Out of his five appearances as host , Timberlake acted as both host and musical guest during three episodes . During his most recent appearance on December 21 , 2013 , he was the musical guest while Jimmy Fallon hosted . Buck Henry was the first person to host five times , with his fifth appearance on November 19 , 1977 . The most recent to host five times are Scarlett Johansson ( as of March 11 , 2017 ) , Melissa McCarthy ( as of May 13 , 2017 ) , and Dwayne Johnson ( as of May 20 , 2017 ) . This is the most people to join in a single year . As of February 11 , 2017 , Alec Baldwin held the record for hosting SNL the most frequently , with 17 episodes , beating out Steve Martin , with 15 episodes . In 2006 , both made a cameo appearance when the other hosted , with Martin , up by one at the time , attempting to kill Baldwin before he could tie his record . When Baldwin hosted for the 15th time in 2010 , Martin appeared on a television congratulating him during the monologue , but Baldwin turns and pushes him off the stage . On September 24 , 2011 , Baldwin finally broke Martin 's record for most host appearances with his appearance on the 37th - season premiere ; Martin appeared during the monologue to administer a drug test ( a satirical reference to long - running scandal regarding steroid use in Major League Baseball ) , wanting to make sure that the person who broke his record had done so fairly . Chevy Chase was the first SNL cast member to come back and host the show , and the first to join the Five - Timers Club . Cast members Bill Murray and Tina Fey later joined the Club . The Five - Timers Club has been referenced in other media since its creation in 1990 . The entertainment channel E ! placed it # 22 on its list of SNL top moments . The club was also referenced by Fox Sports as the basis behind the creation of the `` Favre Backup Club '' which seeks to be the `` NFL 's equivalent '' to the Five - Timers Club . See also ( edit ) List of Saturday Night Live cast members List of Saturday Night Live writers List of Saturday Night Live episodes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sklar , Rachel ( February 7 , 2008 ) . `` George Carlin 's SNL Monologue '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2012 . Retrieved January 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Shales & Miller 2002 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Shales & Miller 2002 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Semigran , Aly ( September 25 , 2011 ) . `` ' Saturday Night Live ' recap : The return of the king ( a.k.a. Alec Baldwin ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2012 . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Mike ( February 4 , 2011 ) . `` Power Rankings : How Have 24 Former SNL Stars Performed as Host ? '' . Movieline . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Mike ( February 4 , 2011 ) . `` Power Rankings : How Have 24 Former SNL Stars Performed as Host ? ( Page 2 ) '' . Movieline . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dave Grohl Makes His 11th Appearance on ' Saturday Night Live ' Tonight '' . Rolling Stone . Jann Wenner . May 19 , 2011 . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2012 . Retrieved May 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Betty White becomes oldest Saturday Night Live host '' . History . May 8 , 2010 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Mike ( April 7 , 2011 ) . `` Where Does Helen Mirren Rank Among Saturday Night Live 's Oldest Hosts ? '' . Movieline . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber to Host ' Saturday Night Live ' '' . ABC News . The Walt Disney Company . January 8 , 2013 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lyons , Margaret ( March 7 , 2013 ) . `` Ranking the Hosts in Saturday Night Live 's Five - Timers Club '' . Vulture . Jump up ^ Fuster , Jeremy ( March 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' SNL ' Five - Timers Club : Most Frequent Hosts , From Alec Baldwin to Justin Timberlake ( Photos ) '' . TheWrap . Jump up ^ Wilson Hunt , Stacey ( February 11 , 2015 ) . `` ' SNL ' Five - Timers Club : Justin Timberlake , Alec Baldwin , Tom Hanks Share Wild and Crazy Tales of TV 's Toughest Gig '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` The Rock to host Saturday Night Live season finale , set to join Five - Timers Club '' . Sports Illustrated . Jump up ^ `` Monologue : Tom Hanks Joins the Five - Timers Club '' . Saturday Night Live . NBC . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yamato , Jen ( December 15 , 2013 ) . `` Host John Goodman Makes 13th Trip To ' SNL , ' Stallone & De Niro Cameo For Christmas Pic : Video '' . Deadline Hollywood . PMC . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2013 . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATE ! ! SWEEPS DAY 10 ! ! Tom Hanks Hosts His First SATURDAY NIGHT LIVE Since Sept. 28 , 1996 ! ! '' . Ai n't It Cool News . May 6 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Martin holds the records for guest appearances ( 26 ) and hosting in a single season ( 3 ) Jump up ^ Young , Jamie Painter `` His way '' , Back Stage West , March 13 , 2003 . `` Just a few weeks ago he did a rousing song - and - dance number during his opening monologue on Saturday Night Live , on which he has the distinction of being in the ' Five - Timers Club ' of celebrities who have hosted the show five times or more . ( He 's hosted six . ) '' Jump up ^ Schrager , Peter ( April 2007 ) . `` Buffet : The men behind The Man '' . Fox Sports , MSN . Bibliography Shales , Tom ; Miller , James Andrew ( 2002 ) . Live From New York : An Uncensored History of Saturday Night Live . United States : Hachette Book Group USA . ISBN 0 - 316 - 73565 - 5 . ( hide ) Saturday Night Live Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 History 1975 -- 80 1980 -- 85 1985 -- 90 1990 -- 95 1995 -- 2000 2000 -- 05 2005 -- 10 2010 -- 15 2015 -- present Related lists Commercials Cast members Writers Guests A -- D E -- H I -- L M -- P Q -- T U -- Z Awards DVD releases Incidents Recurring characters and sketches Chronological Alphabetical By cast member Musical sketches TV show sketches Weekend Update characters TV Funhouse segments Characters and sketches The Barry Gibb Talk Show Bill Brasky Bill Swerski 's Superfans Blizzard Man The Blues Brothers The Boston Teens Canteen Boy Celebrity Jeopardy ! The Chris Farley Show The Church Lady Coffee Talk The Coneheads The Continental Debbie Downer Ed Grimley Emily Litella Father Guido Sarducci The Folksmen Gerald `` T - Bones '' Tibbons Hanukkah Harry Hans and Franz Happy Fun Ball The Land of Gorch Land Shark Larry the Lobster The Last Voyage of the Starship Enterprise MacGruber Mango Mary Katherine Gallagher Matt Foley More Cowbell Mr. Bill The Nerds Olympia Café Pat David S. Pumpkins Roseanne Roseannadanna Samurai Futaba The Spartan Cheerleaders Sprockets Stefon Stuart Smalley Theodoric of York , Medieval Barber TV Funhouse The Ambiguously Gay Duo The X-Presidents Unfrozen Caveman Lawyer Wayne 's World Weekend Update What Up with That Impersonations Bill Clinton Donald Trump Hillary Clinton Sarah Palin Digital Shorts Boombox Dick in a Box Hugs I Just Had Sex I 'm on a Boat Jizz in My Pants Lazy Sunday Like a Boss Jack Sparrow The Creep YOLO 3 - Way ( The Golden Rule ) Films based on sketches Mr. Mike 's Mondo Video ( 1979 ) The Blues Brothers ( 1980 ) Mr. Bill 's Real Life Adventures ( 1986 ) Bob Roberts ( 1992 ) Mr. Saturday Night ( 1992 ) Wayne 's World ( 1992 ) Wayne 's World 2 ( 1993 ) Coneheads ( 1993 ) It 's Pat ( 1994 ) Stuart Saves His Family ( 1995 ) A Night at the Roxbury ( 1998 ) Blues Brothers 2000 ( 1998 ) Superstar ( 1999 ) The Ladies Man ( 2000 ) A Mighty Wind ( 2003 ) Harold ( 2008 ) MacGruber ( 2010 ) Anniversary specials 15th ( 1989 ) 25th ( 1999 ) 40th ( 2015 ) Related topics Broadway Video `` Generalissimo Francisco Franco is still dead '' `` A Limo For A Lame - O '' `` Live from New York , it 's Saturday Night ! '' The Lonely Island discography Saturday Night Saturday Night Live Band Saturday Night Live in the 2000s Saturday Night Live Weekend Update Thursday Saturday Night Live Korea ( episodes ) SNL Milano SNL Québec SNL Studios Strategery Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Saturday_Night_Live_guests&oldid=804349273 '' Categories : Saturday Night Live lists Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 8 October 2017 , at 11 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who has hosted snl 5 times or more	[]	[]
1914914989606948955	Color blindness	Color blindness - wikipedia Color blindness `` Colorblind '' redirects here . For color blindness in other species , see Color vision . For other uses , see Colour blind ( disambiguation ) . Color blindness Synonyms Colour blindness , color deficiency , impaired color vision Example of an Ishihara color test plate . With properly configured computer displays , people with normal vision should see the number `` 74 '' . Many people who are color blind see it as `` 21 '' , and those with total color blindness may not see any numbers . Specialty Ophthalmology Symptoms Decreased ability to see colors Duration Long term Causes Genetic ( inherited usually X-linked ) Diagnostic method Ishihara color test Treatment Adjustments to teaching methods , mobile apps Frequency Red - green : 8 % males , 0.5 % females ( Northern European descent ) Color blindness , also known as color vision deficiency , is the decreased ability to see color or differences in color . Simple tasks such as selecting ripe fruit , choosing clothing , and reading traffic lights can be more challenging . Color blindness may also make some educational activities more difficult . However , problems are generally minor , and most people find that they can adapt . People with total color blindness ( achromatopsia ) may also have decreased visual acuity and be uncomfortable in bright environments . The most common cause of color blindness is an inherited problem in the development of one or more of the three sets of color sensing cones in the eye . Males are more likely to be color blind than females , as the genes responsible for the most common forms of color blindness are on the X chromosome . As females have two X chromosomes , a defect in one is typically compensated for by the other , while males only have one X chromosome . Color blindness can also result from physical or chemical damage to the eye , optic nerve or parts of the brain . Diagnosis is typically with the Ishihara color test ; however , a number of other testing methods also exist . There is no cure for color blindness . Diagnosis may allow a person 's teacher to change their method of teaching to accommodate the decreased ability to recognize colors . Special lenses may help people with red - green color blindness when under bright conditions . There are also mobile apps that can help people identify colors . Red - green color blindness is the most common form , followed by blue - yellow color blindness and total color blindness . Red - green color blindness affects up to 8 % of males and 0.5 % of females of Northern European descent . The ability to see color also decreases in old age . Being color blind may make people ineligible for certain jobs in certain countries . This may include being a pilot , train driver and working in the armed forces . The effect of color blindness on artistic ability , however , is controversial . The ability to draw appears to be unchanged , and a number of famous artists are believed to have been color blind . Contents 1 Signs and symptoms 2 Types 2.1 Red - green color blindness 2.2 Blue - yellow color blindness 2.3 Total color blindness 3 Causes 3.1 Genetics 3.2 Other causes 4 Mechanism 5 Diagnosis 6 Management 6.1 Lenses 6.2 Apps 7 Epidemiology 8 History 9 Society and culture 9.1 Design implications 9.2 Occupations 9.3 Driving 9.4 Piloting aircraft 9.5 Art 9.6 Rights of the color blind 9.6. 1 Brazil 9.6. 2 United States 10 Research 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Signs and symptoms ( edit ) Simulation of the normal ( above ) and dichromatic ( below ) perception of red and green apples Horizontal traffic light in Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada In almost all cases , color blind people retain blue - yellow discrimination , and most color - blind individuals are anomalous trichromats rather than complete dichromats . In practice , this means that they often retain a limited discrimination along the red - green axis of color space , although their ability to separate colors in this dimension is reduced . Color blindness very rarely refers to complete monochromatism . Dichromats often confuse red and green items . For example , they may find it difficult to distinguish a Braeburn apple from a Granny Smith or red from green of traffic lights without other clues -- for example , shape or position . Dichromats tend to learn to use texture and shape clues and so may be able to penetrate camouflage that has been designed to deceive individuals with normal color vision . Colors of traffic lights are confusing to some dichromats as there is insufficient apparent difference between the red / amber traffic lights and sodium street lamps ; also , the green can be confused with a grubby white lamp . This is a risk on high - speed undulating roads where angular cues can not be used . British Rail color lamp signals use more easily identifiable colors : The red is blood red , the amber is yellow and the green is a bluish color . Most British road traffic lights are mounted vertically on a black rectangle with a white border ( forming a `` sighting board '' ) and so dichromats can more easily look for the position of the light within the rectangle -- top , middle or bottom . In the eastern provinces of Canada horizontally mounted traffic lights are generally differentiated by shape to facilitate identification for those with color blindness . In the United States , this is not done by shape but by position , as the red light is always on the left if the light is horizontal , or on top if the light is vertical . However , a lone flashing light ( e.g. red for stop , yellow for caution ) is still problematic . Normal sight Deuteranopia sight Tritanopia sight Monochromacy sight Types ( edit ) These color charts show how different colorblind people see compared to a person with normal color vision . Types of color blindness and the terms used Cone system Red Green Blue N = normal A = anomalous Normal vision . . . . . . Trichromat Normal Protanomaly . . . . . . Anomalous Trichromat Partially color blind Red - green Protanopia . . . . . . Dichromat Partially color blind Red - green Deuteranomaly . . . . . . Anomalous Trichromat Partially color blind Red - green 5 Deuteranopia . . . . . . Dichromat Partially color blind Red - green 6 Tritanomaly . . . . . . Anomalous Trichromat Partially color blind Blue - yellow 7 Tritanopia . . . . . . Dichromat Partially color blind Blue - yellow 8 Achromatopsia . . . . . . Monochromat Totally color blind 9 Tetrachromat . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . Based on clinical appearance , color blindness may be described as total or partial . Total color blindness is much less common than partial color blindness . There are two major types of color blindness : difficulty distinguishing between red and green , and difficulty distinguishing between blue and yellow . Immunofluorescent imaging is a way to determine red - green color coding . Conventional color coding is difficult for individuals with red -- green color blindness ( protanopia or deuteranopia ) to discriminate . Replacing red with magenta or green with turquoise improves visibility for such individuals . The different kinds of inherited color blindness result from partial or complete loss of function of one or more of the three different cone systems . When one cone system is compromised , dichromacy results . The most frequent forms of human color blindness result from problems with either the middle ( green ) or long ( red ) wavelength sensitive cone systems , and make it hard to discriminate reds , yellows , and greens from one another . They are collectively referred to as `` red - green color blindness '' , though the term is an over-simplification and is somewhat misleading . Other forms of color blindness are much more rare . They include problems in discriminating blues from greens and yellows from reds / pinks , and the rarest form of all , complete color blindness or monochromacy , where one can not distinguish any color from grey , as in a black - and - white movie or photograph . Protanopes , deuteranopes , and tritanopes are dichromats ; that is , they can match any color they see with some mixture of just two primary colors ( in contrast to those with normal sight ( trichromats ) who can distinguish three primary colors ) . Dichromats usually know they have a color vision problem , and it can affect their daily lives . Out of the male population , 2 % have severe difficulties distinguishing between red , orange , yellow , and green . ( Orange and yellow are different combinations of red and green light . ) Colors in this range , which appear very different to a normal viewer , appear to a dichromat to be the same or a similar color . The terms protanopia , deuteranopia , and tritanopia come from Greek , and respectively mean `` inability to see ( anopia ) with the first ( prot - ) , second ( deuter - ) , or third ( trit - ) ( cone ) '' . Anomalous trichromacy is the least serious type of color deficiency . People with protanomaly , deuteranomaly , or tritanomaly are trichromats , but the color matches they make differ from the normal . They are called anomalous trichromats . In order to match a given spectral yellow light , protanomalous observers need more red light in a red / green mixture than a normal observer , and deuteranomalous observers need more green . From a practical standpoint though , many protanomalous and deuteranomalous people have very little difficulty carrying out tasks that require normal color vision . Some may not even be aware that their color perception is in any way different from normal . Protanomaly and deuteranomaly can be diagnosed using an instrument called an anomaloscope , which mixes spectral red and green lights in variable proportions , for comparison with a fixed spectral yellow . If this is done in front of a large audience of males , as the proportion of red is increased from a low value , first a small proportion of the audience will declare a match , while most will see the mixed light as greenish ; these are the deuteranomalous observers . Next , as more red is added the majority will say that a match has been achieved . Finally , as yet more red is added , the remaining , protanomalous , observers will declare a match at a point where normal observers will see the mixed light as definitely reddish . Red - green color blindness ( edit ) Protanopia , deuteranopia , protanomaly , and deuteranomaly are commonly inherited forms of red - green color blindness which affect a substantial portion of the human population . Those affected have difficulty with discriminating red and green hues due to the absence or mutation of the red or green retinal photoreceptors . It is sex - linked : genetic red - green color blindness affects males much more often than females , because the genes for the red and green color receptors are located on the X chromosome , of which males have only one and females have two . Females ( XX ) are red - green color blind only if both their X chromosomes are defective with a similar deficiency , whereas males ( XY ) are color blind if their single X chromosome is defective . The gene for red - green color blindness is transmitted from a color blind male to all his daughters , who are usually heterozygote carriers and are thus unaffected . In turn , a carrier woman has a 50 % chance of passing on a mutated X chromosome region to each of her male offspring . The sons of an affected male will not inherit the trait from him , since they receive his Y chromosome and not his ( defective ) X chromosome . Should an affected male have children with a carrier or colorblind woman , their daughters may be colorblind by inheriting an affected X chromosome from each parent . Because one X chromosome is inactivated at random in each cell during a woman 's development , deuteranomalous heterozygotes ( i.e. female carriers of deuteranomaly ) may be tetrachromats , because they will have the normal long wave ( red ) receptors , the normal medium wave ( green ) receptors , the abnormal medium wave ( deuteranomalous ) receptors and the normal autosomal short wave ( blue ) receptors in their retinas . The same applies to the carriers of protanomaly ( who have two types of long wave receptors , normal medium wave receptors , and normal autosomal short wave receptors in their retinas ) . If , by rare chance , a woman is heterozygous for both protanomaly and deuteranomaly , she could be pentachromatic . This situation could arise if , for instance , she inherited the X chromosome with the abnormal long wave gene ( but normal medium wave gene ) from her mother who is a carrier of protanomaly , and her other X chromosome from a deuteranomalous father . Such a woman would have a normal and an abnormal long wave receptor , a normal and abnormal medium wave receptor , and a normal autosomal short wave receptor -- 5 different types of color receptors in all . The degree to which women who are carriers of either protanomaly or deuteranomaly are demonstrably tetrachromatic and require a mixture of four spectral lights to match an arbitrary light is very variable . In many cases it is almost unnoticeable , but in a minority the tetrachromacy is very pronounced . However , Jameson et al. have shown that with appropriate and sufficiently sensitive equipment it can be demonstrated that any female carrier of red - green color blindness ( i.e. heterozygous protanomaly , or heterozygous deuteranomaly ) is a tetrachromat to a greater or lesser extent . Since deuteranomaly is by far the most common form of red - green blindness among men of northwestern European descent ( with an incidence of 8 % ) it follows that the proportion of carriers ( and of potential deuteranomalous tetrachromats ) among the females of that genetic stock is 14.7 % ( i.e. 92 % × 8 % × 2 ) , based on the Hardy -- Weinberg principle . Illustration of the distribution of cone cells in the fovea of an individual with normal color vision ( left ) , and a color blind ( protanopic ) retina . The center of the fovea holds very few blue - sensitive cones . Protanopia ( 1 % of males ) : Lacking the red cones for long - wavelength sensitive retinal cones , those with this condition are unable to distinguish between colors in the green - yellow - red section of the spectrum . They have a neutral point at a cyan - like wavelength around 492 nm ( see spectral color for comparison ) -- that is , they can not discriminate light of this wavelength from white . For a protanope , the brightness of red , orange , and yellow are much reduced compared to normal . This dimming can be so pronounced that reds may be confused with black or dark gray , and red traffic lights may appear to be extinguished . They may learn to distinguish reds from yellows primarily on the basis of their apparent brightness or lightness , not on any perceptible hue difference . Violet , lavender , and purple are indistinguishable from various shades of blue because their reddish components are so dimmed as to be invisible . For example , pink flowers , reflecting both red light and blue light , may appear just blue to the protanope . A very few people have been found who have one normal eye and one protanopic eye . These unilateral dichromats report that with only their protanopic eye open , they see wavelengths shorter than neutral point as blue and those longer than it as yellow . This is a rare form of color blindness . Deuteranopia ( 1 % of males ) : Lacking the green cones for medium - wavelength cones , those affected are again unable to distinguish between colors in the green - yellow - red section of the spectrum . Their neutral point is at a slightly longer wavelength , 498 nm , a more greenish hue of cyan . A deuteranope suffers the same hue discrimination problems as protanopes , but without the abnormal dimming . Purple colors are not perceived as something opposite to spectral colors ; all these appear similarly . This form of colorblindness is also known as Daltonism after John Dalton ( his diagnosis was confirmed as deuteranopia in 1995 , some 150 years after his death , by DNA analysis of his preserved eyeball ) . Equivalent terms for Daltonism in Romanic languages such as daltonismo ( Spanish , Portuguese and Italian ) , daltonisme ( French ) , daltonism ( Romanian ) and in Slavic languages such as daltonizam ( Croatian ) , daltonizam / далтонизам ( Serbian ) , далтонизам ( Macedonian ) , дальтонизм ( Russian ) , дальтонізм ( Ukrainian ) and дальтанізм ( Belarusian ) are still used to describe color blindess in a broad sense or deuteranopia in a more restricted sense . Deuteranopic unilateral dichromats report that with only their deuteranopic eye open , they see wavelengths shorter than neutral point as blue and longer than it as yellow . Protanomaly ( 1 % of males , 0.01 % of females ) : Having a mutated form of the long - wavelength ( red ) pigment , whose peak sensitivity is at a shorter wavelength than in the normal retina , protanomalous individuals are less sensitive to red light than normal . This means that they are less able to discriminate colors , and they do not see mixed lights as having the same colors as normal observers . They also suffer from a darkening of the red end of the spectrum . This causes reds to reduce in intensity to the point where they can be mistaken for black . Protanomaly is a fairly rare form of color blindness , making up about 1 % of the male population . Both protanomaly and deuteranomaly are carried on the X chromosome . Deuteranomaly ( most common -- 6 % of males , 0.4 % of females ) : These individuals have a mutated form of the medium - wavelength ( green ) pigment . The medium - wavelength pigment is shifted towards the red end of the spectrum resulting in a reduction in sensitivity to the green area of the spectrum . Unlike in protanomaly , the intensity of colors is unchanged . The deuteranomalous person is considered `` green weak '' . For example , in the evening , dark green cars appear to be black to deuteranomalous people . As with protanomates , deuteranomates are poor at discriminating small differences in hues in the red , orange , yellow , green region of the spectrum . They make errors in the naming of hues in this region because the hues appear somewhat shifted towards green . However , unlike protanomates , deuteranomalous people do not have the loss of `` brightness '' problem . Blue - yellow color blindness ( edit ) Those with tritanopia and tritanomaly have difficulty discriminating between bluish and greenish hues , as well as yellowish and reddish hues . Color blindness involving the inactivation of the short - wavelength sensitive cone system ( whose absorption spectrum peaks in the bluish - violet ) is called tritanopia or , loosely , blue - yellow color blindness . The tritanope 's neutral point occurs near a yellowish 570 nm ; green is perceived at shorter wavelengths and red at longer wavelengths . Mutation of the short - wavelength sensitive cones is called tritanomaly . Tritanopia is equally distributed among males and females . Jeremy H. Nathans ( with the Howard Hughes Medical Institute ) demonstrated that the gene coding for the blue receptor lies on chromosome 7 , which is shared equally by males and females . Therefore , it is not sex - linked . This gene does not have any neighbor whose DNA sequence is similar . Blue color blindness is caused by a simple mutation in this gene . Tritanopia ( less than 1 % of males and females ) : Lacking the short - wavelength cones , those affected see short - wavelength colors ( blue , indigo and a spectral violet ) greenish and drastically dimmed , some of these colors even as black . Yellow is indistinguishable from pink , and purple colors are perceived as various shades of red . This form of color blindness is not sex - linked . Tritanomaly ( equally rare for males and females ( 0.01 % for both ) ) : Having a mutated form of the short - wavelength ( blue ) pigment . The short - wavelength pigment is shifted towards the green area of the spectrum . This is the rarest form of anomalous trichromacy color blindness . Unlike the other anomalous trichromacy color deficiencies , the mutation for this color blindness is carried on chromosome 7 . Therefore , it is equally prevalent in both male and female populations . The OMIM gene code for this mutation is 304000 `` Colorblindness , Partial Tritanomaly '' . Total color blindness ( edit ) Total color blindness is defined as the inability to see color . Although the term may refer to acquired disorders such as cerebral achromatopsia also known as color agnosia , it typically refers to congenital color vision disorders ( i.e. more frequently rod monochromacy and less frequently cone monochromacy ) . In cerebral achromatopsia , a person can not perceive colors even though the eyes are capable of distinguishing them . Some sources do not consider these to be true color blindness , because the failure is of perception , not of vision . They are forms of visual agnosia . Monochromacy is the condition of possessing only a single channel for conveying information about color . Monochromats possess a complete inability to distinguish any colors and perceive only variations in brightness . It occurs in two primary forms : Rod monochromacy , frequently called achromatopsia , where the retina contains no cone cells , so that in addition to the absence of color discrimination , vision in lights of normal intensity is difficult . While normally rare , achromatopsia is very common on the island of Pingelap , a part of the Pohnpei state , Federated States of Micronesia , where it is called maskun : about 10 % of the population there has it , and 30 % are unaffected carriers . The island was devastated by a storm in the 18th century ( an example of a genetic bottleneck ) and one of the few male survivors carried a gene for achromatopsia . The population grew to several thousand before foreign troops introduced diseases to the island in the 1940s . Cone monochromacy is the condition of having both rods and cones , but only a single kind of cone . A cone monochromat can have good pattern vision at normal daylight levels , but will not be able to distinguish hues . Blue cone monochromacy ( X chromosome ) is caused by lack of functionality of L and M cones ( red and green ) . It is encoded at the same place as red - green color blindness on the X chromosome . Peak spectral sensitivities are in the blue region of the visible spectrum ( near 440 nm ) . People with this condition generally show nystagmus ( `` jiggling eyes '' ) , photophobia ( light sensitivity ) , reduced visual acuity , and myopia ( nearsightedness ) . Visual acuity usually falls to the 20 / 50 to 20 / 400 range . Causes ( edit ) Color vision deficiencies can be classified as acquired or inherited . Acquired : Diseases , drugs ( e.g. , Plaquenil ) , and chemicals may cause color blindness . Inherited : There are three types of inherited or congenital color vision deficiencies : monochromacy , dichromacy , and anomalous trichromacy . This article needs attention from an expert in Ophthalmology . The specific problem is : Unclear distinction between different types of achromatopsia . WikiProject Ophthalmology may be able to help recruit an expert . Monochromacy , also known as `` total color blindness '' , is the lack of ability to distinguish colors ( and thus the person views everything as if it were on a black and white television ) ; caused by cone defect or absence . Monochromacy occurs when two or all three of the cone pigments are missing and color and lightness vision is reduced to one dimension . Rod monochromacy ( achromatopsia ) is an exceedingly rare , nonprogressive inability to distinguish any colors as a result of absent or nonfunctioning retinal cones . It is associated with light sensitivity ( photophobia ) , involuntary eye oscillations ( nystagmus ) , and poor vision . Cone monochromacy is a rare total color blindness that is accompanied by relatively normal vision , electroretinogram , and electrooculogram . Cone monochromacy can also be a result of having more than one type of dichromatic color blindness . People who have , for instance , both protanopia and tritanopia are considered to have cone monochromacy . Since cone monochromacy is the lack of / damage of more than one cone in retinal environment , having two types of dichromacy would be an equivalent . Dichromacy is hereditary . Protanopia and deuteranopia are hereditary and sex - linked , affecting predominantly males . Protanopia is caused by the complete absence of red retinal photoreceptors . Protans have difficulties distinguishing between blue and green colors and also between red and green colors . It is a form of dichromatism in which the subject can only perceive light wavelengths from 400 nm to 650 nm , instead of the usual 700 nm . Pure reds can not be seen , instead appearing black ; purple colors can not be distinguished from blues ; more orange - tinted reds may appear as dim yellows , and all orange - yellow - green shades of too long a wavelength to stimulate the blue receptors appear as a similar yellow hue . It is present in 1 % of males . Deuteranopia affects hue discrimination in a similar way to protanopia , but without the dimming effect . Again , it is found in about 1 % of the male population . Tritanopia is a very rare color vision disturbance in which only the red and the green cone pigments are present , with a total absence of blue retinal receptors . Blues appear greenish , yellows and oranges appear pinkish , and purple colors appear deep red . It is related to chromosome 7 ; thus unlike protanopia and deuteranopia , tritanopia and tritanomaly are not sex - linked traits and can be acquired rather than inherited and can be reversed in some cases . Anomalous trichromacy is a common type of inherited color vision deficiency , occurring when one of the three cone pigments is altered in its spectral sensitivity . Protanomaly is a mild color vision defect in which an altered spectral sensitivity of red retinal receptors ( closer to green receptor response ) results in poor red - green hue discrimination . It is hereditary , sex - linked , and present in 1 % of males . In contrast to other defects , in this case the L - cone is present but malfunctioning , whereas in protanopia the L - cone is completely missing . Deuteranomaly , caused by a similar shift in the green retinal receptors , is by far the most common type of color vision deficiency , mildly affecting red - green hue discrimination in 5 % of European males . It is hereditary and sex - linked . In contrast to deuteranopia , the green - sensitive cones are not missing but malfunctioning . Tritanomaly is a rare , hereditary color vision deficiency affecting blue - green and yellow - red / pink hue discrimination . It is related to chromosome 7 . In contrast to tritanopia , the S - cone is malfunctioning but not missing . Genetics ( edit ) X-linked recessive inheritance Color blindness is typically an inherited genetic disorder . It is most commonly inherited from mutations on the X chromosome , but the mapping of the human genome has shown there are many causative mutations -- mutations capable of causing color blindness originate from at least 19 different chromosomes and 56 different genes ( as shown online at the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man ( OMIM ) ) . Two of the most common inherited forms of color blindness are protanomaly ( and , more rarely , protanopia -- the two together often known as `` protans '' ) and deuteranomaly ( or , more rarely , deuteranopia -- the two together often referred to as `` deutans '' ) . Both `` protans '' and `` deutans '' ( of which the deutans are by far the most common ) are known as `` red - green color - blind '' . They comprise about 8 % of human males and 0.6 % of females of Northern European ancestry . Some of the inherited diseases known to cause color blindness are : cone dystrophy cone - rod dystrophy achromatopsia ( also called rod monochromatism , stationary cone dystrophy or cone dysfunction syndrome ) blue cone monochromatism ( also called blue cone monochromacy or X-linked achromatopsia ) Leber 's congenital amaurosis retinitis pigmentosa ( initially affects rods but can later progress to cones and therefore color blindness ) . Inherited color blindness can be congenital ( from birth ) , or it can commence in childhood or adulthood . Depending on the mutation , it can be stationary , that is , remain the same throughout a person 's lifetime , or progressive . As progressive phenotypes involve deterioration of the retina and other parts of the eye , certain forms of color blindness can progress to legal blindness , i.e. an acuity of 6 / 60 ( 20 / 200 ) or worse , and often leave a person with complete blindness . Color blindness always pertains to the cone photoreceptors in retinas , as it is the cones that detect the color frequencies of light . About 8 % of males , and 0.6 % of females , are red - green color blind in some way or another , whether it is one color , a color combination , or another mutation . Males are at a greater risk of inheriting an X-linked mutation because males only have one X chromosome ( XY , with the Y chromosome carrying altogether different genes from the X chromosome ) , and females have two ( XX ) ; if a woman inherits a normal X chromosome in addition to the one that carries the mutation , she will not display the mutation . Men do not have a second X chromosome to override the chromosome that carries the mutation . If 8 % of variants of a given gene are defective , the probability of a single copy being defective is 8 % , but the probability that two copies are both defective is 0.08 , i.e. 0.64 % . Other causes ( edit ) Other causes of color blindness include brain or retinal damage caused by shaken baby syndrome , accidents and other traumas which produce swelling of the brain in the occipital lobe , and damage to the retina caused by exposure to ultraviolet light ( wavelengths 10 to 300 nm ) . Damage often presents itself later in life . Color blindness may also present itself in the range of degenerative diseases of the eye , such as age - related macular degeneration , and as part of the retinal damage caused by diabetes . Vitamin A deficiency may also cause color blindness . Some subtle forms of color blindness may be associated with chronic solvent - induced encephalopathy ( CSE ) , caused by long - time exposure to solvent vapors . Red -- green color blindness can be caused by ethambutol , a drug used in the treatment of tuberculosis . Mechanism ( edit ) See also : Trichromatic color vision The typical human retina contains two kinds of light cells : the rod cells ( active in low light ) and the cone cells ( active in normal daylight ) . Normally , there are three kinds of cone cells , each containing a different pigment , which are activated when the pigments absorb light . The spectral sensitivities of the cones differ ; one is most sensitive to short wavelengths , one to medium wavelengths , and the third to medium - to - long wavelengths within the visible spectrum , with their peak sensitivities in the blue , green , and yellow - green regions of the spectrum , respectively . The absorption spectra of the three systems overlap , and combine to cover the visible spectrum . These receptors are known as short ( S ) , medium ( M ) , and long ( L ) wavelength cones , but are also often referred to as blue , green , and red cones , although this terminology is inaccurate . The receptors are each responsive to a wide range of wavelengths . For example , the long wavelength `` red '' receptor has its peak sensitivity in the yellow - green , some way from the red end ( longest wavelength ) of the visible spectrum . The sensitivity of normal color vision actually depends on the overlap between the absorption ranges of the three systems : different colors are recognized when the different types of cone are stimulated to different degrees . Red light , for example , stimulates the long wavelength cones much more than either of the others , and reducing the wavelength causes the other two cone systems to be increasingly stimulated , causing a gradual change in hue . Many of the genes involved in color vision are on the X chromosome , making color blindness much more common in males than in females because males only have one X chromosome , while females have two . Because this is an X-linked trait , an estimated 2 -- 3 % of women have a 4th color cone and can be considered tetrachromats . One such woman has been reported to be a true or functional tetrachromat , as she can discriminate colors most other people ca n't . Diagnosis ( edit ) An Ishihara test image as seen by subjects with normal color vision and by those with a variety of color deficiencies The Ishihara color test , which consists of a series of pictures of colored spots , is the test most often used to diagnose red - green color deficiencies . A figure ( usually one or more Arabic digits ) is embedded in the picture as a number of spots in a slightly different color , and can be seen with normal color vision , but not with a particular color defect . The full set of tests has a variety of figure / background color combinations , and enable diagnosis of which particular visual defect is present . The anomaloscope , described above , is also used in diagnosing anomalous trichromacy . Position yourself about 75cm from your monitor so that the colour test image you are looking at is at eye level , read the description of the image and see what you can see ! ! It is not necessary in all cases to use the entire set of images . In a large scale examination the test can be simplified to six tests ; test , one of tests 2 or 3 , one of tests 4 , 5 , 6 , or 7 , one of tests 8 or 9 , one of tests 10 , 11 , 12 , or 13 and one of tests 14 or 15 . Because the Ishihara color test contains only numerals , it may not be useful in diagnosing young children , who have not yet learned to use numbers . In the interest of identifying these problems early on in life , alternative color vision tests were developed using only symbols ( square , circle , car ) . Besides the Ishihara color test , the US Navy and US Army also allow testing with the Farnsworth Lantern Test . This test allows 30 % of color deficient individuals , whose deficiency is not too severe , to pass . Another test used by clinicians to measure chromatic discrimination is the Farnsworth - Munsell 100 hue test . The patient is asked to arrange a set of colored caps or chips to form a gradual transition of color between two anchor caps . The HRR color test ( developed by Hardy , Rand , and Rittler ) is a red - green color test that , unlike the Ishihara , also has plates for the detection of the tritan defects . Most clinical tests are designed to be fast , simple , and effective at identifying broad categories of color blindness . In academic studies of color blindness , on the other hand , there is more interest in developing flexible tests to collect thorough datasets , identify copunctal points , and measure just noticeable differences . Management ( edit ) There is generally no treatment to cure color deficiencies . '' The American Optometric Association reports a contact lens on one eye can increase the ability to differentiate between colors , though nothing can make you truly see the deficient color . '' Lenses ( edit ) Optometrists can supply colored spectacle lenses or a single red - tint contact lens to wear on the non-dominant eye , but although this may improve discrimination of some colors , it can make other colors more difficult to distinguish . A 1981 review of various studies to evaluate the effect of the X-chrom contact lens concluded that , while the lens may allow the wearer to achieve a better score on certain color vision tests , it did not correct color vision in the natural environment . A case history using the X-Chrom lens for a rod monochromat is reported and an X-Chrom manual is online . Lenses that filter certain wavelengths of light can allow people with a cone anomaly , but not dichromacy , to see better separation of colors , especially those with classic `` red / green '' color blindness . They work by notching out wavelengths that strongly stimulate both red and green cones in a deuter - or protanomalous person , improving the distinction between the two cones ' signals . As of 2013 , sunglasses that notch out color wavelengths are available commercially . Apps ( edit ) Many mobile applications have been developed to help colorblind people to view colors in a better way . Many applications launch a simulation of colorblindness to allow people with normal vision to understand how people with color blindness see the world . The GNOME desktop environment provides colorblind accessibility using the gnome - mag and the libcolorblind software . Using a gnome applet , the user may switch a color filter on and off , choosing from a set of possible color transformations that will displace the colors in order to disambiguate them . The software enables , for instance , a colorblind person to see the numbers in the Ishihara test . Epidemiology ( edit ) Rates of color blindness Males Females Dichromacy 2.4 % 0.03 % Protanopia ( red deficient : L cone absent ) 1.3 % 0.02 % Deuteranopia ( green deficient : M cone absent ) 1.2 % 0.01 % Tritanopia ( blue deficient : S cone absent ) 0.001 % 0.03 % Anomalous trichromacy 6.3 % 0.37 % Protanomaly ( red deficient : L cone defect ) 1.3 % 0.02 % Deuteranomaly ( green deficient : M cone defect ) 5.0 % 0.35 % Tritanomaly ( blue deficient : S cone defect ) 0.0001 % 0.0001 % Color blindness affects a large number of individuals , with protanopia and deuteranopia being the most common types . In individuals with Northern European ancestry , as many as 8 percent of men and 0.4 percent of women experience congenital color deficiency . The number affected varies among groups . Isolated communities with a restricted gene pool sometimes produce high proportions of color blindness , including the less usual types . Examples include rural Finland , Hungary , and some of the Scottish islands . In the United States , about 7 percent of the male population -- or about 10.5 million men -- and 0.4 percent of the female population either can not distinguish red from green , or see red and green differently from how others do ( Howard Hughes Medical Institute , 2006 ) . More than 95 percent of all variations in human color vision involve the red and green receptors in male eyes . It is very rare for males or females to be `` blind '' to the blue end of the spectrum . Prevalence of red -- green color blindness among males Population Number studied % Arabs ( Druzes ) 337 10.0 Aboriginal Australians 4,455 1.9 Belgians 9,540 7.4 Bosnians 4,836 6.2 Britons 16,180 6.6 Chinese 1,164 6.9 DR Congolese 929 1.7 Dutch 3,168 8.0 Eskimo 297 2.5 Fijians 608 0.8 French 1,243 8.6 Germans 7,861 7.7 Hutu 1,000 2.9 Indians ( Andhra Pradesh ) 292 7.5 Iranians 16,180 6.6 Japanese 259,000 4.0 Mexicans 571 2.3 Navajo 571 2.3 Norwegians 9,047 9.0 Russians 1,343 9.2 Scots 463 7.8 Swiss 2,000 8.0 Tibetans 241 5.0 Tswana 407 2.0 Tutsi 1,000 2.5 Serbs 4,750 7.4 History ( edit ) An 1895 illustration of normal vision and various kinds of color blindness The first scientific paper on the subject of color blindness , Extraordinary facts relating to the vision of colours , was published by the English chemist John Dalton in 1798 after the realization of his own color blindness . Because of Dalton 's work , the general condition has been called daltonism , although in English this term is now used only for deuteranopia . Society and culture ( edit ) Design implications ( edit ) Testing the colors of a web chart , ( center ) , to ensure that no information is lost to the various forms of color blindness . This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Color codes present particular problems for those with color deficiencies as they are often difficult or impossible for them to perceive . Good graphic design avoids using color coding or using color contrasts alone to express information ; this not only helps color blind people , but also aids understanding by normally sighted people by providing them with multiple reinforcing cues . Designers need to take into account that color - blindness is highly sensitive to differences in material . For example , a red - green colorblind person who is incapable of distinguishing colors on a map printed on paper may have no such difficulty when viewing the map on a computer screen or television . In addition , some color blind people find it easier to distinguish problem colors on artificial materials , such as plastic or in acrylic paints , than on natural materials , such as paper or wood . Third , for some color blind people , color can only be distinguished if there is a sufficient `` mass '' of color : thin lines might appear black , while a thicker line of the same color can be perceived as having color . Designers should also note that red - blue and yellow - blue color combinations are generally safe . So instead of the ever - popular `` red means bad and green means good '' system , using these combinations can lead to a much higher ability to use color coding effectively . This will still cause problems for those with monochromatic color blindness , but it is still something worth considering . When the need to process visual information as rapidly as possible arises , for example in an emergency situation , the visual system may operate only in shades of gray , with the extra information load in adding color being dropped . This is an important possibility to consider when designing , for example , emergency brake handles or emergency phones . Occupations ( edit ) Color blindness may make it difficult or impossible for a person to engage in certain occupations . Persons with color blindness may be legally or practically barred from occupations in which color perception is an essential part of the job ( e.g. , mixing paint colors ) , or in which color perception is important for safety ( e.g. , operating vehicles in response to color - coded signals ) . This occupational safety principle originates from the Lagerlunda train crash of 1875 in Sweden . Following the crash , Professor Alarik Frithiof Holmgren , a physiologist , investigated and concluded that the color blindness of the engineer ( who had died ) had caused the crash . Professor Holmgren then created the first test using different - colored skeins to exclude people from jobs in the transportation industry on the basis of color blindness . However , there is a claim that there is no firm evidence that color deficiency did cause the collision , or that it might have not been the sole cause . Color vision is important for occupations using telephone or computer networking cabling , as the individual wires inside the cables are color - coded using green , orange , brown , blue and white colors . Electronic wiring , transformers , resistors , and capacitors are color - coded as well , using black , brown , red , orange , yellow , green , blue , violet , gray , white , silver , gold . Driving ( edit ) Some countries have refused to grant driving licenses to individuals with color blindness . In Romania , there is an ongoing campaign to remove the legal restrictions that prohibit colorblind citizens from getting drivers ' licenses . The usual justification for such restrictions is that drivers of motor vehicles must be able to recognize color - coded signals , such as traffic lights or warning lights . Piloting aircraft ( edit ) While many aspects of aviation depend on color coding , only a few of them are critical enough to be interfered with by some milder types of color blindness . Some examples include color - gun signaling of aircraft that have lost radio communication , color - coded glide - path indications on runways , and the like . Some jurisdictions restrict the issuance of pilot credentials to persons who suffer from color blindness for this reason . Restrictions may be partial , allowing color - blind persons to obtain certification but with restrictions , or total , in which case color - blind persons are not permitted to obtain piloting credentials at all . In the United States , the Federal Aviation Administration requires that pilots be tested for normal color vision as part of their medical clearance in order to obtain the required medical certificate , a prerequisite to obtaining a pilot 's certification . If testing reveals color blindness , the applicant may be issued a license with restrictions , such as no night flying and no flying by color signals -- such a restriction effectively prevents a pilot from holding certain flying occupations , such as that of an airline pilot , although commercial pilot certification is still possible , and there are a few flying occupations that do not require night flight and thus are still available to those with restrictions due to color blindness ( e.g. , agricultural aviation ) . The government allows several types of tests , including medical standard tests ( e.g. , the Ishihara , Dvorine , and others ) and specialized tests oriented specifically to the needs of aviation . If an applicant fails the standard tests , they will receive a restriction on their medical certificate that states : `` Not valid for night flying or by color signal control '' . They may apply to the FAA to take a specialized test , administered by the FAA . Typically , this test is the `` color vision light gun test '' . For this test an FAA inspector will meet the pilot at an airport with an operating control tower . The color signal light gun will be shone at the pilot from the tower , and they must identify the color . If they pass they may be issued a waiver , which states that the color vision test is no longer required during medical examinations . They will then receive a new medical certificate with the restriction removed . This was once a Statement of Demonstrated Ability ( SODA ) , but the SODA was dropped , and converted to a simple waiver ( letter ) early in the 2000s . Research published in 2009 carried out by the City University of London 's Applied Vision Research Centre , sponsored by the UK 's Civil Aviation Authority and the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration , has established a more accurate assessment of color deficiencies in pilot applicants ' red / green and yellow - blue color range which could lead to a 35 % reduction in the number of prospective pilots who fail to meet the minimum medical threshold . Art ( edit ) Inability to distinguish color does not necessarily preclude the ability to become a celebrated artist . The 20th century expressionist painter Clifton Pugh , three - time winner of Australia 's Archibald Prize , on biographical , gene inheritance and other grounds has been identified as a protanope . 19th century French artist Charles Méryon became successful by concentrating on etching rather than painting after he was diagnosed as having a red - green deficiency . Rights of the color blind ( edit ) Brazil ( edit ) A Brazilian court ruled that people with color blindness are protected by the Inter-American Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Person with Disabilities . At trial , it was decided that the carriers of color blindness have a right of access to wider knowledge , or the full enjoyment of their human condition . United States ( edit ) In the United States , under federal anti-discrimination laws such as the Americans with Disabilities Act , color vision deficiencies have not been found to constitute a disability that triggers protection from workplace discrimination . A famous traffic light on Tipperary Hill in Syracuse , New York , is upside - down due to the sentiments of its Irish American community , but has been criticized due to the potential hazard it poses for color - blind persons . Research ( edit ) Some tentative evidence finds that color blind people are better at penetrating certain color camouflages . Such findings may give an evolutionary reason for the high rate of red -- green color blindness . There is also a study suggesting that people with some types of color blindness can distinguish colors that people with normal color vision are not able to distinguish . In World War II , color blind observers were used to penetrate camouflage . In September 2009 , the journal Nature reported that researchers at the University of Washington and University of Florida were able to give trichromatic vision to squirrel monkeys , which normally have only dichromatic vision , using gene therapy . In 2003 , a cybernetic device called eyeborg was developed to allow the wearer to hear sounds representing different colors . Achromatopsic artist Neil Harbisson was the first to use such a device in early 2004 ; the eyeborg allowed him to start painting in color by memorizing the sound corresponding to each color . In 2012 , at a TED Conference , Harbisson explained how he could now perceive colors outside the ability of human vision . See also ( edit ) List of people with color blindness Motion blindness Red - green color space Tetrachromacy References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Gordon , N ( March 1998 ) . `` Colour blindness '' . Public health . 112 ( 2 ) : 81 -- 4 . doi : 10.1038 / sj. ph. 1900446 . PMID 9581449 . ^ Jump up to : `` Facts About Color Blindness '' . NEI . February 2015 . Archived from the original on 28 July 2016 . Retrieved 29 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Sembulingam , K. ; Sembulingam , Prema ( 2012 ) . Essentials of Medical Physiology . JP Medical Ltd. p. 1002 . ISBN 9789350259368 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 09 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Morgan , M.J. ; Adam , A. ; Mollon , J.D. 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Current Biology . 15 ( 23 ) : R950 -- 2 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cub. 2005.11. 031 . PMID 16332521 . Jump up ^ `` Colour blindness not all it seems '' . BBC News . 6 December 2015 . Archived from the original on 23 June 2016 . Retrieved 21 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Dolgin , Elie ( 2009 ) . `` Colour blindness corrected by gene therapy '' . Nature . doi : 10.1038 / news. 2009.921 . Jump up ^ Alfredo M. Ronchi : Eculture : Cultural Content in the Digital Age . Springer ( New York , 2009 ) . p. 319 ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 75273 - 8 Jump up ^ `` I listen to color '' Archived 2012 - 08 - 12 at the Wayback Machine. , Neil Harbisson at TED Global , 27 June 2012 . Further reading ( edit ) Kaiser , Peter K. ; Boynton , Robert M. ( 1996 ) . Human color vision . Washington , DC : Optical Society of America . ISBN 1 - 55752 - 461 - 0 . OCLC 472932250 . McIntyre , Donald ( 2002 ) . Colour blindness : causes and effects . Chester : Dalton Publishing . ISBN 0 - 9541886 - 0 - 8 . OCLC 49204679 . Rubin , Melvin L. ; Cassin , Barbara ; Solomon , Sheila ( 1984 ) . Dictionary of eye terminology . Gainesville , Fla : Triad Pub. Co . ISBN 0 - 937404 - 07 - 1 . OCLC 10375427 . Shevell , Steven K. ( 2003 ) . The science of color . Amsterdam : Elsevier . ISBN 0 - 444 - 51251 - 9 . OCLC 52271315 . Hilbert , David ; Byrne , Alexander ( 1997 ) . Readings on color . Cambridge , Mass : MIT Press . ISBN 0 - 262 - 52231 - 4 . OCLC 35762680 . Stiles , W.S. ; Wyszecki , Günter ( 2000 ) . Color science : concepts and methods , quantitative data and formulae . Chichester : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 0 - 471 - 39918 - 3 . OCLC 799532137 . Kuchenbecker , J. ; Broschmann , D. ( 2014 ) . Plates for color vision testing . New York : Thieme . ISBN 978 - 3 - 13 - 175481 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Color blindness . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Color blindness Color blindness at Curlie `` A Glossary of Color Science . '' Classification ICD - 10 : H53. 5 ICD - 9 - CM : 368.5 MeSH : D003117 DiseasesDB : 2999 External resources MedlinePlus : 001002 Physiology of the visual system Vision Accommodation Gaze Intraocular pressure Visual field Color vision Color blindness Achromatopsia Opponent process Dichromacy Monochromacy Pentachromacy Tetrachromacy Trichromacy Diseases of the human eye ( H00 -- H59 360 -- 379 ) Adnexa Eyelid Inflammation Stye Chalazion Blepharitis Entropion Ectropion Lagophthalmos Blepharochalasis Ptosis Blepharophimosis Xanthelasma Eyelash Trichiasis Madarosis Lacrimal apparatus Dacryoadenitis Epiphora Dacryocystitis Xerophthalmia Orbit Exophthalmos Enophthalmos Orbital cellulitis Orbital lymphoma Periorbital cellulitis Conjunctiva Conjunctivitis allergic Pterygium Pinguecula Subconjunctival hemorrhage Globe Fibrous tunic Sclera Scleritis Episcleritis Cornea Keratitis herpetic acanthamoebic fungal Corneal ulcer Photokeratitis Thygeson 's superficial punctate keratopathy Corneal dystrophy Fuchs ' Meesmann Corneal ectasia Keratoconus Pellucid marginal degeneration Keratoglobus Terrien 's marginal degeneration Post-LASIK ectasia Keratoconjunctivitis sicca Corneal neovascularization Kayser -- Fleischer ring Haab 's striae Arcus senilis Band keratopathy Vascular tunic Iris Ciliary body Uveitis Intermediate uveitis Hyphema Rubeosis iridis Persistent pupillary membrane Iridodialysis Synechia Choroid Choroideremia Choroiditis Chorioretinitis Lens Cataract Congenital cataract Childhood cataract Aphakia Ectopia lentis Retina Retinitis Chorioretinitis Cytomegalovirus retinitis Retinal detachment Retinoschisis Ocular ischemic syndrome / Central retinal vein occlusion Central retinal artery occlusion Branch retinal artery occlusion Retinopathy diabetic hypertensive Purtscher 's of prematurity Bietti 's crystalline dystrophy Coats ' disease Macular degeneration Retinitis pigmentosa Retinal haemorrhage Central serous retinopathy Macular edema Epiretinal membrane ( Macular pucker ) Vitelliform macular dystrophy Leber 's congenital amaurosis Birdshot chorioretinopathy Other Glaucoma / Ocular hypertension / Primary juvenile glaucoma Floater Leber 's hereditary optic neuropathy Red eye Globe rupture Keratomycosis Phthisis bulbi Persistent fetal vasculature / Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous Persistent tunica vasculosa lentis Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy Pathways Optic nerve Optic disc Optic neuritis optic papillitis Papilledema Foster Kennedy syndrome Optic atrophy Optic disc drusen Optic neuropathy Ischemic anterior ( AION ) posterior ( PION ) Kjer 's Leber 's hereditary Toxic and nutritional Strabismus Extraocular muscles Binocular vision Accommodation Paralytic strabismus Ophthalmoparesis Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia Kearns -- Sayre syndrome palsies Oculomotor ( III ) Fourth - nerve ( IV ) Sixth - nerve ( VI ) Other strabismus Esotropia / Exotropia Hypertropia Heterophoria Esophoria Exophoria Cyclotropia Brown 's syndrome Duane syndrome Other binocular Conjugate gaze palsy Convergence insufficiency Internuclear ophthalmoplegia One and a half syndrome Refraction Refractive error Hyperopia Myopia Astigmatism Anisometropia / Aniseikonia Presbyopia Vision disorders Blindness Amblyopia Leber 's congenital amaurosis Diplopia Scotoma Color blindness Achromatopsia Dichromacy Monochromacy Nyctalopia Oguchi disease Blindness / Vision loss / Visual impairment Anopsia Hemianopsia binasal bitemporal homonymous Quadrantanopia subjective Asthenopia Hemeralopia Photophobia Scintillating scotoma Pupil Anisocoria Argyll Robertson pupil Marcus Gunn pupil Adie syndrome Miosis Mydriasis Cycloplegia Parinaud 's syndrome Other Nystagmus Childhood blindness Infections Trachoma Onchocerciasis Color topics Red Orange Yellow Green Cyan Blue Indigo Violet Purple Magenta Pink Brown White Gray Black Color science Color physics Electromagnetic spectrum Light Rainbow Visible Spectral colors Chromophore Structural coloration Animal coloration On Vision and Colors Metamerism Spectral power distribution Color perception Color vision Color blindness Achromatopsia test Tetrachromacy Color constancy Color term Color depth Color photography Spot color Color printing Web colors Color mapping Color code Color management Chrominance False color Chroma key Color balance Color cast Color temperature Eigengrau Color psychology Color symbolism Color preferences Lüscher color test Kruithof curve Political color National colors Chromophobia Chromotherapy Color philosophy Color space Color model additive subtractive Color mixing Primary color Secondary color Tertiary color ( intermediate ) Quaternary color Quinary color Aggressive color ( warm ) Receding color ( cool ) Pastel colors Color gradient Color scheme Color tool Monochromatic colors Complementary colors Analogous colors Achromatic colors ( Neutral ) Polychromatic colors Impossible colors Light - on - dark Tinctures in heraldry Color theory Chromaticity diagram Color solid Color wheel Color triangle Color analysis ( art ) Color realism ( art style ) Color terms Basic terms Blue Green Red Yellow Pink Purple Orange Black Gray White Brown Cultural differences Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate Blue -- green distinction in language Color history Color in Chinese culture Traditional colors of Japan Human skin color Color dimensions Hue Dichromatism Colorfulness ( chroma and saturation ) Tints and shades Lightness ( tone and value ) Grayscale Color organizations Pantone Color Marketing Group The Color Association of the United States International Colour Authority International Commission on Illumination ( CIE ) International Color Consortium International Colour Association Lists List of colors : A -- F List of colors : G -- M List of colors : N -- Z List of colors ( compact ) List of colors by shade List of color palettes List of color spaces List of Crayola crayon colors history Color chart List of fictional colors List of RAL colors List of web colors Related Vision Image processing Multi-primary color display Quattron Qualia Lighting Local color ( visual art ) Portal Index of color - related articles NDL : 00570954 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Color_blindness&oldid=864148362 '' Categories : Color vision Genetic disorders by system Visual disturbances and blindness X-linked recessive disorders Agnosia Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from March 2014 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2015 All articles with self - published sources Articles with self - published sources from August 2015 Infobox medical condition ( new ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2018 Articles needing expert attention All articles needing expert attention Ophthalmology articles needing expert attention Articles with unsourced quotes Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2016 Articles needing additional references from August 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers RTT RTTNEURO Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - 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About Wikipedia	where does the color blind gene come from	[ "The most common cause of color blindness is an inherited problem in the development of one or more of the three sets of color sensing cones in the eye.[2] Males are more likely to be color blind than females, as the genes responsible for the most common forms of color blindness are on the X chromosome.[2] As females have two X chromosomes, a defect in one is typically compensated for by the other, while males only have one X chromosome.[2] Color blindness can also result from physical or chemical damage to the eye, optic nerve or parts of the brain.[2] Diagnosis is typically with the Ishihara color test; however, a number of other testing methods also exist.[2]\n" ]	[ "on the X chromosome" ]
8108583503142965237	Shane Warne	Shane Warne - Wikipedia Shane Warne This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 4 April 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search Shane Warne Warne at the Melbourne launch of 2015 Cricket World Cup , February 2015 Full name Shane Keith Warne ( 1969 - 09 - 13 ) 13 September 1969 ( age 48 ) Upper Ferntree Gully , Victoria , Australia Nickname Warnie Height 6 ft 0 in ( 1.83 m ) Batting Right - handed , Lower order Bowling Right - arm leg break Role Leg spin bowler International information National side Australia ( 1992 -- 2007 ) Test debut ( cap 350 ) 2 January 1992 v India Last Test 2 January 2007 v England ODI debut ( cap 110 ) 24 March 1993 v New Zealand Last ODI 10 January 2005 v Asia XI ODI shirt no . 5 , 99 , 12 , 23 Domestic team information Years Team 1990 -- 2007 Victoria ( squad no . 23 ) 2000 -- 2007 Hampshire ( squad no . 23 ) 2008 -- 2011 Rajasthan Royals ( squad no . 23 ) 2011 -- 2013 Melbourne Stars ( squad no . 23 ) Career statistics Competition Tests ODIs FC LA Matches 145 194 301 311 Runs scored 3,154 1,018 6,919 1,879 Batting average 17.32 13.05 19.43 11.81 100s / 50s 0 / 12 0 / 1 2 / 26 0 / 1 Top score 99 55 107 * 55 Balls bowled 40,704 10,642 74,830 16,419 Wickets 708 293 1,319 473 Bowling average 25.41 25.73 26.11 24.61 5 wickets in innings 37 69 10 wickets in match 10 n / a 12 n / a Best bowling 8 / 71 5 / 33 8 / 71 6 / 42 Catches / stumpings 125 / -- 80 / -- 264 / -- 126 / -- Source : cricketarchive.com , 29 March 2008 Shane Keith Warne ( born 13 September 1969 ) is a former Australian international cricketer , and a former ODI captain . Widely regarded as one of the greatest bowlers in the history of the game , Warne was named one of the Wisden Cricketers of the Year in the 1994 Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack . He was the Wisden Leading Cricketer in the World in 1997 ( Notional Winner ) . He was named Wisden Leading Cricketer in the World for the year 2004 in the 2005 Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack . In 2000 , he was selected by a panel of cricket experts as one of the five Wisden Cricketers of the Century , the only specialist bowler selected in the quintet and the only one still playing at the time . He is also a cricket commentator and a professional poker player . He officially retired from all formats of cricket in July 2013 . Warne played his first Test match in 1992 and took over 1000 international wickets ( in Tests and One - Day Internationals ) , second to this milestone after Sri Lanka 's Muttiah Muralitharan . Warne 's 708 Test wickets was the record for the most wickets taken by any bowler in Test cricket , until it was also broken by Muralitharan on 3 December 2007 . A useful lower - order batsman , Warne is also the only player to have scored 3000 + Test runs without a career century and he holds the record for most Test runs without a century ( 3154 ) . His career was plagued by scandals off the field , these included a ban from cricket for testing positive for a prohibited substance ; charges of bringing the game into disrepute by accepting money from bookmakers and sexual indiscretions . As well as the Australian National Cricket Team ; he also played Australian domestic cricket for his home state of Victoria and English domestic cricket for Hampshire . He was captain of Hampshire for three seasons from 2005 to 2007 . He retired from international cricket in January 2007 , at the end of Australia 's 5 -- 0 Ashes series victory over England . Three other players integral to the Australian team at the time - Glenn McGrath , Damien Martyn and Justin Langer also retired from Tests at the same time which led some , including the Australian captain Ricky Ponting ; to declare it the `` end of an era '' . Following his retirement from international cricket , Warne played a full season at Hampshire in 2007 . He had been scheduled to appear in the 2008 English cricket season , but in late March 2008 he announced his retirement from playing first - class cricket in order to be able to `` spend more time pursuing interests outside of cricket '' . In March 2008 , Warne signed to play in the Indian Premier League for the Jaipur team , Rajasthan Royals in the first edition of the tournament , where he played the roles of both captain and coach . He led his team to victory against the Chennai Super Kings in a cliffhanger of a final match on 1 June 2008 . In February 2018 , Rajasthan Royals appointed Warne as their Team Mentor for the upcoming IPL 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Youth , football and early cricket career 2 International career 2.1 Early international career ( 1992 -- 1993 ) 2.2 Path to 300 Test wickets ( 1993 -- 1999 ) 2.3 Vice-captaincy of Australia ( 1999 -- 2000 ) 2.4 Wickets and injuries ( 2001 -- 2003 ) 2.5 Ban from cricket ( 2003 ) 2.6 Return to cricket ( 2004 -- 2006 ) 2.7 International retirement ( 2006 -- 2007 ) 3 Twenty20 career ( 2008 -- 2013 ) 4 Playing style and influence 5 Outside cricket 5.1 Media 5.2 Endorsements 5.3 Evolution 6 Personal life 7 Controversies 8 Recognition 9 Test wicket milestones 10 Performance analysis 11 Career best performances 12 International record 12.1 Test 10 Wicket hauls 13 International awards 13.1 One Day International Cricket 13.1. 1 Man of the Match awards 14 References 14.1 Notes 14.2 Sources 15 External links Youth , Football and early cricket career ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Shane Warne was born to German - born Bridgette ( Brigitte ) and Keith Warne on 13 September 1969 in Upper Ferntree Gully , Victoria , a suburb of outer Melbourne . Warne attended Hampton High School from Grades 7 -- 9 , after which he was offered a sports scholarship to attend Mentone Grammar . Warne spent his final three years of school at Mentone . His first representative honours came when in 1983 - 84 season he represented University of Melbourne Cricket Club in the then Victorian Cricket Association under 16 Dowling Shield competition . He bowled a mixture of leg - spin and off - spin and was a handy lower order batsman . The following season he joined the St Kilda Cricket Club near his home suburb of Black Rock . He started in the lower elevens and over a number of seasons progressed to the first eleven . During the cricket offseason in 1987 Warne played five games of Australian rules football for the St Kilda Football Club 's under 19 team . In 1988 , Warne once again played for the St Kilda Football Club 's under 19 team before being upgraded to the reserves team , one step below professional level . Following the 1988 Victorian Football League season Warne was delisted by St Kilda and began to focus solely on cricket . He was later chosen to train at the AIS Australian Cricket Academy in 1990 in Adelaide . Warne joined English team Accrington Cricket Club in 1991 . He enjoyed a good season with the ball , taking 73 wickets at 15.4 each , but scored only 330 runs at an average of 15 . The committee at Accrington Cricket Club decided not to re-engage him for the 1992 Lancashire League season as he was not seen to be good enough . Warne made his first - class cricket debut on 15 February 1991 , taking 0 / 61 and 1 / 41 for Victoria against Western Australia at the Junction Oval in Melbourne . He was then selected for the Australia B team which toured Zimbabwe in September 1991 . In the second tour match at Harare Sports Club , Warne recorded his first first - class haul of five wickets or more in an innings when he took 7 / 49 in the second innings , helping Australia B to a nine - wicket win . Upon returning to Australia , Warne took 3 / 14 and 4 / 42 for Australia A against a touring West Indian side in December 1991 . The incumbent spinner in the Australian Test team , Peter Taylor , had taken only one wicket in the first two tests , so Warne was brought into the team for the third Test against India at the Sydney Cricket Ground a week later . International career ( edit ) Early international career ( 1992 -- 1993 ) ( edit ) Warne had an undistinguished Test debut when called into the Australian team in January 1992 for a Test against India at the Sydney Cricket Ground . He took 1 / 150 ( Ravi Shastri caught by Dean Jones for 206 ) off 45 overs . He took 0 / 78 in the fourth Test in Adelaide , recording overall figures of 1 / 228 for the series , and was dropped for the fifth Test on the pace - friendly WACA Ground in Perth . His poor form continued in the first innings against Sri Lanka at Colombo , in which he recorded 0 / 107 . However , on 22 August 1992 , he took the last three Sri Lankan wickets without conceding a run in the second innings precipitating a second innings collapse and contributing to a remarkable 16 - run Australian win . Sri Lankan captain Arjuna Ranatunga commented in an interview that , ' a bowler with Test average of more than 300 came and snatched the victory from our hands ' . However , Warne 's performances in the last two Tests in Sri Lanka were not to the satisfaction of the selectors , and he was dropped for the First Test against the West Indies in the 1992 -- 93 Australian season . Greg Matthews played in Warne 's place and despite Australia being in a strong position on the final day , was unable to dismiss the tourists on a turning surface . Warne was thus recalled for the Second Test in Melbourne , a Boxing Day Test , where he took 7 / 52 in a match - winning performance in the second innings . Path to 300 Test wickets ( 1993 -- 1999 ) ( edit ) In 1993 , Warne was selected for Australia 's Ashes tour of England . He was the leading wicket taker for the six - Test series , with 34 . His first ball of the series was written into the history books as the `` Ball of the Century '' , bowling the experienced English batsman Mike Gatting with a ball that turned from well outside leg stump to clip the off bail . He took 71 Test wickets in 1993 , then a record for a spin bowler in a calendar year . New Zealand batsmen contributed significantly to his tally . He took 17 wickets in Australia 's tour of New Zealand early in the year , tying Danny Morrison as the top wicket - taker for the series with 17 . When New Zealand toured Australia for three Tests in November and December , Warne took 18 more and was named player of the series . Warne featured in South Africa 's tour of Australia in 1993 -- 94 and Australia 's return tour in March 1994 . In the second Test of South Africa 's tour , held at the Sydney Cricket Ground , Warne took ten wickets in a Test for the first time in his career . His 7 / 56 in the first innings and 5 / 72 in the second was not enough to secure victory for Australia ; Warne was part of an Australian batting collapse on the final day of the Test that handed South Africa the win . Australia sought to retain The Ashes when England toured for a five Test series in 1994 -- 95 . Warne took a career - best 8 / 71 in the second innings of the first Test at the Gabba , before going on to take 27 wickets in the five - Test series . In the Second Test , a Boxing Day Test at Warne 's home ground , the Melbourne Cricket Ground , he took his first and only Test hat - trick , dismissing tail - enders Phil DeFreitas , Darren Gough and Devon Malcolm in successive balls , the last of which was caught by David Boon . He also grabbed his 150th test wicket , a caught - and - bowled off Alec Stewart . However , it was with the bat that Warne ultimately secured The Ashes for Australia . In the Third Test at the Sydney Cricket Ground , he and fellow tail - ender Tim May survived the final 19 overs on the fifth day in fading light to secure a draw and a 2 -- 0 series lead that meant Australia would retain The Ashes regardless of the result of the fourth and fifth Tests . Later in 1995 , he toured the West Indies , taking 15 wickets over four Tests as Australia defeated the West Indies in a Test series for the first time in almost 20 years . In the summer of 1995 -- 96 , Australia played home series against Pakistan and Sri Lanka . He took 11 wickets in the first Test against Pakistan but broke his toe in the second . Selectors included him in the squad for the third Test just days later to give him the chance to prove his fitness ; he did so by taking four wickets in Pakistan 's first innings and another four in their second to be named the player of the series . Warne was to be a key member of Australia 's squad for the 1996 World Cup , held in India , Pakistan and Sri Lanka . Australia qualified for the final , with Warne having taken 12 wickets , including a man - of - the - match 4 / 36 in the semi-final against the West Indies . Ahead of the final against Sri Lanka , Australian captain Mark Taylor publicly declared that Warne was not `` vital '' to his team , emphasising that Warne alone could not win the World Cup . Warne conceded 58 runs for no wickets in the final ; Australia lost the match to first - time champions Sri Lanka . The West Indies toured Australia for a five - Test series in the summer of 1996 -- 97 . Warne took 22 wickets in the series , and a further 11 in Australia 's three - Test tour of South Africa early in 1997 . In the northern summer , Warne returned to England with the Australian team to attempt to retain The Ashes . After struggling for form early in the tour , Warne took 24 wickets at an average of 24.04 as Australia won the six - Test series 3 -- 2 . The following Australian summer ( 1997 -- 98 ) saw a continued flow of wickets for Warne . He picked up 19 in New Zealand 's three - Test series in Australia , before taking 20 wickets in three Tests against South Africa . In the second of those three , he took five wickets in the first innings and six in the second , while becoming the second Australian after Dennis Lillee to take 300 Test wickets . At the beginning of the summer , the Australian media had criticised Warne for his weight ; now , The Australian wrote that he was one of Australia 's three most `` influential '' cricketers ( with Donald Bradman and Dennis Lillee ) . Journalist and former English cricketer Derek Pringle observed as Warne passed the 300 Test wicket mark at the age of 28 : `` we are in the presence of true greatness and not some pretender to the great figures in the game 's history . '' Later in 1998 , Warne was a member of Australia 's touring squad of India . Finding Indian food not to his liking , he had spaghetti and baked beans flown in from Australia . With Australia 's two top pace bowlers Glenn McGrath and Jason Gillespie missing the tour due to injury , Warne shouldered more of the bowling burden . He took 10 wickets , but conceding 54 runs each , going for 0 / 147 in India 's only innings of the second and series - winning Test in Calcutta . Warne 's dismissal of Rahul Dravid in the first inning of the final test at Bangalore took him past Lance Gibbs ' tally of 309 wickets making him the most successful spinner in Test Cricket . Australia lost the series , breaking a run of nine Test series victories . Warne did not play international cricket again until the fifth Test of the Ashes series in Australia in January 1999 , suffering a shoulder injury . He missed Australia 's tour of Pakistan and the first four Ashes Tests . At the time , he was also at the centre of the John the bookmaker controversy . Warne 's extended absence from the Australian team gave his understudy Stuart MacGill the opportunity to play in his place . MacGill responded by taking 15 wickets in three Tests against Pakistan -- the most for any bowler in the series -- and another series - high 27 wickets against England . Warne and MacGill bowled in tandem upon Warne 's return to the team for the fifth Ashes Test at the Sydney Cricket Ground , where MacGill took 12 wickets and Warne two . Vice-captaincy of Australia ( 1999 -- 2000 ) ( edit ) Shane Warne 's record as captain Matches Won Lost Drawn Tied No result Win % ODI 11 10 0 0 0 90.91 % Date last Updated : 2 September 2015 The Ashes series was the last for Australian captain Mark Taylor , who retired . Steve Waugh was appointed as Taylor 's replacement , while Warne was promoted to the position of vice-captain . However , he was dropped from the Test team during Australia 's tour of the West Indies in early 1999 . Warne took just two wickets in the first three Tests of the series , leading to calls from the Australian media for his removal from the team . He was replaced for the final Test by off - spinner Colin Miller . Miller and MacGill took eight wickets between them as Australia won the Test to retain the Frank Worrell Trophy . Warne 's form recovered in the ODI series against the West Indies , and he was selected to play in the 1999 World Cup in the United Kingdom . Just before the start of the World Cup , he was given a fine and a two - match suspended ban by the International Cricket Council for telling a newspaper about Sri Lankan captain Arjuna Ranatunga that : `` There is plenty of animosity between Arjuna and myself . I do n't like him and I 'm not in a club of one '' . Australia were seeking to win their first World Cup since 1987 . Warne took 12 wickets in the preliminary phases of the tournament as Australia qualified for a semi-final against South Africa . While the match became notable for the dramatic fashion in which it finished , Warne was the man of the match , dismissing four key South African batsmen : Herschelle Gibbs , Gary Kirsten , Hansie Cronje and Jacques Kallis . Australia faced Pakistan in the tournament 's Final . Pakistan batted first , and were all out for only 132 ; Warne took 4 / 33 . Australia chased down the target comfortably to win the World Cup . Warne was the tournament 's joint top wicket - taker with Geoff Allott and was named the man of the match in the Final . After his World Cup performances , Warne was retained as Australia 's vice-captain for the tours of Sri Lanka and Zimbabwe later in 1999 . The following Australian summer , he played in all Tests of the series against Pakistan and India . He reached his highest score with the bat in the first Test against Pakistan in Brisbane , with 86 , before matching that score in the first Test against India in Adelaide the following month . Warne 's performances in the Brisbane Test were overshadowed by the Joe the Cameraman controversy , in which a jibe about the abilities of Australian bowler Scott Muller was picked up by an on - field microphone during the match . Channel Nine cameraman subsequently confessed to making the `` ca n't bowl , ca n't throw '' remark that many had believed was made by Warne . Warne took 18 wickets over the six summer Tests and Australia won both series 3 -- 0 . He then took another 15 wickets in Australia 's 3 -- 0 sweep of New Zealand in March 2000 . In the first Test of the series at Eden Park , he surpassed Dennis Lillee ( with 355 wickets ) as Australia 's leading ever wicket - taker . Warne joined English county side Hampshire in 2000 and played for them during the year 's English summer . Reports emerged that during the county season he had repeatedly sent lewd SMS messages to an English nurse . In August 2000 , the Australian Cricket Board removed him as Australia 's vice-captain , citing his history of indiscretions off the field . The Board 's decision was contrary to the wishes of the team 's selectors , including captain Steve Waugh . Warne was replaced as vice-captain by Adam Gilchrist . Wickets and injuries ( 2001 -- 2003 ) ( edit ) Warne missed the entire Australian summer of 2000 -- 01 with a finger injury , and found himself battling Stuart MacGill and an in - form Colin Miller to be selected for Australia 's tour of India in early 2001 . MacGill was ultimately the spinner left out . Warne took 10 wickets over the three - Test series at an average of 50.50 . His Indian spin counterpart Harbhajan Singh was the man of the series with 32 wickets at an average of 17.03 . Australia lost the series 2 -- 1 . In the northern summer of 2001 , Warne made his third Ashes tour and took 31 wickets in the five - Test series , which Australia won 4 -- 1 . He took three five - wicket hauls in the series . In the final Test at The Oval he took 11 wickets across both innings , including the 400th wicket of his Test career ( Alec Stewart ) . He became the sixth person and the first Australian in the history of cricket to reach the milestone . In the 2001 -- 02 Australian summer , Australia played home series against New Zealand and against South Africa . Warne took six wickets in three Tests against New Zealand , and in the third Test in Perth made his highest career score with the bat in international cricket . He was caught at mid-wicket off the bowling of Daniel Vettori ( off what was later revealed to be a no - ball ) while on 99 runs , one run short of a maiden Test century . He took 17 wickets in the three Tests against South Africa -- more than any other player -- including a five - wicket haul ( 5 / 113 ) in the first innings of the first Test . Warne was again the leading wicket - taker when Australia played a three - Test series in South Africa in February and March 2002 , with 20 dismissals . In February 2002 , Ricky Ponting replaced Steve Waugh as captain of Australia 's ODI squad . The elevation of Ponting -- five years younger than Warne -- appeared to extinguish any prospect of Warne ever being appointed to captain Australia . Australia played a three - Test series against Pakistan in October 2002 , held in neutral Sri Lanka and the United Arab Emirates . Warne , who had lost weight over the previous months , took 27 wickets , was named the player of the series , and was man of the match in the first Test ( with 11 wickets ) and the third Test ( with eight wickets ) . He returned to Australia for the Ashes series against England , starting in November 2002 . He scored a half - century ( 57 ) with the bat in the first Test , before taking 11 wickets in the first three Tests of the series . However , in an ODI in December 2002 , he suffered a shoulder injury . The injury not only ruled him out of the remainder of the Ashes series , but put him in doubt for the World Cup , due to commence in February 2003 . Ban from cricket ( 2003 ) ( edit ) In February 2003 , a day before the start of the World Cup , Warne was sent home after a drug test during a one - day series in Australia returned a positive result for a banned diuretic . Warne claimed that he took only one of what he called a `` fluid tablet '' -- the prescription drug Moduretic -- given to him by his mother to improve his appearance . A committee established by the Australian Cricket Board found Warne guilty of breaching the Board 's drug code , and imposed a one - year ban from organised cricket . At the time , Warne took the view that the ban imposed would lengthen his Test playing career . That Warne was allowed to play in charity matches while serving his one - year ban was criticised by the World Anti-Doping Agency ( WADA ) although WADA , in turn , was criticised by Warne for interfering in the matter . During his suspension , Warne was hired by the Nine Network , Australia 's main free - to - air cricket broadcaster , as a TV commentator . During the winter of 2003 , he worked for the St Kilda Australian rules football club in an unpaid consultancy role , after the Australian Football League disallowed him from holding an official club position because of his drugs ban . He also received invitations to play in various celebrity `` park cricket '' teams , and the newly renamed Cricket Australia reversed its decision on whether Warne , as a contracted player , should be allowed to play in such matches . Return to cricket ( 2004 -- 2006 ) ( edit ) Warne returned to competitive cricket following his ban in February 2004 . In March , in the first Test of a three - Test series against Sri Lanka in Galle , he became the second cricketer after Courtney Walsh to take 500 Test wickets . Warne took five wickets in each innings of the first and second Tests ; a further six wickets in the third Test saw him named the player of the series . He broke the record for most career wickets in Test cricket on 15 October 2004 during the second Test of Australia 's series against India at Chennai . His dismissal of Irfan Pathan , caught at slip by Matthew Hayden , saw him overtake his Sri Lankan rival , Muttiah Muralitharan , with 533 wickets . Muralitharan , who was injured at the time , had taken the record himself from Courtney Walsh five months earlier . Australia won the series 2 -- 1 ; it was Australia 's first series win in India since 1969 . Warne 's 14 wickets at an average of 30.07 was a marked improvement on his previous performances in India , when in six Tests he had taken 20 wickets at an average of 52 runs each . On 11 August 2005 at Old Trafford , in the Third Ashes Test , he became the first bowler in history to take 600 Test wickets , at a time when he separated with his wife at the time . In 2005 , Warne also broke the record for the number of wickets in a calendar year , with 96 wickets . His ferocious competitiveness was a feature of the 2005 Ashes series , when he took 40 wickets at an average of 19.92 and scored 249 runs . Warne shared player of the series honour with England 's Andrew Flintoff . International retirement ( 2006 -- 2007 ) ( edit ) Warne ( right ) bowling to Ian Bell at Brisbane Cricket Ground in 2006 . Warne began his 2006 / 07 Ashes campaign with an indifferent Test in Brisbane and a poor first innings showing in Adelaide . However , his second innings performance , including bowling Kevin Pietersen around the legs , triggered England 's fifth - day collapse and Australia 's victory . Warne again bowled well in the second innings in the third Test , and took the final wicket of Monty Panesar as Australia regained the Ashes . On 21 December 2006 Warne announced his retirement , which came into effect after the fifth Ashes Test match at the SCG . Warne said that it was his intention to `` go out on top '' , adding that he might have retired after the 2005 Ashes series , had Australia won . In his second - last Test , he took his 700th Test wicket at 3.18 pm on 26 December 2006 ( AEST ) by bowling English batsman Andrew Strauss out at the Melbourne Cricket Ground , in what was almost certainly his final appearance at the ground . This was the first occasion that a player had taken 700 Test wickets . The wicket was described as a `` classic Warne dismissal '' to which the crowd of 89,155 gave a standing ovation . Warne 's final Test was held at the same venue as his first , 15 years earlier : the Sydney Cricket Ground . Warne ended England 's first innings by trapping Monty Panesar lbw for a duck and his 1000th total international wicket . His final Test wicket was that of all - rounder Andrew Flintoff , stumped by Adam Gilchrist . He is just 1 of two bowlers to have taken 1000 + wickets in international cricket. He is currently the second leading wicket taker in international cricket ( 1001 ) after Muttiah Muralitharan Twenty20 career ( 2008 -- 2013 ) ( edit ) Shane Warne bowling against Sydney Sixers in 2011 during a Big Bash League match Warne bowling at Lord 's for the Rajasthan Royals in a Twenty20 match against Middlesex in 2009 After his retirement from international cricket , Warne was signed as the captain for Rajasthan Royals in the Indian Premier League 2008 , fetching US $450,000 in the pre-season player auction . He led the Royals to victory in the first season of the competition . He continued as captain of the Royals for a further four seasons , the 2011 season being his last with the franchise . Warne was signed as a player for the Melbourne Stars in Australia 's inaugural Big Bash League ( BBL ) in November 2011 . The Stars qualified for the semi-finals of the tournament , and Warne took seven wickets in eight matches at an economy rate of 6.74 runs conceded per over . In 2013 Warne was fined $4500 and banned for one match for using obscene language , making inappropriate physical contact with a player or official ( Marlon Samuels ) and showing serious dissent at an umpire 's decision during a BBL match . In July 2013 , he officially retired from all formats confirming that he wo n't be captaining the Melbourne Stars in BBL . In July 2014 , he captained the Rest of the World side in the Bicentenary Celebration match at Lord 's . Playing style and influence ( edit ) After an inauspicious start to his Test career , Warne revolutionised cricket thinking with his mastery of leg spin , which many cricket followers had come to regard as a dying art due to its immense difficulty of execution . For all his on - pitch and off - pitch controversies , Warne 's place in cricketing posterity has been assured by the fact that he has overturned the domination of cricket by fast bowling that had prevailed for two decades before his debut . Despite the presence of high quality spin bowlers such as the Indian spin quartet of the 1970s or Abdul Qadir on the Test scene , Australia 's fast bowlers Dennis Lillee and Jeff Thomson had dominated cricket in the early 1970s . Furthermore , from 1976 until the early 1990s , the West Indies had lost only one ( ill - tempered and controversial ) Test series with a bowling attack almost exclusively comprising fast bowlers . In the early 1990s , with the West Indies on the wane , Waqar Younis and Wasim Akram of Pakistan were assuming the mantle of the world 's most feared bowling combination . It was in that context that Warne 's tormenting of batsmen became so significant rather than his actual statistics . His humiliation of Mike Gatting and subsequent dominance , in particular , of English and South African batsmen , provided a welcome sight for cricket watchers weary of the relentless intimidation by West Indian bowlers of the 1980s and 1990s . His treatment of South African batsman Daryll Cullinan was such that Cullinan was said to have sought the help of a therapist to overcome Warne 's psychological hold . Warne was able to replicate the delivery against Nasser Hussein in a Master Class in an indoor practice centre . Warne combined the ability to turn the ball prodigiously , even on unhelpful pitches , with unerring accuracy and a variation of deliveries ( notable among these being the flipper ) In the latter stages of his career , variation was less evident , despite regular press conferences announcing a `` new '' delivery for each series he participated in . Gideon Haigh , the Australian journalist , said of Warne upon his retirement : `` It was said of Augustus that he found Rome brick and left it marble : the same is true of Warne and spin bowling . '' Warne does this by having a relaxed ' two finger up , two down grip ' with the ball not hitting the top part of the palm . Where my ability to spin a cricket ball came from , I honestly do n't know . I can only think that I was born with it . I have a skill as cricketer and fortunately cricket found me . -- Shane Warne Many of his most spectacular performances have occurred in Ashes series against England In particular , the famous `` Gatting Ball '' , otherwise known as the `` Ball of the Century '' which spun sharply and bowled a bemused Mike Gatting in the 1993 Ashes series . Conversely , he has struggled against India , particularly against Sachin Tendulkar : his bowling average against India is 47.18 runs per wicket , compared with his overall average of 25 . In fairness to Warne , other foreign spinners have also struggled against India in recent years ; Warne 's contemporary off - spinner rival , Muttiah Muralitharan , for instance , has a much higher bowling average ( 32.61 ) in Tests played in India than his overall Test figures . He also was hit for the most sixes by the time he retired , but Warne does not like to be hit for single figures , because he has to plan for two batsmen at the same over . As well as his Test career Warne has been highly effective bowling in one - day cricket , something few other leg spin bowlers have managed . He also captained Australia on several occasions in One Day Internationals , winning ten matches and losing only one . Warne was instrumental in helping Australia win the 1999 Cricket World Cup in England . His performances in the semifinal against South Africa and in the final against Pakistan helped him get Man of the Match Awards . Warne had intended to retire from ODI cricket at the end of the 2003 World Cup : as it transpired , his last game for Australia was in January 2003 . However , he did appear for the ICC World XI for the Tsunami benefit match in 2005 . Warne is also noted for his exuberant ( and sometimes effective ) lower - order batting , once famously being dismissed for 99 with a reckless shot on what was later shown to be a no - ball . In fact , of all Test cricketers Warne has scored the most Test runs without having scored a century , with two scores in the nineties being his best efforts ( 99 and 91 ) . Warne is also third overall in the most international test ducks . Of players who have batted in more than 175 Test innings , his proportion of dismissals by being out bowled is the lowest , at under seven percent . In 2006 Warne and Glenn McGrath reportedly lost a bet of which bowler would be the first to get a Test century with fellow Australian bowler Jason Gillespie after Gillespie scored a record double - century as a nightwatchman against Bangladesh . Warne has also been a successful slip fielder , and is currently seventh in the list of most catches as a fielder in test cricket . Warne also has scored the most international runs without scoring any centuries ( 4172 runs ) and also the first batsman to have scored 4000 + runs international level without a career hundred . Outside cricket ( edit ) Media ( edit ) On 13 July 2005 , Australia 's Nine Network announced it would not renew Warne 's commentating contract , worth around A $300,000 annually . Warne had previously been seen as a future member of the Nine cricket commentary team , and had done commentary work during his one - year ban from cricket in 2003 . He later rejoined Nine in 2008 , and was signed by Sky Sports in 2009 . Warne took over from Ally McCoist as a team captain on the BBC television sports quiz A Question of Sport in September 2007 . In 2010 , the Nine Network commissioned a chat show hosted by Warne , entitled Warnie . The program debuted on 24 November 2010 , with Warne interviewing James Packer . Celebrities interviewed on the programme included then captain of the Australian cricket team Ricky Ponting , and the singers Chris Martin and Susan Boyle . The program experienced spiralling audience figures and was axed before its final scheduled episode , although the network denied that it had been cancelled due to poor ratings . Endorsements ( edit ) In 2005 , Shane Warne signed a lucrative multi-year sponsorship deal with Messages On Hold . The irony of Warne promoting On Hold phone messages after weathering the ignominy of several SMS / text messaging scandals was not lost on the spin bowler . Several media sources , and even Messages On Hold 's own promotional materials quote him as saying , `` Trust me with this recommendation -- I know a thing or two about spin . '' Warne also does promotional work for hair - loss - recovery company Advanced Hair . This matter was investigated by the British Advertising Standards Authority in relation to an illegal celebrity endorsement of medical services . Warne has also endorsed the Codemaster video games Shane Warne Cricket and Shane Warne Cricket ' 99 . Outside Australia these were known as Brian Lara Cricket and Brian Lara Cricket ' 99 . For the 2007 / 08 Australian cricket series , Warne took over as Victoria Bitter spokesperson from David Boon in the Boonanza promotion . Warne had a talking figurine as part of the promotion , which continued from the `` Talking Boony '' doll . In January 2008 , Warne signed a two - year agreement with 888poker to represent them at poker events around the world including the Aussie Millions , World Series of Poker and the 888 UK Poker Open . This sponsorship agreement ended in January 2015 . In 2009 Warne started an underwear line called Spinners . Evolution ( edit ) In February 2016 Warne stated , while appearing on I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here , that he does not believe in the scientific theory of evolution , and that he thinks humans have descended from `` aliens '' . Personal life ( edit ) Warne has three children -- Brooke , Summer and Jackson -- with his ex-wife Simone Callahan . He has complete heterochromia , from which one of his eyes is blue , and the other green . Since retirement , Warne has been doing `` work for the Shane Warne Foundation ... ( which ) assists seriously ill and underprivileged children . '' Since launching in 2004 , the charity has distributed £ 400,000 ; its activities include a charity poker tournament and a breakfast and `` by the end of our summer , we hope to have raised £ 1.5 million . '' Warne was criticised in the press for text messaging a woman while on tour in South Africa , accused of sending lewd and harassing messages , but the woman who made the claims was subsequently charged with extortion in her own country . In 2000 , he lost his Australian vice-captaincy after sending erotic text messages to a British nurse . He was also involved in an altercation with some teenage boys who took a photo of him smoking ; Warne had accepted a sponsorship of a nicotine patch company in return for quitting smoking . On 7 May 2006 , the News of the World tabloid newspaper published pictures of Warne standing in his underwear with models Coralie Eichholz and Emma Kearney , as well as explicit text messages allegedly from Warne . On 1 April 2007 , Warne and his wife were reported to be getting back together . However , in September 2007 , Simone returned to Australia from England after her husband had accidentally sent a text message meant for another woman to her phone . Warne 's history of high - profile marital infidelities inspired Australian singer - songwriter Kevin Bloody Wilson 's 2003 music video entitled `` The Shane Warne Song '' as well as lines in Tim Minchin 's `` Some People Have It Worse Than Me '' and `` The JLA Song '' . On 12 December 2010 , following press reports and footage of him and English actress Elizabeth Hurley kissing , Warne announced via his Twitter account that he and Simone had separated a couple of months previously , but only his close friends and family had been informed . Although the relationship with Hurley at first seemed short - lived following the disclosure of Warne texting salacious messages to a married Melbourne businesswoman , the couple created a media frenzy when Hurley later moved into Warne 's Brighton mansion . Hurley and Warne 's engagement was confirmed in late 2011 . On 17 December 2013 , WHO Magazine reported that the couple had `` called off '' their engagement . Controversies ( edit ) In early December 1998 , the Australian Cricket Board revealed that three years earlier it had fined Warne and Mark Waugh for accepting money from a bookmaker for giving information about pitch and weather conditions . Just before the start of the 1999 World Cup , he was given a fine and a two - match suspended ban by the International Cricket Council for telling a newspaper about Sri Lankan captain Arjuna Ranatunga that : `` There is plenty of animosity between Arjuna and myself . I do n't like him and I 'm not in a club of one '' . In February 2003 , a day before the start of the World Cup , Warne was sent home after a drug test during a one - day series in Australia returned a positive result for a banned diuretic . Warne claimed that he took only one of what he called a `` fluid tablet '' -- the prescription drug Moduretic -- given to him by his mother to improve his appearance . A committee established by the Australian Cricket Board found Warne guilty of breaching the Board 's drug code , and imposed a one - year ban from organised cricket . In 2013 , Warne was fined $4500 and banned for one match for using obscene language , making inappropriate physical contact with a player or official ( Marlon Samuels ) and showing serious dissent at an umpire 's decision during a BBL match . Recognition ( edit ) See also : Player of the Match awards ( cricket ) In 2007 , Cricket Australia and Sri Lanka Cricket decided to name the Australia - Sri Lanka Test cricket series , Warne -- Muralidaran Trophy in honour of Warne and Muttiah Muralitharan . Test wicket milestones ( edit ) Milestone Batsman Country Method Venue Year 1 ( First ) Ravi Shastri India Caught DM Jones Sydney 1991 / 92 50 Nasser Hussain England Caught DC Boon Nottingham 100 Brian McMillan South Africa LBW Adelaide 1993 / 94 150 Alec Stewart England Caught and Bowled Melbourne 1994 / 95 200 Chaminda Vaas Sri Lanka Caught IA Healy Perth 1995 / 96 250 Alec Stewart England Bowled Manchester 300 Jacques Kallis South Africa Bowled Sydney 1997 / 98 350 Hrishikesh Kanitkar India LBW Melbourne 1999 / 2000 400 Alec Stewart England Caught AC Gilchrist The Oval 2001 450 Ashwell Prince South Africa Caught ME Waugh Durban 2002 500 Hashan Tillakaratne Sri Lanka Caught A Symonds Galle 550 James Franklin New Zealand LBW Adelaide 2004 / 05 600 Marcus Trescothick England Caught AC Gilchrist Manchester 2005 650 Ashwell Prince South Africa LBW Perth 2005 / 06 700 Andrew Strauss England Bowled Melbourne 2006 / 07 708 ( Last ) Andrew Flintoff England Stumped AC Gilchrist Sydney 2006 / 07 Performance analysis ( edit ) Shane Warne 's Test career batting performance Versus Matches Overs Maidens Runs Wickets 5w 10w Best Avg S / R E / R Bangladesh 87.2 12 300 11 0 5 for 113 27.27 47.6 3.43 England 36 1792.5 488 4535 195 11 8 for 71 23.25 55.1 2.52 ICC World XI 31 7 71 6 0 0 3 for 23 11.83 31.0 2.29 India 14 654.1 139 2029 43 0 6 for 125 47.18 91.2 3.10 New Zealand 20 961.4 252 2511 103 0 6 for 31 24.37 56.0 2.61 Pakistan 15 675.1 192 1816 90 6 7 for 23 20.17 45.0 2.68 South Africa 24 1321.2 367 3142 130 7 7 for 56 24.16 60.9 2.37 Sri Lanka 13 527.5 132 1507 59 5 5 for 43 25.54 53.6 2.85 West Indies 19 679.4 159 1947 65 0 7 for 52 29.95 62.7 2.86 Zimbabwe 53.1 13 137 6 0 0 3 for 68 22.83 53.1 2.57 Overall ( 9 ) 145 6784.1 1761 17995 708 37 10 8 for 71 25.41 57.4 2.65 Source : Cricinfo Career best performances ( edit ) Bowling Score Fixture Venue Season Test 8 / 71 Australia v England Gabba , Brisbane 1994 ODI 5 / 33 Australia v West Indies SCG , Sydney FC 8 / 71 Australia v England Gabba , Brisbane 1994 LA 6 / 42 Surrey v Hampshire Whitgift School , Croydon 2006 T20 4 / 21 Deccan Chargers v Rajasthan Royals Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium , Jamtha , Nagpur International record ( edit ) Main article : List of international cricket five - wicket hauls by Shane Warne He is the third highest five - wicket haul taker in the international arena after Muttiah Muralitharan and Richard Hadlee . He has taken 37 Test fifers and single ODI fifer , along with 10 Test ten - wicket hauls . Test 10 Wicket hauls ( edit ) # Figures Match Opponent Venue City Country Year 12 / 128 22 South Africa Sydney Cricket Ground Sydney Australia 1994 11 / 110 30 England Brisbane Cricket Ground Brisbane Australia 1994 11 / 77 39 Pakistan Brisbane Cricket Ground Brisbane Australia 1995 12 / 109 63 South Africa Sydney Cricket Ground Sydney Australia 1998 5 11 / 229 92 England Kennington Oval London England 2001 6 11 / 188 102 Pakistan P Sara Oval Colombo Sri Lanka 2002 7 10 / 159 108 Sri Lanka Galle International Stadium Galle Sri Lanka 8 10 / 155 109 Sri Lanka Asgiriya Stadium Kandy Sri Lanka 9 10 / 162 125 England Edgbaston Cricket Ground Birmingham England 2005 10 12 / 246 128 England Kennington Oval London England 2005 International Awards ( edit ) One day international cricket ( edit ) Man of the match Awards ( edit ) S No Opponent Venue Date Match Performance Result New Zealand Adelaide Oval , Adelaide 12 December 1993 10 -- 1 -- 25 -- 4 , 1 Ct . ; DNB Australia won by 8 wickets . New Zealand Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne 16 December 1993 DNB ; 10 -- 1 -- 19 -- 4 Australia won by 3 runs . New Zealand Sharjah Cricket Stadium , Sharjah 16 April 1994 10 -- 0 -- 34 -- 4 , 1 Ct . ; DNB Australia won by 7 wickets . Pakistan Sinhalese Sports Club Ground , Colombo 7 September 1994 30 ( 40 balls ) ; 10 -- 1 -- 29 -- 3 , 1 Ct . Australia won by 28 runs . 5 Sri Lanka Sydney Cricket Ground , Sydney 20 January 1996 DNB ; 5 -- 0 -- 20 -- 3 , 1 Ct . Australia won by 9 runs . 6 Zimbabwe Vidarbha Cricket Association Ground , Nagpur 1 March 1996 9.3 -- 1 -- 34 -- 4 ; DNB Australia won by 8 wickets . 7 West Indies PCA IS Bindra Stadium , Mohali 14 March 1996 6 * ( 6 balls ) ; 9 -- 0 -- 36 -- 4 , 1 Ct . Australia won by 5 runs . 8 West Indies Sydney Cricket Ground , Sydney 8 December 1996 9.3 -- 1 -- 33 -- 5 ; DNB Australia won by 8 wickets . 9 Pakistan Sydney Cricket Ground , Sydney 1 January 1997 11 ( 20 balls ) ; 10 -- 1 -- 37 -- 4 , 1 Ct . Pakistan won by 4 wickets . 10 West Indies Queen 's Park Oval , Port of Spain 18 April 1999 29 ( 56 balls : 1x6 ) ; 10 -- 1 -- 35 -- 3 Australia won by 20 runs . 11 South Africa Edgbaston Cricket Ground , Birmingham 17 June 1999 18 ( 24 balls : 1x4 ) ; 10 -- 4 -- 29 -- 4 Match tied . 12 Pakistan Lord 's , London 20 June 1999 9 -- 1 -- 33 -- 4 ; DNB Australia won the 1999 Cricket World Cup . References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ ' The finest legspinner the world has ever seen ' -- Cricinfo Australia , 20 December 2006 Jump up ^ `` Cricketer of the Year 1994 Shane Warne '' . ESPNcricinfo. 1994 . Jump up ^ `` WISDEN 'S LEADING CRICKETER IN THE WORLD '' . ESPNcricinfo. 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The leading cricketer in the world , 2004 Shane Warne '' . ESPNcricinfo. 2005 . ^ Jump up to : `` Warne officially retires from all cricket '' . Wisden India . 22 July 2013 . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1000 wickets for Warne '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 3 January 2007 . Retrieved 3 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Most runs in test career without a career hundred '' . cricinfo . Jump up ^ End of an era : Ponting Sportal.com.au Jump up ^ Shane Warne retires from first - class cricket as Hampshire pay tribute to leg spinner . The Times . Retrieved 29 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Warne returns to Royals as mentor '' . ESPNCricinfo . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shane Warne considers German citizenship '' . News.com.au . News Corp Australia . 17 March 2009 . Retrieved 6 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Leader : Danke Shane '' . The Guardian . 19 Aug 2007 . Retrieved 6 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Excellence : the Australian Institute of Sport . Canberra : Australian Sports Commission . 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Australian XI v Zimbabwe at Harare '' . espncricinfo . September 1991 . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2nd Test : Australia v West Indies at Melbourne , Dec 26 -- 30 , 1992 Cricket Scorecard ESPN Cricinfo '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 1 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Records / The Ashes , 1993 / Most wickets '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 8 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Sangster , Tom ( 21 November 2006 ) . `` Great Ashes moments : Shane Warne 's ' Ball of the Century ' '' . The Daily Telegraph ( Sydney ) . Retrieved 8 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Spin bowler Warne the brightest young star '' . New Straits Times . 26 December 1993 . Retrieved 8 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Records / Trans - Tasman Trophy , 1992 / 93 / Most wickets '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 8 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Records / Trans - Tasman Trophy , 1993 / 94 / Most wickets '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 8 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand tour of Australia , 1993 / 94 / Scorecard : 3rd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 8 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` South Africa tour of Australia , 1993 / 94 / Scorecard : Second Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 8 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Warne poses threat to England '' . New Straits Times . 26 December 1994 . Retrieved 8 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Records / The Ashes , 1994 / 95 / Most wickets '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 8 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Martin ( 6 January 1995 ) . `` Atherton denied by the powers of darkness '' . The Independent . Retrieved 8 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Records / The Frank Worrell Trophy , 1994 / 95 / Most wickets '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Warne in Australian squad for Third Test '' . New Straits Times . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan tour of Australia , 1995 / 96 / Scorecard : Third Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wills World Cup -- 2nd semi final Australia v West Indies : Scorecard '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Records / Wills World Cup , 1995 / 96 / Most wickets '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wills World Cup -- Final Australia v Sri Lanka : Scorecard '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Statistics / Statsguru / SK Warne / Test matches '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 10 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Records / The Ashes , 1997 / Most wickets '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 10 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Aussies back at their best '' . New Straits Times . 24 July 1997 . Retrieved 10 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Shane Warne joins 300 club '' . BBC News . 7 January 1998 . Retrieved 10 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` South Africa tour of Australia , 1997 / 98 / Scorecard : Second Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 10 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Warne among the best ' '' . New Straits Times . 7 January 1998 . Retrieved 10 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Pringle , Derek ( 6 January 1998 ) . `` Cricket : Peroxide genius of the flipper '' . The Independent . Retrieved 10 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Records / Border - Gavaskar Trophy , 1997 / 98 / Most wickets '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 11 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Australians in India , 1997 -- 98 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 11 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Warne not likely to play in Ashes '' . New Straits Times . 19 December 1998 . Retrieved 11 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of Australia , 1998 / 99 / Scorecard '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 11 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` List of ODI Captains '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 2 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Waugh appointed Australian captain '' . New Straits Times . 12 February 1999 . Retrieved 12 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Warne and Healy under fire over poor form '' . New Straits Times . 2 April 1999 . Retrieved 11 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Warne keeps vice-captaincy '' . BBC News . 13 July 1999 . Retrieved 11 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Love or loathe him '' . CNN . 11 May 1999 . Retrieved 12 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Warne rapped for Ranatunga row '' . BBC News . 15 May 1999 . Retrieved 21 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Alter , Jamie . `` Warne mesmerises in classic '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 12 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Records / ICC World Cup , 1999 / Most wickets '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 12 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` India on the ropes on second day '' . New Straits Times . 12 December 1999 . Retrieved 14 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Lamont , Louise ( 30 November 1999 ) . `` Cricket : Warne cleared of Muller taunt '' . The Independent . Retrieved 14 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Records / Trans - Tasman Trophy , 1999 / 00 / Most wickets '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 15 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Prolific Warne seals Australia win '' . BBC Sport. 15 March 2000 . Retrieved 15 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Warne stripped of vice-captaincy '' . BBC Sport. 4 August 2000 . Retrieved 15 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` MacGill in spin battle with Warne for India tour spot '' . Express India . 31 December 2000 . Retrieved 16 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Records / Border - Gavaskar Trophy , 2000 / 01 / Most wickets '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 16 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Australia tour of India , 2000 / 01 / Scorecard : 3rd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 16 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Records / The Ashes , 2001 / Most wickets '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 16 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Australia tour of England and Ireland , 2001 / Scorecard : 5th Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 16 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Warne strikes 400 , Ramps keeps England afloat '' . Independent Online ( South Africa ) . 25 August 2001 . Retrieved 16 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Vettori , Warne dominate thrilling day in deciding Test '' . Daily News ( Sri Lanka ) . 3 December 2001 . Retrieved 17 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` South Africa tour of Australia , 2001 / 02 / Scorecard : First Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 17 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Records / South Africa in Australia Test Series , 2001 / 02 / Most wickets '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 17 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Records / Australia in South Africa Test Series , 2001 / 02 / Most wickets '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 17 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Conn , Malcolm ( 17 February 2002 ) . `` The prodigious Ponting takes over '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 17 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Australia v Pakistan Test Series -- 1st Test : Scorecard '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 20 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Australia v Pakistan Test Series -- 3rd Test : Scorecard '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 20 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Records / Australia v Pakistan Test Series , 2002 / 03 / Most wickets '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 20 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Warne climbs the ratings , England 's best lag behind '' . Sydney Morning Herald . 24 October 2002 . Retrieved 20 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Warne sidelined by shoulder injury '' . ABC News . 16 December 2002 . Retrieved 20 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Do n't risk unfit Warne : Waugh '' . Sydney Morning Herald . 21 December 2002 . Retrieved 20 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Drug test halts Warne 's World Cup '' . The Age . 12 February 2003 . Retrieved 20 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Warne 's mum key element in probe '' . ESPNcricinfo. 20 February 2003 . Retrieved 20 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : ACB Anti-Doping Committee suspends Shane Warne , Cricinfo . Retrieved 12 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Ban will lengthen career , says Warne , Cricinfo . Retrieved 12 October 2007 . Jump up ^ World anti-doping body condemns Warne ruling , Cricinfo . Retrieved 12 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Warne hits back at anti-doping body , Cricinfo . Retrieved 12 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Warne hurt by contract cancellation '' . iafrica.com. 13 July 2005 . Retrieved 21 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Hinds , Richard ( 12 August 2003 ) . `` Dumb and dumber : up on a pedestal too far from reality '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 21 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Warne return dampened by rain '' . The 7.30 Report . ABC . 10 February 2004 . Retrieved 5 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Clare , Nelson ( 13 March 2004 ) . `` Warne wears his 501 well '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 20 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ponting honours Lehmann and Warne '' . Independent Online ( South Africa ) . 28 March 2004 . Retrieved 20 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Walsh praise for Murali '' . BBC Sport. 9 May 2004 . Retrieved 20 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Hogan , Jesse ( 15 October 2004 ) . `` Golden - boy Warne spins into history '' . The Age . Retrieved 20 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Marshallsea , Trevor ( 20 October 2004 ) . `` Warne 's Indian stocks are rising '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 20 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Records / Border - Gavaskar Trophy , 2004 / 05 / Most wickets '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 20 January 2012 . Jump up ^ English , Peter ( 26 December 2006 ) . `` Another first at the last '' . Australia v England , 4th Test , Melbourne . Cricinfo . Retrieved 26 December 2006 . The fourth over was the one for history and , at 3.18 pm , Andrew Strauss became the crucial figure . Jump up ^ Miller , Andrew ( 26 December 2006 ) . `` Warne 's 700th rattles England '' . Australia v England , 4th Test , Melbourne . Cricinfo . Retrieved 26 December 2006 . The delivery that did for Strauss was a classic Warne dismissal , a flighted ball that dipped into the rough , bit and crashed into middle stump as Strauss played loosely for an imagined half - volley . Jump up ^ Miller , Andrew ( 4 January 2007 ) . `` Warne sets up the whitewash '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Most wickets in international cricket '' . cricinfo . Jump up ^ `` Warne retires from first - class cricket '' . The Hindu . 28 March 2008 . Retrieved 21 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Warne 's Royals win inaugural IPL '' . BBC Sport. 2 June 2008 . Retrieved 21 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Glenn ( 27 December 2011 ) . `` MacGill wants bash at the IPL '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 21 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Bose , Saibal ( 20 May 2011 ) . `` Royals plan a warm send - off for Warne '' . Times of India . Retrieved 21 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Big Bash League , 2011 / 12 / Records / Most wickets '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 21 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Pierek , Jon ( 7 January 2013 ) . `` Warne fined and banned after fiery Big Bash clash '' . smh.com.au . Retrieved 7 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` MCC v Rest of the World -- 5 July '' . Lord 's . 5 July 2014 . Archived from the original on 7 July 2014 . Retrieved 5 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Alex Brown ( 24 August 2005 ) . `` ' ' Warne predicts return of the real Australia ' ' , Alex Brown , ' ' The Guardian ' ' , 24 August 2005 '' . London : Sport.guardian.co.uk . Retrieved 30 December 2010 . ^ Jump up to : smhclfc76 ( 2015 - 07 - 04 ) , Shane Warne Master Class , retrieved 2018 - 01 - 11 Jump up ^ Positive spin , Cricinfo . Retrieved 12 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Warne ( 2006 ) , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Statsguru -- Tests -- Innings by innings list , Cricinfo . Retrieved 12 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Cricinfo Stats '' . Stats.cricinfo.com . Retrieved 30 December 2010 . Jump up ^ S Rajesh ( 6 January 2012 ) . `` Mind the gap '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 7 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Most runs in international cricket without a career hundred '' . cricinfo . Jump up ^ Warne hurt by contract cancellation , 20 July 2009 , sport.iafrica.com Jump up ^ Bull , Andy ( 25 February 2009 ) . `` Signing of Warne is a coup for Sky 's Ashes coverage '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved 5 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Solid start for Shane Warne chat show Archived 28 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine. , ninemsn , 25 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Warnie plays host TV Fix . Retrieved 20 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Colin Paterson , Boycott : `` I like that one . Good tune . '' BBC 5 Live Blog. 16 December 2010 . Retrieved 20 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Warnie : retired limping '' . The Spy Report . Media Spy. 5 January 2011 . Retrieved 5 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Warnie 's marketing charm Archived 17 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , MSN . Retrieved 12 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Spin King Warne joins Messages on Hold Archived 26 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , B and T. Retrieved 12 October 2007 . Jump up ^ No saving this match : Warne to divorce , Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 12 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Warne lands phone sponsorship deal , Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 12 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Warne 's hair spin wears thin '' . Theage.com.au. 17 May 2006 . Retrieved 1 August 2013 . Jump up ^ VB and Shane Warne join forces Archived 27 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine . -- Fosters Group , 30 August 2007 . Jump up ^ A real doll for Shane Warne -- The Herald Sun , 4 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Shane Warne Announces His Departure from 888poker as Ambassador -- PokerNews , 7 January 2015 , Retrieved 2 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shane Warne launches his own line of underwear called Spinners '' . dailytelegraph.com.au . Retrieved 23 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Caines , Catherine . `` Come in spinner : Warne unveils his socks and jocks '' . smh.com.au . Retrieved 23 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Target expands Shane Warne offering -- Ragtrader '' . ragtrader.com.au . Retrieved 23 September 2016 . Jump up ^ SmartCompany ( 19 September 2011 ) . `` Company behind Shane Warne 's underwear brand in liquidation after dispute between founder and investors -- SmartCompany '' . smartcompany.com.au . Retrieved 23 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shane Warne axes underwear collection '' . digitalspy.com. 20 September 2011 . Retrieved 23 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' I 'm saying we started from aliens ' -- Shane Warne questions evolution '' . The Guardian . 15 February 2016 . Retrieved 15 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shane Warne blew up at the Australian media '' . News.com.au . Jump up ^ `` The Lucy Kellaway Interview : Shane Warne '' . Financial Times . ^ Jump up to : The Times , 27 November 2004 , p. 75 `` How England can avoid falling under the spell of Muralitharan the magician '' , by Shane Warne Jump up ^ Warne 's spin doctor drops the ball , Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 12 October 2007 . Jump up ^ John Polack ( 4 August 2000 ) . `` Gilchrist named Australia 's new vice-captain '' . Retrieved 6 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Warne caught out once again '' . ABC News . 18 May 2006 . Archived from the original on 17 May 2006 . Retrieved 12 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Warnes back together : report '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 1 April 2007 . Retrieved 1 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Warne 's marriage stumped by poorly aimed text '' . NineMSN. 24 September 2007 . Retrieved 24 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Shane Warne dumped after wife gets text by mistake '' . thelondonpaper. 25 September 2007 . Retrieved 25 September 2007 . Jump up ^ David Prestipino and Helen Davidson Shane Warne breaks silence over Liz Hurley affair PerthNow 14 December 2010 Jump up ^ Fiona Byrne , Shane Warne fields fans ' Liz Hurley messages on Twitter Herald Sun 16 December 2010 Jump up ^ Nick Leys , Warnie loses Liz over sexting scandal . The Daily Telegraph 20 December 2010 , Jump up ^ `` Liz Hurley dumps Shane Warne -- reports '' . The New Zealand Herald . BANG Showbiz. 20 December 2010 . Retrieved 9 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Neil McMahon , When Warnie met Liz : a bogan love story and media frenzy , Sydney Morning Herald 13 February 2011 Jump up ^ `` Elizabeth Hurley engaged to cricket star Shane Warne '' . Reuters Canada . 3 October 2011 . Retrieved 4 October 2011 . Jump up ^ WHOMAGAZINE . `` Hurley and Warne reportedly call off engagement , HELLO Magazine reports '' . Yahoo7 ! . Retrieved 17 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Ray , Mark ; Blake , Martin ( 9 December 1998 ) . `` Warne , Mark Waugh took bookie 's cash '' . The Age . Retrieved 12 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Warne - Muralidaran Trophy unveiled '' . ABC News . 15 November 2007 . Retrieved 25 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Test bowling analysis '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 23 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` England tour of Australia , 1994 / 95 -- Australia v England Scorecard '' . ESPNcricinfo. 29 November 1994 . Retrieved 5 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Carlton & United Series , 2nd Match , 1996 / 97 -- Australia v West Indies Scorecard '' . ESPNcricinfo. 8 December 1996 . Retrieved 5 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cheltenham & Gloucester Trophy , 2006 -- Surrey v Hampshire Scorecard '' . ESPNcricinfo. 4 June 2006 . Retrieved 5 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League , 2010 , 36th match -- Chargers v Royals Scorecard '' . ESPNcricinfo. 5 April 2010 . Retrieved 5 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 -- 1994 Benson & Hedges World Series -- 3rd Match -- Australia v New Zealand -- Adelaide '' . Howstat. 10 October 2014 . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 -- 1994 Benson & Hedges World Series -- 5th Match -- Australia v New Zealand -- Melbourne '' . Howstat. 10 October 2014 . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 -- 1994 Pepsi Austral - Asia Cup -- 4th Match -- Australia v New Zealand -- Sharjah '' . Howstat. 10 October 2014 . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1994 -- 1995 Singer World Series -- 3rd Match -- Australia v Pakistan -- Colombo '' . Howstat. 10 October 2014 . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1995 -- 1996 Benson & Hedges World Series -- 2nd Final -- Australia v Sri Lanka -- Sydney '' . Howstat. 10 October 2014 . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1995 -- 1996 Wills World Cup -- 23rd Match -- Australia v Zimbabwe -- Nagpur '' . Howstat. 10 October 2014 . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1995 -- 1996 Wills World Cup -- 2nd Semi-Final -- Australia v West Indies -- Mohali , Chandigarh '' . Howstat. 10 October 2014 . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1996 -- 1997 Carlton & United Series -- 2nd Match -- Australia v West Indies -- Sydney '' . Howstat. 10 October 2014 . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1996 -- 1997 Carlton & United Series -- 5th Match -- Australia v Pakistan -- Sydney '' . Howstat. 10 October 2014 . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 -- 1999 West Indies v Australia -- 4th Match -- Port - Of - Spain , Trinidad '' . Howstat. 10 October 2014 . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 ICC World Cup -- 2nd Semi-Final -- Australia v South Africa -- Birmingham '' . Howstat. 10 October 2014 . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 ICC World Cup -- Final -- Australia v Pakistan -- London '' . Howstat. 10 October 2014 . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Sources ( edit ) Warne , Shane ( 2006 ) . My Illustrated Career . Cassell Illustrated . ISBN 1 - 84403 - 543 - 3 . Shane Warne 's Century -- My Top 100 Cricketers by Shane Warne ( Mainstream Publishing , 2008 ) ISBN External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shane Warne . Shane Warne at ESPNcricinfo Cricinfo Stats Guru : List of Test wickets for Shane Warne Cricket Australia media release congratulating Warne on 500th wicket 10 photos of milestone wickets in Warne 's career Shane 's Official Website Shane Warne on Twitter Awards and achievements Preceded by Ricky Ponting Wisden Leading Cricketer in the World 2005 Succeeded by Andrew Flintoff Preceded by Roger Federer BBC Overseas Sports Personality of the Year 2005 Succeeded by Roger Federer Sporting positions Preceded by John Crawley Hampshire cricket captains 2004 -- 2007 Succeeded by Dimitri Mascarenhas Records Preceded by Muttiah Muralitharan Most career wickets in Test cricket 708 wickets ( 25.41 ) in 141 Tests Held record 15 October 2004 to 3 December 2007 Succeeded by Muttiah Muralitharan Australia ODI cricket captains 1971 : Lawry 1972 -- 1975 : I. Chappell 1975 -- 1983 : G. Chappell 1978 : Simpson 1979 : Yallop 1979 -- 1984 : Hughes 1983 : Hookes 1985 -- 1994 : Border 1986 : Bright 1987 -- 1991 : Marsh 1992 -- 1997 : Taylor 1996 -- 1997 : Healy 1997 -- 2002 : Waugh 1998 -- 1999 : Warne 2001 -- 2007 : Gilchrist 2002 -- 2011 / 12 : Ponting 2006 -- 2007 : Hussey 2008 -- 2015 : Clarke 2011 : White 2012 -- 2013 : Watson 2012 / 13 : Bailey 2014 / 15 - present : Smith 2016 : Warner 2017 : Finch Awards and Achievements Australian Cricket Hall of Fame Players Men Blackham Spofforth Trumper Grimmett Bradman O'Reilly Miller Lindwall Lillee Armstrong Harvey Border Woodfull Morris G Chappell McCabe I Chappell Hassett Trumble Davidson Hill R Marsh Simpson Noble Macartney Benaud Giffen S Waugh Lawry McKenzie Taylor Walters Warne McGrath Turner M Waugh Ryder Gilchrist Grout Thomson Boon Hayden O'Neill Ponting Women Clark Wilson Rolton Bowlers who have taken 300 or more wickets in Test cricket Australia Shane Warne ( 708 ) Glenn McGrath ( 563 ) Dennis Lillee ( 355 ) Mitchell Johnson ( 313 ) Brett Lee ( 310 ) Nathan Lyon ( 301 ) England James Anderson ( 531 ) Stuart Broad ( 410 ) Ian Botham ( 383 ) Bob Willis ( 325 ) Fred Trueman ( 307 ) India Anil Kumble ( 619 ) Kapil Dev ( 434 ) Harbhajan Singh ( 417 ) Ravichandran Ashwin ( 311 ) Zaheer Khan ( 311 ) New Zealand Richard Hadlee ( 431 ) Daniel Vettori ( 362 ) Pakistan Wasim Akram ( 414 ) Waqar Younis ( 373 ) Imran Khan ( 362 ) South Africa Shaun Pollock ( 421 ) Dale Steyn ( 419 ) Makhaya Ntini ( 390 ) Allan Donald ( 330 ) Morné Morkel ( 312 ) Sri Lanka Muttiah Muralitharan ( 800 ) Rangana Herath ( 415 ) Chaminda Vaas ( 355 ) West Indies Courtney Walsh ( 519 ) Curtly Ambrose ( 405 ) Malcolm Marshall ( 376 ) Lance Gibbs ( 309 ) Current players are listed in italics . Test cricketers who have scored 3000 runs and taken 300 wickets Ian Botham Richard Hadlee Imran Khan Kapil Dev Shaun Pollock Chaminda Vaas Daniel Vettori Shane Warne Australian cricketers who have played 100 or more Test matches Ricky Ponting ( 168 ) Steve Waugh ( 168 ) Allan Border ( 156 ) Shane Warne ( 145 ) Mark Waugh ( 128 ) Glenn McGrath ( 124 ) Ian Healy ( 119 ) Michael Clarke ( 115 ) David Boon ( 107 ) Justin Langer ( 105 ) Mark Taylor ( 104 ) Matthew Hayden ( 103 ) Australian first - class cricket season leading wicket - takers ( 1950 -- 51 to 1999 -- 2000 ) 1950 -- 51 : Bedser 1951 -- 52 : Johnston 1952 -- 53 : Tayfield 1953 -- 54 : Johnson 1954 -- 55 : Tyson 1955 -- 56 : Benaud 1956 -- 57 : Kline 1957 -- 58 : Quick 1958 -- 59 : Benaud 1959 -- 60 : Martin 1960 -- 61 : Davidson 1961 -- 62 : Benaud 1962 -- 63 : Meckiff 1963 -- 64 : Sellers 1964 -- 65 : Hawke 1965 -- 66 : Hawke 1966 -- 67 : Lock 1967 -- 68 : Connolly 1968 -- 69 : McKenzie 1969 -- 70 : A. Thomson 1970 -- 71 : A. Thomson 1971 -- 72 : Mallett 1972 -- 73 : Mallett 1973 -- 74 : Dymock 1974 -- 75 : Lillee / J. Thomson 1975 -- 76 : Lillee / J. Thomson 1976 -- 77 : Lillee 1977 -- 78 : J. Thomson 1978 -- 79 : Hogg 1979 -- 80 : Mallett 1980 -- 81 : Lillee 1981 -- 82 : Yardley 1982 -- 83 : Lawson 1983 -- 84 : Lillee 1984 -- 85 : Holland 1985 -- 86 : Holland 1986 -- 87 : McDermott 1987 -- 88 : Matthews 1988 -- 89 : Whitney 1989 -- 90 : Rackemann 1990 -- 91 : McDermott 1991 -- 92 : McDermott 1992 -- 93 : Holdsworth 1993 -- 94 : Warne 1994 -- 95 : Rackemann 1995 -- 96 : Kasprowicz 1996 -- 97 : Kasprowicz 1997 -- 98 : Miller 1998 -- 99 : Saker 1999 -- 2000 : Bichel Leading run - scorers : 1850 -- 51 to 1899 -- 00 1900 -- 01 to 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 to 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 onwards Leading wicket - takers : 1850 -- 51 to 1899 -- 00 1900 -- 01 to 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 to 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 onwards Australia squad -- Australian Cricket Board Team of the Century 1 Bill Ponsford 2 Arthur Morris 3 Don Bradman ( c ) 4 Greg Chappell 5 Neil Harvey 6 Keith Miller ( vc ) 7 Ian Healy ( wk ) 8 Ray Lindwall 9 Shane Warne 10 Dennis Lillee 11 Bill O'Reilly 12 Allan Border ( 12th ) ICC Cricket World Cup Final Man of the Match 1975 : Lloyd ( WI ) 1979 : Richards ( WI ) 1983 : Amarnath ( IND ) 1987 : Boon ( AUS ) 1992 : Akram ( PAK ) 1996 : de Silva ( SL ) 1999 : Warne ( AUS ) 2003 : Ponting ( AUS ) 2007 : Gilchrist ( AUS ) 2011 : Dhoni ( IND ) 2015 : Faulkner ( AUS ) Wisden Cricketers of the Century Wisden Cricketers of the Century Bradman Warne Sobers Hobbs Richards Wisden All - Time World Test XI 1 . Jack Hobbs 2 . W.G. Grace 3 . Don Bradman ( c ) 4 . Sachin Tendulkar 5 . Viv Richards 6 . Garry Sobers 7 . Alan Knott ( wk ) 8 . Wasim Akram 9 . Shane Warne 10 . Malcolm Marshall 11 . Sydney Barnes Australian Cricketer of the Year Test 2000 : McGrath 2001 : Miller 2002 : Hayden 2003 : Ponting 2004 : Ponting 2005 : Martyn 2006 : Warne 2007 : Ponting 2008 : Lee 2009 : Clarke 2010 : Katich 2011 : Watson 2012 : Clarke 2013 : Clarke 2014 : Clarke 2015 : Smith 2015 : Warner 2016 : Warner 2017 : Starc 2018 : Smith One Day International 2000 : Warne 2001 : McGrath 2002 : Ponting 2003 : Gilchrist 2004 : Gilchrist 2005 : Symonds 2006 : Hussey 2007 : Ponting 2008 : Hayden 2009 : Bracken 2010 : Watson 2011 : Watson 2012 : Watson 2013 : McKay 2014 : Bailey 2015 : Smith 2016 : Maxwell 2017 : Warner 2018 : Warner Twenty20 International 2011 : Hussey 2012 : Watson 2013 : Watson 2014 : Finch 2015 : Maxwell 2016 : Not awarded 2017 : Watson 2018 : Finch ICC Cricket Hall of Fame Players Men Barnes Bedi Bedser Benaud Border Botham Boycott Bradman G. Chappell I. Chappell Compton Cowdrey Dev Gavaskar Gibbs Gooch Gower Grace Graveney Greenidge Hadlee Hammond Harvey Headley Hobbs Hutton Kanhai Khan Knott Laker Larwood Lillee Lindwall Lloyd Marsh Marshall May Miandad Miller Mohammad O'Reilly Pollock Rhodes B. Richards V. Richards Roberts Sobers Statham Trueman Underwood Walcott Weekes Woolley Worrell Grimmett Sutcliffe Trumper Akram Waugh Barrington Garner Walsh Ambrose Davidson Spofforth Lara McGrath Gilchrist Warne Younis Simpson Crowe Hall Kumble Lohmann Morris Muralitharan Women Heyhoe - Flint Bakewell Clark Wilson Hockley Rolton Australia squads Australia squad -- 1996 Cricket World Cup runners - up 1 Taylor ( c ) 2 Bevan 3 Fleming 4 Healy ( wk ) 5 Law 6 Lee 7 McDermott 8 McGrath 9 Ponting 10 Reiffel 11 Slater 12 Warne 13 M. Waugh 14 S. Waugh Australia squad -- 1999 Cricket World Cup ( 2nd title ) 1 S. Waugh ( c ) 2 Bevan 3 Fleming 4 Reiffel 5 Warne 6 M. Waugh 7 Lee 8 Julian 9 Moody 10 Lehmann 11 McGrath 12 Gilchrist 13 Dale 14 Ponting 15 Martyn Coach : Marsh Australia squad -- 2002 ICC Champions Trophy Semi-Finalists 1 Ponting ( c ) 2 Gillespie 3 Bevan 4 Hauritz 5 Gilchrist ( wk ) 6 Hayden 7 B. Lee 8 Martyn 9 McGrath 10 Lehmann 11 Maher 12 Warne 13 Watson Australia squad -- 2003 Cricket World Cup ( 3rd title ) 11 McGrath 12 Bevan 14 Ponting ( c ) 18 Gilchrist 25 Lehmann 28 Hayden 29 Harvey 30 Martyn 31 Hogg 34 Bichel 39 Symonds 43 Hauritz 46 Maher 58 Lee 59 Bracken Coach : Buchanan Jason Gillespie , Shane Warne and Shane Watson were named in the original squad but withdrew from the tournament VIAF : 28781063 LCCN : n95070896 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shane_Warne&oldid=834189603 '' Categories : 1969 births Australia One Day International cricketers Australia Test cricketers Australian cricketers Australian cricket captains Australian Cricket Hall of Fame inductees Australian cricket coaches Australian Institute of Sport cricketers Australian people of Cornish descent Australian people of German descent Australian poker players Australian sportspeople in doping cases Australian cricket commentators Cricketers at the 1996 Cricket World Cup Cricketers at the 1999 Cricket World Cup Doping cases in Australian cricket Doping cases in cricket Hampshire cricketers Hampshire cricket captains ICC World XI One Day International cricketers Indian Premier League coaches Living people Melbourne Stars cricketers People educated at Mentone Grammar School Rajasthan Royals cricketers Cricketers from Melbourne Test cricket hat - trick takers Victoria cricketers Wisden Cricketers of the Year Wisden Leading Cricketers in the World Wisden Cricketers of the Century Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Use Australian English from September 2012 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from August 2017 Articles needing additional references from January 2018 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা Dansk Deutsch Français Gaeilge ગુજરાતી हिन्दी Italiano मैथिली മലയാളം मराठी नेपाली Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski தமிழ் తెలుగు اردو डोटेली 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 12 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was the first bowler to take 700 test wickets finishing his career with 708	[]	[]
4872624281819673077	Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest	Nathan 's hot dog Eating contest - wikipedia Nathan 's hot dog Eating contest Nathan 's Hot Dog Eating Contest Nathan 's Wall of Fame of contest winners , 2006 . Status Active Genre Hot dog competitive eating competition Date ( s ) July 4 Frequency Annually Venue Nathan 's Famous Corporation Location ( s ) Brooklyn , New York City Country United States Inaugurated July 4 , 1916 ( 1916 - 07 - 04 ) The Nathan 's Hot Dog Eating Contest is an annual American hot dog competitive eating competition . It is held each year on Independence Day at Nathan 's Famous Corporation 's original , and best - known restaurant at the corner of Surf and Stillwell Avenues in Coney Island , a neighborhood of Brooklyn , New York City . The contest has gained public attention in recent years due to the stardom of Takeru Kobayashi and Joey Chestnut . The defending men 's champion is Joey Chestnut , who ate 74 hot dogs in the 2018 contest . The defending women 's champion is Miki Sudo , who ate 37 hot dogs in the 2018 contest . Contents 1 Rules 2 Awards 3 History 3.1 Controversies 4 Results 4.1 By year 4.2 Multiple - Time Winners 5 Media coverage 5.1 Live TV 5.2 Film and TV programs 5.3 Newspapers 6 Tactics and training 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Rules ( edit ) Nathan 's original Coney Island location Major League Eating ( MLE ) , formerly known as the International Federation of Competitive Eating ( IFOCE ) , has sanctioned the event since 1997 . Today , only entrants currently under contract by MLE can compete in the contest . The field of about 20 contestants typically includes the following : the defending champion ; winners of a regional qualifying contest for that season ; individuals qualifying as one of two wildcards ( highest two average qualifier scores without winning a single qualifier ) ; and those invited by special invitation of the MLE . ( See `` Controversies '' section below . ) The competitors stand on a raised platform behind a long table with drinks and Nathan 's Famous hot dogs in buns . Most contestants have water on hand , but other kinds of drinks can and have been used . Condiments are allowed , but usually are not used . The hot dogs are allowed to cool slightly after grilling to prevent possible mouth burns . The contestant that consumes ( and keeps down ) the most hot dogs and buns ( HDB ) in ten minutes is declared the winner . The length of the contest has changed over the years , previously 12 minutes , and in some years , only three and a half minutes ; since 2008 , 10 minutes . Spectators watch and cheer the eaters on from close proximity . A designated scorekeeper is paired with each contestant , flipping a number board counting each hot dog consumed . Partially eaten hot dogs count and the granularity of measurement is eighths of a length . Hot dogs still in the mouth at the end of regulation count if they are subsequently swallowed . Yellow penalty cards can be issued for `` messy eating , '' and red penalty cards can be issued for `` reversal of fortune '' , which results in disqualification . If there is a tie , the contestants go to a 5 - hot - dog eat - off to see who can eat that many more quickly . Further ties will result in a sudden - death eat - off of eating one more hot dog in the fastest time . After the winner is declared , a plate showing the number of hot dogs eaten by the winner is brought out for photo opportunities . Awards ( edit ) The winner of the men 's competition is given possession of the coveted international `` bejeweled '' mustard - yellow belt . The belt is of `` unknown age and value '' according to IFOCE co-founder George Shea and rests in the country of its owner . In 2011 , Sonya Thomas won the inaugural women 's competition and its `` bejeweled '' pink belt . Various other prizes have been awarded over the years . For example , in 2004 Orbitz donated a travel package to the winner . Starting in 2007 , cash prizes have been awarded to the top finishers . History ( edit ) The Nathan 's Hot Dog Eating Contest has been held at the original location on Coney Island most years since about 1972 , usually in conjunction with Independence Day . Nathan 's promoter Mortimer Matz claimed that on July 4 , 1916 , four immigrants held a hot dog eating contest at Nathan 's Famous stand on Coney Island to settle an argument about who was the most patriotic . He also made the spurious claim that the contest has been held each year since then except 1941 ( `` as a protest to the war in Europe '' ) and 1971 ( as a protest to political unrest in the U.S. ) . A man by the name of Jim Mullen is said to have won the first contest , although accounts vary . One account describes Jimmy Durante ( who was not an immigrant ) as competing in that all - immigrant inaugural contest , which was judged by Eddie Cantor and Sophie Tucker . Another describes the event as beginning `` in 1917 , and pitted Mae West 's father , Jack , against entertainer Eddie Cantor . '' In 2010 , however , promoter Mortimer `` Morty '' Matz admitted to having fabricated the legend of the 1916 start date with a man named Max Rosey in the early 1970s as part of a publicity stunt . The legend grew over the years , to the point where The New York Times and other publications were known to have repeatedly listed 1916 as the inaugural year , although no evidence of the contest exists . As Coney Island is often linked with recreational activities of the summer season , several early contests were held on other holidays associated with summer besides Independence Day ; Memorial Day contests were scheduled for 1972 , 1975 , and 1978 , and a second 1972 event was held on Labor Day . In the late 1990s and early 2000s , the competition was dominated by Japanese contestants , particularly Takeru Kobayashi , who won six consecutive contests from 2001 - 2006 . In 2001 , Kobayashi transformed the competition and the world of competitive eating by downing 50 hot dogs -- smashing the previous record of 25.5 . The Japanese eater introduced advanced eating and training techniques that shattered previous competitive eating world records . The rise in popularity of the event coincided with the surge in popularity of the worldwide competitive eating circuit . On July 4 , 2011 , Sonya Thomas became the champion of the first Nathan 's Hot Dog Eating Contest for Women . Previously , women and men had competed against each other , except for one all - female Memorial Day competition held in 1975 . Eating 40 hot dogs in 10 minutes , Thomas earned the inaugural Pepto - Bismol - sponsored pink belt and won $10,000 . In recent years , a considerable amount of pomp and circumstance have surrounded the days leading up to the event , which has become an annual spectacle of competitive entertainment . The event is presented on an extravagant stage complete with colorful live announcers and an overall party atmosphere . The day before the contest is a public weigh - in with the mayor of New York City . Some competitors don flamboyant costumes and / or makeup , while others may promote themselves with eating - related nicknames . On the morning of the event , they have a heralded arrival to Coney Island on the `` bus of champions '' and are called to the stage individually during introductions . In 2013 , six - time defending champion Joey Chestnut was escorted to the stage in a sedan chair . The competition draws many spectators and worldwide press coverage . In 2007 , an estimated 50,000 came out to witness the event . In 2004 a three - story - high `` Hot Dog Eating Wall of Fame '' was erected at the site of the annual contest . The wall lists past winners , and has a digital clock which counts down the minutes until the next contest . Despite substantial damage suffered at Nathan 's due to Hurricane Sandy in October 2012 , the location was repaired , reopened , and the 2013 event was held as scheduled . ESPN has long enjoyed solid ratings from its broadcast of the Hot Dog Eating Contest on Independence Day , and on July 1 , 2014 , the network announced it had extended its agreement with Major League Eating and will broadcast the contest through 2024 . The event continues to be recognized for its power as a marketing tool . Controversies ( edit ) Controversies usually revolve around supposed breaches of rules that are missed by the judges . For example , NY1 television news editor Phil Ellison reviewed taped footage of the 1999 contest and thought that Steve Keiner started eating at the count of one , but the judge , Mike DeVito -- himself the champion of the 1990 , 1993 , and 1994 contests -- was stationed directly in front of Keiner and disputed it , saying it was incorrect . Keiner ate 21 1 / 2 dogs , as shown on the Wall of Fame located at Nathan 's flagship store at the corner of Surf and Stillwell avenues in Coney Island . This controversy was created by George Shea , the chief publicist for Nathan 's , because it created much more publicity for the contest . Shea assured Keiner at the end of the contest that he would clear the confusion up but never did . Keiner never participated in any advertising or contests set up by Shea because of this . Another controversy occurred in 2003 when former NFL player William `` The Refrigerator '' Perry competed as a celebrity contestant . Though he had won a qualifier by eating twelve hot dogs , he ate only four at the contest , stopping after just five minutes . Shea stated that the celebrity contestant experiment will likely not be repeated . At the 2007 contest , the results were delayed to review whether defending champion Takeru Kobayashi had vomited ( also known as a `` Roman method incident '' or `` reversal of fortune '' ) in the final seconds of regulation . Such an incident results in the disqualification of the competitor under the rules of the IFOCE . The judges ruled in Kobayashi 's favor . A similar incident occurred involving Kobayashi in 2002 in a victory over Eric `` Badlands '' Booker . Takeru Kobayashi has not competed in the contest since 2009 due to his refusal to sign an exclusive contract with Major League Eating , which is the current sanctioning body of the contest . In 2010 , he was arrested by police after attempting to jump on the stage after the contest was over and disrupt the proceedings . On August 5 , 2010 , all charges against Kobayashi were dismissed by a judge in Brooklyn . Despite his six consecutive victories in their annual event , Nathan 's removed Kobayashi 's image from their `` Wall of Fame '' in 2011 . Kobayashi again refused to compete in 2011 , but instead conducted his own hot dog eating exhibition , claiming to have consumed 69 HDB , seven more than Joey Chestnut accomplished in the Nathan 's contest . The sports website Deadspin deemed Kobayashi 's solo appearance `` an improbably perfect ' up yours ' to the Nathan 's hot dog eating contest . '' Results ( edit ) By year ( edit ) Year Winner Hot dogs incl . buns ( HDB ) Contest duration Notes 2018 MEN 'S Joey Chestnut 74 10 min . Joey Chestnut breaks the world record with 74 HDB . WOMEN 'S Miki Sudo 37 2017 MEN 'S Joey Chestnut 72 10 min . Joey Chestnut breaks the world record with 72 HDB . WOMEN 'S Miki Sudo 41 2016 MEN 'S Joey Chestnut 70 10 min . Joey Chestnut won the mustard - colored belt for the ninth time , eating 70 hot dogs and buns . Defending champion Matt Stonie consumed 53 HDB . Sudo won her third consecutive women 's title . At the Giant National Capital BBQ Battle in Washington , D.C. on June 25 , Chestnut set the record of 73 in an official qualifier . WOMEN 'S Miki Sudo 381⁄2 2015 MEN 'S Matt Stonie 62 10 min . Matt Stonie ended the 8 year winning streak of Joey Chestnut , eating 62 HDB to Joey 's 60 . WOMEN 'S Miki Sudo 38 2014 MEN 'S Joey Chestnut 61 10 min . Joey Chestnut faced fierce competition from Matt Stonie , who finished second with 56 HDB . Tim Janus ( 44 HDB ) finished in 3rd . This became Joey 's 8th consecutive win . Sudo dethroned Thomas , the first time in the history of the competition that Thomas had been defeated since the inception of the women 's division . Sudo also ended a long tradition by becoming the first champion in a quarter - century to decline to use a nickname during Nathan 's competitions . WOMEN 'S Miki Sudo 34 2013 MEN 'S Joey Chestnut 69 10 min . Joey Chestnut beat his own record with 69 HDB . Matt Stonie ( 51HDB ) finished second . Tim Janus ( 50 HDB ) finished in 3rd . WOMEN 'S Sonya Thomas 363⁄4 2012 MEN 'S Joey Chestnut 68 10 min . Chestnut tied his previous record , previously set in 2009 . He also became the second person to win six consecutive titles . Thomas set a new women 's record . Tim Janus ( 52.25 ) and Patrick Bertoletti ( 51 ) finish second and third once again , this time with Janus edging out for second place . Matt Stonie , who would go on to claim victory in 2015 finished fourth with 46 HDB . WOMEN 'S Sonya Thomas 45 2011 MEN 'S Joey Chestnut 62 10 min . Separate competitions are held for women and men for the first time . Chestnut dominates on his way to his fifth straight title . Sonya Thomas ( 40 HDB ) won the inaugural women 's event . Patrick Bertoletti ( 53 ) and Tim `` Eater X '' Janus ( 45 ) finish 2nd and 3rd for the second year in a row . WOMEN 'S Sonya Thomas 40 Joey Chestnut 54 10 min . Chestnut ( 54 ) , Tim `` Eater X '' Janus ( 45 ) , and Patrick Bertoletti ( 37 ) round out the top three . 2009 Joey Chestnut 68 10 min . Chestnut ( 68 HDB ) beat his previous record in ten minutes , setting new event , U.S. , and world records . Kobayashi ( 641⁄2 HDB ) set a Japanese record . Patrick Bertoletti ( 55 HDB ) finished third . Sonya Thomas ( 41 HDB ) broke the female record . 2008 Joey Chestnut 59 ( Eat - off : 5 ) 10 min . ( Eat - off : untimed ; completed in 50 sec . ) Event , Japanese , U.S. , and world records set ( 59 HDB ) . First event using new ten - minute time limit and first tie and eat - off since 1980 . Chestnut & Kobayashi tied for first with 59 in regulation . In overtime Chestnut is the first to finish a plate of five HDB in 50 seconds . Kobayashi , losing by seven seconds , finishes second . Tim Janus finished third with 42 . 2007 Joey Chestnut 66 12 min . Having broken the world and U.S. records with 591⁄2 HDB at a qualifier contest on June 2 , 2007 , Chestnut ( 66 HDB ) finishes first , setting new event , U.S. and world records . Defeating Kobayashi ( 63 HDB ) for the first time . Fifth place Sonya Thomas ( 39 HDB ) sets female record . 2006 Takeru Kobayashi 533⁄4 12 min . Winner Kobayashi sets event , Japanese and world records . Second place Joey Chestnut ( 52 HDB ) , sets U.S. record . Sonya Thomas ( 37 ) finishes third . 2005 Takeru Kobayashi 49 12 min . 2nd : Sonya Thomas ( 37 ) sets U.S. record , Women 's record . Future winner Joey Chestnut finishes third with 32 . Takeru Kobayashi 531⁄2 12 min . Event , Japanese and world records set . 2nd : Nobuyuki Shirota ( 38 ) , Sonya Thomas ( 32 HDB ) sets the female and U.S. records . 2003 Takeru Kobayashi 441⁄2 12 min . Sonya Thomas ( 25 HDB ) sets the female record . 2nd : Ed Jarvis ( 301⁄2 , American record ) , 3rd : Eric Booker ( 29 ) . Twenty competitors and 3,000 spectators in attendance . William `` The Refrigerator '' Perry competes , but eats only four HDB and drops out after five minutes . 2002 Takeru Kobayashi 501⁄2 12 min . Event , Japanese and world records set . Takeru Kobayashi 50 12 min . 20 competitors total . All - time world records set . 2nd : Eric `` Badlands '' Booker ( 26 ) , 3rd : Oleg Zhornitskiy ( 25 ) . 2000 Kazutoyo Arai 25 + 12 min . The contest was won by a 100 - pound 32 year old mattress salesman from Saitama , Japan . The prizes were `` the coveted mustard - yellow International Belt , a huge red trophy , and 20 pounds of Nathan 's hot dogs . '' Misao Fujita ( also known as `` Wild Beast '' ) of Japan was the runner - up and consumed 24 hot dogs . A woman , Takako Akasaka of Japan , was the third - place finisher and consumed 22 hot dogs . 41 year old locomotive machinist Steve Addicks of Finksburg , Maryland was the fourth - place finisher and consumed 21 hot dogs . 391 - pound , 35 year old reigning champion Steve Keiner of Atlantic City , New Jersey `` finished in the middle of the pack '' and consumed 15 hot dogs . `` Dozens '' of contestants participated . A press account from the time describes this as an annual contest held regularly since 1916 . Another describes this as the 85th annual contest . 1999 Steve Keiner 211⁄2 12 min . The contest was won by a 317 - pound , 50 - year - old man from Egg Harbor Township , New Jersey . The prize was the bejeweled mustard - colored belt . Footage recorded by NY1 appeared to show that he actually consumed half of a hot dog before the starting gun was fired and should have been disqualified by the judges . Charles Hardy and Bartoszek Tadeusz , both of Brooklyn , were the runners - up and consumed 20 hot dogs each . Hardy charged that he could have consumed more had he been given another plate of hot dogs before time expired . 134 - pound , reigning champion Hirofumi Nakajima of Japan consumed 19 hot dogs . Former champion Mike DeVito also participated . 1998 Hirofumi / `` The Tokyo Terror '' Nakajima 19 12 min . The contest was won by the reigning champion , a 135 - pound , 23 year old furniture delivery worker from Kōfu , Japan . The prizes were `` the coveted mustard - yellow International Belt , a huge red trophy , and 20 pounds of Nathan 's hot dogs . '' 16 contestants participated . Second place : Dominic Vaccaro ( 17 ) . Hirofumi Nakajima 241⁄2 12 min . Although Nathan 's attempted to expand its pool of American contestants by sponsoring `` a circuit of qualifying contests leading up to the grand finale on the Fourth , '' Japanese contestants continued to increase their influence . The contest was won by the reigning champion , a 135 - pound , 22 year old furniture delivery worker from Kōfu , Japan . The prizes were `` a large emerald and brass trophy , a Mustard - Yellow International Belt , and a 20 - pack take - out order for Nathan 's hot dogs . '' 100 - pound , 30 year old future champion Kazutoyo Arai of Saitama , Japan was the runner - up and consumed 24 hot dogs . 330 - pound , 34 year old former champion Ed Krachie was the third - place finisher and consumed 20 hot dogs . 23 contestants participated . A press account from the time describes this as an annual contest held regularly since 1916 . ONE - ON - ONE CHALLENGE WITH JAPAN Hirofumi Nakajima December 4 231⁄4 12 min . The contest was won by the reigning champion , a 300 - pound man from Queens . The prizes apparently included the bejeweled mustard - yellow belt and a trophy , if not more . Former champion Mike DeVito was the runner - up and consumed 20 hot dogs . 200 - pound , 42 year old Guardian Angels founder Curtis Sliwa was also a contestant. 20 contestants participated . A press account from the time describes this as an annual contest held regularly since 1916 , except for 1939 , 1940 , and 1941 -- this time held under the moniker `` Battle of the Burroughs . '' A later 1996 contest was also sponsored by Nathan 's ( and TV Tokyo ) , but was held at Central Park instead of at its traditional location . It was won by a 144 - pound , 22 - year - old man from Japan ; he had never eaten a hot dog until the day before the competition . The prizes were the bejeweled mustard - yellow belt and $2,000 . 320 - pound , 33 year old mechanical engineer Ed Krachie of New York was the runner - up . Only those 2 contestants participated . Ed / `` The Maspeth Monster '' Krachie Independence Day 22 12 min . 1995 Ed Krachie Independence Day 191⁄2 12 min . The contest was won by a 350 - pound NYNEX engineer from Queens. 205 - pound , 33 year old Salomon Brothers vice president and reigning champion Mike DeVito of Manalapan Township , New Jersey was the runner - up and consumed 19 hot dogs . Michael DeVito Independence Day 20 Unknown The contest was won by the reigning champion , a 32 year old accountant . Future champion Ed Krachie was the runner - up . 40 year old Guardian Angels founder Curtis Sliwa was the third - place finisher and consumed 13 hot dogs . ONE - ON - ONE CHALLENGE WITH JAPAN Mike DeVito Unknown date 18 30 min . The contest was won by a former champion , a Wall Street brokerage firm worker from Manalapan Township , New Jersey . The prize was 365 hot dogs . Joe Gotay of Brooklyn was the runner - up and consumed 141⁄2 hot dogs . Willie Dykstra of Brooklyn was the top female contestant and consumed 71⁄2 hot dogs . 18 men and 2 women participated . The reigning champion , 290 - pound Frankie Dellarosa of Brooklyn , `` canceled out at the last minute due to a family emergency '' and was unable to defend his title . Instead , he declared that he was now retired from competitions and planned to pursue an acting career , something that he would later have a modest success in . A press account from the time describes this as the 77th annual contest , held regularly since 1916 . A later 1993 contest was also sponsored by Nathan 's ( and recorded by TV Tokyo ) , but was held under the Brooklyn Bridge instead of at its traditional location . It was won by reigning champion DeVito . Years later it was stated that the prize was the bejeweled mustard - colored belt `` created by the descendants of Fabergé '' that remains in use today but had supposedly been held in Japan for some years after having been won by a Japanese contestant at Nathan 's ( presumably at the February 11 , 1986 competition ) ; however , the earliest that the belt 's existence is known to be documented in a press account from the time is 1996 . A woman , Orio Ito of Japan , was the runner - up and consumed 16 hot dogs . Only those 2 contestants participated . Mike DeVito Independence Day 17 12 min . Frankie / `` Large '' Dellarosa Independence Day 19 Unknown The contest was won by the reigning champion . Former and future champion Mike DeVito was the runner - up and consumed 17 hot dogs . 1991 Frankie Dellarosa Independence Day 21 12 min . The contest was won by a 270 - pound , 23 year old engineer and part - time Hofstra University football coach from Queens . The prize was `` a 3 - foot trophy , topped with an athlete , plate , and hot dog . He also received hats , cups , and a year 's supply of hot dogs . '' 20 contestants participated . A press account from the time describes this as the 75th annual contest , this time held under the motto `` No Guts , No Glory . '' 1990 Mike DeVito Jay Green Independence Day 15 12 min . The contest was tied by the reigning champion , from Brooklyn , ( Green ) who was allowed to compete again despite previous contest rules , and a 28 year old from Staten Island ( DeVito ) . There was apparently no tie - breaking eat - off . A press account from the time describes this as the 7th annual contest . Jay Green Independence Day 151⁄2 12 min . The contest was won by the reigning champion , a 215 - pound , 31 year old dry wall contractor , who , as per contest rules , was declared `` retired '' after the competition for being a two - time winner . 24 contestants participated . A press account from the time describes this as the 73rd annual contest . Jay Green Independence Day 10 12 min . The contest was won by a 30 year old limousine service manager from Sheepshead Bay , Brooklyn . 13 contestants participated . A press account from the time describes this as the 72nd annual contest . Don Wolfman Independence Day 131⁄2 10 min . 29 year old future champion Jay Green was the runner - up and consumed 131⁄4 hot dogs . A press account from the time describes this as the 71st annual contest . 1986 Mark Heller Independence Day 151⁄2 10 min . The contest was won by a 245 - pound man . Robert Gerber was the runner - up and consumed 13 hot dogs . 24 men participated . A press account from the time describes this as the 70th annual contest , held regularly since 1916 . An earlier 1986 contest was also sponsored by Nathan 's . It was won by a 264 - pound , 21 - year - old student from Tokyo , Japan . Reigning champion Oscar Rodriguez was the runner - up and consumed 91⁄2 hot dogs . Only those 2 contestants participated . ONE - ON - ONE CHALLENGE WITH JAPAN Hiroaki Tominaga February 11 101⁄2 10 min . 1985 Oscar Rodriguez Independence Day 113⁄4 12 min . The contest was won by a 21 - year - old man . More than 40 contestants participated . 1984 Birgit Felden Independence Day 91⁄2 10 min . The contest was won by a 130 - pound , 17 year old West German women 's judo team member from Cologne ; she had never eaten a hot dog before the competition . Publicist Morty Matz described her as being only the second female to have ever won the contest . 17 year old U.S. women 's judo team member Jean Kanokogi ( and daughter of Ryohei and Rusty Kanokogi ) of Sheepshead Bay , Brooklyn was the runner - up and consumed 8 hot dogs . 20 men and 4 women participated . A press account from the time describes this as the 68th annual contest . Emil Gomez Independence Day 101⁄2 10 min . The contest was won by a 210 - pound , 25 year old accountant from the Bronx . His brother , Andre , was the runner - up and consumed 10 hot dogs . 11 contestants participated . A press account from the time describes this as the 17th annual contest . 1982 Steven Abrams July 5 11 + Unknown The contest was held on July 5 since Independence Day fell on a Sunday and was won by a 26 year old from Queens . He ate one bite of a twelfth hot dog . 1981 Thomas DeBerry Independence Day 11 Unknown The contest was won by a 35 year old Housing Authority gardener from Coney Island , Brooklyn . He `` downed 11 hot dogs in five minutes and then rushed off with his family to attend a barbecue . '' It is not immediately clear if the contest 's duration was five minutes long or if he simply ceased eating on his own after five minutes , because he was in a hurry to attend the barbecue . 1980 Joe Baldini Paul Siederman Independence Day 93⁄4 + ( Eat - off : 31⁄2 ) 10 min . ( Eat - off : 3 min . ) The contest was tied by a 190 - pound , 25 year old ( Baldini ) and a 260 - pound , 21 year old ( Siederman ) , both unemployed men from Brooklyn . Each then tied again after a tie - breaking eat - off . The prizes were `` two trophies and a pair of yellow plastic bags . '' Reigning champion Jim Mattner was the third - place finisher and consumed approximately 9 hot dogs . 28 contestants participated . A press account from the time describes this as the 64th annual contest . 1979 Jim Mattner Independence Day 14 Unknown The contest was won by a stockbroker from Queens . He consumed a `` record '' 14 hot dogs . 1978 Manel Hollenback Kevin Sinclair Independence Day 10 61⁄2 min . The contest was held on Memorial Day and was tied by a 180 - pound , 18 year old basketball player from Newark , New Jersey ( Hollenback ) and a 75 - pound , 10 - year - old student ( Sinclair ) . There was apparently no tie - breaking eat - off . 28 contestants participated . A press account from the time describes this as an annual contest held regularly since 1917 , except for 1942 and 1944 . WOMEN 'S Martha Rosenbloom Memorial Day Unknown Unknown An all - female contest was scheduled to be held on Memorial Day with the winner to be declared `` Miss Coney Island ; '' the contest was won by a 19 year old Brooklyn College student . Roberto Muriel Independence Day 10 31⁄2 min . The first 1974 contest was held on April 7 ( opening day for Coney Island 's summer season activities ) and was won by a 22 year old Manhattan Community College student from Astoria , Queens ; the prize was a trophy . Six contestants participated . The second 1974 contest was held on Independence Day and was won by a 185 - pound , 24 year old from Brooklyn ; the prize was `` a trophy with an emblazoned hot dog on it . '' A third 1974 contest was also sponsored by Nathan 's but was held in Atlantic City , New Jersey on July 31 . It was won by an 18 year old Nathan 's employee from Philadelphia , Pennsylvania named Jay Tierney . He consumed a `` world 's hot dog eating record '' 19 hot dogs in 5 minutes ; the prize was `` a raise -- all the hot dogs he could eat throughout the summer . '' 30 year old Carmen Cordero of Atlantic City was the runner - up . John Connolly April 7 9 21⁄2 min . 1973 Unknown Independence Day Unknown Unknown A contest was scheduled to be held on Independence Day ( designated as the 106th anniversary of the invention of the hot dog ) and refereed by the `` 1973 Hot Dog Queen , '' but no results are known to have been compiled and released to the public . 1972 Melody Andorfer Labor Day 12 5 min . The first 1972 contest was held on Memorial Day and was won by a Brooklyn College student ; the prize `` was a book of certificates for forty more hot dogs . '' The second 1972 contest was held on Labor Day and was won by a 105 - pound , 18 - year - old female community activist from Astoria , Queens ; 260 - pound , 19 year old Gary Silverman of Brooklyn was the runner - up and consumed 10 hot dogs . Eight men and 8 women participated . A press account from the time describes this as the 23rd annual contest . Jason Schechter Memorial Day 14 31⁄2 min . 1967 Walter Paul June 30 127 * Unknown The contest was held on June 30 ( designated as the 100th anniversary of the invention of the hot dog ) and was won by a 400 - pound , 32 year old truck driver . The prize was `` a trophy proclaiming him the world 's champion hot dog eater . '' He consumed the hot dogs over the period of `` one hour flat . '' It is not immediately clear if the contest 's duration was one hour long or if he simply ceased eating on his own after one hour , and it is also not immediately clear if he ate buns with the hot dogs . * -- Note : though Walter Paul 's 1967 feat is documented in at least two UPI press accounts from the time , he has also been mentioned in passing in more recent press accounts for supposedly establishing the contest 's then - record 17 hot dogs consumed ; several other people have similarly been credited for records of 131⁄2 , 171⁄2 , or 181⁄2 hot dogs consumed . The following feats are not known to be documented more fully in press accounts from the time of their occurrence and , as such , may not be credible and are not included in the Results table above : `` Several years '' before 1986 : unspecified contestant , 131⁄2 1979 : unspecified contestant , 171⁄2 1978 : Walter Paul ( described as being from Coney Island , Brooklyn ) , 17 1968 : Walter Paul ( described as `` a rotund Coney Island carnival caretaker '' ) , 17 1959 : Peter Washburn ( described as `` a one - armed Brooklyn Carnival worker '' ) , 181⁄2 or 17 1959 : Paul Washburn ( described as a carnival worker from Brooklyn ) , 171⁄2 1959 : Walter Paul ( described as a 260 - pound man from Brooklyn ) , 17 1957 : Paul Washburn , 171⁄2 Multiple - time winners ( edit ) Men 's * Belts Name Year ( s ) 11 Joey Chesnut 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 6 Takeru Kobayashi 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 Jay Green 1988 , 1989 , 1990 Mike DeVito 1990 , 1993 , 1994 Hirofumi Nakajima 1997 , 1998 Ed Krachie 1995 , 1996 Frankie Dellarosa 1991 , 1992 * Does not include non-Independence Day wins ^ a The 1990 competition ended in a tie . Women 's Belts Name Year ( s ) 5 Miki Sudo 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 Sonya Thomas 2011 , 2012 , 2013 Media coverage ( edit ) Live TV ( edit ) In 2003 , ESPN aired the contest for the first time on a tape - delayed basis . Starting in 2004 , ESPN began airing the contest live . Since 2005 , Paul Page has been ESPN 's play - by - play announcer for the event , accompanied by color commentator Richard Shea . In 2011 , the women 's competition was carried live on ESPN3 , followed by the men 's competition on ESPN . In 2012 , ESPN signed an extension to carry the event through 2017 . In 2014 , ESPN signed an agreement to carry the competition on its networks for 10 years until 2024 . Television history Year Network Announcers Viewers 2003 ESPN ESPN Gary Miller , Richard Shea 926,000 viewers 2005 ESPN Paul Page , Richard Shea 860,000 viewers 2006 ESPN Paul Page , Richard Shea 1.46 million viewers 2007 ESPN2 Paul Page , Richard Shea 1.632 million viewers 2008 ESPN Paul Page , Richard Shea 2009 ESPN Paul Page , Richard Shea , Dominic `` Hot Dog '' Vaccaro 1.340 million viewers ESPN Paul Page , Richard Shea , Todd Harris 1.677 million viewers 2011 ESPN Paul Page , Richard Shea , Rene Herlocker 1.949 million viewers 2012 ESPN Paul Page , Richard Shea , Rene Herlocker 1.299 million viewers 2013 ESPN2 Paul Page , Richard Shea , Rene Herlocker 1.14 million viewers 2014 ESPNEWS Paul Page , Richard Shea , Cari Champion 402,000 viewers 2015 ESPN2 Paul Page , Richard Shea , Melanie Collins 1.129 million viewers 2016 ESPN.com Paul Page , Richard Shea , Melanie Collins 1.3 million ( tape delay on ESPN ) 2017 ESPN2 Paul Page , Richard Shea , Melanie Collins 1.11 million 2018 ESPN2 Adam Amin , Richard Shea , Melanie Collins 1.141 million Film and TV programs ( edit ) The Nathan 's contest has been featured in these documentaries and TV programs : `` A Different Story '' ( July 4 , 1996 ) - Jeannie Moos covers the contest on CNN `` Red , White , and Yellow '' ( 1998 ) `` A Hot Dog Program : An All - American , Culinary Cruise Through Hot Dog History '' ( 1999 ) `` Gut Busters '' ( 2002 ) Made for TV - Discovery Channel `` Footlong '' ( 2002 ) - not the 2003 short film of the same name `` The Tsunami - Takeru Kobayashi '' ( 2003 ) Japanese `` Crazy Legs Conti : Zen and the Art of Competitive Eating '' ( 2004 ) `` The Most Extreme '' , `` Big Mouths '' episode ( 2004 ) ( Animal Planet ) Cheap Seats , ( 2004 ) `` True Life '' ( 2006 ) MTV documentary series Hungry ( 2013 ) documentary film ; contract dispute between Nathan 's Famous and Kobayashi Newspapers ( edit ) News sources typically use puns in head - lines and copy referring to the contest , such as `` ' Tsunami ' is eating contest 's top dog again , '' `` could n't cut the mustard '' ( A.P. ) , `` Nathan 's King ready , with relish '' ( Daily News ) and `` To be frank , Fridge faces a real hot - dog consumer '' ( ESPN ) . Reporter Gersh Kuntzman of the New York Post has been covering the event since the early 1990s and has been a judge at the competition since 2000 . Darren Rovell , of ESPN , has competed in a qualifier . Tactics and training ( edit ) Each contestant has his or her own eating method . Takeru Kobayashi pioneered the `` Solomon Method '' at his first competition in 2001 . The Solomon method consists of breaking each hot dog in half , eating the two halves at once , and then eating the bun . `` Dunking '' is the most prominent method used today . Because buns absorb water , many contestants dunk the buns in water and squeeze them to make them easier to swallow , and slide down the throat more efficiently . Other methods used include the `` Carlene Pop , '' where the competitor jumps up and down while eating , to force the food down to the stomach . `` Buns & Roses '' is a similar trick , but the eater sways from side to side instead . `` Juliet - ing '' is a cheating method in which players simply throw the hot dog buns over their shoulders . Contestants train and prepare for the event in different ways . Some fast , others prefer liquid - only diets before the event . Takeru Kobayashi meditates , drinks water and eats cabbage , then fasts before the event . Several contestants , such as Ed `` Cookie '' Jarvis , aim to be `` hungry , but not too hungry '' and have a light breakfast the morning of the event . See also ( edit ) Food portal New York City portal Sports portal Glutton Bowl Krystal Square Off Horsemen of the Esophagus Man v. Food Wing Bowl References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` 2011 Hot Dog Eating Contest ( Live Television Broadcast ) '' . Nathan 's Hot Dog Eating Contest. 2011 - 07 - 04 . ESPN . Jump up ^ `` Famous Facts '' . Nathan 's Famous Hot Dogs . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2008 . Retrieved December 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Jason Fagone ( 2007 ) . `` Horsemen of the Esophagus : Competitive Eating and the Big Fat American Dream '' . Crown / Archetype ( p. 215 ) . Jump up ^ `` America is 204 years old '' . Boca Raton ( Fla . ) News ( sec . A , p. 2 ) . July 4 , 1980 . ^ Jump up to : Jason Fagone ( 2007 ) . `` Horsemen of the Esophagus : Competitive Eating and the Big Fat American Dream '' . Crown / Archetype ( p. 222 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` No , He Did Not Invent the Publicity Stunt '' by Sam Roberts , New York Times , August 18 , 2010 `` . The New York Times . August 18 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Robert D. McFadden ( May 28 , 1972 ) . `` Yesterday Was for Traveling , Strolling , Eating and Relaxing '' . New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Howard Thompson ( May 26 , 1975 ) . `` Going Out Guide '' . New York Times ( p. 6 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Two share prize '' . Ellensburg ( Wash . ) Daily Record ( p. 11 ) . May 31 , 1978 . ^ Jump up to : `` 105 - Pound Girl Eats 12 Hot Dogs to Win Contest '' . St. Joseph ( Mo . ) News - Press ( sec . A , p. 2 ) . September 3 , 1972 . Jump up ^ Whitney Holtzman ( 2 July 2011 ) . `` Nathan 's evens playing field '' . ESPN . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Jen Chung . `` Sonya Thomas , The First Nathan 's Hot Dog Eating Contest Women 's Champion ! '' . Gothamist . Archived from the original on 2017 - 11 - 06 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN Locks In Hot Dog Eating Contest through 2024 '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 1 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nathan 's Famous Contest is Fourth of July Marketing Magic '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved 3 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN.com - Page2 - Accusations hurled at hot dog contest '' . Espn.go.com . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Nathan 's Hot Dog Eating Contest 2010 : Joey Chestnut Wins for Fourth Year '' . Bleacher Report . 4 July 2010 . Retrieved 4 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Joey ' Jaws ' Chestnut Wins Nathan 's July Fourth Hot Dog Eating Contest '' . Daily News . July 4 , 2010 . Retrieved July 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kobayashi Arrested After Chestnut 's Hot Dog Win '' . NBC Sports . July 4 , 2010 . Retrieved July 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Takeru Kobayashi Sets World Record With 69 Hot Dogs , Joey Chestnut Wins 2011 Nathan 's Famous International Hot Dog Eating Contest '' . Weirdnews.aol.com . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Luke ( 2011 - 07 - 04 ) . `` Kobayashi Somehow Sets A New , Totally Unofficial Hot Dog Eating Record '' . Deadspin.com . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Balsamo , Michael ( July 4 , 2016 ) . `` Joey Chestnut eats 70 hot dogs , 17 more than Matt Stonie , to win Nathan 's title '' . ESPN . Associated Press . Jump up ^ 2003 ESPN.com report Jump up ^ `` Horsemen of the Esophagus '' . Theatlantic.com. 2006 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Jason Fagone ( 2006 ) . `` Horsemen of the Esophagus : Competitive Eating and the Big Fat American Dream '' . Crown / Archetype ( p. 31 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Early eating world 's best deciding match ! '' . tv-tokyo.co.jp. 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese Man Wins Hot Dog Contest '' . abcnews.go.com . July 4 , 2000 . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Robert D. McFadden ( July 5 , 1999 ) . `` Holiday Parades March By , But the Heat Is Just Settling In '' . New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Michael Finnegan ( July 6 , 1999 ) . `` Nathan 's Champ Called Cheat Eating Contest Rematch Sought '' . New York Daily News . Jump up ^ Michael R. Blood ( July 3 , 1999 ) . `` Hot Dog Champ Relishes Title Defense '' . New York Daily News . Jump up ^ `` Dogging It -- Our columnist bites into a big problem : Why can the Japanese down more dogs than any American ? '' . gershkuntzman.homestead.com . July 9 , 2001 . Jump up ^ Jeanne King ( July 5 , 1998 ) . `` Japanese retains hot dog competition title '' . Reuters . ^ Jump up to : Ryan Nerz ( April 2006 ) . `` Eat This Book : A Year of Gorging and Glory on the Competitive Eating Circuit '' . St. Martin 's Press ( p. 15 ) . Jump up ^ `` Japanese Goes Faster , ' Furter in Hot Dog Contest '' . Los Angeles Times . July 5 , 1997 . ^ Jump up to : `` Man downs 22 hot dogs to win contest '' . cnn.com . July 4 , 1996 . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nathan 's 4th July Hot Dog Contest ( caption ) '' . gettyimages.com . July 4 , 1996 . Retrieved July 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Tracy Connor ( July 1 , 1996 ) . `` Sliwa makes bid for frank - eating title '' . United Press International . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ryan Nerz ( April 2006 ) . `` Eat This Book : A Year of Gorging and Glory on the Competitive Eating Circuit '' . Macmillan ( p. 63 ) . Jump up ^ Scott Neuman ( December 4 , 1996 ) . `` Japan snatches top dog title from U.S. '' United Press International . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lawrence Goodman ( July 5 , 1997 ) . `` Ex-Hot Dog Eating Chomp Ca n't Cut Coney Mustard '' . New York Daily News . ^ Jump up to : David Stout ( July 5 , 1995 ) . `` New Jersey Daily Briefing : A Coup in Hot Dog Land '' . New York Times . ^ Jump up to : `` Chronicle '' . New York Times . July 5 , 1994 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jersey hotdog gobbler wins back title '' . United Press International . July 4 , 1993 . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan Nerz ( April 2006 ) . `` Eat This Book : A Year of Gorging and Glory on the Competitive Eating Circuit '' . St. Martin 's Press ( p. 62 ) . Jump up ^ `` Frankie Dellarosa '' . imdb.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan Nerz ( April 2006 ) . `` Eat This Book : A Year of Gorging and Glory on the Competitive Eating Circuit '' . St. Martin 's Press ( p. 17 ) . Jump up ^ `` Man downs 22 hot dogs to win contest '' . cnn.com . July 4 , 1996 . ^ Jump up to : `` Engineer wolfs way to dog title '' . Reading ( Pa . ) Eagle ( p. 1 ) . July 5 , 1991 . Jump up ^ `` On the Fourth , Feeling Cooked On a 93 degrees Grill '' . New York Times . July 5 , 1990 . ^ Jump up to : `` A day to relish ( caption ) '' . Norwalk ( Conn . ) Hour ( p. 3 ) . July 5 , 1990 . ^ Jump up to : `` Green Claims 2nd Victory in Hot Dog Contest '' . Schenectady ( N.Y. ) Gazette ( p. 12 ) . July 5 , 1989 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1987 runner - up is hot dog king '' . Reading ( Pa . ) Eagle ( p. 14 ) . July 5 , 1988 . Jump up ^ `` Americans mark July 4 with parades , fireworks '' . Eugene ( Ore . ) Register - Guard ( sec. C , p. 10 ) . July 4 , 1987 . Jump up ^ `` Winner a hot dog '' . Eugene ( Ore . ) Register - Guard ( sec . A , p. 2 ) . July 7 , 1986 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hot dog champion relishes his victory but craves sushi '' . Salt Lake City Deseret News ( sec . A , p. 3 ) . February 13 -- 14 , 1986 . Jump up ^ Jilian Mincer ( July 5 , 1985 ) . `` Miss Liberty Offstage , Buy City Has A Popping 4th '' . New York Times . ^ Jump up to : `` German Scores in Frankfurter Contest '' . Daytona Beach ( Fla . ) Morning Journal ( sec . D , p. 3 ) . July 5 , 1984 . Jump up ^ `` America waves flag to celebrate Fourth '' . Bangor ( Maine ) Daily News ( p. 1 ) . July 5 , 1983 . ^ Jump up to : `` It 's hot in the Big Apple '' . Poughkeepsie ( N.Y. ) Journal ( p. 8 ) . July 5 , 1983 . ^ Jump up to : Robert D. McFadden ( July 6 , 1982 ) . `` Holiday Crowds Sample Pristine Day 's Pleasures '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Paul L. Montgomery ( July 5 , 1981 ) . `` Rain Curtails Fourth of July Crowds '' . New York Times . ^ Jump up to : `` Coney kings crowned after hotdog contest '' . Bend ( Ore . ) Bulletin ( p. 25 ) . July 5 , 1980 . ^ Jump up to : Jason Fagone ( 2007 ) . `` Horsemen of the Esophagus : Competitive Eating and the Big Fat American Dream '' . Crown / Archetype ( p. 221 ) . Jump up ^ `` Nine hot dogs get him a trophy '' . Wilmington ( Del . ) Morning News ( p. 22 ) . April 12 , 1974 . Jump up ^ `` Still Hungry '' . St. Joseph ( Mo . ) Gazette ( sec . B , p. 2 ) . July 5 , 1974 . Jump up ^ `` Hot dog eating record set '' . Wilmington ( N.C. ) Morning Star ( p. 26 ) . August 2 , 1974 . Jump up ^ Linda Greenhouse ( July 4 , 1973 ) . `` Old - Time One - Day Fourth To Get New Angles Here '' . New York Times ( p. 38 ) . Jump up ^ `` Frankfurter Fan Downs 127 for Centennial Title '' . Milwaukee Journal ( p. 2 ) . July 1 , 1967 . Jump up ^ `` Man Gobbles 127 Hot Dogs '' . Reading ( Pa . ) Eagle ( p. 14 ) . July 2 , 1967 . Jump up ^ `` Extra ! Man bites dog -- 15 of ' em '' . Tyrone ( Pa . ) Daily Herald ( p. 6 ) . July 7 , 1986 . Jump up ^ Ryan Nerz ( April 2006 ) . `` Eat This Book : A Year of Gorging and Glory on the Competitive Eating Circuit '' . St. Martin 's Griffin ( p. 61 ) . Jump up ^ `` Hot Dog Contest sticks with ESPN to 2017 '' . ESPN.com. 2012 - 05 - 24 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ Mandell , Nina . `` Nathan 's Hot Dog Contest ensures its future as Fourth of July tradition with new ESPN deal '' USA Today July 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sandomir , Richard ( July 6 , 2007 ) . `` The Hideous Masters of Gluttony : July 6 , 2007 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Everything But the Game : 2007 - 07 - 08 '' . Retrieved June 26 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Potpourri Friday , July 9 , 2010 '' . Retrieved July 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` More Ratings : Hot Dog Contest , Formula 1 , Track & Field '' . Sportsmediawatch.com. 2011 - 07 - 06 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 6 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Dallas ' + ' Futurama ' , ' Storage Wars ' , ' House Hunters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Paulsen ( July 8 , 2015 ) . `` Ratings Roundup : Hot Dog Contest , NASCAR Xfinity , Tour de France '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved July 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 8 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 7.4. 2015 '' . Retrieved July 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Paulsen . Ratings Roundup : Wimbledon , Hot Dog Contest , Senior Golf . Sportsmediawatch . July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick . `` Wednesday cable ratings : Hot dog eating constest leads a light 4th of July '' . TVbythenumbers . July 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rovell , Darren . `` Athletes with appetite '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 09 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nathan 's Hot Dog Eating Contest . Official website Two Dozen Hot Dogs Please , and No , They 're Not to Go by Anthony Ramirez Sports Illustrated feature on the 2006 contest Competitive eating Notable eaters Patrick Bertoletti Eric Booker Dale Boone Joey Chestnut Crazy Legs Conti Erik Denmark Michael DeVito Jed Donahue Charles Hardy Tim Janus Steve Keiner Joe LaRue Carlene LeFevre Rich LeFevre Don Lerman Kevin Lipsitz Rick The Manager Bozo Miller David O'Karma Molly Schuyler Bob Shoudt Matt Stonie L.A. Beast Brian Subich Miki Sudo Sonya Thomas Furious Pete Peter Dowdeswell Theetta Rappai Takako Akasaka Takeru Kobayashi Gal Sone Competitions and organizations Association of Independent Competitive Eaters Hurl ! International Federation of Competitive Eating Major League Eating Nathan 's Famous Hot Dog Eating Contest National Buffalo Wing Festival Wing Bowl World Pie Eating Championship Defunct competitions The Glutton Bowl Krystal Square Off Yankee Doodle Coffee Shop Doodle Challenge Media Crazy Legs Conti : Zen and the Art of Competitive Eating Eat This Book Horsemen of the Esophagus Major League Eating : The Game Man v. Food Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nathan%27s_Hot_Dog_Eating_Contest&oldid=850414387 '' Categories : Competitions in the United States Competitive eating Coney Island Culture of Brooklyn Independence Day ( United States ) Hot dogs Recurring events established in 1916 Sports entertainment Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Galego 한국어 עברית 日本語 Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 15 July 2018 , at 18 : 22 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when is nathan's hot dog eating contest	[ "The Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest is an annual American hot dog competitive eating competition. It is held each year on Independence Day at Nathan's Famous Corporation's original, and best-known restaurant at the corner of Surf and Stillwell Avenues in Coney Island, a neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York City.\n" ]	[ "Independence Day" ]
-4542510226878921398	Man in the Mirror	Man in the Mirror - wikipedia Man in the Mirror Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Man in the Mirror ( disambiguation ) . `` Man in the Mirror '' Single by Michael Jackson from the album Bad Released January 16 , 1988 Format CD single 7 '' single 12 '' single cassette Recorded May 1987 Genre R&B gospel Length 5 : 19 ( album and 12 '' versions ) 5 : 00 ( single and video versions ) Label Epic Songwriter ( s ) Siedah Garrett Glen Ballard Producer ( s ) Quincy Jones Michael Jackson ( co-producer ) Michael Jackson singles chronology `` The Way You Make Me Feel '' ( 1987 ) `` Man in the Mirror '' ( 1988 ) `` Dirty Diana '' ( 1988 ) `` The Way You Make Me Feel '' ( 1987 ) `` Man in the Mirror '' ( 1988 ) `` Dirty Diana '' ( 1988 ) Music video `` Man In The Mirror '' on YouTube Audio sample file help `` Man in the Mirror '' is a song recorded by Michael Jackson , written by Glen Ballard and Siedah Garrett and produced by Jackson and Quincy Jones . It peaked at number 1 in the United States when released in January 1988 as the fourth single from his seventh solo album , Bad ( 1987 ) . It was nominated for Record of the Year at the Grammy Awards . The song topped the Billboard Hot 100 for 2 weeks . The song peaked at number 21 in the UK Singles Charts in 1988 , but in 2009 , following the news of Jackson 's death , the song peaked at number 2 , having re-entered the chart at 11 the previous week as his top song on the singles chart . It also became the number 1 single in iTunes downloads in the US and the UK , having sold over 1.3 million digital copies in the former alone . The song was remixed for the soundtrack of Jackson 's tribute tour Immortal . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Critical response 3 Music video 4 Chart performance 5 Charts 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year - end charts 5.3 Certifications 6 Live performances 7 Track listing 8 Sampling / remixes 9 Personnel 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Composition ( edit ) `` Man in the Mirror '' was composed by Glen Ballard and Siedah Garrett . Jackson added background vocals from Garrett , The Winans and the Andraé Crouch Choir , which gave the song its distinctive sound . The song is said to have been one of Jackson 's favorite songs . Arranged with a gospel choir , Jackson would use a gospel choir again several years later on his hit `` Will You Be There '' . Siedah Garrett also sang Jackson 's duet `` I Just Ca n't Stop Loving You '' in summer 1987 . The song is played in the keys of G and G# Major at a tempo of 100bpm . The vocal range is Ab3 - C6 . The single sleeve for `` Man in the Mirror '' contained a dedication to Yoshiaki Ogiwara , a five - year - old boy from Takasaki , Gunma , Japan who was kidnapped for ransom and subsequently murdered in September 1987 . The killing was highly traumatic to the Japanese public and to Jackson himself , who was touring Japan at the time and subsequently dedicated concerts in Osaka and Yokohama to the boy 's memory . Critical response ( edit ) When Ed Hogan reviewed the song , he called it `` gentle . '' Jon Pareles of The New York Times noted that this song has `` gospelly lift . '' Rolling Stone 's Davitt Sigerson thought that `` Man in the Mirror '' stands among the half dozen best things Jackson has done , and he continued : `` On `` Man in the Mirror , '' a song he did not write , Jackson goes a step further and offers a straightforward homily of personal commitment : `` I 'm starting with the man in the mirror / I 'm asking him to change his ways / And no message could have been any clearer / If you wan na make the world a better place / Take a look at yourself and then make a change . '' '' Music video ( edit ) One of the videos is a notable departure from Jackson 's other videos mainly because Jackson himself does not appear in the video ( aside from a brief clip toward the end of the video in which he can be seen donning a red jacket and standing in a large crowd ) . Instead , it featured a montage of footage of various major news events and famous people . The Man in the Mirror music video was directed , produced and edited by Don Wilson . Don and Michael Jackson developed the idea for the video . Larry Stessel who was Video Commissioner at Epic Records at the time was the Executive Producer . PCM Stereo music video version of this song was included on Number Ones , Michael Jackson 's Vision , the Target version DVD of Bad 25 , and the song 's video that released on VHS in 1989 . An alternate live video was used as the opening song in Jackson 's film Moonwalker with live audio and footage from several live performances of the song during the Bad World Tour . The first segment of Moonwalker is a live performance of `` Man in the Mirror '' during his Bad Tour in Europe . Clips from Wembley Stadium among others can be seen . It also features a montage of clips of children in Africa , Martin Luther King Jr. , Mother Teresa , Mahatma Gandhi , Nelson Mandela , Jesus Christ , kids in Graduation , and other historical figures . Chart performance ( edit ) `` Man In The Mirror '' was the 4th consecutive number - one single for Jackson 's Bad in the United States . The single debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 48 on February 6 , 1988 , and reached number 1 by its 8th week on the chart , on March 26 , 1988 , where it remained for 2 weeks . The song originally peaked at number 21 in the United Kingdom in 1988 . However , following Jackson 's death on June 25 , 2009 , `` Man in the Mirror '' re-entered the UK Singles Chart at number 11 , and the following week the song peaked at number 2 , held off by Cascada 's `` Evacuate the Dancefloor '' . The chart had also contained over 12 Michael Jackson songs in the Top 40 . This song had been at top 100 for 15 consecutive weeks in this chart . In Australia the song originally charted at number 39 . After the singer 's death , the song re-entered the chart and peaked at number 8 , much higher than its original release . It was also the top single in iTunes downloads in the US and the UK . It has sold 567,280 copies in the UK as of January 2016 . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1988 - 2010 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 39 Belgium ( VRT Top 30 Flanders ) 11 Canada ( RPM Adult Contemporary ) Canada ( RPM 100 Singles ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 23 Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 13 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Poland ( Polish Singles Chart ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 21 US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary US Billboard Hot Dance Music / Maxi - Singles Sales US Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Singles Chart ( 2008 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 55 Chart ( 2009 -- 10 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 8 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 17 Belgium ( Back Catalogue Singles Flanders ) 6 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 12 Eurochart Hot 100 7 Hot Canadian Digital Singles 7 Ireland ( IRMA ) Japan Hot 100 65 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 22 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 9 Norway ( VG - lista ) 15 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 50 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 19 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 22 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) UK R&B Chart US Billboard Hot Digital Songs Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1988 ) Rank US Billboard Hot 100 21 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 0 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Live performances ( edit ) Jackson performed a live , extended version of the song at the 1988 Grammy Awards . He also performed the song as the ending of the concert during the Bad World Tour 's second leg , and regularly during the Dangerous World Tour . Live versions of the song are available on the DVDs Live at Wembley July 16 , 1988 and Live in Bucharest : The Dangerous Tour . On July 16 , 1996 , Jackson also performed `` Man in the Mirror '' at the Royal Concert Brunei for the last time prior to the United We Stand benefit concert . The instrumental introduction to the song was played at the end of Jackson 's memorial service , while his casket was being carried out ; followed by the appearance of a spotlight shining on a microphone on an empty stage . After a closing prayer that incorporated themes from the song , the spotlight remained shining on the lone microphone . The song is also featured as the final number in Michael Jackson 's This Is It . Track listing ( edit ) 12 '' and CD `` Man in the Mirror '' ( single version ) -- 5 : 00 `` Man in the Mirror '' ( album version ) -- 5 : 19 `` Man In The Mirror '' ( instrumental ) -- 5 : 00 7 '' Man in the Mirror ( single version ) - 5 : 00 Man in the Mirror ( instrumental ) - 5 : 00 Video single Man in the Mirror ( music video ) - 5 : 00 Running time : 5 minutes 30 seconds Sampling / remixes ( edit ) 2006 : The song is sampled by Brooklyn hip hop artist Papoose during the summer of that year on his song `` Gonna Make a Change '' from mixtape The Boyz in the Hood . The song describes his rough upbringing and his struggles . 2008 : Chicago - based rapper Rhymefest freestyles over the instrumental version of `` Man in the Mirror '' with Michael Jackson singing the chorus and a part of the second verse . It released on his tribute mixtape Mark Ronson Presents : Man in the Mirror . Personnel ( edit ) Written and composed by Siedah Garrett and Glen Ballard Produced by Quincy Jones Co-Produced by Michael Jackson Michael Jackson : Solo & background vocals Featuring Siedah Garrett , The Winans and The Andraé Crouch Choir Ollie E. Brown : Clap Dann Huff : Guitar Greg Phillinganes : Keyboards Glen Ballard , Randy Kerber : Synthesizers Siedah Garrett : Background vocals The Winans : Carvin , Marvin , Michael and Ronald Winans Andrae Crouch and his Choir : Sandra Crouch , Maxi Anderson , Rose Banks , Geary Faggett , Vonciele Faggett , Andrew Gouche , Linda Green , Pattie Howard , Jean Johnson , Perry Morgan , Alfie Silas , Roberto Noriega Rhythm arrangement by Glen Ballard and Quincy Jones Synthesizer arrangement by Glen Ballard , Quincy Jones and Jerry Hey Vocal arrangement by Andrae Crouch See also ( edit ) Man in the Mirror : The Michael Jackson Story , a 2004 TV film about Jackson 's life . Starring Flex Alexander . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Michael Goldberg ; David Handelman ( September 24 , 1987 ) . `` Is Michael Jackson For Real ? '' . RollingStone . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson tops album chart '' . BBC News . BBC News . June 29 , 2009 . Retrieved January 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Jackson 's music tops charts '' . CNN . Edition.cnn.com . July 1 , 2009 . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2012 . Retrieved January 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Paul Grein ( September 23 , 2010 ) . `` Chart Watch Extra : Songs From The Last Century '' . Chart Watch . Nielsen Business Media . Yahoo ! Music . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2010 . Retrieved May 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Siedah Garrett on writing a song for Michael Jackson . YouTube . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson : Man In The Mirror Sheet Music '' . Sheetmusicdirect.com . Aerostation Corporation . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Related by Casey Kasem on `` American Top 40 '' , week of February 27 , 1988 . Jump up ^ Ed Hogan . `` Man in the Mirror review at Allmusic '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jon Pareles ( August 31 , 1987 ) . `` POP : MICHAEL JACKSON 'S ' BAD , ' FOLLOW - UP TO A BLOCKBUSTER '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Davitt Sigerson ( October 22 , 1987 ) . `` Michael Jackson -- Bad '' . Rolling Stone . Jann S. Wenner . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` '' Man In The Mirror '' short film ( with photos and video ) `` . Leaf & Letters ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2012 . Retrieved April 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jones , Alan ( 15 January 2016 ) . `` Official Charts Analysis : Bieber continues to dominate Top 5 singles '' . Music Week . Intent Media . Retrieved 15 January 2016 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ bulion . `` Forum - ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts - CHART POSITIONS PRE 1989 , part 2 '' . ARIA . Australian-charts.com . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2013 . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Man In The Mirror - MICHAEL JACKSON '' . VRT ( in Dutch ) . Top30-2.radio2.be . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2012 . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary - Volume 48 , No. 1 , April 23 , 1988 '' . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles - Volume 47 , No. 25 , April 09 1988 '' . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Michael Jackson -- Man In The Mirror '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Irish Charts - All there is to know '' . IRMA . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2010 . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Only results when searching `` Man in the mirror '' Jump up ^ `` Indice per Interprete : J '' . HitParadeItalia ( in Italian ) . Creative Commons . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Michael Jackson - Man In The Mirror search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charts.org.nz -- Michael Jackson -- Man In The Mirror '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` MAN IN THE MIRROR - Michael Jackson '' . Nowe Media , Polskie Radio S.A . LP3.polskieradio.pl . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Jackson : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved June 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bad awards at Allmusic '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved June 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Michael Jackson -- Man In The Mirror '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Michael Jackson -- Man In The Mirror '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Back Catalogue Singles -- 20 February 2010 '' . Ultratop 50 . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Michael Jackson -- Man In The Mirror '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson - Chart History '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Singles Chart '' . Achart.us . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Michael Jackson -- Man In The Mirror '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Michael Jackson -- Man In The Mirror '' . VG - lista . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Michael Jackson -- Man In The Mirror '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Michael Jackson -- Man In The Mirror '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Michael Jackson -- Man In The Mirror '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Songs of 1988 - Billboard Year End Charts '' . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Danish single certifications -- Michael Jackson -- Man in the Mirror '' . IFPI Denmark . Click on næste to go to page if certification from official website Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Michael Jackson -- Man in the Mirror '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Man in the Mirror in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ Michael Jackson Memorial Final Closing Prayer by Pastor Lucious Smith `` Man in the Mirror '' ( Youtube video ) . CNN . YouTube . July 7 , 2009 . Retrieved January 22 , 2011 . Note : The poster of the video added the segment of the song at the end of the video after the prayer . Jump up ^ `` Papoose 's Gonne Make That Change sample of Michael Jackson 's Man in the Mirror '' . WhoSampled.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Man In The Mirror REMIX - MICHAEL JACKSON Ft RHYMEFEST '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ DJ Pizzo ( February 14 , 2008 ) . `` Mark Ronson Presents Rhymefest -- `` Man In The Mirror '' -- @ @ @ @ Hiphopsite.com `` . Hiphopsite.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2013 . `` Ronson teamed up with Chicago super-emcee Rhymefest for Man In The Mirror , a tribute album built upon samples from the King Of Pop himself , Michael Jackson . '' External links ( edit ) Official Music Video on YouTube Glen Ballard biography Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Never Gonna Give You Up '' by Rick Astley Billboard Hot 100 number - one single March 26 , 1988 -- April 2 , 1988 Succeeded by `` Get Outta My Dreams , Get Into My Car '' by Billy Ocean Preceded by `` Fishnet '' by Morris Day Billboard Hot Black Singles number - one single March 26 , 1988 Succeeded by `` Wishing Well '' by Terence Trent D'Arby Preceded by `` Boom Boom Pow '' by The Black Eyed Peas UK R&B Chart number - one single July 5 , 2009 -- July 19 , 2009 Succeeded by `` Beat Again '' by JLS Michael Jackson : Bad Side one `` Bad '' `` The Way You Make Me Feel '' `` Speed Demon '' `` Liberian Girl '' `` Just Good Friends '' Side two `` Another Part of Me '' `` Man in the Mirror '' `` I Just Ca n't Stop Loving You '' `` Dirty Diana '' `` Smooth Criminal '' CD and Digital Download bonus track ( s ) `` Leave Me Alone '' Related articles Quincy Jones Bad ( tour ) Moonwalker Michael Jackson 's Moonwalker One Night in Japan Bad 25 ( film ) Live at Wembley July 16 , 1988 Michael Jackson songs Discography Got to Be There `` Ai n't No Sunshine '' `` I Wanna Be Where You Are '' `` Got to Be There '' `` Rockin ' Robin '' `` Love Is Here and Now You 're Gone '' `` You 've Got a Friend '' Ben `` Ben '' `` Everybody 's Somebody 's Fool '' `` My Girl '' `` Shoo - Be-Doo - Be-Doo - Da - Day '' Music & Me `` With a Child 's Heart '' `` All the Things You Are '' `` Happy '' `` Too Young '' `` Doggin ' Around '' `` Music & Me '' Forever , Michael `` We 're Almost There '' `` One Day in Your Life '' `` Just a Little Bit of You '' Off the Wall `` Do n't Stop ' Til You Get Enough '' `` Rock with You '' `` Workin ' Day and Night '' `` Off the Wall '' `` Girlfriend '' `` She 's Out of My Life '' `` It 's the Falling in Love '' Thriller `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' `` The Girl Is Mine '' `` Thriller '' `` Beat It '' `` Billie Jean '' `` Human Nature '' `` P.Y.T. ( Pretty Young Thing ) '' Bad `` Bad '' `` The Way You Make Me Feel '' `` Speed Demon '' `` Liberian Girl '' `` Just Good Friends '' `` Another Part of Me '' `` Man in the Mirror '' `` I Just Ca n't Stop Loving You '' `` Dirty Diana '' `` Smooth Criminal '' `` Leave Me Alone '' Dangerous `` Jam '' `` In the Closet '' `` Remember the Time '' `` Ca n't Let Her Get Away '' `` Heal the World '' `` Black or White '' `` Who Is It '' `` Give In to Me '' `` Will You Be There '' `` Gone Too Soon '' `` Dangerous '' HIStory `` Scream '' `` They Do n't Care About Us '' `` Stranger in Moscow '' `` This Time Around '' `` Earth Song '' `` D.S. '' `` Come Together '' `` You Are Not Alone '' `` Childhood '' `` Tabloid Junkie '' `` HIStory '' `` Smile '' Blood on the Dance Floor `` Blood on the Dance Floor '' `` Ghosts '' `` Is It Scary '' Invincible `` Heaven Can Wait '' `` You Rock My World '' `` Butterflies '' `` Speechless '' `` Cry '' Michael `` Hold My Hand '' `` Hollywood Tonight '' `` ( I Like ) The Way You Love Me '' `` Monster '' `` Breaking News '' `` ( I Ca n't Make It ) Another Day '' `` Behind the Mask '' Xscape `` Love Never Felt So Good '' `` Chicago '' `` Loving You '' `` A Place with No Name '' `` Slave to the Rhythm '' `` Blue Gangsta '' Other `` We Are the World '' `` Twenty - Five Miles '' `` On the Line '' `` What More Can I Give '' `` One More Chance '' `` Cheater '' `` Fall Again '' `` This Is It '' `` Mind Is the Magic '' `` Do n't Be Messin ' ' Round '' `` Price of Fame '' Featured `` Night Time Lover '' `` Say Say Say '' `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' `` Tell Me I 'm Not Dreamin ' ( Too Good to Be True ) '' `` Get It '' `` 2300 Jackson Street '' `` Do the Bartman '' `` Whatzupwitu '' `` Why '' `` I Need You '' `` We Be Ballin ' '' `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' `` All in Your Name '' `` There Must Be More To Life Than This '' Book Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Man_in_the_Mirror&oldid=803840421 '' Categories : 1980s ballads 1988 singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Michael Jackson songs Pop ballads Protest songs Rhythm and blues ballads Song recordings produced by Quincy Jones Song recordings produced by Michael Jackson Songs about poverty Songs written by Glen Ballard Songs written by Siedah Garrett UK R&B Singles Chart number - one singles 1987 songs Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2017 Use mdy dates from November 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Pages using Certification Table Entry - Sales with missing information Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Kiswahili Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2017 , at 23 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wrote michael jackson's man in the mirror	[ "\"Man in the Mirror\" is a song recorded by Michael Jackson, written by Glen Ballard and Siedah Garrett and produced by Jackson and Quincy Jones. It peaked at number 1 in the United States when released in January 1988 as the fourth single from his seventh solo album, Bad (1987). It was nominated for Record of the Year at the Grammy Awards.", "\"Man in the Mirror\" is a song recorded by Michael Jackson, written by Glen Ballard and Siedah Garrett and produced by Jackson and Quincy Jones. It peaked at number 1 in the United States when released in January 1988 as the fourth single from his seventh solo album, Bad (1987). It was nominated for Record of the Year at the Grammy Awards." ]	[ "Glen Ballard", "Siedah Garrett" ]
-7426565436043494464	European Cup and UEFA Champions League records and statistics	European Cup and UEFA Champions League records and Statistics - wikipedia European Cup and UEFA Champions League records and Statistics Map of UEFA countries , stages reached by teams on the UEFA Champions League and European Cup . UEFA member country with winning clubs UEFA member country with runner - up clubs UEFA member country that has been represented in the semifinal stage UEFA member country that has been represented in the round of 16 , quarterfinal or second group stage UEFA member country that has been represented in the group stage UEFA member country that has not been represented in the group or knockout stage after round of 16 Not a UEFA member This page details statistics of the European Cup and Champions League . Unless notified these statistics concern all seasons since inception of the European Cup in the 1955 -- 56 season , including qualifying rounds of the UEFA Champions League as per `` Competition facts '' ; all goals scored before league phase ( s ) count as `` qualifying goals '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 General performances 1.1 By club 1.2 By nation 1.3 By city 1.4 All - time top 25 European Champion Clubs ' Cup and Champions League rankings 1.5 Number of participating clubs of the Champions League era 2 Clubs 2.1 Performance review ( from 1992 -- 93 ) 2.2 By semi-final appearances ( European Cup and UEFA Champions League ) 2.3 Presidents records 2.4 Unbeaten sides 2.5 Final success rate 2.6 Consecutive appearances 2.7 Winning other trophies 2.8 Biggest wins 2.9 Biggest two leg wins 2.10 Deciding drawn ties 2.10. 1 Play - offs 2.10. 2 Coin toss 2.10. 3 Away goals 2.10. 4 Penalty shootout 2.10. 5 Extra time 2.11 Most goals in a match 2.12 Highest scoring draws 2.13 Not winning the domestic league 2.14 Comebacks 2.15 Defence 2.16 Defending the trophy 2.17 Nationalities 2.18 Countries 2.19 Cities 2.20 Specific group stage records 2.20. 1 6 wins 2.20. 2 6 draws 2.20. 3 6 losses 2.20. 4 Two goals in each match 2.20. 5 Advancing past the group stage 2.20. 6 Biggest disparity between group winner and runner - up 2.20. 7 Most points achieved , yet knocked out 2.20. 8 Most points achieved in the group stage , not winning the group 2.20. 9 Fewest points achieved , yet advanced 2.20. 10 Knocked out on tiebreakers 2.20. 11 Knocked out on 3 points for a win rule 2.21 Qualifying from first qualifying round 2.22 Winning after playing in a qualifying round 2.23 Consecutive goalscoring 2.24 Consecutive home wins 2.25 Consecutive away wins 2.26 Consecutive wins 2.27 Longest home undefeated run 2.28 Longest away undefeated run 2.29 Longest undefeated run 2.30 Most successive draws 2.31 Most successive defeats 2.32 Most successive games without a win 3 Players 3.1 Appearances 3.2 Goalscoring 3.2. 1 All - time top scorers 3.2. 2 Top scorers by seasons 3.2. 3 Most goals in a single season 3.2. 4 Hat - tricks 3.2. 5 Four goals in a match 3.2. 6 Five goals in a match 3.2. 7 Oldest and youngest 3.2. 8 Other goalscoring records 3.3 Other records 3.3. 1 First goal 3.3. 2 Most wins 3.3. 3 Oldest and youngest 3.3. 4 Penalties 3.3. 5 Own goals 3.3. 6 Goalkeeping 3.3. 7 Assisting 3.3. 8 Disciplinary 3.3. 9 Captaincy 3.3. 10 Trivia 4 Managers 4.1 All - time top coach appearances 4.2 Final and winning records 4.3 Winning other trophies 4.4 Other records 5 See also 6 Notes 7 External links General performances By club For details on winning clubs , see List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League finals . A total of 22 clubs have won the tournament since its 1955 inception , with Real Madrid being the only team to win it thirteen times , including the first five . Only two other clubs have reached ten or more finals : Milan and Bayern Munich . A total of 12 clubs have won the tournament multiple times : the three forementioned clubs , along with Liverpool , Ajax , Barcelona , Internazionale , Manchester United , Benfica , Nottingham Forest , Juventus , and Porto . A total of 17 clubs have reached the final without ever managing to win the tournament . Clubs from ten different countries have provided tournament winners . Spanish clubs have been the most successful , winning a total of 17 . Italy and England are joint - second with 12 , while the other multiple - time winners are Germany with seven , Netherlands with six , and Portugal with four . The only other countries to provide a tournament winner are Scotland , Romania , Yugoslavia , and France . Greece , Belgium and Sweden have all provided losing finalists . Clubs from a total of 35 European cities have participated in the tournament final . Clubs from 21 cities have provided winners , with the clear city leaders being Madrid ( winning twelve ) and Milan ( winning ten ) ; though both Milan and Internazionale have helped the city of Milan be successful , only Real Madrid have won it for the city of Madrid , with Atlético Madrid losing all three of their finals ( albeit two of these were against city rivals Real Madrid , therefore by the time of these two finals , a win for the city of Madrid was guaranteed ) . Performance in the European Cup and UEFA Champions League by club Club Winners Runners - up Years won Years runner - up Real Madrid 13 1956 , 1957 , 1958 , 1959 , 1960 , 1966 , 1998 , 2000 , 2002 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 1962 , 1964 , 1981 Milan 7 1963 , 1969 , 1989 , 1990 , 1994 , 2003 , 2007 1958 , 1993 , 1995 , 2005 Bayern Munich 5 5 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 2001 , 2013 1982 , 1987 , 1999 , 2010 , 2012 Liverpool 5 1977 , 1978 , 1981 , 1984 , 2005 1985 , 2007 , 2018 Barcelona 5 1992 , 2006 , 2009 , 2011 , 2015 1961 , 1986 , 1994 Ajax 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1995 1969 , 1996 Internazionale 1964 , 1965 , 2010 1967 , 1972 Manchester United 1968 , 1999 , 2008 2009 , 2011 Juventus 7 1985 , 1996 1973 , 1983 , 1997 , 1998 , 2003 , 2015 , 2017 Benfica 5 1961 , 1962 1963 , 1965 , 1968 , 1988 , 1990 Nottingham Forest 0 1979 , 1980 -- Porto 0 1987 , 2004 -- Celtic 1967 1970 Hamburg 1980 Steaua București 1986 1989 Marseille 1993 1991 Borussia Dortmund 1997 2013 Chelsea 2012 2008 Feyenoord 0 1970 -- Aston Villa 0 1982 -- PSV Eindhoven 0 1988 -- Red Star Belgrade 0 1991 -- Atlético Madrid 0 -- 1974 , 2014 , 2016 Reims 0 -- 1956 , 1959 Valencia 0 -- 2000 , 2001 Fiorentina 0 -- 1957 Eintracht Frankfurt 0 -- 1960 Partizan 0 -- 1966 Panathinaikos 0 -- 1971 Leeds United 0 -- Saint - Étienne 0 -- 1976 Borussia Mönchengladbach 0 -- 1977 Club Brugge 0 -- 1978 Malmö FF 0 -- 1979 Roma 0 -- 1984 Sampdoria 0 -- 1992 Bayer Leverkusen 0 -- 2002 Monaco 0 -- Arsenal 0 -- 2006 By nation As of 2017 -- 18 season Country Winners Runners - up Winning clubs Runners - up Spain 18 11 Real Madrid ( 13 ) , Barcelona ( 5 ) Atlético Madrid ( 3 ) , Barcelona ( 3 ) , Real Madrid ( 3 ) , Valencia ( 2 ) Italy 12 16 Milan ( 7 ) , Internazionale ( 3 ) , Juventus ( 2 ) Juventus ( 7 ) , Milan ( 4 ) , Internazionale ( 2 ) , Fiorentina ( 1 ) , Roma ( 1 ) , Sampdoria ( 1 ) England 12 8 Liverpool ( 5 ) , Manchester United ( 3 ) , Nottingham Forest ( 2 ) , Aston Villa ( 1 ) , Chelsea ( 1 ) Liverpool ( 3 ) , Manchester United ( 2 ) , Arsenal ( 1 ) , Chelsea ( 1 ) , Leeds United ( 1 ) Germany 7 10 Bayern Munich ( 5 ) , Hamburg ( 1 ) , Borussia Dortmund ( 1 ) Bayern Munich ( 5 ) , Bayer Leverkusen ( 1 ) , Borussia Dortmund ( 1 ) , Borussia Mönchengladbach ( 1 ) , Eintracht Frankfurt ( 1 ) , Hamburg ( 1 ) Netherlands 6 Ajax ( 4 ) , Feyenoord ( 1 ) , PSV Eindhoven ( 1 ) Ajax ( 2 ) Portugal 5 Benfica ( 2 ) , Porto ( 2 ) Benfica ( 5 ) France 5 Marseille ( 1 ) Reims ( 2 ) , Monaco ( 1 ) , Marseille ( 1 ) , Saint - Étienne ( 1 ) Serbia Red Star Belgrade ( 1 ) Partizan ( 1 ) Romania Steaua București ( 1 ) Steaua București ( 1 ) Scotland Celtic ( 1 ) Celtic ( 1 ) Greece 0 & -- Panathinaikos ( 1 ) Belgium 0 & -- Club Brugge ( 1 ) Sweden 0 & -- Malmö FF ( 1 ) By city As of 2017 -- 18 season City Winners Runners - up Winning clubs Runners - up Madrid 13 6 Real Madrid ( 13 ) Real Madrid ( 3 ) , Atlético Madrid ( 3 ) Milan 10 6 Milan ( 7 ) , Internazionale ( 3 ) Milan ( 4 ) , Internazionale ( 2 ) Munich 5 5 Bayern Munich ( 5 ) Bayern Munich ( 5 ) Barcelona 5 Barcelona ( 5 ) Barcelona ( 3 ) Liverpool 5 Liverpool ( 5 ) Liverpool ( 3 ) Amsterdam Ajax ( 4 ) Ajax ( 2 ) Manchester Manchester United ( 3 ) Manchester United ( 2 ) Turin 7 Juventus ( 2 ) Juventus ( 7 ) Lisbon 5 Benfica ( 2 ) Benfica ( 5 ) Nottingham 0 Nottingham Forest ( 2 ) Porto 0 Porto ( 2 ) London Chelsea ( 1 ) Arsenal ( 1 ) , Chelsea ( 1 ) Glasgow Celtic ( 1 ) Celtic ( 1 ) Hamburg Hamburg ( 1 ) Hamburg ( 1 ) Bucharest Steaua București ( 1 ) Steaua București ( 1 ) Belgrade Red Star Belgrade ( 1 ) Partizan ( 1 ) Marseille Marseille ( 1 ) Marseille ( 1 ) Dortmund Borussia Dortmund ( 1 ) Borussia Dortmund ( 1 ) Rotterdam 0 Feyenoord ( 1 ) Birmingham 0 Aston Villa ( 1 ) Eindhoven 0 PSV Eindhoven ( 1 ) Reims 0 Stade de Reims ( 2 ) Valencia 0 Valencia ( 2 ) Florence 0 Fiorentina ( 1 ) Frankfurt 0 Eintracht Frankfurt ( 1 ) Athens 0 Panathinaikos ( 1 ) Leeds 0 Leeds United ( 1 ) Saint - Étienne 0 Saint - Étienne ( 1 ) Mönchengladbach 0 Borussia Mönchengladbach ( 1 ) Bruges 0 Club Brugge ( 1 ) Malmö 0 Malmö FF ( 1 ) Rome 0 Roma ( 1 ) Genoa 0 Sampdoria ( 1 ) Leverkusen 0 Bayer Leverkusen ( 1 ) Monaco 0 Monaco ( 1 ) All - time top 25 European Champion Clubs ' Cup and Champions League rankings As of 28 May 2018 Rank Club Years Pld GF GA GD Pts FW SF QF Real Madrid 48 423 254 74 95 942 458 + 484 582 13 16 29 36 Bayern Munich 34 333 191 69 73 665 334 + 331 451 5 10 19 30 Barcelona 28 298 175 67 56 594 288 + 306 417 5 8 16 22 Manchester United 27 269 150 65 54 496 253 + 243 365 5 12 18 5 Juventus 32 261 130 67 64 413 255 + 158 327 9 12 18 6 Milan 28 249 125 64 60 416 231 + 185 314 7 11 13 17 7 Benfica 37 242 108 55 79 393 274 + 119 271 7 8 17 8 Liverpool 22 196 109 45 42 369 172 + 197 263 5 8 10 14 9 Porto 32 233 103 56 74 341 258 + 83 262 9 10 Arsenal 21 201 101 43 57 332 218 + 114 245 0 7 11 Dynamo Kyiv 34 227 96 49 82 326 275 + 51 241 0 0 8 12 Ajax 34 199 87 53 59 302 224 + 78 227 6 8 12 13 Celtic 32 200 93 33 74 297 239 + 58 219 7 14 Internazionale 19 166 82 44 40 239 161 + 78 208 5 8 12 15 Chelsea 15 160 80 46 34 274 142 + 132 206 7 9 16 Anderlecht 34 200 70 44 86 282 320 - 38 184 0 0 7 17 Rangers 30 161 62 40 59 232 218 + 14 164 0 0 18 PSV Eindhoven 26 167 61 39 67 215 205 + 10 161 7 19 Atlético Madrid 13 119 60 32 27 181 104 + 77 152 0 6 9 20 Galatasaray 24 163 56 40 67 207 250 - 43 152 0 0 5 21 Borussia Dortmund 16 130 62 26 42 227 166 + 61 150 8 22 Lyon 16 130 60 29 41 205 148 + 57 149 0 0 23 FCSB 26 145 52 41 52 203 204 - 1 145 24 Panathinaikos 28 157 49 45 63 182 214 - 32 143 0 25 Olympiacos 31 160 56 30 74 191 250 - 59 142 0 0 0 Number of participating clubs of the Champions League era A total of 137 clubs from 33 national associations have played in or qualified for the Champions League group stage . Nation # Clubs Years Spain ( 13 ) 23 Barcelona 1993 -- 94 , 1994 -- 95 , 1997 -- 98 , 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2001 -- 02 , 2002 -- 03 , 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 , 2018 -- 19 23 Real Madrid 1995 -- 96 , 1997 -- 98 , 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2001 -- 02 , 2002 -- 03 , 2003 -- 04 , 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 , 2018 -- 19 11 Valencia 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2002 -- 03 , 2004 -- 05 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2015 -- 16 , 2018 -- 19 9 Atlético Madrid 1996 -- 97 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 , 2018 -- 19 5 Deportivo La Coruña 2000 -- 01 , 2001 -- 02 , 2002 -- 03 , 2003 -- 04 , 2004 -- 05 5 Sevilla 2007 -- 08 , 2009 -- 10 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 Villarreal 2005 -- 06 , 2008 -- 09 , 2011 -- 12 Real Sociedad 2003 -- 04 , 2013 -- 14 Athletic Bilbao 1998 -- 99 , 2014 -- 15 Mallorca 2001 -- 02 Celta Vigo 2003 -- 04 Real Betis 2005 -- 06 Málaga 2012 -- 13 Germany ( 13 ) 22 Bayern Munich 1994 -- 95 , 1997 -- 98 , 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2001 -- 02 , 2002 -- 03 , 2003 -- 04 , 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2006 -- 07 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 , 2018 -- 19 13 Borussia Dortmund 1995 -- 96 , 1996 -- 97 , 1997 -- 98 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2001 -- 02 , 2002 -- 03 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 , 2018 -- 19 11 Bayer Leverkusen 1997 -- 98 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2001 -- 02 , 2002 -- 03 , 2004 -- 05 , 2011 -- 12 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 8 Schalke 04 2001 -- 02 , 2005 -- 06 , 2007 -- 08 , 2010 -- 11 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2018 -- 19 7 Werder Bremen 1993 -- 94 , 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 VfB Stuttgart 2003 -- 04 , 2007 -- 08 , 2009 -- 10 Hamburger SV 2000 -- 01 , 2006 -- 07 VfL Wolfsburg 2009 -- 10 , 2015 -- 16 Borussia Mönchengladbach 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 Kaiserslautern 1998 -- 99 Hertha BSC 1999 -- 2000 RB Leipzig 2017 -- 18 1899 Hoffenheim 2018 -- 19 England ( 10 ) 22 Manchester United 1994 -- 95 , 1996 -- 97 , 1997 -- 98 , 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2001 -- 02 , 2002 -- 03 , 2003 -- 04 , 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2015 -- 16 , 2017 -- 18 , 2018 -- 19 19 Arsenal 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2001 -- 02 , 2002 -- 03 , 2003 -- 04 , 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 15 Chelsea 1999 -- 2000 , 2003 -- 04 , 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2017 -- 18 11 Liverpool 2001 -- 02 , 2002 -- 03 , 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2014 -- 15 , 2017 -- 18 , 2018 -- 19 8 Manchester City 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 , 2018 -- 19 Tottenham Hotspur 2010 -- 11 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 , 2018 -- 19 Newcastle United 1997 -- 98 , 2002 -- 03 Blackburn Rovers 1995 -- 96 Leeds United 2000 -- 01 Leicester City 2016 -- 17 France ( 10 ) 15 Lyon 2000 -- 01 , 2001 -- 02 , 2002 -- 03 , 2003 -- 04 , 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 , 2018 -- 19 11 Paris Saint - Germain 1994 -- 95 , 1997 -- 98 , 2000 -- 01 , 2004 -- 05 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 , 2018 -- 19 9 Marseille 1992 -- 93 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2003 -- 04 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 , 2013 -- 14 9 Monaco 1993 -- 94 , 1997 -- 98 , 2000 -- 01 , 2003 -- 04 , 2004 -- 05 , 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 , 2018 -- 19 5 Lille 2001 -- 02 , 2005 -- 06 , 2006 -- 07 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 Bordeaux 1999 -- 2000 , 2006 -- 07 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 Auxerre 1996 -- 97 , 2002 -- 03 , 2010 -- 11 Nantes 1995 -- 96 , 2001 -- 02 Lens 1998 -- 99 , 2002 -- 03 Montpellier 2012 -- 13 Italy ( 9 ) 19 Juventus 1995 -- 96 , 1996 -- 97 , 1997 -- 98 , 1998 -- 99 , 2000 -- 01 , 2001 -- 02 , 2002 -- 03 , 2003 -- 04 , 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 , 2018 -- 19 17 Milan 1992 -- 93 , 1993 -- 94 , 1994 -- 95 , 1996 -- 97 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2002 -- 03 , 2003 -- 04 , 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 12 Internazionale 1998 -- 99 , 2002 -- 03 , 2003 -- 04 , 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 , 2018 -- 19 11 Roma 2001 -- 02 , 2002 -- 03 , 2004 -- 05 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2017 -- 18 , 2018 -- 19 5 Lazio 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2001 -- 02 , 2003 -- 04 , 2007 -- 08 5 Napoli 2011 -- 12 , 2013 -- 14 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 , 2018 -- 19 Fiorentina 1999 -- 2000 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 Parma 1997 -- 98 Udinese 2005 -- 06 Netherlands ( 7 ) 15 PSV Eindhoven 1992 -- 93 , 1997 -- 98 , 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2001 -- 02 , 2002 -- 03 , 2003 -- 04 , 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 13 Ajax 1994 -- 95 , 1995 -- 96 , 1996 -- 97 , 1998 -- 99 , 2002 -- 03 , 2003 -- 04 , 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 5 Feyenoord 1997 -- 98 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2001 -- 02 , 2002 -- 03 , 2017 -- 18 Willem II 1999 -- 2000 Heerenveen 2000 -- 01 AZ 2009 -- 10 Twente 2010 -- 11 Russia ( 6 ) 12 Spartak Moscow 1993 -- 94 , 1994 -- 95 , 1995 -- 96 , 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2001 -- 02 , 2002 -- 03 , 2006 -- 07 , 2010 -- 11 , 2012 -- 13 , 2017 -- 18 12 CSKA Moscow 1992 -- 93 , 2004 -- 05 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2009 -- 10 , 2011 -- 12 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 , 2018 -- 19 6 Zenit Saint Petersburg 2008 -- 09 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 Lokomotiv Moscow 2001 -- 02 , 2002 -- 03 , 2003 -- 04 , 2018 -- 19 Rubin Kazan 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 Rostov 2016 -- 17 Belgium ( 6 ) 12 Anderlecht 1993 -- 94 , 1994 -- 95 , 2000 -- 01 , 2001 -- 02 , 2003 -- 04 , 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2006 -- 07 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2017 -- 18 6 Club Brugge 1992 -- 93 , 2002 -- 03 , 2003 -- 04 , 2005 -- 06 , 2016 -- 17 , 2018 -- 19 Genk 2002 -- 03 , 2011 -- 12 Lierse 1997 -- 98 Standard Liège 2009 -- 10 Gent 2015 -- 16 Portugal ( 5 ) 23 Porto 1992 -- 93 , 1993 -- 94 , 1995 -- 96 , 1996 -- 97 , 1997 -- 98 , 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2001 -- 02 , 2003 -- 04 , 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 , 2018 -- 19 13 Benfica 1994 -- 95 , 1998 -- 99 , 2005 -- 06 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 8 Sporting CP 1997 -- 98 , 2000 -- 01 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 Boavista 1999 -- 2000 , 2001 -- 02 Braga 2010 -- 11 , 2012 -- 13 Turkey ( 5 ) 15 Galatasaray 1993 -- 94 , 1994 -- 95 , 1997 -- 98 , 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2001 -- 02 , 2002 -- 03 , 2003 -- 04 , 2006 -- 07 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2018 -- 19 7 Beşiktaş 1997 -- 98 , 2000 -- 01 , 2003 -- 04 , 2007 -- 08 , 2009 -- 10 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 6 Fenerbahçe 1996 -- 97 , 2001 -- 02 , 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 Bursaspor 2010 -- 11 Trabzonspor 2011 -- 12 Romania ( 4 ) 7 FCSB 1994 -- 95 , 1995 -- 96 , 1996 -- 97 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2013 -- 14 CFR Cluj 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 , 2012 -- 13 Unirea Urziceni 2009 -- 10 Oțelul Galați 2011 -- 12 Switzerland ( 4 ) 8 Basel 2002 -- 03 , 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 Grasshopper 1995 -- 96 , 1996 -- 97 Thun 2005 -- 06 Zürich 2009 -- 10 Sweden ( 4 ) IFK Göteborg 1992 -- 93 , 1994 -- 95 , 1996 -- 97 , 1997 -- 98 Malmö FF 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 AIK 1999 -- 2000 Helsingborg 2000 -- 01 Denmark ( 4 ) Copenhagen 2006 -- 07 , 2010 -- 11 , 2013 -- 14 , 2016 -- 17 AaB 1995 -- 96 , 2008 -- 09 Brøndby 1998 -- 99 Nordsjælland 2012 -- 13 Austria ( 4 ) Sturm Graz 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 Rapid Wien 1996 -- 97 , 2005 -- 06 Salzburg 1994 -- 95 Austria Wien 2013 -- 14 Greece ( 3 ) 18 Olympiacos 1997 -- 98 , 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2001 -- 02 , 2002 -- 03 , 2003 -- 04 , 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2009 -- 10 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2017 -- 18 9 Panathinaikos 1995 -- 96 , 1998 -- 99 , 2000 -- 01 , 2001 -- 02 , 2003 -- 04 , 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 AEK Athens 1994 -- 95 , 2002 -- 03 , 2003 -- 04 , 2006 -- 07 Czech Republic ( 3 ) 7 Sparta Prague 1997 -- 98 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2001 -- 02 , 2003 -- 04 , 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 Viktoria Plzeň 2011 -- 12 , 2013 -- 14 , 2018 -- 19 Slavia Prague 2007 -- 08 Israel ( 3 ) Maccabi Haifa 2002 -- 03 , 2009 -- 10 Maccabi Tel Aviv 2004 -- 05 , 2015 -- 16 Hapoel Tel Aviv 2010 -- 11 Slovakia ( 3 ) Košice 1997 -- 98 Petržalka 2005 -- 06 Žilina 2010 -- 11 Ukraine ( 2 ) 16 Dynamo Kyiv 1994 -- 95 , 1997 -- 98 , 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2001 -- 02 , 2002 -- 03 , 2003 -- 04 , 2004 -- 05 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2012 -- 13 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 13 Shakhtar Donetsk 2000 -- 01 , 2004 -- 05 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2017 -- 18 , 2018 -- 19 Scotland ( 2 ) 10 Rangers 1992 -- 93 , 1995 -- 96 , 1996 -- 97 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2003 -- 04 , 2005 -- 06 , 2007 -- 08 , 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 10 Celtic 2001 -- 02 , 2003 -- 04 , 2004 -- 05 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 Norway ( 2 ) 11 Rosenborg 1995 -- 96 , 1996 -- 97 , 1997 -- 98 , 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2001 -- 02 , 2002 -- 03 , 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2007 -- 08 Molde 1999 -- 2000 Croatia ( 2 ) 6 Dinamo Zagreb 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 Hajduk Split 1994 -- 95 Cyprus ( 2 ) APOEL 2009 -- 10 , 2011 -- 12 , 2014 -- 15 , 2017 -- 18 Anorthosis 2008 -- 09 Poland ( 2 ) Legia Warsaw 1995 -- 96 , 2016 -- 17 Widzew Łódź 1996 -- 97 Bulgaria ( 2 ) Ludogorets Razgrad 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 17 Levski Sofia 2006 -- 07 Hungary ( 2 ) Ferencváros 1995 -- 96 Debrecen 2009 -- 10 Belarus ( 1 ) 5 BATE Borisov 2008 -- 09 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 Slovenia ( 1 ) Maribor 1999 -- 2000 , 2014 -- 15 , 2017 -- 18 Serbia ( 1 ) Partizan 2003 -- 04 , 2010 -- 11 Finland ( 1 ) HJK 1998 -- 99 Kazakhstan ( 1 ) Astana 2015 -- 16 Azerbaijan ( 1 ) Qarabağ 2017 -- 18 Team in Bold : qualified for the knockout phase . European Cup group stage participants only one season was played in that format 1991 -- 92 : Anderlecht Barcelona Benfica Dynamo Kyiv Panathinaikos Red Star Belgrade Sampdoria Sparta Prague Red Star Belgrade and Sampdoria are the only sides to have played in 1991 -- 92 European Cup group stage , but to have not played in the Champions League group stage . Clubs Performance review ( from 1992 -- 93 ) Main article : UEFA Champions League clubs performance comparison By semi-final appearances ( European Cup and UEFA Champions League ) Team No . Years Real Madrid 29 1956 , 1957 , 1958 , 1959 , 1960 , 1962 , 1964 , 1966 , 1968 , 1973 , 1976 , 1980 , 1981 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1998 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 Bayern Munich 19 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1981 , 1982 , 1987 , 1990 , 1991 , 1995 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2010 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2018 Barcelona 16 1960 , 1961 , 1975 , 1986 , 1992 , 1994 , 2000 , 2002 , 2006 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2015 Milan 13 1956 , 1958 , 1963 , 1969 , 1989 , 1990 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 2003 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 Manchester United 12 1957 , 1958 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 , 1997 , 1999 , 2002 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2011 Juventus 12 1968 , 1973 , 1978 , 1983 , 1985 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2003 , 2015 , 2017 Liverpool 10 1965 , 1977 , 1978 , 1981 , 1984 , 1985 , 2005 , 2007 , 2008 , 2018 Benfica 8 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1965 , 1968 , 1972 , 1988 , 1990 Internazionale 8 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1967 , 1972 , 1981 , 2003 , 2010 Ajax 8 1969 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1980 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 Chelsea 7 2004 , 2005 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2012 , 2014 Atlético Madrid 6 1959 , 1971 , 1974 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 Red Star Belgrade 1957 , 1971 , 1991 , 1992 Borussia Dortmund 1964 , 1997 , 1998 , 2013 Celtic 1967 , 1970 , 1972 , 1974 Monaco 1994 , 1998 , 2004 , 2017 Hamburg 1961 , 1980 , 1983 Leeds United 1970 , 1975 , 2001 Panathinaikos 1971 , 1985 , 1996 PSV Eindhoven 1976 , 1988 , 2005 Dynamo Kyiv 1977 , 1987 , 1999 Steaua București 1986 , 1988 , 1989 Porto 1987 , 1994 , 2004 Marseille 1990 , 1991 , 1993 Reims 1956 , 1959 Rangers 1960 , 1993 Feyenoord 1963 , 1970 Zürich 1964 , 1977 CSKA Sofia 1967 , 1982 Saint - Étienne 1975 , 1976 Borussia Mönchengladbach 1977 , 1978 Nottingham Forest 1979 , 1980 Anderlecht 1982 , 1986 IFK Göteborg 1986 , 1993 Valencia 2000 , 2001 Arsenal 2006 , 2009 Roma 1984 , 2018 Hibernian 1956 Fiorentina 1957 Vasas 1958 Young Boys 1959 Eintracht Frankfurt 1960 Rapid Wien 1961 Standard Liège 1962 Tottenham Hotspur 1962 Dundee 1963 Győri ETO 1965 Partizan 1966 Dukla Praha 1967 Spartak Trnava 1969 Legia Warsaw 1970 Derby County 1973 Újpest Club Brugge 1978 Austria Wien 1979 Köln 1979 Malmö FF 1979 Aston Villa 1982 Real Sociedad Widzew Łódź Dinamo București 1984 Dundee United 1984 Bordeaux 1985 Galatasaray 1989 Spartak Moscow 1991 Sparta Prague 1992 Sampdoria 1992 Paris Saint - Germain 1995 Nantes Bayer Leverkusen 2002 Deportivo La Coruña Villarreal 2006 Lyon Schalke 04 2011 Manchester City 2016 Team in Bold : Finalist team in season Note : In the 1992 and 1993 seasons there were no semi-finals as the finalists qualified via a group stage . The winners ( Sampdoria and Barcelona in 1992 , Marseille and Milan in 1993 ) and runners - up ( Red Star Belgrade and Sparta Prague in 1992 , Rangers and IFK Göteborg in 1993 ) of the two groups are marked as semi-finalists in the table . Presidents records Jaap van Praag and Michael van Praag are the first father and son to have won the competition during the presidency of the same team , Ajax . This team won the Champions League in different periods with these presidents , in 1970 -- 71 , 1971 -- 72 , 1972 -- 73 and 1994 -- 95 . Angelo Moratti and Massimo Moratti are the second father and son to have won the competition during the presidency of the same team , Internazionale . This team won the Champions League in different periods with these presidents , in 1963 -- 64 , 1964 -- 65 and 2009 -- 10 . Unbeaten sides Nine clubs have won either the European Cup or the Champions League unbeaten , only four clubs have done this twice : Liverpool had 6 wins and 3 draws in 1980 -- 81 and 7 wins and 2 draws in 1983 -- 84 . Milan had 5 wins and 4 draws in 1988 -- 89 and 7 wins and 5 draws in 1993 -- 94 . Ajax had 7 wins and 2 draws in 1971 -- 72 and 7 wins and 4 draws in 1994 -- 95 . Manchester United had 5 wins and 6 draws in 1998 -- 99 and 9 wins and 4 draws in 2007 -- 08 ( Manchester United is the only team in the Champions League era to go unbeaten twice ) . Five clubs have achieved it on one occasion : Internazionale had 7 wins and 2 draws in 1963 -- 64 . Nottingham Forest had 6 wins and 3 draws in 1978 -- 79 . Red Star Belgrade had 5 wins and 4 draws in 1990 -- 91 . Marseille had 7 wins and 4 draws in 1992 -- 93 . Barcelona had 9 wins and 4 draws in 2005 -- 06 . The team to have won the European Cup with the fewest games won is PSV Eindhoven ( 1987 -- 88 ) , managing just three victories in the entire tournament ( including none from the quarter - finals onwards ) . The team to have won the Champions League with the fewest games won is Manchester United ( 1998 -- 99 ) , with five wins . Two teams have won the Champions League with the most games lost , Milan ( 2002 -- 03 ) and Real Madrid ( 1999 -- 2000 ) , both losing four games . Final success rate Statue of Brian Clough , Nottingham Forest manager in 1979 and 1980 Only two clubs have appeared in the final of the European Cup / Champions league more than once , with a 100 % success rate : Nottingham Forest ( 1979 , 1980 ) Porto ( 1987 , 2004 ) Four clubs have appeared in the final once , being victorious on that occasion : Feyenoord ( 1970 ) Aston Villa ( 1982 ) PSV Eindhoven ( 1988 ) Red Star Belgrade ( 1991 ) On the opposite end of the scale , 18 clubs have played at least one final , but never won . Only three of these have appeared in the final more than once , losing on each occasion : Reims ( 1956 , 1959 ) Valencia ( 2000 , 2001 ) Atlético Madrid ( 1974 , 2014 , 2016 ) Of the 22 teams who have won the trophy , only two have lost more finals than they have won : Juventus two wins ( 1985 , 1996 ) and seven losses ( 1973 , 1983 , 1997 , 1998 , 2003 , 2015 , 2017 ) Benfica two wins ( 1961 , 1962 ) and five losses ( 1963 , 1965 , 1968 , 1988 , 1990 ) Consecutive appearances Most consecutive seasons in the European Cup : 15 , Real Madrid ( 1955 -- 56 to 1969 -- 70 ) Most consecutive seasons in the UEFA Champions League : 21 , Real Madrid ( 1997 -- 98 to present ) Most consecutive final appearances : 5 , Real Madrid ( 1956 to 1960 ) Most consecutive final appearances ( Champions League era ) : 3 -- joint record Milan ( 1993 to 1995 ) Juventus ( 1996 to 1998 ) Real Madrid ( 2016 to 2018 ) Most consecutive semi-final appearances : 8 , Real Madrid ( 2010 -- 11 to 2017 -- 18 ) Most consecutive quarter - final appearances : 11 , Barcelona ( 2007 -- 08 to 2017 -- 18 ) Winning other trophies Manchester United won a treble in 1999 : the Premier League , Champions League and FA Cup ( left to right ) ; the English club also won the 1999 Intercontinental Cup . See also Treble ( association football ) and Tuples in association football . Although not an officially recognised achievement , seven clubs have achieved the distinction of winning the Champions League or European Cup , their domestic championship , and their primary domestic cup competition in the same season , known colloquially as `` the treble '' : Celtic in 1967 , having won the European Cup , the Scottish First Division , and the Scottish Cup . Ajax in 1972 won the European Cup , the Eredivisie , and the KNVB Cup . PSV Eindhoven in 1988 did likewise , having won the European Cup the Eredivisie , and the KNVB Cup . Manchester United in 1999 , having won the Premier League , the FA Cup , and the Champions League . Barcelona in 2009 , which included La Liga , the Copa del Rey , and the Champions League . Internazionale in 2010 , which included Serie A , the Coppa Italia , and the Champions League . Bayern Munich in 2013 , which included Bundesliga , the DFB - Pokal , and the Champions League Barcelona in 2015 won the treble for the second time , having won La Liga , the Copa del Rey , and the Champions League . Liverpool in 1984 won the English First Division and the European Cup . However , this ' treble ' included the Football League Cup rather than the FA Cup . Bayern Munich in 2001 won the Bundesliga and the Champions League . However , this ' treble ' included the DFB - Ligapokal rather than the DFB - Pokal . In addition to this treble , several of these clubs went on to win further cups . However , most of these cups were technically won the following year following the conclusion of regular domestic or international leagues the year before . Also , several domestic cups may not have been extant at the time that equivalent cups were won by clubs of other nations , and in some cases they remain so . Furthermore , there is much variance in the regard with which several cups are taken both over time and between nations . Regardless , the following clubs all won competitions further to the treble mentioned above : Celtic also won their secondary domestic cup competition , the Scottish League Cup , in the 1966 -- 67 season concurrently with the treble of cups mentioned previously ( sometimes colloquially referred to as a part of `` the quadruple '' ) , thus making their achievement unique in this respect to every other club . Ajax also won the Intercontinental Cup ( the predecessor of the FIFA Club World Cup and the de facto premier global club cup ) and the inaugural ( and technically unofficial ) UEFA Super Cup the following season , forming part of a quintuple of Cup successes ; they thus won all available cups to them . Manchester United won the Intercontinental Cup the following season , winning a quadruple of cups . Barcelona won the FIFA Club World Cup , the European Super Cup , and the Supercopa de España the following season , making it a sextuple of cup successes , and thus winning all available cups to them . Internazionale completed The Quintuple by winning Serie A , the Coppa Italia , the Champions League , the FIFA Club World Cup , and the Supercoppa Italiana . Bayern Munich also won the DFL - Supercup in the start of the 2012 -- 13 season , winning a quadruple of cups . Juventus , Ajax , Bayern Munich , Chelsea and Manchester United are also the only teams to have won the three major UEFA official Cups , namely UEFA Champions League / European Cup , UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , and UEFA Cup / Europa League . Juventus was the first club in association football history -- and remain the only one at present -- to have won all official continental tournaments and the world champions title . Chelsea became the first club to hold the UEFA Champions League and the UEFA Europa League trophies simultaneously by winning 2011 -- 12 UEFA Champions League and 2012 -- 13 UEFA Europa League . Biggest wins The following teams won a single match by ten goals or more in the preliminary rounds of the European Cup : Dinamo București beat Crusaders 11 -- 0 in 1973 -- 74 Feyenoord beat KR Reykjavík 12 -- 2 in 1969 -- 70 Manchester United beat Anderlecht 10 -- 0 in 1956 -- 57 Ipswich Town beat Floriana 10 -- 0 in 1962 -- 63 Benfica beat Stade Dudelange 10 -- 0 in 1965 -- 66 Leeds United beat Lyn 10 -- 0 in 1969 -- 70 Borussia Mönchengladbach beat EPA Larnaca 10 -- 0 in 1970 -- 71 Ajax beat Omonia 10 -- 0 in 1979 -- 80 The largest margin of victory in the current Champions League format is 10 -- 0 : HJK Helsinki beat Bangor City in the second qualifying round in 2011 -- 12 The largest margin of victory after the preliminary rounds in either competition is 8 -- 0 : Real Madrid beat Sevilla in the quarter - final in 1957 -- 58 Liverpool beat Beşiktaş in the group stage in 2007 -- 08 Real Madrid beat Malmö FF in the group stage in 2015 -- 16 The largest margin of victory in the knockout stage in the current Champions League format is 7 -- 0 : Bayern Munich beat Basel in the first knockout round in 2011 -- 12 Bayern Munich beat Shakhtar Donetsk in the first knockout round in 2014 -- 15 The largest margin of victory in a final is four goals : Real Madrid beat Eintracht Frankfurt 7 -- 3 in 1959 -- 60 Bayern Munich beat Atlético Madrid 4 -- 0 in 1973 -- 74 ( replay ) Milan beat Steaua București 4 -- 0 in 1988 -- 89 Milan beat Barcelona 4 -- 0 in 1993 -- 94 The largest margin of victory in an away match is seven goals : Žilina 0 -- 7 Marseille in 2010 -- 11 BATE Borisov 0 -- 7 Shakhtar Donetsk in 2014 -- 15 Maribor 0 -- 7 Liverpool in 2017 -- 18 Biggest two leg wins Benfica hold the overall record for highest aggregate win . They beat Stade Dudelange 18 -- 0 in the preliminary round in 1965 -- 66 : 8 -- 0 away score and 10 -- 0 at home . As for the group stage , record belongs to Shakhtar Donetsk , who beat BATE Borisov 12 -- 0 ( 7 -- 0 away , 5 -- 0 at home ) in 2014 -- 15 . Including the preliminary rounds , HJK Helsinki hold the Champions League era record by beating Bangor City 13 -- 0 ( 3 -- 0 , 10 -- 0 ) in 2011 -- 12 Bayern Munich hold the biggest margin of overall home and away result in the Champions League era in play - off . They beat Sporting CP 12 -- 1 ( 5 -- 0 , 7 -- 1 ) in the round of 16 in 2008 -- 09 . Real Madrid hold the record for the biggest win in a quarter - final , beating Sevilla 10 -- 2 ( 8 -- 0 , 2 -- 2 ) in 1957 -- 58 . During the Champions League era , Bayern Munich hold the record by beating Kaiserslautern 6 -- 0 ( 2 -- 0 , 4 -- 0 ) in 1998 -- 99 . Eintracht Frankfurt hold the record for the biggest win in a semi-final , beating Rangers 12 -- 4 ( 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 3 ) in 1959 -- 60 . During the Champions League era , Bayern Munich hold the record by beating Barcelona 7 -- 0 ( 4 -- 0 , 3 -- 0 ) in 2012 -- 13 . Deciding drawn ties Play - offs The first play - off was Borussia Dortmund beating Spora Luxembourg 7 -- 0 in the preliminary round in 1956 -- 57 after the two first games tied 5 -- 5 ( 4 -- 3 , 1 -- 2 ) The last play - off match was Ajax beating Benfica 3 -- 0 in the quarter - final in 1968 -- 69 after the two first games tied 4 -- 4 ( 1 -- 3 , 3 -- 1 ) . Ajax later progressed to the final . The first ( and only ) replayed final was in 1974 , with Bayern Munich beating Atlético Madrid 4 -- 0 after 1 -- 1 in the first meeting . A total of 32 play - offs have been played . Real Madrid is the only team to have won three times , in 1956 -- 57 , 1958 -- 59 and 1961 -- 62 , later progressing to the final on all three occasions . Feyenoord is the only team to win two play - offs in the same season , beating Servette and Vasas in 1962 -- 63 , while Wismut Karl Marx Stadt and Atlético Madrid have played the most play - offs with four each . Coin toss The first coin toss was in 1957 -- 58 , with Wismut Karl Marx Stadt beating Gwardia Warsaw after the play - off was abandoned after 100 minutes due to floodlight power failure . Zürich won a coin toss against Galatasaray in 1963 -- 64 after their play - off match ended 2 -- 2 . This was the first time this rule was used for a tie played to completion . The last season using a coin toss was 1969 -- 70 , with Galatasaray beating Spartak Trnava and Celtic beating Benfica , both in the second round . Celtic later progressed to the final . A total of 7 European Cup ties were decided by a coin toss , Galatasaray being the only team to be involved twice , with one win and one loss . Away goals The away goals rule was introduced in 1967 -- 68 , with Valur beating Jeunesse Esch 4 -- 4 ( 1 -- 1 , 3 -- 3 ) and Benfica beating Glentoran 1 -- 1 ( 1 -- 1 , 0 -- 0 ) , both in the first round . Benfica later progressed to the final . In 2002 -- 03 , Milan and Internazionale met in the semi-final . Sharing the same stadium ( Giuseppe Meazza ) , they played 0 -- 0 in the first tie and 1 -- 1 in the second . However , Milan were the designated away side in the latter , and so became the only team to win on `` away '' goals without having scored a goal away from their own stadium . They later went on to win the final against Juventus . Milan and Paris Saint - Germain are the only teams to have advanced on the away goals rule after extra time . In the semi-final against Bayern Munich in 1989 -- 90 , Milan won 1 -- 0 at home and was 0 -- 1 down after 90 minutes in the second leg . Both teams scored one goal each in the extra time , giving Milan the victory on away goals . They later went on to win the final against Benfica . In the round of 16 against Chelsea in 2014 -- 15 , PSG drew 1 -- 1 at home and away . Both teams scored one goal each in extra time , giving PSG the victory on away goals . Penalty shootout Alan Kennedy scored the decisive penalty kick in 1984 . The first penalty shootout in the European Cup was between Everton and Borussia Mönchengladbach on 4 November 1970 , after both games ended 1 -- 1 . Gladbach 's Klaus - Dieter Sieloff was the first player to score on a penalty kick , while Everton 's Joe Royle was the first to miss . Everton went on to win 4 -- 3 with Sandy Brown scoring the decisive goal . The first penalty shootout in a final was between Liverpool and Roma in the 1984 final after 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) . Roma 's Agostino Di Bartolomei was the first player to score , while Liverpool 's Steve Nicol was the first to miss . Liverpool went on to win 4 -- 2 with Alan Kennedy scoring the deciding goal . Kennedy also scored the deciding goal in the 1981 final . 11 finals have been decided by a penalty shootout . Liverpool is the only team to have won more than once ( 1984 and 2005 ) , while Juventus , Milan , Bayern Munich and Chelsea have won one and lost one . No team has lost twice . Barcelona , Bayern Munich and Atlético Madrid are the only teams to have been involved in two penalty shootouts in the same season . In 1985 -- 86 , Barcelona beat IFK Göteborg in the semi-finals , but lost to Steaua București in the final . In 2011 -- 12 , Bayern Munich beat Real Madrid in the semi-finals but lost to Chelsea in the final . In 2015 -- 16 , Atlético Madrid beat PSV Eindhoven in the Round of 16 but lost to Real Madrid in the final . Extra time 17 finals have gone to extra time . One was replayed , eleven went to penalty shootout , while the remaining five were decided after 120 minutes : Real Madrid beat Milan 3 -- 2 in 1958 Manchester United beat Benfica 4 -- 1 in 1968 Feyenoord beat Celtic 2 -- 1 in 1970 Barcelona beat Sampdoria 1 -- 0 in 1992 Real Madrid beat Atlético Madrid 4 -- 1 in 2014 Most goals in a match Feyenoord beat KR Reykjavík 12 -- 2 in the first round in 1969 -- 70 . This is the overall record for all European Cup / Champions League matches . Borussia Dortmund beat Legia Warsaw 8 -- 4 in the group stage in 2016 -- 17 . This is the record for the Champions League era . Real Madrid beat Eintracht Frankfurt 7 -- 3 in the 1960 final . This is the overall record for all European Cup / Champions League finals . Highest scoring draws The highest scoring draw is eight goals ( four goals each ) : Hamburg 4 -- 4 Juventus in 2000 -- 01 Chelsea 4 -- 4 Liverpool in 2008 -- 09 Bayer Leverkusen 4 -- 4 Roma in 2015 -- 16 Not winning the domestic League Nottingham Forest is the only club to have won the European Cup more times ( twice ) than they have won their domestic league ( once ) . Forest won the English League in 1978 before winning the European Cup in 1979 and defending it in 1980 . Nottingham Forest are also the only previous winners of the European Cup to be later relegated to the third tier of their national league ( in 2005 ) . The competition format was changed in 1997 -- 98 to allow teams that were not champions of their domestic league to compete in the competition . Since then there have been European Champions who had not been domestic champions . Notable instances include the following Manchester United 's treble - winners of 1999 were the first winners of the tournament to have won neither their domestic title nor the European Cup / Champions League the previous season . Since then , Real Madrid ( 2000 , 2014 , 2016 ) , Milan ( 2003 and 2007 ) , Liverpool ( 2005 ) , Barcelona ( 2009 and 2015 ) , and Chelsea ( 2012 ) have achieved this feat . Liverpool 's 2005 triumph came 15 years after their previous domestic league title ( 1990 ) . That was the longest time any Champions League winner had gone since previously winning their league . Prior to this , the longest time period for any winner was Milan , whose victory in 2003 had come four years since their last Serie A win . Bayer Leverkusen ( in 2002 ) is the only club to play in the final having never won their domestic league . Comebacks Newcastle United in 2002 -- 03 is the only team to have progressed past the group stage after losing their first three games . In their last game against Feyenoord , Craig Bellamy 's injury time ( 90 + 1 ' ) goal secured the 3 -- 2 victory and a place in the second group stage . Only ten teams have progressed past the group stage after losing their first two games . Only Galatasaray managed to advance past the Round of 16 in the tournament , however . Dynamo Kyiv in 1999 -- 2000 , lost on head - to - head criteria in second group stage to Real Madrid despite having a better goal difference Newcastle United and Bayer Leverkusen in 2002 -- 03 , placed 3rd and 4th in second group stage Werder Bremen in 2005 -- 06 , lost to Juventus on away goals ( 4 -- 4 agg ) in the round of 16 Internazionale in 2006 -- 07 , lost to Valencia on away goals ( 2 -- 2 agg ) in the round of 16 Lyon in 2007 -- 08 , lost 1 -- 2 to Manchester United in the round of 16 Panathinaikos in 2008 -- 09 , came back to win the group but lost 2 -- 3 to Villarreal in the round of 16 Marseille in 2010 -- 11 , lost 1 -- 2 to Manchester United in the round of 16 Galatasaray in 2012 -- 13 , lost 3 -- 5 to Real Madrid in the quarter - finals Arsenal in 2015 -- 16 , lost 1 -- 5 to Barcelona in the round of 16 In 1994 -- 95 , defending champions Milan started the group stage with a loss and a win , but were deducted two points for crowd trouble against Casino Salzburg on matchday two . With 0 points after two games , they still managed to advance from the group and later to the final , where they lost to Ajax . Only Juventus 1998 -- 99 have progressed past the group stage without winning any of their first five games ( five draws ) . Zinedine Zidane and Juventus drew their first five games in 1998 -- 99 . Only two teams have progressed past the group stage without winning any of their first four games : Lokomotiv Moscow lost three and drew one in 2002 -- 03 ( first group stage ) Manchester City lost two and drew two in 2014 -- 15 The following teams have progressed past the group stage without winning any of their first three games : Dynamo Kyiv lost one and drew two in 1998 -- 99 Dynamo Kyiv lost two and drew one in 1999 -- 2000 Fiorentina lost one and drew two in 1999 -- 2000 Feyenoord drew their first five games in 1999 -- 2000 Liverpool lost one and drew two in 2001 -- 02 ( second group stage ) Newcastle United lost their first three games in 2002 -- 03 Arsenal lost two and drew one in 2003 -- 04 Celta Vigo lost one and drew two in 2003 -- 04 Porto lost two and drew one in 2004 -- 05 Werder Bremen lost two and drew one in 2005 -- 06 Villarreal drew three in 2005 -- 06 Liverpool lost two and drew one in 2007 -- 08 Panathinaikos lost two and drew one in 2008 -- 09 Internazionale drew three in 2009 -- 10 Stuttgart lost one and drew two in 2009 -- 10 Juventus drew three in 2012 -- 13 Galatasaray lost two and drew one in 2012 -- 13 17 teams have lost the first leg of a knockout match with three goals , but still managed to qualify for the next round : Milan lost 5 -- 2 to Rapid Wien in the preliminary round 1957 -- 58 , but won 4 -- 1 in the second leg and 4 -- 2 in the play - off Schalke 04 lost 3 -- 0 to KB in the first round 1958 -- 59 , but won 5 -- 2 in the second leg and 3 -- 1 in the play - off Jeunesse Esch lost 4 -- 1 to Haka in the preliminary round 1963 -- 64 , but won 4 -- 0 in the second leg and 5 -- 4 on aggregate Partizan lost 4 -- 1 to Sparta Prague in the quarter - final 1965 -- 66 , but won 5 -- 0 in the second leg and 6 -- 4 on aggregate Panathinaikos lost 4 -- 1 to Red Star Belgrade in the semi-final 1970 -- 71 , but won 3 -- 0 in the second leg and progressed to the final on away goals Saint - Étienne lost 4 -- 1 to Hajduk Split in the second round 1974 -- 75 , but won 5 -- 1 in the second leg and 6 -- 5 on aggregate Real Madrid lost 4 -- 1 to Derby County in the second round 1975 -- 76 , but won 5 -- 1 in the second leg and 6 -- 5 on aggregate Barcelona lost 3 -- 0 to Gothenburg in the semi-final 1985 -- 86 , but won 3 -- 0 in the second leg and 5 -- 4 on penalties Werder Bremen lost 3 -- 0 to Dynamo Berlin in the first round 1988 -- 89 , but won 5 -- 0 in the second leg and 5 -- 3 on aggregate Galatasaray lost 3 -- 0 to Neuchâtel Xamax in the second round 1988 -- 89 , but won 5 -- 0 in the second leg and 5 -- 3 on aggregate Leeds United lost 3 -- 0 to Stuttgart in the first round 1992 -- 93 , but was awarded a score of 3 -- 0 in the second leg and won 2 -- 1 in the play - off Copenhagen lost 3 -- 0 to Linfield in the first round 1993 -- 94 , but won 4 -- 0 ( aet ) in the second leg and 4 -- 3 on aggregate Paris Saint - Germain lost 3 -- 0 to Steaua București in the second qualifying round 1997 -- 98 , but won 5 -- 0 in the second leg and 5 -- 3 on aggregate Widzew Łódź lost 4 -- 1 to Litex Lovech in the second qualifying round 1999 -- 2000 , but won 4 -- 1 in the second leg and 3 -- 2 on penalties KF Tirana lost 3 -- 0 to Dinamo Tbilisi in the first qualifying round 2003 -- 04 , but won 3 -- 0 in the second leg and 4 -- 2 on penalties Deportivo La Coruña lost 4 -- 1 to Milan in the quarter - final 2003 -- 04 , but won 4 -- 0 in the second leg and 5 -- 4 on aggregate Roma lost 4 -- 1 to Barcelona in the quarter - final 2017 -- 18 , but won 3 -- 0 in the second leg and went through on away goals Only one team has lost the first leg of a knockout match by four goals , but still managed to qualify for the next round : Barcelona lost 4 -- 0 to Paris Saint - Germain in the round of 16 first leg of the 2016 -- 17 UEFA Champions League , but won 6 -- 1 in the second leg to win 6 -- 5 on aggregate . Defence Arsenal goalkeepers Jens Lehmann and Manuel Almunia racked up ten consecutive clean sheets en route to the 2006 Final . Arsenal hold the record for the most consecutive clean sheets with ten in 2005 -- 06 . They went without conceding a goal for 995 minutes between September 2005 and May 2006 . The run started after Markus Rosenberg 's goal for Ajax after 71 minutes on matchday two of the group stage , continued with four group stage games and six games in the knockout rounds , and ended with Samuel Eto'o 's goal for Barcelona after 76 minutes in the final . The 995 minutes were split between two goalkeepers , Jens Lehmann with 648 and Manuel Almunia with 347 minutes . Manchester United hold the record for the longest run without conceding from the start of a campaign , with 481 minutes in 2010 -- 11 . The run ended with Pablo Hernández 's goal for Valencia after 32 minutes on matchday six of the group stage . Manchester United in 2010 -- 11 is the only team to play six away games in a single Champions League season without conceding a goal Defending the trophy A total of 63 tournaments have been played , 37 in the European Cup era ( 1955 -- 56 to 1991 -- 92 ) and 26 in the Champions League era ( 1992 -- 93 to 2017 -- 18 ) . 15 of the 62 attempts to defend the trophy ( 24.19 % ) have been successful , split between 8 teams . These are : Real Madrid on 6 attempts out of 12 ( 1956 -- 57 , 1957 -- 58 , 1958 -- 59 , 1959 -- 60 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 ) Benfica on 1 attempt out of 2 ( 1961 -- 62 ) Internazionale on 1 attempt out of 3 ( 1964 -- 65 ) Ajax on 2 attempts out of 4 ( 1971 -- 72 , 1972 -- 73 ) Bayern Munich on 2 attempts out of 5 ( 1974 -- 75 , 1975 -- 76 ) Liverpool on 1 attempt out of 5 ( 1977 -- 78 ) Nottingham Forest on 1 attempt out of 2 ( 1979 -- 80 ) Milan on 1 attempt out of 7 ( 1989 -- 90 ) . Between the two eras of this competition , this breaks down as : Of the 37 attempts in European Cup era : 13 successful ( 35.1 % ) Of the 26 attempts in the Champions League era : 2 successful ( 7.69 % ) The only team to successfully defend the trophy in the Champions League era is Real Madrid ( twice ) , who won in 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 and 2017 -- 18 . The teams closest to defending the trophy in the Champions League era but who were unsuccessful , all making it to the final : Milan in 1994 -- 95 Ajax in 1995 -- 96 Juventus in 1996 -- 97 Manchester United in 2008 -- 09 Of the 22 teams that have won the trophy , 14 have never defended it . Only four of these have won the trophy more than once , and so have had more than one attempt to do so . These are : Barcelona on 5 attempts : Lost to CSKA Moscow in the second round in 1992 -- 93 , to Liverpool in the round of 16 in 2006 -- 07 , to Internazionale in the semi-final in 2009 -- 10 , to Chelsea in the semi-final in 2011 -- 12 and to Atlético Madrid in the quarter - final in 2015 -- 16 . Manchester United on 3 attempts : Lost to Milan in the semi-final in 1968 -- 69 , to Real Madrid in the quarter - final in 1999 -- 2000 and to Barcelona in the final in 2008 -- 09 . Juventus on 2 attempts : Lost to Barcelona in the quarter - final in 1985 -- 86 and to Borussia Dortmund in the final in 1996 -- 97 . Porto on 2 attempts : Lost to Real Madrid in the second round in 1987 -- 88 and to Internazionale in the round of 16 in 2004 -- 05 . During the Champions League era , only one title holder has failed to qualify from the group stage : Chelsea in 2012 -- 13 Nationalities Benfica twice won the competition ( 1961 and 1962 ) with a team consisting entirely of Portuguese players , although some of them had been born in Portuguese African colonies , then Overseas Provinces of Portugal but now independent nations . Celtic won the competition in 1967 with their entire squad born within a 30 - mile radius of Celtic Park , their home ground . Nottingham Forest ( 1979 and 1980 ) won twice with a team consisting of players from England , Scotland and Northern Ireland ( Martin O'Neill played in the 1980 final ) . Liverpool won in 1981 with a team consisting of players from England and Scotland . Aston Villa also won the European Cup ( 1982 ) with a team consisting entirely of players from England and Scotland . Arsenal are believed to be the first club in Champions League history to have fielded 11 players of different nationality at the same time , in their 2 -- 1 win away to Hamburg on 13 September 2006 . The Arsenal team , after the 28th minute substitution of Kolo Touré , was : Jens Lehmann ( Germany ) , Emmanuel Eboué ( Ivory Coast ) , Johan Djourou ( Switzerland ) , Justin Hoyte ( England ) , William Gallas ( France ) , Tomáš Rosický ( Czech Republic ) , Gilberto Silva ( Brazil ) , Cesc Fàbregas ( Spain ) , Alexander Hleb ( Belarus ) , Emmanuel Adebayor ( Togo ) and Robin van Persie ( Netherlands ) . Countries Only on six occasions has the final of the tournament involved two teams from the same country : 2000 Spain : Real Madrid vs Valencia 3 -- 0 2003 Italy : Milan vs Juventus 0 -- 0 ( 3 -- 2 pen . ) 2008 England : Manchester United vs Chelsea 1 -- 1 ( 6 -- 5 pen . ) 2013 Germany : Bayern Munich vs Borussia Dortmund 2 -- 1 2014 Spain : Real Madrid vs Atlético Madrid 4 -- 1 2016 Spain : Real Madrid vs Atlético Madrid 1 -- 1 ( 5 -- 3 pen . ) In addition to the 6 finals , 28 meetings between teams from the same country have been played : 11 meetings from the Spanish league : 1957 -- 58 Real Madrid - Sevilla , quarter - final , 10 -- 2 ( 8 -- 0 , 2 -- 2 ) 1958 -- 59 Real Madrid - Atlético Madrid , semi-final , 2 -- 2 ( 2 -- 1 , 0 -- 1 ) , 2 -- 1 in play - off 1959 -- 60 Real Madrid - Barcelona , semi-final , 6 -- 2 ( 3 -- 1 , 3 -- 1 ) 1960 -- 61 Barcelona - Real Madrid , first round , 4 -- 3 ( 2 -- 2 , 2 -- 1 ) 1999 -- 2000 Valencia - Barcelona , semi-final , 5 -- 3 ( 4 -- 1 , 1 -- 2 ) 2001 -- 02 Real Madrid - Barcelona , semi-final , 3 -- 1 ( 2 -- 0 , 1 -- 1 ) 2010 -- 11 Barcelona - Real Madrid , semi-final , 3 -- 1 ( 2 -- 0 , 1 -- 1 ) 2013 -- 14 Atlético Madrid - Barcelona , quarter - final , 2 -- 1 ( 1 -- 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 2014 -- 15 Real Madrid - Atlético Madrid , quarter - final , 1 -- 0 ( 0 -- 0 , 1 -- 0 ) 2015 -- 16 Atlético Madrid - Barcelona , quarter - final , 3 -- 2 ( 1 -- 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 2016 -- 17 Real Madrid - Atlético Madrid , semi-final , 4 -- 2 ( 3 -- 0 , 1 -- 2 ) 11 meetings from the English league : 1978 -- 79 Nottingham Forest - Liverpool , first round , 2 -- 0 ( 2 -- 0 , 0 -- 0 ) 2003 -- 04 Chelsea - Arsenal , quarter - final , 3 -- 2 ( 1 -- 1 , 2 -- 1 ) 2004 -- 05 Liverpool - Chelsea , semi-final , 1 -- 0 ( 0 -- 0 , 1 -- 0 ) 2005 -- 06 Liverpool - Chelsea , group stage , 0 -- 0 and 0 -- 0 2006 -- 07 Liverpool - Chelsea , semi-final , 1 -- 1 ( 1 -- 0 , 0 -- 1 ) 4 -- 1 pen . 2007 -- 08 Liverpool - Arsenal , quarter - final , 5 -- 3 ( 1 -- 1 , 4 -- 2 ) 2007 -- 08 Chelsea - Liverpool , semi-final , 4 -- 3 ( 1 -- 1 , 3 -- 2 ) 2008 -- 09 Chelsea - Liverpool , quarter - final , 7 -- 5 ( 3 -- 1 , 4 -- 4 ) 2008 -- 09 Manchester United - Arsenal , semi-final , 4 -- 1 ( 1 -- 0 , 3 -- 1 ) 2010 -- 11 Manchester United - Chelsea , quarter - final , 3 -- 1 ( 1 -- 0 , 2 -- 1 ) 2017 -- 18 Liverpool - Manchester City , quarter - final , 5 -- 1 ( 3 -- 0 , 2 -- 1 ) 3 meetings from the Italian league : 1985 -- 86 Juventus - Hellas Verona , second round , 2 -- 0 ( 0 -- 0 , 2 -- 0 ) 2002 -- 03 Milan - Internazionale , semi-final , 1 -- 1 ( 0 -- 0 , 1 -- 1 ) , Milan won on `` away '' goals 2004 -- 05 Milan - Internazionale , quarter - final , 5 -- 0 ( 2 -- 0 , 3 -- 0 ( match forfeited ) ) 2 meetings from the German league : 1997 -- 98 Borussia Dortmund - Bayern Munich , quarter - final , 1 -- 0 ( 0 -- 0 , 1 -- 0 ) 1998 -- 99 Bayern Munich - Kaiserslautern , quarter - final , 6 -- 0 ( 2 -- 0 , 4 -- 0 ) 1 meeting from the French league : 2009 -- 10 Lyon - Bordeaux , quarter - final , 3 -- 2 ( 3 -- 1 , 0 -- 1 ) 2007 -- 08 was the first season that four teams from the same country reached the quarter - final stage , England 's Arsenal , Chelsea , Liverpool and Manchester United . This feat was repeated by the same teams in the 2008 -- 09 season . The country providing the highest number of wins is Spain with 18 victories , shared by two teams , Real Madrid ( 13 ) and Barcelona ( 5 ) . The country playing the highest number of finals is Italy with 27 ( in 2003 both finalists were from Italy : Milan and Juventus ) . England has provided the highest number of different winning clubs with five : Liverpool , Manchester United , Nottingham Forest , Aston Villa and Chelsea . England has also provided the highest number of different finalists , with seven : The five winners , plus Leeds and Arsenal . England has also provided the highest number of different semi-finalists , with ten : The seven finalists , plus Tottenham Hotspur , Derby County and Manchester City . England and Spain has also provided the highest number of participants in the competition in one season : Five . England ( twice ) in ( 2005 -- 06 ) : Arsenal , Chelsea , Everton , Liverpool and Manchester United , and in ( 2017 -- 18 ) : Chelsea , Liverpool , Manchester City , Manchester United and Tottenham Hotspur . Spain ( twice ) in ( 2015 -- 16 ) : Atlético Madrid , Barcelona , Real Madrid , Sevilla and Valencia , and in ( 2016 -- 17 ) : Atlético Madrid , Barcelona , Real Madrid , Sevilla and Villarreal . In 2017 -- 18 , England became the first country to have five representatives in the knockout phase : Chelsea , Liverpool , Manchester City , Manchester United and Tottenham Hotspur . Cities On two occasions has the final of the tournament involved two teams from the same city : 2014 Spain : Real Madrid vs Atlético Madrid 2016 Spain : Real Madrid vs Atlético Madrid Apart from Milan , three cities have been represented by more than one team in the final : Madrid has been represented by two clubs in 16 finals , with twelve wins ( 1956 , 1957 , 1958 , 1959 , 1960 , 1966 , 1998 , 2000 , 2002 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 ) and three losses ( 1962 , 1964 , 1981 ) for Real Madrid , and three losses for Atlético Madrid in ( 1974 , 2014 , 2016 ) . Belgrade , Yugoslavia , ( now Belgrade , Serbia ) has one win for Red Star Belgrade in 1991 and a loss for Partizan in 1966 . London has been represented by Arsenal , who lost in 2006 , and Chelsea who lost in 2008 , and won in 2012 . Athens and London are the only cities that have been represented in the group stage by three teams in the same season : Olympiacos , Panathinaikos and AEK Athens in 2003 -- 04 , and Chelsea , Arsenal , and Tottenham Hotspur in 2010 -- 11 respectively . London is the only city to be represented in the knockout stage by three teams in the same season when Arsenal , Chelsea and Tottenham Hotspur all progressed to the first knockout round in 2010 -- 11 England is the only country with teams who have won the Cup from five different cities : Liverpool , Liverpool Manchester , Manchester United Nottingham , Nottingham Forest Birmingham , Aston Villa London , Chelsea Only eight derbies between teams of the same city have ever been played : 1958 -- 59 Real Madrid vs Atlético Madrid ( semi-final ) 2002 -- 03 Internazionale vs Milan ( semi-final ) 2003 -- 04 Chelsea vs Arsenal ( quarter - final ) 2004 -- 05 Internazionale vs Milan ( quarter - final ) - the second leg was abandoned because of disturbances among the Inter fans . 2013 -- 14 Real Madrid vs Atlético Madrid ( final ) 2014 -- 15 Real Madrid vs Atlético Madrid ( quarter - final ) 2015 -- 16 Real Madrid vs Atlético Madrid ( final ) 2016 -- 17 Real Madrid vs Atlético Madrid ( semi-final ) The 2002 -- 03 semi-final between Milan and Internazionale was the first time both games of a two - legged tie were played in the same stadium ( San Siro ) . The teams share the stadium as their home venue . Milan won by the `` away goals '' rule . The teams also played each other in the same stadium in the 2004 -- 05 quarter - final . Specific group stage records Most goals scored in a group stage : 25 Paris Saint - Germain ( 2017 -- 18 ) Fewest goals scored in a group stage : 0 Deportivo La Coruña ( 2004 -- 05 ) Maccabi Haifa ( 2009 -- 10 ) Dinamo Zagreb ( 2016 -- 17 ) Fewest goals conceded in a group stage : 1 Milan ( 1992 -- 93 ) Ajax ( 1995 -- 96 ) Juventus ( 1996 -- 97 and 2004 -- 05 ) Villarreal ( 2005 -- 06 ) Liverpool ( 2005 -- 06 ) Chelsea ( 2005 -- 06 ) Manchester United ( 2010 -- 11 ) Monaco ( 2014 -- 15 ) Paris Saint - Germain ( 2015 -- 16 ) Barcelona ( 2017 -- 18 ) Most goals conceded in a group stage : 24 BATE Borisov ( 2014 -- 15 ) Legia Warsaw ( 2016 -- 17 ) Highest goal difference in a group stage : + 21 Paris Saint - Germain ( 2017 -- 18 ) Lowest goal difference in a group stage : -- 22 BATE Borisov ( 2014 -- 15 ) 6 wins Frank Rijkaard and Milan won all six group stage matches in 1992 -- 93 . Five clubs have won all their games in a group stage . Real Madrid are the first and only club to achieve this feat twice in 2011 -- 12 and 2014 -- 15 . Milan , 1992 -- 93 Paris Saint - Germain , 1994 -- 95 Spartak Moscow , 1995 -- 96 Barcelona , 2002 -- 03 ( First group stage ) Real Madrid , 2011 -- 12 , 2014 -- 15 6 draws Only one club has drawn all their games in a group stage : AEK Athens , 2002 -- 03 ( First group stage , finished 3rd and advanced to UEFA Cup ) 6 losses In the history of the Champions League , the following clubs have lost all 6 group stage matches : Košice ( 1997 -- 98 ) ended the group stage losing all 6 matches with a goal difference of -- 11 . They conceded 13 goals , scoring only twice . Fenerbahçe ( 2001 -- 02 ) lost all 6 group stage matches with a goal difference of -- 9 . They conceded 12 goals and scored only 3 . Spartak Moscow ( 2002 -- 03 ) have the second worst goal difference in a Champions League group stage with -- 17 . They lost all 6 matches , conceding 18 goals and scoring just once . Bayer Leverkusen ( 2002 -- 03 , second group stage ) lost all 6 matches , scoring 5 and conceding 15 . This was the only time that a club lost all matches in the second group stage . It was also the first time that two clubs lost six group stage matches in the same season . Anderlecht ( 2004 -- 05 ) lost all 6 of their group stage matches . They conceded 17 goals and scored just 4 , with a goal difference of -- 13 . Rapid Wien ( 2005 -- 06 ) ended the group stage losing all 6 games . They conceded 15 goals and scored only 3 , with a goal difference of -- 12 . Levski Sofia ( 2006 -- 07 ) finished their only appearance in the group stage conceding 17 goals and scoring just one , ending with a goal difference of -- 16 . Dynamo Kyiv ( 2007 -- 08 ) ended the group stage also losing all 6 games . They conceded 19 goals , scoring only 4 , ending with a goal difference of -- 15 . Maccabi Haifa ( 2009 -- 10 ) is the first club to have lost all their group stage matches without scoring a goal . They did this finishing only their second appearance in the competition with 0 points after losing to Bayern Munich 3 -- 0 in the first group game and then losing 5 consecutive games 1 -- 0 , ending the group stage with a goal difference of -- 8 . In their first Champions League appearance in 2002 -- 03 , the team scored 12 goals . Deportivo La Coruña is another club that scored no goals in the group stage ( in 2004 -- 05 ) , but they collected 2 points by twice drawing 0 -- 0 . Debrecen ( 2009 -- 10 ) finished the group stage with 0 points and a goal difference of -- 14 . They conceded 19 goals , scoring just 5 . Partizan ( 2010 -- 11 ) lost all six group stage matches . They conceded 13 goals while scoring only 2 , finishing with a goal difference of -- 11 . MŠK Žilina ( 2010 -- 11 ) also finished the group stage with 0 points and a goal difference of -- 16 , scoring 3 and conceding 19 . This was the second consecutive season that two different clubs had lost all six group stage matches . Dinamo Zagreb ( 2011 -- 12 ) lost all six group stage matches , setting new records for worst goal difference ( -- 19 ) and most goals conceded ( 22 ) , scoring 3 . Villarreal ( 2011 -- 12 ) also finished with 0 points and goal difference of -- 12 , scoring 2 and conceding 14 . Oțelul Galați ( 2011 -- 12 ) as well finished with 0 points and goal difference of -- 8 , scoring 3 and conceding 11 . That became the first season in which three separate teams had lost all six group stage matches , and a third consecutive season in which at least two teams finished with 0 points . Marseille ( 2013 -- 14 ) finished with 0 points , scoring 5 and conceding 14 goals for a goal difference of -- 9 . Maccabi Tel Aviv ( 2015 -- 16 ) finished with 0 points , scoring 1 and conceding 16 goals for a goal difference of -- 15 . Maccabi 's only goal came from a penalty . Club Brugge ( 2016 -- 17 ) finished with 0 points , scoring 2 and conceding 14 goals for a goal difference of -- 12 . Dinamo Zagreb ( 2016 -- 17 ) is the second club to have lost all their group stage matches without scoring a goal . They finished their group stage matches with conceding 15 goals and a goal difference of -- 15 . They are also the first team to have finished the group stage with 0 points twice , the first time being in the 2011 -- 12 season . Benfica ( 2017 -- 18 ) finished with 0 points , scoring just once and conceding 14 goals for a goal difference of -- 13 . Two goals in each match Four teams have managed to score at least two goals in each match of the group stage : On 7 December 2010 , Tottenham Hotspur drew 3 -- 3 against Twente and became the first team to achieve this . Bayern Munich equaled the record the very next day by beating Basel 3 -- 0 . Barcelona managed the same on 6 December 2011 by beating BATE Borisov 4 -- 0 . Real Madrid achieved this by beating Copenhagen 2 -- 0 on 10 December 2013 . On 7 December 2016 , Real Madrid drew 2 -- 2 against Borussia Dortmund to achieve the record for the second time . Advancing past the group stage Real Madrid hold the record of the most consecutive seasons in advancing past the group stage with 21 from 1997 -- 98 to 2017 -- 18 . The first seven seasons ( 1997 -- 98 to 2003 -- 04 ) they qualified for at least the quarter - final each year , winning the tournament three times . After this followed six consecutive seasons ( 2004 -- 05 to 2009 -- 10 ) losing the first round ( round of 16 ) after the group stage . Ever since then , Real Madrid have made it to the semi-finals for seven consecutive seasons ( 2010 -- 11 to 2016 -- 17 ) , winning the tournament three times . Barcelona set a record of finishing top of their group with 11 consecutive seasons from 2007 -- 08 to 2017 -- 18 . In 2012 -- 13 , Chelsea became the first title holder not to qualify from the following year 's group stage . Monaco scored the fewest goals ( 4 ) to earn 11 points in the group stage in 2014 -- 15 . Villarreal won a group with the fewest goals scored ( 3 ) in 2005 -- 06 resulting in 2 wins . Biggest disparity between group winner and runner - up Luis Enrique and Barcelona won group H by 11 points in 2002 -- 03 . The biggest points difference between the first - and second - placed teams in a Champions League group phase is 11 points , achieved by three teams : Real Madrid , 18 points ( 16 : 2 goals ) ( + 14 ) in 2014 -- 15 . ( 2nd Basel 7 points , 3rd Liverpool 5 points , 4th Ludogorets Razgrad 4 points ) . Spartak Moscow , 18 points ( 15 : 4 goals ) ( + 11 ) in 1995 -- 96 . ( 2nd Legia Warsaw 7 points , 3rd Rosenborg 6 points , 4th Blackburn Rovers 4 points ) . Spartak lost to Nantes in the next round ( quarter - final ) . Barcelona , 18 points ( 13 : 4 goals ) ( + 9 ) in 2002 -- 03 . ( 2nd Lokomotiv Moscow 7 points , 3rd Club Brugge 5 points , 4th Galatasaray 4 points ) . Barcelona went on to win their group in the second group stage with 16 points , but lost to Juventus in the quarter - final . Most points achieved , yet knocked out Paris Saint - Germain , 12 points in 1997 -- 98 ( ranked third out of six runners - up , only two advanced ) Napoli , 12 points in 2013 -- 14 Rosenborg , 11 points in 1997 -- 98 ( ranked fourth out of six runners - up , only two advanced ) Dynamo Kyiv , 10 points in 1999 -- 2000 ( second group stage ) and 2004 -- 05 Borussia Dortmund , 10 points in 2002 -- 03 ( second group stage ) PSV Eindhoven , 10 points in 2003 -- 04 Olympiacos , 10 points in 2004 -- 05 Werder Bremen , 10 points in 2006 -- 07 Manchester City , 10 points in 2011 -- 12 Chelsea , 10 points in 2012 -- 13 CFR Cluj , 10 points in 2012 -- 13 Benfica , 10 points in 2013 -- 14 Porto , 10 points in 2015 -- 16 Fenerbahçe , 9 points in 2004 -- 05 Olympiacos , 9 points in 2015 -- 16 Copenhagen , 9 points in 2016 -- 17 CSKA Moscow , 9 points in 2017 -- 18 Rangers , 8 points in 1992 -- 93 ( 2 wins and 4 draws , 2 points for a win , only 1 team advanced ) Most points achieved in the group stage , not winning the group Manchester City , 15 points in 2013 -- 14 ( ranked second ) Bayern Munich , 15 points in 2017 -- 18 ( ranked second ) Arsenal , 13 points in 2014 -- 15 ( ranked second ) Paris Saint - Germain , 13 points in 2015 -- 16 ( ranked second ) Real Madrid , 13 points in 2017 -- 18 ( ranked second ) Arsenal , 12 points in 2013 -- 14 ( ranked second ) Napoli , 12 points in 2013 -- 14 ( ranked third ) Bayern Munich , 12 points in 2016 -- 17 ( ranked second ) Real Madrid , 12 points in 2016 -- 17 ( ranked second ) Paris Saint - Germain , 12 points in 2016 -- 17 ( ranked second ) Basel , 12 points in 2017 -- 18 ( ranked second ) Shakhtar Donetsk , 12 points in 2017 -- 18 ( ranked second ) Fewest points achieved , yet advanced Milan , 5 points in 1994 -- 95 ( 3 wins and 1 draw , 2 points deducted , 2 points for a win ) Zenit Saint Petersburg , 6 points in 2013 -- 14 Roma , 6 points in 2015 -- 16 Legia Warsaw , 7 points in 1995 -- 96 Dynamo Kyiv , 7 points in 1999 -- 2000 Liverpool , 7 points in 2001 -- 02 ( second group stage ) Lokomotiv Moscow , 7 points in 2002 -- 03 Werder Bremen , 7 points in 2005 -- 06 Rangers , 7 points in 2005 -- 06 Galatasaray , 7 points in 2013 -- 14 Basel , 7 points in 2014 -- 15 Knocked out on tiebreakers Several teams have been knocked out on a tiebreaker , most on the head - to - head criteria : Manchester United lost to Barcelona in 1994 -- 95 Casino Salzburg lost to Milan in 1994 -- 95 ( 2 points for a win , would have been 2 points behind with 3 points for a win ) Paris Saint - Germain lost to Bayern Munich in 1997 -- 98 ( second place , only one team advanced directly ) , and on goal difference to Juventus in the ranking of runners - up Galatasaray lost to Juventus in 1998 -- 99 ( second place , only one team advanced directly ) Rosenborg lost to Juventus in 1998 -- 99 ( third place , only one team advanced directly ) Bayer Leverkusen lost to Dynamo Kyiv in 1999 -- 2000 Dynamo Kyiv lost on head - to - head to Real Madrid in 1999 -- 2000 ( second group stage ) despite having a better goal difference Olympiacos lost to Lyon in 2000 -- 01 , to Liverpool in 2004 -- 05 and to Arsenal in 2015 -- 16 Rangers lost on head - to - head to Galatasaray in 2000 -- 01 despite having a better goal difference Lyon lost to Arsenal in 2000 -- 01 ( second group stage ) and to Ajax in 2002 -- 03 , both on head - to - head with a better goal difference Dortmund lost on goal difference to Boavista in 2001 -- 02 , both teams winning 2 -- 1 at home in head - to - head matches Mallorca lost to Arsenal in 2001 -- 02 Roma lost on head - to - head to Liverpool in 2001 -- 02 ( second group stage ) despite having a better goal difference Internazionale lost to Lokomotiv Moscow in 2003 -- 04 PSV Eindhoven lost on head - to - head to Deportivo La Coruña in 2003 -- 04 despite having a better goal difference Udinese lost to Werder Bremen in 2005 -- 06 Ajax lost to Lyon on overall goal difference in 2011 -- 12 , having both head - to - head games end in a 0 -- 0 draw . Lyon won their last group game against Dinamo Zagreb with 7 -- 1 ( after being 0 -- 1 down at half time ) while Ajax lost 0 -- 3 against Real Madrid ( in which two goals from Ajax were wrongfully cancelled ) . The aggregate goal difference in both games would have to be at least 7 goals for Lyon to advance , and in fact it was 9 . Chelsea lost on head - to - head to Shakhtar Donetsk in 2012 -- 13 despite having a better goal difference CFR Cluj lost on head - to - head to Galatasaray in 2012 -- 13 despite having a better goal difference Benfica lost on head - to - head to Olympiacos in 2013 -- 14 Napoli lost on head - to - head to Dortmund and Arsenal in 2013 -- 14 Bayer Leverkusen lost on head - to - head to Roma in 2015 -- 16 Olympiacos lost on head - to - head to Arsenal in 2015 -- 16 Knocked out on 3 points for a win rule 1995 -- 96 was the first tournament in which three points were awarded for a win instead of two . The following teams were knocked out from the group stage , but would have advanced following the old rule : Rosenborg was ranked fourth out of six runners - up in 1997 -- 98 , but would have equaled the points of Paris Saint - Germain and eventual finalists Juventus and advanced on goal difference Bayer Leverkusen ended third in Group A in 1999 -- 2000 , but would have been one point ahead of Dynamo Kyiv Panathinaikos ended third in Group E in 2004 -- 05 , but would have equaled the points of PSV Eindhoven and advanced on head - to - head matches Werder Bremen ended third in Group B in 2008 -- 09 , but would have equaled the points of Internazionale and advanced on head - to - head matches Qualifying from first qualifying round Since the addition of a third qualifying round in 1999 -- 2000 , four teams have negotiated all three rounds of qualification and reached the Champions League group phase : Liverpool in 2005 -- 06 Artmedia Bratislava in 2005 -- 06 Anorthosis in 2008 -- 09 BATE Borisov in 2008 -- 09 Liverpool went on to become the first team in the history of the competition to reach the knockout phase from the first qualifying round . No team has progressed to the group stage from the first qualifying round since the competition format was altered for the 2009 -- 10 season . Winning after playing in a qualifying round Pep Guardiola coached Barcelona to victory through qualification in 2009 . Four teams have managed to win the tournament from the third qualification round : Manchester United in 1998 -- 99 Milan in 2002 -- 03 and 2006 -- 07 Liverpool in 2004 -- 05 Barcelona in 2008 -- 09 Consecutive goalscoring Real Madrid hold the record of consecutive goalscoring in the Champions League matches . They have scored at least one goal in 34 consecutive games . The run started with a 1 -- 1 draw against Barcelona in the second leg of the semi-final of the 2010 -- 11 season . This continued with all 12 matches of both the 2011 -- 12 season and 2012 -- 13 season , and continued into the 2013 -- 14 season for nine games ( six group stage games , both legs of the round of 16 and the first leg of the quarter - finals ) , with the run finally coming to an end in a 2 -- 0 away loss in the quarter - finals second leg against Borussia Dortmund on 8 April 2014 . Consecutive home wins Bayern Munich hold the record with 16 consecutive home wins in the Champions League . Bayern Munich record streak started by winning against Manchester City 1 -- 0 on 17 September 2014 . The run has reached the 16th win by beating Arsenal 5 -- 1 on 15 February 2017 , The run ended after a home defeat to Real Madrid 1 -- 2 on 12 April 2017 . Consecutive away wins Bayern Munich equaled the record of Ajax ( 1995 -- 1997 ) for consecutive away wins in the Champions League having won 7 consecutive away games . The run began with a 3 -- 1 win against Arsenal at the Emirates Stadium in the first leg of the 2012 -- 13 round of 16 , and continued through to the final , with wins against Juventus ( 2 -- 0 ) at the Juventus Stadium and against Barcelona ( 3 -- 0 ) at the Camp Nou . In the 2013 -- 14 season the streak continued with group stage wins over Manchester City ( 3 -- 1 ) at the City of Manchester Stadium , Viktoria Plzeň ( 1 -- 0 ) and CSKA Moscow ( 3 -- 1 ) . The record equaling seventh win was achieved when they again defeated Arsenal 2 -- 0 at the Emirates Stadium in the round of 16 first leg on 19 February 2014 . Their run ended with a 1 -- 1 draw at Old Trafford against Manchester United in the first leg of the quarter - finals . Consecutive wins Bayern Munich ( 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 ) and Real Madrid ( 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 ) hold the record of ten consecutive wins in the Champions League . Bayern Munich 's run started on 2 April 2013 in the 2 -- 0 win against Juventus in the first leg of the quarter - final of the 2012 -- 13 season after losing 2 -- 0 against Arsenal three weeks earlier . The run continued in the other three knockout matches and the final of the 2012 -- 13 season . The run continued in the first five group stage matches of the 2013 -- 14 season , but ended with the sixth in a 2 -- 3 home defeat against Manchester City on 10 December 2013 . Real Madrid 's run started on 23 April 2014 in the 1 -- 0 win against Bayern Munich in the first leg of semi-final of the 2013 -- 14 season after losing 2 -- 0 against Borussia Dortmund two weeks earlier in the second leg of the quarter - final . The run continued in the other leg of the semi-final , the final against Atlético Madrid , the six group stage matches of the 2014 -- 15 season , and the first leg of round of 16 of the 2014 -- 15 season , against Schalke 04 . Longest home undefeated run The record for the longest unbeaten run at home stands at 29 games and is held by Bayern Munich . The run began with a 0 -- 0 draw against Borussia Dortmund in 1997 -- 98 and finished with a 2 -- 1 win against Real Madrid in the first leg of the 2001 -- 02 quarter - finals . The 29 game unbeaten run ended with a 2 -- 3 loss to Deportivo La Coruña in the first group stage in 2002 -- 03 . Longest away undefeated run The record for the longest away unbeaten run stands at 16 games and is held by Manchester United . The run began with a 1 -- 0 win against Sporting CP in the 2007 -- 08 group stage . It lasted until the 3 -- 2 win against Milan at the San Siro in the first leg of the first knockout stage of 2009 -- 10 . The run ended with a 1 -- 2 defeat to Bayern Munich in the first leg of the 2009 -- 10 quarter - finals . During this run , Manchester United were beaten 2 -- 0 by Barcelona in the 2009 final . This game , however , was at a neutral venue and as such is not classified as an away game . Longest undefeated run The record for the longest unbeaten run stands at 25 games and is held by Manchester United . It began with a 1 -- 0 away win against Sporting Clube de Portugal in their opening group stage game in 2007 -- 08 and finished with a 3 -- 1 away win against Arsenal in the second leg of the semi-final in 2008 -- 09 . The 25 game unbeaten streak ended with a 0 -- 2 loss to Barcelona in the 2009 final . Most successive draws AEK Athens holds the record of most consecutive draws : 7 draws starting from 17 September 2002 until 17 September 2003 . Most successive defeats Anderlecht holds the record of most consecutive defeats : 12 defeats starting from 10 December 2003 until 23 November 2005 . Most successive games without a win Steaua București holds the record of most successive games without a win : 23 matches starting from 26 September 2006 until 11 December 2013 . Players Appearances Main article : List of footballers with 100 or more UEFA Champions League appearances Iker Casillas has made the most appearances in the competition . As of 26 May 2018 The table below does not include appearances made in the qualification stage of the competition . Player Nation Appearances Years Clubs Iker Casillas Spain 167 1999 -- Real Madrid , Porto Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal 153 2003 -- Manchester United , Real Madrid Xavi Spain 151 1998 -- 2015 Barcelona Raúl Spain 142 1995 -- 2011 Real Madrid , Schalke 04 5 Ryan Giggs Wales 141 1993 -- 2014 Manchester United 6 Andrés Iniesta Spain 130 2002 -- Barcelona 7 Clarence Seedorf Netherlands 125 1994 -- 2012 Ajax , Real Madrid , Internazionale , Milan Lionel Messi Argentina 125 2005 -- Barcelona 9 Paul Scholes England 124 1994 -- 2013 Manchester United 10 Roberto Carlos Brazil 120 1997 -- 2007 Real Madrid , Fenerbahçe Zlatan Ibrahimović Sweden 120 2001 -- 2018 Ajax , Juventus , Internazionale , Barcelona , Milan , Paris Saint - Germain , Manchester United Goalscoring See also : List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League top scorers All - time top scorers Cristiano Ronaldo is the all - time top goalscorer in the competition . As of 26 May 2018 The table below does not include goals scored in the qualification stage of the competition . Player Country Goals Apps Ratio Years Clubs Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal 120 153 0.78 2003 -- Manchester United , Real Madrid Lionel Messi Argentina 100 125 0.8 2005 -- Barcelona Raúl Spain 71 142 0.5 1995 -- 2011 Real Madrid , Schalke 04 Ruud van Nistelrooy Netherlands 56 73 0.77 1998 -- 2009 PSV Eindhoven , Manchester United , Real Madrid Karim Benzema France 56 104 0.54 2006 -- Lyon , Real Madrid 6 Thierry Henry France 50 112 0.45 1997 -- 2010 Monaco , Arsenal , Barcelona 7 Alfredo Di Stéfano Argentina 49 58 0.84 1955 -- 1964 Real Madrid 8 Andriy Shevchenko Ukraine 48 100 0.48 1994 -- 2012 Dynamo Kyiv , Milan , Chelsea Zlatan Ibrahimović Sweden 48 120 0.4 2001 -- 2018 Ajax , Juventus , Internazionale , Barcelona , Milan , Paris Saint - Germain , Manchester United 10 Eusébio Portugal 47 63 0.75 1961 -- 1974 Benfica Top scorers by seasons Gerd Müller was the first player to become top scorer in four Champions League seasons . Cristiano Ronaldo has been the top scorer for 6 consecutive seasons and 7 seasons overall : 2007 -- 08 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 and 2017 -- 18 Real Madrid has produced the top scorer in twelve seasons : Alfredo Di Stéfano in 1957 -- 58 Ferenc Puskás in 1959 -- 60 and 1963 -- 64 Míchel in 1987 -- 88 Raúl in 1999 -- 2000 and 2000 -- 01 Cristiano Ronaldo in 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 and 2017 -- 18 Portuguese players have achieved thirteen top scorer titles : José Águas in 1960 -- 61 José Torres in 1964 -- 65 Eusébio in 1964 -- 65 , 1965 -- 66 , and 1967 -- 68 Rui Águas in 1987 -- 88 Cristiano Ronaldo in 2007 -- 08 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 and 2017 -- 18 José ( 1960 -- 61 ) and Rui Águas ( 1987 -- 88 ) are the only father -- son duo to finish as top scorers ; each achieved this while playing for Benfica . Jupp Heynckes is the only player to have been top scorer in this competition as well as in the Cup Winners ' Cup and the UEFA Cup / Europa League : 1975 -- 76 top scorer with Borussia Mönchengladbach , and 1972 -- 73 UEFA Cup , 1973 -- 74 Cup Winners ' Cup , and 1974 -- 75 UEFA Cup top scorer also with Borussia Mönchengladbach The following top scorer has also been top scorer in the UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup : Hristo Stoichkov ( 1993 -- 94 with Barcelona ) in the 1988 -- 89 season with CSKA Sofia The following top scorers have also been top scorers in the UEFA Cup / Europa League : Allan Simonsen ( 1977 -- 78 with Borussia Mönchengladbach ) in the 1978 -- 79 season with Borussia Mönchengladbach Dieter Hoeneß ( 1981 -- 82 with Bayern Munich ) in the 1979 -- 80 season with Bayern Munich Torbjörn Nilsson ( 1984 -- 85 with Göteborg ) in the 1981 -- 82 season with Göteborg Gerd Müller is the only player to have been top scorer in this competition as well as in the World Cup and the European Championship : 1972 -- 73 , 1973 -- 74 , 1974 -- 75 , and 1976 -- 77 top scorer with Bayern Munich , 1970 FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euro 1972 top scorer with West Germany The following top scorers have also won the FIFA World Cup Golden Boot : Just Fontaine ( 1958 -- 59 ) at the 1958 FIFA World Cup Flórián Albert ( 1965 -- 66 ) at the 1962 FIFA World Cup Eusébio ( 1964 -- 65 , 1965 -- 66 , and 1967 -- 68 ) at the 1966 FIFA World Cup Paolo Rossi ( 1982 -- 83 ) at the 1982 FIFA World Cup Hristo Stoichkov ( 1993 -- 94 ) at the 1994 FIFA World Cup The following top scorers have also been top scorers in the UEFA European Championship : Michel Platini ( 1984 -- 85 ) at the UEFA Euro 1984 Marco van Basten ( 1988 -- 89 ) at the UEFA Euro 1988 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 2007 -- 08 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 and 2017 -- 18 ) at the UEFA Euro 2012 Most goals in a single season As of 26 May 2018 Bold indicates ongoing season and active player in the season . Rank Player Season Goals Cristiano Ronaldo 2013 -- 14 17 Cristiano Ronaldo 2015 -- 16 16 Cristiano Ronaldo 2017 -- 18 15 José Altafini 1962 -- 63 14 Lionel Messi 2011 -- 12 6 Ferenc Puskás 1959 -- 60 12 Gerd Müller 1972 -- 73 Ruud van Nistelrooy 2002 -- 03 Lionel Messi 2010 -- 11 Mario Gómez 2011 -- 12 Cristiano Ronaldo 2012 -- 13 Cristiano Ronaldo 2016 -- 17 Hat - tricks Main article : List of UEFA Champions League hat - tricks The European Cup 's first hat - trick was scored by Péter Palotás of MTK Hungária against Anderlecht on 7 September 1955 , in the second match ever played in the competition . Only three players managed to score a hat - trick in a final , Alfredo Di Stéfano in 1960 , Ferenc Puskás in 1960 ( 4 goals ) and in 1962 , and Pierino Prati in 1969 . Puskás is the only player to score a hat - trick in a final and lose it ( 1962 ) . The first hat - trick of the Champions League era was scored by PSV Eindhoven 's Juul Ellerman against FK Žalgiris on 16 September 1992 . Only Cristiano Ronaldo has scored three hat - tricks in a single Champions League season ( 3 + 4 + 3 goals ) , in the 2015 -- 16 UEFA Champions League . Four players have scored two hat - tricks in a single Champions League season : Lionel Messi ( 3 + 5 goals ) and Mario Gómez ( 3 + 4 goals ) , both in the 2011 -- 12 season , Luiz Adriano , who scored hat - tricks in two consecutive games of group stage ( 5 + 3 goals ) in the 2014 -- 15 season and Cristiano Ronaldo who scored hat - tricks in two consecutive games of knockout stage ( 3 + 3 goals ) in the 2016 -- 17 season The fastest - ever Champions League hat - trick was scored by Bafétimbi Gomis , who scored three goals in seven minutes for Lyon against Dinamo Zagreb in the 2011 -- 12 season . The youngest player to score a hat - trick is Wayne Rooney , aged 18 years , 335 days on his Champions League and Manchester United debut , in a 6 -- 2 home win against Fenerbahçe on 28 September 2004 . Seven players have scored a hat - trick on their debut in the Champions League : Marco van Basten ( Milan ) , Faustino Asprilla ( Newcastle United ) , Yakubu ( Maccabi Haifa ) , Wayne Rooney ( Manchester United ) , Vincenzo Iaquinta ( Udinese ) , Grafite ( Wolfsburg ) , and Yacine Brahimi ( Porto ) Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo both have scored 7 hat - tricks in the Champions League . Four goals in a match Ferenc Puskás scored four goals against Eintracht Frankfurt in the 1959 -- 60 final . Marco van Basten twice scored four goals in one match . Ruud van Nistelrooy scored four goals against Sparta Prague in 2004 -- 05 . Robert Lewandowski scored four goals for Borussia Dortmund against Real Madrid in the semi-finals in 2013 . The following players have scored four goals in one European Cup / UEFA Champions League match . Only Alfredo Di Stéfano , Ferenc Puskás , Sándor Kocsis , Lionel Messi and Robert Lewandowski managed to do this from the quarter - final stage onwards and Ferenc Puskás is the only footballer to score four goals in a final ( 1960 ) . European Cup era : Miloš Milutinović ( Partizan ) , 5 -- 2 against Sporting CP , first round of 1955 -- 56 Dennis Viollet ( Manchester United ) , 10 -- 0 against Anderlecht , preliminary round of 1956 -- 57 Ivan Petkov Kolev ( CSKA Sofia ) , 8 -- 1 against Dinamo București , first round of 1956 -- 57 Jovan Cokić ( Red Star Belgrade ) , 9 -- 1 against Stade Dudelange , preliminary round of 1957 -- 58 Bora Kostić ( Red Star Belgrade ) , 9 -- 1 against Stade Dudelange , preliminary round of 1957 -- 58 Alfredo Di Stéfano ( Real Madrid ) , 8 -- 0 against Sevilla , quarter - final of 1957 -- 58 , and 7 -- 1 against Wiener Sport - Club , quarter - final of 1958 -- 59 Just Fontaine ( Stade de Reims ) , 4 -- 1 away against Ards , first round of 1958 -- 59 Josef Hamerl ( Wiener Sport - Club ) , 7 -- 0 against Juventus , first round of 1958 -- 59 Sándor Kocsis ( Barcelona ) , 5 -- 2 away against Wolverhampton Wanderers , quarter - final of 1959 -- 60 Ferenc Puskás ( Real Madrid ) , 7 -- 3 against Eintracht Frankfurt , final of 1959 -- 60 , and 5 -- 0 against Feyenoord , preliminary round of 1965 -- 66 Lucien Cossou ( Monaco ) , 7 -- 2 against AEK Athens , preliminary round of 1963 -- 64 Vladimir Kovačević ( Partizan ) , 6 -- 2 against Jeunesse Esch , first round of 1963 -- 64 José Torres ( Benfica ) , 5 -- 1 away against Aris , preliminary round of 1964 -- 65 Eusébio ( Benfica ) , 10 -- 0 against Stade Dudelange , preliminary round of 1965 -- 66 Friedhelm Konietzka ( 1860 München ) , 8 -- 0 against Omonia , first round of 1966 -- 67 Denis Law ( Manchester United ) , 7 -- 1 against Waterford United , first round of 1968 -- 69 Zoran Antonijević ( Red Star Belgrade ) , 4 -- 2 away against Linfield , first round of 1969 -- 70 Ruud Geels ( Feyenoord ) , 12 -- 2 away against KR Reykjavík , first round of 1969 -- 70 Antonis Antoniadis ( Panathinaikos ) , 5 -- 0 against Jeunesse Esch , first round of 1970 -- 71 João Lourenço ( Sporting CP ) , 5 -- 0 against Floriana , first round of 1970 -- 71 Kurt Müller , ( Grasshoppers ) , 8 -- 0 against Reipas Lahti , first round of 1971 -- 72 Dudu Georgescu ( Dinamo București ) , 11 -- 0 against Crusaders , first round of 1973 -- 74 Radu Nunweiller ( Dinamo București ) , 11 -- 0 against Crusaders , first round of 1973 -- 74 Jupp Heynckes ( Borussia Mönchengladbach ) , 6 -- 1 away against Wacker Innsbruck , first round of 1975 -- 76 René van de Kerkhof ( PSV Eindhoven ) , 6 -- 0 against Dundalk , first round of 1976 -- 77 Willy van der Kuijlen ( PSV Eindhoven ) , 6 -- 1 against Fenerbahçe , first round of 1978 -- 79 Sotiris Kaiafas ( Omonia ) , 6 -- 1 against Red Boys Differdange , first round 1979 -- 80 Ton Blanker ( Ajax ) , 8 -- 1 against HJK Helsinki , first round of 1979 -- 80 Fernando Gomes ( Porto ) , 9 -- 0 against Rabat Ajax , first round of 1986 -- 87 Marco van Basten ( Milan ) , 5 -- 2 against Vitosha , first round of 1988 -- 89 Rabah Madjer ( Porto ) , 8 -- 1 away against Portadown , first round of 1990 -- 91 Hugo Sánchez ( Real Madrid ) , 9 -- 1 against Swarovski Tirol , second round of 1990 -- 91 Alan Smith ( Arsenal ) , 6 -- 1 against Austria Wien , first round of 1991 -- 92 Sergei Yuran ( Benfica ) , 6 -- 0 away against Hamrun Spartans , first round of 1991 -- 92 Champions League era , preliminary rounds : Serhiy Rebrov ( Dynamo Kyiv ) , 8 -- 0 against Barry Town , first qualifying round 1998 -- 99 Pena ( Porto ) , 8 -- 0 against Barry Town United , second qualifying round of 2001 -- 02 Tomasz Frankowski ( Wisła Kraków ) , 8 -- 2 away against WIT Georgia , second qualifying round of 2004 -- 05 Semih Şentürk ( Fenerbahçe ) , 5 -- 0 away against MTK Hungária , second qualifying round of 2008 -- 09 Champions League era : Marco van Basten ( Milan ) , 4 -- 0 against IFK Göteborg , group stage of 1992 -- 93 Simone Inzaghi ( Lazio ) , 5 -- 1 against Marseille , second group stage of 1999 -- 2000 Dado Pršo ( Monaco ) , 8 -- 3 against Deportivo La Coruña , group stage of 2003 -- 04 Ruud van Nistelrooy ( Manchester United ) , 4 -- 1 against Sparta Prague , group stage of 2004 -- 05 Andriy Shevchenko ( Milan ) , 4 -- 0 away against Fenerbahçe , group stage of 2005 -- 06 Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) , 4 -- 1 against Arsenal , quarter - final of 2009 -- 10 Bafétimbi Gomis ( Lyon ) , 7 -- 1 against Dinamo Zagreb , group stage of 2011 -- 12 Mario Gómez ( Bayern Munich ) , 7 -- 0 against Basel , round of 16 of 2011 -- 12 Robert Lewandowski ( Borussia Dortmund ) , 4 -- 1 against Real Madrid , semi-final of 2012 -- 13 Zlatan Ibrahimović ( Paris Saint - Germain ) , 5 -- 0 against Anderlecht , group stage of 2013 -- 14 Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) 8 -- 0 against Malmö FF , group stage of 2015 -- 16 Five goals in a match Luiz Adriano scored five goals in Shakhtar Donetsk 's 7 -- 0 win against BATE Borisov , including a record four goals in the first - half , in 2014 -- 15 . The following players have managed to score five goals in one European Cup / UEFA Champions League match : European Cup era : Ove Olsson ( Gothenburg ) , 6 -- 1 against Linfield , preliminary round , 1959 -- 60 Bent Løfqvist ( Boldklubben 1913 ) , 9 -- 2 against Spora , preliminary round , 1961 -- 62 José Altafini ( Milan ) , 8 -- 0 against Union Luxembourg , preliminary round , 1962 -- 63 Ray Crawford ( Ipswich ) , 10 -- 0 against Floriana , preliminary round , 1962 -- 63 Nikola Kotkov ( Lokomotiv Sofia ) , 8 -- 3 against Malmö FF , preliminary round , 1964 -- 65 Flórián Albert ( Ferencváros ) , 9 -- 1 against Keflavík , preliminary round , 1965 -- 66 Paul van Himst ( Anderlecht ) , 10 -- 1 away against Haka , first round , 1966 -- 67 Gerd Müller ( Bayern Munich ) , 9 -- 0 against Omonia , second round , 1972 -- 73 Claudio Sulser ( Grasshoppers ) , 8 -- 0 against Valletta , first round , 1978 -- 79 Søren Lerby ( Ajax ) , 10 -- 0 against Omonia , second round , 1979 -- 80 Champions League era , preliminary rounds : Mihails Miholaps ( Skonto ) , 8 -- 0 against Jeunesse Esch , first qualifying round 1999 -- 2000 David Lafata ( Sparta Prague ) , 7 -- 0 against Levadia Tallinn , second qualifying round 2014 -- 15 Champions League era : Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) , 7 -- 1 against Bayer Leverkusen , round of 16 , 2011 -- 12 Luiz Adriano ( Shakhtar Donetsk ) , 7 -- 0 against BATE Borisov , group stage , 2014 -- 15 Oldest and youngest Manfred Burgsmüller of Werder Bremen is the oldest ( 38 years , 293 days ) player to score in the European Cup and Champions League , when he scored against Dynamo Berlin on 11 October 1988 . Peter Ofori - Quaye of Olympiacos is the youngest ( 17 years , 194 days ) player to score in the Champions League , when he scored against Rosenborg on 1 October 1997 . Paolo Maldini of Milan is the oldest ( 36 years , 333 days ) player to score in a Champions League final , doing so in 2005 . Patrick Kluivert of Ajax is the youngest ( 18 years , 327 days ) player to score in a Champions League final , doing so in 1995 . Francesco Totti of Roma is the oldest ( 38 years , 59 days ) player to score in the Champions League , when he scored against CSKA Moscow on 25 November 2014 . Other goalscoring records Roy Makaay scored the fastest ever Champions League goal . Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi have both scored 60 goals in the group stage . Cristiano Ronaldo holds the record for most goals in the knockout phase with 60 . Cristiano Ronaldo holds the record for most away goals with 55 . Cristiano Ronaldo became the first player ever to score 100 goals in the competition on 18 April 2017 . On 18 February 2018 , he became the first player to score 100 goals with one club , Real Madrid . Cristiano Ronaldo scored in all six group stage matches in 2017 -- 18 ; a total of 9 goals , the first person to do so . Cristiano Ronaldo ( 2015 -- 16 ) holds the record for most goals in the group stage in a single season in the UEFA Champions league with 11 goals scored . Cristiano Ronaldo scored at least 10 goals in seven consecutive seasons ( 2011 -- 12 to 2017 -- 18 ) . Cristiano Ronaldo has scored in 11 consecutive UEFA Champions League appearances , the 2017 final and the first 10 matches of 2017 -- 18 , with a total of 17 goals . The fastest ever Champions League goal was scored by Bayern Munich 's Roy Makaay in 10.12 seconds against Real Madrid on 7 March 2007 . The fastest goal in a final was scored by Milan 's Paolo Maldini after 53 seconds in the 2005 final , which Milan lost to Liverpool . Alfredo Di Stéfano has scored in most finals with five , one goal in each final from 1956 to 1959 and three goals in 1960 Cristiano Ronaldo has scored the most goals in finals in the UEFA Champions league era , with 4 goals in 5 finals ; one goal each in 2008 and 2014 , and two in 2017 . Ferenc Puskás and Alfredo Di Stéfano have scored seven final goals . Puskás scored four in 1960 and three in 1962 , while Di Stéfano scored seven goals in five different finals . Three players scored for two different teams in the final : Velibor Vasović for Partizan in 1966 and Ajax in 1969 . Cristiano Ronaldo for Manchester United in 2008 and Real Madrid in 2014 and 2017 ; he is the only player to score for two different winning teams . Mario Mandžukić for Bayern Munich in 2013 and Juventus in 2017 . Three goalkeepers have scored in the Champions League : Hans - Jörg Butt has done so three times with three different clubs , all with penalties , and all against Juventus : For Hamburg in a 4 -- 4 home draw on 13 September 2000 in a group stage match For Leverkusen in a 3 -- 1 home win on 12 March 2002 in a second group stage match The equaliser for Bayern Munich on 8 December 2009 in a group stage match in Turin , which Bayern had to win to qualify for the next stage , and went on to win 4 -- 1 . Sinan Bolat is the only goalkeeper to score a goal in open play : his stoppage time ( 90 + 5 ' ) equaliser for Standard Liège against AZ on 9 December 2009 , securing the third place in Group H , led his team to the Europa League . Vincent Enyeama ( Hapoel Tel Aviv ) scored a penalty on 29 September 2010 , playing against Lyon . Zlatan Ibrahimović is the only player to have scored for six different teams in the Champions League : Ajax ( 6 goals in 19 games ; 2002 -- 03 to 2003 -- 04 ) Juventus ( 3 goals in 19 games ; 2004 -- 05 to 2005 -- 06 ) Internazionale ( 6 goals in 22 games ; 2006 -- 07 to 2008 -- 09 ) Barcelona ( 4 goals in 10 games ; 2009 -- 10 ) Milan ( 9 goals in 14 games ; 2010 -- 11 to 2011 -- 12 ) Paris Saint - Germain ( 10 goals in 13 games ; 2012 -- 13 to 2013 -- 14 ) Raúl is the only player to score in 14 consecutive Champions League seasons : Raúl scored from 1997 -- 98 to 2010 -- 11 , for Real Madrid and Schalke 04 . Ryan Giggs is the only player to score in 16 different Champions League seasons : Giggs scored in 1994 -- 95 , 1996 -- 97 to 2006 -- 07 and 2008 -- 09 to 2011 -- 12 , all for Manchester United . Cristiano Ronaldo ( against Juventus : 2013 , 2015 , 2017 , 2018 ) is the only player to have scored 10 goals against a single opponent . Three players from the same team scored at least ten goals in the same season : Liverpool in 2017 -- 18 : Roberto Firmino ( 10 ) , Sadio Mané ( 10 ) and Mohamed Salah ( 10 ) Two players from the same team scored at least ten goals in the same season : Barcelona in 2014 -- 15 : Lionel Messi ( 10 ) and Neymar ( 10 ) . Other records First goal On 4 September 1955 , João Baptista Martins scored the first goal of the European Cup with Sporting CP after 14 minutes in a 3 -- 3 draw against Partizan . On 25 November 1992 , Daniel Amokachi scored the first goal of the UEFA Champions League with Club Brugge against CSKA Moscow . Most wins Paolo Maldini , winner of two European Cups and three Champions League titles with Milan appeared in eight finals . Clarence Seedorf was the first player to win the tournament with three different teams . Francisco Gento is the only player to win the tournament six times , all during his time at Real Madrid : 1956 , 1957 , 1958 , 1959 , 1960 and 1966 Cristiano Ronaldo is the only player to win the tournament five times in the Champions League era , one at Manchester United : 2008 and four at Real Madrid : 2014 , 2016 , 2017 and 2018 Cristiano Ronaldo has won 98 matches in his Champions League career , the most by any player . Two players have appeared in eight finals : Francisco Gento in 1956 , 1957 , 1958 , 1959 , 1960 , 1962 , 1964 and 1966 , all with Real Madrid Paolo Maldini in 1989 , 1990 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 2003 , 2005 and 2007 , all with Milan Only one player has won the tournament with three different teams : Clarence Seedorf with Ajax in 1995 , with Real Madrid in 1998 and with Milan in 2003 and 2007 Only five players have won the Champions League in two consecutive seasons with two different teams : Marcel Desailly -- Marseille 1993 and Milan 1994 Paulo Sousa -- Juventus 1996 and Borussia Dortmund 1997 Gerard Piqué -- Manchester United 2008 and Barcelona 2009 Samuel Eto'o -- Barcelona 2009 and Internazionale 2010 - the only player to have won the treble in two consecutive seasons with two different teams Three father - son duos have won the competition for the same club : Manuel Sanchís Martínez ( 1966 ) and Manuel Sanchís Hontiyuelo ( 1998 and 2000 ) , both for Real Madrid Cesare Maldini ( 1963 ) and Paolo Maldini ( 1989 , 1990 , 1994 , 2003 and 2007 ) , both for Milan Carles Busquets ( 1992 ) and Sergio Busquets ( 2009 , 2011 , and 2015 ) both for Barcelona Oldest and youngest The oldest player to win the tournament is Alessandro Costacurta , who was 41 years and 29 days when Milan won against Liverpool on 23 May 2007 . The youngest player to win the tournament is António Simões , who was 18 years and 139 days when Benfica won against Real Madrid on 2 May 1962 . The oldest player to play in the tournament is Lazio 's Marco Ballotta , against Real Madrid on 11 December 2007 , aged 43 years and 253 days . ( The oldest player overall to play in any European club competition fixture is Al Finucane of Waterford United , who was aged 43 years and 261 days when he appeared against Bordeaux in the European Cup - Winners ' Cup in September 1986 . ) The youngest player to play in the tournament is Anderlecht 's Celestine Babayaro , against Steaua București on 23 November 1994 , aged 16 years and 87 days . He was sent off in the 37th minute . The oldest player to play in a final is Dino Zoff , who was 41 years and 86 days when Juventus lost to Hamburg in 1983 . Penalties Cristiano Ronaldo has scored 15 penalties out of 18 taken . Most penalty kicks saved ( non-shootout ) : 5 Petr Čech saved 5 penalties out of 11 Iker Casillas saved 5 out of 19 The oldest goalkeeper to ever save a penalty in the tournament is Maribor 's Jasmin Handanović , against Liverpool on 1 November 2017 , aged 39 years and 274 days . The youngest goalkeeper to ever save a penalty in the tournament is Benfica 's Mile Svilar , against Manchester United on 31 October 2017 , aged 18 years and 65 days . On 15 April 2015 , the fastest penalty ever was awarded for Porto against Bayern Munich at 1 minute 20 seconds . Own goals 19 players scored 2 own goals against their teams : Igor Akinfeev , Alex , Ânderson Polga , Wes Brown , Cadú , Gary Caldwell , Edu Dracena , Andrzej Grębosz , Iván Helguera , Jószef Horváth , Tomáš Hubočan , Jardel , Thomas Kleine , Jérémy Mathieu , Craig Moore , Gerard Piqué , Sergio Ramos , Stefan Savić and Zoco . Iñigo Martínez scored after 69 seconds the fastest own goal ever in 2013 -- 14 Champions League against his team Real Sociedad for Manchester United . Goalkeeping Jens Lehmann holds the record for the most consecutive clean sheets , with 10 for Arsenal in the 2005 -- 06 and 2006 -- 07 seasons . In total his run without conceding a goal lasted 853 minutes . Helmuth Duckadam holds the record of saving all 4 penalties during the shoot - out in the 1986 final between Steaua București and Barcelona . Heinz Stuy holds the record for three consecutive clean sheets in the finals of 1971 , 1972 and 1973 . Iker Casillas holds the record for most clean sheets in the competition with 56 ( 58 including 2 qualifying games ) , 50 with Real Madrid and 6 with Porto . Marco Ballotta holds the record of being the oldest goalkeeper to play in the tournament for Lazio against Real Madrid on 11 December 2007 , aged 43 years and 253 days . Mile Svilar holds the record of being the youngest goalkeeper , aged 18 years and 52 days , to start a Champions League game for Benfica in the 2017 -- 18 . Edwin van der Sar is the only goalkeeper to have won the UEFA Champions League with two different teams : Ajax in 1995 , and Manchester United in 2008 . Edwin van der Sar is the oldest goalkeeper to win the competition in 2008 , aged 37 years 205 days . Iker Casillas is the youngest goalkeeper to win the competition in 2000 , aged 19 years 4 days . The oldest goalkeeper to play in a final is Dino Zoff , who was 41 years and 86 days when Juventus lost to Hamburg in 1983 . Eight goalkeepers won the Champions League on three occasions : Juan Alonso : ( 1956 , 1957 and 1958 ) with Real Madrid . Heinz Stuy : ( 1971 , 1972 and 1973 ) with Ajax , he holds the record for three consecutive clean sheets in these finals . Sepp Maier : ( 1974 , 1975 and 1976 ) with Bayern Munich . Ray Clemence : ( 1977 , 1978 and 1981 ) with Liverpool . Víctor Valdés : ( 2006 , 2009 and 2011 ) with Barcelona . Iker Casillas : ( 2000 , 2002 and 2014 ) with Real Madrid . Keylor Navas : ( 2016 , 2017 and 2018 ) with Real Madrid . Kiko Casilla : ( 2016 , 2017 and 2018 ) with Real Madrid . Two goalkeepers won all three major UEFA club competitions : Stefano Tacconi : 1984 European Cup Winners ' Cup , 1985 European Cup and 1990 UEFA Cup all with Juventus . Vítor Baía : 1997 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup with Barcelona , 2003 UEFA Cup and 2004 UEFA Champions League with Porto . Assisting Cristiano Ronaldo holds the record of most assists in the competition with 37 assists . James Milner holds the record of most assists in one season : 9 assists in the 2017 -- 18 season . Three players finished twice at the top of the assists list ( including joint top ) : Kaká in 2004 -- 05 and 2011 -- 12 . Lionel Messi in 2011 -- 12 and 2014 -- 15 . Neymar in 2015 -- 16 and 2016 -- 17 . Two players provided four assists in one match : Zlatan Ibrahimović for Paris Saint - Germain against Dinamo Zagreb on 6 November 2012 . Neymar for Barcelona against Celtic on 13 September 2016 . Disciplinary Only three players have ever been sent off in a Champions League Final : Jens Lehmann ( Arsenal ) in the 2006 Final against Barcelona ( sent off by Terje Hauge in the 18th minute after bringing down Samuel Eto'o ) ; Didier Drogba ( Chelsea ) in the 2008 Final against Manchester United ( sent off by Ľuboš Micheľ in the 116th minute for slapping Nemanja Vidić ) ; and Juan Cuadrado ( Juventus ) in the 2017 Final against Real Madrid ( second yellow given by Felix Brych in the 84th minute for pushing Sergio Ramos ) . All three players ' teams lost their respective finals . Edgar Davids and Zlatan Ibrahimović jointly hold the record for the most red cards in the Champions League ; they have each been sent off four times . Patrick Vieira is also the only player to have been sent off for three different teams in the Champions League , with Arsenal , Juventus and Internazionale . Olexandr Kucher holds the record for the fastest red card ever in 2 minutes 39 seconds in 2014 -- 15 , when he was sent off in the match between his team Shakhtar Donetsk against Bayern Munich . Sergio Ramos holds the record for the most yellow cards in the Champions League , with 36 along with two straight red cards . Captaincy David Weir became the oldest player to start as captain in the Champions League era when he led Rangers against Bursaspor in 2010 -- 11 , aged 40 years and 212 days . Rúben Neves became the youngest player to start as captain in the Champions League era when he led Porto against Maccabi Tel Aviv in 2015 -- 16 , aged 18 years and 221 days . Trivia Michael Ballack became the first player to reach the Champions League quarter - finals with four separate clubs : Kaiserslautern , Bayer Leverkusen , Bayern Munich and Chelsea . Zlatan Ibrahimović became the first player to play in the Champions League group stages with seven different clubs : Ajax , Juventus , Internazionale , Barcelona , Milan , Paris Saint - Germain and Manchester United . Managers Main article : List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League winning managers All - time top coach appearances Alex Ferguson has made the most appearances in the competition . As of 10 April 2018 The table below does not include the qualification stage of the competition . Coach Country Apps Years Club ( s ) Alex Ferguson Scotland 190 1993 -- 2013 Manchester United Arsène Wenger France 178 1988 -- 2017 Monaco Arsenal Carlo Ancelotti Italy 154 1997 -- Parma Juventus Milan Chelsea Paris Saint - Germain Real Madrid Bayern Munich José Mourinho Portugal 135 2002 -- Porto Chelsea Internazionale Real Madrid Manchester United 5 Mircea Lucescu Romania 103 1998 -- 2016 Internazionale Galatasaray Beşiktaş Shakhtar Donetsk Pep Guardiola Spain 103 2008 -- Barcelona Bayern Munich Manchester City 7 Louis van Gaal Netherlands 95 1994 -- 2015 Ajax Barcelona Bayern Munich Manchester United Ottmar Hitzfeld Germany 95 1995 -- 2004 Borussia Dortmund Bayern Munich Rafael Benítez Spain 95 2002 -- 2015 Valencia Liverpool Internazionale Chelsea Napoli Real Madrid 10 Fabio Capello Italy 78 1992 -- 2007 Milan Roma Juventus Real Madrid Final and winning records Carlo Ancelotti is the only manager to hold the record of being a three - time champion and reaching four finals of the UEFA Champions League . Carlo Ancelotti holds the record of being a three - time champion and reaching four finals of the UEFA Champions League . Three managers have won the UEFA European Cup three times . Zinedine Zidane in 2016 , 2017 , 2018 ( all with Real Madrid ) . He is the only manager to have succeeded winning three consecutive times . Bob Paisley in 1977 , 1978 and 1981 ( all with Liverpool ) . Carlo Ancelotti in 2003 , 2007 ( Milan ) and 2014 ( Real Madrid ) . Four managers have managed four finalists : Marcello Lippi in 1996 , 1997 , 1998 and 2003 ( all with Juventus ) . Miguel Muñoz in 1960 , 1962 , 1964 and 1966 ( all with Real Madrid ) . Sir Alex Ferguson in 1999 , 2008 , 2009 and 2011 ( all with Manchester United ) . Carlo Ancelotti in 2003 , 2005 , 2007 ( all three Milan ) and 2014 ( Real Madrid ) . Seven individuals have won the Champions League as a player then later as a manager , three of them with the same club : Miguel Muñoz of Real Madrid won as a player in 1956 and 1957 and as a manager in 1960 and 1966 . Carlo Ancelotti won as a player in 1989 and 1990 and as a manager in 2003 and 2007 with Milan , then as a manager in 2014 with Real Madrid . Pep Guardiola of Barcelona won as a player in 1992 and as a manager in 2009 and 2011 . Giovanni Trapattoni won as a player in 1963 and 1969 , both with Milan , and as a manager in 1985 with Juventus . Johan Cruyff won as a player in 1971 , 1972 and 1973 , all with Ajax , and as a manager in 1992 with Barcelona . Frank Rijkaard won as a player in 1989 and 1990 , both with Milan and in 1995 with Ajax , and as a manager in 2006 with Barcelona . Zinedine Zidane of Real Madrid won as player in 2002 and as a manager in 2016 , 2017 and 2018 . Five managers have won the title with two different clubs : Ernst Happel did so with Feyenoord in 1970 and Hamburg in 1983 . Ottmar Hitzfeld did so with Borussia Dortmund in 1997 and Bayern Munich in 2001 . José Mourinho did it with Porto in 2004 and Internazionale in 2010 . Jupp Heynckes did so with Real Madrid in 1998 and Bayern Munich in 2013 . Carlo Ancelotti did so with Milan in 2003 and 2007 , and Real Madrid in 2014 . Ernst Happel is the only manager to reach the Champions League final with three different teams : Feyenoord ( 1970 ) , Club Brugge ( 1978 ) and Hamburg in ( 1983 ) . Winning other trophies Vicente del Bosque is the only manager to win the Champions League , the FIFA World Cup and the European Championship . Vicente del Bosque is the only manager to have won the Champions League , the World Cup and the European Championship : Real Madrid in 2000 and 2002 , the World Cup in 2010 and the European Championship in 2012 with Spain One other manager has won the Champions League as well as the World Cup : Marcello Lippi won the Champions League with Juventus in 1996 and the World Cup in 2006 with Italy Two other managers have won the European Cup as well as the European Championship : José Villalonga won the European Cup with Real Madrid in 1956 and 1957 and the European Championship in 1964 with Spain Rinus Michels won the European Cup with Ajax in 1971 and the European Championship in 1988 with Netherlands Two managers have won the Cup Winners ' Cup and the European Cup with the same club in two consecutive seasons : Nereo Rocco of Milan won the Cup Winners ' Cup in 1968 and the European Cup in 1969 Giovanni Trapattoni of Juventus won the Cup Winners ' Cup in 1984 and the European Cup in 1985 Three managers have won the UEFA Cup and the European Cup in two consecutive seasons , two of them with the same club : Bob Paisley won the UEFA Cup in 1976 and the European Cup in 1977 , both with Liverpool José Mourinho won the UEFA Cup in 2003 and the Champions League in 2004 , both with Porto Rafael Benítez won the UEFA Cup in 2004 with Valencia and the Champions League in 2005 with Liverpool Rafael Benítez is the only manager to have won the FIFA Club World Cup , the UEFA Cup , and the UEFA Champions League Two managers have won the Cup Winners ' Cup , the UEFA Cup and the European Cup : Giovanni Trapattoni of Juventus won the UEFA Cup in 1977 and 1993 , the Cup Winners ' Cup in 1984 and the European Cup in 1985 . He also won the UEFA Cup in 1991 with Internazionale . Udo Lattek won the European Cup in 1974 with Bayern Munich , the UEFA Cup in 1979 with Borussia Mönchengladbach and the Cup Winners ' Cup in 1982 with Barcelona . Other records Alex Ferguson holds the record of winning 114 European Cup and UEFA Champions League matches . Jupp Heynckes holds the record of most consecutive wins in the competition , twelve wins all with Bayern Munich . The winning run started on 2 April 2013 by beating Juventus 2 -- 0 in the quarter - finals , then winning the second leg , two semi-finals against Barcelona and the 2013 final against Borussia Dortmund . After two group stage matches with Carlo Ancelotti in the 2017 -- 18 season , Heynckes came out of retirement winning four group stage matches , two round of 16 matches , then he reached the twelfth successive win on 3 April 2018 by defeating Sevilla 2 -- 1 in the first leg of quarter - finals , the run ended with a goalless draw against Sevilla on the second leg . See also List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League finals List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League winning players List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League winning managers UEFA Cup and Europa League records and statistics List of UEFA Cup and Europa League winners Notes Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League - Season 2009 / 10 - Matchweek stats pack '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Retrieved 12 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Horncastle , James ( 5 October 2012 ) . `` AC Milan v Inter Milan : Financial troubles hit both clubs '' . BBC . Retrieved 22 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Umair , M.A. ( 7 May 2013 ) . `` Champions League Winners : The most successful countries and cities '' . SoccerLens . Retrieved 22 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` All - time records 1955 -- 2017 '' ( PDF ) . UEFA. 14 March 2018 . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` List of European official clubs ' cups and tournaments '' . uefa.com . Archived from the original on 31 January 2010 . Retrieved 21 August 2006 . Jump up ^ In addition , Juventus were the first club in association football history to have won all possible confederation competitions ( e.g. the international tournaments organised by UEFA ) and remain the only in the world to achieve this , cf . `` Legend : UEFA club competitions '' . Union des Associations Européennes de Football . 21 August 2006 . Archived from the original on 31 January 2010 . Retrieved 26 February 2013 . `` 1985 : Juventus end European drought '' . Union des Associations Européennes de Football . 8 December 1985 . Archived from the original on 8 December 2013 . Retrieved 26 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Club World Championship TOYOTA Cup : Solidarity -- the name of the game '' ( PDF ) . FIFA Activity Report 2005 . Zurich : Fédération Internationale de Football Association : 62 . April 2004 -- May 2005 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 17 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` We are the champions '' . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 1 December 2005 . Archived from the original on 30 April 2011 . Retrieved 28 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ivanović heads Chelsea to Europa League glory '' . Retrieved 29 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Stokkermans , Karel ( 2 June 2016 ) . `` Champions ' Cup / Champions League Trivia '' . RSSSF . Retrieved 21 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Portrait of an Iconic Manager : Sir Bobby Robson '' . Jump up ^ `` Italian media hit out at ' crazy ' Inter '' . ESPN Soccernet . Retrieved 28 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona make history with stunning comeback '' . UEFA.com . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Football Champions League Trivia : 50 things about the UCL ESPNSTAR.com Jump up ^ Davies , Christopher ( 13 September 2006 ) . `` Rosicky rocket sinks 10 - man Hamburg '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo landmark as Madrid wins 2 - 1 , ends Bayern record run '' . Mail Online . Jump up ^ `` Macht Report : Arsenal v Bayern Munich - FC Bayern München AG '' . FC Bayern München AG . ^ Jump up to : `` UEFA Champions League Statistics Handbook 2016 / 17 '' ( pdf ) . UEFA . p. 10 . Retrieved 22 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` UEFA Champions League Statistics Handbook 2017 / 18 '' ( pdf ) . UEFA . p. 11 . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League Statistics Handbook 2017 / 18 '' ( pdf ) . UEFA . pp. 4 , 6 , 10 . Retrieved 20 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League Statistics Handbook 2017 / 18 '' ( pdf ) . UEFA . pp. 8 , 9 , 10 . Retrieved 20 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League Statistics Handbook 2016 / 17 '' ( pdf ) . UEFA . p. 12 . Retrieved 25 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The official website for European football -- UEFA.com '' . UEFA.com . Jump up ^ `` Rooney 's debut hat - trick against Fenerbahçe '' . BBC Sport. 28 September 2004 . Retrieved 11 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Messi vs Ronaldo : The race to 100 Champions League goals is over '' . Goal.com. 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo first to reach 100 UCL goals with one team '' . ESPN . 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo breaks one Champions League goal record ... and has Lionel Messi in his sights '' . standard.co.uk . Retrieved 7 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo reaches new group stage high '' . UEFA . Retrieved 8 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ten in a row : what records does Cristiano Ronaldo hold ? '' . Union of European Football Associations. 3 April 2018 . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The fastest goal in the UEFA Champions League '' . ECA . Archived from the original on 13 April 2011 . Retrieved 4 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo makes history by scoring in third final '' . UEFA. 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Peck , Joshua ( 26 April 2018 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Real Madrid ace sets ANOTHER record in Bayern Munich win '' . Express.co.uk . Retrieved 26 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Vertelney , Seth ( 26 April 2018 ) . `` Serial winner Ronaldo breaks Champions League victory record despite Bayern blank '' . Goal.com . Retrieved 26 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Metro Sport Reporter ( 25 April 2018 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo sets new Champions League winning record as Real Madrid beat Bayern Munich '' . Metro.co.uk . Retrieved 26 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The UEFA Champions League 's oldest players '' . UEFA . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The official website for European football -- UEFA.com '' . UEFA.com . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League All time - Penalties '' . Statbunker . Retrieved 27 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool 3 Maribor 0 match report : Emre Can scores wonderful goal for Reds after Mohamed Salah 's opener and Daniel Sturridge scores third with Champions League knock - out stages one win away '' . The Sun . 2 November 2017 . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Svilar becomes youngest goalkeeper to save a Champions League penalty '' . Goal.com. 31 October 2017 . Retrieved 2 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Porto 3 x 1 Bayern Munich 15 / 04 / 2015 '' . YouTube . 15 April 2015 . Retrieved 2 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` All - time scorers ( own goals ) '' . worldfootball.net . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Champions League landmarks and milestones '' . UEFA.com. 28 October 2013 . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Hamilton , Fiona . `` Jens Lehmann '' . The Times . London . ^ Jump up to : `` The Champions League 's greatest ever goalkeepers '' . uefa.com. 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Iker Casillas '' Club matches '' Champions League `` . worldfootball.net . Jump up ^ `` Svilar becomes youngest keeper in Champions League '' . worldfootball.net . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . UEFA . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Milner beats Champions League assists record '' . UEFA . Retrieved 24 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Neymar matched a Zlatan Ibrahimovic record as Barca thrashed Celtic '' . 101 great goals . 14 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Oleksandr Kucher given fastest red card in Champions League history as Shakhtar defender is dismissed in third minute '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 22 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sergio Ramos is officially the dirtiest player in Champions League history as Real Madrid defender overtakes Paul Scholes on card count '' . The Sun . 7 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The UEFA Champions League 's oldest players '' . uefa.com . Jump up ^ `` Porto 's Rúben Neves makes history '' . uefa.com . Jump up ^ `` Michael Ballack '' . go.com . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League Statistics Handbook 2017 / 18 '' ( pdf ) . UEFA . p. 9 . Retrieved 20 December 2017 . Jump up ^ McCourt , Ian ( 7 May 2015 ) . `` Napoli 's Rafa Benítez has his eyes on another final in Europa League '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` In profile : Sir Alex Ferguson '' . UEFA. 18 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Heynckes sets Champions League record to leave Bayern wanting more '' . goal.com. 3 April 2018 . External links UEFA.com Top Scorers - European Champions Cup / League at Euro.Futbal.org hide UEFA club competitions records and statistics Records and statistics European Cup / Champions League Cup Winners ' Cup UEFA Cup / Europa League Intercontinental Cup Awards Men 's Player of the Year Award Women 's Player of the Year Award Club Football Awards Club Footballer of the Year Best European Goalkeeper The UEFA Plaque Team of the Year Golden Jubilee Poll Jubilee Awards hide European Cup and UEFA Champions League European Cup era , 1955 -- 1992 Seasons 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 Finals 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 UEFA Champions League era , 1992 -- present Seasons 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 2019 -- 20 Finals 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 History Finals Winning managers Winning players Records and statistics Top scorers Hat - tricks Appearances Performance comparison Anthem Broadcasters Trophy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_Cup_and_UEFA_Champions_League_records_and_statistics&oldid=846464624 '' Categories : UEFA Champions League Association football records and statistics All - time football league tables European records Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages under 30 - 500 editing restriction Use dmy dates from February 2013 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Deutsch Español Français Italiano Русский Shqip Türkçe 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018 , at 23 : 03 ( UTC ) . 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1847077991146873208	2018 Winter Olympics	2018 Winter Olympics - wikipedia 2018 Winter Olympics Jump to : navigation , search `` PyeongChang 2018 '' redirects here . For the Winter Paralympics , see 2018 Winter Paralympics . XXIII Olympic Winter Games Host city Pyeongchang County , South Korea Motto Passion . Connected . Korean : 하나 된 열정 . ( Hanadoen Yeoljeong ) Nations participating 92 Athletes participating 2,922 ( 1,680 men and 1,242 women ) Events 102 in 15 sports Opening ceremony 9 February Closing ceremony 25 February Officially opened by President Moon Jae - in Athlete 's Oath Mo Tae - bum Olympic Torch Kim Yu - na Stadium Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium Winter < Sochi 2014 Beijing 2022 > Summer < Rio 2016 Tokyo 2020 > Pyeongchang Winter Olympics Hangul 평창 동계 올림픽 대회 Hanja 平昌冬季 올림픽 大會 Revised Romanization Pyeongchang Donggye Ollimpik Daehoe McCune -- Reischauer P'yŏngch'ang Tonggye Ollimp'ik Taehoe XXIII Olympic Winter Games Hangul 제 23 회 동계 올림픽 대회 Hanja 第二十三回冬季 올림픽 大會 Revised Romanization Jeisipsamhoe Donggye Ollimpik Daehoe McCune -- Reischauer Cheisipsamhoe Tonggye Ollimp'ik Taehoe Part of a series on the 2018 Winter Olympics Bid process ( bid details ) Venues Torch relay Mascots Broadcasters Opening ceremony ( flag bearers ) Chronological summary Medal table ( medalists ) World and Olympic records Controversies ( ban on Russian athletes ) Closing ceremony ( flag bearers ) Paralympics IOC KOC POCOG The 2018 Winter Olympics , officially known as the XXIII Olympic Winter Games ( Korean : 제 23 회 동계 올림픽 , translit . Jeisipsamhoe Donggye Ollimpik ) and commonly known as PyeongChang 2018 , was a major multi-sport event held between 9 and 25 February 2018 in Pyeongchang County , Gangwon Province , South Korea , with the opening rounds for certain events held on 8 February 2018 , the eve of the opening ceremony . Pyeongchang was elected as the host city in July 2011 , during the 123rd IOC Session in Durban , South Africa . This marks the first time South Korea has hosted the Winter Olympics , and the second time the Olympic games have been held in the country , after the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul . It also marks the third time East Asia has hosted the Winter Games , after Sapporo , Japan ( 1972 ) , and Nagano , Japan ( 1998 ) , and the sixth overall Olympic Games held in East Asia . It was the first of three consecutive Olympic Games to be held in East Asia , preceding Tokyo 2020 ( Summer ) and Beijing 2022 ( Winter ) . The games featured 102 events in fifteen sports , with the addition of `` big air '' snowboarding , mass start speed skating , mixed doubles curling , and mixed team alpine skiing to the Winter Olympic programme . 2,914 athletes from 92 NOCs competed , including the debuts of Ecuador , Eritrea , Kosovo , Malaysia , Nigeria and Singapore . The lead - up to these Games was affected by the ongoing tensions between South Korea and North Korea , and the 2017 -- 18 missile crisis , which led to security concerns , with some countries threatening to skip the games unless their safety was assured . In January 2018 , after their first high - level talks in over two years , North Korea agreed to participate in the Games along with South Korea . The countries also agreed to march together , as a united `` Korea '' , during the opening ceremony , and to field a unified women 's ice hockey team . Contents ( hide ) 1 Bidding and election 2 Development and preparation 2.1 Medals 2.2 Torch relay 2.3 Venues 2.3. 1 Pyeongchang ( mountain cluster ) 2.3. 1.1 Alpensia Sports Park 2.3. 2 Stand - alone venues 2.3. 3 Gangneung ( coastal cluster ) 2.4 Ticketing 3 The Games 3.1 Opening ceremony 3.2 Sports 3.3 Participating National Olympic Committees 3.3. 1 Number of athletes by National Olympic Committee 3.4 Event scheduling 3.5 Calendar 3.6 Medal table 3.7 Podium sweeps 3.8 Records 3.9 Closing ceremony 4 Broadcasting 5 Marketing 5.1 Branding 5.2 Mascots 5.3 Video games 6 Concerns and controversies 6.1 North Korean relations 6.2 Russian doping 6.2. 1 Participation 6.2. 2 Official sanctions 6.2. 3 Reaction in Russia 6.2. 4 Reactions in Western media 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Bidding and election ( edit ) Main article : Bids for the 2018 Winter Olympics Pyeongchang bid to host both the 2010 and 2014 Winter Olympics , but lost in the final rounds of voting to Vancouver and Sochi respectively . Munich also launched a bid to host these Games . Prior to Beijing 's successful 2022 Winter Olympics bid , Munich would have become the first city to host both the Winter and the Summer Games , having previously hosted the 1972 Summer Olympics , but received only 25 votes . Annecy ( in southeastern France ) launched their own bid , which failed to secure public support from the local citizens . Their bid ended up receiving seven votes . Pyeongchang was elected as the host city at the 123rd IOC Session in Durban in 2011 , earning the necessary majority of at least 48 votes in just one round of voting , more votes than its competitors combined . With this , Pyeongchang became the third Asian city to host the Winter Games ; the first two were in Japan , at Sapporo ( 1972 ) and Nagano ( 1998 ) . 2018 Winter Olympics bidding results City Nation Votes Pyeongchang South Korea 63 Munich Germany 25 Annecy France 7 Development and preparation ( edit ) Pyeongchang Location in South Korea On 5 August 2011 , the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) announced the formation of the Pyeongchang 2018 Coordination Commission . On 4 October 2011 , it was announced that the Organizing Committee for the 2018 Winter Olympics would be headed by Kim Jin - sun . The Pyeongchang Organizing Committee for the 2018 Olympic & Paralympic Winter Games ( POCOG ) was launched at its inaugural assembly on 19 October 2011 . The first tasks of the organizing committee were putting together a master plan for the games as well as forming a design for the venues . The IOC Coordination Commission for the 2018 Winter Olympics made their first visit to Pyeongchang in March 2012 . By then , construction was already underway on the Olympic Village . In June 2012 , construction began on a high - speed rail line that is to connect Pyeongchang to Seoul . The International Paralympic Committee met for an orientation with the Pyeongchang 2018 organizing committee in July 2012 . Then - IOC President Jacques Rogge visited Pyeongchang for the first time in February 2013 . The Pyeongchang Organizing Committee for the 2018 Olympic & Paralympic Winter Games created Pyeongchang WINNERS in 2014 by recruiting university students living in South Korea to spread awareness of the Olympic Games through social networking services and news articles . Medals ( edit ) The Games ' medal designs were unveiled on 21 September 2017 . Designed by Lee Suk - woo , they feature a pattern of diagonal ridges on both sides , with the front including the Olympic rings , and the obverse featuring the Games ' emblem , the event name and the discipline . The edge of the medals features extrusions of hangul alphabets , while the ribbons are made from a traditional South Korean textile . Torch relay ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Winter Olympics torch relay 2018 Winter Olympics torch The torch relay started on 24 October 2017 in Greece and ended at the start of the Olympics on 9 February 2018 . On 1 November 2017 the relay entered Korea . The relay lasted 101 days . There were 7,500 torch bearers to represent the Korean population of 75 million people . There were also 2,018 support runners to guard the torch and act as messengers . The torch and its bearers traveled by a diverse means of transportation , including by turtle ship in Hansando Island , sailboat on the Baengmagang River in Buyeo , marine cable car in Yeosu , zip - wire over Bamseom Island , steam train in the Gokseong Train Village , marine rail bike along the east coast in Samcheok , and by yacht in Busan Metropolitan City . There were also robot torch relays in Jeju and Daejeon . Venues ( edit ) Olympic venues 2018 Main article : Venues of the 2018 Winter Olympics and Paralympics Dragon Valley Ski Resort The Olympic events were held in the county of Pyeongchang , except for the ice events , which take place in the neighboring city of Gangneung , and downhill , super-G and combined , which take place in the neighboring county of Jeongseon . Pyeongchang ( mountain cluster ) ( edit ) Alpensia sports park ( edit ) The Alpensia Resort in Daegwallyeong - myeon , Pyeongchang , was the focus of the 2018 Winter Olympics . Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium -- opening and closing ceremonies Alpensia Ski Jumping Centre -- ski jumping , Nordic combined , snowboarding ( big air ) Alpensia Biathlon Centre -- biathlon Alpensia Cross-Country Centre -- cross-country skiing , Nordic combined Alpensia Sliding Centre -- luge , bobsleigh , and skeleton Olympic Village Yongpyong Alpine Centre -- alpine skiing ( slalom , giant slalom ) Stand - alone venues ( edit ) Bogwang Phoenix Park in Bongpyeong - myeon , Pyeongchang -- freestyle skiing and snowboard Jeongseon Alpine Centre in Pyeongchang 's neighboring county of Jeongseon -- alpine skiing ( downhill , super-G and combined ) Gangneung ( coastal cluster ) ( edit ) The coastal cluster is located in Pyeongchang 's neighboring city of Gangneung . The Gangneung Olympic Park includes the following four venues : Gangneung Hockey Centre -- ice hockey ( men 's competition ) Gangneung Curling Centre -- curling Gangneung Oval -- speed skating Gangneung Ice Arena -- short track speed skating and figure skating In addition , a stand - alone venue is located on the grounds of Catholic Kwandong University : Kwandong Hockey Centre -- ice hockey ( women 's competition ) Ticketing ( edit ) Ticket prices for the 2018 Winter Olympics were announced in April 2016 and tickets went on sale in October 2016 . Event tickets ranged in price from ₩ 20,000 ( approx . US $ 17 ) to ₩ 900,000 ( ~ US $776 ) while tickets for the opening and closing ceremonies ranged from ₩ 220,000 ( ~ US $190 ) to ₩ 1.5 million ( ~ US $1293 ) . The exact prices were determined through market research ; around 50 % of the tickets were expected to cost about ₩ 80,000 ( ~ US $69 ) or less , and tickets in sports that are relatively unknown in the region , such as biathlon and luge , were made cheaper in order to encourage attendance . By contrast , figure skating and the men 's ice hockey gold - medal game carried the most expensive tickets of the Games . As of 11 October 2017 , domestic ticket sales for the Games were reported to be slow . Of the 750,000 seats allocated to South Koreans , only 20.7 % had been sold . International sales were more favorable , with 59.7 % of the 320,000 allocated tickets sold . However , as of 31 January 2018 , 77 % of all tickets had been sold . The Games ( edit ) Opening ceremony ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Winter Olympics opening ceremony The opening ceremony of the 2018 Winter Olympics was held at the Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium on 9 February 2018 ; the US $100 million facility was only intended to be used for the opening and closing ceremonies of these Olympics and the subsequent Paralympics , and is scheduled to be demolished following their conclusion . Sports ( edit ) The 2018 Winter Olympics featured 102 events in 15 sports , making it the first Winter Olympics to surpass 100 medal events . Six new events in existing sports were introduced to the Winter Olympic program in Pyeongchang , including men 's and ladies ' big air snowboarding , mixed doubles curling , men 's and ladies ' mass start speed skating , and mixed team alpine skiing . Alpine skiing ( 11 ) ( details ) Biathlon ( 11 ) ( details ) Bobsleigh ( 3 ) ( details ) Cross-country skiing ( 12 ) ( details ) Curling ( 3 ) ( details ) Figure skating ( 5 ) ( details ) Freestyle skiing ( 10 ) ( details ) Ice hockey ( 2 ) ( details ) Luge ( 4 ) ( details ) Nordic combined ( 3 ) ( details ) Short track speed skating ( 8 ) ( details ) Skeleton ( 2 ) ( details ) Ski jumping ( 4 ) ( details ) Snowboarding ( 10 ) ( details ) Speed skating ( 14 ) ( details ) Numbers in parentheses indicate the number of medal events contested in each sport . For the first time since 1998 , the National Hockey League did not provide accommodations ( including a break in the season for all teams during the Olympics ) to allow its players to participate in the men 's ice hockey tournament . The NHL 's decision stemmed from their demands that the IOC cover the cost of insuring the NHL players who participated in the Games . Although the IOC did pay to insure NHL players in Sochi , the commission was unwilling to do so for Pyeongchang , and was concerned that the NHL 's demand could set a precedent for other professional sports bodies to follow . NHL Commissioner Gary Bettman added that a factor in the decision was that the IOC did not allow the NHL to promote the involvement of its players in the Olympics . The NHL secured the cooperation of the International Ice Hockey Federation and the IOC , who agreed to establish a blacklist forbidding national teams from nominating or accepting players under NHL contract to their Olympic rosters . Participating national Olympic Committees ( edit ) A total of 92 teams qualified at least one athlete to compete in the Games . Six nations made their Winter Olympics debut : Ecuador , Eritrea , Kosovo , Malaysia , Nigeria and Singapore . Athletes from three further countries -- the Cayman Islands , Dominica and Peru -- qualified to compete , but all three National Olympic Committees returned the quota spots back to the International Ski Federation ( FIS ) . Under an historic agreement facilitated by the IOC , qualified athletes from North Korea were allowed to cross the Korean Demilitarized Zone into South Korea to compete in the Games . The two nations marched together under the Korean Unification Flag during the opening ceremony . A unified Korean team , consisting of 12 players from North Korea and 23 from South Korea , competed in the women 's ice hockey tournament under a special IOC country code designation ( COR ) following talks in Panmunjom on 17 January 2018 . The two nations also participated separately : the South Korea team competed in every sport and the North Korea team competed in alpine skiing , cross-country skiing , figure skating and short track speed skating . See North Korea at the 2018 Winter Olympics for further details . On 5 December 2017 , the IOC announced that the Russian Olympic Committee had been suspended due to the Russian doping controversy and the investigation into the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi . Individual Russian athletes , who qualified and could demonstrate they had complied with the IOC 's doping regulations , were given the option to compete at the 2018 games as `` Olympic Athletes from Russia '' ( OAR ) under the Olympic flag and with the Olympic anthem played at any ceremony . The participating countries at the Winter Olympics 2018 Debuting countries at the Winter Olympics ( hide ) Participating National Olympic Committees Albania ( 2 ) Andorra ( 5 ) Argentina ( 7 ) Armenia ( 3 ) Australia ( 50 ) Austria ( 105 ) Azerbaijan ( 1 ) Belarus ( 33 ) Belgium ( 22 ) Bermuda ( 1 ) Bolivia ( 2 ) Bosnia and Herzegovina ( 4 ) Brazil ( 9 ) Bulgaria ( 21 ) Canada ( 226 ) Chile ( 7 ) China ( 80 ) Chinese Taipei ( 4 ) Colombia ( 4 ) Croatia ( 19 ) Cyprus ( 1 ) Czech Republic ( 95 ) Denmark ( 17 ) East Timor ( 1 ) Ecuador ( 1 ) Eritrea ( 1 ) Estonia ( 22 ) Finland ( 106 ) France ( 108 ) Georgia ( 4 ) Germany ( 156 ) Ghana ( 1 ) Great Britain ( 58 ) Greece ( 4 ) Hong Kong ( 1 ) Hungary ( 19 ) Iceland ( 5 ) India ( 2 ) Iran ( 4 ) Ireland ( 5 ) Israel ( 10 ) Italy ( 122 ) Jamaica ( 3 ) Japan ( 124 ) Kazakhstan ( 46 ) Kenya ( 1 ) Korea ( 35 ) Kosovo ( 1 ) Kyrgyzstan ( 2 ) Latvia ( 34 ) Lebanon ( 3 ) Liechtenstein ( 3 ) Lithuania ( 9 ) Luxembourg ( 1 ) Macedonia ( 3 ) Madagascar ( 1 ) Malaysia ( 2 ) Malta ( 1 ) Mexico ( 4 ) Moldova ( 2 ) Monaco ( 4 ) Mongolia ( 2 ) Montenegro ( 3 ) Morocco ( 2 ) Netherlands ( 33 ) New Zealand ( 20 ) Nigeria ( 3 ) North Korea ( 10 ) Norway ( 109 ) Olympic Athletes from Russia ( 168 ) Pakistan ( 2 ) Philippines ( 2 ) Poland ( 62 ) Portugal ( 2 ) Puerto Rico ( 1 ) Romania ( 27 ) San Marino ( 1 ) Serbia ( 4 ) Singapore ( 1 ) Slovakia ( 56 ) Slovenia ( 71 ) South Africa ( 1 ) South Korea ( 123 ) ( host nation ) Spain ( 13 ) Sweden ( 116 ) Switzerland ( 169 ) Thailand ( 4 ) Togo ( 1 ) Tonga ( 1 ) Turkey ( 8 ) Ukraine ( 33 ) United States ( 242 ) Uzbekistan ( 2 ) NOCs that participated in 2014 , but not in 2018 . NOCs that participated in 2018 , but not in 2014 . British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Dominica Nepal Paraguay Peru Russia Tajikistan Venezuela Virgin Islands Zimbabwe Bolivia Colombia Ecuador Eritrea Ghana Kenya Korea Kosovo Madagascar Malaysia Nigeria North Korea Olympic Athletes from Russia Puerto Rico Singapore South Africa Number of athletes by national Olympic Committee ( edit ) ( show ) IOC Code Country Athletes USA United States 242 CAN Canada 225 SUI Switzerland 169 OAR Olympic Athletes from Russia 168 GER Germany 156 JPN Japan 124 KOR South Korea 123 ITA Italy 122 SWE Sweden 116 NOR Norway 109 FRA France 107 FIN Finland 106 AUT Austria 105 CZE Czech Republic 95 CHN China 80 SLO Slovenia 71 POL Poland 62 GBR Great Britain 58 SVK Slovakia 56 AUS Australia 50 KAZ Kazakhstan 46 COR Korea 35 LAT Latvia 34 NED Netherlands 33 BLR Belarus 33 UKR Ukraine 33 ROU Romania 27 EST Estonia 22 BEL Belgium 22 BUL Bulgaria 21 NZL New Zealand 20 CRO Croatia 19 HUN Hungary 19 DEN Denmark 17 ESP Spain 13 ISR Israel 10 PRK North Korea 10 BRA Brazil 9 LTU Lithuania 9 TUR Turkey 8 CHI Chile 7 ARG Argentina 7 AND Andorra 5 ISL Iceland 5 IRL Ireland 5 BIH Bosnia and Herzegovina COL Colombia GEO Georgia GRE Greece IRI Iran MEX Mexico MON Monaco SRB Serbia TPE Chinese Taipei THA Thailand ARM Armenia JAM Jamaica LBN Lebanon LIE Liechtenstein MKD Macedonia MNE Montenegro NGR Nigeria ALB Albania BOL Bolivia IND India KGZ Kyrgyzstan MAS Malaysia MDA Moldova MGL Mongolia MAR Morocco PAK Pakistan PHI Philippines POR Portugal UZB Uzbekistan AZE Azerbaijan BER Bermuda CYP Cyprus ECU Ecuador ERI Eritrea GHA Ghana HKG Hong Kong KEN Kenya KOS Kosovo LUX Luxembourg MAD Madagascar MLT Malta PUR Puerto Rico SMR San Marino SGP Singapore RSA South Africa TLS East Timor TGA Tonga TOG Togo Apart from the respective delegations , North Korea and South Korea formed a unified Korean women 's ice hockey team . Russian athletes participated as Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) if individually cleared by the IOC . Event scheduling ( edit ) To accommodate primetime broadcasts in the Americas , figure skating events were scheduled with morning start times ; figure skating in particular has typically been one of the most popular Winter Olympic events among American / Latin American viewers . This scheduling practice has had an impact on the events themselves , including skaters having to adjust to the modified schedule , as well as the attendance levels of the sessions themselves . Controversially , eight of the eleven biathlon events were scheduled at night , making it necessary for biathletes to compete under difficult conditions for those events , such as skiing and shooting under floodlights , colder temperatures , and blustery winds . Calendar ( edit ) See also : Chronological summary of the 2018 Winter Olympics All dates are KST ( UTC + 9 ) OC Opening ceremony Event competitions Event finals EG Exhibition gala CC Closing ceremony February 8th Thu 9th Fri 10th Sat 11th Sun 12th Mon 13th Tue 14th Wed 15th Thu 16th Fri 17th Sat 18th Sun 19th Mon 20th Tue 21st Wed 22nd Thu 23rd Fri 24th Sat 25th Sun Events Ceremonies OC CC N / A Alpine skiing 11 Biathlon 11 Bobsleigh Cross-country skiing 12 Curling Figure skating EG 5 Freestyle skiing 10 Ice hockey Luge Nordic combined Short track speed skating 8 Skeleton Ski jumping Snowboarding 10 Speed skating 14 Daily medal events 0 0 5 6 7 8 9 7 9 6 5 7 10 8 102 Cumulative total 0 0 5 11 18 26 30 39 46 55 61 64 69 76 86 90 98 102 February 8th Thu 9th Fri 10th Sat 11th Sun 12th Mon 13th Tue 14th Wed 15th Thu 16th Fri 17th Sat 18th Sun 19th Mon 20th Tue 21st Wed 22nd Thu 23rd Fri 24th Sat 25th Sun Total events Medal table ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Winter Olympics medal table Host nation ( South Korea ) Rank NOC Gold Silver Bronze Total Norway ( NOR ) 14 14 11 39 Germany ( GER ) 14 10 7 31 Canada ( CAN ) 11 8 10 29 United States ( USA ) 9 8 6 23 5 Netherlands ( NED ) 8 6 6 20 6 Sweden ( SWE ) 7 6 14 7 South Korea ( KOR ) 5 8 17 8 Switzerland ( SUI ) 5 6 15 9 France ( FRA ) 5 6 15 10 Austria ( AUT ) 5 6 14 11 Japan ( JPN ) 5 13 12 Italy ( ITA ) 5 10 13 Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) 6 9 17 14 Czech Republic ( CZE ) 7 15 Belarus ( BLR ) 0 16 China ( CHN ) 6 9 17 Slovakia ( SVK ) 0 18 Finland ( FIN ) 6 19 Great Britain ( GBR ) 0 5 20 Poland ( POL ) 0 21 Hungary ( HUN ) 0 0 Ukraine ( UKR ) 0 0 23 Australia ( AUS ) 0 24 Slovenia ( SLO ) 0 25 Belgium ( BEL ) 0 0 26 Spain ( ESP ) 0 0 New Zealand ( NZL ) 0 0 28 Kazakhstan ( KAZ ) 0 0 Latvia ( LAT ) 0 0 Liechtenstein ( LIE ) 0 0 Total ( 30 NOCs ) 103 102 102 307 Podium sweeps ( edit ) Three podium sweeps were recorded during the Games . Date Sport Event NOC Gold Silver Bronze Ref 10 February Speed skating Women 's 3000 metres Netherlands Carlijn Achtereekte Ireen Wüst Antoinette de Jong 11 February Cross-country skiing Men 's 30 km skiathlon Norway Simen Hegstad Krüger Martin Johnsrud Sundby Hans Christer Holund 20 February Nordic combined Individual large hill / 10 km Germany Johannes Rydzek Fabian Rießle Eric Frenzel Records ( edit ) Main article : World and Olympic records set at the 2018 Winter Olympics On 8 February , the day before the opening of the Games , Noriaki Kasai of Japan took part in the ski jumping qualification . In doing so he became the first athlete in history to participate in eight Winter Olympics . The record was previously held by the Russian luger Albert Demchenko , who had participated seven times . On 11 February , Dutch speed skater Sven Kramer won a gold medal in the men 's 5000m event , making him the only male speed skater to win the same Olympic event three times . He also became the first man to win a total of eight Olympic medals in speed skating . On 12 February , Ireen Wüst of the Netherlands became the first speed skater , male or female , to win ten Winter Olympic medals and the first female Winter Olympian to win nine individual medals . She also won an individual gold medal for the fourth Olympics in a row , the first time this was achieved by a Winter Olympian . On 14 February , Dutch athlete Jorien ter Mors won a speed skating gold medal in the 1000 meters ; on 20 February , she was part of the Dutch short track team that won the bronze in the 3000 metre relay . In doing so , she became the first female athlete to win Olympic medals in two different sports at a single Winter Games . On 15 February , German figure skaters Aliona Savchenko and Bruno Massot set a new ISU best free skating score of 159.31 in pair skating . On 16 February , American Nathan Chen became the first figure skater to land five quadruple jumps in one program . On 19 February , Germany and Canada tied for gold in the two - man bobsleigh event . This was only the second time in history that two countries had tied for a gold medal in this particular event , the first time being in the 1998 Winter Olympics twenty years earlier . On 19 February , Canadian figure skaters Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir set a new ISU best short dance score of 83.67 in ice dance and they set a new ISU best combined total score of 206.07 on 20 February . That same day , Gabriella Papadakis and Guillaume Cizeron set a new ISU best free dance score of 123.35 in ice dance . On 21 February , Norwegian cross-country skier Marit Bjørgen won a bronze medal in the women 's team sprint ; this was her fourth medal at the 2018 Games and a record fourteenth Olympic medal , surpassing the previous record of fellow Norwegian athlete Ole Einar Bjørndalen who holds a total of thirteen Olympic medals . Then on 25 February Bjørgen won a gold medal in the 30 kilometre classical event , bringing her total Olympic medal haul to fifteen , the most won by any athlete ( male or female ) in Winter Olympics history . On 22 February , Chinese short track speed skater Wu Dajing beat the world record twice en route to winning a gold medal in the men 's 500 metres and became only the second person in history to have skated the discipline in less than 40 seconds ( after American J.R. Celski ) , and the first person to achieve this at `` sea level '' . On 23 February , Russian figure skater Alina Zagitova set a new ISU best short program score of 82.92 in Ladies ' single skating . On 24 February , Ester Ledecká of the Czech Republic became the first athlete ever to compete at the Winter Olympics in both alpine skiing and snowboarding . On 17 February , she won a gold medal in the skiing super-G event and one week later , on 24 February , she won a second gold medal in the snowboarding parallel giant slalom . In so doing , she became the first female athlete to win Olympic gold medals in two different sports at a single Winter Games . On 24 February , Norway won a bronze medal in the alpine skiing mixed team event , their 38th medal at the 2018 Winter Olympics . In doing so , they set a new record for the highest number of medals won at a single Olympics . The USA team held the previous record , winning 37 medals in Vancouver in 2010 . By the end of the Games the Norwegian team had won one further medal , the gold won by Marit Bjørgen on 25 February , setting a new record of 39 Winter Olympic medals in a single Games . Closing ceremony ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Winter Olympics closing ceremony The closing ceremony of the 2018 Winter Olympics was held at the Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium on 25 February 2018 , as Thomas Bach , the IOC president , declared the Games closed , and the cauldron extinguished . Broadcasting ( edit ) Main article : List of 2018 Winter Olympics broadcasters Broadcast rights to the 2018 Winter Olympics in some countries were already sold as part of long - term broadcast rights deals , including the Games ' local rightsholder SBS , which in July 2011 had extended its rights to the Olympics through to 2024 . SBS sub-licensed its rights to MBC and KBS . On 29 June 2015 , the IOC announced that Discovery Communications had acquired exclusive rights to the Olympics across all of Europe outside of Russia , from 2018 through to 2024 . Discovery 's pan-European Eurosport networks were promoted as the main rightsholder of the Games , but Discovery free - to - air channels such as DMAX in Spain , Kanal 5 in Sweden and TVNorge in Norway , were also involved . Discovery was required to sub-licence at least 100 hours of coverage to free - to - air broadcasters in each market ; some of these agreements required certain sports to be exclusive to Eurosport and its affiliated networks . The deal did not initially cover France due to France Télévisions ' rights , which run through to the 2020 Games . In the United Kingdom , Discovery held exclusive pay television rights under license from the BBC , in return for BBC sub-licencing the free - to - air rights to the 2022 and 2024 Olympics from Discovery . Despite the Russian team being formally banned from competing under its flag in Pyeongchang , Russian state broadcaster Channel One , and sports channel Match TV , still committed to covering the Games with a focus on Russian athletes . Russia was not affected by the Eurosport deal , due to a pre-existing contract held by a marketing agency which runs through to 2024 . In the United States , the Games once again were broadcast by NBCUniversal properties under a long - term contract ; it was NBC 's first Olympics without long - time primary host Bob Costas , who announced on 7 February 2017 his retirement from the role in favour of Mike Tirico . On 28 March 2017 , NBC also said that it would air most primetime coverage simultaneously in all time zones in the United States , and not broadcast on a tape delay as they had in past Olympics ( although as per prior practice , the ceremonies were still delayed to primetime for the U.S. audience , but the network did reverse its previous practice of not streaming the opening ceremony live online ) . U.S. Eastern Time is 14 hours behind Pyeongchang , which allows certain events to be broadcast live in the U.S. primetime hours . NHK and Olympic Broadcasting Services once again filmed portions of the Games , including 90 hours of footage of selected events and the opening ceremonies , in high - dynamic - range 8K resolution video . In South Korea , ATSC 3.0 terrestrial broadcasts at 4K resolution were introduced in 2017 in time for the Olympics . In the U.S. , this footage is being delivered in 4K by NBCUniversal parent Comcast to participating television providers , including its own Xfinity and some over-the - air test coverage in the format on Raleigh , North Carolina NBC affiliate WRAL - EX ( an experimental station using the future ATSC 3.0 standard ) , as well as DirecTV and Dish Network . Also , the Games showcased a 5G mobile communications proof - of - concept using technology from Intel and Nokia and a national telecommunications firm , SK Telecom . Marketing ( edit ) Branding ( edit ) Gold medal of the 2018 Olympics The emblem for the Games was unveiled on 3 May 2013 . It is a stylized representation of the hangul letters ᄑ p and ᄎ ch , being the initial sounds of 평창 Pyeongchang . The left symbol is said to represent the Korean philosophical triad of heaven , earth and humanity ( Korean : 천지인 cheon - ji - in ) , and the right symbol a crystal of ice . In the emblem and all official materials , Pyeongchang was stylized in CamelCase as `` PyeongChang '' , in order to alleviate potential confusion with Pyongyang -- the similarly - named capital of neighbouring North Korea . Mascots ( edit ) Main article : Soohorang and Bandabi The official mascots for the Games , Soohorang ( 수 호랑 ) , a white tiger , and Bandabi ( 반 다비 ) , an Asiatic black bear , were unveiled on 2 June 2016 . Video Games ( edit ) In June 2017 , Ubisoft announced that it would release an expansion pack for its winter sports video game Steep entitled Road to the Olympics , which features new game modes and content inspired by the 2018 Winter Olympics . In November 2017 , the IOC announced it would support and sponsor an Intel Extreme Masters StarCraft II tournament in Pyeongchang preceding the Games . Its support of the tournament as a de facto demonstration event came on the heels of a report by the IOC which recognized that eSports `` could be considered as a sporting activity '' . The tournament was won by Sasha `` Scarlett '' Hostyn of Canada ; she became the second North American pro to place first at a major StarCraft II tournament in South Korea , and the first woman to win a major tournament . Concerns and controversies ( edit ) Main article : Concerns and controversies at the 2018 Winter Olympics North Korean relations ( edit ) See also : North Korea -- South Korea relations and North Korea at the 2018 Winter Olympics Protesters at Gwanghwamun Plaza criticizing the game 's pro-North Korean measures , calling it the `` Pyongyang Olympics '' Due to the state of relations between North and South Korea , concerns were raised over the security of the 2018 Winter Olympics , especially in the wake of tensions over North Korean missile and nuclear tests . On 20 September 2017 , South Korean president Moon Jae - in stated that the country would ensure the security of the Games . The next day , Laura Flessel - Colovic , the French Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports , stated that France would pull out of the Games if the safety of its delegation could not be guaranteed . The next day , Austria and Germany raised similar concerns and also threatened to skip the Games . France later reaffirmed its participation . In early December 2017 , the United States Ambassador to the United Nations , Nikki Haley , told Fox News that it was an `` open question '' whether the United States was going to participate in the games , citing security concerns in the region . However , days later the White House Press Secretary , Sarah Huckabee Sanders , stated that the United States would participate . In his New Year 's address on 1 January 2018 , North Korean leader Kim Jong - un proposed talks in Seoul over the country 's participation in the Games , which would be the first high - level talks between the North and South in over two years . Because of the talks , held on 9 January , North Korea agreed to field athletes in Pyeongchang . On 17 January 2018 , it was announced that North and South Korea had agreed to field a unified Korean women 's ice hockey team at the Games , and to enter together under a Korean Unification Flag during the opening ceremony . These moves were met with opposition in South Korea , including protests and online petitions ; critics argued that the government was attempting to use the Olympics to spread pro-North Korean sentiment , and that the unified hockey team would fail . A rap video entitled `` The Regret for Pyeongchang '' ( 평창 유감 ) , which echoed this criticism and called the event the `` Pyongyang Olympics '' , went viral in the country . Japan 's foreign affairs minister Tarō Kōno warned South Korea to be wary of North Korea 's `` charm offensive '' , and not to ease its pressure on the country . The South Korean President , Moon Jae - in , at the start of the Olympics shook hands with the sister of North Korean leader Kim Jong - un and a prominent figure of the regime , Kim Yo - jong . This marked the first time since the Korean War that a member of the ruling Kim dynasty had visited South Korea . In contrast , US Vice President Mike Pence met North Korean defectors in PyeongChang joined by Fred Warmbier , whose son Otto died the year before after being released from North Korean captivity . American officials said that North Korea cancelled a meeting with Pence at the last minute . The apparent softening of relations between the two countries was marred by North Korea dispatching general Kim Yong - chol to head the North Korean delegation present at the closing ceremony . The arrival of Kim , held responsible by South Korea for the deaths of dozens of South Korean navy personnel , was met with ' hostility ' but the government did not oppose his presence at the Olympics . The general ended up being seated in the same stand as the daughter of the president of the USA , Ivanka Trump . Russian doping ( edit ) Main articles : Doping in Russia , McLaren Report , Oswald Commission , Russia at the 2014 Winter Olympics § Doping scandal after Olympics , Russia at the 2016 Summer Olympics , and Olympic Athletes from Russia at the 2018 Winter Olympics Participation ( edit ) Russia 's participation in the Winter Olympics was affected by the aftermath of its state - sponsored doping program . As a result the International Olympic Committee suspended the Russian Olympic Committee . Russian athletes whitelisted by the IOC were allowed to compete neutrally in Pyeongchang , but they were not allowed to compete under the Russian flag . Official sanctions ( edit ) Approved OAR logo On 5 December 2017 , the IOC announced that the Russian Olympic Committee had been suspended from the 2018 Winter Olympics with immediate effect . Athletes who had no previous drug violations and a consistent history of drug testing were to be allowed to compete under the Olympic Flag as an Olympic Athlete from Russia ( OAR ) . Under the terms of the decree , Russian government officials were barred from the Games , and neither the country 's flag nor anthem would be present . The Olympic Flag and Olympic Anthem were scheduled to be used instead , and on 20 December 2017 the IOC proposed an alternative logo for the uniforms ( shown on right ) . IOC President Thomas Bach said that `` after following due process ( the IOC ) has issued proportional sanctions for this systematic manipulation while protecting the clean athletes '' . By early January 2018 , the IOC had sanctioned 43 Russian athletes from the 2014 Winter Olympics and banned them from competing in the 2018 edition and all other future Olympic Games as part of the Oswald Commission . All but one of these athletes appealed against their bans to the Court of Arbitration for Sport . The court overturned the sanctions on 28 athletes meaning that their Sochi medals and results were reinstated but decided that there was sufficient evidence against 11 athletes to uphold their Sochi sanctions . The IOC said in a statement that `` the result of the CAS decision does not mean that athletes from the group of 28 will be invited to the Games . Not being sanctioned does not automatically confer the privilege of an invitation '' and that `` this ( case ) may have a serious impact on the future fight against doping '' . The IOC said `` that the CAS decision does not mean that these 28 athletes are innocent '' and that they would consider an appeal against the court 's decision . The court also decided that none of the 39 athletes should be banned from all future Olympic Games , but only the 2018 Games . Three Russian athletes are still waiting for their hearing which is scheduled to be conducted after the 2018 Games . After the partially successful appeal , 47 Russian athletes and coaches again appealed to the CAS trying to secure an invitation to the Games . The appeal was dismissed on 9 February 2018 , the day of the opening ceremony , which was a welcome decision for the IOC . An original pool of 500 Russian athletes were put forward for consideration for the Games and 111 were immediately removed from consideration . The remaining athletes were required to meet pre-games conditions such as further pre-games tests and reanalysis from stored samples . The athletes would be considered for invitation to the Games only if these requirements were met . None of the athletes who had been sanctioned by the Oswald Commission were still in the pool . The final number of neutral Russian athletes invited to compete was 169 . However , speed skater Olga Graf chose not to compete stating that `` the sport has become a bargaining chip in dirty political games '' . This meant that the final number of neutral Russians competing at the Games was reduced to 168 . During the games , two Russian athletes out of the 168 who competed failed doping tests and were disqualified : curler Aleksandr Krushelnitckii who won a bronze medal in the mixed doubles event ; and bob - sledder Nadezhda Sergeeva who finished 12th in the two - woman event . The IOC expressed their disappointment at the positive doping tests and stated that the Olympic Athletes from Russia team would consequently not be allowed to parade under the Russian flag at the closing ceremony . On 28 February 2018 the IOC announced that it had chosen to reinstate Russia 's Olympic membership , just days after the end of the Winter Games . The surprise decision provoked anger among the international sporting community . The IOC had planned to reinstate Russia after the Games provided there were no more failed tests . Their statement read `` The suspension of the Russian Olympic Committee is automatically lifted with immediate effect . '' Reaction in Russia ( edit ) In the past , Vladimir Putin , the President of Russia , and other officials had said that it would be a humiliation for Russia if its athletes were not allowed to compete under the Russian flag . However , his spokesman later said that no boycott had been discussed . After the IOC decision was announced , Ramzan Kadyrov , the Head of Chechnya , announced that no Chechen athletes would participate under a neutral flag . On 6 December , Putin stated that the Russian government would not prevent any athletes from participating at the Games as individuals , but there were calls from other politicians for a boycott . Gennady Zyuganov , a leader of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation , proposed to send fans with a Soviet Victory Banner . Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs Sergey Lavrov has said that the United States `` fears honest competition '' , affirming Vladimir Putin 's position who had said that the United States used its influence within the International Olympic Committee to `` orchestrate the doping scandal '' . According to Komsomolskaya Pravda , a popular Russian newspaper , 86 % of the Russian population oppose participating in the Olympics under a neutral flag . Despite the OAR designation , many Russian fans still attended the Games , wearing the Russian colours and chanting `` Russia ! '' in unison , in an act of defiance against the ban . Reactions in western Media ( edit ) The IOC 's decision was criticized by Jack Robertson , primary investigator of the Russian doping program on behalf of the World Anti-Doping Agency , who said that the IOC has issued `` a non-punitive punishment meant to save face while protecting the ( IOC 's ) and Russia 's commercial and political interests '' . He also emphasized that Russian whistleblowers provided empirical evidence that `` 99 percent of ( their ) national - level teammates were doping '' . According to Robertson , `` ( WADA ) has discovered that when a Russian athlete ( reaches ) the national level , he or she ( has ) no choice in the matter : ( it is ) either dope , or you 're done '' . `` There is currently no intelligence I have seen or heard about that indicates the state - sponsored doping program has ceased '' , he added . It was also reported that Russian officials intensively lobbied US politicians in an apparent attempt to achieve Grigory Rodchenkov 's ( main whistleblower ) extradition to Russia . Justin Peters of Slate magazine wrote that the IOC `` ended up with a situation that seemed to negate the entire point of the sanctions against Russia . The IOC did not want there to be a Russian Olympic team at the Pyeongchang Games . And yet the hockey , curling , and figure - skating arenas are full of teams of Russian Olympians ... ( this is ) a half - hearted wrist slap issued by an entity that appears more interested in saving face than in protecting athletes '' . CAS decision to overturn life bans of 28 Russian athletes and restore their medals met fierce criticism among Olympic officials , including IOC president Thomas Bach who had said this decision is `` extremely disappointing and surprising '' . Grigory Rodchenkov 's lawyer has said that `` the CAS decision would allow doped athletes to escape without punishment '' . `` ( CAS decision ) provides yet another ill - gotten gain for the corrupt Russian doping system generally , and Putin specifically '' , he added . See also ( edit ) Olympics portal 2018 Summer Youth Olympics References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Boram , Kim ( 9 February 2018 ) . `` ( Olympics ) S. Korean speed skater Mo Tae - bum takes Olympic Oath '' . Yonhap News Agency . english.yonhapnews.co.kr . Archived from the original on 9 February 2018 . Retrieved 9 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Korean figure skater Kim Yuna lights Olympic cauldron '' . Reuters . uk.reuters.com. 9 February 2018 . Archived from the original on 9 February 2018 . Retrieved 9 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pyeongchang picked to host 2018 Winter Games '' . ESPN.com. 6 July 2011 . Archived from the original on 7 February 2018 . Retrieved 6 February 2018 . 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External links ( edit ) Find more about2018 Winter Olympicsat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Travel guide from Wikivoyage Data from Wikidata Pyeongchang 2018 Pyeongchang 2018 ( IOC ) Preceded by Sochi Winter Olympics Pyeongchang XXIII Olympic Winter Games ( 2018 ) Succeeded by Beijing Olympic Games Ceremonies Charter Participating nations Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Host cities Bids Venues IOC NOCs Country codes Medal Medal tables Medalists Ties Diploma Scandals and controversies Colonialism Doping Sports Symbols Torch relays Pierre de Coubertin medal Women Deaths WWI Olympic video games Summer Games 1896 Athens 1900 Paris 1904 St. Louis 1908 London 1912 Stockholm 1916 Berlin 1920 Antwerp 1924 Paris 1928 Amsterdam 1932 Los Angeles 1936 Berlin 1940 Tokyo 1944 London 1948 London 1952 Helsinki 1956 Melbourne 1960 Rome 1964 Tokyo 1968 Mexico City 1972 Munich 1976 Montreal 1980 Moscow 1984 Los Angeles 1988 Seoul 1992 Barcelona 1996 Atlanta 2000 Sydney 2004 Athens 2008 Beijing 2012 London 2016 Rio de Janeiro 2020 Tokyo 2024 Paris 2028 Los Angeles 2032 TBD Winter Games 1924 Chamonix 1928 St. Moritz 1932 Lake Placid 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 Sapporo 1944 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1948 St. Moritz 1952 Oslo 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 Squaw Valley 1964 Innsbruck 1968 Grenoble 1972 Sapporo 1976 Innsbruck 1980 Lake Placid 1984 Sarajevo 1988 Calgary 1992 Albertville 1994 Lillehammer 1998 Nagano 2002 Salt Lake City 2006 Turin 2010 Vancouver 2014 Sochi 2018 Pyeongchang 2022 Beijing 2026 TBD 2030 TBD Ancient Olympic Games Intercalated Games 1906 Paralympic Games Youth Olympic Games Events at the 2018 Winter Olympics ( Pyeongchang ) Alpine skiing Biathlon Bobsleigh Cross-country skiing Curling men women mixed doubles Figure skating Freestyle skiing Ice hockey men women Luge Nordic combined Short track speed skating Skeleton Ski jumping Snowboarding Speed skating Chronological summary Medal table List of medalists Nations at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang , South Korea Africa Eritrea Ghana Kenya Madagascar Morocco Nigeria South Africa Togo Americas Argentina Bermuda Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Ecuador Jamaica Mexico Puerto Rico United States Asia China East Timor Hong Kong India Iran Japan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Lebanon Malaysia Mongolia North Korea Pakistan Philippines Singapore South Korea Chinese Taipei Thailand Uzbekistan Europe Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Great Britain Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Oceania Australia New Zealand Tonga Other Korea Olympic Athletes from Russia Venues of the 2018 Winter Olympics Pyeongchang mountain cluster Alpensia Resort Alpensia Biathlon Centre Cross-Country Centre Ski Jumping Centre Sliding Centre Convention Centre International Broadcast Centre Yongpyong Alpine Centre Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium Pyeongchang Olympic Village Stand - alone venues Bogwang Snow Park Jeongseon Alpine Centre Gangneung coastal cluster Gangneung Olympic Park Gangneung Curling Centre Gangneung Hockey Centre Gangneung Ice Arena Gangneung Oval Kwandong Hockey Centre Gangneung Olympic Village Italics indicate non-competition venues . 2010s portal Olympics portal South Korea portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Winter_Olympics&oldid=828326427 '' Categories : 2018 Winter Olympics 2018 in multi-sport events 2018 in South Korean sport 2018 in winter sports February 2018 sports events in Asia Olympic Games in South Korea Sport in Gangneung Sport in Pyeongchang County Winter Olympics by year Winter sports competitions in South Korea Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Use dmy dates from February 2018 Articles containing Korean - language text Pages using div col with deprecated parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikivoyage Afrikaans Аҧсшәа Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Буряад Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Коми Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Napulitano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语粵語中文 73 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 22 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is the 2018 winter olympics taking place	[ "The 2018 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XXIII Olympic Winter Games (Korean: 제23회 동계 올림픽, translit. Jeisipsamhoe Donggye Ollimpik) and commonly known as PyeongChang 2018, was a major multi-sport event held between 9 and 25 February 2018 in Pyeongchang County, Gangwon Province, South Korea, with the opening rounds for certain events held on 8 February 2018, the eve of the opening ceremony. Pyeongchang was elected as the host city in July 2011, during the 123rd IOC Session in Durban, South Africa. This marks the first time South Korea has hosted the Winter Olympics, and the second time the Olympic games have been held in the country, after the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul. It also marks the third time East Asia has hosted the Winter Games, after Sapporo, Japan (1972), and Nagano, Japan (1998), and the sixth overall Olympic Games held in East Asia. It was the first of three consecutive Olympic Games to be held in East Asia, preceding Tokyo 2020 (Summer) and Beijing 2022 (Winter)." ]	[ "PyeongChang" ]
-8721781009635527202	Christopher Daniel Barnes	Christopher Daniel Barnes - wikipedia Christopher Daniel Barnes This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( August 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Christopher Daniel Barnes ( 1972 - 11 - 07 ) November 7 , 1972 ( age 45 ) Portland , Maine , U.S. Occupation Actor , voice actor Years active 1984 -- present Spouse ( s ) Rebecca Guyadeen Christopher Daniel Barnes ( born November 7 , 1972 ) , also known professionally as C.D. Barnes and C.B. Barnes , is an American actor and voice actor . He is best known for his voice role as the title superhero of the 1994 animated television series Spider - Man , Prince Eric from The Little Mermaid , as well as his on - screen portrayal of Greg Brady in the films The Brady Bunch Movie and A Very Brady Sequel . He starred in 22 episodes of the science fiction series Starman ( 1986 -- 1987 ) as the 14 - year - old son of the title character played by Robert Hays . Barnes earned his BA in 2004 and his MA in 2009 and enjoys reading , writing short stories , playing the guitar , and practicing yoga . Contents 1 Career 1.1 Spider - Man 1.2 Other voice over work 1.3 Live - action roles 1.4 Disney work 2 Filmography 3 References 4 External links Career ( edit ) Spider - Man ( edit ) Vocally , Barnes is best known for his lead role in the 1994 - 1998 Spider - Man cartoon series . He later provided the voice of Spider - Man Noir in the 2010 video game Spider - Man : Shattered Dimensions , Spider - Man 2099 in the 2011 video game Spider - Man : Edge of Time , Electro in the 2012 cartoon series Ultimate Spider - Man and also has voiced two special costumes ; Symbiote Spider - Man and Superior Spider - Man 2.0 in the 2013 video game Marvel Heroes . Other voice over work ( edit ) He has done voices for other animated series including several characters in Captain Planet and the Planeteers , Tagert McStone in Jackie Chan Adventures and Stripes the Tiger in Sonic Underground . He has done voice acting in video games including Return to Krondor , as Scott Donovan in the Law & Order titles Law and Order : Dead on the Money and Law and Order : Double or Nothing . In Super Hero Squad Online , he does the voice of Daredevil 's nemesis Bullseye . Live - action roles ( edit ) In the 1986 -- 87 TV series Starman , he played the teenage boy Scott , the son of the Starman . He starred in the short - lived NBC sitcom Day by Day . In one episode 's dream sequence which included many guest stars from The Brady Bunch , he played a fourth Brady son , `` Chuck Brady '' . He later played Greg Brady in the Brady Bunch parody movies . He starred as Leonard Rickets in the sitcom Malcolm & Eddie . He appeared in Beverly Hills , 90210 , Clueless , Wings , Blossom , JAG , American Dreamer , The Golden Girls , Touched by an Angel , Herman 's Head , Time Trax , 7th Heaven , Empty Nest , Girlfriends , CBS Schoolbreak Special and ABC Weekend Specials . He had an uncredited cameo as one of John Jameson 's groomsmen in Spider - Man 2 . Disney work ( edit ) At age 16 in 1989 , Barnes voiced Prince Eric in The Little Mermaid and he reprised the role of Eric in 2006 for Kingdom Hearts II . He was unable to reprise the role of Eric in The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea in 2000 and was replaced by Rob Paulsen . He voiced Prince Charming in the Cinderella sequels Cinderella II : Dreams Come True and Cinderella III : A Twist in Time . Filmography ( edit ) Movie Episode Character Date American Dreamer Kevin Palmer , Jr . 1984 Picking up the Pieces Tom Harding 1985 ABC Weekend Specials Columbus Circle Gardner Waterford 1985 As the World Turns Paul Ryan # 2 1985 -- 1986 Starman full 22 episodes , series star credited as `` C.B. Barnes '' Scott Hayden 1986 -- 1987 Day by Day Ross Harper 1988 -- 1989 The Little Mermaid Eric Exile Dave 1990 Just Perfect 1990 Captain Planet and the Planeteers Additional voices 1990 ABC Afterschool Special Private Affairs Boyd 1990 ABC Afterschool Special Testing Dirty Will 1990 The Golden Girls Feelings Kevin Kelly 1990 Frankenstein : The College Years Jay Butterman 1991 Murder Without Motive : The Edmund Perry Story Sean 1992 Blossom Ruby Farnsworth 1992 Blossom The Frat Party Terry 1992 Herman 's Head Guns ' n ' Neurosis ( 1992 ) Crawford 's Son 1992 Time Trax Darien Comes Home ( 1993 ) Josh Elliott Empty Nest A Chip Off the Old Charley ( 1994 ) Raymond 1994 Daredevil vs. Spider - Man Spider - Man 1994 Real Ghosts Fraternity Brother 1995 Blossom A Kiss Is Just a Kiss Steve 1995 The Brady Bunch Movie Greg Brady 1995 CBS Schoolbreak Special Between Mother and Daughter Scott Leone 1995 Spring Fling ! TV movie Michael 1995 Wings A House to Die For Greg Brady 1995 Spider - Man Peter Parker / Spider - Man / Additional Voices / ... 1994 -- 1998 A Pig 's Tale Video Barry Spider - Man : The Sins of the Fathers Spider - Man ( voice ) / Peter Parker ( voice ) A Very Brady Sequel Greg Brady Clueless To Party or Not to Party Donal Miller Spider - Man : The Secret Wars Spider - Man ( Peter Parker ) ( voice ) Beverly Hills , 90210 Confession ( 1998 ) ; Brandon Leaves ( 1998 ) ; Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell ( 1998 ) : The Elephant 's Father ( 1998 ) Lenny 1998 Return to Krondor Video Game voice 1998 Sonic Underground The Last Resort ( 1999 ) Stripes ( voice ) 1999 Malcolm & Eddie Three of Club ( 2000 ) ; Mid-Wife Crisis ( 2000 ) ; Double Play ( 2000 ) ; Moving Violations ( 2000 ) ; Buddy 's Ashes ( 2000 ) Leonard Rickets 2000 JAG JAG TV ( 2000 ) Lt. Andy Kingsley 2000 7th Heaven Broke ( 2000 ) ; Losers ( 2000 ) Police Officer 2000 Girlfriends Friends , Colleagues , Brothers ( 2001 ) 2001 Touched by an Angel Most Likely to Succeed ( 2001 ) Dennis Loggins 2001 Jackie Chan Adventures Agent Tag ( 2001 ) Tagert McStone ( voice ) 2001 Cinderella II : Dreams Come True Direct - to - video Prince Charming ( voice ) 2002 Law & Order : Dead on the Money Video game Scott Donovan ( voice ) 2002 Law & Order : Double or Nothing Video game Scott Donovan ( voice ) 2003 Shut Up and Kiss Me Ryan Ballister Kingdom Hearts II Video game Prince Eric ( voice : English version ) 2005 Kingdom Hearts II : Final Mix+ Video game Prince Eric ( voice : English version ) 2007 Cinderella III : A Twist in Time Direct - to - video Prince Charming ( as C.D. Barnes ) ( voice ) 2007 Spider - Man : Shattered Dimensions Video game Spider - Man Noir ( voice ) Spider - Man : Edge of Time Video game Miguel O'Hara ( voice ) / Spider - Man 2099 ( voice ) 2011 Ultimate Spider - Man Animated series Max Dillon ( voice ) / Electro ( voice ) Spyder - Knight ( voice ) Wolf - Spider ( voice ) 2012 The Dino King CGI / Live action animated film Speckles ( adult , English dub ) 2012 Marvel Heroes Video game Symbiote Spider - Man Superior Spider - Man ( Spider - Ock ) 2013 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dan . `` Spider - Man : Shattered Dimensions at WonderCon -- One Of Swords '' . Oneofswords.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 08 - 13 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 19 . External links ( edit ) Christopher Daniel Barnes on IMDb Christopher Daniel Barnes at AllMovie Preceded by Dan Gilvezan Voice or portrayal of Spider - Man 1994 - 1998 Succeeded by Rino Romano ISNI : 0000 0003 7330 055X LCCN : no2006128466 VIAF : 46528803 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Daniel_Barnes&oldid=856316071 '' Categories : 1972 births Living people American male film actors American male television actors American male voice actors American male child actors American male video game actors Male actors from Portland , Maine 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors Hidden categories : BLP articles lacking sources from August 2012 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Български Deutsch فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Polski Suomi 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2018 , at 10 : 50 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who voiced prince eric in the little mermaid	[ "Christopher Daniel Barnes (born November 7, 1972), also known professionally as C. D. Barnes and C. B. Barnes, is an American actor and voice actor. He is best known for his voice role as the title superhero of the 1994 animated television series Spider-Man, Prince Eric from The Little Mermaid, as well as his on-screen portrayal of Greg Brady in the films The Brady Bunch Movie and A Very Brady Sequel. \n" ]	[ "Christopher Daniel Barnes (born November 7, 1972), also known professionally as C. D. Barnes and C. B. Barnes" ]
-7188456720985331245	Major League Baseball postseason	Major League Baseball postseason - wikipedia Major League Baseball postseason `` Major League Baseball playoffs '' redirects here . For tie - breaker games , see List of Major League Baseball tie - breakers . Part of a series on the Major League Baseball postseason Wild Card Wild Card Game Division Series ALDS NLDS League Championship Series ALCS ( Winners list ) NLCS ( Winners list ) World Series List of World Series champions Commissioner 's Trophy Teams Appearances Series Streaks Droughts The Major League Baseball postseason is an elimination tournament held after the conclusion of the MLB regular season . As of 2012 , the playoffs for each league -- American and National -- consist of a one - game wild - card playoff between two wild card teams , two best - of - five Division Series ( LDS ) featuring the wild - card winner and the winner of each division , and finally the best - of - seven League Championship Series ( LCS ) . The winners of the American League Championship Series ( ALCS ) and the National League Championship Series ( NLCS ) play each other in the best - of - seven World Series . Contents 1 Format history 1.1 Before 1969 : One round 1.2 1969 -- 1993 : Two rounds 1.3 1994 -- 2011 : Three rounds 1.4 2012 -- present : Expanded wild card 2 Home - field advantage 2.1 World Series 2.2 League Championship Series 2.3 Division Series 3 Postseason bonuses 3.1 How the Bonus Pool is determined 3.2 How much the winner and loser receives from each pool 3.3 How the team 's share of the pool is divided 4 See also 5 References Format history ( edit ) Before 1969 : one round ( edit ) Major League Baseball is the oldest of America 's major professional sports organizations , steeped in tradition with roots dating back to the 1870s . The final series to determine its champion has been called the `` World Series '' ( originally `` World 's Championship Series '' and then `` World 's Series '' ) as far back as the National League 's contests with the American Association starting at the beginning of the 1880s . In 1903 , the two modern Major League Baseball leagues began annual postseason play with a one - round system in which the American League team with the best record faced the National League team with the best record in a best - of - seven series ( in 1903 , 1919 , 1920 , and 1921 it was best - of - nine ) called the World Series ; however , there was no 1904 Series because the National League Champion , the New York Giants , refused to play . This single - tiered approach persisted through 1968 , even with the expansions of 1961 -- 1962 that expanded both leagues to 10 teams . 1969 -- 1993 : two rounds ( edit ) In 1969 , both leagues expanded to twelve teams , which made it more difficult to compete for a league championship because there were more teams competing for the AL and NL pennants . In addition , a team would play other clubs in its own region of the country more than clubs in the rest of the country , creating an unbalanced schedule that in some years could give a team from one region an advantage in fighting for a single pennant . To remedy this , and imitating the other major sports ' long - standing playoff traditions , Major League Baseball split each league into Eastern and Western divisions , creating four divisions overall and no worse than a sixth - place finish for any team in any division until later expansions in 1977 and 1993 . This created a new postseason round , which was dubbed the League Championship Series ( LCS ) , a best - of - five series . In 1985 the LCS was expanded to a best - of - seven series . Under this system , it was possible for one of the best teams in a league to be left out of the postseason if it did n't win its division . Most notably , in 1993 , the Atlanta Braves and San Francisco Giants finished with the two best records in the majors , with 104 and 103 wins , respectively . However , since both teams played in the National League West , the Giants missed the postseason by a single game . The baseball players ' strike of 1981 uniquely -- for this era -- added another round to the postseason . Because the strike split the season into two roughly equal halves , the division winners of each half of the 1981 season first met in a best - of - five Division Series . The winners of the division series then progressed to the league championship series , with the remainder of the postseason following a similar format to other years in this era . 1994 -- 2011 : three rounds ( edit ) Major League Baseball went through a realignment in 1994 , when both the American and National leagues expanded to three divisions : Eastern , Central , and Western . To avoid a playoff with an odd number of divisional winners , the league added a wild card playoff spot to each league , imitating the original post-merger NFL system . The wild - card for each league would be the team with the best record that did not win their division , eliminating a circumstance where a team with the second - best record in the entire league would miss the playoff because of not winning its division . This new format doubled the postseason contenders in each league from two to four , and from four teams overall to eight . The addition of a second wild card spot occurred in 2012 . The additional teams meant another elimination round was necessary . This new round would become the new first round of the postseason , the best - of - five Division Series . This term had first been used for the extra round required in 1981 due to the `` split - season '' scheduling anomaly following the midseason baseball players strike . This format was in place for the 1994 season , but that year 's players ' strike canceled the postseason . The format was realized on the field in 1995 . Under this format , in the two Divisional Series , the wild card team played the divisional champion outside its own division that had the better record , with the remaining two teams playing each other in the second Division Series for each league . The two Division Series winners from each league go on to play each other in the League Championship Series . As with the previous postseason format , the winners of each League Championship Series met in the World Series . 2012 -- present : expanded wild card ( edit ) With the adoption of the new collective bargaining agreement in November 2011 , baseball commissioner Bud Selig announced that a new playoff system would begin within two years ; the change was ultimately put into place in 2012 . The format chosen was the one - game wild - card playoff . Under this format , a second wild card team has been added to each league , i.e. , the team with the second - highest win total in each league among non-division winners . The two wild card teams play in a one - game playoff after the end of the regular season , with the winner advancing to the Division Series . The divisional champions qualify for the Division Series just as in the previous format ; however , under the expanded wild card format the winner of the one - game wild card playoff faces the top - seeded divisional champion in the Division Series , regardless of whether the two teams are in the same division , while the second - and third - seeded divisional champions play each other in the other Division Series . The format for placement in the League Championship Series and World Series remains . Home - field advantage ( edit ) World Series ( edit ) The World Series used several different formats in its early years . Initially it generally followed an alternating home - and - away pattern , except that if a seventh game was possible , its site was determined by coin toss prior to the sixth game . In 1924 the Series began using a 2 - 3 - 2 format , presumably to save on travel costs , a pattern that has continued to this day with the exception of a couple of the World War II years when wartime travel restrictions compelled a 3 - 4 format ( used in 1943 and 1945 , but not in the 1944 series , which was contested between crosstown rivals the St. Louis Browns and St. Louis Cardinals ; all games were held in the same stadium in St. Louis ) . From the start of the 2 - 3 - 2 format through the 2002 season , home - field advantage generally alternated between leagues each year . Prior to the 1994 strike , the National League champion received home - field advantage in even - numbered years and the American League champion in odd - numbered years ; these were reversed for 1995 -- 2002 ( because 1994 would have been the NL 's turn to have home - field , but the World Series was cancelled by the aforementioned strike ) . That changed starting in 2003 . The 2002 All - Star Game had ended in a tie , much to the displeasure of both fans and sportswriters who complained about a lack of intensity and competitiveness on the part of the players . This hit especially close to home for Commissioner Bud Selig , as the game had been played in his home city of Milwaukee , Wisconsin . In response , to give some real meaning to the game , in 2003 MLB began assigning home - field advantage in the World Series to the winner of that year 's All - Star Game , which is typically held in mid-July . Following the acceptance of a new collective bargaining agreement after the 2016 season , home - field advantage in the World Series will no longer be tied to the outcome of the All - Star Game , but will instead go to the team with the better regular - season record . League Championship Series ( edit ) Until 1998 , the LCS alternated home - field advantage with a 2 - 3 format in the best - of - 5 era ( 1969 -- 84 ) and a 2 - 3 - 2 format when it went to best - of - 7 ( 1985 -- present ) . Since 1998 the team with the better record has had this advantage , except that in no case can the wild card ever secure the extra home game , regardless of regular - season records . Division Series ( edit ) Until 1998 , the Division Series rotated which of the three division champions would not have home - field advantage , with the wild card never having it . Now the two division winners with the best records in each league have home field , with the least - winning divisional winner and the wild card not having home field . The DS used a 2 - 3 format until 1998 and now uses a 2 - 2 - 1 format . This is seen as a more fair distribution of home - field advantage because previously under the 2 - 3 format , the team hosting the first two games had absolutely no chance of winning the series at home . With the current 2 - 2 - 1 format however , both teams have the home - field advantage in a sense . While one team gets to host three games ( including the critical first and last game ) , the other team does get two chances out of three ( games 3 and 4 ) of winning the series on its home field . With the adoption of the expanded playoff format in 2012 , the five - game Division Series began with two home games for the lower seeds , followed by up to three home games for the higher seeds . This one - year change eliminated a travel day prior to a decisive Game 5 of a Division Series and was necessary because the 2012 regular - season schedule was announced before the agreement on the new postseason was reached . For 2013 , the Division Series returned to the 2 - 2 - 1 format that was used from 1998 to 2011 . Postseason bonuses ( edit ) There are three factors that determine the actual amount of bonus money paid to any individual player : ( 1 ) the size of the bonus pool ; ( 2 ) their team 's success in the season / post-season ; and ( 3 ) the share of the pool assigned to the individual player . How the bonus pool is determined ( edit ) There is a separate pool for each series -- the Wild Card games , the Division Series , the League Championship Series , and the World Series . The players ' bonus pool is funded with 60 % of the gate receipts for each of the Wild Card games , the first three games of each Division Series , the first four games of each LCS and the first four games of the World Series ; limiting the funding for the pool to these games , the minimum number in each series , removes incentive to extend the series for merely fiscal sake . The value of the gate is determined by the size of the venues , the amount of high - priced premium seating in the venues , the number of games played in the series and whether the games sell out . Ticket prices for each series are set by MLB , not the home teams , so they are relatively uniform across baseball . How much the winner and loser receives from each pool ( edit ) The World Series winner gets 36 % , the World Series loser gets 24 % , both League Championship Series losers get 12 % , the four Division Series losers get 3.25 % , and the two Wild Card playoff losers get 1.5 % . How the team 's share of the pool is divided ( edit ) The division of the team 's share of the pool is voted upon by the players who have been on the team during the entire regular season , in a meeting chaired by their union representative . This meeting follows the trade deadline on July 31 . Players who have been with the team for the full season automatically receive a full share . At the meeting , the full - season players vote on whether anyone else -- including players who have not been with the team for the full season , coaches , and trainers -- is to be granted a full share , less than a full share , a cash award , or no share . After the World Series , the pool of money is split according to the shares determined in the vote . There is no limit to the number of shares that may be granted , but a greater number of shares dilutes the value of each share , and consequently the amount each player is awarded . As an example , playoff - pool full - share holders for the St. Louis Cardinals received US $362,183.97 ( equivalent to $439,667 in 2017 ) each when the team won the World Series in 2006 . See also ( edit ) Babe Ruth Award ( best player in the postseason ; since 2007 ) `` Esurance MLB Awards '' Best Major Leaguer , Postseason MLB division winners Professional baseball References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Durso , Joseph ( August 7 , 1981 ) . `` Owners Approve a Plan to Split Baseball Season '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Bloom , Barry M. ( March 2 , 2012 ) . `` Addition of Wild Card berths finalized for 2012 '' . MLB.com . Jump up ^ `` CBA ending All - Star link to World Series ' home - field advantage '' . ESPN.com . December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Professional Baseball Rules Book ( PDF ) '' ( PDF ) . MLBPA.org . Office of the Commissioner of Baseball . 2018 . Retrieved August 27 , 2018 . Games 1 , 2 , 6 and 7 shall be scheduled in the ballpark of the opponent of a Wild Card Club in the League Championship Series , notwithstanding the percentage of games won and lost by such Wild Card Club Jump up ^ `` The Economics Of Postseason Baseball '' . Jump up ^ `` Rockies vote 44 full shares from playoff pool '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 07 - 08 . Major League Baseball ( 2018 ) American League East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers National League East Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Schedule Spring training Opening Day Jackie Robinson Day Civil Rights Game All - Star Game Interleague play International games Players Weekend World Baseball Classic Postseason World Series Champions AL AL Champions ALCS ALDS NL NL Champions NLCS NLDS Wild Card Game Appearances Streaks Droughts Series Business Draft Rule 5 Players Association Highest paid players Luxury tax Lockouts / strikes Winter Meetings Hot stove league Transactions Media Logo Radio Television MLB.com MLB Advanced Media Minor League Baseball Authentication Program Miscellaneous Instant replay Team uniforms Stadiums Mascots Rivalries Players investigated for domestic violence History History AL Seasons Tie - breakers Tie - breaking procedures Records Awards Retired numbers Hall of Fame Steroid usage Drug policy suspensions Mitchell Report Juiced Vindicated Biogenesis baseball scandal BALCO scandal Game of Shadows Barry Bonds perjury case Timeline Timeline of Major League Baseball History of team nicknames Dead - ball era Live - ball era Golden age of baseball Defunct and relocated teams Relocation of the 1950s -- 60s Expansion 1961 1962 1969 1977 1993 1998 Commissioner : Rob Manfred League Presidents AL NL Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Major_League_Baseball_postseason&oldid=863401305 '' Categories : Major League Baseball playoffs and champions World Series American League Championship Series National League Championship Series American League Division Series National League Division Series Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 日本語 Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2018 , at 15 : 22 ( UTC ) . 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-1530695131534270214	Jack Coleman (actor)	Jack Coleman ( actor ) - wikipedia Jack Coleman ( actor ) Jack Coleman Coleman at the 2015 San Diego Comic - Con International John MacDonald Coleman ( 1958 - 02 - 21 ) February 21 , 1958 ( age 60 ) Easton , Pennsylvania , U.S. Occupation Actor , screenwriter Years active 1981 -- present Spouse ( s ) Beth Toussaint ( m . 1996 ) Children John MacDonald Coleman ( born February 21 , 1958 ) is an American actor and screenwriter , known for playing the role of Steven Carrington in the 1980s prime time soap opera Dynasty ( 1982 -- 1988 ) , and for portraying Noah Bennet in the science - fiction drama series Heroes ( 2006 -- 2010 ) as well as his recurring roles as Senator Robert Lipton on The Office ( 2010 -- 2013 ) and as State Senator William Bracken on Castle ( 2012 -- 2015 ) . Contents 1 Career 2 Personal life 3 Filmography 3.1 Film 3.2 Television 4 References 5 External links Career ( edit ) Coleman in June 2008 . Coleman 's first major role was in Days of Our Lives , where he appeared from 1981 to 1982 as the character of Jake Kositchek ( aka The Salem Strangler ) . He also made an appearance on Celebrity Bullseye . In 1982 , he joined the cast of Dynasty when he took over the role of Steven Carrington , one of the first gay characters on American television . Coleman played the role until the end of the show 's eighth season in 1988 . He was a regular on the short - lived series Nightmare Cafe ( 1992 ) , and appeared on the miniseries Kingdom Hospital ( 2004 ) . He made guest appearances in The Net , CSI : Miami , Nip / Tuck , Without a Trace , Diagnosis : Murder , and Entourage . He co-starred as Alyson & Amanda Michalka 's father in the Disney Channel Original Movie Cow Belles . He was nominated for his performance in the play Stand - up Tragedy at the Mark Taper Forum , and won a Los Angeles Drama Critics Circle Award for his performance in Bouncers . He wrote the screenplays for Studio City , which he produced and acted in , and Ca n't Help Falling . Coleman was a main cast member of science - fiction series Heroes , where he played Noah Bennet ( a.k.a. `` The Man With Horn - Rimmed Glasses '' or `` HRG '' ) . Coleman states about portraying the character , `` It 's a combination of the light and dark . I do n't want to just be a moustache twirling villain . '' Coleman appeared in an episode of The Mentalist in October 2010 . He played the role of a wealthy , arrogant murder suspect named Max Winter . He also played a patient named Joe Dugan ( a campaign manager of a New Jersey senator ) in the House episode of `` Office Politics '' in 2010 . In Hallmark Channel 's original movie Rock The House ( 2010 ) , Jack Coleman played a lawyer named Max who finds a way to reconnect with his daughter and his old sense of joy when he gets back together with his music - making friends from his teenaged years . Starting in November 2010 , Coleman had a recurring role on The Office as Pennsylvania State Senator Robert Lipton , the love interest for both Angela Martin ( Angela Kinsey ) and Oscar Martinez ( Oscar Nunez ) . He has appeared in the episodes `` WUPHF.com '' , `` Classy Christmas '' , `` Michael 's Last Dundies '' , `` Goodbye , Michael '' , `` Jury Duty '' , `` Fundraiser '' , `` Free Family Portrait Studio '' `` New Guys '' , `` Here Comes Treble '' , `` The Boat '' , `` The Whale '' , `` Customer Loyalty '' and `` Vandalism '' . From 2011 to 2012 , he played Bill Forbes on the third season of the CW drama The Vampire Diaries in the episodes `` The Hybrid '' , `` The End of the Affair '' , `` Disturbing Behavior '' , `` The Ties That Bind '' and `` Bringing Out The Dead '' . In 2011 , he appeared on the CBS drama Criminal Minds , playing Bill Rogers , a serial rapist , in the episode `` Hope '' . On July 22 , 2012 , it was announced that Coleman is joining the fifth season of Castle as a new antagonist for Stana Katic 's character Kate Beckett . He has appeared in the episodes `` After the Storm '' , `` Recoil '' , `` In the Belly of the Beast '' , `` Veritas '' , `` XY '' , and `` XX '' playing Senator William H Bracken . Jack Coleman joined USA 's Burn Notice as a recurring part of the USA Network drama 's truncated ( 13 - episode ) seventh and final season . He played Andrew Strong , a ranking CIA officer who has seen it all . Noble , but also obsessive at times , Strong is a relentless taskmaster who pushes Michael ( Jeffrey Donovan ) to do whatever it takes to complete the mission . In 2013 , he played the closeted gay husband Daniel Douglas Langston of conservative Vice President Sally Langston on Scandal . In February 2014 , he appeared in CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Season 14 Episode 15 -- `` Love for Sale '' . In 2015 , he reprised his role as Noah Bennet in an `` event miniseries '' Heroes Reborn , which served as a continuation of the original Heroes storyline Personal Life ( edit ) Coleman was born in Easton , Pennsylvania , a sixth - generation descendant of Benjamin Franklin . He attended The Solebury School and Duke University , where he decided to pursue acting as a career . After graduating from Duke in 1980 , he attended the National Theater Institute at The Eugene O'Neill Theater Center . He married actress Beth Toussaint in 1996 . They have a daughter , Tess , born in 1999 . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Film Role Notes The Pursuit of Happiness Stan Foreign Student Rex Jennings 1997 Spawn Doctor 1997 Time Under Fire Lance McCarthy 1998 The Landlady Patrick Forman 2003 Studio City Andrew Mason 2008 Beautiful Loser Jimmy 2011 The Contract The Patron Short 2013 Emit Rance Wofford Short film 2015 The Tank Reed Baker Post-production 2016 The Submarine Kid Mr. Koll Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1981 -- 1982 Days of Our Lives Jake Kositchek Main role 1982 -- 1988 Dynasty Steven Carrington Main role 148 episodes 1984 Glitter Rusty Walker 1 episode : `` In Tennis , Love Means Nothing '' 1985 Finder of Lost Loves Dr. Eric Jordan 1 episode : `` Wayward Dreams '' 1985 The Love Boat Scott Barrett 2 episodes : `` The Racer 's Edge : Part 1 '' , `` The Racer 's Edge : Part 2 '' 1986 The Colbys Steven Carrington 1 episode : `` The Wedding '' Bridesmaids Matt TV Movie 1990 Daughter of Darkness Devlin TV Movie 1990 Children of the Bride Dennis TV Movie 1991 The Return of Eliot Ness Gil Labine TV Movie Nightmare Cafe Frank Nolan Main role 6 episodes Rubdown Marion Pooley TV Movie 1995 Trapped in Space Grant TV Movie 1995 Diagnosis : Murder Eddie Gault 1 episode : `` A Blast from the Past '' 1995 Burke 's Law Ted D'Arcy 1 episode : `` Who Killed the Sweet Smell of Success ? '' 1995 Touched by an Angel Jeff Ritchy 1 episode : `` Angels on the Air '' 1997 Angels in the Endzone Peter Harper TV Movie 1997 Medusa 's Child Dean Cooper TV Movie 1998 The Naked Truth Colin Terell 2 episodes : `` Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice , Except with Different Names '' , `` Jake or Fake ? '' 1998 -- 2000 Oh Baby Rick Recurring 11 episodes 1998 The Net Dr. Steven Graf 1 episode : `` Transplant '' 1999 Replacing Dad Dr. Mark Chandler TV Movie 1999 Last Rites Agent Gary Blake TV Movie 2001 Special Unit 2 George Armstrong 1 episode : `` The Drag '' 2001 Providence Larry 1 episode : `` The Mating Dance '' 2002 Becker Tony 1 episode : `` The 100th '' 2003 According to Jim Sean Curran 1 episode : `` No Harm , No Fowl '' Kingdom Hospital Peter Rickman Main role 13 episodes Nip / Tuck Dr. Avery Atherton 1 episode : `` Rose and Raven Rosenberg '' CSI : Miami Martin Gillespie 1 episode : `` Murder in a Flash '' Without a Trace Roy Ducek 1 episode : `` Trials '' 2006 -- 2010 Heroes Noah Bennet Main role 74 episodes 2006 Cow Belles Reed Callum TV Movie 2006 Entourage Bradley 1 episode : `` What About Bob ? '' 2009 Polar Storm Dr. James Mayfield TV Movie The Mentalist Max Winter 1 episode : `` Red Carpet Treatment '' House M.D. Joe Dugan 1 episode : `` Office Politics ( House ) '' 2010 -- 2013 The Office State Senator Robert Lipton 14 episodes 2011 Rock the House Max Peterson TV Movie 2011 Criminal Minds Bill Rogers 1 episode : `` Hope '' 2011 -- 2012 The Vampire Diaries Bill Forbes 5 episodes 2012 Crash & Burn Jack Coleman TV Movie 2012 -- 2014 Ultimate Spider - Man Doctor Strange / Announcer 3 episodes : `` Strange '' , `` Journey of the Iron Fist '' , `` Cloak and Dagger '' 2012 -- 2015 Castle Senator William H. Bracken 6 episodes : `` After the Storm '' , `` Recoil '' , `` In the Belly of the Beast '' , `` Veritas '' , `` XY '' , `` XX '' 2013 Burn Notice Andrew Strong 11 episodes 2013 Scandal Daniel Douglas Langston 6 episodes 2014 Salvation Daniel TV Movie 2014 CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Jim Logan 1 episode : `` Love For Sale '' 2014 Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H. Doctor Strange 1 episode : `` Stranger in a Strange Land '' Voice only 2015 Heroes Reborn Noah Bennet TV Mini Series 2015 Chicago P.D. Bob Ruzak 1 episode : `` Disco Bob '' 2015 Avengers Assemble Doctor Strange 1 episode : `` Widow 's Run '' Voice only References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jack Coleman Biography ( 1958 -- ) ^ Jump up to : `` From ' Dynasty ' To NBC 's ' Heroes , ' Life Never Looked Better Through `` Horn Rimmed Glasses '' For New Series Regular Jack Coleman '' ( Press release ) . NBC Universal Media Village . 2006 - 11 - 08 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Coleman '' . BBC . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ TV Guide interview . Retrieved on 2007 - 09 - 27 Jump up ^ Jack Coleman on Heroes Season 2 . Retrieved October 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Keck 's Exclusives : Heroes ' Hiro and H.R.G. Land New CBS Gigs '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Castle Casts Jack Coleman -- Season 5 -- TVLine '' . TVLine.com . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jack Coleman & Stephen Martines Join USA 's ' Burn Notice ' As Recurring . Jump up ^ `` Beth Toussaint Biography ( 1962 -- ) '' . Filmreference.com . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 12 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jack Coleman . Jack Coleman on IMDb Jack Coleman Fansite Jack Coleman Livejournal Community Jack Coleman Facebook Fan Page BNF : cb14165614p ( data ) GND : 140987584 ISNI : 0000 0001 1437 9320 LCCN : no2007131108 VIAF : 12099599 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jack_Coleman_(actor)&oldid=842244888 '' Categories : 1958 births Living people Male actors from Pennsylvania American male soap opera actors American male stage actors American male television actors Duke University alumni Writers from Easton , Pennsylvania 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2009 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Magyar მარგალური Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 May 2018 , at 05 : 53 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays caroline's dad in vampire diaries	[]	[]
2572825621489078046	Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian	Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian - wikipedia Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian Jump to : navigation , search Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian Theatrical release poster Directed by Shawn Levy Produced by Shawn Levy Chris Columbus Michael Barnathan Written by Robert Ben Garant Thomas Lennon Based on Characters created by Robert Ben Garant and Thomas Lennon The Night at the Museum by Milan Trenc Starring Ben Stiller Amy Adams Owen Wilson Hank Azaria Christopher Guest Alain Chabat Robin Williams Music by Alan Silvestri Cinematography John Schwartzman Edited by Don Zimmerman Dean Zimmerman Production company 21 Laps Entertainment Ingenious Film Partners 1492 Pictures Dune Entertainment Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date May 22 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 22 ) Running time 104 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $150 million Box office $413.1 million Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian is a 2009 American adventure fantasy comedy film written by Robert Ben Garant and Thomas Lennon , produced ( with Chris Columbus and Michael Barnathan ) and directed by Shawn Levy , and starring Ben Stiller , Amy Adams , Owen Wilson , Hank Azaria , Christopher Guest , Alain Chabat , and Robin Williams . It is the second installment in the Night at the Museum trilogy , and a sequel to the 2006 film Night at the Museum . It is also the last Night at the Museum film to feature Jake Cherry as Nick Daley . The film was released theatrically on May 22 , 2009 by 20th Century Fox , being the film in the trilogy not to be released theatrically in December . Like its predecessor , it received mixed critical reception and a box office success by grossing over $413 million on a $150 million budget . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Humans 2.2 Exhibits 2.3 Others 3 Exhibits at the Smithsonian 3.1 Artwork 4 Production 5 Music 5.1 Track listing 6 Release 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical reaction 6.3 Awards and honors 6.4 Home media 7 In other media 8 Sequel 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Larry Daley , former night guard at the American Museum of Natural History , now runs his own direct response television company that sells inventions based on his experiences . He returns to the museum , discovering most of the exhibits will be moved to the Federal Archives at the Smithsonian Institution and replaced with holographic information providers . The Tablet of Akmenrah is to remain in the museum , leaving most of the exhibits without the ability to come to life at night . After the exhibits are moved , Larry receives a phone call from the cowboy Jedediah that Dexter the monkey stole the Tablet and took it to the Smithsonian , bringing every exhibit in it to life . Larry travels to Washington , DC , navigating his way to the archives with help from his son Nick while posing as a night guard . Larry finds his friends trapped in their shipping container under attack from Akmenrah 's evil older brother Kahmunrah , accidentally activating the tablet and bringing the exhibits in the Smithsonian to life again . Kahmunrah reveals his plans to use the tablet 's powers to conquer the world . Larry escapes , aided by a gigantic octopus and General George A. Custer , who is captured , and then the adventurous Amelia Earhart , who becomes his travelling companion around the museum . The two evade Kahmunrah 's men , trapping them in the portrait of V-J Day in Times Square . Kahmunrah enlists fellow evil historical leaders , Ivan the Terrible , Napoleon Bonaparte , and Al Capone to help capture Larry and retrieve the tablet . Jedediah tries to help but is placed in an hourglass . Kahmunrah is unable to open the Gate of the Underworld with the tablet , sending Larry and Amelia off to translate it or Jedediah dies . While searching for someone in the museum who can help , Larry and Amelia end up falling in love . They travel to the National Air and Space Museum , briefly encountering the statue of Abraham Lincoln at the Lincoln Memorial . Inside the museum , Larry grounds all of the aircraft and rockets from taking off , before a group of Albert Einstein bobbleheads inform him that the combination is the value of pi . Napoleon , Ivan , and Capone 's troops arrive , prompting Larry and Amelia to escape using the Wright Flyer . They crash the plane into the Smithsonian , where Kahmunrah uses the acquired combination to summon an army of bird - headed warriors . Lincoln crashes in through the window , frightening the warriors back into the Underworld . Amelia gathers an army of allies including Larry 's friends and Custer , leading to a climactic battle . Larry obtains the tablet , banishing Kahmunrah back to the Underworld . Amelia flies Larry and the New York exhibits back home , giving Larry a final kiss before taking off in her plane , knowing she will become dust before reaching the Smithsonian . Larry sells his company , donating the money to the museum to renovate it , and the exhibits remain , capable of moving about at night under the pretense of being animatronics . Larry is rehired as night guard and aids a woman who resembles Amelia . Cast ( edit ) Owen Wilson , Amy Adams and Ben Stiller at a panel for the film in May 2009 . Humans ( edit ) Ben Stiller as Larry Daley , a former security guard turned CEO of Daley Devices . Ricky Gervais as Dr. McPhee , the curator at the Museum of Natural History . Jake Cherry as Nick Daley , the son of Larry Daley . Amy Adams as Tess , a young woman at the end of the movie who looks like Amelia Earhart . Exhibits ( edit ) Robin Williams as Theodore Roosevelt , the wax statue of the 26th President of the United States Robin Williams also voices the bronze bust of Theodore Roosevelt . Amy Adams as Amelia Earhart , a known historic pilot . Owen Wilson as Jedediah , a cowboy minifigure . Hank Azaria as Kahmunrah , a pharaoh who is the evil and sinister brother of Ahkmenrah . Christopher Guest as Ivan the Terrible , the historic Tsar of Russia who allies with Kahmunrah . Alain Chabat as Napoleon Bonaparte , the leader of the First French Empire who allies with Kahmunrah . Jon Bernthal as Al Capone , a gangster and founder of the Chicago Outfit who allies with Kahmunrah . Steve Coogan as Octavius , a Roman soldier minifigure . Mizuo Peck as Sacagawea , the polyurethane model of the Lemhi Shoshone woman who is Theodore Roosevelt 's girlfriend . Bill Hader as George Armstrong Custer , a military figure who Larry befriends . Rami Malek as Ahkmenrah , a pharaoh who is the good brother of Kahmunrah . Patrick Gallagher as Attila the Hun Brad Garrett as Easter Island Head ( voice ) Kerry van der Griend as Neanderthal # 1 Matthew Harrison as Neanderthal # 2 Rick Dobran as Neanderthal # 3 Randy Lee as Hun # 1 Darryl Quon as Hun # 2 Gerald Wong as Hun # 3 Paul Chih - Ping Cheng as Hun # 4 Jonas Brothers as Cupid Statues Jay Baruchel as Joey Motorola , a sailor who resides in the V-J Day in Times Square photograph . Keith Powell as Tuskegee Airman # 1 Craig Robinson as Tuskegee Airman # 2 Clint Howard as Air and Space Mission Control Tech # 1 Matty Finochio as Air and Space Mission Control Tech # 2 Thomas Lennon ( uncredited ) as Orville Wright Caroll Spinney as Oscar the Grouch , the famous Sesame Street character that tries to ally with Kahmunrah only to be dismissed because Kahmunrah classified him as a `` grouch . '' Thomas Morley as Darth Vader , the infamous Star Wars character that tries to ally with Kahmunrah only to be turned away because he was `` dark . '' Others ( edit ) Hank Azaria as The Thinker , Abraham Lincoln Statue Eugene Levy as Albert Einstein Bobbleheads Mindy Kaling as Docent George Foreman as Himself Shawn Levy as Infomercial Father Alberta Mayne as Kissing Nurse Ed Helms ( uncredited ) as Ed , Larry Daley 's assistant Jonah Hill ( uncredited ) as Brandon , a security guard at the Smithsonian who likes to be called `` Brundon '' Exhibits at the Smithsonian ( edit ) Gigantic Octopus Pteranodon Smilodon skeleton Hippopotamus Giraffe Fairy Penguin Kangaroo Artwork ( edit ) Little Dancer of Fourteen Years Crying Girl American Gothic LOVE ( sculpture ) V-J Day in Times Square Nighthawks The Thinker Orange Balloon Dog Production ( edit ) Writers Robert Ben Garant and Thomas Lennon confirmed to Dark Horizons that they were writing a sequel to Night at the Museum , originally with the tentative title Another Night at the Museum . The writers said that `` there 'll be existing characters and plenty of new ones . '' 20th Century Fox announced that the sequel , Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian , would be released during Memorial Day weekend in 2009 . Ben Stiller , Owen Wilson , Steve Coogan , Ricky Gervais , Patrick Gallagher , Jake Cherry , Rami Malek , Mizuo Peck , Brad Garrett and Robin Williams would return for the sequel , with Shawn Levy returning as director . The film was mostly filmed in Vancouver and Montreal with some scenes filmed in the Smithsonian in Washington , D.C. . A scene was shot at the Lincoln Memorial on the night of May 21 , 2008 . Scenes were also shot at the American Museum of Natural History in New York on August 18 and 20 , 2008 . The trailer was released with Bedtime Stories , Yes Man and Marley & Me in December 2008 . The trailer accompanied the film Bride Wars in January , The Pink Panther 2 in February , and Dragonball Evolution in April 2009 . The film was also promoted as an opening skit on American Idol , where a replica of the Idol judge seats are being held at the real Smithsonian Institution . An alternate ending included on the DVD and Blu - ray releases featured the return of Dick Van Dyke as Cecil Fredericks , Bill Cobbs as Reginald , and Mickey Rooney as Gus . Night at the Museum label on the Wright Flyer exhibit in the National Air and Space Museum . Filmmakers loaned the Smithsonian Institution props used in the movie which were displayed in the Smithsonian Castle including the pile of artifacts featured in the film . The Smithsonian also made a brochure available online and at museum visitor service desks outlining where to find artifacts . As of 2009 , numerous artifacts which inspired the movie were on display at Smithsonian Museums along the National Mall . Many of the artifacts are labeled with `` Night at the Museum '' logos . National Air and Space Museum Able the space monkey Lunar rover Lunar Module 1903 Wright Flyer Amelia Earhart 's Lockheed Vega Medal belonging to Tuskegee Airmen Supermarine Spitfire F - 104 Starfighter Steven F. Udvar - Hazy Center Messerschmitt 262 National Museum of Natural History Gigantic octopus Moai Tyrannosaurus National Museum of American History Oscar the Grouch puppet George Armstrong Custer 's fringed jacket Muhammad Ali 's boxing gloves Theodore Roosevelt 's chaps Archie Bunker 's chair from the television sitcom All in the Family Theodore Roosevelt 's teddy bear Ruby Slippers from The Wizard of Oz Gift shops at the Smithsonian also sell a replica of the Einstein Bobble - head , created specifically as a tie - in to the movie . Music ( edit ) Alan Silvestri returned to score the sequel . Night At the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) Film score by Alan Silvestri Released 19 May 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 19 ) Recorded 2008 Genre Film score Length 49 : 51 Label Varese Sarabande Track listing ( edit ) Varese Sarabande issued the score on May 19 , 2009 . All tracks written by Alan Silvestri . Night At the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian '' 02 : 38 2 . `` Daley Devices '' 00 : 36 3 . `` This Night is Their Last '' 04 : 35 4 . `` To Washington '' 00 : 37 5 . `` Getting Past Security '' 01 : 49 6 . `` Finding Jed and the Others '' 03 : 16 7 . `` I Have Come Back to Life '' 01 : 04 8 . `` The Tablet '' 03 : 25 9 . `` I Smell Adventure '' 04 : 31 10 . `` He Does n't Have All Night '' 01 : 46 11 . `` The Adventure Continues '' 03 : 25 12 . `` Octavius Attacks '' 01 : 22 13 . `` Entering the Air & Space Museum '' 01 : 32 14 . `` Escape in Wright Flyer '' 03 : 29 15 . `` Got the Combination '' 02 : 19 16 . `` Gate to the Underworld '' 01 : 02 17 . `` I Ride the Squirrel '' 01 : 25 18 . `` On Your Toes '' 01 : 54 19 . `` The Battle '' 01 : 44 20 . `` Divide the House '' 01 : 28 21 . `` Victory is Ours '' 01 : 19 22 . `` Goodbye '' 02 : 43 23 . `` Museum Open Late '' 02 : 02 Total length : 49 : 51 Sample credits `` Museum Open Late '' incorporates excerpt of `` Life in Technicolor '' written by Coldplay Release ( edit ) A trailer of Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian was released on December 19 , 2008 . The film premiered on May 14 , 2009 in Washington , D.C. . The film released in UK on May 20 , 2009 , on May 22 , 2009 in United States , and in Japan on August 12 , 2009 . Box Office ( edit ) At the end of its box office run , Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian earned a gross of $177,243,721 in North America and $235,862,449 in other territories , for a worldwide total of $413,106,170 against a budget of $150 million . On Friday , May 22 , 2009 , its opening day , the film 's estimated gross was $15,568,708 , for second day the film grossed $20,086,972 and for third day the gross was $18,517,606 coming in ahead of Terminator Salvation ( which released on Thursday ) in 4,096 theaters at # 1 , reaching up to $54.1 million , with a $13,226 per - theater average over the Memorial Day weekend . By comparison , Night at the Museum reached up to $30 million on its opening weekend in December 2006 . For its second weekend , the film grossed $24.35 million , for third weekend $14.6 million . For the opening weekend of May 22 , 2009 the film grossed $49,036,322 while playing in theaters of 56 territories ; the film debuted in UK ( $6.6 million ) , Russia ( $5.23 million ) and France ( $5.05 million ) . The largest market in other territories being UK , Japan , Germany , Australia and France where the film grossed $32.8 million , $21.49 million , $18.78 million , $14.03 million and $13.3 million . Critical reaction ( edit ) Like its predecessor , the sequel has received mixed reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has a 44 % `` rotten '' approval rating , based on 163 reviews , with an average score of 5.1 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Night at the Museum : Battle at the Smithsonian is busy enough to keep the kids interested but the slapstick goes overboard and the special effects ( however well executed ) throw the production into mania '' . Another review aggregator , Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 top reviews from mainstream critics , gave the film an average score of 42 % based on 31 reviews , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Despite mixed reviews from critics , most critics praised Amy Adams ' and Hank Azaria 's performances . Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune awarded the film 3 stars stating that `` ( Adams ) 's terrific -- a sparkling screen presence . '' Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B+ stating `` Battle of the Smithsonian has plenty of life . But it 's Adams who gives it zing . '' Also , many reviews noted the costume worn by Amy Adams during the movie . Perry Seibert of TV Guide gave the film 2 stars despite honoring that `` thanks to Azaria , a master of comic timing . His grandiose , yet slightly fey bad guy is equally funny when he 's chewing out minions as he is when deliberating if Oscar the Grouch and Darth Vader are evil enough to join his team . Michael Rechtshaffen of The Hollywood Reporter and A.O. Scott of The New York Times enjoyed both performances . One critic panned the movie on its excessive use of special effects as noted by Scott Tobias of The A.V. Club when he described the film as `` a baffling master plot and a crowded pileup of special effects in search of something to do . '' Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun Times awarded the film 11⁄2 stars out of 4 claiming `` its premise is lame , its plot relentlessly predictable , its characters with personalities that would distinguish picture books . '' In CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend , cinema audiences gave Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian an average grade of `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale . Awards and honors ( edit ) List of awards and nominations Year Award / Film Festival Recipient ( s ) Result Ref . 2009 Teen Choice Award Choice Movie : Comedy Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian Won Choice Movie Actor : Comedy Ben Stiller Nominated Choice Movie Actress : Comedy Amy Adams Nominated Choice Movie : Villain Hank Azaria Nominated MTV Movie Award Best Comedic Performance Ben Stiller Nominated People 's Choice Awards Favorite Family Movie Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian Nominated Home media ( edit ) Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian was made available December 1 , 2009 on DVD and Blu - ray as a two - disc Special Edition and a three - disc Digital Copy Edition . As of 12 February 2015 , the film has sold 4,083,829 DVDs and 585,023 Blu - ray discs grossing $51,481,903 and $11,674,546 totalling $63,156,449 in North America . In other media ( edit ) Video game Main article : Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian ( video game ) The video game based on the film was released on May 5 , 2009 . It was fairly well received in comparison to the majority of film - based video - games , netting a 7.5 out of 10 from IGN.com . Sequel ( edit ) Main article : Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb Ben Stiller admitted that a sequel was `` a possibility '' and on January 22 , 2010 , co-writer Thomas Lennon said to Access Hollywood , `` That after the success of two Night at the Museum films , it 's no surprise that 20th Century Fox is looking to develop a third and that those suspicions are indeed true and how could you not ? I think it 's a really outstanding idea to do Night at the Museum 3 , in fact , '' he said . `` I wonder if someone 's not even already working on a script for that , '' he added with a raised eyebrow . `` I can not confirm that for a fact , but I can not deny it for a fact either ... It might be in the works . '' In an interview , Stiller confirmed the sequel , however , he said that it was only in the `` ideas stage '' . It was announced in February 2013 that the film , directed by Shawn Levy , would be released on December 25 , 2014 . On September 10 , 2013 , it was announced that shooting would start in February 2014 . On November 8 , 2013 , English actor Dan Stevens was cast as Sir Lancelot . On November 15 , 2013 , it was announced Skyler Gisondo would be replacing Jake Cherry for the role of Nicky Daley . On December 18 , 2013 it was announced that Robin Williams , Stiller , and Ricky Gervais would be returning for the sequel . On January 9 , 2014 , it was announced that Rebel Wilson would play a security guard in the British Museum . On January 14 , 2014 , the film 's release date was moved up from December 25 , 2014 , to December 19 , 2014 . On January 23 , 2014 , it was announced Ben Kingsley would play an Egyptian Pharaoh at the British Museum . Principal photography and production began on January 27 , 2014 . In May 2014 , principal photography ended . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian ( 2009 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Smithsonian In the Movies '' . Siarchives.si.edu . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Puente , Maria ( May 25 , 2009 ) . `` Smithsonian gets top billing in the new ' Night at the Museum ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 13 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` See the Artifacts That Inspired the Movie '' . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved October 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Night At The Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian Soundtrack '' . amazon.com . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Night At the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' . itunes.apple.com . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' . allmusic.com . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Night At the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) ( liner notes ) . Alan Silvestri . Varese Sarabande. 2009 . 509990 87553 2 2 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian trailer '' . traileraddict.com . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian release info '' . imdb.com . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . May 22 , 2009 . Retrieved May 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian Weekly gross '' . boxofficemojo.com . IMDB . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian Foreign gross weekly '' . boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian Foreign gross '' . boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian Movie Reviews , Pictures '' . Rotten Tomatoes . IGN Entertainment . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian ( 2009 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Toys in the nation 's attic - Amy Adams a treasure in the ' Museum ' sequel '' . Chicago Tribune . May 20 , 2009 . Retrieved May 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian '' . Entertainment Weekly . May 19 , 2009 . Retrieved May 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` I ♥ Earhart '' . wordpress.com . October 18 , 2011 . Retrieved July 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Night At The Museum : Battle Of The Smithsonian : Review '' . TV Guide . Retrieved May 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Film Review : Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian '' . Hollywood Reporter . May 20 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2009 . Retrieved May 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. ( May 22 , 2009 ) . `` Movie Review : Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian ( 2009 ) - Dad 's at Another Museum . Does That Make Him an Exhibitionist ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian Review - A.V. Club '' . A.V. Club . May 21 , 2009 . Retrieved May 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( May 20 , 2009 ) . `` Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian Review '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved May 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cinemascore '' . Cinemascore.com . CinemaScore . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum 2 Awards '' . imdb.com . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Amazon.com : DVD Release for Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian '' . the-numbers.com . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Stiller confirms Night at the Museum 3 ; talks Zoolander 2 script '' . Movie Hole . October 27 , 2011 . Retrieved March 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( February 7 , 2013 ) . `` Shawn Levy Returns to Direct NIGHT AT THE MUSEUM 3 for December 25 , 2014 Release ; THE MAZE RUNNER Set to Open February 14 , 2014 '' . Collider . Retrieved February 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Night At The Museum 3 ' In The Works Access Hollywood - Celebrity News , Photos & Videos '' . Access Hollywood . January 21 , 2010 . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike . `` ' Downton Abbey 's Dan Stevens Joins ' Night At The Museum 3 ' As Lancelot '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ Yamato , Jen . `` Skyler Gisondo Set For ' Night At The Museum 3 ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Ricky Gervais Reprising In ' Night At The Museum 3 ′ '' . Deadline.com . December 18 , 2011 . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike . `` Rebel Wilson Joins ' Night At The Museum 3 ' Cast '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita . `` Fox Sets Date For ' Planet of the Apes ' Project , Moves Romancer ' The Longest Ride ' Away From ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' ; ' Night At the Museum ' Now Head to Head With ' The Hobbit ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Ben Kingsley Joining Shawn Levy 's Night at the Museum 3 '' . Comingsoon.net . January 23 , 2014 . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Quiet on set ! Ben Stiller and Robin Williams are joined by former Downton Abbey star Dan Stevens as they film Night At The Museum 3 in London '' . DailyMail.com . January 28 , 2014 . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Labrecque , Jeff ( August 11 , 2014 ) . `` Robin Williams leaves behind four upcoming films '' . Insidemovies.ew.com . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian Wikimedia Commons has media related to Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian . Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian on IMDb Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian at the TCM Movie Database Guide to Smithsonian museums displaying artifacts featured in the movie Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian at AllMovie Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian at Rotten Tomatoes Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian at Box Office Mojo Milan Trenc 's The Night at the Museum Films Night at the Museum ( 2006 ) Battle of the Smithsonian ( 2009 ) Secret of the Tomb ( 2014 ) Video games Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian Films directed by Shawn Levy Just in Time ( 1997 ) Jett Jackson : The Movie ( 2001 ) Big Fat Liar ( 2002 ) Just Married ( 2003 ) Cheaper by the Dozen ( 2003 ) The Pink Panther ( 2006 ) Night at the Museum ( 2006 ) Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian ( 2009 ) Date Night ( 2010 ) Real Steel ( 2011 ) The Internship ( 2013 ) This Is Where I Leave You ( 2014 ) Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ( 2014 ) Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie -- Comedy There 's Something About Mary ( 1999 ) Austin Powers : The Spy Who Shagged Me ( 2000 ) Miss Congeniality ( 2001 ) American Pie 2 ( 2002 ) Sweet Home Alabama ( 2003 ) Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) Napoleon Dynamite ( 2005 ) She 's the Man ( 2006 ) Knocked Up ( 2007 ) Juno ( 2008 ) Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian ( 2009 ) Date Night ( 2010 ) Bad Teacher ( 2011 ) 21 Jump Street ( 2012 ) Pitch Perfect ( 2013 ) The Other Woman ( 2014 ) Pitch Perfect 2 ( 2015 ) Ride Along 2 ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Night_at_the_Museum:_Battle_of_the_Smithsonian&oldid=801111124 '' Categories : 2009 films English - language films 2000s adventure films 2000s comedy films 2000s fantasy films 1492 Pictures films 20th Century Fox films 21 Laps Entertainment films American films American adventure comedy films American sequel films Cultural depictions of Al Capone Cultural depictions of Amelia Earhart Cultural depictions of Attila the Hun Cultural depictions of George Armstrong Custer Cultural depictions of Ivan the Terrible Cultural depictions of Napoleon Cultural depictions of Theodore Roosevelt Depictions of Napoleon on film Dune Entertainment films Fantasy adventure films Fictional depictions of Abraham Lincoln in film Film scores by Alan Silvestri Films adapted into video games Films about Al Capone Films about Theodore Roosevelt Films directed by Shawn Levy Films produced by Chris Columbus Films produced by Michael Barnathan Films set in museums Films set in Washington , D.C. Films shot in Montreal Films shot in Vancouver IMAX films Performance capture in film Smithsonian Institution Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2011 Use mdy dates from December 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with input errors Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2015 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 18 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where was night at the museum 2 filmed	[]	[]
5533641226615669814	First disciples of Jesus	First disciples of Jesus - wikipedia First disciples of Jesus Jump to : navigation , search Jesus ( on the left ) is being identified by John the Baptist as the `` Lamb of God who takes away the sins of the world '' , in John 1 : 29 . 17th century depiction by Vannini . The calling of Peter and Andrew by James Tissot , 19th century The call of the first disciples of Jesus is a key episode in the life of Jesus in the New Testament . It appears in Matthew 4 : 18 -- 22 , Mark 1 : 16 -- 20 and Luke 5 : 1 -- 11 on the Sea of Galilee . John 1 : 35 -- 51 reports the first encounter with two of the disciples a little earlier in the presence of John the Baptist . Particularly in the Gospel of Mark , the beginning of the Ministry of Jesus and the call of the first disciples are inseparable . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gospel of John 2 Gospel of Matthew 3 See also 4 References Gospel of John ( edit ) In the Gospel of John the first disciples are also disciples of John the Baptist and one of them is identified as Andrew , the brother of Apostle Peter : The next day John was there again with two of his disciples . When he saw Jesus passing by , he said , `` Look , the Lamb of God ! '' When the two disciples heard him say this , they followed Jesus ... Andrew , Simon Peter 's brother , was one of the two who heard what John had said and who had followed Jesus . The first thing Andrew did was to find his brother Simon and tell him , `` We have found the Messiah '' . Andrew is often called the Protokletos or `` first - called '' . Gospel of Matthew ( edit ) The Gospel of Matthew and the Gospel of Mark report the call of the first disciples by the Sea of Galilee : As Jesus was walking beside the Sea of Galilee , he saw two brothers , Simon called Peter and his brother Andrew . They were casting a net into the lake , for they were fishermen . `` Come , follow me , '' Jesus said , `` and I will make you fishers of men . '' At once they left their nets and followed him . The Gospel of Luke reports the call by the Sea of Galilee too , but along with the first Miraculous draught of fishes . In all Gospel accounts , this episode takes place after the Baptism of Jesus . The gathering of the disciples in John 1 : 35 -- 51 follows the many patterns of discipleship that continue in the New Testament , in that those who have received someone else 's witness become witnesses to Jesus themselves . Andrew follows Jesus because of the testimony of John the Baptist , Philip brings Nathanael and the pattern continues in John 4 : 4 -- 41 where the Samaritan woman at the well testifies to the town people about Jesus . See also ( edit ) Chronology of Jesus Gospel harmony Calling of Matthew Commissioning the twelve Apostles Life of Jesus in the New Testament References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Lamb of God by Sergei Bulgakov 2008 ISBN 0 - 8028 - 2779 - 9 page 263 Jump up ^ The Gospel according to Matthew by Leon Morris 1992 ISBN 0 - 85111 - 338 - 9 pages 83 Jump up ^ Luke by Fred B. Craddock 1991 ISBN 0 - 8042 - 3123 - 0 page 69 Jump up ^ The beginning of the Gospel : introducing the Gospel according to Mark by Eugene LaVerdiere 1999 ISBN 0 - 8146 - 2478 - 2 page 49 Jump up ^ Bible gateway Jump up ^ Bible gateway Jump up ^ A Harmony of the Gospels by William Henry Withrow 2009 ISBN 1 - 116 - 37809 - 4 page 18 Jump up ^ John by Gail R. O'Day , Susan Hylen 2006 ISBN 0 - 664 - 25260 - 5 page 31 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_disciples_of_Jesus&oldid=789943914 '' Categories : Gospel episodes Twelve Apostles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 10 July 2017 , at 16 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was the first apostle in the bible	[]	[]
325588721788758585	Money bill	Money bill - wikipedia Money bill Not to be confused with Banknote . `` Supply bill '' redirects here . For bills on government spending , see Appropriation bill . For the Irish controversy of 1753 -- 1756 , see Money Bill dispute . In the Westminster system ( and , colloquially , in the United States ) , a money bill or supply bill is a bill that solely concerns taxation or government spending ( also known as appropriation of money ) , as opposed to changes in public law . Contents 1 Conventions 2 Requirements in Westminster systems 2.1 Australia 2.2 Bangladesh 2.3 India 2.4 Republic of Ireland 2.5 United Kingdom 3 Requirements in non-Westminster systems 3.1 United States 4 See also 5 References Conventions ( edit ) It is often a constitutional convention that the upper house may not block a money bill . There is often another requirement that non-money bill - type clauses may not be attached to a money bill . The rationale behind this convention is that the upper house , being appointed or indirectly elected , should not have any right to decide on taxation and public expenditure - related policies as may be framed by the directly elected representatives of the lower house . Therefore , money bills are an exception to the general rule that for a bill to be enacted into a law , it has to be approved by both Houses of the Parliament -- the lower house and the upper house . Loss of supply in the lower house is conventionally considered to be an expression of the house 's loss of confidence in the government resulting in the government 's fall . Requirements in Westminster systems ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) A supply bill in the Australian System is required to pass the House of Representatives , the Senate and be signed by the Governor - General . The Senate has no power or ability to introduce or modify a supply bill , but has the ability to block or defer the passing of a supply bill . The most famous instance where supply was blocked was during the 1975 constitutional crisis . This has resulted in agreements between political parties to prevent the blockage of supply bills through the Senate . Bangladesh ( edit ) A money bill is specifically defined by Article 81 of the Constitution of Bangladesh . The President of Bangladesh can send back all bills passed by the Parliament for a review except a money bill . However , a money bill can be introduced to the Parliament only at the President 's recommendation . Additionally , tax can only be levied by the Parliament . India ( edit ) Procedure for a Money Bill : Money Bills can be introduced only in Lok Sabha ( the directly elected ' people 's house ' of the Indian Parliament ) . Money bills passed by the Lok Sabha are sent to the Rajya Sabha ( the upper house of parliament , elected by the state and territorial legislatures or appointed by the president ) . The Rajya Sabha may not amend money bills but can recommend amendments . To make sure that Rajya Sabha does n't amend the bill by adding some non-money matters ( known as Financial Bill ) , the Speaker of the Lok Sabha certifies the bill as a money bill before sending it to the upper house , and the decision of the Speaker is binding on both the Houses . A money bill must be returned to the Lok Sabha within 14 days , or the bill is deemed to have passed both houses in the form it was originally passed by the Lok Sabha . When a Money Bill is returned to the Lok Sabha with the recommended amendments of the Rajya Sabha , it is open to the Lok Sabha to accept or reject any or all of the recommendations . A money bill is deemed to have passed both houses with any recommended amendments the Lok Sabha chooses to accept , and without any that it chooses to decline . The definition of `` Money Bill '' is given in Article 110 of the Constitution of India . A financial bill is not a Money Bill unless it fulfills the requirements of Article 110 . The Speaker of the Lok Sabha certifies if a financial bill is a Money Bill or not . Policy cut motion - disapproval of the given policy . Symbolically , the members demand that the amount of the demand be reduced to 1 INR . They may also suggest an alternative policy . Economy cut motion - it is demanded that the amount of the policy be reduced by a specified amount . Token cut motion - used to show specific grievance against the government . Also states that the amount of the demand be reduced by Rs. 100 . A money bill can only be introduced in parliament with prior permission of the President of India . Finance bill is supposed to be enacted within 75 days ( including the Parliament voting and the President assenting ) . Money bill can not be returned by the President to the parliament for its reconsideration , as it is presented in the Lok Sabha with his permission . The concept of money bills in India came to the forefront during the enactment of the Aadhar Act , 2016 . In spite of resistance by the opposition , the Aadhaar Bill was certified as a ' money bill ' by the Speaker of the Lower House . The Upper House proposed certain amendments , but ultimately the BJP - dominated Lower House rejected the amendments suggested by the Upper House and unilaterally enacted the Aadhar Act , 2016 . Immediately thereafter , Jairam Ramesh , a senior Congress leader , challenged the speaker 's decision to treat the Aadhar Bill as a ' money bill ' before the Supreme Court of India . Article 110 ( 3 ) of the Constitution of India categorically states that ' if any question arises whether a Bill is a Money Bill or not , the decision of the Speaker of the House of the People thereon shall be final ' . Therefore , one of the prime constitutional questions before the Supreme Court is whether it can review the speaker 's certificate classifying a bill as a ' money bill ' . In three prior cases , the Supreme Court of India has refused to review the Speaker 's certificate . However , some commentators have argued that the Court 's earlier judgements were incorrect and Article 110 ( 3 ) made the Speaker 's decision `` final '' for the purpose of the two Houses of the Parliament , not for the Supreme Court of India . This argument is further supported by the fact that in Kihoto Hollohan vs Zachillhu ( AIR 1993 SC 412 ) , the `` final '' decision of the speaker regarding disqualification of members of the House under the Tenth Schedule of the Indian Constitution was held to be a judicial decision subject to judicial review . This suggests that the `` final '' status given by the Indian constitution does not automatically immune the Indian speaker 's decision or certificate from judicial review . In view of this crucial constitutional question , it has been suggested that the Supreme Court in Jairam Ramesh v. Union of India should create a constitution bench of at least nine judges to settle the law on this issue . Republic of Ireland ( edit ) In the Republic of Ireland , the Senate may not delay a money bill ( Irish : bille airgid ) more than 21 days . The President of Ireland may not refuse to sign a money bill and may not refer such a bill to the Supreme Court to test its constitutionality . Procedures exist for resolution of disputes as to whether a Bill is a money bill . Since the 1922 constitution ( as amended by the Constitution ( Amendment No. 12 ) Act 1930 ) and under the 1937 constitution , such disputes can be resolved by a committee on privileges . United Kingdom ( edit ) In the United Kingdom , section 1 ( 1 ) of the Parliament Act 1911 provides that the House of Lords may not delay a money bill more than a month . It is at the discretion of the Speaker of the House of Commons to certify which bills are money bills , and his decision is final and is not subject to challenge . Section 1 ( 2 ) of the Act states : A Money Bill means a Public Bill which in the opinion of the Speaker of the House of Commons contains only provisions dealing with all or any of the following subjects , namely , the imposition , repeal , remission , alteration , or regulation of taxation ; the imposition for the payment of debt or other financial purposes of charges on the Consolidated Fund , the National Loans Fund or on money provided by Parliament , or the variation or repeal of any such charges ; supply ; the appropriation , receipt , custody , issue or audit of accounts of public money ; the raising or guarantee of any loan or the repayment thereof ; or subordinate matters incidental to those subjects or any of them . In this subsection the expressions `` taxation , '' `` public money , '' and `` loan '' respectively do not include any taxation , money , or loan raised by local authorities or bodies for local purposes . The Parliament Act 1911 was the product of the political crisis of 1909 . The People 's Budget of 1909 proposed by the House of Commons was rejected by the House of Lords . A government whose budget ( that is the Finance Bill ) is rejected can only resign or dissolve Parliament , because without money it is impossible to govern . The rejection of the Finance Bill in 1909 by the Lords prompted the then British government to initiate steps to curtail the powers of the House of Lords in this regard . This is evident from the Preamble of the 1911 Act which states : `` An Act to make provision with respect to the powers of the House of Lords in relation to those of the House of Commons ... '' . The reference to the National Loans Fund was inserted on 1 April 1968 by section 1 ( 5 ) of the National Loans Act 1968 . For this purpose , the expression `` Public Bill '' does not include any Bill for confirming a Provisional Order . Bradley and Ewing said that the statutory definition of Money Bill is `` strictly interpreted '' . Most annual Finance Bills have not been certified to be Money Bills . Requirements in non-westminster systems ( edit ) United states ( edit ) While the United States of America is not a parliamentary democracy , the Origination Clause of the U.S. Constitution requires that all bills raising revenue originate in the House of Representatives , consistent with British constitutional practice ; by convention , appropriation bills ( bills that spend money ) also originate in the House . Unlike in most Westminster systems , there are no limits on the Senate 's ability to amend revenue bills or any requirement for the Senate to approve such bills within a certain timeframe . Both appropriations and revenue bills are often referred to as money bills to contrast them with authorization bills . The U.S. Supreme Court in United States v. Munoz - Flores ( 1990 ) held that : `` A law passed in violation of the Origination Clause would thus be no more immune from judicial scrutiny because it was passed by both Houses and signed by the President than would be a law passed in violation of the First Amendment '' . See also ( edit ) Appropriation bill Power of the purse References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Datta , Pratik ; Malhotra , Shefali ; Tyagi , Shivangi . `` Judicial Review and Money Bills '' . National Institute of Public Finance and Policy Working Paper No. 192 . Retrieved 24 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of Bangladesh '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 3 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rules of the Lok Sabha '' . Parliamentofindia.nic.in . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ Datta , Pratik ; Malhotra , Shefali ; Tyagi , Shivangi . `` Judicial Review and Money Bills '' ( PDF ) . National Institute of Public Finance and Policy . Retrieved 24 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Datta , Pratik ; Malhotra , Shefali ; Tyagi , Shivangi . `` Judicial Review and Money Bills '' ( PDF ) . National Institute of Public Finance and Policy . Retrieved 24 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Datta , Pratik ; Malhotra , Shefali ; Tyagi , Shivangi . `` Judicial Review and Money Bills '' ( PDF ) . National Institute of Public Finance and Policy . Retrieved 24 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Arun , T.K. `` The Money Bill conundrum : Constitution bench should decide '' . The Economic Times . Retrieved 6 April 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.oireachtas.ie/viewdoc.asp?fn=/documents/a-misc/legi.htm Jump up ^ `` Parliament Act 1911 '' . Legislation.gov.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ Datta , Pratik ; Malhotra , Shefali ; Tyagi , Shivangi . `` Judicial Review and Money Bills '' . National Institute of Public Finance and Policy Working Paper No. 192 . Retrieved 24 March 2017 . Jump up ^ The National Loans Act 1968 , section 24 ( 3 ) Jump up ^ AW Bradley and KD Ewing , Constitutional and Administrative Law , Twelfth Edition , Longman , 1997 , p. 213 Jump up ^ AW Bradley and KD Ewing , Constitutional and Administrative Law , Twelfth Edition , Longman , 1997 , pp. 213 and 214 Jump up ^ Erskine May , Parliamentary Practice , 21st Edition , 1989 , pp. 751 -- 753 ( editor C Gorden ) Jump up ^ Jennings , I. Parliament , Second Edition , 1957 Jump up ^ Datta , Pratik ; Malhotra , Shefali ; Tyagi , Shivangi . `` Judicial Review and Money Bills '' ( 1 ) . National Institute of Public Finance and Policy Working Paper No. 192 . Retrieved 24 March 2017 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Money_bill&oldid=839546773 '' Categories : Statutory law Westminster system Government finances Hidden categories : Articles containing Irish - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 May 2018 , at 03 : 57 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who decided a bill is a money bill	[]	[]
-6963107477722457867	Dodge Caravan	Dodge Caravan - wikipedia Dodge Caravan Jump to : navigation , search It has been suggested that this article be merged with Chrysler minivans . ( Discuss ) Proposed since February 2017 . For other makes with the same model name , see Caravan ( disambiguation ) § Automobile models . Dodge Caravan / Dodge Grand Caravan 2011 Dodge Grand Caravan Mainstreet Overview Manufacturer Chrysler Corporation ( 1984 - 1998 ) DaimlerChrysler ( 1999 - 2007 ) Chrysler LLC ( 2007 - 2009 ) Chrysler Group LLC ( 2009 - 2014 ) Fiat Chrysler Automobiles Canada ( 2014 - present ) Production November 2 , 1983 -- current Model years 1984 -- present Assembly Windsor Assembly , Windsor , Ontario , Canada ( Dodge Canada ) Arica , Chile Body and chassis Class minivan Layout Transverse front - engine , front - wheel drive ( 1984 -- present ) Transverse front - engine , all - wheel drive ( 1992 -- 2004 ) Related Plymouth Voyager Chrysler Town & Country Dodge Mini Ram Chrysler Grand Voyager Lancia Voyager Volkswagen Routan Chrysler K - Car Chronology Successor Dodge Journey ( for Caravan ) Ram Promaster City ( for Ram C / V ) Chrysler Pacifica ( for Grand Caravan ) The Dodge Caravan is a passenger minivan manufactured by Fiat Chrysler Automobiles and marketed by its Dodge division . Introduced for model year 1984 and now in its fifth generation , the Caravan has been offered in short - wheelbase ( 1984 -- 2007 ) and long - wheelbase ( 1987 -- present ) variants , the latter as the Grand Caravan . The Grand Caravan is the sibling vehicle of the Chrysler Town & Country . A pioneering minivan , the Caravan has been manufactured and marketed worldwide alongside rebadged variants : the Plymouth Voyager ( 1984 -- 2001 ) , Chrysler Voyager ( 1988 -- 2014 ) , Chrysler Town & Country ( 1989 -- 2016 ) , Chrysler Grand Voyager , Lancia Voyager ( 2011 -- 2015 ) , and Volkswagen Routan ( 2008 -- 2012 ) , selling more than 11 million combined , worldwide . Since their introduction in November 1983 , the Chrysler minivans have outsold other minivans in the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 First generation ( 1984 -- 1990 ) 1.1 Transmissions 1.2 Engines 2 Second generation ( 1991 -- 1995 ) 2.1 Engines 3 Third generation ( 1996 -- 2000 ) 3.1 Engines 3.2 Concepts 3.3 Dodge Caravan EPIC 3.4 Crash test results 4 Fourth generation ( 2001 -- 2007 ) 4.1 Engines 4.2 IIHS results 5 Fifth generation ( 2008 -- present ) 5.1 Engines 5.2 Safety 5.3 2011 model year update 5.4 2014 model year update 5.5 Future 5.6 Sales 5.7 Europe 5.8 Ram Cargo Van ( Ram C / V Tradesman ) 5.9 Volkswagen Routan 6 Trims 6.1 Current 6.2 Former 7 Seating features 7.1 Integrated child safety seats 7.2 Easy - Out Roller Seats 7.3 Stow ' N Go seating 7.4 Swivel ' n Go seating 8 Production 9 Notes 10 External links First generation ( 1984 -- 1990 ) ( edit ) Main article : Chrysler minivans ( S ) First generation Overview Also called Dodge Grand Caravan ( LWB Model ) Dodge Caravan ( SWB Model ) Production October 1983 -- 1990 Model years 1984 -- 1990 Designer Bob Hubbach ( 1980 ) Body and chassis Body style 3 - door minivan Layout Transverse front - engine , front - wheel drive Platform Chrysler S platform Related Chrysler Town & Country Plymouth Voyager Dodge Mini Ram Chrysler Voyager ( Europe only ) Powertrain Engine 2.2 L K I4 2.5 L K I4 2.5 L Turbo I4 TURBO 2.6 L Mitsubishi G54B I4 3.0 L Mitsubishi 6G72 V6 3.3 L EGA V6 Transmission 4 - speed A460 manual 5 - speed manual 3 - speed A413 automatic 3 - speed A470 automatic 3 - speed A670 automatic 4 - speed A604 automatic Dimensions Wheelbase 1984 -- 1988 SWB : 112.1 in ( 2,847 mm ) Grand Caravan & C / V Extended : 119.1 in ( 3,025 mm ) 1989 -- 1990 SWB & C / V : 112 in ( 2,844.8 mm ) Length SWB & C / V : 175.9 in ( 4,468 mm ) Grand Caravan : 190.5 in ( 4,839 mm ) 1989 -- 1990 LE SWB : 177.3 in ( 4,503 mm ) 1989 -- 1990 Grand Caravan LE : 191.9 in ( 4,874 mm ) C / V Extended : 190.6 in ( 4,841 mm ) Width 1984 -- 1988 : 69.5 in ( 1,765 mm ) 1989 -- 1990 : 72 in ( 1,829 mm ) Height 1984 -- 1988 SWB : 64.4 in ( 1,636 mm ) 1987 -- 1988 Grand Caravan : 65 in ( 1,651 mm ) C / V : 64.2 in ( 1,631 mm ) 1989 -- 1990 SWB : 64.6 in ( 1,641 mm ) 1989 -- 1990 Grand Caravan : 64.8 in ( 1,646 mm ) Dodge Caravan SE Turbo ( Chile ) Lee Iacocca and Hal Sperlich had conceived their idea for this type of vehicle during their earlier tenure at Ford Motor Company . Henry Ford II rejected the idea ( and a prototype ) of a minivan in 1974 . Iaccoca followed Sperlich to Chrysler , and together they created what was internally designated the T - 115 minivan -- a prototype that was to become the Caravan and Voyager , known in initial marketing as the Magic - wagons . Chrysler introduced the Dodge Caravan and the Plymouth Voyager in November 1983 for the 1984 model year , using the Chrysler S platform , an extended derivative of the Chrysler K platform . The Renault Espace launched in Europe the same year , and Chrysler began selling the Chrysler Voyager in Europe four years later . The long wheelbase ( LWB ) Grand Caravan was introduced in 1987 . During the 1960s , Dodge did sell a small cargo van adapted for passenger use , called the Dodge A100 which was discontinued in 1970 and replaced by the larger , fullsized Dodge B - series van in 1971 . Beginning with model year 1987 , all trim levels were also available in a long wheelbase variant , marketed as the Grand Caravan , which allowed more cargo space behind the rear seat . Interior trim , controls , and instrumentation were borrowed from the Chrysler K platform , and coupled with the lower floor enabled by the front - wheel - drive , the Caravan featured car - like ease of entry . There were three trim levels : base , SE , and LE . Base vans came equipped for five passengers in two rows of seating . The LE came with seven passengers standard in three rows of seating . The base van had two bucket seats with attached armrests and open floor space between them in the front , a three - person bench seat in the second row . The seven - passenger came with two bucket seats with attached armrests and open floor space between them in the front , a two - person bench seat in the second row , and a three - person bench seat in the back row . The two bench seats in the rear were independently removable , and the large three - person bench could also be installed in the second row location via a second set of attachment points on the van 's floor , ordinarily hidden with snap - in plastic covers . This configuration allowed for conventional five person seating with a sizable cargo area in the rear . The latching mechanisms for the benches were easy to operate though removing and replacing the seats typically required two adults . A front low - back 60 / 40 split bench , accommodating a third front passenger in the middle , was offered in the SE trim level in 1985 only , allowing for a maximum of eight passengers . This configuration was subsequently dropped . Base model curb weight 2,910 lbs . Safety features consisted of 3 - point seat belts for the front two passengers , with simple lap belts for the rear five . Seats on base models and cloth - trimmed SEs had no headrests , which were not mandated due to the van 's `` light truck '' legal status . However , the two front seats were equipped with non-adjustable headrests on the LE model and in conjunction with vinyl upholstery on the SE . Side - impact reinforcements were mandated , and were at all seating positions front and rear . Neither airbags nor anti-lock braking systems were available . Access to the rear rows of seating was by a large passenger - side sliding door enabling easy access in confined situations , e.g. , parking . Because only one sliding door was offered , the smaller 2nd row bench seat was shifted to the driver 's side of the van , facilitating passenger access to the 3rd row seat . To facilitate variable cargo storage behind the rear seat , the seat could be adjusted forward in 2 increments , the first of which removed roughly 6 inches ( 150 mm ) of legroom from the back row passengers , and the second of which would push the bench all the way to the back of the 2nd row , making the seats unusable . The seat back of the rear bench could also be folded forward , providing a flat cargo shelf . The smaller 2nd row bench was not adjustable , nor foldable ; it could only be removed entirely . Cargo access to the rear was via a hatchback , similar to the one on the K platform station wagons . The hatch was hinged at the top and held open by gas struts . A cargo version of the Caravan , called the Mini Ram Van , was also introduced in 1984 , renamed the Caravan C / V for 1989 and discontinued after 1995 . It was available either with the short - or long - wheelbase models . Unique to the Caravan C / V was the option of either having the traditional hatch door in the back or the optional swing - out bi-parting doors ( with or without windows ) , similar to those of more traditional cargo vans . These doors were made of fiberglass and required the C / V vans to be `` drop shipped '' , as these doors were custom installed by another vendor . Also based on the Mini Ram and C / V were aftermarket conversion vans sold through official Chrysler dealers and from the conversion companies themselves . Transmissions ( edit ) Both a three - speed TorqueFlite automatic transmission and a five - speed manual were available with all inline - 4 engines , including the turbocharged 2.5 L ( this was a rare combination ) . The Plymouth Voyager , which was a rebadged version of the Caravan , was also available with a manual transmission . The Chrysler Town & Country , which was a more luxurious repackaged version of the Caravan , had no manual transmission option . Manual transmissions were not available on V6 or long wheelbase models of the passenger Caravan , but was an option on the Mini Ram Van and Caravan C / V 's long wheelbase models with a 3.0 L V6 . V - 6 engines were only offered with the venerable fully hydraulically operated TorqueFlite , until the computer controlled Ultradrive 4 - speed automatic became available in 1989 . The Ultradrive offered much better fuel economy and responsiveness , particularly when paired with the inline - 4 engine . However , it suffered from reliability problems , usually stemming from what is known as `` gear hunt '' or `` shift busyness '' , resulting in premature wear of the internal clutches . It also required an uncommon type of automatic transmission fluid and is not clearly labeled as such , leading many owners to use the more common Dexron II rather than the specified `` Mopar ATF + 3 '' , resulting in transmission damage and eventual failure . The Ultradrive received numerous design changes in subsequent model years to improve reliability , and many early model transmissions would eventually be retrofitted or replaced with the updated versions by dealers , under warranty . These efforts were mostly successful , and most first - generation Caravans eventually got an updated transmission . Engines ( edit ) For the first three years of production , two engines were offered in the Caravan -- both inline - 4 engines with 2 barrel carburetors . The base 2.2 L was borrowed from the Chrysler K - cars , and produced 96 hp ( 72 kW ) horsepower . The higher performance fuel - injected version of the 2.2 L engine later offered in the K - cars was never offered in the Caravan , and the 2 - bbl version would remain the base power plant until mid-1987 . Alongside the 2.2 L , an optional Mitsubishi 2.6 L engine was available , producing 104 hp ( 78 kW ) horsepower . In mid-1987 , the base 2.2 L I4 was replaced with a fuel - injected 2.5 L I4 , which produced a respectable 100 hp ( 75 kW ) , while the Mitsubishi G54B I4 was replaced with the new fuel - injected 3.0 L Mitsubishi V - 6 producing 136 hp ( 101 kW ) . Fender badge originally used on V6 equipped Caravans Shortly thereafter in model year 1989 , a more powerful engine became optional , with a turbocharged version of the base 2.5 L producing 150 hp ( 112 kW ) . Revisions to the Mitsubishi V - 6 upped its output to 142 hp ( 106 kW ) that same year , and in 1990 a new 150 hp ( 110 kW ) 3.3 L V - 6 was added to the option list . The V6 engines became popular as sales of the 2.5 turbo dwindled and it was dropped at the end of the year . In these years , the ES model debuted ( short wheelbase only ) to highlight the new engines , the turbo 2.5 in particular . The ES was introduced to the long wheelbase Grand Caravan for 1991 and continued throughout 2003 , before it was discontinued and replaced with the SXT . 1984 -- 1987 2.2 L K I4 , 96 hp ( 72 kW ) , 119 lb ft ( 161 N m ) 1984 -- 1987 2.6 L Mitsubishi G54B I4 , 104 hp ( 78 kW ) , 142 lb ft ( 193 N m ) 19871⁄2 -- 1990 2.5 L K I4 , 100 hp ( 75 kW ) , 135 lb ft ( 183 N m ) 19871⁄2 -- 1988 3.0 L Mitsubishi 6G72 V6 , 136 hp ( 101 kW ) , 168 lb ft ( 228 N m ) 1989 -- 1990 2.5 L Turbo I4 , 150 hp ( 110 kW ) , 180 lb ft ( 240 N m ) 1989 -- 1990 3.0 L Mitsubishi 6G72 V6 , 142 hp ( 106 kW ) , 173 lb ft ( 235 N m ) 1990 3.3 L EGA V6 , 150 hp ( 110 kW ) , 180 lb ft ( 240 N m ) Second generation ( 1991 -- 1995 ) ( edit ) Main article : Chrysler minivan ( AS ) Second generation Overview Also called Dodge Grand Caravan ( LWB Model ) Dodge Caravan ( SWB Model ) Guangdong Sanxing Caravan / Grand Caravan ( China ) Production August 14 , 1990 -- August 1995 Model years 1991 -- 1995 Body and chassis Body style 3 - door minivan Layout Transverse front - engine , front - wheel drive / all - wheel drive Platform Chrysler AS platform Related Chrysler Town & Country Plymouth Voyager Chrysler Voyager ( Europe only ) Powertrain Engine 2.5 L K I4 3.0 L Mitsubishi 6G72 V6 3.3 L EGA V6 3.8 L EGH V6 Transmission 4 - speed manual 5 - speed manual 3 - speed A670 3 - speed A413 automatic 4 - speed A604 automatic Dimensions Wheelbase 1991 -- 1993 C / V : 112 in ( 2,845 mm ) SWB & 1994 -- 1995 C / V : 112.3 in ( 2,852 mm ) 1991 -- 1993 C / V Extended : 119.1 in ( 3,025 mm ) C / V AWD : 112 in ( 2,845 mm ) Grand Caravan & 1994 -- 1995 C / V Extended : 119.3 in ( 3,030 mm ) Length 1991 -- 1993 C / V : 175.9 in ( 4,468 mm ) 1991 -- 1993 SWB & 1994 -- 95 C / V : 178.1 in ( 4,524 mm ) 1991 -- 1993 C / V Extended : 190.6 in ( 4,841 mm ) Grand Caravan : 192.8 in ( 4,897 mm ) Width 72 in ( 1,828.8 mm ) 1991 C / V : 72.2 in ( 1,834 mm ) 1992 -- 1993 C / V : 69.6 in ( 1,768 mm ) Height SWB & 1991 -- 93 C / V : 64.2 in ( 1,631 mm ) Grand Caravan : 64.8 in ( 1,646 mm ) 1991 -- 93 AWD : 65.9 in ( 1,674 mm ) Grand Caravan : 66 in ( 1,676.4 mm ) Grand Caravan : 66.7 in ( 1,694 mm ) 1994 -- 95 SE : 64.3 in ( 1,633 mm ) Curb weight 3,305 lb ( 1,499 kg ) 3,531 lb ( 1,602 kg ) ( Grand Caravan ) From 1991 through 1995 , the Caravan used the Chrysler AS platform ; they were the last minivans derived from the Chrysler K platform . The increasing popularity of the short wheelbase Caravan had a dramatic effect on the captive import from Mitsubishi , called the Dodge Colt Vista , and was no longer imported to North America starting in 1991 . This generation of vans brought additional innovations , such as : `` Quad Command '' bucket seating ( 1991 ) Integrated child safety seats ( 1991 , MY1992 ) , improved design with recliners ( 1993 , MY1994 ) Available anti-lock brakes ( 1991 ) First driver 's side airbag in a minivan ( 1991 ) and first dual front airbags ( 1994 ) First minivan to meet 1998 U.S. federal safety standards ( 1993 , MY1994 ) All - wheel drive was introduced for the minivan. ( 1991 ) Changes for this generation included revised trim for 1992 , including roof - racks and doorhandles , among other components ( prior to this , said components were largely like those found on the previous generation ) . 1993 marked the final year for optional woodgrain and wire wheels on higher level models . 1994 saw a redesigned interior , with slightly different seat contours / fabrics , along with a new dash , in order to accommodate a passenger - side air bag . 1994 also saw exterior trim changes , such as a body colored grill and moldings on certain models , as well as the addition of a one - year only `` 10th Anniversary Edition '' model . Available as an option on a mid-level Caravan and Grand Caravan ( also offered on Voyager models as well ) , the popular `` 10th Anniversary '' package featured 2 - tone paint schemes , which included a contrasting light gray colored lower break , along with a gold fender badge . Only select colors were available on this model . Engines ( edit ) 1991 -- 1995 2.5 L K I4 , 100 hp ( 75 kW ) , 135 lb ft ( 183 N m ) 1991 -- 1995 3.0 L Mitsubishi 6G72 V6 , 142 hp ( 106 kW ) , 173 lb ft ( 235 N m ) 1991 -- 1993 3.3 L EGA V6 , 150 hp ( 110 kW ) , 180 lb ft ( 240 N m ) 1994 -- 1995 3.3 L EGA V6 , 162 hp ( 121 kW ) , 194 lb ft ( 263 N m ) 1994 -- 1995 3.8 L EGH V6 , 162 hp ( 121 kW ) , 213 lb ft ( 289 N m ) 1994 -- 1995 Dodge Grand Caravan ES AWD Third generation ( 1996 -- 2000 ) ( edit ) Main article : Chrysler minivans ( NS ) Third generation Dodge Grand Caravan , the long wheelbase version Overview Also called Dodge Grand Caravan ( LWB Model ) Dodge Caravan ( SWB Model ) Sanxing G - Star ( China ) Production January 30 , 1995 -- 2000 Model years 1996 -- 2000 Assembly St. Louis , Missouri , United States Windsor , Ontario , Canada Designer Don Renkert ( 1991 ) Body and chassis Body style 3 - door and 4 - door minivan Layout Transverse front - engine , front - wheel drive / all - wheel drive Platform Chrysler NS platform Related Chrysler Town & Country Plymouth Voyager Chrysler Voyager Powertrain Engine 2.4 L EDZ I4 ( gasoline ) 2.5 L VM425 I4 ( diesel ) ( Philippines ) 3.0 L 6G72 V6 ( gasoline ) 3.3 L EGA V6 ( gasoline / E85 ) 3.8 L EGH V6 ( gasoline ) Transmission 5 - speed manual ( Philippines diesel ) 3 - speed 31TH automatic 3 - speed A670 automatic 4 - speed 41TE automatic Dimensions Wheelbase SWB : 113.3 in ( 2,878 mm ) Grand Caravan : 119.3 in ( 3,030 mm ) Length SWB : 186.3 in ( 4,732 mm ) Grand Caravan FWD : 199.6 in ( 5,070 mm ) Grand Caravan AWD : 199.7 in ( 5,072 mm ) Width 76.8 in ( 1,951 mm ) Height 68.5 in ( 1,740 mm ) FWD : 68.7 in ( 1,745 mm ) Curb weight 3,528 lb ( 1,600 kg ) 3,680 lb ( 1,669 kg ) ( Grand Caravan ) Dodge Caravan , the short - wheelbase version With Generation III , the Chrysler minivans were available in long - and short -- wheelbase models ; three - and four - door configurations ; and eight different powertrains , including electric and compressed natural gas ; on a single , flexible platform . In development for nearly 5 years from early 1990 ( full development from 1991 ) to December 26 , 1994 ( final design by Don Renkert was approved on September 23 , 1991 and frozen in May 1992 ) , the 1996 model was introduced at the 1995 North American International Auto Show using the Chrysler S platform . It included a number of innovations , including a driver 's side sliding door ( optional initially , to become standard equipment later ) , a first for Chrysler and a non-compact minivan for the United States & Canada ( the Honda Odyssey had introduced the first four - door non-compact minivan for the United States & Canada in 1994 , although the first - generation Odyssey had conventional hinged rear doors ) . With Generation III , Chrysler introduced a seat management system marketed as Easy Out Roller Seats . A conventional door handle and lock was added to the rear hatch , eliminating the confusing pop - and - lift maneuver which had been required on earlier models . Base models of the Caravan were offered in most states with either a 2.4 L four - cylinder or the 3.0 L Mitsubishi 6G72 V6 engine , except in several northeastern states , where the Mitsubishi did n't meet emissions standards . In those locales , the 3.3 L engine was offered as the V6 option from 1997 through 2000 . The 1996 Caravan , along with the Plymouth Voyager and the Chrysler Town & Country won the North American Car of the Year award . The Caravan itself won Motor Trend magazine 's Car of the Year 1996 and appeared on the Car and Driver Ten Best for 1996 and 1997 . 1999 also saw the addition of a one - year only 15th anniversary `` Platinum Edition '' , to mark Caravan 's 15th year of production . This package was offered on various trim levels , and included Platinum Metallic paint , and fender badges . The 2000 model year offered packages which included the `` 2000 + '' and `` Millennium '' package , however these were little more than unique fender badges on vans with popular equipment . In 1998 , the 1999 Dodge Grand Caravan got new front styling on all trims above SE , and Sport and ES models received even sportier styling . The ES model was the first minivan to receive the `` AutoStick '' transmission and 17 inch wheels . A cargo net between the driver and front passenger seats was added . Some other changes during this generation included new colors , and interior fabric . Color keyed door and lift-gate handles were standard across the whole range , in addition to a new keyless entry remote . Base and SE models had options for a spoiler as well as color keyed bumpers and trim ( grey or color molded bumpers and trim were standard ) . The driver 's side sliding door became standard . Chrysler had updates of the Plymouth Voyager in 1996 for the 1997 model year and the Chrysler Town & Country in 1997 for the 1998 model year , prior to the 1998 -- 2007 DaimlerChrysler era ; it was the only exterior update of the NS Dodge Caravan . Engines ( edit ) 1996 -- 2000 2.4 L EDZ I4 , 150 hp ( 110 kW ) , 167 lb ft ( 226 N m ) ( Canadian vans beginning in 1999 included a 3.0 L V6 as standard equipment ) 1996 -- 2000 3.0 L Mitsubishi 6G72 V6 150 hp ( 110 kW ) , 176 lb ft ( 239 N m ) ( not available in certain U.S. states , 3.3 L V6 offered as standard equipment in those states instead ) 1996 -- 2000 3.3 L EGA V6 , 158 hp ( 118 kW ) , 203 lb ft ( 275 N m ) 1996 -- 1997 3.8 L EGH V6 , 166 hp ( 124 kW ) , 227 lb ft ( 308 N m ) 1998 -- 2000 3.8 L EGH V6 , 180 hp ( 130 kW ) , 240 lb ft ( 330 N m ) Concepts ( edit ) Other plans for this model year included three minivan concepts all to be made in the Windsor Assembly , the Dodge Caravan R / T , Voyager XG , and the Chrysler Pacifica 1999 concept . The Caravan R / T ( originally ESS ) was to include the most powerful engine ever for a minivan , rated at 325 horsepower ( 242 kW ) . It had two Dodge Viper hoodscoops , a brushed aluminum instrument panel , racing - style pedals , and black and white rubber flooring . The Voyager XG was more rugged , and included many outdoor amenities , such as a built - in ice pack . The Chrysler Pacifica , based on the Town & Country , was more luxurious , had power leather seats and footrests , overhead bins and lighting , an LHS grille , and roof - long skylights . The skylight feature was used by Nissan in the Quest . The Pacifica actually did come to be in 2004 , based on the fifth generation Caravan , except that it became a crossover SUV rather than a minivan . Dodge Caravan EPIC ( edit ) Main article : Dodge EPIC In 1999 , Dodge introduced the Caravan EPIC , a fully electric minivan . The EPIC was powered by 28 12 - volt NiMH batteries and was capable of traveling up to 80 miles ( 130 km ) on a single charge . The EPIC was sold as a fleet - only lease vehicle . Production of the EPIC was discontinued in 2001 . Only a few hundred of these vehicles were produced and sold . After the leases expired they were returned and crushed . Approximately 10 vans remain in private hands today . Crash test Results ( edit ) The 1996 -- 2000 Dodge Grand Caravan received a `` Marginal '' rating in the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety 's 40 mph offset test . The structural performance and restraints were graded `` Acceptable '' , but the foot injuries were very high . In the NHTSA crash tests , it received 4 stars for the driver and front passenger in the frontal - impact . In the side - impact test , it received 5 stars for the driver , and 3 stars for the rear occupant , and resulted in a fuel leak that could cause a fire hazard . Fourth generation ( 2001 -- 2007 ) ( edit ) Main article : Chrysler minivans ( RS ) Fourth generation Overview Also called Dodge Grand Caravan ( LWB Model ) Dodge Caravan ( SWB Model ) Production July 24 , 2000 -- July 2007 ( North America ) 2008 -- 2011 ( China ) Model years 2001 -- 2007 ( North America ) 2008 - 2010 ( China ) Designer Brandon Faurote ( 1997 ) Body and chassis Body style 4 - door minivan Layout Transverse front - engine , front - wheel drive / all - wheel drive Platform Chrysler RS platform Related Chrysler Town & Country Chrysler Pacifica Chrysler Voyager Powertrain Engine 2.4 L EDZ I4 2.8 L CRD diesel ( Philippines ) 3.0 L Mitsubishi 6G72 V6 ( China ) 3.3 L EGA V6 3.8 L EGH V6 Transmission 3 - speed 31TH automatic with 2.4 EDZ 4 - speed 41TE automatic Dimensions Wheelbase SWB : 113.3 in ( 2,878 mm ) Grand Caravan : 119.3 in ( 3,030 mm ) Length 2001 -- 2004 SWB : 189.1 in ( 4,803 mm ) 2005 -- 2007 SWB : 189.3 in ( 4,808 mm ) Grand Caravan : 200.5 in ( 5,093 mm ) / 200.6 in ( 5,095 mm ) Width 78.6 in ( 1,996 mm ) Height 68.9 in ( 1,750 mm ) Dodge Grand Caravan Unveiled at the 2000 North American International Auto Show ( NAIAS ) on Monday , January 10 , 2000 , the redesigned 2001 Dodge Caravan and 2001 Chrysler Town & Country were released for sale in August 2000 . The release was part of a promotional tie - in with Nabisco , which unveiled their new `` Mini Oreos '' inside the van during the unveiling . The first vans rolled off the line at the Windsor Assembly Plant on July 24 . The fourth generation vans were available in the trim levels ; SE , Sport , SXT , AWD Sports , `` base '' model , AWD Choice , eL , C / V , ES , EX , AWD Wagon , and SXT All - Wheel - Drive . In development from February 1996 to December 1999 , the Generation IV minivans were based on the Chrysler RS platform and featured a larger body frame with modified headlights and taillights . Design work was done by Brandon Faurote from January 1997 and reached production approval in 1998 . In addition to other detailed changes , power sliding doors and a power hatch became available as options . The Mitsubishi 3.0 L V6 , which no longer met emissions standards in California and the northeastern U.S. , was discontinued , and a more powerful 3.8 L engine , based on the 3.3 L , became available . All Wheel Drive continued to be offered on high end models . Other innovative available features included remote operated sliding doors and rear hatch , which could be opened and closed at the push of a button , either inside the vehicle , or with the keyless entry fob . In the 2002 model year , DaimlerChrysler stopped using the `` DODGE '' badges on the front doors , like with all Dodge vehicles . In 2003 , the Caravan C / V and Grand Caravan C / V returned after having been discontinued in 1995 . The C / V featured the option of deleted side windows ( replaced by composite panels ) , optional rear seats , a cargo floor made of plastic material similar to pickup truck bedliners , rubber flooring in lieu of carpeting and normal hatch at the rear . Minor changes were made to the Grand Caravan ES including many of the features included in Option Group 29S becoming standard , the 17 inch Titan Chrome wheels no longer being an option replaced with standard 16 inch chrome wheels , and the disappearance of the AutoStick Transmission option . This year also saw the appearance of an optional factory - installed rear seat DVD system with single disc player mounted below the HVAC controls . 2004 offered an exclusive one year only `` Anniversary Edition '' package to mark Caravan 's 20th year in production . This package was offered on higher level SXT models , and included chrome wheels , body color moldings , special interior accents and a unique fender badge . 2005 changes to the Caravan included a revised grille , new foglight fascia , and a system of in - floor folding second and third row seats , marketed as Stow ' n Go seating . Production of this generation continued in China from 2008 , when toolings for Dodge fascias and trims were added to the Chrysler Grand Voyager production line , until about 2011 when the fifth generation Chrysler Voyager was introduced for that market . The Caravan was subsequently replaced by the Journey , although a page for the Caravan still exists on the Dodge China site . The Soueast - built Caravan shares its headlights and tail lights with the Chrysler Grand Voyager , rather than the US Caravan . Engines ( edit ) 2001 -- 2007 2.4 L EDZ I4 , 150 hp ( 110 kW ) at 5400 rpm and 165 lb ft ( 224 N m ) at 4000 rpm 2001 -- 2007 3.3 L EGA V6 , 180 hp ( 130 kW ) at 5000 rpm and 210 lb ft ( 280 N m ) at 4000 rpm 2001 -- 2007 3.8 L EGH V6 , 200 hp ( 150 kW ) at 5000 rpm and 245 lb ft ( 332 N m ) at 4000 rpm 2009 -- present 3.0 L Mitsubishi 6G72 V6 , 150 hp ( 110 kW ) 176 lb ft ( 239 N m ) ( China ) In Canada , the 3.3 L V6 was standard on all models . Iihs Results ( edit ) The 2001 model of this version earned a `` Poor '' rating in the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety ' s 40 mph offset test . It did protect its occupants reasonably well , and the dummy movement was well controlled , however , a fuel leak occurred . Chrysler corrected this problem starting with the 2002 models , moving it up to an `` Acceptable '' rating . The 2006 model year brought optional side curtain airbags and a stronger B - pillar , which was tested by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety 's side impact crash test . With the side airbags , it got an `` Acceptable '' rating . For the driver , there is a chance of serious neck injuries , rib fractures and / or internal organ injuries . The rear passengers , however , could leave this accident unharmed , as there is a low risk of significant injury in a crash of this severity for them . Fifth generation ( 2008 -- present ) ( edit ) Main article : Chrysler minivans ( RT ) Fifth generation ( Dodge Grand Caravan ) Overview Also called Ram C / V Tradesman Production August 16 , 2007 -- Current Model years 2008 -- Current Body and chassis Body style 4 - door minivan Layout Transverse front - engine , front - wheel drive Platform Chrysler RT platform Related Chrysler Town & Country Chrysler Grand Voyager Volkswagen Routan Ram Cargo Van Powertrain Engine 2.8 L 176 hp ( 131 kW ) CRD I4 diesel ( Philippines ) 3.3 L 175 hp ( 130 kW ) V6 3.8 L 197 hp ( 147 kW ) V6 4.0 L 251 hp ( 187 kW ) V6 3.6 L 283 hp ( 211 kW ) Pentastar V6 Transmission 4 - speed automatic ( 3.3 engine ) 62TE 6 - speed automatic ( 3.6 , 3.8 , 4.0 engines ) Dimensions Wheelbase 121.2 in ( 3,078 mm ) Length 202.5 in ( 5,144 mm ) Ram Cargo Van : 202.8 in ( 5,151 mm ) Width 76.9 in ( 1,953 mm ) Ram Cargo Van : 78.7 in ( 1,999 mm ) Height 68.9 in ( 1,750 mm ) Ram Cargo Van : 69.0 in ( 1,753 mm ) Curb weight 4,306 lb ( 1,953 kg ) Dodge Grand Caravan SXT Sennheiser ( Canada ) Interior The fifth generation van had debuted at the 2007 North American International Auto Show with exterior styling by Ralph Gilles . Beginning with Generation V in model year 2008 , Chrysler only made the long wheelbase Grand Caravan . With discontinuation of the short - wheelbase Caravan , Dodge offered the Journey on nearly an identical wheelbase and as a crossover rather than a minivan . Although the SWB model , which had accounted for half of all sales in Canada , cost approximately $2,000 less and offered a four - cylinder engine option with improved fuel economy , Chrysler executives stated the SWB Caravan was discontinued to accommodate new features offered in the Grand Caravan , consistent with the demands of the majority of the minivan market . A new six - speed automatic transmission became standard with the 3.8 L V6 and the new 4.0 L V6 . The four - speed automatic transmission is standard with the 3.3 L Flex - Fuel V6 . This generation of Grand Caravan and its Town & Country counterpart were not available with an all - wheel - drive system . The previously unavailable Electronic Stability Control was made standard on this generation . Chrysler introduced a seat management system marketed as Swivel'n Go seating , the MyGIG entertainment system ( a stereo with built in hard drive for recording , storing , and playing music ) , second and third row video screens , powered second row windows , standard side curtain airbags , and dashboard - mounted transmission controls . The gear shift lever moved to the instrument panel , the location used by competitors . The market shifted briefly away from minivans and SUVs with the gasoline price spikes of the earlier part of 2008 . This trend began to reverse itself towards the fall of 2008 . In 2009 and 2010 the Dodge Grand Caravan continued to be the top selling minivan in Canada , with over 60 % of the market 's monthly sales . Engines ( edit ) Model Displacement Type Valves Power ( HP@RPM ) Torque ( lb-ft@RPM ) Compression ratio Transmission Fuel economy ( MPG ) Years 2.8 L VM Motori A 428 DOHC diesel I4 2,766 cc ( 168.8 cu in ) DOHC 16 161@3,600 266@2,000 6 - speed 62TE automatic 2011 -- 2.8 L VM Motori RA 428 DOHC diesel I4 2,766 cc ( 168.8 cu in ) DOHC 16 161@3,600 310@2,000 6 - speed 62TE automatic 2008 -- 2010 3.3 L V6 3,301 cc ( 201.4 cu in ) OHV 12 175@5,000 205@4,000 9.3 : 1 4 - speed 41TE automatic 17 / 24 2008 -- 2010 Pentastar 3.6 L V6 3,604 cc ( 219.9 cu in ) DOHC 24 283@6,400 260@4,400 10.0 : 1 6 - speed 62TE automatic 17 / 25 2011 -- 3.8 L V6 3,778 cc ( 230.5 cu in ) OHV 12 197@5,200 230@4,000 9.6 : 1 16 / 23 2008 -- 2010 4.0 L V6 3,952 cc ( 241.2 cu in ) SOHC 24 251@6,000 259@4,100 10.2 : 1 17 / 25 2008 -- 2010 Both the 3.8 L and 4.0 L engines were paired with Chrysler 's 62TE 6 - speed automatic transmission with variable line pressure ( VLP ) technology ( See Ultradrive # 62TE ) . In Canada ( 2008 -- 2010 ) the 3.3 L was the standard engine across the range , combined with the 4 - speed 41TE automatic transmission . The 4.0 L engine and six - speed combination was available as an option on only the top of the range SXT models . In 2011 the six - speed transmission was specified as standard on the Town & Country . Safety ( edit ) In the U.S. the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 's ( NHTSA ) New Car Assessment Program crash testing , the 2010 Dodge Grand Caravan achieved a five star ( top safety ) rating in several categories . Frontal Impact -- Driver and Passenger : Side Impact Driver : Side Impact Rear Passenger : Rollover : IIHS : Moderate overlap frontal offset Good Small overlap frontal offset Poor Side impact Good Roof strength ( 2012 -- present models ) Good 2011 model year update ( edit ) Post-facelift 2011 Dodge Grand Caravan The Grand Caravan underwent a mid-cycle refresh for the 2011 model year , which included major changes in both styling and functionality . The suspension was heavily re-tuned , with both Dodge and Chrysler minivans gaining a larger front sway bar and new rear sway bar , increased rear roll center height , adjusted spring rates , a new steering gear , a revised front static camber setting , and lowered ride height . This dramatically improved handling in both the Chrysler and Dodge . All three of the former engine choices were replaced by the new Pentastar 3.6 - liter V6 with six - speed automatic transmission , now the sole powertrain choice for all models . Interior trim was restyled on both vans , in addition to major exterior revisions highlighted by the new `` double - crosshair '' grille on the Grand Caravan and a new chrome grille for the Town & Country . Other changes included extra sound insulation , acoustic glass , new seats , softer - touch surfaces , new LED ambient lighting and center console , and halogen projector headlamps with LED accents . The Chrysler models were adjusted so that instead of competing against equivalent Dodge trim levels , they were above Dodge in trim and features . For 2012 , a new , basic style trim called `` AVP '' was introduced , while some features previously unavailable for `` SE '' ( like touch navigation panel ) become available as options ( The `` SE '' now also received a floor console , similar to the one available for `` SXT '' ) . The same year , the front logo design was changed the two slanted rectangles in red to match the rest of the Dodge lineup . For 2013 , the `` AVP '' trim starting MSRP reduced by $1,000 from the year before . 2014 model year update ( edit ) 2014 Dodge Grand Caravan 30th Anniversary Edition on display at the Montreal Auto Show , 22 January 2014 For the 2014 model year , three new packages are introduced : American Value Package ( US ; Canada Value Package in Canada ) , Blacktop package ( US only ) and the 30th Anniversary Edition . They are all different sets of the SE and SXT trims , and include new luxury features for basically the same price . The Grand Caravan AVP also gained easy - clean floor mats that came with the optional second - row Stow'n Go seats ( standard on SE , SXT and R / T ) . The `` Blacktop package '' , based on SE and SXT , came equipped with 17 - inch polished aluminum wheels with gloss black pockets , a gloss black grille , black headlamp bezels , an all - black interior including headliner , door panels and console , unique black cloth seats and door trim panels with silver accent stitching , a leather - wrapped steering wheel with silver accent stitching and a leather shift knob , choice of 6 body colors ( Granite Crystal , Billet Silver , Brilliant Black , Maximum Steel , Redline Red , Bright White ) . SXT models also include fog lamps . The `` SE 30th Anniversary Edition '' , based on the SE trim , came equipped with 17 - inch satin carbon aluminum wheels , body - color heated exterior mirrors , 30th Anniversary badging on the front fenders , silver accent stitching and piano black accents throughout , black cloth seats , a black leather - wrapped steering wheel , black leather - wrapped shift knob , black headliner and overhead console , bright heating and air conditioning trim bezels , power second - and third - row windows , and 30th Anniversary logo on the key fob The `` SXT 30th Anniversary Edition '' , based on the SXT trim , was packaged with 17 - inch polished aluminum wheels with satin carbon pockets , bright chrome roof rack , bright window trim moldings , fog lamps , automatic headlamps and special 30th Anniversary badging , Black Torino leatherette seats with premium suede inserts and silver accent stitching , power 10 - way driver 's seat , piano black accent trim bezels , and bright chrome accents throughout . Both 30th Anniversary Editions included an available special body color , Granite Crystal Pearl Coat , a customized gauge cluster with 30th Anniversary badging , as well as the UConnect Handsfree Group ( SiriusXM Satellite Radio with a one - year subscription , Bluetooth streaming audio and voice command and an auto - dimming rear view mirror ) . The vehicles arrived at dealerships at Q3 2013 . Also new for the 2014 model year , the Grand Caravan R / T gained standard auto headlamps with black bezels and the Security Group featuring remote start and security alarm . A small 2017 model year update yields SE , SE Plus , SXT , and GT models . The 6.5 '' Touchscreen ( Radio 430 and 430 NAV ) became standard equipment . ( Navigation is standard on GT and optional on SXT . ) Future ( edit ) FCA unveiled the Chrysler Pacifica , a new crossover minivan for the 2017 model year , at the 2016 North American International Auto Show . The Pacifica replaced the Chrysler Town & Country , but it was originally stated that the 2016 model of the Dodge Caravan would be produced for one more model year as a lower - cost alternative to the Pacifica , before being discontinued . In January 2017 , FCA CEO Sergio Marchionne stated that it was not clear if the Caravan would be discontinued , and that they would have to look into offering `` some level of affordable access to the Pacifica at the lower end to try and replace the outgoing models '' . Despite the introduction of the higher - cost Pacifica model , sales of the Caravan increased by 26 % in 2016 . The Grand Caravan phase - out plans have never been set in stone before and may not . Production of Grand Caravans will be temporarily suspended from September to November 2017 with the assembly of the 2018 model year versions to begin in December 2017 . Sales ( edit ) Calendar year United States Canada Mexico Total 2002 244,911 244,911 2003 233,394 233,394 242,307 63,559 305,866 2005 226,771 65,002 291,773 2006 211,140 61,901 273,041 2007 176,150 55,041 231,191 2008 123,749 39,396 163,145 2009 90,666 40,283 130,949 103,323 55,306 158,629 2011 110,862 53,406 164,268 2012 141,468 51,552 193,020 2013 124,019 46,732 170,751 2014 134,152 51,759 185,911 2015 97,141 46,927 144,068 2016 127,678 51,513 179,191 2017 87,370 26,934 786 61,883 3'970.412 Automotive news reported that , from January to October in 2010 , Dodge sold about a third of its 2010 Grand Caravans to rental fleets . The number of returned ex-rental 2010 Grand Caravan to the market jumped fourfold between July to October , depressing prices of used 2009 and 2010 Dodge minivans by as much as 20 % . Europe ( edit ) Originally from 2007 to June 1 , 2011 , the van was known in Europe as the Chrysler G. Voyager , but since June 1 , 2011 , it has been known in the UK and Ireland as a Chrysler G. Voyager and in the rest of Europe as a Lancia Voyager . For the European market , the Lancia / Chrysler Voyager will be available in three trim levels ( Silver , Gold and Platinum ) and two choices of engine : a 283 PS ( 208 kW ; 279 hp ) 3.6 - liter V6 petrol unit and a 2.8 - liter CRD diesel with particulate filter as standard delivering 163 PS ( 120 kW ; 161 hp ) and 360 N m ( 270 lb ft ) . For more information on the European specification Voyager , see Chrysler Voyager . Ram cargo van ( Ram C / V Tradesman ) ( edit ) 2012 Ram Cargo Van The Ram Cargo Tradesman , or Ram C / V Tradesman , debuted for the 2012 model year , replacing the Dodge Grand Caravan C / V. It is based on the Dodge Grand Caravan , but with solid metal instead of rear windows and a flat load space with 144.4 cubic feet ( 4,090 L ) of interior storage , and a 1,800 lb ( 820 kg ) . cargo payload plus a towing capability of up to 3,600 lb ( 1,600 kg ) . The Ram C / V is offered with a 3.6 - liter Pentastar V - 6 engine and 6 - speed automatic transmission . The C / V Tradesman was discontinued after the 2015 model year in favor of the Fiat Doblò - based ProMaster City . Volkswagen Routan ( edit ) Main article : Volkswagen Routan Volkswagen Routan SE Beginning with Generation V , Volkswagen began marketing the Volkswagen Routan , a rebadged variant of the Chrysler RT platform minivan with revised styling and content , for the North American market . The original contract between Chrysler and Volkswagen called for five years of production ( through 2013 ) . The Routan , made at Windsor Assembly alongside the Grand Caravan , debuted in 2008 at the Chicago Auto Show . Sales began in autumn of 2008 , and features neither Chrysler 's Stow'n Go nor Swivel'n Go seating systems . When the Chrysler and Dodge badged versions received new features for 2011 , not all were shared with the Routan . Total sales as of September 2010 were reported as being under 10,000 units , far lower than the target of 5 % of the minivan market . The Routan was discontinued after the 2013 model year . A total of 2,500 were produced by Chrysler during the calendar year . Trims ( edit ) Current ( edit ) SE SE Plus SXT GT Former ( edit ) Base : 1984 -- 2007 Blacktop : 2013 Crew : 2008 -- 2012 ( US ; from 2008 to 2010 it was a subtrim on the SXT , 2011 -- present ( Canada ) ) C / V : 1989 -- 2011 ( 2012 + as Ram ) eL : 2001 -- 2003 ES : 1986 ( concept ) , 1989 -- 2003 ( production ) EX : 2002 -- 2004 Express : 2011 LE : 1984 -- 2000 Mainstreet : 2011 R / T : 2011 -- 2016 SE 20th Anniversary Edition : 2004 ( Canada ) SE 25th Anniversary Edition : 2008 ( Canada ) SE 30th Anniversary Edition : 2013 -- 2014 Sport : 1994 -- 2003 ( 1994 -- 2000 as a package on SE and LE models ) SXT 20th Anniversary Edition : 2004 ( U.S. ) SXT 25th Anniversary edition : 2008 ( U.S. ) SXT 30th Anniversary Edition : 2013 -- 2014 VP : 2011 -- present ( U.S. AVP ) 2008 -- present ( Canada CVP ; from 2008 to 2010 it was a subtrim on the SE ) Seating features ( edit ) The Caravan has incorporated numerous seating systems for their minivans to enhance interior flexibility . Integrated child safety seats ( edit ) In 1991 , Dodge introduced a second row bench seat integrating two child booster seats on 1992 models . These seats continued as an available option through Generation V until they were discontinued in 2010 . Easy - Out Roller seats ( edit ) In 1995 , Dodge introduced a system of seats to simplify installation , removal , and re-positioning , marketed as Easy - Out Roller Seats . When installed , the seats are latched to floor - mounted strikers . When unlatched , eight rollers lift each seat , allowing it to be rolled fore and aft . Tracks have locator depressions for rollers , to simplify installation . Ergonomic levers at the seat backs release the floor latches single - handedly , without tools , and raise the seats onto the rollers in a single motion . Additionally , seat backs were designed to fold forward . Seat roller tracks are permanently attached to the floor and seat stanchions are aligned , facilitating the longitudinal rolling of the seats . Bench seat stanchions were moved inboard to reduce bending stress in the seat frames , allowing them to be lighter . When configured as two and three person benches ( available through Generation IV ) , the Easy Out Roller Seats could be unwieldy . Beginning in 2000 , second and third row seats became available in a ' quad ' configuration -- bucket or captain chairs in the second row and a third row three - person 50 / 50 split `` bench '' -- with each section weighing under 50 lb ( 23 kg ) . The Easy - out system remained in use through Generation V -- where certain models featured a two - person bench and the under - floor compartments from the Stow'n Go system . All the rebadged nameplate variants of the Chrysler minivans use the Easy Out Roller Seats on their second row seating , where not the Stow and Go system . Stow ' n Go seating ( edit ) In 2004 , Dodge introduced a system of second - and third - row seating that folded completely into under - floor compartments . It was marketed as Stow ' N Go and was available exclusively on long - wheelbase models . In a development program costing $400 million , engineers initially used an Erector Set to visualize the complex interaction of the design and redesigned under - floor components . The system included the spare tire well , fuel tank , exhaust system , parking brake cables , rear climate control lines , and rear suspension but precluded all - wheel drive ( AWD ) . The system , in turn , creates a combined volume of 12 cubic feet ( 340 L ) of under - floor storage when second - row seats are deployed . With both rows folded , the vans have a flat - load floor and a maximum cargo volume of 160.7 cubic feet ( 4,550 L ) . The Stow ' n Go system received the Popular Science Magazine 's `` Best of What 's New '' for 2005 award , and was never offered on the Volkswagen Routan , the rebadged nameplate variant of the Chrysler minivans . For model year 2011 Chrysler revised the system , rebranding it as `` Super Stow ' n Go '' . New pivoting head restraints with taller seatbacks and a revised folding mechanism ( marketed as `` single action '' ) improved stowage ease -- with the head restraints folding on themselves automatically and the entire seat automatically folding down to a position just over its floor recess . Swivel ' n Go seating ( edit ) Dodge introduced a seating system in 2007 , marketed as Swivel ' n Go . In the seating system , two full size second row seats swivel to face the third row . A detachable table can be placed between the second and third row seats . The Swivel ' n Go seating system includes the 3rd row seating from the Stow ' n Go system . The system is offered on the Dodge Grand Caravan and Chrysler Town & Country , but not the Volkswagen Routan , a rebadged nameplate variant of the Chrysler minivans . These Swivel ' n Go Seats are manufactured by Intier Corp. a division of Magna . The tracks , risers and swivel mechanisms are assembled by Camslide , a division of Intier . The swivel mechanism was designed by and is produced by Toyo Seat USA Corp . The system is noted for its high strength . The entire load of the seat in the event of a crash is transferred through the swivel mechanism , which is almost twice as strong as the minimum government requirement . The swivel mechanism includes bumpers that stabilize the seat while in the lock position . When rotated the seat comes off these bumpers to allow easy rotation . The seat is not meant to be left in an unlocked position or swiveled with the occupant in it , although this will not damage the swivel mechanism . `` Swivel ' n Go '' was dropped after the 2010 model year and is no longer an option on 2011 and later Chrysler and Dodge vans . However , the seats can still be installed by modifying the van with a few basic tools and parts . However , it is impossible to install the table . Production ( edit ) The long - wheelbase Dodge Grand Caravan with Stow ' n Go seats are built in Windsor , Ontario , Canada at Windsor Assembly ( WAP Plant 3 ) by members of Canadian Auto Workers Local 444 . Both wheelbase models were produced in Fenton , Missouri at Saint Louis Assembly by members of the United Auto Workers Local 110 until the end of October 2010 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hyde , Charles K. ( 2003 ) . Riding the Roller Coaster : a history of the Chrysler Corporation . Wayne State University Press . p. 267 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8143 - 3091 - 3 . Retrieved March 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Vellequette , Larry P. ( June 22 , 2015 ) . `` Dodge plans to produce ' 17 minivan Grand Caravan output had been set to end next year '' . Automotive News . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chrysler LLC Celebrates 25th Anniversary of the Minivan '' . Autonew24h.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chrysler icon celebrates 25 years '' ( Press release ) . 1853chairman.com , Chrysler Press Release . Jump up ^ `` Bob Hubbach '' . LinkedIn . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . YouTube . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` United States Patent : D286865 '' . Patft.uspto.gov . November 25 , 1986 . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of the Chrysler Minivan '' . Allpar . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Eisenstein , Paul A. ( July 29 , 1990 ) . `` Car Changeovers Show Japan Lead '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ Riding the Roller Coaster : A History of the Chrysler Corporation -- Google Books . Books.google.com. 1991 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Civil Action File No. 0110133833 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who 's Where : Chrysler 's new Design VPs '' . Car Design News . May 25 , 2007 . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` DaimlerChrysler Debuts minivans '' . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Article : New Mini Oreos Debut in New Mini Van '' . AccessMyLibrary . August 10 , 2000 . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2010 . Retrieved September 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Article : The First , All - New 2001 Chrysler Town and Country and 2001 Dodge Caravan ... '' . AccessMyLibrary . July 19 , 2000 . Retrieved September 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Home page '' . Chrysler China . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McIntosh , Jil ( February 25 , 2008 ) . `` Test Drive : 2008 Dodge Grand Caravan Canada `` Value Package '' `` . Autos Canada . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Durbin , Dee - Ann ( June 6 , 2008 ) . `` Minivan sales slow , hit by gas prices and image '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Iihs - Hldi '' . Iihs.org . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2010 . Retrieved April 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chrysler Pentastars Engines -- Specifications '' . Allpar . Retrieved October 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Chrysler minivan US NCAP safety ratings '' . NHTSA www.Safercar.gov . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2010 . Retrieved June 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Dodge Grand Caravan '' . Iihs.org. 2015 . Retrieved October 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2011 Chrysler Town & Country and 2011 Dodge Caravan Minivans '' . Allpar . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Dodge Grand Caravan Celebrates Its 30th Birthday With Even More Desirable Content and Value '' ( Press release ) . Chrysler LLC . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dodge Grand Caravan and Chrysler Town & Country receive 30th Anniversary Editions '' . Worldcarfans.com . September 3 , 2013 . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sessions , Ron ( September 1 , 2013 ) . `` Chrysler Group Celebrates 30 Years of Minivans with 30th Anniversary Edition Grand Caravan and Town & Country '' . Blog.caranddriver.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Dodge Grand Caravan Technology '' . Jump up ^ Priddle , Alisa ( December 5 , 2015 ) . `` 2017 Chrysler minivan coming ; Dodge not leaving yet '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved March 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wayland , Michael ( 11 January 2016 ) . `` 2017 Chrysler Pacifica : All - new ' modern family ' minivan '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved March 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vellequette , Larry P. ( June 22 , 2015 ) . `` Dodge plans to produce ' 17 minivan '' . Automotive News . Retrieved March 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Vellequette , Larry P. ( January 16 , 2017 ) . `` As Pacifica ramps up , Grand Caravan lives on '' . Automotive News . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cain , Timothy ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Dodge Grand Caravan Dies In 2019 : Report '' . The Truth About Cars . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chrysler Cars ( Build Out Final Order Start Up Dates ) '' . Donlen . May 12 , 2017 . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FCA Sets 2018 - MY Order Dates '' . Automotive Fleet . February 28 , 2017 . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Good Car Bad Car ( dodge grand caravan sales figures ) Jump up ^ `` December 2008 Sales : Chrysler LLC '' . CheersandGears.com . January 5 , 2009 . Retrieved January 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Chrysler Canada Announces 2008 Calendar Year Sales Results '' ( Press release ) . Chrysler Canada . January 5 , 2009 . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chrysler Group LLC December 2009 Sales '' . CheersandGears.com . January 5 , 2010 . Retrieved January 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chrysler Canada Celebrates 26 Per Cent Sales Growth in 2010 '' ( Press release ) . Chrysler Canada . January 4 , 2011 . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chrysler Group LLC December 2010 Sales '' . CheersandGears.com . January 4 , 2011 . Retrieved January 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chrysler sales shoot up 37 % ( 26 % for 2011 ) '' . allpar.com . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2012 . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dodge Grand Caravan Sales Figures '' . goodcarbadcar.net . Retrieved November 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chrysler Group LLC Reports December 2012 U.S. Sales Increased 10 Percent '' ( Press release ) . Chrysler Group LLC. 2013 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chrysler Canada Finishes Year With Best Retail Sales Year Since 2000 '' ( Press release ) . Chrysler Canada . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chrysler Group LLC Reports December 2013 U.S. Sales Increased 6 Percent '' ( Press release ) . Chrysler Group LLC. 2014 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` FCA US LLC Reports December 2014 U.S. Sales Increased 20 Percent - Best December Sales in a Decade ; Full - Year Sales Up 16 Percent - Strongest Annual Sales Since 2006 '' ( Press release ) . prnewswire.com. 2015 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` FCA US LLC Reports December 2015 U.S. Sales Increased 13 Percent '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . FCA US LLC. 2016 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ FCA USA ( FCA US Reports 2016 December and Full - year U.S. Sales ) Jump up ^ FCA Canada ( FCA Canada December and Full - year 2016 Sales ) Jump up ^ FCA USA ( FCA US Reports April 2017 Sales ) Jump up ^ FCA Canada ( FCA Canada Reports March 2017 Sales ) Jump up ^ ( http://noticias.autocosmos.com.mx/2017/08/22/los-5-modelos-mas-vendidos-de-cada-segmento-en-julio-2017 Noticias Autocosmos ( Los 5 Modelos más vendidos de Cada Segmento en Julio 2017 ) ) Jump up ^ `` High fleet sales rates take toll '' . Automotive News . November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New Lancia Grand Voyager Minivan is a Rebadged Chrysler , and Yes , this Picture Too Appears to be a Chop '' . Carscoop . February 14 , 2011 . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New Ram Cargo Van is a 2012 Dodge Caravan for the Pro '' . Carscoop . March 8 , 2011 . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ram C / V Tradesman Official Site '' . Ram Trucks . Jump up ^ Holmes , Jake ( December 12 , 2012 ) . `` Report : Volkswagen Routan Minivan Production Halted Temporarily '' . Automobile magazine . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Healey , James ( March 18 , 2011 ) . `` Volkswagen 's Routan has some smooth hustle '' . USAToday . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brown , Jacob ( March 29 , 2013 ) . `` Not - Surprising News : Volkswagen Discontinuing Routan Minivan Sales '' . Automotive.com . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chrysler Group LLC December 2013 Production Data '' . Chrysler Group LLC. 17 January 2014 . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chrysler extends leadership in Mideast minivan segment with ' Stow ' n Go ' '' . Ameinfo.com . February 12 , 2005 . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2013 . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chrysler Group Brings Minivan Segment 's Only Stow ' n Go Seating And Storage System to Market in Just 18 Months '' ( Press release ) . PRnewswire -- Chrysler Group . January 5 , 2004 . Retrieved March 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stow ' N Go Seating and Storage System Solidifies Dodge Caravan as the Leader in Minivan Sales and Innovations '' ( Press release ) . Chrysler Group . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stow ' n Go Minivan Technology Awarded Popular Science Magazine 's `` Best of What 's New '' for 2005 `` . Autointell.com . November 10 , 2004 . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chrysler factories , offices , and testing grounds , 1925 -- 2010 '' . Allpar . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dodge Caravan . Official 2011 Dodge Grand Caravan website Owner 's Manual ( 5th generation ) Dodge Current production Cars Attitude Challenger Charger LX Neon Vision Vans / SUVs Durango Grand Caravan Journey Trucks ( Ram ) Ram 750 Ram 1500 / 2500 / 3500 Ram Chassis Cab / Ram Heavy Duty Chassis Cab Discontinued Cars 024 330 400 440 600 880 1500 1800 Alpine Aries Arrow Aspen Attitude Atos Avenger Brisa Caliber Challenger Charger ( B - body ) Charger ( L - body ) Charger Daytona Colt Colt Vista Conquest Coronet Crusader Custom Custom 880 Custom Royal Custom Royal Lancer D - 500 Dart PF Daytona Deluxe Demon Diplomat Dynasty Fast Four Forza i10 Intrepid Kingsway La Femme Lancer Lancer Celeste Magnum Matador Mayfair Meadowbrook Mirada Model DU Monaco Neon Neon SRT - 4 Omni Phoenix Polara Regal Lancer Regent Royal Royal Lancer Savoy SE Shadow Sierra Silver Challenger Spirit St. Regis Stealth Stratus Suburban Super Bee SX 2.0 Trazo Verna Viper Viscount Wayfarer Vans / SUVs 1000 Caravan JC Mini Ram Van Nitro Raider Ramcharger Ram Van / Ram Wagon / Sportsman / Tradesman / B - series van Sprinter Town Panel Town Wagon Wrangler TJ Trucks 50 series 100 series 300 series 500 series 1000 A100 B Series C Series D Series D - 50 Dakota H - 100 Husky L Series LCF Series M Series P Series PD Series Power Wagon Rampage Ram 50 Route Van VC series VF series WC series Corporate John Francis Dodge Horace Elgin Dodge Ram Truck Division List of Chrysler factories A division of FCA US LLC Category : Dodge vehicles Dodge truck timeline , North American market , 1970s -- present Type 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 Mid-size CUV Journey Compact SUV Raider Nitro Mid-size SUV Durango Full - size SUV Ramcharger Ramcharger Ramcharger Durango Durango Coupé utility Rampage Minivan Caravan CV / GCV CV / GCV CV / GCV CV / GCV Grand Caravan Van A100 Tradesman Ram Van / Ram Wagon Ram Van / Ram Wagon Ram Sprinter Sprinter Compact pickup D - 50 Ram 50 Ram 50 Mid-size pickup Dakota Dakota Dakota Full - size pickup D Series D Series Ram ( D Series ) Ram Ram Ram Ram SRT - 10 Heavy - duty truck LCF / C Series Notes : The Ramcharger was not sold in the United States after the 1994 model year . After Fiat S.p.A. acquired Chrysler LLC in 2009 , models of trucks and cargo vans were no longer designated as Dodge , but exclusively as Ram . A timeline of these models can be found here . Ram Founded : 2009 Parent : FCA US LLC Official website Trucks ( Ram Trucks ) 100 Series 500 Series B Series C Series D Series Power Wagon Rampage Ram 50 WC series Dakota Ram 1500 / 2500 / 3500 Ram Chassis Cab / Ram Heavy Duty Chassis Cab Vans 50 Series A100 Cargo Van ProMaster ProMaster City Coupé utilities Ram 700 ' Note : discontinued products above are shown in italics `` Dodge -- Ram truck timeline , North American market , 2010 -- present Type 2010s 0 5 6 7 Coupé utility 700 Mid-size pickup Dakota Full - size pickup 1500 -- 5500 Van / Minivan ProMaster City ProMaster Ram C / V Brown denotes models exclusive to Mexico . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dodge_Caravan&oldid=801193304 '' Categories : All - wheel - drive vehicles Dodge vehicles Flexible - fuel vehicles Front - wheel - drive vehicles Minivans Cars introduced in 1984 Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2014 Articles to be merged from February 2017 All articles to be merged All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from February 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Use mdy dates from April 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia עברית Lietuvių 日本語 Polski Português Simple English Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 06 : 52 . 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2017804156888180783	Glycoprotein	Glycoprotein - wikipedia Glycoprotein Not to be confused with peptidoglycan , proteoglycan , or glycopeptide . N - linked protein glycosylation ( N - glycosylation of N - glycans ) at Asn residues ( Asn - x-Ser / Thr motifs ) in glycoproteins . Glycoproteins are proteins which contain oligosaccharide chains ( glycans ) covalently attached to amino acid side - chains . The carbohydrate is attached to the protein in a cotranslational or posttranslational modification . This process is known as glycosylation . Secreted extracellular proteins are often glycosylated . In proteins that have segments extending extracellularly , the extracellular segments are also often glycosylated . Glycoproteins are also often important integral membrane proteins , where they play a role in cell -- cell interactions . It is important to distinguish endoplasmic reticulum - based glycosylation of the secretory system from reversible cytosolic - nuclear glycosylation . Glycoproteins of the cytosol and nucleus can be modified through the reversible addition of a single GlcNAc residue that is considered reciprocal to phosphorylation and the functions of these are likely to be additional regulatory mechanism that controls phosphorylation - based signalling . In contrast , classical secretory glycosylation can be structurally essential . For example , inhibition of asparagine - linked , i.e. N - linked , glycosylation can prevent proper glycoprotein folding and full inhibition can be toxic to an individual cell . In contrast , perturbation of glycan processing ( enzymatic removal / addition of carbohydrate residues to the glycan ) , which occurs in both the endoplastic reticulum and Golgi apparatus , is dispensable for isolated cells ( as evidence by survival with glycosides inhibitors ) but can lead to human disease ( congenital disorders of glycosylation ) and can be lethal in animal models . It is therefore likely that the fine processing of glycans is important for endogenous functionality , such as cell trafficking , but that this is likely to have been secondary to its role in host - pathogen interactions . A famous example of this latter effect is the ABO blood group system . Contents 1 Types of glycosylation 2 Monosaccharides 3 Examples 4 Hormones 5 Functions 6 Analysis 7 See also 8 Notes and references 9 External links Types of glycosylation ( edit ) There are several types of glycosylation , although the first two are the most common . In N - glycosylation , sugars are attached to nitrogen , typically on the amide side - chain of asparagine . In O - glycosylation , sugars are attached to oxygen , typically on serine or threonine , but also on tyrosine or non-canonical amino acids such as hydroxylysine & hydroxyproline . In P - glycosylation , sugars are attached to phosphorus on a phosphoserine . In C - glycosylation , sugars are attached directly to carbon , such as in the addition of mannose to tryptophan . In S - glycosylation , a beta - GlcNAc is attached to the sulfur atom of a cysteine residue . In glypiation , a GPI glycolipid is attached to the C - terminus of a polypeptide , serving as a membrane anchor . In glycation , also known as non-enzymatic glycosylation , sugars are covalently bonded to a protein or lipid molecule , without the controlling action of an enzyme , but through a Maillard reaction . Monosaccharides ( edit ) Eight sugars commonly found in glycoproteins . Monosaccharides commonly found in eukaryotic glycoproteins include : The principal sugars found in human glycoproteins Sugar Type Abbreviation β - D - Glucose Hexose Glc β - D - Galactose Hexose Gal β - D - Mannose Hexose Man α - L - Fucose Deoxyhexose Fuc N - Acetylgalactosamine Aminohexose GalNAc N - Acetylglucosamine Aminohexose GlcNAc N - Acetylneuraminic acid Aminononulosonic acid ( Sialic acid ) NeuNAc Xylose Pentose Xyl The sugar group ( s ) can assist in protein folding , improve proteins ' stability and are involved in cell signalling . Examples ( edit ) One example of glycoproteins found in the body is mucins , which are secreted in the mucus of the respiratory and digestive tracts . The sugars when attached to mucins give them considerable water - holding capacity and also make them resistant to proteolysis by digestive enzymes . Glycoproteins are important for white blood cell recognition . Examples of glycoproteins in the immune system are : molecules such as antibodies ( immunoglobulins ) , which interact directly with antigens . molecules of the major histocompatibility complex ( or MHC ) , which are expressed on the surface of cells and interact with T cells as part of the adaptive immune response . sialyl Lewis X antigen on the surface of leukocytes . H antigen of the ABO blood compatibility antigens . Other examples of glycoproteins include : gonadotropins ( luteinizing hormone a follicle - stimulating hormone ) glycoprotein IIb / IIIa , an integrin found on platelets that is required for normal platelet aggregation and adherence to the endothelium . components of the zona pellucida , which surrounds the oocyte , and is important for sperm - egg interaction . structural glycoproteins , which occur in connective tissue . These help bind together the fibers , cells , and ground substance of connective tissue . They may also help components of the tissue bind to inorganic substances , such as calcium in bone . Glycoprotein - 41 ( gp41 ) and glycoprotein - 120 ( gp120 ) are HIV viral coat proteins . Soluble glycoproteins often show a high viscosity , for example , in egg white and blood plasma . Miraculin , is a glycoprotein extracted from Synsepalum dulcificum a berry which alters human tongue receptors to recognize sour foods as sweet . Variable surface glycoproteins allow the sleeping sickness Trypanosoma parasite to escape the immune response of the host . The viral spike of the human immunodeficiency virus is heavily glycosylated . Approximately half the mass of the spike is glycosylation and the glycans act to limit antibody recognition as the glycans are assembled by the host cell and so are largely ' self ' . Over time , some patients can evolve antibodies to recognise the HIV glycans and almost all so - called ' broadly neutralising antibodies ( bnAbs ) recognise some glycans . This is possible mainly because the unusually high density of glycans hinders normal glycan maturation and they are therefore trapped in the premature , high - mannose , state . This provides a window for immune recognition . In addition , as these glycans are much less variable than the underlying protein , they have emerged as promising targets for vaccine design . Hormones ( edit ) Hormones that are glycoproteins include : Follicle - stimulating hormone Luteinizing hormone Thyroid - stimulating hormone Human chorionic gonadotropin Alpha - fetoprotein Erythropoietin ( EPO ) Functions ( edit ) Some functions served by glycoproteins Function Glycoproteins Structural molecule Collagens Lubricant and protective agent Mucins Transport molecule Transferrin , ceruloplasmin Immunologic molecule Immunoglobulins , histocompatibility antigens Hormone Human chorionic gonadotropin ( HCG ) , thyroid - stimulating hormone ( TSH ) Enzyme Various , e.g. , alkaline phosphatase , patatin Cell attachment - recognition site Various proteins involved in cell -- cell ( e.g. , sperm -- oocyte ) , virus -- cell , bacterium -- cell , and hormone -- cell interactions Antifreeze protein Certain plasma proteins of coldwater fish Interact with specific carbohydrates Lectins , selectins ( cell adhesion lectins ) , antibodies Receptor Various proteins involved in hormone and drug action Affect folding of certain proteins Calnexin , calreticulin Regulation of development Notch and its analogs , key proteins in development Hemostasis ( and thrombosis ) Specific glycoproteins on the surface membranes of platelets Analysis ( edit ) A variety of methods used in detection , purification , and structural analysis of glycoproteins are Some important methods used to study glycoproteins Method Use Periodic acid - Schiff stain Detects glycoproteins as pink bands after electrophoretic separation . Incubation of cultured cells with glycoproteins as radioactive decay bands Leads to detection of a radioactive sugar after electrophoretic separation . Treatment with appropriate endo - or exoglycosidase or phospholipases Resultant shifts in electrophoretic migration help distinguish among proteins with N - glycan , O - glycan , or GPI linkages and also between high mannose and complex N - glycans . Agarose - lectin column chromatography , lectin affinity chromatography To purify glycoproteins or glycopeptides that bind the particular lectin used . Lectin affinity electrophoresis Resultant shifts in electrophoretic migration help distinguish and characterize glycoforms , i.e. variants of a glycoprotein differing in carbohydrate . Compositional analysis following acid hydrolysis Identifies sugars that the glycoprotein contains and their stoichiometry . Mass spectrometry Provides information on molecular mass , composition , sequence , and sometimes branching of a glycan chain . It can also be used for site - specific glycosylation profiling . NMR spectroscopy To identify specific sugars , their sequence , linkages , and the anomeric nature of glycosidic chain . Multi-angle light scattering In conjunction with size - exclusion chromatography , UV / Vis absorption and differential refractometry , provides information on molecular mass , protein - carbohydrate ratio , aggregation state , size , and sometimes branching of a glycan chain . In conjunction with composition - gradient analysis , analyzes self - and hetero - association to determine binding affinity and stoichiometry with proteins or carbohydrates in solution without labeling . Dual Polarisation Interferometry Measures the mechanisms underlying the biomolecular interactions , including reaction rates , affinities and associated conformational changes . Methylation ( linkage ) analysis To determine linkage between sugars . Amino acid or cDNA sequencing Determination of amino acid sequence . See also ( edit ) Ero1 Female sperm storage Glycocalyx Glycome Glycopeptide Gp120 Gp41 Miraculin P - glycoprotein Proteoglycan Ribophorin Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ruddock & Molinari ( 2006 ) Journal of Cell Science 119 , 4373 -- 4380 Jump up ^ Funakoshi Y , Suzuki T ( January 2009 ) . `` Glycobiology in the cytosol : The bitter side of a sweet world '' . Biochim . Biophys . Acta. 1790 ( 2 ) : 81 -- 94 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bbagen. 2008.09. 009 . PMID 18952151 . Jump up ^ Stepper , Judith ; Shastri , Shilpa ; Loo , Trevor S. ; Preston , Joanne C. ; Novak , Petr ; Man , Petr ; Moore , Christopher H. ; Havlíček , Vladimír ; Patchett , Mark L. ( 2011 - 01 - 18 ) . `` CysteineS - glycosylation , a new post-translational modification found in glycopeptide bacteriocins '' . FEBS Letters. 585 ( 4 ) : 645 -- 650 . doi : 10.1016 / j. febslet. 2011.01. 023 . ISSN 0014 - 5793 . ^ Jump up to : Robert K. Murray , Daryl K. Granner & Victor W. Rodwell : `` Harper 's Illustrated Biochemistry 27th Ed . '' , McGraw -- Hill , 2006 Jump up ^ Glycan classification SIGMA Jump up ^ Theerasilp S , Kurihara Y ( August 1988 ) . `` Complete purification and characterization of the taste - modifying protein , miraculin , from miracle fruit '' . J. Biol. Chem. 263 ( 23 ) : 11536 -- 9 . PMID 3403544 . Jump up ^ Pritchard , Laura K. ; Vasiljevic , Snezana ; Ozorowski , Gabriel ; Seabright , Gemma E. ; Cupo , Albert ; Ringe , Rajesh ; Kim , Helen J. ; Sanders , Rogier W. ; Doores , Katie J. ( 2015 - 06 - 16 ) . `` Structural Constraints Determine the Glycosylation of HIV - 1 Envelope Trimers '' . Cell Reports . 11 ( 10 ) : 1604 -- 1613 . doi : 10.1016 / j. celrep. 2015.05. 017 . ISSN 2211 - 1247 . PMC 4555872 . PMID 26051934 . Jump up ^ Pritchard , Laura K. ; Spencer , Daniel I.R. ; Royle , Louise ; Bonomelli , Camille ; Seabright , Gemma E. ; Behrens , Anna - Janina ; Kulp , Daniel W. ; Menis , Sergey ; Krumm , Stefanie A. ( 2015 - 06 - 24 ) . `` Glycan clustering stabilizes the mannose patch of HIV - 1 and preserves vulnerability to broadly neutralizing antibodies '' . Nature Communications . 6 : 7479 . Bibcode : 2015NatCo ... 6E7479P . doi : 10.1038 / ncomms8479 . PMC 4500839 . PMID 26105115 . Jump up ^ Behrens , Anna - Janina ; Vasiljevic , Snezana ; Pritchard , Laura K. ; Harvey , David J. ; Andev , Rajinder S. ; Krumm , Stefanie A. ; Struwe , Weston B. ; Cupo , Albert ; Kumar , Abhinav ( 2016 - 03 - 10 ) . `` Composition and Antigenic Effects of Individual Glycan Sites of a Trimeric HIV - 1 Envelope Glycoprotein '' . Cell Reports . 14 ( 11 ) : 2695 -- 2706 . doi : 10.1016 / j. celrep. 2016.02. 058 . ISSN 2211 - 1247 . PMC 4805854 . PMID 26972002 . Jump up ^ Crispin , Max ; Doores , Katie J ( 2015 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Targeting host - derived glycans on enveloped viruses for antibody - based vaccine design '' . Current Opinion in Virology . Viral pathogenesis Preventive and therapeutic vaccines . 11 : 63 -- 69 . doi : 10.1016 / j. coviro. 2015.02. 002 . PMC 4827424 . PMID 25747313 . ^ Jump up to : Maverakis E , Kim K , Shimoda M , Gershwin M , Patel F , Wilken R , Raychaudhuri S , Ruhaak LR , Lebrilla CB ( 2015 ) . `` Glycans in the immune system and The Altered Glycan Theory of Autoimmunity '' . J Autoimmun. 57 ( 6 ) : 1 -- 13 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jaut. 2014.12. 002 . PMC 4340844 . PMID 25578468 . Jump up ^ Dell A ( 2001 ) . `` Glycoprotein Structure Determination by Mass Spectrometry '' . Science . 291 ( 5512 ) : 2351 -- 2356 . Bibcode : 2001Sci ... 291.2351 D . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1058890 . ISSN 0036 - 8075 . External links ( edit ) Glycan Recognizing Proteins Structure of Glycoprotein and Carbohydrate Chain -- Home Page for Learning Environmental Chemistry Biochemistry 5thE 11.3 . Carbohydrates Can Be Attached to Proteins to Form Glycoproteins Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology : A Web Tour SPECIAL WeB SUPPLEMENT Science 23 March 2001 Vol 291 , Issue 5512 , Pages 2263 -- 2502 Glycoproteins at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) Emanual Maverakis et . al. `` Glycans in the immune system and The Altered Glycan Theory of Autoimmunity '' ( PDF ) . Biological Importance of the glycosylation of a protein Protein , glycoconjugate : glycoproteins and glycopeptides Mucoproteins Mucin CD43 CD164 MUC1 MUC2 MUC3A MUC3B MUC4 MUC5AC MUC5B MUC6 MUC7 MUC8 MUC12 MUC13 MUC15 MUC16 MUC17 MUC19 MUC20 Other Haptoglobin Intrinsic factor Orosomucoid Peptidoglycan Phytohaemagglutinin Ovomucin Proteoglycans CS / DS Decorin Biglycan Versican HS / CS Testican Perlecan CS Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans : Aggrecan Neurocan Brevican CD44 CSPG4 CSPG5 Platelet factor 4 Structural maintenance of chromosomes 3 KS Fibromodulin Lumican Keratocan HS Syndecan 1 Other Activin and inhibin ADAM Alpha 1 - antichymotrypsin Apolipoprotein H CD70 Asialoglycoprotein Avidin B - cell activating factor 4 - 1BB ligand Cholesterylester transfer protein Clusterin Colony - stimulating factor Hemopexin Lactoferrin Membrane glycoproteins Myelin protein zero Osteonectin Protein C Protein S Serum amyloid P component Sialoglycoprotein CD43 Glycophorin Glycophorin C Thrombopoietin Thyroglobulin Thyroxine - binding proteins Transcortin Tumor necrosis factor alpha Uteroglobin Vitronectin Metabolism : carbohydrate metabolism glycoprotein enzymes Anabolism Dolichol kinase GCS1 Oligosaccharyltransferase Catabolism Neuraminidase Beta - galactosidase Hexosaminidase mannosidase alpha - Mannosidase beta - mannosidase Aspartylglucosaminidase Fucosidase NAGA Transport SLC17A5 M6P tagging N - acetylglucosamine - 1 - phosphate transferase Lysosomal storage diseases : Inborn errors of carbohydrate metabolism ( Glycoproteinoses ) ( E77 , 271.8 ) Anabolism Dolichol kinase deficiency Congenital disorder of glycosylation Post-translational modification of lysosomal enzymes Mucolipidosis : I - cell disease ( ML II ) Pseudo-Hurler polydystrophy ( ML III ) Catabolism Aspartylglucosaminuria Fucosidosis mannosidosis Alpha - mannosidosis Beta - mannosidosis Sialidosis Schindler disease Other solute carrier family ( Salla disease ) Galactosialidosis GND : 4071905 - 4 NDL : 00573418 Molecular and cellular biology portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glycoprotein&oldid=855120286 '' Categories : Glycoproteins Carbohydrate chemistry Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from April 2017 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from March 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2007 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Беларуская Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Кыргызча Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 36 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 August 2018 , at 02 : 43 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where are sugars added to proteins to form glycoprotein	[ "In glycation, also known as non-enzymatic glycosylation, sugars are covalently bonded to a protein or lipid molecule, without the controlling action of an enzyme, but through a Maillard reaction." ]	[ "glycation" ]
8069762221825249098	August Schell Brewing Company	August Schell Brewing Company - wikipedia August Schell Brewing Company Jump to : navigation , search August Schell Brewing Company Location 1860 Schell Rd New Ulm , Minnesota United States Opened 1860 Annual production volume 145,000 US beer barrels ( 170,000 hL ) Active beers Name Type Schell 's Original American lager Schell 's Original Light Light lager Grain Belt Premium American lager Grain Belt Premium Light Light lager Grain Belt Nordeast American Amber Lager Grain Belt Lock & Dam American Amber Lager Schell 's Firebrick Vienna - style Amber lager Schell 's Pilsner Bavarian pilsner Schell 's Arminius Pale Lager Schell 's Dark American dark lager Seasonal beers Name Type Schell 's Bock Bock Schell 's Maifest Maibock Schell 's Hefeweizen Bavarian Wheat Schell 's Zommerfest Kölsch style honey ale Schell 's Octoberfest Marzen Schell 's Snowstorm Changes Yearly Schell 's Schmaltz 's Alt Dark Alt August Schell Brewing Company U.S. National Register of Historic Places The brewery in 2017 Location 1860 Schell Rd New Ulm , Minnesota NRHP reference # 74001007 Added to NRHP December 27 , 1974 The August Schell Brewing Company is a brewing company in New Ulm , Minnesota . It was founded by German immigrant August Schell in 1860 . It is the second oldest family - owned brewery in America ( after D.G. Yuengling & Son ) and became the oldest and largest brewery in Minnesota when the company bought the Grain Belt rights in 2002 . In September 2010 , it celebrated its 150th Anniversary with a two - day festival . Every year Schell 's also celebrates traditional German holidays with Bock Fest and Oktoberfest . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Contemporary Beer 2.1 Year - round Brews 2.2 Extended Seasonal Brews 2.3 Seasonal Brews 2.4 Noble Star Collection 2.5 Snowstorm Seasonal Brew History 3 References 4 External links History ( edit ) August Schell ( February 15 , 1828 , in Durbach , Grand Duchy of Baden -- September 20 , 1891 , in New Ulm , Minnesota ) emigrated to the United States in 1868 . He worked in Cincinnati as a machinist before moving to New Ulm , where he established a mill and then a brewery . The brewery grew in size and production . When August Schell died , he passed ownership to his son Otto Schell ; Otto Schell died in 1911 . George Marti , August Schell 's son - in - law , took over the brewery , and it has been in the hands of the Marti family since that time . Contemporary beer ( edit ) Year - round brews ( edit ) Original ( aka Deer Brand ) , ABV 4.8 % , Straw colored classic American lager . Mild malt flavor and hop bitterness . Original Light , ABV 4 % , Light straw color . Mild maltiness complemented by mild hop bitterness and slight hop aroma . Light , crisp body . Grain Belt Premium , ABV 4.6 % Grain Belt Premium Light Grain Belt Nordeast , ABV 4.7 % Firebrick , ABV 5 % , A Vienna - style amber lager that has a reddish - amber hue , a mild maltiness with subtle sweetness and a light hoppy finish . Pils , ABV 5.6 % , Rich malt body accented by a large hop / malt aroma and a refreshing hop tang . Dark , ABV 4.8 % , Deep amber color with a light but classic maltiness . Extended seasonal brews ( edit ) These beers fill the spot left by Schell 's Stout in their year - round lineup . They are both available for roughly six months , and as of release are classified as `` year - round '' beers by Schell 's . Chimney Sweep , ABV 5.2 % , A black lager made with smoked malts . Goosetown , ABV 4.7 % , Schell 's interpretation of a German - style gose spiced with coriander and salt . Schell Shocked , ABV 4.6 % , This German - style Radler beer is Subtly sweet with a grapefruit twist . Seasonal brews ( edit ) Seasonal beers include : Bock , ABV 5.8 % , Dark copper color , light caramel flavor , medium body . Lightly hopped with a hint of malt sweetness . Maifest , ABV 6.9 % , Assertive maltiness backed by a huge hop aroma . Hefeweizen , ABV 4.4 % , Fruity , ale character with undertones of banana and clove . Octoberfest , ABV 5.5 % , A rich balance of malt hops . Snowstorm , ABV NA , Flavor changes yearly , see below for a list of past flavors . Schmaltz 's Alt , ABV 5.1 % , The rich , sweet malty flavor with hints of licorice is balanced by a chocolaty bitterness . Dark brown in color and topped by a thick , creamy tan head . Noble Star collection ( edit ) A collection of specialty beers , all Berlin - style wheat beers or Berliner Weisse , aged in rare cypress fermentation tanks Schell 's bought in 1936 . Noble Stars are available in select liquor stores and are hand - filled , hand - labeled and bottle - conditioned . Star of the North , ABV 3.5 % , Extremely pale yellow in color with a slight haze and a large , creamy , snow - white foam head . This beer is rather light on the palate and very dry . A lively carbonation accentuates the refreshingly tart acidity . Expect an interesting mix of fruity flavors reminiscent of ripe lemons and apple juice with a touch of spice and a subtle brett character . Framboise Du Nord , ABV 3.7 % , Neon red in color with a slight haze and a large creamy pink foam head . This beer is rather light on the palate and very dry . A lively carbonation accentuates the refreshingly tart acidity and a full raspberry flavor with a subtle hint of brett character . North Country Brünette , ABV 5.4 % , The long , slow , secondary fermentation allowed the authentic Brettanomyces yeast culture to work on the residual sugars that remained in the beer , transforming it into a complex , almost spicy flavor profile . North Country Brünette is very tart and dry , with a fine , rounded acidic profile , and a malty , spiced fruity character . This beer is unfiltered , hand bottled , and bottled conditioned in 750ml cork and caged champagne bottles . Black Forest Cherry , ABV 5.1 % , The maltiness of Black Forest Cherry provides a platform for the tart red cherries to shine through with a highly acidic and fruity character . It is very dry and highly carbonated , with a complex , rounded fruitiness . Dawn of Aurora , ABV 8.0 % , Honey - orange in color with a white foam head . Predominantly fruity notes of pineapple , apricot and pear are accompanied by an intense yet refreshing acidity and sparkling carbonation . Starkeller Peach , ABV 7.2 % , Bursting with tropical fruit aromas and tart peach flavor with a highly acidic and fruity character . Full - bodied , dry and highly carbonated , with a complex , rounded fruitiness . Apparent Horizon , ABV 5.1 % , Moderate , balanced acidity with notes of lemon and cider . The rye lends a spicy dryness and aroma of sourdough and pumpernickel . Apricot Vista , ABV 4.9 % , Bursts with the bold flavor of tart , juicy apricots . It has a moderate lemony acidity and slightly spicy malt backbone . Orbital Drift , ABV 3.9 % , Orbital Drift is a unique brew with earthy aromatic notes and a deep amber hue . Snowstorm seasonal brew history ( edit ) 2015 - Wallonian - Style Brown Ale , ABV 6.2 % , Draws inspiration from the artisanal and experimental traditions of the Wallonian brewers to create a malt - focused brown ale with hints of nut , biscuit and stone fruit . 2014 - Grand Cru , ABV 6.5 % , Deep copper in color with an off white head . The aroma is a combination of fruity esters from the yeast complimented by the citrusy notes of coriander , orange , and lemon peel . This beer is deceptively lighter bodied , with a lively carbonation and subtle warmth from the moderate alcohol . Fruity notes from the yeast carry over into the flavor profile with hints of citrus and light chocolate and a lasting dry finish . 2013 - Strong Belgian Golden Ale 2012 - Bière de Noël , ABV 7.5 % , A French style Christmas beer . Expect a light amber beer with red tints that is malt forward with noticeable yeast flavors of white pepper and citrus from an authentic French ale yeast . Slight herbal hop note in the background , with a spicy , citrusy , peppery aroma . 2011 - Wee Heavy Traditional Scotch Ale 2010 - Dunkel Doppel Weizenbock , ABV 7.0 % , Brewed with Munich , Wheat , Xtra Special and Midnight Wheat Malt , this Dunkel Doppel Weizenbock has a rich , velvety malt body with notes of milk chocolate . Higher carbonation levels give this beer a full bodied mouth feel and a fluffy , creamy head with a banana and clove aroma . 2009 - Baltic Porter , ABV 5.8 % , Few beers fit the season like a Baltic Porter does winter . The 2009 edition of Snowstorm was brewed with copious amounts of Munich malt coupled with three different British crystal malts , and British Chocolate . Snowstorm is dark mahogany in color with a tan head and displays flavors reminiscent of dark fruit , licorice , and chocolate . 2008 - Weihnachtsbier , ABV 6 % , Reddish - brown in color with a complex maltiness yielding hints of spicy rye , sourdough and chocolate . Brewed with nine different malts , including copious amounts of Munich and a touch of Rye . 2007 - Belgian Dubbel 2006 - English Stout ( Schell 's Stout ) 2005 - Düsseldorf Alt 2004 - Dark Cream Ale 2003 - Nut Brown Ale 2002 - Scotch Ale 2001 - Cherry Vanilla Porter 2000 - Braggot 1999 - Dunkleweizen 1998 - Vienna Lager ( Schell 's Firebrick ) 1997 - Plum Black and Tan * 1996 - Cherry Alt * 1995 - Raspberry Amber Ale * 1992 - Doppel Alt ( Schell 's Schmaltz 's Alt ) * * * 1995 - 1997 Beers were called Blizzard Ale * * 1992 Beer was called Xmas Brew Mansion on grounds of August Schell Brewery . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` August Schell Brewing Company : Since 1860 '' . Schellsbrewery.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Steve ( 9 Mar 2013 ) . `` Schell 's plans expansion as Minnesota craft brewers grow '' . Minneapolis Star - Tribune . Retrieved 3 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Fessler , Paul . `` August Schell . '' In Immigrant Entrepreneurship : German - American Business Biographies , 1720 to the Present , vol. 2 , edited by William J. Hausman . German Historical Institute . Last modified January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` August Schell Brewing Company : Since 1860 '' . Schellsbrewery.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 22 . External links ( edit ) Schell 's Brewery website BeerPal Reviews : Schell 's Brewery Schell 's Brewery : 150th Anniversary Celebration ( 1860 -- 2010 ) U.S. National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota Lists by county Aitkin Anoka Becker Beltrami Benton Big Stone Blue Earth Brown Carlton Carver Cass Chippewa Chisago Clay Clearwater Cook Cottonwood Crow Wing Dakota Dodge Douglas Faribault Fillmore Freeborn Goodhue Grant Hennepin Houston Hubbard Isanti Itasca Jackson Kanabec Kandiyohi Kittson Koochiching Lac qui Parle Lake Lake of the Woods Le Sueur Lincoln Lyon Mahnomen Marshall Martin McLeod Meeker Mille Lacs Morrison Mower Murray Nicollet Nobles Norman Olmsted Otter Tail Pennington Pine Pipestone Polk Pope Ramsey Red Lake Redwood Renville Rice Rock Roseau Scott Sherburne Sibley St. Louis Stearns Steele Stevens Swift Todd Traverse Wabasha Wadena Waseca Washington Watonwan Wilkin Winona Wright Yellow Medicine Other lists Bridges National Historic Landmarks Voyageurs National Park Keeper of the Register History of the National Register of Historic Places Property types Historic district Contributing property Municipalities and communities of Brown County , Minnesota , United States County seat : New Ulm Cities Cobden Comfrey ‡ Evan Hanska New Ulm Sleepy Eye Springfield Townships Albin Bashaw Burnstown Cottonwood Eden Home Lake Hanska Leavenworth Linden Milford Mulligan North Star Prairieville Sigel Stark Stately CDP Searles Unincorporated communities Dotson Essig Godahl ‡ Iberia Leavenworth Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Coordinates : 44 ° 17 ′ 20 '' N 94 ° 27 ′ 2 '' W / 44.28889 ° N 94.45056 ° W / 44.28889 ; - 94.45056 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=August_Schell_Brewing_Company&oldid=798675143 '' Categories : Beer brewing companies based in Minnesota Buildings and structures in Brown County , Minnesota New Ulm , Minnesota German - American culture in Minnesota Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota National Register of Historic Places in Brown County , Minnesota Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates not on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 3 September 2017 , at 07 : 13 . About Wikipedia	what is the second oldest brewery in america	[ "The August Schell Brewing Company is a brewing company in New Ulm, Minnesota. It was founded by German immigrant August Schell in 1860. It is the second oldest family-owned brewery in America (after D. G. Yuengling & Son)[3] and became the oldest and largest brewery in Minnesota when the company bought the Grain Belt rights in 2002. In September 2010, it celebrated its 150th Anniversary with a two-day festival. Every year Schell's also celebrates traditional German holidays with Bock Fest and Oktoberfest.[4]" ]	[ "August Schell Brewing Company" ]
2796677245376584333	Battle of Antietam	Battle of Antietam - wikipedia Battle of Antietam For other uses , see Antietam ( disambiguation ) . Battle of Antietam Battle of Sharpsburg Part of the American Civil War The Battle of Antietam , by Kurz & Allison ( 1878 ) , depicting the scene of action at Burnside 's Bridge Date September 17 , 1862 ; 155 years ago ( 1862 - 09 - 17 ) Location Washington County , near Sharpsburg , Maryland 39 ° 28 ′ 24 '' N 77 ° 44 ′ 41 '' W / 39.47333 ° N 77.74472 ° W / 39.47333 ; - 77.74472 Coordinates : 39 ° 28 ′ 24 '' N 77 ° 44 ′ 41 '' W / 39.47333 ° N 77.74472 ° W / 39.47333 ; - 77.74472 Result Tactically inconclusive ; Union strategic victory Emancipation Proclamation issued five days later Belligerents United States ( Union ) Confederate States ( Confederacy ) Commanders and leaders George B. McClellan Robert E. Lee Units involved Army of the Potomac Army of Northern Virginia Strength 87,164 38,000 `` engaged '' Casualties and losses 12,410 2,108 killed 9,549 wounded 753 captured / missing 10,316 1,567 killed 7,752 wounded 1,018 captured / missing hide Maryland Campaign Mile Hill Harpers Ferry Crampton 's Gap South Mountain Antietam Shepherdstown Chambersburg Raid Unison The Battle of Antietam / ænˈtiːtəm / , also known as the Battle of Sharpsburg , particularly in the Southern United States , was a battle of the American Civil War , fought on September 17 , 1862 , between Confederate General Robert E. Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia and Union General George B. McClellan 's Army of the Potomac , near Sharpsburg , Maryland and Antietam Creek . Part of the Maryland Campaign , it was the first field army -- level engagement in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War to take place on Union soil . It was the bloodiest day in United States history , with a combined tally of 22,717 dead , wounded , or missing . After pursuing the Confederate general Robert E. Lee into Maryland , Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan of the Union Army launched attacks against Lee 's army , in defensive positions behind Antietam Creek . At dawn on September 17 , Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker 's corps mounted a powerful assault on Lee 's left flank . Attacks and counterattacks swept across Miller 's Cornfield , and fighting swirled around the Dunker Church . Union assaults against the Sunken Road eventually pierced the Confederate center , but the Federal advantage was not followed up . In the afternoon , Union Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside 's corps entered the action , capturing a stone bridge over Antietam Creek and advancing against the Confederate right . At a crucial moment , Confederate Maj. Gen. A.P. Hill 's division arrived from Harpers Ferry and launched a surprise counterattack , driving back Burnside and ending the battle . Although outnumbered two - to - one , Lee committed his entire force , while McClellan sent in less than three - quarters of his army , enabling Lee to fight the Federals to a standstill . During the night , both armies consolidated their lines . In spite of crippling casualties , Lee continued to skirmish with McClellan throughout September 18 , while removing his battered army south of the Potomac River . Despite having superiority of numbers , McClellan 's attacks failed to achieve force concentration , which allowed Lee to counter by shifting forces and moving along interior lines to meet each challenge . Therefore , despite ample reserve forces that could have been deployed to exploit localized successes , McClellan failed to destroy Lee 's army . McClellan 's persistent but erroneous belief that he was outnumbered contributed to his cautiousness throughout the campaign . McClellan had halted Lee 's invasion of Maryland , but Lee was able to withdraw his army back to Virginia without interference from the cautious McClellan . McClellan 's refusal to pursue Lee 's army led to his removal from command by President Abraham Lincoln in November . Although the battle was tactically inconclusive , the Confederate troops had withdrawn first from the battlefield , making it a Union strategic victory . It was a sufficiently significant victory to give Lincoln the confidence to announce his Emancipation Proclamation , which discouraged the British and French governments from pursuing any potential plans to recognize the Confederacy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background : Maryland Campaign 2 Opposing forces 2.1 Union 2.2 Confederate 3 Prelude to battle 3.1 Disposition of armies 3.2 Terrain and its consequences 4 Battle 4.1 Morning phase 4.1. 1 Cornfield 4.2 Midday phase 4.2. 1 Sunken Road : `` Bloody Lane '' 4.3 Afternoon phase 4.3. 1 `` Burnside 's Bridge '' 5 Aftermath 6 Battlefield preservation 7 Historic photographs and paintings 7.1 Mathew Brady 's gallery , `` The Dead of Antietam '' ( 1862 ) 7.2 Captain James Hope murals 7.3 Gallery 8 In popular culture 9 See also 10 References 11 Sources 11.1 Secondary sources 11.2 Primary sources 12 Further reading 13 External links Background : Maryland Campaign Main article : Maryland Campaign Further information : Peninsula Campaign , Seven Days Battles , Northern Virginia Campaign , Second Battle of Bull Run , Eastern Theater of the American Civil War , and American Civil War Maryland Campaign , actions September 3 to 15 , 1862 Confederate Union Robert E. Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia -- about 55,000 men -- entered the state of Maryland on September 3 , 1862 , following their victory at Second Bull Run on August 30 . Emboldened by success , the Confederate leadership intended to take the war into enemy territory . Lee 's invasion of Maryland was intended to run simultaneously with an invasion of Kentucky by the armies of Braxton Bragg and Edmund Kirby Smith . It was also necessary for logistical reasons , as northern Virginia 's farms had been stripped bare of food . Based on events such as the Baltimore riots in the spring of 1861 and the fact that President Lincoln had to pass through the city in disguise en route to his inauguration , Confederate leaders assumed that Maryland would welcome the Confederate forces warmly . They sang the tune `` Maryland , My Maryland ! '' as they marched , but by the fall of 1862 pro-Union sentiment was winning out , especially in the western parts of the state . Civilians generally hid inside their houses as Lee 's army passed through their towns , or watched in cold silence , while the Army of the Potomac was cheered and encouraged . Some Confederate politicians , including President Jefferson Davis , believed that the prospect of foreign recognition would increase if the Confederacy won a military victory on Union soil ; such a victory might gain recognition and financial support from the United Kingdom and France , although there is no evidence that Lee thought the Confederacy should base its military plans on this possibility . While McClellan 's 87,000 - man Army of the Potomac was moving to intercept Lee , two Union soldiers ( Corporal Barton W. Mitchell and First Sergeant John M. Bloss of the 27th Indiana Volunteer Infantry ) discovered a mislaid copy of Lee 's detailed battle plans -- Special Order 191 -- wrapped around three cigars . The order indicated that Lee had divided his army and dispersed portions geographically ( to Harpers Ferry , West Virginia , and Hagerstown , Maryland ) , thus making each subject to isolation and defeat if McClellan could move quickly enough . McClellan waited about 18 hours before deciding to take advantage of this intelligence and reposition his forces , thus squandering an opportunity to defeat Lee decisively . There were two significant engagements in the Maryland campaign prior to the major battle of Antietam : Maj. Gen. Thomas J. `` Stonewall '' Jackson 's capture of Harpers Ferry and McClellan 's assault through the Blue Ridge Mountains in the Battle of South Mountain . The former was significant because a large portion of Lee 's army was absent from the start of the battle of Antietam , attending to the surrender of the Union garrison ; the latter because stout Confederate defenses at two passes through the mountains delayed McClellan 's advance enough for Lee to concentrate the remainder of his army at Sharpsburg . Opposing forces Union Further information : Antietam Union order of battle Opposing army commanders Maj. Gen . George B. McClellan , Army of the Potomac ( USA ) Gen . Robert E. Lee , Army of Northern Virginia ( CSA ) Union corps commanders Maj. Gen . Joseph Hooker ( I Corps ) Maj. Gen . Edwin V. Sumner ( II Corps ) Maj. Gen . Fitz John Porter ( V Corps ) Maj. Gen . William B. Franklin ( VI Corps ) Maj. Gen . Ambrose E. Burnside ( IX Corps ) Maj. Gen . Joseph K. Mansfield ( XII Corps ) Lincoln with McClellan and staff at the Grove Farm after the battle . Notable figures ( from left ) are 1 . Col. Delos Sackett ; 4 . Gen. George W. Morell ; 5 . Alexander S. Webb , Chief of Staff , V Corps ; 6 . McClellan ;. 8 . Dr. Jonathan Letterman ; 10 . Lincoln ; 11 . Henry J. Hunt ; 12 . Fitz John Porter ; 15 . Andrew A. Humphreys ; 16 . Capt . George Armstrong Custer . Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan 's Army of the Potomac , bolstered by units absorbed from John Pope 's Army of Virginia , included six infantry corps . The I Corps , under Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker , consisted of the divisions of : Brig. Gen. Abner Doubleday ( brigades of Col. Walter Phelps , Brig . Gens . Marsena R. Patrick and John Gibbon , and Lt. Col. J. William Hofmann ) . Brig. Gen. James B. Ricketts ( brigades of Brig. Gen. Abram Duryée , Col. William H. Christian , and Brig. Gen. George L. Hartsuff ) . Brig. Gen. George G. Meade ( brigades of Brig. Gen. Truman Seymour , Col. Albert Magilton and Lt. Col. Robert Anderson ) . The II Corps , under Maj. Gen. Edwin V. Sumner , consisted of the divisions of : Maj. Gen. Israel B. Richardson ( brigades of Brig. Gen. John C. Caldwell , Brig. Gen. Thomas F. Meagher , and Col. John R. Brooke ) . Maj. Gen. John Sedgwick ( brigades of Brig . Gens . Willis A. Gorman , Oliver O. Howard , and Napoleon J.T. Dana ) . Brig. Gen. William H. French ( brigades of Brig. Gen. Nathan Kimball , Col. Dwight Morris , and Brig. Gen. Max Weber ) . The V Corps , under Maj. Gen. Fitz John Porter , consisted of the divisions of : Maj. Gen. George W. Morell ( brigades of Col. James Barnes , Brig. Gen. Charles Griffin , and Col. T.B.W. Stockton ) . Brig. Gen. George Sykes ( brigades of Lt. Col. Robert C. Buchanan , Major Charles S. Lovell , and Col. Gouverneur K. Warren ) . Brig. Gen. Andrew A. Humphreys ( brigades of Brig. Gen. Erastus B. Tyler and Col. Peter H. Allabach ) . The VI Corps , under Maj. Gen. William B. Franklin , consisted of the divisions of : Maj. Gen. Henry W. Slocum ( brigades of Col. Alfred T.A. Torbert , Col. Joseph J. Bartlett , and Brig. Gen. John Newton ) . Maj. Gen. William F. `` Baldy '' Smith ( brigades of Brig . Gens . Winfield S. Hancock and William T.H. Brooks and Col. William H. Irwin ) . A division from the IV Corps under Maj. Gen. Darius N. Couch ( brigades of Brig . Gens . Charles Devens , Jr. , Albion P. Howe , and John Cochran ) . The IX Corps , under Maj. Gen. Ambrose E. Burnside ( Brig. Gen. Jacob D. Cox exercised operational command during the battle ) , consisted of the divisions of : Brig. Gen. Orlando B. Willcox ( brigades of Cols . Benjamin C. Christ and Thomas Welsh ) . Brig. Gen. Samuel D. Sturgis ( brigades of Brig . Gens . James Nagle and Edward Ferrero ) . Brig. Gen. Isaac P. Rodman ( brigades of Cols . Harrison S. Fairchild and Edward Harland ) . Kanawha Division , under Col. Eliakim P. Scammon ( brigades of Cols . Hugh Ewing and George Crook ) . The XII Corps , under Maj. Gen. Joseph K. Mansfield , consisted of the divisions of : Brig. Gen. Alpheus S. Williams ( brigades of Brig . Gens . Samuel W. Crawford and George H. Gordon ) . Brig. Gen. George S. Greene ( brigades of Lt. Col. Hector Tyndale , Col. Henry J. Stainrook , and Col. William B. Goodrich ) . The Cavalry Division of Brig. Gen. Alfred Pleasonton consisted of the brigades of Maj . Charles J. Whiting and Cols . John F. Farnsworth , Richard H. Rush , Andrew T. McReynolds , and Benjamin F. Davis . Confederate Confederate corps commanders Maj. Gen . James Longstreet ( I Corps ) Maj. Gen . Stonewall Jackson ( II Corps ) Maj. Gen . J.E.B. Stuart ( Cavalry ) Further information : Antietam Confederate order of battle General Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia was organized into two large infantry corps . The First Corps , under Maj. Gen. James Longstreet , consisted of the divisions of : Maj. Gen. Lafayette McLaws ( brigades of Brig . Gens . Joseph B. Kershaw , Howell Cobb , Paul J. Semmes , and William Barksdale ) . Maj. Gen. Richard H. Anderson ( brigades of Cols . Alfred Cumming , W.A. Parham , and Carnot Posey , and Brig . Gens . Lewis Armistead , Roger A. Pryor , and Ambrose R. Wright ) . Brig. Gen. David R. Jones ( brigades of Brig . Gens . Robert A. Toombs , Thomas F. Drayton , Richard B. Garnett , James L. Kemper , and Cols . Joseph T. Walker and George T. Anderson ) . Brig. Gen. John G. Walker ( brigades of Colonel Van H. Manning and Brig. Gen. Robert Ransom , Jr . ) . Brig. Gen. John Bell Hood ( brigades of Cols . William T. Wofford and Evander M. Law ) . Independent brigade under Brig. Gen. Nathan G. `` Shanks '' Evans . The Second Corps , under Maj. Gen. Thomas J. `` Stonewall '' Jackson , consisted of the divisions of : Brig. Gen. Alexander R. Lawton ( brigades of Col. Marcellus Douglass , Brig. Gen. Jubal A. Early , Col. James A. Walker , and Brig. Gen. Harry T. Hays ) . Maj. Gen. A.P. Hill ( the Light Division -- brigades of Brig . Gens. Lawrence O'Bryan Branch , Maxcy Gregg , James J. Archer , and William Dorsey Pender , and Cols . John M. Brockenbrough and Edward L. Thomas ) . Brig. Gen. John R. Jones ( brigades of Cols . A.J. Grigsby , E.T.H. Warren , Bradley T. Johnson , and Brig. Gen. William E. Starke ) . Maj. Gen. D.H. Hill ( brigades of Brig . Gens . Roswell S. Ripley , Robert E. Rodes , Samuel Garland , Jr. , George B. Anderson , and Col. Alfred H. Colquitt ) . The remaining units were the Cavalry Division , under Maj. Gen. J.E.B. Stuart , and the reserve artillery , commanded by Brig. Gen. William N. Pendleton . The Second Corps was organized with artillery attached to each division , in contrast to the First Corps , which reserved its artillery at the corps level . Prelude to battle Disposition of armies Battlefield of Antietam , situation September 15 to 16 , 1862 Overview of the Battle of Antietam Near the town of Sharpsburg , Lee deployed his available forces behind Antietam Creek along a low ridge , starting on September 15 . While it was an effective defensive position , it was not an impregnable one . The terrain provided excellent cover for infantrymen , with rail and stone fences , outcroppings of limestone , and little hollows and swales . The creek to their front was only a minor barrier , ranging from 60 to 100 feet ( 18 -- 30 m ) in width , and was fordable in places and crossed by three stone bridges each a mile ( 1.5 km ) apart . It was also a precarious position because the Confederate rear was blocked by the Potomac River and only a single crossing point , Boteler 's Ford at Shepherdstown , was nearby should retreat be necessary . ( The ford at Williamsport , Maryland , was 10 miles ( 16 km ) northwest from Sharpsburg and had been used by Jackson in his march to Harpers Ferry . The disposition of Union forces during the battle made it impractical to consider retreating in that direction . ) And on September 15 , the force under Lee 's immediate command consisted of no more than 18,000 men , only a third the size of the Federal army . The first two Union divisions arrived on the afternoon of September 15 and the bulk of the remainder of the army late that evening . Although an immediate Union attack on the morning of September 16 would have had an overwhelming advantage in numbers , McClellan 's trademark caution and his belief that Lee had as many as 100,000 men at Sharpsburg caused him to delay his attack for a day . This gave the Confederates more time to prepare defensive positions and allowed Longstreet 's corps to arrive from Hagerstown and Jackson 's corps , minus A.P. Hill 's division , to arrive from Harpers Ferry . Jackson defended the left ( northern ) flank , anchored on the Potomac , Longstreet the right ( southern ) flank , anchored on the Antietam , a line that was about 4 miles ( 6 km ) long . ( As the battle progressed and Lee shifted units , these corps boundaries overlapped considerably . ) On the evening of September 16 , McClellan ordered Hooker 's I Corps to cross Antietam Creek and probe the enemy positions . Meade 's division cautiously attacked Hood 's troops near the East Woods . After darkness fell , artillery fire continued as McClellan positioned his troops for the next day 's fighting . McClellan 's plan was to overwhelm the enemy 's left flank . He arrived at this decision because of the configuration of bridges over the Antietam . The lower bridge ( which would soon be named Burnside Bridge ) was dominated by Confederate positions on the bluffs overlooking it . The middle bridge , on the road from Boonsboro , was subject to artillery fire from the heights near Sharpsburg . But the upper bridge was 2 miles ( 3 km ) east of the Confederate guns and could be crossed safely . McClellan planned to commit more than half his army to the assault , starting with two corps , supported by a third , and if necessary a fourth . He intended to launch a simultaneous diversionary attack against the Confederate right with a fifth corps , and he was prepared to strike the center with his reserves if either attack succeeded . The skirmish in the East Woods served to signal McClellan 's intentions to Lee , who prepared his defenses accordingly . He shifted men to his left flank and sent urgent messages to his two commanders who had not yet arrived on the battlefield : Lafayette McLaws with two divisions and A.P. Hill with one division . Terrain and its consequences McClellan 's plans were ill - coordinated and were executed poorly . He issued to each of his subordinate commanders only the orders for his own corps , not general orders describing the entire battle plan . The terrain of the battlefield made it difficult for those commanders to monitor events outside of their sectors , and McClellan 's headquarters were more than a mile in the rear ( at the Philip Pry house , east of the creek ) , making it difficult for him to control the separate corps . Therefore , the battle progressed the next day as essentially three separate , mostly uncoordinated battles : morning in the northern end of the battlefield , midday in the center , and afternoon in the south . This lack of coordination and concentration of McClellan 's forces almost completely nullified the two - to - one advantage the Union enjoyed and allowed Lee to shift his defensive forces to meet each offensive . Battle Morning phase Location : Northern end of the battlefield Assaults by the I Corps , 5 : 30 to 7 : 30 a.m. Cornfield The battle opened at dawn ( about 5 : 30 a.m. ) on September 17 with an attack down the Hagerstown Turnpike by the Union I Corps under Joseph Hooker . Hooker 's objective was the plateau on which sat the Dunker Church , a modest whitewashed building belonging to a local sect of German Baptists . Hooker had approximately 8,600 men , little more than the 7,700 defenders under Stonewall Jackson , and this slight disparity was more than offset by the Confederates ' strong defensive positions . Abner Doubleday 's division moved on Hooker 's right , James Ricketts 's moved on the left into the East Woods , and George Meade 's Pennsylvania Reserves division deployed in the center and slightly to the rear . Jackson 's defense consisted of the divisions under Alexander Lawton and John R. Jones in line from the West Woods , across the Turnpike , and along the southern end of Miller 's Cornfield . Four brigades were held in reserve inside the West Woods . As the first Union men emerged from the North Woods and into the Cornfield , an artillery duel erupted . Confederate fire was from the horse artillery batteries under Jeb Stuart to the west and four batteries under Col. Stephen D. Lee on the high ground across the pike from the Dunker Church to the south . Union return fire was from nine batteries on the ridge behind the North Woods and twenty 20 - pounder Parrott rifles , 2 miles ( 3 km ) east of Antietam Creek . The conflagration caused heavy casualties on both sides and was described by Col. Lee as `` artillery Hell . '' Seeing the glint of Confederate bayonets concealed in the Cornfield , Hooker halted his infantry and brought up four batteries of artillery , which fired shell and canister over the heads of the Federal infantry into the field . A savage battle began , with considerable melee action with rifle butts and bayonets due to short visibility in the corn . Officers rode about cursing and yelling orders no one could hear in the noise . Rifles became hot and fouled from too much firing ; the air was filled with a hail of bullets and shells . Dead Confederate soldiers from Starke 's Louisiana Brigade , on the Hagerstown Turnpike , north of the Dunker Church . Photograph by Alexander Gardner . Meade 's 1st Brigade of Pennsylvanians , under Brig. Gen. Truman Seymour , began advancing through the East Woods and exchanged fire with Colonel James Walker 's brigade of Alabama , Georgia , and North Carolina troops . As Walker 's men forced Seymour 's back , aided by Lee 's artillery fire , Ricketts 's division entered the Cornfield , also to be torn up by artillery . Brig. Gen. Abram Duryée 's brigade marched directly into volleys from Colonel Marcellus Douglass 's Georgia brigade . Enduring heavy fire from a range of 250 yards ( 230 m ) and gaining no advantage because of a lack of reinforcements , Duryée ordered a withdrawal . The reinforcements that Duryée had expected -- brigades under Brig. Gen. George L. Hartsuff and Col. William A. Christian -- had difficulties reaching the scene . Hartsuff was wounded by a shell , and Christian dismounted and fled to the rear in terror . When the men were rallied and advanced into the Cornfield , they met the same artillery and infantry fire as their predecessors . As the superior Union numbers began to tell , the Louisiana `` Tiger '' Brigade under Harry Hays entered the fray and forced the Union men back to the East Woods . The casualties received by the 12th Massachusetts Infantry , 67 % , were the highest of any unit that day . The Tigers were beaten back eventually when the Federals brought up a battery of 3 - inch ordnance rifles and rolled them directly into the Cornfield , point - blank fire that slaughtered the Tigers , who lost 323 of their 500 men . ... the most deadly fire of the war . Rifles are shot to pieces in the hands of the soldiers , canteens and haversacks are riddled with bullets , the dead and wounded go down in scores . Captain Benjamin F. Cook of the 12th Massachusetts Infantry , on the attack by the Louisiana Tigers at the Cornfield While the Cornfield remained a bloody stalemate , Federal advances a few hundred yards to the west were more successful . Brig. Gen. John Gibbon 's 4th Brigade of Doubleday 's division ( recently named the Iron Brigade ) began advancing down and astride the turnpike , into the cornfield , and in the West Woods , pushing aside Jackson 's men . They were halted by a charge of 1,150 men from Starke 's brigade , leveling heavy fire from 30 yards ( 30 m ) away . The Confederate brigade withdrew after being exposed to fierce return fire from the Iron Brigade , and Starke was mortally wounded . The Union advance on the Dunker Church resumed and cut a large gap in Jackson 's defensive line , which teetered near collapse . Although the cost was steep , Hooker 's corps was making steady progress . Confederate reinforcements arrived just after 7 a.m. The divisions under McLaws and Richard H. Anderson arrived following a night march from Harpers Ferry . Around 7 : 15 , General Lee moved George T. Anderson 's Georgia brigade from the right flank of the army to aid Jackson . At 7 a.m. , Hood 's division of 2,300 men advanced through the West Woods and pushed the Union troops back through the Cornfield again . The Texans attacked with particular ferocity because as they were called from their reserve position they were forced to interrupt the first hot breakfast they had had in days . They were aided by three brigades of D.H. Hill 's division arriving from the Mumma Farm , southeast of the Cornfield , and by Jubal Early 's brigade , pushing through the West Woods from the Nicodemus Farm , where they had been supporting Jeb Stuart 's horse artillery . Some officers of the Iron Brigade rallied men around the artillery pieces of Battery B , 4th U.S. Artillery , and Gibbon himself saw to it that his previous unit did not lose a single caisson . Hood 's men bore the brunt of the fighting , however , and paid a heavy price -- 60 % casualties -- but they were able to prevent the defensive line from crumbling and held off the I Corps . When asked by a fellow officer where his division was , Hood replied , `` Dead on the field . '' Hooker 's men had also paid heavily but without achieving their objectives . After two hours and 2,500 casualties , they were back where they started . The Cornfield , an area about 250 yards ( 230 m ) deep and 400 yards ( 400 m ) wide , was a scene of indescribable destruction . It was estimated that the Cornfield changed hands no fewer than 15 times in the course of the morning . Major Rufus R. Dawes , who assumed command of Iron Brigade 's 6th Wisconsin Regiment during the battle , later compared the fighting around the Hagerstown Turnpike with the stone wall at Fredericksburg , Spotsylvania 's `` Bloody Angle '' , and the slaughter pen of Cold Harbor , insisting that `` the Antietam Turnpike surpassed them all in manifest evidence of slaughter . '' Hooker called for support from the 7,200 men of Mansfield 's XII Corps . ... every stalk of corn in the northern and greater part of the field was cut as closely as could have been done with a knife , and the ( Confederates ) slain lay in rows precisely as they had stood in their ranks a few moments before . Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker Assaults by the XII Corps , 7 : 30 to 9 : 00 a.m. Half of Mansfield 's men were raw recruits , and Mansfield was also inexperienced , having taken command only two days before . Although he was a veteran of 40 years ' service , he had never led large numbers of soldiers in combat . Concerned that his men would bolt under fire , he marched them in a formation that was known as `` column of companies , closed in mass , '' a bunched - up formation in which a regiment was arrayed ten ranks deep instead of the normal two . As his men entered the East Woods , they presented an excellent artillery target , `` almost as good a target as a barn . '' Mansfield himself was shot in the chest and died the next day . Alpheus Williams assumed temporary command of the XII Corps . The new recruits of Mansfield 's 1st Division made no progress against Hood 's line , which was reinforced by brigades of D.H. Hill 's division under Colquitt and McRae . The 2nd Division of the XII Corps , under George Sears Greene , however , broke through McRae 's men , who fled under the mistaken belief that they were about to be trapped by a flanking attack . This breach of the line forced Hood and his men , outnumbered , to regroup in the West Woods , where they had started the day . Greene was able to reach the Dunker Church , Hooker 's original objective , and drove off Stephen Lee 's batteries . Federal forces held most of the ground to the east of the turnpike . Hooker attempted to gather the scattered remnants of his I Corps to continue the assault , but a Confederate sharpshooter spotted the general 's conspicuous white horse and shot Hooker through the foot . Command of his I Corps fell to General Meade , since Hooker 's senior subordinate , James B. Ricketts , had also been wounded . But with Hooker removed from the field , there was no general left with the authority to rally the men of the I and XII Corps . Greene 's men came under heavy fire from the West Woods and withdrew from the Dunker Church . The Dunker Church after September 17 , 1862 . Here , both Union and Confederate dead lie together on the field . In an effort to turn the Confederate left flank and relieve the pressure on Mansfield 's men , Sumner 's II Corps was ordered at 7 : 20 a.m. to send two divisions into battle . Sedgwick 's division of 5,400 men was the first to ford the Antietam , and they entered the East Woods with the intention of turning left and forcing the Confederates south into the assault of Ambrose Burnside 's IX Corps . But the plan went awry . They became separated from William H. French 's division , and at 9 a.m. Sumner , who was accompanying the division , launched the attack with an unusual battle formation -- the three brigades in three long lines , men side - by - side , with only 50 to 70 yards ( 60 m ) separating the lines . They were assaulted first by Confederate artillery and then from three sides by the divisions of Early , Walker , and McLaws , and in less than half an hour Sedgwick 's men were forced to retreat in great disorder to their starting point with over 2,200 casualties , including Sedgwick himself , who was taken out of action for several months by a wound . Sumner has been condemned by most historians for his `` reckless '' attack , his lack of coordination with the I and XII Corps headquarters , losing control of French 's division when he accompanied Sedgwick 's , failing to perform adequate reconnaissance prior to launching his attack , and selecting the unusual battle formation that was so effectively flanked by the Confederate counterattack . Historian M.V. Armstrong 's recent scholarship , however , has determined that Sumner did perform appropriate reconnaissance and his decision to attack where he did was justified by the information available to him . The final actions in the morning phase of the battle were around 10 a.m. , when two regiments of the XII Corps advanced , only to be confronted by the division of John G. Walker , newly arrived from the Confederate right . They fought in the area between the Cornfield in the West Woods , but soon Walker 's men were forced back by two brigades of Greene 's division , and the Federal troops seized some ground in the West Woods . The morning phase ended with casualties on both sides of almost 13,000 , including two Union corps commanders . Midday phase Location : Center of the Confederate line Sunken road : `` Bloody Lane '' Assaults by the XII and II Corps , 9 a.m. to 1 p.m. Sunken Road By midday , the action had shifted to the center of the Confederate line . Sumner had accompanied the morning attack of Sedgwick 's division , but another of his divisions , under French , lost contact with Sumner and Sedgwick and inexplicably headed south . Eager for an opportunity to see combat , French found skirmishers in his path and ordered his men forward . By this time , Sumner 's aide ( and son ) located French , described the terrible fighting in the West Woods and relayed an order for him to divert Confederate attention by attacking their center . French confronted D.H. Hill 's division . Hill commanded about 2,500 men , less than half the number under French , and three of his five brigades had been torn up during the morning combat . This sector of Longstreet 's line was theoretically the weakest . But Hill 's men were in a strong defensive position , atop a gradual ridge , in a sunken road worn down by years of wagon traffic , which formed a natural trench . French launched a series of brigade - sized assaults against Hill 's improvised breastworks at around 9 : 30 a.m. . The first brigade to attack , mostly inexperienced troops commanded by Brig. Gen. Max Weber , was quickly cut down by heavy rifle fire ; neither side deployed artillery at this point . The second attack , more raw recruits under Col. Dwight Morris , was also subjected to heavy fire but managed to beat back a counterattack by the Alabama Brigade of Robert Rodes . The third , under Brig. Gen. Nathan Kimball , included three veteran regiments , but they also fell to fire from the sunken road . French 's division suffered 1,750 casualties ( of his 5,700 men ) in under an hour . Reinforcements were arriving on both sides , and by 10 : 30 a.m. Robert E. Lee sent his final reserve division -- some 3,400 men under Maj. Gen. Richard H. Anderson -- to bolster Hill 's line and extend it to the right , preparing an attack that would envelop French 's left flank . But at the same time , the 4,000 men of Maj. Gen. Israel B. Richardson 's division arrived on French 's left . This was the last of Sumner 's three divisions , which had been held up in the rear by McClellan as he organized his reserve forces . Richardson 's fresh troops struck the first blow . Leading off the fourth attack of the day against the sunken road was the Irish Brigade of Brig. Gen. Thomas F. Meagher . As they advanced with emerald green flags snapping in the breeze , a regimental chaplain , Father William Corby , rode back and forth across the front of the formation shouting words of conditional absolution prescribed by the Roman Catholic Church for those who were about to die . ( Corby would later perform a similar service at Gettysburg in 1863 . ) The mostly Irish immigrants lost 540 men to heavy volleys before they were ordered to withdraw . Gen. Richardson personally dispatched the brigade of Brig. Gen. John C. Caldwell into battle around noon ( after being told that Caldwell was in the rear , behind a haystack ) , and finally the tide turned . Anderson 's Confederate division had been little help to the defenders after Gen. Anderson was wounded early in the fighting . Other key leaders were lost as well , including George B. Anderson ( no relation ; Anderson 's successor , Col. Charles C. Tew of the 2nd North Carolina , was killed minutes after assuming command ) and Col. John B. Gordon of the 6th Alabama . ( Gordon received 5 serious wounds in the fight , twice in his right leg , twice in the left arm , and once in the face . He lay unconscious , face down in his cap , and later told colleagues that he should have smothered in his own blood , except for the act of an unidentified Yankee , who had earlier shot a hole in his cap , which allowed the blood to drain . ) Rodes was wounded in the thigh but was still on the field . These losses contributed directly to the confusion of the following events . We were shooting them like sheep in a pen . If a bullet missed the mark at first it was liable to strike the further bank , angle back , and take them secondarily . Sergeant of the 61st New York As Caldwell 's brigade advanced around the right flank of the Confederates , Col. Francis C. Barlow and 350 men of the 61st and 64th New York saw a weak point in the line and seized a knoll commanding the sunken road . This allowed them to get enfilade fire into the Confederate line , turning it into a deadly trap . In attempting to wheel around to meet this threat , a command from Rodes was misunderstood by Lt. Col. James N. Lightfoot , who had succeeded the unconscious John Gordon . Lightfoot ordered his men to about - face and march away , an order that all five regiments of the brigade thought applied to them as well . Confederate troops streamed toward Sharpsburg , their line lost . The Bloody Lane in 2005 Confederate dead lie in the `` Bloody Lane '' after the Battle of Antietam , 1862 . Richardson 's men were in hot pursuit when massed artillery hastily assembled by Gen. Longstreet drove them back . A counterattack with 200 men led by D.H. Hill got around the Federal left flank near the sunken road , and although they were driven back by a fierce charge of the 5th New Hampshire , this stemmed the collapse of the center . Reluctantly , Richardson ordered his division to fall back to north of the ridge facing the sunken road . His division lost about 1,000 men . Col. Barlow was severely wounded , and Richardson mortally wounded . Winfield S. Hancock assumed division command . Although Hancock would have an excellent future reputation as an aggressive division and corps commander , the unexpected change of command sapped the momentum of the Federal advance . The carnage from 9 : 30 a.m. to 1 : 00 p.m. on the sunken road gave it the name Bloody Lane , leaving about 5,600 casualties ( Union 3,000 , Confederate 2,600 ) along the 800 - yard ( 700 m ) road . And yet a great opportunity presented itself . If this broken sector of the Confederate line were exploited , Lee 's army would have been divided in half and possibly defeated . There were ample forces available to do so . There was a reserve of 3,500 cavalry and the 10,300 infantrymen of Gen. Porter 's V Corps , waiting near the middle bridge , a mile away . The VI Corps had just arrived with 12,000 men . Maj. Gen. William B. Franklin of the VI Corps was ready to exploit this breakthrough , but Sumner , the senior corps commander , ordered him not to advance . Franklin appealed to McClellan , who left his headquarters in the rear to hear both arguments but backed Sumner 's decision , ordering Franklin and Hancock to hold their positions . Later in the day , the commander of the other reserve unit near the center , the V Corps , Maj. Gen. Fitz John Porter , heard recommendations from Maj. Gen. George Sykes , commanding his 2nd Division , that another attack be made in the center , an idea that intrigued McClellan . However , Porter is said to have told McClellan , `` Remember , General , I command the last reserve of the last Army of the Republic . '' McClellan demurred and another opportunity was lost . Afternoon phase Location : Southern end of the battlefield `` Burnside 's bridge '' Assaults by the IX Corps , 10 a.m. to 4 : 30 p.m. The action moved to the southern end of the battlefield . McClellan 's plan called for Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside and the IX Corps to conduct a diversionary attack in support of Hooker 's I Corps , hoping to draw Confederate attention away from the intended main attack in the north . However , Burnside was instructed to wait for explicit orders before launching his attack , and those orders did not reach him until 10 a.m. Burnside was strangely passive during preparations for the battle . He was disgruntled that McClellan had abandoned the previous arrangement of `` wing '' commanders reporting to him . Previously , Burnside had commanded a wing that included both the I and IX Corps and now he was responsible only for the IX Corps . Implicitly refusing to give up his higher authority , Burnside treated first Maj. Gen. Jesse L. Reno ( killed at South Mountain ) and then Brig. Gen. Jacob D. Cox of the Kanawha Division as the corps commander , funneling orders to the corps through him . Burnside had four divisions ( 12,500 troops ) and 50 guns east of Antietam Creek . Facing him was a force that had been greatly depleted by Lee 's movement of units to bolster the Confederate left flank . At dawn , the divisions of Brig . Gens . David R. Jones and John G. Walker stood in defense , but by 10 a.m. all of Walker 's men and Col. George T. Anderson 's Georgia brigade had been removed . Jones had only about 3,000 men and 12 guns available to meet Burnside . Four thin brigades guarded the ridges near Sharpsburg , primarily a low plateau known as Cemetery Hill . The remaining 400 men -- the 2nd and 20th Georgia regiments , under the command of Brig. Gen. Robert Toombs , with two artillery batteries -- defended Rohrbach 's Bridge , a three - span , 125 - foot ( 38 m ) stone structure that was the southernmost crossing of the Antietam . It would become known to history as Burnside 's Bridge because of the notoriety of the coming battle . The bridge was a difficult objective . The road leading to it ran parallel to the creek and was exposed to enemy fire . The bridge was dominated by a 100 - foot ( 30 m ) high wooded bluff on the west bank , strewn with boulders from an old quarry , making infantry and sharpshooter fire from good covered positions a dangerous impediment to crossing . Go and look at ( Burnside 's Bridge ) , and tell me if you do n't think Burnside and his corps might have executed a hop , skip , and jump and landed on the other side . One thing is certain , they might have waded it that day without getting their waist belts wet in any place . Confederate staff officer Henry Kyd Douglas Antietam Creek in this sector was seldom more than 50 feet ( 15 m ) wide , and several stretches were only waist deep and out of Confederate range . Burnside has been widely criticized for ignoring this fact . However , the commanding terrain across the sometimes shallow creek made crossing the water a comparatively easy part of a difficult problem . Burnside concentrated his plan instead on storming the bridge while simultaneously crossing a ford McClellan 's engineers had identified a half mile ( 1 km ) downstream , but when Burnside 's men reached it , they found the banks too high to negotiate . While Col. George Crook 's Ohio brigade prepared to attack the bridge with the support of Brig. Gen. Samuel Sturgis 's division , the rest of the Kanawha Division and Brig. Gen. Isaac Rodman 's division struggled through thick brush trying to locate Snavely 's Ford , 2 miles ( 3 km ) downstream , intending to flank the Confederates . Crook 's assault on the bridge was led by skirmishers from the 11th Connecticut , who were ordered to clear the bridge for the Ohioans to cross and assault the bluff . After receiving punishing fire for 15 minutes , the Connecticut men withdrew with 139 casualties , one - third of their strength , including their commander , Col. Henry W. Kingsbury , who was fatally wounded . Crook 's main assault went awry when his unfamiliarity with the terrain caused his men to reach the creek a quarter mile ( 400 m ) upstream from the bridge , where they exchanged volleys with Confederate skirmishers for the next few hours . While Rodman 's division was out of touch , slogging toward Snavely 's Ford , Burnside and Cox directed a second assault at the bridge by one of Sturgis 's brigades , led by the 2nd Maryland and 6th New Hampshire . They also fell prey to the Confederate sharpshooters and artillery , and their attack fell apart . By this time it was noon , and McClellan was losing patience . He sent a succession of couriers to motivate Burnside to move forward . He ordered one aide , `` Tell him if it costs 10,000 men he must go now . '' He increased the pressure by sending his inspector general , Col. Delos B. Sackett , to confront Burnside , who reacted indignantly : `` McClellan appears to think I am not trying my best to carry this bridge ; you are the third or fourth one who has been to me this morning with similar orders . '' The third attempt to take the bridge was at 12 : 30 p.m. by Sturgis 's other brigade , commanded by Brig. Gen. Edward Ferrero . It was led by the 51st New York and the 51st Pennsylvania , who , with adequate artillery support and a promise that a recently canceled whiskey ration would be restored if they were successful , charged downhill and took up positions on the east bank . Maneuvering a captured light howitzer into position , they fired double canister down the bridge and got within 25 yards ( 23 m ) of the enemy . By 1 p.m. , Confederate ammunition was running low , and word reached Toombs that Rodman 's men were crossing Snavely 's Ford on their flank . He ordered a withdrawal . His Georgians had cost the Federals more than 500 casualties , giving up fewer than 160 themselves . And they had stalled Burnside 's assault on the southern flank for more than three hours . Charge of the 51st New York and 51st Pennsylvania across Burnside 's Bridge , by Edwin Forbes Battle of Antietam by Kurz and Allison Confederate guns on the hill above poured fire into the Union ranks at Burnside 's bridge . Photo taken just after the Battle of Antietam , 1862 . Union positions below the Confederates at Burnside Bridge Burnside Bridge in 2012 Burnside 's assault stalled again on its own . His officers had neglected to transport ammunition across the bridge , which was itself becoming a bottleneck for soldiers , artillery , and wagons . This represented another two - hour delay . Gen. Lee used this time to bolster his right flank . He ordered up every available artillery unit , although he made no attempt to strengthen D.R. Jones 's badly outnumbered force with infantry units from the left . Instead , he counted on the arrival of A.P. Hill 's Light Division , currently embarked on an exhausting 17 mile ( 27 km ) march from Harpers Ferry . By 2 p.m. , Hill 's men had reached Boteler 's Ford , and Hill was able to confer with the relieved Lee at 2 : 30 , who ordered him to bring up his men to the right of Jones . The Federals were completely unaware that 3,000 new men would be facing them . Burnside 's plan was to move around the weakened Confederate right flank , converge on Sharpsburg , and cut Lee 's army off from Boteler 's Ford , their only escape route across the Potomac . At 3 p.m. , Burnside left Sturgis 's division in reserve on the west bank and moved west with over 8,000 troops ( most of them fresh ) and 22 guns for close support . An initial assault led by the 79th New York `` Cameron Highlanders '' succeeded against Jones 's outnumbered division , which was pushed back past Cemetery Hill and to within 200 yards ( 200 m ) of Sharpsburg . Farther to the left , Rodman 's division advanced toward Harpers Ferry Road . Its lead brigade , under Col. Harrison Fairchild , containing several colorful Zouaves of the 9th New York , commanded by Col. Rush Hawkins , came under heavy shellfire from a dozen enemy guns mounted on a ridge to their front , but they kept pushing forward . There was panic in the streets of Sharpsburg , clogged with retreating Confederates . Of the five brigades in Jones 's division , only Toombs 's brigade was still intact , but he had only 700 men . A.P. Hill 's division arrived at 3 : 30 p.m. Hill divided his column , with two brigades moving southeast to guard his flank and the other three , about 2,000 men , moving to the right of Toombs 's brigade and preparing for a counterattack . At 3 : 40 p.m. , Brig. Gen. Maxcy Gregg 's brigade of South Carolinians attacked the 16th Connecticut on Rodman 's left flank in the cornfield of farmer John Otto . The Connecticut men had been in service for only three weeks , and their line disintegrated with 185 casualties . The 4th Rhode Island came up on the right , but they had poor visibility amid the high stalks of corn , and they were disoriented because many of the Confederates were wearing Union uniforms captured at Harpers Ferry . They also broke and ran , leaving the 8th Connecticut far out in advance and isolated . They were enveloped and driven down the hills toward Antietam Creek . A counterattack by regiments from the Kanawha Division fell short . The IX Corps had suffered casualties of about 20 % but still possessed twice the number of Confederates confronting them . Unnerved by the collapse of his flank , Burnside ordered his men all the way back to the west bank of the Antietam , where he urgently requested more men and guns . McClellan was able to provide just one battery . He said , `` I can do nothing more . I have no infantry . '' In fact , however , McClellan had two fresh corps in reserve , Porter 's V and Franklin 's VI , but he was too cautious , concerned he was greatly outnumbered and that a massive counterstrike by Lee was imminent . Burnside 's men spent the rest of the day guarding the bridge they had suffered so much to capture . Aftermath Confederate dead gathered for burial after the battle . Photograph by Alexander Gardner . Photograph by Alexander Gardner of Lincoln and McClellan near the Antietam battlefield , October 3 , 1862 The battle was over by 5 : 30 p.m. On the morning of September 18 , Lee 's army prepared to defend against a Federal assault that never came . After an improvised truce for both sides to recover and exchange their wounded , Lee 's forces began withdrawing across the Potomac that evening to return to Virginia . Losses from the battle were heavy on both sides . The Union had 12,410 casualties with 2,108 dead . Confederate casualties were 10,316 with 1,546 dead . This represented 25 % of the Federal force and 31 % of the Confederate . Overall , both sides lost a combined total of 22,720 casualties in a single day , almost the same amount as the number of losses that had shocked the nation at the 2 - day Battle of Shiloh five months earlier . Of the other casualties , 1,910 Union and 1,550 Confederate troops died of their wounds soon after the battle , while 225 Union and 306 Confederate troops listed as missing were later confirmed as dead . Several generals died as a result of the battle , including Maj . Gens . Joseph K. Mansfield and Israel B. Richardson and Brig. Gen. Isaac P. Rodman on the Union side , and Brig . Gens. Lawrence O. Branch and William E. Starke on the Confederate side . Confederate Brig. Gen. George B. Anderson was shot in the ankle during the defense of the Bloody Lane . He survived the battle but died later in October after an amputation . The fighting on September 17 , 1862 , killed 7,650 American soldiers . More Americans died in battle on September 17 , 1862 , than on any other day in the nation 's military history . Antietam is sometimes cited as the bloodiest day in all of American history , but the deaths from the Galveston Hurricane of 1900 are significantly higher . The bloodiest battle in American history was Gettysburg , but its more than 46,000 casualties occurred over three days . Antietam ranks fifth in terms of total casualties in Civil War battles , falling behind Chickamauga , Chancellorsville , and Spotsylvania Court House . President Lincoln was disappointed in McClellan 's performance . He believed that McClellan 's overly cautious and poorly coordinated actions in the field had forced the battle to a draw rather than a crippling Confederate defeat . The president was even more astonished that from September 17 to October 26 , despite repeated entreaties from the War Department and the president himself , McClellan declined to pursue Lee across the Potomac , citing shortages of equipment and the fear of overextending his forces . General - in - Chief Henry W. Halleck wrote in his official report , `` The long inactivity of so large an army in the face of a defeated foe , and during the most favorable season for rapid movements and a vigorous campaign , was a matter of great disappointment and regret . '' Lincoln relieved McClellan of his command of the Army of the Potomac on November 5 , effectively ending the general 's military career . He was replaced on November 9 by General Burnside . External video Presentation by James McPherson on Crossroads of Freedom : Antietam , September 11 , 2008 , C - SPAN Some students of history question the designation of `` strategic victory '' for the Union . After all , it can be argued that McClellan performed poorly in the campaign and the battle itself , and Lee displayed great generalship in holding his own in battle against an army that greatly outnumbered his . Casualties were comparable on both sides , although Lee lost a higher percentage of his army . Lee withdrew from the battlefield first , the technical definition of the tactical loser in a Civil War battle . However , in a strategic sense , despite being a tactical draw , Antietam is considered a turning point of the war and a victory for the Union because it ended Lee 's strategic campaign ( his first invasion of Union territory ) . American historian James M. McPherson summed up the importance of the Battle of Antietam in his book , Crossroads of Freedom : No other campaign and battle in the war had such momentous , multiple consequences as Antietam . In July 1863 the dual Union triumphs at Gettysburg and Vicksburg struck another blow that blunted a renewed Confederate offensive in the East and cut off the western third of the Confederacy from the rest . In September 1864 Sherman 's capture of Atlanta electrified the North and set the stage for the final drive to Union victory . These also were pivotal moments . But they would never have happened if the triple Confederate offensives in Mississippi , Kentucky , and most of all Maryland had not been defeated in the fall of 1862 . -- James M. McPherson , Crossroads of Freedom The results of Antietam also allowed President Lincoln to issue the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation on September 22 , which gave Confederate states until January 1 , 1863 to return or else lose their slaves . Although Lincoln had intended to do so earlier , he was advised by his Cabinet to make this announcement after a Union victory to avoid the perception that it was issued out of desperation . The Union victory and Lincoln 's proclamation played a considerable role in dissuading the governments of France and Britain from recognizing the Confederacy ; some suspected they were planning to do so in the aftermath of another Union defeat . When the issue of emancipation was linked to the progress of the war , neither government had the political will to oppose the United States , since it linked support of the Confederacy to support for slavery . Both countries had already abolished slavery , and the public would not have tolerated the government militarily supporting a sovereignty upholding the ideals of slavery . Battlefield preservation The battle is commemorated at Antietam National Battlefield . Conservation work undertaken by Antietam National Battlefield and private groups , has earned Antietam a reputation as one of the nation 's best preserved Civil War battlefields . Few visual intrusions mar the landscape , letting visitors experience the site nearly as it was in 1862 . Antietam was one of the first five Civil War battlefields preserved federally , receiving that distinction on August 30 , 1890 . The U.S. War Department also placed over 300 tablets at that time to mark the spots of individual regiments and of significant phases in the battle . The battlefield was transferred to the Department of the Interior in 1933 . The Antietam National Battlefield now consists of 2,743 acres . The Civil War Trust ( a division of the American Battlefield Trust ) and its partners have acquired and preserved 316 acres of the Antietam Battlefield . In 2015 , the Trust saved 44.4 acres in the heart of the battlefield , between the Cornfield and the Dunker Church , when it purchased the Wilson farm for about $1 million . The preservation organization has since removed the postwar house and barn that stood on the property along Hagerstown Pike and returned the land to its wartime appearance . Historic photographs and paintings Mathew Brady 's gallery , `` the dead of Antietam '' ( 1862 ) In October 2012 , the National Museum of Civil War Medicine displayed 21 original Mathew Brady 1862 photographs documenting the Battle of Antietam . Brady is considered the father of photojournalism . He is known for his efforts to document the Civil War on a grand scale by bringing his photographic studio to the battlefields after receiving special permission from Lincoln in 1861 . On September 19 , 1862 , two days after the Battle of Antietam , Mathew Brady sent photographer Alexander Gardner and his assistant James Gibson to photograph the carnage . In October 1862 Brady displayed the photos by Gardner in an exhibition entitled `` The Dead of Antietam '' at Brady 's New York gallery . Many images in this presentation were graphic photographs of corpses , a presentation new to America . This was the first time that many Americans saw the realities of war in photographs as distinct from previous `` artists ' impressions '' . The New York Times published a review on October 20 , 1862 , describing how , `` Of all objects of horror one would think the battle - field should stand preeminent , that it should bear away the palm of repulsiveness . '' But crowds came to the gallery drawn by a `` terrible fascination '' to the images of mangled corpses which brought the reality of remote battle fields to New Yorkers . Viewers examined details using a magnifying glass . `` We would scarce choose to be in the gallery , when one of the women bending over them should recognize a husband , a son , or a brother in the still , lifeless lines of bodies , that lie ready for the gaping trenches . '' Captain James Hope murals Captain James Hope of the 2nd Vermont Infantry , a professional artist , painted five large murals based on battlefield scenes he had sketched during the Battle of Antietam . He had been assigned to sideline duties as a scout and mapmaker due to his injuries . The canvasses were exhibited in his gallery in Watkins Glen , New York , until his death in 1892 . He had prints made of these larger paintings and sold the reproductions . In the 1930s his work was damaged in a flood . The original murals were shown in a church for many years . In 1979 , the National Park Service purchased and restored them . They were featured in a 1984 Time - Life book entitled The Bloodiest Day : The Battle of Antietam . Gallery The images below include photographs by Alexander Gardner , who was employed by Mathew Brady and whose photographs were exhibited in Brady 's New York gallery in October 1862 , and the murals by Captain James Hope restored by the National Park Service . Confederate soldiers on the Antietam battlefield as they fell inside the fence on the Hagerstown road , September 1862 by Alexander Gardner Harper 's Weekly drawing of dead soldiers on Antietam battlefield , based on Gardner photograph Confederate horses lay dead and artillery caissons destroyed on Antietam battlefield Dead on Antietam battlefield Confederate dead at Bloody Lane , looking east from the north bank . Alexander Gardner photograph . Confederate dead at Bloody Lane , looking northeast from the south bank . Alexander Gardner photograph . `` Confederate soldier who after being wounded had evidently dragged himself to a little ravine on the hillside where he died '' . Photograph by Alexander Gardner . Federal burial party by Alexander Gardner Burying Union dead on the Antietam battlefield `` A Lonely Grave '' -- Federal grave at Antietam by Alexander Gardner Antietam Battlefield photograph by Alexander Gardner Artillery hell by Captain James Hope ( Dunker Church at the far left ) `` A Fateful Turn '' -- Late morning looking east toward the Roulette Farm by Captain James Hope `` The Aftermath at Bloody Lane '' by Captain James Hope `` Wasted Gallantry '' by Captain James Hope Burnside Bridge by Captain James Hope The Lutheran Church just east of Sharpsburg marks the extent of the Union offensive during the Battle of Antietam , 1862 . In popular culture The Battle of Antietam was featured at the beginning of the film Glory ( 1989 ) , directed by Edward Zwick and starring Matthew Broderick , Denzel Washington , Cary Elwes , and Morgan Freeman . The scene depicts the wounding of Captain Robert Gould Shaw of Massachusetts . In Hell on Wheels season 1 , episode 8 ( `` Derailed '' ) , the former Union Army lieutenant carries a Confederate saber that he took as a trophy at Antietam , which he termed a `` glorious victory '' . Cullen Bohannon , a former Confederate soldier , disagrees with the blue coat 's assessment of what Bohannon calls the Battle of Sharpsburg . The lieutenant , who was with the 51st from Pennsylvania , which stormed the Burnside Bridge , thought they had the Confederate soldiers running scared . Bohannon corrects him , explaining that the Confederate forces retreated from Burnside Bridge because they ran out of ammunition shooting Union Army soldiers , who kept lining up as if at a firing squad , to be shot like `` fish in a bloody barrel '' . The men 's animosity and opposing views of that skirmish reflect their differing philosophies and bode badly for the outcome of their shared mission in this episode . The Massachusetts - based ink manufacturer Noodler 's carries an ink called Antietam . The colour is a reddish brown . See also American Civil War portal List of American Civil War battles List of costliest American Civil War land battles Troop engagements of the American Civil War , 1862 Armies in the American Civil War USS Antietam Bibliography of the American Civil War Bibliography of Abraham Lincoln Bibliography of Ulysses S. Grant References Jump up ^ NPS ; see the discussion of `` strategic victory '' in the Aftermath section . Jump up ^ Further information : Official Records , Series I , Volume XIX , Part 1 , pp. 169 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Further information : Official Records , Series I , Volume XIX , Part 1 , pp. 803 -- 10 . ^ Jump up to : Further information : Reports of Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan , U.S. Army , commanding the Army of the Potomac , of operations August 14 -- November 9 ( Official Records , Series I , Volume XIX , Part 1 , p. 67 ) . ^ Jump up to : Eicher , p. 363 , cites 75,500 Union troops . Sears , p. 173 , cites 75,000 Union troops , with an effective strength of 71,500 , with 300 guns ; on p. 296 , he states that the 12,401 Union casualties were 25 % of those who went into action and that McClellan committed `` barely 50,000 infantry and artillerymen to the contest '' ; p. 389 , he cites Confederate effective strength of `` just over 38,000 , '' including A.P. Hill 's division , which arrived in the afternoon . Priest , p. 343 , cites 87,164 men present in the Army of the Potomac , with 53,632 engaged , and 30,646 engaged in the Army of Northern Virginia . Luvaas and Nelson , p. 302 , cite 87,100 Union engaged , 51,800 Confederate . Harsh , Sounding the Shallows , pp. 201 -- 02 , analyzes the historiography of the figures , and shows that Ezra A. Carman ( a battlefield historian who influenced some of these sources ) used `` engaged '' figures ; the 38,000 excludes Pender 's and Field 's brigades , roughly half the artillery , and forces used to secure objectives behind the line . ^ Jump up to : Further information : Official Records , Series I , Volume XIX , Part 1 , pp. 189 -- 204 . ^ Jump up to : Union : 12,410 total ( 2,108 killed ; 9,549 wounded ; 753 captured / missing ) ; Confederate : 10,316 total ( 1,546 killed ; 7,752 wounded ; 1,018 captured / missing ) according to Sears , pp. 294 -- 96 ; Cannan , p. 201 . Confederate casualties are estimates because reported figures include undifferentiated casualties at South Mountain and Shepherdstown ; Sears remarks that `` there is no doubt that a good many of the 1,771 men listed as missing were in fact dead , buried uncounted in unmarked graves where they fell . '' McPherson , p. 129 , gives ranges for the Confederate losses : 1,546 -- 2,700 dead , 7,752 -- 9,024 wounded . He states that more than 2,000 of the wounded on both sides died from their wounds . Priest , p. 343 , reports 12,882 Union casualties ( 2,157 killed , 9,716 wounded , 1,009 missing or captured ) and 11,530 Confederate ( 1,754 killed , 8,649 wounded , 1,127 missing or captured ) . Luvaas and Nelson , p. 302 , cite Union casualties of 12,469 ( 2,010 killed , 9,416 wounded , 1,043 missing or captured ) and 10,292 Confederate ( 1,567 killed , 8,725 wounded for September 14 -- 20 , plus approximately 2,000 missing or captured ) . Jump up ^ McPherson 2002 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ NPS . Jump up ^ McPherson 2002 , p. 100 . ^ Jump up to : Eicher 2001 , p. 337 . Jump up ^ Sears , p. 69 `` perhaps 50,000 '' . Jump up ^ Sears 1983 , pp. 65 -- 66 . Jump up ^ McPherson 2002 , pp. 88 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Sears 1983 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ McPherson 2002 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ McPherson 2002 , p. 109 . Jump up ^ McPherson 2002 , pp. 110 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Sears 1983 , pp. 359 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Welcher , pp. 786 -- 88 ; Eicher , p. 338 . Jump up ^ O.R. Series 1 , Vol . XIX part 2 ( S # 28 ) , p. 621 ; Luvaas and Nelson , pp. 294 -- 300 ; Esposito , map 67 ; Sears , pp. 366 -- 72 . Although most histories , including the Official Records , refer to these organizations as Corps , that designation was not formally made until November 6 , 1862 , after the Maryland Campaign . Longstreet 's unit was referred to as the Right Wing , Jackson 's the Left Wing , for most of 1862 . ( Gen. Lee referred in official correspondence to these as `` commands '' . See , for instance , Luvaas and Nelson , p. 4 . Lee used this term because a Confederate law forbade the creation of army corps . It had been intended as a states ' rights measure to ensure that governors would retain some control over the troops from their state , and Lee lobbied strongly for repeal of this law . ) Harsh , Sounding the Shallows , pp. 32 -- 90 , states that D.H. Hill was temporarily in command of a `` Center Wing '' with his own division commanded initially by Brig. Gen. Roswell S. Ripley , and the divisions of Maj. Gen. Lafayette McLaws and Brig. Gen. John G. Walker . The other references list him strictly as a division commander . Jump up ^ Bailey 1984 , p. 60 . ^ Jump up to : Sears 1983 , p. 174 . Jump up ^ Sears 1983 , pp. 164 , 175 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Bailey 1984 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Harsh , Taken at the Flood , pp. 366 -- 67 Jump up ^ Sears 1983 , p. 181 . ^ Jump up to : Wolff 2000 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Sears 1983 , pp. 190 -- 91 . ^ Jump up to : Bailey 1984 , p. 70 . ^ Jump up to : Wolff 2000 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Bailey 1984 , pp. 71 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Bailey 1984 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Dawes 1999 , pp. 88 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Bailey 1984 , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Dawes 1999 , pp. 91 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Bailey 1984 , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Bailey 1984 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Dawes 1999 , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Bailey 1984 , pp. 79 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Sears 1983 , p. 206 . Jump up ^ Armstrong 2002 , pp. 3 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Eicher 2001 , pp. 353 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Wolff 2000 , pp. 61 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Sears 1983 , pp. 221 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Armstrong 2002 , pp. 39 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Bailey 1984 , p. 93 . Jump up ^ Bailey 1984 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Wolff 2000 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Bailey 1984 , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Bailey 1984 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Bailey 1984 , pp. 101 -- 03 . ^ Jump up to : Sears 1983 , p. 242 . Jump up ^ Bailey 1984 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Sears 1983 , p. 254 . Jump up ^ Bailey 1984 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Bailey 1984 , pp. 108 -- 09 . Jump up ^ Bailey 1984 , p. 141 . Jump up ^ Jamieson , p. 94 . McClellan issued the order at 9 : 10 , after the repulse of Hooker 's and Mansfield 's assaults , having waited for the VI Corps to reach the battlefield and take up a reserve position . ^ Jump up to : Wolff 2000 , p. 64 . ^ Jump up to : Douglas 1940 , p. 172 . Jump up ^ Eicher 2001 , pp. 359 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Sears 1983 , p. 260 . Jump up ^ Tucker , p. 87 . Jump up ^ Sears 1983 , p. 263 . Jump up ^ Bailey 1984 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Sears 1983 , pp. 264 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Sears 1983 , pp. 266 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Bailey 1984 , pp. 125 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Sears 1983 , p. 276 . Jump up ^ Bailey 1984 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ Bailey 1984 , pp. 132 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Bailey 1984 , pp. 136 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Sears 1983 , pp. 291 -- 92 . ^ Jump up to : Site identified by Frassanito , pp. 105 -- 108 . Jump up ^ Sears 1983 , pp. 297 , 306 -- 07 . Jump up ^ 10,291 Confederate casualties : 1,567 killed and 8,724 wounded for the entire Maryland Campaign . See : Official Records , Series I , Volume XIX , Part 1 , pp. 810 -- 13 . Jump up ^ https://www.nps.gov/anti/learn/historyculture/casualties.htm Jump up ^ Sears 1983 , pp. 194 , 206 , 254 , 287 , 290 . Jump up ^ `` Death Tolls for Battles of the 16th , 17th , 18th & 19th Centuries ( 1500 -- 1900 ) '' , citing the National Park Service . Jump up ^ Sears 1983 , p. 296 . Jump up ^ Bailey 1984 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Sears 1983 , pp. 338 - 339 . ^ Jump up to : McPherson 2002 , p. 155 . Jump up ^ Sears 1983 , p. 318 . Jump up ^ `` Preservationists see victory at Antietam 150 years later '' . latimes . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) American Battlefield Trust `` Saved Land '' webpage . Accessed May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Critical Piece of Antietam Battlefield Preserved , '' Hagerstown ( Md . ) Herald Mail , Sept. 30 , 2015 . Accessed Jan. 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Antietam Rebirth Accessed Jan. 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Horan , James D. ( December 12 , 1988 ) . Mathew Brady : Historian With a Camera . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 - 517 - 00104 - 7 . Jump up ^ Pritzker Jump up ^ Brady employed almost two dozen men , each of whom was given a traveling darkroom , to photograph scenes from the battle . There are hundreds of photos in the National Archives taken by Brady and his associates from numerous Civil War sites . Jump up ^ `` Matthew Brady Antietam Photography Exhibit From 1862 Recreated At National Museum of Civil War Medicine '' . Huffington Post . Keedysville , Maryland . October 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Brady 's Photographs : Pictures of the Dead at Antietam '' . New York : New York Times . October 20 , 1862 . Jump up ^ `` Hope paintings , Hope restored '' . National Park Service . Jump up ^ `` James Hope ( 1818 / 19 -- 1892 ) Papers , 1854 -- 1983 ( bulk : 1856 -- 1872 ) MSA 529 & Size D '' ( PDF ) . Vermont Historical Society . Jump up ^ Bailey 1984 , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Site identified by Frassanito , pp. 168 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Site identified by Robert Kalasky , `` Military Images '' Volume XX , Number 6 May -- June 1999 , pp. 24 -- 29 . Jump up ^ The Union soldiers looking on were likely members of the 130th Pennsylvania , who were assigned burial detail Jump up ^ Site identified by Frassanito , pp. 144 -- 47 . Jump up ^ Site identified by Frassanito , pp. 171 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Original description claimed `` Battlefield of Antietam on the Day of the Battle '' September 17 , 1862 ; however , see Frassanito , pp. 70 -- 73 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Civil War : 54th Massachusetts Regiment '' . Historynet.com . June 12 , 2006 . Retrieved March 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Klein , Christopher ( July 18 , 2013 ) . `` '' Glory '' Regiment Attacks Fort Wagner , 150 Years Ago `` . The History Channel . Retrieved March 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://noodlersink.com/noodlers-ink-color/ink-colors-and-their-properties/ Sources Secondary sources Armstrong , Marion V. ( 2002 ) . Disaster in the West Woods : General Edwin V. Sumner and the II Corps at Antietam . Sharpsburg , MD : Western Maryland Interpretive Association . Bailey , Ronald H. ( 1984 ) . The Bloodiest Day : The Battle of Antietam . Alexandria , VA : Time - Life Books . ISBN 0 - 8094 - 4740 - 1 . Cannan , John . The Antietam Campaign : August -- September 1862 . Mechanicsburg , PA : Stackpole , 1994 . ISBN 0 - 938289 - 91 - 8 . Eicher , David J. ( 2001 ) . The Longest Night : A Military History of the Civil War . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 684 - 84944 - 5 . Esposito , Vincent J. West Point Atlas of American Wars . New York : Frederick A. Praeger , 1959 . OCLC 5890637 . The collection of maps ( without explanatory text ) is available online at the West Point website . Frassanito , William A. Antietam : The Photographic Legacy of America 's Bloodiest Day . Gettysburg , PA : Thomas Publications , 1978 . ISBN 1 - 57747 - 005 - 2 . Harsh , Joseph L. Sounding the Shallows : A Confederate Companion for the Maryland Campaign of 1862 . Kent , OH : Kent State University Press , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 87338 - 641 - 8 . Harsh , Joseph L. Taken at the Flood : Robert E. Lee and Confederate Strategy in the Maryland Campaign of 1862 . Kent , OH : Kent State University Press , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 87338 - 631 - 0 . Jamieson , Perry D. Death in September : The Antietam Campaign . Abilene , TX : McWhiney Foundation Press , 1999 . ISBN 1 - 893114 - 07 - 4 . Kalasky , Robert . `` Union dead ... Confederate Dead ' . '' Military Images Magazine . Volume XX , Number 6 , May -- June 1999 . Kennedy , Frances H. , ed . The Civil War Battlefield Guide . 2nd ed . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Co. , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 395 - 74012 - 6 . Luvaas , Jay , and Harold W. Nelson , eds . Guide to the Battle of Antietam . Lawrence : University Press of Kansas , 1987 . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 0784 - 6 . McPherson , James M. ( 2002 ) . Crossroads of Freedom : Antietam , The Battle That Changed the Course of the Civil War . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 513521 - 0 . Priest , John Michael . Antietam : The Soldiers ' Battle . New York : Oxford University Press , 1989 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 508466 - 7 . Sears , Stephen W. ( 1983 ) . Landscape Turned Red : The Battle of Antietam . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 89919 - 172 - X . Tucker , Phillip Thomas . Burnside 's Bridge : The Climactic Struggle of the 2nd and 20th Georgia at Antietam Creek . Mechanicsburg , PA : Stackpole Books , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 0199 - 9 . Welcher , Frank J. The Union Army , 1861 -- 1865 Organization and Operations . Vol. 1 , The Eastern Theater . Bloomington : Indiana University Press , 1989 . ISBN 0 - 253 - 36453 - 1 . Wolff , Robert S. ( 2000 ) . `` The Antietam Campaign '' . In Heidler , David S. ; Heidler , Jeanne T. Encyclopedia of the American Civil War : A Political , Social , and Military History . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 04758 - X . National Park Service battle description Primary sources Dawes , Rufus R. ( 1999 ) ( 1890 ) . A Full Blown Yankee of the Iron Brigade : Service with the Sixth Wisconsin Volunteers . Lincoln , Nebraska : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 6618 - 9 . First published by E.R. Alderman and Sons . Douglas , Henry Kyd ( 1940 ) . I Rode with Stonewall : The War Experiences of the Youngest Member of Jackson 's Staff . Chapel Hill , North Carolina : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 0337 - 5 . `` Brady 's Photographs : Pictures of the Dead at Antietam '' . New York : New York Times . October 20 , 1862 . Tidball , John C. The Artillery Service in the War of the Rebellion , 1861 -- 1865 . Westholme Publishing , 2011 . ISBN 978 - 1594161490 . U.S. War Department , The War of the Rebellion : a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies . Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office , 1880 -- 1901 . Further reading Armstrong Marion V. , Jr . Unfurl Those Colors ! McClellan , Sumner , and the Second Army Corps in the Antietam Campaign . Tuscaloosa : University of Alabama Press , 2008 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8173 - 1600 - 6 . Ballard , Ted . Battle of Antietam : Staff Ride Guide . Washington , DC : United States Army Center of Military History , 2006 . OCLC 68192262 . Breeden , James O. `` Field Medicine at Antietam . '' Caduceus : A Humanities Journal for Medicine and the Health Sciences 10 # 1 ( 1994 ) : 8 -- 22 . Carman , Ezra Ayers . The Maryland Campaign of September 1862 . Vol. 1 , South Mountain . Edited by Thomas G. Clemens . El Dorado Hills , CA : Savas Beatie , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932714 - 81 - 4 . Carman , Ezra Ayers . The Maryland Campaign of September 1862 : Ezra A. Carman 's Definitive Account of the Union and Confederate Armies at Antietam . Edited by Joseph Pierro . New York : Routledge , 2008 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 95628 - 5 . Catton , Bruce . `` Crisis at the Antietam . '' American Heritage 9 # 5 ( August 1958 ) : 54 -- 96 . Frassanito , William A. Antietam : The Photographic Legacy of America 's Bloodiest Day . New York : Scribner , 1978 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 15659 - 0 . Frye , Dennis E. Antietam Shadows : Mystery , Myth & Machination . Sharpsburg , MD : Antietam Rest Publishing , 2018 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9854119 - 2 - 3 . Gallagher , Gary W. , ed . Antietam : Essays on the 1862 Maryland Campaign . Kent , OH : Kent State University Press , 1989 . ISBN 0 - 87338 - 400 - 8 . Gottfried , Bradley M. The Maps of Antietam : An Atlas of the Antietam ( Sharpsburg ) Campaign , including the Battle of South Mountain , September 2 -- 20 , 1862 . El Dorado Hills , CA : Savas Beatie , 2011 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61121 - 086 - 6 . Jermann , Donald R. Antietam : The Lost Order . Gretna , LA : Pelican Publishing Co. , 2006 . ISBN 1 - 58980 - 366 - 3 . Hartwig , D. Scott . To Antietam Creek : The Maryland Campaign of 1862 . Baltimore : The Johns Hopkins University Press , 2012 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4214 - 0631 - 2 . Murfin , James V . The Gleam of Bayonets : The Battle of Antietam and the Maryland Campaign of 1862 . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press , 1965 . ISBN 0 - 8071 - 0990 - 8 . Perry D. Jamieson and Bradford A. Wineman , The Maryland and Fredericksburg Campaigns , 1862 -- 1863 . Washington , DC : United States Army Center of Military History , 2015 . CMH Pub 75 - 6 . Rawley , James A. ( 1966 ) . Turning Points of the Civil War . University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 8935 - 9 . OCLC 44957745 . Reardon , Carol and Tom Vossler . A Field Guide to Antietam : Experiencing the Battlefield through Its History , Places , and People ( U of North Carolina Press , 2016 ) 347 pp . Slotkin , Richard . The Long Road to Antietam : How the Civil War Became a Revolution . New York : Liveright , 2012 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87140 - 411 - 4 . Vermilya , Daniel J. That Field of Blood : The Battle of Antietam , September 17 , 1862 . Emerging Civil War Series . El Dorado Hills , CA : Savas Beatie , 2018 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61121 - 375 - 1 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of Antietam . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Antietam National Battlefield Park . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Washington County , Maryland . The Battle of Antietam : Battle Maps , histories , photos , and preservation news ( Civil War Trust ) Antietam National Battlefield Park Antietam on the Web Atlas of the battlefield of Antietam ( Library of Congress ) . Animated history of the Battle of Antietam Official Reports from Antietam Official Records : The Battle of Antietam ( Sharpsburg ) , `` the bloodiest day of the Civil War '' ( September 17 , 1862 ) USS Antietam Brotherswar.com The Battle of Antietam Maryland in the American Civil War Battles Maryland Campaign Battle of Antietam Battle of Boonsboro Battle of Crampton 's Gap Battle of Folck 's Mill Battle of Funkstown Battle of Hancock Battle of Monocacy Battle of South Mountain Battle of Williamsport Events Baltimore Riot of 1861 Ex parte Merryman Special Order 191 Maryland Constitution of 1864 Miscellaneous `` Maryland , My Maryland '' Museums Baltimore Civil War Museum National Museum of Civil War Medicine President Street Station Surratt House Museum USS Constellation People Union regiments Confederate regiments Soldiers and civilians Places Antietam Battlefield Burnside 's Bridge Fort McHenry Heart of the Civil War Heritage Area Loudon Park Cemetery Monocacy Battlefield Point Lookout State Park Eastern Theater of the American Civil War 1861 Campaigns Chesapeake blockade ( May -- Jun ) Western Virginia ( Jun -- Dec ) Manassas ( Jul ) Carolina coast blockade ( Aug ) McClellan 's Operations ( Oct -- Dec ) Potomac blockade ( Oct -- Jan 1862 ) Major battles Fort Sumter 1st Bull Run 1862 Campaigns Burnside 's NC Expedition ( Feb -- Jun ) Jackson 's Valley ( Mar -- Jun ) Peninsula ( Mar -- Jul ) Northern Virginia ( Jul - Sep ) Maryland ( Sep ) Fredericksburg ( Nov -- Dec ) Goldsboro Expedition ( Dec ) Major battles Hampton Roads Williamsburg Seven Pines Seven Days Battles Oak Grove Beaver Dam Creek Gaines 's Mill Garnett 's & Golding 's Farm Savage 's Station White Oak Swamp Glendale Malvern Hill 2nd Bull Run Antietam Fredericksburg 1863 Campaigns Tidewater Operations ( Mar -- Apr ) Chancellorsville ( Apr -- May ) Gettysburg ( Jun -- Jul ) Bristoe ( Oct -- Nov ) Mine Run ( Nov -- Dec ) Major battles Chancellorsville Gettysburg 1864 Campaigns Valley Campaigns ( May -- Oct ) : Lynchburg , Early 's B&O Raid , Sheridan 's Campaign Operations Against Plymouth ( Apr -- May ) Bermuda Hundred ( May ) Overland ( May -- Jun ) Petersburg ( Jun -- Mar 1865 ) Major battles Wilderness Spotsylvania Court House North Anna Cold Harbor Trevilian Station 2nd Petersburg Crater 2nd Deep Bottom Globe Tavern 3rd Winchester Chaffin 's Farm Cedar Creek Boydton Plank Road 1865 Campaigns Wilmington ( Dec -- Feb ) Appomattox ( Mar -- Apr ) Major battles 2nd Fort Fisher Bentonville Fort Stedman Five Forks 3rd Petersburg Sailor 's Creek Appomattox Court House Armies James Potomac Virginia Shenandoah Northern Virginia Geography Departments Monongahela Susquehanna Landforms Cumberland Valley Gettysburg - Newark Lowlands Shenandoah Valley hide American Civil War Origins Origins Issues Timeline leading to the War Antebellum era Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 Fire - Eaters Lincoln - Douglas debates Missouri Compromise Popular sovereignty Secession States ' rights President Lincoln 's 75,000 volunteers Slavery African Americans Cornerstone Speech Dred Scott v. 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Hunt Valley Colesville Columbia Crofton Dundalk Edgewood Eldersburg Elkridge Ellicott City Essex Fairland Ferndale Fort Washington Germantown Glen Burnie Green Haven Hillcrest Heights Landover Langley Park Lanham Lansdowne Lochearn Lutherville Middle River Milford Mill Montgomery Village Odenton Olney Owings Mills Oxon Hill Parkville Perry Hall Pikesville Potomac Randallstown Redland Reisterstown Rosedale St. Charles Severn Severna Park Silver Spring South Gate Suitland Timonium Towson Urbana Waldorf Wheaton - Glenmont White Oak Woodlawn Counties Allegany Anne Arundel Baltimore Calvert Caroline Carroll Cecil Charles Dorchester Frederick Garrett Harford Howard Kent Montgomery Prince George 's Queen Anne 's St. Mary 's Somerset Talbot Washington Wicomico Worcester Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Antietam&oldid=848543092 '' Categories : 1862 in the United States Maryland Campaign Battles of the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War Battles of the American Civil War in Maryland Union victories of the American Civil War History of Washington County , Maryland Invasions of the United States 1862 in Maryland 1862 in the American Civil War September 1862 events Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from November 2013 Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Good articles Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Brezhoneg Català Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 July 2018 , at 16 : 16 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who won the civil war battle of antietam	[ "McClellan had halted Lee's invasion of Maryland, but Lee was able to withdraw his army back to Virginia without interference from the cautious McClellan. McClellan's refusal to pursue Lee's army led to his removal from command by President Abraham Lincoln in November. Although the battle was tactically inconclusive, the Confederate troops had withdrawn first from the battlefield, making it a Union strategic victory. It was a sufficiently significant victory to give Lincoln the confidence to announce his Emancipation Proclamation, which discouraged the British and French governments from pursuing any potential plans to recognize the Confederacy.\n" ]	[ "Union" ]
5689496661914694769	Mens rea	Mens rea - wikipedia Mens rea Criminal law Elements Actus reus Mens rea Causation Concurrence Scope of criminal liability Complicity Corporate Vicarious Severity of offense Felony Infraction ( also called violation ) Misdemeanor Inchoate offenses Attempt Conspiracy Incitement Solicitation Offence against the person Assassination Assault Battery Bigamy Criminal negligence False imprisonment Home invasion Homicide Kidnapping Manslaughter ( corporate ) Mayhem Murder corporate Negligent homicide Public indecency Rape Robbery Sexual assault Crimes against property Arson Blackmail Bribery Burglary Embezzlement Extortion False pretenses Fraud Larceny Payola Pickpocketing Possessing stolen property Robbery Smuggling Tax evasion Theft Crimes against justice Compounding Malfeasance in office Miscarriage of justice Misprision Obstruction Perjury Perverting the course of justice Victimless crimes Adultery Apostasy Buggery Providing contraception information ( Comstock law ) Dueling Fornication Gambling Incest Lewd and lascivious behavior Exhibitionism Creation of obscenity Prostitution Recreational drug use ( including alcohol , when prohibited ) Sodomy Suicide Crimes against animals Cruelty to animals Wildlife smuggling Bestiality Defences to liability Automatism Consent Defence of property Diminished responsibility Duress Entrapment Ignorantia juris non excusat Infancy Insanity Justification Mistake ( of law ) Necessity Provocation Self - defence Other common - law areas Contracts Evidence Property Torts Wills , trusts and estates Portals Criminal justice Law Mens rea ( / ˈmɛnz ˈriːə / ; Law Latin for `` guilty mind '' ) is the mental element of a person 's intention to commit a crime ; or knowledge that one 's action or lack of action would cause a crime to be committed . It is a necessary element of many crimes . The standard common law test of criminal liability is expressed in the Latin phrase actus reus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea , i.e. `` the act is not culpable unless the mind is guilty '' . In jurisdictions with due process , there must be both actus reus ( `` guilty act '' ) and mens rea for a defendant to be guilty of a crime ( see concurrence ) . As a general rule , someone who acted without mental fault is not liable in criminal law . Exceptions are known as strict liability crimes . In civil law , it is usually not necessary to prove a subjective mental element to establish liability for breach of contract or tort , for example . But if a tort is intentionally committed or a contract is intentionally breached , such intent may increase the scope of liability and the damages payable to the plaintiff . In some jurisdictions , the terms mens rea and actus reus have been replaced by alternative terminology . In Australia , mens rea is now called `` fault elements '' or `` mental elements '' and actus reus is now called `` physical elements '' or `` external elements '' . The point of the changes was to replace Latin with plain English . Contents 1 Levels of mens rea 2 Modes of culpability 2.1 England and Wales 2.2 Scotland 2.3 United States 2.3. 1 State criminal law 2.3. 1.1 Model Penal Code 2.3. 2 Federal criminal law 2.4 Canada 2.5 Australia 2.6 India 3 Ignorance of the law and mens rea 4 Subjective and objective tests 5 Relevance of motive 6 Intention 7 Recklessness ( United States : `` willful blindness '' ) 8 Criminal negligence 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Levels of mens rea ( edit ) Under the traditional common law , the guilt or innocence of a person relied upon whether he had committed the crime ( actus reus ) , and whether he intended to commit the crime ( mens rea ) . However , many modern penal codes have created levels of mens rea called modes of culpability , which depend on the surrounding elements of the crime : the conduct , the circumstances , and the result , or what the Model Penal Code calls CAR ( conduct , attendant circumstances , result ) . The definition of a crime is thus constructed using only these elements rather than the colorful language of mens rea : Murder is the unlawful killing of a human being with malice aforethought . -- 18 U.S.C. § 1111 ( traditional common law ) A person commits an offense if he : ( 1 ) intentionally or knowingly causes the death of an individual -- portion of Texas Penal Code § 19.02 ( modern offense element ) The traditional common law definitions and the modern definitions approach the crime from different angles . In the traditional common law approach , the definition includes : actus reus : unlawful killing of a human being ; mens rea : malice aforethought . Modern law approaches the analysis somewhat differently . Homicide is a `` results '' crime in that it forbids any `` intentional '' or `` knowing '' conduct that results in the death of another human being . `` Intentional '' in this sense means the actor possessed a `` purpose '' or `` desire '' that his or her objective ( i.e. death of another human being ) be achieved . `` Knowing '' means that the actor was aware or practically certain that the death would result . Thus , the actus reus and mens rea of homicide in a modern criminal statute can be considered as follows : actus reus : any conduct resulting in the death of another individual ; mens rea : intent or knowledge that the conduct would result in the death . In the modern approach , the attendant circumstances tend to replace the traditional mens rea , indicating the level of culpability as well as other circumstances . For example , the crime of theft of government property would include as an attendant circumstance that the property belong to the government . Modes of culpability ( edit ) The levels of mens rea and the distinction between them vary between jurisdictions . Although common law originated from England , the common law of each jurisdiction with regard to culpability varies as precedents and statutes vary . England and wales ( edit ) Direct intention : the actor has a clear foresight of the consequences of his actions , and desires those consequences to occur . It 's his aim or purpose to achieve this consequence ( death ) . Oblique intention : the result is a virtually certain consequence or a ' virtual certainty ' of the defendant 's actions , and that the defendant appreciates that such was the case . Knowingly : the actor knows , or should know , that the results of his conduct are reasonably certain to occur . Recklessness : the actor foresees that particular consequences may occur and proceeds with the given conduct , not caring whether those consequences actually occur or not . Criminal negligence : the actor did not actually foresee that the particular consequences would flow from his actions , but a reasonable person , in the same circumstances , would have foreseen those consequences . Scotland ( edit ) Intention : the accused willingly committed a criminal act entirely aware of his actions and their consequences . Necessary for murder and for assault . Recklessness : the accused was aware the criminal act could be potentially dangerous but did not give a second thought to its consequences , for example , involuntary culpable homicide . United states ( edit ) State criminal law ( edit ) The vast majority of criminal prosecutions in the United States are carried out by the component states in accordance with the laws of the state in question . Historically , the states ( with the partial exception of civil - law Louisiana ) applied common law rules of mens rea similar to those extant in England , but over time American understandings of common law mens rea terms diverged from those of English law and from each other . By the late 1950s to early 1960s , the common law of mens rea was widely acknowledged to be a slippery , vague , and confused mess . This was one of several factors that led to the development of the Model Penal Code . Model Penal Code ( edit ) Since its publication in 1957 , the formulation of mens rea set forth in the Model Penal Code has been highly influential throughout the US in clarifying the discussion of the different modes of culpability . The following levels of mens rea are found in the MPC : Strict liability : the actor engaged in conduct and his mental state is irrelevant . Under Model Penal Code Section 2.05 , this mens rea may only be applied where the forbidden conduct is a mere violation , i.e. a civil infraction . Negligently : a `` reasonable person '' would be aware of a `` substantial and unjustifiable risk '' that his conduct is of a prohibited nature , will lead to a prohibited result , and / or is under prohibited attendant circumstances , and the actor was not so aware but should have been . Recklessly : the actor consciously disregards a `` substantial and unjustifiable risk '' that his conduct is of a prohibited nature , will lead to a prohibited result , and / or is of a prohibited nature . Knowingly : the actor is practically certain that his conduct will lead to the result , or is aware to a high probability that his conduct is of a prohibited nature , or is aware to a high probability that the attendant circumstances exist . Purposefully : the actor has the `` conscious object '' of engaging in conduct and believes or hopes that the attendant circumstances exist . Except for strict liability , these classes of mens rea are defined in Section 2.02 ( 2 ) of the MPC . Federal criminal law ( edit ) Since the federal government of the United States does not have a generalized police power like that of the states , the scope of its criminal statutes is necessarily circumscribed . Ordinary prosecutions are the province of the states , and only crimes of special federal import are pursued by the federal government . Consequently , Title 18 of the United States Code does not use the aforementioned culpability scheme but relies instead on more traditional definitions of crimes taken from common law . For example , malice aforethought is used as a requirement for committing capital murder . Canada ( edit ) The Supreme Court of Canada has found that the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms guarantees a minimum requirement for the mental state of various crimes . For example , the crime of murder must include a mental requirement of at least subjective foresight of death . For crimes where imprisonment is a sanction , there is a requirement of at least a defence of due diligence . Australia ( edit ) Mens rea needs to be proved by prosecution from offence to offence . If it is a common law offence , mens rea is found out by relevant precedent ( DPP v Morgan ( 1976 ) AC 182 ) . Where the offence is in legislation , the requisite mens rea is found by interpreting the intention of the legislation . They must intend to commit the full offence . India ( edit ) Mens Rea in the Indian Penal Code 1860 sets out the definition of offences , the general conditions of liability , the conditions of exemptions from liability and punishments for the respective offences . Legislatures had not used the common law doctrine of mens rea in defining these crimes . However , they preferred to import it by using different terms indicating the required evil intent or mens rea as an essence of a particular offence . Guilt in respect to almost all offences created under the IPC is fastened either on the ground of intention , knowledge or reason to believe . Almost all the offences under the IPC are qualified by one or other words such as ' wrongful gain or loss ' , ' dishonesty ' , ' fraudulently ' , ' reason to believe ' , ' criminal knowledge or intention ' , ' intentional cooperation ' , ' voluntarily ' , ' malignantly ' , ' wantonly ' , ' maliciously ' . All these words indicate the blameworthy mental condition required at the time of commission of the offence , nowhere found in the IPC , its essence is reflected in almost all the provisions of the Indian Penal Code 1860 . Every offence created under the IPC virtually imports the idea of criminal intent or mens rea in some form or other . Ignorance of the law and mens rea ( edit ) The general rule under common law is that `` ignorance of the law or a mistake of law is no defense to criminal prosecution . '' In some cases , courts have held if knowledge of a law , or the intent to break a law , is a material element of an offense a defendant may use ignorance as a defense to willfulness if his misunderstanding is in good faith : The proliferation of statutes and regulations has sometimes made it difficult for the average citizen to know and comprehend the extent of the duties and obligations imposed by the tax laws ... ( T ) he Court almost 60 years ago interpreted the statutory term `` willfully '' as used in federal criminal tax statutes as carving out an exception to the traditional rule . '' Crimes like tax evasion are specific intent crimes and require intent to violate the law as an element of the offense . In R. v. Klundert , for example , the Ontario Court of Appeal found as follows : `` ( 55 ) Section 239 ( 1 ) ( d ) is part of an Act which is necessarily and notoriously complex . It is subject to ongoing revision . No lay person is expected to know all the complexities of the tax laws . It is accepted that people will act on the advice of professionals and that the advice will often turn on the meanings to be given to provisions in the Act that are open to various interpretations . Furthermore , it is accepted that one may legitimately structure one 's affairs so as to minimize tax liability . Considered in this legislative context , I have no difficulty in holding that a mistake or ignorance as to one 's liability to pay tax under the Act may negate the fault requirement in the provision , regardless of whether it is a factual mistake , a legal mistake , or a combination of both . '' Not all offenses require specific intent , and a misreading , even in good faith , may not excuse the criminal conduct . A good - faith belief that a law is unjust or unconstitutional is no excuse , but `` reasonable compliance upon an official statement of law , afterward determined to be invalid or erroneous '' does not constitute a criminal act . However , a law must be worded as such , that it affords that a reasonable person who is not an attorney is able to comprehend the specific acts that the law prohibits . Otherwise , the statute may be struck down as unconstitutional pursuant to the Vagueness doctrine . Subjective and objective tests ( edit ) The test for the existence of mens rea may be : ( a ) subjective , where the court must be satisfied that the accused actually had the requisite mental element present in his or her mind at the relevant time ( for purposely , knowingly , recklessly etc ) ( see concurrence ) ; ( b ) objective , where the requisite mens rea element is imputed to the accused , on the basis that a reasonable person would have had the mental element in the same circumstances ( for negligence ) ; or ( c ) hybrid , where the test is both subjective and objective . The court will have little difficulty in establishing mens rea if there is actual evidence -- for instance , if the accused made an admissible admission . This would satisfy a subjective test . But a significant proportion of those accused of crimes make no such admissions . Hence , some degree of objectivity must be brought to bear as the basis upon which to impute the necessary component ( s ) . It is always reasonable to assume that people of ordinary intelligence are aware of their physical surroundings and of the ordinary laws of cause and effect ( see causation ) . Thus , when a person plans what to do and what not to do , he will understand the range of likely outcomes from given behaviour on a sliding scale from `` inevitable '' to `` probable '' to `` possible '' to `` improbable '' . The more an outcome shades towards the `` inevitable '' end of the scale , the more likely it is that the accused both foresaw and desired it , and , therefore , the safer it is to impute intention . If there is clear subjective evidence that the accused did not have foresight , but a reasonable person would have , the hybrid test may find criminal negligence . In terms of the burden of proof , the requirement is that a jury must have a high degree of certainty before convicting , defined as `` beyond a reasonable doubt '' in the United States and `` sure '' in the United Kingdom . It is this reasoning that justifies the defenses of infancy , and of lack of mental capacity under the M'Naghten Rules , an alternate common law rule ( e.g. , Durham test ) , and one of various statutes defining mental illness as an excuse . Moreover , if there is an irrebuttable presumption of doli incapax - that is , that the accused did not have sufficient understanding of the nature and quality of his actions -- then the requisite mens rea is absent no matter what degree of probability might otherwise have been present . For these purposes , therefore , where the relevant statutes are silent and it is for the common law to form the basis of potential liability , the reasonable person must be endowed with the same intellectual and physical qualities as the accused , and the test must be whether an accused with these specific attributes would have had the requisite foresight and desire . In English law , s8 Criminal Justice Act 1967 provides a statutory framework within which mens rea is assessed . It states : A court or jury , in determining whether a person has committed an offense , ( a ) shall not be bound in law to infer that he intended or foresaw a result of his actions by reasons only of its being a natural and probable consequence of those actions ; but ( b ) shall decide whether he did intend or foresee that result by reference to all the evidence , drawing such inferences from the evidence as appear proper in the circumstances . Under s8 ( b ) therefore , the jury is allowed a wide latitude in applying a hybrid test to impute intention or foresight ( for the purposes of recklessness ) on the basis of all the evidence . Relevance of motive ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) One of the mental components often raised in issue is that of motive . If the accused admits to having a motive consistent with the elements of foresight and desire , this will add to the level of probability that the actual outcome was intended ( it makes the prosecution case more credible ) . But if there is clear evidence that the accused had a different motive , this may decrease the probability that he or she desired the actual outcome . In such a situation , the motive may become subjective evidence that the accused did not intend , but was reckless or willfully blind . Motive can not be a defense . If , for example , a person breaks into a laboratory used for the testing of pharmaceuticals on animals , the question of guilt is determined by the presence of an actus reus , i.e. entry without consent and damage to property , and a mens rea , i.e. intention to enter and cause the damage . That the person might have had a clearly articulated political motive to protest such testing does not affect liability . If motive has any relevance , this may be addressed in the sentencing part of the trial , when the court considers what punishment , if any , is appropriate . Intention ( edit ) Main article : Intention ( criminal law ) Recklessness ( United states : `` willful blindness '' ) ( edit ) Main articles : Recklessness ( law ) and Willful blindness In such cases , there is clear subjective evidence that the accused foresaw but did not desire the particular outcome . When the accused failed to stop the given behavior , he took the risk of causing the given loss or damage . There is always some degree of intention subsumed within recklessness . During the course of the conduct , the accused foresees that he may be putting another at risk of injury : A choice must be made at that point in time . By deciding to proceed , the accused actually intends the other to be exposed to the risk of that injury . The greater the probability of that risk maturing into the foreseen injury , the greater the degree of recklessness and , subsequently , sentence rendered . For example , at common law , an unlawful homicide committed recklessly would ordinarily constitute the crime of voluntary manslaughter . One committed with `` extreme '' or `` gross '' recklessness as to human life would constitute murder , sometimes defined as `` depraved heart '' or `` abandoned and malignant heart '' murder . Criminal negligence ( edit ) Main article : Criminal negligence Here , the test is both subjective and objective . There is credible subjective evidence that the particular accused neither foresaw nor desired the particular outcome , thus potentially excluding both intention and recklessness . But a reasonable person with the same abilities and skills as the accused would have foreseen and taken precautions to prevent the loss and damage being sustained . Only a small percentage of offences are defined with this mens rea requirement . Most legislatures prefer to base liability on either intention or recklessness and , faced with the need to establish recklessness as the default mens rea for guilt , those practising in most legal systems rely heavily on objective tests to establish the minimum requirement of foresight for recklessness . See also ( edit ) Actus reus Animus nocendi Command responsibility Henry de Bracton Morissette v. United States ( 1952 ) Flores - Figueroa v. United States ( 2009 ) Voluntas necandi References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Elizabeth A. Martin , ed. ( 2003 ) . Oxford Dictionary of Law . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 860756 - 3 . Jump up ^ Black 's Law Dictionary , p. 889 ( 5th ed. 1979 ) . Jump up ^ Barron 's Law Dictionary , p. 289 ( 2d ed. 1984 ) . Jump up ^ Brent Fisse , `` Howard 's Criminal Law '' ( 1990 ) 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ Meyers v R ( 1997 ) HCA 43 , High Court ( Australia ) . ^ Jump up to : Dubber ( 2002 ) , p. 46 . Jump up ^ R v Nedrick ( 1986 ) 1 WLR 1025 Jump up ^ R v Woollin ( 1998 ) Jump up ^ R v Matthews & Alleyne ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ R v Cunningham ( 1957 ) Jump up ^ R v G & R ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ R v Caldwell ( 1982 ) ^ Jump up to : Dubber ( 2002 ) , pp. 60 - 80 . Jump up ^ Dubber ( 2002 ) , p. 55 . Jump up ^ He Kaw Teh v R ( 1985 ) HCA 43 , ( 1985 ) 157 CLR 523 ( 11 July 1985 ) , High Court ( Australia ) . Jump up ^ CTM v R ( 2008 ) HCA 25 , ( 2008 ) 236 CLR 440 , High Court ( Australia ) . Jump up ^ Knight v R ( 1992 ) HCA 56 , ( 1992 ) 175 CLR 495 , High Court ( Australia ) . Jump up ^ `` INDIAN PENAL CODE '' ( PDF ) . Human Resource Development Institute . Jump up ^ `` 12_CHAPTER v '' ( PDF ) . Shodhganga : a reservoir of Indian theses @ INFLIBNET . Jump up ^ Cheek v. United States , 498 U.S. 192 ( 1991 ) Jump up ^ Ostrowski v Palmer ( 2004 ) HCA 30 Jump up ^ Cheek , at 199 - 200 Jump up ^ Cheek , at 194 Jump up ^ People v. Marrero , 507 N.E. 2d 1068 ( N.Y. 1987 ) Jump up ^ Cheek , at 205 - 7 Jump up ^ State v. Godwin , 31 S.E. 221 ( N.C. 1898 ) Jump up ^ In re Winship , 397 U.S. 358 ( 1970 ) Jump up ^ R v Majid ( 2009 ) EWCA Crim 2563 Jump up ^ Crown Bench Book : Directing the Jury . Judicial Studies Board . 2010 . Jump up ^ In re Devon T. , 584 A. 2d 1287 ( Md . Court App . 1991 ) Jump up ^ Criminal Justice Act 1967 ( c. 80 ) Jump up ^ Hessick , Carrisa ( 2006 ) . `` Motive 's Role in Criminal Punishment '' . Southern California Law Review . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ California Penal Code § § 188 - 199 Further reading ( edit ) Dubber , Markus D. ( 2002 ) . Criminal Law : Model Penal Code . Foundation Press . External links ( edit ) Criminal Responsibility and Intent Mens Rea : The Need for a Meaningful Intent Requirement in Federal Criminal Law : Hearing before the Over-Criminalization Task Force of 2013 of the Committee on the Judiciary , House of Representatives , One Hundred Thirteenth Congress , First Session , July 19 , 2013 . English criminal law Classes of crimes Common law Indictable Either way Summary Regulatory Lesser included Elements of crimes Actus reus Causation Mens rea Intention ( criminal law ) Intention in English law Recklessness Criminal negligence Corporate / Vicarious / Strict liability Omissions Concurrence Ignorantia juris non excusat Inchoate offences Encouraging or assisting a crime Conspiracy Accessory Attempt Common purpose Defences Self - defence Duress Necessity Marital coercion Consent Medical procedure Prevention of crime Participation in a sporting event Lawful excuse Insanity Diminished responsibility Intoxication Category : Criminal defences Offences against the person Homicide ( Murder / Manslaughter / Corporate manslaughter / Infanticide ) Manslaughter in English law Unlawful killing Mayhem Concealing birth Child destruction Wounding or causing grievous bodily harm Assault occasioning actual bodily harm Common assault Attempting to choke , &c. in order to commit any indictable offence Assault with intent to rob Robbery Assault with intent to rape Assault with intent to commit felony , or on peace officers Assault with intent to resist lawful apprehension Buggery Battery Kidnapping Child abduction False imprisonment Harassment Offences Against the Person Act 1861 Sexual offences Rape Sexual assault Sexual Offences Act 2003 Public order offences Riot Violent disorder Affray Unlawful assembly Fear or provocation of violence Intentional harassment , alarm or distress Harassment , alarm or distress Public Order Act 1986 Incitement to ethnic or racial hatred Challenging to a fight Nuisance Causing Public nuisance Outraging public decency Effecting a public mischief Keeping a disorderly house Preventing the lawful burial of a body Breach of the peace Treason High treason Common scold Nightwalker statute Rout Forcible entry Accessory ( legal term ) Misconduct in a public office Misfeasance in public office Abuse of authority Perjury of oath Dereliction of duty Offences against property Arson Dishonesty Cheating ( law ) Burglary Robbery Theft Larceny Criminal damage Squatting Trespass Taking without owner 's consent Deception Handling stolen goods Misappropriation of funds Blackmail Extortion Cybercrime Theft Act 1968 Theft Act 1978 Fraud Act 2006 Fraud by abuse of position Conspiracy to defraud Fare evasion Webcam blackmail Forgery , personation and cheating Forgery Cheating the public revenue Uttering Offences against justice Bribery Perjury Offences Akin to Perjury Perverting the course of justice Misrepresentation as to identity Embracery Witness intimidation Witness tampering Harming People who have Assisted the Police / Given Evidence / Been a Juror Misprision of treason Misprision of felony Compounding a felony Jury tampering Assault with intent to resist lawful apprehension Assisting an offender Harboring a fugitive Encouraging or assisting a crime Escape from lawful custody Obstruction of justice Obstruction of a police officer Wasting police time Refusing to assist a constable Sedition Espionage Contempt of the sovereign Contempt of court Fabrication of false evidence Breach of prison / breaking prison Rescuing a prisoner Other common law areas Contract Tort Property Wills Trusts and estates Evidence Criminal procedure History Law of England and Wales portal Criminal Justice portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mens_rea&oldid=851911794 '' Categories : Criminal law Elements of crime Forensic psychology Latin legal terminology Mental health law Intention Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2008 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano עברית Македонски Bahasa Melayu 日本語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Русский Sicilianu Slovenčina Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 July 2018 , at 11 : 11 ( UTC ) . 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5928454333133371093	Book of Revelation	Book of Revelation - wikipedia Book of Revelation Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the book in the New Testament . For other uses , see Book of Revelation ( disambiguation ) . Books of the New Testament Gospels Matthew Mark Luke John Acts Acts of the Apostles Epistles Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Apocalypse Revelation New Testament manuscripts Part of a series of articles on John in the Bible Johannine literature Gospel Epistles First Second Third Revelation Events Authorship Apostle Beloved disciple Evangelist Patmos Presbyter Related literature Apocryphon Acts Signs Gospel See also Johannine Christianity Logos Holy Spirit in Johannine literature John 's vision of the Son of Man New Testament people named John Frontispiece , Book of Revelation , Bible of San Paolo fuori le Mura , 9th century The Book of Revelation , often called the Revelation to John , the Apocalypse of John , The Revelation , or simply Revelation or Apocalypse , is a book of the New Testament that occupies a central place in Christian eschatology . Its title is derived from the first word of the text , written in Koine Greek : apokalypsis , meaning `` unveiling '' or `` revelation '' ( before title pages and titles , books were commonly known by their first words , as is also the case of the Hebrew Five Books of Moses ( Torah ) . The Book of Revelation is the only apocalyptic document in the New Testament canon ( although there are short apocalyptic passages in various places in the Gospels and the Epistles ) . The author names himself in the text as `` John '' , but his precise identity remains a point of academic debate . Second century Christian writers such as Justin Martyr , Irenaeus , Melito the bishop of Sardis , and Clement of Alexandria and the author of the Muratorian fragment identify John the Apostle as the `` John '' of Revelation . Modern scholarship generally takes a different view , and many consider that nothing can be known about the author except that he was a Christian prophet . Some modern scholars characterise Revelation 's author as a putative figure whom they call `` John of Patmos '' . The bulk of traditional sources date the book to the reign of the emperor Domitian ( AD 81 -- 96 ) , and the evidence tends to confirm this . The book spans three literary genres : the epistolary , the apocalyptic , and the prophetic . It begins with John , on the island of Patmos in the Aegean , addressing a letter to the `` Seven Churches of Asia '' . He then describes a series of prophetic visions , including figures such as the Whore of Babylon and the Beast , culminating in the Second Coming of Jesus . The obscure and extravagant imagery has led to a wide variety of Christian interpretations : historicist interpretations see in Revelation a broad view of history ; preterist interpretations treat Revelation as mostly referring to the events of the apostolic era ( 1st century ) , or , at the latest , the fall of the Roman Empire ; futurists believe that Revelation describes future events ; and idealist or symbolic interpretations consider that Revelation does not refer to actual people or events , but is an allegory of the spiritual path and the ongoing struggle between good and evil . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition and setting 1.1 Title , authorship , and date 1.2 Genre 1.3 Sources 1.4 Setting 1.5 Canonical history 1.6 Synods 1.7 Protestant Reformation 1.8 Texts and manuscripts 2 Structure and content 2.1 Literary structure 2.2 Outline 3 Interpretations 3.1 Eschatological 3.1. 1 Bahá'í Faith 3.1. 2 Eastern Orthodox 3.1. 3 Esoteric 3.1. 4 Latter - day Saints 3.1. 5 Oriental Orthodox 3.1. 6 Paschal liturgical 3.1. 7 Radical discipleship 3.1. 8 Seventh - day Adventist 3.2 Aesthetic and literary 3.3 Academic 4 Old Testament origins 5 Figures in Revelation 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links Composition and setting ( edit ) St. John the Evangelist on Patmos by Hieronymous Bosch , circa 1489 Title , authorship , and date ( edit ) St. John receives his Revelation . Saint - Sever Beatus , 11th century . Main article : Authorship of the Johannine works The title is taken from the first word of the book in Koine Greek : ἀποκάλυψις apokalypsis , which means `` unveiling '' or `` revelation '' . The author names himself as `` John '' , but it is currently considered unlikely that the author of Revelation was also the author of the Gospel of John . Some of the evidence for this was set out as early as the second half of the 3rd century by Pope Dionysius of Alexandria , who noted that the gospel and the epistles attributed to John , unlike Revelation , do not name their author , and that the Greek of the gospel is correct and elegant while that of Revelation is neither ; some later scholars believe that the two books also have radical differences in theological perspective . Tradition links him to John the Apostle , but it is unlikely that the apostle could have lived into the most likely time for the book 's composition , the reign of Domitian , and the author never states that he knew Jesus . All that is known is that this John was a Jewish Christian prophet , probably belonging to a group of such prophets , and was accepted as such by the congregations to whom he addresses his letter . His precise identity remains unknown , and modern scholarship commonly refers to him as John of Patmos . Early Church tradition dates the book to end of the emperor Domitian ( reigned AD 81 -- 96 ) , and most modern scholars agree , although the author may have written a first version after Nero 's Great Fire in Rome ( AD 64 ) under Vespasian ( AD 69 -- 79 ) and updated it under Domitian . The beast with seven heads and the number 666 seem to allude directly to the emperor Nero ( reigned AD 54 -- 68 ) , but this does not require that Revelation was written in the 60s , as there was a widespread belief in later decades that Nero would return . In her volume in the original Anchor Bible , J. Massyngberde Ford argues that the core of Revelation , chapters 4 - 11 , was written by John the Baptist and later surrounded with a Christian beginning and ending , although this view is not held by the large majority of scholars . 70 AD is the likely date of writing according to Martha Himmelfarb in the recently published Blackwell series . Genre ( edit ) Revelation is an apocalyptic prophecy with an epistolary introduction addressed to seven churches in the Roman province of Asia . `` Apocalypse '' means the revealing of divine mysteries ; John is to write down what is revealed ( what he sees in his vision ) and send it to the seven churches . The entire book constitutes the letter -- the letters to the seven individual churches are introductions to the rest of the book , which is addressed to all seven . While the dominant genre is apocalyptic , the author sees himself as a Christian prophet : Revelation uses the word in various forms twenty - one times , more than any other New Testament book . Sources ( edit ) The predominant view is that Revelation alludes to the Old Testament although it is difficult among scholars to agree on the exact number of allusions or the allusions themselves . Revelation rarely quotes directly from the Old Testament , almost every verse alludes to or echoes older scriptures . Over half of the references stem from Daniel , Ezekiel , Psalms , and Isaiah , with Daniel providing the largest number in proportion to length and Ezekiel standing out as the most influential . Because these references appear as allusions rather than as quotes , it is difficult to know whether the author used the Hebrew or the Greek version of the Hebrew scriptures , but he was clearly often influenced by the Greek . He very frequently combines multiple references , and again the allusional style makes it impossible to be certain to what extent he did so consciously . According to several studies including a review by Dr James Tabor and Dr J. Massyngberde Ford , the Book of Revelation contains ancient pre-Christian texts of Jewish origin dating back to the time of John the Baptist and the communities of Qumran as well as antic Jewish texts . In several verses one can identify the ancient texts and that attributed to John , the latter having just added in the original text the words `` Jesus Christ '' ( Rev 1 : 1 ) , `` testimony of Jesus Christ `` ( Rev. 1 : 2 ) or even '' Jesus `` ( Rev 1 : 9 ) , and similar words in dozens of other verses . Setting ( edit ) Conventional understanding until recently was that Revelation was written to comfort beleaguered Christians as they underwent persecution at the hands of a megalomaniacal Roman emperor , but much of this has now been jettisoned : Domitian is no longer viewed as a despot imposing an imperial cult , and it is no longer believed that there was any systematic empire - wide persecution of Christians in his time . The current view is that Revelation was composed in the context of a conflict within the Christian community of Asia Minor over whether to engage with , or withdraw from , the far larger non-Christian community : Revelation chastises those Christians who wanted to reach an accommodation with the Roman cult of empire . This is not to say that Christians in Roman Asia were not suffering , for withdrawal from , and defiance against , the wider Roman society imposed very real penalties ; Revelation offered a victory over this reality by offering an apocalyptic hope : in the words of professor Adela Yarbro Collins , `` What ought to be was experienced as a present reality . '' Canonical History ( edit ) Further information : Development of the New Testament canon Revelation was the last book accepted into the Christian biblical canon , and to the present day some `` Nestorian '' churches such as the Church of the East reject it . It was considered tainted because the heretical sect of the Montanists relied on it and doubts were raised over its Jewishness and authorship . Dionysius ( 248 AD ) , bishop of Alexandria , disciple of Origen wrote that the Book of Revelation could have been written by Cerinthus although he himself did not adopt the view that Cerinthus was the writer . He regarded the Apocalypse as the work of an inspired man but not of an Apostle ( Eusebius , Church History VII. 25 ) . Eusebius , in his Church History ( c. 330 AD ) mentioned that the Apocalypse of John was accepted as a Canonical book and rejected at the same time : 1 ... it is proper to sum up the writings of the New Testament which have been already mentioned ... After them is to be placed , if it really seem proper , the Apocalypse of John , concerning which we shall give the different opinions at the proper time . These then belong among the accepted writings ( Homologoumena ) . 4 . Among the rejected ( Kirsopp . Lake translation : `` not genuine '' ) writings must be reckoned , as I said , the Apocalypse of John , if it seem proper , which some , as I said , reject , but which others class with the accepted books . The Apocalypse of John , also called Revelation , is counted as both accepted ( Kirsopp . Lake translation : `` Recognized '' ) and disputed , which has caused some confusion over what exactly Eusebius meant by doing so . The disputation perhaps attributed to Origen . Origen seems having accepted it in his writings . Cyril of Jerusalem ( 348 AD ) does not name it among the canonical books ( Catechesis IV. 33 -- 36 ) . Athanasius ( 367 AD ) in his Letter 39 , Augustine of Hippo ( c. 397 AD ) in his book On Christian Doctrine ( Book II , Chapter 8 ) , Tyrannius Rufinus ( c. 400 AD ) in his Commentary on the Apostles ' Creed , Pope Innocent I ( 405 AD ) in a letter to the bishop of Toulouse and John of Damascus ( about 730 AD ) in his work An Exposition of the Orthodox Faith ( Book IV : 7 ) listed `` the Revelation of John the Evangelist '' as a canonical book . Synods ( edit ) The Council of Laodicea ( 363 ) omits it as a canonical book . The Decretum Gelasianum , which is a work written by an anonymous scholar between 519 and 553 , contains a list of books of scripture presented as having been reckoned as canonical by the Council of Rome ( 382 AD ) . This list mentions it as a part of the New Testament canon . The Synod of Hippo ( in 393 ) , followed by the Council of Carthage ( 397 ) and the Council of Carthage ( 419 ) , classified it as a canonical book . The Apostolic Canons , approved by the Eastern Orthodox Council in Trullo in 692 , omit it . Protestant Reformation ( edit ) Doubts resurfaced during the Protestant Reformation . Martin Luther called it `` neither apostolic nor prophetic '' in the 1522 preface to his translation of the New Testament ( he revised his position with a much more favorable assessment in 1530 ) , and it was the only New Testament book on which John Calvin did not write a commentary . As of 2015 it remains the only New Testament work not read in the Divine Liturgy of the Eastern Orthodox Church , though Catholic and Protestant liturgies include it . Texts and manuscripts ( edit ) There are approximately 300 Greek manuscripts of Revelation . While the Codex Vaticanus does not include it , the other major manuscripts that do are the Codex Sinaiticus ( 4th century ) , Codex Alexandrinus ( 5th century ) , and Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus ( 5th century ) . In addition , there are numerous papyri , especially that of p ( 3rd century ) ; the minuscules ( 8th to 10th century ) , plus fragmentary quotations in the Church fathers of the 2nd to 5th centuries and the 6th century Greek commentary on Revelation by Andreas . Structure and content ( edit ) The Apocalypse of St. Sever , circa 1150 The Angel Appears to John . 13th - century manuscript . British Library , London . The angel gives John the letter to the churches of Asia , Beatus Escorial , circa 950 . Literary structure ( edit ) Divisions in the book seem to be marked by the repetition of key phrases , by the arrangement of subject matter into blocks , and around its Christological passages , and much use is made of significant numbers , especially the number seven , which represented perfection according to ancient numerology . Nevertheless , there is a `` complete lack of consensus '' among scholars about the structure of Revelation . The following is therefore an outline of the book 's contents rather than of its structure . Outline ( edit ) Main article : Events of Revelation See also : Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse Revelation 6.2 : And I saw , and behold a white horse : and he that sat on him had a bow ; and a crown was given unto him : and he went forth conquering , and to conquer . White Rider from Tolkovy Apocalyps , Moscow , 17th century Apocalypse 7 , the 144,000 elect . Beatus d'Osma , 11th century The Fourth Angel sounds his trumpet , Apocalypse 8 . Beatus Escorial , circa 950 . Apocalypse 12 , the Woman and the Dragon . Beatus d'Osma , 11th century A seven - headed leopard - like beast , Apocalypse 13 , Beatus Escorial An 1880 Baxter process colour plate illustrating Revelation 22 : 17 by Joseph Martin Kronheim `` Thrust in thy sickle , and reap : for the time is come for thee to reap ; for the harvest of the earth is ripe . '' ( 14 : 15 ) , Escorial Beatus The Great Red Dragon and the Woman Clothed with the Sun ( Rev. 12 1 - 4 ) -- William Blake Brooklyn Museum The Revelation of Jesus Christ The Revelation of Jesus Christ is communicated to John of Patmos through prophetic visions . ( 1 : 1 -- 9 ) John is instructed by the `` one like a son of man '' to write all that he hears and sees , from the prophetic visions , to Seven churches of Asia . ( 1 : 10 -- 13 ) The appearance of the `` one like a son of man '' is given , and he reveals what the seven stars and seven lampstands represent . ( 1 : 14 -- 20 ) Messages for seven churches of Asia Ephesus : From this church , those `` who overcome are granted to eat from the tree of life , which is in the midst of the Paradise of God . '' ( 2 : 1 -- 7 ) Praised for not bearing those who are evil , testing those who say they are apostles and are not , and finding them to be liars ; hating the deeds of the Nicolaitans ; having persevered and possessing patience . Admonished to `` do the first works '' and to repent for having left their `` first love . '' Smyrna : From this church , those who are faithful until death , will be given `` the crown of life . '' Those who overcome shall not be hurt by the second death . ( 2 : 8 -- 11 ) Praised for being `` rich '' while impoverished and in tribulation . Admonished not to fear the `` synagogue of Satan '' , nor fear a ten - day tribulation of being thrown into prison . Pergamum : From this church , those who overcome will be given the hidden manna to eat and a white stone with a secret name on it . '' ( 2 : 12 -- 17 ) Praised for holding `` fast to My name '' , not denying `` My faith '' even in the days of Antipas , `` My faithful martyr . '' Admonished to repent for having held the doctrine of Balaam , who taught Balak to put a stumbling block before the children of Israel ; eating things sacrificed to idols , committing sexual immorality , and holding the `` doctrine of the Nicolaitans . '' Thyatira : From this church , those who overcome until the end , will be given power over the nations in order to dash them to pieces with the rule of a rod of iron ; they will also be given the `` morning star . '' ( 2 : 18 -- 29 ) Praised for their works , love , service , faith , and patience . Admonished to repent for allowing a `` prophetess '' to promote sexual immorality and to eat things sacrificed to idols . Sardis : From this church , those who overcome will be clothed in white garments , and their names will not be blotted out from the Book of Life ; their names will also be confessed before the Father and His angels . ( 3 : 1 -- 6 ) Admonished to be watchful and to strengthen since their works have not been perfect before God . Philadelphia : From this church , those who overcome will be made a pillar in the temple of God having the name of God , the name of the city of God , `` New Jerusalem '' , and the Son of God 's new name . ( 3 : 7 -- 13 ) Praised for having some strength , keeping `` My word '' , and having not denied `` My name . '' Admonished to hold fast what they have , that no one may take their crown . Laodicea : From this church , those who overcome will be granted the opportunity to sit with the Son of God on His throne . ( 3 : 14 -- 22 ) Admonished to be zealous and repent from being `` lukewarm '' ; they are instructed to buy the `` gold refined in the fire '' , that they may be rich ; to buy `` white garments '' , that they may be clothed , so that the shame of their nakedness would not be revealed ; to anoint their eyes with eye salve , that they may see . Before the Throne of God The Throne of God appears , surrounded by twenty four thrones with Twenty - four elders seated in them . ( 4 : 1 -- 5 ) The four living creatures are introduced . ( 4 : 6 -- 11 ) A scroll , with seven seals , is presented and it is declared that the Lion of the tribe of Judah , from the `` Root of David '' , is the only one worthy to open this scroll. ( 5 : 1 -- 5 ) When the `` Lamb having seven horns and seven eyes '' took the scroll , the creatures of heaven fell down before the Lamb to give him praise , joined by myriads of angels and the creatures of the earth . ( 5 : 6 -- 14 ) Seven Seals are opened First Seal : A white horse appears , whose crowned rider has a bow with which to conquer . ( 6 : 1 -- 2 ) Second Seal : A red horse appears , whose rider is granted a `` great sword '' to take peace from the earth . ( 6 : 3 -- 4 ) Third Seal : A black horse appears , whose rider has `` a pair of balances in his hand '' , where a voice then says , `` A measure of wheat for a penny , and three measures of barley for a penny ; and ( see ) thou hurt not the oil and the wine . '' ( 6 : 5 -- 6 ) Fourth Seal : A pale horse appears , whose rider is Death , and Hades follows him . Death is granted a fourth part of the earth , to kill with sword , with hunger , with death , and with the beasts of the earth . ( 6 : 7 -- 8 ) Fifth Seal : `` Under the altar '' , appeared the souls of martyrs for the `` word of God '' , who cry out for vengeance . They are given white robes and told to rest until the martyrdom of their brothers is completed . ( 6 : 9 - 11 ) Sixth Seal : ( 6 : 12 -- 17 ) There occurs a great earthquake where `` the sun becomes black as sackcloth of hair , and the moon like blood '' ( 6 : 12 ) . The stars of heaven fall to the earth and the sky recedes like a scroll being rolled up ( 6 : 13 -- 14 ) . Every mountain and island is moved out of place ( 6 : 14 ) . The people of earth retreat to caves in the mountains ( 6 : 15 ) . The survivors call upon the mountains and the rocks to fall on them , so as to hide them from the `` wrath of the Lamb '' ( 6 : 16 ) . Interlude : The 144,000 Hebrews are sealed . 144,000 from the Twelve Tribes of Israel are sealed as servants of God on their foreheads ( 7 : 1 -- 8 ) A great multitude stand before the Throne of God , who come out of the Great Tribulation , clothed with robes made `` white in the blood of the Lamb '' and having palm branches in their hands . ( 7 : 9 -- 17 ) Seventh Seal : Introduces the seven trumpets ( 8 : 1 -- 5 ) `` Silence in heaven for about half an hour '' ( 8 : 1 ) . Seven angels are each given trumpets ( 8 : 2 ) . An eighth angel takes a `` golden censer '' , filled with fire from the heavenly altar , and throws it to the earth ( 8 : 3 -- 5 ) . What follows are `` peals of thunder , rumblings , flashes of lightning , and an earthquake '' ( 8 : 5 ) . After the eighth angel has devastated the earth , the seven angels introduced in verse 2 prepare to sound their trumpets ( 8 : 6 ) . Seven trumpets are sounded ( Seen in Chapters 8 , 9 , and 12 ) . First Trumpet : Hail and fire , mingled with blood , are thrown to the earth burning up a third of the trees and green grass . ( 8 : 6 -- 7 ) Second Trumpet : Something that resembles a great mountain , burning with fire , falls from the sky and lands in the ocean . It kills a third of the sea creatures and destroys a third of the ships at sea . ( 8 : 8 -- 9 ) Third Trumpet : A great star , named Wormwood , falls from heaven and poisons a third of the rivers and springs of water . ( 8 : 10 -- 11 ) Fourth Trumpet : A third of the sun , the moon , and the stars are darkened creating complete darkness for a third of the day and the night . ( 8 : 12 -- 13 ) Fifth Trumpet : The First Woe ( 9 : 1 -- 12 ) A `` star '' falls from the sky ( 9 : 1 ) . This `` star '' is given `` the key to the bottomless pit '' ( 9 : 1 ) . The `` star '' then opens the bottomless pit . When this happens , `` smoke ( rises ) from ( the Abyss ) like smoke from a gigantic furnace . The sun and sky ( are ) darkened by the smoke from the Abyss '' ( 9 : 2 ) . From out of the smoke , locusts who are `` given power like that of scorpions of the earth '' ( 9 : 3 ) , who are commanded not to harm anyone or anything except for people who were not given the `` seal of God '' on their foreheads ( from chapter 7 ) ( 9 : 4 ) . The `` locusts '' are described as having a human appearance ( faces and hair ) but with lion 's teeth , and wearing `` breastplates of iron '' ; the sound of their wings resembles `` the thundering of many horses and chariots rushing into battle '' ( 9 : 7 -- 9 ) . Sixth Trumpet : The Second Woe ( 9 : 13 -- 21 ) The four angels bound to the great river Euphrates are released to prepare two hundred million horsemen . These armies kill a third of mankind by plagues of fire , smoke , and brimstone . Interlude : The little scroll. ( 10 : 1 -- 11 ) An angel appears , with one foot on the sea and one foot on the land , having an opened little book in his hand . Upon the cry of the angel , seven thunders utter mysteries and secrets that are not to be written down by John . John is instructed to eat the little scroll that happens to be sweet in his mouth , but bitter in his stomach , and to prophesy . John is given a measuring rod to measure the temple of God , the altar , and those who worship there . Outside the temple , at the court of the holy city , it is trod by the nations for forty - two months ( 3 1 / 2 years ) . Two witnesses prophesy for 1,260 days , clothed in sackcloth. ( 11 : 1 -- 14 ) Seventh Trumpet : The Third Woe that leads into the seven bowls ( 11 : 15 -- 19 ) The temple of God opens in heaven , where the ark of His covenant can be seen . There are lightnings , noises , thunderings , an earthquake , and great hail . The Seven Spiritual Figures . ( Events leading into the Third Woe ) A Woman `` clothed with a white robe , with the sun at her back , with the moon under her feet , and on her head a crown of twelve stars '' is in pregnancy with a male child . ( 12 : 1 -- 2 ) A great Dragon ( with seven heads , ten horns , and seven crowns on his heads ) drags a third of the stars of Heaven with his tail , and throws them to the Earth . ( 12 : 3 -- 4 ) . The Dragon waits for the birth of the child so he can devour it . However , sometime after the child is born , he is caught up to God 's throne while the Woman flees into the wilderness into her place prepared of God that they should feed her there for 1,260 days ( 31⁄2 years ) . ( 12 : 5 -- 6 ) . War breaks out in heaven between Michael and the Dragon , identified as that old Serpent , the Devil , or Satan ( 12 : 9 ) . After a great fight , the Dragon and his angels are cast out of Heaven for good , followed by praises of victory for God 's kingdom . ( 12 : 7 -- 12 ) . The Dragon engages to persecute the Woman , but she is given aid to evade him . Her evasiveness enrages the Dragon , prompting him to wage war against the rest of her offspring , who keep the commandments of God and have the testimony of Jesus Christ . ( 12 : 13 -- 17 ) A Beast ( with seven heads , ten horns , and ten crowns on his horns and on his heads names of blasphemy ) emerges from the Sea , having one mortally wounded head that is then healed . The people of the world wonder and follow the Beast . The Dragon grants him power and authority for forty - two months . ( 13 : 1 -- 5 ) The Beast of the Sea blasphemes God 's name ( along with God 's tabernacle and His kingdom and all who dwell in Heaven ) , wages war against the Saints , and overcomes them . ( 13 : 6 -- 10 ) Then , a Beast emerges from the Earth having two horns like a lamb , speaking like a dragon . He directs people to make an image of the Beast of the Sea who was wounded yet lives , breathing life into it , and forcing all people to bear `` the mark of the Beast '' , `` 666 '' . Events leading into the Third Woe : The Lamb stands on Mount Zion with the 144,000 `` first fruits '' who are redeemed from Earth and victorious over the Beast and his mark and image . ( 14 : 1 -- 5 ) The proclamations of three angels . ( 14 : 6 -- 13 ) One like the Son of Man reaps the earth . ( 14 : 14 -- 16 ) A second angel reaps `` the vine of the Earth '' and throws it into `` the great winepress of the wrath of God ... and blood came out of the winepress ... up to one thousand six hundred stadia . '' ( 14 : 17 -- 20 ) The temple of the tabernacle , in Heaven , is opened ( 15 : 1 -- 5 ) , beginning the `` Seven Bowls '' revelation . Seven angels are given a golden bowl , from the Four Living Creatures , that contains the seven last plagues bearing the wrath of God . ( 15 : 6 -- 8 ) Seven bowls are poured onto Earth : First Bowl : A `` foul and malignant sore '' afflicts the followers of the Beast. ( 16 : 1 -- 2 ) Second Bowl : The Sea turns to blood and everything within it dies . ( 16 : 3 ) Third Bowl : All fresh water turns to blood . ( 16 : 4 -- 7 ) Fourth Bowl : The Sun scorches the Earth with intense heat and even burns some people with fire . ( 16 : 8 -- 9 ) Fifth Bowl : There is total darkness and great pain in the Beast 's kingdom . ( 16 : 10 -- 11 ) Sixth Bowl : The Great River Euphrates is dried up and preparations are made for the kings of the East and the final battle at Armageddon between the forces of good and evil . ( 16 : 12 -- 16 ) Seventh Bowl : A great earthquake and heavy hailstorm : `` every island fled away and the mountains were not found . '' ( 16 : 17 -- 21 ) Aftermath : Vision of John given by `` an angel who had the seven bowls '' The great Harlot who sits on a scarlet Beast ( with seven heads and ten horns and names of blasphemy all over its body ) and by many waters : Babylon the Great . The angel showing John the vision of the Harlot and the scarlet Beast reveals their identities and fates ( 17 : 1 -- 18 ) New Babylon is destroyed . ( 18 : 1 -- 8 ) The people of the Earth ( the kings , merchants , sailors , etc . ) mourn New Babylon 's destruction . ( 18 : 9 -- 19 ) The permanence of New Babylon 's destruction . ( 18 : 20 -- 24 ) The Marriage Supper of the Lamb A great multitude praises God . ( 19 : 1 -- 6 ) The marriage Supper of the Lamb. ( 19 : 7 -- 10 ) The Judgment of the two Beasts , the Dragon , and the Dead ( 19 : 11 -- 20 : 15 ) The Beast and the False Prophet are cast into the Lake of Fire . ( 19 : 11 -- 21 ) The Dragon is imprisoned in the Bottomless Pit for a thousand years . ( 20 : 1 -- 3 ) The resurrected martyrs live and reign with Christ for a thousand years . ( 20 : 4 -- 6 ) After the Thousand Years The Dragon is released and goes out to deceive the nations in the four corners of the Earth -- Gog and Magog -- and gathers them for battle at the holy city . The Dragon makes war against the people of God , but is defeated . ( 20 : 7 -- 9 ) The Dragon is cast into the Lake of Fire with the Beast and the False Prophet. ( 20 : 10 ) The Last Judgment : the wicked , along with Death and Hades , are cast into the Lake of Fire , which is the second death . ( 20 : 11 -- 15 ) The New Heaven and Earth , and New Jerusalem A new , glorious Heaven replaces the old Earth . There is no more suffering or death . ( 21 : 1 -- 8 ) God comes to dwell with humanity in the New Jerusalem . ( 21 : 2 -- 8 ) Description of the New Jerusalem . ( 21 : 9 -- 27 ) The River of Life and the Tree of Life appear for the healing of the nations and peoples . The curse of sin is ended . ( 22 : 1 -- 5 ) Conclusion Christ 's reassurance that his coming is imminent . Final admonitions. ( 22 : 6 -- 21 ) Interpretations ( edit ) Christian eschatology Eschatology views Contrasting beliefs ( show ) Preterism Idealism Historicism Futurism The Millennium ( show ) Amillennialism Postmillennialism Premillennialism Prewrath Rapture Posttribulation Rapture Dispensationalism Biblical texts ( show ) Synoptic Gospels Olivet Discourse Sheep and Goats Book of Revelation Events of Revelation Book of Daniel Seventy Weeks 2 Esdras ( Apocrypha ) Key terms ( show ) Abomination of desolation Antichrist Armageddon The Beast Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse New Jerusalem Katechon Kingdom of God Lake of fire Last Judgment Man of sin Rapture Resurrection of the dead Second Coming Seven bowls Seven seals Son of perdition Great Tribulation Two witnesses War in Heaven Whore of Babylon World to come Christianity portal Revelation has a wide variety of interpretations , ranging from the simple message that we should have faith that God will prevail ( `` symbolic interpretation '' ) , to complex end time scenarios ( `` futurist interpretation '' ) , to the views of critics who deny any spiritual value to Revelation at all . Eschatological ( edit ) Most Christian interpretations fall into one or more of the following categories : Historicism , which sees in Revelation a broad view of history ; Preterism , in which Revelation mostly refers to the events of the apostolic era ( 1st century ) or , at the latest , the fall of the Roman Empire ; Amillennialism , which contends that the millennium has already begun and is identical with the current church age ; Futurism , which believes that Revelation describes future events ( modern believers in this interpretation are often called `` millennialists '' ) ; and Idealism / Allegoricalism , which holds that Revelation does not refer to actual people or events , but is an allegory of the spiritual path and the ongoing struggle between good and evil . Bahá'í faith ( edit ) ` Abdu'l - Bahá has given some interpretations about the 11th and 12th chapters of Revelation in Some Answered Questions . The 1,260 days spoken of in the forms : one thousand two hundred and sixty days , forty - two months , refers to the 1,260 years in the Islamic Calendar ( AH 1260 or 1844 CE ) . The `` two witnesses '' spoken of are Muhammad and Ali . Also , the Bible reads , `` And there appeared a great wonder in heaven ; and behold a great red dragon , having seven heads and ten horns , and seven crowns upon his heads '' . The seven heads of the dragon are symbolic of the seven provinces dominated by the Umayyads : Damascus , Persia , Arabia , Egypt , Africa , Andalusia , and Transoxania . The ten horns represent the ten names of the leaders of the Umayyad dynasty : Abu Sufyan , Muawiya , Yazid , Marwan , Abd al - Malik , Walid , Sulayman , Umar , Hisham , and Ibrahim . Some names were re-used , as in the case of Yazid II and Yazid III and the like , which were not counted for this interpretation . Eastern Orthodox ( edit ) An Orthodox icon of the Apocalypse of St. John , 16th century . Eastern Orthodoxy treats the text as simultaneously describing contemporaneous events ( events occurring at the same time ) and as prophecy of events to come , for which the contemporaneous events were a form of foreshadow . It rejects attempts to determine , before the fact , if the events of Revelation are occurring by mapping them onto present - day events , taking to heart the Scriptural warning against those who proclaim `` He is here ! '' prematurely . Instead , the book is seen as a warning to be spiritually and morally ready for the end times , whenever they may come ( `` as a thief in the night '' ) , but they will come at the time of God 's choosing , not something that can be precipitated nor trivially deduced by mortals . This view is also held by many Catholics , although there is a diversity of opinion about the nature of the Apocalypse within Catholicism . Book of Revelation is the only book of the New Testament that is not read during services by the Byzantine Rite Churches although in the Western Rite Orthodox Parishes , which are under the same bishops as the Byzantine Rite , it is read . Esoteric ( edit ) Christian Gnostics , however , are unlikely to be attracted to the teaching of Revelation because the doctrine of salvation through the sacrificed Lamb , which is central to Revelation , is repugnant to Gnostics . Christian Gnostics `` believed in the Forgiveness of Sins , but in no vicarious sacrifice for sin ... they accepted Christ in the full realisation of the word ; his life , not his death , was the keynote of their doctrine and their practice . '' James Morgan Pryse was an esoteric gnostic who saw Revelation as a western version of the Hindu theory of the Chakra . He began his work , `` The purpose of this book is to show that the Apocalypse is a manual of spiritual development and not , as conventionally interpreted , a cryptic history or prophecy . '' Such diverse theories have failed to command widespread acceptance . But Christopher Rowland argues : `` there are always going to be loose threads which refuse to be woven into the fabric as a whole . The presence of the threads which stubbornly refuse to be incorporated into the neat tapestry of our world - view does not usually totally undermine that view . '' Latter - day saints ( edit ) The Book of Mormon affirms that John the Apostle is the author of Revelation and that he was foreordained by God to write it . Latter - day revelation through the Prophet Joseph Smith contained in the Doctrine and Covenants , section 77 , postulates answers to specific questions regarding the symbolism contained in the Book of Revelation . Topics include : the sea of glass , the four beasts and their appearance , the 24 elders , the book with seven seals , certain angels , the sealing of the 144,000 , the little book eaten by John , and the two witnesses in Chapter 11 . Latter - day Saints believe that the warning contained in Revelation 22 : 18 - 19 does not refer to the biblical canon as a whole . Rather , an open and ongoing dialogue between God and the modern - day Prophet and Apostles of the LDS faith constitute an open canon of scripture . Oriental Orthodox ( edit ) In the Coptic Orthodox Church the whole Book of Revelation is read during Apocalypse Night or Bright Saturday ( 6 days after Pascha ) . Paschal liturgical ( edit ) This interpretation , which has found expression among both Catholic and Protestant theologians , considers the liturgical worship , particularly the Easter rites , of early Christianity as background and context for understanding the Book of Revelation 's structure and significance . This perspective is explained in The Paschal Liturgy and the Apocalypse ( new edition , 2004 ) by Massey H. Shepherd , an Episcopal scholar , and in Scott Hahn 's The Lamb 's Supper : The Mass as Heaven on Earth ( 1999 ) , in which he states that Revelation in form is structured after creation , fall , judgment and redemption . Those who hold this view say that the Temple 's destruction ( AD 70 ) had a profound effect on the Jewish people , not only in Jerusalem but among the Greek - speaking Jews of the Mediterranean . They believe the Book of Revelation provides insight into the early Eucharist , saying that it is the new Temple worship in the New Heaven and Earth . The idea of the Eucharist as a foretaste of the heavenly banquet is also explored by British Methodist Geoffrey Wainwright in his book Eucharist and Eschatology ( Oxford University Press , 1980 ) . According to Pope Benedict XVI some of the images of Revelation should be understood in the context of the dramatic suffering and persecution of the churches of Asia in the 1st century . Accordingly , the Book of Revelation should not be read as an enigmatic warning , but as an encouraging vision of Christ 's definitive victory over evil . Radical discipleship ( edit ) The radical discipleship interpretation asserts that the Book of Revelation is best understood as a handbook for radical discipleship ; i . e. , how to remain faithful to the spirit and teachings of Jesus and avoid simply assimilating to surrounding society . In this interpretation the primary agenda of the book is to expose as impostors the worldly powers that seek to oppose the ways of God and God 's Kingdom . The chief temptation for Christians in the 1st century , and today , is to fail to hold fast to the non-violent teachings and example of Jesus and instead be lured into unquestioning adoption and assimilation of worldly , national or cultural values -- imperialism , nationalism , and civil religion being the most dangerous and insidious . This perspective ( closely related to liberation theology ) draws on the approach of Bible scholars such as Ched Myers , William Stringfellow , Richard Horsley , Daniel Berrigan , Wes Howard - Brook , and Joerg Rieger . Various Christian anarchists , such as Jacques Ellul , have identified the State and political power as the Beast . Seventh - day Adventist ( edit ) Main article : Historicism ( Christianity ) § Seventh - day Adventists Adventists maintain a historicist interpretation of the Bible 's predictions of the apocalypse . Seventh - day Adventists believe the Book of Revelation is especially relevant to believers in the days preceding the second coming of Jesus Christ . `` The universal church is composed of all who truly believe in Christ , but in the last days , a time of widespread apostasy , a remnant has been called out to keep the commandments of God and the faith of Jesus . '' `` Here is the patience of the saints ; here are those who keep the commandments of God and the faith of Jesus . '' As participatory agents in the work of salvation for all humankind , `` This remnant announces the arrival of the judgment hour , proclaims salvation through Christ , and heralds the approach of His second advent . '' Aesthetic and literary ( edit ) Many literary writers and theorists have contributed to a wide range of theories about the origins and purpose of the Book of Revelation . Some of these writers have no connection with established Christian faiths but , nevertheless , found in Revelation a source of inspiration . Revelation has been approached from Hindu philosophy and Jewish Midrash . Others have pointed to aspects of composition which have been ignored such as the similarities of prophetic inspiration to modern poetic inspiration , or the parallels with Greek drama . In recent years , theories have arisen which concentrate upon how readers and texts interact to create meaning and which are less interested in what the original author intended . Charles Cutler Torrey taught Semitic languages at Yale University . His lasting contribution has been to show how much more meaningful prophets , such as the scribe of Revelation , are when treated as poets first and foremost . He thought this was a point often lost sight of because most English bibles render everything in prose . Poetry was also the reason John never directly quoted the older prophets . Had he done so , he would have had to use their ( Hebrew ) poetry whereas he wanted to write his own . Torrey insisted Revelation had originally been written in Aramaic . This was why the surviving Greek translation was written in such a strange idiom . It was a literal translation that had to comply with the warning at Revelation 22 : 18 that the text must not be corrupted in any way . According to Torrey , the story is that `` The Fourth Gospel was brought to Ephesus by a Christian fugitive from Palestine soon after the middle of the first century . It was written in Aramaic . '' Later , the Ephesians claimed this fugitive had actually been the beloved disciple himself . Subsequently , this John was banished by Nero and died on Patmos after writing Revelation . Torrey argued that until AD 80 , when Christians were expelled from the synagogues , the Christian message was always first heard in the synagogue and , for cultural reasons , the evangelist would have spoken in Aramaic , else `` he would have had no hearing . '' Torrey showed how the three major songs in Revelation ( the new song , the song of Moses and the Lamb and the chorus at 19 : 6 -- 8 ) each fall naturally into four regular metrical lines plus a coda . Other dramatic moments in Revelation , such as 6 : 16 where the terrified people cry out to be hidden , behave in a similar way . Christina Rossetti was a Victorian poet who believed the sensual excitement of the natural world found its meaningful purpose in death and in God . Her The Face of the Deep is a meditation upon the Apocalypse . In her view , what Revelation has to teach is patience . Patience is the closest to perfection the human condition allows . Her book , which is largely written in prose , frequently breaks into poetry or jubilation , much like Revelation itself . The relevance of John 's visions belongs to Christians of all times as a continuous present meditation . Such matters are eternal and outside of normal human reckoning . `` That winter which will be the death of Time has no promise of termination . Winter that returns not to spring ... -- who can bear it ? '' She dealt deftly with the vengeful aspects of John 's message . `` A few are charged to do judgment ; everyone without exception is charged to show mercy . '' Her conclusion is that Christians should see John as `` representative of all his brethren '' so they should `` hope as he hoped , love as he loved . '' Recently , aesthetic and literary modes of interpretation have developed , which focus on Revelation as a work of art and imagination , viewing the imagery as symbolic depictions of timeless truths and the victory of good over evil . Elisabeth Schüssler Fiorenza wrote Revelation : Vision of a Just World from the viewpoint of rhetoric . Accordingly , Revelation 's meaning is partially determined by the way John goes about saying things , partially by the context in which readers receive the message and partially by its appeal to something beyond logic . Professor Schuessler Fiorenza believes that Revelation has particular relevance today as a liberating message to disadvantaged groups . John 's book is a vision of a just world , not a vengeful threat of world - destruction . Her view that Revelation 's message is not gender - based has caused dissent . She says we are to look behind the symbols rather than make a fetish out of them . In contrast , Tina Pippin states that John writes `` horror literature '' and `` the misogyny which underlies the narrative is extreme . '' D.H. Lawrence took an opposing , pessimistic view of Revelation in the final book he wrote , Apocalypse . He saw the language which Revelation used as being bleak and destructive ; a ' death - product ' . Instead , he wanted to champion a public - spirited individualism ( which he identified with the historical Jesus supplemented by an ill - defined cosmic consciousness ) against its two natural enemies . One of these he called `` the sovereignty of the intellect '' which he saw in a technology - based totalitarian society . The other enemy he styled `` vulgarity '' and that was what he found in Revelation . `` It is very nice if you are poor and not humble ... to bring your enemies down to utter destruction , while you yourself rise up to grandeur . And nowhere does this happen so splendiferously than in Revelation . '' His specific aesthetic objections to Revelation were that its imagery was unnatural and that phrases like `` the wrath of the Lamb '' were `` ridiculous . '' He saw Revelation as comprising two discordant halves . In the first , there was a scheme of cosmic renewal in `` great Chaldean sky - spaces '' , which he quite liked . After that , Lawrence thought , the book became preoccupied with the birth of the baby messiah and `` flamboyant hate and simple lust ... for the end of the world . '' Lawrence coined the term `` Patmossers '' to describe those Christians who could only be happy in paradise if they knew their enemies were suffering in hell . Academic ( edit ) Modern biblical scholarship attempts to understand Revelation in its 1st - century historical context within the genre of Jewish and Christian apocalyptic literature . This approach considers the text as an address to seven historical communities in Asia Minor . Under this interpretation , assertions that `` the time is near '' are to be taken literally by those communities . Consequently , the work is viewed as a warning to not conform to contemporary Greco - Roman society which John `` unveils '' as beastly , demonic , and subject to divine judgment . There is further information on these topics in the entries on higher criticism and apocalyptic literature . Although the acceptance of Revelation into the canon has from the beginning been controversial , it has been essentially similar to the career of other texts . The eventual exclusion of other contemporary apocalyptic literature from the canon may throw light on the unfolding historical processes of what was officially considered orthodox , what was heterodox , and what was even heretical . Interpretation of meanings and imagery are anchored in what the historical author intended and what his contemporary audience inferred ; a message to Christians not to assimilate into the Roman imperial culture was John 's central message . Thus , his letter ( written in the apocalyptic genre ) is pastoral in nature ( its purpose is offering hope to the downtrodden ) , and the symbolism of Revelation is to be understood entirely within its historical , literary , and social context . Critics study the conventions of apocalyptic literature and events of the 1st century to make sense of what the author may have intended . Scholar Barbara Whitlock pointed out a similarity between the consistent destruction of thirds depicted in the Book of Revelation ( a third of mankind by plagues of fire , smoke , and brimstone , a third of the trees and green grass , a third of the sea creatures and a third of the ships at sea , etc . ) and the Iranian mythology evil character Zahhak or Dahāg , depicted in the Avesta , the earliest religious texts of Zoroastrianism . Dahāg is mentioned as wreaking much evil in the world until at last chained up and imprisoned on the mythical Mt . Damāvand . The Middle Persian sources prophesy that at the end of the world , Dahāg will at last burst his bonds and ravage the world , consuming one in three humans and livestock , until the ancient hero Kirsāsp returns to life to kill Dahāg . Whitlock wrote : `` Zoroastrianism , the state religion of the Roman Empire 's main rival , was part of the intellectual millieu in which Christianity came into being , just as were Judaism , the Greek - Roman religion , and the worship of Isis and Mithras . A Zoroastrian influence is completely plausible '' . Old Testament origins ( edit ) Much of Revelation employs ancient sources , primarily but not exclusively the Old Testament . For example , Howard - Brook and Gwyther regard the Book of Enoch ( 1 Enoch ) as an equally significant but contextually different source . `` Enoch 's journey has no close parallel in the Hebrew scriptures . '' Revelation , in one section , forms an inverted parallel ( chiasmus ) with the book of Enoch in which 1 En 100 : 1 - 3 has a river of blood deep enough to submerge a chariot and in Rev 14 : 20 has a river of blood up to the horse 's bridle . There is an angel ascending in both accounts ( 1 En 100 : 4 ; Rev 14 : 14 - 19 ) and both accounts have three messages ( 1 En 100 : 7 - 9 ; Rev 14 : 6 - 12 ) . Academics showed little interest in this topic until recently . This was not , however , the case with popular writers from non-conforming backgrounds , who interspersed the text of Revelation with the prophecy they thought was being promised . For example , an anonymous Scottish commentary of 1871 prefaces Revelation 4 with the Little Apocalypse of Mark 13 , places Malachi 4 : 5 ( `` Behold I will send you Elijah the prophet before the coming of the great and dreadful day of the Lord '' ) within Revelation 11 and writes Revelation 12 : 7 side - by - side with the role of `` the Satan '' in the Book of Job . The message is that everything in Revelation will happen in its previously appointed time . Steve Moyise uses the index of the United Bible Societies ' Greek New Testament to show that `` Revelation contains more Old Testament allusions than any other New Testament book , but it does not record a single quotation . '' Perhaps significantly , Revelation chooses different sources than other New Testament books . Revelation concentrates on Isaiah , Psalms , and Ezekiel , while neglecting , comparatively speaking , the books of the Pentateuch that are the dominant sources for other New Testament writers . Methodological objections have been made to this course as each allusion may not have an equal significance . To counter this , G.K. Beale sought to develop a system that distinguished ' clear ' , ' probable ' , and ' possible ' allusions . A clear allusion is one with almost the same wording as its source , the same general meaning , and which could not reasonably have been drawn from elsewhere . A probable allusion contains an idea which is uniquely traceable to its source . Possible allusions are described as mere echoes of their putative sources . Yet , with Revelation , the problems might be judged more fundamental . The author seems to be using his sources in a completely different way to the originals . For example , he borrows the ' new temple ' imagery of Ezekiel 40 -- 48 but uses it to describe a New Jerusalem which , quite pointedly , no longer needs a temple because it is God 's dwelling . Ian Boxall writes that Revelation `` is no montage of biblical quotations ( that is not John 's way ) but a wealth of allusions and evocations rewoven into something new and creative . '' In trying to identify this `` something new '' , Boxall argues that Ezekiel provides the ' backbone ' for Revelation . He sets out a comparative table listing the chapters of Revelation in sequence and linking most of them to the structurally corresponding chapter in Ezekiel . The interesting point is that the order is not the same . John , on this theory , rearranges Ezekiel to suit his own purposes . Some commentators argue that it is these purposes -- and not the structure -- that really matter . G.K. Beale believes that , however much John makes use of Ezekiel , his ultimate purpose is to present Revelation as a fulfillment of Daniel 7 . One theory , Revelation Draft Hypothesis , sees the book of Revelation constructed by forming parallels with several texts in the Old Testament such as Ezekiel , Isaiah , Zechariah , Deuteronomy , Joshua , Exodus , and Daniel . For example , Ezekiel 's encounter with God is in reverse order as John 's encounter with God ( Ezek 1 : 5 - 28 ; Rev 4 : 2 - 7 ; note both accounts have beings with faces of a lion , ox or calf , man , and eagle ( Ezek 1 : 10 ; Rev 4 : 7 ) , both accounts have an expanse before the throne ( Ezek 1 : 22 ; Rev 4 : 6 ) . The chariot 's horses in Zechariah 's are the same colors as the four horses in Revelation ( Zech 6 : 1 - 8 ; Rev 6 : 1 - 8 ) . The nesting of the seven marches around Jericho by Joshua is reenacted by Jesus nesting the seven trumpets within the seventh seal ( Josh 6 : 8 - 10 ; Rev 6 : 1 - 17 ; 8 : 1 - 9 : 21 ; 11 : 15 - 19 ) . The description of the beast in Revelation is taken directly out of Daniel ( see Dan 7 : 2 - 8 ; Rev 13 : 1 - 7 ) . The method that John used allowed him to use the Hebrew Scriptures as the source and also use basic techniques of parallel formation , thereby alluding to the Hebrew Scriptures . Figures in Revelation ( edit ) In order of appearance : John of Patmos The angel who reveals the Revelation of Jesus Christ The One who sits on the Throne Twenty - four crowned elders Four living creatures The Lion of Judah who is the seven horned Lamb with seven eyes Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse the souls of those who had been slain for the word of God , each given a white robe Four angels holding the four winds of the Earth The seal - bearer angel ( 144,000 of Israel sealed ) A great multitude from every nation Seven angelic trumpeters The star called Wormwood Angel of Woe Scorpion - tailed Locusts Abaddon Four angels bound to the great river Euphrates Two hundred million lion - headed cavalry The mighty angel of Seven thunders The Two witnesses Beast of the Sea having seven heads and ten horns The woman and her child The Dragon , fiery red with seven heads Saint Michael the Archangel Lamb - horned Beast of the Earth Image of the Beast of the sea Messages of the three angels The angelic reapers and the grapes of wrath Seven plague angels Seven bowls of wrath The False Prophet Whore of Babylon The rider on a white horse The first resurrection and the thousand years Gog and Magog Death and Hades See also ( edit ) Book : Book of Revelation Christianity portal Alpha and Omega Apocalypse of John -- dated astronomically Apocalypse of Peter Apocalypse of Zerubbabel Apocalypticism Arethas of Caesarea Biblical cosmology Biblical numerology Book of Ezekiel Christian eschatological differences English Apocalypse manuscripts Horae Apocalypticae Maccabees Masada Number of the Beast Patmos Textual variants in the Book of Revelation The Apocalypse -- 2000 film The New Earth Vespasian Woman of the Apocalypse Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Other apocalypses popular in the early Christian era did not achieve canonical status , except 2 Esdras ( also known as the Apocalypse of Ezra ) , which is recognized as canonical in the Ethiopian Orthodox Churches . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Carson , Don ( 2005 ) . An Introduction to the New Testament ( 2nd ed . ) . Grand Rapids , Michigan : Zondervan . pp. 465ff . ISBN 0 - 310 - 51940 - 3 . Jump up ^ Collins 1984 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Bauckham 1992 , p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : Stuckenbruck 2003 , pp. 1535 -- 1536 . Jump up ^ Stuckenbruck 2003 , p. 1536 . Jump up ^ Collins 1984 , pp. 28 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Collins 1984 , pp. 26 -- 27 . Jump up ^ 1992 , pp. 2 , 24 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Stuckenbruck 2003 , p. 1535 . Jump up ^ Cross 2005 . Jump up ^ Burkett 2002 , pp. 503 -- 504 . Jump up ^ Collins 2002 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ J. Massyngberde Ford . Revelation ( The Anchor Bible , Vol. 38 ) . ISBN 9780385008952 . Jump up ^ Himmelfarb , M. ( 2010 ) `` Chronology '' Front Matter , in The Apocalypse : A Brief History , Wiley - Blackwell , Oxford , UK . p.x. doi : 10.1002 / 9781444318210. fmatter . ^ Jump up to : Bauckham 1993 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ McKim 2014 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Couch 2001 , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Fekkes , Jan ( 1994 ) . Isaiah and Prophetic Traditions in the Book of Revelation : Visionary Antecedents and their Development ( The Library of New Testament Studies ) . Bloomsbury T&T Clark . pp. 61 -- 63 . ISBN 185075456X . Jump up ^ Beale & McDonough 2007 , pp. 1081 -- 1084 . Jump up ^ Stephens , pp. 143 -- 145 . Jump up ^ Stephens , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Collins 1984 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Wall 2011 , p. no page number . Jump up ^ Taylor , David G.K. ( 2002 - 09 - 11 ) . `` Christian regional diversity '' . In Esler , Philip F. The Early Christian World . Routledge Worlds . Routledge ( published 2002 ) . p. 338 . ISBN 9781134549191 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 28 . ( ... ) the minor Catholic epistles and Revelation continued to be omitted , and are still not included in the canon of the church of the East which was geographically ( and from the late - fifth century doctrinally ) isolated in the Persian empire . Jump up ^ Stonehouse 1929 , pp. 138 -- 142 . Jump up ^ Pattemore 2004 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ of Caesarea , Eusebius . Church History , Book VII Chapter 25 . newadvent . Retrieved 17 October 2016 . Jump up ^ of Caesarea , Eusebius . Church History , Book III Chapter 25 . newadvent . Retrieved 17 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Kalin , ER ( 1990 ) , `` Re-examining New Testament Canon History : 1 . The Canon of Origen '' , Currents in Theology and Mission , 17 : 274 -- 82 Jump up ^ CHURCH FATHERS : Commentary on John , Book V : 3 ( Origen ) . Retrieved 15 October 2017 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) Jump up ^ of Jerusalem , Cyril . Catechetical Lecture 4 Chapter 35 . newadvent . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . Jump up ^ of Alexandria , Athansius . Church Fathers : Letter 39 ( Athanasius ) . newadvent . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ of Hippo , Augustine . On Christian Doctrine Book II Chapter 8 : 2 . newadvent . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . Jump up ^ of Aquileia , Rufinus . Commentary on the Apostles ' Creed # 37 . newadvent . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.bible-researcher.com/innocent.html Jump up ^ of Damascus , John . An Exposition of the Orthodox Faith , Book IV Chapter 17 . newadvent . Retrieved 17 October 2016 . Jump up ^ of Laodicea , Synod . Synod of Laodicea Canon 60 . newadvent . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.tertullian.org/decretum_eng.htm Jump up ^ `` Canon XXIV . ( Greek xxvii . ) '' , The Canons of the 217 Blessed Fathers who assembled at Carthage , Christian Classics Ethereal Library Jump up ^ Council of Carthage ( 419 ) Canon 24 Jump up ^ in Trullo , Council . The Apostolic Canons . Canon 85 . newadvent . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Hoekema 1979 , p. 297 . Jump up ^ Aune , David ( 1997 ) . Word Biblical Commentary 52A : Revelation 1 - 5 . Grand Rapids , Michigan : Zondervan . p. cxxxviii . ISBN 978 - 0 - 310 - 52177 - 8 . Jump up ^ Pate 2010 , p. no page number . Jump up ^ Tenney 1988 , pp. 32 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Senior & Getty 1990 , pp. 398 -- 399 . Jump up ^ Mounce 1998 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Robert J. Karris ( ed . ) The Collegeville Bible Commentary Liturgical Press , 1992 p. 1296 . Jump up ^ Ken Bowers , Hiding in plain sight , Cedar Fort , 2000 p. 175 . Jump up ^ Carl Gustav Jung in his autobiography Memories Dream Reflections said `` I will not discuss the transparent prophecies of the Book of Revelation because no one believes in them and the whole subject is felt to be an embarrassing one . '' Jump up ^ ' Abdu'l - Baha , Abbas Effendi . `` Some Answered Questions '' . bahai.org . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . Jump up ^ ' Abdu'l - Baha , Abbas Effendi . `` Some Answered Questions '' . bahai.org . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Holy Bible '' . biblegateway.com . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Holy Bible '' . biblegateway.com . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bahá'í Reference Library -- Some Answered Questions , Pages 45 - 61 '' . Jump up ^ `` Holy Bible '' . biblegateway.com . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . Jump up ^ ' Abdu'l - Baha , Abbas Effendi . `` Some Answered Questions '' . bahai.org . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Averky ( Taushev ) , Archbishop ( 1996 ) . Eng . tr . Fr . Seraphim Rose , ed . The Apocalypse : In the Teachings of Ancient Christianity . Platina , California : St. Herman of Alaska Brotherhood . ISBN 978 - 0 - 938635 - 67 - 3 . Jump up ^ R. Frances Swiney ( Rosa Frances Emily Biggs ) The Esoteric Teaching of the Gnostics London : Yellon , Williams & Co ( 1909 ) p. 3 & 4 Jump up ^ James M. Pryse Apocalypse Unsealed London : Watkins ( 1910 ) . The theory behind the book is given in Arthur Avalon ( Sir John Woodroffe ) The Serpent Power Madras ( Chennai ) : Ganesh & Co ( 1913 ) . One version of how these beliefs might have travelled from India to the Middle East , Greece and Rome is given in the opening chapters of Rudolf Otto The Kingdom of God and the Son of Man London : Lutterworth ( 1938 ) Jump up ^ Christopher Rowland Revelation London : Epworth ( 1993 ) p. 5 Jump up ^ `` 1 Nephi 14 : 18 - 27 '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Doctrine and Covenants 20 : 35 '' . Jump up ^ `` Revelation 22 : 18 - 19 '' . Jump up ^ Hunter , Howard W. `` No Man Shall Add to or Take Away '' . Jump up ^ `` Articles of Faith 1 : 9 '' . Jump up ^ Scott Hahn , The Lamb 's Supper : The Mass as Heaven on Earth , ISBN 0 - 385 - 49659 - 1 . New York City : Doubleday , 1999 . Jump up ^ Catholic Online ( 23 August 2006 ) . `` Pope Benedict : Read Book of Revelation as Christ 's victory over evil -- International -- Catholic Online '' . Catholic.org . Archived from the original on 5 October 2013 . Retrieved 25 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Howard - Brook , Wes ; Gwyther , Anthony ( 1999 ) . Unveiling Empire : Reading Revelation Then and Now . Orbis Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57075 - 287 - 2 . Jump up ^ Rieger , Joerg ( 2007 ) . Christ & Empire : From Paul to Postcolonial Times . Fortress Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8006 - 2038 - 7 . Jump up ^ Christoyannopoulos , Alexandre ( 2010 ) . Christian Anarchism : A Political Commentary on the Gospel . Exeter : Imprint Academic . pp. 123 -- 126 . Revelation Jump up ^ Holbrook , Frank ( July 1983 ) . `` What prophecy means to this church '' . Ministry , International Journal for Pastors. 56 ( 7 ) : 21 . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Seventh - day Adventist 28 Fundamental Beliefs '' ( PDF ) . The Official Site of the Seventh - day Adventist World Church . General Conference of Seventh - day Adventists . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Revelation 14 : 12 '' . Biblia.com . Logos Research Systems . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Remnant and its Mission '' . The Official Site of the Seventh - day Adventist World Church . General Conference of Seventh - day Adventists . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles C. Torrey The Apocalypse of John New Haven : Yale University Press ( 1958 ) . Christopher R. North in his The Second Isaiah London : OUP ( 1964 ) p. 23 says of Torrey 's earlier Isaiah theory , `` Few scholars of any standing have accepted his theory . '' This is the general view of Torrey 's theories . However , Christopher North goes on to cite Torrey on 20 major occasions and many more minor ones in the course of his book . So , Torrey must have had some influence and poetry is the key . Jump up ^ Apocalypse of John p. 7 Jump up ^ Apocalypse of John p. 37 Jump up ^ Apocalypse of John p. 8 Jump up ^ Apocalypse of John p. 137 Jump up ^ Apocalypse of John p. 140 Jump up ^ `` Flowers preach to us if we will hear '' , begins her poem ' Consider the lilies of the field ' Goblin Market London : Oxford University Press ( 1913 ) p. 87 Jump up ^ Ms Rossetti remarks that patience is a word which does not occur in the Bible until the New Testament , as if the usage first came from Christ 's own lips . Christina Rossetti The Face of the Deep London : SPCK ( 1892 ) p. 115 Jump up ^ `` Christians should resemble fire - flies , not glow - worms ; their brightness drawing eyes upward , not downward . '' The Face of the Deep p. 26 Jump up ^ ' vision ' lends the wrong emphasis as Ms Rossetti sought to minimise the distinction between John 's experience and that of others . She quoted 1 John 3 : 24 `` He abideth in us , by the Spirit which he hath given us '' to show that when John says , `` I was in the Spirit '' it is not exceptional . Jump up ^ The Face of the Deep p. 301 Jump up ^ The Face of the Deep p. 292 Jump up ^ The Face of the Deep p. 495 Jump up ^ Elisabeth Schuessler Fiorenza Revelation : Vision of a Just World Edinburgh : T&T Clark ( 1993 ) . The book seems to have started life as Invitation to the Book of Revelation Garden City : Doubleday ( 1981 ) ^ Jump up to : Tina Pippin Death & Desire : The rhetoric of gender in the Apocalypse of John Louisville : Westminster - John Knox ( 1993 ) p. 105 Jump up ^ DH Lawrence Apocalypse London : Martin Secker ( 1932 ) published posthumously with an introduction ( p. v -- xli ) by Richard Aldington which is an integral part of the text . Jump up ^ Apocalypse p. xxiii Jump up ^ Apocalypse p. 6 Jump up ^ Apocalypse p. 11 Lawrence did not consider how these two types of Christianity ( good and bad in his view ) might be related other than as opposites . He noted the difference meant that the John who wrote a gospel could not be the same John that wrote Revelation . Jump up ^ D.H. Lawrence ( 1995 ) . Apocalypse and the Writings on Revelation . Penguin Books . p. 112 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 018781 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Dale Martin 2009 ( lecture ) . `` 24 . Apocalyptic and Accommodation '' on YouTube . Yale University . Accessed July 22 , 2013 . Lecture 24 ( transcript ) ^ Jump up to : CosmoLearning . `` Lecture 2 : From Stories to Canon -- CosmoLearning Religious Studies '' . ^ Jump up to : Bart D. Ehrman ( 9 June 2016 ) . `` Bart Ehrman Discusses the Apocalypticist '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Dr. Barbara Whitlock , `` Tracing out the convoluted sources of Christianity '' in George D. Barnes ( ed . ) , `` Collected New Essays in Comparative Religion '' Jump up ^ Wes Howard - Brook & Anthony Gwyther Unveiling Empire New York : Orbis ( 1999 ) p. 76 ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Kim ( 2015 ) . How John Wrote the Book of Revelation : From Concept to Publication . Lorton , Virginia : Kim Mark Lewis . pp. 216 , 226 . ISBN 1943325006 . Jump up ^ S Moyise p. 13 reports no work whatsoever done between 1912 and 1984 Jump up ^ Anon An exposition of the Apocalypse on a new principle of literal interpretation Aberdeen : Brown ( 1871 ) Jump up ^ S. Moyise The Old Testament in the Book of Revelation Sheffield : Sheffield Academic Press ( 1995 ) p. 31 Jump up ^ Ian Boxall The Revelation of St John London : Continuum & Peabody MA : Hendrickson ( 2006 ) p. 254 Jump up ^ G.K. Beale John 's use of the Old Testament in Revelation Sheffield : Sheffield Academic Press ( 1998 ) p. 109 Jump up ^ `` Revelation Draft Hypothesis '' . Bibliography ( edit ) Ammannati , Renato ( 2010 ) . Rivelazione e Storia . Ermeneutica dell'Apocalisse . Transeuropa . Bass , Ralph E. , Jr. ( 2004 ) Back to the Future : A Study in the Book of Revelation , Greenville , South Carolina : Living Hope Press , ISBN 0 - 9759547 - 0 - 9 . Bauckham , Richard ( 1993 ) . The Theology of the Book of Revelation . Cambridge University Press . Beale , G.K. ; McDonough , Sean M. ( 2007 ) . `` Revelation '' . In Beale , G.K. ; Carson , D.A. Commentary on the New Testament Use of the Old Testament . Baker Academic . Beale G.K. , The Book of Revelation , NIGTC , Grand Rapids -- Cambridge 1999 . ISBN 0 - 8028 - 2174 - X Bousset W. , Die Offenbarung Johannis , Göttingen 1896 , 1906 . Boxall , Ian , ( 2006 ) The Revelation of Saint John ( Black 's New Testament Commentary ) London : Continuum , and Peabody , Massachusetts : Hendrickson . ISBN 0 - 8264 - 7135 - 8 U.S. edition : ISBN 1 - 56563 - 202 - 8 Boxall , Ian ( 2002 ) Revelation : Vision and Insight -- An Introduction to the Apocalypse , London : SPCK ISBN 0 - 281 - 05362 - 6 Brown , Raymond E. ( 3 October 1997 ) . Introduction to the New Testament . Anchor Bible . ISBN 0 - 385 - 24767 - 2 . Burkett , Delbert ( 2000 ) . An Introduction to the New Testament and the Origins of Christianity . Cambridge University Press . Collins , Adela Yarbro ( 1984 ) . Crisis and Catharsis : The Power of the Apocalypse . Westminster John Knox Press . Cross , F.L. ; Livingstone , E.A. , eds. ( 2005 ) . `` Revelation , Book of '' . The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church ( 3 rev . ed . ) . Oxford University Press . Crutchfield , Larry V. ( 2001 ) . `` Revelation in the New Testament Canon '' . In Couch , Mal . A Bible Handbook to Revelation . Kregel Academic . Ehrman , Bart D. ( 2004 ) . The New Testament : A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings . New York : Oxford . ISBN 0 - 19 - 515462 - 2 . Ford , J. Massyngberde ( 1975 ) Revelation , The Anchor Bible , New York : Doubleday ISBN 0 - 385 - 00895 - 3 . Gentry , Kenneth L. , Jr. ( 1998 ) Before Jerusalem Fell : Dating the Book of Revelation , Powder Springs , Georgia : American Vision , ISBN 0 - 915815 - 43 - 5 . Gentry , Kenneth L. , Jr. ( 2002 ) The Beast of Revelation , Powder Springs , Georgia : American Vision , ISBN 0 - 915815 - 41 - 9 . Hahn , Scott ( 1999 ) The Lamb 's Supper : Mass as Heaven on Earth , Darton , Longman , Todd , ISBN 0814658180 Harrington Wilfrid J. ( 1993 ) Sacra Pagina : Revelation , Michael Glazier , ISBN 978 - 0814658185 Hernández , Juan , Scribal habits and theological influences in the Apocalypse , Tübingen 2006 Hoekema , Anthony A ( 1979 ) . The Bible and the future . Eerdmans . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 3516 - 1 . Hudson , Gary W. ( 2006 ) Revelation : Awakening The Christ Within , Vesica Press , ISBN 0 - 9778517 - 2 - 9 Jennings , Charles A. ( 2001 ) The Book of Revelation From An Israelite and Historicist Interpretation , Truth in History Publications . ISBN 978 - 0979256585 . Kiddle M. , The Revelation of St. John ( The Moffat New Testament Commentary ) , New York -- London 1941 . Kirsch , Thomas . A History of the End of the World : How the Most Controversial Book in the Bible Changed the Course of Western Civilization . New York : HarperOne , 2006 . Lohmeyer , Ernst , Die Offenbarung des Johannes , Tübingen 1953 . Muggleton , Lodowicke Works on the Book of Revelation London 2010 ISBN 978 - 1 - 907466 - 04 - 5 Müller U.B. , Die Offenbarung des Johannes , Güttersloh 1995 . McDonald , Lee Martin ; Sanders , James A. ( 2002 ) . The Canon Debate . Hendrickson Publishers . McKim , Donald K. ( 2014 ) . The Westminster Dictionary of Theological Terms , Second Edition . Westminster John Knox Press , . Senior , Donald ; Getty , Mary Ann ( 1990 ) . The Catholic Study Bible . Oxford University Press . Mounce , Robert H. ( 1998 ) . The Book of Revelation . Eerdmans . Pate , C. Marvin ( 2010 ) . Four Views on the Book of Revelation . Zondervan . Pagels , Elaine ( 2012 ) Revelations : Visions , Prophecy , and Politics in the Book of Revelation , Viking Adult , ISBN 0 - 670 - 02334 - 5 Prigent P. , L'Apocalypse , Paris 1981 . Weor , Samael Aun ( 2004 ) ( 1960 ) . The Aquarian Message : Gnostic Kabbalah and Tarot in the Apocalypse of St. John . Thelema Press . ISBN 0 - 9745916 - 5 - 3 . Pattemore , Stephen ( 2004 ) . The People of God in the Apocalypse . Cambridge University Press . Roloff J. , Die Offenbarung des Johannes , Zürich 1987 . Shepherd , Massey H. ( 2004 ) The Paschal Liturgy and the Apocalypse , James Clarke , ISBN 0 - 227 - 17005 - 9 Schnelle , Udo ( 2007 ) . Theology of the New Testament ( tr. 2009 ) . Baker Academic . Stonehouse , Ned B. , ( c. 1929 ) The Apocalypse in the Ancient Church . A Study in the History of the New Testament Canon , n.d. , Goes : Oosterbaan & Le Cointre . ( Major discussion of the controversy surrounding the acceptance / rejection of Revelation into the New Testament canon . ) Stuckenbruck , Loren T. ( 2003 ) . `` Revelation '' . In Dunn , James D.G. ; Rogerson , John William . Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible . Eerdmans . Stephens , Mark B. ( 2011 ) . Annihilation Or Renewal ? : The Meaning and Function of New Creation in the Book of Revelation . Mohr Siebeck . Sweet , J.P.M. , ( 1979 , Updated 1990 ) Revelation , London : SCM Press , and Philadelphia : Trinity Press International . ISBN 0 - 334 - 02311 - 4 . Tenney , Merrill C. ( 1988 ) . Interpreting Revelation . Eerdmans . Vitali , Francesco ( 2008 ) Piccolo Dizionario dell'Apocalisse , TAU Editrice , Todi Wall , Robert W. ( 2011 ) . Revelation . Baker Books . Wikenhauser A. , Offenbarung des Johannes , Regensburg 1947 , 1959 . Witherington III , Ben , ( 2003 ) Revelation , The New Cambridge Bible Commentary , New York : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 00068 - 0 . Zahn Th. , Die Offenbarung des Johannes , t . 1 -- 2 , Leipzig 1924 -- 1926 . External links ( edit ) Wikiversity has learning resources about Revelation at Biblical Studies ( NT ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Book of Revelation . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Book of Revelation Wikisource has original text related to this article : Revelation Early Christian Writings : Apocalypse of John : text , introduction , context `` Revelation to John . '' Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Apocalypse , Book of -- Article from the Catholic Encyclopedia Understanding the Book of Revelation -- Article by L. Michael White from PBS Frontline program `` Apocalypse ! '' The Marvelous Address : The Revelation of the Beloved ( Disciple ) is an 18th - century manuscript about the book of Revelation in Arabic Jewish Encyclopedia Bible : Revelation public domain audiobook at LibriVox Various versions Texts on Wikisource : Biesen , C. van den ( 1913 ) . `` Apocalypse '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . Schem , A.J. ( 1879 ) . `` Apocalypse '' . The American Cyclopædia . Book of Revelation Apocalyptic Epistle Preceded by General Epistle of Jude New Testament Books of the Bible End Book of Revelation Bible Revelation 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Bible portal Places Armageddon Asia Babylon Egypt Ephesus Euphrates Jerusalem Laodicea Patmos Pergamum Philadelphia Sardis Smyrna Sodom Thyatira Persons Asher Balak Balaam Benjamin David Gad Issachar Jesus Christ Jezebel John Joseph Judah Levi Manasseh Michael Naphtali Reuben Simeon Zebulun Terms / Phrases Abaddon / Apollyon Alpha and Omega Beast Book of Life Events Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse Four Living Creatures Lake of Fire Last Judgment Millennialism Number of the Beast Seven bowls Seven churches of Asia Seven seals Seven trumpets Whore of Babylon ( Scarlet woman ) Woman of the Apocalypse Wormwood Sources Greek Text Latin Vulgate Wycliffe Version King James Version American Standard Version World English Version ← Epistle of Jude Books of the Bible Principal divisions Hebrew Bible / Old Testament Protocanon Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Joshua Judges Ruth 1 -- 2 Samuel 1 -- 2 Kings 1 -- 2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Deuterocanon and Apocrypha Catholic Orthodox Tobit Judith Additions to Esther 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Wisdom Sirach Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah Additions to Daniel Susanna Song of the Three Children Bel and the Dragon ) Orthodox only 1 Esdras 2 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Psalm 151 3 Maccabees 4 Maccabees Odes Tewahedo Orthodox Enoch Jubilees 1 , 2 , and 3 Meqabyan Paralipomena of Baruch Broader canon Syriac Letter of Baruch 2 Baruch Psalms 152 -- 155 New Testament Matthew Mark Luke John Acts Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Revelation Subdivisions Chapters and verses Pentateuch Wisdom Major prophets / Minor prophets Gospels Synoptic Epistles Pauline Johannine Pastoral Catholic Apocalyptic literature Development Old Testament canon New Testament canon Antilegomena Jewish canon Christian canon Manuscripts Dead Sea Scrolls Samaritan Pentateuch Septuagint Targum Diatessaron Muratorian fragment Peshitta Vetus Latina Masoretic Text New Testament manuscript categories New Testament papyri New Testament uncials See also Biblical canon Luther 's canon Authorship English Bible translations Other books referenced in the Bible Pseudepigrapha list New Testament apocrypha Studies Synod of Hippo Textual criticism Portal WikiProject Book VIAF : 181843323 GND : 4073055 - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is speaking in the book of revelation	[ "Tradition links him to John the Apostle, but it is unlikely that the apostle could have lived into the most likely time for the book's composition, the reign of Domitian, and the author never states that he knew Jesus.[7] All that is known is that this John was a Jewish Christian prophet, probably belonging to a group of such prophets, and was accepted as such by the congregations to whom he addresses his letter.[4][8] His precise identity remains unknown,[9] and modern scholarship commonly refers to him as John of Patmos. [10]" ]	[ "John of Patmos" ]
-3166925328804587027	Automobile air conditioning	Automobile air conditioning - wikipedia Automobile air conditioning 1953 Chrysler Imperial with factory trunk mounted `` Airtemp '' system Automobile air conditioning ( also called A / C ) systems use air conditioning to cool the air in a vehicle . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Chrysler Airtemp 1.2 Nash integrated system 1.3 Growth in demand 1.4 Evaporative cooling 2 Operating principles 3 Power consumption 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) A company in New York City in the United States first offered installation of air conditioning for cars in 1933 . Most of their customers operated limousines and luxury cars . In 1939 , Packard became the first automobile manufacturer to offer an air conditioning unit in its cars . These were manufactured by Bishop and Babcock Co , of Cleveland , Ohio . The `` Bishop and Babcock Weather Conditioner '' also incorporated a heater . Cars ordered with the new `` Weather Conditioner '' were shipped from Packard 's East Grand Boulevard facility to the B&B factory where the conversion was performed . Once complete , the car was shipped to a local dealer where the customer would take delivery . Packard fully warranted and supported this conversion , and marketed it well . However , it was not commercially successful for a number of reasons : The main evaporator and blower system took up half of the trunk space ( though this became less of a problem as trunks became larger in the post-war period ) . It was superseded by more efficient systems in the post-war years . It had no temperature thermostat or shut - off mechanism other than switching the blower off . ( Cold air would still sometimes enter the car with any movement as the drive belt was continuously connected to the compressor -- later systems would use electrically operated clutches to remedy this problem . ) The several feet of plumbing going back and forth between the engine compartment and trunk proved unreliable in service . The price , at US $274 ( $4,692.12 in 2014 US dollars ) , was unaffordable to most people in post-depression / pre-war America . The option was discontinued after 1941 . Chrysler Airtemp ( edit ) The 1953 Chrysler Imperial was one of the first production cars in twelve years to offer modern automobile air conditioning as an option , following tentative experiments by Packard in 1940 and Cadillac in 1941 . Walter Chrysler had seen to the invention of Airtemp air conditioning in the 1930s for the Chrysler Building , and had offered it on cars in 1941 - 42 , and again in 1951 - 52 . The Airtemp was more advanced than rival automobile air conditioners by 1953 . It was operated by a single switch on the dashboard marked with low , medium , and high positions . As the highest capacity unit available at that time , the system was capable of quickly cooling the passenger compartment and also reducing humidity , dust , pollen , and tobacco smoke . The system drew in more outside air than contemporary systems ; thus , reducing the staleness associated with automotive air conditioning at the time . Instead of plastic tubes mounted on the rear window package shelf as on GM cars , small ducts directed cool air toward the ceiling of the car where it filtered down around the passengers instead of blowing directly on them , a feature that modern cars have lost . Cadillac , Buick , and Oldsmobile added air conditioning as an option on some of their models in the 1953 model year . All of these Frigidaire systems used separate engine and trunk mounted components . Nash integrated system ( edit ) Logo on a 1957 car with AMC factory installed air - conditioning system In 1954 , the Nash Ambassador was the first American automobile to have a front - end , fully integrated heating , ventilating , and air - conditioning system . The Nash - Kelvinator corporation used its experience in refrigeration to introduce the automobile industry 's first compact and affordable , single - unit heating and air conditioning system optional for its Nash models . This was the first mass market system with controls on the dash and an electric clutch . This system was also compact and serviceable with all of its components installed under the hood or in the cowl area . Combining heating , cooling , and ventilating , the new air conditioning system for the Nash cars was called the `` All - Weather Eye '' . This followed the marketing name of `` Weather Eye '' for Nash 's fresh - air automotive heating and ventilating system that was first used in 1938 . With a single thermostatic control , the Nash passenger compartment air cooling option was `` a good and remarkably inexpensive '' system . The system had cold air for passengers enter through dash - mounted vents . Nash 's exclusive `` remarkable advance '' was not only the `` sophisticated '' unified system , but also its $345 price that beat all other systems . Most competing systems used a separate heating system and an engine - mounted compressor , driven by the engine crankshaft via a belt , with an evaporator in the car 's trunk to deliver cold air through the rear parcel shelf and overhead vents . General Motors made a front - mounted air conditioning system optional in 1954 on Pontiacs with a straight - eight engine that added separate controls and air distribution . The alternative layout pioneered by Nash `` became established practice and continues to form the basis of the modern and more sophisticated automatic climate control systems . '' Growth in demand ( edit ) Air - conditioning for automobiles came into wide use from the late twentieth century . Although air conditioners use significant power ; the drag of a car with closed windows is less than if the windows are open to cool the occupants . There has been much debate on the effect of air conditioning on the fuel efficiency of a vehicle . Factors such as wind resistance , aerodynamics and engine power and weight must be considered , to find the true difference between using the air conditioning system and not using it , when estimating the actual fuel mileage . Other factors can affect the engine , and an overall engine heat increase can affect the cooling system of the vehicle . The innovation was adopted quickly and new features to air conditioning like the Cadillac Comfort Control which was a completely automatic heating and cooling system set by dial thermostat was introduced as an industry first in the 1964 model year . By 1960 about 20 % of all cars in the U.S. had air - conditioning , with the percentage increasing to 80 % in the warm areas of the Southwest . American Motors made air conditioning standard equipment on all AMC Ambassadors starting with the 1968 model year , a first in the mass market , with a base price starting at $2,671 . By 1969 , 54 % of domestic automobiles were equipped with air conditioning , with the feature needed not only for passenger comfort , but also to increase the car 's resale value . Evaporative cooling ( edit ) Main article : Car cooler A car cooler A car cooler is an automobile evaporative cooler , sometimes referred to as a swamp cooler . Most are aftermarket relatively inexpensive accessories consisting of an external window - mounted metal cylinder without moving parts , but internal under dashboard or center floor units with an electric fan are available . It was an early type of automobile air conditioner and is not used in modern cars relying on refrigerative systems to cool the interior . To cool the air it used latent heat ( in other words , cooling by water evaporation ) . Water inside the device evaporates and in the process transfers heat from the surrounding air . The cool moisture - laden air is then directed to the inside of the car . The evaporate `` cooling '' effect decreases with humidity because the air is already saturated with water . Therefore , the lower the humidity , such as in dry desert regions , the better the system works . Car coolers were popular , especially among summer tourists visiting or crossing the southwestern United States states of California , Arizona , Texas , New Mexico , and Nevada . Operating principles ( edit ) See also : Refrigeration cycle A simple stylized diagram of the refrigeration cycle : 1 ) condensing coil , 2 ) expansion valve , 3 ) evaporator coil , 4 ) compressor Regassing the air conditioning of a Ford Focus . In the refrigeration cycle , heat is transported from the passenger compartment to the environment . A refrigerator is an example of such a system , as it transports the heat out of the interior and into the ambient environment . Circulating refrigerant gas vapor ( which also carries the compressor lubricant oil across the system along with it ) from the evaporator enters the gas compressor in the engine bay , usually an axial piston pump compressor , and is compressed to a higher pressure , resulting in a higher temperature as well . The hot , compressed refrigerant vapor is now at a temperature and pressure at which it can be condensed and is routed through a condenser , usually in front of the car 's radiator . Here the refrigerant is cooled by air flowing across the condenser coils ( originating from the vehicle 's movement or from a fan , often the same fan of the cooling radiator if the condenser is mounted on it , automatically turned on when the vehicle is stationary or moving at low speeds ) and condensed into a liquid . Thus , the circulating refrigerant rejects heat from the system and the heat is carried away by the air . The condensed and pressurized liquid refrigerant is next routed through the receiver - drier , that is , a one way desiccant and filter cartridge that both dehydrates the refrigerant and compressor lubricant oil mixture in order to remove any residual water content ( which would become ice inside the expansion valve and therefore clog it ) that the vacuum done prior to the charging process did n't manage to remove from the system , and filters it in order to remove any solid particles carried by the mixture , and then through a thermal expansion valve where it undergoes an abrupt reduction in pressure . That pressure reduction results in flash evaporation of a part of the liquid refrigerant , lowering its temperature . The cold refrigerant is then routed through the evaporator coil in the passenger compartment . The air , often after being filtered by a cabin air filter , is blown by an adjustable speed electric powered centrifugal fan across the evaporator , causing the liquid part of the cold refrigerant mixture to evaporate as well , further lowering the temperature . The warm air is therefore cooled , and also deprived of any humidity ( which condenses on the evaporator coils and is drained outside of the vehicle ) in the process . It is then passed through an heater matrix , inside of which the engine 's coolant circulates , where it can be reheated to a certain degree or even a certain temperature selected by the user and then delivered inside the vehicle 's cabin through a set of adjustable vents . Another way of adjusting the desired air temperature , this time by working on the system 's cooling capacity , is precisely regulating the centrifugal fan speed so that only the strictly required volumetric flow rate of air is cooled by the evaporator . The user is also given the option to close the vehicle 's external air flaps , in order to achieve even faster and stronger cooling by recirculating the already cooled air inside the cabin to the evaporator . To complete the refrigeration cycle , the refrigerant vapor is routed back into the compressor . The warmer is the air that reaches the evaporator , the higher is the pressure of the vapor mixture discharged from it and therefore the higher is the load placed on the compressor and therefore on the engine to keep the refrigerant flowing through the system . The compressor can be driven by the car 's engine ( e.g. via a belt , often the serpentine belt , and an electromagnetically actuated clutch ; an electronically actuated variable displacement compressor can also be always directly driven by a belt without the need of any clutch and magnet at all ) or by an electric motor . Power consumption ( edit ) In a modern automobile , the A / C system will use around 4 horsepower ( 3 kW ) of the engine 's power , thus increasing fuel consumption of the vehicle . See also ( edit ) Sustainable automotive air conditioning References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` First Air Conditioned Auto '' . Popular Science . 123 ( 5 ) : 30 . November 1933 . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan Fast Facts and Trivia '' . 50states.com . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Alder , Dennis ( 2004 ) . Packard . MBI Publishing . p. 76 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 1928 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Langworth , Richard M. ( 1994 ) . Chrysler and Imperial : The Postwar Years . Motorbooks International . ISBN 0 - 87938 - 034 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` 1953 Cadillac Brochure '' . oldcarbrochures.org . p. 5 . Archived from the original on 7 February 2015 . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1953 - Buick Heating and AC Folder '' . oldcarbrochures.org . pp. 10 -- 11 . Archived from the original on 7 February 2015 . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1953 Oldsmobile Brochure '' . oldcarbrochures.org . p. 23 . Archived from the original on 7 February 2015 . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nash Low Cost Air Conditioner Cools or Heats by Turning Knob '' . Popular Mechanics. 101 ( 5 ) : 86 . May 1954 . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` One Control Heating Cooling '' . Motor . 101 : 54 . 1954 . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Gunnell , John , ed. ( 1987 ) . The Standard Catalog of American Cars 1946 -- 1975 . Krause Publications . p. 176 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87341 - 096 - 0 . Jump up ^ Daly , Steven ( 2006 ) . Automotive Air - Conditioning and Climate Control Systems . Elsevier Science & Technology Books . p. 2 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7506 - 6955 - 9 . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Wolfe , Steven J. ( 2000 ) . `` HVAC Time Line '' . Refrigeration Service Engineers Society Twin Cities Chapter . Archived from the original on 21 November 2009 . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` News of the Automotive World - Nash Air Conditioner Combines Heating , Cooling , and Ventilating '' . Automotive Industries . 110 : 86 . 1954 . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Stevenson , Heon J. ( 2008 ) . American Automobile Advertising , 1930 -- 1980 : An Illustrated History . McFarland . p. 177 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 3685 - 9 . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Binder , Al ; the Ward 's staff ( 2 February 2001 ) . `` Rearview Mirror '' . Ward 's AutoWorld . Archived from the original on 24 November 2011 . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Auto Editors of Consumer Guide ( 29 November 2007 ) . `` 1953 -- 1955 Nash and Hudson Ramblers '' . auto.howstuffworks.com . Archived from the original on 5 November 2014 . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Nunney , Malcolm J. ( 2006 ) . Light and Heavy Vehicle Technology . Elsevier Science & Technology Books . p. 147 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7506 - 8037 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 10 December 2015 . Retrieved 22 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Nash , Gerald D. ( 1999 ) . Federal Landscape : An Economic History of the Twentieth - Century West . University of Arizona Press . p. 224 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8165 - 1863 - 0 . Jump up ^ Lintern , Mike ( 1977 ) . Complete guide to American cars , 1966 - 76 . AutoMedia . p. 32 . ISBN 9780905395012 . Archived from the original on 10 June 2016 . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Business : Shuffle & Cut '' . Time . 6 October 1967 . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Timeline '' . National Academy of Engineering . Archived from the original on 19 March 2015 . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Hinckley , p. 54 `` ... it was actually an evaporative cooler - something Californians and Southwesterners have on the roofs of their houses and often call ' swamp coolers ' or ' swampies '' . '' Jump up ^ Heitmann , John Alfred ( 2009 ) . The Automobile and American Life . McFarland . p. 151 . ISBN 9781476601991 . Archived from the original on 2 May 2016 . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Watt , John R. ( 1963 ) . Evaporative Air Conditioning . Industrial Press . p. 93 . Archived from the original on 25 April 2018 . Retrieved 13 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Watt , John R. ( 1986 ) . Evaporative Air Conditioning Handbook ( Second ed . ) . Springer . ISBN 9781461293873 . Archived from the original on 25 April 2018 . Retrieved 13 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Hinckley , p. 54 ^ Jump up to : Sibley , p. 221 Jump up ^ `` The Easy Way '' . Popular Mechanics. 75 ( 5 ) : 676 -- 677 . May 1941 . Archived from the original on 22 March 2015 . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Impact of Vehicle Air - Conditioning on Fuel Economy '' ( PDF ) . National Renewable Energy Laboratory . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 19 March 2015 . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . External links ( edit ) `` Air Conditioners for Your Car '' . Popular Science . 194 ( 4 ) : 117 -- 132 , includes detailed drawings . April 1969 . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . hide Heating , ventilation and air conditioning Fundamental concepts Air changes per hour Bake - out Building envelope Convection Dilution Domestic energy consumption Enthalpy Fluid dynamics Gas compressor Heat pump and refrigeration cycle Heat transfer Humidity Infiltration Latent heat Noise control Outgassing Particulates Psychrometrics Sensible heat Stack effect Thermal comfort Thermal destratification Thermal mass Thermodynamics Vapour pressure of water Technology Absorption refrigerator Air barrier Air conditioning Antifreeze Automobile air conditioning Autonomous building Building insulation materials Central heating Central solar heating Chilled beam Chilled water Constant air volume ( CAV ) Coolant Dedicated outdoor air system ( DOAS ) Deep water source cooling Demand - controlled ventilation ( DCV ) Displacement ventilation District cooling District heating Electric heating Energy recovery ventilation ( ERV ) Firestop Forced - air Forced - air gas Free cooling Heat recovery ventilation ( HRV ) Hybrid heat Hydronics HVAC Ice storage air conditioning Kitchen ventilation Mixed - mode ventilation Microgeneration Natural ventilation Passive cooling Passive house Radiant heating and cooling system Radiant cooling Radiant heating Radon mitigation Refrigeration Renewable heat Room air distribution Solar air heat Solar combisystem Solar cooling Solar heating Thermal insulation Underfloor air distribution Underfloor heating Vapor barrier Vapor - compression refrigeration ( VCRS ) Variable air volume ( VAV ) Variable refrigerant flow ( VRF ) Ventilation Components Air conditioner inverter Air door Air filter Air handler Air ionizer Air - mixing plenum Air purifier Air source heat pumps Automatic balancing valve Back boiler Barrier pipe Blast damper Boiler Centrifugal fan Chiller Condensate pump Condenser Condensing boiler Convection heater Cooling tower Damper Dehumidifier Duct Economizer Electrostatic precipitator Evaporative cooler Evaporator Exhaust hood Expansion tank Fan coil unit Fan heater Fire damper Fireplace Fireplace insert Freeze stat Flue Freon Fume hood Furnace Furnace room Gas compressor Gas heater Gasoline heater Geothermal heat pump Grease duct Grille Ground - coupled heat exchanger Heat exchanger Heat pipe Heat pump Heating film Heating system High efficiency glandless circulating pump High - efficiency particulate air ( HEPA ) High pressure cut off switch Humidifier Infrared heater Inverter compressor Kerosene heater Louver Mechanical fan Mechanical room Oil heater Packaged terminal air conditioner Plenum space Pressurisation ductwork Process duct work Radiator Radiator reflector Recuperator Refrigerant Register Reversing valve Run - around coil Scroll compressor Solar chimney Solar - assisted heat pump Space heater Smoke exhaust ductwork Thermal expansion valve Thermal wheel Thermosiphon Thermostatic radiator valve Trickle vent Trombe wall Turning vanes Ultra-low particulate air ( ULPA ) Whole - house fan Windcatcher Wood - burning stove Measurement and control Air flow meter Aquastat BACnet Blower door Building automation Carbon dioxide sensor Clean Air Delivery Rate ( CADR ) Gas sensor Home energy monitor Humidistat HVAC control system Intelligent buildings LonWorks Minimum efficiency reporting value ( MERV ) OpenTherm Programmable communicating thermostat Programmable thermostat Psychrometrics Room temperature Smart thermostat Thermostat Thermostatic radiator valve Professions , trades , and services Architectural acoustics Architectural engineering Architectural technologist Building services engineering Building information modeling ( BIM ) Deep energy retrofit Duct leakage testing Environmental engineering Hydronic balancing Kitchen exhaust cleaning Mechanical engineering Mechanical , electrical , and plumbing Mold growth , assessment , and remediation Refrigerant reclamation Testing , adjusting , balancing Industry organizations ACCA AMCA ASHRAE ASTM International BRE BSRIA CIBSE LEED SMACNA Health and safety Indoor air quality ( IAQ ) Passive smoking Sick building syndrome ( SBS ) Volatile organic compound ( VOC ) See also ASHRAE Handbook Building science Fireproofing Glossary of HVAC terms Template : Home automation Template : Solar energy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automobile_air_conditioning&oldid=843698164 '' Categories : Heating , ventilating , and air conditioning Automotive cooling systems Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from April 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano 日本語 Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 21 : 12 . About Wikipedia	when did cars start to have air conditioning	[ "A company in New York City in the United States first offered installation of air conditioning for cars in 1933. Most of their customers operated limousines and luxury cars.[1]" ]	[ "1933" ]
4855882242568827458	Dipping tobacco	Dipping tobacco - wikipedia Dipping tobacco Jump to : navigation , search Dipping tobacco is a type of finely ground or shredded , moistened smokeless tobacco product . It is commonly and idiomatically known by various terms -- most often as dip and sometimes as rub . It is used by placing a lump , pinch , or `` dip '' of tobacco between the lip and the gum . The act of using it is called dipping . Typically , before dipping , the act of `` packing '' is performed , where the user places the `` can '' in between the thumb and middle finger , then flicks the index finger onto the lid of the can . Dip is colloquially called `` chew '' , `` snuff '' , `` chaw '' , or `` fresh leaf '' among other terms ; because of this , it is sometimes confused with other tobacco products -- namely nasal / dry snuff . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Description 3 Etymology and terminology 4 Cut sizes 4.1 Common cut sizes 4.2 Unique cut sizes 5 Flavoring 6 Health issues 6.1 Effects 6.2 Long - term effects 6.3 Cardiovascular effects 6.4 Addiction potential 6.5 Additives 7 List of brands 8 Legality 9 Taxation 10 See also 11 References 12 External links History ( edit ) Dipping tobacco evolved from the use of dry snuff in early American history . Up until the late 1700s , dry snuff was taken nasally , but then early Americans would take snuff orally by chewing the end of a twig until it resembled a brush , and then `` dipping '' the twig in the snuff and placing it in their mouths until the snuff dissolved . Using dry snuff orally eventually evolved into modern day moist snuff , with Copenhagen introduced in 1822 , and Skoal introduced in 1934 . Most varieties of dipping tobacco are much more recent inventions . Today , moist snuff is available throughout the United States . However , it is typically more popular in rural areas and the South than in large cities . Dipping tobacco is predominately used by males . Also , dipping tobacco has a similar presence in Canada . Smokeless tobacco use by professional baseball players was widespread throughout the 19 century until more recent years with the MLB cracking down on tobacco consumption , although a 1999 survey reported that `` 31 percent of the league 's rookies used smokeless tobacco '' . According recent reports from NFL players , many professional footballers chew tobacco in locker rooms , with some teams reporting that up to 75 % of players admit to dipping . Description ( edit ) Four different cans ( or tins ) of dipping tobacco ( from bottom left , clockwise ) : Skoal straight , Skoal long cut mint , Copenhagen straight , and Copenhagen long cut . A can of Copenhagen brand American dipping tobacco . Dipping tobacco is packaged in `` tins '' or `` cans '' , although they are not typically completely metal anymore . Dipping tobacco is also available in `` rolls '' , `` logs '' , or `` sleeves '' , which is a package of 5 tins of tobacco , a similar concept to that of a carton of cigarettes . Ten tin rolls were also available in the past . Another package of dipping tobacco is the `` tub '' , available in only select brands , equivalent to 6 , 10 , or 12 cans . Before opening the can / tin of tobacco , users typically `` pack '' the can , similar to how cigarette smokers pack a pack of cigarettes . This is done by placing one 's thumb and middle finger on the sides of the can , and then quickly turning the can and flicking the wrist so that one 's index finger taps the top of the can . Unlike snus , which is most often placed between the upper lip and gum , moist tobacco users or `` dippers '' tend to use the lower . Dipping in the upper lip is unusual , though when done , it is colloquially termed an `` upper decker '' or `` top lip dip '' . The dip rests on the inside lining of the mouth for a period depending upon the user 's preference -- often 20 -- 40 minutes . Nicotine and other alkaloids found in tobacco are absorbed in saliva sublabially by the inferior or superior labial arteries . Buccal and sublingual absorption may also occur . Also unlike snus , dip often causes the user to produce excess saliva during the act of dipping . This is typically spit onto the ground or in a container , because swallowing the saliva - tobacco mixture can cause irritation to the esophagus and induce nausea and vomiting . A spittoon can be used , but often users will simply use an empty plastic bottle or a `` mudjug , '' a portable spittoon . Smokeless tobacco is sometimes used in the workplace by employees , especially if the employer does not provide many cigarette breaks or if the employee is consistently using both hands during work ( which does n't provide opportunities for cigarette smoking ) . Smokeless tobacco is popular in many industrial areas where there is a safety risk in having an open flame , such as oil rigs or refineries . Etymology and terminology ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Dipping tobacco was first popularized and marketed as moist snuff in the 1800s . The term `` snuff '' in this context is an English cognate of the aforementioned `` snus '' , from Swedish . Dipping tobacco 's Scandinavian roots impart a noticeable legacy on modern American brands such as Copenhagen and Skoal ( referring to the interlinguistic term skål , which in Norwegian , Danish , Icelandic , Faroese and Swedish roughly translates to `` cheers '' , implying a toast ) . A user of dipping tobacco will produce an excess amount of saliva which will be disposed of using a `` spitter . '' A spitter can be an empty bottle , cup or commercially produced spittoon . Dipping tobacco use is often accompanied by first drinking a liquid , in some areas known as a primer , catalyst , and rinser . A primer is used to initially salivate the mouth , usually during a meal , in order to prepare the mouth to use smokeless tobacco . This is important because a dry mouth or one full of food could lead to a less enjoyable experience for the user . A catalyst , like a primer , is used to fix the issues of a dry mouth or dry tobacco , however , the dipping tobacco is already currently in the user 's lip . A rinser is used when the user is finished with their tobacco , and it is swished around in the user 's mouth , similar to mouthwash , to dispose of any excess tobacco juice or particulates . All three liquids are usually water , but any liquid may be used . Primarily in Texas and other southern US states , terminology is unique . Dip or dips refers to a wad of tobacco , whereas snuff refers to any amount of tobacco greater than a dip . For example , a tobacco user may reach for a dip from their can of snuff . Many areas have no such distinction , and may rarely use the word `` snuff '' . Cut sizes ( edit ) The difference between cut sizes is the length of the strands of dip . Common cut sizes ( edit ) Extra Long cuts are a little longer than long cut . Wide cuts are long cut , just a little wider . Long cuts are the most widely available cut size . Fine cuts / snuffs are slightly larger than sand or coffee grounds . Pouches hold fine cut or snuff tobacco in a small , teabag - like pouch . They are initially less messy because the tobacco wo n't fall out of the user 's fingers and mouth . Dipping tobacco in pouches resemble snus `` portions '' , but the difference between these two products lies in the way the tobacco is processed . Dipping tobacco ( including pouched products ) undergoes fermentation , whereas tobacco in snus is pasteurized . In addition to regular sized pouches , smaller sized pouches , known as Bandits , are also available in the Skoal brand , Grizzly brand , and Copenhagen brand . Unique cut sizes ( edit ) The following cuts are either unique to one brand of dipping tobacco or are extremely rare . Fat cuts are a little longer , flatter , and softer than long cut . Mid cuts are comparable to small granules at about 1 mm cubed . Mid cuts are extremely rare ; the original version of Copenhagen Black is the only dip marketed as a mid cut that has made it to the market . However , many consider some products marketed as long cuts to be mid cuts , notably Copenhagen Long Cut Original . ReadyCut is a cut produced only by Skoal ( introduced in 2012 ) which consists of a compressed cube of long cut . As it gets moist from saliva in the mouth , it automatically conforms to the user 's mouth . Wide cut is a new cut introduced by Grizzly in select markets . It consists of wider strands than long cut . Grizzly Wide Cut Wintergreen is the only wide cut available . Flavoring ( edit ) Dipping tobacco is typically flavoured . The most common flavours consist of mint , wintergreen , straight and natural , these are typically made by all brands . The list keeps on going with brands such as Skoal , Kayak and Tough Guy , which make many fruit flavours such as grape , cherry , apple , orange , lemon / citrus , peach , and watermelon . Grizzly has modified their wintergreen and mint flavours , selling separate products called `` dark mint '' and `` dark wintergreen '' . An alcohol - flavored product has been sold by Copenhagen , which released a limited edition `` black '' flavor , which was made to taste similar to bourbon . Seneca is a tobacco brand that produces a rum flavour . Health issues ( edit ) An example of how dipping tobacco is often placed in the mouth . Effects ( edit ) Dipping tobacco , like other tobacco products , contains the stimulant nicotine . Effects include increased heart rate , an increase in systolic blood pressure , and an increase in adrenaline . Long - term effects ( edit ) Long term use results in whitening of the oral mucosa , termed smokeless tobacco keratosis . There is relatively low risk of transformation of this lesion into mouth cancer ( sometimes verrucous carcinoma ) . Dipping tobacco is believed to cause fatal oral cancers , tooth and gum loss . Associated cancers include : tongue cancer , lip cancer , cheek cancer , gum cancer , throat cancer , and cancer in the roof and floor of the mouth . In a comprehensive review of all reports from previous years , one study noted `` The use of moist snuff and chewing tobacco imposes minimal risks for cancers of the oral cavity and other upper respiratory sites , with relative risks ranging from 0.6 to 1.7 . '' SEER , the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results program of the National Cancer Institute , noted in 2012 that there were 3.6 cases of oral cancer among 100,000 smokeless tobacco users each year , the same rate seen in non-exposed men . Cardiovascular effects ( edit ) Studies are inconclusive as to how significantly smokeless tobacco affects users ' cardiovascular systems , but it has been suggested that it may have less nicotine than cigarettes . One study states that , `` Although the evidence is not conclusive , the adverse cardiovascular effects of smokeless tobacco use are less than those caused by smoking but are more than those found in non-users . '' Other studies also indicate that smokeless tobacco related cardiovascular risks are lower than that of smoked tobacco . One study states that smokeless tobacco use has a `` positive effect on cardiovascular risk factors in young physically fit men . '' However , one Indian study from the state of Rajasthan states , `` There is a significantly greater prevalence of multiple cardiovascular risk factors obesity , resting tachycardia , hypertension , high total and LDL cholesterol , and low HDL cholesterol , and electrocardiographic changes in tobacco users , chewing or smoking , as compared - to tobacco non-users . Chewing tobacco is associated with similar cardiovascular risk as smoking . '' Due to contrasting results in studies , many conclude that further research should be done on the cardiovascular risks of smokeless tobacco . Addiction potential ( edit ) Smokeless tobacco contains nicotine , which is addictive thus the primary reinforcing agent . According to European Union policy advice , Scandinavian or some American smokeless tobaccos ( specifically snus ) may be up to 90 % less hazardous than cigarette smoking . However , the habit is still addictive . Taxation and restriction of smoking is causing more smokeless tobacco use as `` substitution . '' There have been public health debates regarding risk - reduction for smokers and the reconsideration of smokeless tobacco risks . `` ... There is a substantial body of informed and independent opinion that sees the value of harm reduction strategies based on smokeless tobacco . '' Additives ( edit ) The amount of nicotine absorbed can be controlled by different cutting of the tobacco , increasing the nicotine concentration and raising the pH of the tobacco by adding various salts . An alkaline pH causes more nicotine to be absorbed , especially the free , unprotonated form , but is irritating to the mucosa . Nicotine itself can also irritate the mucosa . List of brands ( edit ) The following is a partial list of brands of dipping tobacco . Other tobacco products , such as chewing tobacco and snus , are excluded . Copenhagen Grizzly Happy Days Husky Kodiak Longhorn Red Man Red Seal Rooster ( discontinued in 2009 ) Stoker 's Skoal Timber Wolf Tough Guy Legality ( edit ) Several countries have banned the sale ( and in some cases the import ) of dipping tobacco . Sale of dipping tobacco was banned in South Australia in 1986 and across the country in 1991 and in most of the EU nations in 1993 . Sweden was exempt from this ban because of the traditionally high usage of snus in that country . In the United States , the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act gives the Food and Drug Administration the power to regulate the tobacco industry . This law prohibits the sale of dipping tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 , restricts tobacco product advertising and marketing directed to younger audiences , and requires bigger , more prominent warning labels for dipping tobacco products . Taxation ( edit ) In the United States , the federal government taxes dipping tobacco at $0.5033 per pound ( $1.11 / kg ) , equivalent to 3.15 ¢ per one - ounce ( 28 g ) package . Excise taxes are also levied at the state level ( Pennsylvania being the only exception ) , and in some instances , at the local level . Sales tax is also applied to the full retail price of dipping tobacco in most jurisdictions . The price of a tin of tobacco can range anywhere from under $1 per tin to more than $8 . Price is affected by factors such as brand and especially the varying excise taxes from state to state . See also ( edit ) Herbal dipping tobacco Naswar Smoking cessation Snus Tobacco industry Tobacco products References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` American Snuff Company - Est. 1900 - Timeline '' . Jump up ^ Palmer , Brian ( 2009 - 11 - 02 ) . `` Why Do So Many Baseball Players Chew Tobacco ? '' . Slate . ISSN 1091 - 2339 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Fowler : NFL has a smokeless tobacco habit , too '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Wolk , Robert ; Shamsuzzaman , Abu S.M. ; Svatikova , Anna ; Huyber , Christine M. ; Huck , Corey ; Narkiewicz , Krzysztof ; Somers , Virend K. ( 2005 ) . `` Hemodynamic and autonomic effects of smokeless tobacco in healthy young men '' . Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 45 ( 6 ) : 910 -- 4 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jacc. 2004.11. 056 . PMID 15766828 . Lay summary -- ScienceDaily ( March 31 , 2005 ) . Jump up ^ `` Smokeless Tobacco -- National Cancer Institute '' . Retrieved 19 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Rodu , Brad ; Cole , Philip ( 2002 ) . `` Smokeless tobacco use and cancer of the upper respiratory tract '' . Oral Surgery , Oral Medicine , Oral Pathology , Oral Radiology , and Endodontology. 93 ( 5 ) : 511 -- 5 . doi : 10.1067 / moe. 2002.123497 . PMID 12075196 . Jump up ^ Bouquot , J.E ; Meckstroth , R.L ( 1998 ) . `` Oral cancer in a tobacco - chewing US population -- no apparent increased incidence or mortality '' . Oral Surgery , Oral Medicine , Oral Pathology , Oral Radiology , and Endodontology. 86 ( 6 ) : 697 -- 706 . doi : 10.1016 / S1079 - 2104 ( 98 ) 90207 - 4 . PMID 9868728 . Jump up ^ Gupta , Ritesh ; Gurm , Hitinder ; Bartholomew , John R. ( September 2004 ) . `` Smokeless Tobacco and Cardiovascular Risk '' . Archives of Internal Medicine . 164 ( 17 ) : 1845 -- 9 . doi : 10.1001 / archinte. 164.17. 1845 . PMID 15451758 . Jump up ^ Asplund , Kjell ( 2003 ) . `` Smokeless tobacco and cardiovascular disease '' . Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases . 45 ( 5 ) : 383 -- 94 . doi : 10.1053 / pcad. 2003.00102 . PMID 12704595 . Jump up ^ Bolinder , Bolinder ( 1997 ) . `` Snusning en kontroversiell folkhälsofråga '' ( Overview of knowledge of health effects of smokeless tobacco . Increased risk of cardiovascular diseases and mortality because of snuff ) . Läkartidningen ( in Swedish ) . 94 ( 42 ) : 3725 -- 31 . PMID 9411127 . Jump up ^ Siegel , D ; Benowitz , N ; Ernster , VL ; Grady , DG ; Hauck , WW ( March 1992 ) . `` Smokeless tobacco , cardiovascular risk factors , and nicotine and cotinine levels in professional baseball players '' . American Journal of Public Health . 82 ( 3 ) : 417 -- 21 . doi : 10.2105 / AJPH. 82.3. 417 . PMC 1694380 . PMID 1536359 . Jump up ^ Gupta , BK ; Kaushik , A ; Panwar , RB ; Chaddha , VS ; Nayak , KC ; Singh , VB ; Gupta , R ; Raja , S ( January 2007 ) . `` Cardiovascular risk factors in tobacco - chewers : a controlled study '' . J Assoc Physicians India . 55 : 27 -- 31 . PMID 17444341 . Jump up ^ Winn , D.M. ( September 1997 ) . `` Epidemiology of Cancer and Other Systemic Effects Associated with the Use of Smokeless Tobacco '' . Advances in Dental Research . 11 ( 3 ) : 313 -- 21 . doi : 10.1177 / 08959374970110030201 . PMID 9524431 . Jump up ^ Critchley , Julia A. ; Unal , Belgin ( April 2004 ) . `` Is smokeless tobacco a risk factor for coronary heart disease ? A systematic review of epidemiological studies '' . European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation . 11 ( 2 ) : 101 -- 12 . doi : 10.1097 / 01. hjr. 0000114971.39211. d7 . PMID 15187813 . Jump up ^ Bates , C ; Fagerström , K ; Jarvis , MJ ; Kunze , M ; McNeill , A ; Ramström , L ( December 2003 ) . `` European Union policy on smokeless tobacco : a statement in favour of evidence based regulation for public health '' . Tobacco Control . 12 ( 4 ) : 360 -- 7 . doi : 10.1136 / tc. 12.4. 360 . PMC 1747769 . PMID 14660767 . Jump up ^ UK 's Action on Smoking & Health ( ASH ... ) Archived 10 February 2006 at the Wayback Machine . Accessed on 31 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( 1999 ) . `` Determination of Nicotine , pH , and Moisture Content of Six US Commercial Moist Snuff Products -- Florida , January - February 1999 '' . JAMA. 281 ( 24 ) : 2279 -- 80 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 281.24. 2279 . PMID 10386544 . Jump up ^ http://www.doj.state.or.us/tobacco/pdf/smokeless_tobacco_directory.pdf Jump up ^ Sachdev , Preeti ; Chapman , Simon ( September 2005 ) . `` Availability of smokeless tobacco products in South Asian grocery shops in Sydney , 2004 '' . Medical Journal of Australia . 183 ( 6 ) : 334 . PMID 16167879 . Jump up ^ `` British American Tobacco -- EU Social Reporting -- Issues '' . Batresponsibility.eu . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Overview of the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act : Consumer Fact Sheet '' . Jump up ^ `` TTBGov Tax and Fee Rates '' . Ttb.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 26 . External links ( edit ) Smokeout : Not as easy as ABC - Commentary - The Washington Times , America 's Newspaper Foulds , J ; Ramstrom , L ; Burke , M ; Fagerström , K ( 2003 ) . `` Effect of smokeless tobacco ( snus ) on smoking and public health in Sweden '' . Tobacco Control . 12 ( 4 ) : 349 -- 59 . doi : 10.1136 / tc. 12.4. 349 . JSTOR 20747648 . PMC 1747791 . PMID 14660766 . Rodu , Brad ; Godshall , William T ( 2006 ) . `` Tobacco harm reduction : an alternative cessation strategy for inveterate smokers '' . Harm Reduction Journal . 3 : 37 . doi : 10.1186 / 1477 - 7517 - 3 - 37 . PMC 1779270 . PMID 17184539 . SnusOn Community - The world 's largest forum community centered around Swedish snus and smokeless tobacco . Contains reviews , tutorials , information and discussions . Snus Authority - A blog dedicated to snus , snuff , and other forms of smokeless tobacco . Snus Central - A popular news and information site on smokeless tobacco . 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Alcohol legality Alcohol consumption Anabolic steroid legality Cannabis legality Annual use Lifetime use Cigarette consumption Cocaine legality Cocaine use Methamphetamine legality Opiates use Psilocybin mushrooms legality Salvia legality Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dipping_tobacco&oldid=840266752 '' Categories : Tobacco Hidden categories : CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing more detailed references Use dmy dates from December 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Articles needing additional references from November 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from July 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 May 2018 , at 19 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how much is a can of dip in florida	[]	[]
489824504364113657	Marley & Me	Marley & Me - wikipedia Marley & Me For the film based on the book , see Marley & Me ( film ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Marley & Me Author John Grogan Country United States Language English Genre Autobiographical novel Publisher HarperCollins ( US ) , Hodder & Stoughton ( UK ) Publication date October 18 , 2005 Media type Print ( hardcover ) , audiobook , e-book Pages 304 pp ISBN 0 - 06 - 081708 - 9 OCLC 58431841 Dewey Decimal 636.752 / 7 / 092 B 22 LC Class SF429. L3 G76 2005 Marley & Me : Life and Love with the World 's Worst Dog is a New York Times bestselling autobiographical book by journalist John Grogan , published in 2005 , about the thirteen years he and his family spent with their yellow Labrador Retriever , Marley . The dog is poorly behaved and destructive , and the book covers the issues this causes in the family as they learn to accept him in addition to their grief following Marley 's death . It has subsequently been adapted by the author in three separate books , as well as separately into a comedy - drama film released in 2008 . Contents 1 Story 2 Adaptations 3 Author 's comments 4 References 5 External links Story Told in first - person narrative , the book portrays Grogan and his family 's life during the thirteen years that they lived with their dog Marley , and the relationships and lessons from this period . Marley , a yellow Labrador Retriever , is described as a high - strung , boisterous , and somewhat uncontrolled dog . He is strong , powerful , endlessly hungry , eager to be active , and often destructive of their property ( but completely without malice ) . Marley routinely fails to `` get the idea '' of what humans expect of him ; at one point , mental illness is suggested as a plausible explanation for his behavior . His acts and behaviors are forgiven , however , since it is clear that he has a heart of gold and is merely living within his nature . Marley was filmed for a two - minute credited appearance in the 1996 movie The Last Home Run . The strong contrast between the problems and tensions caused by his neuroses and behavior , and the undying devotion , love and trust shown towards the human family as they themselves have children and grow up to accept him for what he is , and their grief when he finally dies from gastric dilatation volvulus ( a stomach torsion condition ) in old age , form the backdrop for the biographical material of the story . In the autobiography , the author states that the eulogy he wrote in his newspaper following the death of his dog received more responses than any other column he had written in his professional life up until that point . Adaptations Marley & Me has been rewritten into three different books : Marley : A Dog Like No Other , for younger readers who would enjoy reading about Marley 's story , without the sexual content in the original Bad Dog , Marley ! , a picture book for readers learning to read in lower grade levels A Very Marley Christmas In 2008 , the novel was adapted into a family comedy - drama motion picture , also titled Marley & Me . Released on December 25 , 2008 , the film stars Owen Wilson and Jennifer Aniston and is directed by David Frankel . A prequel followed in 2011 , Marley & Me : The Puppy Years . Author 's comments In a discussion on his website devoted to the book , Grogan looks back on his family 's time with Marley , and the lessons learned , and concludes that : `` ( C ) ommitment matters . That ' in good times and bad , in sickness and in health ' really means something . We did n't give up on Marley when it would have been easy to , and in the end he came through and proved himself a great and memorable pet . '' References Jump up ^ `` Marley & Me '' ch. 29 p. 281 - 282 : A recorded warning I had never heard before . `` Your mailbox is full '' ( ... ) . I logged onto my computer and opened my e-mail . Same story . ( ... ) This morning there were hundreds , far more than anything I had received before . Jump up ^ Grogan , John . `` Marley & Me Q&A '' . John Grogan 's `` Marley & Me '' website . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 11 . External links Official Site Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marley_%26_Me&oldid=806813011 '' Categories : 2005 American novels American autobiographical novels Animals and humans Books adapted into films HarperCollins books Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles needing additional references from December 2008 All articles needing additional references Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano עברית Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Polski Português Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 09 : 12 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	in the 2005 best-selling book marley & me the hero is	[]	[]
-4806587652203132536	Battles of Lexington and Concord	Battles of Lexington and Concord - wikipedia Battles of Lexington and Concord Jump to : navigation , search `` Battle of Lexington '' redirects here . For the American Civil War battles , see Battle of Lexington ( disambiguation ) . Battles of Lexington and Concord Part of the American Revolutionary War Romanticized 19th - century depiction of Battle of Lexington Date April 19 , 1775 ; 242 years ago ( 1775 - 04 - 19 ) Location Middlesex County , Massachusetts Lexington : 42 ° 26 ′ 58.7 '' N 71 ° 13 ′ 51.0 '' W / 42.449639 ° N 71.230833 ° W / 42.449639 ; - 71.230833 ( Lexington ) Coordinates : 42 ° 26 ′ 58.7 '' N 71 ° 13 ′ 51.0 '' W / 42.449639 ° N 71.230833 ° W / 42.449639 ; - 71.230833 ( Lexington ) Concord : 42 ° 28 ′ 08.54 '' N 71 ° 21 ′ 02.08 '' W / 42.4690389 ° N 71.3505778 ° W / 42.4690389 ; - 71.3505778 ( Concord ) Result Strategic American victory British forces succeed in destroying cannon and supplies in Concord Militia successfully drive British back to Boston Start of the American Revolutionary War Belligerents Massachusetts Bay Great Britain Commanders and leaders John Parker James Barrett John Buttrick John Robinson William Heath Joseph Warren Isaac Davis † Francis Smith John Pitcairn ( WIA ) Hugh Percy Strength Lexington : 77 Concord : 400 End of Battle : 3,960 Departing Boston : 700 Lexington : 400 Concord : 100 End of Battle : 1,500 Casualties and losses 49 killed 39 wounded 5 missing 73 killed 174 wounded 53 missing ( hide ) Boston campaign 1774 -- 1776 Powder Alarm Suffolk Resolves Lexington and Concord Boston Thompson 's War Chelsea Creek Machias Bunker Hill Gloucester Falmouth Knox artillery train Dorchester Heights The Battles of Lexington and Concord were the first military engagements of the American Revolutionary War . The battles were fought on April 19 , 1775 in Middlesex County , Province of Massachusetts Bay , within the towns of Lexington , Concord , Lincoln , Menotomy ( present - day Arlington ) , and Cambridge . They marked the outbreak of armed conflict between the Kingdom of Great Britain and its thirteen colonies in America . In late 1774 , Colonial leaders adopted the Suffolk Resolves in resistance to the alterations made to the Massachusetts colonial government by the British parliament following the Boston Tea Party . The colonial assembly responded by forming a Patriot provisional government known as the Massachusetts Provincial Congress and calling for local militias to train for possible hostilities . The Colonial government exercised effective control of the colony outside of British - controlled Boston . In response , the British government in February 1775 declared Massachusetts to be in a state of rebellion . About 700 British Army regulars in Boston , under Lieutenant Colonel Francis Smith , were given secret orders to capture and destroy Colonial military supplies reportedly stored by the Massachusetts militia at Concord . Through effective intelligence gathering , Patriot leaders had received word weeks before the expedition that their supplies might be at risk and had moved most of them to other locations . On the night before the battle , warning of the British expedition had been rapidly sent from Boston to militias in the area by several riders , including Paul Revere , with information about British plans . The initial mode of the Army 's arrival by water was signaled from the Old North Church in Boston to Charleston using lanterns to communicate `` one if by land , two if by sea '' . The first shots were fired just as the sun was rising at Lexington . Eight militiamen were killed , including Ensign Robert Munroe , their ranking officer . The British suffered only one casualty . The militia were outnumbered and fell back , and the regulars proceeded on to Concord , where they broke apart into companies to search for the supplies . At the North Bridge in Concord , approximately 400 militiamen engaged 100 regulars from three companies of the King 's troops at about 11 : 00 am , resulting in casualties on both sides . The outnumbered regulars fell back from the bridge and rejoined the main body of British forces in Concord . The British forces began their return march to Boston after completing their search for military supplies , and more militiamen continued to arrive from neighboring towns . Gunfire erupted again between the two sides and continued throughout the day as the regulars marched back towards Boston . Upon returning to Lexington , Lt. Col. Smith 's expedition was rescued by reinforcements under Brigadier General Hugh Percy , a future duke of Northumberland known as Earl Percy . The combined force of about 1,700 men marched back to Boston under heavy fire in a tactical withdrawal and eventually reached the safety of Charlestown . The accumulated militias then blockaded the narrow land accesses to Charlestown and Boston , starting the Siege of Boston . Ralph Waldo Emerson describes the first shot fired by the Patriots at the North Bridge in his `` Concord Hymn '' as the `` shot heard round the world '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 British government preparations 1.2 American preparations 1.3 Militia forces assemble 1.4 British forces advance 2 The Battles 2.1 Lexington 2.1. 1 First shot 2.2 Concord 2.2. 1 The search for militia supplies 2.2. 2 The North Bridge 2.2. 3 After the fight 2.3 Return march 2.3. 1 Concord to Lexington 2.3. 2 Percy 's rescue 2.3. 3 Lexington to Menotomy 2.3. 4 Menotomy to Charlestown 3 Aftermath 4 Legacy 5 Commemorations 5.1 Centennial commemoration 5.2 Sesquicentennial commemoration 5.3 Bicentennial commemoration 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Background Further information : Boston campaign Thomas Gage The British Army 's infantry was nicknamed `` redcoats '' and sometimes `` devils '' by the colonists . They had occupied Boston since 1768 and had been augmented by naval forces and marines to enforce what the colonists called The Intolerable Acts , which had been passed by the British Parliament to punish the Province of Massachusetts Bay for the Boston Tea Party and other acts of defiance . General Thomas Gage was the military governor of Massachusetts and commander - in - chief of the roughly 3,000 British military forces garrisoned in Boston . He had no control over Massachusetts outside of Boston , however , where implementation of the Acts had increased tensions between the Patriot Whig majority and the pro-British Tory minority . Gage 's plan was to avoid conflict by removing military supplies from Whig militias using small , secret , and rapid strikes . This struggle for supplies led to one British success and several Patriot successes in a series of nearly bloodless conflicts known as the Powder Alarms . Gage considered himself to be a friend of liberty and attempted to separate his duties as governor of the colony and as general of an occupying force . Edmund Burke described Gage 's conflicted relationship with Massachusetts by saying in Parliament , `` An Englishman is the unfittest person on Earth to argue another Englishman into slavery . '' The colonists had been forming militias since the very beginnings of Colonial settlement for the purpose of defense against Indian attacks . These forces also saw action in the French and Indian War between 1754 and 1763 when they fought alongside British regulars . Under the laws of each New England colony , all towns were obligated to form militia companies composed of all males 16 years of age and older ( there were exemptions for some categories ) , and to ensure that the members were properly armed . The Massachusetts militias were formally under the jurisdiction of the provincial government , but militia companies throughout New England elected their own officers . Gage effectively dissolved the provincial government under the terms of the Massachusetts Government Act , and these existing connections were employed by the colonists under the Massachusetts Provincial Congress for the purpose of resistance to the military threat from Britain . British government preparations A February 1775 address to King George III , by both houses of Parliament , declared that a state of rebellion existed : We ... find that a part of your Majesty ' s subjects , in the Province of the Massachusetts Bay , have proceeded so far to resist the authority of the supreme Legislature , that a rebellion at this time actually exists within the said Province ; and we see , with the utmost concern , that they have been countenanced and encouraged by unlawful combinations and engagements entered into by your Majesty 's subjects in several of the other Colonies , to the injury and oppression of many of their innocent fellow - subjects , resident within the Kingdom of Great Britain , and the rest of your Majesty ' s Dominions ... We ... shall ... pay attention and regard to any real grievances ... laid before us ; and whenever any of the Colonies shall make a proper application to us , we shall be ready to afford them every just and reasonable indulgence . At the same time we ... beseech your Majesty that you will ... enforce due obedience to the laws and authority of the supreme Legislature ; and ... it is our fixed resolution , at the hazard of our lives and properties , to stand by your Majesty against all rebellious attempts in the maintenance of the just rights of your Majesty , and the two Houses of Parliament . On April 14 , 1775 , Gage received instructions from Secretary of State William Legge , Earl of Dartmouth , to disarm the rebels and to imprison the rebellion 's leaders , but Dartmouth gave Gage considerable discretion in his commands . Gage 's decision to act promptly may have been influenced by information he received on April 15 , from a spy within the Provincial Congress , telling him that although the Congress was still divided on the need for armed resistance , delegates were being sent to the other New England colonies to see if they would cooperate in raising a New England army of 18,000 colonial soldiers . Francis Smith , commander of the military expedition , in a 1763 portrait On the morning of April 18 , Gage ordered a mounted patrol of about 20 men under the command of Major Mitchell of the 5th Regiment of Foot into the surrounding country to intercept messengers who might be out on horseback . This patrol behaved differently from patrols sent out from Boston in the past , staying out after dark and asking travelers about the location of Samuel Adams and John Hancock . This had the unintended effect of alarming many residents and increasing their preparedness . The Lexington militia in particular began to muster early that evening , hours before receiving any word from Boston . A well - known story alleges that after nightfall one farmer , Josiah Nelson , mistook the British patrol for the colonists and asked them , `` Have you heard anything about when the regulars are coming out ? '' upon which he was slashed on his scalp with a sword . However , the story of this incident was not published until over a century later , which suggests that it may be little more than a family myth . Lieutenant Colonel Francis Smith received orders from Gage on the afternoon of April 18 with instructions that he was not to read them until his troops were underway . He was to proceed from Boston `` with utmost expedition and secrecy to Concord , where you will seize and destroy ... all Military stores ... But you will take care that the soldiers do not plunder the inhabitants or hurt private property . '' Gage used his discretion and did not issue written orders for the arrest of rebel leaders , as he feared doing so might spark an uprising . American preparations Margaret Kemble Gage may have given military intelligence to the rebels . On March 30 , 1775 , the Massachusetts Provincial Congress issued the following resolution : Whenever the army under command of General Gage , or any part thereof to the number of five hundred , shall march out of the town of Boston , with artillery and baggage , it ought to be deemed a design to carry into execution by force the late acts of Parliament , the attempting of which , by the resolve of the late honourable Continental Congress , ought to be opposed ; and therefore the military force of the Province ought to be assembled , and an army of observation immediately formed , to act solely on the defensive so long as it can be justified on the principles of reason and self - preservation . The rebellion 's leaders -- with the exception of Paul Revere and Joseph Warren -- had all left Boston by April 8 . They had received word of Dartmouth 's secret instructions to General Gage from sources in London well before they reached Gage himself . Adams and Hancock had fled Boston to the home of one of Hancock 's relatives in Lexington , where they thought they would be safe from the immediate threat of arrest . The Massachusetts militias had indeed been gathering a stock of weapons , powder , and supplies at Concord and much further west in Worcester . An expedition from Boston to Concord was widely anticipated . After a large contingent of regulars alarmed the countryside by an expedition from Boston to Watertown on March 30 , The Pennsylvania Journal , a newspaper in Philadelphia , reported , `` It was supposed they were going to Concord , where the Provincial Congress is now sitting . A quantity of provisions and warlike stores are lodged there ... It is ... said they are intending to go out again soon . '' On April 8 , Paul Revere rode to Concord to warn the inhabitants that the British appeared to be planning an expedition . The townspeople decided to remove the stores and distribute them among other towns nearby . The colonists were also aware that April 19 would be the date of the expedition , despite Gage 's efforts to keep the details hidden from all the British rank and file and even from the officers who would command the mission . There is reasonable speculation , although not proven , that the confidential source of this intelligence was Margaret Gage , General Gage 's New Jersey - born wife , who had sympathies with the Colonial cause and a friendly relationship with Warren . Between 9 and 10 pm on the night of April 18 , 1775 , Joseph Warren told Revere and William Dawes that the British troops were about to embark in boats from Boston bound for Cambridge and the road to Lexington and Concord . Warren 's intelligence suggested that the most likely objectives of the regulars ' movements later that night would be the capture of Adams and Hancock . They did not worry about the possibility of regulars marching to Concord , since the supplies at Concord were safe , but they did think their leaders in Lexington were unaware of the potential danger that night . Revere and Dawes were sent out to warn them and to alert colonial militias in nearby towns . Militia forces assemble Further information : Minutemen Dawes covered the southern land route by horseback across Boston Neck and over the Great Bridge to Lexington . Revere first gave instructions to send a signal to Charlestown using lanterns hung in the steeple of Boston 's Old North Church . He then traveled the northern water route , crossing the mouth of the Charles River by rowboat , slipping past the British warship HMS Somerset at anchor . Crossings were banned at that hour , but Revere safely landed in Charlestown and rode west to Lexington , warning almost every house along the route . Additional riders were sent north from Charlestown . Silversmith Paul Revere and several other messengers on horseback sounded the alarm that the regulars were leaving Boston . After they arrived in Lexington , Revere , Dawes , Hancock , and Adams discussed the situation with the militia assembling there . They believed that the forces leaving the city were too large for the sole task of arresting two men and that Concord was the main target . The Lexington men dispatched riders to the surrounding towns , and Revere and Dawes continued along the road to Concord accompanied by Samuel Prescott . In Lincoln , they ran into the British patrol led by Major Mitchell . Revere was captured , Dawes was thrown from his horse , and only Prescott escaped to reach Concord . Additional riders were sent out from Concord . The ride of Revere , Dawes , and Prescott triggered a flexible system of `` alarm and muster '' that had been carefully developed months before , in reaction to the colonists ' impotent response to the Powder Alarm . This system was an improved version of an old notification network for use in times of emergency . The colonists had periodically used it during the early years of Indian wars in the colony , before it fell into disuse in the French and Indian War . In addition to other express riders delivering messages , bells , drums , alarm guns , bonfires and a trumpet were used for rapid communication from town to town , notifying the rebels in dozens of eastern Massachusetts villages that they should muster their militias because over 500 regulars were leaving Boston . This system was so effective that people in towns 25 miles ( 40 km ) from Boston were aware of the army 's movements while they were still unloading boats in Cambridge . These early warnings played a crucial role in assembling a sufficient number of colonial militia to inflict heavy damage on the British regulars later in the day . Adams and Hancock were eventually moved to safety , first to what is now Burlington and later to Billerica . A National Park Service map showing the routes of the initial Patriot messengers and of the British expedition British forces advance Around dusk , General Gage called a meeting of his senior officers at the Province House . He informed them that instructions from Lord Dartmouth had arrived , ordering him to take action against the colonials . He also told them that the senior colonel of his regiments , Lieutenant Colonel Smith , would command , with Major John Pitcairn as his executive officer . The meeting adjourned around 8 : 30 pm , after which Earl Percy mingled with town folk on Boston Common . According to one account , the discussion among people there turned to the unusual movement of the British soldiers in the town . When Percy questioned one man further , the man replied , `` Well , the regulars will miss their aim . '' `` What aim ? '' asked Percy . `` Why , the cannon at Concord '' was the reply . Upon hearing this , Percy quickly returned to Province House and relayed this information to General Gage . Stunned , Gage issued orders to prevent messengers from getting out of Boston , but these were too late to prevent Dawes and Revere from leaving . 1775 map of the battles and of the Siege of Boston The British regulars , around 700 infantry , were drawn from 11 of Gage 's 13 occupying infantry regiments . Major Pitcairn commanded ten elite light infantry companies , and Lieutenant Colonel Benjamin Bernard commanded 11 grenadier companies , under the overall command of Lieutenant Colonel Smith . Of the troops assigned to the expedition , 350 were from grenadier companies drawn from the 4th ( King 's Own ) , 5th , 10th , 18th ( Royal Irish ) , 23rd , 38th , 43rd , 47th , 52nd and 59th Regiments of Foot , and the 1st Battalion of His Majesty 's Marine Forces . Protecting the grenadier companies were about 320 light infantry from the 4th , 5th , 10th , 23rd , 38th , 43rd , 47th , 52nd , and 59th Regiments , and the 1st Battalion of the Marines . Each company had its own lieutenant , but the majority of the captains commanding them were volunteers attached to them at the last minute , drawn from all the regiments stationed in Boston . This lack of familiarity between commander and company would cause problems during the battle . The British began to awaken their troops at 9 pm on the night of April 18 and assembled them on the water 's edge on the western end of Boston Common by 10 pm . Colonel Smith was late in arriving , and there was no organized boat - loading operation , resulting in confusion at the staging area . The boats used were naval barges that were packed so tightly that there was no room to sit down . When they disembarked near Phipps Farm in Cambridge , it was into waist - deep water at midnight . After a lengthy halt to unload their gear , the regulars began their 17 miles ( 27 km ) march to Concord at about 2 am . During the wait they were provided with extra ammunition , cold salt pork , and hard sea biscuits . They did not carry knapsacks , since they would not be encamped . They carried their haversacks ( food bags ) , canteens , muskets , and accoutrements , and marched off in wet , muddy shoes and soggy uniforms . As they marched through Menotomy , sounds of the colonial alarms throughout the countryside caused the few officers who were aware of their mission to realize they had lost the element of surprise . At about 3 am , Colonel Smith sent Major Pitcairn ahead with six companies of light infantry under orders to quick march to Concord . At about 4 am Smith made the wise but belated decision to send a messenger back to Boston asking for reinforcements . The Battles Lexington BEP engraved vignette Battle of Lexington which appeared on the $20 National Bank Note Battle of Lexington , April 19 , 1775 , New York Public Library Though often styled a battle , in reality the engagement at Lexington was a minor brush or skirmish . As the regulars ' advance guard under Pitcairn entered Lexington at sunrise on April 19 , 1775 , about 80 Lexington militiamen emerged from Buckman Tavern and stood in ranks on the village common watching them , and between 40 and 100 spectators watched from along the side of the road . Their leader was Captain John Parker , a veteran of the French and Indian War , who was suffering from tuberculosis and was at times difficult to hear . Of the militiamen who lined up , nine had the surname Harrington , seven Munroe ( including the company 's orderly sergeant , William Munroe ) , four Parker , three Tidd , three Locke , and three Reed ; fully one quarter of them were related to Captain Parker in some way . This group of militiamen was part of Lexington 's `` training band '' , a way of organizing local militias dating back to the Puritans , and not what was styled a minuteman company . After having waited most of the night with no sign of any British troops ( and wondering if Paul Revere 's warning was true ) , at about 4 : 15 a.m. , Parker got his confirmation . Thaddeus Bowman , the last scout that Parker had sent out , rode up at a gallop and told him that they were not only coming , but coming in force and they were close . Captain Parker was clearly aware that he was outmatched in the confrontation and was not prepared to sacrifice his men for no purpose . He knew that most of the colonists ' powder and military supplies at Concord had already been hidden . No war had been declared . ( The Declaration of Independence was a year in the future . ) He also knew the British had gone on such expeditions before in Massachusetts , found nothing , and marched back to Boston . Parker had every reason to expect that to occur again . The Regulars would march to Concord , find nothing , and return to Boston , tired but empty - handed . He positioned his company carefully . He placed them in parade - ground formation , on Lexington Common . They were in plain sight ( not hiding behind walls ) , but not blocking the road to Concord . They made a show of political and military determination , but no effort to prevent the march of the Regulars . Many years later , one of the participants recalled Parker 's words as being what is now engraved in stone at the site of the battle : `` Stand your ground ; do n't fire unless fired upon , but if they mean to have a war , let it begin here . '' According to Parker 's sworn deposition taken after the battle : I ... ordered our Militia to meet on the Common in said Lexington to consult what to do , and concluded not to be discovered , nor meddle or make with said Regular Troops ( if they should approach ) unless they should insult or molest us ; and , upon their sudden Approach , I immediately ordered our Militia to disperse , and not to fire : -- Immediately said Troops made their appearance and rushed furiously , fired upon , and killed eight of our Party without receiving any Provocation therefor from us . -- John Parker Rather than turn left towards Concord , Marine Lieutenant Jesse Adair , at the head of the advance guard , decided on his own to protect the flank of the British column by first turning right and then leading the companies onto the Common itself , in a confused effort to surround and disarm the militia . Major Pitcairn arrived from the rear of the advance force and led his three companies to the left and halted them . The remaining companies under Colonel Smith lay further down the road toward Boston . First shot A British officer ( probably Pitcairn , but accounts are uncertain , as it may also have been Lieutenant William Sutherland ) then rode forward , waving his sword , and called out for the assembled militia to disperse , and may also have ordered them to `` lay down your arms , you damned rebels ! '' Captain Parker told his men instead to disperse and go home , but , because of the confusion , the yelling all around , and due to the raspiness of Parker 's tubercular voice , some did not hear him , some left very slowly , and none laid down their arms . Both Parker and Pitcairn ordered their men to hold fire , but a shot was fired from an unknown source . The first of four engravings by Amos Doolittle from 1775 . Doolittle visited the battle sites and interviewed soldiers and witnesses . Contains controversial elements , possibly inaccuracies . Fire from the militia may have occurred but is not depicted . ( A ) t 5 o'clock we arrived ( in Lexington ) , and saw a number of people , I believe between 200 and 300 , formed in a common in the middle of town ; we still continued advancing , keeping prepared against an attack through without intending to attack them ; but on our coming near them they fired on us two shots , upon which our men without any orders , rushed upon them , fired and put them to flight ; several of them were killed , we could not tell how many , because they were behind walls and into the woods . We had a man of the 10th light Infantry wounded , nobody else was hurt . We then formed on the Common , but with some difficulty , the men were so wild they could hear no orders ; we waited a considerable time there , and at length proceeded our way to Concord . -- Lieutenant John Barker , 4th Regiment of Foot According to one member of Parker 's militia , none of the Americans had discharged their muskets as they faced the oncoming British troops . The British did suffer one casualty , a slight wound , the particulars of which were corroborated by a deposition made by Corporal John Munroe . Munroe stated that : After the first fire of the regulars , I thought , and so stated to Ebenezer Munroe ... who stood next to me on the left , that they had fired nothing but powder ; but on the second firing , Munroe stated they had fired something more than powder , for he had received a wound in his arm ; and now , said he , to use his own words , ' I 'll give them the guts of my gun . ' We then both took aim at the main body of British troops the smoke preventing our seeing anything but the heads of some of their horses and discharged our pieces . Some witnesses among the regulars reported the first shot was fired by a colonial onlooker from behind a hedge or around the corner of a tavern . Some observers reported a mounted British officer firing first . Both sides generally agreed that the initial shot did not come from the men on the ground immediately facing each other . Speculation arose later in Lexington that a man named Solomon Brown fired the first shot from inside the tavern or from behind a wall , but this has been discredited . Some witnesses ( on each side ) claimed that someone on the other side fired first ; however , many more witnesses claimed to not know . Yet another theory is that the first shot was one fired by the British , that killed Asahel Porter , their prisoner who was running away ( he had been told to walk away and he would be let go , though he panicked and began to run ) . Historian David Hackett Fischer has proposed that there may actually have been multiple near - simultaneous shots . Historian Mark Urban claims the British surged forward with bayonets ready in an undisciplined way , provoking a few scattered shots from the militia . In response the British troops , without orders , fired a devastating volley . This lack of discipline among the British troops had a key role in the escalation of violence . Witnesses at the scene described several intermittent shots fired from both sides before the lines of regulars began to fire volleys without receiving orders to do so . A few of the militiamen believed at first that the regulars were only firing powder with no ball , but when they realized the truth , few if any of the militia managed to load and return fire . The rest ran for their lives . We Nathaniel Mulliken , Philip Russell , ( and 32 other men ... ) do testify and declare , that on the nineteenth in the morning , being informed that ... a body of regulars were marching from Boston towards Concord ... About five o'clock in the morning , hearing our drum beat , we proceeded towards the parade , and soon found that a large body of troops were marching towards us , some of our company were coming to the parade , and others had reached it , at which time , the company began to disperse , whilst our backs were turned on the troops , we were fired on by them , and a number of our men were instantly killed and wounded , not a gun was fired by any person in our company on the regulars to our knowledge before they fired on us , and continued firing until we had all made our escape . The regulars then charged forward with bayonets . Captain Parker 's cousin Jonas was run through . Eight Lexington men were killed , and ten were wounded . The only British casualty was a soldier who was wounded in the thigh . The eight colonists killed were John Brown , Samuel Hadley , Caleb Harrington , Jonathon Harrington , Robert Munroe , Isaac Muzzey , Asahel Porter , and Jonas Parker . Jonathon Harrington , fatally wounded by a British musket ball , managed to crawl back to his home , and died on his own doorstep . One wounded man , Prince Estabrook , was a black slave who was serving in the militia . The companies under Pitcairn 's command got beyond their officers ' control in part because they were unaware of the actual purpose of the day 's mission . They fired in different directions and prepared to enter private homes . Colonel Smith , who was just arriving with the remainder of the regulars , heard the musket fire and rode forward from the grenadier column to see the action . He quickly found a drummer and ordered him to beat assembly . The grenadiers arrived shortly thereafter , and once order was restored among the soldiers , the light infantry were permitted to fire a victory volley , after which the column was reformed and marched on toward Concord . Concord The second of four engravings by Amos Doolittle from 1775 , depicting the British entering Concord In response to the raised alarm , the militiamen of Concord and Lincoln had mustered in Concord . They received reports of firing at Lexington , and were not sure whether to wait until they could be reinforced by troops from towns nearby , or to stay and defend the town , or to move east and greet the British Army from superior terrain . A column of militia marched down the road toward Lexington to meet the British , traveling about 1.5 miles ( 2 km ) until they met the approaching column of regulars . As the regulars numbered about 700 and the militia at this time only numbered about 250 , the militia column turned around and marched back into Concord , preceding the regulars by a distance of about 500 yards ( 457 m ) . The militia retreated to a ridge overlooking the town , and their officers discussed what to do next . Caution prevailed , and Colonel James Barrett withdrew from the town of Concord and led the men across the North Bridge to a hill about a mile north of town , where they could continue to watch the troop movements of the British and the activities in the center of town . This step proved fortuitous , as the ranks of the militia continued to grow as minuteman companies arriving from the western towns joined them there . The search for militia supplies When the British troops arrived in the village of Concord , Lt. Col. Smith divided them to carry out Gage 's orders . The 10th Regiment 's company of grenadiers secured South Bridge under Captain Mundy Pole , while seven companies of light infantry under Captain Parsons , numbering about 100 , secured the North Bridge , where they were visible across the cleared fields to the assembling militia companies . Captain Parsons took four companies from the 5th , 23rd , 38th and 52nd Regiments up the road 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) beyond the North Bridge to search Barrett 's Farm , where intelligence indicated supplies would be found . Two companies from the 4th and 10th Regiments were stationed to guard their return route , and one company from the 43rd remained guarding the bridge itself . These companies , which were under the relatively inexperienced command of Captain Walter Laurie , were aware that they were significantly outnumbered by the 400 - plus militiamen . The concerned Captain Laurie sent a messenger to Lt. Col. Smith requesting reinforcements . Using detailed information provided by Loyalist spies , the grenadier companies searched the small town for military supplies . When they arrived at Ephraim Jones 's tavern , by the jail on the South Bridge road , they found the door barred shut , and Jones refused them entry . According to reports provided by local Loyalists , Pitcairn knew cannon had been buried on the property . Jones was ordered at gunpoint to show where the guns were buried . These turned out to be three massive pieces , firing 24 - pound shot , that were much too heavy to use defensively , but very effective against fortifications , with sufficient range to bombard the city of Boston from other parts of nearby mainland . The grenadiers smashed the trunnions of these three guns so they could not be mounted . They also burned some gun carriages found in the village meetinghouse , and when the fire spread to the meetinghouse itself , local resident Martha Moulton persuaded the soldiers to help in a bucket brigade to save the building . Nearly a hundred barrels of flour and salted food were thrown into the millpond , as were 550 pounds of musket balls . Of the damage done , only that done to the cannon was significant . All of the shot and much of the food was recovered after the British left . During the search , the regulars were generally scrupulous in their treatment of the locals , including paying for food and drink consumed . This excessive politeness was used to advantage by the locals , who were able to misdirect searches from several smaller caches of militia supplies . Barrett 's Farm had been an arsenal weeks before , but few weapons remained now , and according to family legend , these were quickly buried in furrows to look like a crop had been planted . The troops sent there did not find any supplies of consequence . The North bridge The reconstructed North Bridge in Minute Man National Historical Park , Concord Colonel Barrett 's troops , upon seeing smoke rising from the village square as the British burned cannon carriages , and seeing only a few light infantry companies directly below them , decided to march back toward the town from their vantage point on Punkatasset Hill to a lower , closer flat hilltop about 300 yards ( 274 m ) from the North Bridge . As the militia advanced , the two British companies from the 4th and 10th Regiments that held the position near the road retreated to the bridge and yielded the hill to Barrett 's men . Five full companies of Minutemen and five more of militia from Acton , Concord , Bedford and Lincoln occupied this hill as more groups of men streamed in , totaling at least 400 against Captain Laurie 's light infantry companies , a force totaling 90 -- 95 men . Barrett ordered the Massachusetts men to form one long line two abreast on the highway leading down to the bridge , and then he called for another consultation . While overlooking North Bridge from the top of the hill , Barrett , Lt. Col. John Robinson of Westford and the other Captains discussed possible courses of action . Captain Isaac Davis of Acton , whose troops had arrived late , declared his willingness to defend a town not their own by saying , `` I 'm not afraid to go , and I have n't a man that 's afraid to go . '' Barrett told the men to load their weapons but not to fire unless fired upon , and then ordered them to advance . Laurie ordered the British companies guarding the bridge to retreat across it . One officer then tried to pull up the loose planks of the bridge to impede the colonial advance , but Major Buttrick began to yell at the regulars to stop harming the bridge . The Minutemen and militia from Concord , Acton and a handful of Westford Minutemen , advanced in column formation , two by two , led by Major Buttrick , Lt. Col. Robinson , then Capt . Davis , on the light infantry , keeping to the road , since it was surrounded by the spring floodwaters of the Concord River . Captain Laurie then made a poor tactical decision . Since his summons for help had not produced any results , he ordered his men to form positions for `` street firing '' behind the bridge in a column running perpendicular to the river . This formation was appropriate for sending a large volume of fire into a narrow alley between the buildings of a city , but not for an open path behind a bridge . Confusion reigned as regulars retreating over the bridge tried to form up in the street - firing position of the other troops . Lieutenant Sutherland , who was in the rear of the formation , saw Laurie 's mistake and ordered flankers to be sent out . But as he was from a company different from the men under his command , only three soldiers obeyed him . The remainder tried as best they could in the confusion to follow the orders of the superior officer . The third of four engravings by Amos Doolittle from 1775 , depicting the engagement at the North Bridge A shot rang out . It was likely a warning shot fired by a panicked , exhausted British soldier from the 43rd , according to Captain Laurie 's report to his commander after the fight . Two other regulars then fired immediately after that , shots splashing in the river , and then the narrow group up front , possibly thinking the order to fire had been given , fired a ragged volley before Laurie could stop them . Two of the Acton Minutemen , Private Abner Hosmer and Captain Isaac Davis , who were at the head of the line marching to the bridge , were hit and killed instantly . Rev. Dr. Ripley recalled : The Americans commenced their march in double file ... In a minute or two , the Americans being in quick motion and within ten or fifteen rods of the bridge , a single gun was fired by a British soldier , which marked the way , passing under Col. Robinson 's arm and slightly wounding the side of Luther Blanchard , a fifer , in the Acton Company . Four more men were wounded . Major Buttrick then yelled to the militia , `` Fire , for God 's sake , fellow soldiers , fire ! '' At this point the lines were separated by the Concord River and the bridge , and were only 50 yards ( 46 m ) apart . The few front rows of colonists , bound by the road and blocked from forming a line of fire , managed to fire over each other 's heads and shoulders at the regulars massed across the bridge . Four of the eight British officers and sergeants , who were leading from the front of their troops , were wounded by the volley of musket fire . At least three privates ( Thomas Smith , Patrick Gray , and James Hall , all from the 4th ) were killed or mortally wounded , and nine were wounded . In 1824 , Reverend and Minuteman Joseph Thaxter wrote : I was an eyewitness to the following facts . The people of Westford and Acton , some few of Concord , were the first who faced the British at Concord bridge . The British had placed about ninety men as a guard at the North Bridge ; we had then no certain information that any had been killed at Lexington , we saw the British making destruction in the town of Concord ; it was proposed to advance to the bridge ; on this Colonel Robinson , of Westford , together with Major Buttrick , took the lead ; strict orders were given not to fire , unless the British fired first ; when they advanced about halfway on the causeway the British fired one gun , a second , a third , and then the whole body ; they killed Colonel Davis , of Acton , and a Mr. Hosmer . Our people then fired over one another 's heads , being in a long column , two and two ; they killed two and wounded eleven . Lieutenant Hawkstone , said to be the greatest beauty of the British army , had his cheeks so badly wounded that it disfigured him much , of which he bitterly complained . On this , the British fled , and assembled on the hill , the north side of Concord , and dressed their wounded , and then began their retreat . As they descended the hill near the road that comes out from Bedford they were pursued ; Colonel Bridge , with a few men from Bedford and Chelmsford , came up , and killed several men . The regulars found themselves trapped in a situation where they were both outnumbered and outmaneuvered . Lacking effective leadership and terrified at the superior numbers of the enemy , with their spirit broken , and likely not having experienced combat before , they abandoned their wounded , and fled to the safety of the approaching grenadier companies coming from the town center , isolating Captain Parsons and the companies searching for arms at Barrett 's Farm . After the fight Statue memorializing the battle at the North Bridge , inscribed with verse from Emerson 's `` Concord Hymn '' The colonists were stunned by their success . No one had actually believed either side would shoot to kill the other . Some advanced ; many more retreated ; and some went home to see to the safety of their homes and families . Colonel Barrett eventually began to recover control . He moved some of the militia back to the hilltop 300 yards ( 274 m ) away and sent Major Buttrick with others across the bridge to a defensive position on a hill behind a stone wall . Lieutenant Colonel Smith heard the exchange of fire from his position in the town moments after he received the request for reinforcements from Laurie . He quickly assembled two companies of grenadiers to lead toward the North Bridge himself . As these troops marched , they met the shattered remnants of the three light infantry companies running towards them . Smith was concerned about the four companies that had been at Barrett 's , since their route to town was now unprotected . When he saw the Minutemen in the distance behind their wall , he halted his two companies and moved forward with only his officers to take a closer look . One of the Minutemen behind that wall observed , `` If we had fired , I believe we could have killed almost every officer there was in the front , but we had no orders to fire and there was n't a gun fired . '' During a tense standoff lasting about 10 minutes , a mentally ill local man named Elias Brown wandered through both sides selling hard cider . At this point , the detachment of regulars sent to Barrett 's farm marched back from their fruitless search of that area . They passed through the now mostly - deserted battlefield , and saw dead and wounded comrades lying on the bridge . There was one who looked to them as if he had been scalped , which angered and shocked the British soldiers . They crossed the bridge and returned to the town by 11 : 30 a.m. , under the watchful eyes of the colonists , who continued to maintain defensive positions . The regulars continued to search for and destroy colonial military supplies in the town , ate lunch , reassembled for marching , and left Concord after noon . This delay in departure gave colonial militiamen from outlying towns additional time to reach the road back to Boston . Return march A National Park Service map showing the retreat from Concord and Percy 's rescue Concord to Lexington Lieutenant Colonel Smith , concerned about the safety of his men , sent flankers to follow a ridge and protect his forces from the roughly 1,000 colonials now in the field as the British marched east out of Concord . This ridge ended near Meriam 's Corner , a crossroads about a mile ( 2 km ) outside the village of Concord , where the main road came to a bridge across a small stream . To cross the narrow bridge , the British had to pull the flankers back into the main column and close ranks to a mere three soldiers abreast . Colonial militia companies arriving from the north and east had converged at this point , and presented a clear numerical advantage over the regulars . The British were now witnessing once again what General Gage had hoped to avoid by dispatching the expedition in secrecy and in the dark of night : the ability of the colonial militiamen to rise and converge by the thousands when British forces ventured out of Boston . As the last of the British column marched over the narrow bridge , the British rear guard wheeled and fired a volley at the colonial militiamen , who had been firing irregularly and ineffectively from a distance but now had closed to within musket range . The colonists returned fire , this time with deadly effect . Two regulars were killed and perhaps six wounded , with no colonial casualties. Smith sent out his flanking troops again after crossing the small bridge . On Brooks Hill ( also known as Hardy 's Hill ) about 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) past Meriam 's Corner , nearly 500 militiamen had assembled to the south of the road , awaiting opportunity to fire down upon the British column on the road below . Smith 's leading forces charged up the hill to drive them off , but the colonists did not withdraw , inflicting significant casualties on the attackers. Smith withdrew his men from Brooks Hill , and the column continued on to another small bridge into Lincoln , at Brooks Tavern , where more militia companies intensified the attack from the north side of the road . This statue known as The Lexington Minuteman is commonly believed to depict Captain John Parker . It is by Henry Hudson Kitson and stands at the town green of Lexington , Massachusetts . The regulars soon reached a point in the road now referred to as the `` Bloody Angle '' where the road rises and curves sharply to the left through a lightly - wooded area . At this place , the militia company from Woburn had positioned themselves on the southeast side of the bend in the road in a rocky , lightly - wooded field . Additional militia flowing parallel to the road from the engagement at Meriam 's Corner positioned themselves on the northwest side of the road , catching the British in a crossfire , while other militia companies on the road closed from behind to attack . Some 500 yards ( 460 m ) further along , the road took another sharp curve , this time to the right , and again the British column was caught by another large force of militiamen firing from both sides . In passing through these two sharp curves , the British force lost thirty soldiers killed or wounded , and four colonial militia were also killed , including Captain Jonathan Wilson of Bedford , Captain Nathan Wyman of Billerica , Lt. John Bacon of Natick , and Daniel Thompson of Woburn . The British soldiers escaped by breaking into a trot , a pace that the colonials could not maintain through the woods and swampy terrain . Colonial forces on the road itself behind the British were too densely packed and disorganized to mount more than a harassing attack from the rear . As militia forces from other towns continued to arrive , the colonial forces had risen to about 2,000 men . The road now straightened to the east , with cleared fields and orchards along the sides . Lt. Col. Smith sent out flankers again , who succeeded in trapping some militia from behind and inflicting casualties . British casualties were also mounting from these engagements and from persistent long - range fire from the militiamen , and the exhausted British were running out of ammunition . When the British column neared the boundary between Lincoln and Lexington , it encountered another ambush from a hill overlooking the road , set by Captain John Parker 's Lexington militiamen , including some of them bandaged up from the encounter in Lexington earlier in the day . At this point , Lt. Col. Smith was wounded in the thigh and knocked from his horse . Major John Pitcairn assumed effective command of the column and sent light infantry companies up the hill to clear the militia forces . The light infantry cleared two additional hills as the column continued east -- `` The Bluff '' and `` Fiske Hill '' -- and took still more casualties from ambushes set by fresh militia companies joining the battle . In one of the musket volleys from the colonial soldiers , Major Pitcairn 's horse bolted in fright , throwing Pitcairn to the ground and injuring his arm . Now both principal leaders of the expedition were injured or unhorsed , and their men were tired , thirsty , and exhausting their ammunition . A few surrendered or were captured ; some now broke formation and ran forward toward Lexington . In the words of one British officer , `` we began to run rather than retreat in order ... We attempted to stop the men and form them two deep , but to no purpose , the confusion increased rather than lessened ... the officers got to the front and presented their bayonets , and told the men if they advanced they should die . Upon this , they began to form up under heavy fire . '' Only one British officer remained uninjured among the three companies at the head of the British column as it approach Lexington Center . He understood the column 's perilous situation : `` There were very few men had any ammunition left , and so fatigued that we could not keep flanking parties out , so that we must soon have laid down our arms , or been picked off by the Rebels at their pleasure -- nearer to -- and we were not able to keep them off . '' He then heard cheering further ahead . A full brigade , about 1,000 men with artillery under the command of Earl Percy , had arrived to rescue them . It was about 2 : 30 p.m. , and the British column had now been on the march since 2 o'clock in the morning . Westford Minuteman , Rev. Joseph Thaxter , wrote of his account : We pursued them and killed some ; when they got to Lexington , they were so close pursued and fatigued , that they must have soon surrendered , had not Lord Percy met them with a large reinforcement and two field - pieces . They fired them , but the balls went high over our heads . But no cannon ever did more execution , such stories of their effects had been spread by the tories through our troops , that from this time more wont back than pursed . We pursued to Charlestown Common , and then retired to Cambridge . When the army collected at Cambridge , Colonel Prescott with his regiment of minute men , and John Robinson , his Lieutenant Colonel , were prompt at being at their post . In their accounts afterward , British officers and soldiers alike noted their frustration that the colonial militiamen fired at them from behind trees and stone walls , rather than confronting them in large , linear formations in the style of European warfare . This image of the individual colonial farmer , musket in hand and fighting under his own command , has also been fostered in American myth : `` Chasing the red - coats down the lane / Then crossing the fields to emerge again / Under the trees at the turn of the road , / And only pausing to fire and load . '' To the contrary , beginning at the North Bridge and throughout the British retreat , the colonial militias repeatedly operated as coordinated companies , even when dispersed to take advantage of cover . Reflecting on the British experience that day , Earl Percy understood the significance of the American tactics : During the whole affair the Rebels attacked us in a very scattered , irregular manner , but with perseverance & resolution , nor did they ever dare to form into any regular body . Indeed , they knew too well what was proper , to do so . Whoever looks upon them as an irregular mob , will find himself much mistaken . They have men amongst them who know very well what they are about , having been employed as Rangers against the Indians & Canadians , & this country being much covered with wood , and hilly , is very advantageous for their method of fighting . Percy 's rescue General Gage had anticipated that Lt. Col. Smith 's expedition might require reinforcement , so Gage drafted orders for reinforcing units to assemble in Boston at 4 a.m. But in his obsession for secrecy , Gage had sent only one copy of the orders to the adjutant of the 1st Brigade , whose servant then left the envelope on a table . Also at about 4 a.m. , the British column was within three miles of Lexington , and Lt. Col. Smith now had clear indication that all element of surprise had been lost and that alarm was spreading throughout the countryside . So he sent a rider back to Boston with a request for reinforcements . At about 5 a.m. , the rider reached Boston , and the 1st Brigade was ordered to assemble : the line infantry companies of the 4th , 23rd , and 47th Regiments , and a battalion of Royal Marines , under the command of Earl Percy . Unfortunately for the British , once again only one copy of the orders were sent to each commander , and the order for the Royal Marines was delivered to the desk of Major John Pitcairn , who was already on the Lexington Common with Smith 's column at that hour . After these delays , Percy 's brigade , about 1,000 strong , left Boston at about 8 : 45 a.m. , headed toward Lexington . Along the way , the story is told , they marched to the tune of `` Yankee Doodle '' to taunt the inhabitants of the area . By the Battle of Bunker Hill less than two months later , the song would become a popular anthem for the colonial forces . The fourth of four engravings by Amos Doolittle from 1775 , showing Percy 's rescue in Lexington Percy took the land route across Boston Neck and over the Great Bridge , which some quick - thinking colonists had stripped of its planking to delay the British . His men then came upon an absent - minded tutor at Harvard College and asked him which road would take them to Lexington . The Harvard man , apparently oblivious to the reality of what was happening around him , showed him the proper road without thinking . ( He was later compelled to leave the country for inadvertently supporting the enemy . ) Percy 's troops arrived in Lexington at about 2 : 00 p.m. They could hear gunfire in the distance as they set up their cannon and deployed lines of regulars on high ground with commanding views of the town . Colonel Smith 's men approached like a fleeing mob with the full complement of colonial militia in close formation pursuing them . Percy ordered his artillery to open fire at extreme range , dispersing the colonial militiamen. Smith 's men collapsed with exhaustion once they reached the safety of Percy 's lines . Against the advice of his Master of Ordnance , Percy had left Boston without spare ammunition for his men or for the two artillery pieces they brought with them , thinking the extra wagons would slow him down . Each man in Percy 's brigade had only 36 rounds , and each artillery piece was supplied with only a few rounds carried in side - boxes . After Percy had left the city , Gage directed two ammunition wagons guarded by one officer and thirteen men to follow . This convoy was intercepted by a small party of older , veteran militiamen still on the `` alarm list , '' who could not join their militia companies because they were well over 60 years of age . These men rose up in ambush and demanded the surrender of the wagons , but the regulars ignored them and drove their horses on . The old men opened fire , shot the lead horses , killed two sergeants , and wounded the officer . The British survivors ran , and six of them threw their weapons into a pond before they surrendered . Lexington to Menotomy Percy 's return to Charlestown ( detail from 1775 map of the battle ) Percy assumed control of the combined forces of about 1,700 men and let them rest , eat , drink , and have their wounds tended at field headquarters ( Munroe Tavern ) before resuming the march . They set out from Lexington at about 3 : 30 p.m. , in a formation that emphasized defense along the sides and rear of the column . Wounded regulars rode on the cannon and were forced to hop off when they were fired at by gatherings of militia . Percy 's men were often surrounded , but they had the tactical advantage of interior lines . Percy could shift his units more easily to where they were needed , while the colonial militia were required to move around the outside of his formation . Percy placed Smith 's men in the middle of the column , while the 23rd Regiment 's line companies made up the column 's rear guard . Because of information provided by Smith and Pitcairn about how the Americans were attacking , Percy ordered the rear guard to be rotated every mile or so , to allow some of his troops to rest briefly . Flanking companies were sent to both sides of the road , and a powerful force of Marines acted as the vanguard to clear the road ahead . During the respite at Lexington , Brigadier General William Heath arrived and took command of the militia . Earlier in the day , he had traveled first to Watertown to discuss tactics with Joseph Warren , who had left Boston that morning , and other members of the Massachusetts Committee of Safety . Heath and Warren reacted to Percy 's artillery and flankers by ordering the militiamen to avoid close formations that would attract cannon fire . Instead , they surrounded Percy 's marching square with a moving ring of skirmishers at a distance to inflict maximum casualties at minimum risk . A few mounted militiamen on the road would dismount , fire muskets at the approaching regulars , then remount and gallop ahead to repeat the tactic . Unmounted militia would often fire from long range , in the hope of hitting somebody in the main column of soldiers on the road and surviving , since both British and colonials used muskets with an effective combat range of about 50 yards ( 46 m ) . Infantry units would apply pressure to the sides of the British column . When it moved out of range , those units would move around and forward to re-engage the column further down the road . Heath sent messengers out to intercept arriving militia units , directing them to appropriate places along the road to engage the regulars . Some towns sent supply wagons to assist in feeding and rearming the militia . Heath and Warren did lead skirmishers in small actions into battle themselves , but it was the presence of effective leadership that probably had the greatest impact on the success of these tactics . Percy wrote of the colonial tactics , `` The rebels attacked us in a very scattered , irregular manner , but with perseverance and resolution , nor did they ever dare to form into any regular body . Indeed , they knew too well what was proper , to do so . Whoever looks upon them as an irregular mob , will find himself very much mistaken . '' The Jason Russell House in Arlington The fighting grew more intense as Percy 's forces crossed from Lexington into Menotomy . Fresh militia poured gunfire into the British ranks from a distance , and individual homeowners began to fight from their own property . Some homes were also used as sniper positions , turning the situation into a soldier 's nightmare : house - to - house fighting . Jason Russell pleaded for his friends to fight alongside him to defend his house by saying , `` An Englishman 's home is his castle . '' He stayed and was killed in his doorway . His friends , depending on which account is to be believed , either hid in the cellar , or died in the house from bullets and bayonets after shooting at the soldiers who followed them in . The Jason Russell House still stands and contains bullet holes from this fight . A militia unit that attempted an ambush from Russell 's orchard was caught by flankers , and eleven men were killed , some allegedly after they had surrendered . Percy lost control of his men , and British soldiers began to commit atrocities to repay for the supposed scalping at the North Bridge and for their own casualties at the hands of a distant , often unseen enemy . Based on the word of Pitcairn and other wounded officers from Smith 's command , Percy had learned that the Minutemen were using stone walls , trees and buildings in these more thickly settled towns closer to Boston to hide behind and shoot at the column . He ordered the flank companies to clear the colonial militiamen out of such places . Many of the junior officers in the flank parties had difficulty stopping their exhausted , enraged men from killing everyone they found inside these buildings . For example , two innocent drunks who refused to hide in the basement of a tavern in Menotomy were killed only because they were suspected of being involved with the day 's events . Although many of the accounts of ransacking and burnings were exaggerated later by the colonists for propaganda value ( and to get financial compensation from the colonial government ) , it is certainly true that taverns along the road were ransacked and the liquor stolen by the troops , who in some cases became drunk themselves . One church 's communion silver was stolen but was later recovered after it was sold in Boston . Aged Menotomy resident Samuel Whittemore killed three regulars before he was attacked by a British contingent and left for dead . ( He recovered from his wounds and later died in 1793 at age 98 . ) All told , far more blood was shed in Menotomy and Cambridge than elsewhere that day . The colonists lost 25 men killed and nine wounded there , and the British lost 40 killed and 80 wounded , with the 47th Foot and the Marines suffering the highest casualties . Each was about half the day 's fatalities . Menotomy to Charlestown The British troops crossed the Menotomy River ( today known as Alewife Brook ) into Cambridge , and the fight grew more intense . Fresh militia arrived in close array instead of in a scattered formation , and Percy used his two artillery pieces and flankers at a crossroads called Watson 's Corner to inflict heavy damage on them . Earlier in the day , Heath had ordered the Great Bridge to be dismantled . Percy 's brigade was about to approach the broken - down bridge and a riverbank filled with militia when Percy directed his troops down a narrow track ( now Beech Street , near present - day Porter Square ) and onto the road to Charlestown . The militia ( now numbering about 4,000 ) were unprepared for this movement , and the circle of fire was broken . An American force moved to occupy Prospect Hill ( in modern - day Somerville ) , which dominated the road , but Percy moved his cannon to the front and dispersed them with his last rounds of ammunition . A large militia force arrived from Salem and Marblehead . They might have cut off Percy 's route to Charlestown , but these men halted on nearby Winter Hill and allowed the British to escape . Some accused the commander of this force , Colonel Timothy Pickering , of permitting the troops to pass because he still hoped to avoid war by preventing a total defeat of the regulars . Pickering later claimed that he had stopped on Heath 's orders , but Heath denied this . It was nearly dark when Pitcairn 's Marines defended a final attack on Percy 's rear as they entered Charlestown . The regulars took up strong positions on the hills of Charlestown . Some of them had been without sleep for two days and had marched 40 miles ( 64 km ) in 21 hours , eight hours of which had been spent under fire . But now they held high ground protected by heavy guns from HMS Somerset . Gage quickly sent over line companies of two fresh regiments -- the 10th and 64th -- to occupy the high ground in Charlestown and build fortifications . Although they were begun , the fortifications were never completed and would later be a starting point for the militia works built two months later in June before the Battle of Bunker Hill . General Heath studied the position of the British Army and decided to withdraw the militia to Cambridge . Aftermath In the morning , Boston was surrounded by a huge militia army , numbering over 15,000 , which had marched from throughout New England . Unlike the Powder Alarm , the rumors of spilled blood were true , and the Revolutionary War had begun . The Siege of Boston 1775 -- 1776 Now under the leadership of General Artemas Ward , who arrived on the 20th and replaced Brigadier General William Heath , they formed a siege line extending from Chelsea , around the peninsulas of Boston and Charlestown , to Roxbury , effectively surrounding Boston on three sides . In the days immediately following , the size of the colonial forces grew , as militias from New Hampshire , Rhode Island , and Connecticut arrived on the scene . The Second Continental Congress adopted these men into the beginnings of the Continental Army . Even now , after open warfare had started , Gage still refused to impose martial law in Boston . He persuaded the town 's selectmen to surrender all private weapons in return for promising that any inhabitant could leave town . The battle was not a major one in terms of tactics or casualties . However , in terms of supporting the British political strategy behind the Intolerable Acts and the military strategy behind the Powder Alarms , the battle was a significant failure because the expedition contributed to the fighting it was intended to prevent , and because few weapons were actually seized . The battle was followed by a war for British political opinion . Within four days of the battle , the Massachusetts Provincial Congress had collected scores of sworn testimonies from militiamen and from British prisoners . When word leaked out a week after the battle that Gage was sending his official description of events to London , the Provincial Congress sent a packet of these detailed depositions , signed by over 100 participants in the events , on a faster ship . The documents were presented to a sympathetic official and printed by the London newspapers two weeks before Gage 's report arrived . Gage 's official report was too vague on particulars to influence anyone 's opinion . George Germain , no friend of the colonists , wrote , `` the Bostonians are in the right to make the King 's troops the aggressors and claim a victory . '' Politicians in London tended to blame Gage for the conflict instead of their own policies and instructions . The British troops in Boston variously blamed General Gage and Colonel Smith for the failures at Lexington and Concord . The day after the battle , John Adams left his home in Braintree to ride along the battlefields . He became convinced that `` the Die was cast , the Rubicon crossed . '' Thomas Paine in Philadelphia had previously thought of the argument between the colonies and the Home Country as `` a kind of law - suit '' , but after news of the battle reached him , he `` rejected the hardened , sullen - tempered Pharaoh of England forever . '' George Washington received the news at Mount Vernon and wrote to a friend , `` the once - happy and peaceful plains of America are either to be drenched in blood or inhabited by slaves . Sad alternative ! But can a virtuous man hesitate in his choice ? '' A group of hunters on the frontier named their campsite Lexington when they heard news of the battle in June . It eventually became the city of Lexington , Kentucky . Legacy Gravemarkers along Battle Road in Lexington are maintained with Britain 's 1775 version of the Union Flag . It was important to the early American government that an image of British fault and American innocence be maintained for this first battle of the war . The history of Patriot preparations , intelligence , warning signals , and uncertainty about the first shot was rarely discussed in the public sphere for decades . The story of the wounded British soldier at the North Bridge , hors de combat , struck down on the head by a Minuteman using a hatchet , the purported `` scalping '' , was strongly suppressed . Depositions mentioning some of these activities were not published and were returned to the participants ( this notably happened to Paul Revere ) . Paintings portrayed the Lexington fight as an unjustified slaughter . The issue of which side was to blame grew during the early nineteenth century . For example , older participants ' testimony in later life about Lexington and Concord differed greatly from their depositions taken under oath in 1775 . All now said the British fired first at Lexington , whereas fifty or so years before , they were n't sure . All now said they fired back , but in 1775 , they said few were able to . The `` Battle '' took on an almost mythical quality in the American consciousness . Legend became more important than truth . A complete shift occurred , and the Patriots were portrayed as actively fighting for their cause , rather than as suffering innocents . Paintings of the Lexington skirmish began to portray the militia standing and fighting back in defiance . Ralph Waldo Emerson immortalized the events at the North Bridge in his 1837 `` Concord Hymn '' . The `` Concord Hymn '' became important because it commemorated the beginning of the American Revolution , and that for much of the 19th century it was a means by which Americans learned about the Revolution , helping to forge the identity of the nation . After 1860 , several generations of schoolchildren memorized Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 's poem `` Paul Revere 's Ride '' . Historically it is inaccurate ( for example , Paul Revere never made it to Concord ) , but it captures the idea that an individual can change the course of history . By the rude bridge that arched the flood Their flag to April 's breeze unfurled Here once the embattled farmers stood And fired the shot heard round the world . -- First verse of Emerson 's `` Concord Hymn '' In the 20th century , popular and historical opinion varied about the events of the historic day , often reflecting the political mood of the time . Isolationist anti-war sentiments before the World Wars bred skepticism about the nature of Paul Revere 's contribution ( if any ) to the efforts to rouse the militia . Anglophilia in the United States after the turn of the twentieth century led to more balanced approaches to the history of the battle . During World War I , a film about Paul Revere 's ride was seized under the Espionage Act of 1917 for promoting discord between the United States and Britain . During the Cold War , Revere was used not only as a patriotic symbol , but also as a capitalist one . In 1961 , novelist Howard Fast published April Morning , an account of the battle from a fictional 15 - year - old 's perspective , and reading of the book has been frequently assigned in American secondary schools . A film version was produced for television in 1987 , starring Chad Lowe and Tommy Lee Jones . In the 1990s , parallels were drawn between American tactics in the Vietnam War and those of the British Army at Lexington and Concord . The site of the battle in Lexington is now known as the Lexington Battle Green , has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places , and is a National Historic Landmark . Several memorials commemorating the battle have been established there . The lands surrounding the North Bridge in Concord , as well as approximately 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) of the road along with surrounding lands and period buildings between Meriam 's Corner and western Lexington are part of Minuteman National Historical Park . There are walking trails with interpretive displays along routes that the colonists might have used that skirted the road , and the Park Service often has personnel ( usually dressed in period dress ) offering descriptions of the area and explanations of the events of the day . A bronze bas relief of Major Buttrick , designed by Daniel Chester French and executed by Edmond Thomas Quinn in 1915 , is in the park , along with French 's Minute Man statue . Four current units of the Massachusetts National Guard units ( 181st Infantry , 182nd Infantry , 101st Engineer Battalion , and 125th Quartermaster Company ) are derived from American units that participated in the Battles of Lexington and Concord . There are only thirty current units of the U.S. Army with colonial roots . Several ships of the United States Navy , including two World War II aircraft carriers , were named in honor of the Battle of Lexington . Commemorations 1970 Franklin Mint medallion commemorating Lexington and Concord 1775 Daniel Chester French 's Minute Man Patriots ' Day is celebrated annually in honor of the battle in Massachusetts , Maine , and by the Wisconsin public schools , on the third Monday in April . Re-enactments of Paul Revere 's ride are staged , as are the battle on the Lexington Green , and ceremonies and firings are held at the North Bridge . Centennial commemoration On April 19 , 1875 , President Ulysses S. Grant and members of his cabinet joined 50,000 people to mark the 100th anniversary of the battles . The sculpture by Daniel Chester French , The Minute Man , located at the North Bridge , was unveiled on that day . A formal ball took place in the evening at the Agricultural Hall in Concord . Sesquicentennial commemoration In April 1925 the United States Post Office issued three stamps commemorating the 150th anniversary of the Battles at Lexington and Concord . The Lexington -- Concord commemorative stamps were the first of many commemoratives issued to honor the 150th anniversaries of events that surrounded America 's War of Independence . The three stamps were first placed on sale in Washington , D.C. and in five Massachusetts cities and towns that played major roles in the Lexington and Concord story : Lexington , Concord , Boston , Cambridge , and Concord Junction ( as West Concord was then known ) . This is not to say that other locations were not involved in the battles . Washington at Cambridge Shot heard round the World Birth of Liberty , by Henry Sandham The Minute Man by Daniel Chester French Issues of 1925 Bicentennial commemoration The Town of Concord invited 700 prominent U.S. citizens and leaders from the worlds of government , the military , the diplomatic corps , the arts , sciences , and humanities to commemorate the 200th anniversary of the battles . On April 19 , 1975 , as a crowd estimated at 110,000 gathered to view a parade and celebrate the Bicentennial in Concord , President Gerald Ford delivered a major speech near the North Bridge , which was televised to the nation . Freedom was nourished in American soil because the principles of the Declaration of Independence flourished in our land . These principles , when enunciated 200 years ago , were a dream , not a reality . Today , they are real . Equality has matured in America . Our inalienable rights have become even more sacred . There is no government in our land without consent of the governed . Many other lands have freely accepted the principles of liberty and freedom in the Declaration of Independence and fashioned their own independent republics . It is these principles , freely taken and freely shared , that have revolutionized the world . The volley fired here at Concord two centuries ago , ' the shot heard round the world ' , still echoes today on this anniversary . -- President Gerald R. Ford President Ford laid a wreath at the base of The Minute Man statue and then respectfully observed as Sir Peter Ramsbotham , the British Ambassador to the United States , laid a wreath at the grave of British soldiers killed in the battle . A citizen of Acton and Members of the Acton Fife and Drum Corps march to Concord on the Isaac Davis Trail during the 2016 annual Patriots ' Day celebration . See also American Revolutionary War portal Philadelphia portal List of American Revolutionary War battles Notes ^ Jump up to : The exact number of militia on the Lexington common when the clash occurred is a matter of debate . Coburn , p. 165 -- 67 , identifies 77 individuals by name who mustered for the encounter , but he also notes that no official roll was ever submitted to the Provincial Congress . Fischer , pp. 400 , 183 , cites contemporaneous accounts and those of other historians that put the number between 50 and 70 militia , but notes that Sylvanus Wood , in an account taken 50 years later , recalled only counting 38 militia . Jump up ^ Chidsey , p. 29 , estimates the colonial force at 500 by the time the confrontation occurred at the North Bridge . Coburn , pp. 80 -- 81 , counts about 300 specifically , plus several uncounted companies . Jump up ^ The peak strength of militias that massed around the British column on April 19 is uncertain . Many of the militiamen who joined the battle at various locations during the day continued to follow the British column all the way to Charlestown , but some also dropped out and returned home . Coburn located muster rolls for 79 militia and minute companies engaged that day , listing 3,960 officers and soldiers in all . But there are no tallies for six of these companies , and some units known to be present during the day ( such as the Lincoln militia company ) are not included at all . Jump up ^ Chidsey , p. 6 . This is the total size of Smith 's force . Jump up ^ Coburn , p. 64 . This force is six light infantry companies under Pitcairn . Jump up ^ Coburn , p. 77 and other sources indicate `` three companies '' . Chidsey , p. 28 gives a company size `` nominally of 28 '' . Jump up ^ Coburn , p. 114 gives the size of Percy 's force at 1,000 . This count reflects that estimate plus the departing strength , less casualties . ^ Jump up to : Chidsey , p. 47 , cites all casualty figures except missing - in - action . Coburn , pp. 156 -- 59 , cites by town and name the American losses , and by company the British losses , including missing - in - action ( from Gage 's report ) . Chidsey , Coburn , and Fischer disagree on some American counts : Chidsey and Fischer count 39 wounded , Coburn says 42 . Fischer , pp. 320 -- 21 , also records 50 American killed - in - action , in contrast to Chidsey and Coburn 's 49 . Jump up ^ French , pp. 2 , 272 - 273 . A controversial interpretation holds that the Battle of Point Pleasant on October 10 , 1774 in what is now West Virginia was the initial military engagement of the Revolutionary War , and a 1908 United States Senate resolution designating it as such . However , few historians subscribe to this interpretation , even in West Virginia. ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Emerson 's Concord Hymn Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 30 Jump up ^ Fred Anderson , A People 's Army , and John Shy , `` A New Look at Colonial Militias , '' pp. 29 -- 41 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 51 Jump up ^ Journals of the House of Commons , Volume 35 , February 6 , 1775 , p. 99 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 75 -- 76 Jump up ^ French , pp. 23 - 28 . Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 89 Jump up ^ Hafner discusses this incident in detail , noting how the story can be reconciled with other established facts . Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 85 Jump up ^ Tourtellot , p. 51 Jump up ^ Tourtellot , pp. 71 -- 72 ( colonists have intelligence in late March ) & p. 87 ( Gage receives instructions April 16 ) Jump up ^ Tourtellot , p. 70 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 80 -- 85 Jump up ^ Moore , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 87 . ^ Jump up to : Fischer , p. 96 Jump up ^ Paul Revere , Letter to Jeremy Belknap , January , 1798 , and Paul Revere , Deposition , April , 1775 . Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 97 Jump up ^ Paul Revere , Letter to Jeremy Belknap , January , 1798 . Jump up ^ Paul Revere , Deposition of April , 1775 . Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 138 -- 145 Jump up ^ Frothingham , p. 60 Jump up ^ Frothingham , p. 58 ^ Jump up to : Tourtellot , pp. 105 -- 107 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 70 , 121 Jump up ^ Tourtellot , pp. 109 -- 115 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 127 -- 128 Jump up ^ The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Army ( 1994 ) p. 122 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 400 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 158 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 153 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 151 . Jump up ^ Tourtellot , A pp. 116 - 126 . Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 43 , 75 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Galvin , pp. 120 - 124 . Jump up ^ Coburn , p. 63 ^ Jump up to : Isaiah Thomas deposition Jump up ^ Tourtellot , p. 123 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 189 -- 190 Jump up ^ Deposition of Elijah Sanderson , April 25 , 1775 : `` I heard one of the Regulars , whom I took to be an officer , say ' damn them , we will have them ; ' and immediately the Regulars shouted aloud , run , and fired on the Lexington Company , which did not fire a gun before the Regulars discharged on them . '' Deposition of Thomas Price Willard , April 23 , 1775 : `` Directly after this an officer rode before the Regulars to the other side of the body , and hallooed after the militia of said Lexington , and said ' Lay down your arms , damn you ; why do n't you lay down your arms ? ' '' Deposition of John Robbins , April 25 , 1775 : `` ... I being in the front rank , there suddenly appeared a number of the King 's troops ... at a distance of about sixty or seventy yards from us , huzzaing and on a quick pace toward us , with three officers in their front on horseback , and on full gallop towards us ; the foremost of which cried , ' Throw down you arms , ye villains , ye rebels ; ' upon which said ( Lexington ) Company dispersing , the foremost of the three officers ordered their men , saying ' Fire , by God , fire ; ' at which moment we received a very heavy and close fire from them ; '' Journals of the Continental Congress , May 11 , 1775 . Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 190 -- 191 Jump up ^ John Barker 's Diary , p. 32 Jump up ^ Chronology06 . Motherbedford.com . Retrieved on 2013 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 193 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 402 Jump up ^ Fischer discusses the shot on pp. 193 -- 194 , with detailed footnotes on pp. 399 -- 403 , in which he discusses some of the testimony in detail . Jump up ^ Urban , pp. 19 -- 20 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 194 -- 195 Jump up ^ Benjamin Quarles , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 198 -- 200 Jump up ^ Tourtellot , p. 152 Jump up ^ Tourtellot , p. 154 Jump up ^ Frothingham , p. 67 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 215 Jump up ^ Fischer p. 207 Jump up ^ Martha Moulton deposition Jump up ^ Tourtellot , pp. 155 -- 158 . In his orders to Lt. Col. Smith for the expedition , General Gage had explicitly instructed that `` you will take care that the soldiers do not plunder the inhabitants , or hurt private property . '' Jump up ^ French , p. 197 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 208 Jump up ^ Robinson arrived earlier with several Westford Minutemen after he was alerted by rider at his home in Westford - David Hackett Fischer , Paul Revere 's Ride , Oxford , page 146 . George E. Downey , A History of the First Parish of Westford , Town of Westford , 1975 , page 27 . Allen French , Historic Concord , Cambria , 1942 , pages 66 and 68 . Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 209 Jump up ^ A. Doolittle print of the Battle indicates this after interviews with eyewtiness accounts one month after the Battle Jump up ^ Rev. Joseph Thaxter from the United States Literary Gazette , Vol 1 , page 264. , `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 23 . ( Letter by Minuteman at the Battle ) , Concord resident and Witness of the battle Rev. Dr. Ripley in his published account of 1827 , Hodgman , Rev. Edwin . History of the Town of Westford , 1659 - 1883 . Lowell : Morning Mail Co. , 1883 . Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 209 -- 212 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 212 Jump up ^ French , General Gage 's Informers , p. 97 . Laurie reported , `` I imagine myself that a man of my Company ( afterwards killed ) did first fire his piece , tho ' Mr. ( Lt . ) Sutherland has since assured me that the Country people fired first . '' Jump up ^ Concord resident and Witness of the battle Rev. Dr. Ripley in his published account of 1827 , Hodgman , Rev. Edwin . History of the Town of Westford , 1659 - 1883 . Lowell : Morning Mail Co. , 1883 , French , Allen . The Day of Concord and Lexington . Boston : Little , Brown , 1925 . ^ Jump up to : Tourtellot , pp. 165 -- 166 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 214 ^ Jump up to : Rev. Joseph Thaxter Letter and news article from the United States Literary Gazette , Vol 1 , page 264 ( Rev. Thaxter served as a Minuteman under Lt. Col. Robinson on the Concord Bridge , April 19 , 1775 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 214 -- 215 ^ Jump up to : Fischer , p. 216 Jump up ^ Tourtellot , pp. 166 -- 168 Jump up ^ Muster rolls for the militia and minute companies converging at this point are included in Coburn , pp. 7 - 35 . However , as Coburn notes , these rolls are not a complete tally of the militiamen present , because some muster lists were either not submitted or have not been found in archives . Jump up ^ Both the British and the local militias were armed with smooth - bore muskets that had an effective range of aimed fire of only 80 - 100 yards ( 75 - 90 m ) , although the musket ball could have serious effect at a greater distance , if it happened by chance to hit a person . There is no record that any soldiers on either side were armed with longer - range , more accurate rifles . Dr. Benjamin Church , a member of the Massachusetts Provincial Congress and the Committee of Safety , informed General Gage in March , 1775 , that the colonial militiamen `` from their adroitness in the habitual use of the firelock suppose themselves sure of their mark at a distance of 200 rods . '' Even if Church meant yards rather than rods ( 600 feet versus 3300 feet ) , it is unclear whether he was profoundly ignorant of the capabilities of a musket , was exaggerating in order to mislead Gage ( as Church later claimed when accused of being a spy ) , or was ridiculing the American militiamen . See Philbrick , p. 92 , and French , p. 57 - 58 . On whether Church was a spy , see French , Chapter V . Jump up ^ French , p. 219 , and Lister , Concord Fight , being so much of the narrative of Ensign Jeremy Lister of the 10th regiment of foot . Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 408 -- 409 . Fischer notes conflicting accounts of which militia companies were engaged at this point , and the number of militiamen . Jump up ^ Fischer notes on p. 409 , `` This is not correctly called the Bloody Angle , an error term introduced after the Civil War that is both inaccurate and anachronistic . It has been used uncritically by many historians of the battle and is perpetuated by the National Park Service . '' The Interim Report of the Boston National Historic Sites Commission , submitted to Congress in 1958 in support of legislation that established the Minute Man National Historical Park , asserted that : `` Fittingly , this curving section of the road was soon to be named ' The Bloody Angle . ' '' ( p. 47 ; emphasis added ) . However , there is no evidence that the term Bloody Angle was ever used by the battle participants or local residents following April 19 , 1775 , nor did historians use the term prior to the mid-20th century . See Boston National Historic Sites Commission , The Lexington - Concord Battle Road : Interim Report , June 16 , 1958 . Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 226 -- 227 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 232 . According to one British officer , ammunition had been wasted earlier in the day out of `` too great eagerness of the soldiers in the first action of a war . Most of them were young soldiers who had never been in action , and had been taught that every thing was to be effected by a quick firing . This ineffectual fire gave the rebels more confidence , as they soon found that notwithstanding there was so much ( firing ) , they suffered but little from it . '' Lt. Frederick Mackenzie , 23rd Royal Welch Fusiliers , Diary of Frederick Mackenzie , in Allen French , editor , A British Fusilier in Revolutionary Boston , Cambridge , 1926 . Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 410 -- 411 . Fischer notes conflicting accounts about where this ambush -- now sometimes referred to as `` Parker 's Revenge '' -- took place , whether within Lincoln or Lexington . Jump up ^ Coburn , pp. 106 - 107 Jump up ^ Ensign Henry De Berniere , `` Report to General Gage on April 19 , 1775 , '' quoted in Fischer , pp. 231 - 232 Jump up ^ Lt. John Barker , The King 's Own Regiment , `` Diary of a British Soldier , '' Atlantic Monthly , April 1877 , vol. 39 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 232 . Jump up ^ A remark in Lt. Col. Smith 's report to General Gage , dated April 22 , 1775 , is typical : `` Notwithstanding the enemy 's numbers , they did not make one gallant attempt during so long an action , though our men were so very fatigued , but ( instead ) kept under cover . '' Henry S. Commager , editor . Documents of American History , New York , 1948 , p. 90 Jump up ^ Henry Wadsworth Longfellow , ' ' Paul Revere 's Ride , ' ' 1861 . Jump up ^ Lord Percy to General Harvey , April 20 , 1775 , in Charles Knowles Bolton , editor , Letters of Hugh Earl Percy , Boston , 1902 . p. 52 . Jump up ^ French , p. 228 Jump up ^ Frothingham , p. 178 Jump up ^ Tourtellot , pp. 184 -- 185 Jump up ^ Tourtellot , p. 185 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 241 -- 242 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 243 -- 244 Jump up ^ There are several versions of this story . See French , p. 230 , and Samuel Abbot Smith , pp. 27 - 32 . ^ Jump up to : Fischer , pp. 245 -- 246 ^ Jump up to : Fischer , pp. 250 -- 251 ^ Jump up to : Tourtellot , p. 203 ^ Jump up to : Fischer , p. 256 ^ Jump up to : Fischer , p. 258 Jump up ^ Tourtellot , p. 197 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 257 Jump up ^ Hurd , p. 181 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 258 -- 260 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 261 Jump up ^ Brooks , p. 96 Jump up ^ McCullough , p. 35 Jump up ^ Frothingham , pp. 100 -- 101 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 265 Jump up ^ Brooks , pp. 96 -- 97 Jump up ^ Journals of the Continental Congress , pp. 26 - 44 . Images of the original depositions can be found at http://www.fold3.com/image/474129/ Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 275 -- 276 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 263 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 279 ^ Jump up to : Fischer , p. 280 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 271 ^ Jump up to : Fischer , pp. 327 - 328 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 329 Jump up ^ Napierkowski Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 331 -- 333 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 336 -- 338 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 340 -- 342 Jump up ^ Minuteman National Historical Park Things To Do Jump up ^ `` John Buttrick Memorial '' . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 181st Infantry . Reproduced in Sawicki 1981 , pp. 354 -- 355 . Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 182nd Infantry . Reproduced in Sawicki 1981 , pp. 355 -- 357 . Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 101st Engineer Battalion Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 125th Quartermaster Company Archived 2012 - 08 - 19 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Massachusetts Legal Holidays Jump up ^ Maine Legal Holidays Jump up ^ Wisconsin School Observance Days Jump up ^ Concord Centennial Celebration Report Jump up ^ Scott 's United States Stamp Catalog : First Day Covers Jump up ^ Time Magazine , April 25 , 1974 Jump up ^ New York Times on Ford 's appearance Jump up ^ The American Presidency Project . References Anderson , Fred ( 1984 ) . A People 's Army : Massachusetts Soldiers & Society in the Seven Years War . Chapel Hill , NC : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4576 - 9 . Bradford , Charles H ( 1996 ) . The Battle Road : Expedition to Lexington and Concord . Eastern National . ISBN 1 - 888213 - 01 - 9 . Burke , Edmund ( 1775 ) . Speech on Conciliation with the Colonies , March 22 , 1775 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 02 . Chidsey , Donald Barr ( 1966 ) . The Siege of Boston : An on - the - scene Account of the Beginning of the American Revolution . New York : Crown . OCLC 890813 . Coburn , Frank Warren ( 1922 ) . The Battle of April 19 , 1775 : In Lexington , Concord , Lincoln , Arlington , Cambridge , Somerville , and Charlestown , Massachusetts : Second Edition Revised and with Additions . The Lexington historical society . OCLC 2494350 . Dana , Elizabeth Ellery ( 1924 ) . The British in Boston : Being the Diary of Lieutenant John Barker of the King 's Own Regiment from November 15 , 1774 to May 31 , 1776 . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . OCLC 3235993 . Davis , Kenneth C. ( 2009 ) . America 's Hidden History . London : Collins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 111819 - 2 . Emerson , Ralph Waldo ( 1837 ) . `` Emerson 's Concord Hymn '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 09 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 02 . Emerson , Ralph Waldo ; Curtis , George William ( 1875 ) . Proceedings at the Centennial Celebration of Concord Fight , April 19 , 1875 . Town of Concord . OCLC 4363293 . Evelyn , W. Glanville ( 1879 ) . Memoirs and Letters of Captain W. Glanville Evelyn . Oxford : James Parker and Co . Fischer , David Hackett ( 1994 ) . Paul Revere 's Ride . Oxford University Press US . ISBN 0 - 19 - 508847 - 6 . This book is extensively footnoted , and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of these events . Ford , Gerald R. ( April 19 , 1975 ) . `` Remarks at the Old North Bridge , Concord , Massachusetts '' . The American Presidency Project . Archived from the original on 28 September 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 22 . French , Allen ( 1926 ) . A British Fusilier in Revolutionary Boston . Harvard University Press . French , Allen ( 1925 ) . The Day of Concord and Lexington . Boston : Little , Brown & Co . French , Allen ( 1932 ) . General Gage 's Informers . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press . Frothingham , Jr , Richard ( 1903 ) . History of the Siege of Boston and of the Battles of Lexington , Concord , and Bunker Hill . Little and Brown . OCLC 221368703 . Galvin , Gen. John R . The Minute Men : The First Fight : Myths & Realities of the American Revolution , Pergamon - Brassey 's , Washington , D.C. , 1989 . ISBN 0 - 08 - 036733 - X . This book provides a military perspective on the battle and its leaders . Hafner , Donald L. ( 2006 ) . `` The First Blood Shed in the Revolution '' . Boston College . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 31 . Hurd , Duane Hamilton ( 1890 ) . History of Middlesex County , Massachusetts , Volume 1 : With Biographical Sketches of Many of Its Pioneers and Prominent Men . J.W. Lewis & co . OCLC 2155461 . Journals of the Continental Congress , Vol. II , May 10 - September 20 , 1775 . Washington , DC : Government Printing Office . 1905 . Journals of the House of Commons , Volume 35 . 1775 . Kifner , John ( 20 April 1975 ) . `` 160,000 Mark Two 1775 Battles ; Concord Protesters Jeer Ford '' . The New York Times . Lister , Jeremy ( 1931 ) . Concord fight , being so much of the narrative of Ensign Jeremy Lister of the 10th regiment of foot as pertains to his services on the 19th of April , 1775 , and to his experiences in Boston during the early months of the siege . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . Massachusetts Provincial Congress ( 1775 ) . A Narrative of the Excursion and Ravages of the King 's Troops . Worcester : Isaiah Thomas . Moore , Frank ( 1876 ) . The Diary of the Revolution : A Centennial Volume . Hartford , CT : J.B. Burr Publishing . Morrissey , Brendan ( 1995 ) . Boston 1775 . Osprey Publishing . ISBN 1 - 85532 - 362 - 1 . Moulton , Martha . `` Martha Moulton 's testimony and reward , 4 Feb 1776 '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 21 . Napierkowski , Marie Rose ; Ruby , Mary K ( 1998 ) . Poetry for Students : Presenting Analysis , Context and Criticism on Commonly Studied Poetry . Gale Research . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7876 - 2724 - 9 . Philbrick , Nathaniel ( 2013 ) . Bunker Hill . New York : Viking . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 02544 - 2 . Quarles , Benjamin ( 1996 ) . The Negro in the American Revolution . Chapel Hill , NC : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 4603 - 1 . Raphael , Ray and Marie Raphael ( 2015 ) . The Spirit of ' 74 : How the American Revolution Began . New York : New Press . Revere , Paul ( 1798 ) . Letter to Jeremy Belknap of January , 1798 . Boston : Massachusetts Historical Society . Revere , Paul ( 1775 ) . Deposition of April 1775 . Boston : Massachusetts Historical Society . Shy , John ( 1990 ) . A People Numerous & Armed . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 06431 - 1 . Sawicki , James A. ( 1981 ) . Infantry Regiments of the US Army . Dumfries , VA : Wyvern Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9602404 - 3 - 2 . Smith , Samuel Abbot ( 1874 ) . West Cambridge 1775 . Arlington , MA : Arlington Historical Society . Tourtellot , Arthur B ( 1959 ) . Lexington and Concord . New York : Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 00194 - 6 . Urban , Mark ( 2007 ) . Fusiliers : Eight Years with the Red Coats in America . London : Faber and Faber . ISBN 978 - 0 - 571 - 22486 - 9 . OCLC 153556036 . `` Maine Legal Holidays '' . Human Resources Policy and Practices Manual . Maine Bureau of Human Resources . Archived from the original on 21 February 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 25 . `` Massachusetts Legal Holidays '' . Citizen Information Service . Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 25 . `` Minute Man NHP Things To Do '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original on 9 December 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 03 . `` NPS Museum Collections `` American Revolutionary War '' : Riflemen `` . Valley Forge National Historical Park . National Park Service Museum Collections . Archived from the original on 24 May 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 19 . `` Time Magazine , April 25 , 1975 '' . Time Magazine . 1975 - 04 - 25 . Archived from the original on 9 December 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 04 . `` Wisconsin Public School Observance Days '' . Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction . Archived from the original on 8 February 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 25 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battles of Lexington and Concord . Wikisource has the text of a 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article about Battles of Lexington and Concord . National Park Service site for Minute Man National Historical Park Buckman Tavern - Lexington Historical Society Why We Remember Lexington and Concord and the 19th of April Rescued cannon returns to Concord Battles of Lexington and Concord Articles about the Concord Fight in Concord Magazine Animated History of the Battles of Lexington and Concord Concord Massachusetts Merriam 's Corner `` Colonial towns , by the numbers '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 13 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 25 . Facts and figures on Acton , Bedford , Concord and Lexington of the period , including the rosters of the towns ' Minute Men and Militia Statements of American combatants at Lexington and Concord contained in supplement `` Official Papers Concerning the Skirmishes at Lexington and Concord '' to The Military Journals of Private Soldiers , 1758 - 1775 , by Abraham Tomlinson for the Poughkeepsie , NY museum , 1855 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord&oldid=791335695 '' Categories : 1775 in the Thirteen Colonies Conflicts in 1775 Battles of the American Revolutionary War Battles involving Great Britain Battles involving the United States Massachusetts in the American Revolution Concord , Massachusetts Lexington , Massachusetts Arlington , Massachusetts Lincoln , Massachusetts Cambridge , Massachusetts 1775 in Massachusetts Military history of New England 1775 events Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Good articles Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский සිංහල Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 July 2017 , at 15 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	15. the first major military engagement of the american revolution took place near	[]	[]
4204556709667713086	Norris (surname)	Norris ( surname ) - wikipedia Norris ( surname ) Norris is an English surname . In some cases it is derived from the Middle English norreis , noreis , norais ; and the Anglo - Norman French noreis . In such cases the surname derived from elements meaning `` northerner '' , and referred to people from Norway , and northern England and Scotland . In other cases , the surname is derved from the Middle English personal name Norreis , which is in turn derived from norreis . In other cases the surname is derived from the Middle English norice , nurice ; and the Old French norrice , nurrice . In such cases , the surname is derived from elements meaning `` nurse '' , `` foster parent '' . Contents 1 Notables with this name include 1.1 First name 1.2 Fictional characters 2 References Notables with this name include ( edit ) Alphonso Winfield Ricardo ( Patrick - Grant ) Norris , , Born 17 / 03 / 1961 St Michael Barbados , Auto Electrician / PC , Laptop Technician , free energy design and implementation , Trained in Kenpo JuJitsu , WJJF Karma Jujitsu , Kokyu Aikido Association , Wu Shu. Ayshire Skelmorlie Scotland Cousin to Clan Grant Anthony Norris , American professional wrestler Ben Norris ( 1910 -- 2006 ) , American artist Chester E. Norris ( 1927 - 2016 ) , American diplomat Christopher Norris ( disambiguation ) Charles Norris ( disambiguation ) Chuck Norris , American actor and martial artist Chuck Norris ( musician ) , American guitarist Clint Norris , American musician Craig Norris , Canadian musician and radio broadcaster Daran Norris , American actor Dave Norris , American politician David Norris ( politician ) , Irish civil rights campaigner and politician David Norris ( footballer ) , English football ( soccer ) player Dean Norris , American actor Francis Norris , 1st Earl of Berkshire Frank Norris , American novelist Frank Norris ( bishop ) , Anglican bishop in China Fred Norris , American radio personality Frederick Norris , British marathon runner George W. Norris , member of the U.S. Congress and Senator from Nebraska Henry Norris ( disambiguation ) Hermione Norris , English actress J. Frank Norris , controversial Texas Baptist preacher Jacob Norris , 3D video game and cinematic artist James E. Norris , person after whom the James Norris Memorial Trophy in the National Hockey League is named Jared Norris , American football player Joanna Norris , New Zealand journalist John Norris ( disambiguation ) Justin Norris , Australian swimmer Kathi Norris ( 1919 -- 2005 ) , American TV hostess of the 1940s and 1950s Kathleen Norris ( 1880 -- 1966 ) , American novelist Kathleen Norris ( poet ) ( born 1947 ) , American poet , essayist and devotional writer Lando Norris , British racing driver Lee Norris , American actor Leslie Norris , Welsh poet Mark Norris ( Canadian politician ) Mary Harriott Norris , American writer and educator Michele Norris , American radio journalist Michelle Norris , first female winner of Military Cross ( UK ) Moochie Norris , American basketball player Olivia Norris ( born 1983 ) , German javelin thrower Patrick Norris ( born 1976 ) , television director Paul Norris , American comic book artist Philetus Norris , second superintendent of Yellowstone National Park Rex Norris ( disambiguation ) Roger Norreis ( died c. 1224 ) , Abbot of Evesham Septimus Norris , American locomotive designer Steven Norris , British politician Tom Norris ( disambiguation ) Tony Norris , British ornithologist Sir Thomas Norris British Soldier First name ( edit ) Norris Cole , American basketball player Norris McWhirter , co-compiler of The Guinness Book of Records Fictional characters ( edit ) Arthur Norris , a character in the novel Mr Norris Changes Trains by Christopher Isherwood Norris ( Chrono Cross ) , a character in the PlayStation game Chrono Cross Norris Cole , a character in Coronation Street , a British TV soap opera Norris Packard , a character from the Mobile Suit Gundam : The 08th MS Team OVA Mrs. Norris , a character in Jane Austen 's Mansfield Park Mrs. Norris , the pet cat of Argus Filch in the Harry Potter novels and films References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hanks , P ; Coates , R ; McClure , P , eds. ( 2016 ) . The Oxford Dictionary of Family Names in Britain and Ireland . Vol. 3 . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 1965 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 879883 - 5 . Jump up ^ Hanks , P ; Coates , R ; McClure , P , eds. ( 2016 ) . The Oxford Dictionary of Family Names in Britain and Ireland . Vol. 3 . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 1965 , 1975 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 879883 - 5 . Surname list This page lists people with the surname Norris . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page , you may wish to change that link by adding the person 's given name ( s ) to the link . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norris_(surname)&oldid=854877036 '' Categories : Surnames English - language surnames Hidden categories : Articles with short description All set index articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 August 2018 , at 11 : 48 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does the last name norris come from	[ "Norris is an English surname. In some cases it is derived from the Middle English norreis, noreis, norais; and the Anglo-Norman French noreis. In such cases the surname derived from elements meaning \"northerner\", and referred to people from Norway, and northern England and Scotland. In other cases, the surname is derved from the Middle English personal name Norreis, which is in turn derived from norreis.[1] In other cases the surname is derived from the Middle English norice, nurice; and the Old French norrice, nurrice. In such cases, the surname is derived from elements meaning \"nurse\", \"foster parent\".[2]\n", "Norris is an English surname. In some cases it is derived from the Middle English norreis, noreis, norais; and the Anglo-Norman French noreis. In such cases the surname derived from elements meaning \"northerner\", and referred to people from Norway, and northern England and Scotland. In other cases, the surname is derved from the Middle English personal name Norreis, which is in turn derived from norreis.[1] In other cases the surname is derived from the Middle English norice, nurice; and the Old French norrice, nurrice. In such cases, the surname is derived from elements meaning \"nurse\", \"foster parent\".[2]\n", "Norris is an English surname. In some cases it is derived from the Middle English norreis, noreis, norais; and the Anglo-Norman French noreis. In such cases the surname derived from elements meaning \"northerner\", and referred to people from Norway, and northern England and Scotland. In other cases, the surname is derved from the Middle English personal name Norreis, which is in turn derived from norreis.[1] In other cases the surname is derived from the Middle English norice, nurice; and the Old French norrice, nurrice. In such cases, the surname is derived from elements meaning \"nurse\", \"foster parent\".[2]\n" ]	[ "Middle English", "Anglo-Norman French", "Old French" ]
6259563326496471481	Dave Mason	Dave Mason - wikipedia Dave Mason For other people called Dave or David Mason , see David Mason ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Dave Mason Mason in 2003 Background information Birth name David Thomas Mason ( 1946 - 05 - 10 ) 10 May 1946 ( age 72 ) Worcester , England Genres Folk rock , pop rock , psychedelic rock , soft rock Occupation ( s ) Musician , singer - songwriter Instruments guitar , vocals , bass guitar , mellotron , sitar , tambura Years active 1966 -- present Labels Blue Thumb , Harvest , Columbia , MCA Records Associated acts Traffic , Jimi Hendrix , Eric Clapton , George Harrison , Derek and the Dominos , Fleetwood Mac , Cass Elliot , Rory Gallagher , Phoebe Snow , Leon Russell Website www.davemasonmusic.com David Thomas Mason ( born 10 May 1946 ) is an English singer - songwriter and guitarist from Worcester , who first found fame with the rock band Traffic . Over the course of his career , Mason has played and recorded with many notable pop and rock musicians , including Paul McCartney , George Harrison , the Rolling Stones , Jimi Hendrix , Eric Clapton , Michael Jackson , David Crosby , Graham Nash , Steve Winwood , Fleetwood Mac , Delaney & Bonnie , Leon Russell and Cass Elliot . One of Mason 's best known songs is `` Feelin ' Alright , '' recorded by Traffic in 1968 and later by many other performers , including Joe Cocker , whose version of the song was a hit in 1969 . For Traffic , he also wrote `` Hole in My Shoe , '' a psychedelic pop song that became a hit in its own right . `` We Just Disagree , '' Mason 's 1977 solo US hit , written by Jim Krueger , has become a staple of US Classic Hits and Adult Contemporary radio playlists . In 2004 , Mason was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a founding member of Traffic . Contents 1 Musical career 1.1 Traffic 1.2 Session work 1.3 Solo career 1.4 Tenure in Fleetwood Mac 1.5 Current projects 2 Philanthropy 3 Discography 3.1 Solo 3.1. 1 Studio albums 3.1. 2 Live 3.1. 3 Compilations 3.1. 4 Videos 3.2 Traffic 3.3 Session work 4 References 5 External links Musical career ( edit ) Traffic ( edit ) Mason 's tenure with Traffic was disjointed . He co-founded the group , but left following the recording of their debut album , Mr. Fantasy ( 1967 ) , only to rejoin halfway through the sessions for their next album , Traffic ( 1968 ) , after which he left again . Last Exit ( 1969 ) , a compilation of odds and ends , features little material by Mason apart from his song `` Just for You . '' Traffic later re-formed without Mason , although he briefly toured with the band in 1971 and played on Welcome to the Canteen . In his brief spells with the group , Mason never quite fit in ; Steve Winwood later recalled , `` We all ( Winwood , Jim Capaldi and Chris Wood ) tended to write together , but Dave would come in with a complete song that he was going to sing and tell us all what he expected us to play . No discussion , like we were his backing group . '' Session work ( edit ) Mason was a friend of guitarist Jimi Hendrix , whose career was launched in England in 1966 . Hendrix first heard the song `` All Along the Watchtower , '' from Bob Dylan 's album John Wesley Harding , with Mason at the apartment of a friend who had acquired a prior release of the album . Hendrix recorded his own version at Olympic Studios , South West London , with Mason playing 12 - string acoustic guitar . The song was released on the album Electric Ladyland in September 1968 . Mason also sings backing vocals on `` Crosstown Traffic . '' When it came out as a single in October , it hit No. 5 in the UK Singles Chart and reached the Top 40 in the U.S . Mason later recorded his own version of the song for his 1974 album , Dave Mason , with Bob Glaub on bass . Mason appears on the Rolling Stones ' 1968 album Beggars Banquet , although uncredited . Mason 's connection was Jimmy Miller , who served as producer for the Stones and Traffic . In 1969 -- 1970 , Mason toured with Delaney and Bonnie and Friends , along with Eric Clapton and George Harrison . Mason appears on George Harrison 's 1970 solo set All Things Must Pass . In 1970 , Mason was slated to be the second guitarist for Derek and the Dominos . He played on their early studio sessions , including the Phil Spector production of `` Tell the Truth '' , which was later withdrawn from sale ( and is now a collectors item ) . He also played at their first gig at the London Lyceum but left the group soon after that . He co-wrote the song `` Big Thirst '' on Oh How We Danced , by Jim Capaldi ( Mason 's bandmate in the Hellions , Deep Feeling , and Traffic ) , and played the guitar solo on `` Do n't Be a Hero '' . Mason in 1974 Solo career ( edit ) After Traffic , Mason pursued a moderately successful solo career . His first single was `` Just for You '' ; on the B - side , `` Little Woman , '' he was backed by the band Family , following his production of Family 's first album , 1968 's Music in a Doll 's House ( which included `` Never Like This , '' an original Mason song ) . His songwriting and sound culminated on his 1970 album Alone Together featuring `` Only You Know and I Know , '' which reached No. 42 on the Billboard chart , as well as the lesser hit `` Look at You , Look at Me . '' In the early 1970s he enlisted his friend , singer - songwriter Ray Kennedy , to tour and write for his next album . In the mid - to late 1970s , he toured and recorded with guitarist Jim Krueger , keyboardist Mike Finnigan , bassist Gerald Johnson and drummer Rick Jaeger . In 1977 , Mason had his biggest hit with `` We Just Disagree , '' written by Krueger . Reaching No. 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 , it was later successfully recorded by country singer Billy Dean . Mason played himself in the film Skatetown , U.S.A. , performing two songs in a roller disco as well as writing and performing the film 's theme song . Mason in 2014 Mason 's 1980 single , `` Save Me , '' featured a duet with Michael Jackson . In 1988 , a duet with Phoebe Snow , called `` Dreams I Dream '' reached # 11 on the US adult contemporary charts . Tenure in Fleetwood Mac ( edit ) For a brief period in the 1990s , Mason joined Fleetwood Mac and released the album Time with them in 1995 . In 1997 Mason was scheduled to be a member of Ringo Starr & His All - Starr Band , performing `` Only You Know and I Know '' , `` We Just Disagree '' and `` Feelin Alright '' , but he was dropped from rehearsals before the tour started . Current projects ( edit ) In 2002 , he released the DVD Dave Mason : Live at Sunrise , a recording of a live performance at the Sunrise Musical Theater in Sunrise , Florida , backed by Bobby Scumaci on keyboards , Johnne Sambataro on rhythm guitar ( who rejoined Mason for the DVD , after previously touring with him in 1978 ) , Richard Campbell on bass and Greg Babcock on drums . At one time , Mason lived in the Ojai Valley in California . As of 2005 , he was performing about 100 shows a year with the Dave Mason Band across the U.S. and Canada . Philanthropy ( edit ) Mason is a proponent of music education for children . In 2005 , he signed on as an official supporter of Little Kids Rock , a non-profit organisation that provides free musical instruments and lessons to children in American public schools . He sits on the organization 's board of directors as an honorary member . Mason also is a founding board member of Yoga Blue , a non-profit organisation devoted to teaching yoga and other holistic practices to those recovering from substance abuse and other self - destructive disorders . Mason and his longtime friend Ted Knapp have founded Rock Our Vets , an all volunteer 501 ( c ) 3 charity supported by many other musical talents , helping veterans with whatever needs to be done . The charity has focused on providing food and clothing to homeless veterans , laptop computers for vets aspiring to continue their education , as well as suicide prevention . Discography ( edit ) Solo ( edit ) Studio albums ( edit ) 1970 : Alone Together ( Blue Thumb Records ) 1971 : Dave Mason & Cass Elliot ( Blue Thumb ) 1972 : Headkeeper ( Blue Thumb ) 1973 : It 's Like You Never Left ( Columbia Records ) 1974 : Dave Mason ( Columbia ) 1975 : Split Coconut ( Columbia ) 1977 : Let It Flow ( Columbia ) 1978 : Mariposa de Oro ( Columbia ) 1980 : Old Crest on a New Wave ( Columbia ) 1987 : Two Hearts ( MCA Records ) 1987 : Some Assembly Required ( Chumley Records ) 2008 : 26 Letters - 12 Notes ( Out the Box / Sony ) 2014 : Future 's Past ( Something - Music ) 2017 : Pink Lipstick ( EP ) ( Barham Productions ) Live ( edit ) 1973 : Dave Mason Is Alive ( ABC / Blue Thumb / MCA ) ( recorded at the Troubadour , West Hollywood , CA , 1971 ) 1976 : Certified Live ( Columbia ) ( recorded on tour , 1975 ) 1999 : Live : The 40,000 Headmen Tour ( with Jim Capaldi ) ( Receiver Records ) ( recorded at various locations , Feb - April 1998 ) 2002 : Live at Perkins Palace ( Pioneer ) ( recorded 1981 ) 2002 : Live at Sunrise Theatre ( Image Entertainment ) 2004 : XM Radio ( Barham Productions ) ( recorded May 2003 ) Reissued with bonus tracks in 2007 as Dave Mason Live at XM Satellite Radio ( Friday Music ) 2015 : Traffic Jam ( Barham Productions ) Compilations ( edit ) 1972 : Scrapbook ( Island Records ) 1974 : The Best of Dave Mason ( Blue Thumb ) 1974 : At His Best ( ABC Records ) 1978 : The Very Best of Dave Mason ( ABC / Blue Thumb ) 1978 : Skatetown , U.S.A ( Columbia ) soundtrack to the film of the same name ; Dave Mason performs `` Main Theme '' , `` I Fell in Love '' , and `` Feelin ' Alright '' 1978 : California Jam II ( Columbia ) recorded live at the music festival of the same name ; Dave Mason performs `` Let it Go , Let it Flow '' and `` We Just Disagree '' 1981 : The Best of Dave Mason ( Columbia ) 1995 : Long Lost Friend : The Best of Dave Mason ( Legacy Recordings / Columbia ) 1999 : The Ultimate Collection ( Hip - O Records ) 2000 : Super Hits ( Legacy ) 2007 : The Definitive Collection ( Hip - O ) 2014 : The Columbia Years : The Definitive Anthology ( Real Gone Music ) Videos ( edit ) 1981 : Live at Perkins Palace ( Pioneer , laser disc ) 1992 : Best Live 1991 Tokyo ( Bandai , laser disc ) 2002 : Live at Sunrise ( Image Entertainment , DVD ) 2008 : The Legendary Guitar of Dave Mason ( Hot Licks , instructional DVD ) Traffic ( edit ) See Traffic discography Session work ( edit ) 1967 : Julian Covey & The Machine , `` A Little Bit Hurt '' / `` Sweet Bacon '' single ( Philips ) guitar and vocals 1968 : Family , Music in a Doll 's House producer of album , songwriter of `` Never Like This '' 1968 : The Jimi Hendrix Experience , Electric Ladyland ( Reprise ) acoustic guitar on `` All Along the Watchtower '' , backing vocals on `` Crosstown Traffic '' 1968 : The Rolling Stones , Beggar 's Banquet ( Decca ) shenai on `` Street Fighting Man '' and mellotron on `` Factory Girl '' 1969 : Gordon Jackson , Thinking Back ( Marmalade ) producer , bass guitar , electric guitar , and slide guitar 1969 : Merryweather , Word of Mouth ( Capitol ) songwriter , guitar , bass , and vocals 1970 : Delaney & Bonnie & Friends with Eric Clapton , On Tour guitar 1970 : George Harrison , All Things Must Pass ( Apple ) guitar on various tracks 1970 : Bobby Lester , Bobby Lester ( Columbia ) guitar on `` Freedom '' 1971 : Delaney & Bonnie & Friends , Motel Shot ( ATCO ) guitar and vocals 1971 : Graham Nash , Songs for Beginners ( Atlantic ) electric guitar on `` Military Madness '' 1972 : Jim Capaldi , Oh How We Danced ( Island ) harmonica on `` Big Thirst '' , guitar on `` Do n't Be a Hero '' 1972 : Crosby and Nash , Graham Nash / David Crosby ( Atlantic ) lead guitar on `` Immigration Man '' 1972 : Bobby Keys , Bobby Keys ( Warner Bros . ) songwriter on `` Steal from a King '' and `` Crispy Duck '' 1973 : David Blue , Nice Baby and the Angel ( Asylum ) acoustic guitar , electric guitar , and vocals on `` Outlaw Man '' 1973 : Graham Nash , Wild Tales ( Atlantic ) 12 - string guitar on `` Oh ! Camil ( The Winter Soldier ) '' 1974 : Phoebe Snow , Phoebe Snow ( Shelter Records ) electric guitar on `` No Show Tonight '' 1975 : Wings , Venus and Mars electric guitar on `` Listen to What the Man Said '' 1978 : Mike Finnigan , Black and White ( Columbia ) lead guitar on `` Hideaway From Love '' 1978 : Stephen Stills , Thoroughfare Gap ( Columbia ) vocals on `` You Ca n't Dance Alone '' , `` We Will Go On '' , `` What 's the Game '' , and `` Midnight Rider '' 1979 : Ron Wood , Gimme Some Neck ( CBS ) acoustic guitar on `` F.U.C. Her '' 1983 : Donovan , Lady of the Stars guitar on `` Boy for Every Girl '' 1983 : Don Felder , Airborn ( Asylum ) vocals on `` Never Surrender '' 1988 : Eric Clapton , Crossroads ( Polydor ) guitar on `` Ai n't That Loving You '' , originally recorded ca . 1974 1995 : Fleetwood Mac , Time ( Warner Bros. Records ) songwriter , producer , vocals , and guitar 2004 : Noel Redding , The Experience Sessions ( Sony / BMG ) sitar on `` There Ai n't Nothing Wrong '' , originally recorded ca . 1968 2010 : Jimi Hendrix , West Coast Seattle Boy ( Legacy ) sitar on `` Little One '' , originally recorded ca . 1968 2011 : Derek and the Dominoes , Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs : 40th Anniversary Edition ( Universal ) guitar and vocals on `` Roll It Over '' , originally recorded June 1970 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dave Mason Reviews on Yahoo ! Music '' . Music.uk.launch.yahoo.com . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Classic Rock '' The Archive `` Summer 2005 '' Page 92 `` Dave Mason It 's Like You Never Left '' . Archive.classicrockmagazine.com . Archived from the original on 9 November 2013 . Retrieved 11 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Traffic biography , Rolling Stone Jump up ^ Huey , Steve . Dave Mason biography at Allmusic Jump up ^ DeYoung , Bill . `` We Just Disagree : The Story of Dave Mason '' , Goldmine , February 1996 Jump up ^ Doran , Bob . `` The Hum '' , North Coast Journal , 2 June 2005 Jump up ^ Reverb Nation Archived 15 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. , this article is linked to directly from Dave Mason 's Facebook page ( Band Profile - > more ) , as of 14 February 2011 . Jump up ^ D'Agostino , John . `` Dave Mason Is n't Just Older , He 's Better '' , Los Angeles Times , 18 March 1992 Jump up ^ `` Amazon DVD info '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 08 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dave Mason . Dave Mason 's official website Rock Our Vets official website NAMM Oral History Interview February 23 , 2007 Dave Mason Studio albums 1967 Mr. Fantasy ( With Traffic ) 1968 Traffic ( With Traffic ) 1969 Last Exit ( With Traffic ) 1970 Alone Together 1971 Dave Mason & Cass Elliot 1972 Headkeeper 1973 It 's Like You Never Left 1974 Dave Mason 1975 Split Coconut 1977 Let It Flow 1978 Mariposa De Oro 1980 Old Crest on a New Wave 1987 Two Hearts 1987 Some Assembly Required 2008 26 Letters -- 12 Notes 2014 Future 's Past Live albums 1971 Welcome to the Canteen ( With Traffic ) 1973 Dave Mason Is Alive 1976 Certified Live 1999 Live : 40,000 Headmen Tour ( w / Jim Capaldi ) 2002 Live at Perkins ' Palace ( originally recorded 1981 ) 2002 Dave Mason : Live at Sunrise 2007 XM Live Compilations 1972 Scrapbook 1974 The Best of Dave Mason 1975 At His Best 1978 The Very Best of Dave Mason 1981 The Best of Dave Mason 1995 Long Lost Friend : The Very Best of Dave Mason 1999 Ultimate Collection 2006 The Definitive Collection 2016 The Columbia Years : The Definitive Anthology Singles 1968 `` Just for You '' b / w `` Little Woman '' 1970 `` Only You Know and I Know '' US # 42 1970 `` Satin Red and Black Velvet Woman '' US # 97 ( was only a 45 rpm B - side until it was released on the Ultimate Collection CD in 1999 ) 1972 `` To Be Free '' US # 121 1977 `` So High ( Rock Me Baby and Roll Me Away ) '' US # 89 1977 `` We Just Disagree '' US No. 12 , US AC No. 19 1978 `` Mystic Traveller '' 1978 `` Do n't It Make You Wonder '' 1978 `` Let It Go , Let It Flow '' US No. 45 1978 `` Will You Still Love Me Tomorrow ? '' US No. 39 1980 `` Save Me '' ( with Michael Jackson ) US No. 71 1987 `` Something In The Heart '' US Mainstream Rock No. 24 1988 `` Dreams I Dream '' ( duet with Phoebe Snow ) US AC No. 11 Other Notable Appearances 1968 Electric Ladyland 1968 Beggars Banquet 1969 Lily the Pink 1970 All Things Must Pass 1970 On Tour with Eric Clapton 1971 Motel Shot 1971 Songs for Beginners 1972 Graham Nash David Crosby 1972 Oh How We Danced 1974 Wild Tales 1974 Phoebe Snow 1975 Venus and Mars 1976 You Ca n't Argue with a Sick Mind ) ) 1978 Thoroughfare Gap 1979 Gimme Some Neck 1979 Skatetown , U.S.A. 1983 Airborne 1995 Time Traffic Steve Winwood Jim Capaldi Chris Wood Dave Mason Ric Grech Jim Gordon Rebop Kwaku Baah Roger Hawkins David Hood Barry Beckett Rosko Gee Randall Bramblett Michael McEvoy Walfredo Reyes Jr . Studio albums Mr. Fantasy Traffic Last Exit John Barleycorn Must Die The Low Spark of High Heeled Boys Shoot Out at the Fantasy Factory When the Eagle Flies Far from Home Live albums Welcome to the Canteen On the Road The Last Great Traffic Jam Compilations Best of Traffic Heavy Traffic More Heavy Traffic Smiling Phases Gold Songs `` Paper Sun '' `` Hole in My Shoe '' `` Here We Go Round the Mulberry Bush '' `` Dear Mr. Fantasy '' `` 40,000 Headmen '' `` Feelin ' Alright ? '' `` John Barleycorn '' `` The Low Spark of High Heeled Boys '' Related articles Discography Blind Faith Ginger Baker 's Air Force Book Category Fleetwood Mac Mick Fleetwood John McVie Christine McVie Stevie Nicks Mike Campbell Neil Finn Bob Brunning Peter Green Jeremy Spencer Danny Kirwan Bob Welch Dave Walker Bob Weston Lindsey Buckingham Billy Burnette Rick Vito Bekka Bramlett Dave Mason Studio albums Fleetwood Mac Mr. Wonderful Then Play On Kiln House Future Games Bare Trees Penguin Mystery to Me Heroes Are Hard to Find Fleetwood Mac Rumours Tusk Mirage Tango in the Night Behind the Mask Time Say You Will EPs Extended Play Compilations English Rose The Pious Bird of Good Omen Fleetwood Mac in Chicago Black Magic Woman The Original Fleetwood Mac Greatest Hits Vintage Years Greatest Hits 25 Years -- The Chain Madison Blues The Vaudeville Years The Complete Blue Horizon Sessions 1967 -- 1969 Show - Biz Blues The Best of Peter Green 's Fleetwood Mac The Very Best of Fleetwood Mac The Essential Fleetwood Mac Live albums Live Live in Boston Live at the BBC The Dance Shrine ' 69 Live in Boston Singles `` I Believe My Time Ai n't Long '' `` Shake Your Moneymaker '' `` Black Magic Woman '' `` Need Your Love So Bad '' `` Albatross '' `` Man of the World '' `` Oh Well '' `` Rattlesnake Shake '' `` The Green Manalishi ( With the Two Prong Crown ) '' `` Dragonfly '' `` Sentimental Lady '' `` For Your Love '' `` Warm Ways '' `` Over My Head '' `` Rhiannon '' `` Say You Love Me '' `` Go Your Own Way '' `` Dreams '' `` Do n't Stop '' `` You Make Loving Fun '' `` Tusk '' `` Sara '' `` Not That Funny '' `` Think About Me '' `` Sisters of the Moon '' `` Angel '' `` Hold Me '' `` Gypsy '' `` Love in Store '' `` Oh Diane '' `` Ca n't Go Back '' `` Big Love '' `` Seven Wonders '' `` Little Lies '' `` Family Man '' `` Everywhere '' `` Is n't It Midnight '' `` As Long as You Follow '' `` Save Me '' `` In the Back of My Mind '' `` Skies the Limit '' `` Love Is Dangerous '' `` Love Shines '' `` Paper Doll '' `` I Do '' `` Temporary One '' `` The Chain '' ( live ) `` Silver Springs '' ( live ) `` Landslide '' ( live ) `` Peacekeeper '' `` Say You Will '' `` Sad Angel '' Other songs `` Hellhound on My Trail '' `` Stop Messin ' Round '' `` Dust My Broom '' `` Madison Blues '' `` I Ca n't Hold Out '' `` Everyday I Have the Blues '' `` Sugar Mama '' `` Rock Me Baby '' `` Somebody 's Gonna Get Their Head Kicked in Tonite '' `` Great Balls of Fire '' `` ( I 'm a ) Road Runner '' `` Hypnotized '' `` Monday Morning '' `` Blue Letter '' `` World Turning '' `` I 'm So Afraid '' `` Second Hand News '' `` Never Going Back Again '' `` Songbird '' `` I Do n't Want to Know '' `` Oh Daddy '' `` Gold Dust Woman '' `` Walk a Thin Line '' `` I Know I 'm Not Wrong '' `` Brown Eyes '' `` Tango in the Night '' `` No Questions Asked '' `` Tallahassee Lassie '' `` Murrow Turning Over in His Grave '' Concert tours Heroes Are Hard to Find Tour Fleetwood Mac Tour Rumours Tour Tusk Tour Mirage Tour Shake the Cage Tour Behind the Mask Tour Say You Will Tour Unleashed Fleetwood Mac Live On with the Show An Evening with Fleetwood Mac Related articles Discography Band members Buckingham Nicks Lindsey Buckingham Christine McVie Stretch Bekka & Billy Just Tell Me That You Want Me : A Tribute to Fleetwood Mac `` Rumours '' ( Glee episode ) John Mayall 's Bluesbreakers Clifford Davis Book Category BIBSYS : 8000643 BNF : cb13993414h ( data ) GND : 124094899 ISNI : 0000 0000 3413 0007 LCCN : n92000421 MusicBrainz : d70c2ae1 - 911a - 4bea - 8ef4 - 63564a150ff2 SUDOC : 079181112 VIAF : 64201357 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dave_Mason&oldid=853723115 '' Categories : 1946 births Living people English songwriters English male singers English rock guitarists British soft rock musicians Island Records artists Columbia Records artists MCA Records artists Delaney & Bonnie & Friends members Fleetwood Mac members Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees Traffic ( band ) members Musicians from Worcestershire People from Worcester Harvest Records artists Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from March 2018 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from July 2014 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 August 2018 , at 15 : 56 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	only you know and i know dave mason	[]	[]
-7293243012257182188	Taboo (2017 TV series)	Taboo ( 2017 TV series ) - wikipedia Taboo ( 2017 TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search Taboo Genre Period drama Created by Tom Hardy Edward `` Chips '' Hardy Steven Knight Written by Steven Knight Edward `` Chips '' Hardy Directed by Kristoffer Nyholm Anders Engström Starring Tom Hardy Leo Bill Jessie Buckley Oona Chaplin Mark Gatiss Stephen Graham Jefferson Hall David Hayman Ed Hogg Michael Kelly Jonathan Pryce Jason Watkins Nicholas Woodeson Composer ( s ) Max Richter Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series No. of episodes 8 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Tom Hardy Ridley Scott Liza Marshall Kate Crowe Dean Baker Steven Knight Tom Lesinski Producer ( s ) Tim Bricknell Edward `` Chips '' Hardy ( consulting ) Cinematography Mark Patten Editor ( s ) Serkan Nihat Matt Platts - Mills Guy Bensley Kate Weiland Jason Krascucki Beverly Mills Running time 55 -- 57 minutes Production company ( s ) Scott Free London Hardy Son & Baker Distributor BBC One ( UK ) FX ( US ) Sonar Entertainment ( non-US ) Release Original network BBC One FX Picture format 1080i ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release 7 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 07 ) -- present ( present ) External links BBC website www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b088s45m Taboo is a British television drama programme produced by Scott Free London and Hardy Son & Baker for BBC One and FX . The show premiered on BBC One in the United Kingdom on 7 January 2017 , followed by the United States premiere on FX on 10 January 2017 . The programme was renewed for a second series in March 2017 . It was created by Steven Knight , Tom Hardy , and his father , Edward `` Chips '' Hardy , and is based on a story written by Tom and Chips Hardy . The eight - part series , set in 1814 , begins with James Delaney ( Tom Hardy ) returning to England after twelve years in Africa with fourteen stolen diamonds , following the death of his father and as the war with the United States is nearing its end . Kristoffer Nyholm and Anders Engström each directed four episodes of the first series . The music was composed by Max Richter . The show has received generally favourable reviews , with critics praising Hardy 's performance . Two more series are planned . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 2 Production 3 Episodes 4 Broadcast 5 Reception 6 References 7 External links Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Tom Hardy as James Keziah Delaney , Horace Delaney 's son Leo Bill as Benjamin Wilton , records officer , East India Company Jessie Buckley as Lorna Bow , Horace 's widow Oona Chaplin as Zilpha Geary , James Delaney 's half - sister Mark Gatiss as the Prince Regent Stephen Graham as Atticus , underworld informant to Delaney Jefferson Hall as Thorne Geary , Zilpha 's husband , insurance broker David Hayman as Brace , Horace Delaney 's loyal servant Edward Hogg as Michael Godfrey , minute taker , East India Company Michael Kelly as Dr Edgar Dumbarton , American physician at St Bartholomew 's Hospital in London and spy Jonathan Pryce as Sir Stuart Strange , Chairman of the East India Company Jason Watkins as Solomon Coop , Private Secretary to the Sovereign Nicholas Woodeson as Robert Thoyt , Delaney 's solicitor Recurring ( edit ) Edward Fox as Horace Delaney , owner of a shipping company based in London Franka Potente as Helga von Hinten , brothel madam Ruby - May Martinwood as Winter , Helga 's daughter Scroobius Pip as French Bill , assistant to Atticus Fiona Skinner as Brighton , a member of Atticus 's gang . Christopher Fairbank as Ibbotson , Delaney 's tenant farmer Richard Dixon as Edmund Pettifer , Africa desk , East India Company Roger Ashton - Griffiths as Abraham Appleby , East India Company Tom Hollander as Dr George Cholmondeley , chemist and scientist Marina Hands as Countess Musgrove , American spymaster in London Danny Ligairi as Martinez , Polynesian associate of Delaney Lucian Msamati as George Chichester , Sons of Africa lawyer Louis Ashbourne Serkis as Robert , James Delaney 's illegitimate son Production ( edit ) Taboo was created by Steven Knight , Tom Hardy and his father , Edward `` Chips '' Hardy , and is based on a story written by Tom and Chips Hardy . Knight and Tom Hardy previously worked together in the 2013 film Locke and the TV series Peaky Blinders , which premiered in 2013 . The first series was directed by Kristoffer Nyholm and Anders Engström . The music was composed by Max Richter . Steven Knight plans for two more series . Taboo was renewed in March 2017 for a second series . Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date UK viewers ( millions ) `` Episode 1 '' Kristoffer Nyholm Steven Knight 7 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 07 ) 7.00 James Delaney , believed dead , returns to London to attend the funeral of his father , Horace . Other than owning a small part of the west coast of North America , Horace has left nothing of value . The land , Nootka Sound , is in dispute between Great Britain and the United States , who are at war . The East India Company had an agreement to buy the land from Zilpha Geary , Delaney 's half - sister , but Delaney knows the war is coming to an end , greatly increasing the value of the land , and scorns their offer . Delaney discovers his father died from arsenic poisoning . `` Episode 2 '' Kristoffer Nyholm Steven Knight 14 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 14 ) 6.18 Delaney sets about reclaiming his inheritance ; he buys a ship at auction , then begins to assemble his crew . The reading of Horace 's will concludes with the appearance of Lorna Bow , a London actress , who claims that she and Horace were married . Delaney pays off Horace 's numerous creditors , and makes contact with Dr Dumbarton . The East India Company plot Delaney 's murder . The man with the silver tooth stabs Delaney , who despite severe injuries manages to kill him . `` Episode 3 '' Kristoffer Nyholm Steven Knight 21 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 21 ) 5.57 After Dumbarton administers to Delaney 's wound , his assistance regarding Nootka Sound is made clear . Delaney protects his life against the East India Company and the Crown by making United States government the beneficiary of his will . When Lorna makes claim for half of Horace 's assets , she is warned that her life is at risk and she should flee to Paris . Michael Godfrey is blackmailed by Delaney to provide secrets from the East India Company 's meetings . Lorna is abducted after leaving the theatre , only to be rescued by Delaney . `` Episode 4 '' Kristoffer Nyholm Steven Knight and Emily Ballou 28 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 28 ) 5.36 Lorna , encouraged by Delaney , allows herself to be arrested by the Crown . About to be raped by Coop , she is rescued when the East India Company intervene , having been tipped off by Delaney . Cholmondeley advises Delaney on gunpowder . They plan to steal refined saltpetre from a Company warehouse . An attempt to kill Delaney , instigated by the US secret agent Carlsbad , ends with the disembowelment of his attacker . When Delaney is invited to a ball held by the Countess Musgrove , he asks Lorna to accompany him . Although she neither confirms nor denies it , he realises that Musgrove is Carlsbad . Thorne , under the influence from laughing gas provided by Cholmondeley , challenges Delaney to a duel to the death . 5 `` Episode 5 '' Anders Engström Steven Knight and Ben Hervey 4 February 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 04 ) 5.63 When Thorne 's shot at Delaney 's chest proves to have been sabotaged , Delaney fires at the second , killing him . Because the Crown had purchased the saltpetre , the Company pay the consequence for the theft . The Prince Regent decides to make matters difficult for the Company and sends George Chichester , a lawyer for the Sons of Africa , to investigate the sinking of the Influence , the slave ship that has been haunting Delaney 's memories and on which 280 people died . Dumbarton tells Delaney that the Americans know about his hidden farm . Lorna has followed Delaney 's instructions and brought him his father 's trunk ; he finds the treaty that proves Nootka Sound was bought from the natives , rather than taken by force . Delaney believes that his father bought his mother , a Nootka woman , for beads . 6 `` Episode 6 '' Anders Engström Edward `` Chips '' Hardy and Steven Knight 11 February 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 11 ) 5.43 Brace tells Delaney that his mother was confined to a mental asylum after she attempted to drown him , and that his father had saved his life . Zilpha murders Thorne , and his corpse is disposed of by Dumbarton . Ibbotson takes confession , but the priest is in the employ of the Company . The gunpowder is not found and is successfully transported to the dock , but the Company destroy Delaney 's ship . Delaney gets hopelessly drunk , and on recovering , he finds Winter 's corpse beside him . Chichester continues his investigation into the Company , discovering that the name of the slave ship had been changed and that it was registered as being empty ; that it was staffed with a skeleton crew ; and that Stuart Strange 's own brother owned a sugar plantation in Antigua . 7 `` Episode 7 '' Anders Engström Steven Knight 18 February 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 18 ) 5.53 Following Winter 's funeral , James is fearful that he may have killed her whilst drunk . Unlike Helga , Lorna believes in his innocence , especially as he houses another young waif , Robert . James is visited by Chichester , who accuses him of complicity in sinking the slave ship but offers immunity if he will indict the East India Company . Brace makes a dreadful confession to James . Meanwhile , a vengeful Helga tells Strange about the gunpowder , leading to James being imprisoned and tortured , for treason . Lorna does her own sleuthing to prove James innocent of killing Winter , whilst James ' ally in the Company , Godfrey , agrees to testify against them , requiring George to spirit him away for his own safety . With the Prince Regent still annoyed at the East India Company , James is surprised to find Strange offering him a compromising bargain . 8 `` Episode 8 '' Anders Engström Steven Knight 25 February 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 25 ) 5.59 In prison awaiting trial , James lets Strange know he is aware of his part in the sinking of the slave ship , a fact Godfrey will reveal to the Royal Commission , thus forcing Strange to arrange his release . James is distraught to find that Zilpha has killed herself . Lorna and Atticus also rescue Helga , telling her that James was framed by the East India Company for Winter 's murder . James , Lorna , Atticus , Michael and their associates prepare to escape on the ship Strange has arranged for them , but there is a traitor in the group , not to mention a vengeful Prince Regent . There is a dockside shoot - out before the survivors can set sail for America and the East India Company is ultimately discredited . Broadcast ( edit ) Taboo premiered on BBC One in the United Kingdom on 7 January 2017 , and on FX in the United States on 10 January 2017 . The debut episode had 1.839 million viewers in the US , and a rating of 0.6 for the 18 -- 49 demo . Its Live + 3 figures were 3.43 million viewers -- 1.63 million adults in the category 18 - 49 -- the time - shifted percentage increase of 101 % in the demo is a record for FX . In the US , the first season averaged per episode 1.33 million viewers and 0.4 rating in the 18 - 49 demo on the episodes initial airings , but increased to 5.8 million viewers per episode after viewing figures from all platforms had been added , including on - air replays , delayed viewing and streaming . Reception ( edit ) The show has received generally favourable reviews , with critics praising Hardy 's performance , the show 's aesthetic and the slow burn aspect . The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the series an approval rating of 78 % based on 45 reviews , with an average rating of 7.03 / 10 . Their critical consensus reads , `` After a sluggish start , Taboo takes a hold as a mysterious , dark , and often brutal period drama with plenty of promise as a series -- most notably Tom Hardy 's exceptionally watchable performance '' . On review aggregator Metacritic , the series has a score of 67 out of 100 based on 32 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Ben Lawrence of The Telegraph gave Taboo 3 out of 5 stars , stating that Taboo 's strength is that , despite borrowing from westerns , gangster flicks and even Dickens , it still manages to feel utterly original . Sam Wollaston of The Guardian noted that while some of the dialogue does make you wince , Hardy 's acting and onscreen presence more than makes up for it . Writing for The Hollywood Reporter , Tim Goodman noted that Taboo is a solid if slow , in the early going , entry in FX 's stable of series , with a compelling turn by Tom Hardy . Kevin Yeoman of Screenrant wrote in his review that it all added up to a dark , slow - moving but nonetheless intriguing drama with secrets to dispense in due time . He also said that it was likely that those drawn to Hardy 's onscreen intensity and seemingly unlimited capacity to become the physical embodiment of gloomy menace would be the ones most likely to stick around until the very end , and in doing so would reap the potential rewards . Some historians have expressed concern that the East India Company may be portrayed inaccurately . Before the broadcast of Taboo , Steven Knight said , `` This man , James Delaney , is a deeply flawed and deeply troubled human being . His greatest struggle will be against the East India Company which , throughout the 19th century , was the equivalent of the CIA , the NSA , and the biggest , baddest multinational corporation on earth , all rolled into one self - righteous , religiously - motivated monolith . '' Tirthankar Roy , an economic historian at the London School of Economics , argued that it gave an excessively negative view of the East India Company . Nick Robins , author of The Corporation That Changed the World , added that the organisation had made a positive contribution , but that by the time it was dissolved it had long `` outlived its usefulness '' . A lecturer at Manchester Business School , Matthew McCaffrey , considers Taboo to portray monopolies realistically . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kelly , Alicia ( 28 December 2016 ) . `` Danny will star alongside Tom Hardy after chance encounter with star 's dog '' . Worcester News . Retrieved 30 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Furness , Hannah ( 3 January 2017 ) . `` Tom Hardy wins dream acting role -- after convincing his dad to create it for him '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Premiere of FX Drama Taboo Among Highest - Rated Drama Premieres of Past Year '' . BroadwayWorld.com. 17 January 2017 . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Fullerton , Haw ( 25 February 2017 ) . `` What is Taboo 's theme song ? '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Dowell , Ben ( 18 February 2017 ) . `` Taboo writer Steven Knight plans at least two more series of the BBC One drama '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( 8 March 2017 ) . `` Tom Hardy Drama ' Taboo ' Renewed For Season 2 By BBC One & FX '' . Deadline . Retrieved 12 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 30 Programmes '' . Barb.co.uk . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . ( No permanent link available . Search for relevant dates . ) Jump up ^ Fullerton , Huw ( 25 February 2017 ) . `` Taboo : Everything you need to know about Nootka Sound '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Hawkes , Rebecca ( 1 February 2017 ) . `` Taboo 's gunpowder plot : can you really make explosives from manure ? '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( 23 November 2015 ) . `` Tom Hardy 's FX / BBC One Drama Taboo Adds 13 , Begins Production '' . TVLine . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( 11 January 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : Taboo premieres well , Curse of Oak Island dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( 16 January 2017 ) . `` Taboo Premiere Draws 3.4 M Viewers In L + 3 For FX '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 27 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( 8 March 2017 ) . `` Taboo will return to FX in 2018 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Yeoman , Kevin ( 10 January 2017 ) . `` Taboo Premiere Delivers an Intense and Provocative Period Drama '' . Screenrant.com . Retrieved 27 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Goodman , Tim ( 4 January 2017 ) . `` Taboo : TV Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 27 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taboo ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taboo reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Ben ( 10 January 2017 ) . `` Taboo review : ' Tom Hardy 's swaggering brute of a costume drama ' '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 27 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Wollaston , Sam ( 16 January 2017 ) . `` Taboo review -- Tom Hardy brings extra swagger to Regency London '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Singh , Anita ; Copping , Jasper ( 4 April 2014 ) . `` BBC to break ' Taboo ' with ' inaccurate ' portrayal of East India Company '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ McCaffrey , Matthew ( 3 February 2017 ) . `` FX 's Taboo Offers a Realistic Portrayal of Monopoly '' . FEE . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . External links ( edit ) Taboo on IMDb Taboo at BBC Taboo at FX ( hide ) Works by Steven Knight Films written and directed Hummingbird Locke Serenity Films written only Dirty Pretty Things Amazing Grace Eastern Promises Closed Circuit The Hundred - Foot Journey Seventh Son Pawn Sacrifice Burnt Allied November Criminals Woman Walks Ahead TV series created Peaky Blinders Taboo Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taboo_(2017_TV_series)&oldid=806271589 '' Categories : 2010s British drama television series 2017 British television programme debuts BBC television dramas English - language television programs Television series by Scott Free Productions Television shows set in London Hidden categories : EngvarB from January 2017 Use dmy dates from January 2017 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Polski Português Română Русский Svenska Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 20 October 2017 , at 21 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many series of taboo will there be	[ "It was created by Steven Knight, Tom Hardy, and his father, Edward \"Chips\" Hardy, and is based on a story written by Tom and Chips Hardy. The eight-part series, set in 1814, begins with James Delaney (Tom Hardy) returning to England after twelve years in Africa with fourteen stolen diamonds, following the death of his father and as the war with the United States is nearing its end." ]	[ "eight" ]
149048364762256067	List of H2O: Just Add Water episodes	List of H2O : just Add water episodes - Wikipedia List of H O : just Add water episodes Jump to : navigation , search The following is an episode list for the Australian television show H O : Just Add Water , which first aired on Network Ten in Australia and has since been broadcast in more than 120 countries worldwide . Series one premiered in Australia on 7 July 2006 and series two began there on 28 September 2007 . The third series premiered in the United Kingdom on 26 October 2009 while its Australian premiere occurred on 22 May 2010 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episode list 2.1 Series one ( 2006 ) 2.2 Series two ( 2007 -- 08 ) 2.3 Series three ( 2009 -- 10 ) 3 Compilation TV films 4 References 5 External links Series overview ( edit ) Series Episodes Originally aired Series premiere Series finale 26 7 July 2006 ( 2006 - 07 - 07 ) 29 December 2006 ( 2006 - 12 - 29 ) 26 28 September 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 28 ) 21 March 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 21 ) 26 26 October 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 26 ) ( UK ) 16 April 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 16 ) ( UK ) Episode list ( edit ) Series one ( 2006 ) ( edit ) Emma Gilbert ( Claire Holt ) , Cleo Sertori ( Phoebe Tonkin ) and Rikki Chadwick ( Cariba Heine ) are three teenage girls who become stranded on the mysterious Mako Island . When they enter an underground pool of water that leads to the ocean they find themselves bathed in the glow of moonlight from overhead . After being rescued the girls return to their normal lives but soon discover they have changed : seconds after contact with water they transform into mermaids . After further experimentation , they discover they also have unique supernatural powers over water . Emma can freeze water , Cleo can control the shape and volume of water , and Rikki can boil water . The girls enlist Cleo 's long - time friend Lewis McCartney ( Angus McLaren ) to try to determine why this has happened to them and help them keep their new identity a secret . The series focuses on the girls dealing with everyday teen problems while trying to cope with their newfound abilities . The first series features a single primary storyline with three main elements . The girls meet Louise Chatham ( Christine Amor ) , an older woman who reveals that she too was once a mermaid . She helps the girls understand their own situation and warns them of the dangers involved . After a confrontation with Ms. Chatham , Zane Bennett ( Burgess Abernethy ) gets trapped on her sinking houseboat which forces Emma to rush to his aid . During the rescue , Zane catches a glimpse of her tail and becomes obsessed with finding this `` sea monster '' . Doctor Denman ( Lara Cox ) , a marine biologist , also becomes focused on the mermaids when Lewis accidentally leaves behind a genetic sample of the girls he was working on in her lab . Zane later helps her to capture the girls , unaware of their true identities . When he realises what he has done , Zane works with Lewis to free the girls who trick the scientists into believing they have given up their powers during a lunar eclipse . In reality , they were only temporarily removed of their powers . No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code 01 `` Metamorphosis '' Colin Budds Philip Dalkin 7 July 2006 ( 2006 - 07 - 07 ) 101 Three fifteen - year - old girls -- Emma Gilbert , Rikki Chadwick , and Cleo Sertori -- find themselves stranded out at sea in a dinghy , and drift onto the beaches of Mako Island . Once there , they discover a hidden , underground cavern , and inside it , a deep pool of water , sitting within the cone of a volcano . Realising that the pool , which has an underwater tunnel connected to the ocean , is their only way out , the girls step into the water and find themselves bathed in the light of the full moon as it passes over the top of the volcano . Little do they know , as they swim out of the tunnel and are rescued by the water police , that they have undergone a magical transformation , and their lives will never be the same again . Ten seconds after they touch water , they turn into mermaids . Cleo and Emma discover that they have powers to control water . 02 `` Pool Party '' Colin Budds Deb Cox 14 July 2006 ( 2006 - 07 - 14 ) 102 While Rikki enjoys her new life as a mermaid , Emma and Cleo are less enthusiastic about their mermaid powers . Emma 's swimming career is in jeopardy , and Cleo feels isolated when she realises that she ca n't go to fashionable Miriam 's pool party . Rikki soon gets fed up with their moaning , and storms off ... and accidentally discovers a power of her own . Meanwhile , Cleo wants to tell her friend , Lewis , about her powers , but Emma and Rikki forbid it . However , Cleo might need his help after all when she takes a risk and attends Miriam 's pool party ... and gets thrown in the pool by prankster Zane Bennett and his pal Nate , just as Lewis arrives . Lewis discovers that the girls are mermaids but promises to keep their secret . 03 `` Catch of the Day '' Colin Budds Simon Butters 21 July 2006 ( 2006 - 07 - 21 ) 103 Emma and Rikki use their new - found abilities to free hatchling sea turtles caught in fishing nets . But when they shred one of the nets with a knife , they spark stories of sharks patrolling the waters . Meanwhile , Emma and Rikki have bad news for Cleo ; the fishing boat that caught the turtle in its net was her father 's . Refusing to believe that her father is illegally catching turtles , Cleo swims after his boat to investigate and at last accepts what she is . But the fishermen on board the boat mistake Cleo for a shark and catch her in their net . Emma and Rikki rescue her and Cleo is no longer afraid to swim in the water . 04 `` Party Girls '' Colin Budds Anthony Morris 28 July 2006 ( 2006 - 07 - 28 ) 104 A worried Emma cancels her annual sleepover party when she realises the risk of growing a tail in front of all her guests . She and Lewis travel back to Mako Island to try to find out how the girls were transformed into mermaids , and Emma finds a mysterious locket at the bottom of the Moon Pool , and thinks that it may be important . Meanwhile , Cleo gets a job at the marine park 's dolphin tank , and Emma is furious with her for taking such risks around water . But Cleo 's determination to lead a normal life without being scared of every drop of water she sees convinces Emma , who reschedules her sleepover . But there is trouble in store when Miriam , upset that she was n't invited to Emma 's party , gate crashes with Zane . At the party , Cleo gets water on herself , and has to hide in a closet , but when the other girls at the party open the door , she has already managed to zip herself up inside a sleeping bag . The girls , however , almost feel Cleo 's tail , and she has to use her power to blow up the drinks as a distraction . Jealous Miriam then tries to steal Emma 's locket , but Rikki stops her , and gives it back to Emma . Emma then gives it to Cleo , saying that a mermaid who can hide her tail in the middle of a party is more than capable of taking care of so important a locket . Also , Cleo is confused when she is approached at the marine park by a strange old woman who seems to know her secret . 05 `` Something Fishy '' Colin Budds Joanne Watson 4 August 2006 ( 2006 - 08 - 04 ) 105 Cleo 's secret diary falls into the hands of her younger sister , Kim . Kim grows suspicious when she reads in the diary that Cleo and her friends are mermaids , and shares her ideas with Emma 's brother , Elliot . At first , Elliot does n't believe her ; but when Emma accidentally freezes his shower , Elliot becomes convinced that his sister is part of an evil mermaid cult . To put the kids off the scent , the girls decide to make them think that the diary is about someone else , and choose Miriam as their decoy , using their powers to make it look as though Miriam has powers of her own . Meanwhile , an oblivious Miriam enters the Miss Sea Queen pageant , and taunts Cleo , who decides to enter the pageant herself -- unaware that Kim and Elliot are planning to shower the stage with water to expose Miriam and Cleo as mermaids . Lewis goes to Mako Island to investigate the moon pool in order to find out how the girls became mermaids . 06 `` Young Love '' Colin Budds Sam Carroll 11 August 2006 ( 2006 - 08 - 11 ) 106 When Rikki saves Emma 's brother Elliot from drowning , he develops a crush on her , and wo n't leave her alone . With Rikki getting annoyed , Emma and Cleo try to persuade her to let Elliot down gently ; but with Rikki 's fiery nature , that does n't work too well , and an upset Elliot runs away . Rikki finds him at Lewis ' brother 's nursery plant school and apologises . However , they end up locked in and Rikki discovers that the sprinklers will wash the plants . The others must get them out before Rikki is transformed . 07 `` Moon Spell '' Colin Budds Max Dann 18 August 2006 ( 2006 - 08 - 18 ) 107 The strange old woman makes a reappearance at the marine park , and gives Cleo a mysterious warning not to look at the full moon . The other girls , however , are convinced the old woman is crazy , and ignore the warning , going ahead with Emma 's planned surprise party for her father . At the party , however , Emma sees the reflection of the full moon in a bowl of punch , and then starts acting very strange , losing her inhibitions and being rude to the guests . Cleo , Rikki and Lewis try to keep her under control , but Emma ends up diving into the water , and turning into a mermaid . Worse still , when the others dry her off , her tail wo n't go away . How can they hide a mermaid in the middle of a party ? 08 `` The Denman Affair '' Colin Budds Chris Anastassiades 25 August 2006 ( 2006 - 08 - 25 ) 108 Lewis gets a job as a lab assistant for Dr. Linda Denman , a beautiful marine biologist , and secretly plans to use her equipment to try to find out more about the girls ' mermaid transformation . But he instead ends up putting their secret in danger , when he leaves a DNA sample from Cleo behind in the lab , and Dr. Denman discovers it . The girls realise that they are really in trouble when Cleo sneaks into Dr. Denman 's lab , and discovers a scientific article on Dr. Denman 's laptop about her unusual cell sample . With Lewis refusing to believe that Dr. Denman stole the cell sample from him ( partly because he has a crush on her ) , Emma , Rikki and Cleo 's secret could be about to be exposed to the world . 09 `` Dangerous Waters '' Colin Budds Anthony Morris 1 September 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 01 ) 109 When one of Cleo 's beloved fish dies , Rikki ca n't understand why she is so upset , and ends up offending her . To make up for it , Rikki uses her mermaid abilities to dive where no fish collector can dive , and picks Cleo a replacement fish . Back on dry land , however , she meets a man claiming to be a Marine Park breeder of rare fish , who offers to pay her good money for more rare fish specimens . Rikki takes the job , but when she sees one of the fish she caught in a pet tank in the JuiceNet cafe , she realises that the man who hired her does not really work for the Marine Park , and is actually selling the fish illegally for high profit . Rikki takes it upon herself to find the man , and deliver him to the police . 10 `` The Camera Never Lies '' Colin Budds Deb Cox 8 September 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 08 ) 110 Lewis and the girls enter a short film contest held at the JuiceNet cafe , but Lewis , last year 's champion , is fresh out of ideas . Rikki and Cleo are roped into doing a film about Emma 's mother , but Rikki , thinking that the film is boring , sneaks off to shoot her own film , featuring some impressive underwater footage of sharks . Meanwhile , Zane , ineligible to compete himself , as his father is on the judging panel , recruits Lewis to shoot a film of him windsurfing around Mako Island , recreating ( and hopefully beating ) , his father 's windsurfing record of several years before . But things do n't go to plan , when Zane falls off his windsurfer , right in the middle of Mako Island 's shark breeding ground . 11 `` Sink or Swim '' Colin Budds Max Dann 15 September 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 15 ) 111 Emma is flattered when local surfing hero , Byron , asks her to train him up for a swimming competition , but has to turn him down for obvious reasons . However , she changes her mind after learning that Zane is boasting to everyone that he will beat Byron by a mile , and begins training Byron without getting in the pool herself . But Byron is disappointed when Emma turns into a ' heavy training dragon ' , and the pair nearly fall out . Emma takes advice from her friends not to be so hard on Byron , but by being nice to him , she gives him the wrong idea , and they end up kissing . Meanwhile , Lewis continues his research on the girls , but Rikki does not like him treating her as a specimen , and tries to annoy him by disrupting his experiments . 12 `` The Siren Effect '' Colin Budds Susan MacGillicuddy 22 September 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 22 ) 112 As another full moon approaches , Rikki pushes Cleo into a karaoke contest at the JuiceNet cafe , not realising that Cleo can not sing . After embarrassing herself in front of everybody listening , Cleo heads back home with Emma , Rikki and Lewis to prepare for the full moon . But despite all their preparations , Cleo glimpses the moon in the reflection of some water in the bathroom sink , but when she touches the water , she does n't turn into a mermaid . Cleo then stands before everyone in the house , and , to Rikki and Emma 's surprise , sings with the most beautiful voice imaginable . Lewis realises that the full moon has turned Cleo into a siren -- a mythological mermaid that used its mesmerising voice to lure sailors to their deaths . Cleo 's voice , however , seems to be luring hundreds of teenage boys to her house , and under the spell of her voice , Lewis kisses her , and is thrown out by her father . It is then up to Emma and Rikki to keep Cleo out of trouble until the moon sinks ; but , while they both sleep , Cleo phones up the local radio station , and gets her voice on the radio . 13 `` Shipwrecked '' Colin Budds Philip Dalkin 28 September 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 28 ) 113 At the local boat yard , Emma finally meets the mysterious old woman who has been following Cleo around ; Miss Chatham . And she finds her at just the right time , as Miss Chatham has an argument with Zane about an accident involving her houseboat ( `` Lorelei '' ) and his jet ski , and then collapses from a heart attack . As she is taken away in an ambulance , Zane hears her muttering to Emma that she needs to protect her ' treasure ' . Later , Emma invites the fragile Miss Chatham to stay with her , and she , Cleo and Rikki get to know her better . But upon hearing that she has been evicted from the boat yard , Miss Chatham sets off in the Lorelei before it can be taken away from her but she accidentally damages Zane 's Jet Ski . Zane chases after her in his Zodiac pontoon boat , catches up with the Lorelei near Mako Island , and boards the Lorelei . He demands compensation for his damaged jet ski , but Miss Chatham passes out with another heart attack . Emma and Lewis arrive just in time to help Miss Chatham and take her to seek medical care on Lewis ' boat . Zane stays aboard the Lorelei , searching for the treasure . Kerosene from a lamp ignites on the Lorelei 's engine , and the boat begins to sink , trapping Zane . Emma is forced to dive down to the sinking boat in order to save Zane , and risks him discovering that she is a mermaid , but he just glimpses her tail before he passes out . Emma returns Miss Chatham 's `` treasure '' to her , and it turns out to be a locket ( identical to Cleo 's ) , containing a picture of three teenage girls ; herself and her friends Julia and Gracie , who were all mermaids back in the 1950s ( Cleo 's locket belonged to Miss Chatham 's friend Gracie ) . 14 `` Surprise ! '' Jeffrey Walker Chris Anastassiades 6 October 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 06 ) 114 Cleo counts down the days to her sixteenth birthday , not with excitement , but with dread . Emma and Rikki ca n't understand Cleo 's mood , until Lewis tells them about Cleo 's father 's embarrassing birthday parties . Meanwhile , Zane is determined to find the `` sea monster '' that saved him from drowning , and recruits Lewis to help him . But Lewis has promised the girls that he will keep Zane as far away from Mako Island and them as possible . 15 `` The Big Chill '' Jeffrey Walker John Armstrong 13 October 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 13 ) 115 Emma is excelling at her new job at the JuiceNet café , and is delighted when Wilfred puts her in charge for a whole weekend . However , her skills and patience are put to the test when Cleo persuades her to hire slacker Rikki , who needs the money for concert tickets . But with Emma being a megalomaniac manager , and Rikki a lazy employee , things do n't work out , and Rikki quits after Emma gives her a hard time for being rude to demanding customer Miriam . While the girls argue , the scheming Miriam sneaks into the JuiceNet 's Cool Room , and turns up the temperature , in an attempt to get Rikki and Emma fired . Emma soon discovers that things in the Cool Room are thawing out , and uses her power to re-freeze them -- but accidentally freezes Miriam at the same time . 16 `` Lovesick '' Jeffrey Walker Caroline O'Meara 20 October 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 20 ) 116 Zane is relentlessly carrying on with his search for the mystery sea monster that saved his life , and tricks Cleo into giving him access to the marine park 's library , so that he can learn more about sea creatures . Meanwhile , Cleo 's friends and family become convinced that she has a secret boyfriend when she starts making odd phone calls and sneaking out of the house ... unaware that she is only going to the marine park to care for a sick dolphin that seems to have a ' crush ' on her . 17 `` Under the Weather '' Jeffrey Walker Max Dann 27 October 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 27 ) 117 The girls are left housebound on the day of a big biology exam by a sudden rain storm . To keep Emma 's mother from getting suspicious , the girls use their powers to fake illness ( Rikki gives them high temperatures and red blotches on their skin , before Emma gives them low temperatures ) , but their plan backfires when Emma 's mother calls a doctor , who is convinced that the girls have a rare tropical disease , and wants to send them to a hospital . Knowing that they would not last five minutes in the hospital without someone discovering their secret , the girls must try to think a way out of their elaborate lie ... without getting into trouble with their families . 18 `` Bad Moon Rising '' Jeffrey Walker Sam Carroll 3 November 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 03 ) 118 Haunted by his experience with the `` sea monster '' , Zane presses on with his investigations , and is soon led to Mako Island . Meanwhile , on the night of another full moon , it is Rikki 's turn to be moonstruck , when she glimpses the moon 's reflection in a glass of water , and undergoes a catastrophic change ; she loses control of her ability to heat water , and begins boiling everything around her . Distraught , Rikki runs away to Mako Island , and bumps into Zane . Feeling alone and frightened , she kisses him , but ends up hurting him with her power . Emma , Cleo and Lewis seek Miss Chatham 's help . 19 `` Hurricane Angela '' Jeffrey Walker Anthony Morris 10 November 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 10 ) 119 When Cleo 's young cousin Angela comes to stay , Cleo 's father gives Cleo the responsibility of taking care of her , hoping it will distract Cleo from arguing with her sister Kim . But taking care of Angela brings on challenges of its own , as it appears she is a spoiled brat , who is determined to get what she wants , and , worst of all , has a fondness for water . Rather than taking Angela to the beach to go body boarding , Cleo instead takes her to the safety of the marine park to look at the pelicans Kim is so fond of . But things soon turn bad , when Angela goes missing , and Cleo and the others find a pelican in her house , which Cleo accuses Kim of stealing from the marine park . The real thief turns out to be Angela , who used the pelican as a distraction so that she could go body boarding as punishment Cleo makes Angela clean up after the pelicans at the marine park . 20 `` Hook , Line and Sinker '' Jeffrey Walker Max Dann 17 November 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 17 ) 120 Keen angler Lewis enters the annual fishing derby with a secret weapon ; a specially designed lure , that is actually hopeless at catching fish . With Nate and the rest of the contestants laughing at him , Cleo feels sorry for Lewis , and tries to help him by deliberately putting a huge fish on the end of his line . But her plan backfires when it is revealed that the fish she chose was a deep - sea tuna , a fish impossible to catch with an ordinary fishing rod from the shore . Lewis is accused of cheating , and is kicked out of the competition , leaving Cleo feeling guilty . Meanwhile , Rikki visits an art exhibition , and has an awkward meeting with Zane . But the pair are forced to talk to each other when they get trapped on a balcony . 21 `` Red Herring '' Jeffrey Walker Chris Anastassiades 24 November 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 24 ) 121 When Byron makes an innocent comment about Emma being dependable , she misunderstands , and thinks he is saying she is boring . Deciding she needs a change , Emma asks Cleo to dye her hair , but is horrified when Cleo accidentally dyes it a bright red . However , the girls discover that , as Emma was a mermaid when she dyed her hair ( as dyeing hair involves water ) , her hair only becomes red when she has her tail . Meanwhile , Zane 's investigations into his sea monster mystery lead him to Miss Chatham , and he becomes convinced that she knows something . At first , the girls are unconcerned , as Zane has no evidence that Miss Chatham knows anything ; but when they discover that Zane is planning to dive down to Miss Chatham 's wrecked houseboat , Miss Chatham tells them of some old photographs of her and her mermaid friends , locked in a metal chest on board . Emma chooses to swim out to the wreck to salvage the photographs , before Zane finds them . But as she swims out of the wreck , Zane sees her ( but luckily does n't recognise her because of her red hair ) . When the girls find out that Zane now knows about mermaids , Rikki tracks Zane down and says she will be his girlfriend , provided he stops his mermaid hunt . She also warns him not to tell Emma or Cleo about them . 22 `` Fish Out of Water '' Jeffrey Walker Max Dann 1 December 2006 ( 2006 - 12 - 01 ) 122 Emma and Cleo are suspicious of Rikki when they see her apparently out on a date with Zane . After her friends pester her about it , Rikki finally confesses that she and Zane are going out , and Emma and Cleo , fearing that Rikki will tell Zane their secret , tell her to dump him . Rikki refuses , and she and the others fall out ; but when Zane 's father unveils plans to turn Mako Island into a holiday resort , and Zane fails to stand up to him , Rikki begins to wonder whether she made the wrong choice . 23 `` In Too Deep '' Jeffrey Walker Simon Butters 8 December 2006 ( 2006 - 12 - 08 ) 123 Rikki is amazed when she sees a locket in a jeweller 's shop identical to Cleo 's and Miss Chatham 's . Miss Chatham reveals that the locket belonged to her friend Julia , the third original mermaid , and Rikki and the others begin searching for the money to buy it for her . But Zane makes a mistake when he lets slip to ex-girlfriend Miriam that Rikki was looking at the locket , and Miriam buys it just to spite her . But another problem comes to the girls ' attention when Miss Chatham tells the story of how Julia -- a girl with a fiery nature identical to Rikki 's -- trusted her wealthy boyfriend with her mermaid secret , only to have him betray her . She and the girls are worried that Rikki will make the same mistake of having too much trust in Zane , but when Zane retrieves the locket for Rikki after Miriam throws it in the water , they are relieved to see that she carefully dries the locket before touching it , meaning that she is not willing to share her secret with Zane . The girls give Julia 's locket to Miss Chatham , but she gives it to Rikki , and then gives her own locket to Emma , saying that it is right that they are all together . 24 `` Love Potion # 9 '' Jeffrey Walker Anthony Morris 15 December 2006 ( 2006 - 12 - 15 ) 124 With the school 's end of year dance approaching , Emma takes up the stressful job of heading up the dance committee . But , while the tough task of organising the dance is bad enough on her nerves , she is also flattened by the news that Byron , who she was hoping would ask her to the dance , is already going with Ice Queen Miriam . Cleo is also disappointed that Lewis is too caught up in his experiments to ask her to the dance , and , rather than go alone , she is forced to ask Nate . The only upside is that Lewis , after days of research and testing , has come up with a formula to make the girls ' skin waterproof , and they no longer have to worry about getting wet . But , as the wise Miss Chatham declares , science and magic can not mix , and Lewis ' formula gives the girls an allergic reaction where their skin turns red , and they are forced to flee the dance . Things turn out well in the end , however , as Cleo finally admits to Lewis how she feels about him , and they become a couple . 25 `` Dr. Danger '' Jeffrey Walker Sam Carroll 22 December 2006 ( 2006 - 12 - 22 ) 125 Emma is forced to drop out of her family 's annual holiday to a water park resort , which upsets her parents and annoys her little brother . But she and the other girls have much more to worry about , when Lewis and Cleo spot their old enemy Dr. Denman 's boat anchored near Mako Island . Returning to follow up her discovery of cells that mutate on contact with water ( a DNA sample from Cleo that Lewis accidentally left behind in her lab ) , Dr. Denman and her team of divers investigate Mako Island , and soon discover the Moon Pool -- and what is worse , they also find a scale from one of the mermaids ' tails . After performing some tests on the scale , Dr. Denman sees that it is identical to the cell sample she stole from Lewis , and realises that he is strongly connected to the whole thing . But she gets even closer to the girls ' secret when she meets Zane , and hears his story of the mermaid he saw . At first , Dr. Denman does n't believe a word Zane says ; but when her underwater cameras set up around the entrance to the Moon Pool capture images of Emma , Rikki and Cleo , she and Zane 's wealthy father team up to capture the mermaids ( although they decide not to tell Zane that one of the mermaids is actually Rikki ) . 26 `` A Twist in the Tail '' Jeffrey Walker Philip Dalkin 29 December 2006 ( 2006 - 12 - 29 ) 126 Now that the mermaids have been identified , Dr. Denman continues her pursuit of them by holding Lewis hostage on her boat and using his mobile phone to lure the girls to the Moon Pool , where she traps them . After discovering that the three mermaids are in fact Rikki and her friends , Zane is left torn about where his loyalties lie ; with his father , or with Rikki . Eventually , his conscience leads him to set Lewis and the girls free ( much to his father and Dr. Denman 's annoyance ) , but the mermaids are not out of trouble yet . Knowing that Dr. Denman and the scientists will still come after them , the girls must make a tough decision . Miss Chatham tells them of the forthcoming lunar eclipse , and says that , if they enter the Moon Pool when the eclipse passes over it , it will draw their powers away from them . As normal girls , the three of them would be of no interest to the scientists , and would be out of danger . The girls make the choice to enter the pool , and while their powers seem to vanish completely , the next morning they find they 've become mermaids again : the eclipse only affected them for 12 hours . Series two ( 2007 -- 08 ) ( edit ) A full moon , in conjunction with a rare planetary alignment , calls the girls to the moon pool at Mako Island where their powers are greatly augmented and strengthened . The second series revolves around the arrival of a new girl , Charlotte Watsford ( Brittany Byrnes ) , who moves into the area and develops an instant attraction to Lewis . After Charlotte sees a film of her grandmother Gracie as a mermaid she meets Max Hamilton ( Martin Vaughan ) who was once romantically involved with Gracie . Happy to have met his lover 's granddaughter , he tells her about the previous mermaids -- Louise , Julia , and Gracie -- and of Mako Island . Charlotte travels to the moon pool during a full moon and becomes the fourth mermaid in possession of all the girls ' powers . Believing herself superior , she and the girls become sworn enemies . This conflict results in a confrontation during an especially powerful full moon , which ends with Charlotte being permanently stripped of her mermaid form and abilities . Series two also focuses on the romantic entanglements of the girls . Cleo breaks up with Lewis for being too clingy and protective after which he dates Charlotte . Rikki and Zane start dating again after breaking up during the series one finale . Emma meets Ash ( Craig Horner ) and flirts with him but he is frustrated by the secrets she constantly holds back . She eventually relents and tells him that she is a mermaid . Torn because of the conflict between his friends and Charlotte , Lewis comes to the conclusion that his loyalties lie with the girls and with Cleo in particular . He breaks up with Charlotte and begins dating Cleo again . No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code 27 `` Stormy Weather '' Jeffrey Walker Philip Dalkin 28 September 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 28 ) 201 With Cleo 's parents now divorced , Cleo is ordered by her father to take more care of Kim , starting with taking her to a concert . But on the night , Cleo , Rikki and Emma all accidentally see the full moon , and take off to Mako Island , with Lewis in hot pursuit . Once there , the girls undergo another magical transformation in the Moon Pool , as a rare planetary alignment intensifies the power of the full moon -- Emma 's power is enhanced so that she can produce snow and frost , Rikki can conjure lightning , and Cleo can now control wind as well as water . After the moonstruck girls nearly harm Lewis , they realise that they must work to control their new powers , before anyone else gets hurt . 28 `` Control '' Jeffrey Walker Max Dann 5 October 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 05 ) 202 A new girl , Charlotte Watsford , moves to the Gold Coast , and it is evident that she is developing a crush on Cleo 's boyfriend , Lewis . But Charlotte may soon have her chance , as Cleo is getting fed up with Lewis ' constant , smothering concern for her , and is considering breaking up with him . Meanwhile , the girls are still trying to learn how to control their powers , and Emma in particular is put to the test when she sees Elliot being bullied by a member of his soccer team . Furious when she sees the boy ( Nate 's little brother ) , shove Elliot in the middle of a game , Emma then executes total control of her newfound powers ... by making the boy slip on a sheet of ice . But elsewhere , Cleo makes the tough decision to break up with Lewis . 29 `` The One That Got Away '' Jeffrey Walker Anthony Morris 12 October 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 12 ) 203 Rikki is bothered by Zane 's reappearance on the Gold Coast , as she realises she still likes him . With Zane thinking that Rikki gave up her mermaid powers at the lunar eclipse during the war with Dr. Denman , can she manage to keep her secret from him for a second time ? Meanwhile , Cleo grows jealous when she sees that Lewis and Charlotte are becoming close friends , and , in a mad rage , she steals Charlotte 's diary ... and discovers that she apparently already has a boyfriend named RJ . The episode ends with Zane rediscovering that Rikki is a mermaid , when Nate blasts her with water , but he promises not to tell anyone , and they rekindle their relationship . Cleo ends up embarrassing herself when she confronts Charlotte about her secret other boyfriend , and learns that the dates in the diary are meetings for Charlotte 's theatre group ( RJ stands for Romeo and Juliet ) . 30 `` Fire and Ice '' Jeffrey Walker Chris Anastassiades 19 October 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 19 ) 204 When Emma 's parents head off to a crystal - wear convention , she is left in charge of the house , and invites Cleo to stay ... but instead ends up with the messy and rebellious Rikki . However , when Rikki criticises Emma for being a control - freak , Emma sets out to prove that she can have fun too , and throws a wild party at her house . But she starts to regret her decision when the party gets out of hand . Meanwhile , Nate convinces Lewis that Cleo broke up with him because he was n't manly enough , and offers to teach him judo . But the lessons are actually a ploy to keep Lewis away from Cleo , so that Nate can flirt with her . 31 `` Hocus Pocus '' Jeffrey Walker Kirsty Fisher 26 October 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 26 ) 205 Emma convinces Wilfred to shoot a TV commercial for the steadily failing JuiceNet cafe , but is taken aback when he asks her to star in it . Meanwhile , Lewis digs up an old book on mermaid magic , and with it , an alleged wish - granting potion . He and the girls brew up the potion in a storage room at the JuiceNet , but when it apparently does n't work , a smug Rikki overheats the potion , causing it to grow into a foul fungus that begins to engulf the cafe . However , when Cleo takes home an untouched sample of the potion in order to make her father wish her mother return , she discovers that it does indeed work , but only when it is used by a mermaid . 32 `` Pressure Cooker '' Jeffrey Walker Simon Butters 2 November 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 02 ) 206 Cleo and Kim are concerned when it seems that their father has found a new girlfriend . With no desire for a step - mother , the girls are horrified when their father invites the woman over for dinner ; but Cleo is even more horrified to discover that she is Charlotte 's mother ! Feeling that desperate times call for desperate measures , Cleo invites Rikki and Emma round , and persuades them to use their powers to ruin her father 's dinner . Only afterwards do the girls realise their mistake ; Charlotte 's mother was a business associate of Cleo 's father , interested in buying some of his catch . 33 `` In Hot Water '' Jeffrey Walker Joss King 9 November 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 09 ) 207 Cleo is fired from her job at the marine park for feeding Ronnie the dolphin the wrong food , but Emma and Rikki tell her not to worry , and that her boss will soon call her back . Unfortunately , Lewis , needing the money for a new computer , unknowingly takes Cleo 's job , and she vows never to speak to him again . In an attempt to get Cleo her job back , Emma and Rikki use their powers to make Lewis ' job ten times harder , but he soon finds them out , and sends them off . But , on their way out , the girls leave the marine park 's underwater gate open , and Ronnie the dolphin escapes . When Lewis gets the blame , and his boss threatens to have him arrested , Emma and Rikki are forced to confess to Cleo , and the three of them search the ocean for Ronnie . 34 `` Wrong Side of the Tracks '' Jeffrey Walker Sam Carroll 16 November 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 16 ) 208 While dirt biking through a caravan park , Zane and Nate spot a rundown Harley - Davidson motorcycle , and Nate steals the badge . A guilty Zane , however , tries to return the badge , but is caught by the owner , who thinks he is the thief . Zane has an argument with the man , and insults him ... not realising that he is girlfriend Rikki 's father , and that the caravan park is where Rikki lives ; but she has been too embarrassed to admit it . When Zane finds out , he tells Rikki that he does n't care where she comes from or how much money she has , but her father does n't approve of Zane , and keeps them apart . Meanwhile , Cleo begins to suspect that Charlotte and Lewis are secretly going out . 35 `` Riding for a Fall '' Jeffrey Walker Susan MacGillicuddy 23 November 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 23 ) 209 When Emma 's mother makes her take her brother Elliot for riding lessons , she ends up getting into a competitive conflict with the riding instructor , Ash ( who Rikki and Cleo are convinced she has a crush on ) . However , Emma 's stubbornness towards Ash lands her in trouble , when she ignores a warning from him , and accidentally lets his horse , Rebel , eat some poisonous weeds . Meanwhile , Lewis wins an award for young inventors , and asks Cleo to accompany him to the awards ceremony , but she declines , saying that they are just friends now . Lewis instead decides to take Charlotte as his date , but then Cleo changes her mind , and accepts Lewis ' invitation , not realising that Charlotte is going in her place . 36 `` Missed the Boat '' Jeffrey Walker Max Dann 30 November 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 30 ) 210 Cleo is devastated when she fails a biology exam , and realises that it was all because she did not have Lewis to tutor her . Cleo 's father then schedules Cleo a re-sit for the exam , and also finds her a new tutor ... Charlotte . Determined to keep Cleo and Lewis apart , Charlotte sets Cleo a whole weekend of studying , and then takes Lewis to paint with her ... on Mako Island . The girls try to stop Lewis from taking her there , but he refuses , thinking they are being paranoid . Cleo sneaks off from studying to go with Emma and Rikki to Mako , and try to keep Charlotte from discovering too much . But she ends up with her heart broken when she falls into a stream , and looks up to see Lewis kissing Charlotte ( not realising that he only did it to stop Charlotte from seeing her as a mermaid ) . 37 `` In Over Our Heads '' Jeffrey Walker Anthony Morris 7 December 2007 ( 2007 - 12 - 07 ) 211 Zane comes to Rikki with an offer to find a priceless Tibetan statue lost at the bottom of the ocean . The owners of the statue are offering a large reward for its return , but Rikki refuses , thinking that Zane is being greedy . But then she discovers that her father is in serious financial trouble , and when he tells her that they might have to leave the Gold Coast , Rikki agrees to find the statue with Zane , and persuades the others to help ( without telling them that there is a reward involved ) . But when Emma and Cleo discover that the recovery of the statue was all about making money , they take off , leaving Rikki and Zane to find the statue on their own . Rikki overworks herself , and ends up being struck on the head by the statue crate , and is knocked unconscious . Emma and Cleo rush back to help , but Lewis is held back by Charlotte , who switches his phone off to ensure that no one interrupts their time together . 38 `` Fish Fever '' Jeffrey Walker Philip Dalkin 14 December 2007 ( 2007 - 12 - 14 ) 212 While out swimming , Emma collects a beautiful piece of coral for Cleo 's new fish tank , but accidentally cuts herself on it . Soon after the coral is placed in the tank , however , Cleo 's goldfish , Hector , starts behaving very strangely , and his scales begin to turn white . Stranger still , Emma seems to be suffering from the same illness , as she begins ravenously devouring fish , and her mermaid scales also turn white . Cleo and the others soon make the connection between Emma and Hector and the piece of coral ( which turns out to be toxic ) , and Lewis takes Hector to the marine park to get an antidote ( blowing off a date with Charlotte , who is convinced that Cleo wants to ruin her and Lewis ' date ) . But things get complicated when an eerily changed Emma disappears into the pools of the marine park . Even worse , Emma sneaks to her house and eats the lobster while her parents are celebrating their wedding anniversary . However , her parents hear her inside , forcing the girls and Lewis to try to find a cure before Emma 's parents discover the situation . 39 `` Moonwalker '' Jeffrey Walker Chris Roache 21 December 2007 ( 2007 - 12 - 21 ) 213 When Cleo 's father revives the tradition of the Sertori family camping trip , two problems arise . Firstly , the trip is on Mako Island ; secondly , it is a full moon . Emma , Rikki and Lewis tag along to help Cleo , and Charlotte annoyingly follows Lewis . Once on the island , the girls try to scare the campers off of it by telling Kim and Charlotte stories of monsters , and using their powers to freak them out . But when a nervous Kim climbs into the moonlight - proof tent Lewis has constructed for the girls , Cleo glimpses the full moon 's reflection outside , and wanders off . When Emma and Rikki discover that Cleo is missing , they decide to face the power of the moon , and go out looking for her . Meanwhile , a moonstruck Cleo bumps into Charlotte out walking , who torments her , thinking that she is jealous of her new relationship with Lewis . But when Emma and Rikki ( now also under the full moon 's spell ) , see this , they frighten Charlotte away with their powers . Unfortunately , Charlotte runs straight into the cave where the moon pool is ... just as the full moon passes over it . She sees the full moon 's strange effect on the pool and is intrigued , but luckily Emma is able to stop her from touching the water by freezing the moon pool 's surface , preventing Charlotte from becoming a mermaid . 40 `` Get Off My Tail '' Colin Budds Sam Carroll 28 December 2007 ( 2007 - 12 - 28 ) 214 Cleo begins to realise that she misses spending time with Lewis , and asks her friends for advice . Rikki tells Cleo to re-establish her friendship with him , and use her unique mermaid abilities to her advantage -- after all , Charlotte is just an ordinary girl , but Cleo is not . But Charlotte soon realises what Cleo is doing , and uses her bond with Lewis to make her rival jealous . Meanwhile , Wilfred leaves the Gold Coast , and Emma thinks that he has left the JuiceNet cafe to her , until the new manager shows up ... and it is Ash , the cute riding instructor . Ash makes several quick changes to the cafe , which annoys Emma . But just as Emma is starting to accept Ash , some food gets stored in the wrong place and spoiled , and Ash , believing that it must have been Emma because she was the only one protesting about the changes , fires her . But he later finds out that it was another member of staff who simply got confused because of the quick changes , and gives Emma her job back . He also asks her out on a date which she accepts . 41 `` Irresistible '' Colin Budds Chris Anastassiades 4 January 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 04 ) 215 Zane reads a myth about mermaids being attracted to ambergris ( a substance found in whale droppings ) , and purchases a bottle of it from the internet . Lewis is not too keen on the idea ( even though he realise it could be a chance to get back with Cleo ) , but he offers to look at the ambergris with Zane . The two are disgusted by the liquid 's foul smell , and abandon the bottle on a table outside the JuiceNet cafe ... where it is unfortunately found by the odious Nate , who apparently likes the smell , and sprays some on himself . But while everyone else retreats from Nate 's smell , Emma , Rikki and Cleo seem drawn to him , and it does n't take Lewis and Zane long to realise that Nate 's popularity with the girls is due to the ambergris . Under its influence , the girls travel down to the beach with Nate , putting their secret in danger . 42 `` Double Trouble '' Colin Budds Simon Butters 11 January 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 11 ) 216 Lewis is being troubled by recurring nightmares of Cleo being exposed as a mermaid , and it is clear that he still has feelings for her . Meanwhile , Elliot surprises everyone by asking Kim out on a date , and Lewis and Cleo act as chaperones when they go to the marine park . However , Lewis ' nightmare comes true when Cleo falls into the water , and someone spots her . Elsewhere , Emma grows suspicious when she discovers that Rikki has been having secret meetings with Ash ... but it turns out the two of them were only planning to give her an award . 43 `` Moonstruck '' Colin Budds Philip Dalkin 18 January 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 18 ) 217 Unable to convince Emma to tell Ash the truth about herself , Rikki and Cleo encourage Ash to make a bold , romantic gesture to her . But he musters his courage at exactly the wrong time , when he cooks Emma a surprise dinner at her home on the night of a full moon . By leaving the front door open , he does n't realise the chaos he is about to cause , when Cleo accidentally looks up at the moon . The mischievous , moonstruck Cleo then forces Rikki to see the full moon , and the two of them plot to get Emma wet , so that Ash can see her in mermaid form . 44 `` The Heat is On '' Colin Budds Philip Dalkin 25 January 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 25 ) 218 With the arrival of the girls ' one year anniversary as mermaids , Cleo organises a party at Mako Island to celebrate . But when Zane accidentally spills some drinks on Emma at the cafe , he is forced to have an argument with Ash to stop him from seeing her as a mermaid . Overhearing Zane calling her a ' clumsy waitress ' , Emma does n't realise he is only trying to help her , and gives him the cold shoulder . This leads to Emma and Zane 's girlfriend Rikki becoming enemies , and it looks like there will be no party at Mako Island , which upsets Cleo . Meanwhile , Lewis feels guilty when he realises he has n't been spending much time with Charlotte . 45 `` The Gracie Code , Part One '' Colin Budds Max Dann 1 February 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 01 ) 219 While doing some research on Mako Island , Lewis uncovers the work of Max Hamilton , who , fifty years before , was also investigating the place . Realising that his findings could be the key to finding out more about the Moon Pool and the girls ' transformation , Lewis tries to befriend the old man , but finds him unwilling to talk ... until , that is , he sees Cleo talking to Lewis , and recognises the locket around her neck . Max follows Lewis and Cleo to Mako Island , splashes some water on Cleo , and discovers that she is a mermaid as well . He is not shocked , however , because Max was a friend of Miss Chatham 's when she was a mermaid along with Gracie and Julia Dove in the 1950s , and was romantically involved with Gracie . Max promises to keep Cleo 's secret , and hands his research on Mako Island to Lewis . Absent : Claire Holt as Emma Gilbert 46 `` The Gracie Code , Part Two '' Colin Budds Anthony Morris 8 February 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 08 ) 220 Sifting through Max 's research on Mako Island , the girls discover an old reel of film , and a photograph of his beloved Gracie . But elsewhere , Charlotte wants answers as to why Lewis is spending so much of his time with Cleo , Emma and Rikki , and storms over to Cleo 's house . Whilst there , she sees the photo of Gracie in amongst Max 's papers , and the girls are all stunned when Charlotte reveals that she is Gracie 's granddaughter . Lewis is then given the task of finding out just how much Charlotte knows about her grandmother , but his questions only make her more suspicious , and , thinking that Lewis and the girls are hiding something from her , she goes back to Cleo 's house , and steals the old reel of film in amongst the research . After getting the film transferred on to a DVD , Charlotte watches it , and finds that it is a home movie of her grandmother , Gracie , as a mermaid . Meanwhile , Ash makes a well - intentioned attempt to help Emma overcome her apparent fear of water , which leads to him almost discovering her secret . 47 `` And Then There Were Four '' Colin Budds Susan MacGillicuddy 15 February 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 15 ) 221 Charlotte is determined to find out whether or not her grandmother was truly a mermaid , and follows Lewis to Max when he goes to give the research back . Max is delighted to meet the granddaughter of his beloved Gracie , and , not realising that Charlotte is a threat to Emma , Rikki and Cleo , tells her everything . With the girls unaware that Charlotte now knows about them , and also preoccupied with the arrival of the full moon , they are unable to stop her from travelling back to Mako Island and diving into the moon pool just as the full moon passes . The next day , she tells Lewis that she has become a mermaid . 48 `` Bubble , Bubble , Toil and Trouble '' Colin Budds Sam Carroll 22 February 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 22 ) 222 Lewis tells the girls that Charlotte is a mermaid . Although they are unhappy that Charlotte has become the fourth mermaid of Mako Island , they decide to welcome her into their group and befriend her . The perfect opportunity comes when the four of them are placed on the school 's beach volleyball team to stop them from failing gym class ( as they have been avoiding swimming lessons ) . But , although the girls do form a bond , Emma , Rikki and Cleo still have reservations about Charlotte , when it is revealed that she possesses all three of their mermaid powers , and declares herself a `` super mermaid '' . 49 `` Reckless '' Colin Budds Max Dann 29 February 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 29 ) 223 When the girls offer to help Charlotte learn how to control her new - found powers , she rejects them , thinking that they are trying to cut her off from her full potential . Charlotte 's powers soon go to her head , as she declares herself the only `` real '' mermaid , and recklessly uses her powers in public . After almost killing Ronnie the dolphin in a fit of panic , she then tries to get revenge on Nate when he attacks Lewis , and it takes all the girls ' effort to stop her . Will Charlotte 's lack of control mean the exposure of the mermaids ' secret ? 50 `` Three 's Company '' Colin Budds Sam Carroll 7 March 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 07 ) 224 Charlotte takes control of the planning for Lewis ' birthday party , and refuses to let any of the other girls help . Rikki , fed up with Charlotte 's intrusion into what was once their close - knit group , decides to exclude herself , and leaves to spend more time with Zane . Meanwhile , at the boring birthday party that Charlotte has organised for Lewis , Charlotte jealously locks Cleo and Emma in a flooded storage room , where they are left trapped as mermaids . Their secret is threatened when Ash hears them in the storage room and tries to unlock the door , only for Zane and Rikki to arrive in time to help . Zane leads Ash away whilst Rikki uses her powers to dry the girls . Realising what Charlotte has done , the girls then organise a party boat to come and take Lewis from Charlotte 's terrible party , and then tell Charlotte that she is not one of them any more . 51 `` Sea Change '' Colin Budds Robert Armin 14 March 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 14 ) 225 Charlotte 's short - lived friendship with Emma , Rikki and Cleo is over , and she forbids Lewis to talk to them . When Cleo shows concern for him , Charlotte lies to her , saying that Lewis willingly gives Cleo the cold shoulder because he does n't care about her any more . A fight leads to Charlotte taking Cleo 's locket , and when Lewis does nothing ( believing that Cleo gave the locket to Charlotte , because it was her grandmother 's ) , an upset Cleo is convinced that Lewis is on Charlotte 's side , and leaves a phone message for him ( which he does n't hear , as Charlotte has stolen his phone ) , about how he has abandoned her and wants nothing to do with her , before running away from home . When Lewis eventually hears Cleo 's message , he breaks up with the venomous Charlotte , and races after Cleo . Meanwhile , Cleo is being hunted by a pack of sharks , who can sense that she is weak . Lewis arrives just in time to save her , and the two of them get back together . 52 `` Unfathomable '' Colin Budds Chris Roache 21 March 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 21 ) 226 A rare full moon with the power to strip away the girls ' powers permanently is approaching . The girls attempt to forewarn Charlotte , but Charlotte instead uses her powers against them out of spite . She releases her hold on them once Ash comes out ; Emma attempts to make Ash forget what he saw , but not giving up , he visits her that night to try to get an explanation . Charlotte , still bitter , controls the water in Emma 's house from the outside , and the girls can not fight back unless they end up revealing their secret to Ash . When Cleo follows Lewis and Charlotte to Mako Island , Rikki and Emma join her as well . Cleo , Rikki and Emma have a power battle with Charlotte , in which Charlotte loses both the battle and her powers . The following morning , Lewis retrieves the locket from Charlotte , Emma tells her secret to Ash , and the season closes with the girls running into the ocean while their boyfriends look on . Note : Final appearance of Claire Holt , Brittany Byrnes , and Craig Horner Series three ( 2009 -- 10 ) ( edit ) The third series begins with Cleo and Rikki dealing with the loss of Emma who is travelling the world with her family . New characters are introduced including Bella Hartley ( Indiana Evans ) , a singer and mermaid since the age of nine with the power to turn water into gelatine ; and Will Benjamin ( Luke Mitchell ) , a skilled diver who is trying to figure out the secrets of Mako Island and who accidentally seems to unleash a powerful force which turns water against the mermaids . The girls must also deal with Zane , who attempts to exploit the moon pool after Rikki breaks up with him . No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code 53 `` The Awakening '' Jeffrey Walker Joss King 26 October 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 26 ) ( UK ) 301 Rikki and Cleo are about to face their final year of high school without Emma , who has gone travelling with her family . The JuiceNet cafe has now closed down and is just a vacant building on the coastline until Zane buys it and persuades Rikki to reopen it with him , renaming the cafe Rikki 's in honour of her . At the cafe 's opening night , Cleo and Rikki meets Bella Hartley , a new girl in town who does Rikki a favour by singing for her in Nate 's band . That same night , free - diver Will discovers the Moon Pool and witnesses the full moon 's effect on it . A strange creature made entirely of water forms and attacks Will . It then races to the cafe and kidnaps Rikki , dragging her back to Mako Island . To Cleo 's horror , this all happens in front of Bella , but she has no choice but to dive in and rescue Rikki . However , Bella dives in after her , revealing that she is also a mermaid . Together , Cleo and Bella rescue Rikki from the water tentacle . Bella befriends Rikki and Cleo and the new trio is determined to find out what caused water to turn against them . Note : Claire Holt left the series to film Messengers 2 : The Scarecrow . Indiana Evans and Luke Mitchell join the main cast . 54 `` Jungle Hunt '' Jeffrey Walker Anthony Morris 27 October 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 27 ) ( UK ) 302 First day back at school , and the girls are surprised to discover that Will is attending too . Will is thrilled to see them , and asks for help relocating the Moon Pool , so that he can investigate what happened to him during the full moon . Bella ( obviously smitten with Will ) , offers to help him , but promises the others that she will keep him away from the Moon Pool ; but a suspicious Rikki follows her . Meanwhile , Lewis and Cleo are convinced that something has happened to change the Moon Pool , but ca n't figure out what . 55 `` Keep Your Enemies Close '' Jeffrey Walker Sam Carroll 28 October 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 28 ) ( UK ) 303 Bella is pleased and Rikki wary when Cleo applies for a new job as an assistant dolphin trainer at the marine park . But she is soon in over her head , when Will visits the park , and takes a swim with Ronnie , and his influence has the dolphin performing tricks that he has never done before . However , head dolphin trainer Laurie mistakenly thinks that it is Cleo making Ronnie perform the tricks , and offers her a spot in the marine park 's dolphin show . Meanwhile , Rikki fires the live band from the cafe after hearing Nate 's terrible new song , but Bella gets the wrong end of the stick , and thinks that Rikki fired the band because she has an issue with her . 56 `` Valentine 's Day '' Jeffrey Walker Simon Butters 29 October 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 29 ) ( UK ) 304 Valentine 's Day comes to the Gold Coast , and the girls all seem to be having trouble with love . Rikki finds that the stress of running the cafe is destroying her relationship with Zane , Bella 's crush on Will deepens , but she finds it hard to tell him of her feelings , and Cleo is less than impressed with Lewis ' idea of a Valentine 's date ; fishing . Even Kim is having serious ' boy trouble ' . The only person who does seem to be having any luck in love is Cleo 's father , Don , who falls for a pretty marine licensing inspector named Samantha . But it seems that he has blown his chance when she gets knocked overboard . 57 `` Big Ideas '' Jeffrey Walker Philip Dalkin 30 October 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 30 ) ( UK ) 305 Zane 's management style is steering the cafe into debt , and Rikki is not impressed with his new idea to hold a dirt bike race at the cafe to bring in more money . Zane has promised to give the winner of the race a prize of $1000 , but , knowing full well that he is the best biker in town , enters the competition himself , so that he wo n't have to hand out the money . But he starts to doubt himself when experienced dirt biker Will enters the race after encouragement from Bella , and so enlists Nate to help him cheat . Meanwhile , Lewis and Cleo continue with their investigations on the Moon Pool , and make an amazing discovery when they mix water from the new waterfall with water from the pool . 58 `` Secrets & Lies '' Jeffrey Walker Simon Butters 2 November 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 02 ) ( UK ) 306 As Bella grows more and more fond of Will , she tries to set up a study date so that they can spend some time together , but is hurt to find herself stood up . Furious , she goes to Will 's boatshed to confront him , and is devastated to find him there with another girl . Meanwhile , Lewis ' science teacher , Ms. Taylor , is impressed by Lewis ' science project -- not realising that it is actually his apparatus for studying the floating water from the Moon Pool . Lewis is then forced to show his experiment in class , putting the secret of the Moon Pool and the mermaids in danger . Ignoring Rikki 's advice , Bella follows Will and the mystery girl on a diving trip , and they nearly see her , but Bella is relieved when she discovers that the girl is Will 's sister , Sophie . Cleo uses her power to help Lewis replicate the effect of the floating Moon Pool water , and he submits an alternative science project , keeping the mermaids ' secret safe . 59 `` Happy Families '' Jeffrey Walker Max Dann 3 November 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 03 ) ( UK ) 307 Cleo and Kim 's father Don takes them to the beach to get to know his new girlfriend , Sam . But while Cleo is willing to accept her for her father 's sake , Kim hates her from the start , but uses the situation to get expensive gifts out of her father as bribes for her approval , much to Cleo 's disgust . But Sam and Don get the wrong idea when Cleo refuses to go swimming with Sam , and think that Cleo is the one who has a problem with her . Meanwhile , Bella applies for a job at the cafe , and Rikki is keen to give it to her ... except Zane wants to give the job to Will 's ambitious sister , Sophie . Absent : Angus McLaren as Lewis McCartney 60 `` Kidnapped '' Jeffrey Walker Chris Roache 4 November 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 04 ) ( UK ) 308 The girls prepare to sleep over at Cleo 's for the full moon , to try to protect themselves from any water attack . Lewis makes preparations of his own by installing cameras in the Moon Pool cavern , in an attempt to capture the mysterious water tentacle on film , and learn more about how it is created . Will , meanwhile , decides to revisit the Moon Pool to continue with his investigations there , and drops by Cleo 's to ask Bella to come with him . But Bella is n't there -- she has been kidnapped by the water tentacle ! Rikki and Cleo race to Mako Island to save her , while Lewis tries to keep Will away . At Mako , Rikki and Cleo discover that the tentacle seems to be turning Bella into water . But when they manage to pry her away from the tentacle , Bella says that she felt safe when she was with it . 61 `` The Sorcerer 's Apprentice '' Jeffrey Walker Philip Dalkin 5 November 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 05 ) ( UK ) 309 When Lewis tells Cleo not to experiment with the floating water they collected from Mako , she can not resist , and sends Lewis off for a day of golfing with her father , so that he wo n't discover her . But when Rikki accidentally gets the water in Cleo 's fish tank , her goldfish , Hector , becomes imprisoned in a bubble of floating water ! The girls ' attempts to free Hector result in him going down the drain , and they must use their mermaid abilities to retrieve him from the canal . Also , the girls try to keep Will , who is in the house while looking for Bella with whom he has to do a project for school , from seeing Hector . Meanwhile , somewhere on the golf course , Lewis is pretending to lose to Cleo 's father at golf , so that he can get into his good books . 62 `` Revealed '' Jeffrey Walker Sam Carroll 6 November 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 06 ) ( UK ) 310 When Rikki and Cleo realise that Will has made a connection between Bella , Mako , and the full moon , they warn Bella to stay away from him , but she ca n't . Will is also growing incredibly interested in her , and wants to spend time with her ; but when he realises that Bella wo n't swim , he deliberately spills some water on her , thinking her secret might be something to do with water . In a panic , Bella dives into the water , but Will follows her ... and discovers that she is a mermaid . Afterwards , Bella tells Will how she became a mermaid . Can he keep her secret ? 63 `` Just a Girl at Heart '' Jeffrey Walker Anthony Morris 18 January 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 18 ) ( UK ) 311 Will 's ruthless sister , Sophie , is training him to be a professional free - diver , only he 'd rather spend time swimming with Bella . Irritated , Sophie tells Bella to stay away from Will , as she sees her as a distraction for him , but Bella does n't listen . While watching Will train in a public pool , Bella dives in to help him with his swimming technique ... just as Sophie turns up . Although Will manages to hide her , Bella is still worried , not about Sophie , but about Will . She thinks he only likes the mermaid side of her . Meanwhile , Rikki comes up with a brilliant idea to hold corporate events at the cafe , but after Zane makes a mistake with the booking , the cafe is overrun by a wild children 's party . Absent : Angus McLaren as Lewis McCartney 64 `` Crime & Punishment '' Jeffrey Walker Max Dann 19 January 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 19 ) ( UK ) 312 On Rikki 's birthday , Cleo and Bella travel to the Moon Pool , and make her a present using their powers ; an elegant mermaid statue that Cleo moulds from water , and Bella hardens with her gelatine power . But when Will discovers the unusual present on Rikki 's desk , he suspects that Cleo and Rikki know Bella 's mermaid secret . Meanwhile , Sophie takes it upon herself to organise the cafe 's first food delivery order , and sends Will to make the delivery , but he comes back with a payment of fake dollar bills . Realising that something is amiss , Rikki returns the fake bills to the address -- a houseboat in the middle of nowhere -- and discovers that the people on board are printing counterfeit money . When the criminals take her hostage on board the boat , Rikki manages to get a desperate message to Cleo and Bella , before her captors take her phone , and Bella and Cleo get Will to tell them where Rikki has gone -- but not before he makes them admit that all three of them are mermaids . Realising that they must now all trust each other , Cleo , Bella and Will set off together to save Rikki . 65 `` To Have & To Hold Back '' Jeffrey Walker Simon Butters 21 January 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 21 ) ( UK ) 313 The day of Don and Sam 's wedding arrives , and selfish Kim tries to ruin everything . Meanwhile , Lewis gets the chance to spend three years working at a scientific research centre in America , but frets about telling Cleo ... until Kim tells her for him . Cleo is distraught , thinking that Lewis planned to leave without telling her , and refuses to talk to him . Don and Sam 's big day is then completely ruined when Kim turns on the sprinklers ( nearly making Cleo , Rikki and Bella grow tails in front of everyone ) . In the end , Lewis tells Cleo that he is not going to America because he loves her , and Cleo forgives him . But she decides to let him go after all , and they part promising to see each other again . The girls organise another wedding ceremony for Don and Sam on Mako Island , and Kim at last warms to Sam . Note : Angus McLaren 's final episode as a regular 66 `` Mermaid Magic '' Colin Budds Anthony Morris 22 February 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 22 ) ( UK ) 314 Cleo finds an unusual crystal in a rock from the Moon Pool , identical to the one in Bella 's necklace , which she collected from the Moon Pool in which she was transformed . Could this be the source of Moon Pool magic ? Meanwhile , after discovering that Zane cheated in a free - diving competition , Will challenges him , and dives to a depth of 60 metres . But Will pushes himself too hard , and ends up passing out , forcing Rikki to dive down and save him . 67 `` Power Play '' Colin Budds Anthony Morris 23 February 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 23 ) ( UK ) 315 After seeing the work done at the marine park by the charity Dolphin Rescue , Bella comes up with an idea to hold a fundraising event for them at the cafe , but is deflated when Sophie overhears , and steals her idea , presenting it to Rikki and Zane as her own . What is more , as Sophie is organising the event , she spitefully refuses to let Bella and the band perform . But she gets into trouble with Rikki and Zane , when all of the bands she has booked instead of Bella 's pull out , after hearing that Sophie has tried to make Dolphin Rescue pay a fee for the concert . Sophie is fired from the cafe , and Bella and the band perform to save the night . 68 `` The Dark Side '' Colin Budds Sam Carroll 24 February 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 24 ) ( UK ) 316 Frustrated by the water tentacle 's constant attacks on them , Rikki travels to Mako Island at the full moon in order to confront it . With Bella and Cleo delayed , Will hurries after Rikki , but instead of finding the tentacle attacking her , he finds her somehow controlling it . Rikki appears to form some sort of connection with the tentacle , but when the full moon passes , she makes Will swear not to tell Bella or Cleo what happened . 69 `` A Magnetic Attraction '' Colin Budds Sam Carroll 25 February 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 25 ) ( UK ) 317 Cleo is introduced to Ryan , a geophysicist working for Sam . Thinking that he might be able to help , Cleo shows him the magnetic crystal rock she found at Mako , which infuriates Rikki , who thinks that Cleo is putting their secret at risk . Cracks are beginning to form in the girls ' relationship , and Cleo and Bella become worried when Rikki starts spending all of her time in the Moon Pool . This prompts Will to confess to them what happened on the night of the full moon when Rikki confronted the tentacle . Back at the Moon Pool , Rikki discovers that bonding with the tentacle has strengthened her powers . 70 `` Into the Light '' Colin Budds Sam Carroll 12 April 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 12 ) ( UK ) 318 Kim lets slip to geophysicist Ryan that Cleo and the others spend a lot of time on Mako Island , and Ryan goes there in search of more magnetic rocks like the one Cleo showed him . Rikki discovers this , and tries to warn the others that Ryan is on to them , but Bella and Cleo do n't believe her , as they are beginning to lose trust in Rikki . Rikki goes to Mako Island herself ( with Will tailing her ) , and uses her powers to destroy Ryan 's equipment , but when she starts going too far , Will springs out , and stops her . The two of them are then forced to run and hide in the Moon Pool cavern when Ryan hears them and chases after them , but this leads to Ryan accidentally discovering the Moon Pool . Rikki forces Ryan out with her powers , but Will tells her that she has only made things worse . Realising that he is right , Rikki apologises , and , when she arrives home , reconciles with the others , and tells them of her experience with the tentacle , and how it has affected her . Rikki says she does n't think the tentacle is trying to harm them , which opens up a new mystery . The girls must also figure out how they are going to put Ryan off the scent . 71 `` Breakaway '' Colin Budds Anthony Morris 13 April 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 13 ) ( UK ) 319 Will is getting sick of Sophie 's pressuring him into competitive free - diving , but agrees to compete in a competition to set a new depth record . Sophie is delighted with Will 's record breaking dive of 80 metres , but after the competition , Will gives up competitive free - diving to shrug off Sophie 's influence . As Will sets his record , however , Rikki witnesses Sophie and Zane kissing , and her relationship with Zane is ended for good . 72 `` Queen for a Day '' Colin Budds Samantha Strauss 13 April 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 13 ) ( UK ) 320 After breaking up with Zane , Rikki leaves the cafe in order to get away from him , and Zane re-hires Sophie as the new manager . Thrilled with her new position , Sophie immediately starts making changes to the cafe , and hires Cleo 's sister Kim as a waitress . Meanwhile , Will 's new after shave gives Bella a sneezing allergy , which also inadvertently triggers her powers . Unable to perform without sneezing ( and unleashing her mermaid powers on everyone ) , Bella is close to being fired from the cafe by the brutal Sophie . 73 `` The Jewel Thief '' Colin Budds Simon Butters 14 April 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 14 ) ( UK ) 321 Since saving his life when he passed out during a dive , Rikki has formed a close friendship with Will , and is touched when he makes her a necklace , similar to Bella 's , using the magnetic crystal found on Mako Island . Rikki and Bella experiment with their crystals , and are fascinated by how they react when near each other ; the crystals produce a blue glow that mesmerises the girls , similar to the effect of a full moon , and , when actually touched together , they release a powerful energy burst , that causes an electrical blackout ! The girls decide to keep the crystals apart until they learn more about them , and Rikki leaves hers with Will . But a jealous Zane , mistakenly thinking that Rikki and Will are going out , breaks into Will 's boatshed , and steals the necklace . A furious Rikki gets it back from him , and tells him once again that their relationship is over . Will makes another necklace for Cleo , and the girls wear them as a symbol of their friendship . 74 `` Mako Masters '' Colin Budds Philip Dalkin 14 April 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 14 ) ( UK ) 322 A stressed out Cleo is trying to plan study sessions for the girls ' final exams , but Bella and Rikki are more preoccupied with finding out about the tentacle . The girls are forced to make a quick exit when , during their science exam , the full moon rises early , and the tentacle tries to reach them through a water cooler in the classroom . They travel to Mako Island , and confront the tentacle , this time without fear , and realise that it is not trying to harm them , but get a message to them . The girls all place their crystal necklaces in a hole in the cave wall , triggering a projection to appear in the air . The girls watch it , and see a comet travelling towards the Earth , but before they can watch the whole message , Zane and Will interrupt them , and the projection stops . The girls are confused as to whether the Moon Pool was showing them the past ( the creation of the Moon Pool itself ) , or the future . 75 `` Beach Party '' Colin Budds Anthony Morris 15 April 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 15 ) ( UK ) 323 The Gold Coast is playing host to a massive beach party , and Bella wants to ask Will if he will go with her . But she is upset when she misunderstands a conversation she hears between Rikki and Will , and thinks that they are going together . Bella then has no alternative but to ask Nate , which confuses Will ( as he was about to ask her ) . Things are straightened out at the party , however , when Zane tells Will to stay away from Rikki , and Will exclaims that he likes Bella . Bella and Will become a couple . Meanwhile , Sophie is trying to persuade Zane to change the name of the cafe . 76 `` Too Close for Comfort '' Colin Budds Max Dann 15 April 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 15 ) ( UK ) 324 When Kim demands an expensive holiday , Cleo 's father gets a second job doing a pirate show at the marine park , so that he can afford it . At first , Cleo is worried that her father will humiliate himself ; but when the dolphin shows start emptying out , Cleo realises that her father is more popular than she thought , and his shows threaten to end Cleo 's job . Meanwhile , there is trouble between Bella and Will , when they struggle to find things in common . 77 `` A Date With Destiny '' Colin Budds Chris Roache 16 April 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 16 ) ( UK ) 325 The girls find a way to simulate a full moon , so that they can finish watching the message the Moon Pool was trying to show them . They discover that the comet they saw is being drawn towards the Earth by the Moon Pool 's magnetic pull , and is going to hit Mako Island . The girls must try to harness the power of Mako Island 's magnetic crystals to force the comet away , and save the Earth . Meanwhile , the cafe is in danger of going bankrupt , and Sophie is searching for ways to earn more money . She gets her chance when Ryan ( who is annoyed that Sam has ended his research on Mako Island ) , spots the crystal in Bella 's necklace , and tells her that it might be valuable . After finding out where Will got the crystal from , Sophie leads Ryan to Mako Island ( with a reluctant Zane close behind ) , and they discover the magnetic crystals in the walls of the Moon Pool cave . 78 `` Graduation '' Colin Budds Joss King 16 April 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 16 ) ( UK ) 326 By harvesting the magnetic crystals , Zane , Sophie and Ryan have severely damaged the Moon Pool , and the girls find that it no longer has enough power to push the incoming comet away from the Earth . All seems lost , but Bella , Cleo and Rikki band together , and use their own magic to create a tower of water and light , that knocks the comet off course , making it miss the Earth . With the Earth saved , the girls then graduate from school , and celebrate in the cafe , but there is one more surprise in store for them ... Lewis has returned home . Guest starring : Angus McLaren as Lewis McCartney Compilation TV films ( edit ) Title Original air date H O : Just Add Water : The Movie 8 June 2007 ( 2007 - 06 - 08 ) This TV movie summarised the events of the beginning of series one using clips from the episodes `` Metamorphosis '' , `` Pool Party '' , `` Catch of the Day '' , `` Party Girls '' , `` Lovesick '' , `` The Denman Affair '' and `` The Siren Effect '' . H O : Metamorphosis 14 March 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 14 ) In the United States `` Metamorphosis '' and `` Pool Party '' premiered as a one - hour movie . H O : Exposed 20 June 2008 ( 2008 - 06 - 20 ) In the United States `` Dr. Danger '' and `` A Twist in the Tail '' premiered as a one - hour movie called `` Exposed '' . H O : Just Add Water : And Then There Were Four 7 September 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 07 ) In some countries , such as Hungary , Romania and Bulgaria , the episodes `` The Gracie Code ( Part 1 ) '' , `` The Gracie Code ( Part 2 ) '' and `` And Then There Were Four '' are combined into a 70 minute television movie . This version aired only in central and eastern Europe on Jetix . H O : Just Add Water : Finale 7 September 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 07 ) In some countries , such as Hungary , Romania and Bulgaria , the episodes `` Three 's Company '' , `` Sea Change '' and `` Unfathomable '' are combined into a 70 minute television movie . This version aired only in central and eastern Europe on Jetix . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Media Kit ( Series 1 ) '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . ZDF Enterprises . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 October 2007 . Retrieved 17 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Production Info -- H 0 : Just Add Water -- Series 3 '' . PFTC.com.au . Retrieved 8 September 2008 . Jump up ^ ZDF Enterprises ( 2008 ) . `` H O Mermaids Dive Into Third Season '' ( PDF ) . NewsFocus . p. 26 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 October 2008 . Retrieved 19 October 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Media Kit ( Series 3 ) '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . ZDF Enterprises . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 3 October 2009 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . General references Zuk , T. `` H2O -- Just Add Water '' . Australian Television Information Archive . Retrieved 30 May 2011 . External links ( edit ) Episode guide at the Internet Movie Database Episode guide at TV.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_H2O:_Just_Add_Water_episodes&oldid=798449038 '' Categories : H2O : Just Add Water Lists of Australian children 's television series episodes Lists of Australian drama television series episodes Lists of fantasy television series episodes 2006 Australian television seasons 2007 Australian television seasons 2008 Australian television seasons 2009 Australian television seasons 2010 Australian television seasons Hidden categories : Use Australian English from October 2012 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from June 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Español Magyar Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 2 September 2017 , at 01 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many seasons of h2o just add water are there	[]	[]
-9199874757729877898	Interstate Love Song	Interstate Love song - wikipedia Interstate Love song `` Interstate Love Song '' Single by Stone Temple Pilots from the album Purple B - side `` Lounge Fly '' Released September 9 , 1994 Format CD single , vinyl Recorded Genre Grunge hard rock Length 3 : 14 Label Atlantic Songwriter ( s ) Music : Robert DeLeo Lyrics : Scott Weiland Producer ( s ) Brendan O'Brien Stone Temple Pilots singles chronology `` Vasoline '' ( 1994 ) `` Interstate Love Song '' ( 1994 ) `` Pretty Penny '' ( 1995 ) `` Vasoline '' ( 1994 ) `` Interstate Love Song '' ( 1994 ) `` Pretty Penny '' ( 1995 ) Audio sample file help Music video `` Interstate Love Song '' on YouTube `` Interstate Love Song '' is a song by the American rock band Stone Temple Pilots . Released in 1994 , the song is from the band 's second studio album , Purple . Considered one of the band 's biggest hits , `` Interstate Love Song '' reached number one on the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart on September 17 , 1994 . The song it replaced at number one was `` Vasoline '' , also by Stone Temple Pilots . The song stayed at number one for 15 weeks , a record at the time and `` Vasoline '' stayed at number one for 2 weeks giving STP 17 consecutive weeks at number one with both songs combined . The song also peaked number two on the Modern Rock Tracks chart where `` Vasoline '' also peaked at the same position spot before . In 2003 , `` Interstate Love Song '' was featured on the greatest hits compilation Thank You . In 2009 , it was named the 58th best hard rock song of all time by VH1 . The song was ranked at number 17 on Australian alternative music station Triple J 's Hottest 100 countdown of 1994 . In the UK , the song peaked at number 53 . `` Interstate Love Song '' is praised as one of the best songs of the 1990s . Contents 1 Background , recording and release 2 Composition 3 Charts 4 Track listing 5 Music video 6 References 7 External links Background , recording and release ( edit ) Bassist Robert DeLeo brought in a song he had been working on when Stone Temple Pilots convened at Cole Rehearsal Studios in Hollywood , California in March 1992 . His brother , guitarist Dean DeLeo , said , `` We were in Atlanta touring Core , and Robert was playing around with the chords and the melody in a hotel room . I had a feeling about that song immediately . '' Robert DeLeo stated it was originally a bossa nova song when he began writing it . When he played it for singer Scott Weiland , the vocalist started humming along and turned what was originally the melody for the song 's intro into a chorus melody . Stone Temple Pilots recorded the song during sessions for Purple at the Southern Tracks studio in Atlanta , Georgia . Weiland was able to complete his vocals for the song in one take . Upon its release as a single , `` Interstate Love Song '' reached # 18 on the Billboard Hot 100 Airplay and number one on the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart , where it stayed for fifteen weeks . The song also reached number two on the Modern Rock Tracks chart and number 22 on the Top 40 Mainstream . Composition ( edit ) According to Weiland , the song dealt lyrically with a number of themes , particularly `` honesty , lack of honesty , my new relationship with heroin . '' At the time he was having relationship troubles with his girlfriend , as he was using heroin while recording Purple but told her he no longer was . `` She 'd ask how I was doing , and I 'd lie , say I was doing fine , '' he admits in his autobiography Not Dead and Not For Sale . `` I imagined what was going through her mind when I wrote , ' Waiting on a Sunday afternoon for what I read between the lines , your lies , feelin ' like a hand in rusted shame , so do you laugh or does it cry ? Reply ? '' Charts ( edit ) Charts ( 1994 -- 1995 ) Position Canadian RPM Singles Chart 20 UK Singles Chart 53 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 Airplay 18 U.S. Billboard Album Rock Tracks U.S. Billboard Modern Rock Tracks U.S. Billboard Mainstream Top 40 22 Track listing ( edit ) `` Interstate Love Song '' - 03 : 16 `` Lounge Fly '' - 05 : 19 `` Vasoline '' ( Live ) - 03 : 16 `` Interstate Love Song '' ( Live ) - 03 : 20 Music video ( edit ) The music video , directed by Kevin Kerslake , has a washed - out color effect throughout the majority of the video and features a long - nosed protagonist escaping from an unseen pursuer . The protagonist 's nose grows longer throughout the video ( similar to Pinocchio ) , to symbolize the theme of lying in the song lyrics . At the beginning of the video , an early 1900s silent film-esque clip of the pursuer and protagonist is shown . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Danaher , Michael ( August 4 , 2014 ) . `` The 50 Best Grunge Songs '' . Paste . Retrieved November 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` spreadit.org music '' . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2010 . Retrieved February 7 , 2009 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ http://www.spin.com/2015/12/stone-temple-pilots-interstate-love-song-scott-weiland/ ^ Jump up to : `` The Greatest Songs Ever ! Interstate Love Song '' . Blender . September 2005 . Retrieved on July 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Stone Temple Pilots - Charts & Awards - Billboard singles . Allmusic.com . Retrieved on August 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Not Dead and Not For Sale ( Scribner , 2010 ) , pp111 -- 112 Jump up ^ `` Radio Songs -- Stone Temple Pilots '' . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Mainstream Rock Tracks -- Stone Temple Pilots '' . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Alternative Songs -- Stone Temple Pilots '' . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Pop Songs -- Stone Temple Pilots '' . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 08 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Stone Temple Pilots Dean DeLeo Robert DeLeo Eric Kretz Jeff Gutt Scott Weiland Chester Bennington Studio albums Core Purple Tiny Music ... Songs from the Vatican Gift Shop No. 4 Shangri - La Dee Da Stone Temple Pilots ( 2010 ) Stone Temple Pilots ( 2018 ) Extended plays High Rise Compilations Thank You Singles Commercial `` Sex Type Thing '' `` Plush '' `` Creep '' `` Big Empty '' `` Vasoline '' `` Interstate Love Song '' `` Dancing Days '' `` Big Bang Baby '' `` Trippin ' on a Hole in a Paper Heart '' `` Lady Picture Show '' `` Down '' `` Sour Girl '' `` Days of the Week '' `` Hollywood Bitch '' `` Revolution '' `` All in the Suit That You Wear '' `` Between the Lines '' `` Take a Load Off '' `` Cinnamon '' `` Out of Time '' `` Black Heart '' `` Meadow '' Promotional `` Dead & Bloated '' `` Crackerman '' `` Wicked Garden '' `` Unglued '' `` Pretty Penny '' `` Tumble in the Rough '' `` Art School Girl '' `` Heaven & Hot Rods '' `` No Way Out '' `` Wonderful '' Related Discography 2008 Reunion Tour Army of Anyone album Talk Show album Velvet Revolver The Wondergirls Linkin Park Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Interstate_Love_Song&oldid=852696112 '' Categories : 1994 singles Songs written by Scott Weiland Songs written by Robert DeLeo Stone Temple Pilots songs Billboard Mainstream Rock number - one singles Song recordings produced by Brendan O'Brien ( record producer ) Songs about heroin Atlantic Records singles Music videos directed by Kevin Kerslake 1994 songs Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Galego Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 30 July 2018 , at 19 : 14 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	stone temple pilots interstate love song lyrics meaning	[]	[]
9200910503819297432	Live at Luther College	Live at Luther College - wikipedia Live at Luther College Live at Luther College Live album by Dave Matthews and Tim Reynolds Released January 19 , 1999 Recorded February 6 , 1996 , Luther College , Decorah , Iowa Genre Folk Rock Length 2 : 16 : 12 Label RCA Producer John Alagía Dave Matthews and Tim Reynolds chronology Live at Luther College ( 1999 ) Live at Radio City ( 2007 ) Dave Matthews chronology Live at Luther College ( 1999 ) Live at Luther College1999 Some Devil ( 2003 ) Some Devil 2003 Live at Radio City 2007 Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Allmusic Live at Luther College is a live album by Dave Matthews and Tim Reynolds recorded at Luther College in Decorah , Iowa . Recorded on February 6 , 1996 and released nearly three years later , it was the first concert by the pair to be available commercially . Live at Luther College was the only released concert by Dave Matthews and Tim Reynolds , until the release of Live at Radio City in 2007 . Live at Luther College features several unreleased and rare tracks , including `` What Will Become of Me ? '' , which was played at the end of the song `` Jimi Thing '' . The show incorporates six songs that would appear on the studio album Crash when it was released later in 1996 . Contents 1 Track listing 1.1 Disc one 1.2 Disc two 2 Personnel 3 References Track listing ( edit ) All songs by David J. Matthews unless noted . Disc one ( edit ) `` One Sweet World '' -- 5 : 43 `` # 41 '' ( Beauford , Lessard , Matthews , Moore , Tinsley ) -- 5 : 37 `` Tripping Billies '' -- 5 : 49 `` Jimi Thing '' -- 8 : 13 `` Satellite '' -- 4 : 39 `` Crash into Me '' -- 5 : 33 `` Deed is Done '' ( Beauford , Lessard , Matthews , Moore , Tinsley ) -- 4 : 51 `` Lover Lay Down '' -- 5 : 33 `` What Would You Say '' -- 5 : 06 `` Minarets '' -- 7 : 00 `` Cry Freedom '' -- 5 : 39 `` Dancing Nancies '' -- 7 : 15 Disc two ( edit ) `` Typical Situation '' -- 7 : 02 `` Stream '' ( Reynolds ) -- 5 : 49 `` Warehouse '' -- 9 : 17 `` Christmas Song '' -- 5 : 24 `` Seek Up '' -- 7 : 43 `` Say Goodbye '' -- 5 : 19 `` Ants Marching '' -- 5 : 26 `` Little Thing '' -- 6 : 18 `` Halloween '' -- 3 : 00 `` Granny '' -- 3 : 22 `` Two Step '' -- 6 : 34 Personnel ( edit ) Dave Matthews -- acoustic guitar , vocals Tim Reynolds -- acoustic guitar References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.allmusic.com/album/r387360 Dave Matthews Band Carter Beauford Jeff Coffin Stefan Lessard Dave Matthews Tim Reynolds Rashawn Ross Buddy Strong Peter Griesar LeRoi Moore Butch Taylor Boyd Tinsley Studio albums Under the Table and Dreaming Crash Before These Crowded Streets Everyday Busted Stuff Stand Up Big Whiskey & the GrooGrux King Away from the World Come Tomorrow Live releases Remember Two Things Live at Red Rocks 8.15. 95 Listener Supported Live in Chicago 12.19. 98 at the United Center Live at Folsom Field , Boulder , Colorado The Central Park Concert The Gorge Weekend on the Rocks Live at Piedmont Park Live at Mile High Music Festival Europe 2009 Live in New York City Live at Wrigley Field Live Trax series Compilation albums The Best of What 's Around Vol. 1 Live Trax Video albums Listener Supported The Videos 1994 -- 2001 Live at Folsom Field , Boulder , Colorado The Central Park Concert The Gorge Weekend on the Rocks Live at Piedmont Park Europe 2009 -- Across the Pond Extended plays Recently Singles `` What Would You Say '' `` Jimi Thing '' `` Typical Situation '' `` Ants Marching '' `` Satellite '' `` Too Much '' `` So Much to Say '' `` Two Step '' `` Crash into Me '' `` Tripping Billies '' `` Do n't Drink the Water '' `` Stay ( Wasting Time ) '' `` Crush '' `` Rapunzel '' `` I Did It '' `` The Space Between '' `` Everyday '' `` Where Are You Going '' `` Grace Is Gone '' `` Grey Street '' `` American Baby '' `` Dreamgirl '' `` Everybody Wake Up ( Our Finest Hour Arrives ) '' `` Smooth Rider '' `` Funny the Way It Is '' `` Why I Am '' `` You and Me '' `` Mercy '' `` If Only '' `` Samurai Cop ( Oh Joy Begin ) '' Featured singles `` Work It Out '' Other songs `` # 34 '' `` Warehouse '' `` # 41 '' `` Lie in Our Graves '' `` Proudest Monkey '' `` Say Goodbye '' `` Halloween '' `` The Last Stop '' `` Pantala Naga Pampa '' `` Pig '' `` Spoon '' `` The Stone '' `` Loving Wings '' `` Bartender '' `` Anyone Seen the Bridge ? '' `` Granny '' `` JTR '' Side projects Tribe of Heaven Dave Matthews & Friends Dave Matthews and Tim Reynolds Live at Luther College True Reflections Some Devil Live at Radio City Live in Las Vegas Related articles Discography Awards and nominations Coran Capshaw Musictoday The Lillywhite Sessions Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Live_at_Luther_College&oldid=841716926 '' Categories : Albums produced by John Alagía 1999 live albums Dave Matthews albums Tim Reynolds albums RCA Records live albums Live albums by South African artists Hidden categories : Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with malformed table placement Talk Contents About Wikipedia Polski Português Edit links This page was last edited on 17 May 2018 , at 16 : 02 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	dave matthews and tim reynolds live at luther college full album	[]	[]
9071315634513457742	Holy water	Holy water - wikipedia Holy water For other uses , see Holy water ( disambiguation ) . `` Lustral water '' redirects here , see also Water of lustration . A holy water container ( stoup ) at the church of Santa Maria degli Angeli , Rome Holy water is water that has been blessed by a member of the clergy or a religious figure . The use for cleansing prior to a baptism and spiritual cleansing is common in several religions , from Christianity to Sikhism . The use of holy water as a sacramental for protection against evil is common among Anglicans , Roman Catholics , and Eastern Christians . Contents 1 In Christianity 1.1 History 1.2 Use and storage 1.3 Proper disposal 1.4 Hygiene 1.5 Christian traditions 1.5. 1 Roman Catholics 1.5. 1.1 Sanctification 1.5. 1.2 Formula 1.5. 1.3 Protection against evil 1.5. 2 Eastern Christians 1.5. 3 Anglicans 1.5. 4 Lutherans 1.5. 5 Methodists 2 Other religions 3 Unofficial uses 4 Gallery 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links In Christianity ( edit ) See also : Water of lustration In Catholicism , Anglicanism , Eastern Orthodoxy , Oriental Orthodoxy and some other churches , holy water is water that has been sanctified by a priest for the purpose of baptism , the blessing of persons , places , and objects , or as a means of repelling evil . History ( edit ) Take - home holy water at St Teresa 's church , Dublin The use of holy water used by various sects of Christianity is a non-scripturally based practice only attested to in late Catholic documents . The Apostolic Constitutions , which goes back to about the year 400 , attribute the precept of using holy water to the Apostle Matthew ; however , this attribution is tenuous . It is plausible that in earliest Christian times water was used for expiatory and purificatory purposes in a way analogous to its employment in Jewish Law . Yet , in many cases , the water used for the Sacrament of Baptism was flowing water , sea or river water , and it could not receive the same blessing as that contained in the baptisteries in the view of the Roman Catholic church . However , Eastern Orthodox do perform the same blessing , whether in a baptistry or an outdoor body of water . Use and storage ( edit ) Sprinkling with holy water is used as a sacramental that recalls baptism . Holy water is kept in the holy water font , which is typically located at the entrance to the church ( or sometimes in a separate room or building called a baptistery ) . Smaller vessels , called stoups , are usually placed at the entrances of the church , to enable people to sprinkle themselves with it on entering . In recent years , with the concerns over influenza , new holy water machines that work like an automatic soap dispenser have become popular . In the Middle Ages the power of holy water was considered so great that in some places fonts had locked covers to prevent the theft of holy water for unauthorized magic practices . The Constitutions of Archbishop Edmund Rich ( 1236 ) prescribe that `` Fonts are to be kept under lock and key , because of witchcraft ( sortilegia ) . Similarly the chrism and sacred oil are kept locked up . '' Proper disposal ( edit ) In Catholicism , holy water , as well as water used during the washing of the priest 's hands at mass , is not allowed to be disposed of in regular plumbing . Roman Catholic churches will usually have a special basin ( a Sacrarium ) that leads directly into the ground for the purpose of proper disposal . A hinged lid is kept over the holy water basin to distinguish it from a regular sink basin , which is often just beside it . Items that contained holy water are separated , drained of the holy water , and then washed in a regular manner in the adjacent sink . Hygiene ( edit ) Holy water fonts have been identified as a potential source of bacterial and viral infection . In the late 19th century , bacteriologists found staphylococci , streptococci , coli bacilli , Loeffler 's bacillus , and other bacteria in samples of holy water taken from a church in Sassari , Italy . In a study performed in 1995 , 13 samples were taken when a burn patient acquired a bacterial infection after exposure to holy water . The samples in that study were shown to have a `` wide range of bacterial species '' , some of which could cause infection in humans . During the swine flu epidemic of 2009 , Bishop John Steinbock of Fresno , California recommended that `` holy water should not be in the fonts '' due to fear of spreading infections . Also in response to the swine flu , an automatic , motion - detecting holy water dispenser was invented and installed in an Italian church in 2009 . Christian traditions ( edit ) Roman Catholics ( edit ) Sanctification ( edit ) As a reminder of baptism , Catholic Christians dip their fingers in the holy water and make the sign of the cross when entering the church . The liturgy may begin on Sundays with the Rite of Blessing and Sprinkling Holy Water , in which holy water is sprinkled upon the congregation ; this is called aspersion , from the Latin , aspergere , to sprinkle . This ceremony dates back to the ninth century . An aspergill or aspergillum is a brush or branch used to sprinkle the water . An aspersorium is the vessel which holds the holy water and into which the aspergillum is dipped , though elaborate Ottonian examples are known as situlae . Blessed salt may be added to the water `` where it is customary . '' This use of holy water and making a sign of the cross when entering a church reflects a renewal of baptism , a cleansing of venial sin , as well as providing protection against evil . It is sometimes accompanied by the following prayer : `` By this Holy water and by your Precious Blood , wash away all my sins O Lord '' . Although not actually holy water since it has not been blessed by a priest , some Catholics believe that water from specific shrines , such as Lourdes , can bring healing . Formula ( edit ) The traditional Latin formula for blessing the water is as follows : Exorcizo te , creatura aquæ , in nomine Dei Patris omnipotentis , et in nomine Jesu Christi , Filii ejus Domini nostri , et in virtute Spiritus Sancti : ut fias aqua exorcizata ad effugandam omnem potestatem inimici , et ipsum inimicum eradicare et explantare valeas cum angelis suis apostaticis , per virtutem ejusdem Domini nostri Jesu Christ : qui venturus est judicare vivos et mortuos et sæculum per ignem . Deus , qui ad salutem humani generis maxima quæque sacramenta in aquarum substantia condidisti : adesto propitius invocationibus nostris , et elemento huic , multimodis purificationibus præparato , virtutem tuæ benedictionis infunde ; ut creatura tua , mysteriis tuis serviens , ad abigendos dæmones morbosque pellendos divinæ gratiæ sumat effectum ; ut quidquid in domibus vel in locis fidelium hæc unda resperserit careat omni immunditia , liberetur a noxa . Non illic resideat spiritus pestilens , non aura corrumpens : discedant omnes insidiæ latentis inimici ; et si quid est quod aut incolumitati habitantium invidet aut quieti , aspersione hujus aquæ effugiat : ut salubritas , per invocationem sancti tui nominis expetita , ab omnibus sit impugnationibus defensa . Per Dominum , amen . English translation : I exorcise thee , creature of water , in the name of God the Father almighty , in the name of Jesus Christ , his Son , our Lord , and in the power of the Holy Spirit , that you may put to flight all the power of the enemy , and that enemy and to root out and , along with his fallen angels through the power of our Lord Jesus Christ , who shall come to judge the living and the dead and the world by fire . O God , who for the salvation of the human race has built Thy greatest mysteries in the substance , in your kindness hear our prayers , and with the element to this , for many kinds of purifications of his well - prepared , the power of Thy blessing , Serve it ; the creation of Thy mysteries , serving as an agent of divine grace ; is sprinkled with this water in their houses or in the buildings of the faithful , that whatever might be free from all uncleanness , he is freed from every harm . It is not no pestilent spirit , no taint of corruption ; let all the wiles of the lurking enemy ; or to provide for the safety and peace of the inhabitants of that which is , and if there be any , by the sprinkling of this water , so that health , through the invocation of Thy holy name , made secure against all attacks . Through the end . Protection against evil ( edit ) Saint Teresa of Avila , by Rubens , 1615 Catholic saints have written about the power of holy water as a force that repels evil . Saint Teresa of Avila , a Doctor of the Church who reported visions of Jesus and Mary , was a strong believer in the power of holy water and wrote that she used it with success to repel evil and temptations . She wrote : `` I know by frequent experience that there is nothing which puts the devils to flight like Holy water . '' In Holy Water and Its Significance for Catholics Henry Theiler states that in addition to being a strong force in repelling evil , holy water has the twofold benefit of providing grace for both body and soul . The new Rituale Romanum excludes the exorcism prayer on the water . Exorcized salt used to be added to the holy Water as well . Priests can now use the older form if they wish according to Summorum Pontificum , an apostolic letter by Pope Benedict XVI . Eastern Christians ( edit ) Main article : Holy water in Eastern Christianity Great Blessing of Waters by Boris Kustodiev Procession for the Lesser Blessing of Waters Among the Eastern Orthodox and the Byzantine Rite Catholics holy water is used frequently in rites of blessing and exorcism , and the water for baptism is always sanctified with a special blessing . There are two rites for blessing holy water : the `` Great Blessing of Waters '' which is held on the Feast of Theophany and at baptisms , and the `` Lesser Blessing of Waters '' which is conducted according to need and local custom during the rest of the year , certain feast days calling for the Lesser Blessing of Waters as part of their liturgical observance . Both forms are based upon the Rite of Baptism . After the blessing of holy water the faithful are sprinkled with it and each drinks some of it . Holy water is drunk by the faithful after it is blessed and it is a common custom for the pious to drink holy water every morning . In the monasteries of Mount Athos holy water is always drunk in conjunction with consuming antidoron . Eastern Orthodox do not typically bless themselves with holy water upon entering a church as Western Catholics do , but a quantity of holy water is often kept in a font placed in the narthex ( entrance ) of the church , available for anyone who would like to partake of it or to take some of it home . After the annual Great Blessing of Waters at Theophany ( also known as Epiphany ) , the priest goes to the homes of the faithful within his parish and , in predominantly Orthodox lands , to the buildings throughout town , and blesses them with holy water . When blessing objects such as the palms on Palm Sunday , Paschal eggs and other foods for Easter , candles , or liturgical instruments and sacred vessels ( icons and crosses are not blessed , however , as they are considered intrinsically holy and redeemed ) . The blessing is completed by a triple sprinkling with holy water using the words , `` This ( name of item ) is blessed by the sprinkling of this holy water , in the name of the Father , and of the Son , and of the Holy Spirit . '' Throughout the centuries , there have been many springs of water that have been believed by members of the Orthodox Church to be miraculous . Some still flow , such as the one at Pochaev Lavra in Ukraine , and the Life - Giving Spring of the Theotokos in Constantinople ( commemorated on Bright Friday ) . Anglicans ( edit ) Holy water is not a term used in Church of England rites , although font water is sanctified in the Church of England baptism rite . In contrast , the Episcopal Church ( United States ) does expressly mention the optional use of holy water in some recent liturgies of blessing . More generally , the use of water within High Church Anglicanism or Anglo - Catholicism adheres closely to Roman Catholic practice . In many such Anglican churches baptismal water is used for the asperges . Stoups with sanctified water are sometimes found near the doors of High Church Anglican churches for the faithful to use in making the sign of the cross upon entering the church . Lutherans ( edit ) The use of holy water in some synods of Lutheranism is for the baptism of infants and new members of the church . The water is believed to be blessed by God , as it is used in a sacrament . The water is applied to the forehead of the laity being baptised and the minister performs the sign of the cross . Lutherans tend to have holy water fonts at the entrance of the church . Other synods do not use holy water , however they do typically treat the water used for baptisms in a more respectful manner . Methodists ( edit ) In the Methodist tradition , Holy Baptism is often administered by sprinkling or pouring holy water over the candidate . The official Baptismal Liturgy , as well as the liturgy for Reaffirmation of Baptism commonly done through asperges , has a prayer for the blessing of this water : Pour out your Holy Spirit , to bless this gift of water and those who receive it , to wash away their sin and clothe them in righteousness throughout their lives , that , dying and being raised with Christ , they may share in his final victory . All praise to you , Eternal Father , through your Son Jesus Christ , who with you and the Holy Spirit lives and reigns for ever . Amen . Other religions ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2013 ) A Hindu public prayer in the River Ganges In Ancient Greek religion , holy water called chernips ( Greek : χέρνιψ ) was created when a torch from a religious shrine was extinguished in it . In Greek religion , purifying people and locations with water was part of the process of distinguishing the sacred from the profane . The Book of Numbers mentions using water in a test for the purity of a wife accused of marital infidelity . Known as the Ordeal of the Bitter Water , the accused woman ( sotah ) would first be asked to confess to her crime before the court . If she refused to confess , she would then undergo the ritual . She would be stripped naked and then drink a mixture of water and dust . If she was guilty , she would be supposedly cursed to miscarry any pregnancy , though the text is unclear on the exact punishment . If she was innocent , there would be no effect . Sikhs use the Punjabi term amrita ( ਅੰਮ੍ਰਿਤ ) for the holy water used in the baptism ceremony known as Amrit Sanskar or Amrit Chhakhna . In Hinduism , water represents God in a spiritual sense which is the central theme in Mantra Pushpam from Taithreeya Aranyakam of Yajur Veda . Bathing in holy water is , thus , a key element in Hinduism , and the Ganges is considered the holiest Hindu river . The idea of `` blessed water '' is used in virtually all Buddhist traditions . In the Theravada tradition , water is put into a new pot and kept near a Paritrana ceremony , a blessing for protection . This `` lustral water '' can be created in a ceremony in which the burning and extinction of a candle above the water represents the elements of earth , fire , and air . This water is later given to the people to be kept in their home . Not only water but also oil and strings are blessed in this ceremony . Most Mahayana Buddhists typically recite sutras or various mantras ( typically that of the bodhisattva Avalokitesvara for example ) numerous times over the water , which is then either consumed or is used to bless homes afterwards . In Vajrayana Buddhism , a Bumpa , a ritual object , is one of the Ashtamangala , used for storing sacred water sometimes , symbolizing wisdom and long life . The Sunni Muslim variety of holy water is the Zamzam water that comes from a spring by The Kaaba . The drinking of `` healing water '' ( āb - i shifā ) is a practice in various denominations of Shia Islam . In the tradition of the Twelver Shi'a , many dissolve the dust of sacred locations such as Karbala ( khāk - i shifa ) and Najaf and drink the water ( āb - i shifā ) as a cure for illness , both spiritual and physical . The Ismaili tradition involves the practice of drinking water blessed by the Imam of the time . This water is taken in the name of the Imam and has a deep spiritual significance . This is evident from the names used to designate the water , including light ( nūr ) and ambrosia ( amṛt , amī , amīras , amījal ) . This practice is recorded from the 13th and 14th centuries and continues to the present day . The ceremony is known as ghat - pat in South Asia . In Wicca and other ceremonial magic traditions , a bowl of salt is blessed and a small amount is stirred into a bowl of water that has been ritually purified . In some traditions of Wicca , this mixture of water and salt symbolizes the brine of the sea , which is regarded as the womb of the Goddess , and the source of all life on Earth . The mixture is consecrated and used in many religious ceremonies and magical rituals . Unofficial uses ( edit ) Holy water has also been believed to ward off or act as a weapon against mythical evil creatures , such as vampires . In eastern Europe , one might sprinkle holy water onto the corpse of a suspected vampire in order to destroy it or render it inert . Thereafter , the concept proliferated into fiction about such creatures . Gallery ( edit ) Stoups Basilica of Notre - Dame de Fourvière , Lyon , France Florence Cathedral Church of Santa Maria a Cintoia , Florence , Italy . Church of Saints Saint Cajetan and Maximillian , Salzburg , Austria See also ( edit ) Anglican devotions Catholic devotions Holy anointing oil References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Tracts on Principles of Divine Worship : No. 3 . The Sprinkling of Holy Water '' . New York : Men 's Guild , St. Ignatius ' Church . Retrieved 13 January 2013 . Holy water has no power to beautify the soul here in time and the body in eternity , as Penance and the Eucharist have ; but for those who reverently use it , having the right dispositions of faith and contrition , it has power to banish demons , dispel their deceits and vexations , cleanse the soul from stain of venial sins , avert earthly ills ( other than those which God allows for our good ) , and to promote our temporal welfare . Jump up ^ Henry Theiler , 2003 Holy Water and Its Significance for Catholics ISBN 0 - 7661 - 7553 - 7 pp 13 -- 15 Jump up ^ Chambers 's encyclopædia , page 394 , Published by Lippincott & Co ( 1870 ) Jump up ^ Nathaniel Altman , 2002 Sacred water : the spiritual source of life ISBN 1 - 58768 - 013 - 0 pp 130 -- 133 Jump up ^ Catholic encyclopedia on Holy water Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church , Sacramentals , ss. 1667 , 1668 Jump up ^ `` Hi - tech holy water calms flu fear '' . BBC News . 11 November 2009 . Retrieved 17 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Fontes sub serura clausi teneantur , propter saortilegia . Chrisma similiter et oleum sacrum sub clave custodiantur '' ( Wilkinson , Consilia , 1 : 636 , quoted in George C. Homans , English Villagers in the Thirteenth Century , 2nd ed. 1991 : 384 and note 2 ) . Jump up ^ Henry Theiler , 2003 Holy Water and Its Significance for Catholics ISBN 0 - 7661 - 7553 - 7 p 48 Jump up ^ Dietetic and Hygienic Gazette , Volume 14 , page 578 . The Gazette Publishing Company , 1898 . Jump up ^ J.C. Rees and K.D. Allen , 1996 `` Holy water -- a risk factor for hospital - acquired infection '' . Journal of Hospital Infection 32 ( 1 ) , pages 51 -- 55 . Jump up ^ California Catholic Daily . `` Holy water should not be in fonts during this epidemic < Internet > '' . 4 May 2009 . Jump up ^ NPR Morning Edition . `` In Italy , An Automatic Holy - Water Dispenser < Internet > '' . 12 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Philip Bold , 2008 Catholic Doctrine and Discipline Simply Explained ISBN 1 - 4097 - 8610 - 2 page 283 Jump up ^ Jacquelyn Lindsey , 2001 Catholic Family Prayer Book OSV Press ISBN 0 - 87973 - 999 - 1 p. 65 Jump up ^ Richard Clarke , 2008 Lourdes , Its Inhabitants , Its Pilgrims , And Its Miracles ISBN 1 - 4086 - 8541 - 8 page 38 Jump up ^ Tessa Bielecki , Mirabai Starr , 2008 Teresa of Avila : The Book of My Life ISBN 1 - 59030 - 573 - 6 pp 238 -- 241 Jump up ^ Teresa of Avila , 2008 Life of St. Teresa of Jesus ISBN 1 - 60680 - 041 - 8 page 246 Jump up ^ Henry Theiler , 2003 Holy Water and Its Significance for Catholics ISBN 0 - 7661 - 7553 - 7 pp 24 -- 31 Jump up ^ Legionary of Christ Father Edward McNamara . `` Extraordinary Form ; Book of Blessings '' . ZENIT . Jump up ^ Church of England Rite of Holy Baptism , The Archbishops ' Council of the Church of England , 2000 -- 2006 Jump up ^ Enriching Our Worship 5 : Liturgies and Prayers Related to Childbearing , Childbirth , and Loss ; Church Publishing ; 2009 ; p. 20 . Jump up ^ Anglican Service Book Jump up ^ Getz , Keith ( February 2013 ) . `` Where is the Baptismal Font ? '' ( PDF ) . Evangelical Lutheran Church in America . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . By having the font at the entrance of the church , and using the font every Sunday , we are intentionally and dramatically revealing the importance of Holy Baptism and highlighting it as foundational to our life in Christ . It symbolically reminds us that we enter into the life of the church , into the life of Christ 's body , through the birthing waters of the baptismal font , where we are born again from above . Dipping our fingers in the holy water of the font and making the sign of the cross , reinforces who and whose we are . We are reminded that we have been baptized ; daily we die to sin and rise to new life in the Spirit . The font is also positioned so that from the font there is a direct and central path leading to the altar , highlighting how these two Holy Sacraments are intimately connected . As we leave the church , we see the baptismal font , reminding us that we have been baptized , named and claimed , to serve others in proclamation and service to others . Jump up ^ Hannon , Dan ( 2014 ) . `` Baptism '' . Life Events . The United Methodist Church . Holy Baptism is a Covenant between an individual and God . It is God 's word to us , proclaiming our adoption by grace and our word to God , promising our response of faith and love . Persons of all ages can be baptized at Christ Church . We baptize by sprinkling Holy Water . The United Methodist Church recognizes baptisms from other denominations and churches and therefore does not `` re-baptize '' . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` This is your Baptismal Liturgy : A Resource for Understanding The United Methodist Ritual of Holy Baptism '' . The United Methodist Church . 2001 . Holy Spirit is invoked to bless and use the water , in anticipation that God will act again , even now . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` This is your Baptismal Liturgy : A Resource for Understanding The United Methodist Ritual of Holy Baptism '' . The United Methodist Church . 2001 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Greek religion : archaic and classical , by Walter Burkert , John Raffan 1991 ISBN 0 - 631 - 15624 - 0 page 77 Jump up ^ Numbers 5 : 12 -- 31 Jump up ^ Biale , Rachel ( 1995 ) . Women and Jewish Law : The Essential Texts , Their History , and Their Relevance for Today . Random House Digital . p. 186 . ISBN 0805210490 . Jump up ^ Sikhism , 2004 , by Geoff Teece ISBN 1 - 58340 - 469 - 4 page 7 Jump up ^ Hinduism , 2004 , by Geoff Teece ISBN 1 - 58340 - 466 - X page 22 Jump up ^ `` Buddhism in Thailand : Lustral Water '' . Jump up ^ Smithsonian Institution . `` Buddhist ritual sprinkler ( kundika ) < Internet > '' . Archived from the original on 21 June 2007 . Retrieved 16 July 2007 . Jump up ^ The British Museum . `` Stoneware kundika ( water sprinkler ) < Internet > '' . Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 16 July 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Virani , Shafique . The Ismailis in the Middle Ages : A History of Survival , A Search for Salvation ( New York : Oxford University Press ) , 2007 , pp. 107 -- 108 . Jump up ^ Wicca for Life : The Way of the Craft -- From Birth to Summerland , 2003 , by Raymond Buckland ISBN 0 - 8065 - 2455 - 3 page 85 Jump up ^ Bonnerjea , Biren . A Dictionary of Superstitions and Mythology , Folk Press Limited , 1927 , p. 242 . ( 1 ) Archived 2014 - 03 - 14 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Library of universal knowledge : A reprint of the last ( 1880 ) Edinburgh and London edition of Chambers ' encyclopaedia , with copious additions by American editors , Volume 14 . American Book Exchange ( Original from Harvard University ) , 1881 , p. 804 . ( 2 ) Further reading ( edit ) ( Mother ) Mary ; Ware , ( Archimandrite ) Kallistos ( Tr . ) ( 1998 ) . The Festal Menaion ( reprint ) , pp 348 -- 359 . South Canaan : St. Tikhon 's Seminary Press . ISBN 1 - 878997 - 00 - 9 . Isabel Florence Hapgood ( Tr. , Ed . ) ( 1983 ) . Service Book of the Holy Orthodox - Catholic Apostolic Church ( 6th ed . ) , pp 189 -- 197 . Englewood : Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese . Collectio Rituum ad instar appendicis Ritualis Romani pro dioecesibus Statuum Foederatorum Americae Septentrionalis . Milwaukee , Bruce ( 1954 ) External links ( edit ) On Holy Water blessed at Theophany by St. John of Shanghai and San Francisco ( Eastern Orthodox ) Holy Water from various Churches Photo of Great Blessing of Waters at Theophany ( Russian Orthodox ) Photo of Lesser Blessing of Waters ( Russian Orthodox ) St Brigid 's Well , County Kildare Catholic prayers and sacramentals for protection against evil Prayers Holy Name of Jesus Chaplet of Saint Michael Prayer to Saint Michael Vade retro satana Sacramentals Crucifix Holy water Little Sachet Scapular of Saint Michael the Archangel Saint Benedict Medal Catholicism portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holy_water&oldid=855500769 '' Categories : Anglican liturgy Baptism Catholic liturgy Lutheran sacraments and rites Eastern Christian liturgical objects Religious behaviour and experience Religious objects Sacramentals Water and religion Christian terminology Objects believed to protect from evil Hidden categories : Interlanguage link template link number Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links Articles to be expanded from March 2013 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles containing Greek - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Avañe'ẽ Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lëtzebuergesch Magyar مازِرونی Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 31 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 August 2018 , at 19 : 32 ( UTC ) . 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-6389534849428346834	Enigma machine	Enigma machine - wikipedia Enigma machine Jump to : navigation , search Military Enigma machine , model `` Enigma 1 '' , used during the late 1930s and during the war ; displayed at Museo scienza e tecnologia Milano , Italy Military Enigma machine ( in wooden box ) The Enigma cipher machine Enigma machine Enigma rotors Breaking Enigma Polish Cipher Bureau Doubles Grill Clock Cyclometer Bomba Zygalski sheets Bletchley Park Banburismus Herivel tip Crib Bombe Hut 3 Hut 6 Hut 8 PC Bruno Ultra The Enigma machines were a series of electro - mechanical rotor cipher machines developed and used in the early - to mid-20th century to protect commercial , diplomatic and military communication . Enigma was invented by the German engineer Arthur Scherbius at the end of World War I. Early models were used commercially from the early 1920s , and adopted by military and government services of several countries , most notably Nazi Germany before and during World War II . Several different Enigma models were produced , but the German military models , having a plugboard , were the most complex . Japanese and Italian models were also in use . Around December 1932 , Marian Rejewski of the Polish Cipher Bureau used the theory of permutations and flaws in the German military message procedures to break the message keys of the plugboard Enigma machine . Rejewski achieved this result without knowledge of the wiring of the machine , so the result did not allow the Poles to decrypt actual messages . The French had a spy with access to German cipher materials that included the daily keys used in September and October 1932 . Those keys included the plugboard settings . The French gave the material to the Poles , and Rejewski used some of that material and the message traffic in September and October to solve for the unknown rotor wiring . Consequently , the Poles were able to build their own Enigma machines , which were called Enigma doubles . Rejewski was aided by cryptanalysts Jerzy Różycki and Henryk Zygalski , both of whom had been recruited with Rejewski from Poznań University . The Polish Cipher Bureau developed techniques to defeat the plugboard and find all components of the daily key , which enabled the Cipher Bureau to read the German 's Enigma messages . Over time , the German cryptographic procedures improved , and the Cipher Bureau developed techniques and designed mechanical devices to continue breaking the Enigma traffic . As part of that effort , the Poles exploited quirks of the rotors , compiled catalogs , built a cyclometer to help make a catalog with 100,000 entries , made Zygalski sheets and built the electro - mechanical cryptologic bomb to search for rotor settings . In 1938 , the Germans added complexity to the Enigma machines that finally became too expensive for the Poles to counter . The Poles had six bomby , but when the Germans added two more rotors , ten times as many bomby were needed , but the Poles did not have the resources . On 26 and 27 July 1939 , in Pyry near Warsaw , the Poles initiated French and British military intelligence representatives into their Enigma - decryption techniques and equipment , including Zygalski sheets and the cryptologic bomb , and promised each delegation a Polish - reconstructed Enigma . The demonstration represented a vital basis for the later British continuation and effort . During the war , British cryptologists decrypted a vast number of messages enciphered on Enigma . The intelligence gleaned from this source , codenamed `` Ultra '' by the British , was a substantial aid to the Allied war effort . Though Enigma had some cryptographic weaknesses , in practice it was German procedural flaws , operator mistakes , failure to systematically introduce changes in encipherment procedures , and Allied capture of key tables and hardware that , during the war , enabled Allied cryptologists to succeed and `` turned the tide '' in the Allies ' favor . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Design 2.1 Electrical pathway 2.2 Rotors 2.3 Stepping 2.4 Turnover 2.5 Entry wheel 2.6 Reflector 2.7 Plugboard 2.8 Accessories 2.8. 1 Schreibmax 2.8. 2 Fernlesegerät 2.8. 3 Uhr 2.9 Mathematical analysis 3 Operation 3.1 Basic operation 3.2 Details 3.3 Indicator 3.4 Additional details 4 History 4.1 Commercial Enigma 4.1. 1 Enigma A ( 1923 ) 4.1. 2 Enigma B ( 1924 ) 4.1. 3 Enigma C ( 1926 ) 4.1. 4 Enigma D ( 1927 ) 4.1. 4.1 `` Navy Cipher D '' -- Italian Navy 4.1. 5 Enigma H ( 1929 ) 4.1. 6 Enigma K 4.1. 7 Typex 4.2 Military Enigma 4.2. 1 Funkschlüssel C 4.2. 2 Enigma G ( 1928 -- 1930 ) 4.2. 3 Wehrmacht Enigma I ( 1930 -- 1938 ) 4.2. 4 M3 ( 1934 ) 4.2. 5 Two extra rotors ( 1938 ) 4.2. 6 M4 ( 1942 ) 5 Breaking Enigma 6 Surviving machines 7 Derivatives 8 Simulators 9 In popular culture 10 See also 11 References 11.1 Notes 11.2 Bibliography 12 Further reading 13 External links Etymology ( edit ) The word Enigma is derived from the Latin word aenigma ( `` riddle '' ) , which again has been derived itself from the Ancient Greek verbal noun τὸ αἴνιγμα . Design ( edit ) Enigma in use , 1943 Like other rotor machines , the Enigma machine is a combination of mechanical and electrical subsystems . The mechanical subsystem consists of a keyboard ; a set of rotating disks called rotors arranged adjacently along a spindle ; one of various stepping components to turn at least one rotor with each key press , and a series of lamps , one for each letter . Electrical pathway ( edit ) Enigma wiring diagram with arrows and the numbers 1 to 9 showing how current flows from key depression to a lamp being lit . The A key is encoded to the D lamp . D yields A , but A never yields A ; this property was due to a patented feature unique to the Enigmas , and could be exploited by cryptanalysts in some situations . The mechanical parts act in such a way as to form a varying electrical circuit . When a key is pressed , one or more rotors rotate on the spindle . On the sides of the rotors are a series of electrical contacts that , after rotation , line up with contacts on the other rotors or fixed wiring on either end of the spindle . When the rotors are properly aligned , each key on the keyboard is connected to a unique electrical pathway through the series of contacts and internal wiring . Current , typically from a battery , flows through the pressed key , into the newly configured set of circuits and back out again , ultimately lighting one display lamp , which shows the output letter . For example , when encrypting a message starting ANX ... , the operator would first press the A key , and the Z lamp might light , so Z would be the first letter of the ciphertext . The operator would next press N , and then X in the same fashion , and so on . The scrambling action of Enigma 's rotors is shown for two consecutive letters with the right - hand rotor moving one position between them . Current flowed from the battery ( 1 ) through a depressed bi-directional keyboard switch ( 2 ) to the plugboard ( 3 ) . Next , it passed through the ( unused in this instance , so shown closed ) plug `` A '' ( 3 ) via the entry wheel ( 4 ) , through the wiring of the three ( Wehrmacht Enigma ) or four ( Kriegsmarine M4 and Abwehr variants ) installed rotors ( 5 ) , and entered the reflector ( 6 ) . The reflector returned the current , via an entirely different path , back through the rotors ( 5 ) and entry wheel ( 4 ) , proceeding through plug `` S '' ( 7 ) connected with a cable ( 8 ) to plug `` D '' , and another bi-directional switch ( 9 ) to light the appropriate lamp . The repeated changes of electrical path through an Enigma scrambler implemented a polyalphabetic substitution cipher that provided Enigma 's security . The diagram on the right shows how the electrical pathway changed with each key depression , which caused rotation of at least the right - hand rotor . Current passed into the set of rotors , into and back out of the reflector , and out through the rotors again . The greyed - out lines are other possible paths within each rotor ; these are hard - wired from one side of each rotor to the other . The letter A encrypts differently with consecutive key presses , first to G , and then to C . This is because the right - hand rotor has stepped , sending the signal on a completely different route . Eventually other rotors step with a key press . Rotors ( edit ) Enigma rotor assembly . In the Wehrmacht Enigma , the three installed movable rotors are sandwiched between two fixed wheels : the entry wheel , on the right , and the reflector on the left . Main article : Enigma rotor details The rotors ( alternatively wheels or drums , Walzen in German ) formed the heart of an Enigma machine . Each rotor was a disc approximately 10 cm ( 3.9 in ) in diameter made from hard rubber or bakelite with 26 brass , spring - loaded , electrical contact pins arranged in a circle on one face ; the other side housing the corresponding number of circular plate electrical contacts . The pins and contacts represent the alphabet -- typically the 26 letters A -- Z ( this will be assumed for the rest of this description ) . When the rotors were mounted side - by - side on the spindle , the pins of one rotor rested against the plate contacts of the neighbouring rotor , forming an electrical connection . Inside the body of the rotor , 26 wires connected each pin on one side to a contact on the other in a complex pattern . Most of the rotors were identified by Roman numerals , and each issued copy of rotor I was wired identically to all others . The same was true for the special thin beta and gamma rotors used in the M4 naval variant . Three Enigma rotors and the shaft , on which they are placed when in use . By itself , a rotor performs only a very simple type of encryption -- a simple substitution cipher . For example , the pin corresponding to the letter E might be wired to the contact for letter T on the opposite face , and so on . Enigma 's security came from using several rotors in series ( usually three or four ) and the regular stepping movement of the rotors , thus implementing a polyalphabetic substitution cipher . When placed in an Enigma , each rotor can be set to one of 26 possible positions . When inserted , it can be turned by hand using the grooved finger - wheel , which protrudes from the internal Enigma cover when closed . So that the operator can know the rotor 's position , each had an alphabet tyre ( or letter ring ) attached to the outside of the rotor disk , with 26 characters ( typically letters ) ; one of these could be seen through the window , thus indicating the rotational position of the rotor . In early models , the alphabet ring was fixed to the rotor disk . A later improvement was the ability to adjust the alphabet ring relative to the rotor disk . The position of the ring was known as the Ringstellung ( `` ring setting '' ) , and was a part of the initial setting prior to an operating session . In modern terms it was a part of the initialization vector . Two Enigma rotors showing electrical contacts , stepping ratchet ( on the left ) and notch ( on the right - hand rotor opposite D ) . Each rotor contained a notch ( or more than one ) that controlled rotor stepping . In the military variants , the notches are located on the alphabet ring . The Army and Air Force Enigmas were used with several rotors , initially three . On 15 December 1938 , this changed to five , from which three were chosen for a given session . Rotors were marked with Roman numerals to distinguish them : I , II , III , IV and V , all with single notches located at different points on the alphabet ring . This variation was probably intended as a security measure , but ultimately allowed the Polish Clock Method and British Banburismus attacks . The Naval version of the Wehrmacht Enigma had always been issued with more rotors than the other services : at first six , then seven , and finally eight . The additional rotors were marked VI , VII and VIII , all with different wiring , and had two notches , resulting in more frequent turnover . The four - rotor Naval Enigma ( M4 ) machine accommodated an extra rotor in the same space as the three - rotor version . This was accomplished by replacing the original reflector with a thinner one and by adding a thin fourth rotor . That fourth rotor was one of two types , Beta or Gamma , and never stepped , but could be manually set to any of 26 positions . One of the 26 made the machine perform identically to the three - rotor machine . Stepping ( edit ) To avoid merely implementing a simple ( and easily breakable ) substitution cipher , every key press caused one or more rotors to step by one twenty - sixth of a full rotation , before the electrical connections were made . This changed the substitution alphabet used for encryption , ensuring that the cryptographic substitution was different at each new rotor position , producing a more formidable polyalphabetic substitution cipher . The stepping mechanism varied slightly from model to model . The right - hand rotor stepped once with each keystroke , and other rotors stepped less frequently . Turnover ( edit ) The Enigma stepping motion seen from the side away from the operator . All three ratchet pawls ( green ) push in unison as a key is depressed . For the first rotor ( 1 ) , which to the operator is the right - hand rotor , the ratchet ( red ) is always engaged , and steps with each keypress . Here , the middle rotor ( 2 ) is engaged because the notch in the first rotor is aligned with the pawl ; it will step ( turn over ) with the first rotor . The third rotor ( 3 ) is not engaged , because the notch in the second rotor is not aligned to the pawl , so it will not engage with the rachet . The advancement of a rotor other than the left - hand one was called a turnover by the British . This was achieved by a ratchet and pawl mechanism . Each rotor had a ratchet with 26 teeth and every time a key was pressed , the set of spring - loaded pawls moved forward in unison , trying to engage with a ratchet . The alphabet ring of the rotor to the right normally prevented this . As this ring rotated with its rotor , a notch machined into it would eventually align itself with the pawl , allowing it to engage with the ratchet , and advance the rotor on its left . The right - hand pawl , having no rotor and ring to its right , stepped its rotor with every key depression . For a single - notch rotor in the right - hand position , the middle rotor stepped once for every 26 steps of the right - hand rotor . Similarly for rotors two and three . For a two - notch rotor , the rotor to its left would turn over twice for each rotation . The first five rotors to be introduced ( I -- V ) contained one notch each , while the additional naval rotors VI , VII and VIII each had two notches . The position of the notch on each rotor was determined by the letter ring which could be adjusted in relation to the core containing the interconnections . The points on the rings at which they caused the next wheel to move were as follows . Position of turnover notches Rotor Turnover position ( s ) BP mnemonic Royal II Flags III Wave IV Kings V Above VI , VII and VIII A and N The design also included a feature known as double - stepping . This occurred when each pawl aligned with both the ratchet of its rotor and the rotating notched ring of the neighbouring rotor . If a pawl engaged with a ratchet through alignment with a notch , as it moved forward it pushed against both the ratchet and the notch , advancing both rotors . In a three - rotor machine , double - stepping affected rotor two only . If in moving forward the ratchet of rotor three was engaged , rotor two would move again on the subsequent keystroke , resulting in two consecutive steps . Rotor two also pushes rotor one forward after 26 steps , but since rotor one moves forward with every keystroke anyway , there is no double - stepping . This double - stepping caused the rotors to deviate from odometer - style regular motion . With three wheels and only single notches in the first and second wheels , the machine had a period of 26 × 25 × 26 = 16,900 ( not 26 × 26 × 26 , because of double - stepping ) . Historically , messages were limited to a few hundred letters , and so there was no chance of repeating any combined rotor position during a single session , denying cryptanalysts valuable clues . To make room for the Naval fourth rotors , the reflector was made much thinner . The fourth rotor fitted into the space made available . No other changes were made , which eased the changeover . Since there were only three pawls , the fourth rotor never stepped , but could be manually set into one of 26 possible positions . A device that was designed , but not implemented before the war 's end , was the Lückenfüllerwalze ( gap - fill wheel ) that implemented irregular stepping . It allowed field configuration of notches in all 26 positions . If the number of notches was a relative prime of 26 and the number of notches were different for each wheel , the stepping would be more unpredictable . Like the Umkehrwalze - D it also allowed the internal wiring to be reconfigured . Entry wheel ( edit ) The current entry wheel ( Eintrittswalze in German ) , or entry stator , connects the plugboard to the rotor assembly . If the plugboard is not present , the entry wheel instead connects the keyboard and lampboard to the rotor assembly . While the exact wiring used is of comparatively little importance to security , it proved an obstacle to Rejewski 's progress during his study of the rotor wirings . The commercial Enigma connects the keys in the order of their sequence on a QWERTZ keyboard : Q → ( \ displaystyle \ rightarrow ) A , W → ( \ displaystyle \ rightarrow ) B , E → ( \ displaystyle \ rightarrow ) C and so on . The military Enigma connects them in straight alphabetical order : A → ( \ displaystyle \ rightarrow ) A , B → ( \ displaystyle \ rightarrow ) B , C → ( \ displaystyle \ rightarrow ) C , and so on . It took inspired guesswork for Rejewski to penetrate the modification . Reflector ( edit ) Internal mechanism of an Enigma machine showing the type B reflector and rotor stack . With the exception of models A and B , the last rotor came before a ' reflector ' ( German : Umkehrwalze , meaning ' reversal rotor ' ) , a patented feature unique to Enigma among the period 's various rotor machines . The reflector connected outputs of the last rotor in pairs , redirecting current back through the rotors by a different route . The reflector ensured that Enigma is self - reciprocal : conveniently , encryption was the same as decryption . The reflector also gave Enigma the property that no letter ever encrypted to itself . This was a severe conceptual flaw and a cryptological mistake subsequently exploited by codebreakers . In Model ' C ' , the reflector could be inserted in one of two different positions . In Model ' D ' , the reflector could be set in 26 possible positions , although it did not move during encryption . In the Abwehr Enigma , the reflector stepped during encryption in a manner similar to the other wheels . In the German Army and Air Force Enigma , the reflector was fixed and did not rotate ; there were four versions . The original version was marked ' A ' , and was replaced by Umkehrwalze B on 1 November 1937 . A third version , Umkehrwalze C was used briefly in 1940 , possibly by mistake , and was solved by Hut 6 . The fourth version , first observed on 2 January 1944 , had a rewireable reflector , called Umkehrwalze D , allowing the Enigma operator to alter the connections as part of the key settings . Plugboard ( edit ) The plugboard ( Steckerbrett ) was positioned at the front of the machine , below the keys . When in use during World War II , there were ten connections . In this photograph , just two pairs of letters have been swapped ( A ↔ J and S ↔ O ) . The plugboard ( Steckerbrett in German ) permitted variable wiring that could be reconfigured by the operator ( visible on the front panel of Figure 1 ; some of the patch cords can be seen in the lid ) . It was introduced on German Army versions in 1930 , and was soon adopted by the Reichsmarine ( German Navy ) . The plugboard contributed more cryptographic strength than an extra rotor . Enigma without a plugboard ( known as unsteckered Enigma ) can be solved relatively straightforwardly using hand methods ; these techniques are generally defeated by the plugboard , driving Allied cryptanalysts to develop special machines to solve it . A cable placed onto the plugboard connected letters in pairs ; for example , E and Q might be a steckered pair . The effect was to swap those letters before and after the main rotor scrambling unit . For example , when an operator presses E , the signal was diverted to Q before entering the rotors . Up to 13 steckered pairs might be used at one time , although only 10 were normally used . Current flowed from the keyboard through the plugboard , and proceeded to the entry - rotor or Eintrittswalze . Each letter on the plugboard had two jacks . Inserting a plug disconnected the upper jack ( from the keyboard ) and the lower jack ( to the entry - rotor ) of that letter . The plug at the other end of the crosswired cable was inserted into another letter 's jacks , thus switching the connections of the two letters . Accessories ( edit ) The Schreibmax was a printing unit which could be attached to the Enigma , removing the need for laboriously writing down the letters indicated on the light panel . Other features made various Enigma machines more secure or more convenient . Schreibmax ( edit ) Some M4 Enigmas used the Schreibmax , a small printer that could print the 26 letters on a narrow paper ribbon . This eliminated the need for a second operator to read the lamps and transcribe the letters . The Schreibmax was placed on top of the Enigma machine and was connected to the lamp panel . To install the printer , the lamp cover and light bulbs had to be removed . It improved both convenience and operational security ; the printer could be installed remotely such that the signal officer operating the machine no longer had to see the decrypted plaintext . Fernlesegerät ( edit ) Another accessory was the remote lamp panel Fernlesegerät . For machines equipped with the extra panel , the wooden case of the Enigma was wider and could store the extra panel . A lamp panel version could be connected afterwards , but that required , as with the Schreibmax , that the lamp panel and lightbulbs be removed . The remote panel made it possible for a person to read the decrypted plaintext without the operator seeing it . Uhr ( edit ) The Enigma Uhr attachment In 1944 , the Luftwaffe introduced a plugboard switch , called the Uhr ( clock ) , a small box containing a switch with 40 positions . It replaced the standard plugs . After connecting the plugs , as determined in the daily key sheet , the operator turned the switch into one of the 40 positions , each producing a different combination of plug wiring . Most of these plug connections were , unlike the default plugs , not pair-wise . In one switch position , the Uhr did not swap letters , but simply emulated the 13 stecker wires with plugs . Mathematical analysis ( edit ) The Enigma transformation for each letter can be specified mathematically as a product of permutations . Assuming a three - rotor German Army / Air Force Enigma , let P ( \ displaystyle P ) denote the plugboard transformation , U ( \ displaystyle U ) denote that of the reflector , and L , M , R ( \ displaystyle L , M , R ) denote those of the left , middle and right rotors respectively . Then the encryption E ( \ displaystyle E ) can be expressed as E = P R M L U L − 1 M − 1 R − 1 P − 1 . ( \ displaystyle E = PRMLUL ^ ( - 1 ) M ^ ( - 1 ) R ^ ( - 1 ) P ^ ( - 1 ) . ) After each key press , the rotors turn , changing the transformation . For example , if the right - hand rotor R ( \ displaystyle R ) is rotated i ( \ displaystyle i ) positions , the transformation becomes ρ i R ρ − i ( \ displaystyle \ rho ^ ( i ) R \ rho ^ ( - i ) ) , where ρ ( \ displaystyle \ rho ) is the cyclic permutation mapping A to B , B to C , and so forth . Similarly , the middle and left - hand rotors can be represented as j ( \ displaystyle j ) and k ( \ displaystyle k ) rotations of M ( \ displaystyle M ) and L ( \ displaystyle L ) . The encryption transformation can then be described as E = P ( ρ i R ρ − i ) ( ρ j M ρ − j ) ( ρ k L ρ − k ) U ( ρ k L − 1 ρ − k ) ( ρ j M − 1 ρ − j ) ( ρ i R − 1 ρ − i ) P − 1 . ( \ displaystyle E = P ( \ rho ^ ( i ) R \ rho ^ ( - i ) ) ( \ rho ^ ( j ) M \ rho ^ ( - j ) ) ( \ rho ^ ( k ) L \ rho ^ ( - k ) ) U ( \ rho ^ ( k ) L ^ ( - 1 ) \ rho ^ ( - k ) ) ( \ rho ^ ( j ) M ^ ( - 1 ) \ rho ^ ( - j ) ) ( \ rho ^ ( i ) R ^ ( - 1 ) \ rho ^ ( - i ) ) P ^ ( - 1 ) . ) Combining three rotors from a set of five , the rotor settings with 26 positions , and the plugboard with ten pairs of letters connected , the military Enigma has 158,962,555,217,826,360,000 ( nearly 159 quintillion ) different settings . Operation ( edit ) Basic operation ( edit ) Play media Enciphering and deciphering using an enigma machine A German Enigma operator would be given a plaintext message to encrypt . For each letter typed in , a lamp indicated a different letter according to a pseudo-random substitution , based upon the wiring of the machine . The letter indicated by the lamp would be recorded as the enciphered substitution . The action of pressing a key also moved the rotor so that the next key press used a different electrical pathway , and thus a different substitution would occur . For each key press there was rotation of at least the right hand rotor , giving a different substitution alphabet . This continued for each letter in the message until the message was completed and a series of substitutions , each different from the others , had occurred to create a cyphertext from the plaintext . The cyphertext would then be transmitted as normal to an operator of another Enigma machine . This operator would key in the cyphertext and -- as long as all the settings of the deciphering machine were identical to those of the enciphering machine -- for every key press the reverse substitution would occur and the plaintext message would emerge . Details ( edit ) German Kenngruppenheft ( a U-boat codebook with grouped key codes ) Monthly key list Number 649 for the German Air Force Enigma , including settings for the reconfigurable reflector . In use , the Enigma required a list of daily key settings and auxiliary documents . In German military practice , communications were divided into separate networks , each using different settings . These communication nets were termed keys at Bletchley Park , and were assigned code names , such as Red , Chaffinch , and Shark . Each unit operating in a network was given the same settings list for its Enigma , valid for a period of time . The procedures for German Naval Enigma were more elaborate and more secure than those in other services and employed auxiliary codebooks . Navy codebooks were printed in red , water - soluble ink on pink paper so that they could easily be destroyed if they were endangered . An Enigma machine 's setting ( its cryptographic key in modern terms ; Schlüssel in German ) specified each operator - adjustable aspect of the machine : Wheel order ( Walzenlage ) -- the choice of rotors and the order in which they are fitted . Ring settings ( Ringstellung ) -- the position of each alphabet ring relative to its rotor wiring . Plug connections ( Steckerverbindungen ) -- the pairs of letters in the plugboard that are connected together . In very late versions , the wiring of the reconfigurable reflector . Starting position of the rotors ( Grundstellung ) -- chosen by the operator , should be different for each message . For a message to be correctly encrypted and decrypted , both sender and receiver had to configure their Enigma in the same way ; rotor selection and order , ring positions , plugboard connections and starting rotor positions must be identical . Except for the starting positions , these settings were established beforehand , distributed in key lists and changed daily . For example , the settings for the 18th day of the month in the German Luftwaffe Enigma key list number 649 ( see image ) were as follows : Wheel order : IV , II , V Ring settings : 15 , 23 , 26 Plugboard connections : EJ OY IV AQ KW FX MT PS LU BD Reconfigurable reflector wiring : IU AS DV GL FT OX EZ CH MR KN BQ PW Indicator groups : lsa zbw vcj rxn Enigma was designed to be secure even if the rotor wiring was known to an opponent , although in practice considerable effort protected the wiring configuration . If the wiring is secret , the total number of possible configurations has been calculated to be around 3 x 10 ( approximately 380 bits ) ; with known wiring and other operational constraints , this is reduced to around 10 ( 76 bits ) . Users of Enigma were confident of its security because of the large number of possibilities ; it was not then feasible for an adversary to even begin to try a brute force attack . Indicator ( edit ) See also : Cryptanalysis § Indicator Most of the key was kept constant for a set time period , typically a day . A different initial rotor position was used for each message , a concept similar to an initialisation vector in modern cryptography . The reason is that encrypting many messages with identical or near - identical settings ( termed in cryptanalysis as being in depth ) , would enable an attack using a statistical procedure such as Friedman 's Index of coincidence . The starting position for the rotors was transmitted just before the ciphertext , usually after having been enciphered . The exact method used was termed the indicator procedure . Design weakness and operator sloppiness in these indicator procedures were two of the main weaknesses that made cracking Enigma possible . Figure 2 . With the inner lid down , the Enigma was ready for use . The finger wheels of the rotors protruded through the lid , allowing the operator to set the rotors , and their current position , here RDKP , was visible to the operator through a set of windows . One of the earliest indicator procedures was used by Polish cryptanalysts to make the initial breaks into the Enigma . The procedure was for the operator to set up his machine in accordance with his settings list , which included a global initial position for the rotors ( the Grundstellung , meaning ground setting ) , say , AOH . The operator turned his rotors until AOH was visible through the rotor windows . At that point , the operator chose his own arbitrary starting position for that particular message . An operator might select EIN , and these became the message settings for that encryption session . The operator then typed EIN into the machine , twice , to allow for detection of transmission errors . The results were an encrypted indicator -- the EIN typed twice might turn into XHTLOA , which would be transmitted along with the message . Finally , the operator then spun the rotors to his message settings , EIN in this example , and typed the plaintext of the message . At the receiving end , the operation was reversed . The operator set the machine to the initial settings and typed in the first six letters of the message ( XHTLOA ) . In this example , EINEIN emerged on the lamps . After moving his rotors to EIN , the receiving operator then typed in the rest of the ciphertext , deciphering the message . The weakness in this indicator scheme came from two factors . First , use of a global ground setting -- this was later changed so the operator selected his initial position to encrypt the indicator , and sent the initial position in the clear . The second problem was the repetition of the indicator , which was a serious security flaw . The message setting was encoded twice , resulting in a relation between first and fourth , second and fifth , and third and sixth character . This security problem enabled the Polish Cipher Bureau to break into the pre-war Enigma system as early as 1932 . In 1940 the Germans changed procedure . During World War II , codebooks were only used each day to set up the rotors , their ring settings and the plugboard . For each message , the operator selected a random start position , let 's say WZA , and a random message key , perhaps SXT . He moved the rotors to the WZA start position and encoded the message key SXT . Assume the result was UHL . He then set up the message key , SXT , as the start position and encrypted the message . Next , he transmitted the start position , WZA , the encoded message key , UHL , and then the ciphertext . The receiver set up the start position according to the first trigram , WZA , and decoded the second trigram , UHL , to obtain the SXT message setting . Next , he used this SXT message setting as the start position to decrypt the message . This way , each ground setting was different and the new procedure avoided the security flaw of double encoded message settings . This procedure was used by Wehrmacht and Luftwaffe only . The Kriegsmarine procedures on sending messages with the Enigma were far more complex and elaborate . Prior to encryption the message was encoded using the Kurzsignalheft code book . The Kurzsignalheft contained tables to convert sentences into four - letter groups . A great many choices were included , for example , logistic matters such as refueling and rendezvous with supply ships , positions and grid lists , harbour names , countries , weapons , weather conditions , enemy positions and ships , date and time tables . Another codebook contained the Kenngruppen and Spruchschlüssel : the key identification and message key . Additional details ( edit ) The Army Enigma machine used only the 26 alphabet characters . Punctuation was replaced with rare character combinations . A space was omitted or replaced with an X . The X was generally used as period or full - stop . Some punctuation marks were different in other parts of the armed forces . The Wehrmacht replaced a comma with ZZ and the question mark with FRAGE or FRAQ . The Kriegsmarine replaced the comma with Y and the question mark with UD . The combination CH , as in `` Acht '' ( eight ) or `` Richtung '' ( direction ) , was replaced with Q ( AQT , RIQTUNG ) . Two , three and four zeros were replaced with CENTA , MILLE and MYRIA . The Wehrmacht and the Luftwaffe transmitted messages in groups of five characters . The Kriegsmarine , using the four rotor Enigma , had four - character groups . Frequently used names or words were varied as much as possible . Words like Minensuchboot ( minesweeper ) could be written as MINENSUCHBOOT , MINBOOT , MMMBOOT or MMM354 . To make cryptanalysis harder , messages were limited to 250 characters . Longer messages were divided into several parts , each using a different message key . History ( edit ) The Enigma family included multiple designs . The earliest were commercial models dating from the early 1920s . Starting in the mid-1920s , the German military began to use Enigma , making a number of security - related changes . Various nations either adopted or adapted the design for their own cipher machines . A selection of seven Enigma machines and paraphernalia exhibited at the US National Cryptologic Museum . From left to right , the models are : 1 ) Commercial Enigma ; 2 ) Enigma T ; 3 ) Enigma G ; 4 ) Unidentified ; 5 ) Luftwaffe ( Air Force ) Enigma ; 6 ) Heer ( Army ) Enigma ; 7 ) Kriegsmarine ( Naval ) Enigma -- M4 . An estimated 100,000 Enigma machines were constructed . After the end of World War II , the Allies sold captured Enigma machines , still widely considered secure , to developing countries . Commercial Enigma ( edit ) Scherbius 's Enigma patent -- U.S. Patent 1,657,411 , granted in 1928 . On 23 February 1918 , Arthur Scherbius with E. Richard Ritter applied for a patent for a ciphering machine that used rotors and founded the firm of Scherbius & Ritter . They approached the German Navy and Foreign Office with their design , but neither agencies were interested . Scherbius & Ritter then assigned the patent rights to Gewerkschaft Securitas , who founded the Chiffriermaschinen Aktien - Gesellschaft ( Cipher Machines Stock Corporation ) on 9 July 1923 ; Scherbius and Ritter were on the board of directors . Enigma a ( 1923 ) ( edit ) Chiffriermaschinen AG began advertising a rotor machine -- Enigma model A -- which was exhibited at the Congress of the International Postal Union in 1924 . The machine was heavy and bulky , incorporating a typewriter . It measured 65 × 45 × 38 cm and weighed about 50 kilograms ( 110 lb ) . Enigma B ( 1924 ) ( edit ) In 1924 Enigma model B was introduced , and was of a similar construction . While bearing the Enigma name , both models A and B were quite unlike later versions : they differed in physical size and shape , but also cryptographically , in that they lacked the reflector . Enigma C ( 1926 ) ( edit ) The reflector -- suggested by Scherbius 's colleague Willi Korn -- was introduced in Enigma C ( 1926 ) . Model C was smaller and more portable than its predecessors . It lacked a typewriter , relying on the operator ; hence the informal name of `` glowlamp Enigma '' to distinguish it from models A and B . Enigma D ( 1927 ) ( edit ) The Enigma C quickly gave way to Enigma D ( 1927 ) . This version was widely used , with shipments to Sweden , the Netherlands , United Kingdom , Japan , Italy , Spain , United States and Poland . In 1927 Hugh Foss at the British Government Code and Cypher School was able to show that commercial Enigma machines could be broken provided that suitable cribs were available . `` Navy cipher D '' -- Italian Navy ( edit ) Other countries used Enigma machines . The Italian Navy adopted the commercial Enigma as `` Navy Cipher D '' . The Spanish also used commercial Enigma during their Civil War . British codebreakers succeeded in breaking these machines , which lacked a plugboard . Enigma were also used by diplomatic services . Enigma H ( 1929 ) ( edit ) A rare 8 - rotor printing Enigma model H ( 1929 ) . There was also a large , eight - rotor printing model , the Enigma H , called Enigma II by the Reichswehr . In 1933 the Polish Cipher Bureau detected that it was in use for high - level military communications , but that it was soon withdrawn , as it was unreliable and jammed frequently . Enigma k ( edit ) The Swiss used a version of Enigma called model K or Swiss K for military and diplomatic use , which was very similar to commercial Enigma D . The machine was cracked by Poland , France , the United Kingdom and the United States ( the latter codenamed it INDIGO ) . An Enigma T model ( codenamed Tirpitz ) was used by Japan . Typex ( edit ) Once the British broke the Enigma , they fixed the problem with it and created their own , which the Germans believed to be unsolvable . Military Enigma ( edit ) Funkschlüssel C ( edit ) The Reichsmarine was the first military branch to adopt Enigma . This version , named Funkschlüssel C ( `` Radio cipher C '' ) , had been put into production by 1925 and was introduced into service in 1926 . The keyboard and lampboard contained 29 letters -- A-Z , Ä , Ö and Ü -- which were arranged alphabetically , as opposed to the QWERTZUI ordering . The rotors had 28 contacts , with the letter X wired to bypass the rotors unencrypted. 3 rotors were chosen from a set of five and the reflector could be inserted in one of four different positions , denoted α , β , γ and δ . The machine was revised slightly in July 1933 . Enigma G ( 1928 -- 1930 ) ( edit ) By 15 July 1928 , the German Army ( Reichswehr ) had introduced their own exclusive version of the Enigma machine ; the Enigma G . The Abwehr used the Enigma G ( the Abwehr Enigma ) . This Enigma variant was a four - wheel unsteckered machine with multiple notches on the rotors . This model was equipped with a counter which incremented upon each key press , and so is also known as the `` counter machine '' or the Zählwerk Enigma . Wehrmacht Enigma i ( 1930 -- 1938 ) ( edit ) Enigma machine G was modified to the Enigma I by June 1930 . Enigma I is also known as the Wehrmacht , or `` Services '' Enigma , and was used extensively by German military services and other government organisations ( such as the railways ) before and during World War II . Heinz Guderian in the Battle of France , with an Enigma machine The major difference between Enigma I ( German Army version from 1930 ) , and commercial Enigma models was the addition of a plugboard to swap pairs of letters , greatly increasing cryptographic strength . Other differences included the use of a fixed reflector and the relocation of the stepping notches from the rotor body to the movable letter rings . The machine measured 28 cm × 34 cm × 15 cm ( 11.0 in × 13.4 in × 5.9 in ) and weighed around 12 kg ( 26 lb ) . In August 1935 , the Air Force introduced the Wehrmacht Enigma for their communications . M3 ( 1934 ) ( edit ) By 1930 , the Reichswehr had suggested that the Navy adopt their machine , citing the benefits of increased security ( with the plugboard ) and easier interservice communications . The Reichsmarine eventually agreed and in 1934 brought into service the Navy version of the Army Enigma , designated Funkschlüssel ' or M3 . While the Army used only three rotors at that time , the Navy specified a choice of three from a possible five . Enigma in use on the Russian front Two extra rotors ( 1938 ) ( edit ) In December 1938 , the Army issued two extra rotors so that the three rotors were chosen from a set of five . In 1938 , the Navy added two more rotors , and then another in 1939 to allow a choice of three rotors from a set of eight . M4 ( 1942 ) ( edit ) See also : German Navy 4 - rotor Enigma A four - rotor Enigma was introduced by the Navy for U-boat traffic on 1 February 1942 , called M4 ( the network was known as Triton , or Shark to the Allies ) . The extra rotor was fitted in the same space by splitting the reflector into a combination of a thin reflector and a thin fourth rotor . Enigma G , used by the Abwehr , had four rotors , no plugboard , and multiple notches on the rotors . The German - made Enigma - K used by the Swiss Army had three rotors and a reflector , but no plugboard . It had locally re-wired rotors and an additional lamp panel . An Enigma model T ( Tirpitz ) -- a modified commercial Enigma K manufactured for use by the Japanese . An Enigma machine in the UK 's Imperial War Museum Enigma in use in Russia ( image Bundesarchiv ) Enigma Breaking Enigma ( edit ) Main article : Cryptanalysis of the Enigma Surviving machines ( edit ) US Enigma replica on display at the National Cryptologic Museum in Fort Meade , Maryland , USA . The effort to break the Enigma was not disclosed until the 1970s . Since then , interest in the Enigma machine has grown . Enigmas are on public display in museums around the world , and several are in the hands of private collectors and computer history enthusiasts . The Deutsches Museum in Munich has both the three - and four - rotor German military variants , as well as several civilian versions . Enigma machines are exhibited at the National Codes Centre in Bletchley Park , the Government Communications Headquarters , the Science Museum in London , the Polish Army Museum in Warsaw , the Swedish Army Museum ( Armémuseum ) in Stockholm , the Military Museum of A Coruña in Spain , the Nordland Red Cross War Memorial Museum in Narvik , Norway , The Artillery , Engineers and Signals Museum in Hämeenlinna , Finland the Technical University of Denmark in Lyngby , Denmark , and at the Australian War Memorial and in the foyer of the Defence Signals Directorate , both in Canberra , Australia . The Jozef Pilsudski Institute in London exhibits a rare Polish Enigma double assembled in France in 1940 . A four -- rotor Kriegsmarine ( German Navy , 1 . February 1942 to 1945 ) Enigma machine on display at the US National Cryptologic Museum In the United States , Enigma machines can be seen at the Computer History Museum in Mountain View , California , and at the National Security Agency 's National Cryptologic Museum in Fort Meade , Maryland , where visitors can try their hand at enciphering and deciphering messages . Two machines that were acquired after the capture of U-505 during World War II are on display at the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago , Illinois . A four rotor device is on display in the ANZUS Corridor of the Pentagon on the second floor , A ring , between corridors 9 and 10 . This machine is on loan from Australia . The United States Air Force Academy in Colorado Springs has a machine on display in the Computer Science Department . There 's also a machine located at the National World War II Museum in New Orleans . The Museum of World War II in Boston has seven Enigma machines on display , including a U-Boat four - rotor model , one of three surviving examples of an Enigma machine with a printer , one of fewer than ten surviving ten - rotor code machines , an example blown up by a retreating German Army unit , and two three - rotor Enigmas that visitors can operate to encode and decode messages themselves . In Canada , a Swiss Army issue Enigma - K , is in Calgary , Alberta . It is on permanent display at the Naval Museum of Alberta inside the Military Museums of Calgary . A 4 - rotor Enigma machine is on display at the Military Communications and Electronics Museum at Canadian Forces Base ( CFB ) Kingston in Kingston , Ontario . Occasionally , Enigma machines are sold at auction ; prices have in recent years ranged from US $40,000 to US $547,500 in 2017 . Replicas are available in various forms , including an exact reconstructed copy of the Naval M4 model , an Enigma implemented in electronics ( Enigma - E ) , various simulators and paper - and - scissors analogues . A rare Abwehr Enigma machine , designated G312 , was stolen from the Bletchley Park museum on 1 April 2000 . In September , a man identifying himself as `` The Master '' sent a note demanding £ 25,000 and threatening to destroy the machine if the ransom was not paid . In early October 2000 , Bletchley Park officials announced that they would pay the ransom , but the stated deadline passed with no word from the blackmailer . Shortly afterward , the machine was sent anonymously to BBC journalist Jeremy Paxman , missing three rotors . In November 2000 , an antiques dealer named Dennis Yates was arrested after telephoning The Sunday Times to arrange the return of the missing parts . The Enigma machine was returned to Bletchley Park after the incident . In October 2001 , Yates was sentenced to 10 months in prison and served three months . In October 2008 , the Spanish daily newspaper El País reported that 28 Enigma machines had been discovered by chance in an attic of Army headquarters in Madrid . These 4 - rotor commercial machines had helped Franco 's Nationalists win the Spanish Civil War because , though the British cryptologist Alfred Dilwyn Knox in 1937 broke the cipher generated by Franco 's Enigma machines , this was not disclosed to the Republicans , who failed to break the cipher . The Nationalist government continued using its 50 Enigmas into the 1950s . Some machines have gone on display in Spanish military museums , including one at the National Museum of Science and Technology ( MUNCYT ) in La Coruña . Two have been given to Britain 's GCHQ . The Bulgarian military used Enigma machines with a Cyrillic keyboard ; one is on display in the National Museum of Military History in Sofia . Derivatives ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( April 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Enigma was influential in the field of cipher machine design , spinning off other rotor machines . The British Typex was originally derived from the Enigma patents ; Typex even includes features from the patent descriptions that were omitted from the actual Enigma machine . The British paid no royalties for the use of the patents , to protect secrecy . The Typex implementation is not the same as that found in German or other Axis versions . A Japanese Enigma clone was codenamed GREEN by American cryptographers . Little used , it contained four rotors mounted vertically . In the U.S. , cryptologist William Friedman designed the M - 325 , a machine logically similar , although not in construction . A unique rotor machine was constructed in 2002 by Netherlands - based Tatjana van Vark . This device makes use of 40 - point rotors , allowing letters , numbers and some punctuation to be used ; each rotor contains 509 parts . Machines like the SIGABA , NEMA , Typex and so forth , are deliberately not considered to be Enigma derivatives as their internal ciphering functions are not mathematically identical to the Enigma transform . Several software implementations exist , but not all exactly match Enigma behaviour . The most commonly used software derivative ( that is not compliant with any hardware implementation of the Enigma ) is at EnigmaCo.de . Many Java applet Enigmas only accept single letter entry , complicating use even if the applet is Enigma compliant . Technically , Enigma@home is the largest scale deployment of a software Enigma , but the decoding software does not implement encipherment making it a derivative ( as all original machines could cipher and decipher ) . A user - friendly 3 - rotor simulator , where users can select rotors , use the plugboard and define new settings for the rotors and reflectors is available . The output appears in separate windows which can be independently made `` invisible '' to hide decryption . Another includes an `` autotyping '' function which takes plaintext from a clipboard and converts it to cyphertext ( or vice versa ) at one of four speeds . The `` very fast '' option produces 26 characters in less than one second . A Japanese Enigma clone , codenamed GREEN by American cryptographers . Tatjana van Vark 's Enigma - inspired rotor machine . Electronic implementation of an Enigma machine , sold at the Bletchley Park souvenir shop Simulators ( edit ) Name Platform Machine types Uhr UKW - D Franklin Heath Enigma Simulator Android K Railway , Kriegsmarine M3 , M4 No No EnigmAndroid Android Wehrmacht I , Kriegsmarine M3 , M4 , Abwehr G31 , G312 , G260 , D , K , Swiss - K , KD , R , T No No Andy Carlson Enigma Applet ( Standalone Version ) Java Kriegsmarine M3 , M4 No No Minarke ( Minarke Is Not A Real Kriegsmarine Enigma ) C / Posix / CLI ( MacOS , Linux , UNIX , etc . ) Wehrmacht , Kriegsmarine , M3 , M4 No No Russell Schwager Enigma Simulator Java Kriegsmarine M3 No No PA3DBJ G - 312 Enigma Simulator Javascript G312 Abwehr No No Daniel Palloks Universal Enigma Javascript Wehrmacht , Kriegsmarine M3 , M4 . D ( commercial ) , K ( Swiss ) , Railway , Tirpitz ( Japan ) , A-865 Zählwerk , G - 111 Hungary / Munich , G - 260 Abwehr / Argentina , G - 312 Abwehr / Bletchley Yes No Universal Enigma Machine Simulator Javascript D , I , Norway , M3 , M4 , Zählwerk , G , G - 111 , G - 260 , G - 312 , K , Swiss - K , KD , Railway , T Yes Yes Terry Long Enigma Simulator MacOS Kriegsmarine M3 No No Paul Reuvers Enigma Simulator for RISC OS RISC OS Kriegsmarine M3 , M4 , G - 312 Abwehr No No Dirk Rijmenants Enigma Simulator v7. 0 Windows Wehrmacht , Kriegsmarine M3 , M4 No No Frode Weierud Enigma Simulators Windows Abwehr , Kriegsmarine M3 , M4 , Railway No No In popular culture ( edit ) Literature Hugh Whitemore 's play , Breaking the Code ( 1986 ) , focuses on the life and death of Alan Turing , who was the central force in continuing to break the Enigma code in the United Kingdom , during World War II . Turing was played by Derek Jacobi , who also played Turing in a 1996 television adaptation of the play . Robert Harris ' novel Enigma ( 1995 ) is set against the backdrop of World War II Bletchley Park and cryptologists working to read Naval Enigma in Hut 8 . Neal Stephenson 's novel Cryptonomicon ( 1999 ) prominently features the Enigma machine and efforts to break it , and portrays the German U-boat command under Karl Dönitz using it in apparently deliberate ignorance of its penetration . Films Sekret Enigmy ( 1979 ; translation : The Enigma Secret ) , is a Polish film dealing with Polish aspects of the subject . The plot of the film U-571 ( released in 2000 ) revolves around an attempt by American , rather than British , forces to seize an Enigma machine from a German U-boat . Harris ' book , with substantial changes in plot , was adapted as the film Enigma ( 2001 ) , directed by Michael Apted and starring Kate Winslet and Dougray Scott . The film was criticised for historical inaccuracies , including neglect of the role of Poland 's Biuro Szyfrów . The film -- like the book -- makes a Pole the villain , who seeks to betray the secret of Enigma decryption . The film The Imitation Game ( 2014 ) tells the story of Alan Turing and his attempts to crack the Enigma machine code during World War II . Television In the British television series The Bletchley Circle , the Typex was used by the protagonists during the war , and in Season 2 , Episode 4 , they visit Bletchley Park to seek one out , in order to crack the code of the black market procurer and smuggler Marta , who used the Typex to encode her ledger . The Circle , forced to settle for using an Enigma , instead , successfully cracks the code . In season 5 , episode 23 ( `` Scrambled '' ) of the American television series Elementary a drug smuggling gang uses a four - rotor Enigma machine as part of their effort to encrypt their communications . See also ( edit ) Beaumanor Hall , a stately home used during the Second World War for military intelligence Joan Clarke Erich Fellgiebel Gisbert Hasenjaeger -- responsible for Enigma security Fritz Thiele United States Naval Computing Machine Laboratory Arlington Hall References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Singh , Simon ( 26 January 2011 ) . The Code Book : The Science of Secrecy from Ancient Egypt to Quantum Cryptography . Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 78784 - 2 . Jump up ^ Lord , Bob ( 1998 -- 2010 ) . `` 1937 Enigma Manual by : Jasper Rosal -- English Translation '' . Retrieved 31 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Kozaczuk 1984 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Ralph Erskine : The Poles Reveal their Secrets -- Alastair Dennistons 's Account of the July 1939 Meeting at Pyry . Cryptologia . Rose - Hulman Institute of Technology . Taylor & Francis , Philadelphia PA 30.2006 , 4 , p. 294 . Jump up ^ Gordon Welchman , who became head of Hut 6 at Bletchley Park , has written : `` Hut 6 Ultra would never have gotten off the ground if we had not learned from the Poles , in the nick of time , the details both of the German military version of the commercial Enigma machine , and of the operating procedures that were in use . '' Gordon Welchman , The Hut Six Story , 1982 , p. 289 . Jump up ^ Much of the German cipher traffic was encrypted on the Enigma machine , and the term `` Ultra '' has often been used almost synonymously with `` Enigma decrypts '' . Ultra also encompassed decrypts of the German Lorenz SZ 40 and 42 machines that were used by the German High Command , and decrypts of Hagelin ciphers and other Italian ciphers and codes , as well as of Japanese ciphers and codes such as Purple and JN - 25 . Jump up ^ Kahn 1991 . ^ Jump up to : Stripp 1993 . ^ Jump up to : Rijmenants , Dirk ; Technical details of the Enigma machine Cipher Machines & Cryptology ^ Jump up to : Hamer , David ( January 1997 ) . `` Enigma : Actions Involved in the ' Double - Stepping ' of the Middle Rotor '' . Cryptologia. 21 ( 1 ) : 47 -- 50 . doi : 10.1080 / 0161 - 119791885779 . Archived from the original ( zip ) on 19 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Sale , Tony . `` Technical specifications of the Enigma rotors '' . Technical Specification of the Enigma . Retrieved 15 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Lückenfüllerwalze '' . Cryptomuseum.com . Retrieved 17 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Philip Marks , `` Umkehrwalze D: Enigma 's Rewirable Reflector -- Part I '' , Cryptologia 25 ( 2 ) , April 2001 , pp. 101 -- 141 Jump up ^ Reuvers , Paul ( 2008 ) . `` Enigma accessories '' . Retrieved 22 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Rejewski 1980 . Jump up ^ 158,962,555,217,826,360,000 -- Numberphile on YouTube Jump up ^ Miller , A. Ray ( 2001 ) . `` The Cryptographic Mathematics of Enigma '' ( PDF ) . National Security Agency . Jump up ^ Friedman , W.F. ( 1922 ) . The index of coincidence and its applications in cryptology . Department of Ciphers . Publ 22 . Geneva , Illinois , USA : Riverbank Laboratories . OCLC 55786052 . Jump up ^ Rijmenants , Dirk ; Enigma message procedures Cipher Machines & Cryptology Jump up ^ Rijmenants , Dirk ; Kurzsignalen on German U-boats Cipher Machines & Cryptology Jump up ^ `` The translated 1940 Enigma General Procedure '' . codesandciphers.org.uk . Retrieved 16 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The translated 1940 Enigma Officer and Staff Procedure '' . codesandciphers.org.uk . Retrieved 16 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Bauer 2000 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ `` image of Enigma Type B '' . Archived from the original on 21 October 2005 . Jump up ^ Bletchley Park Trust Museum display Jump up ^ Smith 2006 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Kozaczuk 1984 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Numberphile ( 2013 - 01 - 14 ) , Flaw in the Enigma Code - Numberphile , retrieved 2017 - 02 - 14 Jump up ^ Kahn 1991 , pp. 39 -- 41 , 299 . Jump up ^ Ulbricht 2005 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Kahn 1991 , pp. 40 , 299 . Jump up ^ Bauer 2000 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Stripp 1993 , plate 3 . Jump up ^ Kahn 1991 , pp. 41 , 299 . ^ Jump up to : Kruh & Deavours 2002 , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Smith 2000 , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Stripp , 1993 Jump up ^ Kahn 1991 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Kahn 1991 , p. 43 says August 1934 . Kruh & Deavours 2002 , p. 15 say October 2004 . ^ Jump up to : Kruh & Deavours 2002 , p. 98 . ^ Jump up to : Ng , David . `` Enigma machine from World War II finds unlikely home in Beverly Hills '' . Los Angeles Times . 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` War Museum '' . Jump up ^ `` The National Signals Museum '' . Jump up ^ `` Enigma exhibition in London pays tribute to Poles '' . Polskie Radio dla Zagranicy . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` 13 March 2016 , ' Enigma Relay ' -- how Poles passed the baton to Brits in the run for WWII victory , '' . pilsudski.org.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ Hamer , David ; Enigma machines -- known locations * Archived 4 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Hamer , David ; Selling prices of Enigma and NEMA -- all prices converted to US $ Archived 27 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Christi 's ; 4 Rotor enigma auction Jump up ^ `` Man jailed over Enigma machine '' . BBC News . 19 October 2001 . Retrieved 2 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Graham Keeley . Nazi Enigma machines helped General Franco in Spanish Civil War , The Times , 24 October 2008 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ `` Taller de Criptografía -- Enigmas españolas '' . Cripto.es . Retrieved 8 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Schneier on Security : Rare Spanish Enigma Machine '' . Schneier.com. 26 March 2012 . Retrieved 8 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Communication equipment '' . znam.bg. 29 November 2003 . Jump up ^ van Vark , Tatjana The coding machine Jump up ^ 3 rotor download Jump up ^ Enigma at Multimania Jump up ^ Autotype download Jump up ^ Franklin Heath Ltd . `` Enigma Simulator -- Android Apps on Google Play '' . google.com . Jump up ^ `` F - Droid '' . f-droid.org . Jump up ^ Andy Carlson , Enigma Applet ( Standalone Version ) Jump up ^ John Gilbert , Minarke -- A Terminal Friendly Enigma Emulator Jump up ^ Russell Schwager , Enigma Simulator Russell Schwager Enigma Simulator Jump up ^ PA3DBJ G - 312 , Enigma Simulator Jump up ^ Daniel Palloks , Universal Enigma Jump up ^ Summerside Makerspace , Universal Enigma Machine Simulator Jump up ^ Terry Long , Enigma Simulator Jump up ^ Paul Reuvers , Enigma Simulator for RISC OS Jump up ^ Dirk Rijmenants , Enigma Simulator v7. 0 Jump up ^ Frode Weierud Enigma Simulators Jump up ^ Enigma machine on IMDb Jump up ^ Laurence Peter ( 20 July 2009 ) . `` How Poles cracked Nazi Enigma secret '' . BBC News . Bibliography ( edit ) Bauer , F.L. ( 2000 ) . Decrypted Secrets ( 2nd ed . ) . Springer . ISBN 3 - 540 - 66871 - 3 . Hamer , David H. ; Sullivan , Geoff ; Weierud , Frode ( July 1998 ) . `` Enigma Variations : An Extended Family of Machines '' ( PDF ) . Cryptologia . Abingdon : Taylor & Francis . XXII ( 3 ) . ISSN 0161 - 1194 . Retrieved 18 February 2016 . Stripp , Alan ( 1993 ) . Hinsley , F.H. ; Stripp , Alan , eds . The Enigma Machine : Its Mechanism and Use . Codebreakers : The Inside Story of Bletchley Park . Kahn , David ( 1991 ) . Seizing the Enigma : The Race to Break the German U-Boats Codes , 1939 -- 1943 . ISBN 0 - 395 - 42739 - 8 . Kozaczuk , Władysław ( 1984 ) . Kasparek , Christopher , ed . Enigma : How the German Machine Cipher Was Broken , and How It Was Read by the Allies in World War Two . Frederick , MD : University Publications of America . ISBN 0 - 89093 - 547 - 5 . Kozaczuk , Władysław . `` The origins of the Enigma / ULTRA '' . Archived from the original on 17 July 2003 . Kruh , L. ; Deavours , C. ( 2002 ) . `` The Commercial Enigma : Beginnings of Machine Cryptography '' . Cryptologia. 26 : 1 -- 16 . doi : 10.1080 / 0161 - 110291890731 . Marks , Philip ; Weierud , Frode ( 2000 ) . `` Recovering the Wiring of Enigma 's Umkehrwalze A '' . Cryptologia. 24 ( 1 ) : 55 -- 66 . doi : 10.1080 / 0161 - 110091888781 . Rejewski , Marian ( 1980 ) . `` An Application of the Theory of Permutations in Breaking the Enigma Cipher '' . Applicationes mathematicae. 16 ( 4 ) . ISSN 1730 - 6280 . Smith , Michael ( 2000 ) . Station X : The Codebreakers of Bletchley Park . Pan . ISBN 0 - 7522 - 7148 - 2 . Smith , Michael ( 2006 ) . `` How it began : Bletchley Park Goes to War '' . In Copeland , B Jack . Colossus : The Secrets of Bletchley Park 's Codebreaking Computers . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 284055 - 4 . Ulbricht , Heinz ( 2005 ) . `` Die Chiffriermaschine Enigma -- Trügerische Sicherheit : Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Nachrichtendienste '' ( The Enigma Cipher Machine -- Deceptive Security : A contribution to the history of intelligence services ) ( PDF ) . PhD Thesis ( in German ) . Further reading ( edit ) Aldrich , Richard James ( 2010 ) . GCHQ : The Uncensored Story of Britain 's Most Secret Intelligence Agency . HarperPress . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 727847 - 3 . Bertrand , Gustave ( 1973 ) . Enigma : ou , La plus grande énigme de la guerre 1939 -- 1945 . Plon . Calvocoressi , Peter ( 2001 ) . Top Secret Ultra . M & M Baldwin . pp. 98 -- 103 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 947712 - 41 - 9 . Grime , James . `` Enigma -- 158,962,555,217,826,360,000 '' . Numberphile . Brady Haran . Grime , James . `` The Enigma Flaw '' . Numberphile . Brady Haran . Heath , Nick , Hacking the Nazis : The secret story of the women who broke Hitler 's codes TechRepublic , 27 March 2015 Herivel , John ( 2008 ) . Herivelismus : And the German Military Enigma . M & M Baldwin . Keen , John ( 1 August 2012 ) . Harold ' Doc ' Keen and the Bletchley Park Bombe . M & M Baldwin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 947712 - 48 - 8 . Large , Christine ( 6 October 2003 ) . Hijacking Enigma : The Insider 's Tale . Wiley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 86346 - 6 . Marks , Philip . `` Umkehrwalze D: Enigma 's Rewirable Reflector -- Part I '' , Cryptologia 25 ( 2 ) , April 2001 , pp. 101 -- 141 . Marks , Philip . `` Umkehrwalze D: Enigma 's Rewirable Reflector -- Part II '' , Cryptologia 25 ( 3 ) , July 2001 , pp. 177 -- 212 . Marks , Philip . `` Umkehrwalze D: Enigma 's Rewirable Reflector -- Part III '' , Cryptologia 25 ( 4 ) , October 2001 , pp. 296 -- 310 . Paillole , Paul ( 1985 ) . Notre espion chez Hitler ( Our Spy with Hitler ) ( in French ) . Robert Laffont . Perera , Tom ( 2010 ) . Inside ENIGMA . Bedford , UK : Radio Society of Great Britain . ISBN 978 - 1 - 905086 - 64 - 1 . Perera , Tom . The Story of the ENIGMA : History , Technology and Deciphering , 2nd Edition , CD - ROM , 2004 , Artifax Books , ISBN 1 - 890024 - 06 - 6 sample pages Rebecca Ratcliffe : Searching for Security . The German Investigations into Enigma 's security . In : Intelligence and National Security 14 ( 1999 ) Issue 1 ( Special Issue ) S. 146 -- 167 . Ratcliffe , Rebecca ( 1 January 2005 ) . Winkel , Brian J. , ed . How Statistics led the Germans to believe Enigma Secure and Why They Were Wrong : neglecting the practical Mathematics of Cipher machines . The German Enigma Cipher Machine : Beginnings , Success , and Ultimate Failure . Artech House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58053 - 996 - 8 . Rejewski , Marian. ( 1 ) How Polish Mathematicians Deciphered the Enigma `` , Annals of the History of Computing 3 , 1981 . This article is regarded by Andrew Hodges , Alan Turing 's biographer , as `` the definitive account '' ( see Hodges ' Alan Turing : The Enigma , Walker and Company , 2000 paperback edition , p. 548 , footnote 4.5 ) . Quirantes , Arturo ( April 2004 ) . `` Model Z : A Numbers - Only Enigma Version '' . Cryptologia. 28 ( = 2 ) : 153 -- 156 . doi : 10.1080 / 0161 - 110491892845 . Sebag - Montefiore , Hugh ( 2011 ) . Enigma : The Battle For The Code . Orion . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78022 - 123 - 6 . Ulbricht , Heinz . Enigma Uhr , Cryptologia , 23 ( 3 ) , April 1999 , pp. 194 -- 205 . Welchman , Gordon ( 1982 ) . The Hut Six Story : Breaking the Enigma Codes . McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 069180 - 3 . Winterbotham , F.W. ( 1999 ) . The Ultra Secret . Weidenfeld & Nicolson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 297 - 64405 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Enigma machine . Gordon Corera , Poland 's overlooked Enigma codebreakers , BBC News Magazine , 4 July 2014 Long - running list of places to visit a unit in the real world Bletchley Park National Code Centre Home of the British codebreakers during the Second World War Enigma machines on the Crypto Museum website Pictures of a four - rotor naval enigma , including Flash ( SWF ) views of the machine Enigma Pictures and Demonstration by NSA Employee at RSA Enigma machine at DMOZ Kenngruppenheft Process of building an Enigma M4 replica Breaking German Navy Ciphers An online Enigma Machine simulator Enigma simulation Enigma Simulator APK Universal Enigma simulator Public Enigma Simulator -- Java simulator , including 13 Enigma machine variations Classical cryptography Ciphers by family Caesar Affine ( Atbash ) ROT13 Null Null cipher ( Null encryption ) One time pad Book One - time pad Polybius square ADFGVX Bifid Tap code 3D ( Trifid : Nihilist and VIC cipher ) Square Two - square Four - square Substitution cipher Autokey Chaocipher Great Hill Keyword Running key Transposition cipher Rail fence cipher Other Alberti BATCO ( Slidex ) Beaufort Dvorak Enigma Elian Kama Sutra Navajo code Pigpen Playfair Polyalphabetic Rasterschlüssel 44 Reihenschieber Reservehandverfahren Scytale Smithy code Solitaire Straddling checkerboard Tabula recta Transposition Trithemius Vigenère Cryptanalysis Frequency analysis Index of coincidence ( Units : Ban and Nat ) Information leakage Kasiski examination Miscellaneous Cryptogram Bacon Scytale Cryptography History of cryptography Cryptanalysis Outline of cryptography Symmetric - key algorithm Block cipher Stream cipher Public - key cryptography Cryptographic hash function Message authentication code Random numbers Steganography Category Portal WikiProject Cipher machines Rotor machines CCM Enigma M - 125 Fialka Hebern HX - 63 KL - 7 Lacida M - 325 Mercury NEMA OMI Portex RED SIGABA SIGCUM Singlet Typex Mechanical Bazeries cylinder C - 36 C - 52 CD - 57 Cipher disk HC - 9 Kryha Jefferson disk M - 94 M - 209 Reihenschieber Scytale Teleprinter 5 - UCO BID 770 DUDEK KW - 26 KW - 37 Lorenz SZ 40 / 42 Siemens and Halske T52 Secure voice BID 150 FASCINATOR KY - 3 KY - 57 KY - 58 KY - 68 NESTOR OMNI SCIP Sectéra Secure Module SIGSALY STE STU - II STU - III VINSON Other JADE KG - 84 KL - 43 KL - 51 Noreen Red Purple Pinwheel Rockex Cryptography History of cryptography Cryptanalysis Outline of cryptography Symmetric - key algorithm Block cipher Stream cipher Public - key cryptography Cryptographic hash function Message authentication code Random numbers Steganography Category Portal WikiProject GND : 4209290 - 5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enigma_machine&oldid=803543832 '' Categories : Products introduced in 1918 Broken stream ciphers Cryptographic hardware Cryptography Rotor machines Signals intelligence of World War II World War II military equipment of Germany Encryption devices Enigma machine Military communications of Germany Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from July 2012 Articles containing Latin - language text Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Articles that may contain original research from April 2013 All articles that may contain original research CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles with DMOZ links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles with inconsistent citation formats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 October 2017 , at 04 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who broke the code of the enigma machine	[ "Around December 1932, Marian Rejewski of the Polish Cipher Bureau used the theory of permutations and flaws in the German military message procedures to break the message keys of the plugboard Enigma machine. Rejewski achieved this result without knowledge of the wiring of the machine, so the result did not allow the Poles to decrypt actual messages. The French had a spy with access to German cipher materials that included the daily keys used in September and October 1932. Those keys included the plugboard settings. The French gave the material to the Poles, and Rejewski used some of that material and the message traffic in September and October to solve for the unknown rotor wiring. Consequently, the Poles were able to build their own Enigma machines, which were called Enigma doubles. Rejewski was aided by cryptanalysts Jerzy Różycki and Henryk Zygalski, both of whom had been recruited with Rejewski from Poznań University. The Polish Cipher Bureau developed techniques to defeat the plugboard and find all components of the daily key, which enabled the Cipher Bureau to read the German's Enigma messages. Over time, the German cryptographic procedures improved, and the Cipher Bureau developed techniques and designed mechanical devices to continue breaking the Enigma traffic. As part of that effort, the Poles exploited quirks of the rotors, compiled catalogs, built a cyclometer to help make a catalog with 100,000 entries, made Zygalski sheets and built the electro-mechanical cryptologic bomb to search for rotor settings. In 1938, the Germans added complexity to the Enigma machines that finally became too expensive for the Poles to counter. The Poles had six bomby, but when the Germans added two more rotors, ten times as many bomby were needed, but the Poles did not have the resources.[3]" ]	[ "Marian Rejewski" ]
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Varanasi Kashi , Banaras Metropolitan City Clockwise from top : Manikarnika Ghat , Dashashwamedha Ghat , Lal Bahadur Shastri International Airport , Tibetan Temple in Sarnath , Banaras Hindu University , Kashi Vishwanath Temple Nickname ( s ) : The spiritual capital of India Varanasi Location in Uttar Pradesh Varanasi Varanasi ( Uttar Pradesh ) Show map of India Show map of Uttar Pradesh Show all Coordinates : 25 ° 17 ′ N 82 ° 58 ′ E / 25.28 ° N 82.96 ° E / 25.28 ; 82.96 Coordinates : 25 ° 17 ′ N 82 ° 58 ′ E / 25.28 ° N 82.96 ° E / 25.28 ; 82.96 Country India State Uttar Pradesh Division Varanasi District Varanasi Government Type Municipal Corporation Body Varanasi Municipal Corporation Mayor Mridula Jaiswal ( BJP ) Divisional Commissioner Nitin Ramesh Gokarn , IAS District Magistrate Yogeshwar Ram Mishra , IAS Inspector General , Varanasi Range Deepak Ratan , IPS Senior Superintendent of Police Nitin Tiwari , IPS Area Metropolitan City 82.10 km ( 31.70 sq mi ) Elevation 80.71 m ( 264.80 ft ) Population ( 2011 ) Metropolitan City 1,201,815 Rank 32nd Density 15,000 / km ( 38,000 / sq mi ) Metro 1,435,113 ( 32nd ) Languages Official Hindi , Urdu , English Time zone IST ( UTC + 5 : 30 ) PIN 221 001 to * * ( * * area code ) Telephone code 0542 Vehicle registration UP 65 GDP $2.34 billion ( 2013 - 14 ) Sex ratio 0.926 ( 2011 ) ♂ / ♀ Literacy ( 2011 ) 80.12 % Website varanasi.nic.in This article contains Indic text . 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A major religious hub in India , it is the holiest of the seven sacred cities ( Sapta Puri ) in Hinduism and Jainism , and played an important role in the development of Buddhism . Varanasi lies along National Highway 2 , which connects it to Kolkata , Kanpur , Agra , and Delhi , and is served by Varanasi Junction railway station and Lal Bahadur Shastri International Airport . Varanasi is also one of 72 districts in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh . At the time of the 2011 census , there were a total of 8 blocks and 1329 villages in this district. Main languages of Varanasi are Banarasi , Bhojpuri and Awadhi . Varanasi grew as an important industrial centre , famous for its muslin and silk fabrics , perfumes , ivory works , and sculpture . Buddha is believed to have founded Buddhism here around 528 BCE when he gave his first sermon , `` The Setting in Motion of the Wheel of Dharma '' , at nearby Sarnath . The city 's religious importance continued to grow in the 8th century , when Adi Shankara established the worship of Shiva as an official sect of Varanasi . During the Muslim rule through Middle Ages , the city continued as an important centre of Hindu devotion , pilgrimage , mysticism and poetry which further contributed to its reputation as a centre of cultural importance and religious education . Tulsidas wrote his epic poem on Rama 's life called Ram Charit Manas in Varanasi . Several other major figures of the Bhakti movement were born in Varanasi , including Kabir and Ravidas . Guru Nanak visited Varanasi for Maha Shivaratri in 1507 , a trip that played a large role in the founding of Sikhism . In the 16th century , Varanasi experienced a cultural revival under the Mughal emperor Akbar who patronised the city , and built two large temples dedicated to Shiva and Vishnu , though much of modern Varanasi was built during the 18th century , by the Maratha and Brahmin kings . The Kingdom of Benares was given official status by the Mughals in 1737 , and continued as a dynasty - governed area until Indian independence in 1947 . The city is governed by the Varanasi Nagar Nigam ( Municipal Corporation ) and is represented in the Parliament of India by the current Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi , who won the Lok Sabha elections in 2014 by a huge margin . Silk weaving , carpets and crafts and tourism employ a significant number of the local population , as do the Diesel Locomotive Works and Bharat Heavy Electricals . Varanasi Hospital was established in 1964 . Varanasi has been a cultural centre of North India for several thousand years , a and is closely associated with the Ganges . Hindus believe that death in the city will bring salvation , making it a major centre for pilgrimage . The city is known worldwide for its many ghats , embankments made in steps of stone slabs along the river bank where pilgrims perform ritual ablutions . Of particular note are the Dashashwamedh Ghat , the Panchganga Ghat , the Manikarnika Ghat and the Harishchandra Ghat , the last two being where Hindus cremate their dead and the Hindu genealogy registers at Varanasi are kept here . The Ramnagar Fort , near the eastern bank of the Ganges , was built in the 18th century in the Mughal style of architecture with carved balconies , open courtyards , and scenic pavilions . Among the estimated 23,000 temples in Varanasi are Kashi Vishwanath Temple of Shiva , the Sankat Mochan Hanuman Temple , and the Durga Temple . The Kashi Naresh ( Maharaja of Kashi ) is the chief cultural patron of Varanasi , and an essential part of all religious celebrations . An educational and musical centre , many prominent Indian philosophers , poets , writers , and musicians live or have lived in the city , and it was the place where the Benares gharana form of Hindustani classical music was developed . One of Asia 's largest residential universities is Banaras Hindu University ( BHU ) . The Hindi - language nationalist newspaper , Aj , was first published in 1920 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Archaeological evidence 2.2 Ancient period 2.3 Medieval period 2.4 Modern history ( 1500 -- present ) 3 Geography and climate 3.1 Geography 3.2 Climate 4 Administration and politics 4.1 Administration 4.1. 1 General Administration 4.1. 2 Police Administration 4.1. 3 Infrastructure and Civic Administration 4.2 Politics 4.3 Healthcare 4.4 Public maintenance 5 Demographics 6 Economy 7 Notable landmarks 7.1 Jantar Mantar 7.2 Ramnagar Fort 7.3 Ghats 7.4 Temples 7.5 Mosques 7.6 Shri Guru Ravidass Janam Asthan 8 Culture 8.1 Literature 8.2 Art 8.3 Music 8.4 Festivals 9 Education 10 Sport 11 Transport 11.1 Air transport 11.2 Railways 11.3 Roads 11.4 Varanasi Metro 12 Twin towns -- sister cities 13 See also 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External links Etymology Traditional etymology links `` Varanasi '' to the names of two Ganges tributaries forming the city 's borders : Varuna , still flowing in northern Varanasi , and Assi , today a small stream in the southern part of the city , near Assi Ghat . The old city is located on the north shores of the Ganges , bounded by Varuna and Assi . In the Rigveda , an ancient Indian sacred collection of Vedic Sanskrit hymns , the city is referred to as Kāśī ( Kashi ) from the Sanskrit verbal root kaś - `` to shine '' , making Varanasi known as `` City of Light '' , the `` luminous city as an eminent seat of learning '' . The name was also used by pilgrims dating from Buddha 's days . Hindu religious texts use many epithets to refer to Varanasi , such as Kāśikā ( Sanskrit : `` the shining one '' ) , Avimukta ( Sanskrit : `` never forsaken '' by Shiva ) , Ānandavana ( Sanskrit : `` the forest of bliss '' ) , and Rudravāsa ( Sanskrit : `` the place where Rudra / Śiva resides '' ) . History According to legend , Varanasi was founded by the god Shiva . There happened a fight between the two supreme gods , Brahma and Shiva , and the succeeding combat resulted in one of the five heads of Brahma being torn off by Shiva . It was a custom of the time that the victor carried the slain adversary 's head in his hand and let it hang down from his hand as an act of ignominy and a sign of his own bravery . A bridle was also put into the mouth . Shiva thus dishonored Brahma 's head , and kept it with him at all times . When he came to the city of Varanasi in this state , the hanging head of Brahma dropped from Shiva 's hand and disappeared in the ground . The land of Varanasi is therefore considered an extremely holy religious site . The Pandavas , the protagonists of the Hindu epic Mahabharata , are said to have visited the city in search of Shiva to atone for their sin of fratricide and Brāhmanahatya that they had committed during the climactic Kurukshetra War . It is regarded as one of seven holy cities ( Sapta Puri ) which can provide Moksha ; Ayodhya , Mathura , Haridwar , Kashi , Kanchi , Avanti , and Dvārakā are the seven cities known as the givers of liberation . Archaeological evidence 2014 excavations found artefacts dating to 800 BCE and finds at Aktha and Ramnagar , two sites very near to Varanasi , show them to be from 1800 BCE , supporting the view that the Varanasi area was inhabited by this time . Ancient period Varanasi grew as an important industrial centre , famous for its muslin and silk fabrics , perfumes , ivory works , and sculpture . During the time of Gautama Buddha , Varanasi was part of the Kingdom of Kosala . The Buddha is believed to have founded Buddhism here around 528 BCE when he gave his first sermon , `` The Setting in Motion of the Wheel of Dharma '' , at nearby Sarnath . The celebrated Chinese traveller Xuanzang , also known as Hiuen Tsiang , who visited the city around 635 CE , attested that the city was a centre of religious and artistic activities , and that it extended for about 5 kilometres ( 3.1 mi ) along the western bank of the Ganges . When Xuanzang , visited Varanasi in the 7th century , he named it `` Polonisse '' and wrote that the city had some 30 temples with about 30 monks . The city 's religious importance continued to grow in the 8th century , when Adi Shankara established the worship of Shiva as an official sect of Varanasi . Medieval period Kabir , a 15th - century Indian mystic poet and saint Chandradeva , founder of the Gahadavala dynasty made Banaras a second capital in 1090 . During the Mauryan era , Varanasi was connected by a road starting from Taxila and ending at Pataliputra . Varanasi remained the centre of activity for intellectuals and theologians during the Middle Ages , which further contributed to its reputation as a cultural centre of religion and education . Several major figures of the Bhakti movement were born in Varanasi , including Kabir who was born here in 1389 , and Ravidas , a 15th - century socio - religious reformer , mystic , poet , traveller , and spiritual figure , who was born and lived in the city and employed in the tannery industry . Modern history ( 1500 -- present ) A lithograph by James Prinsep ( 1832 ) of a Brahmin placing a garland on the holiest location in the city A painting by Edwin Lord Weeks ( 1883 ) of Varanasi , viewed from the Ganges An illustration ( 1890 ) of Bathing Ghat in Varanasi Numerous eminent scholars and preachers visited the city from across India and south Asia . Guru Nanak visited Varanasi for Maha Shivaratri in 1507 , a trip that played a large role in the founding of Sikhism . Varanasi experienced a Hindu cultural revival in the 16th century under the Muslim Mughal emperor Akbar , who invested in the city and built two large temples dedicated to Shiva and Vishnu . The Raja of Pune established the Annapurna Mandir , and the 200 - metre ( 660 ft ) Akbari Bridge was also completed during this period . The earliest tourists began arriving in the city during the 16th century . In 1665 , the French traveller Jean - Baptiste Tavernier described the architectural beauty of the Vindu Madhava temple on the side of the Ganges . The road infrastructure was also improved during this period . It was extended from Kolkata to Peshawar by Emperor Sher Shah Suri ; later during the British Raj it came to be known as the famous Grand Trunk Road . In 1656 , Emperor Aurangzeb ordered the destruction of many temples and the building of mosques , causing the city to experience a temporary setback . However , after Aurangazeb 's death , most of India was ruled by a confederacy of pro-Hindu kings . Much of modern Varanasi was built during this time , especially during the 18th century by the Maratha and Bhumihar ( Brahmin ) . The kings governing Varanasi continued to wield power and importance through much of the British Raj period , including the Maharaja of Benares , or Kashi Naresh . Majaraja of Benares and Suite , 1870s Map of the city , ca 1914 The Kingdom of Benares was given official status by the Mughals in 1737 , and continued as a dynasty - governed area until Indian independence in 1947 , during the reign of Dr. Vibhuti Narayan Singh . In the 18th century , Muhammad Shah ordered the construction of an observatory on the Ganges , attached to Man Mandir Ghat , designed to discover imperfections in the calendar in order to revise existing astronomical tables . Tourism in the city began to flourish in the 18th century . In 1791 , under the rule of the British Governor - General Warren Hastings , Jonathan Duncan founded a Sanskrit College in Varanasi . In 1867 , the establishment of the Varanasi Municipal Board led to significant improvements in the city 's infrastructure and basic amenities of health services , drinking water supply and sanitation An 1895 photograph of the Varanasi riverfront The British Army committed a massacre of Indian troops and destroyed city residences during the early stages of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 . Author Mark Twain wrote in 1897 of Varanasi , `` Benares is older than history , older than tradition , older even than legend , and looks twice as old as all of them put together . '' In 1910 , the British made Varanasi a new Indian state , with Ramnagar as its capital , but with no jurisdiction over the city proper . The religious head , Kashi Naresh , has had his headquarters at the Ramnagar Fort since the 18th century , also a repository of the history of the kings of Varanasi , which is situated to the east of Varanasi , across the Ganges . The Kashi Naresh is deeply revered by the local people and the chief cultural patron ; some devout inhabitants consider him to be the incarnation of Shiva . Annie Besant founded the Central Hindu College , which later became a foundation for the creation of Banaras Hindu University in 1916 . Besant founded the college because she wanted `` to bring men of all religions together under the ideal of brotherhood in order to promote Indian cultural values and to remove ill - will among different sections of the Indian population . '' Varanasi was ceded to the Union of India in 1947 , and Dr. Vibhuti Narayan Singh incorporated his territories into the United Provinces in 1949 . Geography and climate Location in India Geography Varanasi is located at an elevation of 80.71 metres ( 264.8 ft ) in the centre of the Ganges valley of North India , in the Eastern part of the state of Uttar Pradesh , along the left crescent - shaped bank of the Ganges , averaging between 15 metres ( 50 ft ) and 21 metres ( 70 ft ) above the river . The city is the headquarters of Varanasi district . By road , Varanasi is located 797 kilometres ( 495 mi ) south - east of New Delhi , 320 kilometres ( 200 mi ) south - east of Lucknow , 121 kilometres ( 75 mi ) east of Allahabad , and 63 kilometres ( 39 mi ) south of Jaunpur . The `` Varanasi Urban Agglomeration '' -- an agglomeration of seven urban sub-units -- covers an area of 112.26 km ( approximately 43 mi2 ) . Neighbourhoods of the city include Adampura , Anandbagh , Bachchhaon , Bangali Tola , Bhelpura , Bulanala , Chaitganj , Chaukaghat , Chowk , Dhupchandi , Dumraon , Gandhinagar , Gautam Nagar , Giri Nagar , Gopal Vihar , Guru Nanak Nagar , Jaitpura , Kail Garh , Khanna , Kotwali , Lanka Manduadih , Luxa , Maheshpur , Mahmoorganj , Maulvibagh , Nagwar , Naipokhari , Shivala , Siddhagiribagh , and Sigra . Being located in the Indo - Gangetic Plains of North India , the land is very fertile because low level floods in the Ganges continually replenish the soil . Varanasi is located between the Ganges confluences with two rivers : the Varuna and the Assi stream . The distance between the two confluences is around 2 miles ( 4 km ) , and serves as a sacred journeying route for Hindus , which culminates with a visit to a Sakshi Vinayak Temple . Climate Varanasi experiences a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen climate classification Cwa ) with large variations between summer and winter temperatures . The dry summer starts in April and lasts until June , followed by the monsoon season from July to October . The temperature ranges between 22 and 46 ° C ( 72 and 115 ° F ) in the summers . Winters in Varanasi see very large diurnal variations , with warm days and downright cold nights . Cold waves from the Himalayan region cause temperatures to dip across the city in the winter from December to February and temperatures below 5 ° C ( 41 ° F ) are not uncommon . The average annual rainfall is 1,110 mm ( 44 in ) . Fog is common in the winters , while hot dry winds , called loo , blow in the summers . In recent years , the water level of the Ganges has decreased significantly ; upstream dams , unregulated water extraction , and dwindling glacial sources due to global warming may be to blame . ( hide ) Climate data for Varanasi Airport ( 1971 -- 2000 ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 32.3 ( 90.1 ) 35.8 ( 96.4 ) 42.4 ( 108.3 ) 45.3 ( 113.5 ) 46.8 ( 116.2 ) 48.0 ( 118.4 ) 43.9 ( 111 ) 39.8 ( 103.6 ) 42.3 ( 108.1 ) 39.0 ( 102.2 ) 35.3 ( 95.5 ) 32.7 ( 90.9 ) 48.0 ( 118.4 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 23.0 ( 73.4 ) 26.2 ( 79.2 ) 32.6 ( 90.7 ) 38.5 ( 101.3 ) 40.3 ( 104.5 ) 38.4 ( 101.1 ) 33.7 ( 92.7 ) 32.9 ( 91.2 ) 32.8 ( 91 ) 32.7 ( 90.9 ) 29.4 ( 84.9 ) 24.7 ( 76.5 ) 32.1 ( 89.8 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 9.2 ( 48.6 ) 11.6 ( 52.9 ) 16.2 ( 61.2 ) 21.9 ( 71.4 ) 25.5 ( 77.9 ) 27.2 ( 81 ) 25.7 ( 78.3 ) 25.4 ( 77.7 ) 24.4 ( 75.9 ) 20.6 ( 69.1 ) 14.4 ( 57.9 ) 10.1 ( 50.2 ) 19.2 ( 66.6 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) 0.3 ( 32.5 ) 2.4 ( 36.3 ) 7.9 ( 46.2 ) 11.4 ( 52.5 ) 17.8 ( 64 ) 14.3 ( 57.7 ) 21.4 ( 70.5 ) 21.7 ( 71.1 ) 19.1 ( 66.4 ) 8.9 ( 48 ) 4.3 ( 39.7 ) 2.3 ( 36.1 ) 0.3 ( 32.5 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 19.0 ( 0.748 ) 18.2 ( 0.717 ) 8.3 ( 0.327 ) 6.1 ( 0.24 ) 10.3 ( 0.406 ) 107.3 ( 4.224 ) 309.3 ( 12.177 ) 288.4 ( 11.354 ) 244.9 ( 9.642 ) 32.3 ( 1.272 ) 9.3 ( 0.366 ) 4.8 ( 0.189 ) 1,058.2 ( 41.661 ) Average rainy days 1.6 1.7 1.0 0.6 5.4 13.9 13.1 10.0 1.8 0.6 0.5 51.5 Source : India Meteorological Department ( record high and low up to 2010 ) Administration and politics Administration General Administration Varanasi division which consists of four districts , and is headed by the Divisional Commissioner of Varanasi , who is an IAS officer of high seniority , the Commissioner is the head of local government institutions ( including Municipal Corporations ) in the division , is in charge of infrastructure development in his division , and is also responsible for maintaining law and order in the division . The District Magistrate of Varanasi reports to the Divisional Commissioner . The current Commissioner is Nitin Ramesh Gokarn . Varanasi district administration is headed by the District Magistrate of Varanasi , who is an IAS officer . The DM is in charge of property records and revenue collection for the central government and oversees the elections held in the city . The DM is also responsible for maintaining law and order in the city , hence the SSP of Varanasi also reports to the DM of Varanasi . The DM is assisted by a Chief Development Officer ( CDO ) , four Additional District Magistrates ( ADM ) ( Finance / Revenue , City , Protocol , Executive ) , one Chief Revenue Officer ( CRO ) , one City Magistrate ( CM ) , and four Additional City Magistrates ( ACM ) . The district has three tehsils , each headed by a Sub-Divisional magistrate . The current DM is Yogeshwar Ram Mishra . Police Administration Varanasi district comes under the Varanasi Police Zone and Varanasi Police Range , Varanasi Zone is headed by an Additional Director General ranked IPS officer , and the Varanasi Range is headed Inspector General ranked IPS officer . The current ADG , Varanasi Zone is Biswajit Mahapatra , and IG , Varanasi Range is Deepak Ratan . The district police is headed by a Senior Superintendent of Police ( SSP ) , who is an IPS officer , and is assisted by six Superintendents of Police ( SP ) / Additional Superintendents of Police ( Addl . SP ) ( City , Rural Area , Crime , Traffic , Protocol and Protocol ) , who are either IPS officers or PPS officers . Each of the several police circles is headed by a Circle Officer ( CO ) in the rank of Deputy Superintendent of Police . The current SSP is Ram Krishna Bharadwaj . Infrastructure and civic Administration The development of infrastructure in the city is overseen by Varanasi Development Authority ( VDA ) , which comes under the Housing Department of Uttar Pradesh government . The Divisional Commissioner of Varanasi acts as the ex-officio Chairman of VDA , whereas a Vice Chairman , a government - appointed IAS officer , looks after the daily matters of the authority . The current Vice-Chairman of Varanasi Development Authority is Pulkit Khare . The Varanasi Municipal Corporation oversees civic activities in the city , the head of the corporation is the Mayor , but the executive and administration of the corporation is the responsibility of the Municipal Commissioner , who is a Uttar Pradesh government - appointed either an IAS officer or Provincial Civil Service ( PCS ) officer of high seniority . The current Mayor of Varanasi is Mridula Jaiswal , whereas the Municipal Commissioner is Nitin Bansal . Water supply and sewage system is operated by the Uttar Pradesh Jal Nigam . Politics Varanasi is represented in the Parliament of India by the current Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi who won the Lok Sabha elections in 2014 by a huge margin . Healthcare Sushruta , the great surgeon and author of the Sushruta Samhita , the Sanskrit text of surgery , lived in Varanasi and practised medicine and surgery sometime during the 5th century BCE . Since 1922 , Ayurveda has been a subject of training in the Banaras Hindu University and in 1927 a separate Ayurvedic College was established . There are many Ayurvedic centres in Varanasi like Sparsa Ayurvedic Centre which provide Ayurvedic treatments such as Panchakarma and other methods . SS Ayurveda Hospital operates a Panchakarma treatment centre , in association with Kerala Ayurveda Ltd . Varansi has several hospitals , including Heritage Hospital , Marwari Hospital , Pitambari Hopspital , Mata Anand Mai Hospital , Rajkiya Hospital , Ram Krishna Mission Hospital , Shiv Prasad Gupta Hospital , Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyay hospital ( managed by state govt . ) the largest and superspeciality hospital is Sir Sundar Lal Hospital ( University Hospital ) having more 1150 beds&a separate trauma centre having 340 beds , and Varanasi Hospital and Medical Research Centre . A separate cancer institute is also operated in Varanasi . The Varanasi Hospital , established in 1964 by Dr. Baijnath Prasad . The hospital , which in 2012 had 66 beds , serves Varanasi and surrounding districts and states , many of which rely on it for surgery . Although the hospital suffers from a lack of funding , it has facilities such as x-ray , ultrasonography , echocardiography and a pathology lab . The urban portion of Varanasi District had an infant mortality rate of 70 per 1,000 live births in 2010 -- 2011 . Public maintenance Because of the high population density of Varanasi and the increasing number of tourists , the Uttar Pradesh government and international non-governmental organisations and institutions have expressed grave concern for the pollution and pressures on infrastructure in the city , mainly the sewage , sanitation , and drainage components . Pollution of the Ganges is a particular source of worry because of the religious significance of the river , the dependence of people on it as a source of drinking water , and its prominence as a symbol of Varanasi and the city itself . The sewage problem is exacerbated by the role of the Ganges in bathing and in river traffic , which is very difficult to control . Because of the sewage , people using local untreated water have higher risk of contracting a range of water - borne stomach diseases . Parts of Varanasi are contaminated with industrial chemicals including toxic heavy metal . Studies of wastewater from Varanasi 's sewage treatment plants identify that water 's contamination with metals and the reuse of this water for irrigation as a way that the toxic metals come to be in the plants that people grow for food . One studied example is palak , a popular leafy vegetable which takes up heavy metal when it is in the soil , and which people then eat . Some of the polluting sludge contains minerals which are fertiliser , which could make polluted water attractive to use . Pesticides used in local farming are persistent enough to be spread through the water , to sewer treatment , then back to the farms as wastewater . Varanasi 's water supply and sewage system is maintained by Jal Nigam , a subsidiary of Varanasi Nagar Nigam. Power supply is by the Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Limited . The city produces about 350,000,000 litres ( 77,000,000 imp gal ; 92,000,000 US gal ) per day of sewage and 425 tonnes ( 418 long tons ; 468 short tons ) per day of solid waste . The solid wastes are disposed in one landfill site . Demographics See also : List of cities in Uttar Pradesh According to provisional data from the 2011 census , the Varanasi urban agglomeration had a population of 1,435,113 , with 761,060 men and 674,053 women . The population of the Varanasi urban agglomeration in 2001 was 1,371,749 with a ratio of 879 females every 1,000 males . However , the area under Varanasi Nagar Nigam has a population of 1,100,748 with a ratio of 883 females for every 1,000 males . The literacy rate in the urban agglomeration is 77 % while that in the municipal corporation area is 78 % . Approximately 138,000 people in the municipal area live in slums . Economy Banarasi sari According to the 2006 City Development Plan for Varanasi , approximately 29 % of Varanasi 's population is employed . Approximately 40 % are employed in manufacturing , 26 % work in trade and commerce , 19 % work in other services , 8 % work in transport and communication , 4 % work in agriculture , 2 % work in construction , and 2 % are marginal workers ( working for less than half of the year ) . Among manufacturing workers , 51 % work in spinning and weaving , 15 % work in metal , 6 % work in printing and publishing , 5 % work in electrical machinery , and the rest work in a wide variety of industry sectors . Varanasi 's manufacturing industry is not well developed and is dominated by small - scale industries and household production . Tourists shopping for jewellery in Varanasi Silk weaving is the dominant industry in Varanasi . Muslims are the influential community in this industry with nearly half a million of them working as weavers , dyers , sari finishers , and salespersons . Weaving is typically done within the household , and most weavers are Momin Ansari Muslims . Varanasi is known throughout India for its production of very fine silk and Banarasi saris , brocades with gold and silver thread work , which are often used for weddings and special occasions . The production of silk often uses bonded child labour , though perhaps not at a higher rate than elsewhere in India . The silk weaving industry has recently been threatened by the rise of power looms and computer - generated designs and by competition from Chinese silk imports . In the metal manufacturing sector , Diesel Locomotive Works is a major employer . Bharat Heavy Electricals , a large power equipment manufacturer , also operates a heavy equipment maintenance plant . Other major commodities manufactured and traded in Varanasi include hand - knotted Mirzapur carpets , rugs , dhurries , brassware , copperware , wooden and clay toys , handicrafts , gold jewellery , and musical instruments . Important agricultural products include betel leaves ( for paan ) , langra mangoes and khoa ( solidified milk ) . DLW manufactured locomotives hauling load across the nation Tourism is Varanasi 's second most important industry . Nearly 6.3 million domestic tourists and 690,472 foreign tourists visited Varanasi in 2015 . Domestic tourist most commonly visit for religious purposes while foreign tourist visit for ghats along River Ganges and Sarnath . Most domestic tourists are from Bihar , West Bengal , Madhya Pradesh , and Uttar Pradesh , while the majority of foreign tourists are from Sri Lanka and Japan . The peak tourist season falls between October and March . In total , there are around 12,000 beds available in the city , of which about one half are in inexpensive budget hotels and one third in dharamsalas . Overall , Varanasi 's tourist infrastructure is not well developed . The prominent malls and multiplexes in Varanasi are JHV Mall in the Varanasi Cantonment area , IP Mall in Sigra , IP Vijaya Mall in Bhelupur , and PDR in Luxa . The city has several banks , including the Allahabad Bank , Andhra Bank , Bank of Baroda , Canara Bank , Central Bank of India , Corporation Bank , Indian Overseas Bank , and State Bank of India . Notable landmarks Ramnagar Fort Apart from the 19 archaeological sites identified by the Archaeological Survey of India , some of the prominent places of interest are the Aghor Peeth , the Alamgir Mosque , the Ashoka Pillar , the Bharat Kala Bhavan ( Art Museum ) , the Bharat Mata Mandir , the Central University for Tibetan Studies , the Dhanvantari Temple , the Durga Temple , the Jantar Mantar , the Kashi Vishwanath Temple , the Sankat Mochan Hanuman Temple , the Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith , the New Vishwanath Temple on the BHU campus , the Ramnagar Fort , the Riverfront Ghats , the Tulsi Manas Temple . Jantar Mantar The Jantar Mantar observatory , constructed in 1737 , is located above the ghats along the Ganges , and is adjacent to the Manmandir and Dasaswamedh Ghats and near the palace of Jai Singh II of Jaipur . While less equipped than the observatories at Jaipur and Delhi , the Jantar Mantar has a unique equatorial sundial which is functional and allows measurements to be monitored and recorded by one person . Ramnagar Fort The Ramnagar Fort , located near the Ganges on its eastern bank and opposite the Tulsi Ghat , was built in the 18th century by Kashi Naresh Raja Balwant Singh with cream - coloured chunar sandstone . The fort is a typical example of the Mughal architecture with carved balconies , open courtyards , and scenic pavilions . At present , the fort is in disrepair . The fort and its museum are the repository of the history of the kings of Benares . Cited as an `` eccentric '' museum , it contains a rare collection of American vintage cars , bejeweled sedan chairs , an impressive weaponry hall , and a rare astrological clock . In addition , manuscripts , especially religious writings , are housed in the Saraswati Bhawan which is a part of a museum within the fort . Many books illustrated in the Mughal miniature style are also part of the collections . Because of its scenic location on the banks of the Ganges , it is frequently used as an outdoor shooting location for films . A view of the Ghats in Varanasi from the Ganges Ghats Main article : Ghats in Varanasi Dashashwamedh Ghat Manikarnika Ghat The Ghats in Varanasi are world - renowned embankments made in steps of stone slabs along the river bank where pilgrims perform ritual ablutions . The ghats are an integral complement to the Hindu concept of divinity represented in physical , metaphysical , and supernatural elements . Varanasi has at least 84 ghats , most of which are used for bathing by pilgrims and spiritually significant Hindu puja ceremony , while a few are used exclusively as Hindu cremation sites . Steps in the ghats lead to the banks of Ganges , including the Dashashwamedh Ghat , the Manikarnika Ghat , the Panchganga Ghat , and the Harishchandra Ghat , where Hindus cremate their dead . Many ghats are associated with Hindu legends and several are now privately owned . Many of the ghats were constructed under the patronage of the Marathas , Shindes ( Scindias ) , Holkars , Bhonsles , and Peshwas . Most are bathing ghats , while others are used as cremation sites . A morning boat ride on the Ganges across the ghats is a popular tourist attraction . The extensive stretches of ghats in Varanasi enhance the riverfront with a multitude of shrines , temples , and palaces built `` tier on tier above the water 's edge '' . The Dashashwamedh Ghat is the main and probably the oldest ghat of Varanasi located on the Ganges , close to the Kashi Vishwanath Temple . It is believed that Brahma created this ghat to welcome Shiva and sacrificed ten horses during the Dasa - Ashwamedha yajna performed there . Above and adjacent to this ghat , there are also temples dedicated to Sulatankesvara , Brahmesvara , Varahesvara , Abhaya Vinayaka , Ganga ( the Ganges ) , and Bandi Devi , which are all important pilgrimage sites . A group of priests perform `` Agni Pooja '' ( Sanskrit : `` Worship of Fire '' ) daily in the evening at this ghat as a dedication to Shiva , Ganga , Surya ( Sun ) , Agni ( Fire ) , and the entire universe . Special aartis are held on Tuesdays and on religious festivals . The Manikarnika Ghat is the Mahasmasana , the primary site for Hindu cremation in the city . Adjoining the ghat , there are raised platforms that are used for death anniversary rituals . According to a myth it is said that an earring of Shiva or his wife Sati fell here . Fourth - century Gupta period inscriptions mention this ghat . However , the current ghat as a permanent riverside embankment was built in 1302 and has been renovated at least three times throughout its existence . Bachraj Ghat The Jain Ghat : Varanasi is believed to birthplace of Suparshvanatha ( 7th tirthankara ) and Parshvanatha ( 23rd tirthankara ) . The Jain Ghat or Bachraj Ghat is a Jain Ghat and has three Jain Temples located on the banks of the River . It is believed that the Jain Maharajas used to own these ghats. Bachraj Ghat has three Jain temples near the river 's banks and one them is a very ancient temple of Tirthankara Suparswanath . Temples Main articles : Hindu temples in Varanasi and Religion in Varanasi Among the estimated 23,000 temples in Varanasi , the temples most popular for worship are : the Kashi Vishwanath Temple of Shiva ; the Sankat Mochan Hanuman Temple ; and the Durga Temple , known for monkeys that reside in the large trees nearby . The Kashi Vishwanath Temple , the most important temple in Varanasi The Kashi Vishwanath Temple , on the Ganges , is one of the 12 Jyotirlinga Shiva temples in Varanasi . The temple has been destroyed and rebuilt several times throughout its existence . The Gyanvapi Mosque , which is adjacent to the temple , is the original site of the temple . The temple , which is also known as the Golden Temple , was built in 1780 by Queen Ahilyabai Holkar of Indore . The two pinnacles of the temple are covered in gold and were donated in 1839 by Ranjit Singh , the ruler of Punjab . The dome is scheduled to receive gold plating through a proposed initiative of the Ministry of Culture and Religious Affairs of Uttar Pradesh . Numerous rituals , prayers , and aartis are held daily at the temple between 02 : 30 and 23 : 00 . The Sankat Mochan Hanuman Temple , which is situated by the Asi River , is one of the sacred temples of the Hindu god Hanuman . The present temple was built in the early 1900s by the educationist and Indian independence figure , Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya , the founder of Banaras Hindu University . According to Hindu legend the temple was built on the spot where the medieval Hindu saint Tulsidas had a vision of Hanuman . During a 7 March 2006 terrorist attack , one of three explosions hit the temple while a wedding was in progress , and resulted in injuries to 30 people apart from 23 deaths . Following the attack , a permanent police post was installed inside the temple . The 18th century Durga Kund Temple , also known as the `` Monkey temple '' There are two temples named `` Durga '' in Varanasi : Durga Mandir built in the 16th century ( exact date not known ) , and Durga Kund ( Sanskrit ' kund ' meaning `` pond or pool '' ) built in the 18th century . A large number of Hindu devotees visit Durga Kund during Navratri to worship the goddess Durga . The temple , built in the Nagara architectural style , has multi-tiered spires and is stained red with ochre , representing the red colour of Durga . The building has a rectangular tank of water called the Durga Kund ( `` Kund '' meaning a pond or pool ) . During annual celebrations of Nag Panchami , the act of depicting the god Vishnu reclining on the serpent Shesha is recreated in the Kund . While the Annapurna Temple , located nearby to the Kashi Vishwanath Temple , is dedicated to Annapoorna devi , the goddess of food , the Sankatha Temple adjacent to the Sindhia Ghat is dedicated to Sankatha , the goddess of remedy . The Sankatha Temple has a large sculpture of a lion and a cluster of nine smaller temples dedicated to the nine planets . Other temples of note are : the Bharat Mata Mandir , dedicated to the national personification of India , which was inaugurated by Mahatma Gandhi in 1936 , the Kalabhairav Temple , the Mrithyunjay Mahadev Temple , and the New Vishwanath Temple located in the campus of BHU , the Tulsi Manas Mandir . Parshvanath Jain temple Parshvanath Jain temple : The Parshvanath Jain temple , Varanasi is temple of Jain religion dedicated to Parshvanath , the 23rd Thirthankara who was born at Bhelpur in Varanasi . The idol deified in the temple is of black colour and 75 centimetres ( 30 inches ) in height . It is located in Bhelapur about 5 kilometres ( 3.1 miles ) from the centre of Varanasi city and 3 kilometres ( 1.9 miles ) from the Benares Hindu University . It belongs to the digambara sect of Jainism and is a holy tirtha or pilgrimage centre for Jains . Mosques Gyanvapi Mosque Alamgiri Mosque There are 15 mosques of significant historical value in Varanasi . Of particular note are the Abdul Razzaq , Alamgir , Bibi Razia , Chaukhambha , Dhai Nim Kangore , Fatman , Ganje Shahada , Gyanavapi and Hazrat Sayyed Salar Masud Dargah . Many of these mosques were constructed from the components of the Hindu shrines which were destroyed under the auspices of subsequent Muslim invaders or rulers . The two well known mosques are the Gyanvapi Mosque and the Alamgir Mosque . The Gyanvapi Mosque was built by the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb in 1664 CE , after destroying a Hindu temple . Gyan Vapi ( Sanskrit : `` the well of knowledge '' ) , the name of the mosque , is derived from a well of the same name located within the precincts of the mosque . The remains of an erstwhile temple can be seen in the foundation , the columns and at the rear part of the mosque The façade of the mosque is modelled partially on the Taj Mahal 's entrance . The mosque is administered by the Anjuman Inthazamiya Masajid ( AIM ) . The Alamgiri Mosque was built in the 17th century by Aurangzeb over the ruins of a Hindu temple . The Hindu temple that was destroyed was dedicated to Vishnu , and had been built by Beni Madhur Rao Scindia , a Maratha chieftain . When emperor Aurangzeb had captured Banaras , he had ordered total destruction of all Hindu temples there . Aurangzeb then built a mosque over the ruins of this temple in 1669 and named it as Alamagir Mosque in the name of his own honorific title `` Alamgir '' which he had adopted after becoming the emperor of Mughal empire . The mosque is located at a prominent site above the Panchganga Ghat , which is a funerary ghat facing the Ganges . The mosque is architecturally a blend of Islamic and Hindu architecture , particularly because of the lower part of the walls of the mosque having been built fully with the remains of the Hindu temple . The mosque has high domes and minarets . Two of its minarets had been damaged ; one minaret crashed killing a few people and the other minaret was officially brought down because of stability concerns . Non-Muslims are not allowed to enter the mosque . The mosque has a security cordon of a police force . Shri Guru Ravidass Janam Asthan Memorial of Sant Ravidas at Sant Ravidas Ghat Shri Guru Ravidass Janam Asthan , at Sir Gobardhan is the ultimate place of pilgrimage or religious headquarters for followers of the Ravidassia religion . The foundation stone was laid on 14 June 1965 on Ashad Sankranti day at the birthplace of Ravidas . The temple was completed in 1994 . Culture Literature See also : The City of Varanasi in Literature Renowned Indian writers who have resided in the city were Kabir , Ravidas , and Tulsidas , who wrote much of his Ram Charit Manas here . Kulluka Bhatt wrote the best known account of Manusmriti in Varanasi in the 15th century , Later writers of the city have included Acharya Shukla , Baldev Upadhyaya , Bharatendu Harishchandra , Devaki Nandan Khatri , Hazari Prasad Dwivedi , Jaishankar Prasad , Kshetresa Chandra Chattopadhyaya , Sudama Pandey ( Dhoomil ) , Vagish Shastri , and Vidya Niwas Mishra . Several newspapers and journals are or were published in Varanasi such as Varanasi Chandroday and its successor Kashivartaprakashika , which became a weekly journal , first published on 1 June 1851 . The main newspaper is Aj , a Hindi - language nationalist newspaper first published in 1920 . The newspaper was the bulwark of the Indian National Congress and is a major newspaper of Hindi northern India . Art Wall paintings , Varanasi , 1974 Varanasi is a major centre of arts and designs . It is a producer of silks and brocades with gold and silver thread work , carpet weaving , wooden toys , bangles made of glass , ivory work , perfumes , artistic brass and copper ware and a variety of handicrafts . The cantonment graveyard of the British Raj is now the location of Varanasi 's Arts and Crafts . Notable artists ( musicians and dancers ) and historians who are connected with the city include Bismillah Khan , Ravi Shankar , Girija Devi , Gopal Shankar Misra , Gopi Krishna , Kishan Maharaj , Lalmani Misra , N. Rajam , Siddheshwari Devi , Samta Prasad , and Sitara Devi . Music Main article : Music in Varanasi Sant Goswami Tulsidas Awadhi Hindi poet and propagator of Bhakthi music in Varanasi Varanasi 's music tradition is traced to the Pauranic days . According to ancient legend , Shiva is credited with evolving music and dance forms . During the medieval era , Vaishnavism , a Bhakti movement , grew in popularity , and Varanasi became a thriving center for musicians such as Surdas , Kabir , Ravidas , Meera and Tulsidas . During the monarchic rule of Govind Chandra in the 16th century , the Dhrupad style of singing received royal patronage and led to other related forms of music such as Dhamar , Hori , and Chaturang . Presently the Dhrupad maestro Pandit Ritwik Sanyal from Varanasi is working for the revival of this art - music . In recent times , Girija Devi , the native famous classical singer of thumris , was widely appreciated and respected for her musical renderings . Varanasi is also associated with many great instrumentalists such as Bismillah Khan and Ravi Shankar , the famous sitar player and musicologist who was given the highest civilian award of the country , the Bharat Ratna . Varanasi has joined the global bandwagon of UNESCO `` Cities of Music '' under the Creative Cities Network . Festivals On Maha Shivaratri ( February ) , a procession of Shiva proceeds from the Mahamrityunjaya Temple to the Kashi Vishwanath Temple . Dhrupad Mela is a five - day musical festival devoted to dhrupad style held at Tulsi Ghat in February -- March . The Sankat Mochan Hanuman Temple celebrates Hanuman Jayanti ( March -- April ) , the birthday of Hanuman . A special puja , aarti , and a public procession is organised . Since 1923 , the temple has organised a five - day classical music and dance concert festival named Sankat Mochan Sangeet Samaroh , when iconic artists from all parts of India are invited to perform . The Ramlila of Ramnagar is a dramatic enactment of Rama 's legend , as told in Ramacharitamanasa . The plays , sponsored by Kashi Naresh , are performed in Ramnagar every evening for 31 days . On the last day , the festivities reach a crescendo as Rama vanquishes the demon king Ravana . Kashi Naresh Udit Narayan Singh started this tradition around 1830 . Krishna standing on serpent Kaliya during Nag Nathaiya festival in Varanasi Nag Nathaiya is celebrated on the fourth lunar day of the dark fortnight of the Hindu month of Kartik ( October -- November ) . It commemorates the victory of Krishna over the serpent Kaliya . On this occasion , a large Kadamba tree ( Neolamarckia cadamba ) branch is planted on the banks of the Ganges so that a boy , playing the role of Krishna , can jump into the river on to the effigy representing Kaliya . He stands over the effigy in a dancing pose playing the flute , while an audience watches from the banks of the river or from boats . Bharat Milap celebrates the meeting of Rama and his younger brother Bharata after the return of the former after 14 years of exile . It is celebrated during October -- November , a day after the festival of Vijayadashami . Kashi Naresh attends this festival in his regal attire . The festival attracts a large number of devotees . Ganga Mahotsav is a five - day music festival organised by the Uttar Pradesh Tourism Department , held in November -- December . It culminates a day before Kartik Purnima , also called the Ganges festival . On this occasion the Ganges is attended by thousands of pilgrims , release lighted lamps to float in the river from the ghats . The primary Muslim festivals celebrated annually in the city are the ld - ul - fitr ' ( Ramzan ) , Bakrid , Mid-Sha'ban , Bara Wafat and Muharram . Additional festivals include Alvida and Chehlum . A non-religious festival observed by Muslims is Ghazi - miyan - ka - byaha ( `` the marriage of Ghazi Miyan '' ) . Education Main article : Educational institutions in Varanasi Indian Institute of Technology ( BHU ) Varanasi is an Institute of National Importance in Varanasi Women 's College , Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi Bharat Kala Bhavan Museum , Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi Historically , Varanasi has been a centre for education in India , attracting students and scholars from across the country . Varanasi has an overall literacy rate of 80 % ( male literacy : 85 % , female literacy : 75 % ) . It is home to a number of colleges and universities . Most notably , it is the site of Banaras Hindu University ( BHU ) , which is one of the largest residential universities in Asia with over 20,000 students . The Indian Institute of Technology ( BHU ) Varanasi is designated an Institute of National Importance and is one of 16 Indian Institutes of Technology . Other colleges and universities in Varanasi include Jamia - e-Imania , the Institute of Integrated Management and Technology , Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith , Nav Sadhana Kala Kendra , Sampurnanand Sanskrit University , Sri Agrasen Kanya P.G. College , and Udai Pratap Autonomous College . Various engineering colleges have been established in the outskirts of the city . Varanasi is also base for 3 Kendriya Vidyalaya . Among them Kendriya Vidyalaya BHU holds the regional office of Varanasi Region of KVS and is seat of Deputy Commissioner . Kendriya Vidyalaya BHU is also accrediated by British Council . Other w KVs are Kendriya Vidyalaya 39 GTC and Kendriya Vidyalaya DLW . St. Joseph 's Convent School , in Shivpur , Varanasi , was established by the Sisters of Our Lady of Providence of France as a Catholic ( Christian ) minority institution with the approval of the Government of Uttar Pradesh . It is an autonomous organisation under the diocese of the Bishop of Varanasi . It provides education not only to the Catholic Christian children , but also to others who abide by its rules . Another important institution is the Central Hindu School in Kamachha . This was established by Annie Besant in July 1898 with the objective of imparting secular education . It is affiliated to the Central Board of Secondary Education and is open to students of all cultures . Schools in Varanasi are affiliated with the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education ( ICSE ) , the CBSE , or the Uttar Pradesh Board of Technical Education ( U.P Board ) . The overall `` state of education in Varanasi is ... not good . '' Schools in Varanasi vary widely in quality , with private schools outperforming government schools . In government schools , many teachers fail to come to class or to teach children . Some government schools lack basic equipment , such as blackboards and sufficient desks and chairs for all students . Private schools vary in quality , with the most expensive conducting lessons in English ( seen as a key to children 's success ) and having computers in classrooms . Pupils attending the more expensive private schools , tended to come from upper - class families . Lower - cost private schools attracted children from lower - income families or those lower - income families with higher education aspirations . Government schools tend to serve lower - class children with lower education aspirations . Sport Basketball , cricket , and field hockey are popular sports in Varanasi . The main stadium in the city is the Dr Sampurnanda Stadium ( Sigra Stadium ) , where first - class cricket matches are held . Local cricket matches are also played on the BHU Ground , Dr. Bheeem Rao Sports Complex . The Physical Education Faculty of Arts of BHU offers diploma courses in Sports Management , Sports Physiotherapy , Sports Psychology and Sports Journalism . Gymnastics is also popular in Varanasi , and many Indian girls practice outdoors at the ghats in the mornings which hosts akhadas , where `` morning exercise , a dip in the Ganges and a visit to Lord Hanuman '' forms a daily ritual . Despite concerns regarding water quality , two swimming clubs offer swimming lessons in the Ganges . The Varanasi District Chess Sports Association ( VDCSA ) is based in Varanasi , affiliated to the regional Uttar Pradesh Chess Sports Association ( UPCSA ) . Transport Cycle rickshaws in a busy street in Varanasi Varanasi is well - connected by air , rail and road . One of the major factors in Varanasi 's is its access to all parts of the country . Within the city mobility is provided by taxis , rickshaws , cycle rickshaws and three wheelers , but with certain restrictions in the old town area of the city . The Lal Bahadur Shastri International Airport Air transport Varanasi is served by Lal Bahadur Shastri International Airport , which is approximately 26 km ( 16 mi ) from the city centre in Babatpur . The airport inaugurated a new terminal in 2010 , and it was granted international airport status on 4 October 2012 . Air India , Buddha Air , Jet Airways , IndiGo , Thai Smile , SriLankan Airlines and SpiceJet operate flights from Varanasi to Bangkok , Colombo , Delhi , Gaya , Kathmandu , Khajuraho , Sharjah , Yangon , Mumbai , Hyderabad , Bengaluru , Goa and Kolkata . Over 1,916,454 passengers passed through the airport in 2016 - 17 , making it the 21st busiest airport in India . Varanasi Junction Railways Varanasi Junction , commonly known as Varanasi Cantt Railway Station , is the city 's largest train station . More than 360,000 passengers and 240 trains pass through each day . Manduadih railway station is also a Terminal station of Varanasi . Because of huge rush at Varanasi Junction the railway developed the station as a high facilitated terminal. Varanasi City railway station is also one of the railway stations in Varanasi district . It is 4 km North - East of Varanasi Junction railway station.It serves as Terminal station because of heavy rush at Varanasi Junction . Mughalsarai Junction railway station is also the important station in Varanasi suburban . Some of the important express trains operating from the Varanasi Junction railway station and Manduadih railway station are : Shiv Ganga Express runs between New Delhi Junction and Manduadih station while Mahamana Express runs between Varanasi junction and New Delhi Junction ; the Udhna Varanasi Express that runs between Udhna ( Surat ) junction and Varanasi , a distance of 1,398 kilometres ( 869 mi ) ; the Kashi Vishwanath Express that runs between Varanasi and New Delhi railway station ; the Kanpur Varanasi InterCity express , also called Varuna express , which runs over a distance of 355 kilometres ( 221 mi ) and connects with Lucknow ( the capital city of Uttar Pradesh ) and Varanasi ; and the Sabarmati Express which runs between Varanasi and Ahmedabad . Road in Varanasi Cantonment Roads Varanasi lies along National Highway 19 ( old number : NH 2 ) , which connects it to Kolkata , Kanpur , Agra , and Delhi . National Highway 28 connects Varanasi to the Nepal - India border . National Highway 31 connects Varanasi to Unnao . The Government is executing seven road projects connecting Varanasi , the total project cost being Rs 7,100 crore and the total length of the project being 524 km . Some of the important projects are : Six laning of Varanasi - Aurangabad NH - 2 Varanasi Bypass ( Ring Road ) Phase - I Ghagra Bridge - Varanasi NH - 233 Four laning of Varanasi - Sultanpur NH - 56 Auto rickshaws are the most widely available forms of public transport in old city . In the outer regions of the city , buses are common , and taxis are available . Varanasi Metro The Varanasi Metro is a rapid transit proposed for Varanasi . The proposed system consists of two lines , spanning from BHEL to Banaras Hindu University ( 19.35 km ) and Benia Bagh to Sarnath ( 9.885 km ) . The feasibility study of the project was done by RITES and was completed in June 2015 . Metro Rail is likely to be completed around 2020 . There will be 26 stations , including 20 underground and six elevated on the two lines , which includes total length of 29.235 km consisting of 23.467 km underground , while 5.768 km will be elevated . The total estimated completion cost for construction of Varanasi Metro is estimated to be Rs . 17,227 Crores , including taxes and duties . The project is envisaged to be undertaken as a Joint Venture ( JV ) project between the Government of India ( GoI ) and the Government of Uttar Pradesh ( GoUP ) with 50 : 50 equity partnerships . To maintain the financial viability of the project , additional grants have been proposed from the two governments in addition to their equity contribution . Twin towns -- sister cities Main article : Kyoto - Varanasi Partner City Agreement Varanasi is twinned with : Kyoto , Japan See also Bibliography of Varanasi Guptakashi List of people from Varanasi Pradosha Ramanathaswamy Temple Rameswaram Shivaratri Shivdwar Sonbhadra Uttarkashi Vibhuti Varanasi portal India portal Hinduism portal Buddhism portal Jainism portal References Citations Jump up ^ `` Urban Agglomerations / Cities having population 1 lakh and above '' ( PDF ) . Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner , India . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Uttar Pradesh District Factbook Varanasi District '' ( PDF ) . 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Varanasi City Census 2011 data '' . census2011.co.in . Retrieved 11 April 2014 . Jump up ^ The name that appears on the 1909 version official map of India ^ Jump up to : Cunningham & Sastri 2002 , pp. 131 -- 140 . 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ISBN 978 - 1 - 74179 - 151 - 8 . The Small Hands of Slavery : Bonded Child Labor in India . Human Rights Watch . 1996 . ISBN 9781564321725 . Tiwari , Reena ( 2010 ) . Space - Body - Ritual : Performativity in the City . Lexington Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7391 - 2857 - 2 . Twain , Mark ( 1897 ) . `` L '' . Following the Equator : A journey around the world . Hartford , Connecticut , American Pub. Co . ISBN 0 - 404 - 01577 - 8 . OCLC 577051 . Vera , Zak ( 2010 ) . Invisible River : Sir Richard 's Last Mission . AuthorHouse . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4389 - 0020 - 9 . Wilder - Smith , Annelies ; Shaw , Marc ; Schwartz , Eli ( 2012 ) . Travel Medicine : Tales Behind the Science . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 08 - 045359 - 0 . Sukul , Kuber Nath ( 1974 ) . Varanasi Down The Ages . Kameshwar Nath Sukul . Warikoo , K. ( 1 November 2010 ) . Religion and Security in South and Central Asia . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 89020 - 8 . Wood , Jolie M.F. ( 2011 ) . `` Contentious politics and civil society in Varanasi '' . In Ajay Gudavarthy . Re-framing Democracy and Agency at India : Interrogating Political Society . Anthem Press . ISBN 9780857283504 . Vit - Suzan , Dr Ilan ( 28 March 2014 ) . Architectural Heritage Revisited : A Holistic Engagement of its Tangible and Intangible Constituents . Ashgate Publishing , Ltd . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4724 - 2064 - 0 . Further reading Banks , Marcus ; Morphy , Howard ( 1999 ) . Rethinking Visual Anthropology . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 07854 - 1 . Kara , Siddharth ( 2010 ) . Sex Trafficking : Inside the Business of Modern Slavery . Columbia University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 13961 - 8 . Mukherjee , Neela ( 2002 ) . Alternative Perspectives on Livelihood , Agriculture and Air Pollution . Concept Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7022 - 986 - 5 . Partridge , Christopher Hugh ( 2005 ) . Introduction to World Religions . Fortress Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8006 - 3714 - 9 . Shetty , Rekha ( 1 May 2014 ) . Innovation Sutra : The Secret of Good Business and a Good Life . Penguin Books Limited . ISBN 978 - 93 - 5118 - 696 - 0 . Singh ( 2007 ) . Longman Panorama History 7 . Pearson Education India . ISBN 978 - 81 - 317 - 1175 - 0 . Trayler , Richard ( 2010 ) . Life Is Short ... Compared to Eternity . Xulon Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61215 - 343 - 8 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Varanasi Wikimedia Commons has media related to Varanasi . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Varanasi . Wikiversity has learning resources about The Varanasi Heritage Dossier Official website of Varanasi District Varanasi at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) State Government Tourism Website Places adjacent to Varanasi Jaunpur Azamgarh Ghazipur Sant Ravidas Nagar Varanasi Chandauli Chunar Mirzapur Chakia Links to related articles Hindu holy cities India Char Dham Badrinath Badrinath Temple Dwarka Dwarkadhish Temple Puri Jagannath Temple Rameswaram Ramanathaswamy Temple Chota Char Dham Badrinath Badrinath Temple Kedarnath Kedarnath Temple Gangotri Yamunotri Yamunotri Temple Panch Kedar Kedarnath Tungnath Rudranath Madhyamaheshwar Kalpeshwar Pancharama Kshetras Amararama Draksharama Ksheerarama Kumararama Somarama Six Abodes of Murugan Palani Swamimalai Thiruttani Pazhamudircholai Thiruchendur Tirupparankunram Trilinga Kshetras Draksharama Srisailam Kaleshwaram Ashtavinayaka Morgaon Moreshwar Lenyadri Girijatmaj Pali Ballaleshwar Mahad Varadvinayak Ranjangaon Mahaganapati Siddhatek Siddhivinayak Ozar Vighneswar Theur Chintamani Jyotirlinga Prabhas Patan Somnath Srisailam Mallikājuna Ujjain Mahakaleshwar Omkareshwar Kedarnath Kedarnath Shiradhon Bhimashankar Varanasi Kashi Vishvanath Trimbak Trimbakeshwar Deoghar Vaidyanath Dwarka Nageshvara Rameswaram Ramanathaswamy Ellora Caves Grishneshwar Panchabhuta Lingas Srikalahasti Temple Srikalahasti Thillai Nataraja Temple , Chidambaram Chidambaram Annamalaiyar Temple Tiruvannamalai Ekambareswarar Temple Kanchi Jambukeswarar Temple , Thiruvanaikaval Others Pushpagiri Temple Complex Shakti Peethas Ahobilam Ambaji Ambalappuzha Arunachala Annavaram Ayodhya Akshardham ( Delhi ) Akshardham ( Gandhinagar ) Basar Bhadrachalam Chidambaram Chitrakoot Chottanikkara Dakor Dharmasthala Dakshineswar Kali Temple Ettumanoor Gaya Gokul Guruvayur Haridwar Indraprastha Jageshwar Kalighat Kanchipuram Katra Vaishno Devi Khatu Kollur Kurukshetra Madurai Mangalagiri Mathura Mayapur Nashik Nathdwara Pandharpur Prayag ( Triveni Sangam ) Pushkar Rishikesh Ryali Sabarimala Sapta Puri Somnath Sringeri Shirdi Simhachalam Temple Sonamukhi Srirangam Sri Kurmam Tirumala Tirunavaya Tripunithura Udupi Jajpur Vrindavan Vijayawada Yadagirigutta Indonesia Prambanan Gebang Gedong Songo Dieng Plateau Sukuh Ceto Temple Penataran Gunung Kawi Cangkuang Penataran Temple Candi Jawi Candi Kidal Candi Singhasari Candi Surawana Balinese temple Tanah Lot Marga Tirtha Empul Temple Denpasar Gianyar Pura Penataran Sasih Pejeng Gianyar Pura Besakih Pura Ulun Danu Bratan Pura Luhur Ulu Watu Pura Ulun Danu Batur Sri Lanka Ati Konanayakar Koneswaram Pathirakali Amman Temple Kataragama Munneswaram temple Thambiluvil Sri Kannaki amman temple Thambiluvil Sri Sivalinga Pillayar Temple Thirukkovil Sithira Velayutha Swami Kovil Tenavaram temple Nepal Kathmandu Janakpurdham Chataradham Cambodia Angkor Wat Ancient Dharmic centres of higher learning Early centres of learning Taxila Nalanda Somapura Vikramashila Further centres of learning Bikrampur Vihara Jagaddala Mahavihara Kanchipuram Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics Manyakheta Nagarjunakonda Odantapuri Pandit Vihara Ratnagiri Shalban Vihara Sharada Peeth Sunethradevi Pirivena Vallabhi Varanasi Vidyalankara Pirivena Vidyodaya Pirivena Vikramashila Cities and towns in Varanasi district Varanasi Baragaon Gangapur Kandwa Kotwa Lohta Maruadih Railway Settlement Phulwaria Ramnagar Shivdaspur Varanasi Other districts Agra Aligarh Allahabad Ambedkar Nagar Amethi Amroha Auraiya Azamgarh Badaun Bagpat Bahraich Ballia Balrampur Banda Barabanki Bareilly Basti Bhimnagar Bijnor Bulandshahr Chandauli Chitrakoot Deoria Etah Etawah Faizabad Farrukhabad Fatehpur Firozabad Gautam Buddha Nagar Ghaziabad Ghazipur Gonda Gorakhpur Hamirpur Hardoi Hathras Jalaun Jaunpur Jhansi Kannauj Kanpur Dehat Kanpur Nagar Kanshi Ram Nagar Kaushambi Kushinagar Lakhimpur Kheri Lalitpur Lucknow Maharajganj Mahoba Mainpuri Mathura Mau Meerut Mirzapur Moradabad Muzaffarnagar Panchsheel Nagar Pilibhit Prabuddhanagar Pratapgarh Raebareli Rampur Saharanpur Sant Kabir Nagar Sant Ravidas Nagar Shahjahanpur Shravasti Siddharthnagar Sitapur Sonbhadra Sultanpur Unnao Varanasi division topics General Purvanchal Banaras Hindu University Varanasi Nagar Nigam Mythology , history 2006 Varanasi bombings 2010 Varanasi bombing Jaunpur Sultanate Districts Chandauli Ghazipur Jaunpur Varanasi Tehsils Kerakat Jaunpur Rivers , dams , lakes Ganges Karmanasa Gomati Languages , people Bhojpuri Hindustani Khariboli Jaunpuri Standard Hindi Urdu Transport NH 2 Grand Trunk Road NH 29 NH 68 Howrah -- Delhi main line Varanasi Junction railway station Jaunpur Junction Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport Malviya Bridge Shahi Bridge , Jaunpur Lok Sabha constituencies Chandauli Ghazipur Jaunpur Machhlishahr Varanasi Vidhan Sabha constituencies Kerakat ( Vidhan Sabha constituency ) See also Cities and towns in Chandauli district Cities and towns in Ghazipur district Cities and towns in Jaunpur district Cities and towns in Varanasi district Villages in Chandauli district Villages in Ghazipur district Villages in Jaunpur district Villages in Varanasi district People from Chandauli People from Ghazipur People from Jaunpur People from Varanasi Other Divisions Agra Aligarh Allahabad Azamgarh Bareilly Basti Chitrakoot Devipatan Faizabad Gorakhpur Jhansi Kanpur Lucknow Meerut Mirzapur Moradabad Saharanpur Million - plus agglomerations in India North Chandigarh Delhi Haryana : Faridabad Jammu and Kashmir : Srinagar Punjab : Ludhiana Amritsar Rajasthan : Jaipur Jodhpur Kota Central Chhattisgarh : Raipur Bhilai Madhya Pradesh : Indore Bhopal Jabalpur Gwalior Uttar Pradesh : Kanpur Lucknow Ghaziabad Agra Varanasi Meerut Allahabad Eastern Bihar : Patna Jharkhand : Jamshedpur Dhanbad Ranchi West Bengal : Kolkata Asansol Western Gujarat : Ahmedabad Surat Vadodara Rajkot Maharashtra : Mumbai Pune Nagpur Nashik Vasai - Virar Aurangabad Southern Andhra Pradesh : Visakhapatnam Vijayawada Karnataka : Bangalore Kerala : Kochi Kozhikode Thrissur Malappuram Thiruvananthapuram Kannur Kollam Tamil Nadu : Chennai Coimbatore Madurai Tiruchirappalli Telangana : Hyderabad State of Uttar Pradesh Capital : Lucknow Topics History Geography Government Economy Culture Achitecture Tourism Demographics Education Administration Government Legislative Assembly Chief Ministers Governors High Court Raj Bhavan Police Seal Political Party Regions Western Uttar Pradesh Eastern Uttar Pradesh Central Uttar Pradesh Divisions Agra Aligarh Allahabad Azamgarh Bareilly Basti Chitrakoot Devipatan Faizabad Gorakhpur Jhansi Kanpur Lucknow Meerut Mirzapur Moradabad Saharanpur Varanasi Districts Agra Aligarh Allahabad Ambedkar Nagar Amethi Amroha Auraiya Azamgarh Badaun Bagpat Bahraich Ballia Balrampur Banda Barabanki Bareilly Basti Bijnor Bulandshahr Chandauli Chitrakoot Devaria Etah Etawah Faizabad Farrukhabad Fatehpur Firozabad Gautam Buddha Nagar Ghaziabad Ghazipur Gonda Gorakhpur Hamirpur Hardoi Hathras Jalaun Jaunpur Jhansi Kannauj Kanpur Dehat ( Akbarpur ) Kanpur Nagar Kanshiram Nagar Kaushambi Kushinagar ( Padrauna ) Lakhimpur Kheri Lalitpur Lucknow Maharajganj Mahoba Mainpuri Mathura Mau Meerut Mirzapur Moradabad Muzaffarnagar Pilibhit Pratapgarh Raebareli Rampur Saharanpur Sambhal Sant Kabir Nagar Sant Ravidas Nagar ( Bhadohi ) Shahjahanpur Shamli Shravasti Siddharthnagar Sitapur Sonbhadra Sultanpur Unnao Varanasi Major cities Kanpur Lucknow Ghaziabad Agra Varanasi Faizabad Meerut Allahabad Bareilly Aligarh Moradabad Saharanpur Gorakhpur Noida Jhansi Mathura Villages Adhkatiya Kala Khas Aharak Ahiran , Pindra Ahirani , Pindra Airla Aitha Ajaipur Akhari Akorha Amaut Amawar Amilo , Varanasi Araji Line Babhanpura Baghirua Baliakheri Bhelupura Chadpur Dabethuwa Deorai Eshipur Harora Aht . Harora Must . Janakpatti Jayapur Kathiraon Khanzadipur Kudi Lamhi Mehdiganj Phoolpur Raghunathpur Rajpur Saifai Tisaura Vyaspur Zafarabad Portal : Uttar Pradesh Varanasi History Intentionally left blank for sometime Administrative division Divisions Varanasi division Districts Varanasi district Tehsils Pindra , Varanasi Census towns Amara Khaira Chak , Benipur , Bhagawanpur , Birbhanpur , Dindaspur , Gangapur , Harpal Pur , Kakarmatta , Kandwa , Kotwa , Lohta , Maruadih , Phulwaria , Ramnagar , Salarpur , Shivdaspur , Sir Gobardhan , Susuwahi , Suzabad , Umarha , Varanasi , Varanasi cantt . Villages Villages in Varanasi district Pindra Tehsil Adhkatiya Kala Khas Aharak Ahiran Ahirani Ajaipur Akorha Amaut Auraon Ausanpur Azoarepur Babatpur Bachaura Badhauna Baghaita Baharipur Baliakheri Basni Chadpur Dabethuwa Deorai Eshipur Gang Khurd Janakpatti Jayapur Kathiraon Khalispur Khanzadipur Kudi Lamhi Mehdiganj Murdi Phoolpur Raghunathpur Rajpur Sir Gobardhan Tisaura V Vyaspur Z Zafarabad Varanasi Tehsil Adampur Airla Aitha Akhari Amara Khaira Chak Anantpur Araji Line Babhanpura Benipur Bhagawanpur Birbhanpur Dindaspur Gangapur Harpal Pur Salarpur Susuwahi U Umarha India : Uttar Pradesh : Varanasi Languages & Dialects spoken Bengali Bhojpuri English Hindi Hindustani Urdu Political representation MP Narendra Modi ( Incumbent Prime Minister of India ) MLA Ajay Rai Jyotsana Srivastava Mahendra Singh Patel Ravindra Jaiswal Shyamdev Roy Chaudhari ( Dada ) Surendra Singh Patel Tribhuvan Ram Uday Lal Maurya Constituency Lok Sabha Varanasi Vidhan Sabha Ajagara Pindra Rohaniya Sevapuri Shivpur Varanasi Cantt . Varanasi North Varanasi South Transportation Air Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport Rail Babatpur Bhulanpur Kashi Manduadih Varanasi Junction Varanasi City Varanasi Metro Road Grand Trunk Road National Highway 28 National Highway 35 Malviya Bridge Water Varanasi Multi-Modal Terminal Education Universities Benaras Hindu University Central University for Tibetan Studies Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith Sampurnanand Sanskrit University Medical colleges Faculty of Ayurveda Institute of Medical Sciences Colleges Arya Mahila Mahavidyalaya DAV Post Graduate College Faculty of Arts Faculty of Commerce Faculty of Science Faculty of Social Sciences Harish Chandra Postgraduate College Mahila Maha Vidyalaya SMS Sri Agrasen Kanya P.G. College Subhash Chandra Mahavidyalaya Sunbeam College for Women Udai Pratap Autonomous College Vasant Kanya Mahavidyalaya Vasanta College for Women CBSE schools Central Hindu Boys School Central Hindu Girls School Delhi Public School Guru Nanak English School Raj English School Sant Atulanand Convent School UP board schools C.M. Anglo Bengali College ICSE schools St Joseph 's Convent School St. John 's School , Varanasi W.H. Smith Memorial School Places of worship Buddhist temples Sarnath Churches St. Mary 's Cathedral of Varanasi Hindu temples Aghori Baba Keenaram Sthal Bharat Mata Bharat Mata Mandir Durga or her Avatar Durga Mandir Sankata Devi Mandir Hanuman Sankat Mochan Mandir Parvati or her Avatar Annapurna Devi Mandir Lalita Gauri Mandir Vishalakshi Temple Shiva or his Avatar Kaal Bhairav Mandir Kashi Vishwanath Temple Mrityunjay Mahadev Mandir Nepali Mandir New Vishwanath Mandir ( Birla Mandir ) Shri Tilbhandeshwar Mahadev Mandir Others Tulsi Manas Mandir Mosques Gyanvapi Mosque Ravidasis Shri Guru Ravidass Janam Asthan Ghats Assi Ghat Dashashwamedh Ghat Ganga Mahal Ghat ( I ) Lalita Ghat Manikarnika Ghat Munshi Ghat Sant Ravidas Ghat Scindia Ghat Tulsi Ghat Point of interest Ashoka Stambh Bharat Kala Bhawan Bharat Mata Mandir Ganges Ghats Jantar Mantar Ramnagar Fort Hospitals Sir Sunderlal Hospital Hinduism Aum Chakra Dharma Gurus and saints Karma Mantra Moksha Yoga Worship Portal Shaivism History History of Shaivism Deities Shiva Sadyojata Vamadeva Aghora Tatpurusha Ishana Nataraja Dakshinamurthy Harihara Shakti Ardhanarishvara Parvati Ganesha Kartikeya Nandi Texts Shvetashvatara Upanishad Shivarahasya Purana Shiva Purana Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta Mantra / Stotra Om Namah Shivaya Rudrashtakam Mahamrityunjaya Mantra Shiva Tandava Stotram Shiva Sahasranama Shiv Chalisa Shri Rudram Chamakam Shiva mahimna stotram Philosophical Traditions Shaiva Siddhanta Pashupata Shaivism Kashmir Shaivism Veera Shaivism Siddha Siddhanta Shiva Advaita Shaiva Smartas Jyotirlingas Bhimāśankara Ghuṣmeśvara Kedāranātha Viśveśvara Mallikārjuna Mahākāleśvara Nāgeśvara Omkāreśvara Rāmeśvara Somanātha Tryambakeśvara Vaidyanātha Pancha Bhoota Stalam Chidambaram Temple ( Ether ) Sri Kalahasti Temple ( Air ) Annamalaiyar Temple ( Fire ) Thiruvanaikaval Temple ( Water ) Ekambareswarar Temple ( Earth ) Temples Amarnath Brihadeeswarar Kailash Mansarovar Katasraj temple Lingaraj Temple Meenakshi Tirunelveli Panch Kedar Kedarnath Tungnath Rudranath Madhyamaheshwar Kalpeshwar Pancha Sabhai Ratna Sabai Pon Sabai Velli Sabai Thamira Sabai Chitira Sabai Tiruchengode Thirukutralam Vadakkum Nathan List of Shiva temples in India Traditional Observances Kanwar Yatra Lingam Rasalingam Maha Shivaratri Pradosha Shiva Puja Siddha Vibhuti Other names Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Varanasi&oldid=824530006 '' Categories : Varanasi Ancient Indian cities Census towns in Uttar Pradesh Census towns in Uttar Pradesh by district Census towns in Varanasi district Villages in Varanasi district Cities and towns in Varanasi district Hindu holy cities Holy cities Populated places established in the 2nd millennium BC Former capital cities in India Cities in Uttar Pradesh Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unfit url CS1 maint : Unrecognized language Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from June 2016 Use Indian English from June 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Coordinates on Wikidata Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Pages containing citation needed template with deprecated parameters Articles containing Sanskrit - language text Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from July 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2016 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2016 Articles with Curlie links Good articles Articles including recorded pronunciations Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikiquote Wikivoyage Languages Afrikaans Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская भोजपुरी Български Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Scots Shqip Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Twi Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語中文 डोटेली Edit links This page was last edited on 7 February 2018 , at 22 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	varanasi is the oldest city in the world	[]	[]
-8619336917261348291	Socialist fraternal kiss	Socialist fraternal kiss - wikipedia Socialist fraternal kiss Graffiti painting from 1990 on the Berlin Wall called `` My God , Help Me to Survive This Deadly Love '' The socialist fraternal kiss or socialist fraternal embrace is a special form of greeting between the statesmen of Communist countries . This act demonstrates the special connection that exists between Socialist states . The socialist fraternal kiss consisted of an embrace , combined with a series of three kisses on alternate cheeks . In rare cases , when the two leaders considered themselves exceptionally close , the kisses were given on the mouth rather than on the cheeks . The socialist fraternal embrace consists of a series of three deep hugs , alternating between the left and right sides of the body , without kissing . This modified greeting was adopted by Communist leaders in Asia , which lacks a tradition of cheek kissing as greeting . During the Cold War , Communist leaders in Asia consented to receive kisses from Europeans and Cubans , but they themselves omitted the kiss . Since the end of Communism in eastern Europe , the socialist fraternal kiss has died out . However , the socialist fraternal embrace continues to be exchanged between Communist leaders in Asia . In addition , Cuba has also adopted the Asian form of the ritual . Contents 1 History 2 Kremlinology 3 Cheek kissing 4 In popular culture 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) This ritual originated in the European practice of cheek kissing as a greeting between family members or close friends . It has also been associated with the Eastern Orthodox Fraternal - or Easter Kiss , which through its entrenchment in the rites of the Orthodox Church carried a substantial strength of expression and so found use in daily life . As a symbol of equality , fraternity and solidarity , the socialist fraternal kiss was the expression of the pathos and enthusiasm of the emergent Workers ' movement between the middle and end of the 19th century . In the years after the October Revolution and the subsequent Communist International , a ritualisation of the so far spontaneous gesture succeeded into an official greeting between Communist comrades . The symbolic reinforcement of the feeling of camaraderie also gained success through the fact that many Communists and Socialists had to make long , arduous and dangerous trips to then the isolated Bolshevik Russia . That way the much - experienced international Solidarity found expression in stormy embraces and kisses . With the expansion of Communism after World War II , the Soviet Union was no longer isolated as the only Communist country . The fraternal socialist kiss became a ritualised greeting among the leaders of Communist countries . The greeting was also adopted by socialist leaders in the Third World , as well as the leaders of socialist - aligned liberation movements such as the Palestinian Liberation Organization and the African National Congress . Kremlinology ( edit ) Some Kremlinologists studying the USSR paid close attention to whether the fraternal embrace was exchanged between Communist leaders . The omission of the customary embrace is taken to indicate a lower level of relations between the two countries . For example , after the Sino - Soviet split , the Chinese refused to embrace their Soviet counterparts or to address them as `` comrade . '' Even with the normalization of relations in 1989 , the Chinese continued to omit the fraternal embrace when greeting Soviet leaders , even as they exchanged the fraternal embrace with leaders from other Communist countries . This was done to emphasize that Sino - Soviet relations were not returning to the level that they were in the 1950s , prior to the split ; Chinese protocol specifically insisted on `` handshake , no embrace . '' Because of its symbolic significance , Communist leaders will often exchange the fraternal embrace even if serious disagreements exist , to avoid giving the public impression that relations are strained . For example , although China and Vietnam dispute the ownership of the Spratly Islands , Chinese and Vietnamese leaders continue to exchange the socialist fraternal embrace . Cheek kissing ( edit ) The socialist fraternal kiss should not be confused with ordinary cheek kissing between world leaders . For example , it is traditional for the President of France to greet world leaders by kissing them on both cheeks . This is not a socialist fraternal kiss because there are only two kisses , and it carries no ideological meaning . It is practiced by Gaullist presidents as well as Socialist presidents . In popular culture ( edit ) The fraternal kiss became famous via Erich Honecker and Leonid Brezhnev , who were photographed exercising the ritual . The photograph became widespread and it was subsequently transformed into a graffiti painting on the Berlin Wall named My God , Help Me to Survive This Deadly Love . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Photos : A History of Lip - Locking in Russia , Home of the `` Socialist Fraternal Kiss '' `` . Vocativ. 20 August 2013 . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Smale , Alison ( 25 May 1987 ) . `` Romania Cool Toward Gorbachev 's First Visit '' . Associated Press . Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev and President Nicolae Ceausescu , who has openly attacked recent Kremlin reforms , greeted each other warmly today as Gorbachev began his first visit to this maverick East bloc nation . The two leaders embraced and kissed each other three times on both cheeks . ^ Jump up to : Belton , Padraig ; Citron , Lana ( 11 February 2016 ) . `` The Politics of the Kiss '' . New Statesman . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chinese Premier Li Keqiang begins Vietnam visit . Reuters. 13 October 2013 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Chinese President Xi Jinping awarded Cuba 's Jose Marti Medal '' . CCTV.com English . Xinhua. 23 July 2014 . Chinese President Xi Jinping ( L ) hugs Cuban President Raul Castro after being awarded Cuba 's Jose Marti Medal in Havana , capital of Cuba , July 22 , 2014 . ( Xinhua / Ma Zhancheng ) Jump up ^ `` Castro brothers ' China complex '' . ChinaDaily.com.cn . Sina.com. 23 July 2014 . Fidel Castro and then Chinese Premier Zhu Rongji hug each other on Castro 's second visit to China on Feb 27 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Russian President Podgorny Greeted by President Kaunda . AP Archive. 27 March 1977 . Jump up ^ Venezuelan president Hugo Chavez meets Chinese President Jiang Zemin . AP Archive. 24 May 2001 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Forrest ( 5 October 1989 ) . `` Yasser Arafat & Deng Xiaoping '' . Getty Images . Chmn . Deng Xiaoping , ( L ) , embracing PLO Chmn . Yasser Arafat , during mtg. in Beijing , China . Jump up ^ Nelson , Mike ( 18 May 1990 ) . `` Muammar Gaddafi '' . Getty Images . South African anti-apartheid leader and African National Congress ( ANC ) member Nelson Mandela ( l ) and Libyan leader Moamer Kadhafi hug each other 18 May 1990 upon Mandela arrival to Tripoli . Jump up ^ Biers , Dan ( 15 May 1989 ) . `` Summit Stumper : Will Deng Hug Gorbachev ? '' . Associated Press . Will they or wo n't they ? The big question when the tightly orchestrated Soviet - Chinese summit between Mikhail S. Gorbachev and Deng Xiaoping begins is whether the leaders will embrace to symbolically end 30 years of strained relations . Jump up ^ Biers , Dan ( 15 May 1989 ) . `` Summit Stumper : Will Deng Hug Gorbachev ? '' . Associated Press . When Soviet Foreign Minister Eduard Shevardnadze visited Deng in Shanghai last February he received a warm and lengthy handshake , but no hug . Schevardnadze referred to the Chinese leader as `` comrade , '' but the socialist honorific was not returned . Jump up ^ National Technical Information Service ( 1989 ) . `` Daily Report : People 's Republic of China '' . United States Foreign Broadcast Information Service ( 20 - 29 ) . But the Chinese leader did not embrace Mr. Shevardnadze , as he usually does with visiting personalities from communist nations . Jump up ^ Radchenko , Sergey ( 2014 ) . Unwanted visionaries : the Soviet failure in Asia at the end of the Cold War . New York , NY : Oxford University Press . p. 166 . ISBN 9780199938773 . The main question of protocol , mulled over by the media , was whether Deng would bear - hug Gorbachev or offer him a handshake . This came under careful scrutiny of policy makers at the highest level . `` Embracing might shock the world , '' Deng said with an eye to the West 's reaction . Therefore , the Chinese protocol specifically provided for `` handshake , no embrace '' to highlight the new character of Sino - Soviet relations . Jump up ^ Arrivée en France du président Hu Jintao on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Sarkozy and Merkel inject new life into alliance '' . RFI English . Reuters. 4 February 2010 . French President Nicolas Sarkozy and German Chancellor Angela Merkel kissing at the Elysee Palace in Paris on 4 February External links ( edit ) Schimmel , Claudia , Der ‚ sozialistische Bruderkuß ' ( The ‚ Socialist Fraternal Kiss ' ) ( PDF , 128 kB ) ( in German ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Socialist_fraternal_kiss&oldid=845874142 '' Categories : Eastern Bloc Socialism Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Français Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Nederlands Norsk Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 14 June 2018 , at 18 : 50 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who are the two politicians kissing on the berlin wall	[]	[]
-4844970107690154228	Chengyang Bridge	Chengyang bridge - wikipedia Chengyang bridge Chengyang Yongji Bridge 程陽永濟橋 Chengyang Wind - Rain Bridge in 2003 Coordinates 25 ° 54 ′ 02 '' N 109 ° 38 ′ 16 '' E / 25.9006 ° N 109.6378 ° E / 25.9006 ; 109.6378 Coordinates : 25 ° 54 ′ 02 '' N 109 ° 38 ′ 16 '' E / 25.9006 ° N 109.6378 ° E / 25.9006 ; 109.6378 Locale Sanjiang County , Guangxi , China Characteristics Design Covered bridge Total length 64.4 m ( 211 ft ) Height 10 m ( 33 ft ) No. of spans History Construction end 1912 Opened 1912 The Yongji Bridge of Chengyang ( simplified Chinese : 程阳永济桥 ; traditional Chinese : 程陽永濟橋 ; pinyin : Chéngyáng Yǒngjì Qiáo ) , also called the Chengyang Wind and Rain Bridge ( simplified Chinese : 程阳风雨桥 ; traditional Chinese : 程陽風雨橋 ; pinyin : Chéngyáng Fēngyǔ Qiáo ) , is a bridge in Sanjiang County , of Guangxi , China . Chengyang Bridge is a special covered bridge or lángqiáo , and one of several Fengyu bridges in the local Dong Minority region . It was completed in 1912 . It is also called the Panlong Bridge ( simplified Chinese : 盘龙桥 ; traditional Chinese : 盤龍橋 ; pinyin : Pánlóng Qiáo ) . Contents 1 Properties 2 In popular culture 3 See also 4 References Properties ( edit ) The bridge is a combination of bridge , corridor , veranda and Chinese pavilion . It has two platforms ( one at each end of the bridge ) , 3 piers , 3 spans , 5 pavilions , 19 verandas , and three floors . The piers are made of stone , the upper structures are mainly wooden , and the roof is covered with tiles . The bridge has wooden handrails on both sides . The bridge has a total length of 64.4 metres ( 211 ft ) , and its corridor has a width of 3.4 metres ( 11 ft ) . The net height above the river is about 10 metres ( 33 ft ) . The bridge is located in Chengyang , and serves as the link between two populous villages . Guo Moruo , a famous Chinese author , loved the bridge at first sight and wrote a poem for it . `` 程陽橋 '' , written by Guo Moruo west of the bridge south of the bridge In popular culture ( edit ) The bridge is a distinctive landmark in World of Tanks map Pearl River . See also ( edit ) Xijin Bridge , another large covered bridge in Zhejiang , China . References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chengyang Yongji Bridge . ^ Jump up to : `` 程阳桥 ( Chengyang Bridge ) '' ( in Chinese ) . Tuniu. 2006 - 04 - 23 . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` People celebrate 100th anniversary of bridge completion in SW China '' . Global Times . 2012 - 12 - 02 . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` 广西三江程阳风雨桥 ( Guangxi Sanjiang Chengyang Wind - Rain Bridge ) '' ( in Chinese ) . 中国网 ( China.com.cn ) . 2002 - 05 - 21 . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Coordinates : 25 ° 54 ′ 02 '' N 109 ° 38 ′ 16 '' E / 25.90056 ° N 109.63778 ° E / 25.90056 ; 109.63778 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chengyang_Bridge&oldid=811176366 '' Categories : Bridges in Guangxi Covered bridges in China Chinese architectural history Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Guangxi 1912 establishments in China Kam people Hidden categories : CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing simplified Chinese - language text Articles containing traditional Chinese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Deutsch Esperanto Euskara Français עברית Қазақша Norsk Русский Türkçe اردو 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 November 2017 , at 00 : 23 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what type of bridge is the chengyang bridge	[ "Chengyang Yongji Bridge程陽永濟橋\nChengyang Wind-Rain Bridge in 2003Coordinates\n 25°54′02″N 109°38′16″E / 25.9006°N 109.6378°E / 25.9006; 109.6378Coordinates: 25°54′02″N 109°38′16″E / 25.9006°N 109.6378°E / 25.9006; 109.6378 Locale\nSanjiang County, Guangxi, ChinaCharacteristicsDesign\nCovered bridgeTotal length\n64.4 m (211 ft)Height\n10 m (33 ft)No. of spans\n3HistoryConstruction end\n1912Opened\n1912" ]	[ "Covered bridge" ]
8156951848596424299	Islam by country	Islam by country - wikipedia Islam by country Jump to : navigation , search World Muslim population by percentage Part of a series on Islam Beliefs Oneness of God Prophets Revealed books Angels Predestination Day of Resurrection Practices Profession of faith Prayer Fasting Alms - giving Pilgrimage Texts and laws Quran Sunnah Hadith Sharia ( law ) Fiqh ( jurisprudence ) Kalam ( dialectic ) History Timeline Muhammad Ahl al - Bayt Sahabah Rashidun Imamah ( Shia doctrine ) Caliphate Spread of Islam Culture and society Calendar Festivals Academics Art Moral teachings Children Denominations Feminism Women Madrasa Mosque Philosophy Politics Proselytizing Animals LGBT Science Demographics Economics Finance Social welfare Related topics Criticism of Islam Islam and other religions Islamism Islamophobia Glossary Islam portal Adherents of Islam constitute the world 's second largest religious group . According to a study in 2015 , Islam has 1.8 billion adherents , making up about 24 % of the world population . Most Muslims are either of two denominations : Sunni ( 80 - 90 % , roughly 1.5 billion people ) or Shia ( 10 -- 20 % , roughly 170 - 340 million people ) . Islam is the dominant religion in the Central Asia , Indonesia , Middle East , South Asia , North Africa , the Sahel and some other parts of Asia . Around 31 % of all Muslims are of South Asian origin ( Pakistan , Bangladesh , Afghanistan and India combined ) . The Indian subcontinent as a whole , therefore , hosts the largest population of Muslims in the world . Within this region , however , Muslims are second in numbers to Hindus , as Muslims are a majority in Pakistan and Bangladesh , but not India . The country with the single largest population of Muslims is Indonesia in Southeast Asia , which on its own hosts 13 % of the world 's Muslims . Together , the Muslims in the countries of the Malay Archipelago ( which includes Brunei , Singapore , Malaysia , Indonesia , the Philippines and East Timor ) constitute the world 's second or third largest population of Muslims . Here Muslims are majorities in each country other than Singapore , the Philippines , and East Timor . The various Hamito - Semitic ( including Arab , Berber ) , Turkic , and Iranic countries of the greater Middle East - North Africa ( MENA ) region , where Islam is the dominant religion in all countries other than Israel , hosts 23 % of world Muslims . About 15 % of Muslims reside in Sub-Saharan Africa , and sizable Muslim communities are also found in the Americas , Caucasus , China , Europe , Horn of Africa , Mainland Southeast Asia , Philippines , Russia and Swahili coast . Western Europe hosts large Muslim immigrant communities where Islam is the second largest religion after Christianity , where it represents 6 % of the total population or 24 million people . Converts and immigrant communities are found in almost every part of the world . Contents 1 Denominations 2 Countries 2.1 Table 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Denominations ( edit ) Organisation of Islamic Cooperation Economy GDP ( PPP ) GDP ( PPP ) per capita Exports Imports Education Member states By population Largest cities Parliamentary Union Main articles : Islamic denominations and History of Islam Historically , Islam was divided into two major religious denominations : Sunni and Shi'a . Of the total Muslim population , 87 - 90 % are Sunni and 10 - 13 % are Shi'a . Most Shi'as ( between 68 % and 80 % ) live in mainly four countries : Iran , Azerbaijan , Bahrain and Iraq . Today , many of the Shia sects are extinct . The major surviving Imamah - Muslim Sects are Usulism ( with nearly more than 10 % ) , Nizari Ismailism ( with nearly more than 1 % ) and Alevism ( with slightly more than 0.5 % but less than 1 % ) . The other existing groups include Zaydi Shi'a of Yemen whose population is nearly more than 0.5 % of the world 's Muslim population , Musta'li Ismaili ( with nearly 0.1 % whose Taiyabi adherents reside in Sindh and Gujarat in South Asia . There are also significant diaspora populations in Europe , North America , the Far East and East Africa ) , and Ibadis from the Kharijites whose population has diminished to a level below 0.15 % . On the other hand , new Muslim sects like the Nation of Islam , Ahmadi Muslims ( with nearly around 1 % ) , non-denominational Muslims , Quranist Muslims and Wahhabis ( with nearly around 1 - 2 % of the world 's total Muslim population ) were later independently developed . According to the Pew Research Center in 2010 , there were 50 Muslim - majority countries . Around 62 % of the world 's Muslims live in the Asia - Pacific region ( from Turkey to Indonesia ) , with over 1 billion adherents . The largest Muslim population in a country is in Indonesia , a nation home to 12.7 % of the world 's Muslims , followed by Pakistan ( 11.0 % ) , and India ( 10.9 % ) . About 20 % of Muslims live in Arab countries . In the Middle East , the non-Arab countries of Turkey and Iran are the largest Muslim - majority countries ; in Africa , Egypt and Nigeria have the most populous Muslim communities . The study found more Muslims in the United Kingdom than in Lebanon and more in China than in Syria . Countries ( edit ) Most of the percentages of Muslim populations of each country , if not stated otherwise , were taken from the study by the Pew Research Center report of The Future of the Global Muslim Population , as of 27 January 2011 . Other studies show variance with Pew figures . The percentage of Muslims in Egypt is given as 93.7 % . However , the figure for Christians in Egypt is usually estimated at 12 - 15 % , but in truth nobody knows since there has been no religious census . Likewise the percentage of Christians in Jordan is usually estimated to be 6 - 7 % . Table ( edit ) Country / Region Muslims Muslim percentage ( % ) of total population Percentage ( % ) of World Muslim population Afghanistan 29,047,100 99.8 1.8 Albania 1,587,608 56.7 0.1 Algeria 40,400,000 98.2 -- 99 2.7 American Samoa < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 Andorra < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 Angola 90,000 1.0 < 0.1 Anguilla < 1,000 0.3 < 0.1 Antigua and Barbuda < 1,000 0.6 < 0.1 Argentina 784,000 2.5 < 0.1 Armenia < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 Aruba < 1,000 0.4 < 0.1 Australia 604,000 2.6 < 0.1 Austria 700,000 8 < 0.1 Azerbaijan 9,872,765 96.9 0.5 Bahamas < 1,000 0.1 < 0.1 Bahrain 866,888 70.2 < 0.1 Bangladesh 148,607,000 90.4 9.2 Barbados 2,000 0.9 < 0.1 Belarus 19,000 0.2 < 0.1 Belgium 658,463 5.9 < 0.1 Belize < 1,000 0.1 < 0.1 Benin 2,710,000 24.5 0.1 Bermuda < 1,000 0.8 < 0.1 Bhutan ≤ 2,000 0.2 < 0.1 Bolivia 2,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 Bosnia - Herzegovina 1,790,454 50.7 0.1 Botswana 8,000 0.4 < 0.1 Brazil 204,000 0.1 < 0.1 British Virgin Islands < 1,000 < 0.1 Brunei 295,000 67 < 0.1 Bulgaria 577,000 7.8 < 0.1 Burkina Faso 11,270,000 60.5 0.6 Burma ( Myanmar ) 2,237,495 2.3 0.1 Burundi 277,480 2.5 < 0.1 Cambodia 303,187 1.9 < 0.1 Cameroon 4,940,000 20.9 0.2 Canada 1,053,945 3.2 0.1 Cape Verde 10,000 < 0.1 Cayman Islands < 1,000 0.2 < 0.1 Central African Republic 403,000 15 < 0.1 Chad 7,827,653 58 0.4 Chile 2,894 0.03 ( over 15 + pop . ) < 0.1 China 22,000,000 - 50,000,000 1.8 1.4 Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands < 1,000 80 < 0.1 Colombia 40,000 to 80,000 0.2 < 0.1 The Comoros 785,000 98.3 < 0.1 Congo 3,648,267 5 0.1 Cook Islands < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 Costa Rica < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 Croatia 60,000 1.4 < 0.1 Cuba 10,000 0.1 < 0.1 Cyprus 273,000 22.7 < 0.1 Czech Republic 10,500 0.1 < 0.1 Denmark 230,000 4.1 < 0.1 Djibouti 853,000 97.0 0.1 Dominica < 1,000 0.2 < 0.1 Dominican Republic 2,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 Ecuador 145 < 0.1 < 0.1 Egypt 73,800,000 90 4.9 El Salvador 2,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 Equatorial Guinea 28,000 4.1 < 0.1 Eritrea 1,909,000 36.6 - 48 / 50 0.1 Estonia 1,508 < 0.1 < 0.1 Ethiopia 25,037,646 34 1.8 Faroe Islands < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 Falkland Islands < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 Federated States of Micronesia < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 Fiji 54,000 6.3 < 0.1 Finland 42,000 0.8 < 0.1 France 5,020,000 7.5 0.3 French Guiana 2,000 0.9 < 0.1 French Polynesia < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 Gabon 145,000 9.7 < 0.1 Gambia 1,669,000 95.3 0.1 Georgia 442,000 10.5 < 0.1 Germany 3,551,802 - 4,700,000 4.4 - 5.8 0.2 Ghana 4,914,000 18 0.2 Gibraltar 1,000 4.0 < 0.1 Greece 610,000 5.3 < 0.1 Greenland < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 Grenada < 1,000 0.3 < 0.1 Guadeloupe 2,000 0.4 < 0.1 Guam < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 Guatemala 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 Guinea 8,693,000 84.2 0.5 Guinea Bissau 705,000 45 < 0.1 Guyana 55,000 7.2 < 0.1 Haiti 2,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 Honduras 11,000 0.1 < 0.1 Hong Kong 220,000 3.1 < 0.1 Hungary 5,579 0.3 < 0.1 Iceland 770 0.2 < 0.1 India 180,000,000 14.2 9.6 Indonesia 225,000,000 87.2 12.7 Iran 74,819,000 99.7 4.6 Iraq 31,108,000 99 1.9 Ireland 70,158 1.3 < 0.1 Isle of Man < 1,000 0.2 < 0.1 Israel 1,287,000 17.7 0.1 Italy 2,220,000 3.7 0.1 Ivory Coast 7,960,000 40 0.5 Jamaica 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 Japan 185,000 0.1 < 0.1 Jordan 6,397,000 93.8 0.4 Kazakhstan 11,200,000 70.2 ( official census ) 0.5 Kenya 2,868,000 10 0.2 Kiribati < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 Kosovo 1,584,000 95.6 0.1 Kuwait 2,636,000 74.1 0.2 Kyrgyzstan 4,927,000 88.8 0.3 Laos 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 Latvia 2,000 0.1 < 0.1 Lebanon 2,542,000 59.7 0.2 Lesotho 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 Liberia 523,000 12.8 < 0.1 Libya 6,325,000 96.6 0.4 Liechtenstein 2,000 4.8 < 0.1 Lithuania 3,000 0.1 < 0.1 Luxembourg 11,000 2.3 < 0.1 Macau < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 Macedonia 500,000 33.3 < 0.1 Madagascar 220,000 7 < 0.1 Malawi 2,011,000 12.8 0.1 Malaysia 19,500,000 61.4 1.1 Maldives 309,000 100 < 0.1 Mali 15,667,704 95 0.8 Malta 1,000 0.2 < 0.1 Marshall Islands < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 Martinique < 1,000 0.2 < 0.1 Mauritania 4,171,633 100 0.2 Mauritius 230,118 17.3 < 0.1 Mayotte 197,000 98.8 < 0.1 Mexico 3,700 - 111,000 0.1 < 0.1 Moldova 15,000 0.4 < 0.1 Monaco < 1,000 0.5 < 0.1 Mongolia 200,000 6 < 0.1 Montenegro 118,477 19.11 < 0.1 Montserrat < 1,000 0.1 < 0.1 Morocco 32,381,000 99 2.0 Mozambique 5,340,000 22.8 0.3 Namibia 9,000 0.4 < 0.1 Nauru < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 Nepal 1,253,000 4.2 0.1 Netherlands 825,000 / 1,000,000 5 - 6 0.1 Netherlands Antilles < 1,000 0.2 < 0.1 New Caledonia 7,000 2.8 < 0.1 New Zealand 41,000 0.9 < 0.1 Nicaragua 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 Niger 19,502,214 98.3 1.0 Nigeria 93,839,000 41 - 50 4.7 Niue < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 North Korea 3,000 0.1 < 0.1 Northern Mariana Islands < 1,000 0.7 < 0.1 Norway 121,098 2.3 ( official census via CIA , of July 2016 ) . < 0.1 Oman 2,427,000 85.9 0.2 Pakistan 200,294,136 96.4 11.0 Palau < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 Palestinian Territories 4,298,000 97.5 0.3 Panama 25,000 0.7 < 0.1 Papua New Guinea 2,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 Paraguay 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 Peru < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 Philippines 5,000,000 - 10,700,000 5 - 11 0.3 - 0.6 Poland 20,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 Portugal 65,000 0.6 < 0.1 Puerto Rico 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 Qatar 1,168,000 77.5 0.1 Republic of Congo 77,736 1.6 < 0.1 Reunion 35,000 4.2 < 0.1 Romania 73,000 0.3 < 0.1 Russia 9,400,000 - 20,000,000 6.5 - 15 1.0 Rwanda 589,429 4.8 < 0.1 St. Helena < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 St. Kitts and Nevis < 1,000 0.3 < 0.1 St. Lucia < 1,000 0.1 < 0.1 St. Pierre and Miquelon < 1,000 0.2 < 0.1 St. Vincent and the Grenadines 2,000 1.7 < 0.1 Samoa < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 San Marino < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 São Tomé and Príncipe < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 Saudi Arabia 25,493,000 97.1 1.6 Senegal 14,584,931 95.9 0.8 Serbia 221,460 3.1 < 0.1 Seychelles < 1,000 1.1 < 0.1 Sierra Leone 4,171,000 71.5 0.3 Singapore 721,000 14.7 < 0.1 Slovakia 10,866 0.2 < 0.1 Slovenia 73,568 3.6 < 0.1 Solomon Islands < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 Somalia 9,231,000 98.9 0.6 South Africa 654,064 1.5 < 0.1 South Korea 35,000 0.1 < 0.1 South Sudan 610,000 6.2 < 0.1 Spain 1,887,906 4.1 0.1 Sri Lanka 1,967,227 9.71 0.1 Sudan 39,027,950 97.0 1.9 Suriname 84,000 19.6 < 0.1 Swaziland 129,230 10 < 0.1 Sweden 450,000 - 500,000 5 < 0.1 Switzerland 400,000 5 < 0.1 Syria 17,376,000 82.9 1.0 Taiwan 60,000 0.3 < 0.1 Tajikistan 6,506,000 96.7 0.4 Tanzania 19,426,814 35 0.8 Thailand 3,952,000 5.8 0.2 Timor - Leste 1,000 0.1 < 0.1 Togo 827,000 20 0.1 Tokelau < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 Tonga < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 Trinidad and Tobago 78,000 5.8 < 0.1 Tunisia 11,190,000 99.8 0.6 Turkey 74,660,000 98.6 4.6 Turkmenistan 4,830,000 93.3 0.3 Turks and Caicos Islands < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 Tuvalu < 1,000 0.1 < 0.1 Uganda 5,030,000 12.0 0.3 Ukraine 393,000 0.9 < 0.1 United Arab Emirates 3,262,000 67 0.2 United Kingdom 3,106,368 4.8 0.2 United States 2,595,000 0.8 - 0.9 0.2 U.S. Virgin Islands < 1,000 0.1 < 0.1 Uruguay < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 Uzbekistan 26,833,000 96.5 1.7 Vanuatu < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 Vatican City 0 0 0 Venezuela 95,000 0.3 < 0.1 Vietnam 71,200 0.2 < 0.1 Wallis and Futuna < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 Western Sahara 528,000 99.6 < 0.1 Yemen 24,023,000 99.0 1.5 Zambia 140,000 < 0.1 Zimbabwe 488,656 < 0.1 Zh ! Central Asia 54,000,000 81 3.0 Zi ! South Asia 600,000,000 31.4 30.6 Zj ! Southeast - East Asia 257,000,000 12.0 15.0 Zk ! Middle East - North Africa ( MENA ) 315,322,000 91.2 22.9 Zl ! Sub-Saharan Africa 242,544,000 29.6 15.0 Zm ! Europe 44,138,000 6.0 2.7 Zn ! Americas 5,256,000 0.6 0.3 Zo ! World Total 1,800,000,000 24.1 100.0 See also ( edit ) Islam by country Africa Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Ivory Coast Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Western Sahara Zambia Zimbabwe Asia Afghanistan Armenia Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Burma Cambodia Central Asia China Hong Kong Macau Tibet East Timor Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Korea Kyrgyzstan Kuwait Laos Lebanon Maldives Malaysia Mongolia Nepal Oman Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore South Asia Southeast Asia Sri Lanka Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Thailand Turkmenistan UAE Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen Europe Albania Andorra Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Macedonia Luxembourg Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales USSR The Americas Antigua & Barbuda Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador French Guiana Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru St. Kitts & Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent & the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad & Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Oceania Australia Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru New Caledonia New Zealand Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Islam portal Islam : Muslim world Muslim population growth Shia Muslims in the Arab world Ahmadiyya by country Other religions by country : Buddhism Christianity Hinduism Judaism Sikhism General List of religious populations References ( edit ) ^ `` Why Muslims are the world 's fastest - growing religious group '' . Pew Research Centre . April 2017 . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . `` Shi - ite '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Retrieved 26 August 2010 . They numbered about 900 million in the late 20th century and constituted nine - tenths of all the adherents of Islām . Islamic Beliefs , Practices , and Cultures . Marshall Cavendish. 2010 . p. 352 . ISBN 0 - 7614 - 7926 - 0 . Retrieved 19 December 2011 . Within the Muslim community , the percentage of Sunnis is generally thought to be between 70 and 80 percent , with the Shia accounting for 10 to 20 percent , although most sources estimate their numbers at 20 percent . A common compromise figure ranks Sunnis at 70 % and Shias at 20 % percent . `` Mapping the Global Muslim Population : A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World 's Muslim Population '' . Pew Research Center . 7 October 2009 . Retrieved 24 September 2013 . Of the total Muslim population , 10 - 20 % are Shia Muslims and 70 - 80 % are Sunni Muslims . `` Quick guide : Sunnis and Shias '' . BBC News . 6 December 2011 . Retrieved 18 December 2011 . The great majority of Muslims are Sunnis - estimates suggest the figure is somewhere between 69 % and 89 % . Sunni Islam : Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide `` Sunni Islam is the dominant division of the global Muslim community , and throughout history it has made up a substantial majority ( 70 to 80percent ) of that community . '' `` Sunni and Shia Islam '' . Library of Congress Country Studies . Retrieved 17 December 2011 . Sunni constitute 85 percent of the world 's Muslims . `` Sunni '' . Berkley Center for Religion , Peace , and World Affairs . Retrieved 20 December 2012 . Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam , comprising about 85 % of the world 's over 1.5 billion Muslims . `` Tension between Sunnis , Shiites emerging in USA '' . USA Today . 24 September 2007 . Retrieved 24 September 2013 . Among the world 's estimated 1.4 billion Muslims , about 85 % are Sunni and about 15 % are Shiite . Inside Muslim minds `` around 80 % are Sunni '' Who Gets To Narrate the World `` The Sunnis ( approximately 80 % ) '' A world theology N. Ross Reat `` 80 % being the Sunni '' Islam and the Kadiyani jama'at `` The Sunni segment , accounting for at least 80 % of the worlds Muslim population '' Eastern Europe Russia and Central Asia `` some 80 % of the worlds Muslims are Sunni '' A dictionary of modern politics `` probably 80 % of the worlds Muslims are Sunni '' `` Religions '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Sunni Islam accounts for over 75 % of the world 's Muslim population ... ^ See `` Shīʿite '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Shīʿites have come to account for roughly one - tenth of the Muslim population worldwide . `` Mapping the Global Muslim Population : A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World 's Muslim Population '' . Pew Research Center . 7 October 2009 . Retrieved 24 September 2013 . The Pew Forum 's estimate of the Shia population ( 10 - 13 % ) is in keeping with previous estimates , which generally have been in the range of 10 - 15 % . Some previous estimates , however , have placed the number of Shias at nearly 20 % of the world 's Muslim population . `` Shia '' . Berkley Center for Religion , Peace , and World Affairs . Retrieved 5 December 2011 . Shi'a Islam is the second largest branch of the tradition , with up to 200 million followers who comprise around 15 % of all Muslims worldwide ... `` Religions '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Shia Islam represents 10 - 20 % of Muslims worldwide ... Iran , Israel and the United States `` The majority of the world 's Islamic population , which is Sunni , accounts for over 75 % of the Islamic population ; the other 10 - 20 percent is Shia . '' ( reference : CIA ) Sue Hellett ; U.S. should focus on sanctions against Iran `` Let me review , while Shia Islam makes up only 10 - 20 percent of the world 's Muslim population , Iraq has a Shia majority ( between 60 - 80 percent ) , but had a Sunni controlled government under Saddam Hussein and cronies from 1958 - 2003 ... ( If you like government figures , see the CIA World Factbook . ) '' ^ `` Muslim Population by Country '' . The Future of the Global Muslim Population . Pew Research Center . Archived from the original on 9 February 2011 . Retrieved 22 December 2011 . ^ `` Region : Middle East - North Africa '' . The Future of the Global Muslim Population . Pew Research Center . Retrieved 22 December 2011 . ^ `` Region : Sub-Saharan Africa '' . The Future of the Global Muslim Population . Pew Research Center . Retrieved 22 December 2011 . ^ Encyclopædia Britannica . Britannica Book of the Year 2003 . Encyclopædia Britannica , ( 2003 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 85229 - 956 - 2 p. 306 According to the Encyclopædia Britannica , as of mid-2002 , there were 376,453,000 Christians , 329,869,000 Muslims and 98,734,000 people who practiced traditional religions in Africa . Ian S. Markham , ( A World Religions Reader . Cambridge , MA : Blackwell Publishers , 1996 . ) is cited by Morehouse University as giving the mid-1990s figure of 278,250,800 Muslims in Africa , but still as 40.8 % of the total population . These numbers are estimates , and remain a matter of conjecture . See Amadu Jacky Kaba . The spread of Christianity and Islam in Africa : a survey and analysis of the numbers and percentages of Christians , Muslims and those who practice indigenous religions . The Western Journal of Black Studies , Vol 29 , Number 2 , June 2005 . Discusses the estimations of various almanacs and encyclopedium , placing Britannica 's estimate as the most agreed figure . Notes the figure presented at the World Christian Encyclopedia , summarized here , as being an outlier . On rates of growth , Islam and Pentecostal Christianity are highest , see : The List : The World 's Fastest - Growing Religions , Foreign Policy , May 2007 . ^ Britannica , Think Quest , Wadsworth.com Archived 14 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Pechilis , Karen ; Raj , Selva J. ( 2013 - 01 - 01 ) . South Asian Religions : Tradition and Today . Routledge . ISBN 9780415448512 . ^ `` 10 Countries With the Largest Muslim Populations , 2010 and 2050 '' . Pew Research Center 's Religion & Public Life Project . 2015 - 04 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 07 . ^ Diplomat , Akhilesh Pillalamarri , The . `` How South Asia Will Save Global Islam '' . The Diplomat . 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Further reading ( edit ) United States Department of State International Religious Freedom Report CIA World Factbook The World Factbook Adherents.com 43,941 adherent statistic citations Religious Freedom page Religious Intelligence Muslim Population Percentage from U.S Dept. of State CIA World Factbook Religions BBC News Muslims in Europe : Country guide External links ( edit ) Official website of the Pew Forum study on Global Muslim Population Muslim Population - A Site with Extensive information regarding worldwide Muslim population Islam topics Beliefs God in Islam Tawhid Muhammad In Islam Prophets of Islam Five Pillars Shahada Salah Sawm Zakat Hajj History Leaders Timeline of Muslim history Conquests Golden Age Historiography Sahaba Ahl al - Bayt Shi'a Imams Caliphates Rashidun Umayyad Abbasid Córdoba Fatimid Almohad Sokoto Ottoman Religious texts Quran Sunnah Hadith Tafsir Seerah Denominations Sunni Shia Ibadi Nation of Islam Ahmadiyya Quranism Non-denominational Life Culture Animals Art Calendar Children Clothing Holidays Mosques Madrasas Moral teachings Music Philosophy Political aspects Qurbani Science medieval Social welfare Women LGBT Islam by country Law Jurisprudence Economics Banking Economic history Sukuk Takaful Murabaha Riba Hygiene Ghusl Miswak Najis Tayammum Toilet Wudu Marriage Sex Marriage contract Mahr Mahram Masturbation Nikah Nikah Mut'ah Zina Other aspects Cleanliness Criminal Dhabiĥa Dhimmi Divorce Diet Ethics Etiquette Gambling Gender segregation Honorifics Hudud Inheritance Jizya Leadership Ma malakat aymanukum Military POWs Slavery Sources of law Theological baligh kalam Islamic studies Arts Arabesque Architecture Calligraphy Carpets Gardens Geometric patterns Music Pottery Medieval science Alchemy and chemistry Astronomy Cosmology Geography and cartography Mathematics Medicine Ophthalmology Physics Philosophy Early Contemporary Eschatology Theological Other areas Astrology Creationism ( evolution ) Feminism Inventions Liberalism and progressivism Literature poetry Psychology Shu'ubiyya Conversion to mosques Other religions Christianity Mormonism Protestantism Hinduism Jainism Judaism Sikhism Related topics Apostasy Criticism of Islam Cultural Muslim Islamism Criticism Post-Islamism Islamophobia Incidents Islamic terrorism Islamic view of miracles Domestic violence Nursing Persecution of Muslims Quran and miracles Qutbism Symbolism Islam portal Commons WikiProject Religions by country Bahá'í Faith Buddhism Christianity Catholic Church Orthodoxy Protestantism Hinduism Islam Ahmadiyya Judaism Sikhism Zoroastrian Lists of countries by religious rankings Buddhism Christianity Catholicism Latter - day Saints Orthodoxy Protestantism Hinduism Importance of religion Irreligion Islam Ahmadiyya Judaism Judaism type Sikhism Zoroastrianism List of international rankings List of top international rankings by country Lists by country Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islam_by_country&oldid=800431617 '' Categories : Islam by country Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 Bulgarian - language sources ( bg ) Webarchive template archiveis links CS1 maint : Unfit url Use dmy dates from January 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Català Чӑвашла Cymraeg Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Қазақша Kiswahili മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پښتو Português Русский Shqip کوردی தமிழ் Тоҷикӣ Türkçe اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 September 2017 , at 14 : 19 . 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-6820725047134487583	Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala	Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala - Wikipedia Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala Jump to : navigation , search Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala Genre Family Created by Nilanjana Purkasthya Written by Story : Sahana Faizal Aziz Lakshmi Jayakumar Swechchha Singh Dialogues : Divya Nidhi Sharma Aparjit Sharma Sinha Music : Shashank Kunwar Shaheen Iqbal Satya Sharma Directed by Pradeep Yadav Creative director ( s ) Yashraj Shukla Starring Aakriti Sharma Mohit Malik Anjali Anand Myra Singh Shruti Sharma Opening theme `` Pet Bechara '' by Rashi Salil Harmalkar Composer ( s ) Original Score : Sargam Jassu Nakash Aziz Background score : Sanjeev Srivastava Country of origin India Original language ( s ) Hindi ( primary ) English ( minor ) No. of seasons No. of episodes 52 ( as of 29 May 2018 ) Production Producer ( s ) Gul Khan Karishma Jain Nilanjana Purkayasstha Herumb Khot News editor ( s ) Screen Journal Location ( s ) Pathankot Mumbai Cinematography Sandeep Yadav Mohseen Swan Camera setup Multi camera Running time 22 min approx Production company ( s ) 4 Lions Films Invictus T Mediaworks Distributor Star India ( 21st Century Fox ) Novi Digital Entertainment Release Original network Star Plus Picture format 576i SDTV 1080i HDTV Audio format Dolby Digital Digital Audio Original release 19 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 19 ) -- present Chronology Related shows Potol Kumar Gaanwala External links Hotstar Production website Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala ( lit . Kullfi Kumarr Musician ) is an Indian musical television series , which is premiere on Star Plus and stream on Hotstar . It features Aakriti Sharma , Mohit Malik , Anjali Anand , Myra Singh and Shruti Sharma . This show is produced by Gul Khan , Karishma Jain , Nilanjana Purkayasstha and Herumb Khot . It is a remake version of the Bengali language television series Potol Kumar Gaanwala , which was aired on Star Jalsha in 2015 . The story revolves around the journey of a young singing prodigy Kullfi , who encounters a lot can of worms to unite with her father , Sikandar Singh Gill . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 4 Soundtrack 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reception 5.2 Ratings 6 Release 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Kullfi is an illegitimate daughter of Nimrat and popular singer Sikandar Singh Gill . Sikandar had left Nimrat for his career and he is unaware of his daughter . Kullfi is born as a singer but is unaware of her father . They are living with her uncle , Sattu and aunt Nihalo , who hates them but Nihalo want to encash of Kullfi 's talent so she keeps them . Nimrat suffers from cancer so Kullfi was taken to Sikandar by Bhalla to ask for help . Sikandar is married to another woman , Lovely and has a daughter Amyra . Kullfi meets Sikandar to ask for help but was not able to get due to the circumstances . Nirmat , searching for Kullfi , and Sikandar cross each other on the road but miss the glance . But suddenly Nirmat was hit by Lovely 's car and dies . Few days later , Kullfi runs way from her aunt 's home and accidentally reaches to Sikandar 's house and Lovely keeps her and decides to use her talent to make Amyra a successful singer . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Aakriti Sharma as Kullfi Kumarr : Nimrat and Sikandar 's daughter , Amyra 's half - sister Mohit Malik as Sikandar Singh Gill : a great musician , Kullfi and Amyra 's father , Nimrat and Lovely 's husband Anjali Anand as Lovely Sikandar Singh Gill : Amyra 's mother , Sikandar 's second - wife Myra Singh as Amyra Singh Gill : Lovely and Sikandar 's daughter , Kullfi 's half - sister Shruti Sharma as Nimrat : Kullfi 's mother , Sikandar 's first wife Recurring ( edit ) Pallavi Rao as Nihalo : Kullfi 's aunty , Sattu 's wife , Nimrat 's sister - in - law Romanch Mehta as Sattu : Kullfi 's uncle , Nimrat 's brother , Nihalo 's husband Vidya Sinha as Kullfi and Amyra 's Grandmother Rudra Kaushik as Mohendar Singh Gill : Sikandar 's brother and music teacher Ishrat Jahan as Gunjan Mohendar Singh Gill : Mohender 's wife , Sikandar 's sister - in - law Mrinmai Kolwalkar as Minty : Lovely 's best friend Production ( edit ) Aakriti Sharma and actress Shruti Sharma on Holi festival , at Lucknow Development ( edit ) On 14 February 2018 , the first promo of the show was released , with the title song . On 28 February 2018 , the second promo of the show was released which is based on Kullfi , wished Happy Holi . On 24 February 2018 , child artiste Aakriti Sharma and actress Shruti Sharma welcomed the production team , media and public with colours of Holi , location at Lucknow . Currently , this show set in Mumbai and Pathankot . On 10 March 2018 , a musical concert was organized by Gul Khan at Chandigarh , Punjab . The musical concert was performed by child artiste Aakriti Sharma , Punjabi singer and songwriter , Gurdas Maan , the Nooran Sisters and Rajasthani young maestros , the Langa Kids . Casting ( edit ) The show 's main characters , Kullfi and Sikandar Singh Gill , were the core of the concept for Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala . These characters are taken from original television series Potol Kumar Gaanwala 's Poteshwari and Sujon Kumar Malik . Kullfi child character 's role is played by Aakriti Sharma . She was selected for her acting talent . Producer Nilanjana Purkayasstha said , `` Aakriti is a very enthusiastic and fearless child . '' Otherside , Amaira character 's role was decided to play by Spandan Chaturvedi but due to date issues , she was replaced by Myra Singh . Myra said , `` It 's my first time on television and I 'm really excited to play this role . '' Actor Mohit Malik said about his role , `` I have the signature rockstar look in Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala . '' Dhhai Kilo Prem 's actress , Anjali Anand is playing Lovely Kaur character , who is Amyra 's mother . She said , `` Character matters the most to me and this character is extremely challenging and fun at the same time . '' Aakriti 's brother , Hardik Sharma will going to join this show , debut as Kullfi 's friend . He is also talented like her sister that 's why producer Gul Khan and Nilanjana select him . Aakriti said , `` I 'm so happy to see Hardik . I am meeting him after three months . '' Barun Sobti , who was recently played on Gul Khan 's Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon 3 , will be playing on this show debut as a Rockstar , Sikandar 's competitor and Amyra 's music teacher role . According to source , `` Gul wanted to Barun in a significant role for this show . The makers are in talks to get Barun on board . '' Barun said , `` It is exhausting . I am back in the grind . So we are in that zone where we are putting in everything that we have and hoping that people will like it . '' Soundtrack ( edit ) Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala Original Sound Track Soundtrack album by Sargam Jassu , Nakash Aziz and Sanjeev Srivastava Released 14 February 2018 Genre Popular music Language Hindi Label Star India Screen Journal SoundCloud Producer Gul Khan Nilanjana Purkayasstha Nakash Aziz chronology No Entry Pudhe Dhoka Aahey ( 2012 ) Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala ( 2018 ) Sanjeev Srivastava chronology Ishqbaaaz ( soundtrack ) ( 2016 ) Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala ( 2018 ) Singles from Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala `` Pet Bechara '' Released : 13 March 2018 Sargam Jassu , Nakash Aziz and Sanjeev Srivastava is the music composer of this show . The soundtrack album was produced by Gul Khan and Nilanjana , written by Shashank Kunwar , Shaheen Iqbal and Satya Sharma . This album released eight songs , which are featured by Rashi Salil Harmalkar , Bhaven Dhanak and Nakash . Song Dama Dam Mast Qalandar was remaked for this show . The remaked version also featured by Rashi Salil , which promo was released on 8 March 2018 via YouTube . The promo video has over 10 million views on YouTube . `` Asha Ka Pathaasha '' male version song originally featured by Bhaven Dhanak , who has been recently featured `` O Jaana '' and `` O Saathiya '' song from Ishqbaaaz television series . Track List No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` Pet Bechara '' Rashi Salil Harmalkar 03 : 14 2 . `` ABCD '' Rashi Salil Harmalkar 02 : 30 3 . `` Abhi Abhi Toh '' ( Child version ) Rashi Salil Harmalkar 03 : 10 4 . `` Chand Banne Ke Liye '' ( Male version ) Nakash Aziz 03 : 30 5 . `` Chidiya Gaaya Gaana '' Rashi Salil Harmalkar 03 : 30 6 . `` Asha Ka Pathaasha '' ( Male version ) Bhaven Dhanak 03 : 26 7 . `` Asha Ka Pathaasha '' ( Child version ) Rashi Salil Harmalkar 03 : 24 8 . `` Maa Ka Tukra '' Rashi Salil Harmalkar 02 : 54 9 . `` Jaago Re '' Rashi Salil Harmalkar 03 : 16 10 . `` Yaara '' ( Male verson ) Nakash Aziz 03 : 12 11 . `` Abhi Abhi Toh '' ( Female version ) Various artist 03 : 08 12 . `` Mandir Ke Diya Jasi '' Rashi Salil Harmalkar 03 : 26 13 . `` Jag Jaana Maa '' Rashi Salil Harmalkar 03 : 50 14 . `` Patang '' Rashi Salil Harmalkar 03 : 10 15 . `` Ek Choti , Anek Choti '' Nakash Aziz 03 : 21 16 . `` Kullfi Bana Ladka '' Rashi Salil Harmalkar 03 : 26 17 . `` Diri Dhara '' Rashi Salil Harmalkar 03 : 32 Remake edition No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` Dama Dam Mast Qalandar '' Rashi Salil Harmalkar 02 : 38 2 . `` Haathi Ghoda Palki '' Rashi Salil Harmalkar 02 : 50 3 . `` Bulleya '' Rashi Salil Harmalkar 03 : 15 Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) Nimki Mukhiya 's actress aka Bhumika Gurung wrote about Aakriti Sharma , `` With this super talented and super cute little bunny of Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala . '' Ye Hai Mohabbatein 's actress Santoshi aka Shahnaz Rizwan said , `` The girl 's acting is very good . She is too talented . The direction of the show is very good and realistic . '' Sreejeeta Sen of Bollywood Life wrote : `` While the show failed to create an impact with its launch , but now the show seems like a dark horse of the race . '' Akriti Sharma 's mother , Dimple Sharma says , `` Akrit showed keen interest in creative arts since a very young age . But we will not compromise on her education . Akriti gets time to play on the sets , if her shot is not ready . '' News Nation wrote : `` Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala has done wonders since the time it was released . '' Ratings ( edit ) In the first week , this show was ranked in the top sixteen in India . This show has received a pretty good number of Target rating point , 4323 impressions . Which means more than 4.3 million viewers are watched this show in the first week . This show was ranked in the top one in the United Kingdom . More than 98,000 viewers watched this show in the UK . Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala was taken Yeh Hai Mohabbatein position , which was previously at the top one in the UK . During the third week , this show has entered into the top ten with eighth position , 4.8 million impressions in India . During the sixth week , this show has archived sixth position in India . During the seventh week , this show has reached at the top fifth position with 4500 impressions . Release ( edit ) The show replaced the time slot of Ikyawann , but Panorama Entertainment 's production producer Suzana Ghai has confirmed that Ikyawann was not going to air off , it was replaced the time slot of Meri Durga , which was aired off . On 19 March 2018 , The show first released on the Hotstar streaming service , for the premium viewers of India . Later , this show broadcast on the Star Plus . Asian countries like Bangladesh , Indonesia , Malaysia , Myanmar , Nepal , Pakistan , Singapore and Sri Lanka broadcast on the original release date . On 20 March 2018 , the show was released in United Kingdom and United States . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This male version song is originally released on episode 14 . Note that child version song also released on the same episode . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala online streaming on Hotstar '' . Hotstar . Star India . Retrieved 18 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kulfi Kumar Bajewala Child Actor Aakriti Sharma -- Find Out More About Little Kulfi '' . Tellydhamaal.com . SaiKrishna . Retrieved 6 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Star Plus Brings Its Latest Offering Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala '' . Online News India . 1 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` GECs aim to retain viewership with 8 show launches in March '' . Indian Television Dot Com . Indian Television Dot Com . Kirti Chauhan. 13 March 2018 . Retrieved 18 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kulfi Kumar Baajewala -- Mohit Malik to essay lead role in Star Plus new show '' . Tellydhamaal.com . Retrieved 28 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kulfi Kumar Bajewala 's cast shed light on what the show is about TV - Times of India Videos '' . India Times . Retrieved 6 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala to Bhootu : 7 TV shows that were adapted from popular regional shows '' . India Today . 27 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Aakriti Sharma gets a chance to meet her idol , Hema Malini '' . Times of India . 10 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mohit Malik maintains a diary for his role on Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala '' . Time of India . 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` This actress will star opposite Mohit Malik in Gul Khan 's next , Kulfi Kumar Baajewala '' . Bollywoodlife . Retrieved 7 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala 's Anjali Anand enjoys playing the vamp ; asks fans to keep the ' hate coming ' '' . Times of India . 12 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shruti Sharma Designs Costumes For Mohit Malik And Anjali Anand '' . India Education Diary. 26 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pallavi Rao to play character with grey shades in Kulfi Kumarr Bajewala '' . Times of India . Retrieved 12 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Kulfi Kumar Bajewala ' launched in Lucknow with Holi celebrations '' . Newstrack. 1 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kulfi Kumar Bajewala visited Chandigarh to share stage with Gurdas Maan , Langa Kids and Nooran Sisters '' . The Flim Wale . Retrieved 18 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` जल्द शुरू होगा ' कुल्फी कुमार बाजेवाला ' , ये मशहूर चाइल्ड एक्ट्रेस नहीं आएगी नजर '' . NDTVIndia . NDTV . अल्केश कुशवाहा . Retrieved 18 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mohit Malik stressed on variety : He 's played positive and negative roles , and done reality shows too '' . Hindustan Times . 8 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Aakriti Sharma is a fearless child : Nilanjana Purkayasstha '' . Times of India . 23 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Aakriti Sharma is a fearless child : Producer Nilanjana '' . Tellychakkar. 23 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spandan Chaturvedi not part of ' Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala ' '' . Tellychakkar. 13 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mohit Malik is in love with his rockstar look in Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala '' . Tellychakkar. 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kulfi Kumar Bajewala : Mohit Malik loves his rockstar avatar '' . Free Pressjournal. 19 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Anjali Anand is excited to play a mother on Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala '' . Times of India . 6 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Acting is God 's gift to me : actress Anjali '' . The Hitavada. 8 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Aakriti 's brother to enter ' Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala ' '' . Times of India . 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Aakriti Sharma aka Kullfi 's brother to be seen on the show '' . Glamsham. 6 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Aakriti 's brother to enter ' Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala ' '' . Tellychakkar. 5 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Barun Sobti to enter Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala ? '' . Times of India . 19 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Before his web series Barun Sobti to be seen in this TV show '' . India Today . 19 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Barun Sobti to enter Kulfi Kumar Bajewala ? Producer Gul Khan answers '' . Pink Villa . 19 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' कुल्फी कुमार बाजेवाला ' में बरुण सोबती का होगी एंट्री , निभाएंगे ये किरदार '' . ABP News . 19 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala song Pet Bechara by Star Plus '' . SoundCloud. 14 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Aakriti Sharma had to learn eight songs in a week '' . Times of India . Retrieved 17 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala - Kullfi 's Melodious Voice '' . YouTube . Retrieved 17 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dama Dam Mast Qalandar - Promo '' . Hotstar . Star India . Retrieved 17 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Original scores for TV : Why makers are using these songs to give a unique identity to their shows and character , Kullfi Kumarr '' . DNA India . 22 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nimki and little Kulfi share a frame together ; we bet you ca n't take your eyes off this pic '' . India Today . 18 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : Yeh Hai Mohabattein 's Santoshi Bhalla aka Shahnaz Rizwan might do an Ekta Kapoor film soon '' . Bollywood Life . 18 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` BARC Report , Week 14 , 2018 : Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai takes the second position and Kullfi Kumar Bajewala enters the top 10 list '' . Bollywood Life . 12 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Are TV 's child actors being pushed into the rat race early on in their lives ? '' . Times of India . 23 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` BARC TRP ratings week 16 : Kundali Bhagya continues its magic on viewers , Rising Star finale finds spot on top five '' . News Nation. 26 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Latest TRP Ratings : Bepannaah Makes A Smashing Entry ; Yeh Hai Mohabbatein Back On Top 5 Slot ! '' . Flimbeat. 31 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` BARC India Ratings -- Week 12 : Bepannaah gets a bumper opening '' . Tellychakkar . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bepanah and Kulfi Kumar Bajewala opens with promising deliveries in week 12 '' . Tvnews4u. 31 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Overnights : ' Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala ' takes No. 1 spot in UK on Wednesday '' . Bizasia. 29 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` BARC TRP ratings week 18 , 2018 : Kundali Bhagya remains UNBEATABLE ; Bepannaah , Ishq Mein Mar Jawan ENTER top ten '' . News Nation. 10 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` BARC TRP ratings week 20 , 2018 : Kulfi Kumar Bajewala , Udaan , Naamkarann spread magic on viewers '' . News Nation. 24 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New show Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala joins the list of top 5 TV shows '' . Times of India . 28 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Confirmed : Mohit Malik starrer Kulfi Kumar Bajewala to replace this show '' . News Nation . Retrieved 7 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Ikyawann ' to replace ' Meri Durga ' for ' Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala ' launch ? '' . BizAsia . Retrieved 7 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Meri Durga to go off air on March - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 17 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UK Ratings : ' YHM ' stays top ; ' Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala ' impresses '' . Bizasia. 9 April 2018 . External links ( edit ) Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala Streaming on Hotstar Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala on IMDb Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala at TV Guide Current broadcasts on Star Plus Currently broadcast Primetime soap opera Har Shaakh Pe Ullu Baithaa Hai Ikyawann Ishqbaaaz Krishna Chali London Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala Mariam Khan - Reporting Live Tu Sooraj , Main Saanjh Piyaji Ye Hai Mohabbatein Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai Weekend Khichdi Children 's television series in India List of series The Adventures of Tenali Raman Akkad Bakkad Bambey Bo Aladdin Andy Pirki Arslaan Aryamaan -- Brahmaand Ka Yodha Baal Veer Bandbudh Aur Budbak Bhootu Cambala Investigation Agency Chhoti Anandi Chhota Bheem Chi and Me Dhoom Machaao Dhoom Galli Galli Sim Sim Gattu Battu ' Gaju Bhai Golu Ke Goggles Hatim Howzzattt Indradhanush Inspector Chingum J Bole Toh Jadoo Janbaaz Sindbad Jungle Tales Junior G Karishma Kaa Karishma Karma ( TV series ) Kartika Keymon Ache Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala Little Singham The Magic Make - Up Box Mighty Raju Motu Patlu Mystery Hunters India Potli Baba Ki Princess Dollie Aur Uska Magic Bag Robin Hood : Mischief in Sherwood Roll No 21 Ruby Duby Hub Dub Sanya Shaka Laka Boom Boom Shaktimaan Shararat Son Pari The Stone Boy Suraj : The Rising Star Vartmaan 4 Lions Flims TV Shows Geet ... Hui Sabse Parayi Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon ? Humse Hai Liife Suvreen Guggal -- Topper of The Year Arjun Qubool Hai Humsafars O Gujariya : Badlein Chal Duniya Adhuri Kahaani Hamari Kahani Hamari ... Dil Dosti Deewanepan Ki Ishqbaaaz Dil Boley Oberoi Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon 3 Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala Web Series Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon ? - Ek Jashn Tanhaiyan India portal 2010s portal Television portal Music portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kullfi_Kumarr_Bajewala&oldid=843633291 '' Categories : 2018 Indian television series debuts Hindi - language television programs Indian drama television series Star Plus television series Television shows set in Mumbai Indian children 's television series Indian television series Indian musical television series Musical television series Hidden categories : Use Indian English from February 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from February 2018 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with input errors Talk Contents About Wikipedia Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 12 : 19 . 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About Wikipedia	who sung the song of kulfi kumar bajewala	[ "\n\nKullfi Kumarr Bajewala\n\n\n\n\n\nGenre\nFamily[1]\n\n\nCreated by\nNilanjana Purkasthya\n\n\nWritten by\nStory:\nSahana\nFaizal Aziz\nLakshmi Jayakumar\nSwechchha Singh\nDialogues:\nDivya Nidhi Sharma\nAparjit Sharma Sinha\nMusic:\nShashank Kunwar\nShaheen Iqbal\nSatya Sharma\n\n\nDirected by\nPradeep Yadav\n\n\nCreative director(s)\nYashraj Shukla\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nAakriti Sharma\nMohit Malik\nAnjali Anand\nMyra Singh\nShruti Sharma\n\n\n\n\n\nOpening theme\n\"Pet Bechara\" by Rashi Salil Harmalkar\n\n\nComposer(s)\n\n\n\nOriginal Score:\nSargam Jassu\nNakash Aziz\nBackground score:\nSanjeev Srivastava\n\n\n\n\n\nCountry of origin\nIndia\n\n\nOriginal language(s)\n\n\n\nHindi (primary)\nEnglish (minor)\n\n\n\n\n\nNo. of seasons\n1\n\n\nNo. of episodes\n52 (as of 29 May 2018)\n\n\nProduction\n\n\nProducer(s)\n\n\n\nGul Khan\nKarishma Jain\nNilanjana Purkayasstha\nHerumb Khot\n\n\n\n\n\nNews editor(s)\nScreen Journal\n\n\nLocation(s)\nPathankot\nMumbai\n\n\nCinematography\nSandeep Yadav\nMohseen Swan\n\n\nCamera setup\nMulti camera\n\n\nRunning time\n22 min approx\n\n\nProduction company(s)\n4 Lions Films\nInvictus T Mediaworks\n\n\nDistributor\nStar India\n(21st Century Fox)\nNovi Digital Entertainment\n\n\nRelease\n\n\nOriginal network\nStar Plus\n\n\nPicture format\n576i SDTV\n1080i HDTV\n\n\nAudio format\nDolby Digital\nDigital Audio\n\n\nOriginal release\n19 March 2018 (2018-03-19) – present\n\n\nChronology\n\n\nRelated shows\nPotol Kumar Gaanwala\n\n\nExternal links\n\n\nHotstar\n\n\nProduction website\n\n" ]	[ "Rashi Salil Harmalkar" ]
7873668134862379525	List of Unix commands	List of Unix commands - wikipedia List of Unix commands Jump to : navigation , search It has been suggested that Spl ( Unix ) be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since October 2017 . `` Unix command '' redirects here . For other uses , see Command ( computing ) . This is a list of Unix commands as specified by IEEE Std 1003.1 - 2008 , which is part of the Single UNIX Specification ( SUS ) . These commands can be found on Unix operating systems and most Unix - like operating systems . Contents ( hide ) 1 List 2 See also 3 Footnotes 4 External links List ( edit ) IEEE Std 1003.1 - 2008 utilities Name Status ( Option code ) Description First appeared admin SCCS Optional ( XSI ) Create and administer SCCS files PWB UNIX alias Misc Mandatory Define or display aliases ar Misc Mandatory Create and maintain library archives Version 1 AT&T UNIX asa Text processing Optional ( FR ) Interpret carriage - control characters System V at Process management Mandatory Execute commands at a later time Version 7 AT&T UNIX awk Text processing Mandatory Pattern scanning and processing language Version 7 AT&T UNIX basename Filesystem Mandatory Return non-directory portion of a pathname ; see also dirname Version 7 AT&T UNIX batch Process management Mandatory Schedule commands to be executed in a batch queue bc Misc Mandatory Arbitrary - precision arithmetic language Version 6 AT&T UNIX bg Process management Optional ( UP ) Run jobs in the background cc / c99 C programming Optional ( CD ) Compile standard C programs IEEE Std 1003.1 - 2001 cal Misc Optional ( XSI ) Print a calendar Version 5 AT&T UNIX cat Filesystem Mandatory Concatenate and print files Version 1 AT&T UNIX cd Filesystem Mandatory Change the working directory Version 6 AT&T UNIX cflow C programming Optional ( XSI ) Generate a C - language call graph System V chgrp Filesystem Mandatory Change the file group ownership PWB UNIX chmod Filesystem Mandatory Change the file modes / attributes / permissions Version 1 AT&T UNIX chown Filesystem Mandatory Change the file ownership Version 1 AT&T UNIX cksum Filesystem Mandatory Write file checksums and sizes 4.4 BSD cmp Filesystem Mandatory Compare two files ; see also diff Version 1 AT&T UNIX comm Text processing Mandatory Select or reject lines common to two files Version 4 AT&T UNIX command Shell programming Mandatory Execute a simple command compress Filesystem Optional ( XSI ) Compress data 4.3 BSD cp Filesystem Mandatory Copy files Version 1 AT&T UNIX crontab Misc Mandatory Schedule periodic background work System V csplit Text processing Mandatory Split files based on context PWB UNIX ctags C programming Optional ( SD ) Create a tags file 3BSD cut Text processing Mandatory Cut out selected fields of each line of a file System III cxref C programming Optional ( XSI ) Generate a C - language program cross-reference table System V date Misc Mandatory Display the date and time Version 1 AT&T UNIX dd Filesystem Mandatory Convert and copy a file Version 5 AT&T UNIX delta SCCS Optional ( XSI ) Make a delta ( change ) to an SCCS file PWB UNIX df Filesystem Mandatory Report free disk space Version 1 AT&T UNIX diff Text processing Mandatory Compare two files ; see also cmp Version 5 AT&T UNIX dirname Filesystem Mandatory Return the directory portion of a pathname ; see also basename System III du Filesystem Mandatory Estimate file space usage Version 1 AT&T UNIX echo Shell programming Mandatory Write arguments to standard output Version 2 AT&T UNIX ed Text processing Mandatory The standard text editor Version 1 AT&T UNIX env Misc Mandatory Set the environment for command invocation System III ex Text processing Optional ( XSI ) Text editor 1BSD expand Text processing Mandatory Convert tabs to spaces 3BSD expr Shell programming Mandatory Evaluate arguments as an expression Version 7 AT&T UNIX false Shell programming Mandatory Return false value Version 7 AT&T UNIX fc Misc Optional ( UP ) Process the command history list fg Process management Optional ( UP ) Run jobs in the foreground file Filesystem Mandatory Determine file type Version 4 AT&T UNIX find Filesystem Mandatory Find files Version 1 AT&T UNIX fold Text processing Mandatory Filter for folding lines 1BSD fort77 FORTRAN77 programming Obscalescent ( FD ) FORTRAN compiler XPG4 fuser Process management Optional ( XSI ) List process IDs of all processes that have one or more files open System V gencat Misc Mandatory Generate a formatted message catalog get SCCS Optional ( XSI ) Get a version of an SCCS file PWB UNIX getconf Misc Mandatory Get configuration values getopts Shell programming Mandatory Parse utility options grep Misc Mandatory Search text for a pattern Version 4 AT&T UNIX hash Misc Mandatory hash database access method head Text processing Mandatory Copy the first part of files PWB UNIX iconv Text processing Mandatory Codeset conversion HP - UX id Misc Mandatory Return user identity System V ipcrm Misc Optional ( XSI ) Remove a message queue , semaphore set , or shared memory segment identifier System V ipcs Misc Optional ( XSI ) Report interprocess communication facilities status System V jobs Process management Optional ( UP ) Display status of jobs in the current session join Text processing Mandatory Merges two sorted text files based on the presence of a common field Version 7 AT&T UNIX kill Process management Mandatory Terminate or signal processes Version 4 AT&T UNIX lex C programming Optional ( CD ) Generate programs for lexical tasks Version 7 AT&T UNIX link Filesystem Optional ( XSI ) Create a hard link to a file Version 1 AT&T UNIX ln Filesystem Mandatory Link files Version 1 AT&T UNIX locale Misc Mandatory Get locale - specific information localedef Misc Mandatory Define locale environment logger Shell programming Mandatory Log messages 4.3 BSD logname Misc Mandatory Return the user 's login name 4.4 BSD lp Text processing Mandatory Send files to a printer System V ls Filesystem Mandatory List directory contents Version 1 AT&T UNIX m4 Misc Mandatory Macro processor PWB UNIX mailx Misc Mandatory Process messages Version 1 AT&T UNIX make Programming Optional ( SD ) Maintain , update , and regenerate groups of programs PWB UNIX man Misc Mandatory Display system documentation Version 2 AT&T UNIX mesg Misc Mandatory Permit or deny messages Version 1 AT&T UNIX mkdir Filesystem Mandatory Make directories Version 1 AT&T UNIX mkfifo Filesystem Mandatory Make FIFO special files 4.4 BSD more Text processing Optional ( UP ) Display files on a page - by - page basis 3BSD mv Filesystem Mandatory Move or rename files Version 1 AT&T UNIX newgrp Misc Mandatory Change to a new group ( functionaliy similar to sg ) Version 6 AT&T UNIX nice Process management Mandatory Invoke a utility with an altered nice value Version 4 AT&T UNIX nl Text processing Optional ( XSI ) Line numbering filter System III nm C programming Optional ( SD , XSI ) Write the name list of an object file Version 1 AT&T UNIX nohup Process management Mandatory Invoke a utility immune to hangups Version 4 AT&T UNIX od Misc Mandatory Dump files in various formats Version 1 AT&T UNIX paste Text processing Mandatory Merge corresponding or subsequent lines of files Version 32V AT&T UNIX patch Text processing Mandatory Apply changes to files 4.3 BSD pathchk Filesystem Mandatory Check pathnames pax Misc Mandatory Portable archive interchange 4.4 BSD pr Text processing Mandatory Print files Version 1 AT&T UNIX printf Shell programming Mandatory Write formatted output 4.3 BSD - Reno prs SCCS Optional ( XSI ) Print an SCCS file PWB UNIX ps Process management Mandatory Report process status Version 4 AT&T UNIX pwd Filesystem Mandatory print working directory - Return working directory name Version 5 AT&T UNIX qalter Batch utilities Obscalescent ( BE ) Alter batch job qdel Batch utilities Obscalescent ( BE ) Delete batch jobs qhold Batch utilities Obscalescent ( BE ) Hold batch jobs qmove Batch utilities Obscalescent ( BE ) Move batch jobs qmsg Batch utilities Obscalescent ( BE ) Send message to batch jobs qrerun Batch utilities Obscalescent ( BE ) Rerun batch jobs qrls Batch utilities Obscalescent ( BE ) Release batch jobs qselect Batch utilities Obscalescent ( BE ) Select batch jobs qsig Batch utilities Obscalescent ( BE ) Signal batch jobs qstat Batch utilities Obscalescent ( BE ) Show status of batch jobs qsub Batch utilities Obscalescent ( BE ) Submit a script read Shell programming Mandatory Read a line from standard input renice Process management Mandatory Set nice values of running processes 4BSD rm Filesystem Mandatory Remove directory entries Version 1 AT&T UNIX rmdel SCCS Optional ( XSI ) Remove a delta from an SCCS file PWB UNIX rmdir Filesystem Mandatory Remove directories , if they are empty . Version 1 AT&T UNIX sact SCCS Optional ( XSI ) Print current SCCS file - editing activity System III sccs SCCS Optional ( XSI ) Front end for the SCCS subsystem 4.3 BSD sed Text processing Mandatory Stream editor Version 7 AT&T UNIX sh Shell programming Mandatory Shell , the standard command language interpreter Version 7 AT&T UNIX ( in earlier versions , sh was either the Thompson shell or the PWB shell ) sleep Shell programming Mandatory Suspend execution for an interval Version 4 AT&T UNIX sort Text processing Mandatory Sort , merge , or sequence check text files Version 1 AT&T UNIX split Misc Mandatory Split files into pieces Version 3 AT&T UNIX strings C programming Mandatory Find printable strings in files 2BSD strip C programming Optional ( SD ) Remove unnecessary information from executable files Version 1 AT&T UNIX stty Misc Mandatory Set the options for a terminal Version 2 AT&T UNIX tabs Misc Mandatory Set terminal tabs PWB UNIX tail Text processing Mandatory Copy the last part of a file PWB UNIX talk Misc Optional ( UP ) Talk to another user 4.2 BSD tee Shell programming Mandatory Duplicate the standard output Version 5 AT&T UNIX test Shell programming Mandatory Evaluate expression Version 7 AT&T UNIX time Process management Mandatory Time a simple command Version 3 AT&T UNIX touch Filesystem Mandatory Change file access and modification times Version 7 AT&T UNIX tput Misc Mandatory Change terminal characteristics System V tr Text processing Mandatory Translate characters Version 4 AT&T UNIX true Shell programming Mandatory Return true value Version 7 AT&T UNIX tsort Text processing Mandatory Topological sort Version 7 AT&T UNIX tty Misc Mandatory Return user 's terminal name Version 1 AT&T UNIX type Misc Optional ( XSI ) Displays how a name would be interpreted if used as a command ulimit Misc Optional ( XSI ) Set or report file size limit umask Misc Mandatory Get or set the file mode creation mask System III unalias Misc Mandatory Remove alias definitions uname Misc Mandatory Return system name PWB UNIX uncompress Misc Optional ( XSI ) Expand compressed data 4.3 BSD unexpand Text processing Mandatory Convert spaces to tabs 3BSD unget SCCS Optional ( XSI ) Undo a previous get of an SCCS file System III uniq Text processing Mandatory Report or filter out repeated lines in a file Version 3 AT&T UNIX unlink Filesystem Optional ( XSI ) Call the unlink function Version 1 AT&T UNIX uucp Network Optional ( UU ) System - to - system copy Version 7 AT&T UNIX uudecode Network Mandatory Decode a binary file 4BSD uuencode Network Mandatory Encode a binary file 4BSD uustat Network Optional ( UU ) uucp status inquiry and job control System III uux Process management Optional ( UU ) Remote command execution Version 7 AT&T UNIX val SCCS Optional ( XSI ) Validate SCCS files System III vi Text processing Optional ( UP ) Screen - oriented ( visual ) display editor 1BSD wait Process management Mandatory Await process completion Version 4 AT&T UNIX wc Text processing Mandatory Line , word and byte or character count Version 1 AT&T UNIX what SCCS Optional ( XSI ) Identify SCCS files PWB UNIX who System administration Mandatory Display who is on the system Version 1 AT&T UNIX write Misc Mandatory Write to another user 's terminal Version 1 AT&T UNIX xargs Shell programming Mandatory Construct argument lists and invoke utility PWB UNIX yacc C programming Optional ( CD ) Yet another compiler compiler PWB UNIX zcat Text processing Optional ( XSI ) Expand and concatenate data 4.3 BSD See also ( edit ) List of GNU Core Utilities commands List of GNOME applications List of GNU packages List of KDE applications List of Unix daemons List of web browsers for Unix and Unix - like operating systems Unix philosophy util - linux Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stanfield , Vicki ( 2006 ) . Linux System Administration . Craig Hunt Linux Library . Roderick W. Smith ( 2 ed . ) . John Wiley & Sons . p. 152 . ISBN 9780782152203 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 27 . The command sg is frequently a synonym for newgrp . External links ( edit ) The Wikibook Guide to UNIX has a page on the topic of : Commands Wikimedia Commons has media related to Unix cheatsheets . IEEE Std 1003.1 , 2004 specifications IEEE Std 1003.1 , 2008 specifications Rosetta Stone For * Nix -- configurable list of equivalent programs for * nix systems . The Unix Acronym List -- explains the names of many Unix commands . The UNIX System Homepage ( hide ) Unix command - line interface programs and shell builtins File system cat chmod chown chgrp cksum cmp cp dd du df file fuser ln ls mkdir mv pax pwd rm rmdir split tee touch type umask Processes at bg crontab fg kill nice ps time User environment env exit logname mesg talk tput uname who write Text processing awk basename comm csplit cut diff dirname ed ex fold head iconv join m4 more nl paste printf sed sort strings tail tr uniq vi wc xargs Shell builtins alias cd echo test unset wait Searching find grep Documentation man Software development ar ctags lex make nm strip yacc Miscellaneous bc cal expr lp od sleep true and false Categories Standard Unix programs Unix SUS2008 utilities List Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Unix_commands&oldid=812610952 '' Categories : Lists of software System administration Unix SUS2008 utilities Hidden categories : Articles to be merged from October 2017 All articles to be merged All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2009 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from April 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia ქართული Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Polski Português Slovenčina Suomi తెలుగు Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 November 2017 , at 21 : 09 . About Wikipedia	which of the following linux command/utilities can be used to edit a file	[]	[]
7975580155036462667	List of food preparation utensils	List of food preparation utensils - wikipedia List of food preparation utensils This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . An assortment of utensils A kitchen utensil is a hand - held , typically small tool that is designed for food - related functions . Food preparation utensils are a specific type of kitchen utensil , designed for use in the preparation of food . Some utensils are both food preparation utensils and eating utensils ; for instance some implements of cutlery -- especially knives -- can be used for both food preparation in a kitchen and as eating utensils when dining . In the Western world , utensil invention accelerated in the 19th and 20th centuries . It was fuelled in part by the emergence of technologies such as the kitchen stove and refrigerator , but also by a desire to save time in the kitchen , in response to the demands of modern lifestyles . Contents : A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z See also References List ( edit ) List of food preparation utensils Name Alternative names Purpose in food preparation Design Image Apple corer To remove the core and pips from apples and similar fruits Apple cutter To cut apple and similar fruits easily while simultaneously removing the core and pips . Cf . peeler Baster Used during cooking to cover meat in its own juices or with a sauce . An implement resembling a simple pipette , consisting of a tube to hold the liquid , and a rubber top which makes use of a partial vacuum to control the liquid 's intake and release . The process of drizzling the liquid over meat is called basting -- when a pastry brush is used in place of a baster , it is known as a basting brush . Beanpot A deep , wide - bellied , short - necked vessel used to cook bean - based dishes Beanpots are typically made of ceramic , though pots made of other materials , like cast iron , can also be found . The relatively narrow mouth of the beanpot minimizes evaporation and heat loss , while the deep , wide , thick - walled body of the pot facilitates long , slow cooking times . They are typically glazed both inside and out , and so can not be used for clay pot cooking . Biscuit cutter Biscuit mould , Cookie cutter , Cookie mould Shaping biscuit dough Generally made of metal or plastic , with fairly sharp edges to cut through dough . Some biscuit cutters simply cut through dough that has been rolled flat , others also imprint or mould the dough 's surface . Biscuit press Cookie press A device for making pressed cookies such as spritzgebäck . It consists of a cylinder with a plunger on one end which is used to extrude cookie dough through a small hole at the other end . Typically the cookie press has interchangeable perforated plates with holes in different shapes , such as a star shape or a narrow slit to extrude the dough in ribbons . Blow torch Blowtorch , blowlamp Commonly used to create a hard layer of caramelized sugar in a crème brûlée . Boil over preventer Milk watcher , Milk guard , Pot minder Preventing liquids from boiling over outside of the pot A disc with a raised rim , designed to ensure an even distribution of temperature throughout the pot . This preventing bubbles from forming in liquids such as milk , or water which contains starch ( for instance if used to cook pasta ) . Can be made of metal , glass or ceramic materials . Bottle opener Twists the metal cap off of a bottle Bowl To hold food , including food that is ready to be served A round , open topped container , capable of holding liquid . Materials used to make bowls vary considerably , and include wood , glass and ceramic materials . Bread knife To cut bread A serrated blade made of metal , and long enough to slice across a large loaf of bread . Using a sawing motion , instead of pushing force as with most knives , it is possible to slice the loaf without squashing it . Browning tray Browning plate , Browning bowl Used in a microwave oven to help turn food brown Generally made of glass or porcelain to absorb heat , which helps colour the layer of food in contact with its surface . Butter curler Used to produce decorative butter shapes . Cake and pie server Cake shovel , pie cutter To cut slices in pies or cakes , and then transfer to a plate or container This utensil typically features a thin edge to assist with slicing , and a large face , to hold the slice whilst transferring to a plate , bowl or other container . Cheese cutter Designed to cut soft , sticky cheeses ( moist and oily ) . The cutting edge of cheese cutters are typically a fine gauge stainless steel or aluminium wire . Cheese knife Used to cut cheese . Cheese slicer Used to cut semi-hard and hard cheeses . It produces thin , even slices . Cheesecloth To assist in the formation of cheese A gauzed cotton cloth , used to remove whey from cheese curds , and to help hold the curds together as the cheese is formed . Chef 's knife Originally used to slice large cuts of beef , it is now the general utility knife for most Western cooks . Cherry pitter Olive stoner Used for the removal of pits ( stones ) from cherries or olives . Chinois Chinoise Straining substances such as custards , soups and sauces , or to dust food with powder A conical sieve Clay pot A cooking pot made out of clay Cleaver Hacking through bone or slicing large vegetables ( such as squash ) . The knife 's broad side can also be used for crushing in food preparation ( such as garlic ) . A large broad bladed knife . Colander Used for draining substances cooked in water A bowl - shaped container with holes , typically made from plastic or metal . It differs from a sieve due to its larger holes , allowing larger pieces of food , such as pasta , to be drained quickly . Corkscrew Pierces and removes a cork from a bottle . Crab cracker Lobster cracker Used to crack the shell of a crab or lobster A clamping device , similar in design to a nutcracker but larger , with ridges on the inside to grip the shell . Cutting board A portable board on which food can be cut . Usually smaller and lighter than butcher 's blocks , generally made from wood or plastic . Dough scraper Bench scraper , Scraper , Bench knife To shape or cut dough , and remove dough from a worksurface Most dough scrapers consist of handle wide enough to be held in one or two hands , and an equally wide , flat , steel face . Edible tableware Tableware , such as plates , glasses , utensils and cutlery , that is edible Egg piercer Pierces the air pocket of an eggshell with a small needle to keep the shell from cracking during hard - boiling . If both ends of the shell are pierced , the egg can be blown out while preserving the shell ( for crafts ) . Egg poacher Holds a raw egg , and is placed inside a pot of boiling water to poach an egg . Egg separator A slotted spoon - like utensil used to separate the yolk of an egg from the egg white . Egg slicer Slicing peeled , hard - boiled eggs quickly and evenly . Consists of a slotted dish for holding the egg and a hinged plate of wires or blades that can be closed to slice . Egg timer Used to correctly time the process of boiling eggs . Historical designs range considerably , from hourglasses , to mechanical or electronic timers , to electronic devices which sense the water temperature and calculate the boiling rate . Fat separator Device used to defat or separate fat from stocks or gravies . Fillet knife A long , narrow knife with a finely serrated blade , used to slice fine filet cuts of fish or other meat . Fish scaler Urokotori Used to remove the scales from the skin of fish before cooking Fish slice Spatula , turner Used for lifting or turning food during cooking Flour sifter Blends flour with other ingredients and aerates it in the process . Food mill Used to mash or sieve soft foods . Typically consists of a bowl , a plate with holes like a colander , and a crank with a bent metal blade which crushes the food and forces it through the holes . Funnel Used to channel liquid or fine - grained substances into containers with a small opening . A pipe with a wide , conical mouth and a narrow stem . Garlic press Presses garlic cloves to create a puree , functioning like a specialized ricer . Grapefruit knife Finely serrated knife for separating segments of grapefruit or other citrus fruit . Grater Cheese grater , Shredder Used to grate cheeses , spices , citrus and other foods Gravy strainer Gravy separator A small pouring jug that separates roast meat drippings from melted fat , for making gravy . Herb chopper Chops or minces raw herbs . Honey dipper Drizzles honey . Ladle A ladle is a type of serving spoon used for soup , stew , or other foods . Lame Used to slash the tops of bread loaves in artisan baking . Lemon reamer A juicer with a fluted peak at the end of a short handle , where a half a lemon is pressed to release the juice . Lemon squeezer A juicer , similar in function to a lemon reamer , with an attached bowl . Operated by pressing the fruit against a fluted peak to release the juice into the bowl . Lobster pick Lobster fork A long - handled , narrow pick , used to pull meat out of narrow legs and other parts of a lobster or crab . Mandoline Mated colander pot Measuring cup Measuring jug , Measuring jar The Pyrex - brand traditional measuring cup ( the Anchor Hocking - brand look - alike is shown , right ) is available in 1 cup ( 8 ounce ) , 2 cup ( 16 ounce ) , 4 cup ( 32 ounce ) and 8 cup ( 64 ounce ) sizes and includes U.S. customary units in quarter , third , half and two - thirds cup increments , as well as metric units . Measuring spoon Typically sold in a set that measures dry or wet ingredients in amounts from 1 / 4 teaspoon ( 1.25 ml ) up to 1 tablespoon ( 15 ml ) . Meat grinder Mincer Operated with a hand - crank , this presses meat through a chopping or pureeing attachment . Meat tenderiser Used to tenderize meats in preparation for cooking . Usually shaped like a mallet . Meat thermometer Thermometer used to measure the internal temperature of meats and other cooked foods . Melon baller Small scoop used to make smooth balls of melon or other fruit , or potatoes . Mezzaluna To finely and consistently chop / mince foods , especially herbs . Microplane To zest citrus fruits or finely grate hard foods such as cheese . Mortar and pestle Molcajete To crush food , releasing flavours and aromas Generally made from either porcelain or wood , the mortar is shaped as a bowl . The pestle , generally shaped like a small club , is used to forcefully squeeze ingredients such as herbs against the mortar . Nutcracker To crack open the hard outer shell of various nuts . Nutmeg grater A small , specialized grating blade for nutmeg . Oven glove Oven mitt To protect hands from burning when handling hot pots or trays . Pastry bag To evenly dispense soft substances ( doughs , icings , fillings , etc . ) . Pastry blender Cuts into pastry ingredients , such as flour and butter , for blending and mixing while they are in a bowl . It is made of wires curved into a crescent shape and held by a rigid handle . Pastry brush Basting brush To spread oil , juices , sauce or glaze on food . Some brushes have wooden handles and natural or plastic bristles , whilst others have metal or plastic handles and silicone bristles . Pastry wheel Cuts straight or crimped lines through dough for pastry or pasta . Peel Pizza shovel Peeler Potato peeler Pepper mill Burr mill , burr grinder , pepper grinder Pie bird Pie vent , pie funnel Pizza cutter Pizza slicer Potato masher Potato ricer Ricer Presses very smooth vegetable mashes or purees , operates similar to a meat grinder / mincer . Pot - holder Poultry shears Used for dejointing and cutting uncooked poultry ; reinforced with a spring , they have one serrated blade and pointed tips . Roller docker Rolling pin A long , rounded wooden or marble tool rolled across dough to flatten it . Salt shaker Scales Kitchen scales , Weighing scales Scissors Kitchen scissors Scoop Ice cream scoop Sieve Sifter , Strainer Slotted spoon Skimmer Spatula Spider Sieve , spoon sieve , spoon skimmer , basket skimmer For removing hot food from a liquid or skimming foam off when making broths A wide shallow wire - mesh basket with a long handle Sugar thermometer Candy thermometer Measuring the temperature , or stage , of sugar Tamis Drum sieve Used as a strainer , grater , or food mill . A tamis has a cylindrical edge , made of metal or wood , that supports a disc of fine metal , nylon , or horsehair mesh . Ingredients are pushed through the mesh . Tin opener Can opener To open tins or cans Designs vary considerably ; the earliest tin openers were knives , adapted to open a tin as easily as possible . Tomato knife Used to slice through tomatoes . A small serrated knife . Tongs For gripping and lifting . Usually used to move items on hot surfaces , such as barbecues , or to select small or grouped items , such as sugar cubes or salad portions . Two long arms with a pivot near the handle . Trussing needle For pinning , or sewing up , poultry and other meat . Needle , about 20 cm long and about 3mm in diameter , sometimes with a blade at end for pushing through poultry Twine Butcher 's twine , Cooking twine , Kitchen string , Kitchen twine For trussing roasts of meat or poultry . Twine must be cotton -- never synthetic -- and must be natural -- never bleached -- in order to be `` food grade '' . Whisk Balloon whisk , gravy whisk , flat whisk , flat coil whisk , bell whisk , and other types . To blend ingredients smooth , or to incorporate air into a mixture , in a process known as whisking or whipping Most whisks consist of a long , narrow handle with a series of wire loops joined at the end . Whisks are also made from bamboo . Wooden spoon For mixing and stirring during cooking and baking . Zester For obtaining zest from lemons and other citrus fruit . A handle and a curved metal end , the top of which is perforated with a row of round holes with sharpened rims . See also ( edit ) Technology portal Food portal Cookware and bakeware Home appliance Kitchen utensil List of cooking appliances List of cooking techniques List of eating utensils List of food preparation techniques List of Japanese cooking utensils List of serving utensils References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Kitchen technology '' . Cornell University Library . Retrieved 22 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Conran , Caroline ; Conran , Terence & Hopkinson , Simon ( 1997 ) . The Conran Cookbook . Conran Octopus Ltd. p. 229 . ISBN 1840911824 . Jump up ^ `` Egg slicer , '' in Charles G. Sinclair , ed. , The International Dictionary of Food and Cooking , p. 184 . Peter Collin Pub. , 1998 . Google Book Search . Retrieved 18 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Conran , Caroline ; Conran , Terence & Hopkinson , Simon ( 1997 ) . The Conran Cookbook . Conran Octopus Ltd. p. 237 . ISBN 1840911824 . ^ Jump up to : Cunningham , Marion ( 2008 ) . The Fannie Farmer Cookbook . Alfred A. Knopf . p. 27 . ISBN 0679450815 . Jump up ^ Conran , Caroline ; Conran , Terence & Hopkinson , Simon ( 1997 ) . The Conran Cookbook . Conran Octopus Ltd. p. 233 . ISBN 1840911824 . Jump up ^ Roots , Levi ( 14 November 2009 ) . `` Best kitchen gadget : pestle and mortar '' . The Independent . Retrieved 5 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Marion ( 2008 ) . The Fannie Farmer Cookbook . Alfred A. Knopf . p. 30 . ISBN 0679450815 . 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1663377284030623077	List of Haunted Mansion characters	List of Haunted Mansion characters - wikipedia List of Haunted Mansion characters hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may be written from a fan 's point of view , rather than a neutral point of view . Please clean it up to conform to a higher standard of quality , and to make it neutral in tone . ( July 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . ( July 2015 ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( July 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The following is a list of characters from The Haunted Mansion , a popular theme park attraction located at Disneyland , Walt Disney World ( in the Magic Kingdom ) , Tokyo Disneyland and Disneyland Paris ( where the attraction is named Phantom Manor ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Ghost Host 2 Stretching Portraits 3 Madame Leota 4 Bride 4.1 Constance Hatchaway 5 Organist 6 Hatbox Ghost 7 The Groundskeeper 7.1 In other media 8 Singing Busts 9 Hitchhiking Ghosts 10 Little Leota 11 The Dread Family 12 References Ghost Host ( edit ) The Ghost Host serves as the unseen narrator of the attraction ; present in the Stretching Room and in the ride itself . His voice provides commentary through the ride heard via onboard speakers in the Omnimover ride vehicle . The character is voiced with a Mid-Atlantic accented voice provided by Paul Frees that has been described as `` gleefully sardonic '' . The hanging corpse seen in the Stretching Room implies that he committed suicide . The character is given the name ' Master Gracey ' in some related media such as the 2003 film and the comics ; a name featured on a tombstone in the queue . This connection was originally popularized by fans . It is an homage to master effects designer Yale Gracey who created most of the special effects in the mansion . In the 1969 record album The Story and Song from the Haunted Mansion , the Ghost Host was voiced by Pete Renaday , using an accent and manner of speaking inspired by English actor Boris Karloff . During Haunted Mansion Holiday , the Ghost Host is voiced by Corey Burton who originally played Shockwave , Brawn , Sunstreaker and Spike Witwicky in The Transformers Cartoon ( 1984 - 1987 ) and Brainac from the DCAU . In the Tokyo Disneyland Haunted Mansion , the character is voiced in Japanese by Teichiro Hori . The character is known as the Phantom in Phantom Manor at Disneyland Paris . He was originally voiced in English by Vincent Price , but was replaced by French actor Gérard Chevalier soon after the attraction opened due to French Regulations that required the voice to be only in French Accent . Price 's performance is still used for the Phantom 's evil laughter . Appearances in other media The Ghost Host 's famous line `` Welcome , foolish mortals '' was reproduced by Corey Burton in the opening titles of the 2003 film . For the tour of the film 's version of the mansion , the Ghost Host was voiced by British actor Tony Jay . The film 's Master Gracey ( Nathaniel Parker ) , given the name Edward , is shown to be separate from the Ghost Host although he is a mashup of the Ghost Host , the aging man portrait , and the original Master Gracey in the attraction . The character fell in love with Elizabeth Henshaw , the beautiful multiracial daughter of one of the manor 's multiracial servants , who in turn , also fell in love with him and they planned to marry . The family 's evil butler Ramsley ( Terence Stamp ) , seeing his actions as a disgrace to the family , murdered her with a poisoned cup of wine of and gave Edward a false letter from Elizabeth that he had penned himself which led Edward to believe that Elizabeth had never loved him , causing him to hang himself from the ceiling of the mansion in his grief while Elizabeth 's real letter , which was confiscated and hidden by Ramsley , says that she loves Master Gracey , and that she will marry him . After she died , her spirit remained in the mansion as an orb ( or `` ghost ball '' ) . Edward still loved her , and anxiously awaited her return , which was prophesied by a gypsy woman named Madame Leota . After Jim Evers ( Eddie Murphy ) reveals the truth to Edward , Ramsley is condemned to Hell for his actions and Elizabeth reunites with Edward , who gives the Evers family the deed to the house , and they ascended to Heaven with the rest of the spirits . In 2010 at San Diego Comic - Con , a teaser for a new Haunted Mansion film being produced by Guillermo del Toro was shown , in which Ian McShane provided the voice of the Ghost Host . Stretching portraits ( edit ) The following characters are depicted in the portraits of the Stretching Room : A balding man with a brown mustache and beard , dressed in a black tailcoat , a white shirt , a red sash , and a black bowtie . When the portrait stretches , it is revealed that he is not wearing pants ( only red and white striped boxer shorts ) , and he is standing atop a lit keg of dynamite . In an early attraction script , which gave the names of the characters in the stretching portraits , he was an ambassador named Alexander Nitrokoff , who came to the Mansion one night `` with a bang '' . In the comics , he was a visually impaired man named Steven who was invited to a party at Gracey Manor . Once Steven arrived at the Manor ( sans pants ) , his glasses were flicked off by the Hatbox Ghost . Due to his poor eyesight , he wandered the house completely oblivious to the ghosts , and ended up lighting a keg of dynamite with a candle . The game Epic Mickey features a similar painting of a man standing on a barrel of TNT . An old woman holding a rose and smiling . When the portrait stretches , it is revealed that she is seated on top of the tombstone of her late husband , George , who is depicted as a marble bust with his head split by an ax . The woman is later named as Constance Hatchaway . A brown - haired man with his arms crossed , dressed in a brown suit and wearing a brown derby hat . When the portrait stretches , it is revealed that he is sitting on the shoulders of another man , who is sitting on the shoulders of yet another man who is waist - deep in quicksand . In the comics , the three men were gamblers known as Hobbs , Big Hobbs , and Skinny Hobbs . A pretty young brunette holding a pink parasol . When the portrait stretches , it is revealed that she is balancing on a fraying tightrope above the gaping jaws of an alligator . This Ghost has had many names attributed to her . WDW cast members call her `` Lillian Gracey '' and say she strung her rope across to Tom Sawyer 's Island from the Mansion grounds where she met her fate . In the comics , the girl was a witch named Daisy de la Cruz , who turned men into alligators . This was also her name in the 2014 Haunt Your Disney Side event . More recent Imagineering projects have given her the name `` Sally Slater '' , starting from the 2011 interactive queue for the Walt Disney World version of the attraction and continuing in the 2016 Ghost Post ARG , where she is voiced by Hynden Walch in the interactive app portions . Madame Leota ( edit ) Madame Leota appears in the ride as a head encased within a crystal ball . She is the spirit of a psychic medium , conducting an otherworldly séance in an attempt to summon spirits and assist them in materializing . Her ghostly head appears on a table in the middle of her dark chamber , from which she speaks her incantations . Musical instruments and furniture levitate and make noises in response . She was played by Leota Toombs ( face ) and Eleanor Audley ( voice ) . Before Toombs was chosen for the face of the medium in the crystal ball , Imagineer Harriet Burns was tested for the part . Toombs also played the Ghost Hostess who appears at the end of the attraction . In 2002 , a tombstone for Madame Leota debuted at Walt Disney World 's Mansion . The epitaph reads : `` Dear sweet Leota , beloved by all . In regions beyond now , but having a ball . '' The face on the tombstone periodically shifts and opens its eyes . In 2006 , Disneyland 's Madame Leota was given the ability to float above the table in mid-air , via wires . This effect , along with the spell - book , was installed into the Walt Disney World Haunted Mansion during the 2007 refurbishment . In the Servants Quarters ( Walt Disney World ) , there is a bell for Madame Leota 's Boudoir . Near the mansion in Walt Disney World , there is a newly opened shop named `` Memento Mori '' that has many references to Madame Leota . During Haunted Mansion Holiday at Disneyland , she was played by Leota Toombs ' daughter Kim Irvine ( face ) and Suzanne Blakeslee ( voice ) . In Phantom Manor at Disneyland Paris , Madame Leota was played by Oona Lind . Her incantations are different from those of The Haunted Mansion , and they alternate between English and French . Appearances in other media In the 2003 film , Madame Leota was portrayed by Jennifer Tilly . She is shown first when Eddie Murphy 's character , Jim Evers , stumbles upon her chamber after trying to find his way out of a secret passage . Leota then tells him and his children , Michael and Megan about how the mansion was cursed and how to break it before sending them with servants Ezra and Emma to the graveyard to find the clue which is a key to a trunk in the attic which contains the secret of the curse . When the protagonists find the secret which was a letter from the fiancée of the mansion 's master , Elizabeth to the master himself , Edward Gracey , the butler Ramsley reveals the truth before banishing everyone . Leota is depicted as a helpful person when she tells Jim on how to break back in the mansion and rescue his family then reveal the truth of Ramsley 's evil plans to the master . After Gracey and Elizabeth are reunited in the afterlife , Leota joins the family in their vacation . In the 2003 video game , Leota acts as the secondary main protagonist and aids the player character , Ezekiel `` Zeke '' Halloway in navigating the Mansion to restore peace in the residence and free her six friends as well as other spirits from the game 's villain , Atticus Thorn , who has enslaved them when his group , the Order of Shadows , took over the estate . At the game 's conclusion , Zeke reveals that he had become a successful author and writer with Madame Leota 's guidance . In the comics , Leota was killed mid-trance by William Gracey , and does n't realize that she 's dead . In the Haunted Mansion level of the Xbox 360 game Kinect Disneyland Adventures , a malevolent Madame Leota ( voiced by Suzanne Blakeslee ) is encountered upon entering the Mansion , in the Stretching Room . The video game Epic Mickey has its own version of the character , named Madame Leona , who is the librarian of Lonesome Manor . Madame Leota appears in the eleventh episode of the seventh season of Once Upon a Time , `` Secret Garden '' , played by Suzy Joachim . In the series , Madame Leota is a witch , member of the Coven of the Eight , whose leader is Mother Gothel . Bride ( edit ) The Bride , one of the Mansion 's most enigmatic characters , haunts the Attic . Inspiration for the character can be traced back to legends including the Brown Lady of Raynham Hall . The Bride has been altered on numerous occasions over the years , appearing now at Disneyland and Walt Disney World as Constance Hatchaway -- the `` Black Widow Bride , '' using a digital projection effect . The original incarnation of the Bride was a skeletal corpse with glowing eyes , clutching a candle in one hand and a bouquet in the other . The sound of her beating heart filled the attic , and it could be seen glowing red within her chest . Her groom ( according to the Story and Song from the Haunted Mansion album ) , the Hatbox Ghost , was removed shortly after the attraction opened , as his `` disappearing head '' effect was unconvincing under the scene 's lighting conditions . Several `` blast - up '' and `` pop - up '' ghosts were also featured in the attic until they were removed with the `` Black Widow Bride '' update . At one point a story circulated that the Bride 's ring was embedded in the exterior exit path of Walt Disney World 's Haunted Mansion . The object was actually what remained of a crowd - control stanchion that had been cut down . It was removed during 2007 's Re-Haunting . In November 2016 when the new interactive queue was added , an `` official '' Bride 's ring was embedded in the path to honor the popular legend . Appearances in other media A candle - holding bride appears in the 2003 video game , though she is not the character from the movie . In the comics , the bride is named Emily De Claire . The storyline of Phantom Manor at Disneyland Paris revolves around a bride named Melanie Ravenswood who is tormented by the sinister Phantom . Constance Hatchaway ( edit ) During the 2006 upgrades at Disneyland , the Bride was given a name , a new look , and a backstory . In the late 19th century , Constance married -- and murdered -- at least five wealthy men and inherited their fortunes . Her ghost utters sinister variations on classic wedding vows as a hatchet materializes in her hands . The visible beating heart from the previous versions of the Bride was not carried over to Constance , but its audio remains on the soundtrack . While much of Constance 's story is left to the imagination , there are some hints in the newly decorated attic that give guests some insight into the character . A series of wedding photographs can be seen among various gifts and ceremonial trappings , and as guests pass each photo the heads of Constance 's former grooms disappear . In the last photo , Constance holds a rose while posing next to her groom George Hightower . This echoes the portrait ( in the stretching room ) of a much older Constance holding a rose as she sits atop the tombstone of her late husband George , whose stone bust has a hatchet lodged in its head . ( In an early attraction script , the widow in the stretching portrait was named Abigale Patecleaver . ) Though Constance 's ghost manifests as a young woman , she apparently lived to see old age . Constance was later installed at Walt Disney World 's Haunted Mansion during the 2007 refurbishment , though considerable work was done on her Floridian counterpart ( including utilizing different video footage and switching to a single projector instead of two at Disneyland ) . The performance model of Constance is Julia Lee . Constance is voiced by Kat Cressida . Appearances in other media In the Wii game Epic Mickey , Horace Horsecollar ( who runs the Detective Agency in the Wasteland ) sends Mickey Mouse on a quest to find Constance 's murder weapon . As Horace explains to Mickey , `` Constance Hatchaway was once the Lady of Lonesome Manor . Several of her husbands ... expired . There were suspicions but no evidence . Mrs. Hatchaway hid a hatchet in the house . '' In the Xbox 360 game Kinect Disneyland Adventures , Constance haunts the Ballroom and serves as a boss . Her appearance is based on the pre-2006 version of the character , complete with candle and bouquet . Organist ( edit ) At the attraction 's ballroom is a ghostly organist dressed in formal wear with a cape and top hat . He plays `` Grim Grinning Ghosts '' as a macabre waltz on the ballroom 's pipe organ . Tiny wisp - like spirits emerge from the organ 's pipes as the organist plays . In the original Disneyland version of the attraction , the organ console is the original prop of the organ used by Captain Nemo in the 1954 film , `` 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea '' . While the console is the same , the noticeable differences are that of the bat - shape note stand which replaced the mirror from the film and the taller set of pipes that replaces the fan - shaped pipes of Nemo 's organ to better compliment the ballroom 's dimensions and to make a good effect on the skull - like spirits floating out of the pipes . Other appearances The organist appears in The Haunted Mansion ( video game ) as one of the six friendly ghosts who are enslaved by the game 's villain , Atticus Thorn . Unlike the ride , the character is depicted without a hat but retains his cloak and is shown to be short - tempered and rude , on the manner that he refers to the game 's protagonist , Zeke Halloway , as `` beggar '' and is always upset when his playing is interrupted . However , despite some of his negative attitudes , he is also shown to be a little bit nice and appreciates Zeke 's efforts to restore the Mansion and thanks him for setting him as well as his friends and the other spirits free from Thorn 's control . The character gives Zeke a second weapon upgrade . While the character does not appear in the 2003 film adoption , there is a homage to him wherein one of the supporting characters , Ezra ( Wallace Shawn ) is shown wearing a cape and a hat and plays an off - key rendition of Richard Wagner 's Bridal Chorus during the film 's botched wedding ceremony . Hatbox Ghost ( edit ) Main article : Hatbox Ghost The Hatbox Ghost was a character who originally appeared in the attic , on the opposite side of the room from the Bride . He was a cloaked figure with a grinning skeletal face , clutching a cane with a trembling hand . His head would disappear from his body and reappear from within the hat box he held in his other hand . He was removed shortly after the attraction opened at Disneyland due to the effect not working as intended , and returned on April 10 , 2015 . In the Story and Song from the Haunted Mansion album , he is identified as the Bride 's groom ( `` with each beat of his bride 's heart ... '' ) . The headless groom theme was re-introduced into the attic scene in 2006 , as part of the `` Black Widow Bride '' storyline . Guillermo del Toro has stated that his upcoming Haunted Mansion film will feature the Hatbox Ghost as a pivotal figure in the story , and that the mythology of the Mansion will be centered around the character . Del Toro analogized his version of the Hatbox Ghost to a spider sitting in the middle of a `` web '' of Haunted Mansions . The look of the Hatbox Ghost may have been inspired by the Man in the Beaver Hat , played by Lon Chaney in the 1927 film , London After Midnight . On April 10 , 2015 , it was officially confirmed that the Hatbox Ghost would return to Disneyland 's Haunted Mansion in May 2015 . The first day of the character 's return was May 9 , 2015 . The groundskeeper ( edit ) The groundskeeper ( also known as `` The Caretaker '' ) is a man who tends to the Mansion 's upkeep but is stopped in his tracks when he effectively joins the guests ' tour in seeing the ghosts ' materializing at night . He is seen standing just outside the graveyard gates , next to a lamppost , raising a lantern in his shaking hand , and is visibly terrified . A shaking hound dog accompanies him , presumably his pet . In his other hand he holds a shovel , which either aids in his groundskeeping or could suggest alternatively he is a grave - robber caught in the act by the ghosts . It is often pointed out that he is the only ' living ' audio - animatronic seen throughout the entire ride . The groundskeeper features prominently in D.W. Frydendall 's comic book series based on the ride , and is identified as Horace Fusslebottom . In other media ( edit ) The groundskeeper and his dog appear in the 2003 film adaptation as ghostly versions of themselves in the graveyard scene . An original script had the Groundskeeper as a supporting character played by Don Knotts , who later dropped out before shooting began . In the video game , the groundskeeper also makes an appearance as a ghost but his dog is omitted . The character is seen in the Winter Garden as a disgruntled ghost who complains about the absence of someone who is to pay him for his work . He only appears when the level is completed . It is also noted however that the player character and primary main protagonist , Zeke Halloway , was partially inspired by the groundskeeper . Singing busts ( edit ) The Singing Busts in the graveyard scene A quintet of marble busts sing Grim Grinning Ghosts amidst the revelry in the graveyard . Their names are ( from left to right ) : Rollo Rumkin , Uncle Theodore , Cousin Algernon , Ned Nub , and Phineas P. Pock . The original concept art for talking or singing busts by Marc Davis included a female , Aunt Lucretia . The busts can also be seen in Phantom Manor at Disneyland Paris , minus Cousin Algernon . Rollo Rumkin : `` Lived and died a friendly bumpkin , '' according to his tombstone ( spelled Rolo on the stone ) , which was originally located in the family plot outside of the Disneyland Haunted Mansion . His name is a tribute to Imagineer Rolly Crump . He was played by Verne Rowe . In 2011 at Walt Disney World 's Haunted Mansion , an epitaphless tombstone with the name Rollo Rumkin debuted on the hillside adjacent to the queue . Uncle Theodore : The lead singing bust , whose head is broken off , was played by the deep - voiced Thurl Ravenscroft ( known for singing You 're A Mean One , Mr. Grinch and providing the voice of Tony the Tiger ) . He is often incorrectly identified as Walt Disney . Ravenscroft also narrated the 1969 record The Story and Song from the Haunted Mansion . In the comics , Uncle Theodore narrates Doom of the Diva , the tale of Baronessa Elda . In the 2003 film ( like in the attraction ) , Thurl Ravenscroft 's likeness was used for one of the singing busts . In 2011 at Walt Disney World 's Haunted Mansion , an epitaphless tombstone that reads `` In memory of Uncle Theodore '' debuted on the hillside adjacent to the queue . In Phantom Manor , his head has not broken off of the bust , but it is leaning over to the side a little , mimicking the broken head in the American mansions and in Tokyo . Cousin Algernon : Distinguishable from the other busts by his derby hat . He was played by Chuck Schroeder . In 2011 at Walt Disney World 's Haunted Mansion , an epitaphless tombstone with the name Cousin Algernon debuted on the hillside adjacent to the queue . Ned Nub : The only bust without a necktie . He was played by Jay Meyer . In 2011 at Walt Disney World 's Haunted Mansion , an epitaphless tombstone with the name Ned Nub debuted on the hillside adjacent to the queue . Phineas P. Pock : Relative of the poet Prudence Pock . He was played by Bob Ebright . The name Phineas Pock has appeared elsewhere in Haunted Mansion lore . A tombstone with the name Phineas Pock was featured in the original family plot at Disneyland 's Haunted Mansion , but it may not have been the same character as the singing bust . In 2011 at Walt Disney World 's Haunted Mansion , an epitaphless tombstone with the name Phineas Pock debuted on the hillside adjacent to the queue . Appearances in other media They were voiced by the Dapper Dans in the video game and the 2003 film adaptation . However , in these two adaptations , they are reduced to a quartet instead of appearing as five . In the Wii game Epic Mickey , the original five busts make an appearance in a stretching portrait inside Lonesome Manor . In the Xbox 360 game Kinect Disneyland Adventures , four of the busts appear in the queue area outside of the Mansion , and can be conducted . The Disney animated film Hercules features an homage during the song I Wo n't Say ( I 'm in Love ) , in which the Muses appear as singing busts and are arranged in the same way as the Haunted Mansion characters . Hitchhiking ghosts ( edit ) The Hitchhiking Ghosts are a tongue - in - cheek send - up of urban legends involving phantom hitchhikers . They are also said to be the attraction 's mascots due to their appearances in many merchandise . They have also been known to be the `` funny ghosts '' . Near the end of the ride , the trio are encountered standing together inside a crypt , with thumbs extended . They hitch a ride with guests traveling in Doom Buggies and appear alongside them in mirrors . `` They have selected you to fill our quota , and they 'll haunt you until you return , '' says the Ghost Host . In 2011 at Walt Disney World 's Haunted Mansion , the mirror scene was updated with digital effects that enable the ghosts to interact with the guests . The vocals for Walt Disney World 's computer - generated ghosts were provided by actor Kurt von Schmittou . The Prisoner is a short , hairy little ghost with a ball and chain shackled to his ankle . The Skeleton is a tall , dapper , grinning ghost . When the attraction first opened at Disneyland , he was completely bald , but has since had hair of varying lengths . Although the Skeleton figure has the same face mold as the Hatbox Ghost , they are not meant to be the same character . In Marc Davis ' original concept art , the character was a stereotypical `` sheet ghost '' with no clothes , save for the bowler hat he lifted above his head . By the time the attraction opened , the character had evolved into the fully clothed skeletal ghost seen in the Mansion today . The Traveler is an overweight hunchback wearing a top hat and holding a carpet bag . The Hitchhiking Ghosts are often referred to as `` Gus '' ( Prisoner ) , `` Ezra '' ( Skeleton ) , and `` Phineas '' ( Traveler ) . These names are thought to have originated from and popularised by Cast Members who worked at the Walt Disney World Haunted Mansion , and further spread by fans . Since then , the names have appeared on merchandise for the characters and in various media licensed by Disney . When the subject was brought up in a 2006 interview , Imagineer Jason Surrell said , `` Their names are not Ezra , Phineas , and Gus . I do n't know where it came from . I know at one point , Cast Members contributed to this website that names all the ghosts and gives them backstories . None of those have any basis in Imagineering story , or anything like that . But somehow Ezra , Phineas , and Gus in particular managed to stick , so in the book about the only thing I could do is acknowledge that and say it 's not official , but acknowledge it at the same time . '' When the interactive queue was installed outside of the Walt Disney World attraction in 2011 , tombstones with the names Gus and Ezra were added . Also added was a tombstone for Phineas Pock , though this is a reference to the singing bust character , and not the Traveler hitchhiking ghost . Appearances in other media The Hitchhiking Ghosts make a brief appearance in the 2003 film , passed by the hearse carrying the Evers family through the graveyard , striking their signature pose . As Jim Evers ( Eddie Murphy ) is startled by their appearance , the Traveler and Prisoner ( played by Deep Roy ) argue how the Evers see them , thinking they are invisible until the Prisoner accuses Jim as a liar and psychic as the Skeleton ( played by Jeremy Howard ) observes silently . Unlike their ride counterparts , the trio were the mansion 's former servants ; the Traveller was the mansion 's head chef ( complete with French accent ) , the Skeleton was the coachman , and the Prisoner was the assistant groundskeeper . Early script drafts for the movie have revealed that the three ghosts were going to play larger comic relief supporting roles , similar to the servant characters Emma and Ezra . The characters make an appearance in the Xbox 360 game Kinect Disneyland Adventures . The Hitchhiking Ghosts made cameo appearances in multiple episodes of Disney 's House of Mouse . In August 2012 , a `` Disney Dream Portrait '' by photographer Annie Leibovitz was released , featuring comedic actors Jack Black , Will Ferrell , and Jason Segel as the Hitchhiking Ghosts . The queue of Tokyo Disneyland 's Star Tours : The Adventures Continue features three Audio - Animatronic hitchhiking droids : a former RX pilot droid and two former F - series droids from the attraction 's original 1989 incarnation , all posed in the same manner as the Hitchhiking Ghosts . In 2016 , the Disneyland Haunted Mansion `` Ghost Post '' in - park scavenger hunt includes the Phantom Radio iOS app with Disney voice veterans Peter Renaday as Ezra , Dee Bradley Baker as Gus and Stephen Stanton as Phineas . Little Leota ( edit ) Also known as the ' Ghost Hostess ' , this miniature `` lady in white '' type ghost beckons guests to hurry back at the end of the attraction : `` ... be sure to bring your death certificate '' says the Little Leota . She was played ( face and voice ) by Leota Toombs . The character is said to have been inspired by the `` arrangement hostesses '' from the 1965 film The Loved One . The character was conceived as being separate to the character of Madame Leota , however due to being played by the same woman , both characters are sometimes combined in related media . The Dread family ( edit ) The Dread Family is a family of six ( five if you do n't count the second bust on one stand ) that killed each other for their wealth . Their busts are seen while waiting on line and part of interactive queue as a murder mystery for the guests to solve . The members of the Dread family are : Uncle Jacob Dread Bertie Dread Aunt Florence McGriffin Dread The Twins , also known as Wellington and Forsythia Dread Cousin Maude Dread Jacob did n't kill anybody . Bertie poisoned him with venom from his snake and Florence killed him with her pistol gun for revenge but a rogue shot killed the twins pet canary . Wellington and Forsythia killed Florence for revenge with a bag of canary seeds on top of her face . Maude killed the two by smashing their heads with a Croquet mallet and Maude killed herself by accident because she forgot that she put matches in her hair to hold her bun together and the friction of her pillow caused fire . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` DoomBuggies > Explore the history and marvel at the mystery of Disney 's Haunted Mansion attractions ! '' . www.doombuggies.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ http://www.disneyabcpress.com/abc/pressrelease/once-upon-a-time-secret-garden-32/ Jump up ^ `` ' Once Upon a Time ' bosses on rise of new big bad '' . EW.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ Glover , Erin ( April 10 , 2015 ) . `` Legendary Hatbox Ghost Comes Out to Socialize in the Haunted Mansion at Disneyland Park in May '' . Disney Parks Blog . Retrieved April 10 , 2015 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Haunted_Mansion_characters&oldid=843341949 '' Categories : Characters of the Disney theme parks Haunted Mansion Lists of Disney characters Fictional ghosts Hidden categories : Articles with a promotional tone from July 2015 All articles with a promotional tone Articles needing additional references from July 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles that may contain original research from July 2015 All articles that may contain original research Articles with multiple maintenance issues Use mdy dates from May 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 14 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays the crystal ball in haunted mansion	[]	[]
176414459231031516	Fox & Friends	Fox & Friends - wikipedia Fox & Friends Jump to : navigation , search For the 1975 German film , see Fox and His Friends . Fox & Friends Logo of the show Genre Talk show News program Presented by Weekdays : Steve Doocy Ainsley Earhardt Brian Kilmeade Weekends : Pete Hegseth Abby Huntsman Ed Henry Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 15 Production Location ( s ) New York City Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 180 minutes Release Original network Fox News Channel Picture format 720p ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) Original release February 1 , 1998 -- present External links Website www.foxnews.com/foxfriends Fox & Friends is a daily morning conservative news / talk program that airs on Fox News Channel , hosted by Steve Doocy , Brian Kilmeade , and Ainsley Earhardt . It begins at 6 : 00 a.m. Eastern Time with the latest Fox News Live headlines and news of the morning and continues with a variety of segments including current events , interviews , updates of news stories with correspondents , political analysis from the hosts , and entertainment segments . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Characteristics of the show 2.1 Recurring segments 3 Ratings 4 Political stance 5 Personalities 5.1 Weekdays 5.2 Weekends 5.3 Regular contributors 5.4 Former hosts 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Fox & Friends evolved from Fox X-press , Fox News Channel 's original morning news program . After the September 11 , 2001 terrorist attacks , an additional hour was added to the beginning of the weekday show , but branded as a separate show called Fox & Friends First . It was the first Fox News show to air live for the day , starting at 6 : 00 a.m. It was discontinued on July 13 , 2008 and replaced with an additional hour of Fox & Friends The Fox & Friends First title was reintroduced on March 5 , 2012 , also as a separate show airing one hour before the main three - hour program , but using a separate slate of rotating anchors . Characteristics of the show ( edit ) Since inception , the show is a talk show format , featuring two male cohosts and a female cohost . Currently , Steve Doocey , Ainsley Earhardt , and Brian Kilmeade cohost the show . At the top and bottom of the hour , the show highlights current ' Breaking News ' after which a meteorologist in ' The Weather Center ' reviews the national weather forecasts . If there are extraordinary conditions to be discussed , they refer to it as ' The Extreme Weather Center ' . The show features a casual format with the hosts and guests typically sitting on the set 's ' curvy couch . ' After the show has ended for the day , a short online - only web show named After The Show Show which features behind - the - scenes footage not shown on air , is streamed on the Fox News website . It lasts from less than 3 minutes to 10 minutes . Recurring segments ( edit ) The ' Summer Concert Series ' features a live music concert in the Fox News Channel Plaza each Friday from Memorial Day weekend though Labor Day weekend . ' Normal or Nuts ' is a segment in which psychiatrist Dr. Keith Ablow answers viewer questions posed via Facebook or Twitter . On ' Rebuilding Dreams ' , real estate attorney Bob Massey offers non-legal advice on buying , selling , listing and pitfalls related to real estate transactions . ' So Sue Me ' is a segment in which Peter Johnson , Jr. ( an appellate and trial lawyer ) offers his perspective on current events with legal implications . Ratings ( edit ) The New York Times has reported the show is one of the most successful on the network . After the arrival of Elizabeth Hasselbeck in September 2013 , the show climbed 23 percent in total viewers compared to its average for the third quarter of 2013 , and 22 percent in the key 25 - 54 news demo . For Hasselbeck 's first four weeks on the show , `` Fox & Friends '' averaged 1.226 million total viewers , up from the 1.058 that the show averaged for the third quarter of the year . In comparison , morning shows from both CNN and MSNBC combined to average 792,000 viewers . Political stance ( edit ) The New York Times wrote that Fox & Friends `` has become a powerful platform for some of the most strident attacks on President Obama . '' The program has provided a platform for conspiracy theories about Obama 's religion and , in May 2012 , aired a 4 - minute video attacking Obama 's record as President . The video was widely criticized as a political attack ad masquerading as journalism , TIME television critic James Poniewozik wrote : `` It 's hard to imagine a more over-the - top parody of Fox raw - meat - hurling , fear - stoking , base - pleasing agitprop . '' In response , a Fox News exec vice-president ' disavowed ' the video , blaming an associate producer and that the video ' slipped by ' senior managers at the network . Fox stated that the show was entertainment and `` does not pretend to be straight news . '' Personalities ( edit ) Weekdays ( edit ) Steve Doocy , co-host Ainsley Earhardt , co-host Brian Kilmeade , co-host Janice Dean , meteorologist Weekends ( edit ) Pete Hegseth , co-host Abby Huntsman , co-host Ed Henry , co-host Rick Reichmuth , meteorologist Regular contributors ( edit ) Patti Ann Browne Fox News news anchor Dr. Manny Alvarez , FNC medical contributor Judge Andrew Napolitano , FNC legal contributor Stuart Varney , Fox Business host . Jeanine Pirro , Fox News host . Geraldo Rivera , Fox News analyst . David A. Clarke Jr , political and law enforcement analyst / former sheriff Former hosts ( edit ) E.D. Hill , Weekdays co-host from 1998 to 2006 , replaced by Gretchen Carlson . Kiran Chetry Weekend co-host from 2005 to 2007 Dave Briggs , Weekend co-host , left at the end of 2012 to join NBC Sports Network Gretchen Carlson , Weekdays co-host from 2006 to 2013 , replaced by Elisabeth Hasselbeck after moving on to host her own new weekday afternoon program The Real Story . Alisyn Camerota , Weekend co-host , left on September 28 , 2013 , to be the co-host of a new weekday version of America 's News Headquarters . Maria Molina , Fox Cast meteorologist from 2010 to 2016 Elisabeth Hasselbeck , Weekdays co-host from 2013 to 2015 , replaced by Ainsley Earhardt . Anna Kooiman , Weekend co-host from 2012 to 2016 , replaced by Abby Huntsman . Tucker Carlson , Weekend co-host from 2012 to 2016 , left to host weekday primetime show . Clayton Morris , Weekend co-host from 2008 to 2017 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Thompson , Ethan , and Jason Mittell . `` Fox & Friends : Political Talk . '' How to Watch Television . 168 - 76 . Print . Jump up ^ Nisbet , Matthew C. `` Communicating Climate Change : Why Frames Matter for Public Engagement . '' Environment : Science and Policy for Sustainable Development 51.2 ( 2009 ) : 12 - 23 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Meagher , Richard . `` The `` Vast Right - Wing Conspiracy '' : Media and Conservative Networks . '' New Political Science 34.4 ( 2012 ) : 469 - 84 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Stelter , Brian ( July 9 , 2013 ) . `` Conservative Voice Goes From ' View ' to Fox News '' . New York Times . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Guthrie , Marisa ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Behind the Scenes at ' Fox & Friends , ' America 's Most Influential Morning Show ( Seriously ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TV Shows -- Fox and Friends '' . TV Guide.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wemple , Eric ( 27 March 2013 ) . `` Fox News all day : Hard , and conservative '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 1 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Changes at Fox & Friends '' . TVNewser . Retrieved 14 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Fox & Friends First Goes on the Air '' . TVNewser . Retrieved 5 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Moraes , Lisa de ( 2016 - 02 - 16 ) . `` Ainsley Earhardt Replaces Elisabeth Hasselbeck On ' Fox & Friends ' On February 29 '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Noticing That Fox News Has Lots of Blonde News Personalities Is Dehumanizing , Says Fox News Personality '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fox and Friends -- Index '' . Fox and Friends . Retrieved 3 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fox and Friends After the Show Show '' . Video Fox News . Retrieved 3 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Vinson , Christina ( 23 May 2014 ) . `` Fox News ' All American Summer Concert Series Features Exciting Country Artists '' . Taste of Country . Retrieved 3 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` All American Summer Concert Series '' . Fox News Channel . Retrieved 3 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrity Profiles -- Keith Ablow '' . TV Guide . Retrieved 3 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Peters , Jeremy ( June 20 , 2012 ) . `` Enemies and Allies for ' Friends ' '' . New York Times . Retrieved June 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fox and Friends ' Gets Double - Digit Ratings Boost with Elizabeth Hasselbeck '' . THE WRAP Covering Hollywood . October 15 , 2013 . Retrieved February 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fox and Friends jump 22 % with Elizabeth Hasselbeck '' . Deadline Hollywood . October 15 , 2014 . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stelter , Brian ( May 30 , 2012 ) . `` Obama Video on Fox News Criticized as Attack Ad '' . New York Times . Retrieved June 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Zurawik , David ( May 30 , 2012 ) . `` With Romney now official , Fox News gets shamelessly political '' . Baltimore Sun . Retrieved June 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( May 31 , 2012 ) . `` Fox News Produces Greatest Fox News Parody Video Ever '' . TIME . Retrieved June 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bauder , David ( June 4 , 2012 ) . `` Controversial Fox News video : personnel hardball ? '' . BusinessWeek . Associated Press . Retrieved June 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dave Briggs Leaves ' Fox and Friends ' With Emotional On - Air Farewell ( Video ) '' . Inqusitir . December 30 , 2012 . Retrieved January 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Elisabeth Hasselbeck leaving `` The View '' to join Fox `` . cbsnews . Retrieved July 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Weprin , Alex . `` ' The Real Story with Gretchen Carlson ' To Debut At 2 PM On Fox News September 30 '' . mediabistro.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Official website Fox & Friends on IMDb Fox & Friends at TV.com Fox and Friends First Preceded by Fox & Friends First Fox & Friends 6 : 00 AM -- 9 : 00 AM Succeeded by America 's Newsroom Morning shows in the United States Broadcast ABC Good Morning America CBS CBS This Morning NBC Today Univision ¡ Despierta América ! Telemundo Un Nuevo Día Syndication EyeOpener Cable BBC World News BBC World News GMT C - SPAN Washington Journal CBS Sports Network The Morning Show with Boomer CNBC Worldwide Exchange Squawk Box Squawk on the Street CNN New Day ESPN2 Golic and Wingo Fox News Channel Fox & Friends Fox Business Mornings with Maria HLN Morning Express with Robin Meade MLB Network Hot Stove MSNBC Morning Joe NFL Network Good Morning Football TV One News One Now The Weather Channel AMHQ Fox News programming Weekday Fox & Friends First Fox & Friends America 's Newsroom Happening Now Outnumbered Outnumbered Overtime with Harris Faulkner The Daily Briefing with Dana Perino Shepard Smith Reporting Your World with Neil Cavuto The Five Special Report with Bret Baier The Story with Martha MacCallum Tucker Carlson Tonight Hannity The Ingraham Angle Fox News @ Night Weekend Fox & Friends Weekend The Cost of Freedom America 's News Headquarters Journal Editorial Report Fox Report Weekend Watters ' World Justice with Judge Jeanine The Next Revolution The Greg Gutfeld Show Media Buzz Fox News Sunday Special Fox News Reporting War Stories with Oliver North America 's Election Headquarters Former The Edge The Big Story The 1 / 2 Hour News Hour Fox Magazine Fox Online Drudge Heartland Pat Sajak Weekend DaySide Just In with Laura Ingraham Weekend Live Fox News Live Showdown with Larry Elder Hannity & Colmes The Beltway Boys The Live Desk with Martha and Trace Glenn Beck Fox News Watch America Live with Megyn Kelly Huckabee A Healthy You & Carol Alt Geraldo at Large The Real Story On the Record The Kelly File Red Eye The O'Reilly Factor Fox News Specialists Fox News Tonight Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fox_%26_Friends&oldid=817772338 '' Categories : 1998 American television series debuts 1990s American television series 2000s American television series 2010s American television series English - language television programs Breakfast television in the United States Fox News shows Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use mdy dates from August 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia Edit links This page was last edited on 30 December 2017 , at 13 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who does the news on fox and friends	[ "Fox & Friends is a daily morning conservative[1][2][3][4][5] news/talk program that airs on Fox News Channel, hosted by Steve Doocy, Brian Kilmeade, and Ainsley Earhardt." ]	[ "Steve Doocy, Brian Kilmeade, and Ainsley Earhardt" ]
8629005138205822421	Names of the days of the week	Names of the days of the week - wikipedia Names of the days of the week Jump to : navigation , search `` Days of the Week '' redirects here . For the song by Stone Temple Pilots , see Days of the Week ( song ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Italian cameo bracelet representing the days of the week , corresponding to the planets as Roman gods : Diana as the Moon for Monday , Mars for Tuesday , Mercury for Wednesday , Jupiter for Thursday , Venus for Friday , Saturn for Saturday , and Apollo as the Sun for Sunday . Middle 19th century , Walters Art Museum The names of the days of the week in many languages are derived from the names of the classical planets in Hellenistic astrology , which were in turn named after contemporary deities , a system introduced in by the Roman Empire during Late Antiquity . In some other languages , the days are named after corresponding deities of the regional culture , either beginning with Sunday or with Monday . In the international standard ISO 8601 , Monday is treated as the first day of the week . Contents ( hide ) 1 Days named after planets 1.1 Greco - Roman tradition 1.1. 1 Romance languages 1.1. 2 Celtic languages 1.1. 3 Adoptions from Romance 1.2 Germanic tradition 1.2. 1 Adoptions from Germanic 1.3 South Asian tradition 1.4 East Asian tradition 1.5 Southeast Asian tradition 2 Numbered days of the week 2.1 Days numbered from Sunday 2.2 Days numbered from Monday 2.3 Days numbered from Saturday 3 Mixing of numbering and astronomy 4 See also 5 Notes 5.1 Sunday 5.2 Monday 5.3 Tuesday 5.4 Wednesday 5.5 Thursday 5.6 Friday 5.7 Saturday 6 References 7 Further reading Days named after planets ( edit ) Greco - Roman tradition ( edit ) Further information : Week and Planetary hours Between the 1st and 3rd centuries , the Roman Empire gradually replaced the eight - day Roman nundinal cycle with the seven - day week . Our earliest evidence for this new system is a Pompeiian graffito referring to the 6th February ( viii idus Februarius ) of the year AD 60 as dies solis ( `` Sunday '' ) . Another early witness is a reference to a lost treatise by Plutarch , written in about AD 100 , which addressed the question of Why are the days named after the planets reckoned in a different order from the actual order ? . The days were named after the planets of Hellenistic astrology , in the order Sun , Moon , Mars ( Ares ) , Mercury ( Hermes ) , Jupiter ( Zeus ) , Venus ( Aphrodite ) and Saturn ( Cronos ) . The seven - day week spread throughout the Roman Empire in Late Antiquity . By the 4th century , it was in wide use throughout the Empire , and it had also reached India and China . The Greek and Latin names are as follows : Day : ( see Irregularities ) Sunday Sōl or Helios ( Sun ) Monday Luna or Selene ( Moon ) Tuesday Mars or Ares ( Mars ) Wednesday Mercurius or Hermes ( Mercury ) Thursday Iuppiter or Zeus ( Jupiter ) Friday Venus or Aphrodite ( Venus ) Saturday Saturnus or Kronos ( Saturn ) Greek ἡμέρᾱ Ἡλίου hēmérā Hēlíou ἡμέρᾱ Σελήνης hēmérā Selḗnēs ἡμέρᾱ Ἄρεως hēmérā Áreōs ἡμέρᾱ Ἑρμοῦ hēmérā Hermoû ἡμέρᾱ Διός hēmérā Diós ἡμέρᾱ Ἀφροδῑ́της hēmérā Aphrodī́tēs ἡμέρᾱ Κρόνου hēmérā Krónou Latin diēs Sōlis diēs Lūnae diēs Martis diēs Mercuriī diēs Iōvis diēs Veneris diēs Saturnī Romance languages ( edit ) Except for modern Portuguese , the Romance languages preserved the Latin names , except for the names of Sunday , which was replaced by ( dies ) Dominicus ( Dominica ) , i.e. `` Day of the Lord '' and of Saturday , which was named for the Sabbath . Day : ( see Irregularities ) Sunday Sōl ( Sun ) Monday Luna ( Moon ) Tuesday Mars ( Mars ) Wednesday Mercurius ( Mercury ) Thursday Iuppiter ( Jupiter ) Friday Venus ( Venus ) Saturday Saturnus ( Saturn ) Italian domenica lunedì martedì mercoledì giovedì venerdì sabato Lombard Milanese domenega lunedì martedì mercoldì giovedì venerdì sabet Old Portuguese domingo lues martes mércores joves vernes sábado Galician domingo luns martes mércores xoves venres sábado Spanish domingo lunes martes miércoles jueves viernes sábado Romanian duminică luni marți miercuri joi vineri sâmbătă French dimanche lundi mardi mercredi jeudi vendredi samedi Occitan dimenge diluns dimarts dimècres dijòus divendres dissabte Catalan diumenge dilluns dimarts dimecres dijous divendres dissabte Asturian domingu llunes martes miércoles xueves vienres sábadu Venetian domenega luni marti mèrcore zioba vénare sabo Friulian domenie lunis martars miercus joibe vinars sabide Neapolitan dummeneca lunnerì marterì miercurì gioverì viernarì sàbbatu Sardinian language dominiga lunis martis mercuris iobia chenabura Sappadu Sicilian dumínica luni marti mércuri juvi vénniri sábbatu Celtic languages ( edit ) Early Old Irish adopted the names from Latin , but introduced separate terms of Norse origin for Wednesday , Thursday and Friday , then later supplanted these with terms relating to church fasting practices . Day : ( see Irregularities ) Sunday Sōl ( Sun ) Monday Luna ( Moon ) Tuesday Mars ( Mars ) Wednesday Mercurius ( Mercury ) Thursday Iuppiter ( Jupiter ) Friday Venus ( Venus ) Saturday Saturnus ( Saturn ) Old Irish Diu srol Dies scrol Diu luna Diu mart Diu iath Diu eathamon Diu triach Diu saturn Old Irish ( later ) Diu domnica Diu luna Diu mart Diu cétaín Diu eter dib aínib Diu aíne Diu saturn Irish An Domhnach Dé Domhnaigh An Luan Dé Luain An Mháirt Dé Máirt An Chéadaoin Dé Céadaoin An Déardaoin Déardaoin An Aoine Dé hAoine An Satharn Dé Sathairn Scottish Gaelic Di - Dòmhnaich / Didòmhnaich Di - Luain / Diluain Di - Màirt / Dimàirt Di - Ciadain / Diciadain Di - Ardaoin / Diardaoin Di - Haoine / Dihaoine Di - Sàthairne / Disathairne Welsh dydd Sul dydd Llun dydd Mawrth dydd Mercher dydd Iau dydd Gwener dydd Sadwrn Cornish Dy ' Sul Dy ' Lun Dy ' Meurth Dy ' Mergher Dy ' Yow Dy ' Gwener Dy ' Sadorn Breton Disul Dilun Dimeurzh Dimerc'her Diriaou Digwener Disadorn Manx Jedoonee Jelune Jemayrt Jecrean Jerdein Jeheiney Jesarn Adoptions from Romance ( edit ) Albanian adopted the Latin terms . Other languages adopted the week together with the Latin ( Romance ) names for the days of the week in the colonial period . Some constructed languages also adopted the Latin terminology . Day : ( see Irregularities ) Sunday Sōl ( Sun ) Monday Luna ( Moon ) Tuesday Mars ( Mars ) Wednesday Mercurius ( Mercury ) Thursday Iuppiter ( Jupiter ) Friday Venus ( Venus ) Saturday Saturnus ( Saturn ) Albanian E diel E hënë E martë E mërkurë E enjte E premte E shtunë Filipino Linggò Dominggo in most other Philippine languages Lunes Martes Miyerkules Huwebes Biyernes Sábado Māori ( Rā Tapu ) ( not celestially named ) ( rā + tapu = `` holy day '' ) Rāhina ( rā + Māhina = day + Moon ) Rātū ( rā + Tūmatauenga = day + Mars ) Rāapa ( rā + Apārangi = day + Mercury ) Rāpare ( rā + Pareārau = day + Jupiter ) Rāmere ( rā + Mere = day + Venus ) ( Rā Horoi ) ( not celestially named ) ( rā + horoi = `` washing day '' ) Tetum Dumingu Segunda Tersa Kuarta Kinta Sesta Sabadu Interlingua Dominica Lunedi Martedi Mercuridi Jovedi Venerdi Sabbato Ido Sundio Lundio Mardio Merkurdio Jovdio Venerdio Saturdio Esperanto dimanĉo lundo mardo merkredo ĵaŭdo vendredo sabato Germanic tradition ( edit ) Further information : Germanic calendar The Germanic peoples adapted the system introduced by the Romans by substituting the Germanic deities for the Roman ones ( with the exception of Saturday ) in a process known as interpretatio germanica . The date of the introduction of this system is not known exactly , but it must have happened later than AD 200 but before the introduction of Christianity during the 6th to 7th centuries , i.e. , during the final phase or soon after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire . This period is later than the Common Germanic stage , but still during the phase of undifferentiated West Germanic . The names of the days of the week in North Germanic languages were not calqued from Latin directly , but taken from the West Germanic names . Sunday : Old English Sunnandæg ( pronounced ( ˈsunnɑndæj ) ) , meaning `` sun 's day '' . This is a translation of the Latin phrase dies Solis . English , like most of the Germanic languages , preserves the original pagan / sun associations of the day . Many other European languages , including all of the Romance languages , have changed its name to the equivalent of `` the Lord 's day '' ( based on Ecclesiastical Latin dies Dominica ) . In both West Germanic and North Germanic mythology the Sun is personified as Sunna / Sól . Monday : Old English Mōnandæg ( pronounced ( ˈmoːnɑndæj ) ) , meaning `` Moon 's day '' . This is equivalent to the Latin name dies lunae . In North Germanic mythology , the Moon is personified as Máni . Tuesday : Old English Tīwesdæg ( pronounced ( ˈtiːwezdæj ) ) , meaning `` Tiw 's day '' . Tiw ( Norse Týr ) was a one - handed god associated with single combat and pledges in Norse mythology and also attested prominently in wider Germanic paganism . The name of the day is also related to the Latin name dies Martis , `` Day of Mars '' . Wednesday : Old English Wōdnesdæg ( pronounced ( ˈwoːdnezdæj ) ) meaning the day of the Germanic god Woden ( known as Óðinn among the North Germanic peoples ) , and a prominent god of the Anglo - Saxons ( and other Germanic peoples ) in England until about the seventh century . It is also vaguely related to the Latin counterpart dies Mercurii , `` Day of Mercury '' . The connection between Mercury and Odin is more strained than the other syncretic connections . The usual explanation is that both Wodan and Mercury were considered psychopomps , or guides of souls after death , in their respective mythologies ; both are also associated with poetic and musical inspiration . The Icelandic Miðviku , German Mittwoch , Low German Middeweek and Finnish keskiviikko all mean mid-week . Thursday : Old English Þūnresdæg ( pronounced ( ˈθuːnrezdæj ) ) , meaning ' Þunor 's day ' . Þunor means thunder or its personification , the Norse god known in Modern English as Thor . Similarly Dutch donderdag , German Donnerstag ( ' thunder 's day ' ) , Finnish torstai , and Scandinavian Torsdag ( ' Thor 's day ' ) . Thor 's day corresponds to Latin dies Iovis , `` day of Jupiter '' . Friday : Old English Frīgedæg ( pronounced ( ˈfriːjedæj ) ) , meaning the day of the Anglo - Saxon goddess Fríge . The Norse name for the planet Venus was Friggjarstjarna , ' Frigg 's star ' . It is based on the Latin dies Veneris , `` Day of Venus '' . Saturday : the only day of the week to retain its Roman origin in English , named after the Roman god Saturn associated with the Titan Cronus , father of Zeus and many Olympians . Its original Anglo - Saxon rendering was Sæturnesdæg ( pronounced ( ˈsæturnezdæj ) ) . In Latin , it was dies Saturni , `` Day of Saturn '' . The Scandinavian Lørdag / Lördag deviates significantly as it has no reference to either the Norse or the Roman pantheon ; it derives from old Norse laugardagr , literally `` washing - day '' . The German Sonnabend ( mainly used in northern and eastern Germany ) and the Low German words Sünnavend mean `` Sunday Eve '' , the German word Samstag ( mainly used in southern and western Germany ) derives from the name for Shabbat . Day : ( see Irregularities ) Sunday Sunna / Sól Monday Mona / Máni Tuesday Tiw / Tyr Wednesday Woden / Odin Thursday Thunor / Thor Friday Frige or Freya Saturday Saturn Proto - Germanic * Sunnōniz dagaz * Mēniniz dagaz * Tīwas dagaz , * Þingsas dagaz * Wōdanas dagaz * Þunras dagaz * Frijjōz dagaz * Saturnas dagaz , * Laugōz dagaz Old English Sunnandæg Mōnandæg Tīwesdæg Wōdnesdæg Þunresdæg Frīgedæg Sæternesdæg Old Saxon Sunnundag * Mānundag * Tiuwesdag , * Thingesdag Wōdanesdag * Thunaresdag Frīadag * Sunnunāƀand , * Satarnesdag Old High German Sunnûntag Mânetag Zîestag Wuotanestag Donarestag Frîjatag Sunnûnâband , Sambaztag Middle Low German Sunnedag Manedag Dingesdag Wodenesdag Donersdag Vrīdag Sunnenavend , Satersdag German Sonntag Montag Dienstag , Ziestag ( Alemannic German ) Mittwoch ( older Wutenstag ) Donnerstag Freitag Sonnabend , Samstag Yiddish Zuntik -- זונטיק Montik -- מאנטיק Dinstik -- דינסטיק Mitvokh -- מיטוואך Donershtik -- דאנערשטיק Fraytik -- פרײַטיק Shabbes -- שבת Scots Saubath , Sunday Monanday Tysday Wadensday Fuirsday Friday Seturday Dutch zondag maandag dinsdag woensdag donderdag vrijdag zaterdag Afrikaans Sondag Maandag Dinsdag Woensdag Donderdag Vrydag Saterdag Luxembourgish Sonndeg Méindeg Dënschdeg Mëttwoch Donneschdeg Freideg Samschdeg West Frisian Snein Moandei Tiisdei Woansdei Tongersdei Freed Sneon , Saterdei Low Saxon Sünndag Maandag Dingsdag Middeweek , Goonsdag ( rarely Woonsdag ) Dünnerdag Freedag Sünnavend , Saterdag Old Norse sunnudagr mánadagr tysdagr óðinsdagr þórsdagr frjádagr laugardagr , sunnunótt Faroese sunnudagur mánadagur týsdagur mikudagur , ónsdagur ( Suðuroy ) hósdagur / tórsdagur ( Suðuroy ) fríggjadagur leygardagur Icelandic sunnudagur mánudagur þriðjudagur miðvikudagur fimmtudagur föstudagur laugardagur Norwegian Bokmål søndag mandag tirsdag onsdag torsdag fredag lørdag Norwegian Nynorsk sundag / søndag måndag tysdag onsdag torsdag fredag laurdag Danish søndag mandag tirsdag onsdag torsdag fredag lørdag Swedish söndag måndag tisdag onsdag torsdag fredag lördag Elfdalian sunndag mondag tisdag ųosdag tųosdag frjådag lovdag Adoptions from Germanic ( edit ) Day : ( see Irregularities ) Sunday Sunna / Sól Monday Mona / Máni Tuesday Tiw / Tyr Wednesday Woden / Odin Thursday Thunor / Thor Friday Frige or Freya Saturday Saturn Finnish sunnuntai maanantai tiistai keskiviikko torstai perjantai lauantai Estonian pühapäev esmaspäev teisipäev kolmapäev neljapäev reede laupäev Maori ( transliteration ; translation ) Wiki ; Rātapu Mane ; Rāhina Tūrei ; Rātū Wenerei ; Rāapa Tāite ; Rāpare Paraire ; Rāmere Hāterei ; Rāhoroi South Asian tradition ( edit ) Further information : Navagraha Hindu astrology adopted the concept of days under the regency of a planet under the term vāra , the days of the week being called āditya - , soma - , maṅgala - , budha - , guru - , śukra - , and śani - vāra . śukrá is a name of Venus ( regarded as a son of Bhṛgu ) ; guru is here a title of Bṛhaspati , and hence of Jupiter ; budha `` Mercury '' is regarded as a son of Soma , i.e. the Moon . Knowledge of Greek astrology existed since about the 2nd century BC , but references to the vāra occur somewhat later , during the Gupta period ( Yājñavalkya Smṛti , c. 3rd to 5th century ) , i.e. at roughly the same period the system was introduced in the Roman Empire . ( Source ? ) Sunday the Sun ( Aditya , Ravi ) Monday the Moon ( Soma , Chandra , Indu ) Tuesday Mars ( Mangala ) Wednesday Mercury ( Budha ) Thursday Jupiter ( Guru ) Friday Venus ( Shukra ) Saturday Saturn ( Shani ) Balti Adeed عدید ‬ Chamdral چامدرال ‬ Angaru انگارا ‬ Boru بورو ‬ Brespod بریس پود ‬ Shugoru شوگ ورو ‬ Shingsher شنگ شےر ‬ Bengali রবিবার Robibar সোমবার Shombar মঙ্গলবার Monggolbar বুধবার Budhbar বৃহস্পতিবার Brihôshpotibar শুক্রবার Shukrobar শনিবার Shonibar Bhojpuri एतवार Aitwār सोमार Somār मंगर Mangar बुध Budh बियफे Bi'phey सुक्क Sukk सनिच्चर Sanichchar Burushaski Adit ادیت ‬ Chandoro چندورؤ ‬ Angaro نگارو ‬ Bodo بوڈو ‬ Berayspat بیرے سپاٹ ‬ Shukuro شوک ورؤ ‬ Shemshayr شیم شےر ‬ Chitrali ( Khowar ) Yakshambey یک شمبے ‬ Doshambey دو شمبے ‬ Seshambey سہ شمبے ‬ Charshambey چار شمبے ‬ Pachambey پچھمبے ‬ Adina آدینہ ‬ Shambey شمبے ‬ Gujarati રવિવાર Ravivār સોમવાર Somvār મંગળવાર Mangaḷvār બુધવાર Budhvār ગુરૂવાર Guruvār શુક્રવાર Shukravār શનિવાર Shanivār Hindi रविवार Ravivār सोमवार Somavār मंगलवार Mangalavār बुधवार Budhavār गुरूवार Guruvār शुक्रवार Shukravār शनिवार Shanivār Hindko Atwaar اتوار ‬ Suwar سؤ وار ‬ Mungal منگل ‬ Bud بدھ ‬ Jumiraat جمعرات ‬ Jummah جمعہ ‬ Khali خالي ‬ Konkani आयतार Āytār सोमार Somaar मंगळार Mangaḷār बुधवार Budhavār भीरेस्तार Bhirestār शुक्रार Shukrār शेनवार Shenvār Maldivian އާދީއްތަ Aadheettha ހޯމަ Homa އަންގާރަ Angaara ބުދަ Budha ބުރާސްފަތި Buraasfathi ހުކުރު Hukuru ހޮނިހިރު Honihiru Marathi रविवार Ravivār सोमवार Somavār मंगळवार Mangaḷavār बुधवार Budhavār गुरूवार Guruvār शुक्रवार Shukravār Kashmiri Āthvār आथु'वार اَتھ وار ‬ Çāņdėrvār च़'न्दु'रवार ژندر وار ‬ Bomvār बोमवार پم وار ‬ Bödvār बॅदवार برھ وار ‬ Brêsvār ब्रसवार برس وار ‬ Shokụrvār / Jumāh शो'कु'रवार شۆکٕروار ‬ जुमाह جُمھ ‬ Baţėvār बटु'वार بٹ وار ‬ Kannada ಭಾನುವಾರ Bhanu Vaara ಸೋಮವಾರ Soma Vaara ಮಂಗಳವಾರ Mangala Vaara ಬುಧವಾರ Budha Vaara ಗುರುವಾರ Guru Vaara ಶುಕ್ರವಾರ Shukra Vaara ಶನಿವಾರ Shani Vaara Malayalam ഞായര്‍ Nhāyar തിങ്കള്‍ Tingal ചൊവ്വ Chovva ബുധന്‍ Budhan വ്യാഴം Vyāzham വെള്ളി Velli ശനി Shani Nepali आइतवार Aaitabar सोमवार Sombar मंगलवार Mangalbar बुधवार Budhabar बिहिवार Bihibar शुक्रवार Sukrabar शनिवार Sanibar Pashto Etwar اتوار Gul ګل Nehi نهه Shoro شورو Ziarat زيارت Jumma جمعه Khali خالي Punjabi ( Gurmukhi ) ਐਤਵਾਰ etvār ਸੋਮਵਾਰ sōmvār ਮੰਗਲਵਾਰ mangalvār ਬੁੱਧਵਾਰ búdvār ਵੀਰਵਾਰ vīrvār ਸ਼ੁੱਕਰਵਾਰ shukkarvār ਸ਼ਨਿੱਚਰਵਾਰ shaniccharvār Odia ରବିବାର Rabibār ସୋମବାର Sombār ମଙ୍ଗଳବାର Mangalbār ବୁଧବାର Buddhbār ଗୁରୁବାର Gurubār ଶୁକ୍ରବାର Shukrabār ଶନିବାର Shanibār Sinhala ඉරිදා Irida සඳුදා Sanduda අඟහරුවාදා Angaharuwada බදාදා Badada බ්‍රහස්පතින්දා Brahaspathinda සිකුරාදා Sikurada සෙනසුරාදා Senasurada Sylheti রবিবার Robibar সোমবার Shombar মঙ্গলবার Mongolbar বুধবার Budhbar বিষুধবার Bishudhbar সুক্ষুরবার / জুম'আবার Shukkurbar / Jum'abar শনিবার Shonibar Telugu ఆదివారం Aadi Vāram సోమవారం Soma Vāram మంగళవారం Mangala Vāram బుధవారం Budha Vāram గురువారం Bestha / Guru / Lakshmi Vāram శుక్రవారం Shukra Vāram శనివారం Shani Vāram Tamil ஞாயிறு Gnyāyiru திங்கள் Thingal செவ்வாய் Chevvāi புதன் Budhan வியாழன் Viyāzhan வெள்ளி Velli சனி Sani Sanskrit भानुवासरम् Bhānuvāsaram इन्दुवासरम् Induvāsaram भौमवासरम् Bhaumavāsaram सौम्यवासरम् Saumyavāsaram गुरुवासरम् Guruvāsaram भृगुवासरम् Bhṛguvāsaram स्थिरवासरम् Sthiravāsaram Shina Adit ادیت ‬ Tsunduro تساند ورؤ ‬ Ungaro نگارو ‬ Budo بوڈو ‬ Brespat بیرے سپاٹ ‬ Shukur شوکر ‬ Shimsher شیم شےر ‬ Sindhi Aacheru آچر Soomaru سومر Angaro انڱارو Arbau اربع Kameesa خميس Jum'o جمعو Chancher ڇنڇر Sylheti রবিবার Robibar সোমবার Shombar মঙ্গলবার Mongolbar বুধবার Budhbar বিশুদ্ধবার Bishudbar শুক্ষুরবার / জুমাবার Shukkurbar / Jummabar শনিবার Shonibar Urdu Itwār اتوار ‬ Pīr پیر ‬ Mangal منگل ‬ Bodh بدھ ‬ Jumārāt جمعرات ‬ Jummah جمعہ ‬ Heftah ہفتہ ‬ Western Punjabi ( Shahmukhi ) Aitwār اتوار ‬ Pīr پیر ‬ Mangal منگل ‬ Budh بدھ ‬ Jumāy - rāt جمعرات ‬ Jummah جمعہ ‬ Hafta ہفتہ ‬ East Asian tradition ( edit ) The East Asian naming system for the days of the week closely parallels that of the Latin system and is ordered after the `` Seven Luminaries '' ( 七曜 qī yào ) , which consists of the Sun , Moon and the five planets visible to the naked eye . The Chinese seem to have adopted the seven - day week from the Hellenistic system by the 4th century , although by which route is not entirely clear . It was again transmitted to China in the 8th century by Manichaeans , via the country of Kang ( a Central Asian polity near Samarkand ) . The 4th - century date , according to the Cihai encyclopedia , is due to a reference to Fan Ning ( 範寧 / 范宁 ) , an astrologer of the Jin Dynasty . The renewed adoption from Manichaeans in the 8th century ( Tang Dynasty ) is documented with the writings of the Chinese Buddhist monk Yi Jing and the Ceylonese Buddhist monk Bu Kong . The Chinese transliteration of the planetary system was soon brought to Japan by the Japanese monk Kobo Daishi ; surviving diaries of the Japanese statesman Fujiwara Michinaga show the seven day system in use in Heian Period Japan as early as 1007 . In Japan , the seven day system was kept in use ( for astrological purposes ) until its promotion to a full - fledged ( Western - style ) calendrical basis during the Meiji era . In China , with the founding of the Republic of China in 1911 , Monday through Saturday in China are now named after the luminaries implicitly with the numbers . For more information on the Chinese ten - day week , see Chinese_calendar § Day. 2C_hour. 2C_and_week . For more information on the five elements and their relation to the planets , see Chinese astrology § Wu Xing , and Wu Xing . Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Celestial Object Sun ( 日 ) First Star Moon ( 月 ) Second Star Mars ( 火 ) Third Star Mercury ( 水 ) Fourth Star Jupiter ( 木 ) Fifth Star Venus ( 金 ) Sixth Star Saturn ( 土 ) Seventh Star Classical Chinese 日曜日 Rìyàorì 月曜日 Yuèyàorì 火曜日 Huǒyàorì 水曜日 Shuǐyàorì 木曜日 Mùyàorì 金曜日 Jīnyàorì 土曜日 Tǔyàorì Japanese 日曜日 Nichiyōbi 月曜日 Getsuyōbi 火曜日 Kayōbi 水曜日 Suiyōbi 木曜日 Mokuyōbi 金曜日 Kin'yōbi 土曜日 Doyōbi Korean 일요일 日曜日 Ilyoil 월요일 月曜日 Wolyoil 화요일 火曜日 Hwayoil 수요일 水曜日 Suyoil 목요일 木曜日 Mogyoil 금요일 金曜日 Geumyoil 토요일 土曜日 Toyoil Mongolian наран өдөр naraŋ ödör саран өдөр saraŋ ödör гал өдөр gal ödör усан өдөр usaŋ ödör модон өдөр modoŋ ödör төмөр өдөр , алтан өдөр tömör ödör , altaŋ ödör шороон өдөр shorooŋ ödör Tibetan གཟའ ་ ཉི ་ མ ། ( gza ' nyi ma ) Nyima གཟའ ་ ཟླ ་ བ ། ( gza ' zla wa ) Dawa གཟའ ་ མིག ་ དམར ། ( gza ' mig dmar ) Mikmar གཟའ ་ ལྷག ་ པ ། ( gza ' lhak pa ) Lhakpa གཟའ ་ ཕུར ་ བུ ། ( gza ' phur bu ) Purbu གཟའ ་ པ ་ སངས ། ( gza ' pa sangs ) Pasang གཟའ ་ སྤེན ་ པ ། ( gza ' spen ba ) Penba Pronunciations for Classical Chinese names are given in Standard Chinese . For Standard Chinese nomenclature of the days of the week , see Names of the days of the week § Mixing of numbering and astronomy . Southeast Asian tradition ( edit ) The Southeast Asian tradition also uses the Hindu names of the days of the week . Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Burmese တနင်္ဂနွေ IPA : ( tənɪ́ɴ ɡənwè ) ( ta. nangga. nwe ) တနင်္လာ IPA : ( tənɪ́ɴ là ) ( ta. nangla ) အင်္ဂါ IPA : ( ɪ̀ɴ ɡà ) ( Angga ) ဗုဒ္ဓဟူး IPA : ( boʊʔ dəhú ) ( Buddhahu ) ( afternoon = new day ) ရာဟု Rahu ကြာသာပတေး IPA : ( tɕà ðà bədé ) ( Krasapate ) သောကြာ IPA : ( θaʊʔ tɕà ) ( Saukra ) စနေ IPA : ( sənè ) ( Cane ) Mon တ္ၚဲ အဒိုတ် ( ŋoa ətɜ̀t ) from Sans . āditya တ္ၚဲ စန် ( ŋoa cɔn ) from Sans . candra တ္ၚဲ အၚါ ( ŋoa əŋɛ̀a ) from Sans . aṅgāra တ္ၚဲ ဗုဒ္ဓဝါ ( ŋoa pùt - həwɛ̀a ) from Sans . budhavāra တ္ၚဲ ဗြဴဗ္တိ ( ŋoa pɹɛ̀apətɔeʔ ) from Sans . bṛhaspati တ္ၚဲ သိုက် . ( ŋoa sak ) from Sans . śukra တ္ၚဲ သ္ၚိ သဝ် ( ŋoa hɔeʔ sɔ ) from Sans . śani Khmer ថ្ងៃ អាទិត្យ ( tŋaj ʔaːtɨt ) ថ្ងៃ ចន្ទ ( tŋaj can ) ថ្ងៃ អង្គារ ( tŋaj ʔɑŋkiə ) ថ្ងៃ ពុធ ( tŋaj put ) ថ្ងៃ ព្រហស្បត្ណិ ( tŋaj prɔhoə̯h ) ថ្ងៃ សុក្រ ( tŋaj sok ) ថ្ងៃ សៅរ៍ ( tŋaj saʋ ) Lao ວັນອາທິດ ( wán ʔàːthīt ) ວັນຈັນ ( wán càn ) ວັນອັງຄານ ( wán ʔàŋkháːn ) ວັນພຸດ ( wán phūt ) ວັນພະຫັດ ( wán phāhát ) ວັນສຸກ ( wán súk ) ວັນເສົາ ( wán sǎu ) Cham Adit Thôm Angar But jip Suk Thanưchăn Shan ဝၼ်းဢႃတိတ်ႉ IPA : ( wan ˦ ʔaː ˩ tit ˥ ) ဝၼ်းၸၼ် IPA : ( wan ˦ tsan ˩ ) ဝၼ်းဢင်းၵၼ်း IPA : ( wan ˦ ʔaŋ ˦ kan ˦ ) ဝၼ်းၽုတ်ႉ IPA : ( wan ˦ phut ˥ ) ဝၼ်းၽတ်း IPA : ( wan ˦ phat ˦ ) ဝၼ်းသုၵ်း IPA : ( wan ˦ shuk ˦ ) ဝၼ်းသဝ် IPA : ( wan ˦ shaw ˩ ) Thai วัน อาทิตย์ Wan Āthit วัน จันทร์ Wan Chan วัน อังคาร Wan Angkhān วัน พุธ Wan Phut วัน พฤหัสบดี Wan Phruehatsabodi วัน ศุกร์ Wan Suk วัน เสาร์ Wan Sao Mongolian адъяа ad'yaa сумъяа sum'yaa ангараг angarag буд bud бархабадь barhabad ' сугар sugar санчир sanchir Javanese Raditya Soma Anggara Buda Respati Sukra Tumpek Balinese Redite Soma Anggara Buda Wrespati Sukra Saniscara Sinhala ඉරිදා Iridaa සඳුදා Sandudaa අඟහරුවාදා Angaharuwaadaa බදාදා Badaadaa බ්‍රහස්පතින්දා Brahaspathindaa සිකුරාදා Sikuraadaa සෙනසුරාදා Senasuraadaa Numbered days of the week ( edit ) Days numbered from Sunday ( edit ) See also : Feria Sunday comes first in order in calendars shown in the table below . In the Judeo - Christian or Abrahamic tradition , the first day of the week is Sunday . Biblical Sabbath ( corresponding to Saturday ) , when God rested from six - day Creation , made the day following Sabbath the first day of the week ( corresponding to Sunday ) . Seventh - day Sabbaths were sanctified for celebration and rest . After the week was adopted in early Christianity , Sunday remained the first day of the week , but also gradually displaced Saturday as the day of celebration and rest , being considered the Lord 's Day . Saint Martin of Dumio ( c. 520 -- 580 ) , archbishop of Braga , decided not to call days by pagan gods and to use ecclesiastic terminology to designate them . While the custom of numbering the days of the week was mostly prevalent in the Eastern Church , Portuguese and Galician , due to Martin 's influence , are the only Romance languages in which the names of the days come from numbers rather than planetary names . Icelandic is a special case within the Germanic languages , maintaining only the Sun and Moon ( sunnudagur and mánudagur respectively ) , while dispensing with the names of the explicitly heathen gods in favour of a combination of numbered days and days whose names are linked to pious or domestic routine ( föstudagur , `` Fasting Day '' and laugardagur , `` Washing Day '' ) . The `` washing day '' is also used in other North Germanic languages , but otherwise the names correspond to those of English . Day Number From One Sunday Day One Monday Day Two Tuesday Day Three Wednesday Day Four Thursday Day Five Friday Day Six Saturday Day Seven Icelandic sunnudagur ( Sun ) mánudagur ( Moon ) þriðjudagur miðvikudagur fimmtudagur föstudagur laugardagur Faroese sunnudagur mánadagur týsdagur mikudagur hósdagur fríggjadagur leygardagur Hebrew ראשון ‬ rishon שני ‬ sheyni שלישי ‬ shlishi רביעי ‬ revi'i חמישי ‬ khamishi שישי ‬ shishi שבת ‬ Shabbat Ecclesiastical Latin Dominica feria secunda feria tertia feria quarta feria quinta feria sexta sabbatum Portuguese domingo segunda - feira terça - feira quarta - feira quinta - feira sexta - feira sábado Galician domingo segunda feira terza feira terceira feira corta feira quarta feira quinta feira sexta feira sábado Tetum loron - domingu loron - segunda loron - tersa loron - kuarta loron - kinta loron - sesta loron - sábadu Greek Κυριακή Kyriakí Δευτέρα Deftéra Τρίτη Tríti Τετάρτη Tetárti Πέμπτη Pémpti Παρασκευή Paraskeví Σάββατο Sávato Georgian კვირა k'vira ორშაბათი oršabati სამშაბათი samšabati ოთხშაბათი otxšabati ხუთშაბათი xutšabati პარასკევი p'arask'evi შაბათი šabati Armenian Կիրակի Kiraki Երկուշաբթի Yerkushabti Երեքշաբթի Yerekshabti Չորեքշաբթի Chorekshabti Հինգշաբթի Hingshabti Ուրբաթ Urbat Շաբաթ Shabat Vietnamese chủ nhật ( chúa nhật ) ( ngày ) thứ hai ( ngày ) thứ ba ( ngày ) thứ tư ( ngày ) thứ năm ( ngày ) thứ sáu ( ngày ) thứ bảy Somali Axad Isniin Talaado Arbaco Khamiis Jimco Sabti Amharic እሑድ əhud ሰኞ säñño ( Next ) ማክሰኞ maksäñño ረቡዕ , ሮብ räbu , rob ሐሙስ hamus ዓርብ arb ( Sunset ) ቅዳሜ ḳədame ( First ) Arabic يوم ) الأحد ) ( yawm ) al - aḥad يوم ) الإثنين ) ( yawm ) al - ithnayn يوم ) الثُّلَاثاء ) ( yawm ) ath - thulāthā ' يوم ) الأَرْبعاء ) ( yawm ) al - ' arbi'ā ' يوم ) الخَمِيس ) ( yawm ) al - khamīs يوم ) الجُمْعَة ) ( yawm ) al - jum'ah يوم ) السَّبْت ) ( yawm ) as - sabt Maltese il - Ħadd it - Tnejn it - Tlieta l - Erbgħa il - Ħamis il - Ġimgħa is - Sibt Malay Ahad Isnin Selasa Rabu Khamis Jumaat Sabtu Indonesian Minggu ( Portuguese ) Ahad Senin Selasa Rabu Kamis Jumat Sabtu Javanese Ngahad , Ngakad , Minggu ( Portuguese ) Senèn Selasa Rebo Kemis Jemuwah Setu Sundanese Minggu / Minggon ( Portuguese ) Senén Salasa Rebo Kemis Jumaah Saptu Persian یکشنبه yekšanbe Mehr ruz مهرروز دوشنبه došanbe Māh ruz ماه روز سه شنبه sešanbe Bahrām ruz بهرام روز چهارشنبه čāhāršanbe Tir ruz تیر روز پنجشنبه panjšanbe Hormazd ruz هرمزد روز آدینه or جمعه ādine or djome Nāhid ruz ناهید روز شنبه šanbe Keyvān ruz کیوان روز Khowar یک شمبے yak shambey دو شمبے du shambey سہ شمبے sey shambey چار شمبے char shambey پچھمبے pachhambey آدینہ adina شمبے shambey Kurdish Yekşem Duşem Sêşem Çarşem Pêncşem În Şemî Old Turkic birinç kün ikinç kün üçünç kün törtinç kün beşinç kün altınç kün yetinç kün Turkish Pazar Pazartesi Salı Çarşamba Perşembe Cuma Cumartesi Uzbek Yakshanba Dushanba Seshanba Chorshanba Payshanba Juma Shanba Navajo Damóo / Damíigo ( Spanish ) Damóo Biiskání Sunday has ended Damóo dóó Naakiską́o Sunday + 2 × sunrise Damóo dóó Tááʼ Yiką́o Sunday + 3 × sunrise Damóo dóó Dį́į́ʼ Yiką́o Sunday + 4 × sunrise Ndaʼiiníísh It ends / done for the week Yiką́o Damóo ( upon ) sunrise ( it is ) Sunday Days numbered from Monday ( edit ) The ISO prescribes Monday as the first day of the week with ISO - 8601 for software date formats . The Slavic , Baltic and Uralic languages ( except Finnish and partially Estonian ) adopted numbering but took Monday rather than Sunday as the `` first day '' . This convention is also found in some Austronesian languages whose speakers were converted to Christianity by European missionaries . In Slavic languages , some of the names correspond to numerals after Sunday : compare Russian vtornik `` Tuesday '' and vtoroj `` the following '' , chetverg `` Thursday '' and chetvertyj `` the fourth '' , pyatnitsa `` Friday '' and pyatyj `` the fifth '' ; see also the Notes . Day Number From One Monday Day One Tuesday Day Two Wednesday Day Three Thursday Day Four Friday Day Five Saturday Day Six Sunday Day Seven ISO 8601 # 5 6 7 Russian понедельник ponedel'nik вторник vtornik среда sreda четверг chetverg пятница pyatnitsa суббота subbota воскресенье voskresen'ye Belarusian панядзелак panyadzelak аўторак awtorak серада serada чацвер chats'ver пятніца pyatnitsa субота subota нядзеля nyadzelya Ukrainian понедiлок ponedilok вiвторок vivtorok середа sereda четвер chetver п'ятниця p'yatnitsya субота subota недiля nedilya Bulgarian понеделник ponedelnik вторник vtornik сряда sryada четвъртък chetvărtăk петък petăk събота săbota неделя nedelya Polish poniedziałek wtorek środa czwartek piątek sobota niedziela Kashubian pòniedzôłk wtórk strzoda czwiôrtk piątk sobòta niedzela Slovak pondelok utorok streda štvrtok piatok sobota nedeľa Czech pondělí or pondělek úterý or úterek středa čtvrtek pátek sobota neděle Slovene ponedeljek torek sreda četrtek petek sobota nedelja Bosnian ponedjeljak utorak srijeda četvrtak petak subota nedjelja Croatian ponedjeljak utorak srijeda četvrtak petak subota nedjelja Serbian понедељак ponedeljak уторак utorak среда sreda четвртак četvrtak петак petak субота subota недеља nedelja Macedonian понеделник ponedelnik вторник vtornik среда sreda четврток chetvrtok петок petok сабота sabota недела nedela Lithuanian pirmadienis antradienis trečiadienis ketvirtadienis penktadienis šeštadienis sekmadienis Latvian pirmdiena otrdiena trešdiena ceturtdiena piektdiena sestdiena svētdiena Hungarian hétfő kedd szerda Slavic csütörtök Slavic péntek Slavic szombat Slavic vasárnap Estonian esmaspäev teisipäev kolmapäev neljapäev reede laupäev pühapäev Mongolian ( numerical ) нэг дэх өдөр neg dekh ödör хоёр дахь өдөр hoyor dahi ödör гурав дахь өдөр gurav dahi ödör дөрөв дэх өдөр döröv dekh ödör тав дахь өдөр tav dahi ödör хагас сайн өдөр hagas sayn ödör бүтэн сайн өдөр büten sayn ödör Mongolian ( Tibetan ) даваа davaa мягмар myagmar лхагва lhagva пүрэв pürev баасан baasan бямба byamba ням nyam Luo Wuok tich Tich ariyo Tich adek Tich ang'uen Tich abich Chieng ' ngeso Juma pil Tok Pisin ( Melanesian Pidgin ) mande tunde trinde fonde fraide sarere sande Apma ( Vanuatu ) ren bwaleh / mande ren karu ren katsil ren kavet ren kalim lesaare sande In Standard Chinese , the week is referred to as the cycle of the stars ( Chinese : 星期 ; pinyin : Xīngqī ) . The modern Chinese names for the days of the week are based on a simple numerical sequence . The word for ' week ' ( which is literally translated to ' star day ' ) is followed by a number indicating the day : ' Monday ' is literally ' star day one ' , ' Tuesday ' is ' star day two ' , etc . The exception is Sunday , where rì ( 日 ) , meaning ' sun ' or ' day ' , is used instead of a number . Day Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday Standard Chinese 星期一 Xīngqīyī 星期二 Xīngqí'èr 星期三 Xīngqīsān 星期四 Xīngqīsì 星期五 Xīngqīwǔ 星期六 Xīngqīliù 星期日 Xīngqīrì Days numbered from Saturday ( edit ) In Swahili , the day begins at sunrise rather than sunset , and so are offset by twelve hours from the Arabic and Hebrew calendar . Saturday is therefore the first day of the week , as it is the day that includes the first night of the week in Arabic . Etymologically speaking , Swahili has two `` fifth '' days . The words for Saturday through Wednesday contain the Bantu - derived Swahili words for `` one '' through `` five '' . The word for Thursday , Alhamisi , is of Arabic origin and means `` the fifth '' ( day ) . The word for Friday , Ijumaa , is also Arabic and means ( day of ) `` gathering '' for the Friday noon prayers in Islam . Day Number from One Saturday Day One Sunday Day Two Monday Day Three Tuesday Day Four Wednesday Day Five Thursday Day Six Friday Day Seven Swahili jumamosi jumapili jumatatu jumanne jumatano alhamisi ijumaa Mixing of numbering and Astronomy ( edit ) In the Žejane dialect of Istro - Romanian , lur ( Monday ) and virer ( Friday ) follow the Latin convention , while utorek ( Tuesday ) , sredu ( Wednesday ) , and četrtok ( Thursday ) follow the Slavic convention . Day Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday Istro - Romanian , Žejane dialect lur utorek sredu četrtok virer simbota dumireca There are several systems in the different Basque dialects . Day : Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday Standard Basque , Guipuscoan Basque astelehena ( `` week - first '' ) asteartea ( `` week - between '' ) asteazkena ( `` week - last '' ) osteguna ( `` Ortzi / Sky day '' ) ostirala ( see Ortzi ) larunbata ( `` fourth '' , `` meeting of friends '' ) , neskenegun ( `` girls ' day '' ) igandea Biscayne Basque astelena ( `` week - first '' ) , ilen ( `` Moon day '' ) martitzena ( `` Mars day '' ) eguaztena ( `` day last '' ) eguena ( `` day of days '' , `` day of light '' ) barikua ( `` day without supper '' ) , egubakotx zapatua ( compare with Spanish sábado from Sabbath ) domeka ( from Latin Dominica ( dies ) ) In Judaeo - Spanish ( Ladino ) , which is mainly based on a medieval version of Spanish , the five days of Monday -- Friday closely follow the Spanish names . Sunday uses the Arabic name , which is based on numbering , because a Jewish language was not likely to adapt a name based on `` Lord 's Day '' for Sunday . As in Spanish , the Ladino name for Saturday is based on Sabbath . However , as a Jewish language -- and with Saturday being the actual day of rest in the Jewish community -- Ladino directly adapted the Hebrew name , Shabbat . Day Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Judaeo - Spanish ( Ladino ) Alhadh Lunes Martes Miércoles Juğeves Viernes Shabat See also ( edit ) Week wheel for children Akan names of the seven - day week , known as Nawotwe Bahá'í calendar ( section Weekdays ) Calculating the day of the week Week Work Week Notes ( edit ) Sunday ( edit ) From Latin Dominicus ( Dominica ) or Greek Κυριακή ( Christian Sabbath ) Holy Day and First - Day of the Week ( Day of the Sun - > Light - > Resurrection - > Born again ) ( Christianity ) Resurrection ( Christianity ) Bazaar Day Market Day No Work Full good day Borrowed from English week From an Old Burmese word , not of Indic origin . Monday ( edit ) After No Work . In Russian also `` Day After Week ( end ) '' - see понедельник After Bazaar Head of Week Master ( as in Pir , because Muhammad was born on a Monday ) From an Old Burmese word , not of Indic origin . Tuesday ( edit ) Thing ( Assembly ) , of which god Tyr / Ziu was the patron . Second day of the week ( cf . Hungarian kettő `` two '' ) Third day of the week . From Arabic `` ath - Thalaathaaʼ '' ( third day ) Wednesday ( edit ) Mid-week or Middle The First Fast ( Christianity ) Thursday ( edit ) The day between two fasts ( An Dé idir dhá aoin , contracted to An Déardaoin ) ( Christianity ) Five ( Arabic ) Fifth day of the week . Friday ( edit ) The Fast ( Celtic ) or Fasting Day ( Icelandic ) ( Christianity ) Good Friday or Preparation ( Christianity ) Jumu'ah ( Muslim Sabbath ) Gathering / Assembly / Meeting ( Islam ) -- in Malta with no Islamic connotations Saturday ( edit ) Shabbat ( Jewish Sabbath ) Wash or Bath day Sun - eve ( Eve of Sunday ) After the Gathering ( Islam ) End of the Week ( Arabic Sabt = Rest ) Week Half good day References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nerone Caesare Augusto Cosso Lentuol Cossil fil . Cos. VIII idus Febr ( u ) arius dies solis , luna XIIIIX nun ( dinae ) Cumis , V ( idus Februarias ) nun ( dinae ) Pompeis . Robert Hannah , `` Time in Written Spaces '' , in : Peter Keegan , Gareth Sears , Ray Laurence ( eds . ) , Written Space in the Latin West , 200 BC to AD 300 , A&C Black , 2013 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ E.G. Richards , Mapping Time , the Calendar and History , Oxford 1999 . p. 269 ( The treatise is lost , but the answer to the question is known , see planetary hours ) . Jump up ^ `` Days of the Week Meaning and Origin '' . Astrologyclub.org . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Jump up ^ replacing a system of n `` one - , three - , five - , ten - , or fifteen - day periods '' ( > Dáibhí Ó Cróinín , 2003 , p. 7 ) . MS . 17 ( now held at St. John 's College , Oxford ) , dating at least from 1043 , records five week - day lists , which it names as follows : secundum Hebreos ( according to the Hebrews ) ; secundum antiquos gentiles ( according to the ancient gentiles , i.e. , Romans ) ; secundum Siluestrum papam ( according to Pope Sylvester I , i.e. , a list derived from the apocryphal Acta Syluestri ) ; secundum Anglos ( according to the English ) ; secundum Scottos ( according to the Irish ) . Jump up ^ `` we have a clear reflex of the Indo - European nominative singular , with a lengthened grade , giving archaic Old Irish diu ; it is suggested that what we have in the Oxford list and in Cormac 's Glossary is the oldest form of Old Irish dia , representing the old nominative case of the noun in adverbial usage . '' Dáibhí Ó Cróinín , 2003 , p. 12 Jump up ^ The word scrol is glossed in Sanas Cormaic as Scroll . i . soillsi , unde est aput Scottos diu srol. i . dies solis `` Srcoll , that is brightness , whence ' diu srol ' among the Irish , that is Sunday '' . Jump up ^ Ó Cróinín has Diu luna as `` represent ( ing ) the transitional form between Latin dies lunae and the later , Classical Old Irish dia luain ... a translation of , not a calque on , the Latin ... ( It ) would seem to reflect a pre-assimilation state in respect of both words , '' Dáibhí Ó Cróinín , 2003 , p. 13 Jump up ^ `` The Irish word perhaps derives from Latin forms where cases other than the genitive were used , e.g. , Marte . '' Dáibhí Ó Cróinín , 2003 , p. 15 Jump up ^ A form unique to Irish , meaning uncertain . A `` very old '' word for Wednesday , Mercúir ( borrowed from the Latin ( dies ) Mercurii ) , does occur in early Leinster poems but Ó Cróinín is of the belief that Diu eathamon `` reflects a still older Irish word for ' Wednesday . ' '' Jump up ^ A form unique to Irish . Ó Cróinín writes , `` I suggest that it means simply ' on Thursday ' ... it is temporal dat. of an n - stem ( nom . sg . etham , gen . sg . ethamon -- as in our Oxford list -- and acc. / dat . sg . ethamain ) . '' ( 2003 , p. 17 ) He furthermore suggests that etham ( ' arable land ' ) `` may be a noun of agency from ith ( gen . sg . etho ) , with a meaning like corn - maker or some such thing ; Diu eathamon might then be a day for sowing seed in a weekly regimen of activities such as we find in Críth Gablach . '' Dáibhí Ó Cróinín , 2003 , p. 17 . The form Ethomuin is found in Rawlinson B 502 . Jump up ^ A form unique to Irish , its meaning unclear . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) `` Māori Language Commission names for the days of the week '' on Te Kete Ipurangi website , viewed 2017 - 12 - 07 Jump up ^ `` Official Web Gateway to the Government of Timor - Leste - Tetum Phrases '' . gov.east-timor.org . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ see J. Grimm , Teutonic Mythology , p. 122 - 123 Jump up ^ Monier - Williams , Sanskrit - English Dictionary ( 1899 ) , s.v. vāra . Jump up ^ The Chinese encyclopaedia Cihai ( 辞海 ) under the entry for `` seven luminaries calendar '' ( 七曜历 / 七曜曆 , qī yào lì ) has : `` method of recording days according to the seven luminaries ( 七曜 qī yào ) . China normally observes the following order : Sun , Mon , Mars , Mercury , Jupiter , Venus , and Saturn . Seven days make one week , which is repeated in a cycle . Originated in ancient Babylon ( or ancient Egypt according to one theory ) . Used by the Romans at the time of the 1st century AD , later transmitted to other countries . This method existed in China in the 4th century . It was also transmitted to China by Manichaeans in the 8th century from the country of Kang ( 康 ) in Central Asia '' ( translation after Bathrobe 's Days of the Week in Chinese , Japanese & Vietnamese , plus Mongolian and Buryat ( cjvlang.com ) Jump up ^ Richard A. Fletcher ( 1999 ) . The Barbarian Conversion : From Paganism to Christianity . University of California Press . p. 257 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 21859 - 8 . McKenna , Stephen ( 1938 ) . `` Pagan Survivals in Galicia in the Sixth Century '' . Paganism and Pagan Survivals in Spain Up to the Fall of the Visigothic Kingdom . Catholic University of America . pp. 93 -- 94 . Retrieved 20 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Falk , Michael ( 19 March 1999 ) . `` Astronomical names for the days of the week '' . Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada . 93 ( 1999 -- 06 ) : 122 -- 133 . Bibcode : 1999JRASC ... 93 ... 122F . doi : 10.1016 / j. newast. 2003.07. 002 . Jump up ^ Gray , 2012 . The Languages of Pentecost Island . Jump up ^ Ren is `` day '' . Numbered weekdays are used for Tuesday - Friday and sometimes Monday ; the names for Saturday and Sunday come from English . Jump up ^ `` Days of the Week in Chinese : Three Different Words for ' Week ' '' . Cjvlang . Retrieved 27 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swahili days , months , dates '' . online.fr . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived 20 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Astronomy and Basque Language , Henrike Knörr , Oxford VI and SEAC 99 `` Astronomy and Cultural Diversity '' , La Laguna , June 1999 . It references Alessandro Bausani , 1982 , The prehistoric Basque week of three days : archaeoastronomical notes , The Bulletin of the Center for Archaeoastronomy ( Maryland ) , v. 2 , 16 - 22 . Jump up ^ See the image in Anthony , Charlotte . `` Rushing to preserve Ladino legacies '' . Crescent City Jewish News . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . The Ladino names are in the right - hand column , written in Hebrew characters . Further reading ( edit ) Brown , Cecil H. ( 1989 ) . `` Naming the days of the week : A cross-language study of lexical acculturation '' . Current Anthropology. 30 ( 4 ) : 536 -- 550 . doi : 10.1086 / 203782 . JSTOR 2743391 . Falk , Michael ( 1999 ) . `` Astronomical Names for the Days of the Week '' . Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada . 93 : 122 -- 133 . Bibcode : 1999JRASC ... 93 ... 122F . doi : 10.1016 / j. newast. 2003.07. 002 . Neugebauer , Otto ( 1979 ) . Ethiopic astronomy and computus , Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften , philosophisch - historische klasse , sitzungsberichte , 347 ( Vienna ) Days of the week Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Time measurement and standards Chronometry Orders of magnitude Metrology International standards Coordinated Universal Time offset UT ΔT DUT1 International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service ISO 31 - 1 ISO 8601 International Atomic Time 6 - hour clock 12 - hour clock 24 - hour clock Barycentric Coordinate Time Barycentric Dynamical Time Civil time Daylight saving time Geocentric Coordinate Time International Date Line Leap second Solar time Terrestrial Time Time zone 180th meridian Obsolete standards Ephemeris time Greenwich Mean Time Prime meridian Time in physics Absolute time and space Spacetime Chronon Continuous signal Coordinate time Cosmological decade Discrete time and continuous time Planck time Proper time Theory of relativity Time dilation Gravitational time dilation Time domain Time translation symmetry T - symmetry Horology Clock Astrarium Atomic clock Complication History of timekeeping devices Hourglass Marine chronometer Marine sandglass Radio clock Watch Water clock Sundial Dialing scales Equation of time History of sundials Sundial markup schema Calendar Astronomical Dominical letter Epact Equinox Gregorian Hebrew Hindu Intercalation Islamic Julian Leap year Lunar Lunisolar Solar Solstice Tropical year Weekday determination Weekday names Archaeology and geology Chronological dating Geologic time scale International Commission on Stratigraphy Astronomical chronology Galactic year Nuclear timescale Precession Sidereal time Other units of time Shake Jiffy Second Minute Moment Hour Day Week Fortnight Month Year Lustrum Decade Century Saeculum Millennium Related topics Chronology Duration music Mental chronometry Metric time System time Time value of money Timekeeper Time in religion and mythology Time and fate deities Eternity Eschatology Golden Age Divination Prophecy Calendar Fate Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Names_of_the_days_of_the_week&oldid=816233554 '' Categories : Units of time Days of the week History of astrology Names Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from December 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from May 2013 Articles containing Pashto - language text Articles containing Sinhalese - language text Articles containing Sindhi - language text Articles needing the year an event occurred from April 2015 Articles containing Korean - language text Articles containing Burmese - language text Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles containing Navajo - language text Articles containing Chinese - language text Articles with unsourced statements from February 2009 Use dmy dates from December 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Polski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 20 December 2017 , at 03 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who invented the days of the week names	[ "Between the 1st and 3rd centuries, the Roman Empire gradually replaced the eight-day Roman nundinal cycle with the seven-day week. Our earliest evidence for this new system is a Pompeiian graffito referring to the 6th February (viii idus Februarius) of the year AD 60 as dies solis (\"Sunday\").[1] Another early witness is a reference to a lost treatise by Plutarch, written in about AD 100, which addressed the question of Why are the days named after the planets reckoned in a different order from the actual order?.[2]" ]	[ "Roman Empire" ]
5817395747733709940	Long jump	Long jump - wikipedia Long jump Jump to : navigation , search For the World War II plot , see Operation Long Jump . For the programming function , see longjmp . Athletics Long jump Long jumper at the GE Money Grand Prix in Helsinki , Finland July 2005 . Men 's records World Mike Powell 8.95 m ( 29 ft 4 ⁄ in ) ( 1991 ) Olympic Bob Beamon 8.90 m ( 29 ft 2 ⁄ in ) ( 1968 ) Women 's records World Galina Chistyakova 7.52 m ( 24 ft 8 in ) ( 1988 ) Olympic Jackie Joyner 7.40 m ( 24 ft 3 ⁄ in ) ( 1988 ) Play media Women 's Long Jump Final -- 28th Summer Universiade 2015 The long jump ( historically called the broad jump ) is a track and field event in which athletes combine speed , strength and agility in an attempt to leap as far as possible from a take off point . Along with the triple jump , the two events that measure jumping for distance as a group are referred to as the `` horizontal jumps '' . This event has a history in the Ancient Olympic Games and has been a modern Olympic event for men since the first Olympics in 1896 and for women since 1948 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Rules 2 History 3 Technique 3.1 The approach 3.2 The last two strides 3.3 Takeoff 3.3. 1 Kick 3.3. 2 Double - arm 3.3. 3 Sprint 3.3. 4 Power sprint or bounding 3.4 Action in the air and landing 4 Training 4.1 Speed work 4.2 Jumping 4.3 Over-distance running 4.4 Weight training 4.5 Plyometrics 4.6 Bounding 4.7 Flexibility 5 Culture 6 Records 7 All - time top 25 athletes 7.1 Men 7.1. 1 Notes 7.1. 2 Assisted jumps 7.2 Women 7.2. 1 Notes 7.2. 2 Assisted jumps 8 Olympic medalists 8.1 Men 8.2 Women 9 World Championships medalists 9.1 Men 9.2 Women 10 World Indoor Championships medalists 10.1 Men 10.2 Women 11 Season 's bests 11.1 Men 11.2 Women 12 National records 12.1 Men 12.2 Women 13 See also 14 Notes and references 15 Cited sources 16 Further reading 17 External links Rules ( edit ) An indicator of wind direction and a device for measuring wind speed ( here + 2.6 m / s ) along a run - up track . At the elite level , competitors run down a runway ( usually coated with the same rubberized surface as running tracks , crumb rubber also vulcanized rubber -- known generally as an all - weather track ) and jump as far as they can from a wooden board 20 cm or 8 inches wide that is built flush with the runway into a pit filled with finely ground gravel or sand . If the competitor starts the leap with any part of the foot past the foul line , the jump is declared a foul and no distance is recorded . A layer of plasticine is placed immediately after the board to detect this occurrence . An official ( similar to a referee ) will also watch the jump and make the determination . The competitor can initiate the jump from any point behind the foul line ; however , the distance measured will always be perpendicular to the foul line to the nearest break in the sand caused by any part of the body or uniform . Therefore , it is in the best interest of the competitor to get as close to the foul line as possible . Competitors are allowed to place two marks along the side of the runway in order to assist them to jump accurately . At a lesser meet and facilities , the plasticine will likely not exist , the runway might be a different surface or jumpers may initiate their jump from a painted or taped mark on the runway . At a smaller meet , the number of attempts might also be limited to four or three . Each competitor has a set number of attempts . That would normally be three trials , with three additional jumps being awarded to the best 8 or 9 ( depending on the number of lanes on the track at that facility , so the event is equatable to track events ) competitors . All legal marks will be recorded but only the longest legal jump counts towards the results . The competitor with the longest legal jump ( from either the trial or final rounds ) at the end of competition is declared the winner . In the event of an exact tie , then comparing the next best jumps of the tied competitors will be used to determine place . In a large , multi-day elite competition ( like the Olympics or World Championships ) , a set number of competitors will advance to the final round , determined in advance by the meet management . A set of 3 trial round jumps will be held in order to select those finalists . It is standard practice to allow at a minimum , one more competitor than the number of scoring positions to return to the final round , though 12 plus ties and automatic qualifying distances are also potential factors . ( For specific rules and regulations in United States Track & Field see Rule 185 ) . For record purposes , the maximum accepted wind assistance is two metres per second ( m / s ) ( 4.5 mph ) . History ( edit ) Halteres used in athletic games in ancient Greece . Standing long jump , detail of a page from the Luzerner Chronik of 1513 . The long jump is the only known jumping event of Ancient Greece 's original Olympics ' pentathlon events . All events that occurred at the Olympic Games were initially supposed to act as a form of training for warfare . The long jump emerged probably because it mirrored the crossing of obstacles such as streams and ravines . After investigating the surviving depictions of the ancient event it is believed that unlike the modern event , athletes were only allowed a short running start . The athletes carried a weight in each hand , which were called halteres ( between 1 and 4.5 kg ) . These weights were swung forward as the athlete jumped in order to increase momentum . It was commonly believed that the jumper would throw the weights behind him in midair to increase his forward momentum ; however , halteres were held throughout the duration of the jump . Swinging them down and back at the end of the jump would change the athlete 's center of gravity and allow the athlete to stretch his legs outward , increasing his distance . The jump itself was made from the bater ( `` that which is trod upon '' ) . It was most likely a simple board placed on the stadium track which was removed after the event . The jumpers would land in what was called a skamma ( `` dug - up '' area ) . The idea that this was a pit full of sand is wrong . Sand in the jumping pit is a modern invention . The skamma was simply a temporary area dug up for that occasion and not something that remained over time . The long jump was considered one of the most difficult of the events held at the Games since a great deal of skill was required . Music was often played during the jump and Philostratus says that pipes at times would accompany the jump so as to provide a rhythm for the complex movements of the halteres by the athlete . Philostratos is quoted as saying , `` The rules regard jumping as the most difficult of the competitions , and they allow the jumper to be given advantages in rhythm by the use of the flute , and in weight by the use of the halter . '' Most notable in the ancient sport was a man called Chionis , who in the 656 BC Olympics staged a jump of 7.05 metres ( 23 feet and 1.7 inches ) . There has been some argument by modern scholars over the long jump . Some have attempted to recreate it as a triple jump . The images provide the only evidence for the action so it is more well received that it was much like today 's long jump . The main reason some want to call it a triple jump is the presence of a source that claims there once was a fifty - five ancient foot jump done by a man named Phayllos . The long jump has been part of modern Olympic competition since the inception of the Games in 1896 . In 1914 , Dr. Harry Eaton Stewart recommended the `` running broad jump '' as a standardized track and field event for women . However , it was not until 1948 that the women 's long jump was added to the Olympic athletics programme . Technique ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Emmanuelle Chazal competes in the women 's heptathlon long jump final during the French Athletics Championships 2013 at Stade Charléty in Paris , 13 July 2013 . There are five main components of the long jump : the approach run , the last two strides , takeoff , action in the air , and landing . Speed in the run - up , or approach , and a high leap off the board are the fundamentals of success . Because speed is such an important factor of the approach , it is not surprising that many long jumpers also compete successfully in sprints . A classic example of this long jump / sprint doubling are performances by Carl Lewis . The approach ( edit ) The objective of the approach is to gradually accelerate to a maximum controlled speed at takeoff . The most important factor for the distance travelled by an object is its velocity at takeoff -- both the speed and angle . Elite jumpers usually leave the ground at an angle of twenty degrees or less ; therefore , it is more beneficial for a jumper to focus on the speed component of the jump . The greater the speed at takeoff , the longer the trajectory of the center of mass will be . The importance of a takeoff speed is a factor in the success of sprinters in this event . The length of the approach is usually consistent distance for an athlete . Approaches can vary between 12 and 19 strides on the novice and intermediate levels , while at the elite level they are closer to between 20 and 22 strides . The exact distance and number of strides in an approach depends on the jumper 's experience , sprinting technique , and conditioning level . Consistency in the approach is important as it is the competitor 's objective to get as close to the front of the takeoff board as possible without crossing the line with any part of the foot . Inconsistent approaches are a common problem in the event . As a result , the approach is usually practiced by athletes about 6 -- 8 times per jumping session ( see Training below ) . The last two strides ( edit ) The objective of the last two strides is to prepare the body for takeoff while conserving as much speed as possible . The penultimate stride is longer than the last stride . The competitor begins to lower his or her center of gravity to prepare the body for the vertical impulse . The final stride is shorter because the body is beginning to raise the center of gravity in preparation for takeoff . The last two strides are extremely important because they determine the velocity with which the competitor will enter the jump . Takeoff ( edit ) Takeoff board The objective of the takeoff is to create a vertical impulse through the athlete 's center of gravity while maintaining balance and control . This phase is one of the most technical parts of the long jump . Jumpers must be conscious to place the foot flat on the ground , because jumping off either the heels or the toes negatively affects the jump . Taking off from the board heel - first has a braking effect , which decreases velocity and strains the joints . Jumping off the toes decreases stability , putting the leg at risk of buckling or collapsing from underneath the jumper . While concentrating on foot placement , the athlete must also work to maintain proper body position , keeping the torso upright and moving the hips forward and up to achieve the maximum distance from board contact to foot release . There are four main styles of takeoff : the kick style , double - arm style , sprint takeoff , and the power sprint or bounding takeoff . Kick ( edit ) The kick style takeoff is where the athlete actively cycles the leg before a full impulse has been directed into the board then landing into the pit . This requires great strength in the hamstrings . This causes the jumper to jump to large distances . Double - arm ( edit ) The double - arm style of takeoff works by moving both arms in a vertical direction as the competitor takes off . This produces a high hip height and a large vertical impulse . Sprint ( edit ) The sprint takeoff is the style most widely instructed by coaching staff . This is a classic single - arm action that resembles a jumper in full stride . It is an efficient takeoff style for maintaining velocity through takeoff . Power sprint or bounding ( edit ) The power sprint takeoff , or bounding takeoff , is one of the more common elite styles . Very similar to the sprint style , the body resembles a sprinter in full stride . However , there is one major difference . The arm that pushes back on takeoff ( the arm on the side of the takeoff leg ) fully extends backward , rather than remaining at a bent position . This additional extension increases the impulse at takeoff . The `` correct '' style of takeoff will vary from athlete to athlete . Multi-eventer Jessica Ennis during a long jump , preparing to land Action in the air and landing ( edit ) There are three major flight techniques for the long jump : the hang , the sail , and the hitch - kick . Each technique is to combat the forward rotation experienced from take - off but is basically down to preference from the athlete . It is important to note that once the body is airborne , there is nothing that the athlete can do to change the direction they are traveling and consequently where they are going to land in the pit . However , it can be argued that certain techniques influence an athlete 's landing , which can affect the distance measured . For example , if an athlete lands feet first but falls back because they are not correctly balanced , a lower distance will be measured . In the 1970s some jumpers used a forward somersault , including Tuariki Delamere who used it at the 1974 NCAA Championships , and who matched the jump of the current Olympic champion Randy Williams . The somersault jump has potential to produce longer jumps than other techniques because in the flip , no power is lost countering forward momentum , and it reduces wind resistance in the air . The front flip jump was subsequently banned due to fear of it being unsafe . Training ( edit ) The long jump generally requires training in a variety of areas . These areas include : speed work , jumping , over distance running , weight training , plyometric training . Speed work ( edit ) Speed work is essentially short distance speed training where the athlete would be running at top or near top speeds . The distances for this type of work would vary between indoor and outdoor season but are usually around 30 -- 60 m for indoors and up to 100 m for outdoors . Jumping ( edit ) Long Jumpers tend to practice jumping 1 -- 2 times a week . Approaches , or run - throughs , are repeated sometimes up to 6 -- 8 times per session . Short approach jumps are common for jumpers to do , as it allows for them to work on specific technical aspects of their jumps in a controlled environment . Using equipment such as low hurdles and other obstacles are common in long jump training , as it helps the jumper maintain and hold phases of their jump . As a common rule , it is important for the jumper to engage in full approach jumps at least once a week , as it will prepare the jumper for competition . Over-distance running ( edit ) Over-distance running workouts helps the athlete jump a further distance than their set goal . For example , having a 100 m runner practice by running 200 m repeats on a track . This is specifically concentrated in the season when athletes are working on building endurance . Specific over-distance running workouts are performed 1 -- 2 times a week . This is great for building sprint endurance , which is required in competitions where the athlete is sprinting down the runway 3 -- 6 times . Typical workouts would include 5 × 150 m . Preseason workouts may be longer , including workouts like 6 × 300 m Weight training ( edit ) During pre-season training and early in the competition season weight training tends to play a major role in the sport . It is customary for a long jumper to weight train up to 4 times a week , focusing mainly on quick movements involving the legs and trunk . Some athletes perform Olympic lifts in training . Athletes use low repetition and emphasize speed to maximize the strength increase while minimizing adding additional weight to their frame . Important lifts for a long jumper include the back squat , front squat , power cleans and hang cleans . The emphasis on these lifts should be on speed and explosive as those are crucial in the long jump take off phase . Plyometrics ( edit ) Plyometrics , including running up and down stairs and hurdle bounding , can be incorporated into workouts , generally twice a week . This allows an athlete to work on agility and explosiveness . Other plyometric workouts that are common for long jumpers are box jumps . Boxes of various heights are set up spaced evenly apart and jumpers can proceed jumping onto them and off moving in a forward direction . They can vary the jumps from both legs to single jumps . Alternatively , they can set up the boxes in front of a high jump mat if allowed , and jump over a high jump bar onto the mat mimicking a landing phase of the jump . These plyometric workouts are typically performed at the end of a workout . Bounding ( edit ) Bounding is any sort of continuous jumping or leaping . Bounding drills usually require single leg bounding , double - leg bounding , or some variation of the two . The focus of bounding drills is usually to spend as little time on the ground as possible and working on technical accuracy , fluidity , and jumping endurance and strength . Technically , bounding is part of plyometrics , as a form of a running exercise such as high knees and butt kicks . Flexibility ( edit ) Flexibility is an often forgotten tool for long jumpers . Effective flexibility prevents injury , which can be important for high - impact events such as the long jump . It also helps the athlete sprint down the runway . Hip and groin injuries are common for long jumpers who may neglect proper warm - up and stretching . Hurdle mobility drills are a common way that jumpers improve flexibility . Common hurdle drills include setting up about 5 -- 7 hurdles at appropriate heights and having athletes walk over them in a continuous fashion . Other variations of hurdle mobility drills are used as well , including hurdle skips . This is a crucial part of a jumper 's training since they perform most exercises for a very short period of time and often are n't aware of their form and technique . A common tool in many long jump workouts is the use of video taping . This enables the athlete to go back and watch their own progress as well as letting the athlete compare their own footage to that of some of the world - class jumpers . Training styles , duration , and intensity vary immensely from athlete to athlete and are based on the experience and strength of the athlete as well as on their coaching style . Culture ( edit ) Long Jump commemorative coin Track and field events have been selected as a main motif in numerous collectors ' coins . One of the recent samples is the € 10 Greek Long Jump commemorative coin , minted in 2003 to commemorate the 2004 Summer Olympics . The obverse of the coin portrays a modern athlete at the moment he is touching the ground , while the ancient athlete in the background is shown while starting off his jump , as he is seen on a black - figure vase of the 5th century BC . Records ( edit ) The long jump world record has been held by just four individuals for the majority of its existence . The first record ratified by the IAAF in 1901 , by Peter O'Connor stood just short of 20 years . After it was broken in 1921 , the record changed hands six times until Jesse Owens set the record at the 1935 Big Ten track meet in Ann Arbor , Michigan of 8.13 m ( 26 ft 8 in ) that was not broken for 25 years and 2 months , until 1960 by Ralph Boston . Boston improved upon it and exchanged records with Igor Ter - Ovanesyan seven times over the next seven years . At the 1968 Summer Olympics Bob Beamon jumped 8.90 m ( 29 ft 2 ⁄ in ) at an altitude of 7,349 feet ( 2,240 m ) , a jump not exceeded for 23 years , and which remains the second longest legal jump of all time . On 30 August 1991 Mike Powell of the United States set the current men 's world record at the World Championships in Tokyo . It was in a well - known show down against Carl Lewis , who also beat Beamon 's record that day but with an aiding wind ( thus not legal for record purposes ) . Powell 's record 8.95 m ( 29 ft 4 ⁄ in ) has now stood for more than 26 years . Some jumps over 8.95 m ( 29 ft 4 ⁄ in ) have been officially recorded . 8.99 m ( 29 ft 5 ⁄ in ) was recorded by Mike Powell himself ( wind - aided + 4.4 ) set at high altitude in Sestriere , Italy in 1992 . A potential world record of 8.96 m ( 29 ft 4 ⁄ in ) was recorded by Iván Pedroso , with a `` legal '' wind reading also at Sestriere , but the jump was not validated because videotape revealed someone was standing in front of the wind gauge , invalidating the reading ( and costing Pedroso a Ferrari valued at $130,000 -- the prize for breaking the record at that meet ) . Lewis himself jumped 8.91 m moments before Powell 's record - breaking jump with the wind exceeding the maximum allowed . This jump remains the longest ever not to win an Olympic or World Championship gold medal , or any competition in general . The women 's world record has seen much more consistent improvement except for the current record . The longest to hold the record prior was by Fanny Blankers - Koen during World War II . There have been three days where the record was tied or improved upon twice in the same competition . That record stood for just over 10 years . The current world record for women is held by Galina Chistyakova of the former Soviet Union who leapt 7.52 m ( 24 ft 8 in ) in Leningrad on 11 June 1988 , a mark that has stood for over 29 years . All - time top 25 athletes ( edit ) See also : Long jump world record progression As of April 2017 Men ( edit ) Rank Mark Wind ( m / s ) Athlete Date Place Ref 8.95 m ( 29 ft 4 ⁄ in ) 0.3 Mike Powell ( USA ) 30 August 1991 Tokyo 8.90 m ( 29 ft 2 ⁄ in ) A 2.0 Bob Beamon ( USA ) 18 October 1968 Mexico City 8.87 m ( 29 ft 1 in ) − 0.2 Carl Lewis ( USA ) 30 August 1991 Tokyo 8.86 m ( 29 ft 0 ⁄ in ) A 1.9 Robert Emmiyan ( URS ) 22 May 1987 Tsakhkadzor 5 8.74 m ( 28 ft 8 in ) 1.4 Larry Myricks ( USA ) 18 July 1988 Indianapolis 8.74 m ( 28 ft 8 in ) A 2.0 Erick Walder ( USA ) 2 April 1994 El Paso 8.74 m ( 28 ft 8 in ) − 1.2 Dwight Phillips ( USA ) 7 June 2009 Eugene 8 8.73 m ( 28 ft 7 ⁄ in ) 1.2 Irving Saladino ( PAN ) 24 May 2008 Hengelo 9 8.71 m ( 28 ft 6 ⁄ in ) 1.9 Iván Pedroso ( CUB ) 18 July 1995 Salamanca 8.71 m ( 28 ft 6 ⁄ in ) indoor Sebastian Bayer ( GER ) 8 March 2009 Torino 11 8.66 m ( 28 ft 4 ⁄ in ) 1.6 Louis Tsatoumas ( GRE ) 2 June 2007 Kalamata 12 8.65 m ( 28 ft 4 ⁄ in ) A 1.3 Luvo Manyonga ( RSA ) 22 April 2017 Potchefstroom 13 8.63 m ( 28 ft 3 ⁄ in ) 0.5 Kareem Streete - Thompson ( USA ) 4 June 1994 Linz 14 8.62 m ( 28 ft 3 ⁄ in ) 0.7 James Beckford ( JAM ) 5 April 1997 Orlando 15 8.59 m ( 28 ft 2 in ) indoor Miguel Pate ( USA ) 4 March 2002 New York City 16 8.58 m ( 28 ft 1 ⁄ in ) 1.8 Jarrion Lawson ( USA ) 3 July 2016 Eugene 17 8.56 m ( 28 ft 1 in ) 1.3 Yago Lamela ( ESP ) 24 June 1999 Torino 8.56 m ( 28 ft 1 in ) 0.2 Aleksandr Menkov ( RUS ) 16 August 2013 Moscow 19 8.54 m ( 28 ft 0 in ) 0.9 Lutz Dombrowski ( GDR ) 28 July 1980 Moscow 8.54 m ( 28 ft 0 in ) 1.7 Mitchell Watt ( AUS ) 29 July 2011 Stockholm 21 8.53 m ( 27 ft 11 ⁄ in ) 1.2 Jaime Jefferson ( CUB ) 12 May 1990 Havana 22 8.52 m ( 27 ft 11 ⁄ in ) 0.7 Savanté Stringfellow ( USA ) 21 June 2002 Palo Alto 8.52 m ( 27 ft 11 ⁄ in ) 1.8 Jeff Henderson ( USA ) 22 July 2015 Toronto 24 8.51 m ( 27 ft 11 in ) 1.7 Roland McGhee ( USA ) 14 May 1995 São Paulo 8.51 m ( 27 ft 11 in ) 1.7 Greg Rutherford ( GBR ) 24 April 2014 Chula Vista Notes ( edit ) Below is a list of all other legal jumps equal or superior to 8.71 m : Carl Lewis also jumped 8.84 m ( 1991 ancillary jump ) , 8.79 m ( 1983 ) , 8.79 m ( 1984 indoors ) , 8.76 m ( 1982 ) , 8.76 m ( 1988 ) , 8.75 m ( 1987 ) , 8.72 m ( 1988 ) , 8.71 m ( 1984 ) . Assisted jumps ( edit ) Mike Powell ( USA ) jumped 8.99 m ( + 4.4 ) at altitude in Sestriere , Italy on 21 July 1992 . Iván Pedroso ( CUB ) jumped 8.96 m ( + 1.2 ) at altitude in Sestriere , Italy on 29 July 1995 . The jump was ruled invalid due to an obstructed wind - gauge . Carl Lewis ( USA ) jumped 8.91 ( + 3.0 ) and 8.83 ( + 2.3 ) on 30 August 1991 at the World Championships in Tokyo , Japan . Fabrice Lapierre ( AUS ) jumped 8.78 ( + 3.1 ) on 18 April 2010 in Perth , Australia . James Beckford ( JAM ) jumped 8.68 ( + 4.9 ) on 20 May 1995 in Odessa , Ukraine . Marquis Dendy ( USA ) jumped 8.68 ( + 3.7 ) on 25 June 2015 in Eugene , Oregon . Joe Greene ( USA ) jumped 8.68 ( + 4.0 ) at altitude on 21 July 1995 in Sestriere , Italy . Kareem Streete - Thompson ( USA ) jumped 8.64 ( + 3.5 ) on 18 June 1995 in Knoxville , Tennessee . Mike Conley ( USA ) jumped 8.63 ( + 3.9 ) on 20 June 1986 in Eugene , Oregon . Jeff Henderson ( USA ) jumped 8.59 ( + 2.9 ) on 3 July 2016 in Eugene , Oregon . Jason Grimes ( USA ) jumped 8.57 ( + 5.2 ) on 27 June 1982 in Durham , North Carolina . Kevin Dilworth ( USA ) jumped 8.53 ( + 4.9 ) on 27 April 2002 in Fort - de-France , Martinique . Women ( edit ) Rank Mark Wind ( m / s ) Athlete Date Place Ref 7.52 m ( 24 ft 8 in ) 1.4 Galina Chistyakova ( URS ) 11 June 1988 Leningrad 7.49 m ( 24 ft 6 ⁄ in ) 1.3 Jackie Joyner - Kersee ( USA ) 22 May 1994 New York City 7.48 m ( 24 ft 6 ⁄ in ) 1.2 Heike Drechsler ( GDR ) 9 July 1988 Neubrandenburg 7.43 m ( 24 ft 4 ⁄ in ) 1.4 Anişoara Cuşmir ( ROM ) 4 June 1983 Bucharest 5 7.42 m ( 24 ft 4 in ) 2.0 Tatyana Kotova ( RUS ) 23 June 2002 Annecy 6 7.39 m ( 24 ft 2 ⁄ in ) 0.5 Yelena Belevskaya ( URS ) 18 July 1987 Bryansk 7 7.37 m ( 24 ft 2 in ) N / A Inessa Kravets ( UKR ) 13 June 1992 Kiev 8 7.33 m ( 24 ft 0 ⁄ in ) 0.4 Tatyana Lebedeva ( RUS ) 31 July 2004 Tula 9 7.31 m ( 23 ft 11 ⁄ in ) 1.5 Olena Khlopotnova ( URS ) 12 September 1985 Alma Ata 7.31 m ( 23 ft 11 ⁄ in ) − 0.1 Marion Jones ( USA ) 12 August 1998 Zürich 7.31 m ( 23 ft 11 ⁄ in ) 1.7 Brittney Reese ( USA ) 2 July 2016 Eugene 12 7.27 m ( 23 ft 10 in ) − 0.4 Irina Meleshina ( RUS ) 31 July 2004 Tula 13 7.26 m ( 23 ft 9 ⁄ in ) A 1.8 Maurren Higa Maggi ( BRA ) 26 July 1999 Bogotá 14 7.24 m ( 23 ft 9 in ) 1.0 Larisa Berezhnaya ( URS ) 25 May 1991 Granada indoor Ivana Španović ( SRB ) 5 March 2017 Belgrade 16 7.21 m ( 23 ft 7 ⁄ in ) 1.6 Helga Radtke ( GDR ) 26 July 1984 Dresden 7.21 m ( 23 ft 7 ⁄ in ) 1.9 Lyudmila Kolchanova ( RUS ) 27 May 2007 Sochi 18 7.20 m ( 23 ft 7 ⁄ in ) − 0.5 Vali Ionescu - Constantin ( ROU ) 11 August 1982 Bucharest 7.20 m ( 23 ft 7 ⁄ in ) 2.0 Irena Ozenko ( URS ) 12 September 1986 Budapest 7.20 m ( 23 ft 7 ⁄ in ) 0.8 Yelena Sinchukova ( URS ) 20 June 1991 Budapest 7.20 m ( 23 ft 7 ⁄ in ) 0.7 Irina Mushailova ( RUS ) 14 July 1994 Saint Petersburg 22 7.17 m ( 23 ft 6 ⁄ in ) 1.8 Irina Valyukevich ( URS ) 18 July 1987 Bryansk 7.17 m ( 23 ft 6 ⁄ in ) 0.6 Tianna Bartoletta ( USA ) 17 August 2016 Rio de Janeiro 24 7.16 m ( 23 ft 5 ⁄ in ) N / A Iolanda Chen ( URS ) 30 July 1988 Moscow 7.16 m ( 23 ft 5 ⁄ in ) A − 0.1 Elva Goulbourne ( JAM ) 22 May 2004 Mexico City 7.16 m ( 23 ft 5 ⁄ in ) 1.6 Sosthene Moguenara ( GER ) 28 May 2016 Weinheim Notes ( edit ) Below is a list of all other legal jumps equal or superior to 7.40 m : Jackie Joyner - Kersee jumped 7.49 m ( 1994 at altitude ) , 7.45 m ( 1987 ) , 7.40 m ( 1988 ) . Heike Drechsler jumped 7.48 m ( 1992 ) , 7.45 m ( June 1986 ) , 7.45 m ( July 1986 ) , 7.44 m ( 1985 ) , 7.40 m ( 1984 ) , 7.40 m ( 1987 ) . Galina Chistyakova jumped 7.45 m ( June 1988 ancillary jump during world record competition ) , 7.45 m ( August 1988 ) . Assisted jumps ( edit ) Heike Drechsler ( GER ) jumped 7.63 ( + 2.1 ) and 7.47 ( + 3.1 ) on 21 July 1992 at altitude in Sestriere . Jackie Joyner - Kersee ( USA ) jumped 7.45 ( + 2.6 ) on 23 July 1988 in Indianapolis . Fiona May ( ITA ) jumped 7.23 ( + 4.3 ) on 29 July 1995 at altitude in Sestriere . Anastassia Mirochuk - Ivanova ( BLR ) jumped 7.22 ( + 4.3 ) on 6 July 2012 in Grodno . Susen Tiedtke ( GER ) jumped 7.22 ( + 3.7 ) on 28 July 1993 at altitude in Sestriere . Eva Murková ( SVK ) jumped 7.17 ( + 3.6 ) on 26 August 1984 in Nitra . Olympic medalists ( edit ) Men ( edit ) Games Gold Silver Bronze 1896 Athens details Ellery Harding Clark ( USA ) Robert Garrett ( USA ) James Brendan Connolly ( USA ) 1900 Paris details Alvin Kraenzlein ( USA ) Myer Prinstein ( USA ) Patrick Leahy ( GBR ) 1904 St. Louis details Myer Prinstein ( USA ) Daniel Frank ( USA ) Robert Stangland ( USA ) 1908 London details Frank Irons ( USA ) Daniel Kelly ( USA ) Calvin Bricker ( CAN ) 1912 Stockholm details Albert Gutterson ( USA ) Calvin Bricker ( CAN ) Georg Åberg ( SWE ) 1920 Antwerp details William Petersson ( SWE ) Carl Johnson ( USA ) Erik Abrahamsson ( SWE ) 1924 Paris details DeHart Hubbard ( USA ) Edward Gourdin ( USA ) Sverre Hansen ( NOR ) 1928 Amsterdam details Ed Hamm ( USA ) Silvio Cator ( HAI ) Al Bates ( USA ) 1932 Los Angeles details Ed Gordon ( USA ) Lambert Redd ( USA ) Chūhei Nambu ( JPN ) 1936 Berlin details Jesse Owens ( USA ) Luz Long ( GER ) Naoto Tajima ( JPN ) 1948 London details Willie Steele ( USA ) Bill Bruce ( AUS ) Herb Douglas ( USA ) 1952 Helsinki details Jerome Biffle ( USA ) Meredith Gourdine ( USA ) Ödön Földessy ( HUN ) 1956 Melbourne details Gregory Bell ( USA ) John Bennett ( USA ) Jorma Valkama ( FIN ) 1960 Rome details Ralph Boston ( USA ) Bo Roberson ( USA ) Igor Ter - Ovanesyan ( URS ) 1964 Tokyo details Lynn Davies ( GBR ) Ralph Boston ( USA ) Igor Ter - Ovanesyan ( URS ) 1968 Mexico City details Bob Beamon ( USA ) Klaus Beer ( GDR ) Ralph Boston ( USA ) 1972 Munich details Randy Williams ( USA ) Hans Baumgartner ( FRG ) Arnie Robinson ( USA ) 1976 Montreal details Arnie Robinson ( USA ) Randy Williams ( USA ) Frank Wartenberg ( GDR ) 1980 Moscow details Lutz Dombrowski ( GDR ) Frank Paschek ( GDR ) Valeriy Pidluzhnyy ( URS ) 1984 Los Angeles details Carl Lewis ( USA ) Gary Honey ( AUS ) Giovanni Evangelisti ( ITA ) 1988 Seoul details Carl Lewis ( USA ) Mike Powell ( USA ) Larry Myricks ( USA ) 1992 Barcelona details Carl Lewis ( USA ) Mike Powell ( USA ) Joe Greene ( USA ) 1996 Atlanta details Carl Lewis ( USA ) James Beckford ( JAM ) Joe Greene ( USA ) 2000 Sydney details Iván Pedroso ( CUB ) Jai Taurima ( AUS ) Roman Shchurenko ( UKR ) 2004 Athens details Dwight Phillips ( USA ) John Moffitt ( USA ) Joan Lino Martínez ( ESP ) 2008 Beijing details Irving Saladino ( PAN ) Godfrey Khotso Mokoena ( RSA ) Ibrahim Camejo ( CUB ) 2012 London details Greg Rutherford ( GBR ) Mitchell Watt ( AUS ) Will Claye ( USA ) 2016 Rio de Janeiro details Jeff Henderson ( USA ) Luvo Manyonga ( RSA ) Greg Rutherford ( GBR ) Women ( edit ) Games Gold Silver Bronze 1948 London details Olga Gyarmati ( HUN ) Noemí Simonetto ( ARG ) Ann - Britt Leyman ( SWE ) 1952 Helsinki details Yvette Williams ( NZL ) Aleksandra Chudina ( URS ) Shirley Cawley ( GBR ) 1956 Melbourne details Elżbieta Krzesińska ( POL ) Willye White ( USA ) Nadezhda Khnykina - Dvalishvili ( URS ) 1960 Rome details Vera Krepkina ( URS ) Elżbieta Krzesińska ( POL ) Hildrun Claus ( EUA ) 1964 Tokyo details Mary Rand ( GBR ) Irena Kirszenstein ( POL ) Tatyana Shchelkanova ( URS ) 1968 Mexico City details Viorica Viscopoleanu ( ROU ) Sheila Sherwood ( GBR ) Tatyana Talysheva ( URS ) 1972 Munich details Heide Rosendahl ( FRG ) Diana Yorgova ( BUL ) Eva Šuranová ( TCH ) 1976 Montreal details Angela Voigt ( GDR ) Kathy McMillan ( USA ) Lidiya Alfeyeva ( URS ) 1980 Moscow details Tatyana Kolpakova ( URS ) Brigitte Wujak ( GDR ) Tatyana Skachko ( URS ) 1984 Los Angeles details Anişoara Cuşmir - Stanciu ( ROU ) Valy Ionescu ( ROU ) Sue Hearnshaw ( GBR ) 1988 Seoul details Jackie Joyner - Kersee ( USA ) Heike Drechsler ( GDR ) Galina Chistyakova ( URS ) 1992 Barcelona details Heike Drechsler ( GER ) Inessa Kravets ( EUN ) Jackie Joyner - Kersee ( USA ) 1996 Atlanta details Chioma Ajunwa ( NGR ) Fiona May ( ITA ) Jackie Joyner - Kersee ( USA ) 2000 Sydney details Heike Drechsler ( GER ) Fiona May ( ITA ) Tatyana Kotova ( RUS ) 2004 Athens details Tatyana Lebedeva ( RUS ) Irina Meleshina ( RUS ) Tatyana Kotova ( RUS ) 2008 Beijing details Maurren Higa Maggi ( BRA ) Tatyana Lebedeva ( RUS ) Blessing Okagbare ( NGR ) 2012 London details Brittney Reese ( USA ) Elena Sokolova ( RUS ) Janay DeLoach ( USA ) 2016 Rio de Janeiro details Tianna Bartoletta ( USA ) Britney Reese ( USA ) Ivana Španović ( SRB ) World Championships medalists ( edit ) Men ( edit ) Championships Gold Silver Bronze 1983 Helsinki details Carl Lewis ( USA ) Jason Grimes ( USA ) Mike Conley ( USA ) 1987 Rome details Carl Lewis ( USA ) Robert Emmiyan ( URS ) Larry Myricks ( USA ) 1991 Tokyo details Mike Powell ( USA ) Carl Lewis ( USA ) Larry Myricks ( USA ) 1993 Stuttgart details Mike Powell ( USA ) Stanislav Tarasenko ( RUS ) Vitaliy Kyrylenko ( UKR ) 1995 Gothenburg details Iván Pedroso ( CUB ) James Beckford ( JAM ) Mike Powell ( USA ) 1997 Athens details Iván Pedroso ( CUB ) Erick Walder ( USA ) Kirill Sosunov ( RUS ) 1999 Seville details Iván Pedroso ( CUB ) Yago Lamela ( ESP ) Gregor Cankar ( SLO ) 2001 Edmonton details Iván Pedroso ( CUB ) Savanté Stringfellow ( USA ) Carlos Calado ( POR ) 2003 Saint - Denis details Dwight Phillips ( USA ) James Beckford ( JAM ) Yago Lamela ( ESP ) 2005 Helsinki details Dwight Phillips ( USA ) Ignisious Gaisah ( GHA ) Tommi Evilä ( FIN ) 2007 Osaka details Irving Saladino ( PAN ) Andrew Howe ( ITA ) Dwight Phillips ( USA ) 2009 Berlin details Dwight Phillips ( USA ) Godfrey Khotso Mokoena ( RSA ) Mitchell Watt ( AUS ) 2011 Daegu details Dwight Phillips ( USA ) Mitchell Watt ( AUS ) Ngonidzashe Makusha ( ZIM ) 2013 Moscow details Aleksandr Menkov ( RUS ) Ignisious Gaisah ( NED ) Luis Rivera ( MEX ) 2015 Beijing details Greg Rutherford ( GBR ) Fabrice Lapierre ( AUS ) Wang Jianan ( CHN ) 2017 London details Luvo Manyonga ( RSA ) Jarrion Lawson ( USA ) Ruswahl Samaai ( RSA ) Women ( edit ) Championships Gold Silver Bronze 1983 Helsinki details Heike Daute ( GDR ) Anișoara Cușmir ( ROM ) Carol Lewis ( USA ) 1987 Rome details Jackie Joyner - Kersee ( USA ) Yelena Belevskaya ( URS ) Heike Drechsler ( GDR ) 1991 Tokyo details Jackie Joyner - Kersee ( USA ) Heike Drechsler ( GER ) Larysa Berezhna ( URS ) 1993 Stuttgart details Heike Drechsler ( GER ) Larysa Berezhna ( UKR ) Renata Nielsen ( DEN ) 1995 Gothenburg details Fiona May ( ITA ) Niurka Montalvo ( CUB ) Irina Mushailova ( RUS ) 1997 Athens details Lyudmila Galkina ( RUS ) Niki Xanthou ( GRE ) Fiona May ( ITA ) 1999 Seville details Niurka Montalvo ( ESP ) Fiona May ( ITA ) Marion Jones ( USA ) 2001 Edmonton details Fiona May ( ITA ) Tatyana Kotova ( RUS ) Niurka Montalvo ( ESP ) 2003 Saint - Denis details Eunice Barber ( FRA ) Tatyana Kotova ( RUS ) Anju Bobby George ( IND ) 2005 Helsinki details Tianna Madison ( USA ) Eunice Barber ( FRA ) Yargelis Savigne ( CUB ) 2007 Osaka details Tatyana Lebedeva ( RUS ) Lyudmila Kolchanova ( RUS ) Tatyana Kotova ( RUS ) 2009 Berlin details Brittney Reese ( USA ) Tatyana Lebedeva ( RUS ) Karin Melis Mey ( TUR ) 2011 Daegu details Brittney Reese ( USA ) Olga Kucherenko ( RUS ) Ineta Radēviča ( LAT ) 2013 Moscow details Brittney Reese ( USA ) Blessing Okagbare ( NGA ) Ivana Španović ( SRB ) 2015 Beijing details Tianna Bartoletta ( USA ) Shara Proctor ( GBR ) Ivana Španović ( SRB ) 2017 London details Brittney Reese ( USA ) Darya Klishina ( ANA ) Tianna Bartoletta ( USA ) World Indoor Championships medalists ( edit ) Men ( edit ) Games Gold Silver Bronze 1985 Paris Jan Leitner ( TCH ) Gyula Pálóczi ( HUN ) Giovanni Evangelisti ( ITA ) 1987 Indianapolis details Larry Myricks ( USA ) Paul Emordi ( NGR ) Giovanni Evangelisti ( ITA ) 1989 Budapest details Larry Myricks ( USA ) Dietmar Haaf ( FRG ) Mike Conley ( USA ) 1991 Seville details Dietmar Haaf ( GER ) Jaime Jefferson ( CUB ) Giovanni Evangelisti ( ITA ) 1993 Toronto details Iván Pedroso ( CUB ) Joe Greene ( USA ) Jaime Jefferson ( CUB ) 1995 Barcelona details Iván Pedroso ( CUB ) Mattias Sunneborn ( SWE ) Erick Walder ( USA ) 1997 Paris details Iván Pedroso ( CUB ) Kirill Sosunov ( RUS ) Joe Greene ( USA ) 1999 Maebashi details Iván Pedroso ( CUB ) Yago Lamela ( ESP ) Erick Walder ( USA ) 2001 Lisbon details Iván Pedroso ( CUB ) Kareem Streete - Thompson ( CAY ) Carlos Calado ( POR ) 2003 Birmingham details Dwight Phillips ( USA ) Yago Lamela ( ESP ) Miguel Pate ( USA ) 2004 Budapest details Savanté Stringfellow ( USA ) James Beckford ( JAM ) Vitaliy Shkurlatov ( RUS ) 2006 Moscow details Ignisious Gaisah ( GHA ) Irving Saladino ( PAN ) Andrew Howe ( ITA ) 2008 Valencia details Godfrey Khotso Mokoena ( RSA ) Chris Tomlinson ( GBR ) Mohammed Al - Khuwalidi ( KSA ) 2010 Doha details Fabrice Lapierre ( AUS ) Godfrey Khotso Mokoena ( RSA ) Mitchell Watt ( AUS ) 2012 Istanbul details Mauro Vinícius da Silva ( BRA ) Henry Frayne ( AUS ) Aleksandr Menkov ( RUS ) 2014 Sopot details Mauro Vinícius da Silva ( BRA ) Li Jinzhe ( CHN ) Michel Tornéus ( SWE ) 2016 Portland details Marquis Dendy ( USA ) Fabrice Lapierre ( AUS ) Huang Changzhou ( CHN ) 2018 Birmingham details Juan Miguel Echevarría ( CUB ) Luvo Manyonga ( RSA ) Marquis Dendy ( USA ) Women ( edit ) Games Gold Silver Bronze 1985 Paris Helga Radtke ( GDR ) Tatyana Rodionova ( URS ) Nijolė Medvedeva ( URS ) 1987 Indianapolis details Heike Drechsler ( GDR ) Helga Radtke ( GDR ) Yelena Belevskaya ( URS ) 1989 Budapest details Galina Chistyakova ( URS ) Marieta Ilcu ( ROU ) Larysa Berezhna ( URS ) 1991 Seville details Larysa Berezhna ( URS ) Heike Drechsler ( GER ) Marieta Ilcu ( ROU ) 1993 Toronto details Marieta Ilcu ( ROU ) Susen Tiedtke ( GER ) Inessa Kravets ( UKR ) 1995 Barcelona details Lyudmila Galkina ( RUS ) Irina Mushailova ( RUS ) Susen Tiedtke - Greene ( GER ) 1997 Paris details Fiona May ( ITA ) Chioma Ajunwa ( NGR ) Agata Karczmarek ( POL ) 1999 Maebashi details Tatyana Kotova ( RUS ) Shana Williams ( USA ) Iva Prandzheva ( BUL ) 2001 Lisbon details Dawn Burrell ( USA ) Tatyana Kotova ( RUS ) Niurka Montalvo ( ESP ) 2003 Birmingham details Tatyana Kotova ( RUS ) Inessa Kravets ( UKR ) Maurren Maggi ( BRA ) 2004 Budapest details Tatyana Lebedeva ( RUS ) Tatyana Kotova ( RUS ) Carolina Klüft ( SWE ) 2006 Moscow details Tatyana Kotova ( RUS ) Tianna Madison ( USA ) Naide Gomes ( POR ) 2008 Valencia details Naide Gomes ( POR ) Maurren Maggi ( BRA ) Irina Simagina ( RUS ) 2010 Doha details Brittney Reese ( USA ) Naide Gomes ( POR ) Keila Costa ( BRA ) 2012 Istanbul details Brittney Reese ( USA ) Janay DeLoach ( USA ) Shara Proctor ( GBR ) 2014 Sopot details Éloyse Lesueur ( FRA ) Katarina Johnson - Thompson ( GBR ) Ivana Španović ( SRB ) 2016 Portland details Brittney Reese ( USA ) Ivana Španović ( SRB ) Lorraine Ugen ( GBR ) 2018 Birmingham details Ivana Španović ( SRB ) Brittney Reese ( USA ) Sosthene Moguenara ( GER ) Known as the World Indoor Games Season 's bests ( edit ) Men ( edit ) Year Distance Athlete Location 1960 8.21 m ( 26 ft 11 in ) Ralph Boston ( USA ) Walnut 1961 8.28 m ( 27 ft 1 ⁄ in ) Ralph Boston ( USA ) Moscow 1962 8.31 m ( 27 ft 3 in ) Igor Ter - Ovanesyan ( URS ) Yerevan 1963 8.20 m ( 26 ft 11 in ) Ralph Boston ( USA ) Modesto 1964 8.34 m ( 27 ft 4 ⁄ in ) Ralph Boston ( USA ) Los Angeles 1965 8.35 m ( 27 ft 5 in ) Ralph Boston ( USA ) Modesto 1966 8.23 m ( 27 ft 0 in ) Igor Ter - Ovanesyan ( URS ) Leselidze 1967 8.35 m ( 27 ft 4 ⁄ in ) Igor Ter - Ovanesyan ( URS ) Mexico City 1968 8.90 m ( 29 ft 2 ⁄ in ) Bob Beamon ( USA ) Mexico City 1969 8.21 m ( 26 ft 11 in ) Igor Ter - Ovanesyan ( URS ) Waldemar Stępień ( POL ) Odessa Chorzów 1970 8.35 m ( 27 ft 4 ⁄ in ) Josef Schwarz ( FRG ) Stuttgart 1971 8.21 m ( 26 ft 11 in ) Norman Tate ( USA ) El Paso 1972 8.23 m ( 27 ft 0 in ) Randy Williams ( USA ) Munich 1973 8.24 m ( 27 ft 0 ⁄ in ) James McAlister ( USA ) Westwood 8.30 m ( 27 ft 2 ⁄ in ) Arnie Robinson ( USA ) Modesto 8.45 m ( 27 ft 8 ⁄ in ) Nenad Stekić ( YUG ) Montreal 1976 8.35 m ( 27 ft 4 ⁄ in ) Arnie Robinson ( USA ) Montreal 1977 8.27 m ( 27 ft 1 ⁄ in ) Nenad Stekić ( YUG ) Nova Gorica 1978 8.32 m ( 27 ft 3 ⁄ in ) Nenad Stekić ( YUG ) Rovereto 1979 8.52 m ( 27 ft 11 ⁄ in ) Larry Myricks ( USA ) Montreal 1980 8.54 m ( 28 ft 0 in ) Lutz Dombrowski ( GDR ) Moscow 1981 8.62 m ( 28 ft 3 ⁄ in ) Carl Lewis ( USA ) Sacramento 1982 8.76 m ( 28 ft 8 ⁄ in ) Carl Lewis ( USA ) Indianapolis 8.79 m ( 28 ft 10 in ) Carl Lewis ( USA ) Indianapolis 1984 8.79 m ( 28 ft 10 in ) i Carl Lewis ( USA ) New York City 1985 8.62 m ( 28 ft 3 ⁄ in ) Carl Lewis ( USA ) Brussels 1986 8.61 m ( 28 ft 2 ⁄ in ) Robert Emmiyan ( URS ) Moscow 8.86 m ( 29 ft 0 ⁄ in ) Robert Emmiyan ( URS ) Tsakhkadzor 1988 8.76 m ( 28 ft 8 ⁄ in ) Carl Lewis ( USA ) Indianapolis 1989 8.70 m ( 28 ft 6 ⁄ in ) Larry Myricks ( USA ) Houston 1990 8.66 m ( 28 ft 4 ⁄ in ) Mike Powell ( USA ) Villeneuve d'Ascq 1991 8.95 m ( 29 ft 4 ⁄ in ) Mike Powell ( USA ) Tokyo 1992 8.68 m ( 28 ft 5 ⁄ in ) Carl Lewis ( USA ) Barcelona 1993 8.70 m ( 28 ft 6 ⁄ in ) Mike Powell ( USA ) Salamanca 1994 8.74 m ( 28 ft 8 in ) Erick Walder ( USA ) El Paso 1995 8.71 m ( 28 ft 6 ⁄ in ) Iván Pedroso ( CUB ) Salamanca 8.58 m ( 28 ft 1 ⁄ in ) Erick Walder ( USA ) Springfield 1997 8.63 m ( 28 ft 3 ⁄ in ) Iván Pedroso ( CUB ) Padua 1998 8.60 m ( 28 ft 2 ⁄ in ) James Beckford ( JAM ) Bad Langensalza 1999 8.62 m ( 28 ft 3 ⁄ in ) i Iván Pedroso ( CUB ) Maebashi 2000 8.65 m ( 28 ft 4 ⁄ in ) Iván Pedroso ( CUB ) Jena 2001 8.43 m ( 27 ft 7 ⁄ in ) i Iván Pedroso ( CUB ) Lisboa 2002 8.59 m ( 28 ft 2 in ) i Miguel Pate ( USA ) New York City 2003 8.53 m ( 27 ft 11 ⁄ in ) Yago Lamela ( ESP ) Castellón de la Plana 8.60 m ( 28 ft 2 ⁄ in ) Dwight Phillips ( USA ) Linz 2005 8.60 m ( 28 ft 2 ⁄ in ) Dwight Phillips ( USA ) Helsinki 2006 8.56 m ( 28 ft 1 in ) Irving Saladino ( PAN ) Rio de Janeiro 2007 8.66 m ( 28 ft 4 ⁄ in ) Louis Tsatoumas ( GRE ) Kalamáta 2008 8.73 m ( 28 ft 7 ⁄ in ) Irving Saladino ( PAN ) Hengelo 2009 8.74 m ( 28 ft 8 in ) Dwight Phillips ( USA ) Eugene 8.47 m ( 27 ft 9 ⁄ in ) Christian Reif ( GER ) Barcelona 2011 8.54 m ( 28 ft 0 in ) Mitchell Watt ( AUS ) Stockholm 2012 8.35 m ( 27 ft 4 ⁄ in ) Greg Rutherford ( GBR ) Sergey Morgunov ( RUS ) Chula Vista Cheboksary 2013 8.56 m ( 28 ft 1 in ) Aleksandr Menkov ( RUS ) Moscow 2014 8.51 m ( 27 ft 11 in ) Greg Rutherford ( GBR ) Chula Vista , California 2015 8.52 m ( 27 ft 11 ⁄ in ) Jeff Henderson ( USA ) Toronto 2016 8.58 m ( 28 ft 1 ⁄ in ) Jarrion Lawson ( USA ) Eugene 2017 8.65 m ( 28 ft 4 ⁄ in ) A Luvo Manyonga ( RSA ) Potchefstroom Women ( edit ) Year Distance Athlete Location 1960 6.40 m ( 20 ft 11 ⁄ in ) Hildrun Claus ( GDR ) Erfurt 1961 6.48 m ( 21 ft 3 in ) Tatyana Shchelkanova ( URS ) Moscow 1962 6.62 m ( 21 ft 8 ⁄ in ) Tatyana Shchelkanova ( URS ) Brussels 1963 6.60 m ( 21 ft 7 ⁄ in ) Tatyana Shchelkanova ( URS ) Kurayoshi 1964 6.76 m ( 22 ft 2 in ) Mary Rand ( GBR ) Tokyo 1965 6.71 m ( 22 ft 0 in ) Tatyana Shchelkanova ( URS ) Kiev 1966 6.73 m ( 22 ft 0 ⁄ in ) Tatyana Shchelkanova ( URS ) Dnepropetrovsk 1967 6.63 m ( 21 ft 9 in ) Ingrid Becker ( FRG ) Kiev 1968 6.82 m ( 22 ft 4 ⁄ in ) A Viorica Viscopoleanu ( ROM ) Mexico City 1969 6.64 m ( 21 ft 9 ⁄ in ) Heide Rosendahl ( FRG ) Leverkusen 1970 6.84 m ( 22 ft 5 ⁄ in ) Heide Rosendahl ( FRG ) Turin 1971 6.81 m ( 22 ft 4 in ) Margrit Herbst ( GDR ) Leipzig 1972 6.78 m ( 22 ft 2 ⁄ in ) Heide Rosendahl ( FRG ) Munich 1973 6.76 m ( 22 ft 2 in ) Angela Schmalfeld ( GDR ) Dresden 6.77 m ( 22 ft 2 ⁄ in ) Angela Schmalfeld ( GDR ) East Berlin 6.76 m ( 22 ft 2 in ) Lidiya Alfeyeva ( URS ) Nice 1976 6.99 m ( 22 ft 11 in ) Siegrun Siegl ( GDR ) Dresden 1977 6.82 m ( 22 ft 4 ⁄ in ) Vilma Bardauskienė ( URS ) Krasnodar 1978 7.09 m ( 23 ft 3 in ) Vilma Bardauskienė ( URS ) Prague 1979 6.90 m ( 22 ft 7 ⁄ in ) Brigitte Wujak ( GDR ) Potsdam 1980 7.06 m ( 23 ft 1 ⁄ in ) Tatyana Kolpakova ( URS ) Moscow 1981 6.96 m ( 22 ft 10 in ) Jodi Anderson ( USA ) Colorado Springs 1982 7.20 m ( 23 ft 7 ⁄ in ) Valy Ionescu ( ROU ) Bucharest 7.43 m ( 24 ft 4 ⁄ in ) Anisoara Cusmir ( ROU ) Bucharest 1984 7.40 m ( 24 ft 3 ⁄ in ) Heike Drechsler ( GDR ) Dresden 1985 7.44 m ( 24 ft 4 ⁄ in ) Heike Drechsler ( GDR ) Berlin 1986 7.45 m ( 24 ft 5 ⁄ in ) Heike Drechsler ( GDR ) Tallinn 7.45 m ( 24 ft 5 ⁄ in ) Jackie Joyner - Kersee ( USA ) Indianapolis 1988 7.52 m ( 24 ft 8 in ) Galina Chistyakova ( URS ) Leningrad 1989 7.30 m ( 23 ft 11 ⁄ in ) i Galina Chistyakova ( URS ) Lipetsk 1990 7.35 m ( 24 ft 1 ⁄ in ) Galina Chistyakova ( URS ) Bratislava 1991 7.37 m ( 24 ft 2 in ) Heike Drechsler ( GER ) Sestriere 1992 7.48 m ( 24 ft 6 ⁄ in ) Heike Drechsler ( GER ) Lausanne 1993 7.21 m ( 23 ft 7 ⁄ in ) Heike Drechsler ( GER ) Zürich 1994 7.49 m ( 24 ft 6 ⁄ in ) Jackie Joyner - Kersee ( USA ) New York City 1995 7.09 m ( 23 ft 3 in ) i Heike Drechsler ( GER ) Liévin , Sindelfingen 7.12 m ( 23 ft 4 ⁄ in ) Chioma Ajunwa ( NGA ) Atlanta 1997 7.05 m ( 23 ft 1 ⁄ in ) Lyudmila Galkina ( RUS ) Athens 1998 7.31 m ( 23 ft 11 ⁄ in ) Marion Jones ( USA ) Eugene 1999 7.26 m ( 23 ft 9 ⁄ in ) Maurren Higa Maggi ( BRA ) Bogotá 2000 7.09 m ( 23 ft 3 in ) Fiona May ( ITA ) Rio de Janeiro 2001 7.12 m ( 23 ft 4 ⁄ in ) Tatyana Kotova ( RUS ) Turin 2002 7.42 m ( 24 ft 4 in ) Tatyana Kotova ( RUS ) Annecy 2003 7.06 m ( 23 ft 1 ⁄ in ) Maurren Higa Maggi ( BRA ) Milan 7.33 m ( 24 ft 0 ⁄ in ) Tatyana Lebedeva ( RUS ) Tula 2005 7.04 m ( 23 ft 1 in ) Irina Simagina ( RUS ) Sochi 2006 7.12 m ( 23 ft 4 ⁄ in ) Tatyana Kotova ( RUS ) Novosibirsk 2007 7.21 m ( 23 ft 7 ⁄ in ) Lyudmila Kolchanova ( RUS ) Sochi 2008 7.12 m ( 23 ft 4 ⁄ in ) Naide Gomes ( POR ) Monaco 2009 7.10 m ( 23 ft 3 ⁄ in ) Brittney Reese ( USA ) Berlin 7.13 m ( 23 ft 4 ⁄ in ) Olga Kucherenko ( RUS ) Sochi 2011 7.19 m ( 23 ft 7 in ) Brittney Reese ( USA ) Eugene 2012 7.23 m ( 23 ft 8 ⁄ in ) i Brittney Reese ( USA ) Istanbul 2013 7.25 m ( 23 ft 9 ⁄ in ) Brittney Reese ( USA ) Doha 2014 7.02 m ( 23 ft 0 ⁄ in ) Tianna Bartoletta ( USA ) Oslo 2015 7.14 m ( 23 ft 5 in ) Tianna Bartoletta ( USA ) Beijing 2016 7.31 m ( 23 ft 11 ⁄ in ) Brittney Reese ( USA ) Eugene 2017 7.24 m ( 23 ft 9 in ) i Ivana Spanovic ( SRB ) Beograd `` i '' denotes indoor performance . National records ( edit ) Men ( edit ) Nation Distance Athlete Date Location Ref United States 8.95 m ( 29 ft 4 ⁄ in ) Mike Powell 30 August 1991 Tokyo Soviet Union / Armenia 8.86 m ( 29 ft 0 ⁄ in ) Robert Emmiyan 22 May 1987 Tsakhkadzor Panama 8.73 m ( 28 ft 7 ⁄ in ) Irving Saladino 24 May 2008 Hengelo Cuba 8.71 m ( 28 ft 6 ⁄ in ) Iván Pedroso 18 July 1995 Salamanca Greece 8.66 m ( 28 ft 4 ⁄ in ) Louis Tsatoumas 2 June 2007 Kalamata Jamaica 8.62 m ( 28 ft 3 ⁄ in ) James Beckford 5 April 1997 Orlando South Africa 8.62 m ( 28 ft 3 ⁄ in ) A Luvo Manyonga 17 March 2017 Pretoria Spain 8.56 m ( 28 ft 1 in ) Yago Lamela 24 June 1999 Turin Russia 8.56 m ( 28 ft 1 in ) Aleksandr Menkov 16 August 2013 Moscow East Germany / Germany 8.54 m ( 28 ft 0 in ) Lutz Dombrowski 28 July 1980 Moscow Australia 8.54 m ( 28 ft 0 in ) Mitchell Watt 29 July 2011 Stockholm United Kingdom 8.51 m ( 27 ft 11 in ) Greg Rutherford 24 April 2014 Chula Vista Saudi Arabia 8.48 m ( 27 ft 9 ⁄ in ) Mohamed Salman Al - Khuwalidi 2 July 2006 Sotteville - lès - Rouen Italy 8.47 m ( 27 ft 9 ⁄ in ) Andrew Howe 30 August 2007 Osaka People 's Republic of China 8.47 m ( 27 ft 9 ⁄ in ) Li Jinzhe 29 June 2014 Bad Langensalza Mexico 8.46 m ( 27 ft 9 in ) Luis Rivera 12 July 2013 Kazan Senegal 8.46 m ( 27 ft 9 in ) Cheikh Tidiane Touré 15 June 1997 Bad Langensalza Yugoslavia / Serbia 8.45 m ( 27 ft 8 ⁄ in ) Nenad Stekić 25 July 1975 Montreal Sweden 8.44 m ( 27 ft 8 ⁄ in ) A Michel Tornéus 10 July 2016 Monachil Ghana 8.43 m ( 27 ft 7 ⁄ in ) Ignisious Gaisah 14 July 2006 Rome France 8.42 m ( 27 ft 7 ⁄ in ) Salim Sdiri 12 June 2009 Pierre - Bénite Bahamas 8.41 m ( 27 ft 7 in ) Craig Hepburn 17 June 1993 Nassau Zimbabwe 8.40 m ( 27 ft 6 ⁄ in ) Ngonidzashe Makusha 9 June 2011 Des Moines Brazil 8.40 m ( 27 ft 6 ⁄ in ) Douglas de Souza 15 February 1995 São Paulo Slovenia 8.40 m ( 27 ft 6 ⁄ in ) Gregor Cankar 18 May 1997 Celje Morocco 8.40 m ( 27 ft 6 ⁄ in ) Yahya Berrabah 2 October 2009 Beirut Romania 8.37 m ( 27 ft 5 ⁄ in ) Bogdan Tudor 9 July 1995 Bad Cannstatt Portugal 8.36 m ( 27 ft 5 in ) Carlos Calado 20 June 1997 Lisbon Ukraine 8.35 m ( 27 ft 4 ⁄ in ) Sergey Layevskiy 16 July 1988 Dnipropetrovsk Roman Shchurenko 25 July 2000 Kiev Taiwan 8.34 m ( 27 ft 4 ⁄ in ) Nai Huei - Fang 14 May 1993 Shanghai Venezuela 8.34 m ( 27 ft 4 ⁄ in ) Víctor Castillo 30 May 2004 Cochabamba Bermuda 8.34 m ( 27 ft 4 ⁄ in ) Tyrone Smith 5 May 2017 Houston Bulgaria 8.33 m ( 27 ft 3 ⁄ in ) Ivaylo Mladenov 3 June 1995 Seville Belarus 8.33 m ( 27 ft 3 ⁄ in ) Aleksandr Glovatskiy 7 August 1996 Sestriere Egypt 8.31 m ( 27 ft 3 in ) Hassine Hatem Moursal 30 June 1999 Oslo Hungary 8.30 m ( 27 ft 2 ⁄ in ) László Szalma 7 July 1985 Budapest Austria 8.30 m ( 27 ft 2 ⁄ in ) Andreas Steiner 4 June 1988 Innsbruck Netherlands 8.29 m ( 27 ft 2 ⁄ in ) Ignisious Gaisah 16 August 2013 Moscow Mauritius 8.28 m ( 27 ft 1 ⁄ in ) Jonathan Chimier 24 August 2004 Athens Poland 8.28 m ( 27 ft 1 ⁄ in ) Grzegorz Marciniszyn 14 July 2001 Mals Nigeria 8.27 m ( 27 ft 1 ⁄ in ) Yusuf Alli 8 August 1989 Lagos Botswana 8.27 m ( 27 ft 1 ⁄ in ) Gable Garenamotse 20 August 2006 Rhede Algeria 8.26 m ( 27 ft 1 in ) Issam Nima 28 July 2007 Zaragoza Czech Republic 8.25 m ( 27 ft 0 ⁄ in ) Milan Mikuláš 16 July 1988 Prague Republic of Moldova 8.25 m ( 27 ft 0 ⁄ in ) Sergey Podgainiy 18 August 1990 Chişinău Japan 8.25 m ( 27 ft 0 ⁄ in ) Masaki Morinaga 5 May 1992 Shizuoka Belgium 8.25 m ( 27 ft 0 ⁄ in ) Erik Nys 6 July 1996 Hechtel Denmark 8.25 m ( 27 ft 0 ⁄ in ) Morten Jensen 3 July 2005 Gothenburg Georgia 8.25 m ( 27 ft 0 ⁄ in ) i Bachana Khorava 7 February 2016 Tbilisi Namibia 8.24 m ( 27 ft 0 ⁄ in ) A Stephan Louw 12 January 2008 Germiston Croatia 8.23 m ( 27 ft 0 in ) Siniša Ergotić 5 June 2002 Zagreb Finland 8.22 m ( 26 ft 11 ⁄ in ) Tommi Evilä 28 June 2008 Gothenburg South Korea 8.22 m ( 26 ft 11 ⁄ in ) Kim Deok - hyeon 10 June 2016 Ried Canada 8.20 m ( 26 ft 10 ⁄ in ) Edrick Floreal 20 July 1991 Sherbrooke India 8.19 m ( 26 ft 10 ⁄ in ) Ankit Sharma 26 June 2016 Almaty Uruguay 8.19 m ( 26 ft 10 ⁄ in ) Emiliano Lasa 18 February 2017 São Paulo Iran 8.17 m ( 26 ft 9 ⁄ in ) Mohammad Arzandeh 7 July 2012 Tehran Kazakhstan 8.16 m ( 26 ft 9 ⁄ in ) Sergey Vasilenko 18 June 1988 Alma Ata Sri Lanka 8.15 m ( 26 ft 8 ⁄ in ) W.P. Amila Jayasiri 16 August 2016 Diyagama Qatar 8.13 m ( 26 ft 8 in ) Abdulrahman Faraj Al - Nubi 21 September 2003 Manila Hong Kong 8.12 m ( 26 ft 7 ⁄ in ) Chan Ming Tai 7 May 2016 Hong Kong Estonia 8.10 m ( 26 ft 6 ⁄ in ) Erki Nool 27 May 1995 Götzis Peru 8.10 m ( 26 ft 6 ⁄ in ) Jorge McFarlane 23 November 2009 Sucre Uzbekistan 8.10 m ( 26 ft 6 ⁄ in ) Aleksandr Pototskiy 4 June 1992 Bryansk Turkey 8.08 m ( 26 ft 6 in ) Mesut Yavaş 24 June 2000 Istanbul Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 8.08 m ( 26 ft 6 in ) Clayton Latham 29 July 2008 Hamburg Latvia 8.08 m ( 26 ft 6 in ) Elvijs Misāns 12 July 2016 Saldus Albania 8.08 m ( 26 ft 6 in ) i Izmir Smajlaj 4 March 2017 Belgrade Ireland 8.07 m ( 26 ft 5 ⁄ in ) Ciaran McDonagh 21 August 2005 La Chaux - de-Fonds New Zealand 8.05 m ( 26 ft 4 ⁄ in ) Bob Thomas 20 January 1968 Whangarei Latvia 8.05 m ( 26 ft 4 ⁄ in ) Juris Tone 21 June 1983 Moscow Thailand 8.04 m ( 26 ft 4 ⁄ in ) Supanara Sukhasvasti 5 June 2010 Banglore Norway 8.02 m ( 26 ft 3 ⁄ in ) Kristen Fløgstad 4 August 1973 Bislett Philippines 7.99 m ( 26 ft 2 ⁄ in ) Henry Dagmil 7 June 2008 Eagle Rock Israel 7.99 m ( 26 ft 2 ⁄ in ) Yochai Halevi 15 May 2010 Tel Aviv Viet Nam 7.90 m ( 25 ft 11 in ) Nguyen Ngoc Quan 2 May 1997 Hanoi Malaysia 7.88 m ( 25 ft 10 in ) Josbert Tinus 5 October 2007 Bangkok Turks and Caicos Islands 7.88 m ( 25 ft 10 in ) Ifeanyi Otuonye 15 July 2016 San Salvador Indonesia 7.85 m ( 25 ft 9 in ) Agus Reza Irawan 21 September 1995 Jakarta United Arab Emirates 7.79 m ( 25 ft 6 ⁄ in ) Mousbeh Ali Said 6 September 1992 Latakia Aruba 7.72 m ( 25 ft 3 ⁄ in ) Quincy Breell 16 May 2015 Cartagena Malta 7.71 m ( 25 ft 3 ⁄ in ) Rachid Chouhal 2 April 2005 Marsa Luxembourg 7.68 m ( 25 ft 2 ⁄ in ) i Romain Lambert 14 January 2017 Kirchberg Congo 7.63 m ( 25 ft 0 ⁄ in ) Andrew Issaka 28 June 2015 Nogens - sur - Marne Singapore 7.62 m ( 25 ft 0 in ) Matthew Goh Yujie 5 December 2009 Vientiane Benin 7.59 m ( 24 ft 10 ⁄ in ) Romeo N'Tia 19 May 2017 Baku Bahrain 7.47 m ( 24 ft 6 in ) Mohamed Imam Bakhash 16 October 2003 Manama Montserrat 7.46 m ( 24 ft 5 ⁄ in ) Darren Morsen 1 May 2016 Bedford Lebanon 7.43 m ( 24 ft 4 ⁄ in ) Marc Habib 22 July 2004 Lebanon Guinea 7.39 m ( 24 ft 2 ⁄ in ) Thiémo Amadou Barry 8 June 2013 L'Alfàs del Pi Montenegro 7.33 m ( 24 ft 0 ⁄ in ) Darko Pešić 25 June 2016 Pitești Laos 7.31 m ( 23 ft 11 ⁄ in ) Sompong Vongphakdy 12 June 2015 Kallang Macao 7.25 m ( 23 ft 9 ⁄ in ) Wong Ka Chun 24 June 2017 Singapore Jersey 7.21 m ( 23 ft 7 ⁄ in ) Ross Jeffs 1 July 2012 Jersey Macedonia 7.15 m ( 23 ft 5 ⁄ in ) Zoran Tasevski 15 May 1976 Skopje Toni Damcevski 23 May 1995 Sofia Slavcho Mirchevski 7 June 2015 Ohrid 5 June 2016 Ohrid Nepal 7.09 m ( 23 ft 3 in ) Puspendra Kumar Goit 4 December 2015 Kathmandu Afghanistan 7.05 m ( 23 ft 1 ⁄ in ) Mohammed Anwar 1940 Kabul Brunei 7.04 m ( 23 ft 1 in ) Daniel Chung 7 August 1993 Kota Kinabalu São Tomé and Príncipe 7.02 m ( 23 ft 0 ⁄ in ) Juary Tavares 6 June 2015 Lisbon South Sudan 5.70 m ( 18 ft 8 ⁄ in ) Evans Francisco 14 May 2017 Dar es Salaam Women ( edit ) Nation Distance Athlete Date Location Ref Serbia 7.24 m ( 23 ft 9 in ) i Ivana Španović 5 March 2017 Belgrade Great Britain 7.07 m ( 23 ft 2 ⁄ in ) Shara Proctor 28 August 2015 Beijing Sweden 6.99 m ( 22 ft 11 in ) Erica Johansson 5 July 2000 Lausanne Latvia 6.92 m ( 22 ft 8 ⁄ in ) Ineta Radēviča 28 July 2010 Barcelona India 6.83 m ( 22 ft 4 ⁄ in ) Anju Bobby George 27 August 2004 Athens Bahamas 6.83 m ( 22 ft 4 ⁄ in ) Bianca Stuart 26 June 2015 Nassau Barbados 6.80 m ( 22 ft 3 ⁄ in ) i Akela Jones 11 March 2016 Birmingham Mexico 6.74 m ( 22 ft 1 ⁄ in ) A Jessamyn Sauceda 7 May 2017 Mexico City Armenia 6.72 m ( 22 ft 0 ⁄ in ) Amaliya Sharoyan 21 May 2016 Elbasan Philippines 6.72 m ( 22 ft 0 ⁄ in ) Marestella Sunang 4 July 2016 Almaty British Virgin Islands 6.69 m ( 21 ft 11 ⁄ in ) Chantel Malone 9 August 2015 San José Iceland 6.62 m ( 21 ft 8 ⁄ in ) Hafdís Sigurðardóttir 9 July 2016 Hilversum Venezuela 6.58 m ( 21 ft 7 in ) Jhoanmy Luque 26 May 2017 Austin Ecuador 6.50 m ( 21 ft 3 ⁄ in ) A Yuliana Angulo 10 May 2015 Medellín Sri Lanka 6.43 m ( 21 ft 1 in ) Chamali Dilrukshi Priyadarshani 19 December 2015 Diyagama Papua New Guinea 6.39 m ( 20 ft 11 ⁄ in ) Rellie Kaputin 23 April 2017 Amarillo Antigua and Barbuda 6.22 m ( 20 ft 4 ⁄ in ) Amy Harris - Willock 6 July 2014 Basseterre Dominica 6.17 m ( 20 ft 2 ⁄ in ) i Thea LaFond 27 February 2015 Geneva Papua New Guinea 6.10 m ( 20 ft 0 in ) Rellie Kaputin 26 May 2016 Bradenton Republic of the Congo 6.10 m ( 20 ft 0 in ) Marie Mbuya Mala 24 June 2017 Moulins Bolivia 6.09 m ( 19 ft 11 ⁄ in ) A Valeria Quispe 4 June 2017 Tarija Laos 5.75 m ( 18 ft 10 ⁄ in ) Laenly Phoutthavong 25 August 2017 Bukit Jalil Laos 5.69 m ( 18 ft 8 in ) Laenly Phoutthavong 4 April 2015 Kallang Guinea Bissau 5.69 m ( 18 ft 8 in ) Fatumata Baldé 3 June 2017 Braga Cape Verde 5.66 m ( 18 ft 6 ⁄ in ) i Evelise Veiga 27 January 2012 Pombal Libya 5.12 m ( 16 ft 9 ⁄ in ) Hedil Aboud Fethi 7 June 2015 Radès Kuwait 4.87 m ( 15 ft 11 ⁄ in ) Nadia Al - Haqqan 15 March 2015 Muscat See also ( edit ) Triple jump Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` USATF -- 2006 Competition Rules '' . USA Track & Field . Retrieved 29 October 2006 . See Rule 185 in Article III ^ Jump up to : Judith Swaddling . The Ancient Olympic Games . University of Texas Pres . ISBN 0292777515 . Jump up ^ Miller , p. 66 Jump up ^ Miller , p. 67 Jump up ^ `` Ancient Origins '' . The Times / The Sunday Times . Archived from the original on 11 March 2007 . Retrieved 29 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Miller , p. 68 Jump up ^ Tricard , Louise Mead ( 1 July 1996 ) . American Women 's Track & Field : A History , 1895 Through 1980 . McFarland & Company . pp. 60 -- 61 . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0219 - 9 . Jump up ^ Ron Reid ( 29 July 1974 ) . `` The Flip That Led To A Flap '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on 3 February 2014 . Jump up ^ 100 Metres -- men -- senior -- outdoor . iaaf.org . Retrieved on 20 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Pedroso may lose record . The Victoria Advocate ( 4 August 1995 ) . Jump up ^ Athlete profile for Iván Pedroso . Iaaf.org ( 17 December 1972 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ Long Jump -- men -- senior -- outdoor . IAAF . Retrieved on 25 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Long Jump -- women -- senior -- outdoor . IAAF . Retrieved on 25 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Long Jump Results '' . asaseniors.co.za. 22 April 2017 . Retrieved 22 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Roy Jordan ( 4 July 2016 ) . `` Six world leads on third day of US Olympic Trials '' . IAAF . Retrieved 4 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Roy Jordan ( 3 July 2016 ) . `` Reese 's big leap highlights early action at US Olympic Trials '' . IAAF . Retrieved 3 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Long Jump Results '' ( PDF ) . European Athletics . 5 March 2017 . Retrieved 5 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Women 's Long Jump Results '' ( PDF ) . Rio 2016 official website . 17 August 2016 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 20 September 2016 . Retrieved 18 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Long Jump Results '' . lalive.de. 28 May 2016 . Retrieved 28 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Vol. 3 No. 20 June , 1963 , and a New 440 WR by ADOLPH PLUMMER . onceuponatimeinthevest.blogspot.com . Note : This article indicates they were measuring in Imperial at Modesto in 1963 ( and probably most other years in this era ) . Particularly notable is that this measurement under windy conditions is likely the best wind legal , but not even the winning jump of the competition ( Phil Shinnick 27'4 `` ) or Boston 's best jump that day Jump up ^ Note : Olympic Trials measured metrically . Also did 8.49 w that day . usatf.org ( PDF ) . Retrieved on 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Town / City With Most World Records . trackandfieldnews.com. April 2013 Jump up ^ Ockert de Villiers ( 17 March 2017 ) . `` Luvo Manyonga leaps to new South African record '' . iol.co.za . Retrieved 18 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AIRE LIBRE -- Récords de España Absolutos -- HOMBRES '' . RFEA . Retrieved 28 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Long Jump Series Result -- 14th IAAF World Championships '' . IAAF. 16 August 2013 . Retrieved 16 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weitsprung - Meeting der Weltklasse 2014 -- Men 's Results '' ( PDF ) . DLV. 28 June 2014 . Retrieved 30 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 27th Summer Universiade in Kazan , July 6 -- 17 , 2013 -- Luis Alberto Rivera '' . kazan2013.com . Retrieved 14 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Luis Rivera es el número uno del ranking mundial '' . mediotiempo.com . Retrieved 14 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 8.44 - Nytt svenskt rekord ! '' . SF. 10 July 2016 . Retrieved 11 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Long Jump Results '' . flashresultstexas.com. 5 May 2017 . Retrieved 6 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Long Jump Results '' . lalive.de. 10 June 2016 . Retrieved 11 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rio 2016 : Mohammad Anas , Ankit Sharma and Srabani Nanda qualify for Rio Olympics '' . firstpost.com. 26 June 2016 . Retrieved 26 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Emiliano Lasa batió el récord nacional de salto largo con 8.19 '' . futbol.com.uy ( in Spanish ) . 18 February 2017 . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Amila 's stunning feat met with disappointment due to lack of facilities '' . island.lk. 17 August 2016 . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Chan Kin - wa ( 7 May 2016 ) . `` Chan Ming - tai betters his Hong Kong long jump record to boost Olympic hopes '' . scmp.com . Retrieved 9 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Misāns labo 33 gadus veco Latvijas rekordu tāllēkšanā '' . nra.lv ( in Latvian ) . 12 July 2016 . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Long Jump Results '' ( PDF ) . European Athletics . 4 March 2017 . Retrieved 4 March 2017 . Jump up ^ 2008 SCA Jim Bush Championships Archived 3 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine ... Scausatf.org ( 7 June 2008 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Long Jump Results '' . tiempodellegada.com. 15 July 2016 . Retrieved 17 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lotto ta felicita atleta Quincy Breell cu su medaya di oro y record nobo den salto largo '' ( in Spanish ) . sportpicsaruba.com. 16 May 2015 . Archived from the original on 29 October 2015 . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kirchberg ( Luxembourg ) , 14.1. 2017 ( indoor ) '' . trackinsun.blogspot.de. 14 January 2017 . Retrieved 12 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Long Jump Results '' . thepowerof10.info. 1 May 2016 . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Balkan Championships 2016 -- Decathlon Results '' . fra.ro. 26 June 2016 . Retrieved 6 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Long Jump Results '' . 123finish.com. 12 June 2015 . Retrieved 6 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lamgade , Goit shatter national records '' . The Himalayan Times . 5 December 2015 . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Long Jump Results '' . European Athletics . 5 March 2017 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Long Jump Results '' ( PDF ) . IAAF. 28 August 2015 . Retrieved 28 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swedish Records '' . friidrott.se. 1 January 2007 . Retrieved 1 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IAAF : Long Jump - women - senior - outdoor - 2004 iaaf.org '' . iaaf.org . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ Brent Stubbs ( 27 June 2015 ) . `` Bianca ' BB ' Stuart sets new national record Day 1 of the BAAA - BTC Open Nationals '' . BAAA . Archived from the original on 30 June 2015 . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Jon Mulkeen ( 12 March 2016 ) . `` Collegiate records for Williams and Jones in epic NCAA indoor pentathlon '' . IAAF . Retrieved 12 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jessamyn Sauceda implanta Nuevo Récord Mexicano en salto de longitud femenil '' . acicasrunmex.com ( in Spanish ) . 7 May 2017 . Retrieved 11 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` International Meeting Elbasan 2016 Results '' . tilastopaja.org. 21 May 2016 . Retrieved 26 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Terrado , Reuben ( 4 July 2016 ) . `` Marestella Torres punches ticket to Rio by surpassing Olympic standard in last - ditch attempt '' . Sports Interactive Network Philippines . Retrieved 5 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Women 's Long Jump Results '' . tiempodellegada.com. 9 August 2015 . Retrieved 1 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hilversum ( Netherlands ) , 9.7. 2016 '' . trackinsun.blogspot.de. 12 July 2016 . Retrieved 14 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Long Jump Results '' . tfrrs.org. 26 May 2017 . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ángela Tenorio logró marca para los Juegos Olímpicos Río de Janeiro 2016 ( Video ) '' . coe.org.ec. 11 May 2015 . Retrieved 25 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Priyadarshani leaps 6.43 m to set new SL record Ayesha renewed her own Sri Lanka record '' . ceylontoday.lk. 20 December 2015 . Archived from the original on 18 August 2016 . Retrieved 14 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Long Jump Results '' . tfrrs.org. 23 April 2017 . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Long Jump Results '' . directathletics.com. 27 February 2015 . Retrieved 18 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Four National Records in Florida '' . foxsportspulse.com. 29 May 2016 . Retrieved 20 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Moulins ( France ) , 24.6. 2017 - Meeting National - '' . trackinsun.blogspot.de. 24 June 2017 . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RECORD NACIONAL ABSOLUTO PARA VALERIA QUISPE EN SALTO LARGO '' . kronecreativo.com ) ) . 1 September 2017 . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Long Jump Results '' ( PDF ) . kualalumpur2017.com.my. 25 August 2017 . Retrieved 12 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Long Jump Results '' . 123finish.com. 4 April 2015 . Retrieved 6 July 2016 . Cited sources ( edit ) Stephen G. Miller ( 2004 ) . Ancient Greek Athletics . New Haven : Yale University Press . ISBN 0300115296 . Further reading ( edit ) Guthrie , Mark ( 2003 ) . Coach Track & Field Successfully . Champaign , Illinois : Human Kinetics . pp. 149 -- 155 . ISBN 0 - 7360 - 4274 - 1 . Rogers , Joseph L. ( 2000 ) . USA Track & Field Coaching Manual . Champaign , Illinois : Human Kinetics . pp. 141 -- 157 . ISBN 0 - 88011 - 604 - 8 . Ernie Gregoire , Larry Myricks ( 1991 ) . World Class Track & Field Series : Long Jump ( VHS ) . Ames , Iowa : Championship Books & Video Productions . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Long jump . IAAF long jump homepage IAAF list of long - jump records in XML Powell vs Lewis Tokyo 91 ( video ) ( hide ) Athletics events Track and field Road running Racewalking Racerunning Cross country running Multi-day race Ultramarathon Wheelchair racing Backward running Track Sprints 50 m 55 m 60 m 100 y 100 m 150 m 200 m ( straight ) 300 m 400 m Hurdles 50 m 55 m 60 m 80 m 100 m 110 m 200 m ( low ) 300 m 400 m Middle - distance 500 m 600 m 800 m 1000 m 1500 m One mile 2000 m 2000 m steeplechase 3000 m 3000 m steeplechase Two miles Long - distance 5000 m 10,000 m One hour run Relays 4 × 100 m 4 × 200 m 4 × 400 m 4 × 800 m 4 × 1500 m Distance medley relay Sprint medley relay Swedish relay Walking Mile 3000 m 5000 m 10,000 m 20,000 m Field Throws Discus Hammer Javelin Shot put Weight throw Softball throw Jumps High jump ( standing ) Long jump ( standing ) Triple jump ( standing ) Pole vault Combined Decathlon Heptathlon Athletics pentathlon Women 's pentathlon Throws pentathlon Road Running 5 km 10 km 15 km 10 mi 20 km Half marathon 25 km 30 km Marathon Ekiden Ultramarathon Walking 10 km 20 km 50 km 50 mi 100 km Current Olympic events shown in italics Athletics portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_jump&oldid=830754050 '' Categories : Long jump Events in athletics ( track and field ) Ancient Olympic sports Summer Olympic disciplines in athletics Jumping sports Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Latvian - language sources ( lv ) Webarchive template wayback links Pages using web citations with no URL Use dmy dates from January 2016 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles needing additional references from August 2011 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Asturianu বাংলা Башҡортса Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano עברית Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский संस्कृतम् සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 49 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 March 2018 , at 18 : 56 . About Wikipedia	what is the olympic record for long jump	[ "\n\nAthletics\nLong jump\n\n\n\nLong jumper at the GE Money Grand Prix in Helsinki, Finland July 2005.\n\n\n\nMen's records\n\n\nWorld\nMike Powell 8.95 m (29 ft 41⁄4 in) (1991)\n\n\nOlympic\nBob Beamon 8.90 m (29 ft 21⁄4 in) (1968)\n\n\nWomen's records\n\n\nWorld\nGalina Chistyakova 7.52 m (24 ft 8 in) (1988)\n\n\nOlympic\nJackie Joyner 7.40 m (24 ft 31⁄4 in) (1988)\n\n" ]	[ "8.90 m" ]
6096259281894307688	Invictus	Invictus - wikipedia Invictus This article is about the poem . For the 2009 film , see Invictus ( film ) . For other uses , see Invictus ( disambiguation ) . `` Invictus '' A portrait of William Ernest Henley by Leslie Ward published in Vanity Fair 26 November 1892 . Author William Ernest Henley Country England Language English Genre ( s ) Lyric poetry Publisher Book of Verses Media type Print Publication date 1888 `` Invictus '' is a short Victorian poem by the English poet William Ernest Henley ( 1849 -- 1903 ) . It was written in 1875 and published in 1888 in his first volume of poems , Book of Verses , in the section Life and Death ( Echoes ) . Contents 1 Title 2 Text 3 Importance 4 Sources 5 Historical uses 6 Cultural references 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Title ( edit ) Originally , the poem was published with no title . The second edition of Henley 's Book of Verses added a dedication `` To R.T.H.B. '' -- a reference to Robert Thomas Hamilton Bruce ( 1846 -- 1899 ) , a successful Scottish flour merchant , baker , and literary patron . The 1900 edition of Henley 's Poems , published after Bruce 's death , altered the dedication to `` I.M.R.T. Hamilton Bruce ( 1846 -- 1899 ) '' ( I.M. standing for `` in memoriam '' ) . The poem was reprinted in nineteenth - century newspapers under a variety of titles , including `` Myself '' , `` Song of a Strong Soul '' , `` My Soul '' , `` Clear Grit '' , `` Master of His Fate '' , `` Captain of My Soul '' , `` Urbs Fortitudinis '' , and `` De Profundis '' . The established title `` Invictus '' , Latin for `` unconquered '' , was added by editor Arthur Quiller - Couch when the poem was included in The Oxford Book of English Verse ( 1900 ) . Text ( edit ) Out of the night that covers me , Black as the pit from pole to pole , I thank whatever gods may be For my unconquerable soul . In the fell clutch of circumstance I have not winced nor cried aloud . Under the bludgeonings of chance My head is bloody , but unbowed . Beyond this place of wrath and tears Looms but the Horror of the shade , And yet the menace of the years Finds , and shall find me , unafraid . It matters not how strait the gate , How charged with punishments the scroll , I am the master of my fate , I am the captain of my soul . Importance ( edit ) William Ernest Henley When Henley was 16 years old , one of his legs required amputation due to complications arising from tuberculosis . In the early 1870s , after seeking treatment for problems with his other leg at Margate , he was told that it would require a similar procedure . In August 1873 he chose instead to travel to Edinburgh to enlist the services of the distinguished English surgeon Joseph Lister , who was able to save Henley 's remaining leg after multiple surgical interventions on the foot . While recovering in the infirmary , he was moved to write the verses that became `` Invictus '' . A memorable evocation of Victorian stoicism -- the `` stiff upper lip '' of self - discipline and fortitude in adversity , which popular culture rendered into a British character trait -- `` Invictus '' remains a cultural touchstone . Sources ( edit ) The fourth stanza alludes to a phrase from the King James Bible , which has , at Matthew 7 : 14 , Because strait is the gate , and narrow is the way , which leadeth unto life , and few there be that find it . Historical uses ( edit ) In a speech to the House of Commons on 9 September 1941 , Winston Churchill paraphrased the last two lines of the poem , stating `` We are still masters of our fate . We still are captains of our souls . '' While incarcerated at Robben Island prison , Nelson Mandela recited the poem to other prisoners and was empowered by its message of self - mastery . The Burmese opposition leader and Nobel Peace laureate Aung San Suu Kyi stated , `` This poem had inspired my father , Aung San , and his contemporaries during the independence struggle , as it also seemed to have inspired freedom fighters in other places at other times . '' The poem was read by US POWs in North Vietnamese prisons . James Stockdale recalls being passed the last stanza , written with rat droppings on toilet paper , from fellow prisoner David Hatcher . The line `` bloody , but unbowed '' was the Daily Mirror 's headline the day after the 7 July 2005 London bombings . The poem 's last stanza was quoted by US President Barack Obama at the end of his speech at Nelson Mandela 's memorial service ( 10 December 2013 ) in South Africa and published on the front cover of the 14 December 2013 issue of The Economist . The poem was chosen by Oklahoma City bomber Timothy McVeigh as his final statement before his execution . Jerry Kramer recited the poem during his National Football League ( NFL ) Pro Football Hall of Fame ( HOF ) induction speech Cultural references ( edit ) C.S. Lewis , in Book Five , chapter III ( The Self - Sufficiency of Vertue ) of his early autobiographical work The Pilgrim 's Regress ( 1933 ) included a quote from the last two lines ( paraphrased by the character `` Vertue '' ) : ' I can not put myself under anyone 's orders . I must be the captain of my soul and the master of my fate . But thank you for your offer . ' . In Oscar Wilde 's De Profundis letter in 1897 , he reminisces that ' I was no longer the Captain of my soul ' . In W.E.B. Du Bois 's The Quest of the Silver Fleece , the last stanza is sent anonymously from one character to another to encourage him to stay strong in the face of tests to his manhood . In the 1942 film Casablanca , Captain Renault , an official played by Claude Rains , recites the last two lines of the poem when talking to Rick Blaine , played by Humphrey Bogart , referring to his power in Casablanca . After delivering this line , he is called away by an aide to Gestapo officer Major Strasser . In the 1960 film Sunrise at Campobello , the character Louis Howe , played by Hume Cronyn , reads the poem to Franklin D. Roosevelt , played by Ralph Bellamy . The recitation is at first light - hearted and partially in jest , but as it continues both men appear to realize the significance of the poem to Roosevelt 's fight against his paralytic illness . The Invictus Games ; an international Paralympic - style multi-sport event created by Prince Harry in which wounded , injured or sick armed services personnel and their associated veterans take part in sport , has featured the poem in its promotions . Prior to the inaugural games in London in 2014 , entertainers including Daniel Craig and Tom Hardy , and athletes including Louis Smith and Iwan Thomas , read the poem in a promotional video . In the 1942 film Kings Row , Parris Mitchell , a psychiatrist played by Robert Cummings , recites the first two stanzas of `` Invictus '' to his friend Drake McHugh , played by Ronald Reagan , before revealing to Drake that his legs were unnecessarily amputated by a cruel doctor . Mandela is depicted in the movie Invictus presenting a copy of the poem to Francois Pienaar , captain of the national South African rugby team , for inspiration during the Rugby World Cup -- though at the actual event he gave Pienaar a text of `` The Man in the Arena '' passage from Theodore Roosevelt 's Citizenship in a Republic speech delivered in France in 1910 . The line `` bloody , but unbowed '' was quoted by Lord Peter Wimsey in Dorothy Sayers ' 1926 novel Clouds of Witness , in reference to his failure to exonerate his brother of the charge of murder . The last two lines `` I am the master of my fate : I am the captain of my soul '' are shown in a picture during the 25th minute of the film The Big Short . The second stanza is recited by Lieutenant - Commander Ashley Williams in the 2012 video game Mass Effect 3 The line `` I am the master of my fate ... I am the captain of my soul '' is used in Lana Del Rey 's song `` Lust for Life '' featuring The Weeknd . The lyrics are changed from `` I '' to `` we , '' alluding to a relationship . In the fifth episode of the second season of Archer , `` The Double Deuce '' , Woodhouse describes Reggie as `` in the words of Henley , ' bloody , but unbowed ' '' . The poem was recited in an early commercial for the Microsoft Xbox One . In the US TV series The Blacklist episode `` Ian Garvey '' ( No. 13 ) , the eighth episode of the fifth season , Raymond ' Red ' Reddington , played by James Spader , reads the poem to Elizabeth Keen , when she wakes up from a ten - month coma . In the US TV series One Tree Hill episode `` Locked Hearts & Hand Grenades '' , the sixth episode of the third season , Lucas Scott , played by Chad Michael Murray , references the poem in an argument with Haley James Scott , played by Bethany Joy Lenz , over his heart condition and playing basketball . The episode ends with Lucas reading the whole poem over a series of images that link the various characters to the themes of the poem . Star Trek : Renegades opens with Lexxa Singh reciting the poem and writing it on the wall of her prison cell . See also ( edit ) If -- , Rudyard Kipling The Man in the Arena , Theodore Roosevelt `` Let No Charitable Hope '' -- Elinor Wylie References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Henley , William Ernest ( 1888 ) . A book of verses . London : D. Nutt . pp. 56 -- 57 . OCLC 13897970 . Jump up ^ Henley , William Ernest ( 1891 ) . A book of verses ( Second ed . ) . New York : Scribner & Welford . pp. 56 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Henley , William Ernest ( 1900 ) . Poems ( Fourth ed . ) . London : David Nutt . p. 119 . Jump up ^ `` Myself '' . Weekly Telegraph . Sheffield ( England ) . 1888 - 09 - 15 . p. 587 . Jump up ^ `` Song of a Strong Soul '' . Pittsburgh Daily Post . Pittsburgh , PA. 1889 - 07 - 10 . p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` My Soul '' . Lawrence Daily Journal . Lawrence , KS. 1889 - 07 - 12 . p. 2 . Jump up ^ `` Clear Grit '' . Commercial Advertiser . Buffalo , NY . 1889 - 07 - 12 . p. 2 . Jump up ^ `` Master of His Fate '' . Weekly Times - Democrat . New Orleans , LA . 1892 - 02 - 05 . p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` Captain of My Soul '' . Lincoln Daily Call . Lincoln , NE. 1892 - 09 - 08 . p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` Urbs Fortitudinis '' . Indianapolis Journal . Indianopolis , IN . 1896 - 12 - 06 . p. 15 . Jump up ^ `` De Profundis '' . Daily World . Vancouver , BC . 1899 - 10 - 07 . p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` English professor Marion Hoctor : The meaning of ' Invictus ' '' . CNN . 2001 - 06 - 11 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ Quiller - Couch , Arthur Thomas ( ed . ) ( 1902 ) . The Oxford Book of English Verse , 1250 -- 1900 ( 1st ( 6th impression ) ed . ) . Oxford : Clarendon Press . p. 1019 . OCLC 3737413 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Wilson , A.N. ( 2001 - 06 - 11 ) . `` World of books '' . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Goldman , Martin ( 1987 ) . Lister 's Ward . Adam Hilger . ISBN 0852745621 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Edward ( April 2004 ) . `` THE SECOND SERIES OF W.E. HENLEY 'S HOSPITAL POEMS '' . Yale University Library Gazette. 78 ( 3 / 4 ) : 129 . JSTOR 40859569 . Jump up ^ `` Invictus analysis '' . jreed. eshs Jump up ^ Spartans and Stoics - Stiff Upper Lip - Icons of England Archived 12 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 20 February 2011 Jump up ^ `` Famous Quotations and Stories '' . Winston Churchill.org . Jump up ^ Boehmer , Elleke ( 2008 ) . `` Nelson Mandela : a very short introduction '' . Oxford University Press . Invictus , taken on its own , Mandela clearly found his Victorian ethic of self - mastery Jump up ^ Daniels , Eddie ( 1998 ) There and back Jump up ^ Independent , 8 / 30 / 17 Jump up ^ Aung San Suu Kyi in BBC Reith Lecture , 2011 - 06 - 28 Jump up ^ Stockdale , James ( 1993 ) . `` Courage Under Fire : Testing Epictetus 's Doctrines in a Laboratory of Human Behavior '' ( PDF ) . Hoover Institution , Stanford . Jump up ^ `` Bloodied but unbowed '' mirror.co.uk Jump up ^ `` The Economist Dec 14th , 2013 '' . Retrieved 10 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Quayle , Catherine ( June 11 , 2001 ) . `` Execution of an American Terrorist '' . Court TV . Jump up ^ Cosby , Rita ( June 12 , 2001 ) . `` Timothy McVeigh Put to Death for Oklahoma City Bombings '' . FOX News . Retrieved April 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Green Bay Packers '' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Craig , Tom Hardy & Will.i.am recite ' Invictus ' to support the Invictus Games '' . YouTube . 29 May 2014 . Retrieved 9 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` When are Prince Harry 's Invictus Games and what are they ? '' . The Daily Telegraph . 8 May 2016 . Retrieved 9 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Dominic Sandbrook ( 30 January 2010 ) . `` British leaders : they 're not what they were '' . The Daily Telegraph ( UK ) . Jump up ^ Sayers , Dorothy ( 1943 ) . Clouds of Witness . Classic Gems Publishing . p. 28 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ Wylie , Elinor ( 1932 ) . `` Let No Charitable Hope '' . Poetry Society of America . External links ( edit ) Works related to Invictus at Wikisource Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Invictus&oldid=863757427 '' Categories : 1875 poems Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Afrikaans Avañe'ẽ Bikol Central Deutsch Español فارسی Français Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Македонски Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Português Русский தமிழ் Türkçe Українська 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2018 , at 20 : 23 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who said i am the master of my fate captain of my soul	[]	[]
2492891476572660350	Sara Lance	Sara Lance - wikipedia Sara Lance Jump to : navigation , search Sara Lance Arrowverse character Caity Lotz as Sara Lance / White Canary in Legends of Tomorrow First appearance Arrow : October 10 , 2012 ( episode 1.01 : `` Pilot '' ) Created by Greg Berlanti Marc Guggenheim Andrew Kreisberg Portrayed by Jacqueline MacInnes Wood ( 2012 ) Caity Lotz ( 2013 -- ) Years 2012 -- Information Aliases The Canary , Ta - er al - Sahfer ( الطائر الأصفر ) , The White Canary Affiliations League of Assassins Team Arrow The Legends Abilities Master assassin , martial artist and tactician Sara Lance , also known as the White Canary , is a fictional character in the television series Arrow , which is based on the DC Comics superhero Green Arrow . The character was created specifically for television by Greg Berlanti , Marc Guggenheim and Andrew Kreisberg , but incorporates character and plot elements of the Black Canary , a DC Comics superhero . Originally portrayed by Jacqueline MacInnes Wood in Arrow 's pilot , she has been portrayed by Caity Lotz since the second season . She initially fights in Arrow under the moniker of `` The Canary , '' translated from her Arabic League of Assassins name Ta - er al - Sahfer ( Yellow Bird ) , and later adopts the codename White Canary on the Arrow spin - off Legends of Tomorrow . Sara Lance has also appeared in a digital comic book series , and while the character was initially introduced as a recurring character on Arrow , Lotz has also appeared in the spin - off The Flash and is currently a cast member on Legends of Tomorrow . Contents ( hide ) 1 Appearances 2 Creation and development 3 Reception 4 References Appearances ( edit ) Sara Lance first appears in the pilot episode of Arrow as the younger sister of Laurel Lance ( Katie Cassidy ) , the future Black Canary . It 's shown that five years prior to the beginning of the series , she was having an affair behind her sister 's back with Oliver ( Stephen Amell ) and was with him on his family yacht when it shipwrecked and was presumed dead . Flashbacks in season two would reveal that she actually survived the experience and was rescued by a research boat , the Amazo . When Oliver was captured by the Amazo 's crew , Sara helped him escape . Eventually , along with Oliver 's friend Slade Wilson ( Manu Bennett ) , they attacked the ship . When Slade betrayed them and took over both the ship and Oliver as his prisoner , Oliver and Sara confronted him on the freighter ; Sara was swept away , with Oliver believed her dead once more . In fact , Sara was found by Nyssa al Ghul ( Katrina Law ) who took her to Nanda Parbat . She and Nyssa became lovers , and Sara became a deadly fighter with the League of Assassins under the name Ta - er al - Sahfer , which means `` Yellow Bird '' or `` Canary '' . In season two , Sara returns to Starling City after six years ' absence as `` The Canary '' . After having saved Oliver twice , Felicity ( Emily Bett Rickards ) realizes that the female vigilante was actually protecting Laurel and not him . Setting a trap , he manages to capture and unmask her , and Sara reveals that she 's alive to her father , SCPD Detective Quentin Lance . Some time later , Sara joins Team Arrow and revisits a brief relationship with Oliver . She aids him and his colleagues Diggle ( David Ramsey ) and Roy Harper ( Colton Haynes ) in taking down a drug - enhanced Slade Wilson , with help from the League of Assassins , which requires Sara to return to Nanda Parbat . In Arrow 's third season , Sara is killed while on a rooftop by being shot three times with arrows on the chest . Some time later , it was revealed that Thea ( Willa Holland ) killed Sara after being drugged by her father Malcolm Merlyn ( John Barrowman ) as part of a plot to pit Oliver against Ra 's al Ghul ( Matt Nable ) . Meanwhile , Laurel takes up Sara 's mantle to fight crime as the Black Canary . In season four , Laurel and Thea decide to resurrect her using League 's mystical Lazarus Pit . The process is successful , but Sara is brought back to life without a soul , making her feral and dangerous . Oliver calls his old friend John Constantine ( Matt Ryan ) to assist them in restoring Sara 's soul . Days later , Sara aids in rescuing Ray Palmer ( Brandon Routh ) from the hands of Damien Darhk ( Neal McDonough ) , before leaving town to find herself . Sara 's appearances in Arrow season four lead into the pilot of the spin - off series DC 's Legends of Tomorrow , in which Sara is recruited by Rip Hunter ( Arthur Darvill ) to a time travelling assault team to take down the immortal villain Vandal Savage ( Casper Crump ) . Before she departs , Laurel gives Sara the White Canary outfit to signify her new start . Over the course of Legends season one , Sara sets in motion the events that will lead to her own rescue by Nyssa ; romances many women throughout history ; and develops a flirtatious relationship with Leonard Snart ( Wentworth Miller ) . When she returns to her home time , she is devastated to learn that Laurel has died . In season two of Legends , Sara becomes captain of the Waverider following Rip 's disappearance and leader of the Legends . She mercilessly hunts her sister 's killer , Damien Darhk , throughout history , before accepting she can not bring Laurel back . In the Invasion ! crossover event , Sara returns to 2016 to support Oliver and the Flash ( Grant Gustin ) in repelling the Dominators ' alien invasion , and meets the Kryptonian hero Supergirl ( Melissa Benoist ) from the parallel universe of Earth - 38 , who Sara develops a crush on . In the Legends season finale , Sara is forced to use the godlike Spear of Destiny to save reality from the Legion of Doom . While tempted to rewrite her own tragic history , the Spear briefly reunites Sara with Laurel in the afterlife , who encourages her to do what 's right and makes peace with her death ; she chooses to render the Spear itself inert , foiling the evil plans of Eobard Thawne ( Matt Letscher ) and allowing him to be killed by the Black Flash , who has been hunting him all season . Creation and development ( edit ) Jacqueline MacInnes Wood was cast as Sara Lance in March 2012 . Caity Lotz was announced to be playing Arrow 's version of Black Canary during July 2013 . During the same month it was revealed that her character is Sara , who had survived the Queen 's Gambit shipwreck . According to Arrow producer Andrew Kreisberg , Sara was originally meant to be Ravager but they decided to give that role to Summer Glau 's character Isabel Rochev instead . After the switch was made , Sara was made into the Canary . After the character 's death during the shows third season , it was announced in February 2015 that Caity Lotz would become a cast member on Legends of Tomorrow , though it was n't until May that they revealed she would continue to play Sara instead of a new character . Reception ( edit ) The revelation in the season two episode , `` Heir to the Demon '' , that Sara is bisexual and has been in a relationship with Nyssa al Ghul was positively received by critics as it made her the first character from either Marvel or DC to be explicitly shown as queer in either the movies or TV shows . IGN 's Jesse Schedeen praised the relationship between Sara and Wentworth Miller 's character Leonard Snart , as well as the chemistry between Lotz and Miller , calling their `` faint romantic tension that existed between ( them ) since the first episode '' containing more weight than many of the other relationships on the show . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Byrne , Craig . `` Jacqueline MacInnes Wood To Play Sarah Lance In The CW 's Arrow Pilot 0 shares Jacqueline MacInnes Wood To Play Sarah Lance In The CW 's Arrow Pilot '' . KsiteTV . KsiteTV.com . Retrieved 13 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie . `` Exclusive : Arrow Boss Sets the Record Straight on Black Canary Casting '' . TVGuide . Retrieved 13 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura . `` Black Canary On ' Arrow ' : CW President Mark Pedowitz Shares More On The Superhero 's Origin Story '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 13 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Moore , Trent . `` Arrow producer explains shocking final scene ( + who ALMOST played Ravager ) '' . blastr . Retrieved 13 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie . `` Arrow / Flash Superhero Team - Up Spinoff In Works At CW ; Brandon Routh , Victor Garber , Wentworth Miller , Caity Lotz Star '' . Deadline . Deadline.com . Retrieved 13 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Rowand , Jack . `` DC 's Legends of Tomorrow reveals Caity Lotz 's character '' . Retrieved 13 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Rude , Mey . `` Black Canary is a Totally Bisexual Superhero on `` Arrow , '' Kissed A Hot Lady On TV Last Night `` . AutoStraddle . Retrieved 21 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie . `` Arrow Producers Talk LGBT Storyline , Ra 's al Ghul and Reveal Deleted Scene '' . TVGuide . Retrieved 21 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Schedeen , Jesse . `` DC 's Legends of Tomorrow : '' Destiny '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved 11 April 2017 . ( hide ) Arrowverse Arrow Episodes Season 1 Season 2 `` Pilot '' `` Green Arrow '' `` Unchained '' `` Sins of the Father '' `` Legacy '' `` Kapiushon '' `` Lian Yu '' Characters Oliver Queen Thea Queen Sara Lance Adrian Chase The Flash Episodes Season 4 `` Pilot '' `` Fastest Man Alive '' `` Things You Ca n't Outrun '' `` Killer Frost '' `` Attack on Gorilla City '' `` Attack on Central City '' `` Duet '' Characters Legends of Tomorrow Episodes Characters Animated series Vixen Freedom Fighters : The Ray Constantine Other Arrowverse cast members Crossovers `` Flash vs. Arrow '' `` Heroes Join Forces '' `` Invasion ! '' `` Crisis on Earth - X '' Constantine Supergirl `` Worlds Finest '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sara_Lance&oldid=802407402 '' Categories : Arrow ( TV series ) characters Black Canary in other media Characters created by Marc Guggenheim DC Comics martial artists DC Comics superheroes DC Comics television characters Fictional assassins Fictional bisexual females Fictional characters introduced in 2012 Fictional Jeet Kune Do practitioners Fictional LGBT characters in television Fictional murderers Fictional ship captains Fictional stick - fighters Revived fictional characters Fictional Wing Chun practitioners LGBT superheroes Crossover characters in television Hidden categories : Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 00 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when do we find out who killed sara	[]	[]
8785375239765857073	World War II casualties	World war II casualties - wikipedia World war II casualties Jump to : navigation , search Soviet soldiers killed during the Toropets -- Kholm Offensive , January 1942 . Officially , roughly 8.7 million Soviet soldiers died in the course of the war , including millions of POWs . The killing of Jews at Ivanhorod , Ukraine in 1942 . A woman tries to shield a child with her body as Einsatzgruppen men aim their rifles . Bodies of American soldiers on the beach of Tarawa . The Marines secured the island after 76 hours of intense fighting . There were over 6,000 US , Japanese and Korean dead in total . World War II was the deadliest military conflict in history in absolute terms of total casualties . Over 60 million people were killed , which was about 3 % of the 1940 world population ( est . 2.3 billion ) . The tables below give a detailed country - by - country count of human losses . World War II fatality statistics vary , with estimates of total deaths ranging from 50 million to more than 80 million . The higher figure of over 80 million includes deaths from war - related disease and famine . Civilians killed totalled 50 to 55 million , including 19 to 28 million from war - related disease and famine . Military deaths from all causes totalled 21 to 25 million , including deaths in captivity of about 5 million prisoners of war . Recent historical scholarship has shed new light on the topic of Second World War casualties . Research in Russia since the collapse of the Soviet Union has caused a revision of estimates of Soviet WW2 fatalities . According to Russian government figures , USSR losses within postwar borders now stand at 26.6 million . including 8.5 million due to war related famine and disease In August 2009 the Polish Institute of National Remembrance ( IPN ) researchers estimated Poland 's dead at between 5.6 and 5.8 million . Historian Rüdiger Overmans of the Military History Research Office ( Germany ) published a study in 2000 that estimated the German military dead and missing at 5.3 million , including 900,000 men conscripted from outside of Germany 's 1937 borders , in Austria , and in east - central Europe . The People 's Republic of China puts its war dead at 20 million , while the Japanese government puts its casualties due to the war at 3.1 million . Contents ( hide ) 1 Classification of casualties 2 Human losses by country 2.1 Total deaths 2.2 Nazi Germany 2.3 USSR 2.4 Holocaust deaths 2.4. 1 Jewish deaths 2.4. 2 Non-Jews persecuted and killed by Nazi and Nazi - affiliated forces 2.5 Japanese war crimes 2.6 Oppression in the Soviet Union 2.7 Military casualties by branch of service 2.8 Commonwealth military casualties 3 Charts and graphs 4 See also 5 Footnotes 6 References 7 External links Classification of casualties Polish military officers executed by the Soviet NKVD in the Katyn massacre , exhumation photo taken by the Polish Red Cross delegation in 1943 . Compiling or estimating the numbers of deaths caused during wars and other violent conflicts is a controversial subject . Historians often put forward many different estimates of the numbers killed during World War II . The authors of the Oxford Companion to World War II maintain that `` casualty statistics are notoriously unreliable . '' The table below gives data on the number of dead for each country , along with population information to show the relative impact of losses . When scholarly sources differ on the number of deaths in a country , a range of war losses is given , in order to inform readers that the death toll is disputed . Since casualty statistics are sometimes disputed the footnotes to this article present the different estimates by official governmental sources as well as historians . Military figures include battle deaths ( KIA ) and personnel missing in action ( MIA ) , as well as fatalities due to accidents , disease and deaths of prisoners of war in captivity . Civilian casualties include deaths caused by strategic bombing , Holocaust victims , German war crimes , Japanese war crimes , population transfers in the Soviet Union , Allied war crimes , and deaths due to war related famine and disease . The sources for the casualties of the individual nations do not use the same methods , and civilian deaths due to starvation and disease are not given for Japan , Germany and several other highly stressed populations . The losses listed here are actual deaths ; hypothetical losses due to a decline in births are not included with the total dead . The distinction between military and civilian casualties caused directly by warfare and collateral damage is not always clear - cut . For nations that suffered huge losses such as the Soviet Union , China , Poland , Germany , and Yugoslavia , sources can give only the total estimated population loss caused by the war and a rough estimate of the breakdown of deaths caused by military activity , crimes against humanity and war - related famine . The casualties listed here include 19 to 25 million war - related famine deaths in the USSR , China , Indonesia , Vietnam , the Philippines , India that are often omitted from other compilations of World War II casualties . The footnotes give a detailed breakdown of the casualties and their sources , including data on the number of wounded where reliable sources are available . Human losses by country Total deaths Human losses of World War II by country ( when the number of deaths in a country is disputed , a range of war losses is given ) The details of the figures are provided in the footnotes Country Total population 1 / 1 / 1939 Military deaths from all causes Civilian deaths due to military activity and crimes against humanity Civilian deaths due to war related famine and disease Total deaths Deaths as % of 1939 population Albania 1,073,000 30,000 30,000 2.80 Australia 6,968,000 39,700 700 40,400 0.58 Austria ( German - controlled ) 6,653,000 Included with German Army Included with Germany ( see table below ) Belgium 8,387,000 12,000 76,000 88,000 1.05 Brazil 40,289,000 1,000 1,000 2,000 0.00 Bulgaria 6,458,000 18,500 3,000 21,500 0.33 Burma ( British colony ) 16,119,000 2,600 250,000 252,600 1.57 Canada 11,267,000 42,000 1,600 43,600 0.38 China 517,568,000 3,000,000 to 3,750,000 + 7,357,000 to 8,191,000 5,000,000 to 10,000,000 15,000,000 to 20,000,000 2.90 to 3.86 Cuba 4,235,000 100 100 0.00 Czechoslovakia ( in postwar 1945 - 1992 borders ) 14,612,000 46,000 to 35,000 294,000 to 320,000 340,000 to 355,000 2.33 to 2.43 Denmark 3,795,000 6,000 6,000 0.16 Dutch East Indies 69,435,000 11,500 300,000 2,400,000 to 4,000,000 3,000,000 to 4,000,000 4.3 to 5.76 Egypt 16,492,000 1,100 1,100 0.00 Estonia ( within 1939 borders ) 1,134,000 34,000 ( in both Soviet & German armed forces ) 49,000 83,000 7.3 Ethiopia 17,700,000 15,000 85,000 100,000 0.56 Finland 3,700,000 83,000 to 95,000 2,000 85,000 to 95,000 2.30 to 2.57 France ( including colonies ) 41,680,000 210,000 390,000 600,000 1.44 French Indochina 24,664,000 1,000,000 to 2,000,000 1,000,000 to 2,200,000 4.05 to 8.11 Germany 69,300,000 4,440,000 to 5,318,000 1,500,000 to 3,000,000 6,900,000 to 7,400,000 ( see table below ) Greece 7,222,000 35,100 171,800 300,000 to 600,000 507,000 to 807,000 7.02 to 11.17 Guam 22,800 1,000 to 2,000 1,000 to 2,000 4.39 to 8.77 Hungary 9,129,000 300,000 264,000 564,000 6.18 Iceland 118,900 200 200 0.17 India ( British ) 377,800,000 87,000 1,500,000 to 2,500,000 1,600,000 to 2,600,000 0.42 to 0.69 Iran 14,340,000 200 200 0.00 Iraq ' 3,698,000 500 200 700 0.01 Ireland 2,960,000 Irish volunteers included with UK Armed Forces 100 100 0.00 Italy ( in postwar 1947 borders ) 44,394,000 319,200 to 341,000 Italian nationals and c . 20,000 Africans conscripted by Italy 153,200 492,400 to 514,000 1.11 to 1.16 Japan 71,380,000 2,100,000 to 2,300,000 550,000 to 800,000 2,500,000 to 3,100,000 3.50 to 4.34 Korea ( Japanese colony ) 24,326,000 Included with Japanese military 483,000 to 533,000 483,000 to 533,000 1.99 to 2.19 Latvia ( within 1939 borders ) 1,994,500 30,000 ( in both Soviet and German Armies ) 220,000 250,000 12.5 Lithuania ( within 1939 borders ) 2,575,000 25,000 ( in both Soviet and German Armies ) 345,000 370,000 14.36 Luxembourg 295,000 Included with German & Belgian military 5,000 5,000 1.69 Malaya & Singapore 5,118,000 100,000 100,000 1.95 Malta ( British ) 269,000 Included with U.K. 1,500 1,500 0.55 Mexico 19,320,000 100 100 0.00 Mongolia 819,000 300 300 0.04 Nauru ( Australian ) 3,400 500 500 14.7 Nepal 6,087,000 Included with British Indian Army Netherlands 8,729,000 6,700 187,300 16,000 210,000 2.41 Newfoundland ( British ) 320,000 1,100 ( included with the U.K. & Canada ) 100 1,200 0.03 New Zealand 1,629,000 11,700 11,700 0.72 Norway 2,945,000 2,000 8,200 10,200 0.35 Papua and New Guinea ( Australian ) 1,292,000 15,000 15,000 1.16 Philippines ( U.S. Territory ) 16,000,303 27,000 164,000 336,000 527,000 3.29 Poland ( within 1939 borders ) 34,849,000 240,000 5,620,000 to 5,820,000 5,900,000 to 6,000,000 16.93 to 17.22 Portuguese Timor 480,000 40,000 to 70,000 40,000 to 70,000 8.33 to 14.58 Romania ( in postwar 1945 borders ) 15,970,000 300,000 200,000 500,000 3.13 Ruanda - Urundi ( Belgian ) 3,800,000 300,000 300,000 7.89 South Africa 10,160,000 11,900 11,900 0.12 South Pacific Mandate ( Japanese ) 127,000 10,000 10,000 7.87 Soviet Union ( within 1946 -- 91 borders ) 188,793,000 8,668,000 to 11,400,000 10,000,000 6,000,000 to 7,000,000 20,000,000 to 27,000,000 ( see table below ) Spain 25,637,000 Included with the German Army Sweden 6,341,000 100 . 2,000 2,100 0.03 Switzerland 4,210,000 100 100 0.00 Thailand 15,023,000 5,600 2,000 7,600 0.05 Turkey 17,370,000 200 200 0.00 United Kingdom including British Colonies 47,760,000 383,700 67,200 450,900 0.94 United States 131,028,000 407,300 12,100 419,400 0.32 Yugoslavia 15,490,000 300,000 to 446,000 581,000 to 1,400,000 1,027,000 to 1,700,000 6.63 to 10.97 Other nations 300,000,000 Approx . totals 2,300,000,000 21,000,000 to 25,500,000 29,000,000 to 30,500,000 19,000,000 to 28,000,000 70,000,000 to 85,000,000 3.0 to 3.7 Figures are rounded to the nearest hundredth place . Military casualties include deaths of regular military forces from combat as well as non-combat causes . Partisan and resistance fighter deaths are included with military losses . The deaths of prisoners of war in captivity and personnel missing in action are also included with military deaths . Whenever possible the details are given in the footnotes . The armed forces of the various nations are treated as single entities , for example the deaths of Austrians , French and foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe in the Wehrmacht are included with German military losses . The official casualty statistics published by the governments of the United States , France , and the UK do not give the details of the national origin , race and religion of the losses . Civilian casualties include deaths caused by strategic bombing , Holocaust victims , German war crimes , Japanese war crimes , population transfers in the Soviet Union , Allied war crimes , and deaths due to war related famine and disease . The exact breakdown is not always provided in the sources cited . Nazi Germany Main article : German casualties in World War II ( hide ) Human losses of the Third Reich in World War II ( included in above figures of total war dead ) A detailed description is given in the footnotes for Germany and Austria. ^ Country Population 1939 Military deaths Civilian deaths due to Allied Strategic Bombing Civilian deaths due to Nazi persecution Civilian deaths due Expulsion of Germans Total deaths Deaths as % of 1939 population Austria 6,653,000 250,000 to 261,000 24,000 100,000 370,000 5.56 Germany ( within 1937 borders ) 69,300,000 3,760,000 to 4,456,000 353,000 ( 1942 borders ) to 410,000 300,000 to 500,000 400,000 to 1,225,000 5,700,000 8.23 Foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe 7,423,000 430,000 to 538,000 200,000 to 886,000 738,000 to 1,316,000 9.96 to 17.76 Foreign nationals in western Europe 215,000 63,000 63,000 29.3 Approx . Totals 83,500,000 4,440,000 to 5,318,000 353,000 to 434,000 400,000 to 600,000 600,000 to 2,111,000 6,900,000 to 7,400,000 8.26 to 8.86 German sources do not provide figures for Soviet citizens conscripted by Germany . Russian historian G. Krivosheev puts the losses of the `` Vlasovites , Balts and Muslims etc . '' in German service at 215,000 USSR Main article : World War II casualties of the Soviet Union The estimated breakdown for each Soviet republic of total war dead ^ AY4 Soviet Republic Population 1940 ( within 1946 - 91 borders ) Military deaths Civilian deaths due to military activity and crimes against humanity Civilian deaths due to war related famine and disease Total Deaths as % of 1940 population Armenia 1,320,000 150,000 30,000 180,000 13.6 % Azerbaijan 3,270,000 210,000 90,000 300,000 9.1 % Belarus 9,050,000 620,000 1,360,000 310,000 2,290,000 25.3 % Estonia 1,050,000 30,000 50,000 80,000 7.6 % Georgia 3,610,000 190,000 110,000 300,000 8.3 % Kazakhstan 6,150,000 310,000 350,000 660,000 10.7 % Kyrgyzstan 1,530,000 70,000 50,000 120,000 7.8 % Latvia 1,890,000 30,000 190,000 40,000 260,000 13.7 % Lithuania 2,930,000 25,000 275,000 75,000 375,000 12.7 % Moldova 2,470,000 50,000 75,000 45,000 170,000 6.9 % Russia 110,100,000 6,750,000 4,100,000 3,100,000 13,950,000 12.7 % Tajikistan 1,530,000 50,000 70,000 120,000 7.8 % Turkmenistan 1,300,000 70,000 30,000 100,000 7.7 % Ukraine 41,340,000 1,650,000 3,700,000 1,500,000 6,850,000 16.3 % Uzbekistan 6,550,000 330,000 220,000 550,000 8.4 % Unidentified -- 165,000 130,000 295,000 Total USSR 194,090,000 10,600,000 10,000,000 6,000,000 26,600,000 13.7 % The source of the figures is Vadim Erlikman . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow , 2004 . ISBN 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 . pp 21 -- 35 . Erlikman , a Russian historian , notes that these figures are his estimates . The population listed here of 194.090 million is taken from Soviet era sources . Recent studies published in Russia put the actual corrected population in 1940 at 192.598 million . According to Russian estimates the population in 1939 included 20.268 million in the territories annexed by the USSR from 1939 -- 40 : the eastern regions of Poland 12.983 million ; Lithuania 2.440 million ; Latvia 1.951 million ; Estonia 1.122 million ; Romanian Bessarabia and Bukovina 3.7 million ; less transfers out of ( 392,000 ) ethnic Germans deported during the Nazi -- Soviet population transfers ; the Anders Army ( 120,000 ) ; the First Polish Army ( 1944 -- 45 ) ( 26,000 ) and Zakerzonia & the Belastok Region ( 1,392,000 ) which was returned to Poland in 1945 . Russian sources estimate post war population transfers resulted in a net loss of ( 622,000 ) . The additions were the annexation of the Carpatho - Ukraine 725,000 ; the Tuvan People 's Republic 81,000 ; the remaining population on South Sakhalin 29,000 and in the Kaliningrad Oblast 5,000 ; and the deportation of Ukrainians from Poland to the USSR in 1944 - 47 518,000 . The transfers out included the flight and expulsion of Poles from the USSR 1944 - 47 ( 1,529,000 ) and the post war emigration to the west ( 451,000 ) According to Viktor Zemskov 3 / 4 of the post war emigration to the west was of persons who were from the territories annexed in 1939 - 40 Estimates in the west for the population transfers differ . According to Sergei Maksudov , a Russian demographer living in the west , the population of the territories annexed by the USSR was 23 million less the net population transfers out of 3 million persons who emigrated from the USSR including 2,136,000 Poles who left the USSR ; 115,000 Polish soldiers of the Anders Army ; 392,000 Germans who left in the era of the Nazi - Soviet Pact and 400,000 Jews , Romanians , Germans Czech and Hungarians who emigrated after the war The Polish government - in - exile put the population of the territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union at 13.199 million Polish sources put the number of refugees from the territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union living in post war Poland at about 2.2 million , about 700,000 more than those listed in the Soviet sources of Poles repatriated . The difference is due to the fact that Poles from the eastern regions who were deported to Germany during the war or had fled Volhynia and Eastern Galicia were not included in the figures of the organized transfers in 1944 - 47 . Figures for Belarus , Ukraine and Lithuania include about two million civilian dead that are also listed in Polish sources in the total war dead of Poland . Polish historian Krystyna Kersten estimated losses of about two million in the Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union . The formal transfer of the territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union occurred with the Polish -- Soviet border agreement of August 1945 . According to Erlikman , in addition to the war dead , there were 1,700,000 deaths due to Soviet repression . ( 200,000 executed ; 4,500,000 sent to prisons and Gulag of whom 1,200,000 died ; 2,200,000 deported of whom 300,000 died ) Holocaust deaths Further information : The Holocaust and Holocaust victims Included in the figures of total war dead for each nation are victims of the Holocaust . Jewish deaths The Holocaust is the term generally used to describe the genocide of approximately six million European Jews during World War II . Martin Gilbert estimates 5.7 million ( 78 % ) of the 7.3 million Jews in German occupied Europe were Holocaust victims . Estimates of Holocaust deaths range between 4.9 and 5.9 million Jews . Statistical breakdown of Jewish dead : In Nazi extermination camps : according to Polish Institute of National Remembrance ( IPN ) researchers , 2,830,000 Jews were murdered in the Nazi death camps ( 500,000 Belzec ; 150,000 Sobibor ; 850,000 Treblinka ; 150,000 Chełmno ; 1,100,000 Auschwitz ; 80,000 Majdanek ) . Raul Hilberg puts the Jewish death toll in the death camps , including Romanian Transnistria , at 3.0 million . In the USSR by the Einsatzgruppen : Raul Hilberg puts the Jewish death toll in the area of the mobile killing groups at 1.4 million . Aggravated deaths in the Ghettos of Nazi - occupied Europe : Raul Hilberg puts the Jewish death toll in the Ghettos at 700,000 . Yad Vashem has identified the names of four million Jewish Holocaust dead . The figures for the pre-war Jewish population and deaths in the table below are from The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust . The low , high and average percentage figures for deaths of the pre-war population have been added . Country Pre-war Jewish population in 1933 Low estimate deaths High estimate deaths . Low % High % Average % Austria 191,000 ( see footnote ) 50,000 65,000 26.2 % 34.0 % 30.1 % Belgium 60,000 ( see footnote ) 25,000 29,000 41.7 % 48.3 % 45.0 % Czech Republic 92,000 77,000 78,300 83.7 % 85.1 % 84.4 % Denmark 8,000 60 116 0.8 % 1.5 % 1.1 % Estonia 4,600 1,500 2,000 32.6 % 43.5 % 38.0 % France 260,000 ( see footnote ) 75,000 77,000 28.8 % 29.6 % 29.2 % Germany 566,000 ( see footnote ) 135,000 142,000 23.9 % 25.1 % 24.5 % Greece 73,000 59,000 67,000 80.8 % 91.8 % 86.3 % Hungary ( borders 1940 ) 725,000 502,000 569,000 69.2 % 78.5 % 73.9 % Italy 48,000 6,500 9,000 13.5 % 18.8 % 16.1 % Latvia 95,000 70,000 72,000 73.7 % 75.8 % 74.7 % Lithuania 155,000 130,000 143,000 83.9 % 92.3 % 88.1 % Luxembourg 3,500 1,000 2,000 28.6 % 57.1 % 42.9 % Netherlands 112,000 ( see footnote ) 100,000 105,000 89.3 % 93.8 % 91.5 % Norway 1,700 800 800 47.1 % 47.1 % 47.1 % Poland ( borders 1939 ) 3,250,000 2,700,000 3,000,000 83.1 % 92.3 % 87.7 % Romania ( borders 1940 ) 441,000 121,000 287,000 27.4 % 65.1 % 46.3 % Slovakia 89,000 60,000 71,000 67.4 % 79.8 % 73.6 % Soviet Union ( borders 1939 ) 2,825,000 700,000 1,100,000 24.8 % 38.9 % 31.9 % Yugoslavia 68,000 56,000 65,000 82.4 % 95.6 % 89.0 % Total 9,067,000 4,869,860 5,894,716 50.4 % ( avg . ) 59.7 % ( avg . ) 55.1 % ( avg . ) The total population figures from 1933 listed here are taken from The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust . From 1933 to 1939 about 400,000 Jews fled Germany , Austria , and Czechoslovakia . Some of these refugees were in western Europe when Germany occupied these countries in 1940 . In 1940 there were 30,000 Jewish refugees in the Netherlands , 12,000 in Belgium , 30,000 in France , 2,000 in Denmark , 5,000 in Italy , and 2,000 in Norway Netherlands figure listed in the table of 112,000 Jews taken from The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust includes those Jews who were resident in Holland in 1933 . By 1940 the Jewish population had increased to 140,000 with the inclusion of 30,000 Jewish refugees . In the Netherlands 8,000 Jews in mixed marriages were not subject to deportation . However an article in the Dutch periodical De Groene Amsterdammer maintains that some Jews in mixed marriages were deported before the practice was ended by Hitler . Hungarian Jewish Holocaust victims within the 1939 borders were 200,000 . Romanian Jewish Holocaust victims totalled 469,000 within 1939 borders , which includes 300,000 in Bessarabia and Bukovina occupied by the U.S.S.R. in 1940 . According to Martin Gilbert , Jewish Holocaust victims totalled 8,000 in Italy , and 562 in the Italian colony of Libya Non-Jews persecuted and killed by Nazi and Nazi - affiliated forces See also : The Holocaust in Ukraine Some scholars maintain that the definition of the Holocaust should also include the other victims persecuted and killed by the Nazis . Donald L. Niewyk professor of history at Southern Methodist University maintains that the Holocaust can be defined in four ways : first , that it was the genocide of the Jews alone ; second , that there were several parallel Holocausts , one for each of the several groups ; third , the Holocaust would include Roma and the handicapped along with the Jews ; fourth , it would include all racially motivated German crimes , such as the murder of Soviet prisoners of war , Polish and Soviet civilians , as well as political prisoners , religious dissenters , and homosexuals . Using this definition , the total number of Holocaust victims is between 11 million and 17 million people . According to the College of Education of the University of South Florida Approximately 11 million people were killed because of Nazi genocidal policy . R.J. Rummel estimated the death toll due to Nazi Democide at 20.9 million persons . Timothy Snyder put the victims of the Nazis killed only as result of deliberate policies of mass murder such as executions , deliberate famine and in death camps at 10.4 million persons including 5.4 million Jews . German scholar Hellmuth Auerbach puts the death toll in the Hitler era at 6 million Jews killed in the Holocaust and 7 million other victims of the Nazis . Dieter Pohl puts the total number of victims of the Nazi era at between 12 and 14 million persons , including 5.6 -- 5.7 million Jews . Roma Included in the figures of total war dead are the Roma victims of the Nazi persecution , some scholars include the Roma deaths with the Holocaust . Most estimates of Roma ( Gypsies ) victims range from 130,000 to 500,000 . Ian Hancock , Director of the Program of Romani Studies and the Romani Archives and Documentation Center at the University of Texas at Austin , has argued in favour of a higher figure of between 500,000 and 1,500,000 Roma dead . Hancock writes that , proportionately , the death toll equaled `` and almost certainly exceed ( ed ) , that of Jewish victims '' . In a 2010 publication , Ian Hancock stated that he agrees with the view that the number of Romanis killed has been underestimated as a result of being grouped with others in Nazi records under headings such as `` remainder to be liquidated '' , `` hangers - on '' and `` partisans '' . The following figures are from The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust , the authors maintain that `` statistics on Gypsy losses are especially unreliable and controversial . These figures ( cited below ) are based on necessarily rough estimates '' . Country Pre-war Roma population Low estimate victims High estimate victims Austria 11,200 6,800 8,250 Belgium 600 350 500 Czech Republic 13,000 5,000 6,500 Estonia 1,000 500 1,000 France 40,000 15,150 15,150 Germany 20,000 15,000 15,000 Greece ? 50 50 Hungary 100,000 1,000 28,000 Italy 25,000 1,000 1,000 Latvia 5,000 1,500 2,500 Lithuania 1,000 500 1,000 Luxembourg 200 100 200 Netherlands 500 215 500 Poland 50,000 8,000 35,000 Romania 300,000 19,000 36,000 Slovakia 80,000 400 10,000 Soviet Union ( borders 1939 ) 200,000 30,000 35,000 Yugoslavia 100,000 26,000 90,000 Total 947,500 130,565 285,650 Handicapped persons : 200,000 to 250,000 handicapped persons were killed . A 2003 report by the German Federal Archive put the total murdered during the Action T4 and Action 14f13 programs at 200,000 . Prisoners of War : POW deaths in Nazi captivity totalled 3.1 million including 2.6 to 3 million Soviet prisoners of war . Ethnic Poles : According to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum `` It is estimated that the Germans killed at least 1.9 million non-Jewish Polish civilians during World War II . '' They maintain that `` Documentation remains fragmentary , but today scholars of independent Poland believe that 1.8 to 1.9 million Polish civilians ( non-Jews ) were victims of German Occupation policies and the war . '' However the Polish government affiliated Institute of National Remembrance ( IPN ) in 2009 estimated 2,770,000 ethnic Polish deaths due to the German occupation ( see World War II casualties of Poland ) . Russians , Ukrainians and Belarusians : According to Nazi ideology , Slavs were useless sub-humans . As such , their leaders , the Soviet elite , were to be killed and the remainder of the population enslaved or expelled further eastward . As a result , millions of civilians in the Soviet Union were deliberately killed , starved , or worked to death . Contemporary Russian sources use the terms `` genocide '' and `` premeditated extermination '' when referring to civilian losses in the occupied USSR . Civilians killed in reprisals during the Soviet partisan war and wartime - related famine account for a major part of the huge toll . The Cambridge History of Russia puts overall civilian deaths in the Nazi - occupied USSR at 13.7 million persons including 2 million Jews . There were an additional 2.6 million deaths in the interior regions of the Soviet Union . The authors maintain `` scope for error in this number is very wide '' . At least 1 million perished in the wartime GULAG camps or in deportations . Other deaths occurred in the wartime evacuations and due to war related malnutrition and disease in the interior . The authors maintain that both Stalin and Hitler `` were both responsible but in different ways for these deaths '' , and `` In short the general picture of Soviet wartime losses suggests a jigsaw puzzle . The general outline is clear : people died in colossal numbers but in many different miserable and terrible circumstances . But individual pieces of the puzzle do not fit well ; some overlap and others are yet to be found '' . Bohdan Wytwycky maintained that civilian losses of 3.0 million Ukrainians and 1.4 million Belarusians `` were racially motivated '' . According to Paul Robert Magocsi , between 1941 and 1945 , approximately 3,000,000 Ukrainian and other non-Jewish victims were killed as part of Nazi extermination policies in the territory of modern Ukraine . Dieter Pohl puts the total number of victims of the Nazi policies in the USSR at 500,000 civilians killed in the repression of partisans , 1.0 million victims of the Nazi Hunger Plan , c. 3.0 million Soviet POW and 1.0 million Jews ( in pre-war borders ) . Soviet author Georgiy A. Kumanev put the civilian death toll in the Nazi - occupied USSR at 8.2 million ( 4.0 million Ukrainians , 2.5 million Belarusians , and 1.7 million Russians ) . A report published by the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1995 put the death toll due to the German occupation at 13.7 million civilians ( including Jews ) : 7.4 million victims of Nazi genocide and reprisals ; 2.2 million persons deported to Germany for forced labor ; and 4.1 million famine and disease deaths in occupied territory . Sources published in the Soviet Union were cited to support these figures . Homosexuals : According to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum `` Between 1933 and 1945 the police arrested an estimated 100,000 men as homosexuals . Most of the 50,000 men sentenced by the courts spent time in regular prisons , and between 5,000 and 15,000 were interned in concentration camps . '' They also noted that there are no known statistics for the number of homosexuals who died in the camps . Other victims of Nazi persecution : Between 1,000 and 2,000 Roman Catholic clergy , about 1,000 Jehovah 's Witnesses , and an unknown number of Freemasons perished in Nazi prisons and camps . `` The fate of black people from 1933 - 45 in Nazi Germany and in German - occupied territories ranged from isolation to persecution , sterilization , medical experimentation , incarceration , brutality , and murder . '' During the Nazi era Communists , Socialists , Social Democrats , and trade union leaders were victims of Nazi persecution . Serbs : The numbers of Serbs murdered by the Ustaše is the subject of debate and estimates vary widely . Yad Vashem estimates over 500,000 murdered , 250,000 expelled and 200,000 forcibly converted to Catholicism . The estimate of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum is that the Ustaše murdered between 320,000 and 340,000 ethnic Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia between 1941 -- 45 , with roughly 45,000 to 52,000 murdered at the Jasenovac concentration camp alone . According to the Wiesenthal Center at least 90,000 Serbs , Jews , Gypsies and anti-fascist Croatians perished at the hands of the Ustashe at the camp at Jasenovac . According to Yugoslav sources published in the Tito era the estimates of the number of Serb victims range from 200,000 to at least 600,000 persons . See also World War II persecution of Serbs . Japanese war crimes Main article : Japanese war crimes Included with total war dead are victims of Japanese war crimes . R.J. Rummel estimates the civilian victims of Japanese democide at 5,424,000 . Detailed by country : China 3,695,000 ; Indochina 457,000 ; Korea 378,000 ; Indonesia 375,000 ; Malaya - Singapore 283,000 ; Philippines 119,000 , Burma 60,000 and Pacific Islands 57,000 . Rummel estimates POW deaths in Japanese custody at 539,000 Detailed by country : China 400,000 ; French Indochina 30,000 ; Philippines 27,300 ; Netherlands 25,000 ; France 14,000 ; Britain 13,000 ; British Colonies 11,000 ; US 10,700 ; Australia 8,000 . Werner Gruhl estimates the civilian deaths at 20,365,000 . Detailed by country : China 12,392,000 ; Indochina 1,500,000 ; Korea 500,000 ; Dutch East Indies 3,000,000 ; Malaya and Singapore 100,000 ; Philippines 500,000 ; Burma 170,000 ; Forced laborers in Southeast Asia 70,000 , 30,000 interned non-Asian civilians ; Timor 60,000 ; Thailand and Pacific Islands 60,000 . Gruhl estimates POW deaths in Japanese captivity at 331,584 . Detailed by country : China 270,000 ; Netherlands 8,500 ; Britain 12,433 ; Canada 273 ; Philippines 20,000 ; Australia 7,412 ; New Zealand 31 ; and the United States 12,935 . Out of 60,000 Indian Army POWs taken at the Fall of Singapore , 11,000 died in captivity . There were 14,657 deaths among the total 130,895 western civilians interned by the Japanese due to famine and disease . Oppression in the Soviet Union The total war dead in the USSR includes victims of Soviet oppression . The number of deaths in the Gulag labor camps increased as a result of wartime overcrowding and food shortages . The Stalin regime deported the entire populations of ethnic minorities considered to be potentially disloyal . Since 1990 Russian scholars have been given access to the Soviet - era archives and have published data on the numbers of people executed and those who died in Gulag labor camps and prisons . The Russian scholar Viktor Zemskov puts the death toll from 1941 -- 1945 at about 1 million based on data from the Soviet archives . The Soviet - era archive figures on the Gulag labor camps has been the subject of a vigorous academic debate outside Russia since their publication in 1991 . J. Arch Getty and Stephen G. Wheatcroft maintain that Soviet - era figures more accurately detail the victims of the Gulag labor camp system in the Stalin era . Robert Conquest and Steven Rosefielde have disputed the accuracy of the data from the Soviet archives , maintaining that the demographic data and testimonials by survivors of the Gulag labor camps indicate a higher death toll . Rosefielde posits that the release of the Soviet Archive figures is disinformation generated by the modern KGB . Rosefielde maintains that the data from the Soviet archives is incomplete ; for example , he pointed out that the figures do not include the 22,000 victims of the Katyn massacre . Rosefielde 's demographic analysis puts the number of excess deaths due to Soviet repression at 2,183,000 in 1939 -- 40 and 5,458,000 from 1941 -- 1945 . Michael Haynes and Rumy Husun accept the figures from the Soviet archives as being an accurate tally of Stalin 's victims , they maintain that the demographic data depicts an underdeveloped Soviet economy and the losses in World War Two rather than indicating a higher death toll in the Gulag labor camps . In August 2009 the Polish Institute of National Remembrance ( IPN ) researchers estimated 150,000 Polish citizens were killed due to Soviet repression . Since the collapse of the USSR , Polish scholars have been able to do research in the Soviet archives on Polish losses during the Soviet occupation . Andrzej Paczkowski puts the number of Polish deaths at 90,000 -- 100,000 of the 1.0 million persons deported and 30,000 executed by the Soviets . In 2005 Tadeusz Piotrowski estimated the death toll in Soviet hands at 350,000 . The Estonian State Commission for the Examination of Repressive Policies Carried out During the Occupations put civilian deaths due to the Soviet occupation in 1940 -- 1941 at 33,900 including ( 7,800 deaths ) of arrested people , ( 6,000 ) deportee deaths , ( 5,000 ) evacuee deaths , ( 1,100 ) people gone missing and ( 14,000 ) conscripted for forced labor . After the reoccupation by the U.S.S.R. , 5,000 Estonians died in Soviet prisons during 1944 -- 45 . The following is a summary of the data from the Soviet archives : Reported deaths for the years 1939 -- 1945 1,187,783 , including : judicial executions 46,350 ; deaths in Gulag labor camps 718,804 ; deaths in labor colonies and prisons 422,629 . Deported to special settlements : ( figures are for deportations to Special Settlements only , not including those executed , sent to Gulag labor camps or conscripted into the Soviet Army . Nor do the figures include additional deportations after the war ) . Deported from annexed territories 1940 -- 41 380,000 to 390,000 persons , including : Poland 309 -- 312,000 ; Lithuania 17,500 ; Latvia 17,000 ; Estonia 6,000 ; Moldova 22,842 . In August 1941 , 243,106 Poles living in the Special Settlements were amnestied and released by the Soviets . Deported during the War 1941 -- 1945 about 2.3 million persons of Soviet ethnic minorities including : Soviet Germans 1,209,000 ; Finns 9,000 ; Karachays 69,000 ; Kalmyks 92,000 ; Chechens and Ingush 479,000 ; Balkars 37,000 ; Crimean Tatars 191,014 ; Meskhetian Turks 91,000 ; Greeks , Bulgarians and Armenians from Crimea 42,000 ; Ukrainian OUN members 100,000 ; Poles 30,000 . A total of 2,230,500 persons were living in the settlements in October 1945 and 309,100 deaths were reported in special settlements for the years 1941 -- 1948 . Russian sources list Axis prisoner of war deaths of 580,589 in Soviet captivity based on data in the Soviet archives ( Germany 381,067 ; Hungary 54,755 ; Romania 54,612 ; Italy 27,683 ; Finland 403 , and Japan 62,069 ) . However some western scholars estimate the total at between 1.7 and 2.3 million . Military casualties by branch of service Country Branch of service Number served Killed / missing Wounded Prisoners of war Captured Percent killed Germany Army 13,600,000 4,202,000 30.9 Germany Air Force ( including infantry units ) 2,500,000 433,000 17.3 Germany Navy 1,200,000 138,000 11.5 Germany Waffen SS 900,000 314,000 34.9 Germany Volkssturm and other Paramilitary Forces 231,000 Germany Total ( incl . conscripted foreigners ) 18,200,000 5,318,000 6,035,000 11,100,000 29.2 Japan Army ( 1937 -- 1945 ) 6,300,000 1,326,076 85,600 30,000 24.2 Japan Navy ( 1941 -- 1945 ) 2,100,000 414,879 8,900 10,000 19.8 Japan POW dead after Surrender . 381,000 Japan Imperial Japan Total 8,400,000 2,121,955 94,500 40,000 25.3 Italy Army 3,040,000 246,432 8.1 Italy Navy 259,082 31,347 12.0 Italy Air Force 130,000 13,210 10.2 Italy Partisan forces 80,000 to 250,000 35,828 14 to 44 Italy RSI forces 520,000 13,021 to 35,000 2.5 to 6.7 Italy Total Italy 3,430,000 319,207 to 341,000 320,000 1,300,000 9.3 to 9.9 Soviet Union ( 1939 -- 40 ) All branches of service 136,945 205,924 Soviet Union ( 1941 -- 45 ) All branches of service 34,476,700 8,668,400 14,685,593 4,050,000 25.1 Soviet Union Conscripted Reservists not yet in active service ( see note below ) 500,000 Soviet Union Civilians in POW camps ( see note below ) 1,000,000 1,750,000 Soviet Union Paramilitary and Soviet partisan units 400,000 Soviet Union Total Soviet Forces 34,476,700 10,725,345 14,915,517 5,750,000 31.1 British Empire and Commonwealth All branches of service 17,843,000 580,497 475,000 318,000 3.3 United States Army 11,260,000 318,274 565,861 124,079 2.8 United States Air Force ( included with Army ) ( 3,400,000 ) ( 88,119 ) ( 17,360 ) 2.5 United States Navy 4,183,446 62,614 37,778 3,848 1.5 United States Marine Corps 669,100 24,511 68,207 2,274 3.7 United States Coast Guard 241,093 1,917 0.8 United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps 2,600 8 0.3 United States Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps United States Total U.S. Armed Forces 16,353,639 407,316 671,846 130,201 2.5 Germany The number killed in action was 2,303,320 ; died of wounds , disease or accidents 500,165 ; 11,000 sentenced to death by court martial ; 2,007,571 missing in action or unaccounted for after the war ; 25,000 suicides ; 12,000 unknown ; 459,475 confirmed POW deaths , of whom 77,000 were in the custody of the U.S. , UK and France ; and 363,000 in Soviet custody . POW deaths includes 266,000 in the post-war period after June 1945 , primarily in Soviet captivity . Rüdiger Overmans writes `` It seems entirely plausible , while not provable , that one half of the 1.5 million missing on the eastern front were killed in action , the other half ( 700,000 ) however in fact died in Soviet custody '' . Soviet sources list the deaths of 474,967 of the 2,652,672 German Armed Forces POW taken in the war . USSR Estimated total Soviet military war dead from 1941 -- 45 on the Eastern Front ( World War II ) including missing in action , POWs and Soviet partisans range from 8.6 to 10.6 million . There were an additional 127,000 war dead in 1939 -- 40 during the Winter War with Finland . The official figures for military war dead and missing from 1941 -- 45 are 8,668,400 comprising 6,329,600 combat related deaths , 555,500 non-combat deaths. 500,000 missing in action and 1,103,300 POW dead and another 180,000 liberated POWs who most likely emigrated to other countries . Figures include Navy losses of 154,771 . Non-combat deaths include 157,000 sentenced to death by court martial . Casualties in 1939 -- 40 include the following dead and missing , Battle of Khalkhin Gol in 1939 ( 8,931 ) ; Invasion of Poland of 1939 ( 1,139 ) ; Winter War with Finland ( 1939 -- 40 ) ( 126,875 ) . The number of wounded includes 2,576,000 permanently disabled . The official Russian figure for total POW held by the Germans is 4,059,000 ; the number of Soviet POW who survived the war was 2,016,000 , including 180,000 who most likely emigrated to other countries , and an additional 939,700 POW and MIA who were redrafted as territory was liberated . This leaves 1,103,000 POW dead . However , western historians put the number of POW held by the Germans at 5.7 million and about 3 million as dead in captivity ( in the official Russian figures 1.1 million are military POW and remaining balance of about 2 million are included with civilian war dead ) . Conscripted reservists is an estimate of men called up , primarily in 1941 , who were killed in battle or died as POWs before being listed on active strength . Soviet and Russian sources classify these losses as civilian deaths . British Commonwealth Number served : UK and Crown Colonies ( 5,896,000 ) ; India - ( British colonial administration ) ( 2,582,000 ) , Australia ( 993,000 ) ; Canada ( 1,100,000 ) ; New Zealand ( 295,000 ) ; South Africa ( 250,000 ) . Total war related deaths reported by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission : UK and Crown Colonies ( 383,786 ) ; India - ( British colonial administration ) ( 87,032 ) , Australia ( 40,464 ) ; Canada ( 45,383 ) ; New Zealand ( 11,929 ) ; South Africa ( 11,903 ) . Total military dead for the United Kingdom alone ( according to preliminary 1945 figures ) : 264,443 . Royal Navy ( 50,758 ) ; British Army ( 144,079 ) ; Royal Air Force ( 69,606 ) . Wounded : UK and Crown Colonies ( 284,049 ) ; India - ( British colonial administration ) ( 64,354 ) , Australia ( 39,803 ) ; Canada ( 53,174 ) ; New Zealand ( 19,314 ) ; South Africa ( 14,363 ) . Prisoner of war : UK and Crown Colonies ( 180,488 ) ; India - ( British colonial administration ) ( 79,481 ) ; Australia ( 26,358 ) ; South Africa ( 14,750 ) ; Canada ( 9,334 ) ; New Zealand ( 8,415 ) . The Debt of Honour Register from the Commonwealth War Graves Commission lists the 1.7 m men and women of the Commonwealth forces who died during the two world wars . U.S. Battle deaths ( including POWs who died in captivity , does not include those who died of disease and accidents ) were 292,131 : Army 234,874 ( including Army Air Forces 52,173 ) ; Navy 36,950 ; Marine Corps 19,733 ; and Coast Guard 574 ( 185,924 deaths occurred in the European / Atlantic theater of operations and 106,207 deaths occurred in Asia / Pacific theater of operations ) . During World War II , 14,059 American POWs died in enemy captivity throughout the war ( 12,935 held by Japan and 1,124 held by Germany ) . During World War II , 1.2 million African Americans served in the U.S. Armed Forces and 708 were killed in action . 350,000 American women served in the Armed Forces during World War II and 16 were killed in action . During World War II , 26,000 Japanese - Americans served in the Armed Forces and over 800 were killed in action . Commonwealth military casualties The Commonwealth War Graves Commission ( CWGC ) Annual Report 2014 -- 2015 is the source of the military dead for the British Empire . The war dead totals listed in the report are based on the research by the CWGC to identify and commemorate Commonwealth war dead . The statistics tabulated by the CWGC are representative of the number of names commemorated for all servicemen / women of the Armed Forces of the Commonwealth and former UK Dependencies , whose death was attributable to their war service . Some auxiliary and civilian organizations are also accorded war grave status if death occurred under certain specified conditions . For the purposes of CWGC the dates of inclusion for Commonwealth War Dead are 3 September 1939 to 31 December 1947 . Charts and graphs Military and civilian deaths during World War II for the Allied and the Axis Powers . Axis Military personnel killed , percentage by country . Allies Military personnel killed , percentage by country . World War II Military Deaths by Country ( using Wikipedia 's cited numbers ) See also World War II casualties of Poland World War II casualties of the Soviet Union German casualties in World War II Equipment losses in World War II World War I casualties List of wars and disasters by death toll Footnotes ^ A Albania No reliable statistics on Albania 's wartime losses exist , but the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration reported about 30,000 Albanian war dead . Albanian official statistics claim somewhat higher losses . Jewish Holocaust victims totalled 200 , these Jews were Yugoslav citizens resident in Albania . Jews of Albanian origin survived the Holocaust . ^ B Australia The Australian War Memorial reports 39,648 military deaths . This figure includes all personnel who died from war - related causes during 1939 -- 47 . According to official statistics Australian battle casualties included 27,073 killed , died of wounds or died as POW ; wounded or injured in action were 23,477 , these figures exclude non-battle casualties , such as deaths in non operational areas and deaths due to natural causes . The Australian government does not regard merchant mariners as military personnel and the 349 Australians killed in action while crewing merchant ships around the world , are included in the total civilian deaths . Other civilian fatalities were due to air raids and attacks on passenger ships . The preliminary data for Australian losses included 23,365 killed , 6,030 missing , 39,803 wounded , and 26,363 POWs . ^ C Austria Military war dead reported by Rüdiger Overmans of 261,000 are included with Germany . Austrian civilian casualties were 99,700 victims of Nazi persecution and 24,000 killed in Allied air raids . The Austrian government provides the following information on human losses during the rule of the Nazis . `` For Austria the consequences of the Nazi regime and the Second World War were disastrous : During this period 2,700 Austrians had been executed and more than 16,000 citizens murdered in the concentration camps . Some 16,000 Austrians were killed in prison , while over 67,000 Austrian Jews were deported to death camps , only 2,000 of them lived to see the end of the war . In addition , 247,000 Austrians lost their lives serving in the army of the Third Reich or were reported missing , and 24,000 civilians were killed during bombing '' raids . ^ D Belgium Belgian government sources reported 12,000 military war dead which included ( 8,800 killed , 500 missing in action , 200 executed , 800 resistance movement fighters and 1,800 POWs ) and civilian losses of 73,000 which included ( 32,200 deaths due to military operations , 3,400 executed , 8,500 political deportees , 5,000 workers in Germany and 27,000 Jewish Holocaust victims ) . Losses of about 10,000 in the German Armed Forces are not included in these figures , they are included with German military casualties . ^ E Brazil The Brazilian Expeditionary Force war dead were 510 , Navy losses in the Battle of the Atlantic were 492 . Civilian losses due to attacks on merchant shipping were 470 merchant mariners and 502 passengers . ^ F Bulgaria Total Bulgarian military war dead were 18,500 including 6,671 battle deaths There were 3,000 civilian deaths in Allied air raids including 1,400 in the bombing of Sofia A Russian historian in a handbook of human losses in the 20th century has provided the following assessment of Bulgarian casualties : Military deaths : 2,000 military Axis occupation forces in Yugoslavia and Greece ; 10,124 dead as allies of the USSR and 10,000 Anti-Fascist Partisan deaths . Regarding partisan and civilian casualties Erlikman notes `` According to the official data of the royal government 2,320 were killed and 199 executed . The communists claim that 20 -- 35,000 persons died . In reality deaths were 10,000 , including and unknown number of civilians . '' ^ G Burma Military casualties with the pro-Japanese Burma National Army were 400 killed in action , 1,500 other deaths , 715 missing , 2,000 wounded and 800 POW Civilian deaths during the Japanese occupation of Burma totalled 250,000 ; 110,000 Burmese , plus 100,000 Indian and 40,000 Chinese civilians in Burma . Werner Gruhl estimates 70,000 Asian laborers died cruelly during the construction of the Burma Railway . ^ H Canada The Canadian War Museum puts military losses at 42,000 plus 1,600 Merchant Navy deaths . An additional 700 military dead from Newfoundland are included with the U.K. Library and Archives Canada puts military losses at 44,090 ( 24,525 Army , 17,397 Air Force , 2,168 Navy . ) The preliminary data for Canadian losses included killed 37,476 , missing 1,843 , wounded 53,174 and POW 9,045 . ^ I China Sources for total Chinese war dead are divergent and range from 10 to 20 million as detailed below . John W. Dower has noted `` So great was the devastation and suffering in China that in the end it is necessary to speak of uncertain ' millions ' of deaths . Certainly , it is reasonable to think in general terms of approximately 10 million Chinese war dead , a total surpassed only by the Soviet Union . '' Dower cited a United Nations report from 1947 that put Chinese war dead at 9 million . According to Rana Mitter `` the death toll on China is still being calculated , but conservative estimates number the dead at 14 million '' Rana Mitter cited the estimate of Chinese casualties by Odd Arne Westad of 2 million combat deaths and 12 civilian deaths , Mitter also cited a Chinese study published in 2006 that put the death toll in the war at 8 to 10 million . An academic study of the Chinese population concluded that `` a conservative estimate would put total human casualties directly caused by the war of 1937 - 1945 at between 15,000,000 and 20,000,000 '' This study cited a Chinese Nationalist source that put total civilian casualties at 2,144,048 = ( 1,073,496 killed ; 237,319 wounded ; 71,050 captured by Japanese ; 335,934 killed in Japanese air raids ; 426,249 wounded in air raids ) , military casualties at 6,750,000 from 1937 - 1943 ( 1,500,000 killed ; 3,000,000 wounded ; 750,000 missing ; 1,500,000 deaths caused by sickness , etc . In addition 960,000 collaborator forces and 446,736 Communist were killed or wounded The official Chinese government ( communist ) statistic for China 's civilian and military casualties in the Second Sino - Japanese War from 1937 -- 1945 is 20 million dead and 15 million wounded . Chinese scholar Bianxiu Yue has published a study of China 's population losses in the Second Sino - Japanese War . He put total Chinese losses at 20.6 million dead and 14.2 million injured . Official Nationalist Chinese casualty figures were : killed 1,319,958 ; wounded 1,716,335 and missing 130,126 , An academic study of the Chinese population concluded that these figures are `` unreasonably low '' and `` highly suspect '' R.J. Rummel 's estimate of total war dead from 1937 -- 45 is 19,605,000 . Military dead : 3,400,000 ( including 400,000 POW ) Nationalist / Communist , and 432,000 collaborator forces. Civilian war deaths : 3,808,000 killed in fighting and 3,549,000 victims of Japanese war crimes ( not including an additional 400,000 POWs ). Other deaths : Repression by Chinese Nationalists 5,907,000 ( 3,081,000 military conscripts who died due to mistreatment and 2,826,000 civilian deaths caused by Nationalist government , including the 1938 Yellow River flood ) ; political repression by Chinese Communists 250,000 and by Warlords 110,000 . Additional deaths due to famine were 2,250,000 . Werner Gruhl estimates China 's total war losses at 15,554,000 , Civilians : 12,392,000 including ( 8,191,000 ) due to the Japanese brutality and military dead 3,162,000 . ^ J Cuba Cuba lost 5 merchant ships and 79 dead merchant mariners . ^ K Czechoslovakia According to the Czechoslovak State Statistical Office the population at 1 / 1 / 1939 ( within post war 1945 - 1992 borders ) was 14,612,000 The population in 1939 included about 3.3 million ethnic Germans that were expelled after the war or were German military casualties during the war . Russian demographer Boris Urlanis estimated Czechoslovak war dead of 340,000 persons , 46,000 military and 294,000 civilians A Russian historian in a handbook of human losses in the 20th century has provided the following assessment of Czechoslovak casualties : 35,000 Military deaths : including : killed during 1938 occupation ( 171 ) ; Czechoslovak Forces with the Western Allies ( 3,220 ) ; Czechoslovak military units on Eastern front ( 4,570 ) ; Slovak Republic Axis forces ( 7,000 ) ; Czechs in German forces ( 5,000 ) , partisan losses 10,000 and ( 5,000 ) POWs . 320,000 Civilian deaths : ( 10,000 ) in bombing and shelling ; ( 22,000 ) executed ; ( 285,000 in camps including 270,000 Jews , 8,000 Roma ) ; and ( 3,000 ) forced laborers in Germany . ^ L Denmark The Danish Ministry of Education has detailed Denmark 's losses in the war of about 8,000 persons including 2,685 killed in Denmark in bombing raids , resistance fighters and those executed by the Germans and 3,000 who died outside Denmark including ( 2,000 merchant seamen , 63 serving with Allied forces , 600 in German camps , 400 workers in Germany ) . In addition 2,000 Danish volunteers were killed serving in the Germany military . ^ M Dutch East Indies The United Nations reported in 1947 that `` about 30,000 Europeans and 300,000 Indonesian internees and forced laborers died during the occupation . '' They reported , `` The total number who were killed by the Japanese , or who died from , hunger , disease and lack of medical attention is estimated at 3,000,000 for Java alone , 1,000,000 for the Outer Islands . Altogether 35,000 of the 240,000 Europeans died ; most of them were men of working age . '' John W. Dower cited the 1947 UN report that estimated 4 million famine and forced labor dead during the Japanese Occupation of Indonesia . Werner Gruhl estimated the civilian death toll due to the war and Japanese occupation at 3,000,000 Indonesians and 30,000 interned Europeans . A discussion of the famine in Java during 1944 -- 45 , leads Pierre van der Eng to conclude that 2.4 million Indonesians perished . Dutch Military losses in Asia were 2,500 killed in the 1942 Dutch East Indies campaign Data from the Netherlands Institute of War Documentation puts the number of Dutch POW captured by the Japanese at 37,000 of whom 8,500 died . The Japanese interned 105,530 Dutch civilians in the East Indies , of whom 13,567 died . ^ MA Egypt Egyptian military casualties were 1,125 killed and 1,308 wounded . The British used the Egyptian army to guard lines of communication and to clear minefields . ^ N Estonia Estonia 's human losses due to the Soviet and German occupation of Estonia from 1940 to 1945 were approximately 67,000 persons based on a study by Estonian State Commission on Examination of Policies of Repression . Soviet occupation 1940 - 41 dead and missing of 43,900 including ( 7,800 ) arrested persons who were murdered or perished in the Soviet Union ; ( 6,000 ) deported persons who perished in the Soviet Union ; ( 24,000 ) mobilized persons who perished in the Soviet Union and ( 1,100 ) persons who went missing ) Losses during the 1941 -- 1944 Occupation of Estonia by Nazi Germany were 23,040 , including ( 7,800 ) executed by Nazis and ( 1,040 ) killed in prison camps . ( 200 ) people died in forced labor in Germany . ( 800 ) deaths in Soviet bombing raids against Estonian cities , ( 1,000 ) killed in Allied air raids on Germany and ( 1,000 ) perished at sea while attempting to flee the country in 1944 -- 45 . ( 10,000 ) Estonians were war dead in the Germany armed forces and ( 1,000 ) surrendered POW were executed by the Soviets . Included in the above figures is the genocide of ( 243 ) Roma people and ( 929 ) Jews After the reoccupation by the USSR , 16,000 Estonians died in Soviet repressions during 1944 -- 53 . Total deaths from 1940 -- 53 due the war and the Soviet occupation were approximately 83,000 persons ( 7.3 % of the population ) . ^ O Ethiopia Total military and civilian dead in the East African Campaign were 100,000 including 15,000 native military with Italian forces . Small and Singer put the military losses at 5,000 . The deaths of African soldiers conscripted by Italy are not included with the Italian war dead . The Italian Ministry of Defense estimated 10,000 deaths of native soldiers in East African Campaign These totals do not include losses in the Italian Second Italo - Abyssinian War and Italian occupation from 1935 -- 41 . The official Ethiopian government report lists 760,000 deaths due to the war and Italian occupation from 1935 -- 41 . However , R.J. Rummel estimates 200,000 Ethiopians and Libyans were killed by the Italians from the 1920s -- 1941 `` based on Discovery TV Cable Channel Program ' Timewatch ' '' , which aired January 17 , 1992 . ^ P Finland Military dead include killed and missing from the Winter War and Continuation War with the Soviet Union , as well as action against German forces in 1944 -- 45 . Winter War ( 1939 -- 40 ) losses were 22,830 , military deaths from 1941 -- 44 were 58,715 , and 1,036 in 1944 -- 45 in the Lapland War . The Finnish National Archives website lists the names of the 95,000 Finnish war dead . The war dead database 1939 - 1945 includes all servicemen and women who died during being listed in the Finnish army , navy or the air force . It also includes foreign volunteers who died during their service in Finland and Finnish SS - men who died while serving in the German army. The database contains civilians in case they have been buried at a military cemetery . That was sometimes done if the deceased was , for example , an ammunition worker , air raid victim or a civilian worker who for some other reason died because of the war . Some parishes continued burying in second world war military cemeteries up to the 1980s . Soviet sources list the deaths of 403 of the 2,377 Finnish POW taken in the War . During the Winter war of 1939 -- 40 the Swedish Volunteer Corps served alongside the Finns in combat . 1,407 Finnish volunteers served in the Finnish Volunteer Battalion of the Waffen - SS and 256 were killed in action . Civilian war dead were 2,000 , due in part to the bombing of Helsinki in World War II . ^ Q France French military war of 210,000 dead include 150,000 regular forces ( 1939 -- 40 Battle of France 92,000 ; 1940 -- 45 on Western Front ( World War II ) 58,000 ) ; 20,000 French resistance fighters and 40,000 POWs in Germany . Civilian losses of 390,000 include : ( 60,000 killed in bombardments , 60,000 in land fighting , 30,000 murdered in executions , 60,000 political deportees , 40,000 workers in Germany , 100,000 victims of Nazi genocide ( Jews & Roma ) and 40,000 French nationals in the German Armed forces who were conscripted in Alsace - Lorraine , ) The French Ministry of Defense puts French military war dead at 200,000 . They note that these losses include combatants from the French colonies as well as metropolitan France ; regular soldiers and members of the resistance . Vadim Erlikman a Russian historian , estimates losses of Africans in the French Colonial Forces at about 22,000 . 752 civilians were killed during the US air attacks on French Tunisia in 1942 -- 43 . R.J. Rummel estimates the deaths of 20,000 anti-Fascist Spanish refugees resident in France who were deported to Nazi camps , these deaths are included with French civilian casualties . ^ R French Indochina John W. Dower estimated 1.0 million deaths due to Vietnamese Famine of 1945 during Japanese occupation . Werner Gruhl estimates the civilian death toll due to the war and Japanese occupation at 1,500,000 . Vietnamese sources put the number of deaths during the 1944 -- 45 famine in North Vietnam at between 1 and 2 million . ^ S Germany The following notes summarize German casualties , the details are presented in German casualties in World War II . German population The 1939 Population for Germany within 1937 borders File : DR1937. 1. png was 69.3 million persons Foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe were subject to conscription by Nazi Germany during the war . According to a 1958 report by the West German Statistisches Bundesamt ( Federal Statistical Office ) the pre war ethnic German population in eastern Europe was 7,423,300 persons ( 249,500 Baltic states & Memel ; 380,000 Danzig ; 1,371,000 Poland ( 1939 Borders ) ( 14 ) ; 3,477,000 Czechoslovakia ; 623,000 Hungary ; 536,800 Yugoslavia ; and 786,000 Romania ) . These German estimates are disputed . A recent analysis by a Polish scholar found that `` Generally speaking , the German estimates ... are not only highly arbitrary , but also clearly tendentious in presentation of the German losses '' . He maintains that the German government figures from 1958 overstated the total number of the ethnic Germans living in Poland prior to war as well as the total civilian deaths due to the post war expulsions . Total German war dead ( 1949 ) The West German Statistisches Bundesamt ( Federal Statistical Office ) estimated total war dead of 5,483,000 ; ( 3,250,000 ) military ; ( 500,000 ) civilians killed in bombing raids and the land campaign ; ( 1,533,000 ) deaths in the expulsions from Poland and ( 200,000 ) victims of Nazi racial , religious or political persecution . These figures are for Germany in 1937 borders File : DR1937. 1. png and do not include Austria or foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe ( 1953 ) The German economist de : Bruno Gleitze from the German Institute for Economic Research estimated total war dead of 6,000,000 ; ( 3,100,000 ) military ; ( 600,000 ) civilians killed in bombing raids and the land campaign ; ( 800,000 ) deaths to expulsion from Poland ( 300,000 ) victims of Nazi racial , religious or political persecution , ( 1,200,000 ) increase in natural deaths due to the war . These figures are for Germany in 1937 borders File : DR1937. 1. png and do not include Austria or foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe . ( 1956 ) The West German Statistisches Bundesamt ( Federal Statistical Office ) estimated total war dead of 5,650,000 = ( 3,760,000 ) military ; ( 430,000 ) civilians killed in bombing raids and the land campaign ; ( 1,260,000 ) deaths to expulsion from Poland and ( 200,000 ) victims of Nazi racial , religious or political persecution . These figures are for Germany in 1937 borders File : DR1937. 1. png and do not include Austria or foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe . ( 1961 ) The West German government issued a statement listing a total of 7,032,800 war dead : ( military dead 3,760,000 in prewar 1937 borders File : DR1937. 1. png and 432,000 foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe ) ; ( 430,000 civilians killed in bombing raids and the land campaign in prewar 1937 borders ) ; ( 300,000 victims of Nazi racial , religious or political persecution including 170,000 Jews ) ; ( expulsion dead 1,224,900 in prewar 1937 borders and 885,900 foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe ) These figures do not include Austria . The Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960 , listed Austrian casualties as 250,000 military dead and 24,000 civilians killed in bombing raids ( 1984 ) A German demographic study estimated 6,900,000 deaths caused by the war in prewar 1937 borders File : DR1937. 1. png . ( 3,800,000 ) military and ( 3,100,000 ) civilians . ( 1991 ) A German demographic study estimated 5,450,000 to 5,600,000 war dead ( 4,300,000 military dead ; 430,000 civilians killed in bombing raids and the land campaign and 882,000 deaths due to expulsions from Poland ) . These figures are for Germany in 1937 borders File : DR1937. 1. png and do not include Austria or foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe ( 1998 ) A German demographic study estimated 5,500,000 to 6,900,000 war dead . These figures vary because of the shift of borders between 1937 and 1940 . ( 2005 ) The German government issued a report listing total war dead of 7,375,800 = ( 3,100,000 soldiers killed ; 1,200,000 soldiers missing ; 500,000 civilians killed in bombing raids ; 2,251,500 civilian victims of expulsions and deportations ; 24,300 Austrian civilians killed and 300,000 victims of Nazi racial , religious or political persecution . These figures include Austria and foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe . ) German military casualties ( 1945 ) The casualty figures compiled by the German High Command ( OKW ) as of January 31 , 1945 put total military losses at 2,001,399 dead , 1,902,704 missing and POW held by Allies and 4,429,875 wounded . ( 1946 ) The Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. estimated German military dead at 3,250,000 . ( 1947 ) The combined staff of the U.K. , Canada and the U.S. prepared `` A study of the employment of German manpower from 1933 - 1945 '' . They estimated German casualties up until April 30 , 1945 at 2,230,324 dead , 2,870,404 missing and POW held by Allies . ( 1960 ) The West German government issued figures of the war losses . Total military dead were put at 4,440,000 ( 3,760,000 in prewar 1937 borders File : DR1937. 1. png ; 430,000 foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe and 250,000 Austria . ) ( 1974 ) The Maschke Commission found that about 1.2 million German military personnel reported as missing more than likely died as POWs , including 1.1 million in the USSR . ( 1985 ) The Deutsche Dienststelle ( WASt ) has been responsible for providing information for the families of those military personnel who were killed or went missing in the war , they do not compile figures of the total war dead . By 1985 they had identified 3.1 million confirmed dead and 1.2 million missing and presumed dead . The Deutsche Dienststelle ( WASt ) reported the same figures in 2005 ( 1993 ) The Russian historian G. Krivosheev puts the losses of the `` Vlasovites , Balts and Muslims etc . '' in German service at 215,000 According to Krivosheev 450,600 German POWs died in Soviet captivity ( 356,700 in camps and 93,900 in transit ) ( 2000 ) Rüdiger Overmans , an associate of the German Armed Forces Military History Research Office provided a reassessment of German military war dead based on a statistical survey of German military personnel records at the Deutsche Dienststelle ( WASt ) . The Overmans research project was financed by a private foundation and published with the endorsement of the German Armed Forces Military History Research Office of the Federal Ministry of Defense ( Germany ) . The study found that the statistics compiled by German military during the war were incomplete and did not provide an accurate accounting of casualties . The research by Overmans concluded that German military dead and missing were 5,318,000 ( 4,456,000 in prewar 1937 borders File : DR1937. 1. png and 539,000 foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe , 261,000 Austria and 63,000 foreign nationals from western European nations ) . The Overmans study did not include Soviet citizens in German service The details of the Overmans study are presented in German casualties in World War II . In a separate study Overmans concluded that the actual death toll of German POWs was about 1.1 million men including ( 1.0 million ) in the USSR Civilian Casualties ^ S1 Official German and Austrian sources from the 1950s reported about 2,950,000 civilian war dead : 434,000 air raid dead ( 410,000 Germany , 24,000 Austria 300 , 00 deaths due to Nazi racial , religious and political persecution not including victims of the Nazi euthanasia program . Austrian sources put the number of victims of the Nazis at 100,000 ; 2,111,000 Deaths due to expulsion of the Germans from east - central Europe . The German government still maintains that 2.0 million civilians perished during the flight and expulsions from Eastern Europe . ^ S2 Recent research indicates about 1,550,000 civilian war dead : 353,000 000 air raid dead 300,000 00 deaths due to Nazi racial , religious and political persecution in Germany and 100,000 in Austria ; . German government sources reported 200,000 victims of the Nazi euthanasia program Deaths due to expulsion of the Germans from east - central Europe were 600,000 according to a report by the German Federal Archive Civilian casualties in air raids ( 1945 - 47 ) The United States Strategic Bombing Survey gave three different figures for German air raid deaths . 1 - The summary report of September 30 , 1945 put total casualties for the entire period of the war at 305,000 killed and 780,000 wounded . 2 - The section Effects of Strategic Bombing on the German War Economy of October 31 , 1945 put the losses at 375,000 killed and 625,000 wounded 3 - The section The Effect of Bombing on Health and Medical Care in Germany of January 1947 made a preliminary calculated estimate of air raid dead at 422,000 . Regarding overall losses they concluded that `` It was further estimated that an additional number , approximately 25 % of known deaths in 1944 - 45 , were still unrecovered and unrecorded . With an addition of this estimate of 1944 - 45 unrecorded deaths , the final estimation gave in round numbers a half a million German civilians killed by Allied aerial attacks '' ( 1956 ) A German government study put German air war dead at 635,000 ; 500,000 killed by allied strategic bombing and 135,000 refugees killed during the evacuations from eastern Europe in 1945 . These figures include 593,000 Germany in 1937 borders File : DR1937. 1. png ( 410,000 civilians , 32,000 foreigners and POW and 23,000 military and Police killed in strategic bombing and 127,000 civilians and 1,000 military and Police refugees fleeing on the eastern front ) . There were an additional 42,000 dead in Austria and the annexed territories ( 26,000 civilians , 7,000 foreigners and POW and 1,000 military and Police were killed in strategic bombing and 7,000 refugees fleeing on the eastern front ) Historian Richard Overy in 2014 published a study of the air war The Bombers and the Bombed : Allied Air War Over Europe 1940 - 1945 in which he disputed the official German figures of air war dead . He estimated total air raid deaths at 353,000 . Overy maintains that the German estimates are based on incorrect speculations for losses during the last three months of the war when there was a gap in the record keeping system . He points out that the figures for air raid dead in the last three months of the war were estimated in the West German figures from 1956 at 300,000 people which he believes is not plausible . The official figures include an inflated total of 60,000 in the Bombing of Dresden and the inclusion of refugees fleeing westward . Civilians killed in 1945 military campaign The West German government in made a rough estimate in 1956 of 20,000 civilians killed during the 1945 military campaign in current post war German borders , not including the former German territories in Poland . However , there is a more recent estimate of 22,000 civilians killed during the fighting in Berlin only . Deaths due to Nazi political , racial and religious persecution The West German government put the number of Germans killed by the Nazi political , racial and religious persecution at 300,000 ( including 170,000 German Jews ) A 2003 report by the German Federal Archive put the total murdered during the Action T4 Euthanasia program at over 200,000 persons . Expulsion and flight of ethnic GermansThe following notes summarize German expulsion casualties , the details are presented in the flight and expulsion of Germans ( 1944 -- 1950 ) , the forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union ' and the Demographic estimates of the flight and expulsion of Germans . The figures for these losses are currently disputed , estimates of the total deaths range from 500,000 to 2,000,000 . The death toll attributable to the flight and expulsions was estimated at 2.2 million by the West German government in 1958 . German government reports which were released to the public in 1987 and 1989 have caused some historians in Germany to put the actual total at 500,000 to 600,000 . English language sources put the death toll at 2 to 3 million based on the West German government statistical analysis of the 1950s . ( 1950 ) The West German government made a preliminary estimate of 3.0 million civilian deaths in the expulsions. ( 1.5 million in prewar 1937 Germany Oder -- Neisse line # / media / File : Oder - neisse. gif and 1.5 million foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe ) ( 1954 - 1961 ) The Schieder commission made preliminary estimates the civilian death toll in the expulsions of about 2.3 million persons , broken out as follows : 2,000,000 Poland ( in post war borders ) and the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia ; 225,600 Czechoslovakia ; 69,000 Yugoslavia ; 40,000 Romania ; 6,000 Hungary. These preliminary figures were superseded with the publication of the 1958 West German demographic study . ( 1958 ) A West German government demographic study estimated 2,225,000 civilians died during the flight during the war , post war expulsions and the Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union , broken out as follows : Germany in 1937 borders Oder -- Neisse line # / media / File : Oder - neisse. gif 1,339,000 ; Poland in 1939 borders ( 15 ) 185,000 ; Danzig 83,000 ; Czechoslovakia 273,000 ; Yugoslavia 136,000 ; Romania 101,000 ; Hungary 57,000 ; Baltic States 51,000 . ( 1965 ) , The search service of the German churches and Red Cross was able to confirm 473,013 civilian deaths in eastern Europe due to the expulsions , broken out as follows : 367,392 Poland ( in post war borders ) ; 18,889 Sudetenland ; 64,779 Slovakia , Hungary , Romania and Yugoslavia ; 9,064 Baltic States ; and 12,889 Germans resettled in Poland . There were an additional 1,905,991 unsolved cases of persons reported missing . The results of this survey were kept secret until 1987 . ( 1966 ) The West German Federal Ministry for Expellees , Refugees and War Victims issued a statement that put the number of expulsion dead at 2,111,000 ( 1,225,000 Germany in 1937 borders Oder -- Neisse line # / media / File : Oder - neisse. gif and 886,000 foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe ) ( 1974 ) A study by the German Federal Archive estimated a death toll of 600,000 of civilians in the expulsions and deportations to the USSR. ( 400,000 in Poland ( in post war borders ) and the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia ; 130,000 in Czechoslovakia and 80,000 in Yugoslavia . ) The authors of the report maintain that these figures cover only those deaths caused violent acts and deaths in forced labor and internment camps . They also stated that their figures do not include deaths due to malnutrition and disease , this has been disputed by historian Ingo Haar who believes that total losses are between 500 - 600,000 This report was kept secret and not published until 1989 . ( 1985 ) A demographic analysis which has the support of the German government , estimated 2,020,000 civilians died during the post war expulsions and the forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union broken out as follows : ( 870,000 Germany in 1937 borders east of the Oder -- Neisse line ; 108,000 Germans resettled in Poland during the war ; 174,000 Poland in 1939 borders ( 16 ) ; 40,000 Danzig ; 220,000 Czechoslovakia ; 106,000 Yugoslavia ; 75,000 Romania ; 84,000 Hungary ; 33,000 Baltic States ; 310,000 USSR ) The German government currently maintains that 2.0 million civilians perished in the flight and expulsion from Eastern Europe . In 2006 Christoph Bergner , Secretary of State in Germany 's Bureau for Inner Affairs maintainted that the figure of 2 million deaths is correct because it includes the deaths from malnutrition and disease of those civilians subject to the expulsions . A 2005 report by the German government search service put the death toll at 2,251,500 , they did not provide details of the figure The current position in 2015 of the German government Federal Agency for Civic Education is that 2 million civilians perished in the expulsions , they cited as the source for this figure Gerhard Reichling , Die deutschen Vertriebenen in Zahlen . The German government figures of 2.0 to 2.5 million civilian deaths due to the expulsions have been disputed by scholars since the publication of the results of the German church search service survey and the report by the German Federal Archive . German historians Hans Henning Hahn and Eva Hahn have published a detailed study of the flight and expulsions . They maintain that figures related to flight and expulsion have been manipulated by the German government due to political pressure . The Hahn 's believe the official German figure of 2 million deaths is an historical myth , lacking foundation . They place the ultimate blame for the mass flight and expulsion on the wartime policy of the Nazis in Eastern Europe . The Hahn 's maintain that the 473,013 confirmed deaths is a correct accounting of the losses . Most of these losses occurred during the Nazi organized flight and evacuation during the war , and the forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union ; they point out that there are 80,522 confirmed deaths in the postwar internment camps . German historian Rüdiger Overmans published a study of German military casualties , this project did not investigate civilian expulsion deaths . Overmans did however provide a critical analysis of the previous studies by German government of the human losses in the expulsions . Overmans maintains that these studies lack adequate support , he maintains that a figure of 500,000 expulsion dead is credible and that there are more arguments for the lower figures rather than the higher figures , he believes that new research is needed to determine the correct balance of the human losses in the expulsions . According to Overmans the figure of 1.9 million missing persons reported by the search service is unreliable as it includes military dead and persons of dubious German ancestry who were not expelled after the war but remained in eastern Europe , also the figures for expellees living in the GDR was understated . German historian Ingo Haar called into question the validity of the official government figure of 2.0 million expulsion deaths in a 2006 article in the German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung . Since then Haar has published three articles in academic journals that covered the background of the research by the West German government on the expulsions . According to Haar the numbers were set too high for postwar political reasons . His own research indicates that all reasonable estimates of deaths from expulsions lie between around 500,000 and 600,000 , he maintains that deaths due to disease , hunger and other conditions are already included in these numbers . The German Historical Museum puts the number of deaths due to the expulsions at 600,000 , they maintain that the figure of 2 million deaths in the previous government studies can not be supported . A joint Czech -- German Historical Commission determined that between 15,000 and 30,000 Germans perished in the expulsions . The commission found that the demographic estimates by the German government of 220,000 to 270,000 civilian deaths due to expulsions from Czechoslovakia were based on faulty data . The Commission determined that the demographic estimates by the German government counted as missing 90,000 ethnic Germans assimilated into the Czech population ; military deaths were understated and that the 1950 census data used to compute the demographic losses was unreliable . Polish historian Bernadetta Nitschke has provided a summary of the research in Poland on German losses due to the flight and resettlement of the Germans from Poland , not including other eastern European countries . Nitschke contrasted the estimate of 1.6 million deaths in Poland reported by the West German government in the 1950s with the figure of 400,000 ( in Poland only ) that was disclosed in 1989 . According to Nitschke most of the civilian deaths occurred during the flight and evacuation during the war , the deportation to the U.S.S.R. for forced labor , and after the resettlement in the Soviet occupation zone in post war Germany . Polish historians Witold Sienkiewicz and Grzegorz Hryciuk believe that between 600,000 and 1.2 million German civilians perished during the wartime evacuations . The main causes of death were cold , stress , and bombing . According to Sienkiewicz and Hryciuk between 200,000 - 250,000 persons were held in postwar Polish internment camps and between 15,000 - 60,000 perished . Post war increase in natural deaths German government figures of war losses do not include the increase in natural deaths with war casualties . The German economist Bruno Gleitze from the German Institute for Economic Research estimated that there were 1,200,000 excess deaths caused by the harsh conditions in Germany during and after the war . Gleitze estimated 400,000 excess deaths during the war and 800,000 in post war Germany The West German Statistisches Bundesamt put the actual deaths from 1939 - 46 due to natural causes at 7,130,000 persons , the demographic study by Peter Marschalck estimated the expected deaths in peacetime due to natural causes of 5,900,000 persons , a difference of 1,230,000 excess deaths . In Allied - occupied Germany the shortage of food was an acute problem in 1946 -- 47 . The average kilocalorie intake per day was only 1,600 to 1,800 , an amount insufficient for long - term health . ^ T Greece The Greek government is planning to claim reparations from Germany for war damages . The Greek National Council for Reparations from Germany reports the following casualties during the Axis occupation of Greece during World War II . Military dead 35,077 , including : 13,327 killed in the Greco - Italian War of 1940 -- 41 ; 1,100 with the Greek Royal Forces in the Middle East , and 20,650 partisan deaths . Civilian deaths 171,845 , including : 56,225 executed by Axis forces ; 105,000 dead in German concentration camps ( including Jews ) ; 7,120 deaths due to bombing ; 3,500 merchant marine dead ; 600,000 Famine deaths during the war A study published by Cambridge University Press in 2010 estimated that Greece suffered approximately 300,000 deaths during the Axis occupation as a result of famine and malnutrition Gregory Frumkin , who was throughout its existence editor of the Statistical Year - Book of the League of Nations gave the following assessment of Greek losses in the war . He points out that `` the data on Greek war losses are frequently divergent and even inconsistent '' . His estimates for Greek losses are as follows : the war dead included 20,000 military deaths in the Greco - Italian War of 1940 -- 41 , 60,000 non-Jewish civilians , 20,000 non-Jewish deportees , 60,000 Jews and 140,000 famine deaths during the Axis occupation of Greece during World War II . In campaigns against the Greek Resistance the German occupiers engaged in a policy of reprisals against civilians , the most notorious were the Distomo massacre and the Massacre of Kalavryta . According to the German historian Dieter Pohl at least 25,000 but perhaps even more civilians were killed in mass executions . Pohl maintains that about 1 million persons ( 14 % of the population ) were displaced in the campaigns against the Greek Resistance because their homes were destroyed or they were expelled and became refugees . ^ TA Guam Guam was a United States administered territory during World War Two . The local Chamorro people were granted U.S. citizenship in the Guam Organic Act of 1950 . According to an official U.S. report during the Battle of Guam on December 8 -- 10 , 4 Guam local military personnel and 3 Guam residents were killed in the battle . However , Japanese sources reported 40 -- 50 of the local population killed . Between 1,000 to 2,000 Chamorro people were killed or otherwise died of abuse and mistreatment during the Japanese occupation of Guam from December 10 , 1941 until August 10 , 1944 , including an estimated 600 civilians who were massacred by the Japanese during the Battle of Guam ( 1944 ) . ^ U Hungary Tamás Stark of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences has provided the following assessment of Hungarian losses . Military losses were 300,000 to 310,000 including 110 -- 120,000 killed in action and 200,000 in Soviet POW and labor camps and 20 - 25,000 Jews in Hungarian military labor service . About 210,000 were from Hungary in the 1939 borders and about 100,000 men who were conscripted from the annexed territories of Greater Hungary in Slovakia , Romania and Yugoslavia . Civilian dead within the borders of present - day Hungary included 220,000 Hungarian Jews killed in the Holocaust and 44,000 deaths from military operations ^ V Iceland Confirmed losses of civilian sailors due to German attacks and mines . ^ W India India which was a British Colony during World War II included the present day India , Pakistan and Bangladesh . India under British administration is sometimes referred to as the British Raj . The war dead of 87,029 listed here are those reported by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission , Gurkhas recruited from Nepal fought with the British Indian Army during the Second World War . Gurkha casualties with the British Indian Army can be broken down as : 8,985 killed or missing and 23,655 wounded . The preliminary 1945 data for Indian losses was , killed 24,338 , missing 11,754 , wounded 64,354 and POW 79,489 . Out of 60,000 Indian Army POWs taken at the Fall of Singapore , 11,000 died in captivity . The pro-Japanese Indian National Army lost 2,615 dead and missing . Bengal famine of 1943 John W. Dower estimated 1.5 million civilian deaths in the Bengal famine of 1943 . Amartya Sen currently the Lamont University Professor at Harvard University has recently estimated that a figure of 2.0 to 2.5 million fatalities may be more accurate . ^ X Iran Losses during allied occupation in 1941 . ^ Y Iraq Losses during Anglo - Iraqi War and UK occupation in 1941 . According to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum between 150 - 180 Jews were killed in the Farhud pogram in 1941 ^ Z Ireland Although neutral , an estimated 70,000 of the Irish Free State 's citizens volunteered in the British military service . Some 40 Irish citizens were killed by accidental bombings in Dublin and Carlow , and 33 Irish merchant seamen were killed in U-boat attacks by Germany . ^ AA Italy The Italian government issued an accounting of the war dead in 1957 , they broke out the losses before and after the Armistice with Italy : military dead and missing 291,376 ( 204,376 pre-armistice and 87,030 post armistice ). Civilian dead and missing at 153,147 ( 123,119 post armistice ) including in air raids 61,432 ( 42,613 post armistice ) . A brief summary of data from this report can be found online . Military war dead Confirmed dead were 159,957 ( 92,767 pre-armistice , 67,090 post armistice ) Missing and presumed dead ( including POWs ) were 131,419 ( 111,579 pre-armistice , 19,840 post armistice ) Losses by branch of service : Army 201,405 ; Navy 22,034 ; Air Force 9,096 ; Colonial Forces 354 ; Chaplains 91 ; Fascist militia 10,066 ; Paramilitary 3,252 ; not indicated 45,078 . Military Losses by theatre of war : Italy 74,725 ( 37,573 post armistice ) ; France 2,060 ( 1,039 post armistice ) ; Germany 25,430 ( 24,020 post armistice ) ; Greece , Albania , and Yugoslavia 49,459 ( 10,090 post armistice ) ; USSR 82,079 ( 3,522 post armistice ) ; Africa 22,341 ( 1,565 post armistice ) , at sea 28,438 ( 5,526 post armistice ) ; other and unknown 6,844 ( 3,695 post armistice ) . Military losses in Italy after the September 1943 Armistice with Italy , included 5,927 with the Allies , 17,488 Italian resistance movement fighters in Italy and 13,000 RSI Italian Social Republic Fascist forces . Included in the losses are 64,000 victims of Nazi reprisals and genocide including 30,000 POWs and 8,500 Jews . According to Martin Gilbert , Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 8,000 in Italy and 562 in the Italian colony of Libya Updated studies ( 2010 ) by the Ufficio dell'Albo d'Oro of the Italian Ministry of Defence , p. 4 have revised the military deaths to 319,207 , of which 246,432 belonged to the Army , 31,347 to the Navy , 13,210 to the Air Force , 15,197 to the Partisan formations and 13,021 to the armed forces of the Italian Social Republic . The casualties recorded for Italy do not include Italians who were born in Italian colonies and possessions ( ethnic Italians in Libya , Eritrea , Ethiopia , Somalia and the Dodecanese ) and in national territories that Italy lost with the Paris peace treaty of 1947 ( mainly the Julian March , Istria and Zara / Zadar ; a large part of the victims of the Foibe massacres are thus not included ) . Also Africans conscripted by Italy are not included in their figures . With regards to the Partisan casualties , it should be noted that a ministerial study published in 1955 listed the partisans killed or executed as 35,828 ; however , the Ufficio dell'Albo d'Oro only considered as partisans the members of the Resistance who were civilians before joining the partisans , whereas partisans who were formerly members of the Italian armed forces ( more than half those killed ) were considered as members of their armed force of origin . With regards to the Italian Social Republic casualties , it should be pointed out that the Ufficio dell'Albo d'Oro excludes from its lists of the fallen the individuals who committed war crimes . In the context of the RSI , where numerous war crimes were committed in the anti-partisan warfare , and many individuals were therefore involved in such crimes ( especially GNR and Black Brigades personnel ) , this influences negatively the casualty count , under a statistical point of view . The `` RSI Historical Foundation '' ( Fondazione RSI Istituto Storico ) has drafted a list that lists the names of some 35,000 RSI military personnel killed in action or executed during and immediately after World War II ( including the `` revenge killings '' that occurred at the end of the hostilities and in their immediate aftermath ) , including some 13,500 members of the Guardia Nazionale Repubblicana and Milizia Difesa Territoriale , 6,200 members of the Black Brigades , 2,800 Aeronautica Nazionale Repubblicana personnel , 1,000 Marina Nazionale Repubblicana personnel , 1,900 X MAS personnel , 800 soldiers of the `` Monterosa '' Division , 470 soldiers of the `` Italia '' Division , 1,500 soldiers of the `` San Marco '' Division , 300 soldiers of the `` Littorio '' Division , 350 soldiers of the `` Tagliamento '' Alpini Regiment , 730 soldiers of the 3rd and 8th Bersaglieri regiments , 4,000 troops of miscellaneous units of the Esercito Nazionale Repubblicano ( excluding the aabove - mentioned Divisions and Alpini and Bersaglieri Regiments ) , 300 members of the Legione Autonoma Mobile `` Ettore Muti '' , 200 members of the Raggruppamento Anti Partigiani , 550 members of the Italian SS , and 170 members of the Cacciatori degli Appennini Regiment . This would bring the total number of Italian military personnel killed to some 341,000 ( excluding colonial troops ) . . According to the official history of the Italian Army ( Rovighi , Alberto ( 1988 ) , Le Operazioni in Africa Orientale : ( giugno 1940 -- novembre 1941 ) ( Operations in East Africa : ( June 1940 -- November 1941 ) ) , Rome , Stato Maggiore Esercito , Ufficio storico ) From June 1940 to 16 April 1941 , 11,755 askaris were killed in Italian East Africa , excluding the losses in Giuba region and eastern fronts . After that date , in the last battles in East Africa there were 490 askaris killed in the battle of Culqualber and 3,700 killed in the battle of Gondar , plus an unknown number in the battle of Amba Alagi and other minor clashes . This would mean that the number of askaris killed in East Africa was likely somewhere between 16,000 and 20,000 . According to the Italian Army official history ( USSME , La prima offensiva Britannica in Africa Settentrionale , tomo I , allegato 32 ( page 375 ) ) , the two Libyan colonial divisions lost 1,399 soldiers killed ( not counting the officers , who were Italian ) in the battle of Sidi Barrani , where they were both destroyed . There was not much use of colonial troops in North Africa afterwards . ^ AB Japan Estimates for total Japanese war dead from 1937 - 1945 range from at least 2.5 million to 3.237 million According to the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare Japanese war dead ( 1937 -- 45 ) totaled 3.1 million persons including 2.3 million soldiers and Army / Navy civilian employees , 500,000 civilians in Japan and 300,000 civilians living outside of Japan . These figures include military dead of 30,000 Chinese from Taiwan and 22,182 Koreans . Military dead According to a report compiled by the Relief Bureau of the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare in March 1964 , combined Japanese Army and Navy deaths during the war ( 1937 -- 45 ) numbered approximately 2,121,000 ; broken down as follows : Key : Location , Army dead , Navy dead , ( Total dead ) Japan Proper : 58,100 , 45,800 , ( 103,900 ) Bonin Islands : 2,700 , 12,500 , ( 15,200 ) Okinawa : 67,900 , 21,500 , ( 89,400 ) Formosa ( Taiwan ) : 28,500 , 10,600 , ( 39,100 ) Korea : 19,600 , 6,900 , ( 26,500 ) Sakhalin , the Aleutian , and Kuril Islands : 8,200 , 3,200 , ( 11,400 ) Manchuria : 45,900 , 800 , ( 46,700 ) China ( inc . Hong Kong ) : 435,600 , 20,100 , ( 455,700 ) Siberia : 52,300 , 400 , ( 52,700 ) Central Pacific : 95,800 , 151,400 , ( 247,200 ) Philippines : 377,500 , 121,100 , ( 498,600 ) French Indochina : 7,900 , 4,500 , ( 12,400 ) Thailand : 6,900 , 100 , ( 7,000 ) Burma ( inc . India ) : 163,000 , 1,500 , ( 164,500 ) Malaya & Singapore : 8,500 , 2,900 , ( 11,400 ) Andaman & Nicobar Islands : 900 , 1,500 , ( 2,400 ) Sumatra : 2,700 , 500 , ( 3,200 ) Java : 2,700 , 3,800 , ( 6,500 ) Lesser Sundas : 51,800 , 1,200 , ( 53,000 ) Borneo : 11,300 , 6,700 , ( 18,000 ) Celebes : 1,500 , 4,000 , ( 5,500 ) Moluccas : 2,600 , 1,800 , ( 4,400 ) New Guinea : 112,400 , 15,200 , ( 127,600 ) Bismarck Archipelago : 19,700 , 10,800 , ( 30,500 ) Solomon Islands : 63,200 , 25,000 , ( 88,200 ) Total : 1,647,200 , 473,800 , ( 2,121,000 ) Overall , perhaps two thirds of all Japanese military dead came not from combat , but from starvation and disease . In some cases this figure was potentially even higher , up to 80 % in the Philippines and a staggering 97 % in New Guinea . According to John W. Dower the Japanese source Showa Shi -- 1959 by Shigeki Toyama put Japanese war dead from 1937 - 1941 in the Second Sino - Japanese War at 185,467 In 1949 the report of the Japanese government Economic Stabilization Board put military war dead from December 1941 to December 21 , 1946 at 1,555,308 Killed and 309,402 wounded These figures do not include an additional 240,000 missing Army personnel . The figures of wounded show only those receiving pensions . The details of these figures are as follows : Army China after Pearl Harbor 202,958 killed and 88,920 wounded . vs. United States 485,717 killed and 34,679 wounded . vs. U.K. and Netherlands 208,026 killed and 139,225 wounded . vs. Australia 199,511 killed and 15,000 wounded . French Indochina 2,803 killed and 6,000 wounded . Manchuria & USSR 7,483 killed and 4,641 wounded . other overseas 23,388 killed and 0 wounded Japan proper 10,543 killed and 6,782 wounded Army total 1,140,429 killed and 295,247 wounded . Navy Sailors 300,386 killed and 12,275 wounded and missing . Civilians in Navy service 114,493 killed and 1,880 wounded and missing . Navy total 414,879 killed and 14,155 wounded and missing . The Japanese Central Liaison Office reported in July 1947 to the Allied occupation authorities that Japanese military dead from 1935 - 1945 were 1,687,738 ( 1,340,700 Army and 347,038 Navy ) The Yasukuni Shrine in Japan lists a total of 191,250 war dead from 1937 to 1941 in the Second Sino - Japanese War and 2,133,915 in the Pacific War Their figures include civilians who participated in combat and Chinese ( Taiwan ) and Koreans in the Japanese Armed Forces . According to the calculations of Werner Gruhl Japanese military war dead were 2,565,878 ( 250,000 from 1931 -- 41 and 2,315,878 from 1942 - 45 ) John W. Dower Dower maintains that `` only one third of the military deaths occurred in actual combat , the majority being caused by illness and starvation . '' According to Dower over 300,000 Japanese POW were missing after being captured by the Soviets . Japanese figures as of 12 / 31 / 1948 listed 469,074 missing personnel in Soviet hands , while at the same time the Soviets admitted to holding 95,000 Japanese prisoners thus leaving 374,041 surrendered Japanese personnel who were unaccounted for and presumed dead . According to Dower `` Known deaths of Japanese troops awaiting repatriation in Allied ( non-Soviet ) hands were listed as 81,090 by U.S. authorities . The Japanese Ministry of Welfare and Foreign Office reported from 1951 - 60 that 254,000 military personnel and civilians were confirmed dead and 95,000 went missing in Soviet hands after the war . The details of these losses are as follows : 199,000 in Manchurian transit camps , 36,000 in North Korea , 9,000 on Sakhalin and 103,000 in the USSR . According to the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare 65,000 soldiers and civilians were killed in the 1945 military campaign against the Soviet Union . After the war ended deaths at the hands of the Red Army and local Chinese population were 185,000 Manchuria , 28,000 in North Korea and 10,000 on Sakhalin and the Kurile islands . An additional 700,000 were taken prisoner by the Soviets were 50,000 died in forced labor in the USSR and Outer Mongolia . The Japanese government figures for POW deaths are not in agreement with Soviet figures . Russian sources report that the Soviets reported the POW deaths of 62,105 ( 61,855 Japanese and 214 collaborator forces ) out of the 640,105 captured ( 609,448 Japanese and 30,657 collaborator forces ) . Civilian Dead The 1949 report of the Japanese government Economic Stabilization Board detailed the casualties caused by air raids and sea bombardment . Total casualties were 668,315 including 299,485 dead , 24,010 missing and 344,820 injured . These figures include the casualties in Tokyo ( 東京 ) 97,031 dead , 6,034 missing and 113,923 injured ; in Hiroshima ( 広島 ) 86,141 dead , 14,394 missing and 46,672 injured , in Nagasaki ( 長崎 ) 26,238 dead , 1,947 missing and 41,113 injured . According to John W. Dower an error which appears in English language sources puts the total killed in air raids at 668,000 , a figure which includes dead , missing and injured . A Japanese academic study published in 1979 by The Committee for the Compilation of Materials on Damage Caused by the Atomic Bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki puts the total dead in the atomic attacks at 140,000 ( ± 10,000 ) in Hiroshima and 70,000 ( ± 10,000 ) in Nagasaki . According to the authors of the report a study of atomic bomb related casualties in Hiroshima in December 1945 was `` lost and not discovered until twenty years later '' , they cited a similar survey in Nagasaki done in December 1945 . The authors maintain that the lower casualty figures published in the immediate post war era did not include military personnel and missing persons . The figures of dead in the atomic attacks from this study were cited by John W. Dower in his ' War Without Mercy According to the World Nuclear Association , `` In Hiroshima , of a resident civilian population of 250,000 it was estimated that 45,000 died on the first day and a further 19,000 during the subsequent four months . In Nagasaki , out of a population of 174,000 , 22,000 died on the first day and another 17,000 within four months . Unrecorded deaths of military personnel and foreign workers may have added considerably to these figures . About 15 square kilometers ( over 50 % ) of the two cities was destroyed . It is impossible to estimate the proportion of these 103,000 deaths , or of the further deaths in military personnel , which were due to radiation exposure rather than to the very high temperatures and blast pressures caused by the explosions . '' They noted that `` To the 103,000 deaths from the blast or acute radiation exposure at Hiroshima and Nagasaki have since been added those due to radiation - induced cancers , which amounted to some 400 within 30 years , and which may ultimately reach about 550 . ( Some 93,000 exposed survivors were still being monitored 50 years later . ) '' The Radiation Effects Research Foundation puts the number of deaths ( within two to four months ) , in Hiroshima at 90,000 to 166,000 persons , and in Nagasaki at 60,000 to 80,000 persons . They noted that deaths caused by the atomic bombings include those that occurred on the days of the bombings due to the overwhelming force and heat of the blasts , as well as later deaths attributable to radiation exposure . The total number of deaths is not known precisely because military personnel records in each city were destroyed ; entire families perished , leaving no one to report deaths ; and unknown numbers of forced laborers were present in both cities The U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey published the following estimates of Japanese casualties due to U.S. bombing . 1 - Summary Report ( July 1946 ) Total civilian casualties in Japan , as a result of 9 months of air attack , including those from the atomic bombs , were approximately 806,000 . Of these , approximately 330,000 were fatalities . 2 - United States Strategic Bombing Survey , Medical Division ( 1947 ) The bombing of Japan killed 333,000 civilians and injured 473,000 . Of this total 120,000 died and 160,000 were injured in the atomic bombings , leaving 213,000 dead and 313,000 injured by conventional bombing . 3 - The effects of air attack on Japanese urban economy . Summary report ( 1947 ) Estimated that 252,769 Japanese were killed and 298,650 injured in the air war . 4 - The Effects of strategic bombing on Japanese morale Based on a survey of Japanese households the death toll was put at 900,000 dead and 1.3 million injured , the SBS noted that this figure was subject to a maximum sampling error of 30 % . 5 - Strategic Bombing Survey The Effects of Atomic Bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki The most striking result of the atomic bombs was the great number of casualties . The exact number of dead and injured will never be known because of the confusion after the explosions . Persons unaccounted for might have been burned beyond recognition in the falling buildings , disposed of in one of the mass cremations of the first week of recovery , or driven out of the city to die or recover without any record remaining . No sure count of even the prepaid populations existed . Because of the decline in activity in the two port cities , the constant threat of incendiary raids , and the formal evacuation programs of the Government , an unknown number of the inhabitants had either drifter away from the cities or been removed according to plan . In this uncertain situation , estimates of casualties have generally ranged between 100,000 and 180,000 for Hiroshima , and between 50,000 and 100,000 for Nagasaki . The Survey believes the dead at Hiroshima to have been between 70,000 and 80,000 , with an equal number injured ; at Nagasaki over 35,000 dead and somewhat more than that injured seems the most plausible estimate . John W. Dower puts Japanese civilian dead in Battle of Saipan at 10,000 and 150,000 in Battle of Okinawa based on a recent study of the campaign . However American military sources put civilian dead on Okinawa at 42,000 , they noted that Japanese sources indicate 50,000 Okinawan noncombatants were killed during the campaign War related deaths of Japanese merchant marine personnel were 27,000 . ^ AC Korea American researcher R.J. Rummel estimated 378,000 Korean dead due to forced labor in Japan and Manchuria . According to Rummel , `` Information on Korean deaths under Japanese occupation is difficult to uncover . We do know that 5,400,000 Koreans were conscripted for labor beginning in 1939 , but how many died can only be roughly estimated . '' Werner Gruhl estimated the civilian death toll due to the war and Japanese occupation at 533,000 John W. Dower has noted `` Between 1939 and 1945 , close to 670,000 Koreans were brought to Japan for fixed terms of work , mostly in mines and heavy industry , and it has been estimated that 60,000 or more of them died under harsh conditions of their work places . Over 10,000 others were probably killed in the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . ^ AD Latvia Independent Russian historian Vadim Erlikman estimated Latvian civilian war dead from 1941 - 45 at 220,000 ( 35,000 in military operations ; 110,000 executed , 35,000 in Germany and 40,000 due to hunger and disease . Military dead were estimated with Soviet forces at 10,000 and 15,000 with German . POW deaths 3,000 . ^ AE Lithuania Independent Russian historian Vadim Erlikman estimated Lithuanian civilian war dead from 1941 - 45 at 345,000 ( 25,000 in military operations ; 230,000 executed , 15,000 in Germany and 75,000 due to hunger and disease . Military dead were estimated with Soviet forces at 15,000 and 5,000 with German . POW deaths 4,000 . ^ AF Luxembourg Total war dead were 5,000 which included military losses of about 3,000 with the German Armed Forces and 200 in a separate unit attached to the Belgian Army . ^ AG Malaya and Singapore The British colony of Malaya consisted of the Straits Settlements , the Federated Malay States and Unfederated Malay States . Today they are the nations Malaysia and Singapore . According to John W. Dower `` Malayan officials after the war claimed , possibly with exaggeration , that as many as 100,000 residents , mostly Chinese , may have been killed by the Japanese ; of 73,000 Malayans transported to work on the Burma - Siam railway , 25,000 were reported to have died . According to Werner Gruhl in Singapore the Japanese murdered 5,000 to 10,000 Chinese in 1942 . In Malaya and Singapore an estimated 50,000 Chinese were killed in this genocide by the end of the war ^ AH Malta 1,493 civilians were killed and 3,734 wounded during the Siege of Malta ( World War II ) Maltese civilians killed during the siege are also included with U.K. civilian deaths by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission ^ AI Mexico Mexico lost 7 merchant ships and 63 dead merchant mariners . A Mexican Air Force unit Escuadrón 201 served in the Pacific and suffered 5 combat deaths . ^ AJ Mongolia Military losses with USSR against Japan in the 1939 Battle of Khalkhin Gol ( 200 ) and the 1945 Soviet invasion of Manchuria ( 72 ) campaigns . ^ AK Nauru During World War II Japan occupied Nauru in August 1942 and deported 1,200 Nauruans to work as laborers in the Caroline Islands , where 463 died . The survivors returned to Nauru in January 1946 . ^ BG Nepal Gurkhas recruited from Nepal fought with the British Indian Army and Nepalese Army during the Second World War . The war dead reported by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission for India include Nepalese in the British Indian Army and Nepalese Army . Gurkha casualties can be broken down as : 8,985 killed or missing and 23,655 wounded . ^ AL Netherlands In 1948 the Netherlands Central Bureau of Statistics ( CBS ) issued a report of war losses . They listed 210,000 direct war casualties in the Netherlands , not including the Dutch East Indies . Military deaths 6,750 which included 3,900 regular Army , 2,600 Navy forces , and 250 POW in Germany . Civilian deaths of 203,250 which included 1,350 Merchant seaman , 2,800 executed , 2,500 dead in Dutch concentration camps , 20,400 killed by acts of war , 104,000 Jewish Holocaust dead , 18,000 political prisoners in Germany , 27,000 workers in Germany , 3,700 Dutch nationals in the German armed forces and 7,500 missing and presumed dead in Germany and 16,000 deaths in the Dutch famine of 1944 . Not Included in the figure of 210,000 war dead are 70,000 `` indirect war casualties '' , which are attributed to an increase in natural deaths from 1940 - 1945 and 1,650 foreign nationals killed while serving in the Dutch Merchant Marine The Netherlands War Graves Foundation maintains a registry of the names of Dutch war dead . ^ AM Newfoundland Newfoundland lost 1,089 persons with U.K. and Canadian Forces during the war . The losses of the Newfoundland Merchant Navy are commemorated at the Allied Merchant Navy Memorial in Newfoundland , Civilian losses were due to the sinking of the SS Caribou in October 1942 . ^ AN New Zealand The Auckland War Museum puts the number of World War II dead at 11,671 The preliminary data for New Zealand losses was killed 10,033 , missing 2,129 , wounded 19,314 and POW 8,453 . ^ AO Norway According to Norwegian government sources the war dead were 10,200 Military ( Norwegian & Allied Forces ) 2,000 ( 800 Army , 900 Navy and 100 Air ) . Civilians 7,500 ( 3,600 Merchant seaman , 1,500 resistance fighters , 1,800 civilians killed and 600 Jews killed ) In German Armed Forces700 ^ AP Papua New Guinea Civilian deaths were caused by Allied bombing and shellfire and Japanese atrocities . Both the Allies and Japanese also conscripted civilians to work as laborers and porters . ^ AQ Philippines According to Werner Gruhl the death toll due to the war and Japanese occupation at 527,000 ( 27,000 military dead , 141,000 massacred , 22,500 forced labor deaths and 336,500 deaths due war related famine ) . Civilian losses included victims of Japanese war crimes , such as the Manila massacre which claimed the lives of 100,000 Filipinos Between 5,000 and 10,000 Filipinos serving with the Filipino troops , Scouts , Constabulary and Philippine Army units lost their lives on the Bataan Death March . ^ AR Poland Total Polish war dead In 2009 , Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota of the Polish Institute of National Remembrance ( IPN ) put the figure of Poland 's dead at between 5,620,000 and 5,820,000 ; including an estimated 150,000 Polish citizens who died due to Soviet repression . The IPN 's figures include 2.7 to 2.9 million Polish Jews who died in the Holocaust and 2,770,000 ethnic Poles ( including `` Direct War Losses '' − 543,000 ; `` Murdered in Camps and in Pacification '' − 506,000 ; `` Deaths in prisons and Camps '' 1,146,000 ; `` Deaths outside of prisons and Camps '' 473,000 ; `` Murdered in Eastern Regions '' 100,000 ; `` Deaths in other countries '' 2,000 ) . Polish researchers have determined that the Nazis murdered 2,830,000 Jews ( including 1,860,000 Polish Jews ) in the extermination camps in Poland , in addition over 1.0 million Polish Jews were murdered by the Einsatzgruppen in the eastern regions or died of starvation and disease while in ghettos . In his 2009 book , Andrzej Leon Sowa of the Jagiellonian University emphasizes the lack of reliable data concerning Warld War II losses . According to him , between 2.35 and 2.9 million Polish citizens of Jewish ethnicity were killed , in addition to about two million ethnic Poles . He writes that not even estimated figures are available regarding Polish citizens of German , Ukrainian or Belarusian ethnicity . The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum maintains that in addition to 3 million Polish Jews killed in the Holocaust . `` Documentation remains fragmentary , but today scholars of independent Poland believe that at least 1.9 million Polish civilians ( non-Jews ) were victims of German occupation policies and the war . Czesław Łuczak in 1993 estimated Poland 's war dead to be 5.9 to 6.0 million , including 2.9 to 3.0 million Jews killed in the Holocaust and 2.0 million ethnic Polish victims of the German and Soviet occupations , ( 1.5 million under German occupation and the balance of 500,000 in the former eastern Polish regions under Soviet occupation ) . Łuczak also included in his figures an estimated 1,000,000 war dead of Polish citizens from the ethnic Ukrainian and Belarusian ethnic groups who comprised 20 % of Poland 's pre-war population . Tadeusz Piotrowski estimated Poland 's losses in World War II to be 5.6 million ; including 5,150,000 victims of Nazi crimes against ethnic Poles and The Holocaust , 350,000 deaths during the Soviet occupation in 1940 -- 41 and about 100,000 Poles killed in 1943 -- 44 during the massacres of Poles in Volhynia . Losses by ethnic group were 3,100,000 Jews ; 2,000,000 ethnic Poles ; 500,000 Ukrainians and Belarusians . Total losses by geographic area were about 4.4 million in present - day Poland and about 1.6 million in the Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union . Polish historian Krystyna Kersten estimated losses of about 2.0 million in the Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union . Contemporary Russian sources also include Poland 's losses in the annexed territories with Soviet war deaths . The official Polish government report on war damages prepared in 1947 listed 6,028,000 war victims during the German occupation ( including 123,178 military deaths , 2.8 million Poles and 3.2 million Jews ) , out of a population of 27,007,000 ethnic Poles and Jews ; this report excluded ethnic Ukrainian and Belarusian losses . Losses were calculated for the territory of Poland in 1939 , including the territories annexed by the USSR . The figure of 6.0 million war dead has been disputed by Polish scholars since the fall of communism who now put the total actual losses at about 3.0 million Jews and 2.0 million ethnic Poles , not including other ethnic groups ( Ukrainians and Belarussians ) . They maintain that the official statistics include those persons who were missing and presumed dead , but actually remained abroad in the West and the USSR after the war . Polish losses during the Soviet occupation ( 1939 -- 1941 ) In August 2009 , Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota of the Polish Institute of National Remembrance ( IPN ) estimated that 150,000 Polish citizens were killed due to Soviet repression . Since the collapse of the USSR , Polish scholars have been able to do research in the Soviet archives on Polish losses during the Soviet occupation . In his 2009 book , Andrzej Leon Sowa of the Jagiellonian University states that about 325,000 Polish citizens were deported by the Soviets in 1940 -- 41 . The number of the deaths for which the Soviets are responsible `` probably did not exceed 100,000 '' , and the same applies to the killings perpetrated by Ukrainian nationalists . Andrzej Paczkowski puts the number of Polish deaths at 90,000 -- 100,000 of the 1.0 million persons deported and 30,000 executed by the Soviets . In 2005 Tadeusz Piotrowski estimated the death toll in Soviet hands at 350,000 . An earlier estimate made in 1987 by Franciszek Proch of the Polish Association of Former Political Prisoners of Nazi and Soviet Concentration Camps estimated the total dead due to the Soviet occupation at 1,050,000 . Polish military casualties Poland lost a total of 139,800 regular soldiers and 100,000 Polish resistance movement fighters during the war . Polish military casualties . Military dead and missing were 66,000 and 130,000 wounded in the 1939 Invasion of Poland , in addition 17,000 -- 19,000 were killed by the Soviets in the Katyn massacre and 12,000 died in German POW camps . The Polish contribution to World War II included the Polish Armed Forces in the West , and the 1st Polish Army fighting under Soviet command . Total casualties of these forces in exile were 33,256 killed in action , 8,548 missing in action , 42,666 wounded and 29,385 interned . The Polish Red Cross reported that the 1944 Warsaw Uprising cost the lives of 120,000 -- 130,000 Polish civilians and 16,000 -- 17,000 Polish resistance movement fighters . The names of Polish war dead are presented at a database online . During the war , 2,762,000 Polish citizens of German descent declared their loyalty to Germany by signing the Deutsche Volksliste . A West German government report estimated the deaths of 108,000 Polish citizens serving in the German armed forces , these men were conscripted in violation of international law . The Institute of National Remembrance ( IPN ) estimates 200,000 -- 210,000 Polish citizens , including 76,000 ethnic Poles were conscripted into the Soviet armed forces in 1940 -- 41 during the occupation of the eastern regions . The ( IPN ) also reported that the Germans conscripted 250,000 Polish nationals into the Wehrmacht , 89,300 later deserted and joined the Polish Armed Forces in the West . ^ AS Timor Officially neutral , East Timor was occupied by Japan during 1942 -- 45 . Allied commandos initiated a guerrilla resistance campaign and most deaths were caused by Japanese reprisals against the civilian population . The Australian Dept. of Defence estimated the civilian death toll at 40,000 to 70,000 . However , another source puts the death toll at 40,000 to 50,000 . ^ AT Romania Demographer Boris Urlanis estimated Romanian war dead at 300,000 military and 200,000 civilians Total Romanian military war dead were approximately 300,000 . Total killed were 93,326 ( 72,291 with Axis and 21,035 with Allies ) . Total missing and POW were 341,765 ( 283,322 with Axis and 58,443 with Allies ) , only about 80,000 survived Soviet captivity . Civilian losses included 160,000 Jewish Holocaust dead , the genocide of Roma people 36,000 and 7,693 civilians killed in Allied air raids on Romania ^ AU Ruanda Urundi The 1943 famine in Ruanda which took 300,000 lives was due to a local drought and the harsh wartime policies of the Belgian colonial administration to increase food production for the war effort in the Congo . As Ruanda ( Rwanda ) was not occupied nor its food supply cut off , these deaths are not usually included with World War II casualties . However , at least one historian has compared the 1943 famine there to the Bengal famine of 1943 , which is attributed to war . ^ AW South Africa The war dead of 11,907 listed here are those reported by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission , The preliminary 1945 data for South African losses was killed 6,840 , missing 1,841 wounded 14,363 and POW 14,589 . ^ AX South Pacific Mandate This territory includes areas now known as the Marshall Islands , Micronesia , Palau , and the Northern Mariana Islands . Micronesian war related civilian deaths were caused by American bombing and shellfire ; and malnutrition caused by the U.S. blockade of the islands . In addition the civilian population was conscripted by the Japanese as forced laborers and were subjected to numerous mindless atrocities . John W. Dower put Japanese civilian dead in Battle of Saipan at 10,000 ^ AY Soviet Union The following notes summarize Soviet casualties , the details are presented in World War II casualties of the Soviet Union A 1993 report published by the Russian Academy of Science estimated the total Soviet losses in World War II at 26.6 million . The Russian Ministry of Defense in 1993 put total military dead and missing from 1941 - 45 at 8,668,400 These figures have generally been accepted by historians in the west . The total population loss of 26,616,000 is an estimate based on a demographic study . The enumerated total based on prewar mortality levels is 22,352,000 including 13,684,000 civilians and 8,668,000 military dead and missing Total population losses Russian demographers E.M. Andreev , L.E. Darski and T.L. Kharkova ( ADK ) authored a study of the Soviet population from 1922 -- 1991 that put total war losses from 1941 -- 1945 at 26.6 million , this is the source used by the Russian government for total losses in the war . This figure includes 4.4 million war dead due to a 1941 - 45 decline in natural deaths and an increase in infant mortality . According to ( ADK ) persons dying of natural causes declined from 2.17 % in 1940 to 1.58 % in 1946 , this was due to the fact that a disproportionate number of adults , especially men were killed during the war , than those persons under 18 and women who survived . ( ADK ) estimated figure for births during the war is based on a post war survey of the Total fertility rate which put the number of births during the war at about one half of the prewar level . They estimated that there was an increase of 1.3 million in Infant mortality caused by the war . They also believe that between 9 - 10 million of the total Soviet war dead were due to the worsening of life conditions in the entire USSR , including the region that was not occupied . ( ADK ) estimated the population of the USSR in June 1941 within the 1946 - 1991 borders of the USSR at 196.716 million , this figure included the 1939 USSR population of 168.525 million , a natural growth in the population from 1939 to mid 1941 of 7.923 million and territories annexed by the USSR of 20.268 million , ( eastern regions of Poland , Lithuania , Latvia , Estonia , Romanian Bessarabia and Bukovina , Tuva , Zakarpattia Oblast , South Sakhalin and the Kaliningrad Oblast ) . and Soviet citizens remaining abroad after the war 622,000 According to the Russian demographer Dr. L.L. Rybakovsky there are a wide range of estimates for total war dead by Russian scholars . He cites figures of total war dead that range from 21.8 million up to 28.0 million . Rybakovsky points out that the variables that are used to compute losses are by no means certain and are currently disputed by historians in Russia. Viktor Zemskov put the total war dead at 20 million , he maintained that the official fifure figure of 26.6 million includes about 7 million deaths due to natural causes based on the mortality rate that prevailed before the war . Some Russian historians put the figure as high as 46.0 million by counting the population deficit due to children not born during the war . Based on the birth rate prior to the war there is a population shortfall of about 20 million births during the war . The figures for the number of children born during the war and natural deaths are rough estimates because of a lack of vital statistics Military Casualties The official Russian Ministry of Defense figure for military total dead and missing from 1941 to 1945 is 8,668,400 ; including 6,330,000 killed in action or died of wounds and 556,000 dead from non-combat causes ; 500,000 MIA and 1,103,300 POW dead and another 180,000 liberated POWs who most likely emigrated to other countries after the war . The Russian Ministry of Defense maintains that their figure of 8.668 million is correct based on the number of men conscripted . The statistic of 8.668 million military dead includes only the deaths of the forces in the field units of the Army and Navy and does not include civilian support forces in rear areas , conscripted reservists killed before being listed on active strength , militia units , and Soviet partisan dead , the Russian Ministry of Defense maintains that they should be included with civilian war losses . The number of military dead is disputed . Critics of the Russian Ministry of Defense maintain that the military war dead do not include 2 to 3 million POW 's and conscripted reservists , a recent academic study put Soviet military dead at 11.4 million The estimate by most western historians of Soviet military POW deaths is about 3 million out of 5.7 million total POWs in German hands. Richard Overy has noted that `` The official figures themselves must be viewed critically , given the difficulty of knowing in the chaos of 1941 and 1942 exactly who had been killed , wounded or even conscripted '' . The late S.N. Mikhalev of the History department of Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University published a critical analysis of the official Russian wartime casualty statistics , he estimated actual Soviet military war dead at 10.9 million . He maintained that the official figures can not be reconciled to the total men drafted and that POW deaths were understated Vadim Erlikman puts military dead at 10.6 million , a recent estimate by the late Viktor Zemskov put military dead at 11.5 million Declassified documents from the Soviet archives published in Russia list total military losses of 11.5 million . Military irreplaceable losses of 7,660,000 military dead and missing based on a General Staff report of July 1945 and 3,912,283 prisoner of war dead , The figure of 8.7 million war dead is based on the field reports of the Red Army and Navy . An alternative method to determine Soviet war losses is the Russian Military Archives data base listing the names with the individual war dead and missing . S.A. Il'enkov , an official of the Central Archives of the Russian Ministry of Defense , maintained , `` We established the number of irreplaceable losses of our Armed Forces at the time of the Great Patriotic War of about 13,850,000 '' . Il'Enkov maintains that the field unit reports did not include deaths in rear area hospitals of wounded personnel . He believes that the information in the Russian Military Archives alphabetical card - indexes `` is a priceless treasure of history , which can assist in resolving the problems of the price of Soviet victory '' There were additional casualties in 1939 -- 40 , which totalled 136,945 : Battle of Khalkhin Gol in 1939 ( 8,931 ) ; Invasion of Poland of 1939 ( 1,139 ) ; and the Winter War with Finland from 1939 -- 40 ( 126,875 ) . The names of many Soviet war dead are presented in the OBD Memorial database online . Civilian war dead In 1995 the Russian Academy of Science published a report that analyzed Soviet losses in the war . They estimated civilian deaths in the German occupied USSR at 13.7 million persons , which included 7.4 million deaths caused by direct , intentional actions of violence , 2.2 million deaths of civilians deported to Germany for forced labor ; and 4.1 million famine and disease deaths in occupied territory . The authors cited sources published in the Soviet era to support these figures . The Russian Academy of Science report estimated an additional 2.5 to 3.2 million civilian dead due to famine in Soviet territory not occupied by the Germans . Viktor Zemskov maintained that the Russian government has exaggerated Soviet civilian losses . Zemeskov believed that the official figure of 18 million civilian war dead was inflated by manipulating the number of natural deaths , underestimating the military losses of POWs and missing and by including persons evacuated to the rear with deaths in the occupied territories . According Zemskov the actual civilian dead directly related to the war was 4.5 million , including about 3 million victims of German atrocities and the partisan war , 200,000 forced laborers , the remaining balance caused by acts of war such as the siege of Leningrad . He also believed that an additional 4.0 million civilians died of famine and disease due to the worsening of living conditions . ^ AZ Spain There were 4,500 military deaths with the all Spanish Blue Division serving with the German Army in the U.S.S.R . The unit was withdrawn by Spain in 1943 . R.J. Rummel estimates the deaths of 20,000 anti-Fascist Spanish refugees resident in France who were deported to Nazi camps , these deaths are included with French civilian casualties . ^ BA Sweden During the Winter war of 1939 -- 40 the Swedish Volunteer Corps served with the Finnish Armed Forces and lost 28 men in combat . 33 Swedish sailors were killed when submarine HMS Ulven was sunk by a German mine on April 16 , 1943 . During the war , Swedish merchant shipping was attacked by both German and Soviet submarines ; 2,000 merchant seamen were killed . ^ BB Switzerland The Americans accidentally bombed Switzerland during the war causing civilian casualties . ^ BC Thailand Military deaths included : 108 dead in the French -- Thai War ( 1940 -- 41 ) and 5,559 who died either resisting the Japanese invasion ( 1941 ) , or fighting alongside Japanese forces in the Burma Campaign of 1942 -- 45 . Allied bombing in 1944 -- 45 caused 2,000 civilian deaths . Unlike other parts of South East Asia , Thailand did not suffer from famine during the war . ^ BD Turkey The Refah tragedy ( Turkish : Refah faciası ) refers to a maritime disaster during World War II , when the cargo steamer Refah of neutral Turkey , carrying Turkish military personnel from Mersin in Turkey to Port Said , Egypt was sunk in eastern Mediterranean waters by a torpedo fired from an unidentified submarine . Of the 200 passengers and crew aboard , only 32 survived . ^ BE United Kingdom and Colonies The Commonwealth War Graves Commission reported a total of 383,758 military dead from all causes for both the UK and non-dominion British colonies , not including India which was reported separately , figures include identified burials and those commemorated by name on memorials. These figures include deaths that occurred after the war up until 31 December 1947 The Commonwealth War Graves Commission also maintains a Roll of Honour of those civilians under Crown Protection ( including foreign nationals ) who died as a result of enemy actions in the Second World War . The names of 67,170 are commemorated in the Civilian War Dead Roll of Honour . Modern updates of UK casualties including the wounded are contained in French , David ( 2000 ) . Raising Churchill 's Army : The British Army and the War against Germany 1919 -- 1945 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 924630 - 0 . online The official UK report on war casualties of June 1946 provided a summary of the U.K. war losses , excluding colonies . This report ( HMSO 6832 ) listed : Total war dead of 357,116 ; Navy ( 50,758 ) ; Army ( 144,079 ) ; Air Force ( 69,606 ) ; Women 's Auxiliary Territorial Service ( 624 ) ; Merchant Navy ( 30,248 ) ; British Home Guard ( 1,206 ) and Civilians ( 60,595 ) . The total still missing on 2 / 28 / 1946 were 6,244 ; Navy ( 340 ) ; Army ( 2,267 ) ; Air Force ( 3,089 ) ; Women 's Auxiliary Territorial Service ( 18 ) ; Merchant Navy ( 530 ) ; British Home Guard ( 0 ) and Civilians ( 0 ) . These figures included the losses of Newfoundland and Southern Rhodesia . Colonial forces are not included in these figures . There were an additional 31,271 military deaths due to `` natural causes '' which are not included in these figures . Deaths due to air and V - rocket attacks were 60,595 civilians and 1,206 British Home Guard . The preliminary 1945 data for U.K. colonial forces was killed 6,877 , missing 14,208 , wounded 6,972 and POW 8,115 . UK casualties include losses of the colonial forces . UK colonial forces included units from East Africa , West Africa , Ghana , the Caribbean , Malaya , Burma , Hong Kong , Jordan , Sudan , Malta and the Jewish Brigade . The Cyprus Regiment made up of volunteers that fought with the UK Army , and suffered about 358 killed and 250 missing . Gurkhas recruited from Nepal fought with the British Army during the Second World War . Included with U.K. casualties are citizens of the various European countries occupied by Germany . There were separate RAF squadrons with citizens from Poland ( 17 ) ; Czechoslovakia ( 5 ) ; Netherlands ( 1 ) ; Free French ( 7 ) ; Yugoslavia ( 2 ) ; Belgium ( 3 ) ; Greece ( 3 ) ; Norway ( 2 ) . Volunteers from the United States served in 3 RAF squadrons known as the Eagle Squadrons . Many foreign nationals and persons from the British colonies served in the UK Merchant Navy . ^ BF United States American military dead # ^ BF1 Total U.S. military deaths in battle and from other causes were 407,316 . The breakout by service is as follows : Army 318,274 ( 234,874 battle , 83,400 nonbattle ) , Navy 62,614 , Marine Corps 24,511 , and the Coast Guard 1,917 . Deaths in battle were 292,131 . The breakout by service is as follows : Army 234,874 , Navy 36,950 , Marine Corps 19,733 , and Coast Guard 574 . These losses were incurred during the period 12 / 1 / 41 until 12 / 31 / 46 including an additional 126 men in October 1941 when the USS Kearny and the USS Reuben James were attacked by U-Boats . The United States Army Air Forces losses , which are included in the Army total , were 52,173 deaths due to combat and 35,946 from non-combat causes . U.S. Combat Dead by Theater of war : Europe -- Atlantic 183,588 ( Army ground forces 141,088 , Army Air Forces 36,461 , and Navy / Coast Guard 6,039 ) ; Asia -- Pacific 108,504 ( Army ground forces 41,592 , Army Air Forces 15,694 , Navy / Coast Guard 31,485 , Marine Corps 19,733 ) ; unidentified theaters 39 ( Army ) . Included with combat deaths are 14,059 POWs ( 1,124 in Europe and 12,935 in Asia ) . The details of U.S. military casualties are listed online : the U.S. Army , the U.S. Navy , and the U.S. Marine Corps . U.S. Army figures include the deaths of 5,337 Filipinos serving in the Philippine Scouts , of whom 5,135 died in battle ( see p. 118 ) . The names of individual U.S. military personnel killed in World War II can be found at the U.S. National Archives . American Battle Monuments Commission website lists the names of military and civilian war dead from World War II buried in ABMC cemeteries or listed on Walls of the Missing . American civilian dead # ^ BF2 According to the Usmm.org , 9,521 merchant mariners lost their lives in the war ( 8,421 killed and 1,100 who later died of wounds ) . In 1950 , the United States Coast Guard put U.S. Merchant Marine losses at 5,662 ( 845 due to enemy action , 37 in prison camps , and 4,780 missing ) , excluding U.S. Army transports and foreign flagged ships and they did not break out losses between the Atlantic and Pacific theaters . The names of U.S. Merchant Mariners killed in World War II are listed by USMM.org . During World War II the Civil Air Patrol assumed many missions including anti-submarine patrol and warfare , border patrols , and courier services . During World War II CAP 's coastal patrol had flown 24 million miles , found 173 enemy U-boats , attacked 57 , hit 10 and sank two , dropping a total of 83 bombs and depth charges throughout the conflict . By the end of the war , 64 CAP members had lost their lives in the line of duty . According to U.S. War Department figures , 18,745 American civilians were interned in the war ( 13,996 in the Far East and 4,749 in Europe ) . A total of 2,419 American civilian internees were listed as dead and missing . Under Japanese internment , 992 died and another 544 were listed as `` unknown '' ; under German internment , 168 died and a further 715 were listed as `` unknown '' . During World War II , 68 U.S. civilians were killed during the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7 , 1941 . The official U.S report listed 1 U.S. civilian killed during the Battle of Guam on December 8 -- 10 . However , another source reported 13 `` civilians '' killed during in the battle and 70 U.S. civilians were killed during the Battle of Wake Island from December 8 -- 23 , 1941 . 98 U.S. civilian POWs were massacred by the Japanese on Wake Island in October 1943 . 6 U.S. civilians were killed in Oregon in May 1945 by Japanese balloon bombs . ^ BG Yugoslavia The official Yugoslav figure for total war dead is 1.7 million ( 300,000 military and 1,400,000 civilians ) . This figure is cited in reference works dealing with World War II Studies in Yugoslavia by Franjo Tudjman and Ivo Lah put losses at 2.1 million However , the official Yugoslav figure has been disputed studies by Vladimir Žerjavić and Bogoljub Kočović who put actual losses at about 1.0 million persons . The calculation of Yugoslav losses is not an exact accounting listing of the dead , but is based on demographic calculations of the population balance which estimate births during the war and natural deaths . The number of persons who emigrated after the war ( ethnic Germans , Hungarians , Italians and Yugoslav refugees to the west ) are rough estimates . The U.S. Bureau of the Census published a report in 1954 that concluded that Yugoslav war - related deaths were 1,067,000 . The U.S. Bureau of the Census noted that the official Yugoslav government figure of 1.7 million war dead was overstated because it `` was released soon after the war and was estimated without the benefit of a postwar census '' . A recent study by Vladimir Žerjavić estimates total war related deaths at 1,027,000 , which included losses of 237,000 Yugoslav partisans and 209,000 `` Quislings and collaborators '' ( see discussion below losses of Yugoslav collaborators ) Civilian dead of 581,000 included 57,000 Jews . Losses by each Yugoslav republic were : Bosnia 316,000 ; Serbia 273,000 ; Croatia 271,000 ; Slovenia 33,000 ; Montenegro 27,000 ; Macedonia 17,000 ; and killed abroad 80,000 . Bogoljub Kočović , a Yugoslav statistician , calculated that the actual war losses were 1,014,000 . Jozo Tomasevich , Professor Emeritus of Economics at San Francisco State University , stated that the calculations of Kočović and Žerjavić `` seem to be free of bias , we can accept them as reliable '' . The losses of Yugoslav collaborators Croatian emigres in the west made exaggerated allegations that 500 - 600,000 Croatians and Chetniks were massacred by the Partisans after the war , these claims are cited by Rudolph Rummel in his study Statistics of Democide Jozo Tomasevich noted that the figures of the number of collaborators killed by the Partisans are disputed . According to Tomasevich some Croatian exiles `` have been more moderate in their estimates '' , putting the death toll at `` about 200,000 '' . Regarding the death toll in the reprisals by the Yugoslav partisans Tomasevich believed that `` It is impossible to establish the exact number of victims in these operations , although fairly accurate figures could probably be reached after much additional unbiased research '' The reasons for the high human toll in Yugoslavia were as follows A. Military operations between the occupying military forces and their quisling collaborators against the Yugoslav resistance . B. German forces , under express orders from Hitler , fought with a special vengeance against the Serbs , who were considered Untermensch . One of the worst one - day massacres during the German military occupation of Serbia was the Kragujevac massacre . C. Deliberate acts of reprisal against target populations were perpetrated by all combatants . All sides practiced the shooting of hostages on a large scale . At the end of the war , many Ustaše and Slovene collaborators were killed in or as a result of the Bleiburg repatriations . D . The systematic extermination of large numbers of people for political , religious or racial reasons . The most numerous victims were Serbs . According to Yad Vashem `` During their four years in power , the Ustasa carried out a Serb genocide , exterminating over 500,000 , expelling 250,000 and forcing another 200,000 to convert to Catholicism . The Ustasa also killed most of Croatias Jews , 20,000 Gypsies and many thousands of their political enemies . '' According to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum `` The Croat authorities murdered between 320,000 and 340,000 ethnic Serb residents of Croatia and Bosnia during the period of Ustaša rule ; more than 30,000 Croatian Jews were killed either in Croatia or at Auschwitz - Birkenau '' . The USHMM reports between 77,000 and 99,000 persons were killed at the Jasenovac and Stara Gradiška concentration camps . The Jasenovac Memorial Site quotes a similar figure of between 80,000 and 100,000 victims . Stara Gradiška was a sub-camp of Jasenovac established for women and children . The names and data for 12,790 victims at Stara Gradiška have been established Serbian sources currently claim that 700,000 persons were murdered at Jasenovac Some 40,000 Roma were murdered . Jewish victims in Yugoslavia totaled 67,122 . E. Reduced food supply caused famine and disease . F. Allied bombing of German supply lines caused civilian casualties . The hardest hit localities were Podgorica , Leskovac , Zadar and Belgrade . G . The demographic losses due to the reduction of 335,000 births and emigration of about 660,000 are not included with war casualties . ^ BH Other Nations Dominican Republic had 27 Merchant Mariners killed References ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Census BureauWorld Population Historical Estimates of World Population '' . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Second ' ' Second Source List and Detailed Death Tolls for the Twentieth Century Hemoclysm '' . Users.erols.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Geoffrey A. Hosking ( 2006 ) . `` Rulers and victims : the Russians in the Soviet Union '' . Harvard University Press . p. 242 ; ISBN 0 - 674 - 02178 - 9 ^ Jump up to : Michael Ellman and S. Maksudov , Soviet Deaths in the Great Patriotic War : a note -- World War II -- Europe Asia Studies , July 1994 . ^ Jump up to : Andreev EM ; Darsky LE ; Kharkova TL , Population dynamics : consequences of regular and irregular changes . in Demographic Trends and Patterns in the Soviet Union Before 1991 . Routledge. 1993 ; ISBN 0415101948 Jump up ^ Rossiiskaia Akademiia nauk . Liudskie poteri SSSR v period vtoroi mirovoi voiny : sbornik statei . Sankt - Peterburg 1995 ; ISBN 5 - 86789 - 023 - 6 , pp. 124 -- 31 ( these losses are for the territory of the USSR in the borders of 1946 - 1991 , including territories annexed in 1939 -- 40 ) . Jump up ^ Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota . Polska 1939 -- 1945 . Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami. Institute of National Remembrance ( IPN ) , Warsaw , 2009 ; ISBN 978 - 83 - 7629 - 067 - 6 Jump up ^ Overmans 2000 , p . Bd. 46 . Jump up ^ Rüdiger Overmans , Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg . Oldenbourg 2000 . ISBN 3 - 486 - 56531 - 1 page 228 Jump up ^ Rüdiger Overmans . Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg . Oldenbourg 2000 . ISBN 3 - 486 - 56531 - 1 ^ Jump up to : China 's Anti-Japanese War Combat Operations . ( In Chinese ) Guo Rugui , editor - in - chief Huang Yuzhang Jiangsu People 's Publishing House , 2005 ; ISBN 7 - 214 - 03034 - 9 , pp. 4 -- 9 ^ Jump up to : Ishikida , Miki ( 2005 ) . Toward Peace : War Responsibility , Postwar Compensation , and Peace Movements and Education in Japan . iUniverse , Inc . ( July 13 , 2005 ) . p. 30 . ISBN 978 - 0595350636 . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Source List and Detailed Death Tolls for the Twentieth Century Hemoclysm '' . Users.erols.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ I.C.B. Dear and M.R.D. Foot Oxford Companion to World War II Oxford , 2005 ; ISBN 0 - 19 - 280670 - X , p. 290 Jump up ^ John W. Dower War Without Mercy ( 1986 ) ; ISBN 0 - 394 - 75172 - 8 ^ Jump up to : R.J. Rummel . China 's Bloody Century . Transaction 1991 ; ISBN 0 - 88738 - 417 - X ^ Jump up to : `` Population Statistics '' . Library.uu.nl . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Albania : a country study Federal Research Division , Library of Congress ; edited by Raymond E. Zickel and Walter R. Iwaskiw . 2nd ed. 1994 . ISBN 0 - 8444 - 0792 - 5 . Available online at Federal Research Division of the U.S. Library of Congress . See section `` On The Communist Takeover '' . Library of Congress Country Study ^ Jump up to : `` Deaths as a result of service with Australian units ( AWM ) web page '' . AWM . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Military Statistics World War II - A Global Perspective '' . AWM . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Gregory Frumkin . Population Changes in Europe Since 1939 , Geneva 1951. p. 44 - 45 ^ Jump up to : Michael Clodfelter . Warfare and Armed Conflicts -- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1500 -- 2000 . 2nd ed. 2002 ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1204 - 6 . p. 582 ^ Jump up to : Michael Clodfelter . Warfare and Armed Conflicts -- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1500 -- 2000 ( 2nd ed . ) , 2002 ; ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1204 - 6 , p. 540 Jump up ^ Michael Clodfelter . Warfare and Armed Conflicts -- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1500 -- 2000 . 2nd ed. 2002 ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1204 - 6 . p. 512 ^ Jump up to : Michael Clodfelter . Warfare and Armed Conflicts : A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1500 -- 2000 . 2nd ed. 2002 ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1204 - 6 . p. 556 ^ Jump up to : `` Canadian War Museum '' . Warmuseum.ca . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian War Museum '' . Warmuseum.ca . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 29 . 1,600 in Merchant Navy Jump up ^ Michael Clodfelter . Warfare and Armed Conflicts : A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1500 -- 2000 . 2nd ed. 2002 ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1204 - 6 . p. 412 Jump up ^ Ho Ping - ti . Studies on the Population of China , 1368 -- 1953 . Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 1959 . Jump up ^ R.J. Rummel . China 's Bloody Century . Transaction 1991 ISBN 0 - 88738 - 417 - X . Table 5A ^ Jump up to : Werner Gruhl , Imperial Japan 's World War Two , 1931 -- 1945 Transaction 2007 ISBN 978 - 0 - 7658 - 0352 - 8 p. 85 ^ Jump up to : Ho Ping - ti . Studies on the Population of China , 1368 -- 1953 . Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 1959 . p. 252 Jump up ^ Michael Clodfelter . Warfare and Armed Conflicts -- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1500 -- 2000 ( 2nd ed. ; 2002 ) ; ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1204 - 6 , p 540 ^ Jump up to : Waller Wynne , Population of Czechoslovakia . ( International Population Statistics Reports series P - 90 , No. 3 ) . U.S. Dept. of Commerce ) Washington 1953 . p. 43 - The U.S. Commerce Dept . Census Bureau cited the following source for the population at 1 / 1 / 1939 for Czechoslovakia , State Statistical Office , Statistical Bulletin of Czechoslovakia , v. II ( 1947 ) no . 4 , Prague p. 57 ^ Jump up to : Urlanis , Boris ( 1971 ) . Wars and Population . Moscow Page 294 ^ Jump up to : Vadim Erlikman . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow 2004 ; ISBN 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 , p. 54 ^ Jump up to : `` Hvor mange dræbte danskere ? '' . Danish Ministry of Education . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Michael Clodfelter . Warfare and Armed Conflicts : A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1500 -- 2000 ( 2nd ed. ; 2002 ) ; ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1204 - 6 , p. 557 ( 2,500 killed in 1942 campaign ) Jump up ^ Van Waterford . Prisoners of the Japanese in World War II , McFarland & Company , 1994 ; ISBN 0899508936 , p. 144 ( 8,500 Dutch POW deaths ) Jump up ^ John W. Dower . War Without Mercy 1986 ; ISBN 0 - 394 - 75172 - 8 , p. 296 ( 300,000 forced laborers ) ^ Jump up to : Pierre van der Eng. ( 2008 ) `` Food Supply in Java during War and Decolonisation , 1940 -- 1950 '' , MPRA Paper No. 8852 , pp. 35 -- 38 . http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/8852/ ^ Jump up to : John W. Dower . War Without Mercy , 1986 ; ISBN 0 - 394 - 75172 - 8 , pp 295 -- 96 Jump up ^ Heike Liebau et al , World in World Wars : Experiences , Perceptions , and Perspectives from Africa and Asia . Studies in Global Social History , 2010 ) , p. 227 . Jump up ^ Estonian State Commission on Examination of Policies of Repression ; The White Book : Losses inflicted on the Estonian nation by occupation regimes. 1940 -- 1991 Tallinn 2005 . ISBN 9985 - 70 - 195 - X , p. 38 , Table 2 ( 24,000 mobolized by USSR and 10,000 with Germans ) ^ Jump up to : Estonian State Commission on Examination of Policies of Repression ; The White Book : Losses inflicted on the Estonian nation by occupation regimes. 1940 -- 1991 Tallinn 2005 . ISBN 9985 - 70 - 195 - X , p. 38 , Table 2 ^ Jump up to : Michael Clodfelter . Warfare and Armed Conflicts -- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1500 -- 2000 ( 2nd ed. ; 2002 ) ; ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1204 - 6 , p. 491 ^ Jump up to : National Defence College ( 1994 ) , Jatkosodan historia 6 , Porvoo ; ISBN 951 - 0 - 15332 - X ^ Jump up to : `` Finnish National Archives '' . Kronos.narc.fi . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gregory Frumkin . Population Changes in Europe Since 1939 , Geneva 1951 . pp. 58 -- 59 ^ Jump up to : Gunn , Geoffrey ( 2011 ) `` The Great Vietnamese Famine of 1944 -- 45 Revisited '' , The Asia - Pacific Journal , 9 ( 5 ) , no 4 , January 31 , 2011 . http://www.japanfocus.org/-Geoffrey-Gunn/3483 ^ Jump up to : Marschalck , Peter . Bevölkerungsgeschichte Deutschlands im 19 . und 20 . Jahrhundert , Suhrkamp 1984 p. 149 Jump up ^ The Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960 , p. 78 ^ Jump up to : Rüdiger Overmans . Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg . Oldenbourg 2000 ; ISBN 3 - 486 - 56531 - 1 , pp 228 - 32 . Jump up ^ Overmans . Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg p228 - Overmans puts total German military dead at 5,318,000 ^ Jump up to : `` Council for Reparations from Germany , Black Book of the Occupation ( in Greek and German ) , Athens 2006 , p. 126 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Baranowski , Shelley ( 2010 ) . Nazi Empire : German colonialism and imperialism from Bismarck to Hitler . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 273 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 67408 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population Statistics '' . Library.uu.nl . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ASSESSING THE GUAM WAR CLAIMS PROCESS , COMMITTEE ON ARMED SERVICES U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Dec. 12 , 2009 '' . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Werner Gruhl , Imperial Japan 's World War Two , 1931 -- 1945 , Transaction 2007 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 7658 - 0352 - 8 , p. 102 ^ Jump up to : Támas Stark . Hungary 's Human Losses in World War II . Uppsala Univ. 1995 ISBN 91 - 86624 - 21 - 0 p. 33 ^ Jump up to : Támas Stark . Hungary 's Human Losses in World War II . Uppsala Univ. 1995 ISBN 91 - 86624 - 21 - 0 p. 59 Jump up ^ `` Population Statistics '' . Library.uu.nl . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hve margir Íslendingar dóu í seinni heimsstyrjöldinni ? '' . Visindavefur.hi.is. 2005 - 06 - 14 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Population Statistics '' . Library.uu.nl . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2014 - 2015 p. 38 '' . Commonwealth War Graves Commission . Commonwealth War Graves Commission . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . Figures include identified burials and those commemorated by name on memorials ^ Jump up to : John W. Dower War Without Mercy 1986 ISBN 0 - 394 - 75172 - 8 p. 296 ^ Jump up to : Amartya Sen interviewed by David Barsamian of Alternative Radio Jump up ^ `` Population Statistics '' . Library.uu.nl . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Clodfelter . Warfare and Armed Conflicts -- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1500 -- 2000 . 2nd ed. 2002 ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1204 - 6 . p. 498 Jump up ^ `` Population Statistics '' . Library.uu.nl . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Farhud '' . U.S. Holocaust Museum . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Population Statistics '' . Library.uu.nl . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bombing Incidents in Ireland during the Emergency 1939 -- 1945 '' . Csn.ul.ie . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Population Statistics '' . Library.uu.nl . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ the Ufficio dell'Albo d'Oro of the Italian Ministry of Defence . Jump up ^ ( Rovighi , Alberto ( 1988 ) , Le Operazioni in Africa Orientale : ( giugno 1940 -- novembre 1941 ) '' Jump up ^ ( USSME , La prima offensiva Britannica in Africa Settentrionale , tomo I , allegato 32 ( page 375 ) ) Jump up ^ Roma : Instituto Centrale Statistica . Morti E Dispersi Per Cause Belliche Negli Anni 1940 -- 45 , Rome , 1957 ^ Jump up to : `` Population Statistics '' . Library.uu.nl . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ John W. Dower War Without Mercy 1986 ; ISBN 0 - 394 - 75172 - 8 , p. 297 - 299 ( includes 1 , 1740 , 995 dead 1937 - 45 and 380,000 surrendered Japanese who were unaccounted for after the war ) Jump up ^ Ishikida , Miki ( 2005 ) . Toward Peace : War Responsibility , Postwar Compensation , and Peace Movements and Education in Japan . Universe , Inc . ( July 13 , 2005 ) . p. 30 . ( figures of Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare ) Jump up ^ John W. Dower War Without Mercy 1986 ISBN 0 - 394 - 75172 - 8 , pp 297 - 99 ( including air raid dead and Japanese civilians killed on Siapan and Okinawa , ) Jump up ^ Ishikida , Miki ( 2005 ) . Toward Peace : War Responsibility , Postwar Compensation , and Peace Movements and Education in Japan . iUniverse , Inc . ( July 13 , 2005 ) . p. 30 ( 500,000 civilians in Japan and 300,000 overseas , figures of Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare ) Jump up ^ John W. Dower War Without Mercy 1986 ; ISBN 0 - 394 - 75172 - 8 , p. 299 ( According to Dower Japanese war dead are `` at least 2.5 million '' ) Jump up ^ Ishikida , Miki ( 2005 ) . Toward Peace : War Responsibility , Postwar Compensation , and Peace Movements and Education in Japan . Universe , Inc . ( July 13 , 2005 ) . p. 30 ( figures of Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare Jump up ^ R.J. Rumell , Statistics of democide Table 3.1 Jump up ^ Werner Gruhl , Imperial Japan 's World War Two , 1931 -- 1945 Transaction 2007 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 7658 - 0352 - 8 , p. 19 Jump up ^ Vadim Erlikman . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow 2004 ; ISBN 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 , p. 28 footnotes 6&7 ( Killed : 10,000 with Soviets and 15,000 with Germans ; 3,000 POW deaths , 2,000 partisans ) ^ Jump up to : Vadim Erlikman . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow 2004 ; ISBN 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 , p. 28 Jump up ^ Vadim Erlikman . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow 2004 ; ISBN 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 , p. 29 , footnote 5&6 ( Killed : 15,000 with Soviets and 5,000 with Germans . POW deaths 4,000 , 1,000 partisans ) ^ Jump up to : Vadim Erlikman . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow 2004 ; ISBN 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 , p. 29 Jump up ^ `` Population Statistics '' . Library.uu.nl . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ John W. Dower . War Without Mercy ( 1986 ) ; ISBN 0 - 394 - 75172 - 8 , p. 296 ^ Jump up to : Michael Clodfelter . Warfare and Armed Conflicts -- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1500 -- 2000 ( 2nd ed ; 2002 ) ; ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1204 - 6. p. 492 Jump up ^ `` Population Statistics '' . Library.uu.nl . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Clodfelter . Warfare and Armed Conflicts -- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1500 -- 2000 . 2nd ed. 2002 ; ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1204 - 6 . p. 540 Jump up ^ `` Population Statistics '' . Library.uu.nl . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Vadim Erlikman . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow 2004 ; ISBN 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 , p. 74 ^ Jump up to : `` United States State Department Background notes Nauru '' . State.gov . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2009 . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Central Bureau of Statistics ( CBS ) Netherlands '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Population Statistics '' . Library.uu.nl . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . 1945 population ^ Jump up to : Higgins , Jenny ( 2007 ) . `` Newfoundlanders and Labradorians in WWII '' . Heritage Newfoundland & Labrador . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Sinking of the SS Caribou ^ Jump up to : `` Auckland War Museum , World War Two Hall of Memories '' . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Population Statistics '' . Library.uu.nl . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Gregory Frumkin . Population Changes in Europe Since 1939 , Geneva 1951 . pp. 112 - 14 ^ Jump up to : Bjij , V. Lal and Kate Fortune . The Pacific Islands -- An Encyclopedia , p. 244 Jump up ^ https://psa.gov.ph/old/census2000/history.html ^ Jump up to : Werner Gruhl , Imperial Japan 's World War Two , 1931 -- 1945 Transaction 2007 ISBN 978 - 0 - 7658 - 0352 - 8 , pp 143 - 44 Jump up ^ U.S. Bureau of the Census The Population of Poland Ed . W. Parker Mauldin , Washington , D.C. , 1954 p. 103 ( population on 1 / 1 / 1939 ) Jump up ^ Gniazdowski , Mateusz . Losses Inflicted on Poland by Germany during World War II . Assessments and Estimates -- an Outline The Polish Quarterly of International Affairs , 2007 , ( 140,000 Regular forces and 100,000 resistance fighters ) Jump up ^ Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota . Polska 1939 -- 1945 . Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami . Institute of National Remembrance ( IPN ) Warszawa 2009 ISBN 978 - 83 - 7629 - 067 - 6 , p. 9 Jump up ^ Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota . Polska 1939 -- 1945 . Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami . Institute of National Remembrance ( IPN ) Warszawa 2009 ISBN 978 - 83 - 7629 - 067 - 6 , p. 9 Jump up ^ Czesław Łuczak Polska i Polacy w drugiej wojnie światowej ( Poland and Poles in the Second World War ). Styczeń 1993 ; ISBN 83 - 232 - 0511 - 6 , p. 683 Jump up ^ Czesław Łuczak Polska i Polacy w drugiej wojnie światowej ( Poland and Poles in the Second World War ) , Styczeń 1993 ; ISBN 83 - 232 - 0511 - 6 , p. 683 ^ Jump up to : `` Department of Defence ( Australia ) , 2002 , `` A Short History of East Timor '' `` . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 03 . ( accessdate : October 13 , 2010 . ) Jump up ^ League of Nations Yearbook 1942 p. 14 ^ Jump up to : Catharine Newbury The Cohesion of Oppression : Clientship and Ethnicity in Rwanda : 1860 -- 1960 Columbia University Press , 1993 ISBN 0 - 231 - 06257 - 5 pp. 157 -- 158 Jump up ^ `` Population Statistics '' . Library.uu.nl . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2014 - 2015 p. 38 '' . Commonwealth War Graves Commission . Commonwealth War Graves Commission . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . Figures include identified burials and those commemorated by name on memorials Jump up ^ League of Nations Yearbook 1942 p. 22 Jump up ^ John W. Dower War Without Mercy 1986 ISBN 0 - 394 - 75172 - 8 p. 29 ( 10,000 civilian dead on Saipan ) Jump up ^ Andreev , EM , et al. , Naselenie Sovetskogo Soiuza , 1922 -- 1991 . Moscow , Nauka , 1993 ; ISBN 978 - 5 - 02 - 013479 - 9 , p. 52 - 53 ( The 1939 population was adjusted by Andreev to reflect the net population transfers from 1939 - 1945 . ) Jump up ^ R.W. Davies . Economic Transformation of the Soviet Union , 1913 - 1945 . Cambridge University Press 2005 . p. 77 . ISBN 052145770X . access - date = requires url = ( help ) 1939 population 188.8 million ( 168.5 in pre-war territory and 20.3 in annexed territories ) Jump up ^ Andreev EM ; Darsky LE ; Kharkova TL , Population dynamics : consequences of regular and irregular changes . in Demographic Trends and Patterns in the Soviet Union Before 1991 . Routledge. 1993 ; ISBN 0415101948 p. 429 . ( 1939 population including annexed territories 188.794 million ) Jump up ^ Krivosheev , G.F. , ed. ( 1997 ) . Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century . London : Greenhill Books . ISBN 1 - 85367 - 280 - 7 . page 85 ( 8 , 8668 , 000 , including 1,283,000 POW and 500,000 missing ) Jump up ^ `` Michael Ellman and S. Maksudov , Soviet Deaths in the Great Patriotic War : a note - World War II - Europe Asia Studies , July 1994 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 28 . ( 8.668 million including 1.783 million POW and missing ) Jump up ^ Hartmann , Christian ( 2013 ) . Operation Barbarossa : Nazi Germany 's War in the East , 1941 -- 1945 . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 157 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 966078 - 0 . 11.4 million Jump up ^ Ian Dear . Oxford Companion to World War II . Oxford University Press 1995 . p. 290 . ISBN 0198662254 . ( 10 million military dead ) Jump up ^ Vadim Erlikman . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow 2004 ; ISBN 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 , p. 20 - 21 ( 10,600,000 , including 2.6 million POW ) Jump up ^ S. N Mikhalev Liudskie poteri v Velikoi Otechestvennoi voine 1941 - 1945 gg : Statisticheskoe issledovanie Krasnoiarskii gos . pedagog . universitet 2000 ISBN 978 - 5 - 85981 - 082 - 6 . Pages 18 - 21 . S. N Mikhalev Human Losses in the Great Patriotic War 1941 - 1945 A Statistical Investigation Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University ( In Russian ) ( 10.922 million total dead and missing ) Jump up ^ Ian Dear . Oxford Companion to World War II . Oxford University Press 1995 . p. 290 . ISBN 0198662254 . ( 10 million civilian dead ) Jump up ^ Vadim Erlikman . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow 2004 ; ISBN 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 , p. 20 - 21 ( 10,000,000 ) Jump up ^ Российская академия наук ( Russian Academy of Sciences ) . Людские потери СССР в период второй мировой войны : сборник статей - Human Losses of the USSR in the Period of WWII : Collection of Articles . Saint - Petersburg , 1995 . ISBN 978 - 5 - 86789 - 023 - 0 pp. 124 - 27 ( 10,242,000 including 7,420,000 killed by intentional acts of violence , 2,164,000 as forced labor for Germany and 658,000 in siege of Leningrad ) Jump up ^ Российская академия наук ( Russian Academy of Sciences ) . Людские потери СССР в период второй мировой войны : сборник статей - Human Losses of the USSR in the Period of WWII : Collection of Articles . Saint - Petersburg , 1995 . ISBN 978 - 5 - 86789 - 023 - 0 Pages 127 and 158 ( 6.6 to 7.1 million deaths due to famine and disease including 4.1 million in German occupied USSR and 2.5 - 3.2 million deaths in area not occupied by Germany ) Jump up ^ Vadim Erlikman . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow 2004 ; ISBN 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 , p. 20 - 21 ( 6,000,000 famine deaths ) Jump up ^ Zemskov , Viktor . `` The extent of human losses USSR in the Great Patriotic War ( in Russian ) '' . demoscope.ru # 559 - 60 , July 2013 . Retrieved 11 July 2017 . Viktor Zemskov maintains that the figure of 27 million total war dead includes about 7 million deaths due to natural causes based on the mortality rate that prevailed before the war Jump up ^ Andreev EM ; Darsky LE ; Kharkova TL , Population dynamics : consequences of regular and irregular changes . in Demographic Trends and Patterns in the Soviet Union Before 1991 . Routledge. 1993 . ISBN 0415101948 pp. 434 - 436 ( 26.6 million war dead includes a decline in natural deaths of 3.0 million and a 1.3 million increase in infant mortality ) Jump up ^ Vadim Erlikman . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow 2004 ; ISBN 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 , p. 20 - 21 ( 26,500,000 ) Jump up ^ R.W. Davies . Economic Transformation of the Soviet Union , 1913 - 1945 . Cambridge University Press 2005 . pp. 77 -- 79 . ISBN 052145770X . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Total losses of 26.6 million out of a 1939 population of 188.8 million , which included 20.3 million annexed territories Jump up ^ Michael Haynes , Counting Soviet Deaths in the Great Patriotic War : a Note Europe Asia Studies Vol. 55 , No. 2 , 2003 , 300 -- 309 ( 26.6 million ) Jump up ^ `` Michael Ellman and S. Maksudov , Soviet Deaths in the Great Patriotic War : a note - World War II - Europe Asia Studies , July 1994 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 28 . ( 26 to 27 million ) Jump up ^ `` Population Statistics '' . Library.uu.nl . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Population Statistics '' . Library.uu.nl . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Swedish Volunteer Corps '' . Svenskafrivilliga.com . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Lennart Lundberg Handelsflottan under andra världskriget p. 9 Jump up ^ `` Population Statistics '' . Library.uu.nl . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ Aerospace Power Journal . Summer 2000 . The Diplomacy of Apology : U.S. Bombings of Switzerland during World War II by Jonathan E. Helmreich Jump up ^ `` Population Statistics '' . Library.uu.nl . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Eiji Murashima , `` The Commemorative Character of Thai Historiography : The 1942 -- 43 Thai Military Campaign in the Shan States Depicted as a Story of National Salvation and the Restoration of Thai Independence '' Modern Asian Studies , v40 , n4 ( 2006 ) pp. 1053 -- 1096 , p1057n : Jump up ^ `` Population Statistics '' . Library.uu.nl . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` SS_Refah , Graces Guide '' . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Population Statistics '' . Library.uu.nl . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2014 - 2015 p. 39 '' . Commonwealth War Graves Commission . Commonwealth War Graves Commission . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . Figures include identified burials and those commemorated by name on memorials Jump up ^ Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2013 - 2014 Archived 2015 - 11 - 04 at the Wayback Machine. , page 44 . Figures include civilians killed in the Battle of Britain , Siege of Malta ( World War II ) , and civilians interned by enemy nations . Jump up ^ `` Population Statistics '' . Library.uu.nl . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ Gregory Frumkin . Population Changes in Europe Since 1939 , Geneva 1951 . 156 ^ Jump up to : I.C.B. Dear and M.R.D. Foot Oxford Companion to World War II Oxford , 2005 ; ISBN 0 - 19 - 280670 - X , p. 290 ^ Jump up to : Tomasevich , Jozo . War and Revolution in Yugoslavia , 1941 -- 1945 : Occupation and Collaboration . Stanford : Stanford University Press , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 3615 - 4 In Cap. 17 Alleged and True Population Losses there is a detailed account of the controversies related to Yugoslav war losses ( pp 744 -- 750 ) ^ Jump up to : Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960 Bonn 1961 p. 78 ( available online at http://www.digizeitschriften.de/de/openaccess ) ^ Jump up to : Rüdiger Overmans , Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg . Oldenbourg 2000 . ISBN 3 - 486 - 56531 - 1 pp. 228 - 232 Jump up ^ `` Austria facts and Figures Page 44 '' > Austria facts and Figures p. 44 ^ Jump up to : Austria facts and Figures p. 44 Jump up ^ File : DR1937. 1. png ^ Jump up to : Rüdiger Overmans . Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg . Oldenbourg 2000 . ISBN 3 - 486 - 56531 - 1 pp. 228 - 232 ^ Jump up to : Richard Overy , The Bombers and the Bombed : Allied Air War Over Europe 1940 - 1945 ( 2013 ) pp 304 - 7 ( Overy noted that `` No doubt this does not include all those who were killed or died of wounds , but it does include uniformed personnel , POWs , and foreign workers , and it applies to the Greater German area '' . Using the United States Strategic Bombing Survey data Overy calculated an average monthly death toll of 18,777 from September 1944 to January 1945 , taking this monthly average he estimated losses of 57,000 from February to April 1945 to which he adds an additional 25,000 killed in Dresden for total deaths of 82,000 from February to April 1945 . The figures up until the end of January 1945 of 271,000 and the 82,000 from February to April 1945 give an overall figure of 353,000 air war deaths . Overy summarizes : `` Detailed reconstruction of deaths caused by the Royal Air Force bombing from February to May 1945 , though incomplete , suggests a total of at least 57,000 . If casualties inflicted by the American air forces are assumed to be lower , since their bombing was less clearly aimed at cities , an overall death toll of 82,000 is again statistically realistic . In the absence of unambiguous statistical evidence , the figure of 353,000 gives an approximate scale consistent with the evidence '' . ) Jump up ^ Wirtschaft und Statistik October 1956 Jump up ^ Germany reports . With an introd . by Konrad Adenauer . Germany ( West ) . Presse - und Informationsamt . Wiesbaden , Distribution : F. Steiner , 1961 ) pp. 31 - 33 ( figure includes 170,000 German Jews ) . The West German government did not list euthanasia victims along with the war dead . ^ Jump up to : Germany reports . With an introd . by Konrad Adenauer . Germany ( West ) . Presse - und Informationsamt . Wiesbaden , Distribution : F. Steiner , 1961 ) pp. 31 - 33 ( they give figure of 300 , 00 German deaths due to racial , religious and political persecution including 170,000 Jews . Figure does not include the Nazi euthanasia program ^ Jump up to : Bundesarchiv Euthanasie '' im Nationalsozialismus 2003 report by German Federal Archive puts the dead toll in the Nazi euthanasia program at over 200,000 Jump up ^ German Federal Archive , Siegel , Silke Vertreibung und Vertreibungsverbrechen 1945 - 1948 . Bericht des Bundesarchivs vom 28 . Mai 1974 . Archivalien und ausgewählte Erlebnisberichte . Bonn 1989 P. 41 ( 100,000 during wartime flight ; 200,000 in USSR as forced labor and 100,000 in internment camps ) Jump up ^ Wirtschaft und Statistik October 1956 , Journal published by Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland . ( German government Statistical Office ) Jump up ^ Rüdiger Overmans . Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg . Oldenbourg 2000 . ISBN 3 - 486 - 56531 - 1 p. 228 ( Overmans uses the German description `` Deutsche nach Abstammung '' German according to ancestry Jump up ^ Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960 Bonn 1961 p. 79 ( available online at http://www.digizeitschriften.de/de/openaccess ) Jump up ^ The Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960 , p. 78 ^ Jump up to : German Federal Archive , Siegel , Silke Vertreibung und Vertreibungsverbrechen 1945 - 1948 . Bericht des Bundesarchivs vom 28 . Mai 1974 . Archivalien und ausgewählte Erlebnisberichte . Bonn 1989 P. 53 ( 38,000 during wartime flight ; 5,000 in USSR as forced labor and 160,000 in internment camps ) Jump up ^ Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960 Bonn 1961 p. 79 ( available online at http://www.digizeitschriften.de/de/openaccess ) Jump up ^ The Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960 , pp. 78 - 79 Jump up ^ Rüdiger Overmans . Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg . Oldenbourg 2000 . ISBN 3 - 486 - 56531 - 1 Page 333 Jump up ^ The Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960 , Page 78 Jump up ^ The Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960 , Page 78 ^ Jump up to : `` Austria facts and Figures Page 44 '' > Austria facts and Figures p. 44 The Austrian government estimates 100,000 victims of Nazi persecution including 65,000 Jews . Jump up ^ German Federal Archive , Siegel , Silke Vertreibung und Vertreibungsverbrechen 1945 - 1948 . Bericht des Bundesarchivs vom 28 . Mai 1974 . Archivalien und ausgewählte Erlebnisberichte . Bonn 1989 pp. 53 - 54 Jump up ^ The Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960 , pp 78 - 79 ^ Jump up to : Krivosheev , G.F. , ed. ( 1997 ) . Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century . London : Greenhill Books . ISBN 1 - 85367 - 280 - 7 . page 278 Jump up ^ `` Russian Volunteers in the German Wehrmacht in WWII - by Lt. Gen Wladyslaw Anders and Antonio Munoz '' . Feldgrau.com . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Andreev , EM , et al. , Naselenie Sovetskogo Soiuza , 1922 -- 1991 . Moscow , Nauka , 1993 ; ISBN 978 - 5 - 02 - 013479 - 9 , p. 118 Jump up ^ `` НАСЕЛЕНИЕ Советского Союза 1922 - 1991 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 10 May 2016 . Jump up ^ ' Liudskie poteri SSSR v period vtoroi mirovoi voiny : sbornik statei . Sankt - Peterburg 1995 ISBN 978 - 5 - 86789 - 023 - 0 pp. 82 - 84 Jump up ^ Naselenie Rossii v XX Veke : V 3 - kh Tomakh : Tom 2 . 1940 - 1959 ( The Population of Russia in the 20th century : volume 2 ) Jump up ^ ' Liudskie poteri SSSR v period vtoroi mirovoi voiny : sbornik statei . Sankt - Peterburg 1995 ISBN 978 - 5 - 86789 - 023 - 0 pp. 82 - 84 Jump up ^ Naselenie Rossii v XX Veke : V 3 - kh Tomakh : Tom 2 . 1940 - 1959 ( The Population of Russia in the 20th century : volume 2 ) Jump up ^ Zmeskov , Viktor . `` Репатриация перемещённых советских граждан ( Repatriation of displaced Soviet citizens '' . Социологические исследования. 1995 . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . ) более чем на 3 / 4 состояла из `` западников '' и менее чем на 1 / 4 - из `` восточников '' Jump up ^ S. Maksudov Losses Suffered by the Population of the USSR 1918 -- 1958 The Samizdat register II / edited by Roy Medvedev New York : Norton , 1981 . pp. 238 - 240 ) Jump up ^ Mały Rocznik Statystyczny Polski 1939 - 1941 Jump up ^ Eberhardt , , Piotr . `` Political Migrations on Polish Territories 1939 - 1950 , '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Krystyna Kersten , Szacunek strat osobowych w Polsce Wschodniej . Dzieje Najnowsze Rocznik XXI , 1994 p. 46 Jump up ^ Vadim Erlikman . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow , 2004 . ISBN 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 . pp 21 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Martin Gilbert . Atlas of the Holocaust 1988 ISBN 0 - 688 - 12364 - 3 pp. 242 -- 244 ^ Jump up to : Niewyk , Donald L. The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust , Columbia University Press , 2000 ; ISBN 0 - 231 - 11200 - 9 , p. 421 . Jump up ^ Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota . Polska 1939 -- 1945 . Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami. Institute of National Remembrance ( IPN ) Warszawa 2009 ISBN 978 - 83 - 7629 - 067 - 6 p. 32 ^ Jump up to : Raul Hilberg , The Destruction of the European Jews New Viewpoints 1973 p. 767 . Jump up ^ Yad Vashem The Shoah Victims ' Names Recovery Project ^ Jump up to : Since the Czech Republic as political entity exists only since 1969 / 1993 , this political name stands for Czech part ( Czech lands -- during the war divided into so - called Protectorate Bohemia and Moravia and Sudetenland ) of then - occupied Czechoslovakia . Jump up ^ `` File : Hungary 1938 -- 1947. png -- Wikimedia Commons '' . Commons.wikimedia.org. 2010 - 12 - 04 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Martin Gilbert . Atlas of the Holocaust 1988 ISBN 0 - 688 - 12364 - 3 pp. 23 Jump up ^ Raul Hilberg , The Destruction of the European Jews , Franklin Watts 1961 p. 379 Jump up ^ `` De vervolging van gemengd - gehuwde joden in Nederland Teruggefloten door Hitler '' . Retrieved 13 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Martin Gilbert . Atlas of the Holocaust 1988 ISBN 0 - 688 - 12364 - 3 p. 244 Jump up ^ Post-war map of Romania ^ Jump up to : Martin Gilbert . Atlas of the Holocaust , 1988 ; ISBN 0 - 688 - 12364 - 3 , p. 244 Jump up ^ A Mosaic of Victims : Non-Jews Persecuted and Murdered by the Nazis . Ed. by Michael Berenbaum New York University Press 1990 ; ISBN 1 - 85043 - 251 - 1 Jump up ^ `` United States Holocaust Memorial Museum . Holocaust Encyclopedia `` Mosaic of Victims : Overview '' `` . Ushmm.org . January 6 , 2011 . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Niewyk , Donald L. The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust , Columbia University Press , 2000 ; ISBN 0 - 231 - 11200 - 9 Google Books Jump up ^ `` Florida Center for Instructional Technology , College of Education , University of South Florida , A Teachers Guide to the Holocaust '' . Fcit.usf.edu . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : R.J. Rummel . Democide Nazi Genocide and Mass Murder . Transaction 1992 ; ISBN 1 - 56000 - 004 - X , p. 13 Jump up ^ Timothy Snyder , Bloodlands , Basic Books 2010 , pp 411 -- 12 Jump up ^ Hellmuth Auerbach : Opfer der nationalsozialistischen Gewaltherrschaft . In : Wolfgang Benz ( Hg . ) : Legenden , Lügen , Vorurteile . Ein Wörterbuch zur Zeitgeschichte . Dtv , Neuauflage 1992 , ISBN 3 - 423 - 04666 - X , Page . 161 . Jump up ^ Dieter Pohl , Verfolgung und Massenmord in der NS - Zeit 1933 -- 1945 , WBG ( Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft ) , 2003 ; ISBN 3534151585 , p. 153 Jump up ^ `` United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 's Holocaust Encyclopedia : `` Genocide of European Roma , 1939 -- 1945 '' `` . Ushmm.org . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hanock , Ian . `` Romanies and the Holocaust : A Reevaluation and an Overview '' Stone , D. ( ed . ) ( 2004 ) The Historiography of the Holocaust . Palgrave , Basingstoke and New York . Jump up ^ Hancock , Ian . Jewish Responses to the Porajmos -- The Romani Holocaust , Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies , University of Minnesota . Jump up ^ Danger ! Educated Gypsy , p. 243 , University of Hertfordshire Press , 2010 Jump up ^ Niewyk , Donald L. and Francis Nicosia . The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust , Columbia University Press , 2000 ; ISBN 0 - 231 - 11200 - 9 , p. 422 . Jump up ^ United States Holocaust Memorial Museum . Mentally and Physically Handicapped : Victims of the Nazi Era Jump up ^ Bundesarchiv : Euthanasie - Verbrechen 1939 -- 1945 ( Quellen zur Geschichte der `` Euthanasie '' - Verbrechen 1939 -- 1945 in deutschen und österreichischen Archiven . Ein Inventar . Einführung von Harald Jenner ) Jump up ^ Quellen zur Geschichte der `` Euthanasie '' - Verbrechen 1939 -- 1945 in deutschen und österreichischen Archiven . Ein Inventar ( 1 ) Jump up ^ R.J. Rummel . Democide Nazi Genocide and Mass Murder . Transaction 1992 ISBN 1 - 56000 - 004 - X . Table A Jump up ^ `` United States Holocaust Memorial Museum . Holocaust Encyclopedia `` Nazi Persecution of Soviet Prisoners of War '' `` . Ushmm.org . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ United States Holocaust Memorial Museum , Washington , DC . `` POLISH VICTIMS '' . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ United States Holocaust Memorial Museum , Washington , DC . `` Polish Resistance and Conclusions '' . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Tomasz Szarota 1945 '' > Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota . Polska 1939 -- 1945 . Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami . Institute of National Remembrance ( IPN ) Warszawa 2009 ISBN 978 - 83 - 7629 - 067 - 6 page 32 . Foreword by Janusz Kurtyka . ( Digital copy : Internet Archive Wayback Machine ) Jump up ^ `` United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 's Holocaust Encyclopedia : `` The German Army and the Racial Nature of the War Against the Soviet Union '' `` . Ushmm.org . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rossiiskaia Akademiia nauk . Liudskie poteri SSSR v period vtoroi mirovoi voiny : sbornik statei . Sankt - Peterburg 1995 ; ISBN 5 - 86789 - 023 - 6 . M.V. Philimoshin of the War Ministry of the Russian Federation About the results of calculation of losses among the civilian population of the USSR and Russian Federation 1941 -- 1945 , pp 124 -- 31 ( in Russian ; these losses are for the entire territory of the USSR in 1941 , including Polish territories annexed in 1939 -- 40 ) . Jump up ^ Perrie , Maureen ( 2006 ) , The Cambridge History of Russia : The twentieth century , Cambridge University Press ( 2006 ) , pp. 225 -- 27 ; ISBN 0 - 521 - 81144 - 9 Jump up ^ Bohdan Wytwycky , The Other Holocaust : Many Circles of Hell The Novak Report , 1980 Jump up ^ Niewyk , Donald L. ( 2000 ) The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust , Columbia University Press , 2000 ; ISBN 0 - 231 - 11200 - 9 , p. 49 Jump up ^ Magocsi , Paul Robert ( 1996 ) . A History of Ukraine . University of Toronto Press . p. 633 . ISBN 9780802078209 . Jump up ^ Dieter Pohl , Verfolgung und Massenmord in der NS - Zeit 1933 -- 1945 , WBG ( Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft ) , 2003 ; ISBN 3534151585 , pp. 109 , 128 , 153 Jump up ^ Michael Berenbaum ( ed . ) , A Mosaic of Victims : Non-Jews Persecuted and Murdered by the Nazis , New York University Press , 1990 ; ISBN 1 - 85043 - 251 - 1 Jump up ^ Human Losses of the USSR in the Period of WWII : Collection of Articles ( In Russian ) . Saint - Petersburg , 1995 ; ISBN 5 - 86789 - 023 - 6 . M.V. Philimoshin of the War Ministry of the Russian Federation About the results of calculation of losses among civilian population of the USSR and Russian Federation 1941 -- 1945 , pp 124 -- 31 . The Russian Academy of Science article by M.V. Philimoshin based this figure on sources published in the Soviet era . Jump up ^ `` United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 's Holocaust Encyclopedia : `` Persecution of Homosexuals in the Third Reich '' `` . Ushmm.org . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` United States Holocaust Memorial Museum . Holocaust Encyclopedia `` How many Catholics were killed during the Holocaust ? '' `` . Ushmm.org . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` United States Holocaust Memorial Museum . Holocaust Encyclopedia `` Jehovah 's Witnesses '' `` . Ushmm.org . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 's Holocaust Encyclopedia : `` Freemasonry Under the Nazi Regime '' , ushmm.org ; accessed March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` United States Holocaust Memorial Museum . Holocaust Encyclopedia `` Blacks During the Holocaust '' `` . Ushmm.org . January 6 , 2011 . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Non-Jewish Resistance '' Holocaust Encyclopedia , United States Holocaust Memorial Museum , Washington , D.C. `` . Ushmm.org . January 6 , 2011 . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia '' profile , Yad Vashem , Shoah Resource Center . Jump up ^ `` Jasenovac '' . United States Holocaust Memorial Museum . Retrieved April 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.wiesenthal.com/site/apps/nlnet/content2.aspx?c=lsKWLbPJLnF&b=4442245&ct=5851813#.VKbzIvldUXs Jump up ^ Vladimir Dedijer , History of Yugoslavia , McGraw - Hill Inc . ( USA ) , 1975 ; ISBN 0 - 07 - 016235 - 2 , p. 582 Jump up ^ R.J. Rummel . Statistics of democide : Genocide and Mass Murder since 1900 Transaction 1998 ISBN 3 - 8258 - 4010 - 7 ( 2 ) ^ Jump up to : Werner Gruhl , Imperial Japan 's World War Two , 1931 -- 1945 Transaction 2007 ISBN 978 - 0 - 7658 - 0352 - 8 ( Werner Gruhl is former chief of NASA 's Cost and Economic Analysis Branch with a lifetime interest in the study of the First and Second World Wars . ) ^ Jump up to : Ian Dear & MRD Foot , The Oxford Companion to World War II ( 2001 ) p. 443 Jump up ^ Van Waterford , Prisoners of the Japanese in World War II , McFarland & Co. , 1994 ; ISBN 0 - 89950 - 893 - 6 , pp. 141 -- 46 ( figures taken from De Japanse Burgenkampen by D. Van Velden Jump up ^ Bernice Archer , The internment of Western civilians under the Japanese , 1941 -- 1945 : a patchwork of internment . London , New York : Routledge Curzon , 2004 . ISBN 962 - 209 - 910 - 6 , p. 5 Jump up ^ Edwin Bacon , Glasnost and the Gulag : New information on Soviet forced labour around World War II . Soviet Studies Vol 44 . 1992 - 6 Jump up ^ Pavel Polian , Against Their Will Jump up ^ J. Arch Getty , `` Victims of the Soviet Penal System in the Prewar Years : A First Approach on the Basis of Archival Evidence , '' ( with Gаbor T. Rittersporn , and V.N. Zemskov ) , American Historical Review , 98 : 4 , Oct. 1993 Jump up ^ Rossiiskaia Akademiia nauk . Liudskie poteri SSSR v period vtoroi mirovoi voiny : sbornik statei . Sankt - Peterburg 1995 ISBN 5 - 86789 - 023 - 6 p. 175 Jump up ^ J. Arch Getty , Victims of the Soviet Penal System in the Prewar Years : A First Approach on the Basis of Archival Evidence , ( with Gаbor T. Rittersporn , and V.N. Zemskov ) , American Historical Review , 98 : 4 , Oct. 1993 Jump up ^ Stephen G. Wheatcroft , Victims of Stalinism and the Soviet Secret Police : The Comparability and Reliability of the Archival Data - Not the Last Word Europe - Asia Studies Volume 51 , Issue 2 , 1999 Jump up ^ Robert Conquest , `` Excess deaths and camp numbers : Some comments '' , Soviet Studies Volume 43 , Issue 5 , 1991 Jump up ^ Steven Rosefielde , Red Holocaust , Routledge , 2009 ; ISBN 0 - 415 - 77757 - 7 Jump up ^ Steven Rosefielde . Red Holocaust Routledge , 2009 ; ISBN 0 - 415 - 77757 - 7 , pp 76 - 77 Jump up ^ Steven Rosefielde Red Holocaust Routledge , 2009 ; ISBN 0 - 415 - 77757 - 7 , p. 59 Jump up ^ Steven Rosefielde Red Holocaust Routledge , 2009 ; ISBN 0 - 415 - 77757 - 7 , p 179 ( Rosefielde 's figures were derived by estimating the population from 1939 -- 1945 using hypothetical birth and death rates ; he then compares this 1945 estimated population to the actual ending population in 1945 . The difference is 31.0 million excess deaths of which 23.4 million are attributed to the war and 7.6 million to Soviet repression ) Jump up ^ Michael Haynes . A Century Of State Murder ? : Death and Policy in Twentieth Century Russia , Pluto Press , 2003 ; ISBN 0745319300 , pp 62 -- 89 . ^ Jump up to : Stephane Courtois , The Black Book of Communism : Crimes , Terror , Repression , Harvard Univ Pr , 1999 ISBN 0 - 674 - 07608 - 7 p. 372 Jump up ^ Poland World War II casualties ( in thousands ) Jump up ^ `` Estonian State Commission for the Examination of Repressive Policies Carried out During the Occupations '' ( PDF ) . White Book . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Michael Haynes . A Century Of State Murder ? : Death and Policy in Twentieth Century Russia , Pluto Press , 2003 ; ISBN 0745319300 , pp. 214 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Pavel Polian , Against Their Will , p. 123 Jump up ^ Pavel Polian , Against Their Will , p. 119 Jump up ^ Pavel Polian , Against Their Will , pp 123 -- 57 Jump up ^ J. Otto Pohl , The Stalinist Penal System : A History of Soviet Repression and Terror , 1930 -- 1953 , McFarland & Company , 1997 ; ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0336 - 5 , p. 133 Jump up ^ J. Otto Pohl , The Stalinist Penal System : A History of Soviet Repression and Terror , 1930 -- 1953 , McFarland & Company , 1997 ; ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0336 - 5 , p. 148 . The Soviet Archives did not provide the details by year of the figure of 309,100 deaths in the settlements . Jump up ^ G.I. Krivosheev ( 2001 ) . Rossiia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka : Poteri vooruzhennykh sil ; statisticheskoe issledovanie . OLMA - Press . pp. Tables 200 -- 203 . ISBN 5 - 224 - 01515 - 4 . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Elliott , Mark , Pawns of Yalta : Soviet Refugees and America 's Role in Their Repatriation , University of Illinois Press , 1982 ; ISBN 0 - 252 - 00897 - 9 ^ Jump up to : Rüdiger Overmans . Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg . Oldenbourg 2000 . ISBN 3 - 486 - 56531 - 1 pp. 333 -- 335 ^ Jump up to : John W. Dower War Without Mercy 1986 ; ISBN 0 - 394 - 75172 - 8 , p. 297 Jump up ^ Ellis , John . World War II -- A statistical survey Facts on File 1993 . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 2971 - 7 . p. 254 Jump up ^ John W. Dower War Without Mercy 1986 ; ISBN 0 - 394 - 75172 - 8 , p. 363 According to John W. Dower ; the `` Known deaths of Japanese troops awaiting repatriation in Allied ( non-Soviet ) hands were listed as 81,090 by U.S. authorities ; An additional 300,000 Japanese prisoners died in Soviet hands after the surrender Jump up ^ `` Reports of General MacArthurMACARTHUR IN JAPAN : THE OCCUPATION : MILITARY PHASE VOLUME I SUPPLEMENT ' U.S. Government printing Office 1966 p. 130 endnote 36 '' . History.army.mil . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Nimmo , William . Behind a curtain of silence : Japanese in Soviet custody , 1945 -- 1956 , Greenwood 1989 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 25762 - 9 , pp. 116 -- 118 The Japanese Ministry of Welfare and Foreign Office reported that 347,000 military personnel and civilians were dead or missing in Soviet hands after the war . The Japanese list the losses of 199,000 in Manchurian transit camps , 36,000 in North Korea , 9,000 from Sakhalin and 103,000 in the U.S.S.R. Jump up ^ Giuseppe Fioravanzo , La Marina italiana nella seconda guerra mondiale , Volume XXI - L'organizzazione della Marina durante il conflitto , Tomo II : Evoluzione organica dal 10.6. 1940 al 8.9. 1943 , Historical Branch of the Italian Navy , 1975 , pp. 346 - 364 Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ La nostra guerra 1940 - 1945 Jump up ^ Resistenzialismo versus resistenza . Jump up ^ The number of partisans escalated during the final insurrection of April 1945 . Jump up ^ Vincitori e vinti , books.google.it ; accessed March 4 , 2016. ( in Italian ) Jump up ^ `` Italians in WWII '' . Storiaxxisecolo.it . Retrieved June 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ A large number of partisans and members of the RSI forces were former members of the armed forces of the Kingdom of Italy , to which is referred the 3,430,000 figure . Jump up ^ Italian Ministry of Defence , Ufficio dell'Albo d'Oro , 2010 Jump up ^ 600,000 POWs of Allies ; 50,000 POWs of Russians ; 650,000 POWs of Germans ( 4 ) ^ Jump up to : G.I. Krivosheev . Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses . Greenhill 1997 ; ISBN 1 - 85367 - 280 - 7 , pp. 51 -- 80 Jump up ^ G.I. Krivosheev . Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses . Greenhill 1997 ; ISBN 1 - 85367 - 280 - 7 , pp. 85 -- 87 Jump up ^ G.I. Krivosheev . Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses . Greenhill 1997 ; ISBN 1 - 85367 - 280 - 7 , pp. 230 -- 238 Jump up ^ Vadim Erlikman . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow 2004 ; ISBN 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 , pp. 13 -- 14 ^ Jump up to : Vadim Erlikman . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow 2004 ; ISBN 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 , pp. 20 -- 21 Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2014 - 2015 p. 38 '' . Commonwealth War Graves Commission . Commonwealth War Graves Commission . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . Figures include identified burials and those commemorated by name on memorials ^ Jump up to : Strength and Casualties of the Armed Forces and Auxiliary Services of the United Kingdom 1939 -- 1945 HMSO 1946 Cmd. 6832 Jump up ^ The UK Central Statistical Office Statistical Digest of the War HMSO 1951 ^ Jump up to : `` Congressional Research Report -- American War and Military Operations Casualties . Updated February 26 , 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : STATISTICAL AND ACCOUNTING BRANCH OFFICE OF THE ADJUTANT GENERAL ( June 1 , 1953 ) . `` Tables `` Battle casualties by type of casualty and disposition , type of personnel , and theater : 7 December 1941 - 31 December 1946 '' through `` Battle casualties by type of casualty and disposition , and duty branch : 7 December 1941 -- 31 December 1946 '' `` . U.S. Army Battle Casualties and Non-battle Deaths in World War II . U.S Department of the Army . pp. 5 -- 8 . Retrieved 11 January 2015 -- via Combined Arms Research Library Digital Library . Jump up ^ U.S. DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS , AMERICAN PRISONERS OF WAR ( POWs ) AND MISSING IN ACTION ( MIAs ) Jump up ^ U.S. DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS , AMERICAN PRISONERS OF WAR ( POWs ) AND MISSING IN ACTION ( MIAs ) Jump up ^ http://www.marines.mil/Portals/59/Publications/History%20of%20the%20U.S.%20Marine%20Corps%20in%20WWII%20Vol%20V%20-%20Victory%20and%20Occupation%20%20PCN%2019000262800_5.pdf US Marine Corps History Jump up ^ U.S. DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS , AMERICAN PRISONERS OF WAR ( POWs ) AND MISSING IN ACTION ( MIAs ) Jump up ^ Michael Clodfelter . Warfare and Armed Conflicts -- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1500 -- 2000 ( 2nd Ed . ) , 2002 ; ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1204 - 6 , p. 584 Jump up ^ https://www.usphs.gov/aboutus/history.aspx History of the PHSCC Jump up ^ http://www.defensemedianetwork.com/stories/public-health-service-commissioned-corps/2/ The Public Health Service Commissioned Corps : Two centuries and counting Jump up ^ http://www.history.noaa.gov/legacy/corps.html NOAA Corps and the Coast and Geodetic Survey Jump up ^ U.S. DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS , AMERICAN PRISONERS OF WAR ( POWs ) AND MISSING IN ACTION ( MIAs ) ( incl . 14,072 dead while POWs ) ^ Jump up to : https://fas.org/man/crs/RL30606.pdf CRS Report for Congress , U.S. Prisoners of War and Civilian American Citizens Captured and Interned by Japan in World War II : The Issue of Compensation by Japan ( figure does not include an additional c. 19,000 civilians interned ) Jump up ^ Rüdiger Overmans . Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg . Oldenbourg , 2000 ; ISBN 3 - 486 - 56531 - 1 , p. 335 Jump up ^ Rüdiger Overmans . Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg , Oldenbourg 2000 ; ISBN 3 - 486 - 56531 - 1 , pp. 236 , 239 Jump up ^ Rüdiger Overmans . Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg . Oldenbourg 2000 ; ISBN 3 - 486 - 56531 - 1 , p. 289 Jump up ^ Rossiiskaia Akademiia nauk . Liudskie poteri SSSR v period vtoroi mirovoi voiny : sbornik statei . Sankt - Peterburg 1995 ; ISBN 5 - 86789 - 023 - 6 , p. 109 Jump up ^ Vadim Erlikman . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow 2004 ; ISBN 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 , p. 20 Jump up ^ G.I. Krivosheev . Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses . Greenhill , 1997 ; ISBN 1 - 85367 - 280 - 7 , p. 85 ^ Jump up to : `` G.I. Krivosheev Rossiia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka : Poteri vooruzhennykh sil ; statisticheskoe issledovanie OLMA - Press , 2001 ; ISBN 5 - 224 - 01515 - 4 Table 176 '' . Lib.ru . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : G.I. Krivosheev . Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses . Greenhill 1997 ; ISBN 1 - 85367 - 280 - 7 , pp 85 -- 86 Jump up ^ G.I. Krivosheev . Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses . Greenhill 1997 ; ISBN 1 - 85367 - 280 - 7 , p. 236 Jump up ^ G.I. Krivosheev . Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses . Greenhill 1997 ; ISBN 1 - 85367 - 280 - 7 , p. 86 Jump up ^ Vadim Erlikman . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow 2004 ; ISBN 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 , p. 21 Jump up ^ G.I. Krivosheev . Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses . Greenhill 1997 ; ISBN 1 - 85367 - 280 - 7 , p. 91 Jump up ^ G.I. Krivosheev . Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses . Greenhill 1997 ISBN 1 - 85367 - 280 - 7 p. 236 Jump up ^ Vadim Erlikman . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow 2004 ; ISBN 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 , pp 13 - 14 Jump up ^ Ellis , John . World War II -- A statistical survey Facts on File 1993 . 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Australian Defence : Sources and Statistics . The Australian Centenary History of Defence . Volume VI . Melbourne : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 554118 - 9 . Jump up ^ Long , Gavin ( 1963 ) . The Final Campaigns . Australia in the War of 1939 -- 1945 . Series 1 -- Army . Canberra : Australian War Memorial . Jump up ^ McKernan , Michael . Strength of a Nation : Six years of Australians fighting for the nation and defending the homefront in World War II , Crows Nest NSW , Allen & Unwin ; ISBN 1 - 74114 - 714 - X , p. 393 . Jump up ^ Rűdiger Overmans . Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg . Oldenbourg 2000 ; ISBN 3 - 486 - 56531 - 1 , p. 335 Jump up ^ Gregory Frumkin . Population Changes in Europe Since 1939 , Geneva 1951 , pp. 44 - 45 Jump up ^ Rűdiger Overmans . Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg . Oldenbourg 2000 ; ISBN 3 - 486 - 56531 - 1 , p. 230 Jump up ^ Ellis , John . 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Suchdienstes , 1965 Jump up ^ Ursprünge , Arten und Folgen des Konstrukts `` Bevölkerung '' vor , im und nach dem `` Dritten Reich '' Zur Geschichte der deutschen Bevölkerungswissensch : Ingo Haar Die deutschen '' Vertreibungsverluste `` -- Forschungsstand , Kontexte und Probleme , in Ursprünge , Arten und Folgen des Konstrukts `` Bevölkerung '' vor , im und nach dem `` Dritten Reich '' Springer 2009 : ISBN 978 - 3 - 531 - 16152 - 5 , p. 369 Jump up ^ Rűdiger Overmans . Personelle Verluste der deutschen Bevölkerung durch Flucht und Vertreibung . ( This paper was a presentation at an academic conference in Warsaw Poland in 1994 ) , Dzieje Najnowsze Rocznik XXI - 1994 Jump up ^ Pistohlkors , Gert . Informationen zur Klärung der Schicksale von Flüchtlingen aus den . Vertreibungsgebieten östlich von Oder und Neiße . Published in Schulze , Rainer , Flüchtlinge und Vertriebene in der westdeutschen Nachkriegsgeschichte : Bilanzierung der Forschung und Perspektiven für die künftige Forschungsarbeit Hildesheim : A. Lax , 1987 Jump up ^ Hans Henning Hahn and Eva Hahn : Die Vertreibung im deutschen Erinnern . Legenden , Mythos , Geschichte . Paderborn 2010 ; ISBN 978 - 3 - 506 - 77044 - 8 , p. 702 Jump up ^ Facts concerning the problem of the German expellees and refugees , Bonn 1967 ^ Jump up to : Ingo Haar , `` Hochgerechnetes Unglück , Die Zahl der deutschen Opfer nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg wird übertrieben '' , Süddeutsche Zeitung , 14 November 2006 . Jump up ^ German Federal Archive Spieler , Silke . ed . Vertreibung und Vertreibungsverbrechen 1945 - 1948 . Bericht des Bundesarchivs vom 28 . Mai 1974 . Archivalien und ausgewählte Erlebnisberichte ... Bonn : Kulturstiftung der deutschen Vertriebenen. ( 1989 ) ; ISBN 3 - 88557 - 067 - X . 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Legenden , Mythos , Geschichte , Paderborn : Schöningh , 2010 , pp. 659 -- 726 , 839 : ill. , maps ; 24cm . D820. P72 G475 2010 ; ISBN 978 - 3 - 506 - 77044 - 8 ( in German ) ^ Jump up to : Rűdiger Overmans - Personelle Verluste der deutschen Bevölkerung durch Flucht und Vertreibung . ( this paper was a presentation at an academic conference in Warsaw Poland in 1994 ) , Dzieje Najnowsze Rocznik XXI - 1994 ^ Jump up to : Zahl der Vertreibungsopfer ist neu zu erforschen Rüdiger Overmans Deutschlandfunk ; accessed June 21 , 2015 . ( in German ) Jump up ^ Ursprünge , Arten und Folgen des Konstrukts `` Bevölkerung '' vor , im und nach dem `` Dritten Reich '' Zur Geschichte der deutschen Bevölkerungswissenschaft : Ingo Haar Die deutschen '' Vertreibungsverluste `` -- Forschungsstand , Kontexte und Probleme , Ursprünge , Arten und Folgen des Konstrukts `` Bevölkerung '' vor , im und nach dem `` Dritten Reich '' , Berlin : Springer , 2009 ; ISBN 978 - 3 - 531 - 16152 - 5 ( in German ) Jump up ^ Herausforderung Bevölkerung : zu Entwicklungen des modernen Denkens über die Bevölkerung vor , im und nach dem Dritten Reich Ingo Haar , Bevölkerungsbilanzen '' und `` Vertreibungsverluste . 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Zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte der deutschen Opferangaben aus Flucht und Vertreibung , Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften , 2007 ; ISBN 978 - 3 - 531 - 15556 - 2 ( in German ) Jump up ^ Die Flucht der deutschen Bevölkerung 1944 / 45 , dhm.de ; accessed 21 June 2015. ( in German ) Jump up ^ Hoensch , Jörg K. und Hans Lemberg , Begegnung und Konflikt . Schlaglichter auf das Verhältnis von Tschechen , Slowaken und Deutschen 1815 -- 1989 Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung 2001 ; ISBN 3 - 89861 - 002 - 0 Jump up ^ Bernadetta Nitschke . Vertreibung und Aussiedlung der deutschen Bevölkerung aus Polen 1945 bis 1949 . München , Oldenbourg Verlag , 2003 ; ISBN 3 - 486 - 56832 - 9 , pp. 269 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Witold Sienkiewicz & Grzegorz Hryciuk , Wysiedlenia , wypędzenia i ucieczki 1939 -- 1959 : atlas ziem Polski : Polacy , Żydzi , Niemcy , Ukraińcy , Warsaw : Demart , 2008 , p. 170 , Określa je wielkosciami między 600tys . a 1.2 mln zmarłych i zabitych . Głowną przyczyną zgonów było zimno , stres i bombardowania ; accessed 26 May 2015. ( in Polish ) Jump up ^ Witold Sienkiewicz & Grzegorz Hryciuk , Wysiedlenia , wypędzenia i ucieczki 1939 -- 1959 : atlas ziem Polski : Polacy , Żydzi , Niemcy , Ukraińcy , Warsaw : Demart , 2008 , p. 187 Jump up ^ Alan S. Milward , The Reconstruction of Western Europe Jump up ^ `` Does Germany owe Greece wartime reparations money ? '' . BBC News . June 14 , 2005 . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vast Greek war claims against Germany explode like a ' time - bomb ' '' , The Telegraph , 22 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Gregory Frumkin . Population Changes in Europe Since 1939 , Geneva 1951 . pp. 89 -- 91 Jump up ^ Dieter Pohl , Verfolgung und Massenmord in der NS - Zeit 1933 -- 1945 , WBG ( Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft ) , 2003 ; ISBN 3534151585 , pp. 123 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : George J. McMillin , Captain , USN Surrender of Guam to the Japanese Jump up ^ Thomas Wilds , `` The Japanese Seizure of Guam '' , Marine Corps Gazette , July 1955 Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2014 - 2015 p. 38 '' . Commonwealth War Graves Commission . Commonwealth War Graves Commission . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . Figures include identified burials and those commemorated by name on memorials ^ Jump up to : Parker , John . ( 2005 ) . The Gurkhas : The Inside Story of the World 's Most Feared Soldiers . Headline Book Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7553 - 1415 - 7 p. 250 ^ Jump up to : Geoffrey Roberts ( January 11 , 2004 ) . `` The Challenge Of The Irish Volunteers of World War II '' . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roma : Instituto Centrale Statistica . Morti E Dispersi Per Cause Belliche Negli Anni 1940 -- 45 Rome , 1957 . Jump up ^ `` The effects of war losses on mortality estimates for Italy : A first attempt . Demographic Research , Vol. 13 , No. 15 '' . Demographic-research.org . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Roma : Instituto Centrale Statistica Morti E Dispersi Per Cause Belliche Negli Anni 1940 -- 45 Rome 1957 , pp. 4 - 5 Jump up ^ Roma : Instituto Centrale Statistica Morti E Dispersi Per Cause Belliche Negli Anni 1940 -- 45 , Rome 1957 , pp. 6 - 7 Jump up ^ Roma : Instituto Centrale Statistica Morti E Dispersi Per Cause Belliche Negli Anni 1940 -- 45 , Rome 1957 , p. 20 Jump up ^ Roma : Instituto Centrale Statistica Morti E Dispersi Per Cause Belliche Negli Anni 1940 -- 45 , Rome 1957 , pp. 10 - 11 Jump up ^ Ufficio Storico dello Stato Maggiore dell'Esercito . Commissariato generale C.G.V. Ministero della Difesa -- Edizioni 1986 ( in Italian ) Jump up ^ John W. Dower . War Without Mercy , 1986 ; ISBN 0 - 394 - 75172 - 8 , p. 296 Jump up ^ Werner Gruhl , Imperial Japan 's World War Two , 1931 -- 1945 , Transaction 2007 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 7658 - 0352 - 8 , p. 144 Jump up ^ `` Figures were compiled by the Relief Bureau of the Ministry of Health and Welfare in March 1964 . '' . Australia - Japan Research Project . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ Dower , pp. 298 Jump up ^ American Historical Association : Lessons from Iwo Jima footnote 1 Retrieved 10 March 2016 Jump up ^ Stevens , The Naval Campaigns for New Guinea paragraph 30 Retrieved 10 March 2016 . Jump up ^ John W. Dower War Without Mercy 1986 ISBN 0 - 394 - 75172 - 8 p. 296 ^ Jump up to : Japan Statistical Year - Book , 1949 ( etc . ) . Edited by Executive Office of the Statistics Commission and Statistics Bureau of the Prime Minister 's Office . Eng . & Jap . ( Tokyo ) 1949 - pp 1056 - 58 , Tables 608 - 09 Jump up ^ John W. Dower , War Without Mercy 1986 ; ISBN 0 - 394 - 75172 - 8 , p. 296 Dower cites the figures of killed but not the wounded Jump up ^ Japan Statistical Year - Book , 1949 ( etc . ) . Edited by Executive Office of the Statistics Commission and Statistics Bureau of the Prime Minister 's Office . Eng . & Jap . ( Tokyo ) 1949 - p. 1058 , Tables 608 - 09 Jump up ^ John W. Dower . War Without Mercy 1986 ; ISBN 0 - 394 - 75172 - 8 , p. 296 Dower cites the figures of killed but not the wounded Jump up ^ Annual Changes in Population of Japan Proper 1 October 1920 -- 1 October 1947 , General Headquarters for the Allied Powers Economic and Scientific Section Research and Programs Division . Tokyo , July 1948 . p. 20 Jump up ^ Werner Gruhl , Imperial Japan 's World War Two , 1931 -- 1945 Transaction 2007 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 7658 - 0352 - 8 , p. 144 Jump up ^ John W. Dower War Without Mercy 1986 ; ISBN 0 - 394 - 75172 - 8 , p. 296 Jump up ^ John W. Dower War Without Mercy 1986 ; ISBN 0 - 394 - 75172 - 8 , pp 299 , 363 ^ Jump up to : John W. Dower War Without Mercy 1986 ; ISBN 0 - 394 - 75172 - 8 , pp. 299 , 363 Jump up ^ `` Reports of General MacArthurMACARTHUR IN JAPAN : THE OCCUPATION : MILITARY PHASE VOLUME I SUPPLEMENT - U.S. Government printing Office 1966 , p. 130 endnote 36 '' . History.army.mil . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nimmo , William . Behind a curtain of silence : Japanese in Soviet custody , 1945 -- 1956 , Greenwood 1989 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 25762 - 9 , pp 116 -- 18 Jump up ^ Ishikida , Miki ( 2005 ) . Toward Peace : War Responsibility , Postwar Compensation , and Peace Movements and Education in Japan . iUniverse , Inc . ( July 13 , 2005 ) . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 0595350636 . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` G.I. Krivosheev . Rossiia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka : Poteri vooruzhennykh sil ; statisticheskoe issledovanie , OLMA - Press , 2001 ; ISBN 5 - 224 - 01515 - 4 '' . Lib.ru . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Overall Report of Damage Sustained by the Nation During the Pacific War Economic Stabilization Agency , Planning Department , Office of the Secretary General , 1949 '' . JapanAirRaids . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Overall Report of Damage Sustained by the Nation During the Pacific War Economic Stabilization Agency , Planning Department , Office of the Secretary General , 1949 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Japan Statistical Year - Book , 1949 ( etc . ) . Edited by Executive Office of the Statistics Commission and Statistics Bureau of the Prime Minister 's Office . Eng . & Jap . ( Tokyo ) 1949 , pp 1056 - 57 , Table 607 Jump up ^ Eisei Ishikawa , David L. Swain , Committee for the Compilation of Materials on Damage Caused by the Atomic Bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki , Hiroshima and Nagasaki The Physical Medical and Social Effects of the Atomic Bombings , Basic Books , 1981 , ISBN 046502985X p. 115 ( English translation of Japanese study published in 1979 Jump up ^ Eisei Ishikawa , David L. Swain , Committee for the Compilation of Materials on Damage Caused by the Atomic Bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki , Hiroshima and Nagasaki The Physical Medical and Social Effects of the Atomic Bombings , Basic Books , 1981 , ISBN 046502985X p. 115 ( English translation of Japanese study published in 1979 Jump up ^ Eisei Ishikawa , David L. Swain , Committee for the Compilation of Materials on Damage Caused by the Atomic Bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki , Hiroshima and Nagasaki The Physical Medical and Social Effects of the Atomic Bombings , Basic Books , 1981 , ISBN 046502985X ( English translation of Japanese study published in 1979 Jump up ^ John W. Dower . War Without Mercy 1986 ; ISBN 0 - 394 - 75172 - 8 , pp 297 -- 99 Jump up ^ `` Hiroshima , Nagasaki , and Subsequent Weapons Testing '' . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Radiation Effects Research Foundation How many people died as a result of the atomic bombings ? , rerf.jp ; accessed March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` United States Strategic Bombing Survey Summary Report United States Government Printing Office Washington : 1946 p. 20 '' . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ United States Strategic Bombing Survey , Medical Division ( 1947 ) , pp. 143 - 44 Jump up ^ `` United States Strategic Bombing Survey Report # 55 The effects of air attack on Japanese urban economy. United States Government Printing Office , Washington : 1947 , p. 7 '' . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` United States Strategic Bombing Survey The Effects of strategic bombing on Japanese morale. United States Government Printing Office , Washington : 1947 , p. 194 '' . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` United States Strategic Bombing Survey The Effects of Atomic Bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki United States Government Printing Office Washington : 1946 , p. 15 '' . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Major Chas . S. Nichols , Jr. , USMC Henry I. Shaw , Jr . `` Okinawa : Victory in the Pacific '' . Historical Branch , G - 3 Division , Headquarters , U.S. Marine Corps . Retrieved 25 February 2017 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Major Chas . S. Nichols , Jr. , USMC Henry I. Shaw , Jr. ( 1955 ) . Okinawa : Victory in the Pacific . Historical Branch , G - 3 Division , Headquarters , U.S. Marine Corps . p. 260 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Michael Clodfelter . Warfare and Armed Conflicts -- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1500 -- 2000 ( 2nd ed . ) , 2002 ; ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1204 - 6 , p. 578 Jump up ^ `` R.J. Rummel `` Statistics of democide : Genocide and Mass Murder since 1900 '' Transaction 1998 ; ISBN 3 - 8258 - 4010 - 7 ( Chapter 3 ) `` . Hawaii.edu . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Werner Gruhl , Imperial Japan 's World War Two , 1931 -- 1945 Transaction 2007 ISBN 978 - 0 - 7658 - 0352 - 8 p. 143 Jump up ^ John W. Dower , War Without Mercy 1986 ; ISBN 0 - 394 - 75172 - 8 , p. 47 Jump up ^ Gregory Frumkin . Population Changes in Europe Since 1939 , Geneva 1951 . p. 107 Jump up ^ John W. Dower . War Without Mercy 1986 ; ISBN 0 - 394 - 75172 - 8 , p. 296 Jump up ^ Werner Gruhl , Imperial Japan 's World War Two , 1931 -- 1945 , Transaction 2007 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 7658 - 0352 - 8 , p. 91 Jump up ^ `` History Of The Nepalese Army '' . Nepalarmy.mil.np . Retrieved 25 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Netherlands War Graves Foundation '' . Ogs.nl . Retrieved June 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Allied Merchant Navy Memorial in Newfoundland '' . Cdli.ca . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Maj . Richard M. , ( U.S. Army , retired ) ( 28 October 2002 ) . `` Bataan , Corregidor , and the Death March : In Retrospect '' ^ Jump up to : Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota . Polska 1939 -- 1945 . Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami . Institute of National Remembrance ( IPN ) , Warsaw 2009 ; ISBN 978 - 83 - 7629 - 067 - 6 , p. 32 ^ Jump up to : Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota . Polska 1939 -- 1945 . Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami . Institute of National Remembrance ( IPN ) , Warsaw 2009 ; ISBN 978 - 83 - 7629 - 067 - 6 , pp. 29 -- 30 ^ Jump up to : Czesław Brzoza , Andrzej Leon Sowa , Historia Polski 1918 -- 1945 ( History of Poland : 1918 -- 1945 ) , pp. 694 -- 697 . Kraków 2009 , Wydawnictwo Literackie , ISBN 978 - 83 - 08 - 04125 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` United States Holocaust Memorial Museum : Polish Victims '' . Ushmm.org . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ ( 10 ) Meeting line between the German and the Soviet Army after their joint invasion of Poland in September 1939 Jump up ^ Czesław Łuczak Polska i Polacy w drugiej wojnie światowej ( Poland and Poles in the Second World War ). Styczeń 1993 ISBN 83 - 232 - 0511 - 6 p. 683 ^ Jump up to : Gniazdowski , Mateusz . Losses Inflicted on Poland by Germany during World War II . Assessments and Estimates -- an Outline The Polish Quarterly of International Affairs , 2007 , no . 1. This article is available from the Central and Eastern European Online Library at http://www.ceeol.com Jump up ^ Poland World War II casualties ( in thousands ) Jump up ^ Gregory Frumkin . Population Changes in Europe Since 1939 , Geneva 1951 . p. 119 Jump up ^ U.S. Bureau of the Census The Population of Poland Ed . W. Parker Mauldin , Washington , D.C. , 1954 , p. 187 Jump up ^ Andreev , E.M. , et al , Naselenie Sovetskogo Soiuza , 1922 -- 1991 . Moscow , Nauka , 1993 ; ISBN 5 - 02 - 013479 - 1 , p. 78 . Total Soviet losses of 26.6 million are computed for the population in mid-1941 in the territory of the Soviet Union of 1946 -- 1991 Jump up ^ Poland . Bureau odszkodowan wojennych , Statement on war losses and damages of Poland in 1939 -- 1945 . Warsaw 1947. ( the figures of 2.8 million Jews and 3.2 million Poles are based on language spoken , not religion ) Jump up ^ Czesław Łuczak , Szanse i trudnosci bilansu demograficznego Polski w latach 1939 -- 1945 . Dzieje Najnowsze Rocznik XXI , 1994 Jump up ^ `` go to note on Polish Casualties by Tadeusz Piotrowski at the bottom of the page '' . Project In Posterum . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Franciszek Proch , Poland 's Way of the Cross , New York , 1987 ^ Jump up to : T. Panecki , Wsiłek zbrojny Polski w II wojnie światowej pl : Wojskowy Przegląd Historyczny , 1995 , no . 1 -- 2 , pp. 13 -- 18 Jump up ^ Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota . Polska 1939 -- 1945 . Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami . Institute of National Remembrance ( IPN ) , Warsaw 2009 ; ISBN 978 - 83 - 7629 - 067 - 6 , p. 20 Jump up ^ `` Victims of the Nazi Regime - Database of Polish citizens repressed under the German Occupation '' . Straty.pl . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Nürnberg Document No. 3568 . Data from this document is listed in Martin Brozat , Nationalsozialistische Polenpolitik Fischer Bücheri 1961 . p. 125 Jump up ^ Die deutschen Vertreibungsverluste . Bevölkerungsbilanzen für die deutschen Vertreibungsgebiete 1939 / 50 . Herausgeber : Statistisches Bundesamt -- Wiesbaden . -- Stuttgart : Verlag W. Kohlhammer , 1958 Jump up ^ Schimitzek , Stanislaw , Truth or Conjecture ? Warsaw 1966 Jump up ^ Ruas , Óscar Vasconcelos , `` Relatório 1946 - 47 '' , AHU Jump up ^ Urlanis , Boris ( 1971 ) . Wars and Population . Moscow 1971 , p. 294 Jump up ^ Mark Axworthy . Third Axis Fourth Ally . Arms and Armour 1995 ; ISBN 1 - 85409 - 267 - 7 , pp 216 -- 17 Jump up ^ Mark Axworthy . Third Axis Fourth Ally . Arms and Armour 1995 ISBN 1 - 85409 - 267 - 7 , p. 314 Jump up ^ Linden , Jan Church and revolution in Rwanda , Manchester University Press 1977 ; ISBN 0 - 8419 - 0305 - 0 , p. 207 Jump up ^ Alexander De Waal , Famine crimes : politics & the disaster relief industry in Africa Indiana Univ . Press , 1999 ; ISBN 0 - 253 - 21158 - 1 , p. 30 Jump up ^ Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2013 - 2014 Archived 2015 - 11 - 04 at the Wayback Machine. , page 44 . Figures include identified burials and those commemorated by name on memorials . Jump up ^ Poyer , Lin ; Falgout , Suzanne ; Carucci , Laurence Marshall . The Typhoon of War : Micronesian Experiences of the Pacific War Univ of Hawaii Press , Honolulu , Hawaii , USA , 2001 ; ISBN 0 - 8248 - 2168 - 8 Jump up ^ Andreev , E.M. , et al. , Naselenie Sovetskogo Soiuza , 1922 -- 1991 . Moscow , Nauka , 1993 ; ISBN 5 - 02 - 013479 - 1 Jump up ^ Michael Ellman and S. Maksudov , Soviet Deaths in the Great Patriotic War : a note -- World War II -- Europe Asia Studies , July 1994 ^ Jump up to : Michael Haynes , Counting Soviet Deaths in the Great Patriotic War : a Note , Europe Asia Studies vol 55 , No. 2 , 2003 , 300 -- 309 Jump up ^ `` Michael Ellman and S. Maksudov , Soviet Deaths in the Great Patriotic War : a note - World War II - Europe Asia Studies , July 1994 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Perrie , Maureen ( 2006 ) , The Cambridge History of Russia : The Twentieth Century , Cambridge University Press , pp. 225 - 27 Jump up ^ Andreev , EM ; Darski , LE ; Kharkova , TL ( 11 September 2002 ) . `` Population dynamics : consequences of regular and irregular changes '' . In Lutz , Wolfgang ; Scherbov , Sergei ; Volkov , Andrei . Demographic Trends and Patterns in the Soviet Union Before 1991 . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 85320 - 5 . Jump up ^ Rossiiskaia Akademiia nauk . Liudskie poteri SSSR v period vtoroi mirovoi voiny : sbornik statei . Sankt - Peterburg 1995 ; ISBN 5 - 86789 - 023 - 6 , pp. 124 -- 31 ( these losses are for the territory of the USSR in the borders of 1946 - 1991 , including territories annexed in 1939 -- 40 ) . Jump up ^ Krivosheev , G.F. ( 1997 ) . Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century . Greenhill Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85367 - 280 - ^ Jump up to : Andreev , EM , et al. , Naselenie Sovetskogo Soiuza , 1922 -- 1991 . Moscow , Nauka , 1993 ; ISBN 978 - 5 - 02 - 013479 - 9 , p. 78 Jump up ^ Andreev EM ; Darsky LE ; Kharkova TL , Population dynamics : consequences of regular and irregular changes . in Demographic Trends and Patterns in the Soviet Union Before 1991 . Routledge . P. 436 , 1993 ; ISBN 0415101948 Jump up ^ Andreev , EM , et al. , Naselenie Sovetskogo Soiuza , 1922 -- 1991 . Moscow , Nauka , 1993 ; ISBN 978 - 5 - 02 - 013479 - 9 , p. 120 Jump up ^ Andreev , EM , et al. , Naselenie Sovetskogo Soiuza , 1922 -- 1991 . Moscow , Nauka , 1993 ; ISBN 978 - 5 - 02 - 013479 - 9 , pp. 50 - 53 ( eastern regions of Poland ( 10 million ) , Lithuania ( 2.9 million ) , Latvia ( 1.9 million ) , Estonia 1.1 million ) , Romanian Bessarabia and Bukovina ( 3.7 million ) , Tuva ( 86,000 ) , Zakarpattia Oblast 700,000 , South Sakhalin ( 30,000 ) and the Kaliningrad Oblast ) . Jump up ^ Zmeskov , Victor . `` Repatriation of Soviet Citizens ( in Russian ) '' . Социологические исследования . May 1995 . No 5 . С. 3 -- 13 . Retrieved 29 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : L.L. Rybakovsky . Casualties of the USSR in the Great Patriotic War ( in Russian ) , Sotsiologicheskie issiedovaniya , 2000 , No 6 . ^ Jump up to : Zemskov , Viktor . `` The extent of human losses USSR in the Great Patriotic War ( in Russian ) '' . demoscope.ru # 559 - 60 , July 2013 . Retrieved 11 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Krivosheev , G.F. , ed. ( 1997 ) . Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century . London : Greenhill Books . ISBN 1 - 85367 - 280 - 7 . page 85 ( 8,668,000 , including 1,283,000 POW and 500,000 missing ) Jump up ^ Hartmann , Christian ( 2013 ) . Operation Barbarossa : Nazi Germany 's War in the East , 1941 -- 1945 . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 157 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 966078 - 0 . Jump up ^ Richard Overy , Russia 's War : A History of the Soviet Effort : 1941 -- 1945 , Penguin Books , 1998 ; ISBN 0 - 14 - 027169 - 4 , p . XV Jump up ^ `` Obituary of S.N. Mikhalev who passed away in 2005 '' . Andjusev.narod.ru . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ S.N. Mikhalev Liudskie poteri v Velikoi Otechestvennoi voine 1941 - 1945 gg : Statisticheskoe issledovanie Krasnoiarskii gos . pedagog . universitet , 2000 ; ISBN 978 - 5 - 85981 - 082 - 6 , pp 18 - 21 . S.N. Mikhalev . Human Losses in the Great Patriotic War 1941 - 1945 : A Statistical Investigation , Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Vadim Erlikman . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow 2004 ; ISBN 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 , p. 20 - 21 ( 10,600,000 , including 2.6 million POW ) Jump up ^ Mikhalev , S.N. ( 2000 ) . Liudskie poteri v Velikoi Otechestvennoi voine 1941 -- 1945 gg : Statisticheskoe issledovanie ( Human Losses in the Great Patriotic Wa < r 1941 -- 1945 A Statistical Investigation ) . Krasnoiarskii gos . pedagog . universitet ( Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University ) . p. 97 . ISBN 978 - 5 - 85981 - 082 - 6 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Soviet General Staff report July 1945 ( 6,331,000 killed and 1,329,000 missing and accounted for ) Jump up ^ Жертвы двух диктатур . Остарбайтеры и военнопленные в Третьем Рейхе и их репатриация . -- М. : Ваш выбор ЦИРЗ , 1996 . -- p735 - 738 . ( Victims of Two Dictatorships . Ostarbeiters and POW in Third Reich and Their Repatriation ) ( Russian ) Jump up ^ S.A. Il'enkov Pamyat O Millionach Pavshik Zaschitnikov Otechestva Nelzya Predavat Zabveniu Voennno - Istoricheskii Arkhiv No. 7 ( 22 ) , Central Military Archives of the Russian Federation 2001 , pp 73 - 80 ; ISBN 978 - 5 - 89710 - 005 - 7 ( The Memory of those who Fell Defending the Fatherland Cannot be Condemned to Oblivion ) ; in Russian ; available at the New York Public Library ) Jump up ^ Il'Enkov , S.A. ( June 1996 ) . `` Concerning the registration of Soviet armed forces ' wartime irrevocable losses , 1941 -- 1945 '' . The Journal of Slavic Military Studies . 9 ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` OBD Memorial '' . Obd-memorial.ru . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Rossiiskaia Akademiia nauk . Liudskie poteri SSSR v period vtoroi mirovoi voiny : sbornik statei . Sankt - Peterburg 1995 ; ISBN 5 - 86789 - 023 - 6 , pp. 124 -- 31 ( these losses are for the territory of the USSR in the borders of 1946 - 1991 , including territories annexed in 1939 -- 40 ) . Jump up ^ Rossiiskaia Akademiia nauk . Liudskie poteri SSSR v period vtoroi mirovoi voiny : sbornik statei . Sankt - Peterburg 1995 ; ISBN 5 - 86789 - 023 - 6 , p. 158 Jump up ^ Michael Clodfelter . Warfare and Armed Conflicts -- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1500 -- 2000 ( 2nd ed . ) , 2002 ; ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1204 - 6 , p. 515 Jump up ^ Lennart Lundberg Handelsflottan under andra världskriget , p. 9 Jump up ^ `` Aerospace Power Journal ( Summer 2000 ) : The Diplomacy of Apology : U.S. Bombings of Switzerland during World War II by Jonathan E. Helmreich '' . Airpower.maxwell.af.mil . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Aerospace Power Journal ( Summer 2000 ) : The Bombing of Zurich by Jonathan E. Helmreich '' . Airpower.maxwell.af.mil . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sorasanya Phaengspha ( 2002 ) The Indochina War : Thailand Fights France . Sarakadee Press . Jump up ^ Eiji Murashima , `` The Commemorative Character of Thai Historiography : The 1942 -- 43 Thai Military Campaign in the Shan States Depicted as a Story of National Salvation and the Restoration of Thai Independence '' Modern Asian Studies , v40 , n4 ( 2006 ) pp. 1053 -- 96 , p. 1057n : `` Deaths in the Thai military forces from 8 December 1941 through the end of the war included 143 officers , 474 non-commissioned officers , and 4,942 soldiers . ( Defense Ministry of Thailand , In Memory of Victims who Fell in Battle ( in Thai ) , Bangkok : Krom phaenthi Thahanbok , 1947 ) . With the exception of about 180 who died in the 8 December ( 1941 ) battles and another 150 who died in battles in the Shan states ( Burma ) , almost all of the war dead died of malaria and other diseases . '' Jump up ^ E. Bruce Reynolds , `` Aftermath of Alliance : The Wartime Legacy in Thai - Japanese Relations '' , Journal of Southeast Asian Studies , v21 , n1 , March 1990 , pp. 66 -- 87 . `` An OSS document ( XL 30948 , RG 226 , USNA ) quotes Thai Ministry of Interior figures of 8,711 air raids deaths in 1944 -- 45 and damage to more than 10,000 buildings , most of them totally destroyed . However , an account by M.R. Seni Pramoj ( a typescript entitled ' The Negotiations Leading to the Cessation of a State of War with Great Britain ' and filed under Papers on World War II , at the Thailand Information Center , Chulalongkorn University , p. 12 ) indicates that only about 2,000 Thai died in air raids . '' Jump up ^ E. Bruce Reynolds , `` Aftermath of Alliance : The Wartime Legacy in Thai - Japanese Relations '' , Journal of Southeast Asian Studies , v21 , n1 , March 1990 , pp 66 - 87 . Thailand exported rice to neighboring Japanese - occupied countries during 1942 -- 45 ( p 72n ) and did not experience the notorious famines that occurred in India and French Indochina ( see above ) between 1943 -- 44 . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2014 - 2015 p. 38 '' . Commonwealth War Graves Commission . Commonwealth War Graves Commission . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . Figures include identified burials and those commemorated by name on memorials Jump up ^ Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2013 - 2014 Archived 2015 - 11 - 04 at the Wayback Machine. , page 44 . Jump up ^ UK Central Statistical Office Statistical Digest of the War HMSO 1951 Jump up ^ Marika Sherwood . `` Colonies , Colonials and World War Two '' . BBC . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cyprus Veterans Association World War II '' . Cyprusveterans.com.cy . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Marika Sherwood , World War II Colonies and Colonials . Savannah Press 2013 ; ISBN 978 - 0951972076 , p. 15 ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Coast Guard History '' . Uscg.mil . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Michael Clodfelter . Warfare and Armed Conflicts -- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1500 -- 2000 ( 2nd ed . ) , 2002 ; ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1204 - 6 , pp 584 -- 91 Jump up ^ `` US Navy and Marine Corps Personnel Casualties in World War II '' . History.navy.mil . Retrieved June 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ U.S. National Archives Casualties from World War II Jump up ^ `` American Battle Monuments Commission '' . Abmc.gov . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mariners in `` ocean - going service '' during World War II have Veteran Status . They may be entitled to a gravestone , flag for their coffin , and burial in a National Cemetery `` . Usmm.org . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` American Merchant Marine at War '' . Usmm.org . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Summary of Merchant Marine Personnel Casualties in World War II , US Coast Guard , Washington : Government Printing Office , July 1 , 1950 , p . VII Jump up ^ `` U.S. Merchant Marine Casualties during World War II '' . Usmm.org . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Civil Air Patrol '' . GlobalSecurity.org . Retrieved April 4 , 2008 . With the attacks of September 11 , 2001 and the creation of the Department of Homeland Security , the decision was made in 2002 for the United States Air Force to move CAP `` operational '' mission activities from the Air Force 's operations directorate ( HAF / A3 ) to the Air Force 's newly created homeland security directorate ... Jump up ^ `` CAP History and Organization '' ( PDF ) . Civil Air Patrol . Retrieved February 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Center for Internee Rights , Civilian prisoners of the Japanese in the Philippine Islands Turner Press 2002 ; ISBN 1 - 56311 - 838 - 6 Jump up ^ The annual death rate from 1942 -- 1945 of Americans interned by Japan was about 3.5 % . There were 1,536 deaths among the 13,996 interned civilians from 1942 -- 45 . The United States interned about 100,000 Japanese Americans between 1942 -- 45 . The 1946 report by the U.S. Dept. of The Interior `` The Evacuated People a Quantitative Description '' gave the annual death rate from 1942 -- 1945 of Japanese detained in the U.S. at about 0.7 % . There were 1,862 deaths among the 100,000 to 110,000 American civilians of Japanese ancestry interned in the U.S. from 1942 -- 45 . The annual death rate among the U.S. population as a whole from 1942 -- 45 was about 1.1 % per annum . Jump up ^ Michael Clodfelter . Warfare and Armed Conflicts -- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1500 -- 2000 ( 2nd ed . ) , 2002 ; ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1204 - 6 , p. 552 Jump up ^ Roger Mansell Captured : The Forgotten Men of Guam Jump up ^ Michael Clodfelter . Warfare and Armed Conflicts -- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1500 -- 2000 ( 2nd ed . ) , 2002 ; ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1204 - 6 , p. 552 Jump up ^ Michael Clodfelter . Warfare and Armed Conflicts -- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1500 -- 2000 ( 2nd ed . ) , 2002 ; ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1204 - 6 , p. 580 Jump up ^ Robert Goralski , World War II Almanac , 1939 -- 1945 : a political and military record , New York , p. 428 Jump up ^ Sir John Keegan Atlas of the Second World War , HarperCollins 1997 , pp. 204 - 05 Jump up ^ Tomasevich , Jozo . War and Revolution in Yugoslavia , 1941 -- 1945 : Occupation and Collaboration . Stanford University Press , 2001 ; ISBN 0 - 8047 - 3615 - 4 , p. 733 ^ Jump up to : Danijela Nadj ( 1993 ) . Yugoslavia manipulations with the number Second World War victims . Zagreb : Croatian Information center . ISBN 0 - 919817 - 32 - 7 . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : U.S. Bureau of the Census . The Population of Yugoslavia ( eds . Paul F. Meyers and Arthur A. Campbell ) , Washington , p. 23 Jump up ^ Tomasevich , Jozo . War and Revolution in Yugoslavia , 1941 -- 1945 : Occupation and Collaboration . Stanford University Press , 2001 ; ISBN 0 - 8047 - 3615 - 4 , Cap . 17 Alleged and True Population Losses ^ Jump up to : Kočović , Bogoljub Žrtve Drugog svetskog rata u Jugoslaviji , 1990 ; ISBN 86 - 01 - 01928 - 5 , pp 172 -- 89 Jump up ^ Danijela Nadj ( 1993 ) . Yugoslavia manipulations with the number Second World War victims - The authors survey of the demographic and human war losses in Yugoslavia . Zagreb : Croatian Information center . ISBN 0 - 919817 - 32 - 7 . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tomasevich , Jozo . War and Revolution in Yugoslavia , 1941 -- 1945 : Occupation and Collaboration . Stanford University Press , 2001 ; ISBN 0 - 8047 - 3615 - 4 , In Cap . 17 Alleged and True Population Losses there is a detailed account of the controversies related to Yugoslav war losses . p. 737 Jump up ^ Statistics of Democide ( 1997 ) . Jump up ^ Tomasevich , Jozo . War and Revolution in Yugoslavia , 1941 -- 1945 : Occupation and Collaboration . Stanford University Press , 2001 ; ISBN 0 - 8047 - 3615 - 4 , p. 729 Jump up ^ Tomasevich , Jozo . War and Revolution in Yugoslavia , 1941 -- 1945 : Occupation and Collaboration . Stanford University Press , 2001 ; ISBN 0 - 8047 - 3615 - 4 , p. 746 Jump up ^ `` Croatian President Mesic Apologizes for Croatian Crimes Against the Jews during the Holocaust '' . Yad Vashem . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` JASENOVAC '' . USHMM . United States Holocaust Memorial Museum . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 's Holocaust Encyclopedia : `` Jasenovac '' `` . Ushmm.org . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2009 . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Silberman , F. ( 2013 ) . Memory and Postwar Memorials : Confronting the Violence of the Past . Springer . p. 79 . Jump up ^ Donald Kendrick , The Destiny of Europe 's Gypsies . Basic Books , 1972 ; ISBN 0 - 465 - 01611 - 1 , p. 184 Jump up ^ Martin Gilbert Atlas of the Holocaust 1988 ; ISBN 0 - 688 - 12364 - 3 , p. 244 Jump up ^ Thomas M. Leonard , John F. Bratzel , George Lauderbaugh . Latin America in World War II , Rowman & Littlefield Publishers ( September 11 , 2006 ) , p. 83 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Casualties of World War II . The Central Database of Shoah Victims ' Names World War II Asia and the Pacific China South - East Asia North and Central Pacific South - West Pacific Europe Western Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa East Africa Italy West Africa Atlantic North America South America Casualties Military engagements Conferences Commanders Participants Allies ( leaders ) Australia Belgium Brazil Canada China Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Ethiopia France Free France ( from June 1940 ) Greece India Italy ( from September 1943 ) Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Philippines ( Commonwealth ) Poland South Africa Southern Rhodesia Soviet Union United Kingdom United States Puerto Rico Yugoslavia Axis and Axis - aligned ( leaders ) Albania Bulgaria Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China Independent State of Croatia Finland Germany Hungary Free India Iraq Italy ( until September 1943 ) Italian Social Republic Japan Manchukuo Philippines ( Second Republic ) Romania Slovakia Thailand Vichy France Armed neutrality Resistance Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech lands Denmark Estonia Ethiopia France Germany Greece Hong Kong Italy Japan Jewish Korea Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malaya Netherlands Northeast China Norway Philippines Poland Anti-communist Romania Thailand Soviet Union Slovakia Western Ukraine Vietnam Yugoslavia Monarchists Timeline Prelude Africa Asia Europe 1939 Poland Phoney War Winter War Atlantic Changsha China 1940 Weserübung Netherlands Belgium France Armistice of 22 June 1940 Britain North Africa West Africa British Somaliland North China Baltic States Moldova Indochina Greece Compass 1941 East Africa Yugoslavia Shanggao Greece Crete Iraq Soviet Union ( Barbarossa ) Finland Lithuania Syria and Lebanon Kiev Iran Leningrad Moscow Sevastopol Pearl Harbor The outbreak of the Pacific War Hong Kong Philippines Changsha Malaya Borneo ( 1941 -- 42 ) 1942 Burma Changsha Java Sea Coral Sea Gazala Dutch Harbor Attu ( occupation ) Kiska Zhejiang - 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About Wikipedia	what allies suffered the greatest military and civilian loss of life during world war ii	[ "\n\n\nHuman losses of World War II by country\n\n\n\n(when the number of deaths in a country is disputed, a range of war losses is given)\n\n\n\nThe details of the figures are provided in the footnotes\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCountry\nTotal population\n1/1/1939\nMilitary\ndeaths from all causes\nCivilian deaths due to\nmilitary activity and crimes against humanity\nCivilian deaths due to\nwar related famine and disease\nTotal\ndeaths\nDeaths as % of\n1939 population\n\n\n Albania A\n1,073,000[17]\n30,000[18]\n\n\n30,000\n2.80\n\n\n Australia B\n6,968,000[17]\n39,700[19]\n700[20]\n\n40,400\n0.58\n\n\n Austria (German-controlled) C\n6,653,000[17]\nIncluded with German Army\nIncluded with Germany\n\n\n(see table below)S3\n\n\n Belgium D\n8,387,000[17]\n12,000[21]\n76,000[21]\n\n88,000\n1.05\n\n\n BrazilE\n40,289,000[17]\n1,000[22]\n1,000[23]\n\n2,000\n0.00\n\n\n BulgariaF\n6,458,000[17]\n18,500[22]\n3,000[24]\n\n21,500\n0.33\n\n\n Burma (British colony)G\n16,119,000[17]\n2,600[25]\n250,000[25]\n\n252,600\n1.57\n\n\n CanadaH\n11,267,000[17]\n42,000[26]\n1,600[27]\n\n43,600\n0.38\n\n\n China I\n517,568,000[17]\n3,000,000[28]\nto 3,750,000+[29]\n7,357,000[30]\nto 8,191,000[31]\n5,000,000\nto 10,000,000\n15,000,000[32]\nto 20,000,000[32]\n2.90 to 3.86\n\n\n CubaJ\n4,235,000[17]\n\n100[33]\n\n100\n0.00\n\n\n Czechoslovakia (in postwar 1945-1992 borders)K\n14,612,000[34]\n46,000[35]\nto 35,000[36]\n294,000[35] to\n320,000[36]\n\n340,000 to 355,000\n2.33 to 2.43\n\n\n DenmarkL\n3,795,000[17]\n\n6,000[37]\n\n6,000\n0.16\n\n\n Dutch East IndiesM\n69,435,000[17]\n11,500[38][39]\n300,000[40]\n2,400,000[41]\nto 4,000,000[42]\n3,000,000\nto 4,000,000\n4.3 to 5.76\n\n\n Egypt MA\n16,492,000[17]\n1,100[43]\n\n\n1,100\n0.00\n\n\n Estonia (within 1939 borders)N\n1,134,000[17]\n34,000(in both Soviet & German armed forces)[44]\n49,000[45]\n\n83,000\n7.3\n\n\n EthiopiaO\n17,700,000[17]\n15,000[46]\n85,000\n\n100,000[46]\n0.56\n\n\n FinlandP\n3,700,000[17]\n83,000[47] to 95,000[48]\n2,000[49]\n\n85,000 to 95,000\n2.30 to 2.57\n\n\n FranceQ (including colonies)\n41,680,000[49]\n210,000[49]\n390,000[49]\n\n600,000\n1.44\n\n\n French IndochinaR\n24,664,000[17]\n\n\n1,000,000\nto 2,000,000[50]\n1,000,000\nto 2,200,000\n4.05 to 8.11\n\n\n GermanyS\n69,300,000[51]\n4,440,000[52] to 5,318,000[53][54]\n1,500,000 S2\nto 3,000,000S1\n\n6,900,000\nto 7,400,000\n(see table below)S3\n\n\n GreeceT\n7,222,000[17]\n35,100[55]\n171,800[55]\n300,000[56]\nto 600,000[55]\n507,000\nto 807,000\n7.02 to 11.17\n\n\n GuamTA\n22,800[57]\n1,000[58]\nto 2,000[59]\n\n\n1,000\nto 2,000\n4.39 to 8.77\n\n\n Hungary U\n9,129,000[57]\n300,000[60]\n264,000[61]\n\n564,000\n6.18\n\n\n IcelandV\n118,900[62]\n\n200[63]\n\n200\n0.17\n\n\n India (British)W\n377,800,000[64]\n87,000[65]\n\n1,500,000[66]\nto 2,500,000[67]\n1,600,000\nto 2,600,000\n0.42 to 0.69\n\n\n IranX\n14,340,000[68]\n200[69]\n\n\n200\n0.00\n\n\n Iraq'Y\n3,698,000[70]\n500[69]\n200[71]\n\n700\n0.01\n\n\n IrelandZ\n2,960,000[72]\nIrish volunteers included with UK Armed Forces\n100[73]\n\n100\n0.00\n\n\n Italy (in postwar 1947 borders)AA\n44,394,000[74]\n319,200[75] to 341,000 Italian nationals and c. 20,000 Africans conscripted by Italy[76][77]\n153,200[78]\n\n492,400 to 514,000\n1.11 to 1.16\n\n\n JapanAB\n71,380,000[79]\n2,100,000[80] to\n2,300,000[81]\n550,000[82] to\n800,000[83]\n\n2,500,000[84]\nto 3,100,000[85]\n3.50 to 4.34\n\n\n Korea (Japanese colony)AC\n24,326,000[57]\nIncluded with Japanese military\n483,000[86]\nto 533,000[87]\n\n483,000\nto 533,000\n1.99 to 2.19\n\n\n Latvia (within 1939 borders)AD\n1,994,500[57]\n30,000[88](in both Soviet and German Armies)\n220,000[89]\n\n250,000\n12.5\n\n\n Lithuania (within 1939 borders)AE\n2,575,000[79]\n25,000[90](in both Soviet and German Armies)\n345,000[91]\n\n370,000\n14.36\n\n\n LuxembourgAF\n295,000[79]\nIncluded with German & Belgian military\n5,000[49]\n\n5,000\n1.69\n\n\n Malaya & SingaporeAG\n5,118,000[92]\n\n100,000[93]\n\n100,000\n1.95\n\n\n Malta (British)AH\n269,000[57]\nIncluded with U.K.\n1,500[94]\n\n1,500\n0.55\n\n\n MexicoAI\n19,320,000[95]\n\n100[96]\n\n100\n0.00\n\n\n MongoliaAJ\n819,000[97]\n300[98]\n\n\n300\n0.04\n\n\n Nauru (Australian) AK\n3,400[57]\n\n500[99]\n\n500\n14.7\n\n\n Nepal BG\n6,087,000[57]\nIncluded with British Indian Army\n\n\n\n\n\n\n NetherlandsAL\n8,729,000[57]\n6,700[100]\n187,300[100]\n16,000[100]\n210,000\n2.41\n\n\n Newfoundland (British)AM\n320,000[101]\n1,100[102] (included with the U.K. & Canada)\n100[103]\n\n1,200\n0.03\n\n\n New ZealandAN\n1,629,000[57]\n11,700[104]\n\n\n11,700\n0.72\n\n\n NorwayAO\n2,945,000[105]\n2,000[49]\n8,200[106]\n\n10,200\n0.35\n\n\n Papua and New Guinea (Australian)AP\n1,292,000[57]\n\n15,000[107]\n\n15,000\n1.16\n\n\n Philippines (U.S. Territory) AQ\n16,000,303[108]\n27,000[109]\n164,000[109]\n336,000[109]\n527,000\n3.29\n\n\n Poland (within 1939 borders)AR\n34,849,000[110]\n240,000[111]\n5,620,000[112]\nto 5,820,000[113]\n\n5,900,000[114]\nto 6,000,000[115]\n16.93 to 17.22\n\n\n Portuguese TimorAS\n480,000[57]\n\n40,000[116]\nto 70,000[116]\n\n40,000\nto 70,000\n8.33 to 14.58\n\n\n Romania (in postwar 1945 borders) AT\n15,970,000[49]\n300,000[35]\n200,000[35]\n\n500,000[35]\n3.13\n\n\n Ruanda-Urundi (Belgian)AU\n3,800,000[117]\n\n\n300,000[118]\n300,000\n7.89\n\n\n South AfricaAW\n10,160,000[119]\n11,900[120]\n\n\n11,900\n0.12\n\n\n South Pacific Mandate (Japanese)AX\n127,000[121]\n\n10,000[122]\n\n10,000\n7.87\n\n\n Soviet Union (within 1946–91 borders[123])AY\n188,793,000[124][125]\n8,668,000[126][127] to 11,400,000[128][129][130][131]\n10,000,000[132][133][134]\n6,000,000 to 7,000,000[135][136]\n20,000,000[137] to 27,000,000[138][139][140][141][142]\n(see table below)AY4\n\n\n Spain AZ\n25,637,000[143]\nIncluded with the German Army\n\n\n\n\n\n\n Sweden BA\n6,341,000[144]\n100.[145]\n2,000[146]\n\n2,100\n0.03\n\n\n Switzerland BB\n4,210,000[147]\n\n100[148]\n\n100\n0.00\n\n\n Thailand BC\n15,023,000[149]\n5,600[150]\n2,000[150]\n\n7,600\n0.05\n\n\n Turkey BD\n17,370,000[151]\n200[152]\n\n\n200\n0.00\n\n\n United KingdomBE including British Colonies\n47,760,000[153]\n383,700[154]\n67,200[155]\n\n450,900\n0.94\n\n\n United StatesBF\n131,028,000[156]\n407,300 BF1\n12,100BF2\n\n419,400\n0.32\n\n\n YugoslaviaBG\n15,490,000[157]\n300,000[158]\nto 446,000[159]\n581,000[159] to 1,400,000[158]\n\n1,027,000[159] to 1,700,000[158]\n6.63 to 10.97\n\n\nOther nationsBH\n300,000,000\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nApprox. totals\n2,300,000,000[1]\n21,000,000\nto 25,500,000\n29,000,000\nto 30,500,000\n19,000,000\nto 28,000,000\n70,000,000\nto 85,000,000\n3.0 to 3.7\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "Soviet Union" ]
-7185320267410602376	Nervous system	Nervous system - wikipedia Nervous system Nervous system The human nervous system . Details Identifiers Latin systema nervosum MeSH D009420 TA A14. 0.00. 000 FMA 7157 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) Neuroscience portal The nervous system is the part of an animal that coordinates its actions by transmitting signals to and from different parts of its body . The nervous system detects environmental changes that impact the body , then works in tandem with the endocrine system to respond to such events . Nervous tissue first arose in wormlike organisms about 550 to 600 million years ago . In vertebrates it consists of two main parts , the central nervous system ( CNS ) and the peripheral nervous system ( PNS ) . The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord . The PNS consists mainly of nerves , which are enclosed bundles of the long fibers or axons , that connect the CNS to every other part of the body . Nerves that transmit signals from the brain are called motor or efferent nerves , while those nerves that transmit information from the body to the CNS are called sensory or afferent . Spinal nerves serve both functions and are called mixed nerves . The PNS is divided into three separate subsystems , the somatic , autonomic , and enteric nervous systems . Somatic nerves mediate voluntary movement . The autonomic nervous system is further subdivided into the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous systems . The sympathetic nervous system is activated in cases of emergencies to mobilize energy , while the parasympathetic nervous system is activated when organisms are in a relaxed state . The enteric nervous system functions to control the gastrointestinal system . Both autonomic and enteric nervous systems function involuntarily . Nerves that exit from the cranium are called cranial nerves while those exiting from the spinal cord are called spinal nerves . At the cellular level , the nervous system is defined by the presence of a special type of cell , called the neuron , also known as a `` nerve cell '' . Neurons have special structures that allow them to send signals rapidly and precisely to other cells . They send these signals in the form of electrochemical waves traveling along thin fibers called axons , which cause chemicals called neurotransmitters to be released at junctions called synapses . A cell that receives a synaptic signal from a neuron may be excited , inhibited , or otherwise modulated . The connections between neurons can form neural pathways , neural circuits , and larger networks that generate an organism 's perception of the world and determine its behavior . Along with neurons , the nervous system contains other specialized cells called glial cells ( or simply glia ) , which provide structural and metabolic support . Nervous systems are found in most multicellular animals , but vary greatly in complexity . The only multicellular animals that have no nervous system at all are sponges , placozoans , and mesozoans , which have very simple body plans . The nervous systems of the radially symmetric organisms ctenophores ( comb jellies ) and cnidarians ( which include anemones , hydras , corals and jellyfish ) consist of a diffuse nerve net . All other animal species , with the exception of a few types of worm , have a nervous system containing a brain , a central cord ( or two cords running in parallel ) , and nerves radiating from the brain and central cord . The size of the nervous system ranges from a few hundred cells in the simplest worms , to around 300 billion cells in African elephants . The central nervous system functions to send signals from one cell to others , or from one part of the body to others and to receive feedback . Malfunction of the nervous system can occur as a result of genetic defects , physical damage due to trauma or toxicity , infection or simply of ageing . The medical specialty of neurology studies disorders of the nervous system and looks for interventions that can prevent or treat them . In the peripheral nervous system , the most common problem is the failure of nerve conduction , which can be due to different causes including diabetic neuropathy and demyelinating disorders such as multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis . Neuroscience is the field of science that focuses on the study of the nervous system . Diagram showing the major divisions of the vertebrate nervous system . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Cells 1.1. 1 Neurons 1.1. 2 Glial cells 1.2 Anatomy in vertebrates 1.3 Comparative anatomy and evolution 1.3. 1 Neural precursors in sponges 1.3. 2 Radiata 1.3. 3 Bilateria 1.3. 4 Worms 1.3. 5 Arthropods 1.3. 6 `` Identified '' neurons 2 Function 2.1 Neurons and synapses 2.2 Neural circuits and systems 2.2. 1 Reflexes and other stimulus - response circuits 2.2. 2 Intrinsic pattern generation 2.3 Mirror neurons 3 Development 4 Pathology 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Structure The nervous system derives its name from nerves , which are cylindrical bundles of fibers ( the axons of neurons ) , that emanate from the brain and spinal cord , and branch repeatedly to innervate every part of the body . Nerves are large enough to have been recognized by the ancient Egyptians , Greeks , and Romans , but their internal structure was not understood until it became possible to examine them using a microscope . The author Michael Nikoletseas wrote : `` It is difficult to believe that until approximately year 1900 it was not known that neurons are the basic units of the brain ( Santiago Ramón y Cajal ) . Equally surprising is the fact that the concept of chemical transmission in the brain was not known until around 1930 ( Henry Hallett Dale and Otto Loewi ) . We began to understand the basic electrical phenomenon that neurons use in order to communicate among themselves , the action potential , in the 1950s ( Alan Lloyd Hodgkin , Andrew Huxley and John Eccles ) . It was in the 1960s that we became aware of how basic neuronal networks code stimuli and thus basic concepts are possible ( David H. Hubel and Torsten Wiesel ) . The molecular revolution swept across US universities in the 1980s . It was in the 1990s that molecular mechanisms of behavioral phenomena became widely known ( Eric Richard Kandel ) . '' A microscopic examination shows that nerves consist primarily of axons , along with different membranes that wrap around them and segregate them into fascicles . The neurons that give rise to nerves do not lie entirely within the nerves themselves -- their cell bodies reside within the brain , spinal cord , or peripheral ganglia . All animals more advanced than sponges have nervous systems . However , even sponges , unicellular animals , and non-animals such as slime molds have cell - to - cell signalling mechanisms that are precursors to those of neurons . In radially symmetric animals such as the jellyfish and hydra , the nervous system consists of a nerve net , a diffuse network of isolated cells . In bilaterian animals , which make up the great majority of existing species , the nervous system has a common structure that originated early in the Ediacaran period , over 550 million years ago . Cells The nervous system contains two main categories or types of cells : neurons and glial cells . Neurons Structure of a typical neuron Neuron Dendrite Soma Axon Nucleus Node of Ranvier Axon terminal Schwann cell Myelin sheath The nervous system is defined by the presence of a special type of cell -- the neuron ( sometimes called `` neurone '' or `` nerve cell '' ) . Neurons can be distinguished from other cells in a number of ways , but their most fundamental property is that they communicate with other cells via synapses , which are membrane - to - membrane junctions containing molecular machinery that allows rapid transmission of signals , either electrical or chemical . Many types of neuron possess an axon , a protoplasmic protrusion that can extend to distant parts of the body and make thousands of synaptic contacts ; axons typically extend throughout the body in bundles called nerves . Even in the nervous system of a single species such as humans , hundreds of different types of neurons exist , with a wide variety of morphologies and functions . These include sensory neurons that transmute physical stimuli such as light and sound into neural signals , and motor neurons that transmute neural signals into activation of muscles or glands ; however in many species the great majority of neurons participate in the formation of centralized structures ( the brain and ganglia ) and they receive all of their input from other neurons and send their output to other neurons . Glial cells Glial cells ( named from the Greek for `` glue '' ) are non-neuronal cells that provide support and nutrition , maintain homeostasis , form myelin , and participate in signal transmission in the nervous system . In the human brain , it is estimated that the total number of glia roughly equals the number of neurons , although the proportions vary in different brain areas . Among the most important functions of glial cells are to support neurons and hold them in place ; to supply nutrients to neurons ; to insulate neurons electrically ; to destroy pathogens and remove dead neurons ; and to provide guidance cues directing the axons of neurons to their targets . A very important type of glial cell ( oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system , and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system ) generates layers of a fatty substance called myelin that wraps around axons and provides electrical insulation which allows them to transmit action potentials much more rapidly and efficiently . Recent findings indicate that glial cells , such as microglia and astrocytes , serve as important resident immune cells within the central nervous system . Anatomy in vertebrates See also : List of nerves of the human body See also : List of regions in the human brain Horizontal section of the head of an adult female , showing skin , skull , and brain with grey matter ( brown in this image ) and underlying white matter The nervous system of vertebrates ( including humans ) is divided into the central nervous system ( CNS ) and the peripheral nervous system ( PNS ) . The ( CNS ) is the major division , and consists of the brain and the spinal cord . The spinal canal contains the spinal cord , while the cranial cavity contains the brain . The CNS is enclosed and protected by the meninges , a three - layered system of membranes , including a tough , leathery outer layer called the dura mater . The brain is also protected by the skull , and the spinal cord by the vertebrae . The peripheral nervous system ( PNS ) is a collective term for the nervous system structures that do not lie within the CNS . The large majority of the axon bundles called nerves are considered to belong to the PNS , even when the cell bodies of the neurons to which they belong reside within the brain or spinal cord . The PNS is divided into somatic and visceral parts . The somatic part consists of the nerves that innervate the skin , joints , and muscles . The cell bodies of somatic sensory neurons lie in dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord . The visceral part , also known as the autonomic nervous system , contains neurons that innervate the internal organs , blood vessels , and glands . The autonomic nervous system itself consists of two parts : the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system . Some authors also include sensory neurons whose cell bodies lie in the periphery ( for senses such as hearing ) as part of the PNS ; others , however , omit them . The vertebrate nervous system can also be divided into areas called grey matter ( `` gray matter '' in American spelling ) and white matter . Grey matter ( which is only grey in preserved tissue , and is better described as pink or light brown in living tissue ) contains a high proportion of cell bodies of neurons . White matter is composed mainly of myelinated axons , and takes its color from the myelin . White matter includes all of the nerves , and much of the interior of the brain and spinal cord . Grey matter is found in clusters of neurons in the brain and spinal cord , and in cortical layers that line their surfaces . There is an anatomical convention that a cluster of neurons in the brain or spinal cord is called a nucleus , whereas a cluster of neurons in the periphery is called a ganglion . There are , however , a few exceptions to this rule , notably including the part of the forebrain called the basal ganglia . Comparative anatomy and evolution Main article : Evolution of nervous systems Neural precursors in sponges Sponges have no cells connected to each other by synaptic junctions , that is , no neurons , and therefore no nervous system . They do , however , have homologs of many genes that play key roles in synaptic function . Recent studies have shown that sponge cells express a group of proteins that cluster together to form a structure resembling a postsynaptic density ( the signal - receiving part of a synapse ) . However , the function of this structure is currently unclear . Although sponge cells do not show synaptic transmission , they do communicate with each other via calcium waves and other impulses , which mediate some simple actions such as whole - body contraction . Radiata Jellyfish , comb jellies , and related animals have diffuse nerve nets rather than a central nervous system . In most jellyfish the nerve net is spread more or less evenly across the body ; in comb jellies it is concentrated near the mouth . The nerve nets consist of sensory neurons , which pick up chemical , tactile , and visual signals ; motor neurons , which can activate contractions of the body wall ; and intermediate neurons , which detect patterns of activity in the sensory neurons and , in response , send signals to groups of motor neurons . In some cases groups of intermediate neurons are clustered into discrete ganglia . The development of the nervous system in radiata is relatively unstructured . Unlike bilaterians , radiata only have two primordial cell layers , endoderm and ectoderm . Neurons are generated from a special set of ectodermal precursor cells , which also serve as precursors for every other ectodermal cell type . Bilateria Nervous system of a bilaterian animal , in the form of a nerve cord with segmental enlargements , and a `` brain '' at the front The vast majority of existing animals are bilaterians , meaning animals with left and right sides that are approximate mirror images of each other . All bilateria are thought to have descended from a common wormlike ancestor that appeared in the Ediacaran period , 550 -- 600 million years ago . The fundamental bilaterian body form is a tube with a hollow gut cavity running from mouth to anus , and a nerve cord with an enlargement ( a `` ganglion '' ) for each body segment , with an especially large ganglion at the front , called the `` brain '' . Area of the human body surface innervated by each spinal nerve Even mammals , including humans , show the segmented bilaterian body plan at the level of the nervous system . The spinal cord contains a series of segmental ganglia , each giving rise to motor and sensory nerves that innervate a portion of the body surface and underlying musculature . On the limbs , the layout of the innervation pattern is complex , but on the trunk it gives rise to a series of narrow bands . The top three segments belong to the brain , giving rise to the forebrain , midbrain , and hindbrain . Bilaterians can be divided , based on events that occur very early in embryonic development , into two groups ( superphyla ) called protostomes and deuterostomes . Deuterostomes include vertebrates as well as echinoderms , hemichordates ( mainly acorn worms ) , and Xenoturbellidans . Protostomes , the more diverse group , include arthropods , molluscs , and numerous types of worms . There is a basic difference between the two groups in the placement of the nervous system within the body : protostomes possess a nerve cord on the ventral ( usually bottom ) side of the body , whereas in deuterostomes the nerve cord is on the dorsal ( usually top ) side . In fact , numerous aspects of the body are inverted between the two groups , including the expression patterns of several genes that show dorsal - to - ventral gradients . Most anatomists now consider that the bodies of protostomes and deuterostomes are `` flipped over '' with respect to each other , a hypothesis that was first proposed by Geoffroy Saint - Hilaire for insects in comparison to vertebrates . Thus insects , for example , have nerve cords that run along the ventral midline of the body , while all vertebrates have spinal cords that run along the dorsal midline . Worms Earthworm nervous system . Top : side view of the front of the worm . Bottom : nervous system in isolation , viewed from above Worms are the simplest bilaterian animals , and reveal the basic structure of the bilaterian nervous system in the most straightforward way . As an example , earthworms have dual nerve cords running along the length of the body and merging at the tail and the mouth . These nerve cords are connected by transverse nerves like the rungs of a ladder . These transverse nerves help coordinate the two sides of the animal . Two ganglia at the head ( the `` nerve ring '' ) end function similar to a simple brain . Photoreceptors on the animal 's eyespots provide sensory information on light and dark . The nervous system of one very small roundworm , the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans , has been completely mapped out in a connectome including its synapses . Every neuron and its cellular lineage has been recorded and most , if not all , of the neural connections are known . In this species , the nervous system is sexually dimorphic ; the nervous systems of the two sexes , males and female hermaphrodites , have different numbers of neurons and groups of neurons that perform sex - specific functions . In C. elegans , males have exactly 383 neurons , while hermaphrodites have exactly 302 neurons . Arthropods Internal anatomy of a spider , showing the nervous system in blue Arthropods , such as insects and crustaceans , have a nervous system made up of a series of ganglia , connected by a ventral nerve cord made up of two parallel connectives running along the length of the belly . Typically , each body segment has one ganglion on each side , though some ganglia are fused to form the brain and other large ganglia . The head segment contains the brain , also known as the supraesophageal ganglion . In the insect nervous system , the brain is anatomically divided into the protocerebrum , deutocerebrum , and tritocerebrum . Immediately behind the brain is the subesophageal ganglion , which is composed of three pairs of fused ganglia . It controls the mouthparts , the salivary glands and certain muscles . Many arthropods have well - developed sensory organs , including compound eyes for vision and antennae for olfaction and pheromone sensation . The sensory information from these organs is processed by the brain . In insects , many neurons have cell bodies that are positioned at the edge of the brain and are electrically passive -- the cell bodies serve only to provide metabolic support and do not participate in signalling . A protoplasmic fiber runs from the cell body and branches profusely , with some parts transmitting signals and other parts receiving signals . Thus , most parts of the insect brain have passive cell bodies arranged around the periphery , while the neural signal processing takes place in a tangle of protoplasmic fibers called neuropil , in the interior . `` Identified '' neurons A neuron is called identified if it has properties that distinguish it from every other neuron in the same animal -- properties such as location , neurotransmitter , gene expression pattern , and connectivity -- and if every individual organism belonging to the same species has one and only one neuron with the same set of properties . In vertebrate nervous systems very few neurons are `` identified '' in this sense -- in humans , there are believed to be none -- but in simpler nervous systems , some or all neurons may be thus unique . In the roundworm C. elegans , whose nervous system is the most thoroughly described of any animal 's , every neuron in the body is uniquely identifiable , with the same location and the same connections in every individual worm . One notable consequence of this fact is that the form of the C. elegans nervous system is completely specified by the genome , with no experience - dependent plasticity . The brains of many molluscs and insects also contain substantial numbers of identified neurons . In vertebrates , the best known identified neurons are the gigantic Mauthner cells of fish . Every fish has two Mauthner cells , located in the bottom part of the brainstem , one on the left side and one on the right . Each Mauthner cell has an axon that crosses over , innervating neurons at the same brain level and then travelling down through the spinal cord , making numerous connections as it goes . The synapses generated by a Mauthner cell are so powerful that a single action potential gives rise to a major behavioral response : within milliseconds the fish curves its body into a C - shape , then straightens , thereby propelling itself rapidly forward . Functionally this is a fast escape response , triggered most easily by a strong sound wave or pressure wave impinging on the lateral line organ of the fish . Mauthner cells are not the only identified neurons in fish -- there are about 20 more types , including pairs of `` Mauthner cell analogs '' in each spinal segmental nucleus . Although a Mauthner cell is capable of bringing about an escape response individually , in the context of ordinary behavior other types of cells usually contribute to shaping the amplitude and direction of the response . Mauthner cells have been described as command neurons . A command neuron is a special type of identified neuron , defined as a neuron that is capable of driving a specific behavior individually . Such neurons appear most commonly in the fast escape systems of various species -- the squid giant axon and squid giant synapse , used for pioneering experiments in neurophysiology because of their enormous size , both participate in the fast escape circuit of the squid . The concept of a command neuron has , however , become controversial , because of studies showing that some neurons that initially appeared to fit the description were really only capable of evoking a response in a limited set of circumstances . Function At the most basic level , the function of the nervous system is to send signals from one cell to others , or from one part of the body to others . There are multiple ways that a cell can send signals to other cells . One is by releasing chemicals called hormones into the internal circulation , so that they can diffuse to distant sites . In contrast to this `` broadcast '' mode of signaling , the nervous system provides `` point - to - point '' signals -- neurons project their axons to specific target areas and make synaptic connections with specific target cells . Thus , neural signaling is capable of a much higher level of specificity than hormonal signaling . It is also much faster : the fastest nerve signals travel at speeds that exceed 100 meters per second . At a more integrative level , the primary function of the nervous system is to control the body . It does this by extracting information from the environment using sensory receptors , sending signals that encode this information into the central nervous system , processing the information to determine an appropriate response , and sending output signals to muscles or glands to activate the response . The evolution of a complex nervous system has made it possible for various animal species to have advanced perception abilities such as vision , complex social interactions , rapid coordination of organ systems , and integrated processing of concurrent signals . In humans , the sophistication of the nervous system makes it possible to have language , abstract representation of concepts , transmission of culture , and many other features of human society that would not exist without the human brain . Neurons and synapses Major elements in synaptic transmission . An electrochemical wave called an action potential travels along the axon of a neuron . When the wave reaches a synapse , it provokes release of a small amount of neurotransmitter molecules , which bind to chemical receptor molecules located in the membrane of the target cell . Most neurons send signals via their axons , although some types are capable of dendrite - to - dendrite communication . ( In fact , the types of neurons called amacrine cells have no axons , and communicate only via their dendrites . ) Neural signals propagate along an axon in the form of electrochemical waves called action potentials , which produce cell - to - cell signals at points where axon terminals make synaptic contact with other cells . Synapses may be electrical or chemical . Electrical synapses make direct electrical connections between neurons , but chemical synapses are much more common , and much more diverse in function . At a chemical synapse , the cell that sends signals is called presynaptic , and the cell that receives signals is called postsynaptic . Both the presynaptic and postsynaptic areas are full of molecular machinery that carries out the signalling process . The presynaptic area contains large numbers of tiny spherical vessels called synaptic vesicles , packed with neurotransmitter chemicals . When the presynaptic terminal is electrically stimulated , an array of molecules embedded in the membrane are activated , and cause the contents of the vesicles to be released into the narrow space between the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes , called the synaptic cleft . The neurotransmitter then binds to receptors embedded in the postsynaptic membrane , causing them to enter an activated state . Depending on the type of receptor , the resulting effect on the postsynaptic cell may be excitatory , inhibitory , or modulatory in more complex ways . For example , release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine at a synaptic contact between a motor neuron and a muscle cell induces rapid contraction of the muscle cell . The entire synaptic transmission process takes only a fraction of a millisecond , although the effects on the postsynaptic cell may last much longer ( even indefinitely , in cases where the synaptic signal leads to the formation of a memory trace ) . Structure of a typical chemical synapse Postsynaptic density Voltage - gated Ca channel Synaptic vesicle Neurotransmitter transporter Receptor Neurotransmitter Axon terminal Synaptic cleft Dendrite There are literally hundreds of different types of synapses . In fact , there are over a hundred known neurotransmitters , and many of them have multiple types of receptors . Many synapses use more than one neurotransmitter -- a common arrangement is for a synapse to use one fast - acting small - molecule neurotransmitter such as glutamate or GABA , along with one or more peptide neurotransmitters that play slower - acting modulatory roles . Molecular neuroscientists generally divide receptors into two broad groups : chemically gated ion channels and second messenger systems . When a chemically gated ion channel is activated , it forms a passage that allows specific types of ions to flow across the membrane . Depending on the type of ion , the effect on the target cell may be excitatory or inhibitory . When a second messenger system is activated , it starts a cascade of molecular interactions inside the target cell , which may ultimately produce a wide variety of complex effects , such as increasing or decreasing the sensitivity of the cell to stimuli , or even altering gene transcription . According to a rule called Dale 's principle , which has only a few known exceptions , a neuron releases the same neurotransmitters at all of its synapses . This does not mean , though , that a neuron exerts the same effect on all of its targets , because the effect of a synapse depends not on the neurotransmitter , but on the receptors that it activates . Because different targets can ( and frequently do ) use different types of receptors , it is possible for a neuron to have excitatory effects on one set of target cells , inhibitory effects on others , and complex modulatory effects on others still . Nevertheless , it happens that the two most widely used neurotransmitters , glutamate and GABA , each have largely consistent effects . Glutamate has several widely occurring types of receptors , but all of them are excitatory or modulatory . Similarly , GABA has several widely occurring receptor types , but all of them are inhibitory . Because of this consistency , glutamatergic cells are frequently referred to as `` excitatory neurons '' , and GABAergic cells as `` inhibitory neurons '' . Strictly speaking , this is an abuse of terminology -- it is the receptors that are excitatory and inhibitory , not the neurons -- but it is commonly seen even in scholarly publications . One very important subset of synapses are capable of forming memory traces by means of long - lasting activity - dependent changes in synaptic strength . The best - known form of neural memory is a process called long - term potentiation ( abbreviated LTP ) , which operates at synapses that use the neurotransmitter glutamate acting on a special type of receptor known as the NMDA receptor . The NMDA receptor has an `` associative '' property : if the two cells involved in the synapse are both activated at approximately the same time , a channel opens that permits calcium to flow into the target cell . The calcium entry initiates a second messenger cascade that ultimately leads to an increase in the number of glutamate receptors in the target cell , thereby increasing the effective strength of the synapse . This change in strength can last for weeks or longer . Since the discovery of LTP in 1973 , many other types of synaptic memory traces have been found , involving increases or decreases in synaptic strength that are induced by varying conditions , and last for variable periods of time . The reward system , that reinforces desired behaviour for example , depends on a variant form of LTP that is conditioned on an extra input coming from a reward - signalling pathway that uses dopamine as neurotransmitter . All these forms of synaptic modifiability , taken collectively , give rise to neural plasticity , that is , to a capability for the nervous system to adapt itself to variations in the environment . Neural circuits and systems The basic neuronal function of sending signals to other cells includes a capability for neurons to exchange signals with each other . Networks formed by interconnected groups of neurons are capable of a wide variety of functions , including feature detection , pattern generation and timing , and there are seen to be countless types of information processing possible . Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts showed in 1943 that even artificial neural networks formed from a greatly simplified mathematical abstraction of a neuron are capable of universal computation . Illustration of pain pathway , from René Descartes 's Treatise of Man Historically , for many years the predominant view of the function of the nervous system was as a stimulus - response associator . In this conception , neural processing begins with stimuli that activate sensory neurons , producing signals that propagate through chains of connections in the spinal cord and brain , giving rise eventually to activation of motor neurons and thereby to muscle contraction , i.e. , to overt responses . Descartes believed that all of the behaviors of animals , and most of the behaviors of humans , could be explained in terms of stimulus - response circuits , although he also believed that higher cognitive functions such as language were not capable of being explained mechanistically . Charles Sherrington , in his influential 1906 book The Integrative Action of the Nervous System , developed the concept of stimulus - response mechanisms in much more detail , and Behaviorism , the school of thought that dominated Psychology through the middle of the 20th century , attempted to explain every aspect of human behavior in stimulus - response terms . However , experimental studies of electrophysiology , beginning in the early 20th century and reaching high productivity by the 1940s , showed that the nervous system contains many mechanisms for generating patterns of activity intrinsically , without requiring an external stimulus . Neurons were found to be capable of producing regular sequences of action potentials , or sequences of bursts , even in complete isolation . When intrinsically active neurons are connected to each other in complex circuits , the possibilities for generating intricate temporal patterns become far more extensive . A modern conception views the function of the nervous system partly in terms of stimulus - response chains , and partly in terms of intrinsically generated activity patterns -- both types of activity interact with each other to generate the full repertoire of behavior . Reflexes and other stimulus - response circuits Simplified schema of basic nervous system function : signals are picked up by sensory receptors and sent to the spinal cord and brain , where processing occurs that results in signals sent back to the spinal cord and then out to motor neurons The simplest type of neural circuit is a reflex arc , which begins with a sensory input and ends with a motor output , passing through a sequence of neurons connected in series . This can be shown in the `` withdrawal reflex '' causing a hand to jerk back after a hot stove is touched . The circuit begins with sensory receptors in the skin that are activated by harmful levels of heat : a special type of molecular structure embedded in the membrane causes heat to change the electrical field across the membrane . If the change in electrical potential is large enough to pass the given threshold , it evokes an action potential , which is transmitted along the axon of the receptor cell , into the spinal cord . There the axon makes excitatory synaptic contacts with other cells , some of which project ( send axonal output ) to the same region of the spinal cord , others projecting into the brain . One target is a set of spinal interneurons that project to motor neurons controlling the arm muscles . The interneurons excite the motor neurons , and if the excitation is strong enough , some of the motor neurons generate action potentials , which travel down their axons to the point where they make excitatory synaptic contacts with muscle cells . The excitatory signals induce contraction of the muscle cells , which causes the joint angles in the arm to change , pulling the arm away . In reality , this straightforward schema is subject to numerous complications . Although for the simplest reflexes there are short neural paths from sensory neuron to motor neuron , there are also other nearby neurons that participate in the circuit and modulate the response . Furthermore , there are projections from the brain to the spinal cord that are capable of enhancing or inhibiting the reflex . Although the simplest reflexes may be mediated by circuits lying entirely within the spinal cord , more complex responses rely on signal processing in the brain . For example , when an object in the periphery of the visual field moves , and a person looks toward it many stages of signal processing are initiated . The initial sensory response , in the retina of the eye , and the final motor response , in the oculomotor nuclei of the brain stem , are not all that different from those in a simple reflex , but the intermediate stages are completely different . Instead of a one or two step chain of processing , the visual signals pass through perhaps a dozen stages of integration , involving the thalamus , cerebral cortex , basal ganglia , superior colliculus , cerebellum , and several brainstem nuclei . These areas perform signal - processing functions that include feature detection , perceptual analysis , memory recall , decision - making , and motor planning . Feature detection is the ability to extract biologically relevant information from combinations of sensory signals . In the visual system , for example , sensory receptors in the retina of the eye are only individually capable of detecting `` points of light '' in the outside world . Second - level visual neurons receive input from groups of primary receptors , higher - level neurons receive input from groups of second - level neurons , and so on , forming a hierarchy of processing stages . At each stage , important information is extracted from the signal ensemble and unimportant information is discarded . By the end of the process , input signals representing `` points of light '' have been transformed into a neural representation of objects in the surrounding world and their properties . The most sophisticated sensory processing occurs inside the brain , but complex feature extraction also takes place in the spinal cord and in peripheral sensory organs such as the retina . Intrinsic pattern generation Although stimulus - response mechanisms are the easiest to understand , the nervous system is also capable of controlling the body in ways that do not require an external stimulus , by means of internally generated rhythms of activity . Because of the variety of voltage - sensitive ion channels that can be embedded in the membrane of a neuron , many types of neurons are capable , even in isolation , of generating rhythmic sequences of action potentials , or rhythmic alternations between high - rate bursting and quiescence . When neurons that are intrinsically rhythmic are connected to each other by excitatory or inhibitory synapses , the resulting networks are capable of a wide variety of dynamical behaviors , including attractor dynamics , periodicity , and even chaos . A network of neurons that uses its internal structure to generate temporally structured output , without requiring a corresponding temporally structured stimulus , is called a central pattern generator . Internal pattern generation operates on a wide range of time scales , from milliseconds to hours or longer . One of the most important types of temporal pattern is circadian rhythmicity -- that is , rhythmicity with a period of approximately 24 hours . All animals that have been studied show circadian fluctuations in neural activity , which control circadian alternations in behavior such as the sleep - wake cycle . Experimental studies dating from the 1990s have shown that circadian rhythms are generated by a `` genetic clock '' consisting of a special set of genes whose expression level rises and falls over the course of the day . Animals as diverse as insects and vertebrates share a similar genetic clock system . The circadian clock is influenced by light but continues to operate even when light levels are held constant and no other external time - of - day cues are available . The clock genes are expressed in many parts of the nervous system as well as many peripheral organs , but in mammals , all of these `` tissue clocks '' are kept in synchrony by signals that emanate from a master timekeeper in a tiny part of the brain called the suprachiasmatic nucleus . Mirror neurons A mirror neuron is a neuron that fires both when an animal acts and when the animal observes the same action performed by another . Thus , the neuron `` mirrors '' the behavior of the other , as though the observer were itself acting . Such neurons have been directly observed in primate species . Birds have been shown to have imitative resonance behaviors and neurological evidence suggests the presence of some form of mirroring system . In humans , brain activity consistent with that of mirror neurons has been found in the premotor cortex , the supplementary motor area , the primary somatosensory cortex and the inferior parietal cortex . The function of the mirror system is a subject of much speculation . Many researchers in cognitive neuroscience and cognitive psychology consider that this system provides the physiological mechanism for the perception / action coupling ( see the common coding theory ) . They argue that mirror neurons may be important for understanding the actions of other people , and for learning new skills by imitation . Some researchers also speculate that mirror systems may simulate observed actions , and thus contribute to theory of mind skills , while others relate mirror neurons to language abilities . However , to date , no widely accepted neural or computational models have been put forward to describe how mirror neuron activity supports cognitive functions such as imitation . There are neuroscientists who caution that the claims being made for the role of mirror neurons are not supported by adequate research . Development Main article : Development of the nervous system In vertebrates , landmarks of embryonic neural development include the birth and differentiation of neurons from stem cell precursors , the migration of immature neurons from their birthplaces in the embryo to their final positions , outgrowth of axons from neurons and guidance of the motile growth cone through the embryo towards postsynaptic partners , the generation of synapses between these axons and their postsynaptic partners , and finally the lifelong changes in synapses which are thought to underlie learning and memory . All bilaterian animals at an early stage of development form a gastrula , which is polarized , with one end called the animal pole and the other the vegetal pole . The gastrula has the shape of a disk with three layers of cells , an inner layer called the endoderm , which gives rise to the lining of most internal organs , a middle layer called the mesoderm , which gives rise to the bones and muscles , and an outer layer called the ectoderm , which gives rise to the skin and nervous system . Human embryo , showing neural groove Four stages in the development of the neural tube in the human embryo In vertebrates , the first sign of the nervous system is the appearance of a thin strip of cells along the center of the back , called the neural plate . The inner portion of the neural plate ( along the midline ) is destined to become the central nervous system ( CNS ) , the outer portion the peripheral nervous system ( PNS ) . As development proceeds , a fold called the neural groove appears along the midline . This fold deepens , and then closes up at the top . At this point the future CNS appears as a cylindrical structure called the neural tube , whereas the future PNS appears as two strips of tissue called the neural crest , running lengthwise above the neural tube . The sequence of stages from neural plate to neural tube and neural crest is known as neurulation . In the early 20th century , a set of famous experiments by Hans Spemann and Hilde Mangold showed that the formation of nervous tissue is `` induced '' by signals from a group of mesodermal cells called the organizer region . For decades , though , the nature of the induction process defeated every attempt to figure it out , until finally it was resolved by genetic approaches in the 1990s . Induction of neural tissue requires inhibition of the gene for a so - called bone morphogenetic protein , or BMP . Specifically the protein BMP4 appears to be involved . Two proteins called Noggin and Chordin , both secreted by the mesoderm , are capable of inhibiting BMP4 and thereby inducing ectoderm to turn into neural tissue . It appears that a similar molecular mechanism is involved for widely disparate types of animals , including arthropods as well as vertebrates . In some animals , however , another type of molecule called Fibroblast Growth Factor or FGF may also play an important role in induction . Induction of neural tissues causes formation of neural precursor cells , called neuroblasts . In drosophila , neuroblasts divide asymmetrically , so that one product is a `` ganglion mother cell '' ( GMC ) , and the other is a neuroblast . A GMC divides once , to give rise to either a pair of neurons or a pair of glial cells . In all , a neuroblast is capable of generating an indefinite number of neurons or glia . As shown in a 2008 study , one factor common to all bilateral organisms ( including humans ) is a family of secreted signaling molecules called neurotrophins which regulate the growth and survival of neurons . Zhu et al. identified DNT1 , the first neurotrophin found in flies . DNT1 shares structural similarity with all known neurotrophins and is a key factor in the fate of neurons in Drosophila . Because neurotrophins have now been identified in both vertebrate and invertebrates , this evidence suggests that neurotrophins were present in an ancestor common to bilateral organisms and may represent a common mechanism for nervous system formation . Pathology Main article : Neurology See also : Psychiatry Layers protecting the brain and spinal cord . The central nervous system is protected by major physical and chemical barriers . Physically , the brain and spinal cord are surrounded by tough meningeal membranes , and enclosed in the bones of the skull and spinal vertebrae , which combine to form a strong physical shield . Chemically , the brain and spinal cord are isolated by the so - called blood -- brain barrier , which prevents most types of chemicals from moving from the bloodstream into the interior of the CNS . These protections make the CNS less susceptible in many ways than the PNS ; the flip side , however , is that damage to the CNS tends to have more serious consequences . Although nerves tend to lie deep under the skin except in a few places such as the ulnar nerve near the elbow joint , they are still relatively exposed to physical damage , which can cause pain , loss of sensation , or loss of muscle control . Damage to nerves can also be caused by swelling or bruises at places where a nerve passes through a tight bony channel , as happens in carpal tunnel syndrome . If a nerve is completely transected , it will often regenerate , but for long nerves this process may take months to complete . In addition to physical damage , peripheral neuropathy may be caused by many other medical problems , including genetic conditions , metabolic conditions such as diabetes , inflammatory conditions such as Guillain -- Barré syndrome , vitamin deficiency , infectious diseases such as leprosy or shingles , or poisoning by toxins such as heavy metals . Many cases have no cause that can be identified , and are referred to as idiopathic . It is also possible for nerves to lose function temporarily , resulting in numbness as stiffness -- common causes include mechanical pressure , a drop in temperature , or chemical interactions with local anesthetic drugs such as lidocaine . Physical damage to the spinal cord may result in loss of sensation or movement . 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( July 21 , 2009 ) . `` Eight Problems for the Mirror Neuron Theory of Action Understanding in Monkeys and Humans '' . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience ( Press release ) . p. 1229 - 1243 . Jump up ^ Heyes , Cecilia ( 2009 ) . `` Where do mirror neurons come from ? '' ( PDF ) . Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews . ^ Jump up to : Kandel ER , Schwartz JH , Jessel TM , eds. ( 2000 ) . `` Ch. 52 : The induction and patterning of the nervous system '' . Principles of Neural Science . McGraw - Hill Professional . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8385 - 7701 - 1 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Sanes DH , Reh TH , Harris WA ( 2006 ) . `` Ch. 1 , Neural induction '' . Development of the Nervous System . Elsevier Academic Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 618621 - 5 . Jump up ^ Kandel ER , Schwartz JH , Jessel TM , eds. ( 2000 ) . `` Ch. 53 : The formation and survival of nerve cells '' . Principles of Neural Science . McGraw - Hill Professional . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8385 - 7701 - 1 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Zhu B , Pennack JA , McQuilton P , Forero MG , Mizuguchi K , Sutcliffe B , Gu CJ , Fenton JC , Hidalgo A ( Nov 2008 ) . Bate M , ed . `` Drosophila neurotrophins reveal a common mechanism for nervous system formation '' . PLoS Biol. 6 ( 11 ) : e284 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pbio. 0060284 . PMC 2586362 . PMID 19018662 . Archived from the original on 5 February 2009 . Further reading Nervous system William E. Skaggs , Scholarpedia External links Library resources about Nervous system Resources in your library The Nervous System at Wikibooks ( human ) Nervous System at Wikibooks ( non-human ) The Human Brain Project Homepage Nervous system Central nervous system Meninges Spinal cord Brain Rhombencephalon Medulla Pons Cerebellum Midbrain Forebrain Diencephalon Retina Optic nerve Cerebrum Limbic system Peripheral nervous system Somatic Sensory nerve Motor nerve Cranial nerve Spinal nerve Autonomic Sympathetic Parasympathetic Enteric Nervous tissue CNS Tissue Types Grey matter White matter Projection fibers Association fiber Commissural fiber Lemniscus Nerve tract Decussation Commissure Neuropil Meninges Cell Types Neuronal Pyramidal Purkinje Granule Glial insulating : Myelination : Oligodendrocyte other Astrocyte Radial glial cell Ependymal cells Tanycyte Microglia PNS General Dorsal Root Ganglion Ramus Ventral Root Ramus Ramus communicans Gray White Autonomic ganglion ( Preganglionic nerve fibers Postganglionic nerve fibers ) Nerve fascicle Funiculus Connective tissues Epineurium Perineurium Endoneurium Neuroglia Myelination : Schwann cell Neurilemma Myelin incisure Node of Ranvier Internodal segment Satellite glial cell Neurons / nerve fibers Parts Soma Axon hillock Axon Telodendron Axon terminals Axoplasm Axolemma Neurofibril / neurofilament Dendrite Nissl body Dendritic spine Apical dendrite / Basal dendrite Types Bipolar Unipolar Pseudounipolar Multipolar Interneuron Renshaw Afferent nerve fiber / Sensory neuron GSA GVA SSA SVA fibers Ia or Aα Ib or Golgi or Aα II or Aβ and Aγ III or Aδ or fast pain IV or C or slow pain Efferent nerve fiber / Motor neuron GSE GVE SVE Upper motor neuron Lower motor neuron α motorneuron β motorneuron γ motorneuron Termination Synapse Electrical synapse / Gap junction Chemical synapse Synaptic vesicle Active zone Postsynaptic density Autapse Ribbon synapse Neuromuscular junction Sensory receptors Meissner 's corpuscle Merkel nerve ending Pacinian corpuscle Ruffini ending Muscle spindle Free nerve ending Nociceptor Olfactory receptor neuron Photoreceptor cell Hair cell Taste bud Human systems and organs Musculoskeletal Skeletal system Bone Carpus Collar bone ( clavicle ) Thigh bone ( femur ) Fibula Humerus Mandible Metacarpus Metatarsus Ossicles Patella Phalanges Radius Skull Tarsus Tibia Ulna Rib Vertebra Pelvis Sternum Cartilage Joints Fibrous joint Cartilaginous joint Synovial joint Muscular system Muscle Tendon Diaphragm Circulatory system Cardiovascular system peripheral Artery Vein Lymphatic vessel Heart Lymphatic system primary Bone marrow Thymus secondary Spleen Lymph node CNS equivalent Glymphatic system Nervous system Brain Spinal cord Nerve Sensory system Ear Eye Integumentary system Skin Subcutaneous tissue Breast Mammary gland Immune system Myeloid Myeloid immune system Lymphoid Lymphoid immune system Respiratory system Upper Nose Nasopharynx Larynx Lower Trachea Bronchus Lung Digestive system Mouth Salivary gland Tongue upper GI Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Esophagus Stomach lower GI Small intestine Appendix Colon Rectum Anus accessory Liver Biliary tract Pancreas Urinary system Genitourinary system Kidney Ureter Bladder Urethra Reproductive system Male Scrotum Penis Prostate Testicle Seminal vesicle Female Uterus Vagina Vulva Ovary Placenta Endocrine system Pituitary Pineal Thyroid Parathyroid Adrenal Islets of Langerhans GND : 4041643 - 4 LCCN : sh85090917 NDL : 00571045 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nervous_system&oldid=846697681 '' Categories : Nervous system Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from January 2011 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vèneto Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 粵語中文 Lingua Franca Nova 92 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 June 2018 , at 10 : 36 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the nervous system brain sensory receptors and skin parts originate from this layer of the embryo	[]	[]
-2846786332338214149	Proprietary company	Proprietary company - wikipedia Proprietary company Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article is part of a series on Corporate law By jurisdiction ( show ) Anguilla Australia BVI Canada Cayman Islands India South Africa United States Vietnam European Union France Germany United Kingdom General corporate forms ( show ) Company Conglomerate Cooperative Corporation Holding company Joint - stock Partnership General Limited Limited liability Private limited Sole proprietorship Corporate forms by jurisdiction ( show ) European Union Societas ( SE ) Societas cooperativa ( SCE ) Societas privata ( SPE ) Societas unius personae ( SUP ) Economic interest grouping ( EEIG ) UK / Ireland / Commonwealth Charitable incorporated organisation ( CIO ) Community interest company ( CIC ) Industrial and provident society ( IPS ) Limited company ( Ltd . ) by guarantee by shares proprietary public Unlimited company United States Benefit corporation C corporation Limited liability company ( LLC ) Low - profit LLC Series LLC Limited liability limited partnership ( LLLP ) S corporation Delaware corporation / statutory trust Massachusetts business trust Nevada corporation Others Aktiebolag ( AB ) Aktiengesellschaft ( AG ) Ansvarlig selskap ( ANS ) Aktieselskab ( A / S ) Aksjeselskap ( AS ) Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung ( GmbH ) Kabushiki gaisha ( K.K. ) Naamloze vennootschap ( N.V. ) Osakeyhtiö ( Oy ) S.A. Société à responsabilité limitée ( SARL ) more ... Doctrines ( show ) Business judgment rule Corporate governance De facto and estoppel corporations Internal affairs doctrine Limited liability Piercing the corporate veil Rochdale Principles Ultra vires Related areas ( show ) Civil procedure Contract Corporate registers Company portal Law portal A proprietary company is a form of privately held company in Australia and South Africa that is either limited or unlimited . However , unlike a public company there are , depending on jurisdiction , restrictions on what it can and can not do . In Australia , a proprietary company is defined under section 45A ( 1 ) of the Corporations Act 2001 ( Cth ) . The Act puts certain restrictions on proprietary companies such as not permitting them to have more than 50 members ( shareholders ) . Another important restriction relates to fundraising . A proprietary company must not engage in fundraising that would require a disclosure document such as a prospectus , an offer information statement , or a profile statement to be issued ( sec. 113 ( 3 ) ) . The Act states in which circumstances a company must issue a prospectus when attempting to raise funds . This means that a proprietary company must not offer its shares to the public . Section 45A of the Act also distinguishes proprietary companies as either `` large proprietary '' or `` small proprietary '' . The differences here relate to issues such as operating revenue , consolidated gross assets , and the number of employed persons . Large proprietary companies are required to appoint an auditor and lodge appropriate financial statements with the Australian Securities and Investments Commission ( ASIC ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Proprietary limited or unlimited company 2 Company names 2.1 Other countries 3 Company number 4 See also 5 References Proprietary limited or unlimited company ( edit ) Under Australian law , a proprietary limited company ( abbreviated as ' Pty Ltd ' ) is a business structure that has at least one shareholder and up to 50 , where the liability of shareholders is limited to the value of shares . Its counterparts include the public limited company ( Ltd ) and the Unlimited Proprietary company ( Pty ) with a share capital . Under the Australian Corporations Act 2001 ( Cth ) , a proprietary company must be either -- Proprietary Limited ( Pty Ltd ) company , limited by shares , where shareholders are afforded more protection when it comes to the level of liability they face for company debts ; or Unlimited Proprietary ( Pty ) company with a share capital , similar to its limited company ( Ltd or Pty Ltd ) counterpart , but where the members ' or shareholders ' liability is not limited . The proprietary limited or unlimited company must have at least one shareholder , no more than 50 non-employee shareholders , and at least one director who must live in Australia . A secretary can be appointed ( sec. 204A ) , that must be at least 18 years of age . One person may simultaneously hold the positions of company director and secretary . Proprietary limited companies are also classified as `` large '' or `` small '' . A proprietary company is classified as small only if it meets at least two of the following criteria : It has assets of less than $12.5 million at the end of a financial year . It has less than 50 employees at the end of a financial year . It has a gross operating revenue of less than $25 million for the financial year . Most large proprietary companies have to lodge audited accounts . Small proprietary companies only have to prepare audited financial statements if ordered to do so by the Australian Securities and Investments Commission ( ASIC ) or members holding five percent of voting shares and , in some cases , if controlled by a foreign company . Company names ( edit ) Proprietary companies have the word `` Proprietary '' in their name , thus Relays Proprietary Limited , abbreviated to Relays Pty Ltd or Relays P / L . Other countries ( edit ) In Singapore , a proprietary company name would be named `` Relays ( Private ) Limited '' abbreviated to `` Relays Pte Ltd '' . In South Africa , the name of a private company ends with `` ( Pty ) Ltd ; '' that of a public company ends with `` Ltd . '' Company number ( edit ) To help identify companies more uniquely and concisely , many countries have a company number which does not change if the company changes its name . Australian Company Number ( ACN ) See also ( edit ) Australian company law South African company law References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth Government of Australia '' . ComLaw . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Corporations Act 2001 ( Cth ) , section 45A Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proprietary_company&oldid=837136464 '' Categories : Types of business entity Australian corporate law Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2009 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 23 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is a pty ltd company in australia	[]	[]
-4695132567571874828	Hôtel particulier	Hôtel particulier - wikipedia Hôtel particulier Hôtel de Soubise in Paris . An hôtel particulier ( French pronunciation : ( otɛl paʁtikylje ) ; `` hôtel '' being rendered in Middle English as `` inn '' -- as only used now in Inns of Court -- and `` particulier '' meaning `` personal '' or `` private '' ) is a townhouse of a grand sort , comparable to the British townhouse . Whereas an ordinary maison ( house ) was built as part of a row , sharing party walls with the houses on either side and directly fronting on a street , an hôtel particulier was often free - standing , and by the 18th century it would always be located entre cour et jardin : between the cour d'honneur ( an entrance court ) and the garden behind . There are hôtels particuliers in many large cities , such as Paris , Bordeaux , Albi , Aix en Provence , Avignon , Caen , Lyon , Montpellier , Nancy , Rouen , Rennes , Toulouse and Troyes . Contents 1 Etymology 2 Examples 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Etymology ( edit ) Hôtel de Guénégaud in Paris . Hôtel Pétremand in Vesoul . The word hôtel represents the Old French hostel , from Latin hospitālis `` pertaining to guests '' , from hospes , hospitis , a stranger , foreigner , thus a guest . It thus appears that the city townhouse of the French nobleman was used by him not as a home but as a private place of temporary lodging , perhaps with a permanent staff , where he was treated as an occasional guest . The term had exactly the same equivalent in medieval London as `` Inn '' , of which almost every great nobleman possessed one , generally within the City of London . The English word `` hotel '' developed a more specific meaning as serviced rooms for rent , as did the word `` inn '' , when replaced by the suffix `` house '' , for example the mediaeval townhouse of the Earl of Northumberland would have been known as `` Northumberland 's Inn '' , but a later version was called `` Northumberland House '' . Cognates can be confusing : the modern usage in English of hotel denotes a commercial building accommodating travellers , a hostelry that is more ambitious than the modern meaning of inn . Modern French also applies hôtel to commercial non-private hotels : confusingly the Hôtel de Crillon on the Place de la Concorde was built as an hôtel particulier and is today a public hotel . The Hôtel des Invalides retains its early sense of a hospice for war wounded . In French , an hôtel de ville or mairie is a town hall ( and not a hotel ) , such as the Hôtel de Ville , Paris or the Hôtel de Ville de Montréal . Other official bodies might give their name to the structure in which they maintained a seat : aside from Paris , several other French cities have an Hôtel de Cluny , maintained by the abbey of Cluny . The Hôtel de Sens was built as the Paris residence of the archbishop of Sens . Hôtel - Dieu ( `` hostel of God '' ) is the old name given to the principal hospital in French towns , such as the Hôtel - Dieu de Beaune . Examples ( edit ) Hôtel de Saint - Aignan in Paris . Hôtel d'Assézat in Toulouse . In Aix - en - Provence : Hôtel d'Arbaud - Jouques Hôtel de Boisgelin Hôtel Boyer de Fonscolombe Hôtel de Caumont Hôtel de Forbin Hôtel de Gantès Hôtel de Grimaldi - Régusse Hôtel du Poët Hôtel Silvy Hôtel de Simiane Hôtel de Valbelle Hôtel de Villeneuve d'Ansouis In Blois : Hôtel d'Alluye In Paris : Hôtel de Soubise Hôtel Salomon de Rothschild Hôtel Lambert Hôtel Matignon Hôtel de Sens Hôtel de Rambouillet Hôtel Biron Hôtel d'Evreux Hôtel de Cluny Hôtel Carnavalet Hôtel de Salm Hôtel Grimod de La Reynière Hôtel Jacquemart - André Hôtel de Marigny Hôtel de Lauzun Hôtel de Beauvais Hôtel de Boisgelin In Rennes : Hôtel de Blossac In Toulouse : Hôtel d'Assézat Hôtel d'Astorg et de Saint - Germain Hôtel de Bagis Hôtel de Bernuy Hôtel de Boysson - Cheverry Hôtel de Brucelles Hôtel de Buet Hôtel Dahus Hôtel Dumay Hôtel de Felzins Hôtel Jean de Pins Hôtel de La Mamye Hôtel Mansencal Hôtel Thomas de Montval Hôtel d'Ulmo Hôtel du Vieux - Raisin In Vesoul : Hôtel de Pétremand See also ( edit ) Housing portal Château Mansion Single - family detached home References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Collins Robert French Dictionary Jump up ^ Michel Gallet , Les architectes parisiens du XVIIIe siècle , Paris ; Jump up ^ Cassell 's Latin Dictionary Further reading ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hôtel particulier . Monographs have been published on some outstanding Parisian hôtels particuliers . The classic photographic survey , now a rare book found only in large art libraries , is the series Les Vieux Hotels de Paris by J. Vacquer , published in the teens and twenties of the 20th century , which takes Paris quarter by quarter and which illustrates many hôtels particuliers that were demolished during the 20th century . Blanc , Olivier , Hôtels particuliers de Paris ( 1998 ) Caylux , Odile et al. Les Hôtels particuliers d'Arles ( 2000 ) Coquery , Natacha , L'hôtel aristocratique . Le marché du luxe à Paris au XVIII siècle , Paris , Publications de la Sorbonne , 1998 Courtin , Nicolas , L'Art d'habiter à Paris au XVII siècle : L'ameublement des hôtels particuliers , Paris , Faton , 2011 Cros , Philippe , Hôtels particuliers de France ( 2001 ) Gady , Alexandre , Les Hôtels particuliers de Paris , du Moyen - Âge à la Belle époque , Paris , Parigramme , 2007 Naudin , Jean - Baptiste et al. , Hôtels particuliers de Paris : Visite privée ( 1999 ) . Papillault , Remi Les hôtels particuliers du XVIe siècle à Toulouse ( Serie Memoires des pays d'Oc ) External links ( edit ) Les Vieux Hotels de Paris , Le Faubourg Saint - Germain Kenneth Franzheim II Rare Books Room , William R. Jenkins Architecture and Art Library , University of Houston Digital Library . Les Vieux Hotels de Paris , Le Faubourg Saint - Honoré Kenneth Franzheim II Rare Books Room , William R. Jenkins Architecture and Art Library , University of Houston Digital Library . Les Vieux Hotels de Paris , Le Ministère de la Marine Kenneth Franzheim II Rare Books Room , William R. Jenkins Architecture and Art Library , University of Houston Digital Library . Les Vieux Hotels de Paris , Le Quartier Saint - Paul Kenneth Franzheim II Rare Books Room , William R. Jenkins Architecture and Art Library , University of Houston Digital Library . Les Vieux Hotels de Paris , Le Temple et le Marais Kenneth Franzheim II Rare Books Room , William R. Jenkins Architecture and Art Library , University of Houston Digital Library . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Hôtel_particulier&oldid = 850193669 '' Categories : House types Hôtels particuliers Hidden categories : Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands Português Русский ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 14 July 2018 , at 08 : 50 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the word inn has its origins in france some centuries ago	[]	[]
2681988684611677939	Southern Ocean	Southern Ocean - wikipedia Southern Ocean Jump to : navigation , search Earth 's oceans Arctic Atlantic Indian Pacific Southern World Ocean The Southern Ocean , as delineated by the draft 4th edition of the International Hydrographic Organization 's Limits of Oceans and Seas ( 2002 ) . A general delineation of the Antarctic Convergence , sometimes used by scientists as the demarcation of the Southern Ocean . The Southern Ocean , also known as the Antarctic Ocean or the Austral Ocean , comprises the southernmost waters of the World Ocean , generally taken to be south of 60 ° S latitude and encircling Antarctica . As such , it is regarded as the fourth - largest of the five principal oceanic divisions : smaller than the Pacific , Atlantic , and Indian Oceans but larger than the Arctic Ocean . This ocean zone is where cold , northward flowing waters from the Antarctic mix with warmer subantarctic waters . By way of his voyages in the 1770s , Captain James Cook proved that waters encompassed the southern latitudes of the globe . Since then , geographers have disagreed on the Southern Ocean 's northern boundary or even existence , considering the waters as various parts of the Pacific , Atlantic , and Indian Oceans , instead . However , according to Commodore John Leech of the International Hydrographic Organization ( IHO ) , this situation has no scientific sense since it has different ecosystem and life from the three oceans mentioned before and is located on a southern portion of Earth , hence the name of an ocean . This remains the current official policy of the IHO , since a 2000 revision of its definitions including the Southern Ocean as the waters south of the 60th parallel has not yet been adopted . Others regard the seasonally - fluctuating Antarctic Convergence as the natural boundary . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definitions and use 1.1 Pre-20th - century definitions 1.2 1928 delineation 1.3 1937 delineation 1.4 1953 delineation 1.5 2002 ( draft ) delineation 2 History of exploration 2.1 The unknown southern land 2.2 South of the Antarctic Convergence 2.3 South of the Antarctic Circle 2.4 First sighting of land 2.5 Antarctic expeditions 2.6 Recent history 3 Geography 3.1 Sub-divisions of the Southern Ocean 3.2 Natural resources 3.3 Natural hazards 4 Physical oceanography 4.1 Antarctic Circumpolar Current and Antarctic Convergence 4.2 Upwelling 4.3 Ross and Weddell Gyres 5 Climate 6 Biodiversity 6.1 Animals 6.2 Birds 6.3 Fish 6.4 Mammals 6.5 Arthropods 6.6 Invertebrates 7 Environment 7.1 Current issues 7.2 International agreements 8 Economy 9 Ports and harbors 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 12.1 Further reading 13 External links Definitions and use ( edit ) Pulsating pack - ice around Antarctica reflects the various definitions of the Southern Ocean Borders and names for oceans and seas were internationally agreed when the International Hydrographic Bureau ( IHB ) , the precusor to the IHO , convened the First International Conference on 24 July 1919 . The IHO then published these in its Limits of Oceans and Seas , the first edition being 1928 . Since the first edition , the limits of the Southern Ocean have moved progressively southwards ; since 1953 , it has been omitted from the official publication and left to local hydrographic offices to determine their own limits . The IHO included the ocean and its definition as the waters south of 60 ° S in its year 2000 revisions , but this has not been formally adopted , due to continuing impasses over other areas of the text , such as the naming dispute over the Sea of Japan . The 2000 IHO definition , however , was circulated in a draft edition in 2002 and is used by some within the IHO and by some other organizations such as the US Central Intelligence Agency and Merriam - Webster . Australian authorities regard the Southern Ocean as lying immediately south of Australia . The National Geographic Society does not recognize the ocean , depicting it ( if at all ) in a typeface different from the other world oceans ; instead , it shows the Pacific , Atlantic , and Indian Oceans extending to Antarctica on both its print and on line maps . Map publishers using the term Southern Ocean on their maps include Hema Maps and GeoNova . The International Hydrographic Organization 's delineation of the `` Southern Ocean '' has moved steadily southwards since the original 1928 edition of its Limits of Oceans and Seas . Australia continues to view the ocean as beginning at its southern coast . The 1953 limits shown are those of Britain , as identified in third edition . Others continue to view the Antarctic Convergence as the natural boundary of the Southern Ocean , regardless of political agreements . Southern Ocean Antarctica Map . Pre-20th - century definitions ( edit ) `` Southern Ocean '' as an alternative name for the Aethiopian Ocean in a 1700 map of Africa `` Southern Ocean '' is an obsolete name for the Pacific Ocean or South Pacific , coined by Vasco Núñez de Balboa , the first European to discover it , who approached it from the north . The `` South Seas '' is a less archaic synonym . A 1745 British Act of Parliament established a prize for discovering a Northwest Passage to `` the Western and Southern Ocean of America '' . Authors using `` Southern Ocean '' to name the waters encircling the unknown southern polar regions used varying limits . James Cook 's account of his second voyage implies New Caledonia borders it . Peacock 's 1795 Geographical Dictionary said it lay `` to the southward of America and Africa '' ; John Payne in 1796 used 40 degrees as the northern limit ; the 1827 Edinburgh Gazetteer used 50 degrees . The Family Magazine in 1835 divided the `` Great Southern Ocean '' into the `` Southern Ocean '' and the `` Antarctick ( sic ) Ocean '' along the Antarctic Circle , with the northern limit of the Southern Ocean being lines joining Cape Horn , the Cape of Good Hope , Van Diemen 's Land and the south of New Zealand . The United Kingdom 's South Australia Act 1834 described the waters forming the southern limit of the new colony of South Australia as `` the Southern Ocean '' . The Colony of Victoria 's Legislative Council Act of 1881 delimited part of the division of Bairnsdale as `` along the New South Wales boundary to the Southern ocean '' . 1928 delineation ( edit ) 1928 First Edition of Limits of Oceans and Seas with original IHO delineation of Southern Ocean abutting land - masses . In the 1928 first edition of Limits of Oceans and Seas , the Southern Ocean was delineated by land - based limits : Antarctica to the south , and South America , Africa , Australia , and Broughton Island , New Zealand to the north . The detailed land - limits used were from Cape Horn in South America eastwards to Cape Agulhas in Africa , then further eastwards to the southern coast of mainland Australia to Cape Leeuwin , Western Australia . From Cape Leeuwin , the limit then followed eastwards along the coast of mainland Australia to Cape Otway , Victoria , then southwards across Bass Strait to Cape Wickham , King Island , along the west coast of King Island , then the remainder of the way south across Bass Strait to Cape Grim , Tasmania . The limit then followed the west coast of Tasmania southwards to the South East Cape and then went eastwards to Broughton Island , New Zealand , before returning to Cape Horn . 1937 Second Edition of Limits of Oceans and Seas showing IHO 's pre-1953 delineation of Southern Ocean moved southwards . 1937 delineation ( edit ) The northern limits of the Southern Ocean were moved southwards in the IHO 's 1937 second edition of the Limits of Oceans and Seas . From this edition , much of the ocean 's northern limit ceased to abut land masses . In the second edition , the Southern Ocean then extended from Antarctica northwards to latitude 40 ° S between Cape Agulhas in Africa ( long . 20 ° E ) and Cape Leeuwin in Western Australia ( long . 115 ° E ) , and extended to latitude 55 ° S between Auckland Island of New Zealand ( 165 or 166 ° E east ) and Cape Horn in South America ( 67 ° W ) . As is discussed in more detail below ( see section on ' 2002 delineation ' ) , prior to the 2002 ( draft ) edition the limits of oceans explicitly excluded the seas lying within each of them . The Great Australian Bight was unnamed in the 1928 edition , and delineated as shown in the figure above in the 1937 edition . It therefore encompassed former Southern Ocean waters ( as designated in 1928 ) but was technically not inside any of the three adjacent oceans by 1937 . In the 2002 draft edition , the IHO have designated ' seas ' as being subdivisions within ' oceans ' , so the Bight would have still been within the Southern Ocean in 1937 if the 2002 convention were in place then . To perform direct comparisons of current and former limits of oceans ( for example to compare surface areas ) it is necessary to consider , or at least be aware of , how the 2002 change in IHO terminology for ' seas ' can affect the comparison . 1953 delineation ( edit ) The Southern Ocean did not appear in the 1953 third edition and a note in the publication read : The Antarctic or Southern Ocean has been omitted from this publication as the majority of opinions received since the issue of the 2nd Edition in 1937 are to the effect that there exists no real justification for applying the term Ocean to this body of water , the northern limits of which are difficult to lay down owing to their seasonal change . The limits of the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian Oceans have therefore been extended South to the Antarctic Continent . Hydrographic Offices who issue separate publications dealing with this area are therefore left to decide their own northern limits ( Great Britain uses Latitude of 55 South . ) Instead , in the IHO 1953 publication , the Atlantic , Indian and Pacific Oceans were extended southward , the Indian and Pacific Oceans ( which had not previously touched pre 1953 , as per the first and second editions ) now abutted at the meridian of South East Cape , and the southern limits of the Great Australian Bight and the Tasman Sea were moved northwards . The Pacific Ocean as example of terminology concerning seas : the area inside the black line includes the seas included in the Pacific Ocean prior to 2002 and the darker blue areas are its informal current borders , following the recreation of the Southern Ocean and the reinclusion of marginal seas . 2002 ( draft ) delineation ( edit ) The IHO readdressed the question of the Southern Ocean in a survey in 2000 . Of its 68 member nations , 28 responded , and all responding members except Argentina agreed to redefine the ocean , reflecting the importance placed by oceanographers on ocean currents . The proposal for the name Southern Ocean won 18 votes , beating the alternative Antarctic Ocean . Half of the votes supported a definition of the ocean 's northern limit at 60 ° S ( with no land interruptions at this latitude ) , with the other 14 votes cast for other definitions , mostly 50 ° S , but a few for as far north as 35 ° S . A draft fourth edition of Limits of Oceans and Seas was circulated to IHO member states in August 2002 ( sometimes referred to as the `` 2000 edition '' as it summarized the progress to 2000 ) . It has yet to be published due to ' areas of concern ' by several countries relating to various naming issues around the world -- primarily the Sea of Japan naming dispute -- and there have been various changes , 60 seas were given new names , and even the name of the publication was changed . A reservation had also been lodged by Australia regarding the Southern Ocean limits . Effectively , the 3rd edition ( which did not delineate the Southern Ocean leaving delineation to local hydrographic offices ) has yet to be superseded . Despite this , the 4th edition definition has partial de facto usage by many nations , scientists and organisations such as the U.S. ( the Central Intelligence Agency World Factbook uses `` Southern Ocean '' but none of the other new sea names within the `` Southern Ocean '' such as `` Cosmonauts Sea '' ) and Merriam - Webster , scientists and nations -- and even by some within the IHO . Some nations ' hydrographic offices have defined their own boundaries ; the United Kingdom used the 55 ° S parallel for example . Other organisations favour more northerly limits for the Southern Ocean . For example , the Encyclopædia Britannica describes the Southern Ocean as extending as far north as South America , and confers great significance on the Antarctic Convergence , yet its description of the Indian Ocean contradicts this , describing the Indian Ocean as extending south to Antarctica . Other sources , such as the National Geographic Society , show the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian Oceans as extending to Antarctica on its maps , although articles on the National Geographic web site have begun to reference the Southern Ocean . In Australia , cartographical authorities define the Southern Ocean as including the entire body of water between Antarctica and the south coasts of Australia and New Zealand , and up to 60 ° s elsewhere . Coastal maps of Tasmania and South Australia label the sea areas as Southern Ocean , while Cape Leeuwin in Western Australia is described as the point where the Indian and Southern Oceans meet . A radical shift from past IHO practices ( 1928 -- 1953 ) was also seen in the 2002 draft edition when the IHO delineated ' seas ' as being subdivisions that lay within the boundaries of ' oceans ' . While the IHO are often considered the authority for such conventions , the shift brought them into line with the practices of other publications ( e.g. the CIA World Fact Book ) which already adopted the principle that seas are contained within oceans . This difference in practice is markedly seen for the Pacific Ocean in the adjacent figure . Thus , for example , previously the Tasman Sea between Australia and New Zealand was not regarded by the IHO as being part of the Pacific , but as of the 2002 draft edition it is . The new delineation of seas being subdivisions of oceans has avoided the need to interrupt the northern boundary of the Southern Ocean where intersected by Drake Passage which includes all of the waters from South America to the Antarctic coast , nor interrupt it for the Scotia Sea , which also extends below the 60th parallel south . The new delineation of seas has also meant that the long - time named seas around Antarctica , excluded from the 1953 edition ( the 1953 map did not even extend that far south ) , are ' automatically ' part of the Southern Ocean . History of exploration ( edit ) Main article : History of Antarctica The unknown Southern land ( edit ) See also : Terra Australis 1564 Typus Orbis Terrarum , a map by Abraham Ortelius showed the imagined link between the proposed continent of Antarctica and South America . Exploration of the Southern Ocean was inspired by a belief in the existence of a Terra Australis -- a vast continent in the far south of the globe to `` balance '' the northern lands of Eurasia and North Africa -- which had existed since the times of Ptolemy . The doubling of the Cape of Good Hope in 1487 by Bartolomeu Dias first brought explorers within touch of the Antarctic cold , and proved that there was an ocean separating Africa from any Antarctic land that might exist . Ferdinand Magellan , who passed through the Strait of Magellan in 1520 , assumed that the islands of Tierra del Fuego to the south were an extension of this unknown southern land . In 1564 , Abraham Ortelius published his first map , Typus Orbis Terrarum , an eight - leaved wall map of the world , on which he identified the Regio Patalis with Locach as a northward extension of the Terra Australis , reaching as far as New Guinea . European geographers continued to connect the coast of Tierra del Fuego with the coast of New Guinea on their globes , and allowing their imaginations to run riot in the vast unknown spaces of the south Atlantic , south Indian and Pacific oceans they sketched the outlines of the Terra Australis Incognita ( `` Unknown Southern Land '' ) , a vast continent stretching in parts into the tropics . The search for this great south land was a leading motive of explorers in the 16th and the early part of the 17th centuries . The Spaniard Gabriel de Castilla , who claimed having sighted `` snow - covered mountains '' beyond the 64 ° S in 1603 , is recognized as the first explorer that discovered the continent of Antarctica , although he was ignored in his time . In 1606 , Pedro Fernández de Quirós took possession for the king of Spain all of the lands he had discovered in Australia del Espiritu Santo ( the New Hebrides ) and those he would discover `` even to the Pole '' . Francis Drake , like Spanish explorers before him , had speculated that there might be an open channel south of Tierra del Fuego . When Willem Schouten and Jacob Le Maire discovered the southern extremity of Tierra del Fuego and named it Cape Horn in 1615 , they proved that the Tierra del Fuego archipelago was of small extent and not connected to the southern land , as previously thought . Subsequently , in 1642 , Abel Tasman showed that even New Holland ( Australia ) was separated by sea from any continuous southern continent . Portrait of Edmund Halley by Thomas Murray , c. 1687 South of the Antarctic Convergence ( edit ) See also : Anthony de la Roché The visit to South Georgia by Anthony de la Roché in 1675 was the first ever discovery of land south of the Antarctic Convergence i.e. in the Southern Ocean / Antarctic . Soon after the voyage cartographers started to depict ' Roché Island ' , honouring the discoverer . James Cook was aware of la Roché 's discovery when surveying and mapping the island in 1775 . Edmond Halley 's voyage in HMS Paramour for magnetic investigations in the South Atlantic met the pack ice in 52 ° S in January 1700 , but that latitude ( he reached 140 mi off the north coast of South Georgia ) was his farthest south . A determined effort on the part of the French naval officer Jean - Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier to discover the `` South Land '' -- described by a half legendary `` sieur de Gonneyville '' -- resulted in the discovery of Bouvet Island in 54 ° 10 ′ S , and in the navigation of 48 ° of longitude of ice - cumbered sea nearly in 55 ° S in 1730 . In 1771 , Yves Joseph Kerguelen sailed from France with instructions to proceed south from Mauritius in search of `` a very large continent . '' He lighted upon a land in 50 ° S which he called South France , and believed to be the central mass of the southern continent . He was sent out again to complete the exploration of the new land , and found it to be only an inhospitable island which he renamed the Isle of Desolation , but which was ultimately named after him . South of the Antarctic Circle ( edit ) See also : James Cook Famous official portrait of Captain James Cook who proved that waters encompassed the southern latitudes of the globe . `` He holds his own chart of the Southern Ocean on the table and his right hand points to the east coast of Australia on it . '' Map from 1771 , showing `` Terres Australes '' ( sic ) label without any charted landmass . Painting of James Weddell 's second expedition in 1823 , depicting the brig Jane and the cutter Beaufroy . The obsession of the undiscovered continent culminated in the brain of Alexander Dalrymple , the brilliant and erratic hydrographer who was nominated by the Royal Society to command the Transit of Venus expedition to Tahiti in 1769 . The command of the expedition was given by the admiralty to Captain James Cook . Sailing in 1772 with Resolution , a vessel of 462 tons under his own command and Adventure of 336 tons under Captain Tobias Furneaux , Cook first searched in vain for Bouvet Island , then sailed for 20 degrees of longitude to the westward in latitude 58 ° S , and then 30 ° eastward for the most part south of 60 ° S , a lower southern latitude than had ever been voluntarily entered before by any vessel . On 17 January 1773 the Antarctic Circle was crossed for the first time in history and the two ships reached 67 ° 15 ' S by 39 ° 35 ' E , where their course was stopped by ice . Cook then turned northward to look for French Southern and Antarctic Lands , of the discovery of which he had received news at Cape Town , but from the rough determination of his longitude by Kerguelen , Cook reached the assigned latitude 10 ° too far east and did not see it . He turned south again and was stopped by ice in 61 ° 52 ′ S by 95 ° E and continued eastward nearly on the parallel of 60 ° S to 147 ° E. On 16 March , the approaching winter drove him northward for rest to New Zealand and the tropical islands of the Pacific . In November 1773 , Cook left New Zealand , having parted company with the Adventure , and reached 60 ° S by 177 ° W , whence he sailed eastward keeping as far south as the floating ice allowed . The Antarctic Circle was crossed on 20 December and Cook remained south of it for three days , being compelled after reaching 67 ° 31 ′ S to stand north again in 135 ° W . A long detour to 47 ° 50 ′ S served to show that there was no land connection between New Zealand and Tierra del Fuego . Turning south again , Cook crossed the Antarctic Circle for the third time at 109 ° 30 ′ W before his progress was once again blocked by ice four days later at 71 ° 10 ′ S by 106 ° 54 ′ W . This point , reached on 30 January 1774 , was the farthest south attained in the 18th century . With a great detour to the east , almost to the coast of South America , the expedition regained Tahiti for refreshment . In November 1774 , Cook started from New Zealand and crossed the South Pacific without sighting land between 53 ° and 57 ° S to Tierra del Fuego ; then , passing Cape Horn on 29 December , he rediscovered Roché Island renaming it Isle of Georgia , and discovered the South Sandwich Islands ( named Sandwich Land by him ) , the only ice - clad land he had seen , before crossing the South Atlantic to the Cape of Good Hope between 55 ° and 60 ° . He thereby laid open the way for future Antarctic exploration by exploding the myth of a habitable southern continent . Cook 's most southerly discovery of land lay on the temperate side of the 60th parallel , and he convinced himself that if land lay farther south it was practically inaccessible and without economic value . Voyagers rounding Cape Horn frequently met with contrary winds and were driven southward into snowy skies and ice - encumbered seas ; but so far as can be ascertained none of them before 1770 reached the Antarctic Circle , or knew it , if they did . In a voyage from 1822 to 1824 , James Weddell commanded the 160 - ton brig Jane , accompanied by his second ship Beaufoy captained by Matthew Brisbane . Together they sailed to the South Orkneys where sealing proved disappointing . They turned south in the hope of finding a better sealing ground . The season was unusually mild and tranquil , and on 20 February 1823 the two ships reached latitude 74 ° 15 ' S and longitude 34 ° 16'45 '' W the southernmost position any ship had ever reached up to that time . A few icebergs were sighted but there was still no sight of land , leading Weddell to theorize that the sea continued as far as the South Pole . Another two days ' sailing would have brought him to Coat 's Land ( to the east of the Weddell Sea ) but Weddell decided to turn back . First sighting of land ( edit ) Admiral von Bellingshausen See also : William Smith ( mariner ) and Fabian von Bellingshausen The first land south of the parallel 60 ° south latitude was discovered by the Englishman William Smith , who sighted Livingston Island on 19 February 1819 . A few months later Smith returned to explore the other islands of the South Shetlands archipelago , landed on King George Island , and claimed the new territories for Britain . In the meantime , the Spanish Navy ship San Telmo sank in September 1819 when trying to cross Cape Horn . Parts of her wreckage were found months later by sealers on the north coast of Livingston Island ( South Shetlands ) . It is unknown if some survivor managed to be the first to set foot on these Antarctic islands . The first confirmed sighting of mainland Antarctica can not be accurately attributed to one single person . It can , however , be narrowed down to three individuals . According to various sources , three men all sighted the ice shelf or the continent within days or months of each other : von Bellingshausen , a captain in the Russian Imperial Navy ; Edward Bransfield , a captain in the British navy ; and Nathaniel Palmer , an American sealer out of Stonington , Connecticut . It is certain that the expedition , led by von Bellingshausen and Lazarev on the ships Vostok and Mirny , reached a point within 32 km ( 20 mi ) from Princess Martha Coast and recorded the sight of an ice shelf at 69 ° 21 ′ 28 '' S 2 ° 14 ′ 50 '' W / 69.35778 ° S 2.24722 ° W / - 69.35778 ; - 2.24722 that became known as the Fimbul ice shelf . On 30 January 1820 , Bransfield sighted Trinity Peninsula , the northernmost point of the Antarctic mainland , while Palmer sighted the mainland in the area south of Trinity Peninsula in November 1820 . Von Bellingshausen 's expedition also discovered Peter I Island and Alexander I Island , the first islands to be discovered south of the circle . Historical maps showing a southern ocean between Antarctica and the continents of South America , Africa and Australia 1683 map by French cartographer Alain Manesson Mallet from his publication Description de L'Univers . Shows a sea below both the Atlantic and Pacific oceans at a time when Tierra del Fuego was believed joined to Antarctica . Sea is named Mer Magellanique after Ferdinand Magellan . Samuel Dunn 's 1794 General Map of the World or Terraqeuous Globe shows a Southern Ocean ( but meaning what is today named the South Atlantic ) and a Southern Icy Ocean . A New Map of Asia , from the Latest Authorities , by John Cary , Engraver , 1806 , shows the Southern Ocean lying to the south of both the Indian Ocean and Australia . Freycinet Map of 1811 -- resulted from the 1800 - 1803 French Baudin expedition to Australia and was the first full map of Australia ever to be published . In French , the map named the ocean immediately below Australia as the Grand Océan Austral ( ' Great Southern Ocean ' ) . 1863 map of Australia shows the Southern Ocean lying immediately to the south of Australia . 1906 map by German publisher Justus Perthes showing Antarctica encompassed by an Antarktischer ( Sudl . Eismeer ) Ocean -- the ' Antarctic ( South Arctic ) Ocean ' . Map of The World in 1922 by the National Geographic Society showing the Antarctic ( Southern ) Ocean . Antarctic expeditions ( edit ) Main article : List of Antarctic expeditions USS Vincennes at Disappointment Bay , Antarctica in early 1840 . 1911 South Polar Regions exploration map In December 1839 , as part of the United States Exploring Expedition of 1838 -- 42 conducted by the United States Navy ( sometimes called `` the Wilkes Expedition '' ) , an expedition sailed from Sydney , Australia , on the sloops - of - war USS Vincennes and USS Peacock , the brig USS Porpoise , the full - rigged ship Relief , and two schooners Sea Gull and USS Flying Fish . They sailed into the Antarctic Ocean , as it was then known , and reported the discovery `` of an Antarctic continent west of the Balleny Islands '' on 25 January 1840 . That part of Antarctica was later named `` Wilkes Land '' , a name it maintains to this day . Explorer James Clark Ross passed through what is now known as the Ross Sea and discovered Ross Island ( both of which were named for him ) in 1841 . He sailed along a huge wall of ice that was later named the Ross Ice Shelf . Mount Erebus and Mount Terror are named after two ships from his expedition : HMS Erebus and Terror . Frank Hurley , As time wore on it became more and more evident that the ship was doomed ( The Endurance trapped in pack ice ) , National Library of Australia . The Imperial Trans - Antarctic Expedition of 1914 , led by Ernest Shackleton , set out to cross the continent via the pole , but their ship , the Endurance , was trapped and crushed by pack ice before they even landed . The expedition members survived after an epic journey on sledges over pack ice to Elephant Island . Then Shackleton and five others crossed the Southern Ocean , in an open boat called James Caird , and then trekked over South Georgia to raise the alarm at the whaling station Grytviken . In 1946 , US Navy Rear Admiral Richard Evelyn Byrd and more than 4,700 military personnel visited the Antarctic in an expedition called Operation Highjump . Reported to the public as a scientific mission , the details were kept secret and it may have actually been a training or testing mission for the military . The expedition was , in both military or scientific planning terms , put together very quickly . The group contained an unusually high amount of military equipment , including an aircraft carrier , submarines , military support ships , assault troops and military vehicles . The expedition was planned to last for eight months but was unexpectedly terminated after only two months . With the exception of some eccentric entries in Admiral Byrd 's diaries , no real explanation for the early termination has ever been officially given . Captain Finn Ronne , Byrd 's executive officer , returned to Antarctica with his own expedition in 1947 -- 1948 , with Navy support , three planes , and dogs . Ronne disproved the notion that the continent was divided in two and established that East and West Antarctica was one single continent , i.e. that the Weddell Sea and the Ross Sea are not connected . The expedition explored and mapped large parts of Palmer Land and the Weddell Sea coastline , and identified the Ronne Ice Shelf , named by Ronne after his wife Edith `` Jackie '' Ronne . Ronne covered 3,600 miles by ski and dog sled -- more than any other explorer in history . The Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition discovered and mapped the last unknown coastline in the world and was the first Antarctic expedition to ever include women . Recent history ( edit ) MS Explorer in Antarctica in January 1999 . She sank on 23 November 2007 after hitting an iceberg . The Antarctic Treaty was signed on 1 December 1959 and came into force on 23 June 1961 . Among other provisions , this treaty limits military activity in the Antarctic to the support of scientific research . The first person to sail single - handed to Antarctica was the New Zealander David Henry Lewis , in 1972 , in a 10 - metre steel sloop Ice Bird . A baby , named Emilio Marcos de Palma , was born near Hope Bay on 7 January 1978 , becoming the first baby born on the continent . He also was born further south than anyone in history . The MS Explorer was a cruise ship operated by the Swedish explorer Lars - Eric Lindblad . Observers point to the Explorer 's 1969 expeditionary cruise to Antarctica as the frontrunner for today 's sea - based tourism in that region . The Explorer was the first cruise ship used specifically to sail the icy waters of the Antarctic Ocean and the first to sink there when she struck an unidentified submerged object on 23 November 2007 , reported to be ice , which caused a 10 by 4 inches ( 25 by 10 cm ) gash in the hull . The Explorer was abandoned in the early hours of 23 November 2007 after taking on water near the South Shetland Islands in the Southern Ocean , an area which is usually stormy but was calm at the time . The Explorer was confirmed by the Chilean Navy to have sunk at approximately position : 62 ° 24 ′ South , 57 ° 16 ′ West , in roughly 600 m of water . Geography ( edit ) See also : List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands The Southern Ocean , geologically the youngest of the oceans , was formed when Antarctica and South America moved apart , opening the Drake Passage , roughly 30 million years ago . The separation of the continents allowed the formation of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current . With a northern limit at 60 ° S , the Southern Ocean differs from the other oceans in that its largest boundary , the northern boundary , does not abut a landmass ( as it did with the first edition of Limits of Oceans and Seas ) . Instead , the northern limit is with the Atlantic , Indian and Pacific Oceans . One reason for considering it as a separate ocean stems from the fact that much of the water of the Southern Ocean differs from the water in the other oceans . Water gets transported around the Southern Ocean fairly rapidly because of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current which circulates around Antarctica . Water in the Southern Ocean south of , for example , New Zealand , resembles the water in the Southern Ocean south of South America more closely than it resembles the water in the Pacific Ocean . The Southern Ocean has typical depths of between 4,000 and 5,000 m ( 13,000 and 16,000 ft ) over most of its extent with only limited areas of shallow water . The Southern Ocean 's greatest depth of 7,236 m ( 23,740 ft ) occurs at the southern end of the South Sandwich Trench , at 60 ° 00 'S , 024 ° W . The Antarctic continental shelf appears generally narrow and unusually deep , its edge lying at depths up to 800 m ( 2,600 ft ) , compared to a global mean of 133 m ( 436 ft ) . Equinox to equinox in line with the sun 's seasonal influence , the Antarctic ice pack fluctuates from an average minimum of 2.6 million square kilometres ( 1.0 × 10 ^ sq mi ) in March to about 18.8 million square kilometres ( 7.3 × 10 ^ sq mi ) in September , more than a sevenfold increase in area . Subdivisions of the Southern Ocean ( edit ) Sub-divisions of oceans are geographical features such as `` seas '' , `` straits '' , `` bays '' , `` channels '' , and `` gulfs '' . There are many sub-divisions of the Southern Ocean defined in the never - approved 2002 draft fourth edition of the IHO publication Limits of Oceans and Seas . In clockwise order these include ( with IHO sub-division chartlet numbers in parenthesis ) the Weddell Sea ( 10.1 ) , the Lazarev Sea ( 10.2 ) , the Riiser - Larsen Sea ( 10.3 ) , the Cosmonauts Sea ( 10.4 ) , the Cooperation Sea ( 10.5 ) , the Davis Sea ( 10.6 ) , Tryoshnikova Gulf ( 10.6. 1 ) , the Mawson Sea ( 10.7 ) , the Dumont D'Urville Sea ( 10.8 ) , the Somov Sea ( 10.9 ) , the Ross Sea ( 10.10 ) , McMurdo Sound ( 10.10. 1 ) , the Amundsen Sea ( 10.11 ) , the Bellingshausen Sea ( 10.12 ) , part of the Drake Passage ( 10.13 ) , Bransfield Strait ( 10.14 ) and part of the Scotia Sea ( 4.2 ) . A number of these such as the 2002 Russian - proposed `` Consmonauts Sea '' , `` Cooperation Sea '' , and `` Somov ( mid-1950s Russian polar explorer ) Sea '' are not included in the 1953 IHO document which remains currently in force , because they received their names largely originated from 1962 onward . Leading geographic authorities and atlases do not use these latter three names , including the 2014 10th edition World Atlas from the United States ' National Geographic Society and the 2014 12th edition of the British Times Atlas of the World , but Soviet and Russian - issued maps do . An iceberg being pushed out of a shipping lane USS Burton Island ( AGB - 1 ) , USS Atka ( AGB - 3 ) , and USS Glacier ( AGB - 4 ) pushing an iceberg out of a channel in the `` Silent Land '' near McMurdo Station , Antarctica , 1965 Natural Resources ( edit ) Manganese nodule The Southern Ocean probably contains large , and possibly giant , oil and gas fields on the continental margin . Placer deposits , accumulation of valuable minerals such as gold , formed by gravity separation during sedimentary processes are also expected to exist in the Southern Ocean . Manganese nodules are expected to exist in the Southern Ocean . Manganese nodules are rock concretions on the sea bottom formed of concentric layers of iron and manganese hydroxides around a core . The core may be microscopically small and is sometimes completely transformed into manganese minerals by crystallization . Interest in the potential exploitation of polymetallic nodules generated a great deal of activity among prospective mining consortia in the 1960s and 1970s . The icebergs that form each year around in the Southern Ocean hold enough fresh water to meet the needs of every person on Earth for several months . For several decades there have been proposals , none yet to be feasible or successful , to tow Southern Ocean icebergs to more arid northern regions ( such as Australia ) where they can be harvested . Natural hazards ( edit ) Icebergs can occur at any time of year throughout the ocean . Some may have drafts up to several hundred meters ; smaller icebergs , iceberg fragments and sea - ice ( generally 0.5 to 1 m thick ) also pose problems for ships . The deep continental shelf has a floor of glacial deposits varying widely over short distances . Sailors know latitudes from 40 to 70 degrees south as the `` Roaring Forties '' , `` Furious Fifties '' and `` Shrieking Sixties '' due to high winds and large waves that form as winds blow around the entire globe unimpeded by any land - mass . Icebergs , especially in May to October , make the area even more dangerous . The remoteness of the region makes sources of search and rescue scarce . Physical Oceanography ( edit ) The Antarctic Circumpolar Current ( ACC ) is the strongest current system in the world oceans , linking the Atlantic , Indian and Pacific basins . Antarctic Circumpolar Current and Antarctic Convergence ( edit ) The Antarctic Circumpolar Current moves perpetually eastward -- chasing and joining itself , and at 21,000 km ( 13,000 mi ) in length -- it comprises the world 's longest ocean current , transporting 130 million cubic metres per second ( 4.6 × 10 ^ cu ft / s ) of water -- 100 times the flow of all the world 's rivers . Several processes operate along the coast of Antarctica to produce , in the Southern Ocean , types of water masses not produced elsewhere in the oceans of the Southern Hemisphere . One of these is the Antarctic Bottom Water , a very cold , highly saline , dense water that forms under sea ice . Associated with the Circumpolar Current is the Antarctic Convergence encircling Antarctica , where cold northward - flowing Antarctic waters meet the relatively warmer waters of the subantarctic , Antarctic waters predominantly sink beneath subantarctic waters , while associated zones of mixing and upwelling create a zone very high in nutrients . These nurture high levels of phytoplankton with associated copepods and Antarctic krill , and resultant foodchains supporting fish , whales , seals , penguins , albatrosses and a wealth of other species . The Antarctic Convergence is considered to be the best natural definition of the northern extent of the Southern Ocean . Upwelling in the Southern Ocean Upwelling ( edit ) Large - scale upwelling is found in the Southern Ocean . Strong westerly ( eastward ) winds blow around Antarctica , driving a significant flow of water northwards . This is actually a type of coastal upwelling . Since there are no continents in a band of open latitudes between South America and the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula , some of this water is drawn up from great depths . In many numerical models and observational syntheses , the Southern Ocean upwelling represents the primary means by which deep dense water is brought to the surface . Shallower , wind - driven upwelling is also found off the west coasts of North and South America , northwest and southwest Africa , and southwest and southeast Australia , all associated with oceanic subtropical high pressure circulations . Some models of the ocean circulation suggest that broad - scale upwelling occurs in the tropics , as pressure driven flows converge water toward the low latitudes where it is diffusively warmed from above . The required diffusion coefficients , however , appear to be larger than are observed in the real ocean . Nonetheless , some diffusive upwelling does probably occur . Location of the Southern Ocean gyres . Ross and Weddell gyres ( edit ) The Ross Gyre and Weddell Gyre are two gyres that exist within the Southern Ocean . The gyres are located in the Ross Sea and Weddell Sea respectively , and both rotate clockwise . The gyres are formed by interactions between the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and the Antarctic Continental Shelf . Sea ice has been noted to persist in the central area of the Ross Gyre . There is some evidence that global warming has resulted in some decrease of the salinity of the waters of the Ross Gyre since the 1950s . Due to the Coriolis effect acting to the left in the Southern Hemisphere and the resulting Ekman transport away from the centres of the Weddell Gyre , these regions are very productive due to upwelling of cold , nutrient rich water . Climate ( edit ) Sea temperatures vary from about − 2 to 10 ° C ( 28 to 50 ° F ) . Cyclonic storms travel eastward around the continent and frequently become intense because of the temperature contrast between ice and open ocean . The ocean - area from about latitude 40 south to the Antarctic Circle has the strongest average winds found anywhere on Earth . In winter the ocean freezes outward to 65 degrees south latitude in the Pacific sector and 55 degrees south latitude in the Atlantic sector , lowering surface temperatures well below 0 degrees Celsius . At some coastal points , however , persistent intense drainage winds from the interior keep the shoreline ice - free throughout the winter . Clouds over Southern Ocean with Continent labels . Biodiversity ( edit ) See also : Antarctic ecozone , Antarctic microorganism , and Wildlife of Antarctica Orca ( Orcinus orca ) hunting a Weddell seal in the Southern Ocean . Animals ( edit ) A variety of marine animals exist and rely , directly or indirectly , on the phytoplankton in the Southern Ocean . Antarctic sea life includes penguins , blue whales , orcas , colossal squids and fur seals . The emperor penguin is the only penguin that breeds during the winter in Antarctica , while the Adélie penguin breeds farther south than any other penguin . The rockhopper penguin has distinctive feathers around the eyes , giving the appearance of elaborate eyelashes . King penguins , chinstrap penguins , and gentoo penguins also breed in the Antarctic . The Antarctic fur seal was very heavily hunted in the 18th and 19th centuries for its pelt by sealers from the United States and the United Kingdom . The Weddell seal , a `` true seal '' , is named after Sir James Weddell , commander of British sealing expeditions in the Weddell Sea . Antarctic krill , which congregates in large schools , is the keystone species of the ecosystem of the Southern Ocean , and is an important food organism for whales , seals , leopard seals , fur seals , squid , icefish , penguins , albatrosses and many other birds . The benthic communities of the seafloor are diverse and dense , with up to 155,000 animals found in 1 square metre ( 10.8 sq ft ) . As the seafloor environment is very similar all around the Antarctic , hundreds of species can be found all the way around the mainland , which is a uniquely wide distribution for such a large community . Deep - sea gigantism is common among these animals . A census of sea life carried out during the International Polar Year and which involved some 500 researchers was released in 2010 . The research is part of the global Census of Marine Life ( CoML ) and has disclosed some remarkable findings . More than 235 marine organisms live in both polar regions , having bridged the gap of 12,000 km ( 7,456 mi ) . Large animals such as some cetaceans and birds make the round trip annually . More surprising are small forms of life such as mudworms , sea cucumbers and free - swimming snails found in both polar oceans . Various factors may aid in their distribution -- fairly uniform temperatures of the deep ocean at the poles and the equator which differ by no more than 5 ° C , and the major current systems or marine conveyor belt which transport egg and larva stages . A wandering albatross ( Diomedea exulans ) on South Georgia Birds ( edit ) See also : List of birds of Antarctica The rocky shores of mainland Antarctica and its offshore islands provide nesting space for over 100 million birds every spring . These nesters include species of albatrosses , petrels , skuas , gulls and terns . The insectivorous South Georgia pipit is endemic to South Georgia and some smaller surrounding islands . Freshwater ducks inhabit South Georgia and the Kerguelen Islands . The flightless penguins are all located in the Southern Hemisphere , with the greatest concentration located on and around Antarctica . Four of the 18 penguin species live and breed on the mainland and its close offshore islands . Another four species live on the subantarctic islands . Emperor penguins have four overlapping layers of feathers , keeping them warm . They are the only Antarctic animal to breed during the winter . Fish of the Notothenioidei suborder , such as this young icefish , are mostly endemic to Antarctica . Fish ( edit ) There are very few species of fish in the Southern Ocean . The Channichthyidae family , also known as white - blooded fish , are only found in the Southern Ocean . They lack hemoglobin in their blood , resulting in their blood being colourless . One Channichthyidae species , the mackerel icefish ( Champsocephalus gunnari ) , was once the most common fish in coastal waters less than 400 metres ( 1,312 ft ) deep , but was overfished in the 1970s and 1980s . Schools of icefish spend the day at the seafloor and the night higher in the water column eating plankton and smaller fish . There are two species from the Dissostichus genus , the Antarctic toothfish ( Dissostichus mawsoni ) and the Patagonian toothfish ( Dissostichus eleginoides ) . These two species live on the seafloor 100 -- 3,000 metres ( 328 -- 9,843 ft ) deep , and can grow to around 2 metres ( 7 ft ) long weighing up to 100 kilograms ( 220 lb ) , living up to 45 years . The Antarctic toothfish lives close to the Antarctic mainland , whereas the Patagonian toothfish lives in the relatively warmer subantarctic waters . Due to the low water temperatures around the mainland , the Antarctic toothfish has antifreeze proteins in its blood and tissues . Toothfish are commercially fished , and overfishing has reduced toothfish populations . Another abundant fish group is the Notothenia genus , which like the Antarctic toothfish have antifreeze in their bodies . Weddell seals ( Leptonychotes weddellii ) are the most southerly of Antarctic mammals . Mammals ( edit ) See also : List of mammals of Antarctica Seven pinniped species inhabit Antarctica . The largest , the elephant seal ( Mirounga leonina ) , can reach up to 4,000 kilograms ( 8,818 lb ) , while females of the smallest , the Antarctic fur seal ( Arctocephalus gazella ) , reach only 150 kilograms ( 331 lb ) . These two species live north of the sea ice , and breed in harems on beaches . The other four species can live on the sea ice . Crabeater seals ( Lobodon carcinophagus ) and Weddell seals ( Leptonychotes weddellii ) form breeding colonies , whereas leopard seals ( Hydrurga leptonyx ) and Ross seals ( Ommatophoca rossii ) live solitary lives . Although these species hunt underwater , they breed on land or ice and spend a great deal of time there , as they have no terrestrial predators . The four species that inhabit sea ice are thought to make up 50 % of the total biomass of the world 's seals . Crabeater seals have a population of around 15 million , making them one of the most numerous large animals on the planet . The New Zealand sea lion ( Phocarctos hookeri ) , one of the rarest and most localised pinnipeds , breeds almost exclusively on the subantarctic Auckland Islands , although historically it had a wider range . Out of all permanent mammalian residents , the Weddell seals live the furthest south . There are 10 cetacean species found in the Southern Ocean ; six baleen whales , and four toothed whales . The largest of these , the blue whale ( Balaenoptera musculus ) , grows to 24 metres ( 79 ft ) long weighing 84 tonnes . Many of these species are migratory , and travel to tropical waters during the Antarctic winter . Antarctic krill ( Euphausia superba ) are a keystone species of the food web . Arthropods ( edit ) Five species of krill , small free - swimming crustaceans , are found in the Southern Ocean . The Antarctic krill ( Euphausia superba ) is one of the most abundant animal species on earth , with a biomass of around 500 million tonnes . Each individual is 6 centimetres ( 2.4 in ) long and weighs over 1 gram ( 0.035 oz ) . The swarms that form can stretch for kilometres , with up to 30,000 individuals per 1 cubic metre ( 35 cu ft ) , turning the water red . Swarms usually remain in deep water during the day , ascending during the night to feed on plankton . Many larger animals depend on krill for their own survival . During the winter when food is scarce , adult Antarctic krill can revert to a smaller juvenile stage , using their own body as nutrition . Many benthic crustaceans have a non-seasonal breeding cycle , and some raise their young in a brood pouch . Glyptonotus antarcticus is an unusually large benthic isopod , reaching 20 centimetres ( 8 in ) in length weighing 70 grams ( 2.47 oz ) . Amphipods are abundant in soft sediments , eating a range of items , from algae to other animals . Slow moving sea spiders are common , sometimes growing as large as a human hand . They feed on the corals , sponges , and bryozoans that litter the seabed . A female warty squid ( Moroteuthis ingens ) Invertebrates ( edit ) Many aquatic molluscs are present in Antarctica . Bivalves such as Adamussium colbecki move around on the seafloor , while others such as Laternula elliptica live in burrows filtering the water above . There are around 70 cephalopod species in the Southern Ocean , the largest of which is the giant squid ( Architeuthis sp . ) , which at 15 metres ( 49 ft ) is the largest invertebrate in the world . Squid makes up the entire diet of some animals , such as grey - headed albatrosses and sperm whales , and the warty squid ( Moroteuthis ingens ) is one of the subantarctic 's most preyed upon species by vertebrates . The sea urchin genus Abatus burrow through the sediment eating the nutrients they find in it . Two species of salps are common in Antarctic waters , Salpa thompsoni and Ihlea racovitzai . Salpa thompsoni is found in ice - free areas , whereas Ihlea racovitzai is found in the high latitude areas near ice . Due to their low nutritional value , they are normally only eaten by fish , with larger animals such as birds and marine mammals only eating them when other food is scarce . Antarctic sponges are long lived , and sensitive to environmental changes due to the specificity of the symbiotic microbial communities within them . As a result , they function as indicators of environmental health . Environment ( edit ) Current issues ( edit ) Increased solar ultraviolet radiation resulting from the Antarctic ozone hole has reduced marine primary productivity ( phytoplankton ) by as much as 15 % and has started damaging the DNA of some fish . Illegal , unreported , and unregulated fishing , especially the landing of an estimated five to six times more Patagonian toothfish than the regulated fishery , likely affects the sustainability of the stock . Long - line fishing for toothfish causes a high incidence of seabird mortality . International agreements ( edit ) All international agreements regarding the world 's oceans apply to the Southern Ocean . In addition , it is subject to these agreements specific to the region : The Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary of the International Whaling Commission ( IWC ) prohibits commercial whaling south of 40 degrees south ( south of 60 degrees south between 50 degrees and 130 degrees west ) . Japan regularly does not recognize this provision , because the sanctuary violates IWC charter . Since the scope of the sanctuary is limited to commercial whaling , in regard to its whaling permit and whaling for scientific research , a Japanese fleet carried out an annual whale - hunt in the region . On 31 March 2014 , the International Court of Justice ruled that Japan 's whaling program , which Japan has long claimed is for scientific purposes , was a cloak for commercial whaling , and no further permits would be granted . Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals is part of the Antarctic Treaty System . It was signed at the conclusion of a multilateral conference in London on 11 February 1972 . Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources ( CCAMLR ) is part of the Antarctic Treaty System . The Convention was entered into force on 7 April 1982 and has its goal is to preserve marine life and environmental integrity in and near Antarctica . It was established in large part to concerns that an increase in krill catches in the Southern Ocean could have a serious impact on populations of other marine life which are dependent upon krill for food . Many nations prohibit the exploration for and the exploitation of mineral resources south of the fluctuating Antarctic Convergence , which lies in the middle of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and serves as the dividing line between the very cold polar surface waters to the south and the warmer waters to the north . The Antarctic Treaty covers the portion of the globe south of sixty degrees south , it prohibits new claims to Antarctica . The Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources applies to the area south of 60 ° South latitude as well as the areas further north up to the limit of the Antarctic Convergence . Economy ( edit ) Between 1 July 1998 and 30 June 1999 , fisheries landed 119,898 tonnes , of which 85 % consisted of krill and 14 % of Patagonian toothfish . International agreements came into force in late 1999 to reduce illegal , unreported , and unregulated fishing , which in the 1998 -- 99 season landed five to six times more Patagonian toothfish than the regulated fishery . Ports and harbors ( edit ) Severe cracks in an ice pier in use for four seasons at McMurdo Station slowed cargo operations in 1983 and proved a safety hazard . Major operational ports include : Rothera Station , Palmer Station , Villa Las Estrellas , Esperanza Base , Mawson Station , McMurdo Station , and offshore anchorages in Antarctica . Few ports or harbors exist on the southern ( Antarctic ) coast of the Southern Ocean , since ice conditions limit use of most shores to short periods in midsummer ; even then some require icebreaker escort for access . Most Antarctic ports are operated by government research stations and , except in an emergency , remain closed to commercial or private vessels ; vessels in any port south of 60 degrees south are subject to inspection by Antarctic Treaty observers . The Southern Ocean 's southernmost port operates at McMurdo Station at 77 ° 50 ′ S 166 ° 40 ′ E / 77.833 ° S 166.667 ° E / - 77.833 ; 166.667 . Winter Quarters Bay forms a small harbor , on the southern tip of Ross Island where a floating ice pier makes port operations possible in summer . Operation Deep Freeze personnel constructed the first ice pier at McMurdo in 1973 . Based on the original 1928 IHO delineation of the Southern Ocean ( and the 1937 delineation if the Great Australian Bight is considered integral ) , Australian ports and harbors between Cape Leeuwin and Cape Otway on the Australian mainland and along the west coast of Tasmania would also be identified as ports and harbors existing in the Southern Ocean . These would include the larger ports and harbors of Albany , Thevenard , Port Lincoln , Whyalla , Port Augusta , Port Adelaide , Portland , Warrnambool , and Macquarie Harbour . Yacht races have been held in the Southern Ocean , such as the Volvo Ocean Race , Velux 5 Oceans Race , Vendée Globe , Jules Verne Trophy and Global Challenge . See also ( edit ) Environment portal Ecology portal Geography portal Weather portal Extreme points of the Antarctic Seven Seas Borders of the oceans Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Also a translation of its former French name ( Grand Océan Austral ) in reference to its position below the Pacific , the `` Grand Océan '' . Jump up ^ Used by Dr Hooker in his accounts of his Antarctic voyages . Also a translation of the ocean 's Japanese name Nankyoku Kai ( 南極海 ) . Jump up ^ Also a translation of the ocean 's Chinese name Nánbīng Yáng ( 南冰洋 ) . Jump up ^ Historic names include the `` South Sea '' , the `` Great Southern Ocean '' , the `` South Polar Ocean '' or `` South - Polar Ocean '' , and the `` Southern Icy Ocean '' . Jump up ^ A subsidiary of Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . Jump up ^ In violation of their Style Guide , however , some of National Geographic 's online news blogs do use the term . Jump up ^ Reservation by Norway : Norway recognizes the name Kong Håkon VII Hav which covers the sea area adjacent to Dronning Maud Land and stretching from 20 ° W to 45 ° E . Jump up ^ The Drake Passage is situated between the southern and eastern extremities of South America and the South Shetland Islands , lying north of the Antarctic Peninsula . The Scotia Sea is an area defined by the southeastern extremity of South America and the South Shetland Islands on the west and by South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands to the north and east . As they extend north of 60 ° S , Drake Passage and the Scotia Sea are also described as forming part of the South Atlantic Ocean . Jump up ^ EB ( 1878 ) . ^ Jump up to : NGS ( 2014 ) . ^ Jump up to : Sherwood , Mary Martha ( 1823 ) , An Introduction to Geography , Intended for Little Children , 3rd ed. , Wellington : F. Houlston & Son , p. 10 . Jump up ^ EB ( 1911 ) . Jump up ^ Hooker , Joseph Dalton ( 1844 ) , Flora Antarctica : The Botany of the Antarctic Voyage , London : Reeve . ^ Jump up to : `` Geography - Southern Ocean '' . CIA Factbook . Retrieved 16 July 2012 ... the Southern Ocean has the unique distinction of being a large circumpolar body of water totally encircling the continent of Antarctica ; this ring of water lies between 60 degrees south latitude and the coast of Antarctica and encompasses 360 degrees of longitude . ^ Jump up to : `` Introduction - Southern Ocean '' . CIA Factbook . Retrieved 16 July 2012 ... As such , the Southern Ocean is now the fourth largest of the world 's five oceans ( after the Pacific Ocean , Atlantic Ocean , and Indian Ocean , but larger than the Arctic Ocean ) . Jump up ^ The Southern Ocean is the Fifth and Newest World Ocean Jump up ^ Pyne , Stephen J. ; The Ice : A Journey to Antarctica . University of Washington Press , 1986 . ( A study of Antarctica 's exploration , earth - sciences , icescape , esthetics , literature , and geopolitics ) ^ Jump up to : `` Southern Ocean '' . Merriam - Webster Online Dictionary . Merriam - Webster . Retrieved 18 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Darby , Andrew ( 22 December 2003 ) . `` Canberra all at sea over position of Southern Ocean '' . The Age . Retrieved 13 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indian Ocean '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 13 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Maps Home '' . National Geographic Society . Retrieved 31 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Southern Ocean - News Watch '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 26 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Upside Down World Map '' . Hema Maps . Retrieved 22 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Classic World Wall Map '' . GeoNova . Retrieved 22 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Balboa , or Pan-Pacific Day '' . The Mid-Pacific Magazine . Pan-Pacific Union . 20 ( 10 ) : 16 . He named it the Southern Ocean , but in 1520 Magellan sailed into the Southern Ocean and named it Pacific Jump up ^ Tomlins , Sir Thomas Edlyne ; Raithby , John ( 1811 ) . `` 18 George II c. 17 '' . The statutes at large , of England and of Great - Britain : from Magna Carta to the union of the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland . Printed by G. Eyre and A. Strahan . p. 153 . Retrieved 1 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Cook , James ( 1821 ) . `` March 1775 '' . Three Voyages of Captain James Cook Round the World . Longman . p. 244 . Retrieved 1 November 2015 . These voyages of the French , though undertaken by private adventurers , have contributed something towards exploring the Southern Ocean . That of Captain Surville , clears up a mistake , which I was led into , in imagining the shoals off the west end of New Caledonia to extend to the west , as far as New Holland . Jump up ^ A Compendious Geographical Dictionary , Containing , a Concise Description of the Most Remarkable Places , Ancient and Modern , in Europe , Asia , Africa , & America , ... ( 2nd ed . ) . London : W. Peacock. 1795 . p. 29 . Jump up ^ Payne , John ( 1796 ) . Geographical extracts , forming a general view of earth and nature ... illustrated with maps . London : G.G. and J. Robinson . p. 80 . Retrieved 1 November 2015 . Jump up ^ The Edinburgh Gazetteer : Or , Geographical Dictionary : Containing a Description of the Various Countries , Kingdoms , States , Cities , Towns , Mountains , &c. of the World ; an Account of the Government , Customs , and Religion of the Inhabitants ; the Boundaries and Natural Productions of Each Country , &c . &c . Forming a Complete Body of Geography , Physical , Political , Statistical , and Commercial with Addenda , Containing the Present State of the New Governments in South America ... 1 . London : Longman , Rees , Orme , Brown , and Green . 1827 . p . LIX . Jump up ^ `` Physical Geography '' . Family Magazine : Or Monthly Abstract of General Knowledge . New York : Redfield & Lindsay. 3 ( 1 ) : 16 . June 1835 . Jump up ^ `` 45 Vict . No. 702 '' ( PDF ) . Australasian Legal Information Institute . 28 November 1881 . p. 87 . Retrieved 2 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Map accompanying first edition of IHO Publication Limits of Oceans and Seas , Special Publication 23 '' . NOAA Photo Library . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Map accompanying second edition of IHO Publication Limits of Oceans and Seas , Special Publication 23 '' . NOAA Photo Library . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) . Retrieved 18 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Limits of Oceans and Seas , 3rd edition '' ( PDF ) . International Hydrographic Organization . 1953 . Retrieved 7 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pacific Ocean '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 27 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` IHO PUBLICATION S - 23 , Limits of Oceans and Seas , Draft 4th Edition '' . International Hydrographic Organisation. 2002 . Retrieved 22 January 2002 . Jump up ^ `` IHO Special Publication 23 '' . Korean Hydrographic and Oceanographic Administration . Archived from the original on 1 February 2014 . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Darby , Andrew ( 22 December 2003 ) . `` Canberra all at sea over position of Southern Ocean '' . The Age . Retrieved 21 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Schenke , Hans Werner ( September 2003 ) . `` Proposal for the preparation of a new International Bathymetric Chart of the Southern Ocean '' ( PDF ) . IHO International Hydrographic Committee on Antarctica ( HCA ) . Third HCA Meeting , 8 -- 10 September 2003 . Monaco : International Hydrographic Organization ( IHO ) . Retrieved 17 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Southern Ocean '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 24 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` AHS -- AA609582 '' ( PDF ) ( PDF ) . The Australian Hydrographic Service . 5 July 2012 . Retrieved 30 May 2013 . Jump up ^ For example : Chart Aus343 : Australia South Coast - South Australia - Whidbey Isles to Cape Du Couedic , Australian Hydrographic Service , 29 June 1990 , archived from the original on 26 May 2009 , retrieved 11 October 2010 , Chart Aus792 : Australia - Tasmania - Trial Harbour to Low Rocky Point , Australian Hydrographic Service , 18 July 2008 , retrieved 11 October 2010 Jump up ^ `` - Assessment Documentation for Cape Leeuwin Lighthouse '' ( PDF ) . Register of Heritage Places. 13 May 2005 . p. 11 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 August 2011 . Retrieved 13 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Joost Depuydt , ' Ortelius , Abraham ( 1527 -- 1598 ) ' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press , 2004 Jump up ^ Peter Barber , `` Ortelius ' great world map '' , National Library of Australia , Mapping our World : Terra Incognita to Australia , Canberra , National Library of Australia , 2013 , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Dalrymple , Alexander . ( 1771 ) . A Collection of Voyages Made to the Ocean Between Cape Horn and Cape of Good Hope . Two volumes . London . Jump up ^ Headland , Robert K. ( 1984 ) . The Island of South Georgia , Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 25274 - 1 Jump up ^ Cook , James . ( 1777 ) . A Voyage Towards the South Pole , and Round the World . Performed in His Majesty 's Ships the Resolution and Adventure , In the Years 1772 , 1773 , 1774 , and 1775 . In which is included , Captain Furneaux 's Narrative of his Proceedings in the Adventure during the Separation of the Ships . Volume II . London : Printed for W. Strahan and T. Cadell . ( Relevant fragment ) ^ Jump up to : One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Polar Regions '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 21 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Dance , Nathaniel ( c. 1776 ) . `` Captain James Cook , 1728 - 79 '' . Royal Museums Greenwich . Commissioned by Sir Joseph Banks . Retrieved 23 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Weddel , James ( 1970 ) ( 1825 ) . A voyage towards the South Pole : performed in the years 1822 - 24 , containing an examination of the Antarctic Sea . United States Naval Institute . pp. 44 , map . Jump up ^ U.S. Antarctic Program External Panel . `` Antarctica -- past and present '' ( PDF ) . NSF . Retrieved 14 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Guy G. Guthridge . `` Nathaniel Brown Palmer '' . NASA . Archived from the original on 2 February 2006 . Retrieved 14 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Palmer Station . ucsd.edu Jump up ^ Erki Tammiksaar ( 14 December 2013 ) . `` Punane Bellingshausen '' ( Red Bellingshausen ) . Postimees . Arvamus . Kultuur ( in Estonian ) . Jump up ^ `` South - Pole -- Exploring Antarctica '' . South-Pole.com . Archived from the original on 14 February 2006 . Retrieved 12 February 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Milestones , 28 January 1980 '' . Time . 28 January 1980 . Retrieved 4 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Historic Names -- Norwegian - American Scientific Traverse of East Antarctica . Traverse.npolar.no . Retrieved on 29 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Navy Military History Archived 2 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine ... History.navy.mil . Retrieved on 29 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Finn Ronne . The Columbia Encyclopedia , Sixth Edition 2008 Jump up ^ antarctica.org Archived 6 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine. -- Science : in force ... Jump up ^ `` Mar 28 -- Hump Day '' Archived 7 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine. , British Antarctic Survey . Jump up ^ Scope of Antarctic Tourism -- A Background Presentation Archived 16 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , IAATO official website . Jump up ^ Reel , Monte ( 24 November 2007 ) . `` Cruise Ship Sinks Off Antarctica '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 13 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 154 Rescued From Sinking Ship In Antarctic : Passengers , Crew Boarding Another Ship After Wait In Lifeboats ; No Injuries Reported '' . CBS News . 23 November 2007 . Retrieved 23 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Doomed Ship Defies Antarctica Odds '' . Reuters. 25 November 2007 . Archived from the original on 27 November 2007 . Retrieved 28 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` MS Explorer -- situation report '' . The Falkland Islands News . 23 November 2007 . Jump up ^ MV EXPLORER Cruise Ship Sinking In South Atlantic , The Shipping Times , 23 November 2007 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 10 September 2015 . Retrieved 6 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Water from Icebergs '' . Ocean Explorer . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 23 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Antarctica Detail '' . U.S. Department of the Interior , U.S. Geological Survey . 18 October 2000 . Retrieved 18 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Michael L. , Van Woert ; et al. ( 2003 ) . `` The Ross Sea Circulation During the 1990s '' . In DiTullio , Giacomo R. ; Dunbar , Robert B. Biogeochemistry of the Ross Sea . American Geophysical Union . pp. 4 -- 34 . ISBN 0 - 87590 - 972 - 8 . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Florindo , Fabio ; Siegert , Martin J. ( 2008 ) . Antarctic Climate Evolution . Elsevier . p. 106 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 444 - 52847 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` The World Fact Book : Climate '' . U.S. Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Creatures of Antarctica '' . Archived from the original on 14 February 2005 . Retrieved 6 February 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Australian Antarctic Division . `` Seabed ( benthic ) communities '' . Government of Australia . Archived from the original on 19 March 2013 . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Kinver , Mark ( 15 February 2009 ) . `` Ice oceans ' are not poles apart ' '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 22 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Australian Antarctic Division . `` Flying Birds '' . Government of Australia . Archived from the original on 19 March 2013 . Retrieved 6 April 2013 . Jump up ^ British Antarctic Survey . `` Land Animals of Antarctica '' . Natural Environment Research Council . Archived from the original on 22 November 2012 . Retrieved 18 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Australian Antarctic Division . `` Penguins '' . Government of Australia . Archived from the original on 19 March 2013 . Retrieved 6 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Australian Antarctic Division . `` Adapting to the cold '' . Government of Australia . Archived from the original on 18 January 2013 . Retrieved 5 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Australian Antarctic Division . `` Fish '' . Government of Australia . Archived from the original on 19 March 2013 . Retrieved 5 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Australian Antarctic Division . `` Seals and sea lions '' . Government of Australia . Archived from the original on 19 March 2013 . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Australian Antarctic Division . `` Pack - ice seal species '' . Government of Australia . Archived from the original on 26 August 2012 . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Australian Antarctic Division . `` Salps '' . Government of Australia . Archived from the original on 19 August 2012 . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Australian Antarctic Division . `` Sea lions '' . Government of Australia . Archived from the original on 3 August 2012 . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Australian Antarctic Division . `` Weddell seals '' . Government of Australia . Archived from the original on 4 August 2012 . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Australian Antarctic Division . `` What is a whale ? '' . Government of Australia . Archived from the original on 30 May 2012 . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Australian Antarctic Division . `` Krill : magicians of the Southern Ocean '' . Government of Australia . Archived from the original on 29 September 2012 . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Australian Antarctic Division . `` Krill '' . Government of Australia . Archived from the original on 22 January 2013 . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Australian Antarctic Division . `` Squid '' . Government of Australia . Archived from the original on 19 March 2013 . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Australian Antarctic Division . `` Salps '' . Government of Australia . Archived from the original on 19 March 2013 . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Australian Antarctic Division . `` Sponges '' . Government of Australia . Archived from the original on 19 March 2013 . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Smith RC , Prézelin BB , Baker KS , Bidigare RR , Boucher NP , Coley T , Karentz D , MacIntyre S , Matlick HA , Menzies D , et al. ( 1992 ) . `` Ozone depletion : ultraviolet radiation and phytoplankton biology in antarctic waters . '' . Science . 255 ( 5047 ) : 952 -- 9 . ISSN 0036 - 8075 . PMID 1546292 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1546292 . Jump up ^ Antarctic Challenge : Conflicting Interests , Cooperation , Environmental Protection , Economic Development Proceedings of an Interdisciplinary Symposium , 22 -- 24 June 1983 ; Volume 88 of Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für Internationales Recht an der Universität Kiel ( Rüdiger Wolfrum and Klaus Bockslaff , eds . ) , Duncker & Humblot , 1984 , p99 Jump up ^ `` Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources '' . ccamlr.org. 2011 . Retrieved 11 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The World Fact Book : Environment - International Agreements '' . U.S. Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . Jump up ^ The Antarctic Treaty , article 6 Jump up ^ The Antarctic Treaty , article 4 , clause 2 Jump up ^ `` Text of the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources '' ( PDF ) . ccamlr.org . Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources . 1972 . Retrieved 23 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Unique ice pier provides harbor for ships , '' Archived 30 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Antarctic Sun . 8 January 2006 ; McMurdo Station , Antarctica . References ( edit ) Baynes , T.S. , ed. ( 1878 ) , `` Antarctic Ocean '' , Encyclopædia Britannica , 2 ( 9th ed . ) , New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons , p. 100 Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) , `` Great Southern Ocean '' , Encyclopædia Britannica , 12 ( 11th ed . ) , Cambridge University Press , p. 422 Brindley , David , ed. ( 2014 ) , `` Antarctic Ocean , Austral Ocean , Southern Ocean '' , Style Manual , Washington : National Geographic Society , retrieved 31 July 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) Gille , Sarah T. 2002 . `` Warming of the Southern Ocean since the 1950s '' : abstract , article . Science : vol. 295 ( no . 5558 ) , pp. 1275 -- 1277 . Descriptive Regional Oceanography , P. Tchernia , Pergamon Press , 1980 . Matthias Tomczak and J. Stuart Godfrey. 2003 . Regional Oceanography : an Introduction . ( see the site ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Southern Ocean . Look up southern ocean in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Great Southern Ocean . Oceanography Image of the Day , from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution The CIA World Factbook 's entry on the Southern Ocean The Fifth Ocean from Geography.About.com The International Bathymetric Chart of the Southern Ocean ( IBCSO ) National Geophysical Data Center U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) : Limits of Oceans and Seas ( 2nd Edition ) , extant 1937 to 1953 , with limits of Southern Ocean . NOAA In - situ Ocean Data Viewer Plot and download ocean observations NOAA FAQ about the number of oceans Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources Coordinates : 70 ° S 150 ° W / 70 ° S 150 ° W / - 70 ; - 150 Marine realms Arctic Temperate Northern Pacific Tropical Atlantic Western Indo - Pacific Central Indo - Pacific Tropical Eastern Pacific Southern Ocean Earth 's oceans and seas Arctic Ocean Amundsen Gulf Barents Sea Beaufort Sea Chukchi Sea East Siberian Sea Greenland Sea Gulf of Boothia Kara Sea Laptev Sea Lincoln Sea Prince Gustav Adolf Sea Pechora Sea Queen Victoria Sea Wandel Sea White Sea Atlantic Ocean Adriatic Sea Aegean Sea Alboran Sea Archipelago Sea Argentine Sea Baffin Bay Balearic Sea Baltic Sea Bay of Biscay Bay of Bothnia Bay of Campeche Bay of Fundy Black Sea Bothnian Sea Caribbean Sea Celtic Sea English Channel Foxe Basin Greenland Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Gulf of Lion Gulf of Guinea Gulf of Maine Gulf of Mexico Gulf of Saint Lawrence Gulf of Sidra Gulf of Venezuela Hudson Bay Ionian Sea Irish Sea Irminger Sea James Bay Labrador Sea Levantine Sea Libyan Sea Ligurian Sea Marmara Sea Mediterranean Sea Myrtoan Sea North Sea Norwegian Sea Sargasso Sea Sea of Åland Sea of Azov Sea of Crete Sea of the Hebrides Thracian Sea Tyrrhenian Sea Wadden Sea Indian Ocean Andaman Sea Arabian Sea Bali Sea Bay of Bengal Flores Sea Great Australian Bight Gulf of Aden Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Oman Gulf of Suez Java Sea Laccadive Sea Mozambique Channel Persian Gulf Red Sea Timor Sea Pacific Ocean Arafura Sea Banda Sea Bering Sea Bismarck Sea Bohai Sea Bohol Sea Camotes Sea Celebes Sea Ceram Sea Chilean Sea Coral Sea East China Sea Gulf of Alaska Gulf of Anadyr Gulf of California Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf of Fonseca Gulf of Panama Gulf of Thailand Gulf of Tonkin Halmahera Sea Koro Sea Mar de Grau Molucca Sea Moro Gulf Philippine Sea Salish Sea Savu Sea Sea of Japan Sea of Okhotsk Seto Inland Sea Shantar Sea Sibuyan Sea Solomon Sea South China Sea Sulu Sea Tasman Sea Visayan Sea Yellow Sea Southern Ocean Amundsen Sea Bellingshausen Sea Cooperation Sea Cosmonauts Sea Davis Sea D'Urville Sea King Haakon VII Sea Lazarev Sea Mawson Sea Riiser - 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Larsen Sea Ross Sea Scotia Sea Somov Sea Weddell Sea Endorheic basins Aral Sea Caspian Sea Dead Sea Sea of Galilee Salton Sea Book Category Antarctica General Antarctic Treaty System Climate Colonization Demographics Economy Expeditions Field camps Flags Geography Geology History Mammals Military activity Protected areas Religion Research stations Telecommunications Territorial claims Time Tourism Transport Volcanoes Wildlife Geographic regions Antarctic Peninsula East Antarctica West Antarctica Ecozone Extreme points Islands Waterways Lake Vostok List of rivers McMurdo Sound Ross Sea Southern Ocean Weddell Sea Lake CECs Famous explorers Roald Amundsen Richard E. Byrd Douglas Mawson James Clark Ross Robert Falcon Scott Ernest Shackleton more ... Category Commons Antarctica portal Index Polar exploration Arctic Ocean History Expeditions Research stations Farthest North North Pole Barentsz Hudson Marmaduke Carolus Parry North Magnetic Pole J. Ross J.C. Ross Abernethy Kane Hayes Polaris Polaris C.F. Hall British Arctic Expedition HMS Alert Nares HMS Discovery Stephenson Markham Lady Franklin Bay Expedition Greely Lockwood Brainard 1st Fram expedition Fram Nansen Johansen Sverdrup Jason Amedeo F. Cook Peary Sedov Byrd Airship Norge Amundsen Nobile Wisting Riiser - Larsen Ellsworth Airship Italia Nautilus Wilkins ANT - 25 Chkalov Baydukov Belyakov `` North Pole '' manned drifting ice stations NP - 1 Papanin Shirshov E. Fyodorov Krenkel NP - 36 NP - 37 Sedov Badygin Wiese USS Nautilus USS Skate Plaisted Herbert NS Arktika Barneo Arktika 2007 Mir submersibles Sagalevich Chilingarov Iceland Greenland Pytheas Brendan Papar Vikings Naddodd Svavarsson Arnarson Norse colonization of the Americas Ulfsson Galti Erik the Red Christian IV 's expeditions J. Hall Cunningham Lindenov C. Richardson Danish colonization Egede Scoresby Jason Nansen Sverdrup Peary Rasmussen Northwest Passage Northern Canada Cabot G. Corte - Real M. Corte - Real Frobisher Gilbert Davis Hudson Discovery Bylot Baffin Munk I. Fyodorov Gvozdev HMS Resolution J. Cook HMS Discovery Clerke Mackenzie Kotzebue J. Ross HMS Griper Parry HMS Hecla Lyon HMS Fury Hoppner Crozier J.C. Ross Coppermine Expedition Franklin Back Dease Simpson HMS Blossom Beechey Franklin 's lost expedition HMS Erebus HMS Terror Collinson Rae -- Richardson Expedition Rae J. Richardson Austin McClure Expedition HMS Investigator McClure HMS Resolute Kellett Belcher Kennedy Bellot Isabel Inglefield 2nd Grinnell Expedition USS Advance Kane Fox McClintock HMS Pandora Young Fram Sverdrup Gjøa Amundsen Rasmussen Karluk Stefansson Bartlett St. Roch H. Larsen Cowper North East Passage Russian Arctic Pomors Koch boats Willoughby Chancellor Barentsz Mangazeya Hudson Poole Siberian Cossacks Perfilyev Stadukhin Dezhnev Popov Ivanov Vagin Permyakov Great Northern Expedition Bering Chirikov Malygin Ovtsyn Minin V. Pronchishchev M. Pronchishcheva Chelyuskin Kh . Laptev D. Laptev Chichagov Lyakhov Billings Sannikov Gedenschtrom Wrangel Matyushkin Anjou Litke Lavrov Pakhtusov Tsivolko Middendorff Austro - Hungarian Expedition Weyprecht Payer Vega Expedition A.E. Nordenskiöld Palander USS Jeannette De Long Yermak Makarov Zarya Toll Kolomeitsev Matisen Kolchak Sedov Rusanov Kuchin Brusilov Expedition Sv . Anna Brusilov Albanov Konrad Wiese Nagórski Taymyr / Vaygach Vilkitsky Maud Amundsen AARI Samoylovich Begichev Urvantsev Sadko Ushakov Glavsevmorput Schmidt Aviaarktika Shevelev Sibiryakov Voronin Chelyuskin Krassin Gakkel Nuclear - powered icebreakers NS Lenin Arktika class Antarctic Continent History Expeditions Southern Ocean Roché Bouvet Kerguelen HMS Resolution J. Cook HMS Adventure Furneaux Smith San Telmo Vostok Bellingshausen Mirny Lazarev Bransfield Palmer Davis Weddell Morrell Astrolabe Dumont d'Urville United States Exploring Expedition USS Vincennes Wilkes USS Porpoise Ringgold Ross expedition HMS Erebus ( J.C. Ross Abernethy ) HMS Terror ( Crozier ) Cooper Challenger expedition HMS Challenger Nares Murray Jason C.A. Larsen `` Heroic Age '' Belgian Antarctic Expedition Belgica de Gerlache Lecointe Amundsen Cook Arctowski Racoviță Dobrowolski Southern Cross Southern Cross Borchgrevink Discovery Discovery Discovery Hut Gauss Gauss Drygalski Swedish Antarctic Expedition Antarctic O. Nordenskjöld C.A. Larsen Scottish Antarctic Expedition Bruce Scotia Orcadas Base Nimrod Expedition Nimrod French Antarctic Expeditions Pourquoi - Pas Charcot Japanese Antarctic Expedition Shirase Amundsen 's South Pole expedition Fram Amundsen Framheim Polheim Terra Nova Terra Nova Scott Wilson E.R. Evans Crean Lashly Filchner Australasian Antarctic Expedition SY Aurora Mawson Far Eastern Party Imperial Trans - Antarctic Expedition Endurance Ernest Shackleton Wild James Caird Ross Sea party Mackintosh Shackleton -- Rowett Expedition Quest IPY IGY Modern research Christensen Byrd BANZARE BGLE Rymill New Swabia Ritscher Operation Tabarin Marr Operation Highjump Captain Arturo Prat Base British Antarctic Survey Operation Windmill Ketchum Ronne Expedition F. Ronne E. Ronne Schlossbach Operation Deep Freeze McMurdo Station Commonwealth Trans - Antarctic Expedition Hillary V. Fuchs Soviet Antarctic Expeditions 1st Somov Klenova Mirny 2nd Tryoshnikov 3rd Tolstikov Antarctic Treaty System Transglobe Expedition Fiennes Burton Lake Vostok Kapitsa Farthest South South Pole HMS Resolution J. Cook HMS Adventure Furneaux Weddell HMS Erebus J.C. Ross HMS Terror Crozier Southern Cross Borchgrevink Discovery Barne Nimrod Shackleton Wild Marshall Adams South Magnetic Pole Mawson David Mackay Amundsen 's South Pole expedition Fram Amundsen Bjaaland Helmer Hassel Wisting Polheim Terra Nova Scott E. Evans Oates Wilson Bowers Byrd Balchen McKinley Dufek Amundsen -- Scott South Pole Station Hillary V. Fuchs Pole of Cold Vostok Station Pole of inaccessibility Pole of Inaccessibility Station Tolstikov Crary A. Fuchs Messner VIAF : 248079071 GND : 4058444 - 6 NDL : 00643931 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southern_Ocean&oldid=800056447 '' Categories : Southern Ocean Oceans Landforms of the Southern Ocean Hidden categories : Articles containing French - language text Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles containing Chinese - language text Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica without Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica CS1 Estonian - language sources ( et ) Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from September 2016 Articles containing German - language text Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from EB9 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Wikinews Адыгэбзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ অসমীয়া Asturianu Авар Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 贛語客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Igbo Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių La . lojban . Lumbaart Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Papiamentu ភាសា ខ្មែរ Piemontèis Polski Português Română Rumantsch Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Scots Sesotho sa Leboa Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vèneto Tiếng Việt Võro Walon Winaray Wolof 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 डोटेली Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 08 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the southern ocean become a thing	[ "By way of his voyages in the 1770s, Captain James Cook proved that waters encompassed the southern latitudes of the globe. Since then, geographers have disagreed on the Southern Ocean's northern boundary or even existence, considering the waters as various parts of the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans, instead. However, according to Commodore John Leech of the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO), this situation has no scientific sense since it has different ecosystem and life from the three oceans mentioned before and is located on a southern portion of Earth, hence the name of an ocean.[8] This remains the current official policy of the IHO, since a 2000 revision of its definitions including the Southern Ocean as the waters south of the 60th parallel has not yet been adopted. Others regard the seasonally-fluctuating Antarctic Convergence as the natural boundary.[9]" ]	[ "the 1770s" ]
-7125945587606850721	Scarlett Martínez International Airport	Scarlett Martínez International airport - wikipedia Scarlett Martínez International airport Scarlett Martínez International Airport Rio Hato Airport Terminal building seen from the runway Sunwing Airlines inaugural flight , 2015 IATA : RIH ICAO : MPSM Summary Airport type Public Serves Rio Hato , Coclé , Panama Elevation AMSL 105 ft / 32 m Coordinates 08 ° 22 ′ 33 '' N 080 ° 07 ′ 40 '' W / 8.37583 ° N 80.12778 ° W / 8.37583 ; - 80.12778 Coordinates : 08 ° 22 ′ 33 '' N 080 ° 07 ′ 40 '' W / 8.37583 ° N 80.12778 ° W / 8.37583 ; - 80.12778 Map RIH Location in Rio Hato Airport Runways Direction Length Surface m ft 17 / 35 2,450 8,038 Asphalt Source : GCM , Scarlett Martínez International Airport ( IATA : RIH , ICAO : MPSM ) , also known as Río Hato Airport , is an international airport in Río Hato , Coclé , Panama . Contents 1 History 1.1 Río Hato Army Air Base 1.2 Operation Just Cause 2 International airport 3 References History ( edit ) Río Hato Army Air Base ( edit ) Established in 1931 , during World War II Río Hato Army Air Base was used by the United States Army Air Forces Sixth Air Force as part of the defense of the Panama Canal . It was closed as an active Air Force facility in 1948 but was used as an USAF auxiliary military landing field as late as 1990 as part of Howard Air Force Base . Units assigned to the base were : 28th Pursuit Squadron ( 37th Pursuit Group ) , 5 October -- 13 November 1940 ( Boeing P - 26 Peashooter ) 30th Pursuit Squadron ( 37th Pursuit Group ) , 5 October -- 13 November 1940 ( Boeing P - 26 Peashooter ) 31st Pursuit Squadron ( 37th Pursuit Group ) , 5 October -- 13 November 1940 ( Boeing P - 26 Peashooter ) 1st Bombardment Squadron ( 9th Bombardment Group ) , 13 November 1940 -- 24 April 1941 ( B - 18 Bolo ) 5th Bombardment Squadron ( 9th Bombardment Group ) , 13 November 1940 -- 28 September 1941 ( B - 18 Bolo ) 99th Bombardment Squadron ( 9th Bombardment Group ) , 13 November 1940 -- 3 December 1941 ( B - 18 Bolo ) 59th Bombardment Squadron ( 9th Bombardment Group ) 1 January -- 28 October 1941 ( A-20 Havoc ) Headquarters , 32d Pursuit Group , 1 January -- 9 December 1941 51st Pursuit Squadron , 21 August -- 10 December 1941 ( Boeing P - 26 Peashooter , Curtiss P - 36 Hawk ) 52d Pursuit Squadron , 21 August 1941 -- 23 March 1944 ( P - 40 Warhawk , P - 39 Airacobra ) 53d Pursuit Squadron , 21 August -- 12 December 1941 ( Boeing P - 26 Peashooter , Curtiss P - 36 Hawk ) 4th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron ( Caribbean Air Command ) , 20 August 1946 -- 1 December 1947 ( CQ - 3 , PQ - 14 ) 414th Fighter Squadron ( 6th Fighter Wing ) 24 March -- 1 September 1947 ( P - 61 Black Widow ) 319th Fighter Squadron ( 6th Fighter Wing ) 1 September 1947 -- 14 January 1948 ( P - 61 Black Widow ) Headquarters , 6th Bombardment Group , 9 December 1941 -- 14 January 1943 3d Bombardment Squadron 8 December 1941 -- 4 May 1942 ( B - 18 Bolo ) 26 August -- 8 December 1944 ; 19 October 1945 -- 1 November 1946 ( B - 24 Liberator ) 25th Bombardment Squadron , 8 December 1941 -- 21 January 1942 ( B - 18 Bolo ) 74th Bombardment Squadron 11 December 1941 -- 9 January 1942 ( B - 18 Bolo ) 7 -- 21 August 1944 ; 1 May 1945 -- 1 November 1946 ( B - 24 Liberator ) 108th Reconnaissance Squadron ( 72d Observation Group ) 14 -- 19 January 1942 ( B - 18 Bolo ) 395th Bombardment Squadron ( 40th , 6th Bombardment Groups ) 17 June 1942 -- 16 June 1943 ( Northrup A-17 Nomad , B - 24 Liberator ) 396th Bombardment Squadron ( VI Bomber Command ) 4 May 1943 -- 7 April 1944 ( B - 17 Flying Fortress , B - 24 Liberator ) 6 February 1945 -- 1 November 1946 ( B - 24 Liberator ) 397th Bombardment Squadron ( 6th Bombardment Group , VI Bomber Command ) 4 May 1943 -- 7 April 1944 6 February 1945 -- 1 November 1946 25th Bombardment Squadron ( VI Bomber Command ) , 9 September -- 8 December 1944 ; 27 January -- 26 April 1945 ; October 1945 -- 1 November 1946 B - 24 Liberator Operation just Cause ( edit ) During Operation Just Cause , The United States Army 2d and 3d Battalions , 75th Ranger Regiment ( TF RED ROMEO ) , departed Lawson Army Airfield , Fort Benning , Georgia , at 18 : 00 on 19 December 1989 . Its mission was to seize Río Hato and neutralize the 6th and 7th PDF Infantry Cos . At 01 : 00 on 20 December , the battalion jumped from C - 130s onto the airfield at Río Hato . Both PDF companies had been alerted and fired on the C - 130s with small arms and anti-aircraft guns . Despite PDF resistance , the battalion assembled , attacked the barracks , and established an airhead . By morning , the Rangers had accomplished all missions , captured 250 prisoners , and cleared the airfield for future operations . Río Hato was also the first combat target for the US Air Force F - 117 Nighthawk stealth fighter during Operation Just Cause . On 19 December 1989 , a flight of eight F - 117s lifted off from Tonopah Test Range Airport , Nevada . Their target was a large open field beside barracks housing two companies of troops belonging to Battalion 2000 , an elite unit known to be fiercely loyal to Panamanian dictator Manuel Noriega . The plan was for the aircraft to drop two large 2,000 - pound Mark 84 bombs , colloquially known as `` the Hammer '' ( whose bombs , described as `` the world 's largest stun grenades '' , had a lethal radius of 400 feet and were capable of blowing out eardrums half a mile away ) , close enough to the buildings to stun the sleeping soldiers so that they could not respond to the nearby nighttime parachute landings by the 2nd Ranger Battalion and elements of the 3rd Battalion . The explosion of the bombs at a designated point of impact just 50 yards from the barracks would do just that , and fused to detonate after they had penetrated a few feet of earth , they would not cause many casualties . Unfortunately , the fog of war was in the air . It also appears that , although the Pentagon brass understood the F - 117A 's accuracy , they did not fully understand what situation exactly the F - 117A was suited for . As the two F - 117As approached their target , the wind changed direction . Moreover , a last - minute change in the attack plan and confused communications resulted in the first pilot dropping his bomb where the second was to strike . The other pilot , thinking the attack had reverted to the original plan , dropped his bomb 325 yards wide . International airport ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 2011 the government of Panama gave the order to proceed with a project to rebuild the airport . The restoration work will include the rehabilitation of the runway and airport terminal and construction of a tunnel for the Pan-American Highway , which previously crossed the runway . The $53.2 million project was awarded through a public bidding process . The project will be supervised by the Ministry of Public Works ( MOP ) and the Civil Aviation Authority ( CAA ) and is expected to last 14 months . President Ricardo Martinelli said the new Scarlett Martínez Airport at Río Hato will bring benefits and opportunities for area residents . The airport would allow Panama City 's Tocumen International Airport to accept more flights for business and connecting flights in an effort to secure Panama 's position as a hub for business and commercial activity in the region . It will serve to boost tourism along the Pacific beaches of Panama , where several beach resorts and condo developments are located . President Martinelli confirmed that the airport will be used by charter companies from the United States , Canada , and Europe . In May 2013 , it was indicated that the new airport was expected to open in September of that year . The airport was officially opened by President Martinelli on 13 November 2013 . Airlines Destinations Arrendamientos Aereos Charter : Panama City - Albrook Air Costa Rica Charter : San José ( CR ) Air Panama Charter : Panama City - Albrook Air Transat Montreal - Trudeau , Toronto - Pearson Sunwing Airlines Toronto - Pearson Seasonal : Bagotville , Montreal - Trudeau , Quebec City References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Airport information for MPSM at Great Circle Mapper . Source : DAFIF ( effective October 2006 ) . Jump up ^ soldier This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website http://www.afhra.af.mil/ . Maurer , Maurer ( 1983 ) . Air Force Combat Units Of World War II . Maxwell AFB , Alabama : Office of Air Force History . ISBN 0 - 89201 - 092 - 4 . Maurer , Maurer , ed. ( 1982 ) ( 1969 ) . Combat Squadrons of the Air Force , World War II ( PDF ) ( reprint ed . ) . Washington , DC : Office of Air Force History . ISBN 0 - 405 - 12194 - 6 . LCCN 70605402 . OCLC 72556 . United States Air Force portal Military of the United States portal World War II portal USAAF Sixth Air Force in World War II Previously : Panama Canal Air Force ( 1940 - 1941 ) ; Caribbean Air Force ( 1941 - 1942 ) Airfields Caribbean Coolidge ( Antigua ) Dakota ( Aruba ) Batista ( Cuba ) Camaguey ( Cuba ) Hato ( Curacao ) Vernam ( Jamaica ) Arecibo ( Puerto Rico ) Borinquen ( Puerto Rico ) Losey ( Puerto Rico ) Benedict ( Saint Croix ) Beane ( Saint Lucia ) St. Thomas Airport ( Saint Thomas ) Carlsen ( Trinidad ) Piarco Airport ( Trinidad ) Waller ( Trinidad ) Canal Zone Albrook France Howard Panama Aguadulce Anton Calzada Larga Chame David La Chorrera Madden Patilla Point Pocri Río Hato Central and South America Belem ( Brazil ) Atkinson ( British Guiana ) Zandery ( Dutch Guiana ) Salinas ( Ecuador ) Baltra ( Galápagos Islands ) Guatemala City ( Guatemala ) Talara ( Peru ) Units Commands VI Bomber Command VI Fighter Command XXVI Fighter Command XXXVI Fighter Command VI Air Force Service Antilles Air Command Wings 6th Fighter 13th Bombardment 19th Composite 24th Composite Groups Fighter 16th Fighter 32d Fighter 36th Fighter 37th Fighter 53d Fighter Bomber 6th Bombardment 9th Bombardment 25th Bombardment 40th Bombardment Reconnaissance 72d Reconnaissance Squadrons 1st Depot Repair 20th Troop Carrier 23d Antisubmarine 91st Reconnaissance United States Army Air Forces First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh Eighth Ninth Tenth Eleventh Twelfth Thirteenth Fourteenth Fifteenth Twentieth Armed conflicts involving the United States Armed Forces listed chronologically Domestic Shays ' Rebellion Whiskey Rebellion Fries 's Rebellion Mormon War Dorr Rebellion Bleeding Kansas Utah War Civil War Indian Wars Brooks -- Baxter War Range War Lincoln County War Johnson County War Coal Creek War Homestead strike Battle of Blair Mountain Bonus Army Battle of Athens Foreign Revolutionary War Quasi-War First Barbary War War of 1812 Second Barbary War First Sumatran expedition Second Sumatran expedition Ivory Coast Expedition Mexican -- American War First Fiji Expedition Second Opium War Second Fiji Expedition Formosa Expedition Korean Expedition Spanish -- American War Philippine -- American War Boxer Rebellion Banana Wars Border War World War I Russian Civil War World War II Korean War Vietnam War U.S. invasion of the Dominican Republic Invasion of Grenada Lebanese Civil War Invasion of Panama Gulf War Somali Civil War Bosnian War Kosovo War Afghanistan War Iraq War War in North - West Pakistan Libyan Civil War Intervention against ISIL Iraq Syria Cameroon Libya Related articles List of conflicts in the U.S. List of wars involving the U.S. Timeline of U.S. military operations Length of U.S. participation in major wars Overseas expansion Military history Covert regime - change actions Casualties of war Peace movement List of anti-war organizations Conscientious objector War on Terror Airports in Panama Achutupo Aguadulce Ailigandi Arraiján Bocas del Toro Cartí Chame Changuinola Chitré Colón Contadora Island Corazón de Jesús David El Porvenir El Real Garachiné Jaqué La Palma Los Santos Mulatupo Panama City -- Albrook Panama City -- Tocumen Pedasí Playón Chico Puerto Obaldia Puerto Piña Río Hato Sambú San Miguel Isla San José Santiago Tubualá Ustupo Wannukandi Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Scarlett_Martínez_International_Airport&oldid = 828989370 '' Categories : History of Central America Military history of Panama 20th - century military history of the United States American military occupations Operations involving American special forces Urban warfare United States Army Rangers Invasions by the United States Airfields of the United States Army Air Forces in Panama Airports in Panama Airborne operations Buildings and structures in Coclé Province Airports established in 1931 Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Articles needing additional references from April 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Air Force Historical Research Agency Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cebuano Español فارسی Français Bahasa Melayu Тоҷикӣ Edit links This page was last edited on 5 March 2018 , at 23 : 53 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what airlines fly to rio hato airport panama	[ "AirlinesDestinationsArrendamientos Aereos Charter: Panama City-Albrook \nAir Costa Rica Charter: San José (CR)\nAir Panama Charter: Panama City-Albrook\nAir Transat Montreal-Trudeau, Toronto-Pearson\nSunwing Airlines Toronto-Pearson Seasonal: Bagotville, Montreal-Trudeau, Quebec City\n", "AirlinesDestinationsArrendamientos Aereos Charter: Panama City-Albrook \nAir Costa Rica Charter: San José (CR)\nAir Panama Charter: Panama City-Albrook\nAir Transat Montreal-Trudeau, Toronto-Pearson\nSunwing Airlines Toronto-Pearson Seasonal: Bagotville, Montreal-Trudeau, Quebec City\n", "AirlinesDestinationsArrendamientos Aereos Charter: Panama City-Albrook \nAir Costa Rica Charter: San José (CR)\nAir Panama Charter: Panama City-Albrook\nAir Transat Montreal-Trudeau, Toronto-Pearson\nSunwing Airlines Toronto-Pearson Seasonal: Bagotville, Montreal-Trudeau, Quebec City\n", "AirlinesDestinationsArrendamientos Aereos Charter: Panama City-Albrook \nAir Costa Rica Charter: San José (CR)\nAir Panama Charter: Panama City-Albrook\nAir Transat Montreal-Trudeau, Toronto-Pearson\nSunwing Airlines Toronto-Pearson Seasonal: Bagotville, Montreal-Trudeau, Quebec City\n", "AirlinesDestinationsArrendamientos Aereos Charter: Panama City-Albrook \nAir Costa Rica Charter: San José (CR)\nAir Panama Charter: Panama City-Albrook\nAir Transat Montreal-Trudeau, Toronto-Pearson\nSunwing Airlines Toronto-Pearson Seasonal: Bagotville, Montreal-Trudeau, Quebec City\n" ]	[ "Arrendamientos Aereos", "Air Costa Rica", "Air Panama", "Air Transat", "Sunwing Airlines" ]
-6938536718637731569	List of Swimming World Swimmers of the Year	List of Swimming World swimmers of the Year - wikipedia List of Swimming World swimmers of the Year Jump to : navigation , search Michael Phelps was the male swimmer of the year in 2003 , 2004 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2012 , and 2016 The Swimming World Magazine Swimmers of the Year , awarded by the American - based Swimming World Magazine . There are seven categories : World Swimmer , American Swimmer , European Swimmer , Pacific Rim Swimmer , World Disabled Swimmer , African Swimmer , and Open Water Swimmer of year . An award for male and female is made for each category . The award was inaugurated in 1964 , when Swimming World named Don Schollander as its World Swimmer of the Year . Two years later , a female category was added , and the awards continued in this format until 1980 . The winners were mostly American until the rise of East Germany 's women in the 1970s , and 1980 saw the creation of subcategories for American and European swimmers . Following the end of the Cold War , Germany declined following the end of the East 's systematic state - sponsored doping program , while Australia 's swimming team enjoyed a revival . In December 2013 , Swimming World announced a decision to strip the drug - fueled East Germans of all World and European Swimmers of the Year awards . In 1994 , Australian swimmers won both awards for World Swimmer of the Year for the first time , and in 1995 , a subcategory was inaugurated for Pacific Rim swimmers . A subcategory for disabled swimmers was introduced in 2003 , and in the following year , an African award was launched after South Africa became the first country from the continent to win an Olympic relay . In 2005 , open water swimming was added to the Olympic program and another category was duly added . American swimmers have been the most successful in winning awards , with 52 titles , more than three times that of Australia ( 13 ) . Michael Phelps of the United States has won the global award eight times , followed by Katie Ledecky of the United States and Ian Thorpe of Australia with four . Regionally , German , Hungarian and Dutch swimmers have had the most success in Europe , while Australians have won more than three - quarters of the Pacific awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 World Swimmers of the Year 2 American Swimmers of the Year 3 European Swimmers of the Year 4 Pacific Rim Swimmers of the Year 5 African Swimmers of the Year 6 Open Water Swimmers of the Year 7 World Disabled Swimmers of the Year 8 World Water Polo Players of the Year 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References World swimmers of the Year ( edit ) Inge de Bruijn , the only Dutch female World Swimmer of the Year Natalie Coughlin , who was female world Swimmer of the Year in 2002 Grant Hackett , male World Swimmer of the Year in 2005 Leisel Jones , female World Swimmer of the Year in 2005 and 2006 . Katie Ledecky , four - time female World Swimmer of the Year The award was inaugurated in 1964 , when Swimming World named Don Schollander as its World Swimmer of the Year . Two years later , a female category was added . The winners were always American until 1970 , and the it was not until 1979 that a non-American male won the award . However , from 1973 until 1989 , the rise of East Germany 's women saw them win a majority of the awards . Following the end of the Cold War , Germany declined following the end of the East 's systematic state - sponsored doping program , while Australia 's swimming team enjoyed a revival in the late 1990s , winning nine awards since 1997 , the most by any country in that period . However , Swimming World has since stripped the East Germans of their titles . United States swimmers have won the title 43 times , followed by Australia ( 13 times ) and East Germany ( 11 times ) . This ratio is approximately proportional to the amount of gold medals won by the respective nations at the Olympics . East Germany was particularly successful in the 1970s and 1980s , when they dominated the women 's events , aided by systematic state - sponsored doping . With his win in 2012 , Michael Phelps ( USA ) now holds the overall record with seven titles . He won in 2003 , 2004 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , and 2012 . He and Katie Ledecky ( USA ) , who won from 2013 - 16 , are the only swimmers to win the award four straight times . Ian Thorpe ( AUS ) joins Ledecky as the second most prolific winner in the category as he was honored four times , in 1998 , 1999 , 2001 and 2002 . Katie Ledecky ( USA ) is the only female swimmer to win the award four times , in 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , and 2016 . Four female swimmers have won three awards : Debbie Meyer ( USA ) in 1967 , 1968 and 1969 , Krisztina Egerszegi ( HUN ) in 1991 , 1992 and 1995 , Janet Evans ( USA ) in 1987 , 1989 and 1990 , and Kristin Otto ( GDR ) in 1984 , 1986 and 1988 . Franziska van Almsick is the youngest female to have won the award , having turned 15 on April 5 in the year of her first award . Thorpe is the youngest male recipient , having turned 16 on October 13 in the year of his first award . Year Female Winner Nationality Male Winner Nationality 1964 zzz ! Not awarded zzz ! N / A Schollander , Don Don Schollander United States 1965 zzz ! Not awarded zzz ! N / A Roth , Dick Dick Roth United States 1966 Kolb , Claudia Claudia Kolb United States Burton , Mike Mike Burton United States 1967 Meyer , Debbie Debbie Meyer United States Spitz , Mark Mark Spitz United States 1968 Meyer , Debbie Debbie Meyer United States Hickcox , Charlie Charlie Hickcox United States 1969 Meyer , Debbie Debbie Meyer United States Hall , Sr. , Gary Gary Hall , Sr . United States 1970 Jones , Alice Alice Jones United States Hall , Sr. , Gary Gary Hall , Sr . United States 1971 Gould , Shane Shane Gould Australia Spitz , Mark Mark Spitz United States 1972 Gould , Shane Shane Gould Australia Spitz , Mark Mark Spitz United States 1973 Ender , Kornelia Kornelia Ender East Germany DeMont , Rick Rick DeMont United States Tauber , Ulrike Ulrike Tauber East Germany Shaw , Tim Tim Shaw United States Ender , Kornelia Kornelia Ender East Germany Shaw , Tim Tim Shaw United States 1976 Ender , Kornelia Kornelia Ender East Germany Naber , John John Naber United States 1977 Tauber , Ulrike Ulrike Tauber East Germany Goodell , Brian Brian Goodell United States 1978 Caulkins , Tracy Tracy Caulkins United States Vassallo , Jesse Jesse Vassallo United States 1979 Woodhead , Cynthia Cynthia Woodhead United States Salnikov , Vladimir Vladimir Salnikov Soviet Union 1980 Schneider , Petra Petra Schneider East Germany Gaines , Rowdy Rowdy Gaines United States 1981 Meagher , Mary T. Mary T. Meagher United States Baumann , Alex Alex Baumann Canada 1982 Schneider , Petra Petra Schneider East Germany Salnikov , Vladimir Vladimir Salnikov Soviet Union Geweniger , Ute Ute Geweniger East Germany Carey , Rick Rick Carey United States 1984 Otto , Kristin Kristin Otto East Germany Baumann , Alex Alex Baumann Canada 1985 Meagher , Mary T. Mary T. Meagher United States Groß , Michael Michael Groß West Germany 1986 Otto , Kristin Kristin Otto East Germany Biondi , Matt Matt Biondi United States Evans , Janet Janet Evans United States Darnyi , Tamás Tamás Darnyi Hungary 1988 Otto , Kristin Kristin Otto East Germany Biondi , Matt Matt Biondi United States 1989 Evans , Janet Janet Evans United States Barrowman , Mike Mike Barrowman United States 1990 Evans , Janet Janet Evans United States Barrowman , Mike Mike Barrowman United States 1991 Egerszegi , Krisztina Krisztina Egerszegi Hungary Darnyi , Tamás Tamás Darnyi Hungary 1992 Egerszegi , Krisztina Krisztina Egerszegi Hungary Sadovyi , Yevgeny Yevgeny Sadovyi Russia 1993 van Almsick , Franziska Franziska van Almsick Germany Güttler , Károly Károly Güttler Hungary 1994 Riley , Samantha Samantha Riley Australia Perkins , Kieren Kieren Perkins Australia 1995 Egerszegi , Krisztina Krisztina Egerszegi Hungary Pankratov , Denis Denis Pankratov Russia Heyns , Penny Penny Heyns South Africa Pankratov , Denis Denis Pankratov Russia 1997 Poll , Claudia Claudia Poll Costa Rica Klim , Michael Michael Klim Australia 1998 Thompson , Jenny Jenny Thompson United States Thorpe , Ian Ian Thorpe Australia 1999 Heyns , Penny Penny Heyns South Africa Thorpe , Ian Ian Thorpe Australia 2000 de Bruijn , Inge Inge de Bruijn Netherlands van den Hoogenband , Pieter Pieter van den Hoogenband Netherlands 2001 de Bruijn , Inge Inge de Bruijn Netherlands Thorpe , Ian Ian Thorpe Australia 2002 Coughlin , Natalie Natalie Coughlin United States Thorpe , Ian Ian Thorpe Australia 2003 Stockbauer , Hannah Hannah Stockbauer Germany Phelps , Michael Michael Phelps United States Klochkova , Yana Yana Klochkova Ukraine Phelps , Michael Michael Phelps United States 2005 Jones , Leisel Leisel Jones Australia Hackett , Grant Grant Hackett Australia 2006 Jones , Leisel Leisel Jones Australia Phelps , Michael Michael Phelps United States 2007 Manaudou , Laure Laure Manaudou France Phelps , Michael Michael Phelps United States 2008 Rice , Stephanie Stephanie Rice Australia Phelps , Michael Michael Phelps United States 2009 Pellegrini , Federica Federica Pellegrini Italy Phelps , Michael Michael Phelps United States Soni , Rebecca Rebecca Soni United States Lochte , Ryan Ryan Lochte United States 2011 Soni , Rebecca Rebecca Soni United States Lochte , Ryan Ryan Lochte United States 2012 Franklin , Missy Missy Franklin United States Phelps , Michael Michael Phelps United States 2013 Ledecky , Katie Katie Ledecky United States Sun Yang , Sun Yang China 2014 Ledecky , Katie Katie Ledecky United States Hagino , Kosuke Kosuke Hagino Japan 2015 Ledecky , Katie Katie Ledecky United States Peaty , Adam Adam Peaty United Kingdom 2016 Ledecky , Katie Katie Ledecky United States Phelps , Michael Michael Phelps United States American swimmers of the Year ( edit ) Katie Hoff , who was female American Swimmer of the Year in 2005 -- 2007 Michael Phelps has been named American Swimmer of the Year on eleven occasions ; his streak of 2001 to 2009 was interrupted only by Aaron Peirsol in 2005 . Janet Evans is the most decorated female swimmer , with five awards , all of them consecutively , from 1987 to 1991 . Katie Ledecky won four awards consecutively from 2013 to 2016 . Tracy Caulkins won four times in the early - 1980s , while Natalie Coughlin , Katie Hoff and Jenny Thompson all won three times . On the men 's side , Mike Barrowman and Lenny Krayzelburg won the award four consecutive times , while Matt Biondi and Tom Dolan captured three awards . Year Female Winner Male Winner 1980 Caulkins , Tracy Tracy Caulkins Bruner , Mike Mike Bruner 1981 Caulkins , Tracy Tracy Caulkins Beardsley , Craig Craig Beardsley 1982 Caulkins , Tracy Tracy Caulkins Lundquist , Steve Steve Lundquist Cohen , Tiffany Tiffany Cohen Carey , Rick Rick Carey 1984 Caulkins , Tracy Tracy Caulkins Morales , Pablo Pablo Morales 1985 Meagher , Mary T. Mary T. Meagher Biondi , Matt Matt Biondi 1986 Mitchell , Betsy Betsy Mitchell Biondi , Matt Matt Biondi Evans , Janet Janet Evans Wharton , David David Wharton 1988 Evans , Janet Janet Evans Biondi , Matt Matt Biondi 1989 Evans , Janet Janet Evans Barrowman , Mike Mike Barrowman 1990 Evans , Janet Janet Evans Barrowman , Mike Mike Barrowman 1991 Evans , Janet Janet Evans Barrowman , Mike Mike Barrowman 1992 Sanders , Summer Summer Sanders Barrowman , Mike Mike Barrowman 1993 Thompson , Jenny Jenny Thompson Namesnik , Eric Eric Namesnik 1994 Wagner , Allison Allison Wagner Dolan , Tom Tom Dolan 1995 Van Dyken , Amy Amy Van Dyken Dolan , Tom Tom Dolan Van Dyken , Amy Amy Van Dyken Various ! 4 × 100 m medley relay team 1997 Quance , Kristine Kristine Quance Krayzelburg , Lenny Lenny Krayzelburg 1998 Thompson , Jenny Jenny Thompson Krayzelburg , Lenny Lenny Krayzelburg 1999 Thompson , Jenny Jenny Thompson Krayzelburg , Lenny Lenny Krayzelburg 2000 Bennett , Brooke Brooke Bennett Krayzelburg , Lenny Lenny Krayzelburg Tom Dolan 2001 Coughlin , Natalie Natalie Coughlin Phelps , Michael Michael Phelps 2002 Coughlin , Natalie Natalie Coughlin Phelps , Michael Michael Phelps 2003 Beard , Amanda Amanda Beard Phelps , Michael Michael Phelps Beard , Amanda Amanda Beard Phelps , Michael Michael Phelps 2005 Hoff , Katie Katie Hoff Peirsol , Aaron Aaron Peirsol 2006 Hoff , Katie Katie Hoff Phelps , Michael Michael Phelps 2007 Hoff , Katie Katie Hoff Phelps , Michael Michael Phelps 2008 Coughlin , Natalie Natalie Coughlin Phelps , Michael Michael Phelps 2009 Kukors , Ariana Ariana Kukors Rebecca Soni Phelps , Michael Michael Phelps Soni , Rebecca Rebecca Soni Lochte , Ryan Ryan Lochte 2011 Soni , Rebecca Rebecca Soni Lochte , Ryan Ryan Lochte 2012 Franklin , Missy Missy Franklin Phelps , Michael Michael Phelps 2013 Ledecky , Katie Katie Ledecky Lochte , Ryan Ryan Lochte 2014 Ledecky , Katie Katie Ledecky Cochrane , Ryan Ryan Cochrane Tyler Clary 2015 Ledecky , Katie Katie Ledecky Phelps , Michael Michael Phelps 2016 Ledecky , Katie Katie Ledecky Phelps , Michael Michael Phelps European swimmers of the Year ( edit ) Katinka Hosszú , the most recent female winner of the European Swimmer of the Year award Pieter van den Hoogenband was the European Swimmer of the Year four times . Rebecca Adlington was the European Swimmer of the Year in 2008 . Alexander Popov won the European Swimmer of the Year twice . East Germany was particularly successful in the 1970s and 1980s , when they dominated the women 's events , aided by systematic state - sponsored doping . Their women swept the award for the first ten years of its existence from 1980 to 1989 , with Kristin Otto winning three times , before the Berlin Wall and communism fell . With the end of the state - sponsored doping program , the ( East ) German stranglehold on women 's swimming was broken . In the two decades since reunification , the female award was won by Germans four times , three by Franziska van Almsick . During the 1980s , Michael Gross of West Germany , nicknamed The Albatross in reference to his vast wingspan , dominated European swimming , winning five consecutive awards from 1982 to 1986 . Swimming World has vacated all awards previously awarded to East German swimmers because of the government - sanctioned systematic doping . Hungary has won the award 13 times , mainly on the back of its strength in medley swimming . Breaststrokers Ágnes Kovács and Károly Güttler , and backstroker Sándor Wladár were the only Hungarian winners who were not champion medley swimmers . Krisztina Egerszegi won four awards , the most by a female swimmer , while Tamás Darnyi claimed three . The Netherlands have won seven awards , through the efforts of Inge de Bruijn ( 3 ) and Pieter van den Hoogenband ( 4 ) , who led the sprinting world for women and men at the turn of the century . Russian or Soviet swimmers have won seven awards , all of them male . Year Female Winner Nationality Male Winner Nationality 1980 Schneider , Petra Petra Schneider East Germany Salnikov , Vladimir Vladimir Salnikov Soviet Union 1981 Geweniger , Ute Ute Geweniger East Germany Wladár , Sándor Sándor Wladár Hungary 1982 Sirch , Cornelia Cornelia Sirch East Germany Groß , Michael Michael Groß West Germany Geweniger , Ute Ute Geweniger East Germany Groß , Michael Michael Groß West Germany 1984 Otto , Kristin Kristin Otto East Germany Groß , Michael Michael Groß West Germany 1985 Hörner , Silke Silke Hörner East Germany Groß , Michael Michael Groß West Germany 1986 Otto , Kristin Kristin Otto East Germany Groß , Michael Michael Groß West Germany Hörner , Silke Silke Hörner East Germany Darnyi , Tamás Tamás Darnyi Hungary 1988 Otto , Kristin Kristin Otto East Germany Darnyi , Tamás Tamás Darnyi Hungary 1989 Möhring , Anke Anke Möhring East Germany Lamberti , Giorgio Giorgio Lamberti Italy 1990 Egerszegi , Krisztina Krisztina Egerszegi Hungary Moorhouse , Adrian Adrian Moorhouse Great Britain 1991 Egerszegi , Krisztina Krisztina Egerszegi Hungary Darnyi , Tamás Tamás Darnyi Hungary 1992 Egerszegi , Krisztina Krisztina Egerszegi Hungary Sadovyi , Yevgeny Yevgeny Sadovyi Russia 1993 van Almsick , Franziska Franziska van Almsick Germany Güttler , Károly Károly Güttler Hungary 1994 van Almsick , Franziska Franziska van Almsick Germany Popov , Alexander Alexander Popov Russia 1995 Egerszegi , Krisztina Krisztina Egerszegi Hungary Pankratov , Denis Denis Pankratov Russia Smith , Michelle Michelle Smith Ireland Pankratov , Denis Denis Pankratov Russia 1997 Kovács , Ágnes Ágnes Kovács Hungary Brembilla , Emiliano Emiliano Brembilla Italy 1998 Kovács , Ágnes Ágnes Kovács Hungary Sylantyev , Denys Denys Sylantyev Ukraine 1999 de Bruijn , Inge Inge de Bruijn Netherlands van den Hoogenband , Pieter Pieter van den Hoogenband Netherlands 2000 de Bruijn , Inge Inge de Bruijn Netherlands van den Hoogenband , Pieter Pieter van den Hoogenband Netherlands 2001 de Bruijn , Inge Inge de Bruijn Netherlands Sloudnov , Roman Roman Sloudnov Russia 2002 van Almsick , Franziska Franziska van Almsick Germany van den Hoogenband , Pieter Pieter van den Hoogenband Netherlands 2003 Stockbauer , Hannah Hannah Stockbauer Germany Popov , Alexander Alexander Popov Russia Klochkova , Yana Yana Klochkova Ukraine van den Hoogenband , Pieter Pieter van den Hoogenband Netherlands 2005 Jędrzejczak , Otylia Otylia Jędrzejczak Poland Cseh , László László Cseh Hungary 2006 Manaudou , Laure Laure Manaudou France Cseh , László László Cseh Hungary 2007 Manaudou , Laure Laure Manaudou France Sawrymowicz , Mateusz Mateusz Sawrymowicz Poland 2008 Adlington , Rebecca Rebecca Adlington Great Britain Bernard , Alain Alain Bernard France 2009 Pellegrini , Federica Federica Pellegrini Italy Biedermann , Paul Paul Biedermann Germany Pellegrini , Federica Federica Pellegrini Italy Lacourt , Camille Camille Lacourt France 2011 Pellegrini , Federica Federica Pellegrini Italy Dale Oen , Alexander Alexander Dale Oen Norway 2012 Kromowidjojo , Ranomi Ranomi Kromowidjojo Netherlands Agnel , Yannick Yannick Agnel France 2013 Hosszú , Katinka Katinka Hosszú Hungary Gyurta , Dániel Dániel Gyurta Hungary 2014 Hosszú , Katinka Katinka Hosszú Hungary Peaty , Adam Adam Peaty Great Britain 2015 Sjöström , Sarah Sarah Sjöström Sweden Peaty , Adam Adam Peaty Great Britain 2016 Hosszú , Katinka Katinka Hosszú Hungary Peaty , Adam Adam Peaty Great Britain Pacific Rim swimmers of the Year ( edit ) Ian Thorpe , who has been the male World swimmer of the year four times & Pacific Rim Swimmer of the Year on six occasions Kosuke Kitajima has been the Pacific Rim Swimmer of the Year four times . The Pacific Rim award was introduced in 1995 , the year after two Australian swimmers -- Kieren Perkins and Samantha Riley -- became the first two Pacific Rim swimmers to be named as World Swimmer of the Year . It has subsequently been dominated by Australian swimmers , who have won 24 of the 32 awards given . Ian Thorpe won six awards ( five consecutively ) and Susie O'Neill has won four ( three consecutively ) . Australia 's success has been built on female butterfliers ( O'Neill and Petria Thomas ) , female breaststrokers ( Riley and Leisel Jones ) , and male freestylers ( Thorpe , Grant Hackett and Michael Klim ) . The men 's awards have been dominated by Asian swimmers since 2006 . Kosuke Kitajima ( Japan ) was the first non-Australian swimmer to win the award more than once ( in 2003 , 2007 , 2008 , and 2010 ) . He was followed by Sun Yang of China who won three awards ( in 2011 , 2012 , and 2013 ) . Year Female Winner Nationality Male Winner Nationality 1995 O'Neill , Susie Susie O'Neill Australia Miller , Scott Scott Miller Australia Le Jingyi , Le Jingyi China Loader , Danyon Danyon Loader New Zealand 1997 Riley , Samantha Samantha Riley Australia Klim , Michael Michael Klim Australia 1998 O'Neill , Susie Susie O'Neill Australia Thorpe , Ian Ian Thorpe Australia 1999 O'Neill , Susie Susie O'Neill Australia Thorpe , Ian Ian Thorpe Australia 2000 O'Neill , Susie Susie O'Neill Australia Thorpe , Ian Ian Thorpe Australia 2001 Thomas , Petria Petria Thomas Australia Thorpe , Ian Ian Thorpe Australia 2002 Thomas , Petria Petria Thomas Australia Thorpe , Ian Ian Thorpe Australia 2003 Jones , Leisel Leisel Jones Australia Kitajima , Kosuke Kosuke Kitajima Japan Henry , Jodie Jodie Henry Australia Thorpe , Ian Ian Thorpe Australia 2005 Jones , Leisel Leisel Jones Australia Hackett , Grant Grant Hackett Australia 2006 Jones , Leisel Leisel Jones Australia Park Tae - hwan , Park Tae - hwan South Korea 2007 Lenton , Libby Libby Lenton Australia Kitajima , Kosuke Kosuke Kitajima Japan 2008 Rice , Stephanie Stephanie Rice Australia Kitajima , Kosuke Kosuke Kitajima Japan 2009 Schipper , Jessicah Jessicah Schipper Australia Zhang Lin , Zhang Lin China Coutts , Alicia Alicia Coutts Australia Kitajima , Kosuke Kosuke Kitajima Japan 2011 Ye Shiwen , Ye Shiwen China Sun Yang , Sun Yang China 2012 Ye Shiwen , Ye Shiwen China Sun Yang , Sun Yang China 2013 Campbell , Cate Cate Campbell Australia Sun Yang , Sun Yang China 2014 Campbell , Cate Cate Campbell Australia Hagino , Kosuke Kosuke Hagino Japan 2015 Seebohm , Emily Emily Seebohm Australia Larkin , Mitch Mitch Larkin Australia 2016 Kaneto , Rie Rie Kaneto Japan Hagino , Kosuke Kosuke Hagino Japan African swimmers of the Year ( edit ) Oussama Mellouli in action . He was the first African male to win an individual Olympic gold medal . The African award was introduced in 2004 , the year in which South Africa won the men 's 4 × 100 m freestyle relay at the Olympics . Although Joan Harrison ( 1952 ) and Penny Heyns ( 1996 ) had won individual gold medals for South Africa , the 2004 victory was the first time that an African relay team won a medal , indicating their increasing depth . In the same Olympics , Zimbabwe 's Kirsty Coventry 's won three medals , including one gold , making her the first African swimmer outside of South Africa to stand on the podium . Coventry has won the female award nine times . South African Chad le Clos won five men 's awards in a row , and South African sprinter Roland Schoeman four , and in total South African swimmers have claimed twelve awards . In 2008 , Ous Mellouli of Tunisia broke the South African and Zimbabwean duopoly after becoming the first African male to win an individual Olympic gold medal . Year Female Winner Nationality Male Winner Nationality Coventry , Kirsty Kirsty Coventry Zimbabwe Schoeman , Roland Roland Schoeman South Africa 2005 Coventry , Kirsty Kirsty Coventry Zimbabwe Schoeman , Roland Roland Schoeman South Africa 2006 van Biljon , Suzaan Suzaan van Biljon South Africa Schoeman , Roland Roland Schoeman South Africa 2007 Coventry , Kirsty Kirsty Coventry Zimbabwe Schoeman , Roland Roland Schoeman South Africa 2008 Coventry , Kirsty Kirsty Coventry Zimbabwe Mellouli , Oussama Oussama Mellouli Tunisia 2009 Coventry , Kirsty Kirsty Coventry Zimbabwe Mellouli , Oussama Oussama Mellouli van der Burgh , Cameron Cameron van der Burgh Tunisia South Africa Loots , Mandy Mandy Loots South Africa van der Burgh , Cameron Cameron van der Burgh South Africa 2011 Coventry , Kirsty Kirsty Coventry Zimbabwe van der Burgh , Cameron Cameron van der Burgh South Africa 2012 Coventry , Kirsty Kirsty Coventry Zimbabwe le Clos , Chad Chad le Clos South Africa 2013 Prinsloo , Karin Karin Prinsloo South Africa le Clos , Chad Chad le Clos South Africa 2014 Prinsloo , Karin Karin Prinsloo South Africa le Clos , Chad Chad le Clos South Africa 2015 Coventry , Kirsty Kirsty Coventry Zimbabwe le Clos , Chad Chad le Clos South Africa 2016 Coventry , Kirsty Kirsty Coventry Zimbabwe le Clos , Chad Chad le Clos South Africa Open Water swimmers of the Year ( edit ) Maarten van der Weijden , Open Water Swimmer of the Year in 2008 See also : FINA World Open Water Swimming Championships and FINA 10 km Marathon Swimming World Cup The Open Water award was introduced in 2005 , when it was announced that an open water swimming event would be included in the Olympics for the first time : the 10 km events at the 2008 Olympics . The award has been won by Dutch and German swimmers five times , while Russian swimmers have won four times . Thomas Lurz of Germany has won the award five times , triumphing in 2005 , 2006 , 2009 , 2011 and 2013 , while Russia 's Larisa Ilchenko has won the award three years in a row ( 2006 -- 2008 ) . Year Female Winner Nationality Male Winner Nationality 2005 van Dijk , Edith Edith van Dijk Netherlands Lurz , Thomas Thomas Lurz Peterson , Chip Chip Peterson Germany United States 2006 Ilchenko , Larisa Larisa Ilchenko Russia Lurz , Thomas Thomas Lurz Germany 2007 Ilchenko , Larisa Larisa Ilchenko Russia Dyatchin , Vladimir Vladimir Dyatchin Russia 2008 Ilchenko , Larisa Larisa Ilchenko Russia van der Weijden , Maarten Maarten van der Weijden Netherlands 2009 Payne , Keri - Anne Keri - Anne Payne United Kingdom Lurz , Thomas Thomas Lurz Germany Grimaldi , Martina Martina Grimaldi Italy Cleri , Valerio Valerio Cleri Italy 2011 Payne , Keri - Anne Keri - Anne Payne United Kingdom Lurz , Thomas Thomas Lurz Gianniotis , Spyridon Spyridon Gianniotis Germany Greece 2012 Risztov , Éva Éva Risztov Hungary Mellouli , Oussama Oussama Mellouli Tunisia 2013 Okimoto , Poliana Poliana Okimoto Brazil Lurz , Thomas Thomas Lurz Germany 2014 van Rouwendaal , Sharon Sharon van Rouwendaal Netherlands Gemmell , Andrew Andrew Gemmell United States 2015 Muller , Aurélie Aurélie Muller France Wilimovsky , Jordan Jordan Wilimovsky United States 2016 van Rouwendaal , Sharon Sharon van Rouwendaal Netherlands Weertman , Ferry Ferry Weertman Netherlands World disabled swimmers of the Year ( edit ) See also : Paralympic swimming and Best Female Athlete with a Disability ESPY Award This award was created in 2003 , and then was not awarded in 2004 . The award has been won by American swimmers six times , Brazilian and Australian swimmers four times , and Canadian swimmers twice . Year Female Winner Nationality Male Winner Nationality 2003 Watts , Danielle Danielle Watts United Kingdom Punko , Sergei Sergei Punko Belarus zzz ! Not awarded zzz ! N / A zzz ! Not awarded zzz ! N / A 2005 Popovich , Erin Erin Popovich United States Huot , Benoît Benoît Huot Canada 2006 Long , Jessica Jessica Long United States Wang Xiaofu , Wang Xiaofu China 2007 Grand'Maison , Valérie Valérie Grand'Maison Canada Cowdrey , Matthew Matthew Cowdrey Australia 2008 du Toit , Natalie Natalie du Toit South Africa Cowdrey , Matthew Matthew Cowdrey Australia 2009 Weggemann , Mallory Mallory Weggemann United States Dias , Daniel Daniel Dias Brazil Weggemann , Mallory Mallory Weggemann United States Dias , Daniel Daniel Dias Brazil 2011 Long , Jessica Jessica Long United States Dias , Daniel Daniel Dias Brazil 2012 Freney , Jacqueline Jacqueline Freney Australia Cowdrey , Matthew Matthew Cowdrey Australia 2013 Pascoe , Sophie Sophie Pascoe New Zealand Dias , Daniel Daniel Dias Brazil 2014 Thunem , Ingrid Ingrid Thunem Norway Silverman , Ian Ian Silverman United States 2015 Meyers , Rebecca Rebecca Meyers United States Boki , Ihar Ihar Boki Belarus 2015 Meyers , Rebecca Rebecca Meyers United States Boki , Ihar Ihar Boki Belarus 2016 Rivard , Aurélie Aurélie Rivard Canada Dias , Daniel Daniel Dias Brazil World Water Polo players of the Year ( edit ) See also : Water polo at the World Aquatics Championships The Water Polo award was introduced in 2011 . Year Female Winner Nationality Male Winner Nationality 2011 Alogbo , Krystina Krystina Alogbo Canada Tempesti , Stefano Stefano Tempesti Italy 2012 Steffens , Maggie Maggie Steffens United States Joković , Maro Maro Joković Croatia 2013 Pareja , Jennifer Jennifer Pareja Spain Nagy , Viktor Viktor Nagy Hungary 2014 Johnson , Ashleigh Ashleigh Johnson United States Živojinović , Stefan Stefan Živojinović Serbia 2015 Johnson , Ashleigh Ashleigh Johnson United States Pijetlović , Duško Duško Pijetlović Serbia 2016 Johnson , Ashleigh Ashleigh Johnson United States Filipović , Filip Filip Filipović Serbia See also ( edit ) List of FINA Athletes of the Year International Swimming Hall of Fame Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In 1996 the American Swimmer of the Year award was given to the 4 × 100 m medley relay team of Jeff Rouse , Jeremy Linn , Mark Henderson , and Gary Hall , Jr. who won gold and broke the world record at the Olympics that year . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Swimmers of the Year '' . Swimming World Magazine . Retrieved 26 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Marsteller , Jason . `` STRIPPED ! SWIMMING WORLD VACATES AWARDS OF GDR DRUG - FUELED SWIMMERS '' . Swimming World . Retrieved 12 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Swimming 's big splash '' . BBC Sports . 5 July 2004 . Retrieved 8 November 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Phelps causes biggest splash '' . BBC Sports . 21 August 2004 . Retrieved 19 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Hunter , Greg ( 2004 ) . Ian Thorpe : The Biography . Sydney : MacMillan . pp. 130 -- 133 . ISBN 1 - 4050 - 3632 - X . Jump up ^ Jeffery , Nicole ( 27 November 2008 ) . `` Rice on top of world again '' . The Australian . Retrieved 26 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Olympic medal winners '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 26 March 2009 . Results classification : `` By individual '' → Competition gender : Select all → Medal : Select all → Continents and nations : `` Africa '' → Sports and events : `` Swimming '' → Search ↵ ^ Jump up to : `` Swimming World Magazine Announces African Swimmers of the Year '' . Swimming World . 28 November 2016 . Retrieved 1 December 2016 . Jump up ^ VOA Sports ( 28 October 2005 ) . `` IOC Includes 10K Open Water Event in 2008 Beijing Olympics '' . Voice of America . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2008 . Retrieved 28 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Lane 9 News Archive : Swimming World Names 2009 Open Water Swimmers of the Year '' . Swimmingworldmagazine.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Swimming_World_Swimmers_of_the_Year&oldid=804224916 '' Categories : Swimming awards Awards by magazines Awards established in 1964 Disabled sports awards Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Français Italiano עברית Latviešu Norsk Polski Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 15 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the first swimmer in the world	[]	[]
-1063934122019555474	List of multiple Olympic gold medalists	List of multiple Olympic gold medalists - wikipedia List of multiple Olympic gold medalists Jump to : navigation , search The page lists individuals who have won three or more gold medals at the Olympics . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of most Olympic gold medals over career 1.1 Timeline 2 List of most career gold medals in individual events 3 See also 4 References List of most Olympic gold medals over career ( edit ) This is a partial list of multiple Olympic gold medalists , listing people who have won four or more Olympic gold medals . Medals won in the 1906 Intercalated Games are not included . ( If they were , Ray Ewry would be second on the list with 10 gold ) . It includes top - three placings in 1896 and 1900 , before medals were awarded for top - three placings . For simplicity , when an athlete has won medals for more than one nation , only the last nation he or she represented is mentioned here . The Olympics listed for each athlete only include games in which they won medals . See the particular article on the athlete for more details on when and for what nation an athlete competed . More medals are available in some events than others , and the number of events in which medals are available overall has changed over time . Names in Bold denote people that have competed in the most recent Olympics , namely 2018 Pyeongchang Winter Olympics and 2016 Rio Summer Olympics . No . Athlete Nation Sport Years Games Gender Gold Silver Bronze Total Phelps , Michael Michael Phelps United States Swimming 2004 -- 2016 Summer 23 28 Latynina , Larisa Larisa Latynina Soviet Union Gymnastics 1956 -- 1964 Summer 9 5 18 Nurmi , Paavo Paavo Nurmi Finland Athletics 1920 -- 1928 Summer 9 0 12 Spitz , Mark Mark Spitz United States Swimming 1968 -- 1972 Summer 9 11 5 Lewis , Carl Carl Lewis United States Athletics 1984 -- 1996 Summer 9 0 10 6 Bjørgen , Marit Marit Bjørgen Norway Cross-country skiing 2002 -- 2018 Winter 8 15 7 Bjørndalen , Ole Einar Ole Einar Bjørndalen Norway Biathlon 1998 -- 2014 Winter 8 13 8 Dæhlie , Bjørn Bjørn Dæhlie Norway Cross-country skiing 1992 -- 1998 Winter 8 0 12 Fischer , Birgit Birgit Fischer East Germany Germany Canoeing 1980 -- 2004 Summer 8 0 12 10 Kato , Sawao Sawao Kato Japan Gymnastics 1968 -- 1976 Summer 8 12 Thompson , Jenny Jenny Thompson United States Swimming 1992 -- 2004 Summer 8 12 12 Biondi , Matt Matt Biondi United States Swimming 1984 -- 1992 Summer 8 11 13 Bolt , Usain Usain Bolt Jamaica Athletics 2008 -- 2016 Summer 8 0 0 8 Ewry , Ray Ray Ewry United States Athletics 1900 -- 1908 Summer 8 0 0 8 15 Andrianov , Nikolai Nikolai Andrianov Soviet Union Gymnastics 1972 -- 1980 Summer 7 5 15 16 Shakhlin , Boris Boris Shakhlin Soviet Union Gymnastics 1956 -- 1964 Summer 7 13 17 Čáslavská , Věra Věra Čáslavská Czechoslovakia Gymnastics 1960 -- 1968 Summer 7 0 11 18 Chukarin , Viktor Viktor Chukarin Soviet Union Gymnastics 1952 -- 1956 Summer 7 11 19 Gerevich , Aladár Aladár Gerevich Hungary Fencing 1932 -- 1960 Summer 7 10 20 Mangiarotti , Edoardo Edoardo Mangiarotti Italy Fencing 1936 -- 1960 Summer 6 5 13 21 Werth , Isabell Isabell Werth Germany Equestrian 1992 -- 2016 Summer 6 0 10 22 Lochte , Ryan Ryan Lochte United States Swimming 2004 -- 2016 Summer 6 12 23 Felix , Allyson Allyson Felix United States Athletics 2004 -- 2016 Summer 6 0 9 Van Innis , Hubert Hubert Van Innis Belgium Archery 1900 -- 1920 Summer 6 0 9 Yegorova , Lyubov Lyubov Yegorova Unified Team Russia Cross-country skiing 1992 -- 1994 Winter 6 0 9 26 Nakayama , Akinori Akinori Nakayama Japan Gymnastics 1968 -- 1972 Summer 6 10 27 Vezzali , Valentina Valentina Vezzali Italy Fencing 1996 -- 2012 Summer 6 9 28 Fredriksson , Gert Gert Fredriksson Sweden Canoeing 1948 -- 1960 Summer 6 8 29 Hoy , Chris Chris Hoy Great Britain Cycling 2000 -- 2012 Summer 6 0 7 Kenny , Jason Jason Kenny Great Britain Cycling 2008 -- 2016 Summer 6 0 7 31 Scherbo , Vitaly Vitaly Scherbo Unified Team Belarus Gymnastics 1992 -- 1996 Summer 6 0 10 32 Ahn Hyun - Soo Viktor Ahn South Korea Russia Short track speed skating 2006 -- 2014 Winter 6 0 8 Klimke , Reiner Reiner Klimke United Team of Germany West Germany Equestrian 1964 -- 1988 Summer 6 0 8 34 Kovács , Pál Pál Kovács Hungary Fencing 1936 -- 1960 Summer 6 0 7 35 Kárpáti , Rudolf Rudolf Kárpáti Hungary Fencing 1948 -- 1960 Summer 6 0 0 6 Nadi , Nedo Nedo Nadi Italy Fencing 1912 -- 1920 Summer 6 0 0 6 Otto , Kristin Kristin Otto East Germany Swimming 1988 Summer 6 0 0 6 Skoblikova , Lidia Lidia Skoblikova Soviet Union Speed skating 1960 -- 1964 Winter 6 0 0 6 Van Dyken , Amy Amy Van Dyken United States Swimming 1996 -- 2000 Summer 6 0 0 6 40 Wüst , Ireen Ireen Wüst Netherlands Speed skating 2006 -- 2018 Winter 5 5 11 41 Ono , Takashi Takashi Ono Japan Gymnastics 1952 -- 1964 Summer 5 13 42 Osburn , Carl Carl Osburn United States Shooting 1912 -- 1924 Summer 5 11 43 Hall , Jr. , Gary Gary Hall , Jr . United States Swimming 1996 -- 2004 Summer 5 10 Keleti , Ágnes Ágnes Keleti Hungary Gymnastics 1952 -- 1956 Summer 5 10 45 Comăneci , Nadia Nadia Comăneci Romania Gymnastics 1976 -- 1980 Summer 5 9 Thorpe , Ian Ian Thorpe Australia Swimming 2000 -- 2004 Summer 5 9 47 Ritola , Ville Ville Ritola Finland Athletics 1924 -- 1928 Summer 5 0 8 48 Astakhova , Polina Polina Astakhova Soviet Union Gymnastics 1956 -- 1964 Summer 5 10 49 Pechstein , Claudia Claudia Pechstein Germany Speed skating 1992 -- 2006 Winter 5 9 50 Lipă , Elisabeta Elisabeta Lipă Romania Rowing 1984 -- 2004 Summer 5 8 51 Endo , Yukio Yukio Endo Japan Gymnastics 1960 -- 1968 Summer 5 0 7 Fourcade , Martin Martin Fourcade France Biathlon 2014 -- 2018 Winter 5 0 7 Peirsol , Aaron Aaron Peirsol United States Swimming 2000 -- 2008 Summer 5 0 7 54 Tsukahara , Mitsuo Mitsuo Tsukahara Japan Gymnastics 1968 -- 1976 Summer 5 9 55 Adrian , Nathan Nathan Adrian United States Swimming 2008 -- 2016 Summer 5 8 Wiggins , Bradley Bradley Wiggins Great Britain Cycling 2000 -- 2016 Summer 5 8 57 Egerszegi , Krisztina Krisztina Egerszegi Hungary Swimming 1988 -- 1996 Summer 5 7 Jager , Tom Tom Jager United States Swimming 1984 -- 1992 Summer 5 7 Lazutina , Larisa Larisa Lazutina Unified Team Russia Cross-country skiing 1992 -- 1998 Winter 5 7 Lee , Willis A. Willis A. Lee United States Shooting 1920 Summer 5 7 Thunberg , Clas Clas Thunberg Finland Speed skating 1924 -- 1928 Winter 5 7 Vollmer , Dana Dana Vollmer United States Swimming 2004 -- 2016 Summer 5 7 Winkler , Hans Günter Hans Günter Winkler United Team of Germany West Germany Equestrian 1956 -- 1976 Summer 5 7 Wu Minxia China Diving 2004 -- 2016 Summer 5 7 65 Alsgaard , Thomas Thomas Alsgaard Norway Cross-country skiing 1994 -- 2002 Winter 5 0 6 Heida , Anton Anton Heida United States Gymnastics 1904 Summer 5 0 6 Kim , Nellie Nellie Kim Soviet Union Gymnastics 1976 -- 1980 Summer 5 0 6 Kozák , Danuta Danuta Kozák Hungary Canoeing 2008 -- 2016 Summer 5 0 6 Ledecky , Katie Katie Ledecky United States Swimming 2012 -- 2016 Summer 5 0 6 Lilloe - Olsen , Ole Ole Lilloe - Olsen Norway Shooting 1920 -- 1924 Summer 5 0 6 Schollander , Don Don Schollander United States Swimming 1964 -- 1968 Summer 5 0 6 72 Blair , Bonnie Bonnie Blair United States Speed skating 1988 -- 1994 Winter 5 0 6 Damian , Georgeta Georgeta Damian Romania Rowing 2000 -- 2008 Summer 5 0 6 Franklin , Missy Missy Franklin United States Swimming 2012 -- 2016 Summer 5 0 6 Lane , Alfred Alfred Lane United States Shooting 1912 -- 1920 Summer 5 0 6 Redgrave , Steve Steve Redgrave Great Britain Rowing 1984 -- 2000 Summer 5 0 6 Weissmuller , Johnny Johnny Weissmuller United States Swimming , Water polo 1924 -- 1928 Summer 5 0 6 Zou Kai China Gymnastics 2008 -- 2012 Summer 5 0 6 79 Chen Ruolin China Diving 2008 -- 2016 Summer 5 0 0 5 Davydova , Anastasia Anastasia Davydova Russia Synchronized swimming 2004 -- 2012 Summer 5 0 0 5 Fisher , Morris Morris Fisher United States Shooting 1920 -- 1924 Summer 5 0 0 5 Heiden , Eric Eric Heiden United States Speed skating 1980 Winter 5 0 0 5 Ishchenko , Natalia Natalia Ishchenko Russia Synchronized swimming 2008 -- 2016 Summer 5 0 0 5 Romashina , Svetlana Svetlana Romashina Russia Synchronized swimming 2008 -- 2016 Summer 5 0 0 5 85 Smetanina , Raisa Raisa Smetanina Soviet Union Unified Team Cross-country skiing 1976 -- 1992 Winter 5 10 86 Popov , Alexander Alexander Popov Unified Team Russia Swimming 1992 -- 2000 Summer 5 0 9 87 Torres , Dara Dara Torres United States Swimming 1984 -- 2008 Summer 12 88 Ender , Kornelia Kornelia Ender East Germany Swimming 1972 -- 1976 Summer 0 8 Fraser , Dawn Dawn Fraser Australia Swimming 1956 -- 1964 Summer 0 8 90 Jernberg , Sixten Sixten Jernberg Sweden Cross-country skiing 1956 -- 1964 Winter 9 Tourischeva , Ludmilla Ludmilla Tourischeva Soviet Union Gymnastics 1968 -- 1976 Summer 9 92 Groß , Ricco Ricco Groß Germany Biathlon 1992 -- 2006 Winter 8 Miez , Georges Georges Miez Switzerland Gymnastics 1924 -- 1936 Summer 8 Olsen , Otto Otto Olsen Norway Shooting 1920 -- 1924 Summer 8 Svendsen , Emil Hegle Emil Hegle Svendsen Norway Biathlon 2010 -- 2018 Winter 8 96 Patzaichin , Ivan Ivan Patzaichin Romania Canoeing 1968 -- 1984 Summer 0 7 97 Nemov , Alexei Alexei Nemov Russia Gymnastics 1996 -- 2000 Summer 6 12 98 Kramer , Sven Sven Kramer Netherlands Speed skating 2006 -- 2018 Winter 9 99 Aamodt , Kjetil André Kjetil André Aamodt Norway Alpine skiing 1992 -- 2006 Winter 8 de Bruijn , Inge Inge de Bruijn Netherlands Swimming 2000 -- 2004 Summer 8 Fischer , Sven Sven Fischer Germany Biathlon 1994 -- 2006 Winter 8 Kulakova , Galina Galina Kulakova Soviet Union Cross-country skiing 1972 -- 1980 Winter 8 Lezak , Jason Jason Lezak United States Swimming 2000 -- 2012 Summer 8 Matthes , Roland Roland Matthes East Germany Swimming 1968 -- 1976 Summer 8 Schmitt , Allison Allison Schmitt United States Swimming 2008 -- 2016 Summer 8 106 Ballangrud , Ivar Ivar Ballangrud Norway Speed skating 1928 -- 1936 Winter 7 Liberg , Einar Einar Liberg Norway Shooting 1908 -- 1924 Summer 7 108 Delfino , Giuseppe Giuseppe Delfino Italy Fencing 1952 -- 1964 Summer 0 6 d'Oriola , Christian Christian d'Oriola France Fencing 1948 -- 1956 Summer 0 6 Gaudin , Lucien Lucien Gaudin France Fencing 1920 -- 1928 Summer 0 6 Grevers , Matt Matt Grevers United States Swimming 2008 -- 2012 Summer 0 6 Guo Jingjing China Diving 2000 -- 2008 Summer 0 6 Jong - oh , Jin Jin Jong - oh South Korea Shooting 2004 -- 2016 Summer 0 6 Korbut , Olga Olga Korbut Soviet Union Gymnastics 1972 -- 1976 Summer 0 6 Kostelić , Janica Janica Kostelić Croatia Alpine skiing 2002 -- 2006 Winter 0 6 Kuske , Kevin Kevin Kuske Germany Bobsleigh 2002 -- 2018 Winter 0 6 117 Trillini , Giovanna Giovanna Trillini Italy Fencing 1992 -- 2008 Summer 8 118 Daniels , Charles Charles Daniels United States Swimming 1904 -- 1908 Summer 7 Kitajima , Kosuke Kosuke Kitajima Japan Swimming 2004 -- 2012 Summer 7 Spooner , Lloyd Lloyd Spooner United States Shooting 1920 Summer 7 Trickett , Libby Libby Trickett Australia Swimming 2004 -- 2012 Summer 7 122 Domracheva , Darya Darya Domracheva Belarus Biathlon 2010 -- 2018 Winter 6 Ignat , Doina Doina Ignat Romania Rowing 1992 -- 2008 Summer 6 Kim Soo - Nyung South Korea Archery 1988 -- 2000 Summer 6 Novikova - Belova , Elena Elena Novikova - Belova Soviet Union Fencing 1968 -- 1976 Summer 6 Rose , Murray Murray Rose Australia Swimming 1956 -- 1960 Summer 6 Sidyak , Viktor Viktor Sidyak Soviet Union Fencing 1968 -- 1980 Summer 6 Svan , Gunde Gunde Svan Sweden Cross-country skiing 1984 -- 1988 Winter 6 van Moorsel , Leontien Leontien van Moorsel Netherlands Cycling 2000 -- 2004 Summer 6 Wagner - Augustin , Katrin Katrin Wagner - Augustin Germany Canoeing 2000 -- 2012 Summer 6 Wang Meng China Short track speed skating 2006 -- 2010 Winter 6 132 Ainslie , Ben Ben Ainslie Great Britain Sailing 1996 -- 2012 Summer 0 5 Artemov , Vladimir Vladimir Artemov Soviet Union Gymnastics 1988 Summer 0 5 Ashford , Evelyn Evelyn Ashford United States Athletics 1984 -- 1992 Summer 0 5 Evans , Janet Janet Evans United States Swimming 1988 -- 1992 Summer 0 5 Ferguson , Ian Ian Ferguson New Zealand Canoeing 1984 -- 1988 Summer 0 5 Fonst , Ramón Ramón Fonst Cuba Fencing 1900 -- 1904 Summer 0 5 Fu Mingxia China Diving 1992 -- 2000 Summer 0 5 Grishin , Yevgeny Yevgeny Grishin Soviet Union Speed skating 1956 -- 1964 Winter 0 5 Hefford , Jayna Jayna Hefford Canada Ice hockey 1998 -- 2014 Winter 0 5 Klochkova , Yana Yana Klochkova Ukraine Swimming 2000 -- 2004 Summer 0 5 Kolehmainen , Hannes Hannes Kolehmainen Finland Athletics 1912 -- 1920 Summer 0 5 Koss , Johann Olav Johann Olav Koss Norway Speed skating 1992 -- 1994 Winter 0 5 Lange , André André Lange Germany Bobsleigh 2002 -- 2010 Winter 0 5 Louganis , Greg Greg Louganis United States Diving 1976 -- 1988 Summer 0 5 Muratov , Valentin Valentin Muratov Soviet Union Gymnastics 1952 -- 1956 Summer 0 5 Naber , John John Naber United States Swimming 1976 Summer 0 5 Nykänen , Matti Matti Nykänen Finland Ski jumping 1984 -- 1988 Winter 0 5 Pahud de Mortanges , Charles Charles Pahud de Mortanges Netherlands Equestrian 1924 -- 1936 Summer 0 5 Sheppard , Mel Mel Sheppard United States Athletics 1908 -- 1912 Summer 0 5 Szabo , Ecaterina Ecaterina Szabo Romania Gymnastics 1984 Summer 0 5 Tikhonov , Alexander Alexander Tikhonov Soviet Union Biathlon 1968 -- 1980 Winter 0 5 Wang Nan China Table tennis 2000 -- 2008 Summer 0 5 Wickenheiser , Hayley Hayley Wickenheiser Canada Ice hockey 1998 -- 2014 Winter 0 5 Williams , Venus Venus Williams United States Tennis 2000 -- 2016 Summer 0 5 Zátopek , Emil Emil Zátopek Czechoslovakia Athletics 1948 -- 1952 Summer 0 5 Zimyatov , Nikolay Nikolay Zimyatov Soviet Union Cross-country skiing 1980 -- 1984 Winter 0 5 158 Kulcsár , Győző Győző Kulcsár Hungary Fencing 1964 -- 1976 Summer 0 6 159 Beerbaum , Ludger Ludger Beerbaum West Germany Germany Equestrian 1988 -- 2016 Summer 0 5 Biles , Simone Simone Biles United States Gymnastics 2016 Summer 0 5 Boron , Kathrin Kathrin Boron Germany Rowing 1992 -- 2008 Summer 0 5 Chun Lee - Kyung South Korea Short track speed skating 1994 -- 1998 Winter 0 5 Edwards , Teresa Teresa Edwards United States Basketball 1984 -- 2000 Summer 0 5 Geisenberger , Natalie Natalie Geisenberger Germany Luge 2010 -- 2018 Winter 0 5 Hurley , Marcus Marcus Hurley United States Cycling 1904 Summer 0 5 Li Xiaopeng China Gymnastics 2000 -- 2008 Summer 0 5 Olsen , Jon Jon Olsen United States Swimming 1992 -- 1996 Summer 0 5 Pozdnyakov , Stanislav Stanislav Pozdnyakov Unified Team Russia Fencing 1992 -- 2004 Summer 0 5 Richards - Ross , Sanya Sanya Richards - Ross United States Athletics 2004 -- 2012 Summer 0 5 Susanu , Viorica Viorica Susanu Romania Rowing 2000 -- 2008 Summer 0 5 Zampori , Giorgio Giorgio Zampori Italy Gymnastics 1912 -- 1924 Summer 0 5 172 Ammann , Simon Simon Ammann Switzerland Ski jumping 2002 -- 2010 Winter 0 0 Arlt , Tobias Tobias Arlt Germany Luge 2014 -- 2018 Winter 0 0 Bird , Sue Sue Bird United States Basketball 2004 -- 2016 Summer 0 0 Blankers - Koen , Fanny Fanny Blankers - Koen Netherlands Athletics 1948 Summer 0 0 Catchings , Tamika Tamika Catchings United States Basketball 2004 -- 2016 Summer 0 0 Cologna , Dario Dario Cologna Switzerland Cross-country skiing 2010 -- 2018 Winter 0 0 Cuthbert , Betty Betty Cuthbert Australia Athletics 1956 -- 1964 Summer 0 0 Darnyi , Tamás Tamás Darnyi Hungary Swimming 1988 -- 1992 Summer 0 0 Deng Yaping China Table tennis 1992 -- 1996 Summer 0 0 Dillard , Harrison Harrison Dillard United States Athletics 1948 -- 1952 Summer 0 0 Elvstrøm , Paul Bert Paul Bert Elvstrøm Denmark Sailing 1948 -- 1960 Summer 0 0 Ermakova , Anastasia Anastasia Ermakova Russia Synchronized swimming 2004 -- 2008 Summer 0 0 Farah , Mohamed Mohamed Farah Great Britain Athletics 2012 -- 2016 Summer 0 0 Fuchs , Jenő Jenő Fuchs Hungary Fencing 1908 -- 1912 Summer 0 0 Icho , Kaori Kaori Icho Japan Wrestling 2004 -- 2016 Summer 0 0 Johnson , Michael Michael Johnson United States Athletics 1992 -- 2000 Summer 0 0 Korzeniowski , Robert Robert Korzeniowski Poland Athletics 1996 -- 2004 Summer 0 0 Kraenzlein , Alvin Alvin Kraenzlein United States Athletics 1900 Summer 0 0 Krayzelburg , Lenny Lenny Krayzelburg United States Swimming 2000 -- 2004 Summer 0 0 Krovopuskov , Viktor Viktor Krovopuskov Soviet Union Fencing 1976 -- 1980 Summer 0 0 Leslie , Lisa Lisa Leslie United States Basketball 1996 -- 2008 Summer 0 0 McCormick , Pat Pat McCormick United States Diving 1952 -- 1956 Summer 0 0 Oerter , Al Al Oerter United States Athletics 1956 -- 1968 Summer 0 0 Ouellette , Caroline Caroline Ouellette Canada Ice hockey 2002 -- 2014 Winter 0 0 Owens , Jesse Jesse Owens United States Athletics 1936 Summer 0 0 Pavesi , Carlo Carlo Pavesi Italy Fencing 1952 -- 1960 Summer 0 0 Pinsent , Matthew Matthew Pinsent Great Britain Rowing 1992 -- 2004 Summer 0 0 Radmilovic , Paulo Paulo Radmilovic Great Britain Water polo , Swimming 1908 -- 1920 Summer 0 0 Saint Cyr , Henri Henri Saint Cyr Sweden Equestrian 1952 -- 1956 Summer 0 0 Salnikov , Vladimir Vladimir Salnikov Soviet Union Swimming 1980 -- 1988 Summer 0 0 Schuhmann , Carl Carl Schuhmann Germany Gymnastics , Wrestling 1896 Summer 0 0 Taurasi , Diana Diana Taurasi United States Basketball 2004 -- 2016 Summer 0 0 Trott , Laura Laura Trott Great Britain Cycling 2012 -- 2016 Summer 0 0 Uphoff , Nicole Nicole Uphoff West Germany Germany Equestrian 1988 -- 1992 Summer 0 0 Virén , Lasse Lasse Virén Finland Athletics 1972 -- 1976 Summer 0 0 Wassberg , Thomas Thomas Wassberg Sweden Cross-country skiing 1980 -- 1988 Winter 0 0 Wendl , Tobias Tobias Wendl Germany Luge 2014 -- 2018 Winter 0 0 Williams , Serena Serena Williams United States Tennis 2000 -- 2012 Summer 0 0 Wöckel , Bärbel Bärbel Wöckel East Germany Athletics 1976 -- 1980 Summer 0 0 Yining , Zhang Zhang Yining China Table tennis 2004 -- 2008 Summer 0 0 Timeline ( edit ) This is a progressive list of Olympians that have held the record for most titles won . It includes titles won in 1896 and 1900 , before gold medals were awarded for first place . All record - holders have competed at Summer Games rather than Winter Games . Michael Phelps , holder of the record for the most Olympic gold medals , with one of his medals at the 2008 Summer Olympics Gold medals Date Athlete Nation Sport Record gold - medal event Earlier gold - medal events Gender 1896 - 04 - 06 James Connolly United States Athletics Triple jump -- Robert Garrett United States Athletics Discus 1896 - 04 - 07 Ellery Clark United States Athletics Long jump Thomas Burke United States Athletics 400 metres Robert Garrett United States Athletics Shot put see above 1896 - 04 - 09 Edwin Flack Australia Athletics 800 metres 1896 - 1 Fritz Hofmann , Konrad Böcker , Alfred Flatow , Gustav Flatow , Georg Hilmar , Fritz Manteuffel , Karl Neukirch , Richard Röstel , Gustav Schuft , Carl Schuhmann , Hermann Weingärtner Germany Gymnastics Team horizontal bar 1896 - 1 Carl Schuhmann Germany Gymnastics Vault see previous Hermann Weingärtner Germany Gymnastics Horizontal bar see above 1896 - 04 - 10 Alfred Flatow Germany Gymnastics Parallel bars see above 1896 - 04 - 11 Carl Schuhmann Germany Wrestling Greco - Roman see above 1900 - 07 - 16 Alvin Kraenzlein United States Athletics 200 metre hurdles 1900 - 1 , 2 , 3 1904 - 08 - 05 Marcus Hurley United States Cycling 1 mile 1904 - 1 , 2 , 3 1904 - 08 - 29 Ray Ewry United States Athletics Standing long jump 1900 - 1 , 2 , 3 5 1904 - 08 - 31 Standing high jump 6 1904 - 09 - 03 Standing triple jump 7 1908 - 07 - 20 Athletics Standing long jump 8 1908 - 07 - 23 Standing high jump 1924 - 07 - 13 Paavo Nurmi Finland Athletics Team cross-country 1920 - 1 , 2 , 3 1924 - 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 9 1928 - 07 - 29 Athletics 10000 metres 1964 - 10 - 23 Larisa Latynina Soviet Union Gymnastics Floor exercise 1956 - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 1960 - 5 , 6 , 7 1964 - 8 1972 - 09 - 04 Mark Spitz United States Swimming 4 × 100 metre medley relay 1968 - 1 , 2 1972 - 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 1996 - 07 - 29 Carl Lewis United States Athletics Long jump 1984 - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 1988 - 5 , 6 1992 - 7 , 8 2008 - 08 - 12 Michael Phelps United States Swimming 200 metre freestyle 2004 - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 2008 - 7 , 8 10 2008 - 08 - 13 200 metre butterfly 11 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay 12 2008 - 08 - 15 200 metre individual medley 13 2008 - 08 - 16 100 metre butterfly 14 2008 - 08 - 17 4 × 100 metre medley relay 15 2012 - 07 - 31 Swimming 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay 16 2012 - 08 - 02 200 metre individual medley 17 2012 - 08 - 03 100 metre butterfly 18 2012 - 08 - 04 4 × 100 metre medley relay 19 2016 - 08 - 07 Swimming 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay 20 2016 - 08 - 09 200 metre butterfly 21 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay 22 2016 - 08 - 11 200 metre individual medley 23 2016 - 08 - 13 4 × 100 metre medley relay List of most career gold medals in individual events ( edit ) This list currently includes all Olympians with three or more gold medals won as individuals ( not as part of a team of two or more ) . No . Athlete Nation Sport Years Games Gender Gold Silver Bronze Total Phelps , Michael Michael Phelps United States Swimming 2004 -- 2016 Summer 13 16 Ewry , Ray Ray Ewry United States Athletics 1900 -- 1908 Summer 8 0 0 8 Čáslavská , Věra Věra Čáslavská Czechoslovakia Gymnastics 1964 -- 1968 Summer 7 0 8 Lewis , Carl Carl Lewis United States Athletics 1984 -- 1996 Summer 7 0 8 5 Latynina , Larisa Larisa Latynina Soviet Union Gymnastics 1956 -- 1964 Summer 6 5 14 6 Andrianov , Nikolai Nikolai Andrianov Soviet Union Gymnastics 1972 -- 1980 Summer 6 12 7 Dæhlie , Bjørn Bjørn Dæhlie Norway Cross-country skiing 1992 -- 1998 Winter 6 0 9 Nurmi , Paavo Paavo Nurmi Finland Athletics 1920 -- 1928 Summer 6 0 9 9 Shakhlin , Boris Boris Shakhlin Soviet Union Gymnastics 1956 -- 1964 Summer 6 10 10 Bolt , Usain Usain Bolt Jamaica Athletics 2008 -- 2016 Summer 6 0 0 6 Skoblikova , Lidia Lidia Skoblikova Soviet Union Speed skating 1960 -- 1964 Winter 6 0 0 6 12 Bjørgen , Marit Marit Bjørgen Norway Cross-country skiing 2002 -- 2018 Winter 5 10 13 Bjørndalen , Ole Einar Ole Einar Bjørndalen Norway Biathlon 1998 -- 2014 Winter 5 9 Chukarin , Viktor Viktor Chukarin Soviet Union Gymnastics 1952 -- 1956 Summer 5 9 Kato , Sawao Sawao Kato Japan Gymnastics 1968 -- 1976 Summer 5 9 16 Comăneci , Nadia Nadia Comăneci Romania Gymnastics 1976 -- 1980 Summer 5 7 Egerszegi , Krisztina Krisztina Egerszegi Hungary Swimming 1988 -- 1996 Summer 5 7 Fredriksson , Gert Gert Fredriksson Sweden Canoeing 1948 -- 1960 Summer 5 7 Thunberg , Clas Clas Thunberg Finland Speed skating 1924 -- 1928 Winter 5 7 20 Scherbo , Vitaly Vitaly Scherbo Unified Team Belarus Gymnastics 1992 -- 1996 Summer 5 0 9 21 Blair , Bonnie Bonnie Blair United States Speed skating 1988 -- 1994 Winter 5 0 6 22 Heiden , Eric Eric Heiden United States Speed skating 1980 Winter 5 0 0 5 23 Wüst , Ireen Ireen Wüst Netherlands Speed skating 2006 -- 2018 Winter 9 24 Yegorova , Lyubov Lyubov Yegorova Unified Team Russia Cross-country skiing 1992 -- 1994 Winter 0 7 25 Aamodt , Kjetil André Kjetil André Aamodt Norway Alpine skiing 1992 -- 2006 Winter 8 Nakayama , Akinori Akinori Nakayama Japan Gymnastics 1968 -- 1972 Summer 8 Pechstein , Claudia Claudia Pechstein Germany Speed skating 1992 -- 2006 Winter 8 28 Ballangrud , Ivar Ivar Ballangrud Norway Speed skating 1928 -- 1936 Winter 7 29 Fourcade , Martin Martin Fourcade France Biathlon 2010 -- 2018 Winter 0 6 Jin Jong - oh South Korea Shooting 2004 -- 2016 Summer 0 6 Kostelić , Janica Janica Kostelić Croatia Alpine skiing 2002 -- 2006 Winter 0 6 Van Innis , Hubert Hubert Van Innis Belgium Archery 1900 -- 1920 Summer 0 6 33 de Bruijn , Inge Inge de Bruijn Netherlands Swimming 2000 -- 2004 Summer 6 Keleti , Ágnes Ágnes Keleti Hungary Gymnastics 1952 -- 1956 Summer 6 Spitz , Mark Mark Spitz United States Swimming 1968 -- 1972 Summer 6 van Moorsel , Leontien Leontien van Moorsel Netherlands Cycling 2000 -- 2004 Summer 6 37 Ainslie , Ben Ben Ainslie Great Britain Sailing 1996 -- 2012 Summer 0 5 Evans , Janet Janet Evans United States Swimming 1988 -- 1992 Summer 0 5 Grishin , Yevgeny Yevgeny Grishin Soviet Union Speed skating 1956 -- 1964 Winter 0 5 Heida , Anton Anton Heida United States Gymnastics 1904 Summer 0 5 Klochkova , Yana Yana Klochkova Ukraine Swimming 2000 -- 2004 Summer 0 5 Koss , Johann Olav Johann Olav Koss Norway Speed skating 1992 -- 1994 Winter 0 5 Louganis , Greg Greg Louganis United States Diving 1976 -- 1988 Summer 0 5 Popov , Alexander Alexander Popov Unified Team Russia Swimming 1992 -- 2000 Summer 0 5 Zátopek , Emil Emil Zátopek Czechoslovakia Athletics 1948 -- 1952 Summer 0 5 46 Ahn Hyun - Soo Viktor Ahn South Korea Russia Short track speed skating 2006 -- 2014 Winter 0 6 47 Hurley , Marcus Marcus Hurley United States Cycling 1904 Summer 0 5 Matthes , Roland Roland Matthes East Germany Swimming 1968 -- 1976 Summer 0 5 49 Ammann , Simon Simon Ammann Switzerland Ski jumping 2002 -- 2010 Winter 0 0 Cologna , Dario Dario Cologna Switzerland Cross-country skiing 2010 -- 2018 Winter 0 0 Darnyi , Tamás Tamás Darnyi Hungary Swimming 1988 -- 1992 Summer 0 0 Elvstrøm , Paul Bert Paul Bert Elvstrøm Denmark Sailing 1948 -- 1960 Summer 0 0 Farah , Mohamed Mohamed Farah Great Britain Athletics 2012 -- 2016 Summer 0 0 Fu Mingxia China Diving 1992 -- 2000 Summer 0 0 Hoy , Chris Chris Hoy Great Britain Cycling 2004 -- 2012 Summer 0 0 Icho , Kaori Kaori Icho Japan Wrestling 2004 -- 2016 Summer 0 0 Kitajima , Kosuke Kosuke Kitajima Japan Swimming 2004 -- 2008 Summer 0 0 Kolehmainen , Hannes Hannes Kolehmainen Finland Athletics 1912 -- 1920 Summer 0 0 Korzeniowski , Robert Robert Korzeniowski Poland Athletics 1996 -- 2004 Summer 0 0 Kraenzlein , Alvin Alvin Kraenzlein United States Athletics 1900 Summer 0 0 Ledecky , Katie Katie Ledecky United States Swimming 2012 -- 2016 Summer 0 0 McCormick , Pat Pat McCormick United States Diving 1952 -- 1956 Summer 0 0 Oerter , Al Al Oerter United States Athletics 1956 -- 1968 Summer 0 0 Otto , Kristin Kristin Otto East Germany Swimming 1988 Summer 0 0 Virén , Lasse Lasse Virén Finland Athletics 1972 -- 1976 Summer 0 0 66 Enke , Karin Karin Enke East Germany Speed skating 1980 -- 1988 Winter 8 Niemann - Stirnemann , Gunda Gunda Niemann - Stirnemann Germany Speed skating 1992 -- 1998 Winter 8 68 Ono , Takashi Takashi Ono Japan Gymnastics 1952 -- 1960 Summer 10 69 Jernberg , Sixten Sixten Jernberg Sweden Cross-country skiing 1956 -- 1964 Winter 7 70 Kuzmina , Anastasiya Anastasiya Kuzmina Slovakia Biathlon 2010 -- 2018 Winter 0 6 Ritola , Ville Ville Ritola Finland Athletics 1924 -- 1928 Summer 0 6 72 Nemov , Alexei Alexei Nemov Russia Gymnastics 1996 -- 2000 Summer 5 10 73 Eyser , George George Eyser United States Gymnastics 1904 Summer 6 Holmann , Knut Knut Holmann Norway Canoeing 1992 -- 2000 Summer 6 Rose , Ralph Ralph Rose United States Athletics 1904 -- 1912 Summer 6 Sáblíková , Martina Martina Sáblíková Czech Republic Speed skating 2010 -- 2018 Winter 6 77 Dibiasi , Klaus Klaus Dibiasi Italy Diving 1964 -- 1976 Summer 0 5 Hackl , Georg Georg Hackl West Germany Germany Luge 1988 -- 2002 Winter 0 5 Kramer , Sven Sven Kramer Netherlands Speed skating 2006 -- 2018 Winter 0 5 Miez , Georges Georges Miez Switzerland Gymnastics 1928 -- 1936 Summer 0 5 Peirsol , Aaron Aaron Peirsol United States Swimming 2000 -- 2008 Summer 0 5 Schumann , Ralf Ralf Schumann East Germany Germany Shooting 1988 -- 2008 Summer 0 5 Yang , Sun Sun Yang China Swimming 2012 -- 2016 Summer 0 5 Tomba , Alberto Alberto Tomba Italy Alpine skiing 1988 -- 1994 Winter 0 5 85 Grøttumsbråten , Johan Johan Grøttumsbråten Norway Nordic combined , Cross-country skiing 1924 -- 1932 Winter 6 Joyner - Kersee , Jackie Jackie Joyner - Kersee United States Athletics 1984 -- 1996 Summer 6 Rhode , Kim Kim Rhode United States Shooting 1996 -- 2016 Summer 6 88 Daniels , Charles Charles Daniels United States Swimming 1904 -- 1908 Summer 5 Domracheva , Darya Darya Domracheva Belarus Biathlon 2010 -- 2018 Winter 5 Gould , Shane Shane Gould Australia Swimming 1972 Summer 5 Li Ning China Gymnastics 1984 Summer 5 Schneider , Vreni Vreni Schneider Switzerland Alpine skiing 1988 -- 1994 Winter 5 Silivaş , Daniela Daniela Silivaş Romania Gymnastics 1988 Summer 5 Štukelj , Leon Leon Štukelj Yugoslavia Gymnastics 1924 -- 1936 Summer 5 Thorpe , Ian Ian Thorpe Australia Swimming 2000 -- 2004 Summer 5 van den Hoogenband , Pieter Pieter van den Hoogenband Netherlands Swimming 2000 -- 2004 Summer 5 Vezzali , Valentina Valentina Vezzali Italy Fencing 1996 -- 2012 Summer 5 Wang Meng China Short track speed skating 2006 -- 2010 Winter 5 99 Artemov , Vladimir Vladimir Artemov Soviet Union Gymnastics 1988 Summer 0 Bekele , Kenenisa Kenenisa Bekele Ethiopia Athletics 2004 -- 2008 Summer 0 Campriani , Niccolò Niccolò Campriani Italy Shooting 2012 -- 2016 Summer 0 Compagnoni , Deborah Deborah Compagnoni Italy Alpine skiing 1992 -- 1998 Winter 0 Ender , Kornelia Kornelia Ender East Germany Swimming 1972 -- 1976 Summer 0 Flanagan , John John Flanagan United States Athletics 1900 -- 1908 Summer 0 Fonst , Ramón Ramón Fonst Cuba Fencing 1900 -- 1904 Summer 0 Fraser , Dawn Dawn Fraser Australia Swimming 1956 -- 1964 Summer 0 Grafström , Gillis Gillis Grafström Sweden Figure skating 1920 -- 1932 Both 0 Groß , Michael Michael Groß West Germany Swimming 1984 -- 1988 Summer 0 Gustafson , Tomas Tomas Gustafson Sweden Speed skating 1984 -- 1988 Winter 0 Hillman , Harry Harry Hillman United States Athletics 1904 -- 1908 Summer 0 Höfl - Riesch , Maria Maria Höfl - Riesch Germany Alpine skiing 2010 -- 2014 Winter 0 Hosszú , Katinka Katinka Hosszú Hungary Swimming 2016 Summer 0 Karelin , Alexander Alexander Karelin Soviet Union Unified Team Russia Wrestling 1988 -- 2000 Summer 0 Kenny , Jason Jason Kenny Great Britain Cycling 2008 -- 2016 Summer 0 Kim , Nellie Nellie Kim Soviet Union Gymnastics 1976 -- 1980 Summer 0 Krämer , Ingrid Ingrid Krämer United Team of Germany Diving 1960 -- 1964 Summer 0 Nykänen , Matti Matti Nykänen Finland Ski jumping 1984 -- 1988 Winter 0 Press , Tamara Tamara Press Soviet Union Athletics 1960 -- 1964 Summer 0 Prinstein , Myer Myer Prinstein United States Athletics 1900 -- 1904 Summer 0 Rose , Murray Murray Rose Australia Swimming 1956 -- 1960 Summer 0 Saneyev , Viktor Viktor Saneyev Soviet Union Athletics 1968 -- 1980 Summer 0 Schenk , Ard Ard Schenk Netherlands Speed skating 1968 -- 1972 Winter 0 Szabo , Ecaterina Ecaterina Szabo Romania Gymnastics 1984 Summer 0 van Grunsven , Anky Anky van Grunsven Netherlands Equestrian 1996 -- 2008 Summer 0 Yoshida , Saori Saori Yoshida Japan Wrestling 2004 -- 2016 Summer 0 Zelezny , Jan Jan Železný Czechoslovakia Czech Republic Athletics 1988 -- 2000 Summer 0 127 Dibaba , Tirunesh Tirunesh Dibaba Ethiopia Athletics 2004 -- 2016 Summer 0 6 128 Kirvesniemi , Marja - Liisa Marja - Liisa Kirvesniemi Finland Cross-country skiing 1984 -- 1994 Winter 0 5 Seizinger , Katja Katja Seizinger Germany Alpine skiing 1992 -- 1998 Winter 0 5 130 Biles , Simone Simone Biles United States Gymnastics 2016 Summer 0 Dimas , Pyrros Pyrros Dimas Greece Weightlifting 1992 -- 2004 Summer 0 Frigerio , Ugo Ugo Frigerio Italy Athletics 1920 -- 1932 Summer 0 Sheridan , Martin Martin Sheridan United States Athletics 1904 -- 1908 Summer 0 Smith , Michelle Michelle Smith Ireland Swimming Summer 0 Zou Kai China Gymnastics 2008 -- 2012 Summer 0 136 Alsgaard , Thomas Thomas Alsgaard Norway Cross-country skiing 1994 -- 2002 Winter 0 0 Andersen , Hjalmar Hjalmar Andersen Norway Speed skating 1952 Winter 0 0 Armstrong , Kristin Kristin Armstrong United States Cycling 2008 -- 2016 Summer 0 0 Ballanger , Félicia Félicia Ballanger France Cycling 1996 -- 2000 Summer 0 0 Bennett , Brooke Brooke Bennett United States Swimming 1996 -- 2000 Summer 0 0 Blankers - Koen , Fanny Fanny Blankers - Koen Netherlands Athletics 1948 Summer 0 0 Burton , Mike Mike Burton United States Swimming 1968 -- 1972 Summer 0 0 Cuthbert , Betty Betty Cuthbert Australia Athletics 1956 -- 1964 Summer 0 0 Estanguet , Tony Tony Estanguet France Canoeing 2000 -- 2012 Summer 0 0 Hahn , Archie Archie Hahn United States Athletics 1904 Summer 0 0 Haug , Thorleif Thorleif Haug Norway Cross-country skiing 1924 Winter 0 0 Henie , Sonja Sonja Henie Norway Figure skating 1928 -- 1936 Winter 0 0 Houser , Bud Bud Houser United States Athletics 1924 -- 1928 Summer 0 0 Ivanov , Vyacheslav Vyacheslav Ivanov Soviet Union Rowing 1956 -- 1964 Summer 0 0 Johansson , Ivar Ivar Johansson Sweden Wrestling 1932 -- 1936 Summer 0 0 Johnson , Michael Michael Johnson United States Athletics 1992 -- 2000 Summer 0 0 Kakhiashvili , Kakhi Kakhi Kakhiashvili Kakiasvilis , Akakios Akakios Kakiasvilis Unified Team Greece Weightlifting 1992 -- 2000 Summer 0 0 Karppinen , Pertti Pertti Karppinen Finland Rowing 1976 -- 1984 Summer 0 0 Kazankina , Tatyana Tatyana Kazankina Soviet Union Athletics 1976 -- 1980 Summer 0 0 Killy , Jean - Claude Jean - Claude Killy France Alpine skiing 1968 Winter 0 0 Lemming , Eric Eric Lemming Sweden Athletics 1908 -- 1912 Summer 0 0 Lightbody , James James Lightbody United States Athletics 1904 Summer 0 0 López , Mijaín Mijaín López Cuba Wrestling 2008 -- 2016 Summer 0 0 Masson , Paul Paul Masson France Cycling 1896 Summer 0 0 Medved , Alexander Alexander Medved Soviet Union Wrestling 1964 -- 1972 Summer 0 0 Meyer , Debbie Debbie Meyer United States Swimming 1968 Summer 0 0 Mutlu , Halil Halil Mutlu Turkey Weightlifting 1996 -- 2004 Summer 0 0 Nadi , Nedo Nedo Nadi Italy Fencing 1912 -- 1920 Summer 0 0 Nomura , Tadahiro Tadahiro Nomura Japan Judo 1996 -- 2004 Summer 0 0 Owens , Jesse Jesse Owens United States Athletics 1936 Summer 0 0 Papp , László László Papp Hungary Boxing 1948 -- 1956 Summer 0 0 Pérec , Marie - José Marie - José Pérec France Athletics 1992 -- 1996 Summer 0 0 Sailer , Toni Toni Sailer Austria Alpine skiing 1956 Winter 0 0 Saitiev , Buvaisar Buvaisar Saitiev Russia Wrestling 1996 -- 2008 Summer 0 0 Salnikov , Vladimir Vladimir Salnikov Soviet Union Swimming 1980 -- 1988 Summer 0 0 Savón , Félix Félix Savón Cuba Boxing 1992 -- 2000 Summer 0 0 Snell , Peter Peter Snell New Zealand Athletics 1960 -- 1964 Summer 0 0 Stevenson , Teófilo Teófilo Stevenson Cuba Boxing 1972 -- 1980 Summer 0 0 Stoch , Kamil Kamil Stoch Poland Ski jumping 2014 -- 2018 Winter 0 0 Süleymanoğlu , Naim Naim Süleymanoğlu Turkey Weightlifting 1988 -- 1996 Summer 0 0 Timmer , Marianne Marianne Timmer Netherlands Speed skating 1998 -- 2006 Winter 0 0 van Gennip , Yvonne Yvonne van Gennip Netherlands Speed skating 1988 Winter 0 0 Wehling , Ulrich Ulrich Wehling East Germany Nordic combined 1972 -- 1980 Winter 0 0 Weissmuller , Johnny Johnny Weissmuller United States Swimming 1924 -- 1928 Summer 0 0 Westergren , Carl Carl Westergren Sweden Wrestling 1920 -- 1932 Summer 0 0 White , Shaun Shaun White United States Snowboarding 2006 -- 2018 Winter 0 0 Wiggins , Bradley Bradley Wiggins Great Britain Cycling 2004 -- 2012 Summer 0 0 Zimyatov , Nikolay Nikolay Zimyatov Soviet Union Cross-country skiing 1980 -- 1984 Winter 0 0 See also ( edit ) List of multiple Olympic gold medalists at a single Games List of multiple Olympic gold medalists in one event List of multiple Olympic medalists List of multiple Olympic medalists at a single Games List of multiple Olympic medalists in one event List of multiple Paralympic gold medalists All - time Olympic Games medal table References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Coubertin , Pierre de ; Timoleon J. Philimon ; N.G. Politis ; Ch . Anninos ( 1897 ) . `` Second Part : The Olympic Games in 1896 '' ( PDF ) . The Olympic Games , B.C. 776 -- A.D. 1896 ( PDF ) format = requires url = ( help ) . IOC official Olympic reports . translated by A. v. K. London : Grevel . pp. 55 -- 81 ( passim ) . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 13 . ( note : the source gives dates in the Julian calendar ; this table uses the Gregorian calendar ) `` Winners '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 03 . `` databaseOlympics.com '' . databaseSports.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 18 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 20 . See also references in the articles on each athlete . ( hide ) Olympics and Paralympics statistics Medalists and medal tables Lists of Olympic medalists Lists of Paralympic medalists All - time Olympic Games medal table All - time Paralympic Games medal table Multiple medalists Multiple Olympic medalists at a single Games in one event at Winter Olympics Multiple gold medalists Multiple Olympic gold medalists at a single Games in one event Multiple Paralympic gold medalists at a single Games Other statistics Olympic medals in different sports at Summer and Winter Olympics Most appearances at Olympic Games Medal sweeps in Olympic athletics Athletes at both the Summer and Winter Olympics Ties for medals at the Olympics Stripped Olympic medals Olympic medals by host nation Olympic medalist families Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_multiple_Olympic_gold_medalists&oldid=829592415 '' Categories : Lists of Olympic gold medalists Hidden categories : Pages using citations with format and no URL Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano Kapampangan Magyar Nederlands 日本語 پنجابی Polski Português Русский Саха тыла Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 March 2018 , at 16 : 14 . 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About Wikipedia	who has won the most gold medals in the olympics	[ "\n\nNo.\nAthlete\nNation\nSport\nYears\nGames\nGender\nGold\nSilver\nBronze\nTotal\n\n\n1\nPhelps, MichaelMichael Phelps\n United States\nSwimming\n2004–2016\nSummer\nM\n23\n3\n2\n28\n\n\n2\nLatynina, LarisaLarisa Latynina\n Soviet Union\nGymnastics\n1956–1964\nSummer\nF\n9\n5\n4\n18\n\n\n3\nNurmi, PaavoPaavo Nurmi\n Finland\nAthletics\n1920–1928\nSummer\nM\n9\n3\n0\n12\n\n\n4\nSpitz, MarkMark Spitz\n United States\nSwimming\n1968–1972\nSummer\nM\n9\n1\n1\n11\n\n\n5\nLewis, CarlCarl Lewis\n United States\nAthletics\n1984–1996\nSummer\nM\n9\n1\n0\n10\n\n\n6\nBjørgen, MaritMarit Bjørgen\n Norway\nCross-country skiing\n2002–2018\nWinter\nF\n8\n4\n3\n15\n\n\n7\nBjørndalen, Ole EinarOle Einar Bjørndalen\n Norway\nBiathlon\n1998–2014\nWinter\nM\n8\n4\n1\n13\n\n\n8\nDæhlie, BjørnBjørn Dæhlie\n Norway\nCross-country skiing\n1992–1998\nWinter\nM\n8\n4\n0\n12\n\n\nFischer, BirgitBirgit Fischer\n East Germany\n Germany\nCanoeing\n1980–2004\nSummer\nF\n8\n4\n0\n12\n\n\n10\nKato, SawaoSawao Kato\n Japan\nGymnastics\n1968–1976\nSummer\nM\n8\n3\n1\n12\n\n\nThompson, JennyJenny Thompson\n United States\nSwimming\n1992–2004\nSummer\nF\n8\n3\n1\n12\n\n\n12\nBiondi, MattMatt Biondi\n United States\nSwimming\n1984–1992\nSummer\nM\n8\n2\n1\n11\n\n\n13\nBolt, UsainUsain Bolt\n Jamaica\nAthletics\n2008–2016\nSummer\nM\n8\n0\n0\n8\n\n\nEwry, RayRay Ewry\n United States\nAthletics\n1900–1908\nSummer\nM\n8\n0\n0\n8\n\n\n15\nAndrianov, NikolaiNikolai Andrianov\n Soviet Union\nGymnastics\n1972–1980\nSummer\nM\n7\n5\n3\n15\n\n\n16\nShakhlin, BorisBoris Shakhlin\n Soviet Union\nGymnastics\n1956–1964\nSummer\nM\n7\n4\n2\n13\n\n\n17\nČáslavská, VěraVěra Čáslavská\n Czechoslovakia\nGymnastics\n1960–1968\nSummer\nF\n7\n4\n0\n11\n\n\n18\nChukarin, ViktorViktor Chukarin\n Soviet Union\nGymnastics\n1952–1956\nSummer\nM\n7\n3\n1\n11\n\n\n19\nGerevich, AladárAladár Gerevich\n Hungary\nFencing\n1932–1960\nSummer\nM\n7\n1\n2\n10\n\n\n20\nMangiarotti, EdoardoEdoardo Mangiarotti\n Italy\nFencing\n1936–1960\nSummer\nM\n6\n5\n2\n13\n\n\n21\nWerth, IsabellIsabell Werth\n Germany\nEquestrian\n1992–2016\nSummer\nF\n6\n4\n0\n10\n\n\n22\nLochte, RyanRyan Lochte\n United States\nSwimming\n2004–2016\nSummer\nM\n6\n3\n3\n12\n\n\n23\nFelix, AllysonAllyson Felix\n United States\nAthletics\n2004–2016\nSummer\nF\n6\n3\n0\n9\n\n\nVan Innis, HubertHubert Van Innis\n Belgium\nArchery\n1900–1920\nSummer\nM\n6\n3\n0\n9\n\n\nYegorova, LyubovLyubov Yegorova\n Unified Team\n Russia\nCross-country skiing\n1992–1994\nWinter\nF\n6\n3\n0\n9\n\n\n26\nNakayama, AkinoriAkinori Nakayama\n Japan\nGymnastics\n1968–1972\nSummer\nM\n6\n2\n2\n10\n\n\n27\nVezzali, ValentinaValentina Vezzali\n Italy\nFencing\n1996–2012\nSummer\nF\n6\n1\n2\n9\n\n\n28\nFredriksson, GertGert Fredriksson\n Sweden\nCanoeing\n1948–1960\nSummer\nM\n6\n1\n1\n8\n\n\n29\nHoy, ChrisChris Hoy\n Great Britain\nCycling\n2000–2012\nSummer\nM\n6\n1\n0\n7\n\n\nKenny, JasonJason Kenny\n Great Britain\nCycling\n2008–2016\nSummer\nM\n6\n1\n0\n7\n\n\n31\nScherbo, VitalyVitaly Scherbo\n Unified Team\n Belarus\nGymnastics\n1992–1996\nSummer\nM\n6\n0\n4\n10\n\n\n32\nAhn Hyun-Soo\nViktor Ahn\n South Korea\n Russia\nShort track speed skating\n2006–2014\nWinter\nM\n6\n0\n2\n8\n\n\nKlimke, ReinerReiner Klimke\n United Team of Germany\n West Germany\nEquestrian\n1964–1988\nSummer\nM\n6\n0\n2\n8\n\n\n34\nKovács, PálPál Kovács\n Hungary\nFencing\n1936–1960\nSummer\nM\n6\n0\n1\n7\n\n\n35\nKárpáti, RudolfRudolf Kárpáti\n Hungary\nFencing\n1948–1960\nSummer\nM\n6\n0\n0\n6\n\n\nNadi, NedoNedo Nadi\n Italy\nFencing\n1912–1920\nSummer\nM\n6\n0\n0\n6\n\n\nOtto, KristinKristin Otto\n East Germany\nSwimming\n1988\nSummer\nF\n6\n0\n0\n6\n\n\nSkoblikova, LidiaLidia Skoblikova\n Soviet Union\nSpeed skating\n1960–1964\nWinter\nF\n6\n0\n0\n6\n\n\nVan Dyken, AmyAmy Van Dyken\n United States\nSwimming\n1996–2000\nSummer\nF\n6\n0\n0\n6\n\n\n40\nWüst, IreenIreen Wüst\n Netherlands\nSpeed skating\n2006–2018\nWinter\nF\n5\n5\n1\n11\n\n\n41\nOno, TakashiTakashi Ono\n Japan\nGymnastics\n1952–1964\nSummer\nM\n5\n4\n4\n13\n\n\n42\nOsburn, CarlCarl Osburn\n United States\nShooting\n1912–1924\nSummer\nM\n5\n4\n2\n11\n\n\n43\nHall, Jr., GaryGary Hall, Jr.\n United States\nSwimming\n1996–2004\nSummer\nM\n5\n3\n2\n10\n\n\nKeleti, ÁgnesÁgnes Keleti\n Hungary\nGymnastics\n1952–1956\nSummer\nF\n5\n3\n2\n10\n\n\n45\nComăneci, NadiaNadia Comăneci\n Romania\nGymnastics\n1976–1980\nSummer\nF\n5\n3\n1\n9\n\n\nThorpe, IanIan Thorpe\n Australia\nSwimming\n2000–2004\nSummer\nM\n5\n3\n1\n9\n\n\n47\nRitola, VilleVille Ritola\n Finland\nAthletics\n1924–1928\nSummer\nM\n5\n3\n0\n8\n\n\n48\nAstakhova, PolinaPolina Astakhova\n Soviet Union\nGymnastics\n1956–1964\nSummer\nF\n5\n2\n3\n10\n\n\n49\nPechstein, ClaudiaClaudia Pechstein\n Germany\nSpeed skating\n1992–2006\nWinter\nF\n5\n2\n2\n9\n\n\n50\nLipă, ElisabetaElisabeta Lipă\n Romania\nRowing\n1984–2004\nSummer\nF\n5\n2\n1\n8\n\n\n51\nEndo, YukioYukio Endo\n Japan\nGymnastics\n1960–1968\nSummer\nM\n5\n2\n0\n7\n\n\nFourcade, MartinMartin Fourcade\n France\nBiathlon\n2014–2018\nWinter\nM\n5\n2\n0\n7\n\n\nPeirsol, AaronAaron Peirsol\n United States\nSwimming\n2000–2008\nSummer\nM\n5\n2\n0\n7\n\n\n54\nTsukahara, MitsuoMitsuo Tsukahara\n Japan\nGymnastics\n1968–1976\nSummer\nM\n5\n1\n3\n9\n\n\n55\nAdrian, NathanNathan Adrian\n United States\nSwimming\n2008–2016\nSummer\nM\n5\n1\n2\n8\n\n\nWiggins, BradleyBradley Wiggins\n Great Britain\nCycling\n2000–2016\nSummer\nM\n5\n1\n2\n8\n\n\n57\nEgerszegi, KrisztinaKrisztina Egerszegi\n Hungary\nSwimming\n1988–1996\nSummer\nF\n5\n1\n1\n7\n\n\nJager, TomTom Jager\n United States\nSwimming\n1984–1992\nSummer\nM\n5\n1\n1\n7\n\n\nLazutina, LarisaLarisa Lazutina\n Unified Team\n Russia\nCross-country skiing\n1992–1998\nWinter\nF\n5\n1\n1\n7\n\n\nLee, Willis A.Willis A. Lee\n United States\nShooting\n1920\nSummer\nM\n5\n1\n1\n7\n\n\nThunberg, ClasClas Thunberg\n Finland\nSpeed skating\n1924–1928\nWinter\nM\n5\n1\n1\n7\n\n\nVollmer, DanaDana Vollmer\n United States\nSwimming\n2004–2016\nSummer\nF\n5\n1\n1\n7\n\n\nWinkler, Hans GünterHans Günter Winkler\n United Team of Germany\n West Germany\nEquestrian\n1956–1976\nSummer\nM\n5\n1\n1\n7\n\n\nWu Minxia\n China\nDiving\n2004–2016\nSummer\nF\n5\n1\n1\n7\n\n\n65\nAlsgaard, ThomasThomas Alsgaard\n Norway\nCross-country skiing\n1994–2002\nWinter\nM\n5\n1\n0\n6\n\n\nHeida, AntonAnton Heida\n United States\nGymnastics\n1904\nSummer\nM\n5\n1\n0\n6\n\n\nKim, NellieNellie Kim\n Soviet Union\nGymnastics\n1976–1980\nSummer\nF\n5\n1\n0\n6\n\n\nKozák, DanutaDanuta Kozák\n Hungary\nCanoeing\n2008–2016\nSummer\nF\n5\n1\n0\n6\n\n\nLedecky, KatieKatie Ledecky\n United States\nSwimming\n2012–2016\nSummer\nF\n5\n1\n0\n6\n\n\nLilloe-Olsen, OleOle Lilloe-Olsen\n Norway\nShooting\n1920–1924\nSummer\nM\n5\n1\n0\n6\n\n\nSchollander, DonDon Schollander\n United States\nSwimming\n1964–1968\nSummer\nM\n5\n1\n0\n6\n\n\n72\nBlair, BonnieBonnie Blair\n United States\nSpeed skating\n1988–1994\nWinter\nF\n5\n0\n1\n6\n\n\nDamian, GeorgetaGeorgeta Damian\n Romania\nRowing\n2000–2008\nSummer\nF\n5\n0\n1\n6\n\n\nFranklin, MissyMissy Franklin\n United States\nSwimming\n2012–2016\nSummer\nF\n5\n0\n1\n6\n\n\nLane, AlfredAlfred Lane\n United States\nShooting\n1912–1920\nSummer\nM\n5\n0\n1\n6\n\n\nRedgrave, SteveSteve Redgrave\n Great Britain\nRowing\n1984–2000\nSummer\nM\n5\n0\n1\n6\n\n\nWeissmuller, JohnnyJohnny Weissmuller\n United States\nSwimming, Water polo\n1924–1928\nSummer\nM\n5\n0\n1\n6\n\n\nZou Kai\n China\nGymnastics\n2008–2012\nSummer\nM\n5\n0\n1\n6\n\n\n79\nChen Ruolin\n China\nDiving\n2008–2016\nSummer\nF\n5\n0\n0\n5\n\n\nDavydova, AnastasiaAnastasia Davydova\n Russia\nSynchronized swimming\n2004–2012\nSummer\nF\n5\n0\n0\n5\n\n\nFisher, MorrisMorris Fisher\n United States\nShooting\n1920–1924\nSummer\nM\n5\n0\n0\n5\n\n\nHeiden, EricEric Heiden\n United States\nSpeed skating\n1980\nWinter\nM\n5\n0\n0\n5\n\n\nIshchenko, NataliaNatalia Ishchenko\n Russia\nSynchronized swimming\n2008–2016\nSummer\nF\n5\n0\n0\n5\n\n\nRomashina, SvetlanaSvetlana Romashina\n Russia\nSynchronized swimming\n2008–2016\nSummer\nF\n5\n0\n0\n5\n\n\n85\nSmetanina, RaisaRaisa Smetanina\n Soviet Union\n Unified Team\nCross-country skiing\n1976–1992\nWinter\nF\n4\n5\n1\n10\n\n\n86\nPopov, AlexanderAlexander Popov\n Unified Team\n Russia\nSwimming\n1992–2000\nSummer\nM\n4\n5\n0\n9\n\n\n87\nTorres, DaraDara Torres\n United States\nSwimming\n1984–2008\nSummer\nF\n4\n4\n4\n12\n\n\n88\nEnder, KorneliaKornelia Ender\n East Germany\nSwimming\n1972–1976\nSummer\nF\n4\n4\n0\n8\n\n\nFraser, DawnDawn Fraser\n Australia\nSwimming\n1956–1964\nSummer\nF\n4\n4\n0\n8\n\n\n90\nJernberg, SixtenSixten Jernberg\n Sweden\nCross-country skiing\n1956–1964\nWinter\nM\n4\n3\n2\n9\n\n\nTourischeva, LudmillaLudmilla Tourischeva\n Soviet Union\nGymnastics\n1968–1976\nSummer\nF\n4\n3\n2\n9\n\n\n92\nGroß, RiccoRicco Groß\n Germany\nBiathlon\n1992–2006\nWinter\nM\n4\n3\n1\n8\n\n\nMiez, GeorgesGeorges Miez\n Switzerland\nGymnastics\n1924–1936\nSummer\nM\n4\n3\n1\n8\n\n\nOlsen, OttoOtto Olsen\n Norway\nShooting\n1920–1924\nSummer\nM\n4\n3\n1\n8\n\n\nSvendsen, Emil HegleEmil Hegle Svendsen\n Norway\nBiathlon\n2010–2018\nWinter\nM\n4\n3\n1\n8\n\n\n96\nPatzaichin, IvanIvan Patzaichin\n Romania\nCanoeing\n1968–1984\nSummer\nM\n4\n3\n0\n7\n\n\n97\nNemov, AlexeiAlexei Nemov\n Russia\nGymnastics\n1996–2000\nSummer\nM\n4\n2\n6\n12\n\n\n98\nKramer, SvenSven Kramer\n Netherlands\nSpeed skating\n2006–2018\nWinter\nM\n4\n2\n3\n9\n\n\n99\nAamodt, Kjetil AndréKjetil André Aamodt\n Norway\nAlpine skiing\n1992–2006\nWinter\nM\n4\n2\n2\n8\n\n\nde Bruijn, IngeInge de Bruijn\n Netherlands\nSwimming\n2000–2004\nSummer\nF\n4\n2\n2\n8\n\n\nFischer, SvenSven Fischer\n Germany\nBiathlon\n1994–2006\nWinter\nM\n4\n2\n2\n8\n\n\nKulakova, GalinaGalina Kulakova\n Soviet Union\nCross-country skiing\n1972–1980\nWinter\nF\n4\n2\n2\n8\n\n\nLezak, JasonJason Lezak\n United States\nSwimming\n2000–2012\nSummer\nM\n4\n2\n2\n8\n\n\nMatthes, RolandRoland Matthes\n East Germany\nSwimming\n1968–1976\nSummer\nM\n4\n2\n2\n8\n\n\nSchmitt, AllisonAllison Schmitt\n United States\nSwimming\n2008–2016\nSummer\nF\n4\n2\n2\n8\n\n\n106\nBallangrud, IvarIvar Ballangrud\n Norway\nSpeed skating\n1928–1936\nWinter\nM\n4\n2\n1\n7\n\n\nLiberg, EinarEinar Liberg\n Norway\nShooting\n1908–1924\nSummer\nM\n4\n2\n1\n7\n\n\n108\nDelfino, GiuseppeGiuseppe Delfino\n Italy\nFencing\n1952–1964\nSummer\nM\n4\n2\n0\n6\n\n\nd'Oriola, ChristianChristian d'Oriola\n France\nFencing\n1948–1956\nSummer\nM\n4\n2\n0\n6\n\n\nGaudin, LucienLucien Gaudin\n France\nFencing\n1920–1928\nSummer\nM\n4\n2\n0\n6\n\n\nGrevers, MattMatt Grevers\n United States\nSwimming\n2008–2012\nSummer\nM\n4\n2\n0\n6\n\n\nGuo Jingjing\n China\nDiving\n2000–2008\nSummer\nF\n4\n2\n0\n6\n\n\nJong-oh, JinJin Jong-oh\n South Korea\nShooting\n2004–2016\nSummer\nM\n4\n2\n0\n6\n\n\nKorbut, OlgaOlga Korbut\n Soviet Union\nGymnastics\n1972–1976\nSummer\nF\n4\n2\n0\n6\n\n\nKostelić, JanicaJanica Kostelić\n Croatia\nAlpine skiing\n2002–2006\nWinter\nF\n4\n2\n0\n6\n\n\nKuske, KevinKevin Kuske\n Germany\nBobsleigh\n2002–2018\nWinter\nM\n4\n2\n0\n6\n\n\n117\nTrillini, GiovannaGiovanna Trillini\n Italy\nFencing\n1992–2008\nSummer\nF\n4\n1\n3\n8\n\n\n118\nDaniels, CharlesCharles Daniels\n United States\nSwimming\n1904–1908\nSummer\nM\n4\n1\n2\n7\n\n\nKitajima, KosukeKosuke Kitajima\n Japan\nSwimming\n2004–2012\nSummer\nM\n4\n1\n2\n7\n\n\nSpooner, LloydLloyd Spooner\n United States\nShooting\n1920\nSummer\nM\n4\n1\n2\n7\n\n\nTrickett, LibbyLibby Trickett\n Australia\nSwimming\n2004–2012\nSummer\nF\n4\n1\n2\n7\n\n\n122\nDomracheva, DaryaDarya Domracheva\n Belarus\nBiathlon\n2010–2018\nWinter\nF\n4\n1\n1\n6\n\n\nIgnat, DoinaDoina Ignat\n Romania\nRowing\n1992–2008\nSummer\nF\n4\n1\n1\n6\n\n\nKim Soo-Nyung\n South Korea\nArchery\n1988–2000\nSummer\nF\n4\n1\n1\n6\n\n\nNovikova-Belova, ElenaElena Novikova-Belova\n Soviet Union\nFencing\n1968–1976\nSummer\nF\n4\n1\n1\n6\n\n\nRose, MurrayMurray Rose\n Australia\nSwimming\n1956–1960\nSummer\nM\n4\n1\n1\n6\n\n\nSidyak, ViktorViktor Sidyak\n Soviet Union\nFencing\n1968–1980\nSummer\nM\n4\n1\n1\n6\n\n\nSvan, GundeGunde Svan\n Sweden\nCross-country skiing\n1984–1988\nWinter\nM\n4\n1\n1\n6\n\n\nvan Moorsel, LeontienLeontien van Moorsel\n Netherlands\nCycling\n2000–2004\nSummer\nF\n4\n1\n1\n6\n\n\nWagner-Augustin, KatrinKatrin Wagner-Augustin\n Germany\nCanoeing\n2000–2012\nSummer\nF\n4\n1\n1\n6\n\n\nWang Meng\n China\nShort track speed skating\n2006–2010\nWinter\nF\n4\n1\n1\n6\n\n\n132\nAinslie, BenBen Ainslie\n Great Britain\nSailing\n1996–2012\nSummer\nM\n4\n1\n0\n5\n\n\nArtemov, VladimirVladimir Artemov\n Soviet Union\nGymnastics\n1988\nSummer\nM\n4\n1\n0\n5\n\n\nAshford, EvelynEvelyn Ashford\n United States\nAthletics\n1984–1992\nSummer\nF\n4\n1\n0\n5\n\n\nEvans, JanetJanet Evans\n United States\nSwimming\n1988–1992\nSummer\nF\n4\n1\n0\n5\n\n\nFerguson, IanIan Ferguson\n New Zealand\nCanoeing\n1984–1988\nSummer\nM\n4\n1\n0\n5\n\n\nFonst, RamónRamón Fonst\n Cuba\nFencing\n1900–1904\nSummer\nM\n4\n1\n0\n5\n\n\nFu Mingxia\n China\nDiving\n1992–2000\nSummer\nF\n4\n1\n0\n5\n\n\nGrishin, YevgenyYevgeny Grishin\n Soviet Union\nSpeed skating\n1956–1964\nWinter\nM\n4\n1\n0\n5\n\n\nHefford, JaynaJayna Hefford\n Canada\nIce hockey\n1998–2014\nWinter\nF\n4\n1\n0\n5\n\n\nKlochkova, YanaYana Klochkova\n Ukraine\nSwimming\n2000–2004\nSummer\nF\n4\n1\n0\n5\n\n\nKolehmainen, HannesHannes Kolehmainen\n Finland\nAthletics\n1912–1920\nSummer\nM\n4\n1\n0\n5\n\n\nKoss, Johann OlavJohann Olav Koss\n Norway\nSpeed skating\n1992–1994\nWinter\nM\n4\n1\n0\n5\n\n\nLange, AndréAndré Lange\n Germany\nBobsleigh\n2002–2010\nWinter\nM\n4\n1\n0\n5\n\n\nLouganis, GregGreg Louganis\n United States\nDiving\n1976–1988\nSummer\nM\n4\n1\n0\n5\n\n\nMuratov, ValentinValentin Muratov\n Soviet Union\nGymnastics\n1952–1956\nSummer\nM\n4\n1\n0\n5\n\n\nNaber, JohnJohn Naber\n United States\nSwimming\n1976\nSummer\nM\n4\n1\n0\n5\n\n\nNykänen, MattiMatti Nykänen\n Finland\nSki jumping\n1984–1988\nWinter\nM\n4\n1\n0\n5\n\n\nPahud de Mortanges, CharlesCharles Pahud de Mortanges\n Netherlands\nEquestrian\n1924–1936\nSummer\nM\n4\n1\n0\n5\n\n\nSheppard, MelMel Sheppard\n United States\nAthletics\n1908–1912\nSummer\nM\n4\n1\n0\n5\n\n\nSzabo, EcaterinaEcaterina Szabo\n Romania\nGymnastics\n1984\nSummer\nF\n4\n1\n0\n5\n\n\nTikhonov, AlexanderAlexander Tikhonov\n Soviet Union\nBiathlon\n1968–1980\nWinter\nM\n4\n1\n0\n5\n\n\nWang Nan\n China\nTable tennis\n2000–2008\nSummer\nF\n4\n1\n0\n5\n\n\nWickenheiser, HayleyHayley Wickenheiser\n Canada\nIce hockey\n1998–2014\nWinter\nF\n4\n1\n0\n5\n\n\nWilliams, VenusVenus Williams\n United States\nTennis\n2000–2016\nSummer\nF\n4\n1\n0\n5\n\n\nZátopek, EmilEmil Zátopek\n Czechoslovakia\nAthletics\n1948–1952\nSummer\nM\n4\n1\n0\n5\n\n\nZimyatov, NikolayNikolay Zimyatov\n Soviet Union\nCross-country skiing\n1980–1984\nWinter\nM\n4\n1\n0\n5\n\n\n158\nKulcsár, GyőzőGyőző Kulcsár\n Hungary\nFencing\n1964–1976\nSummer\nM\n4\n0\n2\n6\n\n\n159\nBeerbaum, LudgerLudger Beerbaum\n West Germany\n Germany\nEquestrian\n1988–2016\nSummer\nM\n4\n0\n1\n5\n\n\nBiles, SimoneSimone Biles\n United States\nGymnastics\n2016\nSummer\nF\n4\n0\n1\n5\n\n\nBoron, KathrinKathrin Boron\n Germany\nRowing\n1992–2008\nSummer\nF\n4\n0\n1\n5\n\n\nChun Lee-Kyung\n South Korea\nShort track speed skating\n1994–1998\nWinter\nF\n4\n0\n1\n5\n\n\nEdwards, TeresaTeresa Edwards\n United States\nBasketball\n1984–2000\nSummer\nF\n4\n0\n1\n5\n\n\nGeisenberger, NatalieNatalie Geisenberger\n Germany\nLuge\n2010–2018\nWinter\nF\n4\n0\n1\n5\n\n\nHurley, MarcusMarcus Hurley\n United States\nCycling\n1904\nSummer\nM\n4\n0\n1\n5\n\n\nLi Xiaopeng\n China\nGymnastics\n2000–2008\nSummer\nM\n4\n0\n1\n5\n\n\nOlsen, JonJon Olsen\n United States\nSwimming\n1992–1996\nSummer\nM\n4\n0\n1\n5\n\n\nPozdnyakov, StanislavStanislav Pozdnyakov\n Unified Team\n Russia\nFencing\n1992–2004\nSummer\nM\n4\n0\n1\n5\n\n\nRichards-Ross, SanyaSanya Richards-Ross\n United States\nAthletics\n2004–2012\nSummer\nF\n4\n0\n1\n5\n\n\nSusanu, VioricaViorica Susanu\n Romania\nRowing\n2000–2008\nSummer\nF\n4\n0\n1\n5\n\n\nZampori, GiorgioGiorgio Zampori\n Italy\nGymnastics\n1912–1924\nSummer\nM\n4\n0\n1\n5\n\n\n172\nAmmann, SimonSimon Ammann\n Switzerland\nSki jumping\n2002–2010\nWinter\nM\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nArlt, TobiasTobias Arlt\n Germany\nLuge\n2014–2018\nWinter\nM\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nBird, SueSue Bird\n United States\nBasketball\n2004–2016\nSummer\nF\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nBlankers-Koen, FannyFanny Blankers-Koen\n Netherlands\nAthletics\n1948\nSummer\nF\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nCatchings, TamikaTamika Catchings\n United States\nBasketball\n2004–2016\nSummer\nF\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nCologna, DarioDario Cologna\n Switzerland\nCross-country skiing\n2010–2018\nWinter\nM\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nCuthbert, BettyBetty Cuthbert\n Australia\nAthletics\n1956–1964\nSummer\nF\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nDarnyi, TamásTamás Darnyi\n Hungary\nSwimming\n1988–1992\nSummer\nM\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nDeng Yaping\n China\nTable tennis\n1992–1996\nSummer\nF\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nDillard, HarrisonHarrison Dillard\n United States\nAthletics\n1948–1952\nSummer\nM\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nElvstrøm, Paul BertPaul Bert Elvstrøm\n Denmark\nSailing\n1948–1960\nSummer\nM\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nErmakova, AnastasiaAnastasia Ermakova\n Russia\nSynchronized swimming\n2004–2008\nSummer\nF\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nFarah, MohamedMohamed Farah\n Great Britain\nAthletics\n2012–2016\nSummer\nM\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nFuchs, JenőJenő Fuchs\n Hungary\nFencing\n1908–1912\nSummer\nM\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nIcho, KaoriKaori Icho\n Japan\nWrestling\n2004–2016\nSummer\nF\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nJohnson, MichaelMichael Johnson\n United States\nAthletics\n1992–2000\nSummer\nM\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nKorzeniowski, RobertRobert Korzeniowski\n Poland\nAthletics\n1996–2004\nSummer\nM\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nKraenzlein, AlvinAlvin Kraenzlein\n United States\nAthletics\n1900\nSummer\nM\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nKrayzelburg, LennyLenny Krayzelburg\n United States\nSwimming\n2000–2004\nSummer\nM\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nKrovopuskov, ViktorViktor Krovopuskov\n Soviet Union\nFencing\n1976–1980\nSummer\nM\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nLeslie, LisaLisa Leslie\n United States\nBasketball\n1996–2008\nSummer\nF\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nMcCormick, PatPat McCormick\n United States\nDiving\n1952–1956\nSummer\nF\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nOerter, AlAl Oerter\n United States\nAthletics\n1956–1968\nSummer\nM\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nOuellette, CarolineCaroline Ouellette\n Canada\nIce hockey\n2002–2014\nWinter\nF\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nOwens, JesseJesse Owens\n United States\nAthletics\n1936\nSummer\nM\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nPavesi, CarloCarlo Pavesi\n Italy\nFencing\n1952–1960\nSummer\nM\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nPinsent, MatthewMatthew Pinsent\n Great Britain\nRowing\n1992–2004\nSummer\nM\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nRadmilovic, PauloPaulo Radmilovic\n Great Britain\nWater polo, Swimming\n1908–1920\nSummer\nM\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nSaint Cyr, HenriHenri Saint Cyr\n Sweden\nEquestrian\n1952–1956\nSummer\nM\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nSalnikov, VladimirVladimir Salnikov\n Soviet Union\nSwimming\n1980–1988\nSummer\nM\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nSchuhmann, CarlCarl Schuhmann\n Germany\nGymnastics, Wrestling\n1896\nSummer\nM\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nTaurasi, DianaDiana Taurasi\n United States\nBasketball\n2004–2016\nSummer\nF\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nTrott, LauraLaura Trott\n Great Britain\nCycling\n2012–2016\nSummer\nF\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nUphoff, NicoleNicole Uphoff\n West Germany\n Germany\nEquestrian\n1988–1992\nSummer\nF\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nVirén, LasseLasse Virén\n Finland\nAthletics\n1972–1976\nSummer\nM\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nWassberg, ThomasThomas Wassberg\n Sweden\nCross-country skiing\n1980–1988\nWinter\nM\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nWendl, TobiasTobias Wendl\n Germany\nLuge\n2014–2018\nWinter\nM\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nWilliams, SerenaSerena Williams\n United States\nTennis\n2000–2012\nSummer\nF\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nWöckel, BärbelBärbel Wöckel\n East Germany\nAthletics\n1976–1980\nSummer\nF\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nYining, ZhangZhang Yining\n China\nTable tennis\n2004–2008\nSummer\nF\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n" ]	[ "Michael Phelps" ]
1698314601282330534	David Cross	David Cross - wikipedia David Cross Jump to : navigation , search For other people named David Cross , see David Cross ( disambiguation ) . David Cross Cross at the Arrested Development 2011 reunion ( 1964 - 04 - 04 ) April 4 , 1964 ( age 53 ) Atlanta , Georgia , U.S. Years active 1990 -- present Genres Political satire , black comedy , sketch comedy , surreal humour Spouse Amber Tamblyn ( m . 2012 ) Children Notable works and roles Various roles in Mr. Show Tobias Fünke in Arrested Development Zero in Grand Theft Auto : San Andreas David Cross ( born April 4 , 1964 ) is an American stand - up comedian , actor , director , and writer , known primarily for his stand - up performances , the HBO sketch comedy series Mr. Show , and his role as Tobias Fünke in the sitcom Arrested Development . Cross created , wrote , executive produced , and starred in The Increasingly Poor Decisions of Todd Margaret , developed and had a prominent role in Freak Show , appeared on Modern Family , portrayed Ian Hawke in the Alvin and the Chipmunks film franchise , and voiced Crane in the Kung Fu Panda film franchise . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Stand - up 2.2 Television and film 3 Influences 4 Controversies 4.1 Criticisms 4.1. 1 Larry the Cable Guy 4.1. 2 James Lipton 4.1. 3 Alvin and the Chipmunks 4.1. 4 Scott Stapp 5 Personal life 6 Discography 6.1 Comedy albums 6.2 Tour documentary 6.3 Compilation appearances 7 Bibliography 8 Filmography 8.1 Film 8.2 Television 8.3 Music videos 8.4 Video games 8.5 Podcasts 9 References 10 External links Early life ( edit ) Cross was born in Atlanta , Georgia , the son of Barry and Susi , the former of whom emigrated from Leeds , England . Six months after his birth , Cross ' family moved to Florida . After additional moves to New York and Connecticut , the family settled back in Roswell , Georgia , where Cross remained for nearly a decade . His family was poor and Barry left the family when Cross was 10 years old ; the two have not spoken since he was 19 , though they both primarily resided in New York City until Cross sold his home there in 2011 . Cross and his family were evicted from their home while living in Georgia . He spent some time living in motels and at friends ' homes while growing up . He has two sisters and once bailed his youngest sibling out of jail . Career ( edit ) Stand - up ( edit ) At age 17 , Cross began performing stand - up comedy . The day after he graduated from Northside High School in Atlanta , Cross relocated to New York City . Lacking a plan , he drifted , working briefly for a lawn care company on Long Island . Later , he enrolled at Emerson College in Boston . He would drop out after only a semester , but during his time there , Cross joined This is Pathetic , a college sketch group , where he met John Ennis . In the summer of 1985 , the two aspiring actors took a road trip to Los Angeles , although this did not significantly further their acting careers . In Boston , Cross began to perform stand - up more regularly . From the mid-1980s to the early 1990s , Boston had a booming comedy scene , although Cross did not fit the types of acts being booked most of the time . He recalls that it was `` a loud - , dumb - , pandering - , racist - , homophobic - type scene '' . In 1990 , a new comedy scene began to emerge at the famous comedy club chain called Catch a Rising Star ( where many of the comedians of the 1970s and 1980s got their start ) . Alongside Janeane Garofalo , Louis C.K. , and other comics , Cross appeared regularly several nights a week . Cross formed the sketch comedy group `` Cross Comedy '' with 12 other performers , and they put on a new show every week . They were known for playing tricks on the audience , such as introducing fake comics or planting fake hecklers . Cross became increasingly focused on his comedy work . Cross performed at the alternative comedy club Un-Cabaret in Los Angeles . Radio artist Joe Frank heard David Cross at Un-Cabaret in Los Angeles , and hired him to appear in Frank 's 1994 radio programs , `` A Hearing '' and `` The Last Run '' which in 1997 was combined to become `` The OJ Chronicles '' where David appears as OJ 's Valet . Cross also starred in the Joe Frank program Jam , produced in 1999 and has more recently worked with Joe Frank on radio shows for KCRW 's Unfictional . Cross ' stand - up comedy blends political commentary and satire . In 1999 , he performed a one - hour comedy special , The Pride Is Back , on HBO . He has released three recordings : Shut Up You Fucking Baby ! , It 's Not Funny , and Bigger and Blackerer . Cross ' stand up material was featured in Comedy Central 's animated series Shorties Watchin ' Shorties . In 2004 , Shut Up You Fucking Baby ! was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Comedy Album . In 2003 , he released his first tour film Let America Laugh and was named # 85 on Comedy Central 's list of the 100 greatest stand - ups of all time . He appears on Un-Cabaret compilation albums , including Freak Weather Feels Different and The Good , the Bad and the Drugly . Cross announced that he would embark on a 51 - date nationwide stand - up tour from Jan. 26 , 2016 , in San Diego through April 24 , 2016 , in Oklahoma City . Titled `` Making America Great Again ! '' , it is his first tour in six years . Television and film ( edit ) Cross at the 2007 Plug Awards Cross began his professional television career as a writer on The Ben Stiller Show . The series hired him toward the end of its run , and he occasionally made brief appearances in the sketches . He had a speaking role in `` The Legend of T.J. O'Pootertoot '' , a sketch written almost entirely by Cross . It was during this period that he first met Bob Odenkirk , with whom he would later co-create the HBO sketch comedy series Mr. Show in 1995 . Cross won an Emmy for his work on The Ben Stiller Show in 1993 . Cross later co-starred as Tobias Fünke in Arrested Development , which was originally intended to be only a minor role . He has also played smaller roles on programs such as Just Shoot Me ! , The Drew Carey Show , NewsRadio , Strangers with Candy , Tim and Eric Awesome Show , Great Job , and Aqua Teen Hunger Force . From October 2005 , Cross regularly appeared on Comedy Central 's The Colbert Report as Stephen Colbert 's nemesis Russ Lieber , a fictional liberal radio talk show host from Madison , Wisconsin . Cross also developed an animated series for Comedy Central called Freak Show , which co-starred H. Jon Benjamin and was cancelled due to low ratings . He has appeared several times on Wonder Showzen . Cross teamed up with Mr. Show director and producer Troy Miller and Odenkirk to produce a feature film Run Ronnie Run , based on one of their Mr. Show characters . The film satirized the reality television craze , and featured cameos from many stars ; however , Odenkirk got into conflict with the studio New Line Cinema , and they then released it direct - to - video . In 1994 and again in 1999 , Cross was a guest voice actor on Joe Frank 's radio show , featured in the episodes `` The Last Run '' , `` A Hearing '' , `` The O.J. Chronicles '' , and `` Jam '' . In 2013 , he returned , making an appearance in an episode of Frank 's radio show , entitled `` A Conversation . '' In 2004 , Cross provided voices for a Marine in Halo 2 and a store clerk named Zero in Grand Theft Auto : San Andreas . He was also the voice of the `` Happy - Time Harry '' doll and Bert Banana in Aqua Teen Hunger Force ( although the part was credited as Sir Willups Brightslymoore ) . Cross has made guest appearances in Tim and Eric Awesome Show , Great Job ! . He directed the music video for The Black Keys ' song `` 10 A.M. Automatic , '' a spoof of public - access television . Paste Magazine ranked it number 24 on their list of the 50 Best Music Videos of the Decade ( 2000 -- 2009 ) . Cross appeared in The Strokes ' music video for `` Juicebox '' as a bad local `` morning zoo '' radio DJ . He also appeared in the New Pornographers ' video for `` Use It , '' in Superchunk 's video for `` Watery Hands '' ( along with Janeane Garofalo ) , and in Yo La Tengo 's video for `` Sugarcube '' ( along with Bob Odenkirk and John Ennis ) . Cross contributes to Vice magazine , writing a column , My America . In 2005 , he contributed to the UNICEF benefit song `` Do They Know It 's Hallowe'en ? '' and appeared in one of PETA 's `` I 'd Rather Go Naked Than Wear Fur '' campaigns . In the Beastie Boys ' 2006 concert film Awesome ; I Fuckin ' Shot That ! , Cross portrays Nathaniel Hörnblowér in the fictional segment `` A Day in the Life of Nathaniel Hörnblowér . '' In I 'm Not There , Cross portrays Allen Ginsberg . Both Bill Lawrence and Zach Braff of the TV series Scrubs were eager to have Cross make a cameo appearance on the series as Tobias Fünke , but due to the series ' cancellation , the plan never came to fruition . Cross provided commentary on the Vicarious music video DVD for Tool . He has previously performed comedy as an opening act for the band and its members appeared on Mr. Show several times . He portrayed Ian Hawke in Alvin and the Chipmunks , Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Squeakquel , and Alvin and the Chipmunks : Chipwrecked and voiced Crane in the Kung Fu Panda film franchise . Cross starred in David 's Situation , a pilot for HBO . It filmed in May 2008 and included many Mr. Show alumni at the taping . On August 6 , 2008 , Bob Odenkirk announced on bobanddavid.com that David 's Situation would not be produced . Cross at the 2009 Brooklyn Book Festival Cross ' black comedy series The Increasingly Poor Decisions of Todd Margaret , in which he stars and co-writes with Shaun Pye , has run on Channel 4 in the United Kingdom and IFC in the United States since October 2010 . On March 29 , 2010 , his first comedy special in six years , Bigger and Blackerer , was streamed on Epix HD . A CD with `` slightly different content '' was released on May 25 , 2010 . In 2009 , Cross released his first book I Drink for a Reason . The book features memoirs , satirical fictional memoirs , and material from Cross that originally appeared in other publications . In September 2009 , Cross performed at his own comedy stage at the ATP New York 2009 music festival , for which he picked Eugene Mirman , H. Jon Benjamin , Jon Glaser , and Derrick Brown & The Navy Gravy to join him . In the same year , Cross and Benjamin created and wrote for Paid Programming on Adult Swim . Paid Programming was not picked up for a full series and Benjamin referred to it as an `` abject failure '' . Cross starred alongside Julia Stiles and America Ferrera in It 's a Disaster , which premiered at the 2012 Los Angeles Film Festival . Oscilloscope Laboratories has acquired the US distribution rights to the film and plans to release it in select theaters , which started on April 13 , 2013 . Cross ' directorial debut film Hits premiered at 2014 Sundance Film Festival . Instead of selling the film rights to distributors , Cross instead opted to sell the movie over Bit Torrent through their `` bundles '' program , which BitTorrent launched to help `` legitimize '' the platform . According to The Verge it is the first feature film to be distributed in such a format . At the same time Cross launched a Kickstarter campaign for the movie 's general release which would then distribute the movie using a pay what you want methodology . In April 2015 , episodes were ordered for a new sketch comedy show starring Cross and Odenkirk called W / Bob & David . It premiered in November 2015 on Netflix . Cross and Odenkirk write , star in , and produce the show . On the January 10 , 2016 , broadcast of the National Public Radio - syndicated quiz show Ask Me Another , Cross appeared as a celebrity guest and performed well enough that at the audience 's request the show 's producers took the unusual step of allowing him to advance to the show 's final , championship round ; he then won that round and became that episode 's overall champion , winning a prize package that included a pair of denim cutoff shorts that he himself had autographed . Influences ( edit ) Cross has said his comedic influences include Bill Hicks Andy Kaufman , Monty Python 's Flying Circus , Lou Costello , Steven Wright , Richard Pryor , and Lenny Bruce . Controversies ( edit ) In October 2005 , Cross was sued by Nashville club owner Thomas Weber , who accused Cross of taping him without permission for Shut Up You Fucking Baby and Let America Laugh in violation of Weber 's privacy rights . In April 2006 , the case against Cross himself was dismissed and the case proceeded with Warner Music , Subpop Records , WEA Corporation , and the Alternative Distribution Alliance . In a 2012 interview with Playboy magazine , Cross revealed that he had snorted a small amount of cocaine at the 2009 White House Correspondents ' Dinner . Cross said , `` It was n't like I got high ... It was just about being able to say that I did it , that I did cocaine in the same room as the president . '' Criticisms ( edit ) Larry the Cable Guy ( edit ) In April 2005 , Cross criticized stand - up comedian Larry the Cable Guy in a Rolling Stone interview , saying , `` It 's a lot of anti-gay , racist humor -- which people like in America -- all couched in ' I 'm telling it like it is . ' He 's in the right place at the right time for that gee - shucks , proud - to - be-a - redneck , I 'm - just - a-straight - shooter - multimillionaire - in - cutoff - flannel - selling - ring - tones act . That 's where we are as a nation now . We 're in a state of vague American values and anti-intellectual pride . '' In response , Larry devoted a chapter in his book GIT - R - DONE to Cross and the `` PC left '' , claiming that Cross had `` screwed with my fans , it was time for me to say something '' . Larry claimed that Rolling Stone was baiting comedians to attack him , and they turned to Cross only after Lewis Black refused ( as Larry and Lewis are good friends ) . Cross responded with An Open Letter to Larry the Cable Guy posted on his website . He continued to mock Larry in his stand - up , satirizing Blue Collar TV during a guest appearance on Wonder Showzen . In December 2005 , he ended his performance on Comedy Central 's Last Laugh ' 05 by mockingly yelling Larry 's catchphrase , `` GIT - R - DONE ! '' , to the audience as he left the stage . He pokes fun at Larry 's comedy in Freak Show with a character called `` Danny the Plumber Guy '' . James Lipton ( edit ) Cross has criticized Inside the Actors Studio host James Lipton on a Mr. Show sketch and in his stand - up performance The Pride Is Back , calling him `` pretentious . '' Lipton , who thought that Cross 's impression of him was not good - natured , would later appear alongside Cross in Arrested Development , in the recurring role of Prison Warden Stefan Gentiles . During filming , Cross was impressed with Lipton 's acting and comedic ability , and the two became good friends . On one commentary track for season four of Mr. Show , Cross discussed the encounter , complimenting Lipton for his professionalism and performance , saying that he liked Lipton personally but still `` did n't care for '' Inside The Actors Studio . Alvin and the Chipmunks ( edit ) Responding to critics of his decision to appear in the critically panned , but commercially successful , Alvin and the Chipmunks , Cross noted that the film paid for a summer home , and more than `` all my other projects combined : book , TV show , the two pilots , Year One , yeah . '' Although he has admitted to taking the role primarily for the money , he has said that he does not regret doing so or consider it to be `` selling out '' as he has nothing against entertainment designed for children to enjoy that does not send a bad message . Cross reprised his Chipmunks role in the film 's two sequels , Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Squeakquel and Alvin and the Chipmunks : Chipwrecked . In 2011 , Cross said the third film was `` the most unpleasant experience I 've ever had in my professional life . '' He stated that this was due to clashes with one particular producer involved in the movie that he would not name , though he specified that it was not anyone in the cast , nor the director , and later posted a note to his Facebook page clarifying that it was not executive producers Janice Karman or Ross Bagdasarian , Jr. either , whom he stated `` were never anything but warm , giving , and gracious '' and regretted that some speculated they were the producers to whom he referred . Scott Stapp ( edit ) Cross has been critical of several pop music acts in his standup comedy , notably Creed and its lead singer , Scott Stapp . On his 2004 album It 's Not Funny , Cross referred to Creed as `` the third - worst band in history , '' and maligned the group 's pop sensibilities for being too ubiquitous , suggesting that Stapp hung around `` 10th grade girls ' locker rooms '' to find inspiration for his song lyrics . Cross then relates an anecdote about Stapp being a last - minute replacement for another celebrity at a taping of Celebrity Poker Showdown in 2003 . Cross became concerned that a confrontation would take place since he had `` said the most awful shit about that guy ( Stapp ) on stage and in print . '' Cross said that as the taping was preparing to commence , he approached Stapp and extended his hand , introducing himself , and that Stapp shook his hand and sarcastically intoned , `` Thanks for the words , '' to which Cross replied , `` Well , you know ... '' Personal life ( edit ) Cross was raised Jewish and later became an atheist . He describes his `` political philosophy as definitely more socialist Democrat than centrist politician '' . In August 2011 , after four years of dating , Cross became engaged to Amber Tamblyn . They married in 2012 . On February 21 , 2017 , Tamblyn announced that she and Cross had recently had a daughter , whose name she jokingly claimed via Instagram to be Dauphinoise Petunia Brittany Scheherazade Von Fünkinstein Mustard Witch RBG Cross Tamblyn - Bey jr . In March 2017 , their child 's name was officially announced as Marlow Alice Cross . On September 26 , 2013 , Kickstarter co-founder Yancey Strickler revealed that Cross was the first investor in the crowdfunding platform . Strickler included Cross among the `` friends and family '' who first financed Kickstarter in 2006 . Discography ( edit ) Comedy albums ( edit ) Year Title 1999 The Pride Is Back 2002 Shut Up You Fucking Baby ! It 's Not Funny Bigger and Blackerer 2016 Making America Great Again Tour documentary ( edit ) Year Title 2003 Let America Laugh Compilation appearances ( edit ) Year Title Rock Against Bush , Vol. 1 2005 Invite Them Up 2007 Comedy Death - Ray Bibliography ( edit ) Year Title Publisher 2009 I Drink for a Reason Grand Central Publishing , New York ( ISBN 978 - 0 - 446 - 57948 - 3 ) 2013 Hollywood Said No ! Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1995 Destiny Turns on the Radio Ralph Dellaposa The Truth About Cats & Dogs Male Radio Caller / Bookstore Man The Cable Guy Sales Manager Waiting for Guffman UFO Expert 1997 Who 's the Caboose ? Jaded Guy 1997 Men in Black Newton 1998 Small Soldiers Irwin Wayfair 1998 The Thin Pink Line Tommy Dantsbury 1999 Ca n't Stop Dancing Chapman 2000 Chain of Fools Andy 2001 Ghost World Gerrold 2001 Dr. Dolittle 2 Dog # 2 Voice 2001 Pootie Tang Pootie Tang Impostor 2001 Scary Movie 2 Dwight Hartman 2001 One Day ... The Turd Short film 2002 Life Without Dick Rex 2002 Men in Black II Newton 2002 Martin & Orloff Dan Wasserman 2002 Run Ronnie Run Ronnie Dobbs / Pootie T / Chow Chow 's voice Also writer 2003 Melvin Goes to Dinner Seminar Leader Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind Rob Eakin 2006 Awesome ; I Fuckin ' Shot That ! Nathaniel Hörnblowér 2006 She 's the Man Principal Gold 2006 Curious George Junior Bloomsberry Voice 2006 School for Scoundrels Ian Winsky 2007 Crashing Man In Space 2007 The Grand Larry Schwartzman 2007 I 'm Not There Allen Ginsberg 2007 Battle for Terra Giddy Voice 2007 Alvin and the Chipmunks Ian Hawke 2008 The Toe Tactic Timmy Voice 2008 Futurama : The Beast with a Billion Backs Yivo Voice Direct - To - DVD 2008 Kung Fu Panda Crane Voice 2008 The Legend of Secret Pass Loo Voice 2009 Meltdown Ham Sandwich Short Film 2009 Year One Cain 2009 Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Squeakquel Ian Hawke Megamind Minion Voice 2011 Fight For Your Right Revisited Nathaniel Hörnblowér Short film 2011 Megamind : The Button of Doom Minion Voice Short film 2011 Alvin and the Chipmunks : Chipwrecked Ian Hawke 2011 Kung Fu Panda 2 Crane Voice 2011 Demoted Ken Castro 2012 It 's a Disaster Glenn Randolph 2013 Kill Your Darlings Louis Ginsberg 2013 The Gynotician Gynotician Short film Also co-writer 2014 Hits Director and writer 2014 Obvious Child Sam 2015 The Wolfpack Project Documentary Executive producer 2015 Pitch Perfect 2 Riff - Off Host Credited as Sir Willups Brightslymoore 2016 Kung Fu Panda 3 Crane Voice 2016 Folk Hero & Funny Guy Chris DeRose 2017 The Post Howard Simons 2018 Sorry to Bother You In post-production TBA Next Gen Dr. Rice / Q - Bots Voice Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1992 -- 1993 The Ben Stiller Show Stage Manager / Boyfriend 2 episodes Also writer Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Variety , Music or Comedy Program ( 1993 ) 1995 A Bucket of Blood Charlie Television film 1995 -- 1998 Mr. Show with Bob and David Various roles 30 episodes Also co-creator , writer and executive producer Nominated -- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Variety , Music or Comedy Program ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Nominated -- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Music and Lyrics ( 1998 ) 1996 -- 1997 The Drew Carey Show Earl 2 episodes 1996 -- 1998 NewsRadio David / Theo 2 episodes 1997 -- 1998 Dr. Katz , Professional Therapist David ( voice ) 2 episodes 1997 -- 2000 Tenacious D Comic Dressed as Nun Episode : `` Angel in Disguise '' Also co-creator , writer and executive producer 1997 Space Ghost Coast to Coast Himself Episode : `` Gallagher '' 1998 Hercules Fear ( voice ) Episode : `` Hercules and the Owl of Athens '' 1999 -- 2003 Just Shoot Me ! Donnie DiMauro 3 episodes 2000 Strangers with Candy Dr. Trepanning Episode : `` Is My Daddy Crazy ? '' 2001 Home Movies Guy in Grocery Store ( voice ) Episode : `` Brendon 's Choice '' 2002 -- 2008 Aqua Teen Hunger Force Happy Time Harry / Bert Banana ( voices ) 3 episodes 2003 -- 2004 Oliver Beene Future Oliver David Beene ( voice ) 23 episodes 2003 King of the Hill Ward Rackley ( voice ) Episode : `` Witches of East Arlen '' 2003 -- 2004 Crank Yankers Benjamin Dubois / Ray Shanty ( voices ) 2 episodes 2003 -- 2006 2013 Arrested Development Dr. Tobias Fünke 60 episodes Nominated -- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series ( 2005 -- 2006 , 2014 ) Nominated -- Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Television Series ( 2004 ) Pilot Season Ben ( voice ) 2 episodes 2005 Tom Goes to the Mayor Todd ( voice ) Episode : `` Calcucorn '' 2005 -- 2007 The Colbert Report Russ Lieber ( voice ) 7 episodes 2006 O'Grady Randy Harnisch ( voice ) Episode : `` Big Jerk on Campus '' 2006 Wonder Showzen T - Totaled Timbo / Junkyard Jessip / Storytime Hostage 3 episodes 2006 Freak Show Benny / Primi / Various voices 7 episodes Also co-creator , writer and executive producer 2006 Family Guy Jerry Kirkwood ( voice ) Episode : `` Prick Up Your Ears '' 2007 -- 2008 Tim and Eric Awesome Show , Great Job ! Pizza Boy / Pussy Doodles Artist / Lou 3 episodes 2007 Law & Order : Criminal Intent Ronnie Chase Episode : `` Bombshell '' 2007 Odd Job Jack Julius J ( voice ) Episode : `` King Ho '' 2008 David 's Situation David Pilot Also co-creator and writer 2008 Human Giant Peter Burns 2 episodes 2009 Important Things with Demetri Martin Co-worker Episode : `` Chairs '' 2009 Paid Programming Pilot Also co-creator 2010 -- 2011 Running Wilde Dr. Andy Weeks 7 episodes 2010 -- 2012 2016 The Increasingly Poor Decisions of Todd Margaret Todd Margaret 19 episodes Also creator , writer and associate producer 2011 Archer Noah ( voice ) 3 episodes 2011 Soul Quest Overdrive Bert ( voice ) 6 episodes 2011 -- 2012 Modern Family Duane Bailey 3 episodes 2012 Mary Shelley 's Frankenhole Jim Belushi / John Belushi ( voices ) Episode : `` Robert Louis Stevenson 's Belushi '' 2012 -- 2013 Comedy Bang ! Bang ! Himself / Chef 2 episodes 2013 -- 2014 The Heart , She Holler Jack 12 episodes 2014 Rick and Morty Prince Nebulon ( voice ) Episode : `` M. Night Shaym - Aliens ! '' 2014 Community Hank Hickey Episode : `` Advanced Advanced Dungeons & Dragons '' 2014 Dead Boss Derek Bridges Pilot 2014 Maron Himself Episode : `` Marc 's Family '' 2014 Drunk History Baron von Steuben Episode : `` Philadelphia '' 2015 Asylum Juan Pablo Episode : `` Project Siren '' 2015 TripTank Jack ( voice ) Episode : `` Precipice of Yesterday '' 2015 W / Bob & David Various roles 4 episodes Also co-creator , writer and executive producer 2016 -- 2017 Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt Russ Snyder 4 episodes 2016 We Bare Bears Director ( voice ) Episode : `` The Audition '' 2017 Pig Goat Banana Cricket Thaddeus D. Actwell ( voice ) Episode : `` Steak Bus '' Music videos ( edit ) Year Title Role 1997 `` Watery Hands '' by Superchunk Actor 1997 `` Sugarcube '' by Yo La Tengo Actor `` 10 A.M. Automatic '' by The Black Keys Director 2005 `` Juicebox '' by The Strokes Actor 2005 `` Use It '' by The New Pornographers Actor 2006 `` Vicarious '' DVD by Tool Commentary 2011 `` Make Some Noise '' by Beastie Boys Actor Video games ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Halo 2 Marine ( voice ) G - Phoria Award for Best Voice Male Performance Grand Theft Auto : San Andreas Zero ( voice ) Podcasts ( edit ) Year Title Role 2016 Homecoming Anthony Azam 2016 Cum Town Himself 2017 Chapo Trap House Himself References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` David Cross Biography : Film Actor , Television Actor , Comedian ( 1964 -- ) '' . Biography.com ( FYI / A&E Networks ) . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2016 . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' While I 'm doing Alvin And The Chipmunks , I 'm thinking of awful risque things ' : Interview with David Cross '' . Chortle.com.uk . October 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` WTF with Marc Maron Podcast -- Episode 269 -- David Cross '' . Retrieved April 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Adam Carolla Podcast Interview : Cross '' . Internet Archive. 2009 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` David Cross 10 / 7 / 2010 '' . Adam Carolla Show . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Odenkirk , Naomi. ( 2002 ) . Mr. Show What Happened ? ! Beverly Hills , CA : The Management Group . ISBN 0 - 9713597 - 8 - 4 Jump up ^ Malloy , John . `` O.J. Chronicles , The '' . JoeFrank.com . Jump up ^ `` Jam '' . JoeFrank.com . Jump up ^ `` Joe Frank : Downfall '' . UnFictional . KCRW.com . Jump up ^ `` David Cross Biography '' . Movies.yahoo.com. 1964 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ Snierson , Dan ( 2016 - 01 - 05 ) . `` David Cross announces ' Making America Great Again ! ' nationwide stand - up tour '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ McCown , Alex ( 2016 - 01 - 05 ) . `` David Cross announces his first stand - up tour in 6 years '' . A.V. Club . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Deutsch , Ron ( 1999 - 10 - 08 ) . `` Something Completely Different '' . Austin Chronicle . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Clark , Meredith . `` Q&A : David Cross on ' Arrested Development , ' Cutoff Shorts and Overpowering the Grid '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 21 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Evans , Bradford . `` Why ' The Colbert Report ' Should Use Correspondents More Often '' . Splitsider . Retrieved 21 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Comedy Gods David Cross and Jon Benjamin Made A Cartoon ! ! Comedy Central 's FREAK SHOW ! ! '' . Ai n't It Cool News . Retrieved 21 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Frank : A Conversation '' . UnFictional . KCRW.com . Retrieved 3 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Frank : A Conversation '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 21 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Labate , Steve ( 2009 - 11 - 09 ) . `` The 50 Best Music Videos of the Decade 2000 -- 2009 ) '' . Paste Magazine . Paste Media Group . Retrieved 21 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Nessif , Bruna ( 22 May 2013 ) . `` Blast from the Past : Funnyman David Cross Wears His Own Fur in Never Nude PETA Ad '' . EOnline.com . Jump up ^ Mischalova ( Sep 6 , 2006 ) . `` Zach Braff on Scrubs , Fletch and Being Goofy '' . The Hollywood Gossip.com . Retrieved Oct 3 , 2010 . The one person I want right now is David Cross . I wanted David Cross to come on as Tobias Funke ... I love that character , and the fact that character is over for good , I want him to at least have one more little life . Jump up ^ `` Scrubs : Zach May Come Back & An Arrested Development Guest ? '' . TVSeriesFinale.com . Sep 9 , 2006 . Retrieved Oct 3 , 2010 . What is for sure is Zach 's desire to work with actor David Cross. ( ... ) Zach and Bill both love Cross ' character from Development and prompted Zach to say `` I want David Cross to come on as Tobias . I 'm trying to broker that deal . I think that it would be so funny because I love ( that character ) . I want him to have at least one more life . '' Jump up ^ Carlson , Eric . `` David Cross Clarifies Rant Against ' Alvin and The Chipmunks : Chipwrecked ' Producer '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 21 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Evans , Bradford . `` The Lost Projects of Bob Odenkirk and David Cross '' . Splitsider.com . Retrieved 21 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( 8 October 2015 ) . `` ' Todd Margaret ' Season 3 Gets January Premiere On IFC '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 21 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` David Cross - new CD / DVD announced '' . idiomag.com . Idio Ltd . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2012 . Retrieved March 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` I Drink for a Reason '' . Retrieved December 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Heisler , Steve ( 4 February 2011 ) . `` Random Roles H. Jon Benjamin '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 5 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` It 's a Disaster '' . Oscilloscope.net . Retrieved 22 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sundance 2014 : World Cinema Dramatic Competition '' . Retrieved January 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hits -- Director David Cross '' . Retrieved January 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kastrenakes , Jacob . `` David Cross ' new movie will be the first feature film distributed in a BitTorrent Bundle '' . The Verge . Retrieved 8 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Whitney , Erin ( April 2 , 2015 ) . `` Bob Odenkirk & David Cross Are Reuniting For A Netflix Series '' . The Huffington Post . Arianna Huffington . Retrieved April 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cross , David . In Guildford , Simon ( June 21 , 2007 ) . `` Does Anybody Remember Laughter ? '' . SimonGuildford.com . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 08 . I was definitely influenced by Bill Hicks . Well , maybe less ' influenced ' than ' inspired by ' . When I first met him , I was doing stuff that I do now , so maybe I was n't directly influenced by him . But he was certainly inspiring . ^ Jump up to : `` Profile in Comedy : David Cross -- Comedy Writing '' . NetPlaces.com . n.d. Archived from the original on April 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dylan ( Aug 21 , 2006 ) . `` Lawsuit Against David Cross , Warner Music Dismissed '' . Mediabistro.com . Retrieved Nov 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Riden , Chad ( October 12 , 2005 ) . `` Thomas Weber ( Exit - In dude ) sues David Cross '' . nashvillestandup.com . Retrieved Nov 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Carlson , Erin ( February 22 , 2012 ) . `` David Cross Admits to Snorting Cocaine at the White House Correspondents Dinner '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Ullman , Ethan ( 24 March 2010 ) . `` Interview with comedian Lewis Black '' . Albany Student Press . Retrieved 24 July 2013 . And we totally do n't agree on politics , but he 's a friend of mine . Jump up ^ Cross , David ( October 2 , 2007 ) . `` An Open Letter to Larry The Cable Guy '' . The Bob and Davider . BobandDavid.com . Archived from the original on 14 October 2009 . Retrieved March 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cross , David . The Pride Is Back , track : `` James Lipton '' Jump up ^ `` A Couple of Questions with ... James Lipton '' . Jump up ^ Netburn , Deborah ( 3 January 2008 ) . `` Comedian defends his kid - flick role '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Sicha , Choire ( 14 June 2009 ) . `` It 's full speed ahead for David Cross '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` Amplified : David Cross Defends ' Chipmunks ' '' . YouTube . 2010 - 05 - 31 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Toro , Gabe ( December 14 , 2011 ) . `` David Cross Calls ' Chip - Wrecked ' ' The Most Unpleasant Experience ' Of His Career '' . Indiewire.com . Retrieved January 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Please know this '' . Facebook . To any and all who are aware of my Conan appearance in which I disparaged a particular producer on the movie `` Alvin and the Chipmunks -- Chipwrecked '' , I would like to clarify the following ; the producer in question was NOT Janice Karman , the wife of Ross Bagdasarian ( the son of Dave Bagdasarian , the creator of Alvin and the Chipmunks ) as some have speculated . Janice and Ross were never anything but warm , giving , and gracious to me . From the first day I walked on the set for the first movie to wrapping the third . During the shooting of Chipwrecked they went out of their way daily to make sure that ( as my negative treatment was well known to everyone involved ) I was happy and they understood and appreciated my situation . Even , along with the director and the A. D 's , going so far as pleading my case with said particular producer . I have the utmost respect and appreciation for everyone else involved with the movie especially Ross and Janice whose enthusiasm , energy and spirit I deeply admire and appreciate . I am truly sorry if this caused them any grief or upset . They 're really , really nice and I ca n't imagine them ever behaving that way to anybody . Jump up ^ Semigran , Aly ( January 12 , 2012 ) . `` ' Chipwrecked ' producer responds to David Cross ' statements and Facebook apology '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Riedel , David ( August 18 , 2011 ) . `` David Cross : Five things to know about him '' . CBS News . Jump up ^ `` David Cross - Hidden Track ( Scott Stapp ) '' . YouTube . Jump up ^ Modell , Josh ( January 6 , 2012 ) . `` David Cross '' . The A / V Club . Jump up ^ `` Interview : David Cross '' . The A.V. Club . September 15 , 1999 . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2008 . I was raised Jewish but I do n't believe in God , I 'm not Jewish , and I do n't hold those beliefs . Jump up ^ `` Stand - up Comic David Cross '' . NPR. 2003 - 02 - 06 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` David Cross on why his comedy tour pissed off people right and left '' . The A.V. Club . 2016 - 08 - 18 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Amber Tamblyn , 29 , Weds David Cross , 48 '' . Us Weekly . October 7 , 2012 . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Juneau , Jen ( 6 March 2017 ) . `` Not Crying Over Spilled ( Breast ) Milk ! Amber Tamblyn Gets Real About New Motherhood '' . People . Retrieved 18 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Tamblyn , Amber ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` David and I are proud to announce ... '' Amber Tamblyn verified Instagram account . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2017 . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 ... the birth of our daughter , Dauphinoise Petunia Brittany Scheherazade Von Funkinstein Mustard Witch RBG Cross Tamblyn - Bey jr . Jump up ^ Hawkes , Rebecca ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` Amber Tamblyn announces utterly ridiculous baby name - and people are n't quite sure what to think '' . The Daily Telegraph . UK . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2017 . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mizoguchi , Karen ( 13 March 2017 ) . `` Amber Tamblyn Reveals Her Daughter 's Name Is Marlow Alice -- and the Announcement Involves Hillary Clinton '' . People.com . Retrieved 14 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Glenn Fleishman ( September 26 , 2013 ) . `` And the Crowdfund Goes Wild '' . The New Disruptors ( Podcast ) . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2016 . Retrieved September 27 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Official David Cross website Find more aboutDavid Crossat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata David Cross at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) David Cross on IMDb I Drink For A Reason Book website ( hide ) David Cross Television Mr. Show with Bob and David ( 1995 -- 98 ) Tenacious D ( 1997 -- 2000 ) Freak Show ( 2006 ) Paid Programming ( 2009 ) The Increasingly Poor Decisions of Todd Margaret ( 2010 -- 16 ) W / Bob & David ( 2015 ) Films Run Ronnie Run ( 2002 ) Let America Laugh ( 2003 ) Hits ( 2014 ) Records Shut Up You Fucking Baby ! ( 2002 ) It 's Not Funny ( 2004 ) Bigger and Blackerer ( 2010 ) Books I Drink for a Reason ( 2009 ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Variety Series ( 1990 -- 99 ) Billy Crystal / Jerry Belson , James L. Brooks , Marc Flanagan , Dinah Kirgo , Jay Kogen , Marilyn Suzanne Miller , Heide Perlman , Ian Praiser , Sam Simon , Tracey Ullman and Wallace Wolodarsky ( 1990 , tie ) Billy Crystal , Hal Kanter , Buz Kohan , David Steinberg , Bruce Vilanch and Robert Wuhl ( 1991 ) No award ( 1992 ) Judd Apatow , Robert Cohen , David Cross , Brent Forrester , Jeff Kahn , Bruce Kirschbaum , Bob Odenkirk , Sultan Pepper , Dino Stamatopoulos and Ben Stiller ( 1993 ) No award ( 1994 ) No award ( 1995 ) David Feldman , Eddie Feldmann , Mike Gandolfi , Tom Hertz , Leah Krinsky , Dennis Miller and Rick Overton ( 1996 ) Chris Rock ( 1997 ) Jose Arroyo , David Feldman , Eddie Feldmann , Jim Hanna , Leah Krinsky , Dennis Miller and David Weiss ( 1998 ) Tom Agna , Vernon Chatman , Louis C.K. , Lance Crouther , Gregory Greenberg , Ali LeRoi , Steve O'Donnell , Chris Rock , Frank Sebastiano , Chuck Sklar , Jeff Stilson , Wanda Sykes and Mike Upchurch ( 1999 ) Complete list ( 1957 -- 1969 ) ( 1970 -- 1979 ) ( 1980 -- 1989 ) ( 1990 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- 2019 ) VIAF : 100247205 LCCN : nr2002001086 ISNI : 0000 0001 1691 7727 GND : 140676392 SUDOC : 130442658 BNF : cb15884308f ( data ) MusicBrainz : e256d9dd - 795b - 4771 - 9e0d - b02ab9db75a3 IATH : w6kh1vx3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Cross&oldid=815914673 '' Categories : 1964 births Living people American atheists American male film actors American people of English - Jewish descent American satirists American social commentators American male screenwriters American stand - up comedians American male television actors American television writers American male voice actors American male video game actors Male actors from Atlanta Jewish American male actors Jewish atheists People from Brooklyn Sub Pop artists Emerson College alumni Primetime Emmy Award winners 20th - century American comedians 21st - century American comedians 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors American sketch comedians Male television writers Journalists from New York City Comedians from New York ( state ) Jewish American comedians Hidden categories : Articles with DMOZ links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Aragonés Bân - lâm - gú Brezhoneg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Estremeñu فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська Winaray Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 01 : 11 . 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7683252686336226692	Esther	Esther - wikipedia Esther This article is about the heroine of the Book of Esther . For the book of Esther , see Book of Esther . For other uses , see Esther ( disambiguation ) . Esther Queen of Persia Queen Esther ( 1879 ) by Edwin Long Queen of Persia Reign c. 479 -- c. 465 BC Coronation c. 479 Predecessor Vashti Hadassah c. 492 BC Achaemenid Empire Burial Hamadan , Iran Spouse King Xerxes I of Persia House Persia Father Abihail ( biological ) , Mordecai ( adoptive ) Religion Judaism Esther is described in the Book of Esther as a Jewish queen of the Persian king Ahasuerus . In the narrative , Ahasuerus seeks a new wife after his queen , Vashti , refuses to obey him , and Esther is chosen for her beauty . The king 's chief advisor , Haman , is offended by Esther 's cousin and guardian , Mordecai , and gets permission from the king to have all the Jews in the kingdom killed . Esther foils the plan , and wins permission from the king for the Jews to kill their enemies , and they do so . Her story is the traditional basis for Purim , which is celebrated on the date given in the story for when Haman 's order was to go into effect , which is the same day that Jews kill their enemies after the plan is reversed . Contents 1 Etymology 2 In the Bible 3 Purim 4 Interpretations 4.1 Esther as rhetorical model 5 Persian culture 6 Depictions of Esther 7 Canonicity in Christianity 8 Notes 9 References 9.1 Sources 10 Further reading 11 External links Etymology ( edit ) Esther may be derived from the theonym Ishtar . The Book of Daniel provides accounts of Jews in exile being assigned names relating to Babylonian gods and `` Mordecai '' is understood to mean servant of Marduk , a Babylonian god . `` Esther '' may have been a different Hebrew interpretation from the Proto - Semitic root `` star / ' morning / evening star ' '' , which descended with the / th / into the Ugaritic Athtiratu and Arabian Athtar . The derivation must then have been secondary for the initial ayin to be confused with an aleph ( both represented by vowels in Akkadian ) , and the second consonant descended as a / s / ( like in the Aramaic asthr `` bright star '' ) , rather than a / sh / as in Hebrew and most commonly in Akkadian . The Targum connects the name with the Persian word for `` star '' , setareh ( In Persian : ستاره ) , explaining that Esther was so named for being as beautiful as the Morning Star . In the Talmud ( Tractate Yoma 29a ) , Esther is compared to the `` morning star '' , and is considered the subject of Psalm 22 , because its introduction is a `` song for the morning star '' . A.S. Yahuda conjectured that the name Esther is derived from a reconstructed Median word astra meaning myrtle . This would match her Hebrew name as recorded in the Bible , Hadassah , also meaning `` myrtle '' . In the Bible ( edit ) Main article : Book of Esther The Feast of Esther by Johannes Spilberg the Younger In the narrative , King Ahasuerus is drunk at a festival and orders his queen , Vashti , to appear before him and his guests to display her beauty . When she refuses to come , he deposes her and seeks a new queen through a sort of beauty pageant . Esther , an orphan daughter of a Benjamite named Abihail and under the protection of her cousin Mordecai , who are members of the Jewish exile community in Persia , is chosen . Later , Mordecai refuses to bow to Haman the Agagite , who was recently made Ahasuerus ' highest advisor , and Haman requests and is given permission to order all the Jews in Persia to be killed . When Esther learns of this , Mordecai tells her to reveal to the king that she is Jewish and to ask him to repeal the order . Esther hesitates , saying that she could be put to death if she goes to the king without being summoned and the king does not want to see her ; Mordecai urges her to try . She goes to the king , and the king welcomes her , and says he will give her anything she wants . Instead of asking directly about the order , she invites the king and Haman to a banquet the next day . During the banquet , the king again asked Esther if there is anything she wants , and this time she asks the king to spare her life and that of all of the Jews . The king asks who was threatening them , and she names Haman . Haman throws himself at her feet ; the king thinks that Haman is attacking her and orders him to be put to death , and gives all Haman 's possessions to Esther . Esther tells the king about Mordecai 's role in her life , and the king makes Mordecai his highest advisor . Esther then asks the king to revoke the order , and king allows Esther and Mordecai to do so , however they wish . They send out an order in the king 's name that Jews can assemble and defend themselves , and can kill anyone who threatens them , and their families , and take their goods . On the thirteenth day of Adar , the same day that Haman had set for them to be killed , the Jews do so in one city , killing 500 people but not taking plunder , and they kill around 75,000 the next day again not taking plunder , and then they feast . Esther talking to Mordecai Ahasuerus and Haman at the Feast of Esther , by Rembrandt Esther denouncing Haman by Ernest Normand . Purim ( edit ) Main article : Purim The Jews established an annual feast , the feast of Purim , in memory of their deliverance . Haman set the date of Adar 13 to commence his campaign against the Jews . This determined the date of the festival of Purim . Interpretations ( edit ) Further information : Esther in rabbinic literature Dianne Tidball argues that while Vashti is a `` feminist icon '' , Esther is a post-feminist icon . Abraham Kuyper notes some `` disagreeable aspects '' to her character : that she should not have agreed to take Vashti 's place , that she refrained from saving her nation until her own life was threatened , and that she carries out bloodthirsty vengeance . The tale opens with Esther as beautiful and obedient , but also a relatively passive figure . During the course of the story , she evolves into someone who takes a decisive role in her own future and that of her people . According to Sidnie White Crawford , `` Esther 's position in a male court mirrors that of the Jews in a Gentile world , with the threat of danger ever present below the seemingly calm surface . '' Esther is related to Daniel in that both represent a `` type '' for Jews living in Diaspora , and hoping to live a successful life in an alien environment . Esther as rhetorical Model ( edit ) According to Susan Zaeske , by virtue of the fact that Esther used only rhetoric to convince the king to save her people , the story of Esther is a `` rhetoric of exile and empowerment that , for millennia , has notably shaped the discourse of marginalized peoples such as Jews , women , and African Americans '' , persuading those who have power over them . Persian culture ( edit ) The Shrine venerated as the tomb of Esther and Mordecai in Hamedan , Iran Interior of the structure venerated as the tomb of Esther and Mordecai Given the great historical link between Persian and Jewish history , modern day Persian Jews are called `` Esther 's Children '' . A building venerated as being the Tomb of Esther and Mordechai is located in Hamadan , Iran , although the village of Kfar Bar'am in northern Israel also claims to be the burial place of Queen Esther . Depictions of Esther ( edit ) See also : Book of Esther § Modern retelling There are several paintings depicting Esther , including one by Millais . Canonicity in Christianity ( edit ) The status of Esther as a canonical book of the Bible has historically been under dispute . For example , in the first several centuries of Christianity , Esther does not appear in the lists of books produced by Melito , Athanasius , Cyril , Gregory of Nazianzus , and others . Additionally , no copies of Esther were found at Qumran in the contents of the Dead Sea Scrolls . Nevertheless , by the fourth century CE , the majority of Western churches accepted Esther as a part of their Bibles . Esther is also commemorated as a matriarch in the Calendar of Saints of the Lutheran Church -- Missouri Synod on May 24 . She is also recognized as a saint in the Eastern Orthodox and Coptic Orthodox Churches . `` The Septuagint edition of Esther contains six parts ( totaling 107 verses ) not found in the Hebrew Bible . Although these interpretations originally may have been composed in Hebrew , they survive only in Greek texts . Because the Hebrew Bible 's version of Esther 's story contains neither prayers nor even a single reference to God , Greek redactors apparently felt compelled to give this secular tale a more explicitly religious orientation , alluding to `` God '' or the ' Lord '' fifty times . '' The approximate dates for the Additions to Esther in the Apocrypha are : second or first century BCE . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( / ˈɛstər / ; Hebrew : אֶסְתֵּר ‎ , translit . ' Estēr ) , born Hadassah ( Hebrew : הֲדַסָּה , Modern : Hadasa , Tiberian : Haḏasā ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Robert J. Littman ( January 1975 ) . `` The Religious Policy of Xerxes and the Book of Esther '' . The Jewish Quarterly Review . Jump up ^ Huehnergard , John ( 2008 - 04 - 10 ) . `` Appendix 1 : Afro - Asiatic '' . In Woodard , Roger D . The Ancient Languages of Syria - Palestine and Arabia . Cambridge University Press . pp. 225 -- 246 . ISBN 9781139469340 . Jump up ^ Rahmouni , Aïcha ; Ford , J.N. ( 2008 ) . `` Section 1 , The Near and Middle East '' . Divine Epithets in the Ugaritic Alphabetic Texts . Brill . p. 86 . ISBN 9004157697 . Jump up ^ Offord , Joseph ( April 1915 ) . `` The Deity of the Crescent Venus in Ancient Western Asia '' . Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland : 198 . JSTOR 25189307 . Jump up ^ Targum to Esther 2 : 7 Jump up ^ T. Abusch ( 1999 ) . `` Ishtar '' . In Karel van der Toom , Bob Becking , Pieter W. van der Horst , eds . Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible . Second Extensively Revised Edition . Brill . p. 455 . Jump up ^ Barton , John ; John Muddiman ( 2001 - 09 - 06 ) . `` Esther '' . The Oxford Bible Commentary . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780198755005 . Jump up ^ Hirsch , Emil G. ; Prince , John Dyneley ; Schechter , Solomon ( 1936 ) . `` Esther '' . Jewish Encyclopedia . New York : Funk & Wagnalls Co . Jump up ^ Crawford , Sidnie White . `` Esther : Bible '' , Jewish Women 's Archive Jump up ^ Tidball , Dianne ( 2001 ) . Esther , a True First Lady : A Post-Feminist Icon in a Secular World . Christian Focus Publications . ISBN 9781857926712 . Jump up ^ Kuyper , Abraham ( 2010 - 10 - 05 ) . Women of the Old Testament . Zondervan . pp. 175 -- 176 . ISBN 9780310864875 . Jump up ^ Coogan , Michael David ; Brettler , Marc Zvi ; Newsom , Carol Ann and Perkins , Pheme . The New Oxford Annotated Bible , Oxford University Press , 2007 ISBN 9780195288803 Jump up ^ Crawford , Sidnie White . `` Esther '' , Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible , ( James D.G. Dunn , John William Rogerson , eds . ) , Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing , 2003 ISBN 9780802837110 Jump up ^ Zaeske , Susan ( 2003 ) . `` Unveiling Esther as a Pragmatic Radical Rhetoric '' . Philosophy and Rhetoric. 33 ( 3 ) : 194 . Jump up ^ Vahidmanesh , Parvaneh ( 5 May 2010 ) . `` Sad Fate of Iran 's Jews '' . Jump up ^ Schaalje , Jacqueline ( June 2001 ) . `` Ancient synagogues in Bar'am and Capernaum '' . Jewish Magazine . Jump up ^ McDonald , Lee Martin ( 2006 - 11 - 01 ) . The Biblical Canon : Its Origin , Transmission , and Authority . Baker Academic . pp. 56 , 109 , 128 , 131 . ISBN 9780801047107 . Jump up ^ The Old Testament : An Introduction to the Hebrew Bible ( p. 375 ) by Stephen Harris and Robert Platzner Jump up ^ The Meaning of the Dead Sea Scrolls , p. 182 by James Vanderkam and Peter Flint Jump up ^ http://www.ecmarsh.com/lxx/Esther/index.htm . Sources ( edit ) Zaeske , Susan . `` Unveiling Esther as a Pragmatic Radical Rhetoric '' , Philosophy and Rhetoric , vol. 33 , issue 3 Further Reading ( edit ) Beal , Timothy K. ( 1997 - 12 - 11 ) . The Book of Hiding : Gender , Ethnicity , Annihilation , and Esther ( 1st ed . ) . London ; New York : Routledge . ISBN 9780415167802 ... Postmodern theoretical apparatus , e.g. , Jacques Derrida , Emmanuel Levinas Fox , Michael V. ( 2010 - 04 - 01 ) . Character and Ideology in the Book of Esther : Second Edition with a New Postscript on A Decade of Esther Scholarship ( 2nd ed . ) . Eugene , OR : Wipf & Stock . ISBN 9781608994953 . Sasson , Jack M. ( 1990 ) . `` Esther '' . In Alter , Robert ; Kermode , Frank . The Literary Guide to the Bible . Harvard University Press . pp. 335 -- 341 . ISBN 9780674875319 . Kahr , Madlyn Millner ( 1968 ) . The Book of Esther in Seventeenth - century Dutch Art . New York University . Webberley , Helen ( Feb 2008 ) . `` Rembrandt and The Purim Story '' . The Jewish Magazine . White , Sidnie Ann ( 1989 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Esther : A Feminine Model for Jewish Diaspora '' . In Day , Peggy Lynne . Gender and Difference in Ancient Israel . Fortress Press . ISBN 9781451415766 . Grossman , Jonathan ( 2011 ) . Esther : The Outer Narrative and the Hidden Reading . Eisenbrauns . ISBN 9781575062211 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Esther . `` Esther '' . New International Encyclopedia . 1905 . Esther in the Ecumenical Lexicon of Saints Fachartikel in : Michaela Bauks , Klaus Koenen ( Hgg . ) : Das wissenschaftliche Bibellexikon im Internet ( WiBiLex ) . 2007ff . Jewish Encyclopedia : Esther Prophets in the Hebrew Bible Pre-Patriarchal Abel Kenan Enoch Noah ( in rabbinic literature ) Patriarchs / Matriarchs Abraham Isaac Jacob Levi Joseph Sarah Rebecca Rachel Leah Israelite prophets in the Torah Moses ( in rabbinic literature ) Aaron Miriam Eldad and Medad Phinehas Mentioned in the Former Prophets Joshua Deborah Gideon Eli Elkanah Hannah Abigail Samuel Gad Nathan David Solomon Jeduthun Ahijah Shemaiah Elijah Elisha Iddo Hanani Jehu Micaiah Jahaziel Eliezer Zechariah ben Jehoiada Huldah Major Isaiah ( in rabbinic literature ) Jeremiah Ezekiel Daniel ( in rabbinic literature ) Minor Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah ( in rabbinic literature ) Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Noahide Beor Balaam Job ( in rabbinic literature ) Other Amoz Beeri Baruch Agur Uriah Buzi Mordecai Esther ( in rabbinic literature ) Oded Azariah Italics indicate persons whose status as prophets is not universally accepted . Purim ( פּוּרִים ) Overview Gragger Purim spiel Purim Torah Foods Hamantash Fazuelos Kreplach Mishloach manot Background Book of Esther Esther ( in rabbinic literature ) Haman ( in rabbinic literature ) Mordecai Ahasuerus Bigthan and Teresh Vashti Zeresh Religious Fast of Esther Shushan Purim Purim HaMeshulash Purim Katan Second Purim WorldCat Identities GND : 118682431 VIAF : 37710366 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Esther&oldid=866359727 '' Categories : Prophets of the Hebrew Bible Esther Women in the Hebrew Bible Jewish royalty Order of the Eastern Star People celebrated in the Lutheran liturgical calendar Christian female saints from the Old Testament Persian queens consort 5th - century BC Iranian people Hidden categories : Articles containing Hebrew - language text Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Afrikaans تۆرکجه Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cymraeg Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Malti Nederlands 日本語 Norsk nynorsk پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Slovenčina Suomi Tagalog தமிழ் Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt ייִדיש Zazaki 中文 34 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 21 : 35 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was the husband of esther in the bible	[ "Esther\nQueen of Persia \nQueen Esther (1879) by Edwin LongQueen of PersiaReign\nc. 479 – c. 465 BCCoronation\nc. 479Predecessor\nVashtiBorn\nHadassahc. 492 BCAchaemenid EmpireBurial\nHamadan, IranSpouse\nKing Xerxes I of Persia[1]House\nPersiaFather\nAbihail (biological), Mordecai (adoptive)Religion\nJudaism" ]	[ "King Xerxes I of Persia" ]
-2984274607537759016	Sociology of the family	Sociology of the family - wikipedia Sociology of the family Jump to : navigation , search Sociological studies of the family look at : demographic characteristics of the family members : family size , age , ethnicity , and gender of the members social class of the family , the economic level and mobility of the family , the professions of its members , the education levels of the family members what spheres of life are important in and to the family unit the effect of social change on the family the interactions of the family with other social organizations . diversity of family forms in contemporary societies in relation to ideology , gender differences , and state policies such as those concerned with marriage interaction between family members within the family . How they rely on one another . How they work together / rely on the work of someone in the family . Examples of specific issues looked at include : Changing roles of family members . Each member is restricted by the sex roles of the traditional family . These roles such as the father as the worker and the mother as the homemaker are declining . The mother is becoming the supplementary provider and she retains the responsibilities of child rearing . Therefore , the female role in the labor force is `` compatible with the demands of the traditional family '' . Sociology studies the adaptation of the males role to caregiver as well as provider . The gender roles are increasingly interwoven . Increase in sole occupancy dwellings and smaller family sizes . Average age of marriage being older . Average number of children decreasing and first birth at later age . The historical pattern of fertility , from baby boom to baby bust ( instability ) . The ageing population , and the trend towards greater life expectancy . Rising divorce rates and people who will never marry . How the choices of the parents affect their children . Same sex couples and marriages . Children of same sex couples . Contents ( hide ) 1 Methodology 2 Sociology of interracial intimacy 3 Pre-modern family life and religious discourse 4 Sociology of marriage 4.1 The marriage market : determining who marries whom 4.2 Intersection of class and gender 4.3 Gender and work - family balance in marriage 5 Divorce 5.1 Trends 5.2 Parents : Falling out of love 5.3 Effect of Divorce on Children 6 Sociology of motherhood 6.1 Contemporary theories surrounding motherhood 6.1. 1 Universalist approach 6.1. 2 Particularistic approach 6.2 Conventional notions of motherhood 6.2. 1 Intensive mothering and the motherhood mandate 6.3 Deviancy discourses 6.4 Motherhood Statistics 7 Sociology of fatherhood 7.1 Science of parenting 7.2 Contemporary theories 7.3 Men who do not choose fatherhood 8 Alternate family forms 8.1 One - parent families 8.2 Cohabitation 8.3 Gay and lesbian couples 8.4 Child - rearing by same - sex couples 8.5 Chosen or fictive kin 9 Sociology of childhood 9.1 History 9.2 Recent trends 9.3 Gender and childhood 9.4 Current tasks 10 Journals 11 See also 12 Further reading 13 References 14 External links Methodology ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Research methods in the sociology of the family can be broken down to three major approaches , each with its own strengths and weaknesses . One approach is survey research of contemporary families . This holds the benefit of leaving statistical data and large and hopefully random samples from which a researcher can interpolate the general traits of a society . However , survey respondents tend to answer as would feel regular or ideal rather than as things might actually be . It also gives a very one - sided explanation view of a larger group , which does not sufficiently allow for contention . The information is often outdated , not representing the true statistics of the world . The information can also be deceiving and not represent the true points that the surveys and graphs are representing . Another method is ethnographic research of families . Where surveys allow for broad but shallow analyses , observation allows sociologists to obtain rich information on a source of a much more limited size . It allows the research an `` insider '' perspective , and through this closer look , a better idea of the actual social framework of families . Where surveys are strong , however , ethnographic research is weak . By reducing the size of a sample size , it may be no longer evident as to how representative the family being researched on is , to families at large within a society , and then also does not allow much room in linking the specific traits of the families being observed to a society more generally . Finally , a researcher can use documented studies of families from the past as a source of information . These sources may include very personal items ( such as diaries ) , legal records ( census data , wills , court records ) , and matters of public record ( such as sermons ) . Sociology of interracial intimacy ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The construction of race in Western society and , to a degree , globally , has led to a distinct view of interracial intimacy . Although interracial relationships and marriages have become far more popular and socially acceptable in the United States and Western Europe since the Civil Rights era , these unions continue to be viewed with less than total acceptance by significant portions of the population . More historically , American Families by Stephanie Coontz treats the difficulties these couples went through during the time before Loving v. Virginia , when interracial marriage bans were declared unconstitutional . These bans functioned to enforce the one - drop rule and reenforce identity and privilege . Internationally , the far right continues to promote ideas of racial purity by working against the normalization of interracial couples and families . Pre-modern family life and religious discourse ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Historically , religious discourses have played a significant role in constituting family members and constructing particular forms of behavior in families , and religion has been particularly important in discourses on female sexuality . An example of the role of religion in this respect was the'witchcraft craze ' in Medieval Europe . According to Turner , this was a device to regulate the behavior of women , and the attack on women as witches was principally ' a critique of their sexuality ' . ' Women were closely associated with witchcraft , because it was argued that they were particularly susceptible to the sexual advances of the devil ... Women were seen to be irrational , emotional and lacking in self - restraint ; they were especially vulnerable to satanic temptation . ' Turner argues that attempts to regulate female sexuality through religious discourse have , in the case of Western Europe , to be understood in the context of concerns about managing private property and ensuring its continuity . Thus , for the land - owning aristocracy , the point of marriage was to produce a male heir to the property of the household . Since child mortality was common , women had to be more or less continuously pregnant during their marriage to guarantee a living male heir . Furthermore , this heir had to be legitimate , if disputes over inheritance were to be avoided . This legitimacy could only be ensured by the heads of households marrying virgins and ensuring the chastity of their wives for the duration of the marriage . Equally , daughters had to be sexually pure if they were to be eligible for marriage to other property - holding families . Such marriages were prompted solely by the need to produce children and had none of the elements of eroticism and sexual compatibility of contemporary marriages . In pre-modern Europe , these interests were reflected in the character of marriages . They were private , arranged contracts that could be easily dissolved in the event of child production being compromised by the woman 's infertility or infidelity . With the entry of the Church into marriage arrangements , different definitions of marriage emerged . Lifelong marriages were demanded , but with a concern to regulate sexuality , particularly the sexuality of women . Sociology of marriage ( edit ) In the year 2015 , Judeo - Christian belief system marriage is modeled after Adam and Eve 's lifetime commitment between man and woman . The married couple produces children , constituting the nuclear family . Some sociologists now dispute the degree to which this idealized arrangement has and does reflect the true structure of families in American society . In her 1995 article The American Family and the Nostalgia Trap , sociologist Stephanie Coontz first posited that the American family has always been defined first and foremost by its economic needs . For instance , in colonial times families often relied on slaves or indentured servants to support themselves economically . The modern `` breadwinner - homemaker model '' , argues Coontz , then has little historical basis . Only in the 1950s did the myth of the happy , nuclear family as the correct family structuration arise . `` The modern family is increasingly complex and has changed profoundly , with greater acceptance for unmarried cohabitation , divorce , single - parent families , same - sex partnerships and complex extended family relations . Grandparents are also doing their bit . '' To paraphrase the quote , family structure is changing drastically and there is a vast variety of different family structures . Yet Coontz argues in Marriage , A History that during the 20th century , marriages have become increasingly unstable in the United States as individuals have begun to seek unions for the ideals of love and affection rather than social or economic expediency . This transition has blurred the division of labor within the breadwinner - homemaker model , such that maintenance of the household and childcare , called the `` second shift '' , are now topics for debate between marital partners . Sociologist Arlie Russell Hochschild argues in The Second Shift that despite changes in perceptions of the purpose of marriage and the economic foundations for marriage , women continue to do the bulk of care work to the detriment of the American family . Hochschild illustrates the ways in which an unequal division of the second shift undermines family welfare by reducing marital equality and spousal satisfaction . Families and marriage have increasingly become areas where gender matters . However , it is important to note that gender differences in marriage have too often been perceived as merely an `` individual struggle and depoliticized by reducing social inequalities to differences '' . The marriage market : determining who marries whom ( edit ) There are many theoretical models to describe how people determine who to marry . An important gender - focused approach is an intersectional approach that combines education level and gender . Men and women operate in a `` marriage market '' that is influenced by many competing factors . One of the most decisive factors is education level . Studies have shown that men and women tend to marry partners that have attained a level of education similar to their own . In the study by Bruze , Svarer , and Weiss , low education is defined as a high school education or less , medium education is defined as vocational education , and high education is defined as a college education ( 2015 ) . Marriages depend on the expectations of two people and are `` formed and terminated '' based on those expectations . Consequently , individuals `` are selected into and out of the marriage market on the basis of their education '' . The most distinct marital trend is that men with low education are slowly selected out of the marriage market , instead remaining single . The driving force behind this process is that a marriage in which both partners or only the husband have low education end with divorce at a substantially higher rate than marriages where both partners or the husband do not have low education . Young women with medium education levels tend to have the highest rates of marriage . Highly educated men tend to marry highly educated women . Moreover , men and women who have attained high levels of education delay marriage past the age when other individuals typically marry . This trend becomes stronger with age : the proportion of married with high educations who are married to women with similarly high educations reaches 64 % when the men are 46 years old . Another important intersectional factor to consider in relation to gender and marriage is marriage markets . Marriage market means how economics affects who marries , whose bonds endure and what this means for future generations of workers and parents . Analyzing marriage markets as they pertain to marriage has several benefits . First , marriage market conditions are forces that influence marriage from outside they subjects affect , which means they impact the general trends of marriage decisions . In other words , individual circumstances cause people to make decisions about their marriages that might be specific to their personal situation ; marriage markets impact all peoples ' decisions about marriage from a macro level , which means stead incomes and job make for sound marriage . In addition , Job stability benefits both employeers through greater productivity and families though more cohesion . Second , marriage market conditions may capture many economic influences . Empirical findings indicate that financial stability is an important requisite for marriage . In weak marriage markets ( when there is high unemployment ) couples who would like to get married may delay doing so due to unemployment or financial troubles . Furthermore , even couples that are already married may face doubts about the future economic status of themselves or their partners , which can create marital instability . Conversely , strong labor markets ( when unemployment is low ) may improve the employment situation and financial situation of either partner , which may facilitate marriage and increase economic stability . Thus , when marriage markets are strong and unemployment is low , marriage may be perceived as more attractive to individuals than when marriage markets and weak and unemployment is high . Intersection of class and gender ( edit ) Social class interacts with gender to impact the male - female dynamic in marriage , particularly with respect to `` temporal flexibility at work and home '' . Research shows that class advantaged men and women use their class privilege and the flexibility it provides them in ways that support conventional gender roles . Conversely , men and women who do not have access to such flexibility and control of their time are pressured to weaken conventional gender expectations regarding marriage , family , and jobs . Gertsel and Clawson conducted a study in which they collected data from four groups of paid care workers , divided by class and gender ( 2014 ) . The two class - advantaged groups were nurses and doctors . The nurses were almost exclusively women and the doctors were almost exclusively men . This group had a number of choices about work hours and their ability to utilize family - friendly workplace policies . The two class - disadvantaged groups were female nursing assistants ( CNAs ) and male emergency medical technicians ( EMTs ) . The class - disadvantaged group had fewer choices regarding their work hours and faced greater constraints in flexibility and control of their time . Women in particular need flexible work hours in order to meet the inflexible demands that marriage and a family place upon them , as traditional gender expectations stipulate that the woman be the primary caregiver . The results of this study demonstrate that class , intersecting with gender , influences the ability of men and women to obtain and utilize flexibility with their time . Furthermore , gender shapes the particular variety of flexibility demanded . In advantaged occupations , both men and women are able to acquire the flexibility they so desire . However , they choose to use the control that this affords them in different manners . Women cut back on paid work hours and take leaves to handle domestic labor and child - care . In other words , they make job sacrifices . On the other hand , men are less likely to utilize family - friendly policies to make work sacrifices ; they spend less at home and more time working . In essence , both men and women of class - advantaged occupations use the flexibility that their status provides them to `` enact neotraditional gender expectations '' . Class - disadvantaged men and women do not have the same temporal flexibility that allows them to make decisions on how to allocate their time . They face stricter constraints on their work hours and policies , thus making it impossible for them to choose whether to spend more time at work or more time at home . For example , even if a class - disadvantaged woman wanted to spend less time at work and more time with her children or in the home , she might not be able due to the inability to get time off from work or take a leave of absence . Thus , class - disadvantage makes it more difficult for both men and women to adhere to traditional gender expectations . The researchers showed that class advantage is used to `` do gender '' in traditional ways , while class disadvantage may lead to a violation of traditional gender expectations in a way that `` undoes gender '' . Gender and work - family balance in marriage ( edit ) Research indicates that three principal factors predict how well men and women perceive their work - life balance in marriage : job characteristics , family characteristics , and spillover between work and family . Job characteristics determine workers ' freedom to balance multiple demands and obligations in their marriage . As demonstrated by Gertsel and Clawson , higher - level occupations are generally more accommodating to family life than are lower level occupations ( 2014 ) . Furthermore , the number of hours worked and the work spillover into family life are the most telling predictors of perceived imbalance in marriage . Keene and Quadagno found a greater likelihood of perceived imbalance when work duties caused men or women to miss a family event or make it difficult to maintain their home ( 2004 ) . Additional research by Keene and Quadagno suggests that the gender expectations that men should prioritize their work lives and women should prioritize their marriage and home life no longer exist . However , there persists an unequal division of labor in the home between men and women . One theoretical approach to explain this concept is the `` gender similarity '' approach , which `` predicts that the convergence in men 's and women 's work and family demands should lead to a convergence in attitudes toward work and family responsibilities and feelings of work - family balance '' . In contrast , the `` gender differences '' approach stipulates that `` normative differences between men and women remain , with the family still primarily defined as women 's sphere and paid work as men 's domain '' . There is empirical evidence in support of both theories . Some research supports the convergence of men 's and women 's work experiences : both men and women make adjustments in their marriage and personal lives to meet their employer 's expectations , while also making adjustments at work to maintain their marital and family obligations . However , the analysis from the abovementioned study supports the gender differences model . Gender differences exist in the division of household labor and chores , with men working more hours and women spending more time on domestic and child - care responsibilities . Further research is necessary in this area to draw more definitive conclusions . Divorce ( edit ) Trends ( edit ) The divorce rate in western countries has generally increased over time . Divorce rates have however started to decrease over the last twenty years . In the USA , divorce rate changed from l. 2 per 1000 marriages in 1860 to 3.0 , 4.0 and 7.7 in 1890 , 1900 , 1920 then to , 5.3 , 4.7 , 4.1 and 3.7 per 1000 marriages in 1979 , 1990 , 2000 and 2004 respectively . People are less inclined to stay in unhappy relationships to keep the family unit intact and the maintain consistency in their children 's lives , the way previous generations did . As couples choose to leave their spouses in the hope of bettering the quality of their lives ; children are being raised in a complex mélange of step - parents , step - siblings , half siblings , and binuclear families . Divorce rates in Canada and the United States fluctuated in a similar pattern , though the United States still has the highest divorce rate in the world ( 50 % higher than Canada 's ) . Many of today 's marriages end up in divorce , for many different reasons . The following are some of the most common causes : Individualism : In today 's society , families spend more time apart than they do together . Some individuals in a family focus more on personal happiness and earning income to support their family that it consumes the time actual spent with their family . Feelings are no longer mutual : Many people end marriages because they are no longer satisfied by sexual needs or merely because they have lost feelings for one another . This often happens when one partner finds a more exciting relationship and chooses to move forward with that new relationship . In some cases , a partner may even commit adultery which also may result in a divorce as a partner discovers their partner being unfaithful to them . Women have become more independent : Now that women have equal rights and have proven over time that they have the potential and ability to support themselves , women find it much easier to leave unhappy marriages . They are also more work focused , thus giving them less time to cope with their relationship . Stress : Stress is a big factor in marriages . Working to support a family , while trying to stabilize finances is a big factor of stress . Also , with both partners working ( in most cases ) , leaves less `` family time '' which makes raising children difficult . This often happens in the stage where couples are raising young children . Socially acceptable : In today 's generation , divorce is now more socially acceptable . Now , instead of discouraging a divorce in an unsatisfying relationship , it is more widely accepted and sometimes even encouraged . Not only is it now more acceptable , but it is also easier to get a divorce legally than it was in previous years according to the Divorce Act of 1968 . Parents : falling out of love ( edit ) Many scholars have attempted to explain why humans enter relationships , stay in relationships and end relationships . Levinger 's ( 1965 , 1976 ) theory on divorce is based on a theoretical tradition consisting of three basic components : attractions , barriers and alternatives . Attraction in this theory is proportional to the rewards one gets from the relationship minus the cost of the relationship . All the things that can be seen as gains from the relationship such as love , sex , companionship , emotional support and daily assistance are the rewards of the relationship . The costs would the negative aspects of the relationship such as domestic violence , infidelity , quarrels and limitations on personal freedom . Generally people tend to stay in high rewards and low cost relationships . However , the reverse situation , that is , a costly marriage with few benefits does not automatically lead to divorce . Couples must overcome barriers such as religious beliefs , social stigma , and financial dependence or law restrictions before they successfully dissolve their marriage . A costly marriage is also not the only reason why a couple may decide to divorce . The possibility of an alternative situation , where a spouse would get better rewards with another partner or alone may also lead to divorce . Another theory to explain why relationships end is the `` Mate ejection theory '' , by Brian Boutwell , J.C. Barnes and K.M Beaver . The Mate ejection theory looks at the dissolution of marriage from an evolutionary point of view , where all species seek to successfully reproduce . According to this theory there are gender differences in the process of ejection . For example , a woman will be more upset when her husband emotionally cheats on her and a man will be more upset when his wife physically cheats on him . The reason for this stems from evolutionary roots , a man emotionally cheating on his wife equates to a loss or reduction in resources for the wife to raise the children whereas an act of physical infidelity by the wife threatens the husband 's chance to pass on his genes to the next generation via reproduction . Both these circumstances call for mate ejection . `` Ancestral conditions that favored the dissolution of a mateship constituted a recurrent adaptive problem over human evolutionary history and thus imposed selection pressures for the evolution of strategic solutions . '' Put differently , the capability of emancipating themselves from certain relationships could have conferred a fitness benefit for ancestral humans . Effect of divorce on children ( edit ) Three longitudinal studies on divorce : The Marin County Project ( the clinical study of 60 families that began in 1971 ) , The Virginia County Study ( a series of longitudinal studies on marriage , divorce and remarriage ) and The Binuclear Family Studies of 98 families have helped expand the literature on divorce . The Binuclear study was based on the findings from the Marin County Project and Virginia County Study . This research has been used to understand the implications of divorce on children later on in life . Judith Wallerstein , an influential psychologist 's research on the effect of divorce ( based on the Marin County Project ) , on children suggests that , `` children with divorced parents often reach adulthood as psychologically troubled individuals who find it difficult to maintain satisfying relationships with others '' . A lot of quantitative research done by other scholars agrees with Wallerstein 's conclusion . It has been shown that the children with divorced parents have an increased risk of : experiencing psychological problems , having troubled marriages , divorcing and having poor relationships with parents especially the father . Wallerstein , however , has a disputed ' extreme version ' of her theory where she claims that the difference between the children with divorced and continuously married parents is dramatic and pervasive . Wallerstein 's critics point out that Wallerstein 's research results were compromised because she did not follow the rules for scientific research while compiling her data . Her sample was not random and she used case studies to support her theories instead looking at the data holistically . In addition , Wallerstein did not have a control group in her experiment . One such opponent of Wallerstein 's extreme theory is Mavis Hetherington who argues that the negative effects of divorce on children have been exaggerated and that most children grow up without long - term harm . Hetherington 's data showed that 25 % of children with divorced parents reach adulthood with a serious social , emotional or psychological problem , compared to 10 % of children with continuously married parents . 75 % of the children grow up to be well - functioning adults . Twenty years after the 98 families from the binuclear study were interviewed ; the offspring from these families were interviewed . Eighty - five percent of the offspring were interviewed and out of those , 23 % had completed postgraduate training , 33 % had completed college , 31 % had completed post-secondary training , 10 % had received their high school diplomas and the majority ( 85 % ) of the interviewed children were employed . Sociology of motherhood ( edit ) Contemporary theories surrounding motherhood ( edit ) Mothering is the social practice of nurturing and caring for dependent children . It is a dynamic process of social interactions and relationships . Mothering is typically associated with women since it is typically women who mother their children . However , `` not all women mother , and mothering as nurturing and caring work is not inevitable the exclusive domain of women '' . Mothering as a female role is a social construction that is highly influenced by gender belief systems . The roles associated with motherhood are variable across time and culture . Universalist approach ( edit ) The universalist approach to motherhood is aimed at conceptualizing the work that mothers do . This approach identifies mothers through what they do , rather than how they feel . Mothers share a set of activities known as `` maternal practice '' , that are universal , even though they vary as individuals and across cultures . These activities include nurturing , protecting , and training their children . An individual 's mothering actions are shaped by their beliefs about family , individuality , the nature of childhood , and the nature of their child . These are also often shaped by their own childhood and past experiences with children . The dynamic interactions between the mother and child create deep and meaningful connections . Particularistic approach ( edit ) The particularistic approach to mothering suggests that the role of a mother , their activities , and understandings can not be separated from the context in which they live . According to this theory , mothering takes place within specific historical contexts framed by interlocking structures of race , class , and gender ' Furthermore , a mother 's strategies and meanings that she develops are influenced by different social locations , such as the intersections of regional and local political economy with class , ethnicity , culture , and sexual preference . Conventional notions of motherhood ( edit ) Motherhood ideology is influenced by the idealization of the family structure and perpetuates the image of a white , middle - class heterosexual couple with children . Some sociologists refer to this as the `` bourgeois family '' , which arose out of typical 16th - and 17th - century European households and is often considered the `` traditional Western '' structure . In this family model the father acts as the economic support and sometimes disciplinarian of the family , while the mother or other female relative oversees most of the childrearing . This structure is reflected , for example , in societies which legislate `` maternity leave '' but do not have corresponding `` paternity leave '' . In East Asian and Western traditional families , fathers were the heads of the families , which meant that his duties included providing financial support and making critical decisions , some of which must have been obeyed without question by the rest of the family members . `` Some Asian American men are brought up under stringent gender role expectations such as a focus on group harmony and filial piety , carrying on their family name and conforming to the expectations of the parents . '' Families are often influenced by the media portrayal of the way women should run their families . In the book Media and Middle - Class Moms by Lara Descartes , women are often influenced by the social norms , and it is often the reason as to why they believe staying home or working is the right thing to do while having a family . See Ideology of Motherhood . In many cultures , especially in a traditional western one , a mother is usually the wife in a married couple . Her role in the family is celebrated on Mother 's Day . Anna Reeves Jarvis was a woman who originally organized Mother 's Work Day 's protesting the lack of cleanliness and sanitation in the work place . Jarvis died in 1905 and her daughter created a National Mother 's Day to honor her mother . Mothers frequently have a very important role in raising offspring and the title can be given to a non-biological mother that fills this role . This is common in stepmothers ( female married to biological father ) . In most family structures the mother is both a biological parent and a primary caregiver . Intensive mothering and the motherhood mandate ( edit ) Many social scientists argue that one of the central gender norms for adult females is the desire to become a mother . This gender role is manifested in a `` motherhood mandate '' , which refers to the indoctrination of females to aspire to have children and raise them well . Furthermore , this mandate involves the prevailing ideology of intensive mothering . In this ideology , a mother is depicted as being completely devoted to the care of her children , while sacrificing her own needs and interests . This type of mothering is `` exclusive , wholly child centered , emotionally involving , and time - consuming '' . Intensive mothering ideology paints a picture of a mother positioned within a biological nuclear family absorbed in nurturing activities . It remains the normative standard , culturally and politically , by which mothering practices and arrangements are evaluated . This mandate is instilled in females at a young age . For instance females in the United States typically play with dolls , which socializes them into future roles as mothers by teaching them to care for others . Motherhood has traditionally mandated that in order to be a good mother , women must stay at home to raise their children . Deviancy discourses ( edit ) There are many cultural contradictions and diverse arrangements and practices that challenge the intensive mothering ideology . However , they are considered deviant discourses since they do not conform to the script of full - time motherhood in the context of marriage . These include single mothers , welfare mothers , minority mothers , immigrant mothers , and lesbian mothers . These types of motherhood categories are not mutually exclusive . Furthermore , women who can not or choose not to be mothers deal with many internal and external pressures . Motherhood statistics ( edit ) In the United States , 82.5 million women are mothers of all ages , while the national average age of first child births is 25.1 years . In 2008 , 10 % of births were to teenage girls , and 14 % were to women ages 35 and older . In the United States , a study found that the average woman spends 5 years working and building a career before having children , and mothers working non-salary jobs began having children at age 27 , compared to mothers with salary positions , who became pregnant at age 31 . The study shows that the difference in age of child birth is related to education , since the longer a woman has been in school , the older she will be when she enters the workforce . Other factors determining age of first child birth include infertility rates , when women meet their partners , and the age of marriage . Sociology of fatherhood ( edit ) Father with his two daughters in relationship According to anthropologist Maurice Godelier , a critical novelty in human society , compared to humans ' closest biological relatives ( chimpanzees and bonobos ) , is the parental role assumed by the males , which were unaware of their `` father '' connection . In many cultures , especially traditional western , a father is usually the husband in a married couple . Many times fathers have a very important role in raising offspring and the title can be given to a non-biological father that fills this role . This is common in stepfathers ( males married to biological mothers ) . In East Asian and Western traditional families , fathers are the heads of the families , which means that their duties include providing financial support and making critical decisions , some of which must be obeyed without question by the rest of the family members . As with cultural concepts of family , the specifics of a father 's role vary according to cultural folkways . In what some sociologists term the `` bourgeois family '' , which arose out of typical 16th - and 17th - century European households and is considered by some the `` traditional Western '' structure , the father 's role has been somewhat limited . In this family model the father acts as the economic support and sometimes disciplinarian of the family , while the mother or other female relative oversees most of the childrearing . This structure is enforced , for example , in societies which legislate `` maternity leave '' but do not have a corresponding `` paternity leave '' . However , this limited role has increasingly been called into question . Since the 1950s , social scientists as well as feminists have increasingly criticized gendered arrangements of work and care , and the male breadwinner role , and policies are increasingly targeting men as fathers , as a tool of changing gender relations . Science of parenting ( edit ) Described as ' the science of male parenting ' , the study of ' father craft ' emerged principally in Britain and the United States ( but also throughout Europe ) in the 1920s . `` Male adjuncts to Maternity and Infant Welfare Centers -- reacted to the maternal dominance in infant welfare and parenting in interwar Britain by arguing that fathers should play a crucial role in the upbringing of children . '' Were such a study to be conducted into the science of female parenting , it would be called mother craft . The words ' ma ma ' and ' mom ' , usually regarded as terms of endearment directed towards a mother figure , are generally one of the first words a child speaks . While ' da da ' or ' dad ' often precede it , this does not reflect a stronger bond between the father and child than that of the mother and child , it is merely simpler to pronounce than ' mummy ' or ' mum ' which require greater control over the mouth muscles . Children tend to remember ' daddy ' more because , according to research , they are more exciting to the child . Contemporary theories ( edit ) A number of studies have been given to the American public to determine how men view and define fatherhood . Specifically , studies have focused on why men choose to become fathers and the relationship between fatherhood and contemporary masculinity . Not surprisingly , recent research on fatherhood is framed by identity theory and has focused on the salience , centrality , and importance of the father identity in men 's lives , especially as it may be linked to men 's involvement with their children . According to identity theory , the more salient and central the identity , the more likely individuals are to engage in behaviors associated with it . Salience refers to the readiness to act out an identity in a particular situation . Centrality refers to the importance of an identity in relation to other identities . The centrality of the father identity is usually held at a higher level ( as opposed to brother , husband , etc . ) due to the gendered expectation that men must be `` good '' fathers . Men who view their role as a father central and crucial to who they are as a person are more likely to engage with their children and strive to participate in responsible fatherhood . Men who fail to successfully become fathers or are unable to have children view the lack of fatherhood as a threat to their masculinity . As a result , the threat to masculinity serves as a driving force for men to possibly become fathers because they never want to be seen as infertile or effeminate . Men who do not choose fatherhood ( edit ) Studies on men who choose not to be fathers often focus on how the role of fatherhood is crucial to masculinity and a man 's central identity . Many men blame economic difficulties , cultural differences , and life situations as potential factors that deter them from fatherhood . Economic difficulties , see economic problem , serve as a primary explanation for men to avoid fatherhood . For men , it is difficult to separate occupational success from fatherhood because financially providing for one 's family has been central to the identity of being a father in the United States . As a result , a complex relationship is formed between economic struggles and the importance of fatherhood . Men who are not employed or have low earnings often feel as if they have failed as both fathers and men . On the other hand , men who have a low socioeconomic status find fatherhood very appealing because it gives them a measure of accomplishment denied to them by the occupational world . In terms of the cultural importance of fatherhood , white men and men of color have differing views on fatherhood that can affect how many of these men participate in fatherhood . Lastly , some men blame life situations as the primary factor for their decision not to pursue fatherhood . Life situations are defined as an individual 's relationship status ( single or married ) and their age . Studies have shown that men who are older and married tend to be more likely to pursue fatherhood . It has been proposed that men continue to view marriage , work and fatherhood as a `` package deal '' meaning that lacking one of these components , like work or marriage , may result in the decision not to have children . It has also been proposed that married men feel as if they are expected to pursue fatherhood as a part of their marriage though they personally may not want to have children . On the other hand , men who are single and younger do not feel the same desire because they are not `` prepared '' to emotionally and financially support a child . Alternate family forms ( edit ) The number of married couples raising children has decreased over the years . In Canada , married and common law couples with children under the age of 25 represented 44 % of all families in 2001 . This statistic has lowered since 1991 , when married and common law couples raising children under the age of 25 represented 49 percent of all Canadian families . There are various family forms which are becoming increasingly popular in society . One - parent families ( edit ) In Canada , one parent families have become popular since 1961 when only 8.4 percent of children were being raised by a single parent . In 2001 , 15.6 percent of children were being raised by a single parent . The number of single parent families continue to rise , while it is four times more likely that the mother is the parent raising the child . The high percentage of mothers becoming the sole parent is sometimes due to the result of a divorce , unplanned pregnancy or the inability to find a befitting partner . Children who are raised by a single parent are commonly at a disadvantage due to the characteristics of parenting . A mother and father both make significant contributions to the development of a child , therefore one parent 's ability to raise a child on her or his own may be hindered . Cohabitation ( edit ) A residence containing an unmarried couple is called cohabitation . This type of family style is becoming increasingly accepted in Canada and has increased from 8 % in 1981 to 16.4 % in 2001 . In Sweden and Nordic communities , this family form is quite common , with or without the inclusion of children . However , in various Catholic regions such as Italy , this is uncommon due to the religious aspects ( See Catholic marriage ) . Gay and lesbian couples ( edit ) Gay and Lesbian couples are categorized as same sex relationships . In 1989 , Denmark was the first nation to allow same sex couples to get married and to provide equal rights to all citizens . After this many nations began to allow same sex marriages to occur such as Canada and Spain ( 2005 ) . All 50 states in the United States have changed their law to allow same sex marriages ( 2015 ) . Child - rearing by same - sex couples ( edit ) Children of same - sex couples either come from past relationships or through other opportunities like adoption or artificial insemination . From the data collected in the 2000 U.S. Census , it was suggested that more than 250,000 children in the United States were being raised by lesbian and gay couples . In the 2010 U.S. Census , it was reported that 20 % of lesbian and gay couple or partnership households are raising children ( 115,064 out of 594,000 same - sex households ) . The trend of child - rearing amongst gay and lesbian couples or partnerships is on the rise . Also , the support from the general public for gay and lesbian couples or partnerships to raising children is at its all - time high since the 1990s . In 1994 , the idea of homosexual partnerships parenting children evenly divided Americans for support . When Americans were asked , `` Do you think homosexual couples should or should not have the legal right to adopt a child '' , 28 % of Americans said they should , and 65 % said they should n't . In 2003 , the idea of homosexual partnerships parenting children evenly divided Americans for support . When Americans were asked the same question about the right of homosexual partnerships to raise children through adoption , 49 % of Americans said they should , and 48 % said they should n't . In 2014 , Americans were asked a very similar question . The results were almost more polarizing than the results found in 1994 . Twenty years later , 63 % of Americans said lesbian and gay couples or partnerships , and 35 % said they should n't . There are no federal laws prohibiting the adoption of a child by a homosexual couple or partnership . But there are some states , one being Florida , that depend on the opinions of the county judge in charge of the case , and county judges base their decisions on `` the best interest of the child '' , in regards to child adoption by same - sex couple . The `` best interest of the child '' seems to be the driving force behind the push back and reasoning for the remaining lack of support for homosexual couples or partnerships adopting or raising children . The central argument in the debate for legal rights , policies and overall support is related to the idea of same - sex couples raising children is the well - being of children raised in those families . There are concerns like about the mental , emotional and even the social development of children who are raised in same sex couple or partnership households . There has been a plethora of research conducted that provides insight into a range of issues , including the personal development , gender development , peer relationships , and family relationships of children with same - sex parents . Research suggests that sexual identities ( including gender identity , gender - role behavior , and sexual orientation ) develop in much the same ways among children of lesbian mothers as they do among children of heterosexual parents . Evidence also suggests that children of lesbian and gay parents have normal social relationships with peers and adults . There have also been studies of other aspects of personal development ( including personality , self - concept , and conduct ) that similarly reveal few differences between children of lesbian mothers and children of heterosexual parents . These differences are not significant but are noticeable . For example , there was a study that examined and compared particular behaviors and ideas / belief performed by sons and daughters of lesbian mothers . Studies found that 53 % of the daughters of lesbian mothers aspired to pursue careers as physicians , attorneys , and engineers compared with only 21 % of the daughters of heterosexual mothers . The sons of lesbian mothers also tended to be less aggressive and more nurturing than the sons of heterosexual mothers . The general concern about homosexual couples or partnerships parenting children does n't have any grounds for their argument , `` children who grow up with one or two gay and / or lesbian parents fare as well in emotional , cognitive , social , and sexual functioning as do children whose parents are heterosexual . Children 's optimal development seems to be influenced more by the nature of the relationships and interactions within the family unit than by the particular structural form it takes . '' Chosen or fictive kin ( edit ) Main article : fictive kin Others who are not related by blood or marriage are variously called fictive kin , chosen kin , or voluntary kin . Sociology of childhood ( edit ) The values learned during childhood are important in the development and socialization of children . The family is considered to be the agency of primary socialisation and the first focal socialisation agency . History ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the last two or three decades , the sociology of childhood has gained increasing attention and triggered numerous empirical studies as well as intensive theoretical disputes , starting in the Scandinavian and the English - speaking countries . Up to this time , sociology had approached children and childhood mainly from a socialization perspective , and the emergence of the new childhood sociological paradigm ran parallel to the feminist critique of sociological traditions . Childhood sociologists attacked the `` adultocentric '' approach and the `` separative view '' of sociology towards children . Not surprisingly , then , the key works in the sociology of childhood are quite interdisciplinary , linking history , cultural studies , ethnomethodology , and pedagogy . Key texts include James and Prout 's Constructing and Reconstructing Childhood ( 1990 / 1997 ) , James , Jenks and Prout Theorizing Childhood ( 1998 ) and Prout 's The Future of Childhood ( 2005 ) . On methodological issues in research with children see Research with Children , edited by Christensen and James ( 2008 ) . Recent trends ( edit ) The current Sociology of childhood is organized around three central discussions : The child as a social actor : This approach derives from youth sociology as well as ethnography . Focusing on everyday life and the ways children orient themselves in society , it engages with the cultural performances and the social worlds they construct and take part in . Theory and research methodology approach children as active participants and members of society right from the beginning . Thus they are neither analyzed as outsiders to society nor as merely ' emergent ' members of society . Therefore , the sociology of childhood distinguishes itself from the established concepts of socialisation research and developmental psychology of the last decades . The generational order : The second approach centers on socio - structural and socio - theoretical questions concerning social equality and social order in a society , which categorizes their members by age and segregates them in many respects ( rights , deeds , economical participation , ascribed needs etc . ) . These issues can be summarized under the overall concept of the generational order . Thus the categorization of societal members by age is far from being an innocent representation of natural distinctions , but rather a social construction of such a `` natural truth '' . It is , therefore , a relevant component of social order and deeply connected to other dimensions of social inequality . Social and economic changes and socio - political interventions thus become central topics in childhood sociology . The analysis of these issues has increased awareness of the generational inequality of societies . The Hybridity of Childhood : This discussion is more critical ( though not dismissive ) of the social constructionist approaches that have dominated the sociology of childhood since the 1990s . More open to materialist perspectives , it seeks an interdisciplinary path that recognizes the biological as well as the social and cultural shaping of childhood and holds open the possibility of an interdisciplinary Childhood Studies emergent from current multi-disciplinary efforts . This scholarship has two important influences . Firstly , a so - called ' new wave ' of childhood studies , heavily influenced by Alan Prout 's ( 2005 ) seminal book The Future of Childhood . In this work , Prout examines how childhoods are not merely constructed socially -- via discourses , laws or institutions -- but materially , through toys , food and medicines . Since then , sociologists such as Nick Lee have offered important analyses of the ways in which the ' entanglements ' between children and non-human materialities and technologies have become ever - more important to the governance and regulation of children 's lives , through what he terms the ' biopoliticisation ' of childhood . Secondly , nonrepresentational approaches to Children 's geographies have offered a commensurate and ( arguably ) broader series of approaches that move beyond social constructivism . Scholars such as Peter Kraftl , John Horton and Affrica Taylor have been particularly influential in examining how childhoods are produced and experienced through complex intersections of emotion , affect , embodiment and materiality . Somewhat problematically , there has been relatively little overlap between these two strands of scholarship , despite their sharing common conceptual foundations in the work of Post-structuralism , New materialism and Posthumanism . Nevertheless , during the mid-2010s , a so - called ' spatial turn ' in childhood and education studies saw increasing cross-fertilisation between these fields and the take - up of children 's geographers ' work by sociologists and others . Therefore , the prospects for cross-disciplinary scholarship around hybridity , spatiality and a ' new wave ' remain very promising -- perhaps most evident in a recent volume by Julie Seymour , Abigail Hackett and Lisa Procter . Gender and childhood ( edit ) There has been much research and discussion about the effects of society on the assumption of gender roles in childhood , and how societal norms perpetuate gender - differentiated interactions with children . Psychologists and sociologists suggest that self - gender identity is a result of social learning from peers , role modeling within the family unit , and genetic predisposition . The sociological implications are as follows : Peer interactions : There are significant gender differences in the relationship styles among children which particularly begin to emerge after early childhood and at the onset of middle childhood around age 6 and grow more prevalent with age . Boys tend to play in larger groups than girls , and friends of boys are more likely to become friends with each other which , in turn leads to more density in social networks among boys . Boys also have more well - defined dominance hierarchies than girls within their peer groups . In terms of dyadic relationships , girls are more likely to have longer - lasting relationships of this nature , but no literature suggests that girls engage in more dyadic relationships than boys . Girls are also more prosocial in conflict situations and are better at collaborative work and play than boys . They also spend more time in social conversations than boys and are more likely to self - disclose among their peers than boys . On the other hand , boys are more likely than girls to engage in organized play such as sports and activities with well - defined rules . One theory suggests that because of this , boys have more opportunities to exhibit their strength and skill and compare theirs to that of their peers during these competitive activities . Girls ' peer groups are characterized by strong interpersonal relations , empathy for others , and working towards connection - oriented goals , while boys focus more on asserting their own dominance in the peer group and agenda - oriented goals . Significant social differences also exist between boys and girls when experiencing and dealing with social stress . Boys experience more social stress among their peers than girls in the form of verbal and physical abuse , but girls experience more social stress through strains in their friendships and social networks . To deal with social stress , girls do more support - seeking , express more emotions to their friends , and ruminate more than boys . Boys use humor as a distraction from stress and seek less emotional support within their friendships and social networks . Family interactions : Overall , the literature implies that the biological gender of children affects how parents interact with them . Differentials in interaction range from the amount of time spent with children to how much parents invest financially in their children 's futures . On average , fathers tend to exhibit more differential treatment than mothers , and fathers tend to be more invested in families with sons than families with daughters in terms of both time and money . However , the association of gender with father investment has been weakening over the years , and the differentials are not large . Parents tend to enroll their daughters in more cultural activities than their sons ( e.g. art classes , dance classes , and musical instrument lessons ) , and tend to be more invested in school - related parent involvement programs for their sons than their daughters . Sons and daughters are not only treated differently by their parents based on gender , but also receive different benefits from their parents based on gender . Parents , both fathers and mothers , may be less invested in their daughters ' higher education than their sons ' and tend to save more money on average in anticipation for their sons ' enrollment in educational institutions after high school graduation . However , this may not lead to more academic or work success for sons later in life . Parents are also more likely to underestimate daughters ' abilities in math and science while overestimating that of sons . Daughters also , on average , also do more housework than sons , which reflects gendered divisions in the workplace and household in society . Sibling relations , unlike parental relations , show no consensus in the literature about being gender - differentiated in interactions and benefits . However , sex - minority siblings may have more difficulty receiving necessary sex - specific treatment from parents . Current tasks ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Questions about socialization practices and institutions remain central in childhood research . But , they are being dealt with in a new , more sociological way . To analyze socialization processes means , therefore , to reconstruct the historically and culturally varying conceptions , processes and institutions of disciplining and civilization of the offspring . In addition , the strategies of habitus formation and the practices of status ( re - ) production are considered . The sociology of social inequality and the sociology of the family and private life are , therefore , important fields for childhood sociologists . Children 's own action , their resistance , cooperation , and collective action among peers has to be taken into account . Meanwhile , widespread anthropological assumptions concerning a universal human nature , based on a view of individual and society as opposed to each other , should be omitted from the conceptual repertoire of sociological childhood research . They are the legacy of the older socialization approach and they legitimate some forms of childhood and education practices as indispensable and even as a `` natural '' requirement of society , while devaluing others . In this way they generally legitimate western middle class childhood and mask inequality and the interests of social order . Journals ( edit ) Family Matters by Australian Institute of Family Studies , ISSN 1030 - 2646 International Journal of Sociology of the Family Journal of Family History Journal of Marriage and Family Journal of Family Issues See also ( edit ) Child abuse Domestic violence Extended family Family economics Family law Father 's rights Hypergamy Inequality within immigrant families ( United States ) Masculism Men 's health Men 's movement Men 's rights Men 's studies Mother 's rights Nuclear family Othermother Paternity fraud Sociology of childhood The WAVE Trust Youth studies Women 's health Women 's movement Women 's studies Work - Family Balance in the United States Further reading ( edit ) Alanen , L. and Mayall , B. ( Eds . ) ( 2001 ) : Conceptualizing Child - adult Relations , London . Christensen , P. and James , A. ( Eds ) ( 2008 ) Research with Children : Perspectives and Practices , London : FalmerRoutledge . Cohen , Philip N. ( 2014 ) : The Family : Diversity , Inequality , and Social Change . New York : WW Norton. ( 1 ) Bass , L. ( Ed . ) ( 2005 ) : Sociological Studies of Children and Youth , Vol. 10 , Amsterdam . The Blackwell Companion to the Sociology of Families , Wiley - Blackwell , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 631 - 22158 - 1 Buehler - Niederberger , D. ( 1998 ) : The Separative View . Is there any Scientific Approach to Children . in D.K. Behera ( Ed . ) , Children and Childhood in our Contemporary Societies . Delhi : Kamla - Raj Enterprises , pp. 51 -- 66 . Randall Collins and Scott Coltrane ( 2000 ) : Sociology of Marriage and the Family : Gender , Love , and Property , Wadsworth Pub Co , Chicago . Corsaro , William ( 2005 ) . The Sociology of Childhood . Thousand Oaks , CA : Pine Forge Press . Edgar , Don & Patricia ( 2008 ) , The New Child : in search of smarter grown - ups , Wilkinson Publishing , Melbourne , Australia . James , A. and Prout , A. ( Eds ) ( 1997 ) Constructing and Reconstructing Childhood London : FalmerRoutledge ( 2nd Revised Edition ) . James , A. , Jenks , C. and Prout , A. ( 1998 ) Theorizing Childhood , Cambridge : Polity Press . Jenks , Chris ( 2005 ) : Childhood ( 2nd edition ) , New York . Nicholas Long and Rex Forehand ( 2002 ) : Making Divorce Easier on Your Child : 50 Effective Ways to Help Children Adjust , Contemporary Books , Chicago . David Newman ( 2008 ) : Families : A Sociological Perspective , McGraw - Hill Higher Education , Boston Mass . Parsons , Talcot. ( 1955 ) . Family , Socialization and Interaction Process . Robert F. Bales and James Olds . Free press . Prout , A. ( 2004 ) : The Future of Childhood . Towards the Interdisciplinary Study of Children , London . Prout , A. and Hallett , Ch . ( Eds . ) ( 2003 ) : Hearing the Voices of Children : Social Policy for a New Century , London . Qvortrup , J. et al. ( Eds . ) ( 1994 ) : Childhood Matters . Social Theory , Practice and Politics . Wien , Avebury . Brian Williams , Stacey Sawyer and Carl Wahlstrom ( 2008 ) : Marriages , families , and intimate relationships : A practical Introductions ( 2nd Edition ) , Pearson , Boston . Zelizer , Vivianne A. ( 1985 ) : Pricing the Priceless Child . The Changing Social Value of Children . New York . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bittman , M. ; Pixley , J. ( 1997 ) . The Double Life of the Family , Myth , Hope and Experience . Sydney : Allen and Unwin . Jump up ^ Turner , B. ( 1987 ) . Medical Power and Social Knowledge . London : Sage . Jump up ^ Coontz , Stephanie ( 1995 ) . `` The American Family and the Nostalgia Trap '' . Phi Delta Kappan. 76 ( 7 ) : K1 -- K20 . Jump up ^ Evans , Steve . `` Is the nuclear family a happier one ? '' . BBC iWonder . Retrieved 10 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Coontz , Stephanie ( 2005 ) . Marriage , A History ( 1st ed . ) . Viking Adult . Jump up ^ Hochschild , A.R. ; Machung , A. ( 2003 ) . The Second Shift . New York : Penguin Books . 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Jump up ^ ( Buss , 1994 ) Jump up ^ Ahrons , C.R. ( 2007 ) . Family ties after divorce : Long - term implications for children . Family Process , 46 ( 1 ) , 53 - 65 . Jump up ^ Amato , P.R. ( 2003 ) . Reconciling divergent perspectives : Judith Wallerstein , quantitative family research , and children of divorce . Family Relations , 52 ( 4 ) , 332 - 339 . ^ Jump up to : Arendell , Terry ( November 2000 ) . `` Conceiving and Investigating Motherhood : The Decade 's Scholarship '' . Journal of Marriage and Family . 62 ( 4 ) : 1192 -- 1207 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1741 - 3737.2000. 01192. x . Jump up ^ Collins , Patricia Hill ( 1994 ) . Bassin , Donna ; Honey , Margaret ; Kaplan , Meryle Mahrer , eds . Shifting the Center : Race , Class , and Feminist Theorizing About Motherhood . New Haven : Yale University Press . pp. 56 -- 74 . ISBN 0300068638 . Jump up ^ Thorne , Barrie ( 1993 ) . `` Feminism and the family : Two decades of thought '' . In Thorne , Barrie ; Yalom , Marilyn . 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( 1994 ) . `` Identity salience and psychological centrality : Equivalent , overlapping , or complementary concepts ? '' . Social Psychological Quarterly . 57 : 16 -- 35 . doi : 10.2307 / 2786972 . Jump up ^ Townsend , N. ( 2002 ) . The package deal : Marriage , work , and fatherhood in men 's lives . Philadelphia : Temple University Press . Jump up ^ Tichenor , Veronica ; Mcquillan , Julia ; Greil , Arthur L. ; Contreras , Raleigh ; Shreffler , Karina M. ( 2011 ) . `` The Importance of Fatherhood to U.S. Married and Cohabiting Men '' . Fathering : A Journal of Theory , Research , and Practice About Men As Fathers . 9 ( 3 ) : 232 -- 251 . doi : 10.3149 / fth. 0903.232 . Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=pHcADAAAQBAJ&pg=PT54 Jump up ^ Mackay , Robert ( 1975 ) . `` Conceptions of children and models of socialization '' . In R. Turner . Ethnomethodology : Selected Readings . Harmondsworth : Penguin . pp. 180 -- 193 . Jump up ^ Speier , Matthew ( 1973 ) . `` Childhood socialization '' . In M. Speier . How to Observe Face - to - Face Communication : A Sociological Introduction . Pacific Palisades : Goodyear Publishing . pp. 138 -- 159 . Jump up ^ Speier , Matthew ( 1976 ) . `` The child as conversationalist : some culture contact features of conversational interactions between adults and children '' . In M. Hammersley , P. Woods . The Process of Schooling : A Sociological Reader . London : Routledge & Kegan Paul . pp. 98 -- 103 . Jump up ^ `` Constructing and Reconstructing Childhood : Contemporary issues in the sociological study of childhood , 3rd Edition ( Paperback ) - Routledge '' . Routledge.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Cromdal , Jakob ( 2009 ) . `` Childhood and social interaction in everyday life : Introduction to the special issue '' . Journal of Pragmatics. 41 ( 8 ) : 1473 -- 76 . doi : 10.1016 / j. pragma. 2007.03. 008 . Jump up ^ Cromdal , Jakob ( 2006 ) . `` Socialization '' . In K. Brown . Encyclopedia of language and linguistics . North - Holland : Elsevier . pp. 462 -- 66 . doi : 10.1016 / B0 - 08 - 044854 - 2 / 00353 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Conceptualising Child - Adult Relations ( Paperback ) - Routledge '' . Routledge.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Ryan , K.W. ( 2011 - 12 - 20 ) . `` The new wave of childhood studies : Breaking the grip of bio-social dualism ? '' . Childhood. 19 ( 4 ) : 439 -- 452 . doi : 10.1177 / 0907568211427612 . Jump up ^ `` The Future of Childhood ( Paperback ) - Routledge '' . Routledge.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Lee , N. ; Motzkau , J. ( 2011 - 01 - 13 ) . `` Navigating the bio-politics of childhood '' . Childhood. 18 ( 1 ) : 7 -- 19 . doi : 10.1177 / 0907568210371526 . Jump up ^ Kraftl , Peter ( 2013 - 11 - 01 ) . `` Beyond ' voice ' , beyond ' agency ' , beyond ' politics ' ? Hybrid childhoods and some critical reflections on children 's emotional geographies '' . Emotion , Space and Society . Children 's Emotional Geographies. 9 : 13 -- 23 . doi : 10.1016 / j. emospa. 2013.01. 004 . Jump up ^ Horton , John ; Kraftl , Peter ( 2006 - 04 - 01 ) . `` What else ? some more ways of thinking and doing ' Children 's Geographies ' '' . Children 's Geographies. 4 ( 1 ) : 69 -- 95 . doi : 10.1080 / 14733280600577459 . ISSN 1473 - 3285 . Jump up ^ Kraftl , Peter ( 2015 - 01 - 02 ) . `` Alter - Childhoods : Biopolitics and Childhoods in Alternative Education Spaces '' . Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 105 ( 1 ) : 219 -- 237 . doi : 10.1080 / 00045608.2014. 962969 . ISSN 0004 - 5608 . Jump up ^ `` Policy Press Geographies of alternative education - Diverse learning spaces for children and young people By Peter Kraftl '' . Policy Press . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Affrica ; Blaise , Mindy ; Giugni , Miriam ( 2013 - 02 - 01 ) . `` Haraway 's ' bag lady story - telling ' : relocating childhood and learning within a ' post-human landscape ' '' . Discourse : Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education . 34 ( 1 ) : 48 -- 62 . doi : 10.1080 / 01596306.2012. 698863 . ISSN 0159 - 6306 . Jump up ^ Children 's Spatialities - Embodiment , Emotion and Julie Seymour Palgrave Macmillan . ^ Jump up to : Raley , S. , & Bianchi S. ( 2006 ) . Sons , Daughters , And Family Processes : Does Gender Of Children Matter ? Annual Review of Sociology , 32 ( 1 ) , 401 - 21 ^ Jump up to : Rose , Amanda J. ; Rudolph , Karen D. ( 2006 ) . `` A Review of Sex Differences in Peer Relationship Processes : Potential Trade - offs for the Emotional and Behavioral Development of Girls and Boys ''. Psychological Bulletin , 132 ( 1 ) , 98 - 131 . Jump up ^ Australian Institute of Family Studies . `` Family Matters '' . Retrieved 29 December 2008 . External links ( edit ) American Sociological Association Family Section Research network on families and intimate lives of the European Sociological Association Kearl 's Guide to the Sociology of the Family Family Facts : Social Science Research on Family , Society & Religion ( a Heritage Foundation site ) The Family Inequality Blog by Philip N. 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7238247541590382402	Sonnet 130	Sonnet 130 - wikipedia Sonnet 130 Jump to : navigation , search `` '' Sonnet 130 Sonnet 130 in the 1609 Quarto Q1 Q2 Q3 My mistress ' eyes are nothing like the sun ; Coral is far more red than her lips ' red : If snow be white , why then her breasts are dun ; If hairs be wires , black wires grow on her head . I have seen roses damask 'd , red and white , But no such roses see I in her cheeks ; And in some perfumes is there more delight Than in the breath that from my mistress reeks . I love to hear her speak , yet well I know That music hath a far more pleasing sound : I grant I never saw a goddess go , My mistress , when she walks , treads on the ground : And yet , by heaven , I think my love as rare As any she belied with false compare . 8 12 14 -- William Shakespeare William Shakespeare 's Sonnet 130 mocks the conventions of the showy and flowery courtly sonnets in its realistic portrayal of his mistress . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Structure 3 Analysis 3.1 Sonnet 130 as a satire 3.2 Sonnet 130 : Complimentary / derisive nature 4 Possible influences 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading Synopsis ( edit ) Sonnet 130 satirizes the concept of ideal beauty that was a convention of literature and art in general during the Elizabethan era . Influences originating with the poetry of ancient Greece and Rome had established a tradition of this , which continued in Europe 's customs of courtly love and in courtly poetry , and the work of poets such as Petrarch . It was customary to praise the beauty of the object of one 's affections with comparisons to beautiful things found in nature and heaven , such as stars in the night sky , the golden light of the rising sun , or red roses . The images conjured by Shakespeare were common ones that would have been well - recognized by a reader or listener of this sonnet . Shakespeare satirizes the hyperbole of the allusions used by conventional poets , which even by the Elizabethan era , had become cliché , predictable , and uninspiring . This sonnet compares the poet 's mistress to a number of natural beauties ; each time making a point of his mistress ' obvious inadequacy in such comparisons ; she can not hope to stand up to the beauties of the natural world . The first two quatrains compare the speaker 's mistress to aspects of nature , such as snow or coral ; each comparison ending unflatteringly for the mistress . In the final couplet , the speaker proclaims his love for his mistress by declaring that he makes no false comparisons , the implication being that other poets do precisely that . Shakespeare 's sonnet aims to do the opposite , by indicating that his mistress is the ideal object of his affections because of her genuine qualities , and that she is more worthy of his love than the paramours of other poets who are more fanciful . Structure ( edit ) Sonnet 130 is an English or Shakespearean sonnet . The English sonnet has three quatrains , followed by a final rhyming couplet . It follows the typical rhyme scheme of the form abab cdcd efef gg and is composed in iambic pentameter , a type of poetic metre based on five pairs of metrically weak / strong syllabic positions . The 1st line exemplifies a regular iambic pentameter : × / × / × / × / × / My mistress ' eyes are nothing like the sun ; / × × / × / × / × / Coral is far more red than her lips ' red : ( 130.1 - 2 ) / = ictus , a metrically strong syllabic position . × = nonictus . This is followed ( in line 2 , scanned above ) with a common metrical variation , the initial reversal . An initial reversal is potentially present in line 8 , and mid-line reversals occur in lines 4 and 12 , and potentially in line 3 . The beginning of line 5 is open to interpretation : it may be regular or an instance of initial reversal ; however , it is most naturally scanned with the rightward movement of the first ictus ( resulting in a four - position figure , × × / / , sometimes referred to as a minor ionic ) : × × / / × / × / × / I have seen roses damask 'd , red and white , ( 130.5 ) If line 2 's `` her '' is not given contrastive accent ( as is assumed above ) , then `` than her lips ' red '' would also form a minor ionic . The meter demands that line 13 's `` heaven '' function as one syllable . Analysis ( edit ) Sonnet 130 as a satire ( edit ) `` This sonnet plays with poetic conventions in which , for example , the mistress 's eyes are compared with the sun , her lips with coral , and her cheeks with roses . His mistress , says the poet , is nothing like this conventional image , but is as lovely as any woman '' . Here , Barbara Mowat offers her opinion of the meaning behind Sonnet 130 ; this work breaks the mold to which Sonnets had come to conform . Shakespeare composed a sonnet which seems to parody a great many sonnets of the time . Poets like Thomas Watson , Michael Drayton , and Barnabe Barnes were all part of this sonnet craze and each wrote sonnets proclaiming love for an almost unimaginable figure ; Patrick Crutwell posits that Sonnet 130 could actually be a satire of the Thomas Watson poem `` Passionate Century of Love '' , pointing out that the Watson poem contains all but one of the platitudes that Shakespeare is making fun of in Sonnet 130 . However , E.G. Rogers points out the similarities between Watson 's `` Passionate Century of Love , '' Sonnet 130 , and Richard Linche 's Poem collection entitled `` Diella . '' There is a great deal of similarity between sections of the Diella poem collection and Shakespeare 's `` Sonnet 130 '' , for example in `` 130 '' we see , `` If hairs be wires , black wires grow on her head , '' where in `` Diella '' we see `` Her hayre exceeds fold forced in the smallest wire . '' Each work uses a comparison of hairs to wires ; while in modern sense this may seem unflattering , one could argue that Linche 's work draws upon the beauty of weaving gold and that Shakespeare mocks this with harsh comparison . This , along with other similarities in textual content , leads , as E.G. Rogers points out , the critic to believe that Diella may have been the source of inspiration for both homage , by Watson 's `` Passionate Century of Love , '' and satire by Shakespeare 's `` Sonnet 130 . '' The idea of Satire is further enforced by the final couplet of `` 130 '' in which the speaker delivers his most expositional line : `` And yet , by heaven , I think my love as rare , as any she belied with false compare . '' This line projects the message behind this work , demeaning the false comparisons made by many poets of the time . Sonnet 130 : complimentary / derisive nature ( edit ) According to Carl Atkins , many early editors took the sonnet at face value and believed that it was simply a disparagement of the writer 's mistress . However , William Flesch believes that the poem is actually quite the opposite , and acts as a compliment . He points out that many poems of the day seem to compliment the object of the poem for qualities that they really do n't have , such as snow white skin or golden hair . He states that people really do n't want to be complimented on a quality they do n't have , e.g. an old person does n't want to be told they are physically young , they want to be told they are youthful , in behavior or in looks . Flesch notes that while what Shakespeare writes of can seem derisive , he is in reality complimenting qualities the mistress truly exhibits , and he ends the poem with his confession of love . Possible influences ( edit ) Petrarch Shakespeare and other great writers would reference each other and each other 's works in their own writing . According to Felicia Jean Steele , Shakespeare uses Petrarchan imagery while actually undermining it at the same time . Stephen Booth would agree that Shakespeare references Petrarchan works however , Booth says that Shakespeare `` gently mocks the thoughtless mechanical application of the standard Petrarchan metaphors . '' Felicia Steele and Stephen Booth agree that there is some referencing going on , they vary slightly in the degree of Shakespeare 's mockery . Steele feels much stronger about the degree in which Shakespeare is discounting Petrarchan ideas by observing that in 14 lines of Sonnet 130 , `` Shakespeare seems to undo , discount , or invalidate nearly every Petrarchan conceit about feminine beauty employed by his fellow sonneteers . '' The final couplet is designed to undo the damage Shakespeare has done to his reader 's faith that he indeed loves his `` dusky mistress . '' Steele 's article offers Stephen Booth 's paraphrasing of the couplet : `` I think that my love is as rare as any woman belied by false compare . '' Helen Vendler , who is also referenced in Steele 's article states that the final couplet would read ; `` In all , by heaven , I think my love as rare / As any she conceived for compare . '' All three of these authors ; Steele , Booth , and Vendler believe that in this couplet , Shakespeare is responding to Petrarchan imagery because other sonneteers actively misrepresent , or `` belie '' their mistress ' beauty . See also ( edit ) Shakespeare 's sonnets References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pooler , C ( harles ) Knox , ed. ( 1918 ) . The Works of Shakespeare : Sonnets . The Arden Shakespeare ( 1st series ) . London : Methuen & Company . OCLC 4770201 . Jump up ^ Evans , Gwynne Blakemore ( 2006 ) . The Sonnets . Cambridge University Press . p. 233 . ISBN 9780521678377 . Jump up ^ Kerrigan 1995 , p. 360 . Jump up ^ Mowat , Barbara A. , and Paul Werstine , eds . Shakespeare 's Sonnets . New York : Washington Square , 2004 . Print . Jump up ^ Quennell , P. Shakespeare : the Poet and his Background . Weidenfeld and Nicolson , London , 1964 . Print Jump up ^ Crutwell , Patrick . The Shakespearean Moment and its Place in the Poetry of the 17th Century . New York : Random House . 1960 . Print Jump up ^ Rogers , E.G. , `` Sonnet CXXX : Watson to Linche to Shakespeare . '' Shakespeare Quarterly . 11.2 ( 1960 ) : 232 - 233 . Print . Jump up ^ Rogers , E.G. , `` Sonnet CXXX : Watson to Linche to Shakespeare . '' Shakespeare Quarterly . 11.2 ( 1960 ) : 232 - 233 . Print . Jump up ^ Vendler , Helen . The Art of Shakespeare 's Sonnets . Harvard University Press , Massachusetts , 1997 Jump up ^ Shakespeare , William , and Carl D. Atkins . Shakespeare 's Sonnets : with Three Hundred Years of Commentary . Madison NJ : Fairleigh Dickinson UP , 2007 . Print . Jump up ^ Flesch , William . `` Personal Identity and Vicarious Experience in Shakespeare 's Sonnets . '' Print . Rpt. in A Companion to Shakespeare 's Sonnets . Ed . Michael Schoenfeldt . Malden , MA : Blackwell , 2007 . 383 - 401 . Print . Jump up ^ Steele , Felicia Jean . `` Shakespeare Sonnet 130 . '' Explicator 62 . pp. 132 - 137 . 2003 Jump up ^ Booth , Stephan . Shakespeare 's Sonnets , Edited with Analytic Commentary . New Haven , 1977 Further reading ( edit ) First edition and facsimile Shakespeare , William ( 1609 ) . Shake - speares Sonnets : Never Before Imprinted . London : Thomas Thorpe . Lee , Sidney , ed. ( 1905 ) . Shakespeares Sonnets : Being a reproduction in facsimile of the first edition . Oxford : Clarendon Press . OCLC 458829162 . Variorum editions Alden , Raymond Macdonald , ed. ( 1916 ) . The Sonnets of Shakespeare . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Company . OCLC 234756 . Rollins , Hyder Edward , ed. ( 1944 ) . A New Variorum Edition of Shakespeare : The Sonnets ( 2 Volumes ) . Philadelphia : J.B. Lippincott & Co . OCLC 6028485 . Modern critical editions Atkins , Carl D. , ed. ( 2007 ) . Shakespeare 's Sonnets : With Three Hundred Years of Commentary . Madison : Fairleigh Dickinson University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8386 - 4163 - 7 . OCLC 86090499 . Booth , Stephen , ed. ( 2000 ) ( 1st ed. 1977 ) . Shakespeare 's Sonnets ( Rev. ed . ) . New Haven : Yale Nota Bene . ISBN 0 - 300 - 01959 - 9 . OCLC 2968040 . Burrow , Colin , ed. ( 2002 ) . The Complete Sonnets and Poems . The Oxford Shakespeare . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0192819338 . OCLC 48532938 . Duncan - Jones , Katherine , ed. ( 2010 ) ( 1st ed. 1997 ) . Shakespeare 's Sonnets . The Arden Shakespeare , Third Series ( Rev. ed . ) . London : Bloomsbury . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4080 - 1797 - 5 . OCLC 755065951 . Evans , G. Blakemore , ed. ( 1996 ) . The Sonnets . The New Cambridge Shakespeare . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0521294034 . OCLC 32272082 . Kerrigan , John , ed. ( 1995 ) ( 1st ed. 1986 ) . The Sonnets ; and , A Lover 's Complaint . New Penguin Shakespeare ( Rev. ed . ) . Penguin Books . ISBN 0 - 14 - 070732 - 8 . OCLC 15018446 . Mowat , Barbara A. ; Werstine , Paul , eds. ( 2006 ) . Shakespeare 's Sonnets & Poems . Folger Shakespeare Library . New York : Washington Square Press . ISBN 978 - 0743273282 . OCLC 64594469 . Orgel , Stephen , ed. ( 2001 ) . The Sonnets . The Pelican Shakespeare ( Rev. ed . ) . New York : Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0140714531 . OCLC 46683809 . Vendler , Helen , ed. ( 1997 ) . The Art of Shakespeare 's Sonnets . Cambridge , MA : The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 63712 - 7 . OCLC 36806589 . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Sonnet 130 William Shakespeare Plays Tragedies Antony and Cleopatra Coriolanus Hamlet Julius Caesar King Lear Macbeth Othello Romeo and Juliet Timon of Athens Titus Andronicus Troilus and Cressida Comedies All 's Well That Ends Well As You Like It The Comedy of Errors Cymbeline Love 's Labour 's Lost Measure for Measure The Merchant of Venice The Merry Wives of Windsor A Midsummer Night 's Dream Much Ado About Nothing Pericles , Prince of Tyre * The Taming of the Shrew The Tempest Twelfth Night The Two Gentlemen of Verona The Two Noble Kinsmen * The Winter 's Tale Histories King John Edward III * Richard II Henry IV Henry V Henry VI 1 * Richard III Henry VIII * See also Problem plays Late romances Characters A -- K L -- Z Ghost character Chronology Performances Settings Quarto publications First Folio Second Folio Poems Shakespeare 's sonnets comparison to Petrarch A Lover 's Complaint The Phoenix and the Turtle The Rape of Lucrece Venus and Adonis Apocrypha Plays Arden of Faversham The Birth of Merlin Cardenio * Double Falsehood Edmund Ironside Fair Em Locrine The London Prodigal Love 's Labour 's Won The Merry Devil of Edmonton Mucedorus The Puritan The Second Maiden 's Tragedy Sejanus His Fall Sir John Oldcastle Sir Thomas More * The Spanish Tragedy Thomas Lord Cromwell Thomas of Woodstock Vortigern and Rowena A Yorkshire Tragedy Poems The Passionate Pilgrim To the Queen Life and works Birthplace and childhood home Bibliography Complete Works of William Shakespeare Translations Early editions Editors English Renaissance theatre Globe Theatre Handwriting Lord Chamberlain 's Men / King 's Men The Theatre Curtain Theatre New Place Portraits Religious views Sexuality Spelling of his name Stratford - upon - Avon Style Legacy Attribution studies Authorship question Influence Memorials Screen adaptations Shakespeare Birthplace Trust Folger Shakespeare Library Shakespeare Quarterly Shakespeare 's Globe ( replica ) Bardolatry Titles of works taken from Shakespeare Family Anne Hathaway ( wife ) Susanna Hall ( daughter ) Hamnet Shakespeare ( son ) Judith Quiney ( daughter ) Elizabeth Barnard ( granddaughter ) John Shakespeare ( father ) Mary Arden ( mother ) Gilbert Shakespeare ( brother ) Joan Shakespeare ( sister ) Edmund Shakespeare ( brother ) Richard Shakespeare ( grandfather ) John Hall ( son - in - law ) Thomas Quiney ( son - in - law ) Thomas Nash ( grandson - in - law ) * Shakespeare and other authors Lost Shakespeare 's sonnets `` Fair Youth '' sonnets Procreation sonnets 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 Rival Poet sonnets 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 `` Envoy '' 126 `` Dark Lady '' sonnets 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 `` Anacreontics '' 153 154 AQA Anthology ( 2004 ) Poems from Other Cultures Cluster 1 `` Limbo '' by Edward Kamau Brathwaite `` Nothing 's Changed '' by Tatamkhulu Afrika `` Island Man '' by Grace Nichols `` Blessing '' by Imtiaz Dharker `` Two Scavengers in a Truck , Two Beautiful People in a Mercedes '' by Lawrence Ferlinghetti `` Night of the Scorpion '' by Nissim Ezekiel `` Vultures '' by Chinua Achebe `` What Were They Like ? '' by Denise Levertov Cluster 2 `` Search for My Tongue '' by Sujata Bhatt `` Unrelated Incidents '' by Tom Leonard `` Half Caste '' by John Agard `` Love After Love '' by Derek Walcott `` This Room '' by Imtiaz Dharker `` Not My Business '' by Niyi Osundare `` Presents from my Aunts in Pakistan '' by Moniza Alvi `` Hurricane Hits England '' by Grace Nichols Seamus Heaney `` Storm on the Island '' `` Perch '' `` Blackberry - Pickin '' `` Death of a Naturalist '' `` Digging '' `` Mid-Term Break '' `` Follower '' `` At a Potato Digging '' Gillian Clarke `` Catrin '' `` Baby - sitting '' `` Mali '' `` A Difficult Birth , Easter 1998 '' `` The Field Mouse '' `` October '' `` On the Train '' `` Cold Knap Lake '' Carol Ann Duffy `` Havisham '' `` Elvis 's Twin Sister '' `` Anne Hathaway '' `` Salome '' `` We Remember Your Childhood Well '' `` Before You Were Mine '' `` Education for Leisure '' `` Stealing '' Simon Armitage `` Mother , any distance greater than a single span '' `` My father thought it ... '' `` Homecoming '' `` November '' `` Kid '' `` Those bastards in their mansions '' `` I 've made out a will ; I 'm leaving myself '' `` Hitcher '' Pre-1914 `` On My First Sonne '' by Ben Jonson `` Song of the Old Mother '' by William Butler Yeats `` The Affliction of Margaret '' by William Wordsworth `` The Little Boy Lost and The Little Boy Found '' by William Blake `` Tichborne 's Elegy '' by Charles Tichborne `` The Man He Killed '' by Thomas Hardy `` Patrolling Barnegat '' by Walt Whitman `` Sonnet CXXX '' by William Shakespeare `` My Last Duchess '' by Robert Browning `` The Laboratory '' by Robert Browning `` Ulysses '' by Alfred Tennyson `` The Village Schoolmaster '' by Oliver Goldsmith `` The Eagle '' by Alfred Tennyson `` Sonnet '' by John Clare Prose `` Flight '' by Doris Lessing `` Superman and Paula Brown 's New Snowsuit '' by Sylvia Plath `` Your Shoes '' by Michèle Roberts `` Growing Up '' by Joyce Cary `` The End of Something '' by Ernest Hemingway `` Chemistry '' by Graham Swift `` Snowdrops '' by Leslie Norris Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sonnet_130&oldid=813894857 '' Categories : Sonnets by William Shakespeare British poems Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Français Italiano עברית Nederlands Português Edit links This page was last edited on 5 December 2017 , at 20 : 41 . 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-7456732103418103352	Princess of Wales	Princess of Wales - wikipedia Princess of Wales Princess of Wales Tywysoges Cymru Incumbent Camilla , Duchess of Cornwall Style Her Royal Highness Ma'am Term length As long as married to the Prince of Wales Inaugural holder Joan of Kent Website www.princeofwales.gov.uk Princess of Wales ( Welsh : Tywysoges Cymru ) is a British courtesy title held by the wife of the Prince of Wales , who is , since the 14th century , the heir apparent of the English or British monarch . The first acknowledged title holder was Eleanor de Montfort , wife of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd . It has subsequently been used by wives of post-conquest princes of Wales . The title is currently held by Camilla , Duchess of Cornwall ( the former Camilla Parker Bowles ) , second wife of Charles , Prince of Wales since their marriage on 9 April 2005 . She does not , however , use the title , because of its association with the previous holder , Diana , Princess of Wales , who died in 1997 . Instead , she uses the title Duchess of Cornwall , the feminine form of her husband 's highest - ranking subsidiary title . Contents ( hide ) 1 Status of the title 2 Other titles of the Princesses of Wales 3 Native princesses of Wales 4 Princesses of Wales 5 See also 6 Notes 7 Bibliography 8 Further reading Status of the title ( edit ) The Princess of Wales is not a princess in her own right . There have been some Princesses of Wales who were addressed as such : for example , Alexandra of Denmark and Mary of Teck were called `` Princess Alexandra '' , and `` Princess Victoria Mary '' respectively . However , that was because they were already princesses when they married . Diana , Princess of Wales , was commonly called `` Princess Diana '' following her marriage to Charles , Prince of Wales , but this was incorrect because she was not a princess in her own right . Although not granted the title in her own right , the future Queen Mary I was , during her youth , invested by her father , King Henry VIII , with many of the rights and properties traditionally given to the Prince of Wales , including use of the official seal of Wales for correspondence . For most of her childhood , Mary was her father 's only legitimate heir , and for this reason she was often referred to as `` the Princess of Wales '' , although Henry never formally created her as such . For example , Spanish scholar Juan Luis Vives dedicated his Satellitium Animi to `` Dominæ Mariæ Cambriæ Principi , Henrici Octavi Angliæ Regis Filiæ '' . Other titles of the princesses of Wales ( edit ) The Princess of Wales , by virtue of her marriage to the Prince of Wales , takes on the feminine equivalent of her husband 's titles . Thus , upon marriage , the wife of the Prince of Wales assumes the styles and titles of Princess of Wales , Duchess of Cornwall , Duchess of Rothesay , and Countess of Chester . The Princess is known as Duchess of Rothesay in Scotland , as the Prince of Wales is known as Duke of Rothesay there , the dukedom being the title historically associated with the heir to the Scottish throne . She is known as Duchess of Cornwall in the far south west of England and as Countess of Chester in Cheshire . Native princesses of Wales ( edit ) Main article : Wales in the High Middle Ages Several consorts of Welsh princes of Wales were theoretically princesses of Wales while their husbands were in power . Llywelyn ab Iorwerth 's consort , Joan , Lady of Wales , used that title in the 1230s ; Isabella de Braose and Elizabeth Ferrers were likewise married to princes of Wales , but it is not known if they assumed a title in light of their husbands ' status . The only consort of a Welsh prince definitively shown to have used the title was Eleanor de Montfort , the English bride of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd , the last native Prince of Wales . Their only child was Gwenllian , who was taken prisoner as an infant following her father 's death . Gwenllian was the last native Welsh princess to actually be described as Princess of Wales , which was not an official title ; Edward I had her raised in Sempringham Priory in Lincolnshire , far from where any Welsh rebels could find her , and once appealed to the Pope to increase funds to the priory by writing that `` ... herein is kept the Princess of Wales , whom we have to maintain . '' Princesses of Wales ( edit ) This is a list of Princesses of Wales who held the title by their marriage to the Prince of Wales Person Previous Name Birth Marriage Became Princess of Wales Spouse Ceased to be Princess of Wales Death Joan , Countess of Kent 19 September 1328 10 October 1361 Edward , the Black Prince 7 June 1376 ( husband 's death ) 7 August 1385 Lady Anne Neville 11 June 1456 13 December 1470 Edward of Westminster 4 May 1471 ( husband 's death ) 16 March 1485 Infanta Catherine of Aragon 16 December 1485 14 November 1501 Arthur , Prince of Wales 2 April 1502 ( husband 's death ) 7 January 1536 Princess Caroline of Ansbach 1 March 1683 22 August 1705 27 September 1714 George Augustus of Brunswick and Lüneburg 11 June 1727 ( husband 's accession ) 20 November 1737 Princess Augusta of Saxe - Gotha 30 November 1719 17 April 1736 Frederick , Prince of Wales 31 March 1751 ( husband 's death ) 8 February 1772 Princess Caroline of Brunswick 17 May 1768 8 April 1795 George , Prince of Wales 29 January 1820 ( husband 's accession ) 7 August 1821 Princess Alexandra of Denmark 1 December 1844 10 March 1863 Albert Edward , Prince of Wales 22 January 1901 ( husband 's accession ) 20 November 1925 Princess Mary of Teck 26 May 1867 6 July 1893 9 November 1901 George , Duke of York 6 May 1910 ( husband 's accession ) 24 March 1953 Lady Diana Spencer 1 July 1961 29 July 1981 Charles , Prince of Wales 28 August 1996 ( divorce ) 31 August 1997 Camilla Parker Bowles 17 July 1947 9 April 2005 ( known as Duchess of Cornwall instead ) incumbent See also ( edit ) The Green Howards ( Alexandra , Princess of Wales 's Own Yorkshire Regiment ) , The Princess of Wales ' Own Regiment ( Canada ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` House of Commons '' . parliament.uk . Retrieved 7 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` To the Lady Mary , Prince of Wales , Daughter of Henry VIII , King of England '' ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Gwenllian , Princess of Wales at castlewales.com Jump up ^ Cecily Neville , wife of Richard , Duke of York , is omitted from this list . Although her husband Richard of York was briefly given various titles , including Prince of Wales , by an Act of Parliament as part of his arrangement to succeed Henry VI as king instead of Henry 's own son , he is not generally recognised as such and is not mentioned in any published summary of the topic . Bibliography ( edit ) Princesses of Wales by Deborah Fisher . University of Wales Press , 2005 . ' Tystiolaeth Garth Celyn ' Y Traethodydd 1998 ISSN 0969 - 8930 Further reading ( edit ) Fryer , M. ; Mary Beacock Fryer ; Arthur Bousfield ; Garry Toffoli ( 1983 ) . Lives of the Princesses of Wales . Toronto : Dundern Press Limited . ISBN 978 - 0 - 919670 - 69 - 3 . Princesses of Wales and Duchesses of Cornwall Joan , Countess of Kent ( 1361 -- 1376 ) Lady Cecily Neville ( 1460 ; disputed ) Lady Anne Neville ( 1470 -- 1471 ) Infanta Catherine of Aragon ( 1501 -- 1502 ) Princess Caroline of Ansbach ( 1714 -- 1727 ) Princess Augusta of Saxe - Gotha ( 1736 -- 1751 ) Princess Caroline of Brunswick ( 1795 -- 1820 ) Princess Alexandra of Denmark ( 1863 -- 1901 ) Princess Mary of Teck ( 1901 -- 1910 ) Lady Diana Spencer ( 1981 -- 1996 ) Camilla Parker Bowles * ( 2005 -- present ) * Though legally Princess of Wales , she does not use the title British royal titles King / Queen of United Kingdom ( consort ) , Duke of Lancaster & Duke of Normandy Duke of Edinburgh ( Duchess ) Prince of Wales ( Princess ) , Duke of Cornwall ( Duchess ) & Duke of Rothesay ( Duchess ) Duke of Cambridge ( Duchess ) Duke of Sussex Princess Royal Duke of York ( Duchess ) Earl of Wessex Duke of Gloucester ( Duchess ) Duke of Kent Inactive titles Duke of Albany Duke of Albemarle Duke of Clarence Duke of Clarence and Avondale Duke of Clarence and St Andrews Duke of Connaught and Strathearn Duke of Cumberland Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh Duke of Hereford Duke of Kendal Duke of Kent and Strathearn Duke of Kintyre and Lorne Duke of Ross Duke of Windsor Duke of York and Albany Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Princess_of_Wales&oldid=849778236 '' Categories : British monarchy Lists of princesses Princesses of Wales Titles Hidden categories : Articles containing Welsh - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Ελληνικά Français Hrvatski Italiano עברית 日本語 Polski Português සිංහල Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 July 2018 , at 08 : 31 ( UTC ) . 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2021511357988459273	History of swimwear	History of swimwear - wikipedia History of swimwear History of swimwear traces the changes in the styles of men 's and women 's swimwear over time and between cultures , and touches on the social , religious and legal attitudes to swimming and swimwear . In classical antiquity and in most cultures , swimming was either in the nude or the swimmer would merely strip to their underwear . In the Middle Ages , swimming was strongly discouraged , and into the 18th century swimming was regarded as of doubtful morality , and had to be justified on health grounds . In the Victorian era swimwear was of a style of outer clothing of the time , which were cumbersome and even dangerous in the water , especially in the case of dress - style swimwear for women . Since the early 20th century , swimming came to be regarded as a legitimate leisure activity or pastime and clothing made specifically for swimming became the norm . Since then , swimwear has become increasingly more scanty and form - fitting , despite the objections of conservative elements in the community and moral campaigners , and the use of hi - tech materials has become more common . Contents 1 Classical ages 2 Middle Ages 3 17th century 4 18th century 5 19th century 6 Early 20th century 7 1910s 8 1920s 9 1930s 10 1940s 11 1950s 12 1960s 13 1970s 14 1980s 15 1990s 16 2000s 17 See also 18 Sources 19 References Classical Ages ( edit ) In classical antiquity swimming and bathing were done naked . There are Roman murals which show women playing sports and exercising wearing two - piece suits covering the areas around their breasts and hips in a fashion remarkably similar to the present - day bikini . However , there is no evidence that they were used for swimming . All classical pictures of swimming show nude swimmers . In various cultural traditions one swims , if not in the nude , in a version in suitable material of a garment or undergarment commonly worn on land , e.g. a loincloth such as the Japanese man 's fundoshi . Middle Ages ( edit ) In the Middle Ages , swimming and outdoor bathing were discouraged in the Christian West and there was little need for a bathing or swimming costume . 17th century ( edit ) Female bathing costumes were derived from those worn at Bath and other spas . It would appear that until the 1670s nude female bathing in the spas was the norm and that after that time women bathed clothed . Celia Fiennes gave a detailed description of the standard ladies ' bathing costume in 1687 : The Ladyes go into the bath with Garments made of a fine yellow canvas , which is stiff and made large with great sleeves like a parson 's gown ; the water fills it up so that it is borne off that your shape is not seen , it does not cling close as other linning , which Lookes sadly in the poorer sort that go in their own linning . The Gentlemen have drawers and wastcoates of the same sort of canvas , this is the best linning , for the bath water will Change any other yellow . 18th century ( edit ) The bathing gown in the 18th century was a loose ankle - length full - sleeve chemise - type gown made of wool or flannel , so that modesty or decency was not threatened . In the United Kingdom until the mid-19th century there was no law against nude swimming , and each town was free to make its own laws . For example , the Bath Corporation official bathing dress code of 1737 prescribed , for men : It is Ordered Established and Decreed by this Corporation that no Male person above the age of ten years shall at any time hereafter go into any Bath or Baths within this City by day or by night without a Pair of Drawers and a Waistcoat on their bodies . In rivers , lakes , streams and the sea men swam in the nude , where the practice was common . Those who did not swim in the nude , stripped to their underwear . The Bath Corporation official bathing dress code of 1737 prescribed , for women : No Female person shall at any time hereafter go into a Bath or Baths within this City by day or by night without a decent Shift on their bodies . The Expedition of Humphry Clinker was published in 1771 and its description of ladies ' bathing costume is different from that of Celia Fiennes a hundred years earlier : The ladies wear jackets and petticoats of brown linen , with chip hats , in which they fix their handkerchiefs to wipe the sweat from their faces ; but , truly , whether it is owing to the steam that surrounds them , or the heat of the water , or the nature of the dress , or to all these causes together , they look so flushed , and so frightful , that I always turn my eyes another way . 19th century ( edit ) 1870s American bathing suit for women , made of wool and covering arms and legs Man and woman in swimsuits , c. 1910 ; she is exiting a bathing machine The English practice of men swimming in the nude was banned in the United Kingdom in 1860 . Drawers , or caleçons as they were called , came into use in the 1860s . Even then there were many who protested against them and wanted to remain in the nude . Francis Kilvert described men 's bathing suits coming into use in the 1870s as `` a pair of very short red and white striped drawers '' . In the first half of the 19th century the top became knee - length while an ankle - length drawer was added as a bottom . By the second half of the 19th century , in France , the sleeves started to vanish , the bottom became shorter to reach only the knees and the top became hip - length and both became more form fitting . In the 1900s women wore wool dresses on the beach that were made of up to 9 yards ( 8.2 m ) of fabric . Penelope Byrde points out that Smollett 's description may not be accurate , for he describes a two - piece costume , not the one piece shift or smock that most people describe and is depicted in contemporary prints . His description does , however , tally with Elizabeth Grant 's description of the guide 's costume at Ramsgate in 1811 . The only difference is in the fabric the costumes are made of . Flannel , however , was a common fabric for sea bathing costumes as many believed the warmer fabric was necessary in cold water . In the West , in the 19th century women wore a bathing gown in the water . These were loose ankle - length full - sleeve chemise - type gown made of wool or flannel , so that modesty or decency was not threatened . They were long dresses of fabrics that would not become transparent when wet , with weights sewn into the hems so that they would not rise up in the water . The men 's swim suit , a rather form - fitting wool garment with long sleeves and legs similar to long underwear , was developed and would change little for a century . In the 19th century , the woman 's double suit was common , comprising a gown from shoulder to knees plus a set of trousers with leggings going down to the ankles . In the first half of the 19th century the top became knee - length while an ankle - length drawer was added as a bottom . By the second half of the 19th century , in France , the sleeves started to vanish , the bottom became shorter to reach only the knees and the top became hip - length and both became more form fitting . In the 1900s women wore wool dresses on the beach that were made of up to 9 yards ( 8.2 m ) of fabric . In the Victorian era , Western cultures deplored nudity of any degree , and people took great pains to cover themselves , even bare chested male swimmers at ocean beaches . Popular beach resorts were commonly equipped with bathing machines designed to avoid the exposure of people in swimsuits , especially to people of the opposite sex . In the United States , beauty pageants of women in bathing costumes became popular from the 1880s . However , such events were not regarded as respectable . Beauty contests became more respectable with the first modern `` Miss America '' contest held in 1921 , though less respectable beauty contests continued to be held . Cartoon by George du Maurier in Punch , 1877 , showing men 's and children 's bathing suits American bathing suit , 1876 - 1880 American bathing suit , 1885 American bathing suit , 1890 -- 1895 Early 20th century ( edit ) Annette Kellerman'a form - fitting one - piece tank suit ( 1907 ) inspired the women 's swimwear in the early Olympics ( 1912 ) . In 1907 , the swimmer Annette Kellerman from Australia visited the United States as an `` underwater ballerina '' , a version of synchronised swimming involving diving into glass tanks . She was arrested on a Boston beach for indecent exposure because her swimsuit showed arms , legs and the neck , a costume she adopted from England , and which was similar to men 's swimsuits of the time . Kellerman changed the suit to have long arms and legs and a collar , still keeping the close fit that revealed the shapes underneath . Kellerman marketed a line of bathing suits and her style of one - piece suits came to be known as `` the Annette Kellerman '' . The one - piece swimming tights became accepted swimsuit attire for women in parts of Europe by 1910 . Harper 's Bazaar praised the Kellerman swimsuit , writing in June 1920 ( vol. 55 , no . 6 , p. 138 ) `` Annette Kellerman Bathing Attire is distinguished by an incomparable , daring beauty of fit that always remains refined . '' The following year , in June 1921 ( vol. 54 , no . 2504 , p. 101 ) it wrote that these bathing suits were `` famous ... for their perfect fit and exquisite , plastic beauty of line . '' 1910s ( edit ) Maillot - style swimwear on the beach ( 1915 ) and on magazines ( 1916 ) . Despite opposition from some groups , the form - fitting style proved popular . It was not long before swimwear started to shrink further . At first arms were exposed and then legs up to mid-thigh . Necklines receded from around the neck down to around the top of the bosom . The development of new fabrics allowed for new varieties of more comfortable and practical swimwear . Female swimming was introduced at the 1912 Summer Olympics . Competitors from 17 countries took part , with women from nine countries wearing swimsuits similar to Kellerman 's swimsuit , which were similar to swimsuits worn by the male swimmers . In 1913 , inspired by the breakthrough , the designer Carl Jantzen made the first functional two - piece swimwear , a close - fitting one - piece with shorts on the bottom and short sleeves on top . Silent films such as The Water Nymph ( 1912 ) saw Mabel Normand in revealing attire , and this was followed by the daringly dressed Sennett Bathing Beauties ( 1915 -- 1929 ) . The name `` swim suit '' was coined in 1915 by Jantzen Knitting Mills , a sweater manufacturer who launched a swimwear brand named the Red Diving Girl . The first annual bathing - suit day at New York 's Madison Square Garden in 1916 was a landmark . The swimsuit apron , a design for early swimwear , disappeared by 1918 , leaving a tunic covering the shorts . Public nudity was a major concern in designing early swimwear . It was a major factor behind the non-participation of American women in the 1912 Olympics . At those Games , British women wore full - body silk suits of such a volume that they could be passed through a wedding ring . The suits were complemented by bras and bikini - style briefs as they became transparent when wet . Women 's coaches were rare at early Olympics , and to further reduce the chances of harassment women were accompanied by chaperones . Even men wore one - piece swimsuits covering the body from hips to shoulders up to the 1940s . 1920s ( edit ) American 1920s woman 's bathing suit During the 1920s and 1930s , people began to shift from `` taking in the water '' to `` taking in the sun '' , at bathhouses and spas , and swimsuit designs shifted from functional considerations to incorporate more decorative features . Rayon was used in the 1920s in the manufacture of tight - fitting swimsuits , but its durability , especially when wet , proved problematic , with jersey and silk also sometimes being used . Burlesque and vaudeville performers wore two - piece outfits in the 1920s . The 1929 film Man with a Movie Camera shows Russian women wearing early two - piece swimsuits which expose their midriff , and a few who are topless . Films of holidaymakers in Germany in the 1930s show women wearing two - piece suits , In 1928 , Speedo introduced their racerback silk suit that was optimized to fit the body shape . 1930s ( edit ) Academy Award winner actress Jane Wyman lounging on a California beach , 1935 By the 1930s men began to go without shirts for swimming , and barechestedness in male swimwear became the norm by the end of the 1940s , including in competitive swimming events , in which men are not only barechested , but wear a swimming suit that is intended merely to meet public decency requirements . The norm of male barechestedness in swimwear extended to other competitive sports , such as professional boxing and professional wrestling . By the 1930s , necklines plunged at the back , sleeves disappeared and sides were cut away and tightened . With the development of new clothing materials , particularly latex and nylon , through the 1930s swimsuits gradually began hugging the body , with shoulder straps that could be lowered for tanning . Hollywood endorsed the new glamour with films such as Neptune 's Daughter ( 1949 ) in which Esther Williams wore provocatively named costumes such as `` Double Entendre '' and `` Honey Child '' . Williams , who also was an Amateur Athletic Union champion in the 100 meter freestyle ( 1939 ) also portrayed Kellerman in the 1952 film Million Dollar Mermaid ( titled as The One Piece Bathing Suit in UK ) . American designer Adele Simpson , a Coty American Fashion Critics ' Awards winner ( 1947 ) and a notable alumna of the New York art school Pratt Institute , who believed clothes must be comfortable and practical designed a large part of her wardrobe which included mostly one - piece suits that were considered fashionable even in the early 1980s . This was when Cole of California started marketing revealing prohibition suits and Catalina Swimwear introduced almost bare - back designs . Coco Chanel made suntans fashionable , and in 1932 French designer Madeleine Vionnet offered an exposed midriff in an evening gown . They were seen a year later in Gold Diggers of 1933 . The Busby Berkeley film Footlight Parade of 1932 showcases aquachoreography that featured bikinis . Dorothy Lamour 's The Hurricane ( 1937 ) also showed two - piece bathing suits . The 1934 film , Fashions of 1934 featured chorus girls wearing two - piece outfits which look identical to modern bikinis . In 1934 , a National Recreation Association study on the use of leisure time found that swimming , encouraged by the freedom of movement the new swimwear designs provided , was second only to movies in popularity as free time activity out of a list of 94 activities . In 1935 American designer Claire McCardell cut out the side panels of a maillot - style bathing suit , the bikini 's forerunner . The 1938 invention of the Telescopic Watersuit in shirred elastic cotton ushered into the end the era of wool . Cotton sun - tops , printed with palm trees , and silk or rayon pyjamas , usually with a blouse top , became popular by 1939 . Speedo racerback silk suit that uncovered the shoulder blades almost resulted in disqualification of Clare Dennis at the 1932 Olympics , but became a norm by 1936 . Meanwhile , men were allowed to swim in bare - chest suits in 1936 , and in briefs only at the 1948 Olympics . 1940s ( edit ) Wartime production during World War II required vast amounts of cotton , silk , nylon , wool , leather , and rubber . In 1942 , the United States War Production Board issued Regulation L - 85 , cutting the use of natural fibers in clothing and mandating a 10 % reduction in the amount of fabric in women 's beachwear . To comply with the regulations , swimsuit manufacturers produced two - piece suits with bare midriffs . The fabric shortage continued for some time after the end of the war . Women 's swimwear of the 1930s and 1940s incorporated increasing degrees of midriff exposure . Teen magazines of late 1940s and 1950s featured similar designs of midriff - baring suits and tops . However , midriff fashion was stated as only for beaches and informal events and considered indecent to be worn in public . Because of the figure - hugging nature of these garments , glamour photography since the 1940s and 1950s has often featured people wearing swimsuits . This type of glamour photography eventually evolved into swimsuit photography exemplified by the annual Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue . Beauty contests also required contestants to wear form - fitting swimsuits . Two - piece swimsuits without the usual skirt panel and other superfluous material started appearing in the U.S. when the government ordered the 10 % reduction in fabric used in woman 's swimwear in 1943 as wartime rationing . By that time , two - piece swimsuits were ubiquitous on American beaches . The July 9 , 1945 , Life shows women in Paris wearing similar items . Hollywood stars like Ava Gardner , Rita Hayworth and Lana Turner tried similar swimwear or beachwear . Pin ups of Hayworth and Esther Williams in the costume were widely distributed . The most provocative swimsuit was the 1946 Moonlight Buoy , a bottom and a top of material that weighed only eight ounces . What made the Moonlight Buoy distinctive was a large cork buckle attached to the bottoms , which made it possible to tie the top to the cork buckle and splash around au naturel while keeping both parts of the suit afloat . Life magazine had a photo essay on the Moonlight Buoy and wrote , `` The name of the suit , of course , suggests the nocturnal conditions under which nude swimming is most agreeable . '' 1950s ( edit ) Swimwear of the 1940s , 50s and early 60s followed the silhouette mostly from the early 1930s whereas after World War II , a new wardrobe and style of vacation - swimwear arose , coupled with an increase of leisure time and bustling postwar resorts . In 1951 , A huge celebration called `` The Festival of Britain '' was promoted of everything new and modern and cast a line into the future , building on a feeling of hope . Beachwear style were very popular in U.S and Europe , but this fashion originated on the French Riviera , which people was quoted this place as `` A sunny place for shady people '' . Keeping in line with the ultra-feminine look dominated by Dior which brought out his one and only collection of swimwear for the Cole of California in 1955 . He designed a series of floral printed swimsuits with halter neckline style . It evolved into a dress followed his New Look silhouette with cinched waists and constructed bustlines , accessorized with earrings , bracelets , hats , scarves , sunglasses , hand bags and cover - ups . American Women inspired by Hollywood 's film stars For example , Doris Day offering a '' girl - next - door ' look and the coronation of the young Queen Elizabeth in May 1952 . For the Early 50s , despite the reaction to the 2 - pieces swimsuit worn by Brigitte Bardot in Manina , the Girl in the Bikini in 1952 , most women in the 1950s still wore one - piece suits . To increasing female emancipation and realized the commercial possibilities of beauty pageants , big companies launched beauty contests to find girls who could help promote products , believing that a picture of a pretty girl in a swimsuit was the best promotion . Instead of swimsuits , these contests popularized the playsuit , but swimsuits remained the highlight in the beauty contest . The first bikinis appeared just after World War II . Early examples were not very different from the women 's two pieces common since the 1920s , except that they had a gap below the breast line allowing for a section of bare midriff . They were named after Bikini Atoll , the site of several nuclear weapons tests , for their supposed explosive effect on the viewer . Beside Christian Dior , some designers also launched the swimwear collection , such as Bob and Bill Meistrell of body glove and Robert and Jack O'Neill of the surf brand O'Neill . Many of these pre-bikinis had fancy names like Double Entendre , Honey Child ( to maximize small bosoms ) , Shipshape ( to minimize large bosoms ) , Diamond Lil ( trimmed with rhinestones and lace ) , Swimming In Mink ( trimmed with fur across the bodice ) and Spearfisherman ( heavy poplin with a rope belt for carrying a knife ) , Beau Catcher , Leading Lady , Pretty Foxy , Side Issue , Forecast , and Fabulous Fit . However , the bikini was banned from the Miss World contest , following the crowning of Miss Sweden . Some people declared the bikini to be morally ' indecent ' . Even in Europe in 1950 , there was an Italian magazine also declared that the Bikini should be worn purely for the sunbathing purposes or on board boats . According to Vogue the swimwear had become more of `` state of dress , not undress '' by the mid-1950s . Bikini had a colorful period on the cinema screens and made an impact in the late 50s , inspired by the film such as And God Created Woman by Roger Vadim , launched Bardot into the spotlight and became the benchmark for bikini on celluloid . Also , her outfit sets a whole new trend for sex symbols . Starting in the 1940s , the manufacturing advances enabled swimsuits to fit without the help of elastic , and aid as performance aid in competitive swimming . In the early 1950s , other synthetics beside the screen print technique was being developed , such as polyester and acrylic , with quick - drying properties . In U.S , the Hawaiian - Japanese - inspired prints were often used . In Europe , Emilio Pucci moved swimwear textile on a generation when he began to design prints for Rose Marrie Reid swimwear . By the late 1950s , new materials were developed and applied on the corsetry swimwear , such as Lastex , a fabric woven from artificial chromspun acetate that used for a more tightly fitted appearance . Speedo produced the wool and cotton swimwear for the Melbourne Olympics in 1956 . In 1956 , Speedo became the first company to introduce nylon . Men 's swimsuits developed roughly in parallel to women 's during this period , with the shorts covering progressively less . Racing - style `` speedo '' suits became popular , as did thongs , G - strings , and bikini style briefs . Typically these are more popular in more tropical regions ; however , they may also be worn at public swimming pools and inland lakes . But in the 1990s , longer and baggier shorts became popular , with the hems often reaching to the knees . Often called boardshorts and swim trunks , these were worn lower on the hips than regular shorts . 1960s ( edit ) In 1964 designer Rudi Gernreich conceived and produced the monokini , a revolutionary and controversial design included a bottom that `` extended from the midriff to the upper thigh '' and was `` held up by shoestring laces that make a halter around the neck . '' 1970s ( edit ) In the 1970s Speedo added elastane to their swimsuits that improved their elasticity , durability and reduced water drag -- 21 out of 22 records at the 1972 Olympics were broken using nylon / elastane suits . At the same Olympics , East German swimmers adopted suits that were tightly following the body shape , the so - called `` skinsuits '' . They were initially made of cotton and became virtually transparent when wet . The revealing shape and transparency caused outrage among US swimmers ; meanwhile , at the 1973 World Aquatics Championships , East German women won 10 of 14 events and set seven world records . Those championships became the turning point for the world to adopt the skinsuit , modified with novel synthetic materials , as a standard competitive swimwear . During the same era , East Germany became noteworthy for its nude beaches , an unusual freedom allowed in the regimented communist bloc . 1980s ( edit ) In 1985 , Gernreich unveiled the lesser known pubikini , a bathing suit meant to expose pubic hair . The pubikini is a small piece of fabric that hugs the hips and buttocks but leaves the pubic region exposed , described as a tiny V - shaped fabric strip and a piece de resistance totally freeing the human body . It featured a thong - style bottom while the front was a tiny V - shaped strip of fabric that dipped below the woman 's mons pubis , exposing her pubic hair and portions of her vulva . This was his last design , four weeks before his death . 1990s ( edit ) Tankini and the concept of mix - and - match swimwears were the two major innovations in that genre in the late 1990s . Designer Anne Cole , the US swimwear mogul , was the originator of this style . Hailed as the first major innovation in women 's swimsuit design in several decades , the two - piece tankini blended the freedom of a bikini with the more modest coverage of a one - piece bathing suit , and quickly captured nearly a third of the swimwear market . Aimed at closing a gap in the swimwear market , the popularity of tankini largely came from Cole 's tapping into women 's anxieties about swimwear . In the years following its introduction tankinis diversified in style and range , adding other big name designers such as Ralph Lauren , Donna Karan , Nautica , and Calvin Klein . 2000s ( edit ) In 2005 , a controversy broke out when Buddhists complained against swimwear manufacturer Ondade Mar and lingerie giant Victoria 's Secret started marketing tankinis featuring Buddhist iconography . In the same year Nike 's breast cancer awareness swimwear collection featured four different cuts of tankini . In 2000 , Speedo launched the Fastskin suit series that mimicked shark skin . Their surface contained bumps and ridges that channeled the water over the swimmer 's body approximately 3 % more efficiently than traditional materials . Those suits covered most of the body , from neck to ankles and wrists , and their shape was optimized for specific swimming strokes , compressing some body parts while allowing more freedom to the others . Those suits were approved for the 2000 Olympics , where they helped win 83 % of the medals . By the next Olympics , similar suits had been developed by Tyr Sport , Inc. , but they were not approved by the FINA . In July 2009 , FINA voted to ban non-textile ( non-woven ) swimsuits in competitive events from 2010 . The new policy was implemented to combat the issues associated with performance enhancing costumes , hindering the ability to accurately measure the performance of swimmers . Subsequently , the new ruling states that men 's swimsuits may maximally cover the area from the navel to the knee , and women 's ' counterparts from the shoulder to the knee . See also ( edit ) History of competitive swimwear History of the bikini History of nudity Sources ( edit ) Victoriana Maganzine CNN - 1 CNN - 2 BBC - 1 BBC - 2 CBS News MNN References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Byrde , Penelope ( 1987 ) . `` That Frightful Unbecoming Dress : Clothes for Spa Bathing at Bath '' . Costume. 21 ( 1 ) : 48 -- 49 . doi : 10.1080 / cost. 1987.0007 . ISSN 0590 - 8876 . ^ Jump up to : Claudia B. Kidwell , Women 's Bathing and Swimming Costume in the United States , Smithsonian Institution Press , City of Washington , 1968 Jump up ^ The Expedition of Humphry Clinker , pp. 68 -- 69 Jump up ^ Cinder , Cec ( 1998 ) . The Nudist Idea . Ultraviolet Press . p. 333 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9652085 - 0 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Herbert Sanchez , A Brief History Of Bathing Suits , Article Garden ^ Jump up to : Sydelle , John . `` The Swimsuit Industry '' . Chron . Retrieved 29 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bathing - Jane Austen at the seaside '' . jasa.net.au . Archived from the original on 14 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Liz Conor , The spectacular modern woman : feminine visibility in the 1920s , page 152 , Indiana University Press , 2004 , ISBN 0 - 253 - 34391 - 7 ^ Jump up to : Hoover , Elizabeth D. ( 5 July 2006 ) . `` 60 Years of Bikinis '' . American Heritage Inc . Archived from the original on 9 September 2007 . Retrieved 13 November 2007 . Jump up ^ The Beginning History of Swimwear , Global Intimate Wear , 08 - 07 - 2012 Jump up ^ Jean Preer , `` The Postmaster General and `` The Magazine for Men '' Prologue Magazine , page 1 , Spring 1990 , Vol. 23 , No. 1 , U.S. National Archives and Records Administration ^ Jump up to : `` History of the Bikini '' . Carnival . Jump up ^ Shelton , Sandi Kahn ( 4 August 2012 ) Women swimmers bucked tide of sexism to compete in Olympics 100 years ago ; SCSU librarian 's book says competition deemed ' too unfemale ' ( video ) . nhregister.com Jump up ^ Manning , Jo ( 11 August 2008 ) First champ ' would be thrilled ' . BBC Jump up ^ Daily News , pp. 1 , 5 Jump up ^ Kadolph , Sara J. ; Langford , Anna L. ( 2001 ) . Textiles ( 9 ed . ) . Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 025443 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Vintage Swimwear Timeline '' . Glamoursurf.com . Retrieved August 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vintage Swimwear '' . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : The Bikini , Metropolitan Museum of Art ^ Jump up to : Our History . speedo.com.au Jump up ^ Daily News , p. 6 Jump up ^ Meagan Hess . `` Skirting the Skirts at the Bathing Beach '' . Xroads.virginia.edu . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Sandhu , David ( August 4 , 2003 ) . `` Nottingham : Bathed in nostalgia '' . London : The Telegraph . Jump up ^ THE 1930s : Sports : Overview , Novel Guide Jump up ^ Esther Williams , Everything2 Jump up ^ Steven Anzovin & Janet Podell , Famous First Facts , page 51 , H.W. Wilson , 2000 , ISBN 0 - 8242 - 0958 - 3 Jump up ^ Gayle Kimball , Women 's Culture : The Women 's Renaissance of the Seventies , page 141 , Scarecrow Press , 1981 , ISBN 0 - 8108 - 1455 - 2 Jump up ^ Kathleen Morgan Drowne & Patrick Huber , The 1920s , page 104 , Greenwood Publishing Group , 2004 , ISBN 0 - 313 - 32013 - 6 Jump up ^ Fashions of 1934 on IMDb Jump up ^ Samantha Critchell , `` Little wonder that bikinis have fit in almost from the start Archived 2008 - 12 - 25 at the Wayback Machine . '' , The San Diego Union - Tribune , 2006 - 05 - 28 Jump up ^ `` Dennis , Clara ( Clare ) ( 1916 -- 1971 ) Biographical Entry '' . Australian Dictionary of Biography Online . Australian National University . Retrieved 15 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Daily News , p. 7 Jump up ^ Daily News , p. 8 Jump up ^ `` World War II '' . The Price of Freedom : Americans at War . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bikini Introduced Archived 2009 - 04 - 19 at the Wayback Machine. , This Day in History , History Channel Jump up ^ `` Bikini '' . Fashion Encyclopedia . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Claudia Mitchell ; Jacqueline Reid - Walsh ( 2008 ) . Girl Culture : Studying girl culture : a readers ' guide Volume 1 of Girl Culture : An Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . p. 702 . ISBN 9780313339097 . Jump up ^ James Kitchling , `` Short History of Bikinis and Swimsuits '' , Articles Central , 2008 - 08 - 02 ^ Jump up to : William Oscar Johnson , `` In The Swim '' , Sports Illustrated , 1989 - 02 - 07 ^ Jump up to : Stevenson , N.J. ( 2012 ) . Fashion : A visual history from regency & Romance to retro & revelution . New York : The Ivy Press Limited . ^ Jump up to : Kennedy , Sarah ( 2010 ) . The Swimsuit : A History of Twentieth - century Fashions . Carlton Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84732 - 382 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Daniel Delis Hill , As Seen in Vogue , page 63 , Texas Tech University Press , 2007 , ISBN 0 - 89672 - 616 - 9 Jump up ^ Laver , J. ( 2012 ) . Costume and fashion : A concise history . London : Thames & Hudson Ltd . Jump up ^ Daily News , pp. 9 , 12 ^ Jump up to : Alac , Patrik ( 2012 ) . Bikini Story . Parkstone International . p. 68 . ISBN 1780429517 . Jump up ^ `` Bikini Styles : Monokini '' . Everything Bikini. 2005 . Retrieved 13 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Nangle , Eleanore ( June 10 , 1964 ) . `` Topless Swimsuit Causes Commotion '' . Chicago Tribute . Retrieved 20 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Jule ( 12 August 1974 ) Light , Tight And Right For Racing . sportsillustrated.cnn.com Jump up ^ http://www.cnn.com/2015/05/06/travel/naked-germany/ Jump up ^ Elizabeth Gunther Stewart , Paula Spencer & Dawn Danby , The V Book : A Doctor 's Guide to Complete Vulvovaginal Health , page 104 , Bantam Books , 2002 , ISBN 0 - 553 - 38114 - 8 ^ Jump up to : overzero.com . `` Metroland '' . Metroland . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 29 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Catalog adds options for overweight girls Article 1 of 1 found , Denver Post , 1992 - 01 - 02 Jump up ^ Ellen Shultz , ed. ( 1986 ) . Recent acquisitions : A Selection , 1985 - 1986 . New York : Metropolitan Museum of Art . p. 48 . ISBN 978 - 0870994784 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Gunther Stewart , Paula Spencer and Dawn Danby , The V Book , page 104 , Bantam Books , 2002 , ISBN 0553381148 Jump up ^ Klaus Honnef , Helmut Newton and Carol Squiers , Portraits : Photographs from Europe and America , page 21 , Schirmer , 2004 , ISBN 382960131X Jump up ^ Cathy Horn , `` Rudi Revisited '' , The Washington Post , 1991 -- 11 -- 17 , page 03 Jump up ^ Valerie Steele , Encyclopedia of Clothing and Fashion , page 255 , Charles Scribner 's Sons , 2005 , ISBN 0 - 684 - 31397 - 9 Jump up ^ Becky Homan , `` Tankini goes over the top '' , Page 42 , St. Louis Post-Dispatch , 1999 - 04 - 03 Jump up ^ Laura Avery , Newsmakers ' 07 : Cumulation page 117 , Thomson Gale , 2007 , ISBN 0 - 7876 - 8091 - 5 Jump up ^ Rose Apodaca Jones , `` Five decades in the swim '' , WWD , Fairchild Publications , 2001 - 04 - 23 Jump up ^ Laura Avery & Thomson Gale , Newsmakers : Cumulation , page 118 , Thomson Gale , 2007 , ISBN 0 - 7876 - 8091 - 5 Jump up ^ Bridget Quinn , `` Stickline : Swimsuit Fashion for Women '' , Washington Post , 2005 - 06 - 22 Jump up ^ Lisa Nakamura , Digitizing Race , page 186 , University of Minnesota Press , 2007 , ISBN 0 - 8166 - 4613 - 9 Jump up ^ Samantha Critchell , `` Cancer charities pink at heart '' , St. Petersburg Times , 2005 - 09 - 29 ^ Jump up to : A revolutionary swimsuit . European Patent Office ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Murphy , Sean ( 19 April 2000 ) Fastskin fastalk : hype or help ? abc.net.au Jump up ^ Daily News , p. 14 Jump up ^ Nasr , Susan L. ( 1 ) ( 2 ) Can a swimsuit make you swim faster ? science.howstuffworks.com Jump up ^ TYR Appeals Ban of Arm Bands . collegeswimming.com. 8 June 2004 Jump up ^ Administrator . `` Fédération Internationale de Natation - fina.org - FINA GENERAL CONGRESS '' . fina.org . Archived from the original on 2015 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ FINA bans hi - tech suits from 2010 BBC , 31 July 2009 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_swimwear&oldid=856952804 '' Categories : History of clothing Swimming equipment Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with citations needing edition from October 2017 Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 15 : 56 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did the word bathing suit come from	[]	[]
-4423234451578817782	Major (United States)	Major ( United States ) - wikipedia Major ( United States ) Jump to : navigation , search For other countries that use this rank , see major . Army , Marine Corps , and Air Force insignia of the rank of major . U.S. Army insignia of the rank of major . U.S. Marine Corps insignia of the rank of major . U.S. Air Force insignia of the rank of major . In the United States Army , Marine Corps , and Air Force , major is a field grade military officer rank above the rank of captain and below the rank of lieutenant colonel . It is equivalent to the naval rank of lieutenant commander in the other uniformed services . Although lieutenant commanders are considered junior officers by their respective services , the rank of major is considered field grade in the United States Army and the United States Marine Corps . The pay grade for the rank of major is O - 4 . The insignia for the rank consists of a golden oak leaf , with slight stylized differences between the Army / Air Force version and the Marine Corps version . Promotion to major is governed by Department of Defense policies derived from the Defense Officer Personnel Management Act of 1980 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Army 1.1 American Revolution 1.2 American Civil War 1.3 Post Civil War 2 Air Force 3 Law enforcement 4 References 5 External links Army ( edit ) A major in the U.S. Army typically serves as a battalion executive officer ( XO ) or as the battalion operations officer ( S3 ) . A major can also serve as a primary staff officer for a regiment , brigade or task force in the areas concerning personnel , logistics , intelligence , and operations . A major will also be a staff officer / action officer on higher staffs and headquarters . In addition , majors command augmented companies in Combat Service and Service Support units . U.S. Army majors also command Special operations companies , such as U.S. Army Special Forces companies , Civil Affairs companies , Military Information Support Operations companies , as well as certain types of separate , numbered vice lettered , Military Intelligence companies . Selected majors in the United States Army attend the 10 - month Command and General Staff School at Fort Leavenworth , with a greater number attending satellite schools administered by Fort Leavenworth at Fort Belvoir , Fort Lee , Virginia , Redstone Arsenal , and Fort Gordon . Nine - hundred - sixty graduated from the Leavenworth course in 2009 ( the largest class in Army history ) . American revolution ( edit ) The Continental Army mostly followed the organization and rank structure of the British Army . A regiment consisted of 8 companies with three officers ( a captain , a lieutenant and ensign ) and about 60 enlisted men each . The field grade officers of a regiment were the colonel , the lieutenant colonel and a major . The major was the regiment 's third in command and , at least in theory , would command one of the regiment 's two battalions if the regiment were divided for tactical purposes . American Civil War ( edit ) Major rank insignia of the Confederate Army as used during the American Civil War During the American Civil War the Union Army continued to use the existing titles of rank and rank insignia established for the US Army . After the Southern states seceded and became the Confederate States of America , the Confederate Army retained the same titles of rank as its Union counterpart , but developed a new system of rank identification and insignia for its officers . While Union officers continued to wear their rank insignia on their shoulder straps , Confederate officers wore their rank insignia on the collar ( one , two , or three horizontal gold bars for lieutenants and captains ; one , two , or three gold stars for field grade officers ; and three gold stars surrounded by a wreath for all general officers ) , as well as rows of gold lace forming an Austrian knot pattern on each sleeve . The number of rows of gold lace increased with the rank of the officer . Post Civil War ( edit ) In the late 1800s the US Army changed from the traditional 10 company regiment to one of 12 companies organized into three four company battalions , each commanded by a major . Prior to World War II , battalion commanders became lieutenant colonels . The basic regimental organization remained standard until after the Korean War when regiments with organic battalions were no longer used as tactical units . Battalions attached to brigades replaced the regiment . Battalions commanded by lieutenant colonels became the US Army 's basic tactical unit . As a result , there were only a limited number of command positions for majors although Medical , Special Forces and Aviation companies are usually commanded by majors . Air Force ( edit ) A major in the Air Force typically has duties as a senior staff officer at the squadron and wing level . In flying squadrons majors are generally flight commanders or assistant directors of operations . In the mission support and maintenance groups majors may occasionally be squadron commanders . In the medical corps , a major may be the head of a clinic or flight . Law enforcement ( edit ) Many police agencies in the United States use the rank of major for officers in senior administrative and supervisory positions . The position is most often found in larger agencies , where the number of sworn personnel requires an expanded and complex rank structure . The term `` major '' is not always used in these scenarios , and some police departments prefer to use titles such as `` Deputy Chief , '' `` Commander , '' or similar , retaining only the rank insignia . However , there are several agencies , particularly state police , which prefer to use both the insignia and title . The rank may also be used in conjunction with , rather than instead of , a descriptive title , such as in the example , `` Major John Smith , Patrol Commander '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ CGSC . `` About the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College '' . www.cgscfoundation.org . Retrieved 11 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Bower , Melissa ( 18 June 2009 ) . `` Largest CGSC - ILEAca , ! E + class graduates '' . www.army.mil . United States Army . Retrieved 11 August 2013 . United States Army portal United States Marine Corps portal United States Air Force portal External links ( edit ) Confederate Army rank insignia : A guide Officer rank insignia Rank history United States uniformed services commissioned officer and officer candidate ranks Pay grade / branch of service Officer candidate O - 1 O - 2 O - 3 O - 4 O - 5 O - 6 O - 7 O - 8 O - 9 O - 10 O - 11 ( Obs . ) Special grade Insignia ( 2 ) Army CDT / OC 2LT 1LT CPT MAJ LTC COL BG MG LTG GEN GA GAS Marine Corps Midn / Cand 2ndLt 1stLt Capt Maj LtCol Col BGen MajGen LtGen Gen Navy MIDN / OC ENS LTJG LT LCDR CDR CAPT RDML RADM VADM ADM FADM AN Air Force Cadet / OT / OC 2d Lt 1st Lt Capt Maj Lt Col Col Brig Gen Maj Gen Lt Gen Gen GAF Coast Guard CDT / OC ENS LTJG LT LCDR CDR CAPT RDML RADM VADM ADM PHS Corps ENS LTJG LT LCDR CDR CAPT RADM RADM VADM ADM NOAA Corps OC ENS LTJG LT LCDR CDR CAPT RDML RADM VADM No universal insignia for officer candidate rank ; Navy candidate insignia shown Official 1945 proposal for General of the Armies insignia ; John J. Pershing 's GAS insignia : ; George Dewey 's Admiral of the Navy insignia : Rank used for specific officers in wartime only , not permanent addition to rank structure Grade is authorized by the U.S. Code for use but has not been created Grade has never been created or authorized USAF and U.S. Army insignia shown United States warrant officer ranks W - 1 W - 2 W - 3 W - 4 W - 5 Army WO1 CW2 CW3 CW4 CW5 Marine Corps WO1 CWO2 CWO3 CWO4 CWO5 Navy WO1 CWO2 CWO3 CWO4 CWO5 Air Force WO1 CWO2 CWO3 CWO4 CWO5 Coast Guard WO1 CWO2 CWO3 CWO4 PHS Corps NOAA Corps Grade inactive Grade is authorized for use by U.S. Code but has not been created Grade never created or authorized Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Major_(United_States)&oldid=816302293 '' Categories : Military ranks of the United States Army United States Marine Corps ranks Officer ranks of the United States Air Force Police ranks Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Français Lietuvių Slovenščina Edit links This page was last edited on 20 December 2017 , at 14 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	is major a high rank in the army	[]	[]
-7372935562291648039	Married at First Sight (U.S. TV series)	Married at First Sight ( U.S. TV series ) - wikipedia Married at First Sight ( U.S. TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search Married at First Sight Genre Reality television Based on Gift Ved Første Blik ( Danish TV series ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 64 Production Running time 42 minutes Release Original network FYI ( 2014 -- 16 ) Lifetime ( 2017 ) Original release July 8 , 2014 -- present External links Website www.fyi.tv/shows/married-at-first-sight Married at First Sight is an American reality television series based on a Danish series of the same name titled Gift Ved Første Blik . The series first aired in the United States on FYI . Beginning with season two , it aired in simulcast on sister network A&E . The series features three couples , paired up by relationship experts , who agree to marry when they first meet . For the first three seasons , the experts were clinical psychologist Dr. Joseph Cilona , sexologist Dr. Logan Levkoff , sociologist Dr. Pepper Schwartz , and humanist chaplain Greg Epstein . Starting with the fourth season , the experts are Schwartz , pastor and marriage counselor Calvin Roberson , and communication and relationship expert Rachel DeAlto . The couples spend their wedding night in a hotel before leaving for a honeymoon . Upon returning home , they live together as a married couple for eight weeks . Thereafter they choose to divorce or stay married . On October 25 , 2016 FYI renewed the show for a fifth season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 1.1 Season 1 1.2 Season 2 1.3 Season 3 1.4 Married at First Sight : Second Chances 1.5 Season 4 1.6 Season 5 2 References 3 International versions 4 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Over the five seasons of MAFS , 10 / 15 couples have chosen to stay married after the six week time period of the experiment . Out of these 10 , only 4 remain together as of September 2017 , making for overall only a 26.67 % success rate of the experiment . Season 1 ( edit ) The couples were : # Couple Age Occupation Final Decision Current status Jamie Otis - Hehner 27 Nurse Yes Married Doug Hehner 31 Software salesman Cortney Hendrix - Carrion 26 Make - up artist Yes Married Jason Carrion 27 Fireman Monet Bell 33 Product development manager No Divorced Vaughn Copeland 30 Field service technician Monet and Vaughn got a divorce . Vaughn has since welcomed a son , Zaire William Copeland on September 3 , 2016 , with his girlfriend , Jenny Faber . In the 6 months later special , it was revealed that both Jason and Cortney and Doug and Jamie are still together . Both couples were featured in a spin - off series , `` Married at First Sight : The First Year '' alongside with Dr. Pepper Schwartz , which showed the development of their married lives . On July 5 , 2016 , Doug and Jamie announced they were expecting their first child . They lost the baby at 17 weeks . Jamie shared a photo on Instagram of her and Doug in the hospital with the baby , who they named Johnathan Edward , to raise awareness of the stigma surrounding miscarriage . On January 31 , 2017 , Jamie and Doug announced that they were again expecting a child , later revealed to be a girl , Henley Grace , who was born on August 22 , 2017 . Season 2 ( edit ) The couples were : # Couple Age Occupation Final Decision Current status Jaclyn Methuen 30 Vodka saleswoman Yes Divorced Ryan Ranellone 28 Real estate agent Davina Kullar ( now Davis ) 34 Pharmaceutical saleswoman No Divorced Sean Varricchio 35 Trauma nurse Jessica Castro 30 Receptionist Yes Divorced Ryan DeNino / Oehl 29 Businessman All three were divorced . After the show was over , Davina and Sean got a divorce . Davina has since remarried . In the 6 months later special , it was revealed that both Jessica and Ryan D. , as well as Jaclyn and Ryan R. , are divorced . Shortly after filming the reunion special , Jessica filed for a restraining order against Ryan . Although Jaclyn and Ryan decided to try to make their marriage work after the experiment ended , they split not long after . She wrote on Instagram , `` Let 's hope I catch one that is strong , smart , and appreciates my big personality ! ... '' Season 3 ( edit ) The third season took place in Atlanta , Georgia . The couples were : # Couple Age Occupation Final Decision Current status Vanessa Nelson 26 Event manager Yes Divorced Tres Russell 27 Luxury car salesman Ashley Doherty 30 Nursing student No Divorced David Norton 29 Software account executive Samantha Role 30 Bank manager No Divorced Neil Bowlus 31 Compliance specialist All three were divorced : David Norton and Ashley Doherty got a divorce because Ashley felt the social media incident during their marriage was too unbearable . She felt betrayed and that David broke her trust . David felt hurt and angry , realizing that Ashley made no real effort to make their marriage work and that he `` had ( his ) head in the clouds ... chasing someone who did n't want to be caught . '' . Neil Bowlus and Samantha Role decided to get a divorce . Samantha wanted to remain married , but Neil felt dissatisfied with the overall experience and believed that the best thing for both their happiness was to divorce . In the six month later special , it was said that Neil and Samantha have remained friends . Tres Russell and Vanessa Nelson stayed married . In the six month later special , it was said that the two had separated and divorced after that . Married at First Sight : Second Chances ( edit ) Both Vanessa Nelson and David Norton took part in the first season of `` Married At First Sight : Second Chances '' . The show 's premise is that both David and Vanessa selected from a group of men ( for Nelson ) and women ( for Norton ) to date in a Bachelor / Bachelorette - style fashion , ultimately ending with each of them choosing someone to marry . The groups were narrowed down from 100 ( in a speed dating - like situation ) to 25 , to 10 . After Vanessa and David each picked their the top ten , they eliminated one person each episode ( with the exception of one week 's double elimination ) until they find ' the one ' . The first season premiered on April 27 , 2017 . The season concluded on July 6 , 2017 with Vanessa becoming engaged to Andre , however they ended their relationship and David choosing to marry no one . Season 4 ( edit ) The fourth season of the Married at First Sight TV show on Fyi premiered on Tuesday , July 26 , 2016 at 9 : 00pm Et / Pt . The setting was South Florida ( particularly Miami ) and in this season , two new specialists joined sociologist Dr. Pepper Schwartz : communication and relationship expert , Rachel DeAlto , and marriage counselor , Pastor Calvin Roberson . Dr. 's Joseph Cilona and Logan Levkoff exited the series after season three . The couples were : # Couple Age Occupation Final Decision Status Sonia Granados 33 Social worker Yes Divorced Nick Pendergrast 32 Vacation rental manager Heather Seidel 32 Flight attendant No Divorced Derek Schwartz 35 Account executive Lillian Vilchez 24 Realtor Yes Divorced Tom Wilson 29 Boat interior designer All three were divorced . After fourteen months of marriage , Lillian and Tom announced on May 31 , 2017 that they have filed for divorce but still remain close friends and a part of each other 's lives . Season 5 ( edit ) The fifth season of Married at First Sight was renewed on October 25 , 2016 . The episodes aired in 2017 and featured couples in Chicago . The couples were : # Couple Age Occupation Final Decision Status Danielle DeGroot 30 Dietician Yes Divorced Cody Knapek 26 Trainer / gym owner Sheila Downs - Duhon 31 School district facility director Yes Married Nate Duhon 26 Branch manager of a car rental company Ashley Petta 30 Manager of family - owned bar & grill Yes Married Anthony D'Amico 33 Sale account executive Danielle and Cody announced their divorce on August 22 , 2017 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' Married At First Sight ' Lawsuit : Woman Claims FYI Stole Her Idea For Hit Series About Blind Arranged Marriage '' . 18 December 2014 . Retrieved 5 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Meet Married at First Sight 's Season 4 Cast Members '' . People Magazine . 14 July 2016 . Retrieved 21 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Married at First Sight 's Jamie Otis and Doug Hehner Expecting First Child '' . Retrieved 5 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Miscarriage is the last thing people want to talk about - I want to change that '' . Women 's Day . Retrieved 29 September 2016 . Jump up ^ http://people.com/babies/jamie-otis-shares-photo-of-son/ Jump up ^ http://people.com/babies/jamie-otis-pregnant-doug-hehner-expecting-after-losing-son/ Jump up ^ http://people.com/babies/jamie-otis-doug-hehner-reveal-daughter-name/ Jump up ^ http://www.theashleysrealityroundup.com/2016/07/08/married-at-first-sight-season-2-star-davina-kullar-is-married-again-get-details/ Jump up ^ `` Married at First Sight : Jessica Castro Files Restraining Order Against Ryan De Nino After Split '' . Retrieved 5 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Noooo ! Married at First Sight 's Jaclyn and Ryan Split for Good '' . Retrieved 5 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Married At First Sight ' Season 3 Finale Spoilers : Another Couple Gets Divorced In Episode 14 ( RECAP ) '' . 2 March 2016 . Retrieved 5 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Season 5 '' . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://people.com/tv/married-at-first-sight-cody-knapek-danielle-degroot-divorce/ Divorced International versions ( edit ) The format created in Denmark has been adapted in USA , Australia , United Kingdom , Italy , Germany , France , Finland , Belgium , the Netherlands , New Zealand and Poland . Country Title TV channel Year aired Denmark ( original format ) Gift ved første blik DR3 DR1 2014 - present United Kingdom Married at First Sight Channel 4 2015 Australia Married at First Sight Nine Network 2015 - present Italy Matrimonio a prima vista Italia Sky Uno TV8 2016 - present Germany Hochzeit auf den ersten Blick Sat. 1 2015 - present Finland Ensitreffit alttarilla AVA 2015 - present France Mariés au premier regard M6 2016 Poland Ślub od pierwszego wejrzenia TVN 2016 - present New Zealand Married at First Sight Three 2017 - present Israel חתונה ממבט ראשון Keshet 2017 - present South - Africa Married at First Sight SA Lifetime 2016 - Present External links ( edit ) Married at First Sight on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Married_at_First_Sight_(U.S._TV_series)&oldid=809392285 '' Categories : 2010s American television series 2014 American television series debuts American reality television series American television series based on Danish television series FYI ( U.S. TV channel ) shows American dating and relationship reality television series Television shows set in New York City Wedding television shows Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 8 November 2017 , at 20 : 36 . About Wikipedia	married at first sight how long is the experiment	[]	[]
-3969712332101274827	Energy in Japan	Energy in Japan - Wikipedia Energy in Japan Jump to : navigation , search This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( June 2015 ) Energy in Japan refers to energy and electricity production , consumption , import and export in Japan . The country 's primary energy consumption was 477.6 Mtoe in 2011 , a decrease of 5 % over the previous year . The country lacks significant domestic reserves of fossil fuel , except coal , and must import substantial amounts of crude oil , natural gas , and other energy resources , including uranium . Japan relied on oil imports to meet about 84 percent of its energy needs in 2010 . Japan was also the first coal importer in 2010 , with 187 Mt ( about 20 % of total world coal import ) , and the first natural gas importer with 99 bcm ( 12.1 % of world total gas import ) . While Japan had previously relied on nuclear power to meet about 30 % of its electricity needs , after the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster all nuclear reactors have been progressively shut down for safety concerns . Ōi Nuclear Power Plant 's reactor No. 3 was eventually restarted on 2 July 2012 . However , in September 2013 the plant was shut down in order for Ōi Nuclear Power Plant to undergo safety inspections and pass legal checks in order to reopen . On August 11 , 2015 and November 1 , 2015 the two reactors at the Sendai Nuclear Power Plant restarted . Following the Fukushima disaster , the general public has opposed the use of nuclear energy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 History 3 Energy sources 3.1 Oil 3.2 Nuclear power 3.3 Natural gas 3.4 Hydroelectricity 3.5 Solar power 3.6 Wind power 3.7 Geothermal energy 3.8 Waste and biomass energy 3.9 Ocean energy 4 Electricity 4.1 National grid 4.2 Utilities 5 Hydrogen energy 6 Carbon emissions 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Overview ( edit ) GDP versus energy consumption , 1968 -- 2012 Energy in Japan Population ( million ) Prim . energy ( TWh ) Production ( TWh ) Import ( TWh ) Electricity ( TWh ) CO-emission ( Mt ) 127.7 6,201 1,125 5,126 1,031 1,215 2007 127.8 5,972 1,052 5,055 1,083 1,236 2008 127.7 5,767 1,031 4,872 1,031 1,151 2009 127.3 5,489 1,091 4,471 997 1,093 127.4 5,778 1,126 4,759 1,070 1,143 2012 127.8 5,367 601 4,897 1,003 1,186 2012R 127.6 5,260 329 5,062 989 1,223 2013 127.3 5,288 325 5,082 998 1,235 Change 2004 -- 10 - 0.2 % - 6.8 % 0.0 % - 7.2 % 3.7 % - 5.9 % Mtoe = 11.63 TWh , Prim . energy includes energy losses that are 2 / 3 for nuclear power 2012R = CO2 calculation criteria changed , numbers updated History ( edit ) Electricity production in Japan by source . Japan 's rapid industrial growth since the end of World War II doubled the nation 's energy consumption every five years into the 1990s . During the 1960 -- 72 period of accelerated growth , energy consumption grew much faster than GNP , doubling Japan 's consumption of world energy . By 1976 , with only 3 % of the world 's population , Japan was consuming 6 % of global energy supplies . Compared with other nations , electricity in Japan is relatively expensive , and , since the loss of nuclear power after the earthquake and tsunami disaster at Fukushima , the cost of electricity has risen significantly . Energy sources ( edit ) Japan -- primary energy use Fuel 1950 2001 Coal 50 % 18.1 % 16.8 % Hydro 33 % 4.6 % 4.0 % Oil 17 % 57.3 % 50.2 % Natural gas -- 10.1 % 13.6 % Nuclear -- 9.0 % 14.4 % Other -- 1.3 % 1.0 % In 1950 coal supplied half of Japan 's energy needs , hydroelectricity one - third , and oil the rest . By 2001 the contribution of oil had increased to 50.2 % of the total , with rises also in the use of nuclear power and natural gas . Japan now depends heavily on imported fossil fuels to meet its energy demand . Japan currently produces about 10 % of its electricity from renewable sources . The Fourth Strategic Energy Plan set the renewable share goal to be 24 % by 2030 . In the next 15 years , Japan intends on investing $700 billion into renewable energy . One initiative the Japanese government has implemented in order to boost the amount of renewable energy produced and purchased in Japan is the feed - in tariff scheme . The scheme encourages companies to invest in renewable energy by providing set prices for various types of renewable energy . The initiatives appear to be working , as renewable energy generation capacity now stands at 26.2 GW , compared to 20.9 GW in 2012 . Oil ( edit ) In the wake of the two oil crises of the 1970s ( 1973 and 1979 ) , Japan made efforts to diversify energy resources in order to increase security . Japan 's domestic oil consumption dropped slightly , from around 5.1 million barrels ( 810,000 m ) of oil per day in the late 1970s to 4.9 million barrels ( 780,000 m ) per day in 1990 . While the country 's use of oil declined , its consumption of nuclear power and Natural gas rose substantially . Several Japanese industries , including electric power companies and steelmakers , switched from petroleum to coal , most of which is imported . The state stockpile equals about 92 days of consumption and the privately held stockpiles equal another 77 days of consumption for a total of 169 days or 579 million barrels ( 92,100,000 m ) . The Japanese SPR is run by the Japan Oil , Gas and Metals National Corporation . Oil demand has been waning in Japan , especially leading up to and since the Tohoku earthquake in 2011 . While oil consumption was over 5 million barrels per day ( bpd ) for decades , this had declined to 3.22 million bpd by 2017 . As of 2016 , both India and Texas have overtaken Japan in oil consumption . Nuclear power ( edit ) Main article : Nuclear power in Japan See also : 2011 Japanese nuclear accidents and Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster The 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster , the worst nuclear accident in 25 years , displaced 50,000 households after radioactive isotopes were dispersed into the air , soil and sea . Radiation checks led to bans of some shipments of vegetables and fish . Following Eisenhower 's Atoms for Peace speech , the United States helped Japan develop their nuclear power program . When Japan decided to embark on the nuclear power field , it imported technology from the United States and obtained uranium from Canada , France , South Africa , and Australia . The first nuclear reactor was commissioned in 1966 , from then to 2010 , 54 more nuclear reactors had opened , with total generation capacity of 48,847 MW . The ratio of nuclear power generation to total electricity production increased from 2 % in 1973 to around 30 % in March 2011 . During the 1980s , Japan 's nuclear power program was strongly opposed by environmental groups , particularly after the Three Mile Island accident in the United States . In the 2000s , Japan had a few of the modern Advanced Boiling Water Reactor , including some of the first new advanced Generation III reactors . At Rokkasho , Aomori a facility was built to enrich nuclear fuel , deal with nuclear waste , and recycle spent nuclear fuel . After the 2011 earthquake and tsunami some nuclear reactors were damaged , causing much uncertainty and fear about the release of radioactive material , as well as highlighting the ongoing concerns over seismic design standards ( see Nuclear power in Japan § Seismicity ) . On 5 May 2012 Japan shut down the last nuclear reactor , the first time there has been no nuclear power production since 1970 . On 16 June Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda ordered the restart of Ōi nuclear plant 's reactors number 3 and 4 , saying that people 's livelihood needs to be protected . Ōi nuclear plant 's reactor No. 3 was restarted on 2 July , and No. 4 began operation on 21 July . However , in September 2013 the Ōi nuclear plant was shut down in order to have extensive safety inspections performed . By late 2015 , both of the Sendai Nuclear Power Plant 's reactors had reopened and restarted producing nuclear energy . Other nuclear plants , such as the Takahama Nuclear Power Plant , have received permission to reopen , and other nuclear reactors are beginning the process of restarting . In June 2015 , the Japanese government released an energy proposal that includes the revival of nuclear power to account for Japan 's energy needs . The proposal calls for an increase of about 20 % in nuclear energy by 2030 . This reverses a decision by the previous Democratic Party , the government will re-open nuclear plants , aiming for `` a realistic and balanced energy structure '' . Natural gas ( edit ) Because domestic natural gas production is minimal , rising demand is met by greater imports . Japan 's main LNG suppliers in 1987 were Indonesia ( 51.3 % ) , Malaysia ( 20.4 % ) , Brunei ( 17.8 % ) , United Arab Emirates ( 7.3 % ) , and the United States ( 3.2 % ) . The new Japanese LNG strategy published in May 2016 envisages the creation of a liquid market and an international LNG hub in Japan . This promises to radically change the traditional JCC ( crude oil ) based pricing system in Japan , but also potentially in the Pacific Basin as a whole . But the path to hub creation and hub pricing in the early 2020s envisaged by the Strategy will not be straightforward . Hydroelectricity ( edit ) Main article : Hydroelectricity in Japan The country 's main renewable energy source is hydroelectricity , with an installed capacity of about 27 GW and a production of 69.2 TWh of electricity in 2009 . As of September 2011 , Japan had 1,198 small hydropower plants with a total capacity of 3,225 MW . The smaller plants accounted for 6.6 percent of Japan 's total hydropower capacity . The remaining capacity was filled by large and medium hydropower stations , typically sited at large dams . Cost per kilowatt - hour for power from smaller plants was high at ¥ 15 -- 100 , hindering further development of the energy source . Solar power ( edit ) Main article : Solar power in Japan Japan was the world 's second largest producer of photovoltaic electricity in the early 2000s , although solar was a very minor contribution to the total at that time . The country was overtaken by Germany in 2005 , a year in which Japan had 38 % of the world supply compared to Germany 's 39 % . Since then , Japan had been slow to increase solar capacity compared to other countries until 2012 . On 1 July 2012 , after the nuclear disaster at Fukushima , new tariffs for renewable energy were introduced by the Japanese government . The tariffs , set at ¥ 42 per kWh over the next 20 years to solar power producers , were among the highest in the world . With the incentives in place , Japan added 1,718 MW of solar power in 2012 . By the end of the year , Japan 's total solar capacity was 7.4 GW . Japan has seen sustained growth of solar PV capacity after 2012 , reaching a cumulative installed capacity of 34 GW by the end of 2015 , generating 3.5 % of the national electricity consumption in that year . Wind power ( edit ) Main article : Wind power in Japan Japan had 1,807 wind turbines with a total capacity of 2440 MW as of September 2011 . Lack of locations with constant wind , environmental restrictions , and emphasis by power utilities on fossil and nuclear power hinders the employment of more wind power in the country . However , it has been estimated that Japan has the potential for 144 GW for onshore wind and 608 GW of offshore wind capacity . Geothermal energy ( edit ) Main article : Geothermal power in Japan Of other renewable energy sources , Japan has partially exploited geothermal energy . The country had six geothermal power stations with a combined capacity of 133 megawatts in 1989 . By 2011 , the country had 18 geothermal plants . Japan has the third largest geothermal reserves in the world , and geothermal energy in particular is being heavily focused on as a source of power following the Fukushima disaster and subsequent shut down of all nuclear reactors . The Ministry of Economy , Trade , and Industry is currently exploring over 40 locations to see if geothermal energy plants would be compatible . Waste and biomass energy ( edit ) As of September 2011 , Japan had 190 generators attached to municipal waste units and 70 independent plants using biomass fuel to produce energy . In addition , 14 other generators were used to burn both coal and biomass fuel . In 2008 , Japan produced 322 million tons of biomass fuel and converted 76 % of it into energy . Ocean energy ( edit ) In 2012 , the government announced plans to build experimental tidal power and wave power plants in coastal areas . Construction on the projects , the locations for which have not been determined , would begin in 2013 . Electricity ( edit ) Main article : Electricity sector in Japan Map of Japan 's electricity distribution network , showing incompatible systems between regions . The Sakuma Frequency Converter Station In 2014 , Japan ranked fifth in the world by electricity production , after the United States , China , Russia , and India with 934 TWh produced during that year . In terms of per capita electricity consumption , the average person in Japan consumed 8,459 kWh in 2004 compared to 14,240 kWh for the average American . In that respect it ranked 18th among the countries of the world . Its per capita electricity consumption increased by 21.8 % between 1990 and 2004 . Japan had 282 GW of total installed electricity generating capacity in 2010 , the third largest in the world behind the United States and China . However , after the damage by the 2011 earthquake , capacity is estimated to be around 243 GW in mid-2011 . It is one of the world 's largest users of solar energy , in fourth place behind Germany , Italy , and China . With 53 active nuclear power generating reactor units in 2009 , that year Japan ranked third in the world in that respect , after the United States ( 104 reactors ) and France ( 59 ) . Almost one quarter ( 24.93 % ) of its electricity production was from nuclear plants , compared to 76.18 % for France and 19.66 % for the United States . However , after the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami and the subsequent Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster , all plants eventually shut down in May 2012 and Ōi Nuclear Power Plant was restarted and operational between June 2012 and September 2013 . On 11 August 2015 and 1 November 2015 , the two nuclear reactor of the Sendai Nuclear Power Plant were restarted respectively . Since the generation disruption caused by the Fukushima disaster , rapid steps have been made to liberalize the electricity supply market . One way this was done in Japan is through the feed - in - tariff scheme . This was announced in 2012 as a direct consequence of the Fukushima disaster . The feed - in - tariff scheme encourages utility operators and companies to purchase and invest in renewable energy . The Ministry of Economy , Trade and Industry set prices for various renewable energy sources to encourage the production and consumption of renewable energy . In April 2016 domestic and small business customers became able to select from over 250 supplier companies competitively selling electricity . Also wholesale electricity trading on the Japan Electric Power Exchange has been encouraged . National grid ( edit ) Unlike most other industrial countries , Japan does n't have a single national grid but instead has separate eastern and western grids . The standard voltage at power outlets is 100 V , but the grids operate at different frequencies : 50 Hz in Eastern Japan and 60 Hz in Western Japan . The grids are connected together by 3 frequency converter stations ( Higashi - Shimizu , Shin Shinano and Sakuma ) , but these can only handle 1 GW . A converter station also exists at Minami - Fukumitsu . The 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami resulted in 11 reactors being taken offline with a loss of 9.7 GW . The 3 converter stations did not have the capacity to transfer enough power from Japan 's western power grid to significantly help the eastern grid . The two grids were originally developed by separate companies . Tokyo Electric Light Co was established in 1883 which also established electric power in Japan . In 1885 demand had grown enough that TELCO bought generation equipment from AEG of Germany . The same happened in the western parts of Japan with General Electric being the supplier to Osaka Electric Lamp . GE 's equipment used the US standard 60 Hz while AEG 's equipment used the European standard of 50 Hz . Utilities ( edit ) In Japan , the electricity market is divided up into 10 regulated companies : Chugoku Electric Power Company ( CEPCO ) Chubu Electric Power ( Chuden ) Hokuriku Electric Power Company ( Hokuden ) Hokkaido Electric Power Company ( HEPCO ) Kyushu Electric Power ( Kyuden ) Kansai Electric Power Company ( KEPCO ) Okinawa Electric Power Company ( Okiden ) Tokyo Electric Power Company ( TEPCO ) Tohoku Electric Power ( Tohokuden ) Shikoku Electric Power Company ( Yonden ) Tepco Kepco Chubu Tohokuden Kyuden Hydrogen energy ( edit ) In March 2016 , METI set a target of 40,000 hydrogen fuel - cell vehicles on Japan 's roads by 2020 and 160 fueling stations . Carbon emissions ( edit ) Carbon dioxide emissions ( thousands of metric tons of CO ) compared to 1990 level Year CO Change 1,072,420 0 % 1991 1,094,350 2.04 % 1,106,500 3.18 % 1,081,490 0.85 % 1,132,560 5.61 % 1995 1,138,750 9.19 % 1,169,550 9.06 % 1,170,120 9.11 % 1998 1,130,600 5.43 % 1999 1,165,720 8.7 % 2000 1,207,980 12.64 % 2001 1,191,390 11.09 % 2002 1,205,480 12.41 % 2003 1,233,640 15.03 % 1,259,659 17.46 % 2005 1,238,181 15.46 % 2006 1,231,298 14.81 % 2007 1,251,169 16.67 % 2008 1,207,686 12.61 % 2009 1,101,134 2.68 % CO emission per capita per year by country , 2004 data See also : Global warming and Kyoto Protocol In 2014 Japan was the 6th largest producer of carbon emissions . In 2013 Japan ranked 28 in the list of countries by carbon dioxide emissions per capita . In 2007 , the BBC reported that Japan was having difficulty in meeting its 6 % reduction target under the Kyoto Protocol partly because Japanese businesses were already very energy efficient . Despite this , in May 2007 , the former Prime Minister Shinzō Abe said that world emissions should be reduced by 50 % by 2050 . He expected Japan to play a leading role in such an effort . `` We must create a new framework which moves beyond the Kyoto Protocol , in which the entire world will participate in emissions reduction , '' Abe said . However , since the events of the Tohoku earthquake , carbon emissions from energy production have increased to near record levels , with 1227Mt released from energy production as opposed to the Kyoto Protocol target of 1136Mt ( 8 % reduction from 1235Mt ) , just a 0.6 % decrease in energy production emissions . The increased use of gas and coal to make up for lost nuclear capacity increased CO production by over 3 % despite an electrical demand drop of nearly 15 % . See also ( edit ) Japan portal Energy portal Renewable energy portal Sustainable development portal Electricity sector in Japan Energy Law ( Japan ) Geothermal power in Japan Hydroelectricity in Japan Japan Electric Association Japan Oil , Gas and Metals National Corporation List of countries by energy consumption per capita List of countries by total primary energy consumption and production Renewable energy by country Solar power in Japan Wind power in Japan World energy consumption References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2012 '' ( PDF ) . BP . Retrieved 2 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nuclear Power in Japan '' . World Nuclear Association . 2016 . Retrieved 20 October 2016 . Jump up ^ IEA Key World Energy Statistics 2011 , 2010 , 2009 , 2006 IEA October , crude oil p. 11 , coal p. 13 gas p. 15 ^ Jump up to : `` Japan restarts first reactor since Fukushima -- World news -- Asia - Pacific NBC News '' . MSNBC. 2012 - 01 - 07 . 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U.S. Energy Information Administration ( EIA ) . Retrieved 2 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 4th Strategic Energy Plan '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Economy , Trade , and Industry . April 2014 . Retrieved 20 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Takase , Kae ( 27 May 2014 ) . `` Renewable Energy Burst in Japan '' . Nautilus Institute for Security and Sustainability . Retrieved 20 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Energy Security in East Asia '' . Institute for the Analysis of Global Security . 2004 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Energy Security Initiative '' ( PDF ) . Asia Pacific Energy Research Center . 2002 - 01 - 01 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2006 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Oil , Gas and Metals National Corporation '' . JOGMEC . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Editorial , Reuters . `` UPDATE 1 - Japan 2017 thermal coal imports hit record , LNG up for ... '' AF . Retrieved 18 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` India beats Japan in oil use , only next to US , China '' . The Economic Times . 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Texas - SEDS - U.S. Energy Information Administration ( EIA ) '' . www.eia.gov . Jump up ^ Tomoko Yamazaki and Shunichi Ozasa ( June 27 , 2011 ) . `` Fukushima Retiree Leads Anti-Nuclear Shareholders at Tepco Annual Meeting '' . Bloomberg . Jump up ^ Mari Saito ( May 7 , 2011 ) . `` Japan anti-nuclear protesters rally after PM call to close plant '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ `` Nuclear Power Plants in Japan '' . The Federation of Electric Power Companies of Japan . Retrieved 20 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Eric , `` Current nuclear debate to set nation 's course for decades '' , Japan Times , 23 September 2011 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Batty , David ( 5 May 2012 ) . `` Japan shuts down last working nuclear reactor '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ `` Ohi reactors cleared for restart '' . World-nuclear-news.org. 2012 - 06 - 18 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Oi nuclear plant 's No 4 reactor begins generating power '' . Zeenews.india.com. 2012 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Four nuclear reactors to reopen in Japan '' . Euronews. 24 December 2015 . Retrieved 20 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Stern , Jonathan ( 2016 ) . `` The new Japanese LNG strategy : a major step towards hub - based gas pricing in Asia '' . Oxford Energy Comment . Oxford Institute for Energy Studies . Jump up ^ See Hydroelectricity # World hydroelectric capacity Jump up ^ Johnston , Eric , `` Small hydropower plants keep it local '' , Japan Times , 29 September 2011 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Japan lags behind Europe in solar power . The Daily Yomiuri , published 2007 - 05 - 10 , accessed 2007 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Eric , `` Despite headwinds , solar energy making progress , advocates say '' , Japan Times , 24 September 2011 , p. 3 . 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Jump up ^ Cichon , Meg ( 29 May 2015 ) . `` Is Japan the Next Boom Market for the Geothermal Energy Industry ? '' . Renewable Energy World . Retrieved 20 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Eric , `` With backing , biomass can help meet energy needs '' , Japan Times , 30 September 2011 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Jiji Press , `` Wave , wind power project planned '' , Japan Times , 20 March 2012 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ `` Electricity -- Consumption '' . The World Factbook . Retrieved 20 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Electricity Consumption Per Capita 2004 -- Country Rankings '' . Allcountries.org. 2007 - 05 - 25 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Nuclear Power Plants by Country 2009 '' . Photius.com. 2007 - 05 - 25 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Nuclear Share in Electricity Generation by Country 2008 '' . Allcountries.org. 2007 - 05 - 25 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 10 . 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Jump up ^ Stephen Stapczynski , Emi Urabe ( 28 March 2016 ) . `` Japan 's Power Market Opening Challenges Entrenched Players : Q&A '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 1 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Electricity market shake - up mainly benefiting Tokyo and Kansai '' . The Japan Times . 7 April 2016 . Retrieved 1 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Electricity in Japan '' . Japan-guide.com. 2007 - 05 - 07 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Martyn ( 18 March 2011 ) . `` A legacy from the 1800s leaves Tokyo facing blackouts '' . Computerworld . Retrieved 21 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Umair Irfan , `` Japan Bets on a Hydrogen - Fueled Future '' , Scientific American , May 3 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Dioxyde de carbone ( CO2 ) , émissions en mille tonnes de CO2 ( CDIAC ) '' . United Nations . 2006 - 11 - 20 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 10 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Japan eyes 50 % greenhouse gas cut '' . BBC . 2007 - 05 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ http://advancedglobaltrading.com/japans-co2-emissions-to-hit-record-high-this-year/ This article incorporates public domain material from the Library of Congress Country Studies website http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/ . -- Japan External links ( edit ) Agency for Natural Resources and Energy Energy in Japan 2010 Energy White Paper 2010 ( in Japanese ) Economy of Japan History Economic history of Japan Foreign commerce and shipping of Empire of Japan Agriculture in the Empire of Japan Japanese asset price bubble Japanese post-war economic miracle Lost Decade ( Japan ) Zaibatsu Nemawashi Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates Shūshin koyō Nenko System Salaryman Keiretsu Japanese management culture Standard of living in Japan Amakudari Currency Bank of Japan Banknotes of the Japanese yen Japan Mint Japanese yen National Printing Bureau Tokugawa coinage Scrip of Edo period Japan Banking and Finance Nikkei 225 Osaka Securities Exchange Tokyo Stock Exchange Financial services in Japan Japanese financial system Monetary and fiscal policy of Japan Capital flows in Japan Government agencies Ministry of Economy , Trade and Industry Japan External Trade Organization Development Bank of Japan Ministry of Land , Infrastructure , Transport and Tourism ( Japan ) Taxation & Labor market Taxation in Japan National Tax Agency Labor market Labor unions in Japan Energy Energy in Japan Solar power in Japan List of power stations in Japan List of Japan natural gas companies Rankings International rankings of Japan Industry Construction industry of Japan Automotive industry in Japan Japanese employment law Japanese domestic market Transportation in Japan Manufacturing industries of Japan Agriculture , forestry , and fishing in Japan Fishing industry in Japan Whaling in Japan Mining in Japan Consumer electronics in Japan Private enterprise in Japan Japanese public corporations Defense industry of Japan Associations Japan Chamber of Commerce and Industry Japan Business Federation Japan Association of Corporate Executives Japan Foreign Trade Council Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association Other topics Research and development in Japan Industrial policy of Japan Government - 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929551682023327283	Tennis court	Tennis court - wikipedia Tennis court This article is about the sports venue . For other uses , see Tennis court ( disambiguation ) . Indoor tennis courts at the University of Bath , England A tennis court is the venue where the sport of tennis is played . It is a firm rectangular surface with a low net stretched across the center . The same surface can be used to play both doubles and singles matches . A variety of surfaces can be used to create a tennis court , each with its own characteristics which affect the playing style of the game . Contents 1 Dimensions 1.1 Smaller courts 2 Surfaces 2.1 Clay courts 2.2 Grass courts 2.3 Hard courts 2.4 Carpet courts 3 Indoor courts 4 Terminology 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Dimensions ( edit ) The dimensions of a tennis court . The dimensions of a tennis court are defined and regulated by the International Tennis Federation ( ITF ) governing body and are written down in the annual ' Rules of Tennis ' document . The court is 78 feet ( 23.77 metres ) long . Its width is 27 feet ( 8.23 metres ) for singles matches and 36 feet ( 10.97 metres ) for doubles matches . The service line is 21 feet ( 6.40 metres ) from the net . Additional clear space around the court is needed in order for players to reach overrun balls for a total of 60 feet ( 18 metres ) wide and 120 feet ( 37 metres ) long . A net is stretched across the full width of the court , parallel with the baselines , dividing it into two equal ends . The net is 3 feet 6 inches ( 1.07 metres ) high at the posts , and 3 feet ( 0.91 metres ) high in the center . The net posts are 3 feet ( 0.91 metres ) outside the doubles court on each side or , for a singles net , 3 feet ( 0.91 metres ) outside the singles court on each side . Smaller courts ( edit ) The ITF 's Play and Stay campaign promotes playing on smaller courts with slower red , orange and green balls for younger children . This gives children more time and control so they can serve , rally , and score from the first lesson on courts that are sized to fit their bodies . The ITF has mandated that official competition for children under 10 years of age should be played on `` Orange '' courts 18 m ( 59 ft ) long by 6.4 m ( 21 ft ) wide . Competition for children under 8 years is played on `` Red '' courts that are 11 m ( 36 ft ) long and 5.5 m ( 18 ft ) wide . The net is always 0.8 m high in the center . Surfaces ( edit ) Tennis is played on a variety of surfaces and each surface has its own characteristics which affect the playing style of the game . There are four main types of courts depending on the materials used for the court surface : clay courts , hard courts , grass courts and carpet courts . The International Tennis Federation ( ITF ) lists different surfaces and properties and classifies surfaces into one of five pace settings : Category 1 ( slow ) Category 2 ( medium - slow ) Category 3 ( medium ) Category 4 ( medium - fast ) Category 5 ( fast ) Of the current four Grand Slam tournaments , the Australian and US Open use hard courts , French Open is played on clay , and Wimbledon , the only Grand Slam to have always been played on the same surface , is played on grass . The Australian Open switched to hard courts in 1988 and in its early years the French championship alternated between clay and sand / rubble courts . The US Open is the only major to have been played on three surfaces ; it was played on grass from its inception until 1974 , clay from 1975 until 1977 and hard courts since it moved from the West Side Tennis Club to the National Tennis Center in 1978 . ITF uses the following classification for tennis court surface types : Surface code Type Description Acrylic Textured , pigmented , resin - bound coating Artificial clay Synthetic surface with the appearance of clay Artificial grass Synthetic surface with the appearance of natural grass Asphalt Bitumen - bound aggregate Carpet Textile or polymeric material supplied in rolls or sheets of finished product Clay Unbound mineral aggregate Concrete Cement - bound aggregate Grass Natural grass grown from seed Other E.g. modular systems ( tiles ) , wood , canvas Clay courts ( edit ) Main article : Clay court The French Open is played on clay courts . Clay courts are made of crushed shale , stone or brick . The French Open is the only Grand Slam tournament to use clay courts . Clay courts slow down the ball and produce a high bounce in comparison to grass or hard courts . For this reason , the clay court takes away many of the advantages of big serves , which makes it hard for serve - based players to dominate on the surface . Clay courts are cheaper to construct than other types of tennis courts , but a clay surface costs more to maintain . Clay courts need to be rolled to preserve flatness . The clay 's water content must be balanced ; green clay courts generally require the courts to be sloped to allow water run - off . Clay courts are more common in Europe and Latin America than in North America , and tend to heavily favour baseline players . Historically for the Grand Slams clay courts have been used at the US Open from 1975 to 1977 and the French Open since 1891 . Grass courts ( edit ) Main article : Grass court Grass court maintenance at Wimbledon Grass courts are the fastest type of courts in common use . They consist of grass grown on very hard - packed soil , which adds additional variables : bounces depend on how healthy the grass is , how recently it has been mowed , and the wear and tear of recent play . Points are usually very quick where fast , low bounces keep rallies short , and the serve plays a more important role than on other surfaces . Grass courts tend to favour serve - and - volley tennis players . Grass courts were once among the most common tennis surfaces , but are now rare due to high maintenance costs as they must be watered and mown often , and take a longer time to dry after rain than hard courts . The grass surface , however , is the most physically forgiving to the human body because of its softness . Historically for the Grand Slams grass courts have been used at the Australian Open from 1905 to 1987 , the US Open from 1881 to 1974 , and Wimbledon since 1877 . Hard courts ( edit ) Main article : Hardcourt Rooftop tennis hardcourts in Downtown Singapore Hard courts are made of uniform rigid material , often covered with an acrylic surface layer to offer greater consistency of bounce than other outdoor surfaces . Hard courts can vary in speed , though they are faster than clay but not as fast as grass courts . The quantity of sand added to the paint can greatly affect the rate at which the ball slows down . The US Open is played on DecoTurf while the Australian Open is played on Plexicushion , both acrylic - topped hard court surfaces . Historically for the Grand Slams hard courts have been used at the Australian Open since 1988 and the US Open since 1978 . Carpet courts ( edit ) Main article : Carpet court Artificial turf tennis courts in Nicosia , Cyprus `` Carpet '' in tennis means any removable court covering . Indoor arenas store rolls of rubber - backed court surfacing and install it temporarily for tennis events , but they are not in use any more for professional events . A short piled form of artificial turf infilled with sand is used for some outdoor courts , particularly in Asia . Carpet is generally a fast surface , faster than hardcourt , with low bounce . Notable tennis tournaments previously held on carpet courts were the WCT Finals , Paris Masters , U.S. Pro Indoor and Kremlin Cup . Since 2009 , their use has been discontinued on the top tier of the ATP . ATP Challenger Tour tournaments such as the Trofeo Città di Brescia still use carpet courts . The WTA Tour has one remaining carpet court event , the International - level Tournoi de Québec . Indoor courts ( edit ) Some tennis courts are indoor , which allows to play regardless of weather conditions and is more comfortable for spectators . Because of the lack of wind , gameplay is considerably different versus outdoor courts . Any court surface may be used indoors . Hard courts are most common indoors , as they are made with the most versatile materials and surface finishes . Clay courts are installed indoors with underground watering systems , and used mostly for Davis Cup matches . The conclusion of the Wimbledon Championships , in 2012 , was played on the lawn of Centre Court under the closed roof and artificial lights . The Halle Open has also seen a number of matches played on its grass court in the Gerry Weber Stadion with the roof closed . Carpet surfaces have been used both on the ATP World Tour and World Championship Tennis circuit , though no events currently use them . Historically , other surfaces have been used indoors such as hardwood at the defunct World Covered Court Championships and London Indoor Professional Championships . Currently , the ATP World Tour Finals event is the most important indoor tennis tournament . Terminology ( edit ) Main article : Glossary of tennis terms Common tennis court terms : Advantage service box or ad court : The receiver 's left side service box , or the opponent 's right for the server ; significant as the receiving side for an advantage point . Alley or Tramlines : The lanes on each side of the singles court . These are only used when playing doubles . Back court : The area between the baseline and the service line . Baseline : The rearmost line of the court , furthest from and parallel to the net . Center service line : The line dividing the two service boxes on each side . Center mark : The 12 - inch mark at the halfway point of the baseline used to distinguish the two halves ( and service boxes ) of a tennis court . Deuce service box or deuce court : The receiver 's right side service box , or the opponent 's left for the server , significant as the receiving side for a deuce point . Service box : The area on each side bounded by the singles sideline , the service line , and the net . There are left and right service boxes , separated by the center service line . Service line : The line that is parallel to the net and is located between the baseline and the net . It marks the end of the service boxes . Side T : The T shape formed by the service line and the singles sideline . There are four such side Ts , two on each side of the net . T or Middle T : The T shape formed by the service line and the center service line . See also ( edit ) Tennis portal List of tennis stadiums by capacity No - line court References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ITF Rules of Tennis '' . ITF . ^ Jump up to : `` Rule 1 -- The Court '' . International Tennis Federation . Retrieved 29 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Rules of tennis Archived 6 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ITF Play and Stay Jump up ^ `` Court Pace Classification Programme '' . ITF . Retrieved 1 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ITF Approved Tennis Balls , Classified Surfaces & Recognised Courts 2015 '' ( PDF ) . International Tennis Federation ( ITF ) . p. 62 . ^ Jump up to : `` Surface Descriptions '' . itftennis.com . International Tennis Federation . Retrieved June 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hard Courts Make Tennis Champions '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . 3 November 1912 . Jump up ^ Tennis Universal Archived 16 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` BBC Sports : Basic rules of tennis '' . Retrieved 24 June 2015 . External links ( edit ) International Tennis Federation ( ITF ) -- Tennis court construction guidelines Tennis ITF History Glossary Match types Statistics Players Umpires Women 's tennis Basics General Scoring system point Strategy grips serve and volley Equipment ball racket strings Official Technology electronic line judge hawk - eye cyclops Courts Carpet Clay Grass Hard Shots Backhand Backspin Drop shot Flat Forehand Groundstroke Half volley Lob Passing shot Serve ace Smash Topspin Volley Grand Slams Events Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Stats Records Singles finals Professional tours Men ATP World Tour ATP Challenger Tour ITF Men 's Circuit Women WTA Tour WTA 125K series ITF Women 's Circuit Team tennis tournaments Active Davis Cup Fed Cup Hopman Cup Laver Cup Odisha Tennis Premier League World TeamTennis Defunct Wightman Cup World Team Cup Champions Tennis League International Premier Tennis League Multi-sport events Intercontinental Olympics Youth Olympics Universiade Commonwealth Island Mediterranean Continental All - Africa Asian Pacific Pan American Outline Portal WikiCommons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tennis_court&oldid=846104518 '' Categories : Tennis Tennis court surfaces Sports rules and regulations Sports venues by type Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Use dmy dates from July 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Български Català Чӑвашла Čeština Español فارسی 한국어 Italiano עברית ქართული Кыргызча Lietuvių Македонски 日本語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 June 2018 , at 09 : 53 ( UTC ) . 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-2279915079750701929	Berlin Wall	Berlin Wall - Wikipedia Berlin Wall Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with the Inner German border or the chess moves also known as the Berlin Defence . For the video game , see The Berlin Wall ( video game ) . Berlin Wall View from the West Berlin side of graffiti art on the Wall in 1986 . The Wall 's `` death strip '' , on the east side of the Wall , here follows the curve of the Luisenstadt Canal ( filled in 1932 ) . Map of the location of the Berlin Wall , showing checkpoints General information Type Wall Country East Germany East Berlin ( Soviet - occupied sector of Berlin ) Coordinates 52 ° 30 ′ 58 '' N 13 ° 22 ′ 37 '' E / 52.516111 ° N 13.376944 ° E / 52.516111 ; 13.376944 Coordinates : 52 ° 30 ′ 58 '' N 13 ° 22 ′ 37 '' E / 52.516111 ° N 13.376944 ° E / 52.516111 ; 13.376944 Construction started 13 August 1961 Other dimensions Border length around West Berlin : 155 km ( 96 mi ) Border length between West Berlin and East Germany : 111.9 km ( 69.5 mi ) Border length between West and East Berlin : 43.1 km ( 26.8 mi ) Border length through residential areas in East Berlin : 37 km ( 23 mi ) Concrete segment of wall height : 3.6 m ( 11.8 ft ) Concrete segment of wall length : 106 km ( 66 mi ) Wire mesh fencing : 66.5 km ( 41.3 mi ) Anti-vehicle trenches length : 105.5 km ( 65.6 mi ) Contact / signal fence length : 127.5 km ( 79.2 mi ) Column track width : 7 m ( 7.7 yd ) Column track length : 124.3 km ( 77.2 mi ) Number of watch towers : 302 Number of bunkers : 20 Technical details Size 155 km ( 96.3 mi ) Eastern Bloc Soviet Socialist Republics ( show ) Armenia Azerbaijan Byelorussia Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kirghizia Latvia Lithuania Moldavia Russian SFSR Tajikistan Turkmenia Ukraine Uzbekistan Allied states ( show ) Hungarian People 's Republic Polish People 's Republic Czechoslovak Socialist Republic Socialist Republic of Romania German Democratic Republic People 's Republic of Bulgaria Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( to 1948 ) People 's Socialist Republic of Albania ( to 1961 ) Republic of Cuba People 's Revolutionary Government of Grenada People 's Republic of Benin People 's Republic of the Congo People 's Republic of Angola People 's Republic of Mozambique People 's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Somali Democratic Republic ( to 1977 ) People 's Democratic Republic of Yemen Democratic Republic of Afghanistan Mongolian People 's Republic People 's Republic of China ( to 1961 ) Democratic People 's Republic of Korea Socialist Republic of Vietnam Lao People 's Democratic Republic People 's Republic of Kampuchea Related organizations ( show ) Cominform COMECON Warsaw Pact World Federation of Trade Unions ( WFTU ) World Federation of Democratic Youth ( WFDY ) Dissent and opposition ( show ) Forest Brothers in Lithuania in Latvia in Estonia Operation `` Jungle '' Ukrainian Insurgent Army Goryani movement ( Bulgaria ) Romanian anti-communism Polish Cursed Soldiers 1953 uprisings in Plzeň in East Germany 1956 protests in Georgia in Poznań Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Novocherkassk massacre ( Russia ) 1968 events Prague Spring Invasion of Czechoslovakia Red Square demonstration Charter 77 ( Czechoslovakia ) Solidarity ( Poland ) Jeltoqsan ( Kazakhstan ) Braşov Rebellion ( Romania ) January Events ( Lithuania ) The Barricades ( Latvia ) April 9 tragedy ( Georgia ) Black January ( Azerbaijan ) Cold War events ( show ) Marshall Plan 1948 Czechoslovak coup Tito -- Stalin split Berlin Blockade 1961 Berlin Wall crisis Cuban Missile Crisis 1980 Moscow Olympics Decline ( show ) Singing Revolution Polish Round Table Agreement Revolutions of 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall January 1991 in Lithuania in Latvia Breakup of Yugoslavia Yugoslav Wars End of the Soviet Union Fall of communism in Albania Satellite image of Berlin , with the Wall 's location marked in yellow West and East Berlin borders overlaying a current road map ( interactive map ) The Berlin Wall ( German : Berliner Mauer , pronounced ( bɛʁˈliːnɐ ˈmaʊ̯ɐ ) ( listen ) ) was a guarded concrete barrier that physically and ideologically divided Berlin from 1961 to 1989 . Constructed by the German Democratic Republic ( GDR , East Germany ) , starting on 13 August 1961 , the Wall cut off ( by land ) West Berlin from virtually all of surrounding East Germany and East Berlin until government officials opened it in November 1989 . Its demolition officially began on 13 June 1990 and finished in 1992 . The barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , accompanied by a wide area ( later known as the `` death strip '' ) that contained anti-vehicle trenches , `` fakir beds '' and other defenses . The Eastern Bloc portrayed the Wall as protecting its population from fascist elements conspiring to prevent the `` will of the people '' in building a socialist state in East Germany . In practice , the Wall served to prevent the massive emigration and defection that had marked East Germany and the communist Eastern Bloc during the post-World War II period . GDR authorities officially referred to the Berlin Wall as the Anti-Fascist Protection Rampart ( German : Antifaschistischer Schutzwall ) , by implication equating the NATO countries ( and West Germany in particular ) with fascists . The West Berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the `` Wall of Shame '' , a term coined by mayor Willy Brandt in reference to the Wall 's restriction on freedom of movement . Along with the separate and much longer Inner German border ( IGB ) , which demarcated the border between East and West Germany , it came to symbolize physically the `` Iron Curtain '' that separated Western Europe and the Eastern Bloc during the Cold War . Before the Wall 's erection , 3.5 million East Germans circumvented Eastern Bloc emigration restrictions and defected from the GDR , many by crossing over the border from East Berlin into West Berlin ; from there they could then travel to West Germany and to other Western European countries . Between 1961 and 1989 the Wall prevented almost all such emigration . During this period over 100,000 people attempted to escape and over 5,000 people succeeded in escaping over the Wall , with an estimated death toll ranging from 136 to more than 200 in and around Berlin . In 1989 a series of revolutions in nearby Eastern Bloc countries -- Poland and Hungary in particular -- caused a chain reaction in East Germany that ultimately resulted in the demise of the Wall . After several weeks of civil unrest , the East German government announced on 9 November 1989 that all GDR citizens could visit West Germany and West Berlin . Crowds of East Germans crossed and climbed onto the Wall , joined by West Germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . Over the next few weeks , euphoric people and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the Wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of what was left . A fact standing out from the events leading up to the night of November 9 , 1989 is that this is an historical example of a dictatorial regime being overcome by a `` peaceful civil resistance movement '' . Contrary to popular belief , the Wall 's actual demolition did not begin officially until the summer of 1990 and continued until 1992 . The `` fall of the Berlin Wall '' paved the way for German reunification , which formally took place on 3 October 1990 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Post-war Germany 1.2 Eastern Bloc and the Berlin airlift 1.3 Emigration westward in the early 1950s 2 Erection of the inner German border 2.1 Berlin emigration loophole 2.2 Brain drain 3 Construction begins , 1961 3.1 Immediate effects 3.2 Secondary response 4 Structure and adjacent areas 4.1 Layout and modifications 4.2 Surrounding municipalities 5 Official crossings and usage 5.1 Crossing 5.2 Defection attempts 6 Concerts by Western artists and growing anti-Wall sentiment 6.1 David Bowie , 1987 6.2 Bruce Springsteen , 1988 6.3 David Hasselhoff , 1989 7 `` Ich bin ein Berliner '' and `` Mr. Gorbachev , tear down this Wall . '' 8 Fall of the Berlin Wall 8.1 Demolition 8.2 Opposition 8.3 Celebrations 8.4 20th anniversary celebrations 9 Legacy 9.1 Cultural differences 9.2 Wall segments around the world 9.3 50th anniversary commemoration 10 Related media 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Background Post-war Germany After the end of World War II in Europe , what remained of pre-war Germany west of the Oder - Neisse line was divided into four occupation zones ( as per the Potsdam Agreement ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying Allied powers : the United States , the United Kingdom , France and the Soviet Union . The capital of Berlin , as the seat of the Allied Control Council , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city 's location , which was fully within the Soviet zone . Within two years , political divisions increased between the Soviets and the other occupying powers . These included the Soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post-war Germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the Soviets . France , the United Kingdom , the United States and the Benelux countries later met to combine the non-Soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and to approve the extension of the Marshall Plan . Eastern Bloc and the Berlin airlift Further information : Eastern Bloc and Berlin Blockade Play media Brandenburg Gate in 1945 , after the end of World War II Following World War II , Soviet leader Joseph Stalin headed a group of nations on his Western border , the Eastern Bloc , that then included Poland , Hungary and Czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened Soviet - controlled Germany . As early as 1945 , Stalin revealed to German communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the British position within the British occupation zone , that the United States would withdraw within a year or two , and that nothing would then stand in the way of a united communist Germany within the bloc . The major task of the ruling communist party in the Soviet zone was to channel Soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties , which in turn would be presented as internal measures . Property and industry was nationalized in the East German zone . If statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and ( for persons outside public attention ) punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . Indoctrination of Marxism - Leninism became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the West . The East Germans created an elaborate political police apparatus that kept the population under close surveillance , including Soviet SMERSH secret police . In 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new German currency , Stalin instituted the Berlin Blockade , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in West Berlin . The United States , the United Kingdom , France , Canada , Australia , New Zealand and several other countries began a massive `` airlift '' , supplying West Berlin with food and other supplies . The Soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the Western policy change . Communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 , preceding large losses therein , while 300,000 Berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . In May 1949 , Stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of Western shipments to Berlin . The German Democratic Republic ( East Germany ) was declared on 7 October 1949 . By a secret treaty , the Soviet Ministry of Foreign Affairs accorded the East German state administrative authority , but not autonomy . The Soviets permeated East German administrative , military and secret police structures and had full control . East Germany differed from West Germany ( Federal Republic of Germany ) , which developed into a Western capitalist country with a social market economy ( `` Soziale Marktwirtschaft '' in German ) and a democratic parliamentary government . Continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year `` economic miracle '' ( `` Wirtschaftswunder '' ) . As West Germany 's economy grew , and its standard of living steadily improved , many East Germans wanted to move to West Germany . Emigration westward in the early 1950s Main articles : Eastern Bloc emigration and defection and Eastern Bloc After the Soviet occupation of Eastern Europe at the end of World War II , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the Eastern Bloc aspired to independence and wanted the Soviets to leave . Taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in Germany , the number of GDR citizens moving to West Germany totaled 187,000 in 1950 ; 165,000 in 1951 ; 182,000 in 1952 ; and 331,000 in 1953 . One reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further Sovietization , given the increasingly paranoid actions of Joseph Stalin in late 1952 and early 1953 . 226,000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . Erection of the inner German border Further information : Inner German border and Eastern Bloc emigration and defection By the early 1950s , the Soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting emigration , was emulated by most of the rest of the Eastern Bloc , including East Germany . The restrictions presented a quandary for some Eastern Bloc states , which had been more economically advanced and open than the Soviet Union , such that crossing borders seemed more natural -- especially where no prior border existed between East and West Germany . Up until 1952 , the demarcation lines between East Germany and the western occupied zones could be easily crossed in most places . On 1 April 1952 , East German leaders met the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin in Moscow ; during the discussions Stalin 's foreign minister Vyacheslav Molotov proposed that the East Germans should `` introduce a system of passes for visits of West Berlin residents to the territory of East Berlin ( so as to stop ) free movement of Western agents '' in the GDR . Stalin agreed , calling the situation `` intolerable '' . He advised the East Germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that `` The demarcation line between East and West Germany should be considered a border -- and not just any border , but a dangerous one ... The Germans will guard the line of defence with their lives . '' Consequently , the inner German border between the two German states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . The border between the Western and Eastern sectors of Berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the Soviet and the Western sectors was somewhat restricted . This resulted in Berlin becoming a magnet for East Germans desperate to escape life in the GDR , and also a flashpoint for tension between the United States and the Soviet Union . In 1955 , the Soviets gave East Germany authority over civilian movement in Berlin , passing control to a regime not recognized in the West . Initially , East Germany granted `` visits '' to allow its residents access to West Germany . However , following the defection of large numbers of East Germans under this regime , the new East German state legally restricted virtually all travel to the West in 1956 . Soviet East German ambassador Mikhail Pervukhin observed that `` the presence in Berlin of an open and essentially uncontrolled border between the socialist and capitalist worlds unwittingly prompts the population to make a comparison between both parts of the city , which unfortunately does not always turn out in favour of Democratic ( East ) Berlin . '' Berlin emigration loophole With the closing of the inner German border officially in 1952 , the border in Berlin remained considerably more accessible then because it was administered by all four occupying powers . Accordingly , Berlin became the main route by which East Germans left for the West . On 11 December 1957 , East Germany introduced a new passport law that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving Eastern Germany . It had the unintended result of drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through West Berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by the end of 1958 . Those caught trying to leave East Berlin were subjected to heavy penalties , but with no physical barrier and subway train access still available to West Berlin , such measures were ineffective . The Berlin sector border was essentially a `` loophole '' through which Eastern Bloc citizens could still escape . The 3.5 million East Germans who had left by 1961 totalled approximately 20 % of the entire East German population . An important reason that Crossing the inner German border was not stopped earlier was that doing so would cut off much of the railway traffic in East Germany . Construction of a new railway bypassing West Berlin , the Berlin outer ring , commenced in 1951 . Following the completion of the railway in 1961 , closing the border became a more practical proposition . ( See History of rail transport in Germany . ) Brain drain The emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to the `` brain drain '' feared by officials in East Germany . Yuri Andropov , then the CPSU Director on Relations with Communist and Workers ' Parties of Socialist Countries , wrote an urgent letter on 28 August 1958 , to the Central Committee about the significant 50 % increase in the number of East German intelligentsia among the refugees . Andropov reported that , while the East German leadership stated that they were leaving for economic reasons , testimony from refugees indicated that the reasons were more political than material . He stated `` the flight of the intelligentsia has reached a particularly critical phase . '' An East German SED propaganda booklet published in 1955 dramatically described the serious nature of ' flight from the republic ' : Both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole German nation , leaving the GDR is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . Those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve West German Reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . Is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a `` guaranteed future '' one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favours a new war and destruction ? Is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labour in our republic to offer themselves to the American or British secret services or work for the West German factory owners , Junkers , or militarists ? Does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? ... ( W ) orkers throughout Germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the German Democratic Republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the German people , the imperialists and militarists . By 1960 , the combination of World War II and the massive emigration westward left East Germany with only 61 % of its population of working age , compared to 70.5 % before the war . The loss was disproportionately heavy among professionals : engineers , technicians , physicians , teachers , lawyers and skilled workers . The direct cost of manpower losses to East Germany ( and corresponding gain to the West ) has been estimated at $7 billion to $9 billion , with East German party leader Walter Ulbricht later claiming that West Germany owed him $17 billion in compensation , including reparations as well as manpower losses . In addition , the drain of East Germany 's young population potentially cost it over 22.5 billion marks in lost educational investment . The brain drain of professionals had become so damaging to the political credibility and economic viability of East Germany that the re-securing of the German communist frontier was imperative . The exodus of emigrants from East Germany presented two minor potential benefits : an easy opportunity to smuggle East German secret agents to West Germany , and a reduction in the number of citizens hostile to the communist regime . Neither of these advantages , however , proved particularly useful . Construction begins , 1961 East German Combat Groups of the Working Class close the border on 13 August 1961 in preparation of the Berlin Wall construction . East German construction workers building the Berlin Wall , 20 November 1961 . On 15 June 1961 , First Secretary of the Socialist Unity Party and GDR State Council chairman Walter Ulbricht stated in an international press conference , `` Niemand hat die Absicht , eine Mauer zu errichten ! '' ( No one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) . `` It was the first time the colloquial term Mauer ( wall ) had been used in this context '' . The transcript of a telephone call between Nikita Khrushchev and Ulbricht on 1 August in the same year , suggests that the initiative for the construction of the Wall came from Khrushchev . However , other sources suggest that Khrushchev had initially been wary about building a wall , fearing negative Western reaction . What is beyond dispute , though , is that Ulbricht had pushed for a border closure for quite some time , arguing that East Germany 's very existence was at stake . Khrushchev had become emboldened upon seeing US President John F. Kennedy 's youth and inexperience show as weakness against Khrushchev 's brutal , undiplomatic aggression . This feeling of miscalculation and failure is admitted by Kennedy in the U.S. ambassador 's residence with New York Times columnist James `` Scotty '' Reston . Kennedy made the regrettable error of admitting that the US would not actively oppose this action in the Soviet sector of Berlin . On Saturday , 12 August 1961 , the leaders of the GDR attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in Döllnsee , in a wooded area to the north of East Berlin . There Ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . At midnight , the police and units of the East German army began to close the border and , by Sunday morning , 13 August , the border with West Berlin was closed . East German troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 kilometres ( 97 mi ) around the three western sectors , and the 43 kilometres ( 27 mi ) that divided West and East Berlin . The date of 13 August became commonly referred to as Barbed Wire Sunday in Germany . The barrier was built inside East Berlin or East German territory to ensure that it did not encroach on West Berlin at any point . Generally , the Wall was only slightly inside East Berlin , but in a few places it was some distance from the legal border , most notably at Potsdamer Bahnhof and the Lenné Triangle that is now much of the Potsdamer Platz development . Later , the initial barrier was built up into the Wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on 17 August . During the construction of the Wall , National People 's Army ( NVA ) and Combat Groups of the Working Class ( KdA ) soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . Additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields and other obstacles were installed along the length of East Germany 's western border with West Germany proper . A huge no man 's land was cleared to provide a clear line of fire at fleeing refugees . Immediate effects US President John F. Kennedy visiting the Berlin Wall on 26 June 1963 With the closing of the East - West sector boundary in Berlin , the vast majority of East Germans could no longer travel or emigrate to West Germany . Berlin soon went from being the easiest place to make an unauthorized crossing between East and West Germany to being the most difficult . Many families were split , while East Berliners employed in the West were cut off from their jobs . West Berlin became an isolated exclave in a hostile land . West Berliners demonstrated against the Wall , led by their Mayor ( Oberbürgermeister ) Willy Brandt , who strongly criticized the United States for failing to respond . Allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . In 1961 , Secretary of State Dean Rusk proclaimed , `` The Wall certainly ought not to be a permanent feature of the European landscape . I see no reason why the Soviet Union should think it is -- it is to their advantage in any way to leave there that monument to communist failure . '' United States and UK sources had expected the Soviet sector to be sealed off from West Berlin , but were surprised by how long the East Germans took for such a move . They considered the Wall as an end to concerns about a GDR / Soviet retaking or capture of the whole of Berlin ; the Wall would presumably have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . Thus they concluded that the possibility of a Soviet military conflict over Berlin had decreased . The East German government claimed that the Wall was an `` anti-fascist protective rampart '' ( German : `` antifaschistischer Schutzwall '' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the West . Another official justification was the activities of Western agents in Eastern Europe . The Eastern German government also claimed that West Berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in East Berlin . East Germans and others greeted such statements with skepticism , as most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of East Germany traveling to the West , but not for residents of West Berlin travelling to the East . The construction of the Wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it . Most people believed that the Wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of East Germany from entering or fleeing to West Berlin . Secondary response Play media Universal Newsreel of the 1st anniversary of the Berlin Wall The National Security Agency was the only American intelligence agency that was aware that East Germany was to take action to deal with the brain drain problem . On 9 August 1961 , the NSA intercepted an advance warning information of the Socialist Unity Party 's plan to close the intra-Berlin border between East and West Berlin completely for foot traffic . The interagency intelligence Berlin Watch Committee assessed that this intercept `` might be the first step in a plan to close the border . '' This warning did not reach U.S. President John F. Kennedy until noon on 13 August 1961 , while he was vacationing in his yacht off the Kennedy Compound in Hyannis Port , Massachusetts . While Kennedy was angry that he had no advance warning , he was relieved that the East Germans and the Soviets had only divided Berlin without taking any action against West Berlin 's access to the West . However , he denounced the Berlin Wall , whose erection worsened the relations between the United States and the Soviet Union . In response to the erection of the Berlin Wall , a retired general , Lucius D. Clay , was appointed by Kennedy as his special advisor and sent to Berlin with ambassadorial rank . Clay had been the Military Governor of the US Zone of Occupation in Germany during the period of the Berlin Blockade and had ordered the first measures in what became the Berlin Airlift . He was immensely popular with the residents of West Berlin , and his appointment was an unambiguous sign that Kennedy would not compromise on the status of West Berlin . Clay and Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson arrived at Tempelhof Airport on the afternoon of Saturday , 19 August 1961 . They arrived in a city defended by three Allied brigades -- one each from the UK , the US , and France ( the Forces Françaises à Berlin ) . On 16 August , Kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . Early on 19 August , the 1st Battle Group , 18th Infantry ( commanded by Colonel Glover S. Johns Jr . ) was alerted . On Sunday morning , U.S. troops marched from West Germany through East Germany , bound for West Berlin . Lead elements -- arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1,500 men , divided into five march units -- left the Helmstedt - Marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . At Marienborn , the Soviet checkpoint next to Helmstedt on the West German - East German border , US personnel were counted by guards . The column was 160 kilometres ( 99 mi ) long , and covered 177 kilometres ( 110 mi ) from Marienborn to Berlin in full battle gear . East German police watched from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . The front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of Berlin just before noon , to be met by Clay and Johnson , before parading through the streets of Berlin in front of a large crowd . At 04 : 00 on 21 August , Lyndon Johnson left West Berlin in the hands of General Frederick O. Hartel and his brigade of 4,224 officers and men . `` For the next three and a half years , American battalions would rotate into West Berlin , by autobahn , at three month intervals to demonstrate Allied rights to the city '' . The creation of the Wall had important implications for both German states . By stemming the exodus of people from East Germany , the East German government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the Wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated . The economy in the GDR began to grow . But , the Wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . Western powers portrayed it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after East German border guards shot and killed would - be defectors . Such fatalities were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified Germany . Structure and adjacent areas Layout and modifications The wall overview Length ( km ) Description 156.4 0 Bordering around West Berlin within 3.4 m and 4.2 m in height 111.9 0 Concrete walls 44.5 0 Metal mesh fence ( along death strip ) 112.7 0 Cross attachment in Potsdam 43.7 0 Cross attachment along the border of East and West Berlin 0.5 0 Remains of house fronts , land mansion bricks 58.95 Wall - shaped front wall with a height of 3.40 m 68.42 Expanded metal fence with a height of 2.90 m as a `` front barrier '' 161 00 Light strip 113.85 Limit signal and barrier fence ( GSSZ ) 127.5 0 Contact and signal fence 124.3 0 Border patrol Actual number Descriptions 186 Observation towers ( 302 in West - Berlin ) 31 Implementing agencies 259 Dog runs 20 Bunker East Berlin `` death strip '' of the Berlin Wall , as seen from the Axel Springer AG Building , 1984 . This section of the Wall 's `` death strip '' featured Czech hedgehogs , a guard tower and a cleared area , 1977 . The top of the Wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . The areas just outside the wall , including the sidewalk , are de jure Eastern Bloc territory . 1984 . Structure of the Berlin Wall . Position and course of the Berlin Wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) . The Berlin Wall was more than 140 kilometres ( 87 mi ) long . In June 1962 , a second , parallel fence was built some 100 metres ( 110 yd ) farther into East German territory . The houses contained between the fences were razed and the inhabitants relocated , thus establishing what later became known as the death strip . The death strip was covered with raked sand or gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice , easing the detection of trespassers and also enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task ; it offered no cover ; and , most importantly , it offered clear fields of fire for the Wall guards . About 45.1 kilometres of the wall are at the centre strips of Berlin , and 112.7 kilometres crossing through the Berlin outer circle . 63.8 km of the frontier were in built , 32 km in wooded and 22.65 km in open terrain and 37.95 km of the boundary lay in or on rivers , lakes and canals . Most of them were dismantled beginning with the wall peckers as souvenirs from 11 November 1989 , then dismantling the metal mesh fence along the death strip all the way until 22 December 1989 . Observation towers began to be dismantled all the way till April 1990 . Dismantling of the wall is shown at the below mentioned section ( Demolition . Some of them were sold for scrap including the anti-tank wall , normal walls were sent to storage area in the southern part of Germany till it was auctioned and collected ( List of Berlin Wall segments ) . Through the years , the Berlin Wall evolved through four versions : Wire fence and concrete block wall ( 1961 ) Improved wire fence ( 1962 -- 1965 ) Improved concrete wall ( 1965 -- 1975 ) Grenzmauer 75 ( Border Wall 75 ) ( 1975 -- 1989 ) The `` fourth - generation Wall '' , known officially as `` Stützwandelement UL 12.11 '' ( retaining wall element UL 12.11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the Wall . Begun in 1975 and completed about 1980 , it was constructed from 45,000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3.6 metres ( 12 ft ) high and 1.2 metres ( 3.9 ft ) wide , and cost DDM 16,155,000 or about US $3,638,000 . The concrete provisions added to this version of the Wall were done to prevent escapees from driving their cars through the barricades . At strategic points , the Wall was constructed to a somewhat weaker standard , so that East German and Soviet armored vehicles could easily break through in the event of war . The top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . The Wall was reinforced by mesh fencing , signal fencing , anti-vehicle trenches , barbed wire , dogs on long lines , `` beds of nails '' ( also known as `` Stalin 's Carpet '' ) under balconies hanging over the `` death strip '' , over 116 watchtowers , and 20 bunkers with hundreds of guards . This version of the Wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of the Wall in Berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation Wall . The layout came to resemble the inner German border in most technical aspects , except that the Berlin Wall had no landmines nor spring - guns . Maintenance was performed on the outside of the wall by personnel who accessed the area outside it either via ladders or via hidden doors within the wall . These doors could not be opened by a single person , needing two separate keys in two separate keyholes to unlock . As was the case with the inner German border , an unfortified strip of Eastern territory was left outside the wall . This outer strip was used by workers to paint over graffiti and perform other maintenance on the outside of the wall Unlike the inner German border , however , the outer strip was usually no more than four meters wide , and , in photos from the era , the exact location of the actual border in many places appears not even to have been marked . Also in contrast with the inner German border , little interest was shown by East German law enforcement in keeping outsiders off the outer strip ; sidewalks of West Berlin streets even ran inside it . Despite the East German government 's general policy of benign neglect , vandals were not unknown to have been pursued in the outer strip , and even arrested . In 1986 , defector and political activist Wolfram Hasch and four other defectors were standing inside the outer strip defacing the wall when East German personnel emerged from one of the hidden doors to apprehend them . All but Hasch escaped back into the western sector . Hasch himself was arrested , dragged through the door into the death strip , and later convicted of illegally crossing the de jure border outside the wall . Noted graffiti artist Thierry Noir has reported having often been perused there by East German soldiers . While some graffiti artists were chased off the outer strip , others , such as Keith Haring , were seemingly tolerated . Surrounding municipalities Besides the sector - sector boundary within Berlin itself , the Wall also separated West Berlin from the present - day state of Brandenburg . The following present - day municipalities , listed in counter-clockwise direction , share a border with former West Berlin : Oberhavel : Mühlenbecker Land ( partially ) , Glienicke / Nordbahn , Hohen Neuendorf , Hennigsdorf Havelland : Schönwalde - Glien , Falkensee , Dallgow - Döberitz Potsdam ( urban district ) Potsdam - Mittelmark : Stahnsdorf , Kleinmachnow , Teltow Teltow - Fläming : Großbeeren , Blankenfelde - Mahlow Dahme - Spreewald : Schönefeld ( partially ) Official crossings and usage See also : Berlin border crossings A You Are Leaving sign at a border of the American sector Road sign delimiting the British zone of occupation in Berlin , 1984 There were nine border crossings between East and West Berlin . These allowed visits by West Berliners , other West Germans , Western foreigners and Allied personnel into East Berlin , as well as visits by GDR citizens and citizens of other socialist countries into West Berlin , provided that they held the necessary permits . These crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( East Germans , West Germans , West Berliners , other countries ) . The most famous was the vehicle and pedestrian checkpoint at the corner of Friedrichstraße and Zimmerstraße , also known as Checkpoint Charlie , which was restricted to Allied personnel and foreigners . Several other border crossings existed between West Berlin and surrounding East Germany . These could be used for transit between West Germany and West Berlin , for visits by West Berliners into East Germany , for transit into countries neighbouring East Germany ( Poland , Czechoslovakia , Denmark ) , and for visits by East Germans into West Berlin carrying a permit . After the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow West Berlin waste to be transported into East German dumps , as well as some crossings for access to West Berlin 's exclaves ( see Steinstücken ) . Four autobahns connected West Berlin to West Germany , the most famous being the Berlin - Helmstedt autobahn , which entered East German territory between the towns of Helmstedt and Marienborn ( Checkpoint Alpha ) , and which entered West Berlin at Dreilinden ( Checkpoint Bravo for the Allied forces ) in southwestern Berlin . Access to West Berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat for commercial shipping via canals and rivers . Non-German Westerners could cross the border at Friedrichstraße station in East Berlin and at Checkpoint Charlie . When the Wall was erected , Berlin 's complex public transit networks , the S - Bahn and U-Bahn , were divided with it . Some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . Three western lines traveled through brief sections of East Berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called Geisterbahnhöfe , or ghost stations ) without stopping . Both the eastern and western networks converged at Friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly Westerners ) with permission to cross . Crossing Travel orders to go to Berlin as used by U.S. forces in the 1980s . West Germans and citizens of other Western countries could generally visit East Germany , often after applying for a visa at an East German embassy several weeks in advance . Visas for day trips restricted to East Berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . However , East German authorities could refuse entry permits without stating a reason . In the 1980s , visitors from the western part of the city who wanted to visit the eastern part had to exchange at least DM 25 into East German currency at the poor exchange rate of 1 : 1 . It was forbidden to export East German currency from the East , but money not spent could be left at the border for possible future visits . Tourists crossing from the west had to also pay for a visa , which cost DM 5 ; West Berliners did not have to pay this . West Berliners initially could not visit East Berlin or East Germany at all -- all crossing points were closed to them between 26 August 1961 and 17 December 1963 . In 1963 , negotiations between East and West resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the Christmas season that year ( Passierscheinregelung ) . Similar , very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . In 1971 , with the Four Power Agreement on Berlin , agreements were reached that allowed West Berliners to apply for visas to enter East Berlin and East Germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for West Germans . However , East German authorities could still refuse entry permits . East Berliners and East Germans could not , at first , travel to West Berlin or West Germany at all . This regulation remained in force essentially until the fall of the Wall , but over the years several exceptions to these rules were introduced , the most significant being : Elderly pensioners could travel to the West starting in 1965 Visits of relatives for important family matters People who had to travel to the West for professional reasons ( for example , artists , truck drivers , musicians , writers , etc . ) For each of these exceptions , GDR citizens had to apply for individual approval , which was never guaranteed . In addition , even if travel was approved , GDR travellers could exchange only a very small amount of East German Marks into Deutsche Marks ( DM ) , thus limiting the financial resources available for them to travel to the West . This led to the West German practice of granting a small amount of DM annually ( Begrüßungsgeld , or welcome money ) to GDR citizens visiting West Germany and West Berlin to help alleviate this situation . Citizens of other East European countries were in general subject to the same prohibition of visiting Western countries as East Germans , though the applicable exception ( if any ) varied from country to country . Allied military personnel and civilian officials of the Allied forces could enter and exit East Berlin without submitting to East German passport controls , purchasing a visa or being required to exchange money . Likewise , Soviet military patrols could enter and exit West Berlin . This was a requirement of the post-war Four Powers Agreements . A particular area of concern for the Western Allies involved official dealings with East German authorities when crossing the border , since Allied policy did not recognize the authority of the GDR to regulate Allied military traffic to and from West Berlin , as well as the Allied presence within Greater Berlin , including entry into , exit from , and presence within East Berlin . The Allies held that only the Soviet Union , and not the GDR , had authority to regulate Allied personnel in such cases . For this reason , elaborate procedures were established to prevent inadvertent recognition of East German authority when engaged in travel through the GDR and when in East Berlin . Special rules applied to travel by Western Allied military personnel assigned to the Military Liaison Missions accredited to the commander of Soviet forces in East Germany , located in Potsdam . Allied personnel were restricted by policy when travelling by land to the following routes : Transit between West Germany and West Berlin Road : the Helmstedt - Berlin autobahn ( A2 ) ( checkpoints Alpha and Bravo respectively ) . Soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints and processed Allied personnel for travel between the two points . Military personnel were required to be in uniform when traveling in this manner . Rail : Western Allied military personnel and civilian officials of the Allied forces were forbidden to use commercial train service between West Germany and West Berlin , because of GDR passport and customs controls when using them . Instead , the Allied forces operated a series of official ( duty ) trains that traveled between their respective duty stations in West Germany and West Berlin . When transiting the GDR , the trains would follow the route between Helmstedt and Griebnitzsee , just outside West Berlin . In addition to persons traveling on official business , authorized personnel could also use the duty trains for personal travel on a space - available basis . The trains traveled only at night , and as with transit by car , Soviet military personnel handled the processing of duty train travelers . ( See History of the Berlin S - Bahn . ) Entry into and exit from East Berlin Checkpoint Charlie ( as a pedestrian or riding in a vehicle ) As with military personnel , special procedures applied to travel by diplomatic personnel of the Western Allies accredited to their respective embassies in the GDR . This was intended to prevent inadvertent recognition of East German authority when crossing between East and West Berlin , which could jeopardize the overall Allied position governing the freedom of movement by Allied forces personnel within all Berlin . Ordinary citizens of the Western Allied powers , not formally affiliated with the Allied forces , were authorized to use all designated transit routes through East Germany to and from West Berlin . Regarding travel to East Berlin , such persons could also use the Friedrichstraße train station to enter and exit the city , in addition to Checkpoint Charlie . In these instances , such travelers , unlike Allied personnel , had to submit to East German border controls . Defection attempts Further information : List of deaths at the Berlin Wall NVA soldier Conrad Schumann defecting to West Berlin during the Wall 's early days in 1961 . During the years of the Wall , around 5,000 people successfully defected to West Berlin . The number of people who died trying to cross the Wall , or as a result of the Wall 's existence , has been disputed . The most vocal claims by Alexandra Hildebrandt , Director of the Checkpoint Charlie Museum and widow of the Museum 's founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 . A historic research group at the Center for Contemporary Historical Research ( ZZF ) in Potsdam has confirmed at least 140 deaths . Prior official figures listed 98 as being killed . The East German government issued shooting orders ( Schießbefehl ) to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not the same as `` shoot to kill '' orders . GDR officials denied issuing the latter . In an October 1973 order later discovered by researchers , guards were instructed that people attempting to cross the Wall were criminals and needed to be shot : `` Do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used '' . Early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line , but these ended as the Wall was fortified . East German authorities no longer permitted apartments near the Wall to be occupied , and any building near the Wall had its windows boarded and later bricked up . On 15 August 1961 , Conrad Schumann was the first East German border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to West Berlin . On 22 August 1961 , Ida Siekmann was the first casualty at the Berlin Wall : she died after she jumped out of her third floor apartment at 48 Bernauer Strasse . The first person to be shot and killed while trying to cross to West Berlin was Günter Litfin , a twenty - four - year - old tailor . He attempted to swim across the Spree Canal to West Germany on 24 August 1961 , the same day that East German police had received shoot - to - kill orders to prevent anyone from escaping . Another dramatic escape was carried out on April 1963 by Wolfgang Engels , a 19 - year - old civilian employee of the Nationale Volksarmee . Engels stole a Soviet armored personnel carrier from a base where he was deployed and drove it right into the Wall . He was fired at and seriously wounded by border guards . But a West German policeman intervened , firing his weapon at the East German border guards . The policeman removed Engels from the vehicle , which had become entangled in the barbed wire . Memorial to the Victims of the Wall , with graffiti , 1982 . East Germans successfully defected by a variety of methods : digging long tunnels under the Wall , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying ultralights and , in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . When a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of defection , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and windscreen to come away when it made contact with the beam . They lay flat and kept driving forward . The East Germans then built zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . The sewer system predated the Wall , and some people escaped through the sewers , in a number of cases with assistance from the Unternehmen Reisebüro . An airborne escape was made by Thomas Krüger , who landed a Zlin Z 42 M light aircraft of the Gesellschaft für Sport und Technik , an East German youth military training organization , at RAF Gatow . His aircraft , registration DDR - WOH , was dismantled and returned to the East Germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on it by RAF airmen , such as `` Wish you were here '' and `` Come back soon '' . DDR - WOH is still flying today , but under the registration D - EWOH . If an escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the Western wall , Westerners could not intervene for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' Grepos ' , the East Berlin border guards . The guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , as in the most notorious failed attempt , that of Peter Fechter ( aged 18 ) . He was shot and bled to death , in full view of the Western media , on 17 August 1962 . Fechter 's death created negative publicity worldwide that led the leaders of East Berlin to place more restrictions on shooting in public places , and provide medical care for possible `` would - be escapers '' . The last person to be shot and killed while trying to cross the border was Chris Gueffroy on 6 February 1989 , while the final person to die in an escape attempt was Winfried Freudenberg who was killed when his homemade natural gas - filled balloon crashed on 8 March 1989 . The Wall gave rise to a widespread sense of desperation and oppression in East Berlin , as expressed in the private thoughts of one resident , who confided to her diary `` Our lives have lost their spirit ... we can do nothing to stop them . '' Concerts by Western artists and growing anti-wall sentiment Every stone bears witness to the moral bankruptcy of the society it encloses -- Margaret Thatcher commenting about the wall , West Berlin , 1982 David Bowie , 1987 On 6 June 1987 , David Bowie , who earlier for several years lived and recorded in West Berlin , played a concert close to the Wall . This was attended by thousands of Eastern concertgoers across the Wall , followed by violent rioting in East Berlin . According to Tobias Ruther , these protests in East Berlin were the first in the sequence of riots that led to those of November 1989 . Although other factors were probably more influential in the fall of the Wall , on his death , the German Foreign Office tweeted `` Good - bye , David Bowie . You are now among # Heroes . Thank you for helping to bring down the # wall . '' Bruce Springsteen , 1988 On 19 July 1988 , 16 months before the Wall came down , Bruce Springsteen and the E-Street Band , played Rocking the Wall , a live concert in East Berlin , which was attended by 300,000 in person and broadcast delayed on television . Springsteen spoke to the crowd in German , saying : `` I 'm not here for or against any government . I 've come to play rock ' n ' roll for you in the hope that one day all the barriers will be torn down '' . East Germany and its FDJ youth organization were worried they were losing an entire generation . They hoped that by letting Springsteen in , they could improve their sentiment among East Germans . However , this strategy of `` one step backwards , two steps forwards '' backfired and the concert only made East Germans hungrier for more of the freedoms that Springsteen epitomized . While John F. Kennedy and Ronald Reagan delivered their famous speeches from the safety of West Berlin , Springsteen 's speaking out against the Wall in the middle of East Berlin added to the euphoria . David Hasselhoff , 1989 On 31 December 1989 , American TV actor and pop music singer David Hasselhoff was the headlining performer for the Freedom Tour Live concert , which was attended by over 500,000 people on both sides of the Wall . The live concert footage was directed by music video director Thomas Mignone and aired on broadcast television station Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen ZDF throughout Europe . During shooting film crew personnel pulled people up from both sides to stand and celebrate on top of the wall . Hasselhoff sang his Number One hit song `` Looking For Freedom '' on a platform at the end of a twenty - meter steel crane that swung above and over the Wall adjacent to the Brandenburg Gate . `` Ich bin ein Berliner '' and `` Mr. Gorbachev , tear down this Wall . '' Main articles : Ich bin ein Berliner and Tear down this wall ! Ich bin ein Berliner ( I am a Berliner ) speech Play media Speech from the Rathaus Schöneberg by John F. Kennedy , 26 June 1963 . Duration 9 : 01 . Ich bin ein Berliner ( `` I am a Berliner '' ) speech ( audio ) Audio - only version ( Duration 9 : 22 ) Problems playing these files ? See media help . Play media Complete speech by Ronald Reagan at the Brandenburg Gate , 12 June 1987 . Famous passage begins at 11 : 10 into this video . On 26 June 1963 , 22 months after the erection of the Berlin Wall , U.S. President John F. Kennedy visited West Berlin . Speaking from a platform erected on the steps of Rathaus Schöneberg for an audience of 450,000 he declared in his Ich bin ein Berliner speech the support of the United States for West Germany and the people of West Berlin in particular : Two thousand years ago , the proudest boast was civis romanus sum ( `` I am a Roman citizen '' ) . Today , in the world of freedom , the proudest boast is `` Ich bin ein Berliner ! '' ... All free men , wherever they may live , are citizens of Berlin , and therefore , as a free man , I take pride in the words `` Ich bin ein Berliner ! '' The message was aimed as much at the Soviets as it was at Berliners and was a clear statement of U.S. policy in the wake of the construction of the Berlin Wall . The speech is considered one of Kennedy 's best , both a notable moment of the Cold War and a high point of the New Frontier . It was a great morale boost for West Berliners , who lived in an exclave deep inside East Germany and feared a possible East German occupation . In a speech at the Brandenburg Gate commemorating the 750th anniversary of Berlin on 12 June 1987 , U.S. President Ronald Reagan challenged Mikhail Gorbachev , then the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union , to tear down the Wall as a symbol of increasing freedom in the Eastern Bloc : We welcome change and openness ; for we believe that freedom and security go together , that the advance of human liberty can only strengthen the cause of world peace . There is one sign the Soviets can make that would be unmistakable , that would advance dramatically the cause of freedom and peace . General Secretary Gorbachev , if you seek peace , if you seek prosperity for the Soviet Union and eastern Europe , if you seek liberalization , come here to this gate . Mr. Gorbachev , open this gate . Mr. Gorbachev , tear down this Wall ! Fall of the Berlin Wall In June 1989 the Hungarian government began dismantling the electrified fence along its border with Austria ( with Western TV crews present ) , and then , in September , more than 13,000 East German tourists escaped through Hungary to Austria . This set up a chain of events . The Hungarians prevented many more East Germans from crossing the border and returned them to Budapest . These East Germans flooded the West German embassy and refused to return to East Germany . The East German government responded by disallowing any further travel to Hungary , but allowed those already there to return to East Germany . This triggered similar events in neighboring Czechoslovakia . This time , however , the East German authorities allowed people to leave , provided that they did so by train through East Germany . This was followed by mass demonstrations within East Germany itself . Protest demonstrations spread throughout East Germany in September 1989 . Initially , protesters were mostly people wanting to leave to the West , chanting `` Wir wollen raus ! '' ( `` We want out ! '' ) . Then protestors began to chant `` Wir bleiben hier ! '' ( `` We are staying here ! '' ) . This was the start of what East Germans generally call the `` Peaceful Revolution '' of late 1989 . The protest demonstrations grew considerably by early November . The movement neared its height on 4 November , when half a million people gathered to demand political change , at the Alexanderplatz demonstration , East Berlin 's large public square and transportation hub . The longtime leader of East Germany , Erich Honecker , resigned on 18 October 1989 and was replaced by Egon Krenz that day . Honecker had predicted in January of that year that the Wall would stand for 50 or 100 more years if the conditions that had caused its construction did not change . The wave of refugees leaving East Germany for the West kept increasing . By early November refugees were finding their way to Hungary via Czechoslovakia , or via the West German Embassy in Prague . This was tolerated by the new Krenz government , because of long - standing agreements with the communist Czechoslovak government , allowing free travel across their common border . However this movement of people grew so large it caused difficulties for both countries . To ease the difficulties , the politburo led by Krenz decided on 9 November to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between East Germany and West Germany , including between East and West Berlin . Later the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private , round - trip , travel . The new regulations were to take effect the next day . Günter Schabowski , the party boss in East Berlin and the spokesman for the SED Politburo , had the task of announcing the new regulations . However , he had not been involved in the discussions about the new regulations and had not been fully updated . Shortly before a press conference on 9 November , he was handed a note announcing the changes , but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . These regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . But this starting time delay was not communicated to Schabowski . At the end of the press conference , Schabowski read out loud the note he had been given . One of the reporters , ANSA 's Riccardo Ehrman , asked when the regulations would take effect . After a few seconds ' hesitation , Schabowski assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied , `` As far as I know , it takes effect immediately , without delay '' . After further questions from journalists , he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings through the Wall into West Berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . Excerpts from Schabowski 's press conference were the lead story on West Germany 's two main news programs that night -- at 7 : 17 p.m. on ZDF 's heute and at 8 p.m. on ARD 's Tagesschau . This meant that the news was broadcast to nearly all of East Germany as well . Later that night , on ARD 's Tagesthemen , anchorman Hanns Joachim Friedrichs proclaimed , `` This 9 November is a historic day . The GDR has announced that , starting immediately , its borders are open to everyone . The gates in the Wall stand open wide . '' After hearing the broadcast , East Germans began gathering at the Wall , at the six checkpoints between East and West Berlin , demanding that border guards immediately open the gates . The surprised and overwhelmed guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors about the problem . At first , they were ordered to find the `` more aggressive '' people gathered at the gates and stamp their passports with a special stamp that barred them from returning to East Germany -- in effect , revoking their citizenship . However , this still left thousands of people demanding to be let through `` as Schabowski said we can '' . It soon became clear that no one among the East German authorities would take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so the vastly outnumbered soldiers had no way to hold back the huge crowd of East German citizens . Finally , at 10 : 45 p.m. , Harald Jäger , the commander of the Bornholmer Straße border crossing yielded , allowing for the guards to open the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . As the Ossis swarmed through , they were greeted by Wessis waiting with flowers and champagne amid wild rejoicing . Soon afterward , a crowd of West Berliners jumped on top of the Wall , and were soon joined by East German youngsters . They danced together to celebrate their new freedom . Walking through Checkpoint Charlie , 10 November 1989 Germans stand on top of the Wall in the days before it was torn down At the Brandenburg Gate , 10 November 1989 Juggling on the Wall on 16 November 1989 `` Mauerspecht '' ( November 1989 ) The Fall of the Wall ( November 1989 ) Another border crossing to the south may have been opened earlier . An account by Heinz Schäfer indicates that he also acted independently and ordered the opening of the gate at Waltersdorf - Rudow a couple of hours earlier . This may explain reports of East Berliners appearing in West Berlin earlier than the opening of the Bornholmer Straße border crossing . Demolition Play media A Berlin Wall segment in Los Angeles at 5900 Wilshire Boulevard . The fall of the Berlin Wall ( German : Mauerfall ) began the evening of 9 November 1989 and continued over the following days and weeks , with people nicknamed Mauerspechte ( wall woodpeckers ) using various tools to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts in the process , and creating several unofficial border crossings . Television coverage of citizens demolishing sections of the Wall on 9 November was soon followed by the East German regime announcing ten new border crossings , including the historically significant locations of Potsdamer Platz , Glienicker Brücke , and Bernauer Straße . Crowds gathered on both sides of the historic crossings waiting for hours to cheer the bulldozers that tore down portions of the Wall to reconnect the divided roads . While the Wall officially remained guarded at a decreasing intensity , new border crossings continued for some time , including the Brandenburg Gate on 22 December 1989 . Initially the East German military attempted repairing damage done by the `` Wall peckers '' ; gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and `` unauthorized '' border crossing through the holes . West Germans and West Berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 December . Until then , they could only visit East Germany and East Berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance and obligatory exchange of at least 25 DM per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . Thus , in the weeks between 9 November and 23 December , East Germans could actually travel more freely than Westerners . On 13 June 1990 , the East German military officially began dismantling the Wall , beginning in Bernauer Straße and around the Mitte district . From there , demolition continued through Prenzlauer Berg / Gesundbrunnen , Helligensee and throughout the city of Berlin until that December 1990 . According to estimates by the border troops , a total of around 1.7 million tonnes of building rubble wasfall . Unofficially , the demolition of the Bornholmer Straße began because of construction work on the railway . This involved a total of 300 GDR border guards and - after 3 October 1990 - 600 Pioneers of the Bundeswehr . These were equipped with 175 trucks , 65 cranes , 55 excavators and 13 bulldozers . Virtually every road that was severed by the Berlin Wall ( that links from West Berlin to East Berlin ) was reconstructed and reopened by 1 August 1990 . In Berlin alone , 184 km of wall , 154 km border fence , 144 km signal systems and 87 km barrier ditches were removed . What remained were six sections that were to be preserved as a memorial . Various military units dismantled the Berlin / Brandenberg border wall , completing the job in November 1991 . Painted wall segments with artistically valuable motifs were auctioned in auctions in 1990 in Berlin and Monte Carlo . On 1 July , the day East Germany adopted the West German currency , all de jure border controls ceased , although the inter-German border had become meaningless for some time before that . The fall of the Wall marked the first critical step towards German reunification , which formally concluded a mere 339 days later on 3 October 1990 with the dissolution of East Germany and the official reunification of the German state along the democratic lines of the West German Basic Law . An East German guard talks to a Westerner through a broken seam in the wall in late November 1989 . A crane removes a section of the Wall near Brandenburg Gate on 21 December 1989 . Almost all of the remaining sections were rapidly chipped away . December 1990 . West Germans peer at East German border guards through a hole in the wall on 5 January 1990 . Short section of the Berlin Wall at Potsdamer Platz , March 2009 Souvenir chunk of concrete from the Wall Opposition In some European capitals at the time , there was a deep anxiety over prospects for a reunified Germany . In September 1989 , British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher pleaded with Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev not to let the Berlin Wall fall and confided that she wanted the Soviet leader to do what he could to stop it . `` We do not want a united Germany . This would lead to a change to postwar borders and we can not allow that because such a development would undermine the stability of the whole international situation and could endanger our security , '' Thatcher told Gorbachev . After the fall of the Berlin Wall , French President François Mitterrand warned Thatcher that a unified Germany could make more ground than Adolf Hitler ever had and that Europe would have to bear the consequences . Celebrations On 21 November 1989 , Crosby , Stills & Nash performed the song `` Chippin ' Away '' from Graham Nash 's 1986 solo album Innocent Eyes in front of the Brandenburg Gate . On 25 December 1989 , Leonard Bernstein gave a concert in Berlin celebrating the end of the Wall , including Beethoven 's 9th symphony ( Ode to Joy ) with the word `` Joy '' ( Freude ) changed to `` Freedom '' ( Freiheit ) in the lyrics sung . The poet Schiller may have originally written `` Freedom '' and changed it to `` Joy '' out of fear . The orchestra and choir were drawn from both East and West Germany , as well as the United Kingdom , France , the Soviet Union , and the United States . On New Year 's Eve 1989 , David Hasselhoff performed his song `` Looking for Freedom '' while standing atop the partly demolished wall . Roger Waters performed the Pink Floyd album The Wall just north of Potsdamer Platz on 21 July 1990 , with guests including Bon Jovi , Scorpions , Bryan Adams , Sinéad O'Connor , Cyndi Lauper , Thomas Dolby , Joni Mitchell , Marianne Faithfull , Levon Helm , Rick Danko and Van Morrison . Over the years , there has been a repeated controversial debate as to whether 9 November would make a suitable German national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in East Germany , such as Werner Schulz . Besides being the emotional apogee of East Germany 's peaceful revolution , 9 November is also the date of the 1918 abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II and declaration of the Weimar Republic , the first German republic . However , 9 November is also the anniversary of the execution of Robert Blum in following the 1848 Vienna revolts , the 1923 Beer Hall Putsch and the infamous Kristallnacht pogroms of the Nazis in 1938 . Nobel Laureate Elie Wiesel criticized the first euphoria , noting that `` they forgot that 9 November has already entered into history -- 51 years earlier it marked the Kristallnacht . '' As reunification was not official and complete until 3 October , that day was finally chosen as German Unity Day . 20th anniversary celebrations On 9 November 2009 , Berlin celebrated the 20th Anniversary of the Fall of the Berlin Wall with a `` Festival of Freedom '' with dignitaries from around the world in attendance for an evening celebration around the Brandenburg Gate . A high point was when over 1,000 colourfully designed foam domino tiles , each over 8 feet ( 2.4 m ) tall , that were stacked along the former route of the Wall in the city center were toppled in stages , converging in front of the Brandenburg Gate . A Berlin Twitter Wall was set up to allow Twitter users to post messages commemorating the 20th anniversary . The Chinese government quickly shut down access to the Twitter Wall after masses of Chinese users began using it to protest the Great Firewall of China . In the United States , the German Embassy coordinated a public diplomacy campaign with the motto `` Freedom Without Walls '' , to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall . The campaign was focused on promoting awareness of the fall of the Berlin Wall among current college students . Students at over 30 universities participated in `` Freedom Without Walls '' events in late 2009 . First place winner of the Freedom Without Walls Speaking Contest Robert Cannon received a free trip to Berlin for 2010 . An international project called Mauerreise ( Journey of the Wall ) took place in various countries . Twenty symbolic Wall bricks were sent from Berlin starting in May 2009 , with the destinations being Korea , Cyprus , Yemen , and other places where everyday life is characterised by division and border experience . In these places , the bricks will become a blank canvas for artists , intellectuals and young people to tackle the `` wall '' phenomenon . To commemorate the 20th Anniversary of the Fall of the Berlin Wall , Twinity reconstructed a true - to - scale section of the Wall in virtual Berlin . The MTV Europe Music Awards , on 5 November , had U2 and Tokio Hotel perform songs dedicated to , and about the Berlin Wall . U2 performed at the Brandenburg Gate , and Tokio Hotel performed `` World Behind My Wall '' . Palestinians in the town of Kalandia , West Bank pulled down parts of the Israeli West Bank barrier , in a demonstration marking the 20th Anniversary of the Fall of the Berlin Wall . The International Spy Museum in Washington DC hosted a Trabant car rally where 20 Trabants gathered in recognition of the 20th anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall . Rides were raffled every half - hour and a Trabant crashed through a Berlin Wall mock up . The Trabant was the East German people 's car that many used to leave DDR after the collapse . The Allied Museum in the Dahlem district of Berlin hosted a number of events to mark the Twentieth Anniversary of the Fall of the Berlin Wall . The museum held a Special Exhibition entitled `` Wall Patrol -- The Western Powers and the Berlin Wall 1961 -- 1990 '' which focused on the daily patrols deployed by the Western powers to observe the situation along the Berlin Wall and the fortifications on the GDR border . A sheet of `` Americans in Berlin '' Commemorative Cinderella stamps designed by T.H.E. Hill , the author of Voices Under Berlin , was presented to the Museum by David Guerra , Berlin veteran and webmaster of the site www.berlinbrigade.com . The stamps splendidly illustrate that even twenty years on , veterans of service in Berlin still regard their service there as one of the high points of their lives . Legacy Remaining stretch of the Wall near Ostbahnhof in Friedrichshain called East Side Gallery , August 2006 Remains of the Wall adjacent to the Topography of Terror , August 2007 A memorial of over a thousand crosses and a segment of the Wall for those who died trying to cross . The memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before it was removed . A `` BERLINER MAUER 1961 -- 1989 '' plaque near Checkpoint Charlie signifying where the Wall stood Display of two sections of the Wall and a `` You are leaving '' sign at Fort Gordon , Georgia The Berlin Wall from the East Berlin side , 1967 A sign reading `` Until we see each other again in the capital of the GDR '' Czech hedgehog antitank obstacles and the Wall An exhibition dedicated to the 25th anniversary to the Berlin Wall destruction was located at Potsdamer Platz Arkaden Line indicating where the Wall once stood , just off Potsdamer Platz , in 2015 Little is left of the Wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost in its entirety . Three long sections are still standing : an 80 - metre - long ( 260 ft ) piece of the first ( westernmost ) wall at the Topography of Terror , site of the former Gestapo headquarters , halfway between Checkpoint Charlie and Potsdamer Platz ; a longer section of the second ( easternmost ) wall along the Spree River near the Oberbaumbrücke , nicknamed East Side Gallery ; and a third section that is partly reconstructed , in the north at Bernauer Straße , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . Other isolated fragments , lampposts , other elements , and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . The former leadership in the Schlesischen Busch in the vicinity of the Puschkinallee -- the listed , twelve - meter high watchtower stands in a piece of the wall strip , which has been turned into a park , near the Lohmühleninsel The former `` Kieler Eck '' ( Kieler Eck ) on Kieler Strasse in Mitte , close to the Berlin - Spandau Schifffahrtskanal -- the tower is protected as a historic monument and now surrounded on three sides by new buildings . It houses a memorial site named after the Wallopfer Günter Litfin , who was shot at Humboldthafen in August 1961 . The memorial site , which is run by the initiative of his brother Jürgen Liftin , can be viewed after registration . The former management office at Nieder Neuendorf , in the district of Hennigsdorf of the same name -- here is the permanent exhibition on the history of the border installations between the two German states . The former management station at Bergfelde , today the district of Hohen Neuendorf -- The tower is located in an already reforested area of the border strip and is used together with surrounding terrain as a nature protection tower by the Deutschen Waldjugend . The only one of the much slimmer observation towers ( BT - 11 ) in the Erna - Berger - Strasse also in Mitte -- however , was moved by a few meters for construction work and is no longer in the original location ; There is an exhibition about the wall in the area of the Potsdamer Platz in planning . Nothing still accurately represents the Wall 's original appearance better than a very short stretch at Bernauer Straße associated with the Berlin Wall Documentation Center . Other remnants are badly damaged by souvenir seekers . Fragments of the Wall were taken and some were sold around the world . Appearing both with and without certificates of authenticity , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service eBay as well as German souvenir shops . Today , the eastern side is covered in graffiti that did not exist while the Wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of East Germany . Previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . Along some tourist areas of the city centre , the city government has marked the location of the former Wall by a row of cobblestones in the street . In most places only the `` first '' wall is marked , except near Potsdamer Platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . After the fall of Berlin Wall , there were initiatives that they want to preserve the death strip walkways and redevelop it into a hiking and cycling area , known as Berliner Mauerweg . It is part of the initiative by Berlin Senate since 2005 . Cultural differences For many years after reunification , people in Germany talked about cultural differences between East and West Germans ( colloquially Ossis and Wessis ) , sometimes described as Mauer im Kopf ( The wall in the head ) . A September 2004 poll found that 25 percent of West Germans and 12 percent of East Germans wished that East and West should be separated again by a `` Wall '' . A poll taken in October 2009 on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the fall of the Wall indicated , however , that only about a tenth of the population was still unhappy with the unification ( 8 percent in the East ; 12 percent in the West ) . Although differences are still perceived between East and West , Germans make similar distinctions between North and South . A 2011 poll conducted by Russia 's VTsIOM , found that more than half of all Russians do not know who built the Berlin Wall . Ten percent of people surveyed thought Berlin residents built it themselves . Six percent said Western powers built it and four percent thought it was a `` bilateral initiative '' of the Soviet Union and the West . Fifty - eight percent said they did not know who built it , with just 24 percent correctly naming the Soviet Union and its then - communist ally East Germany . Wall segments around the World Segment of the Berlin wall in the Sanctuary of Fátima , Portugal Main article : List of Berlin Wall segments Not all segments of the Wall were ground up as the Wall was being torn down . Many segments have been given to various institutions in the world . They can be found , for instance , in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings , and in public spaces in different countries of the world . Remains of the Berlin wall , still in its original spot , 2016 50th anniversary commemoration On 13 August 2011 , Germany marked the 50th anniversary of East Germany beginning the erection of the Berlin Wall . Chancellor Angela Merkel joined with President Christian Wulff and Berlin Mayor Klaus Wowereit at the Bernauer Straße memorial park to remember lives and liberty . Speeches extolled freedom and a minute of silence at noon honored those who died trying to flee to the West . `` It is our shared responsibility to keep the memory alive and to pass it on to the coming generations as a reminder to stand up for freedom and democracy to ensure that such injustice may never happen again , '' entreated Mayor Wowereit . `` It has been shown once again : Freedom is invincible at the end . No wall can permanently withstand the desire for freedom '' , proclaimed President Wulff . '' Related media Documentary films specifically about the Berlin Wall : The Tunnel , a NBC News Special documentary film broadcast in December 1962 The Road to the Wall , a 1962 documentary film Something to Do with the Wall , 1991 documentary about the fall of the Berlin Wall by Ross McElwee and Marilyn Levine , originally conceived as a commemoration of the 25th anniversary of its construction . Rabbit à la Berlin , a 2009 documentary film , directed by Bartek Konopka , told from point of view of a group of wild rabbits that inhabited the zone between the two walls Fictional films featuring the Berlin Wall have included : The Spy Who Came in from the Cold , 1965 -- Cold War classic set on both sides of The Wall , from the book by John le Carré , directed by Martin Ritt The Boy and the Ball and the Hole in the Wall , Spanish - Mexican co-production , 1965 Funeral in Berlin , 1966 -- Spy movie starring Michael Caine , directed by Guy Hamilton Casino Royale , 1967 -- featuring a segment centred on a house apparently bisected by the Wall . The Wicked Dreams of Paula Schultz , 1968 -- Cold War spy farce about an Olympic athlete who defects . Director George Marshall Berlin Tunnel 21 , 1981 -- A made - for - TV movie about a former American officer leading an attempt to build a tunnel underneath The Wall as a rescue route . The Soldier , 1982 -- A renegade KGB team put nuclear weapons in Saudi Arabia to force America to make the Israelis pull out of the West Bank or the bomb will make 50 % of the world 's oil radioactive for decades . The title character of the movie has a team break into a missile silo in Smith Center , Kansas to obtain independent launch capability , then he and an Israeli security agent drive an automobile from West Germany over the Berlin Wall into East Germany where he informs the KGB agents that if the nuke goes off in Saudi Arabia , his team in Kansas will nuke Moscow . The Innocent , 1993 -- About the joint CIA / MI6 operation to build a tunnel under East Berlin in the 1950s . Directed by John Schlesinger The Tunnel , 2001 -- Dramatization of a collaborative tunnel under the Wall . Film by Roland Suso Richter In the 2015 film Bridge of Spies , Frederic Pryor , an American economics graduate student , visits his German girlfriend in East Berlin just as the Berlin Wall is being built . He tries to bring her back into West Berlin , but is stopped by Stasi agents and arrested as a spy . Some novels specifically about the Berlin Wall : John le Carré , The Spy Who Came in from the Cold , 1963 -- Classic Cold War spy fiction Len Deighton , Berlin Game , 1983 -- Classic Cold War spy fiction T.H.E. Hill , The Day Before the Berlin Wall : Could We Have Stopped It ? -- An Alternate History of Cold War Espionage , 2010 -- based on a legend told in Berlin in the 1970s John Marks , The Wall , 1999 NYT Review -- an American spy defects to the East just hours before the Wall falls Marcia Preston , West of the Wall ( published as Trudy 's Promise in North America ) , 2008 -- Left behind in East Berlin , the heroine waits for news of her husband after he makes his escape over the Berlin Wall Peter Schneider , The Wall Jumper , 1984 ( German : Der Mauerspringer , 1982 ) -- the Wall plays a central role in this novel set in Berlin of the 1980s Music related to the Berlin Wall `` West of the Wall , a 1962 top 40 hit by Toni Fisher , told the tale of two lovers separated by the newly - built Berlin Wall . `` Holidays in the Sun '' , a song by the English punk rock band The Sex Pistols prominently mentions the Wall , specifically singer Johnny Rotten 's fantasy of digging a tunnel under it . David Bowie 's `` Heroes '' was inspired by the image of a couple kissing at the Berlin Wall ( in reality , the couple was his producer Tony Visconti and backup singer Antonia Maaß ) . The song ( which , along with the album of the same name , were recorded in Berlin ) , makes lyrical references to the kissing couple , and to the `` Wall of Shame '' ( `` the shame was on the other side '' ) . Upon his death , the German Foreign Office paid homage to Bowie on Twitter , : see also above Over de muur ( nl ) , a 1984 song by Dutch pop band Klein Orkest ( nl ) , about the differences between East and West Berlin during the period of the Berlin Wall . `` Chippin ' Away '' , a song by Tom Fedora , as performed by Crosby , Stills & Nash on the Berlin Wall appeared on Graham Nash 's 1986 solo album Innocent Eyes . The music video for Liza Fox 's song `` Free '' ( 2013 ) contain video clips of the fall of the Berlin Wall . Art related to the Berlin Wall In the year 1982 the West - German artist Elsner ( de ) created about 500 artworks along the former border strip around West - Berlin as part of his work series `` Border Injuries '' . On one of his actions he even tore down a large part of the Wall , installed a prepared foil of 3x2m in it and finished the painting there before the border soldiers on patrol could detect him . This performance was even recorded on video . His actions are well - documented both in newspapers from that time and in recent scientific publications . Video games related to the Berlin Wall 1999 's SimCity 3000 featured a scenario taking place at the end of the Cold War , where the player must demolish the wall and re-unite East and West Berlin , being given 5 years in the game to complete the task . The longer it takes to complete the goals results in riots in the city . The `` First Strike '' downloadable content pack for 2010s Call of Duty : Black Ops includes a multiplayer map that takes place at the Berlin Wall ( `` Berlin Wall '' ) The introductory video to the Rise and Fall expansion for Civilization VI depicts a woman striking the wall with a sledgehammer . See also The Berlin Wall ( video game ) Brandenburg Gate Chapel of Reconciliation Checkpoint Charlie Checkpoint Charlie stand - off ( October 1961 ) Dissolution of the Soviet Union ( 1991 ) Green Line ( Beirut ) Inner German Border Korean Demilitarized Zone Military Demarcation Line List of walls Operation Gold Ostalgie Peace Lines ( Belfast ) Reunification of Jerusalem The Wall -- Live in Berlin ( rock opera / concert , 21 July 1990 ) References Notes ^ Jump up to : `` Untangling 5 myths about the Berlin Wall '' . Chicago Tribune . 31 October 2014 . Retrieved 1 November 2014 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Video : Berlin , 1961 / 08 / 31 ( 1961 ) . Universal Newsreel. 1961 . Retrieved 20 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` In Photos : 25 years ago todaythe Berlin Wall Fell '' . TheJournal.ie. 9 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Jack Marck Archived 29 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine . `` Over the Wall : A Once - in - a-Lifetime Experience '' American Heritage , October 2006 . ^ Jump up to : https://www.cnn.com/2013/09/15/world/europe/berlin-wall-fast-facts/index.html Jump up ^ `` Berlin Wall : Five things you might not know '' . The Telegraph . 12 August 2011 . Retrieved 22 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Freedom ! -- TIME '' . TIME. 20 November 1989 . Retrieved 9 November 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Forschungsprojekt `` Die Todesopfer an der Berliner Mauer , 1961 -- 1989 '' : BILANZ ( Stand : 7 . August 2008 ) ( in German ) `` . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Todesopfer an der Berliner Mauer '' ( Fatalities at the Berlin Wall ) ( in German ) . Chronik der Mauer . Retrieved 26 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Mary Elise Sarotte , Collapse : The Accidental Opening of the Berlin Wall , New York : Basic Books , 2014 Jump up ^ Sarotte , Mary Elise ( 2014 ) . The Collapse : The Accidental Opening Of The Berlin Wall . New York : Basic Books : . pp. xxv . Jump up ^ Miller 2000 , pp. 4 -- 5 Jump up ^ Miller 2000 , p. 16 Jump up ^ Miller 2000 , p. 10 Jump up ^ Miller 2000 , p. 13 ^ Jump up to : Wettig 2008 , p. 95 - 5 ^ Jump up to : Wettig 2008 , p. 96 Jump up ^ The political process contrasted with that in West German zones occupied by France , the United Kingdom , and the United States , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( Turner , Henry Ashby . The Two Germanies Since 1945 : East and West , Yale University Press , 1987 , ISBN 0 - 300 - 03865 - 8 , page 20 ) Jump up ^ Turner 1987 , p. 47 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 33 Jump up ^ Miller 2000 , pp. 65 -- 70 Jump up ^ Turner 1987 , p. 29 Jump up ^ Fritsch - Bournazel , Renata , Confronting the German Question : Germans on the East - West Divide , Berg Publishers , 1990 , ISBN 0 - 85496 - 684 - 6 , page 143 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 34 Jump up ^ Miller 2000 , pp. 180 -- 81 Jump up ^ Wettig 2008 , p. 179 Jump up ^ In a congratulatory telegram , Stalin emphasized that , with the creation of East Germany , the `` enslavement of European countries by the global imperialists was rendered impossible . '' ( Wettig , Gerhard , Stalin and the Cold War in Europe , Rowman & Littlefield , 2008 , ISBN 0 - 7425 - 5542 - 9 , page 179 ) Jump up ^ https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/history/berlin-wall-what-you-need-to-know-about-the-barrier-that-divided-east-and-west-9847347.html ^ Jump up to : Thackeray 2004 , p. 188 Jump up ^ Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Arbeit und Sozialordnung , Familie und Frauen , Statistik Spätaussiedler Dezember 2007 , p. 3 ( in German ) Jump up ^ Loescher 2001 , p. 60 Jump up ^ Loescher 2001 , p. 68 Jump up ^ Dale 2005 , p. 17 Jump up ^ Dowty 1989 , p. 114 Jump up ^ Dowty 1989 , p. 116 ^ Jump up to : Dowty 1989 , p. 121 Jump up ^ Harrison 2003 , p. 240 - fn Jump up ^ Harrison 2003 , p. 98 ^ Jump up to : Harrison 2003 , p. 99 Jump up ^ Paul Maddrell , Spying on Science : Western Intelligence in Divided Germany 1945 -- 1961 , p. 56 . Oxford University Press , 2006 ^ Jump up to : Dowty 1989 , p. 122 ^ Jump up to : Harrison 2003 , p. 100 Jump up ^ English translation of `` Wer die Deutsche Demokratische Republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die Seite der Kriegstreiber '' ( `` He Who Leaves the German Democratic Republic Joins the Warmongers '' , Notizbuch des Agitators ( `` Agitator 's Notebook '' ) , Berlin : Socialist Unity Party 's Agitation Department , November 1955 . Jump up ^ Volker Rolf Berghahn , Modern Germany : Society , Economy and Politics in the Twentieth Century , p. 227 . Cambridge University Press , 1987 Jump up ^ Pearson 1998 , p. 75 Jump up ^ Crozier , Brian ( 1999 ) . The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire . Forum . p. 170 - 171 . ISBN 0 - 7615 - 2057 - 0 . Jump up ^ Rottman , Gordon ( 2008 ) . The Berlin Wall and the Intra-German Border 1961 - 1989 . Oxford UK : Osprey Publishing . p. 29 . ISBN 978 - 184603 - 193 - 9 . Jump up ^ Wiegrefe , Klaus . `` Wir lassen euch jetzt ein , zwei Wochen Zeit '' , Spiegel Online -- einestages , May 2009 Jump up ^ `` Transcript of the telephone call between Khrushchev and Ulbricht on August 1 , 1961 '' ( in German ) . Welt.de. 30 May 2009 . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Sebetsyen , Victor ( 2009 ) . Revolution 1989 : The Fall of the Soviet Empire . New York City : Pantheon Books . ISBN 0 - 375 - 42532 - 2 . Jump up ^ http://blogs.reuters.com/berlin1961/2011/05/27/the-worst-day-of-jfks-life/ Jump up ^ Kempe , Frederick ( 2011 ) . Berlin 1961 . Penguin Group ( USA ) . p. 247 . ISBN 0 - 399 - 15729 - 8 . Jump up ^ http://www.historytoday.com/frederick-taylor/berlin-wall-secret-history Jump up ^ `` Exchanges of Territory '' . City of Berlin . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 23 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Exchanges of Territory : Lenné - Dreieck '' . City of Berlin . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 23 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wall Goes Up in Berlin -- Events of 1961 -- Year in Review '' . UPI.com. 29 May 1998 . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Keeling , Drew ( 2014 ) , business-of-migration.com `` Berlin Wall and Migration , '' Migration as a travel business Jump up ^ Taylor , Frederick . The Berlin Wall : 13 August 1961 -- 9 November 1989 . Bloomsbury 2006 Jump up ^ `` Goethe - Institut -- Topics -- German - German History Goethe - Institut '' . Web.archive.org. 9 April 2008 . Archived from the original on 9 April 2008 . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Die Regierungen der Warschauer Vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die Volkskammer und an die Regierung der DDR mit dem Vorschlag , an der Westberliner Grenze eine solche Ordnung einzuführen , durch die der Wühltätigkeit gegen die Länder des sozialistischen Lagers zuverlässig der Weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze Gebiet West - Berlins eine verlässliche Bewachung gewährleistet wird . '' Die Welt : Berlin wird geteilt Jump up ^ `` Neues Deutschland : Normales Leben in Berlin , 14 August 1961 '' ( in German ) . Zlb.de . Archived from the original on 18 July 2011 . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Sarotte , Mary Elise ( 2014 ) . The Collapse : The Accidental Opening of the Berlin Wall . New York : Basic Books . p. 114 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 06494 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` Berlin Crisis After Dividing Berlin , August 1961 '' ( PDF ) . The National Security Archive at George Washington University in Washington , D.C . Retrieved 26 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Matthew M. Aid & William Burr ( 25 September 2013 ) . `` '' Disreputable if Not Outright Illegal `` : The National Security Agency versus Martin Luther King , Muhammad Ali , Art Buchwald , Frank Church , et al '' . The National Security Archive at the George Washington University in Washington , D.C . Retrieved 26 September 2013 . Jump up ^ See also Hackworth , About Face Jump up ^ Evans , Ben ( 2014 ) . Escaping The Bonds of Earth : The Fifties and the Sixties . Chichester UK : Praxis Publishing . p. 38 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 79093 - 0 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Micah ( 1996 ) `` After the Wall : The Legal Ramifications of the East German Border Guard Trials in Unified Germany , '' Cornell International Law Journal : Vol. 29 : Iss. 3 , Article 3 . p 728 Jump up ^ Berliner Mauer ( Stand 31 . Juli 1989 ) Polizeipräsident von Berlin . Jump up ^ Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung : Ministerium für Staatssicherheit der DDR , siehe : Statistiken + `` Grenzsicherung in Berlin `` 1989 . ^ Jump up to : According to Hagen Koch , former Stasi - officer , in Geert Mak 's documentary In Europa ( series ) , episode 1961 -- DDR , 25 January 2009 ^ Jump up to : https://www.thoughtco.com/the-berlin-wall-28-year-history-1779495 Jump up ^ Burkhardt , Heiko . `` Facts of Berlin Wall -- History of Berlin Wall '' . Dailysoft.com . Retrieved 9 November 2009 . ^ Jump up to : P. Dousset ; A. Souquet ; S. Lelarge . `` Berlin Wall '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 13 September 2006 . Retrieved 9 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Heiko Burkhardt . `` Fourth Generation of Berlin Wall -- History of Berlin Wall '' . Dailysoft.com . Retrieved 9 November 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Rise and Fall of the Berlin Wall . History Channel , 2009 . DVD - ROM . Jump up ^ Popiolek . `` The Berlin wall : History of Berlin Wall : Facts '' . Die-berliner-mauer.de . Archived from the original on 12 October 2007 . Retrieved 9 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Rottman , Gordon L. ( 20 October 2012 ) . `` The Berlin Wall and the Intra-German Border 1961 - 89 '' . Bloomsbury Publishing -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=275&v=OwQsTzGkbiY Jump up ^ Rottman , Gordon L. ( 20 October 2012 ) . `` The Berlin Wall and the Intra-German Border 1961 - 89 '' . Bloomsbury Publishing -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Rottman , Gordon L. ( 20 October 2012 ) . `` The Berlin Wall and the Intra-German Border 1961 - 89 '' . Bloomsbury Publishing -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Rottman , Gordon L. ( 20 October 2012 ) . `` The Berlin Wall and the Intra-German Border 1961 - 89 '' . Bloomsbury Publishing -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ https://www.upi.com/Archives/1987/01/09/Foreign-News-Briefs/9799537166800/ Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2014/apr/03/thierry-noir-graffiti-berlin-wall Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2014/nov/03/east-german-punks-berlin-wall-radical-art-stunt Jump up ^ Harrison 2003 , pp. 206 -- 14 ^ Jump up to : https://history.howstuffworks.com/historical-events/berlin-wall1.htm ^ Jump up to : https://mashable.com/2014/11/06/berlin-wall-fence/#h6xI9DEA5PqH Jump up ^ Willis , Jim ( 19 March 1946 ) . Daily Life behind the Iron Curtain . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 9780313397639 . Retrieved 5 November 2014 . Jump up ^ https://mashable.com/2014/11/06/berlin-wall-fence/#h6xI9DEA5PqH Jump up ^ `` E German ' licence to kill ' found '' . BBC News . 12 August 2007 . Retrieved 12 August 2007 . A newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says Germany 's director of Stasi files . Jump up ^ `` Conrad Schumann , 56 , Symbol of E. Berlin escapes '' ; North Sports Final Edition Associated Press . Chicago Tribune , Chicago , Ill. : 23 June 1998 . pg. 8 Jump up ^ `` Chronik der Mauer -- Bau und Fall der Berliner Mauer Opfer der Mauer '' . Chronik-der-mauer.de . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Kempe , Frederick ( 2011 ) . Berlin 1961 . Penguin Group ( USA ) . pp. 363 -- 367 . ISBN 0 - 399 - 15729 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hertle , Hans - Hermann ( 2008 ) . The Berlin Wall : Monument of the Cold War . Ch . Links Verlag , p. 72 . ISBN 3 - 86153 - 463 - 0 Jump up ^ https://www.thelocal.de/20141105/the-great-escape-across-the-berlin-wall Jump up ^ https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/secret-tunnels-that-brought-freedom-from-berlins-wall-1804765.html Jump up ^ Taylor , Frederick . The Berlin Wall : A World Divided 1961 -- 1989 , London : Harper Perennial , 2006 . Jump up ^ Kempe , Frederick ( 2011 ) . Berlin 1961 . Penguin Group ( USA ) . p. 394 . ISBN 0 - 399 - 15729 - 8 . Jump up ^ MRS . THATCHER VISITS THE BERLIN WALL , The New York Times , 30 October 1982 ^ Jump up to : Fisher , Max ( 11 January 2016 ) . `` David Bowie at the Berlin Wall : the incredible story of a concert and its role in history '' . Vox . Retrieved 12 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Did Bowie bring down the Berlin Wall ? '' . The Week . 15 December 2008 . Retrieved 11 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` GERMANY : Thank you David Bowie for helping bring down the Berlin Wall '' . Business Insider Australia . 11 January 2016 . Retrieved 11 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Good - bye , David Bowie '' . German Foreign Office . 11 January 2016 . Retrieved 11 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Did Springsteen 's 1988 Berlin gig rock the Wall ? '' . The Local -- Germany 's News in English . The Local -- Germany 's News in English . 9 July 2013 . Retrieved 26 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How Mr. Hasselhoff Tore Down This Wall '' . NPR . National Public Radio . 9 November 2014 . Retrieved 9 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Reagan 's ' tear down this wall ' speech turns 20 '' . USA Today . 12 June 2007 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Remarks at the Brandenberg Gate '' . Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation . Archived from the original on 22 June 2008 . Retrieved 9 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Meyer , Michael ( 13 September 2009 ) . `` The picnic that brought down the Berlin Wall '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 14 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sie wird noch in 50 Jahren stehen '' . dpa. 22 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : unknown ( 2009 ) . `` 20 Jahre Mauerfall '' ( in German ) . Kulturprojekte Berlin GmbH . Retrieved 9 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Henslin , 07 Jump up ^ Schäfer , Hermann ( 2015 ) . Deutsche Geschichte in 100 Objekten . München , Berlin , Zürich : Piper . p. 570 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 492057028 . ^ Jump up to : Sarotte , Mary Elise ( 1 November 2009 ) `` How it went down : The little accident that toppled history '' The Washington Post . Retrieved 2 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Kirchner , Stephanie ( 19 April 2009 ) . `` Berlin Wall : Was the Fall Engineered by the GDR ? '' . TIME . Retrieved 6 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Walker , Marcus ( 21 October 2009 ) `` Did Brinkmannship Fell Berlin 's Wall ? Brinkmann Says It Did '' The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ `` The Guard Who Opened the Berlin Wall : ' I Gave my People the Order -- Raise the Barrier ' '' . Spiegel Online . 9 November 2014 . Retrieved 14 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Sarotte , Mary Elise ( 2014 ) . The Collapse : The Accidental Opening of the Berlin Wall . New York : Basic Books . pp. 146 -- 147 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 06494 - 6 . Jump up ^ McElroy , Damien ( 7 November 2009 ) . `` East Germans may have arrived in West Berlin hours before previously thought '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 7 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Berlin Wall '' . History.com . Retrieved 19 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sarotte , Mary Elise ( 2014 ) . The Collapse : The Accidental Opening of the Berlin Wall . New York : Basic Books . pp. xx -- xxi . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 06494 - 6 . Jump up ^ Sarotte , Mary Elise ( 2014 ) . The Collapse : The Accidental Opening of the Berlin Wall . New York : Basic Books . pp. 189 -- 190 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 06494 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` How Margaret Thatcher pleaded with Gorbachev not to let the Berlin Wall fall out of london '' . Hasan Suroor . Chennai , India : Hindu . 15 September 2009 . Retrieved 8 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Gledhill , Ruth ; de Bruxelles , Simon ( 11 September 2009 ) . `` Thatcher told Gorbachev Britain did not want German reunification '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 8 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Gledhill , Ruth ; de Bruxelles , Simon ( 10 September 2009 ) . `` United Germany might allow another Hitler , Mitterrand told Thatcher '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 9 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Crosby , Stills and Nash Sound a Positive Note at Berlin Wall '' . Los Angeles Times . 21 November 1989 . Retrieved 2 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Naxos ( 2006 ) . `` Ode To Freedom -- Beethoven : Symphony No. 9 ( NTSC ) '' . Naxos.com Classical Music Catalogue . Retrieved 26 November 2006 . This is the publisher 's catalogue entry for a DVD of Bernstein 's Christmas 1989 `` Ode to Freedom '' concert . Jump up ^ `` Did David Hasselhoff really help end the Cold War ? '' . BBC News . 6 February 2004 . Retrieved 2 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Kellerhof , Sven Felix ; Posener , Alan ( 2007 ) . `` Soll der 9 . November Nationalfeiertag werden ? '' . Die Welt Online . Archived from the original on 25 June 2009 . Retrieved 22 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Aberger , Jörg ( 7 September 2004 ) . `` Debatte : Thierse fordert neuen Nationalfeiertag '' . Der Spiegel . Retrieved 22 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Wiesel , Elie ( 17 November 1989 ) . `` Op - Ed in response to the fall of the wall '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ RSF.org Archived 8 November 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Mr. Hu , tear down this firewall ! '' . The Globe and Mail . Toronto . 26 October 2009 . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . Jump up ^ MontrealGazette.com Jump up ^ `` German Missions in the United States -- Home '' . Archived from the original on 28 December 2010 . Retrieved 1 November 2014 . Jump up ^ unknown ( 2009 ) . `` Freedom Without Walls '' . Embassy of the Federal Republic of Germany , Washington , DC . Retrieved 9 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Wall in the World 2009 -- 20th anniversary of the Fall of the Wall -- Goethe - Institut '' . Goethe.de . Retrieved 9 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Berlin Wall in Twinity '' . Twinity. 2009 . Retrieved 9 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Palestinians break Israel 's wall -- Middle East '' . Al Jazeera English . 9 November 2009 . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Allied Museum ( 2009 ) . `` Wall Patrol -- The Western Powers and the Berlin Wall 1961 -- 1990 Special Exhibition '' . Allied Museum , Berlin , Germany . Archived from the original on 17 July 2011 . Retrieved 23 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Allied Museum ( 2009 ) . `` American Commemorative Stamps Presented to the Museum '' . Allied Museum , Berlin , Germany . Archived from the original on 17 July 2011 . Retrieved 23 July 2010 . ( ) Jump up ^ `` Flutgraben e.V. '' www.kunstfabrik.org . Jump up ^ `` Berlin Wall Memorial '' . Berlin Wall Foundation . Retrieved 23 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Reuters ( 8 September 2004 ) . `` One in 5 Germans wants Berlin Wall rebuilt '' . MSNBC . Archived from the original on 13 June 2006 . Retrieved 23 February 2006 . Jump up ^ ZDF `` Wochenjournal '' ( 5 November 2009 ) . `` Große Zustimmung zur Wiedervereinigung '' . ZDF . Archived from the original on 14 December 2009 . Retrieved 6 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Solovyov , Dmitry ( 5 November 2009 ) . `` Who built Berlin Wall ? Most Russians do n't know Reuters '' . Uk.reuters.com . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Where in the World Is the Berlin Wall ? '' . Newsweek. 11 November 2014 . Retrieved 1 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Germany marks 50th anniversary of Berlin Wall '' . London : UK Telegraph . 13 August 2011 . Retrieved 13 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Germany Marks Construction of the Berlin Wall '' . Associated Press . 13 August 2011 . Retrieved 13 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Reflecting on the Berlin Wall , 50 Years After Its Construction '' . History.com. 11 August 2011 . Archived from the original on 25 January 2013 . Retrieved 13 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Years Berlin Wall 1961 -- 1989 ( video clips ) '' . German World . 13 August 2011 . Archived from the original on 12 November 2011 . Retrieved 13 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Levine , Marilyn ; McElwee , Ross ( 1991 - 04 - 03 ) , Something to Do with the Wall , Marilyn Levine , Ross McElwee , retrieved 2018 - 03 - 16 Jump up ^ Gélin , Daniel ; Varela , Yolanda ; Arco , Nino Del ; Block , Karin ( 15 July 1965 ) , The Boy and the Ball and the Hole in the Wall , retrieved 12 May 2017 Jump up ^ `` The Day Before The Berlin Wall : Could We have Stopped It ? '' . Voicesunderberlin.com . Retrieved 26 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cold War Reheated '' . Nytimes.com . Retrieved 26 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Administrator . `` View the author 's website '' . Retrieved 1 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Kollmeyer , Barbara ( 11 January 2016 ) . `` David Bowie death triggers tributes from Iggy Pop , Madonna -- even the Vatican and the German government '' . MarketWatch . Retrieved 23 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Klein Orkest biography '' . Sweetslyrics.com . Archived from the original on 24 September 2011 . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Crosby , Stills & Nash 1990 -- Chippin ' Away on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Liza Fox -- FREE ( Music Video ) '' . YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Die Mauer als Muse '' . The Wall fell on July 18th 1982 . Lars von Törne in Der Tagesspiegel . Retrieved 13 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` ELSNER 's Border Injuries '' . artworks & video documentation . galerie son . Jump up ^ `` ELSNER '' . press archive . galerie son . Bibliography Böcker , Anita ( 1998 ) . Regulation of Migration : International Experiences . Het Spinhuis . ISBN 90 - 5589 - 095 - 2 . Buckley , William F. , Jr. ( 2004 ) . The Fall of the Berlin Wall . Hoboken , New Jersey : John Wiley and Sons . ISBN 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 . Cate , Curtis ( 1978 ) . `` The Ides of August : The Berlin Wall Crisis -- 1961 '' . New York City : M. Evans . Childs , David ( 2001 ) The Fall of the GDR : Germany 's Road To Unity , Longman , Pearsoned.co.uk 2001 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 31569 - 3 , ISBN 0 - 582 - 31569 - 7 Childs , David , The GDR : Moscow 's German Ally , ( Second Edition 1988 , First Edition 1983 , George Allen & Unwin , London ) ISBN 0 - 04 - 354029 - 5 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 04 - 354029 - 9 . Childs , David , ( 2001 ) The Fall of the GDR , Longman . ISBN 0 - 582 - 31569 - 7 Amazon.co.uk Childs , David , ( 2000 ) The Two Red Flags : European Social Democracy & Soviet Communism Since 1945 , Routledge . Informaworld.com Childs , David , ( 1991 ) Germany in the Twentieth Century , ( From pre-1918 to the restoration of German unity ) , Batsford , Third edition . ISBN 0 - 7134 - 6795 - 9 Childs , David , ( 1987 ) East Germany to the 1990s Can It Resist Glasnost ? , The Economist Intelligence Unit . ISBN 0 - 85058 - 245 - 8 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 85058 - 245 - 1 . Worldcat.org Dale , Gareth ( 2005 ) . Popular Protest in East Germany , 1945 -- 1989 : Judgements on the Street . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 5408 - 6 . Dowty , Alan ( 1989 ) . Closed Borders : The Contemporary Assault on Freedom of Movement . Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 04498 - 4 . Gaddis , John Lewis ( 2005 ) . The Cold War : A New History . Penguin Press . ISBN 1 - 59420 - 062 - 9 . Harrison , Hope Millard ( 2003 ) . Driving the Soviets Up the Wall : Soviet - East German Relations , 1953 -- 1961 . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 09678 - 3 . Catudal , Honoré M. ( 1980 ) . `` Kennedy '' . West Berlin : Berlin Verlag . Hertle , Hans - Hermann ( 2007 ) . `` The Berlin Wall '' . Bonn : Federal Centre for Political Education . Kennedy , John F. `` July 25 , 1961 speech '' . Archived from the original on 29 April 2009 . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . Loescher , Gil ( 2001 ) . The UNHCR and World Politics : A Perilous Path . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 829716 - 5 . Maclean , Rory ( 1992 ) . `` Stalin 's Nose : Across the Face of Europe '' . London : HarperCollins . Miller , Roger Gene ( 2000 ) . To Save a City : The Berlin Airlift , 1948 -- 1949 . Texas A&M University Press . ISBN 0 - 89096 - 967 - 1 . Mynz , Rainer ( 1995 ) . `` Where Did They All Come From ? Typology and Geography of European Mass Migration In the Twentieth Century ; European Population Conference Congress European de Démographie '' . United Nations Population Division . Pearson , Raymond ( 1998 ) . The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire . Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 312 - 17407 - 1 . Schneider , Peter ( 2005 ) . `` The Wall Jumper '' . London : Penguin Classics . Schulte , Bennet ( 2011 ) . The Berlin Wall . Remains of a Lost Border . ( Die Berliner Mauer . Spuren einer verschwundenen Grenze ) . be. bra verlag , Berlin . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8148 - 0185 - 8 . Taylor , Frederick . The Berlin Wall : 13 August 1961 -- 9 November 1989 . Bloomsbury 2006 Thackeray , Frank W. ( 2004 ) . Events that changed Germany . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 313 - 32814 - 5 . Friedrich , Thomas ( 1996 ) . Wo die Mauer War / Where was the Wall ? . Harry Hampel ( photos ) . Berlin : Nicolai . ISBN 3 - 87584 - 695 - 8 . Turner , Henry Ashby ( 1987 ) . The Two Germanies Since 1945 : East and West . Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 03865 - 8 . Wettig , Gerhard ( 2008 ) . Stalin and the Cold War in Europe . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 5542 - 9 . Luftbildatlas . Entlang der Berliner Mauer . Karten , Pläne und Fotos . Hans Wolfgang Hoffmann / Philipp Meuser ( eds . ) Berlin 2009 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 938666 - 84 - 5 Sarotte , Mary Elise , Collapse : The Accidental Opening of the Berlin Wall , New York : Basic Books , 2014 Sarotte , Mary Elise , 1989 : The Struggle to Create Post-Cold War Europe ( Second Edition ) Princeton : Princeton University Press , 2014 Crozier , Brian ( 1999 ) . The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire . Forum . pp. 170 -- 171 . ISBN 0 - 7615 - 2057 - 0 . Further reading Hockenos , Paul ( 2017 ) . Berlin calling : a story of anarchy , music , the Wall , and the birth of the new Berlin . New York : The New Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 62097 - 195 - 6 . OCLC 959535547 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Berlin Wall Wikimedia Commons has media related to Berlin Wall . Look up Berlin Wall in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Official website `` Berlin Wall Memorial '' . Berlin Wall Foundation . `` Chronicle of the Berlin Wall '' . Deutschlandradio . `` The Berlin Wall : a Multimedia Story '' . Rundfunk Berlin - Brandenburg ( RRB ) . `` Berlin Wall collected news and commentary '' . The New York Times . Works about Berlin Wall in libraries ( WorldCat catalog ) `` Berlin Wall ( newsreel archives ) '' ( Adobe Flash video ) ) . Multimedia . British Pathe . Berlin Wall on OpenStreetMap ( zoomable and scrollable ) Other resources : Berlin Wall at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Berlin Wall image group on Flickr Berlin Wall Online , historical chronicle Nail , Norbert . `` Meine Mauer -- Deutsche Bilder aus der Vergangenheit '' ( My Wall -- German Pictures from the past ) ( in German ) . University of Marburg . Berlin Wall Main articles Berlin Wall Inner German border Iron Curtain Wall of Shame East Berlin West Berlin German reunification Eastern Bloc emigration and defection Republikflucht Berlin Crisis of 1961 Memorials , museums and galleries White Crosses East Side Gallery Checkpoint Charlie Museum Topography of Terror Mauerpark Chapel of Reconciliation Crossings Berlin border crossings Bornholmer Straße Checkpoint Charlie Checkpoint Bravo Berlin Friedrichstraße station Glienicke Bridge Invalidenstraße Oberbaum Bridge Sonnenallee Tränenpalast , Friedrichstrasse station Died breaching the Wall List of deaths at the Berlin Wall Klaus Brueske Peter Fechter Winfried Freudenberg Christian - Peter Friese Chris Gueffroy Marienetta Jirkowsky Cengaver Katrancı Erna Kelm Czesław Kukuczka Günter Litfin Dorit Schmiel Olga Segler Ida Siekmann Heinz Sokolowski Hildegard Trabant Rudolf Urban Christel and Eckhard Wehage Others associated with the Wall Günter Schabowski Riccardo Ehrman Erich Honecker Conrad Schumann Walter Ulbricht The Wall in speeches Ich bin ein Berliner `` Tear down this wall ! '' In popular culture The Tunnel ( NBC documentary ) The Wall ( 1962 film ) The Road to the Wall Das Versprechen The Tunnel ( 2001 film ) Rabbit à la Berlin ( 2009 documentary ) Good Bye , Lenin ! Sonnenallee The Berlin Wall ( video game ) `` Nikita '' `` West of the Wall '' `` The Soldier '' Funeral in Berlin Gotcha ! Judgment in Berlin ( novel ) Judgment in Berlin ( film ) Stop Train 349 The Spy Who Came in from the Cold ( novel ) The Spy Who Came in from the Cold ( film ) Bridge of Spies Atomic Blonde Other List of Berlin Wall segments Ghost station Steinstücken Grenzgänger ( Cross-border commuters ) Book : Berlin Wall Cold War USA USSR ANZUS NATO Non-Aligned Movement SEATO Warsaw Pact Cold War II 1940s Morgenthau Plan Hukbalahap Rebellion Dekemvriana Percentages Agreement Yalta Conference Guerrilla war in the Baltic states Forest Brothers Operation Priboi Operation Jungle Occupation of the Baltic states Cursed soldiers Operation Unthinkable Operation Downfall Potsdam Conference Gouzenko Affair Division of Korea Operation Masterdom Operation Beleaguer Operation Blacklist Forty Iran crisis of 1946 Greek Civil War Baruch Plan Corfu Channel incident Turkish Straits crisis Restatement of Policy on Germany First Indochina War Truman Doctrine Asian Relations Conference May 1947 Crises Marshall Plan Comecon 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état Tito -- Stalin Split Berlin Blockade Western betrayal Iron Curtain Eastern Bloc Western Bloc Chinese Civil War ( Second round ) Malayan Emergency Albanian Subversion 1950s Papua conflict Bamboo Curtain Korean War McCarthyism Egyptian Revolution of 1952 1953 Iranian coup d'état Uprising of 1953 in East Germany Dirty War ( Mexico ) Bricker Amendment 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Partition of Vietnam Vietnam War First Taiwan Strait Crisis Geneva Summit ( 1955 ) Bandung Conference Poznań 1956 protests Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Suez Crisis `` We will bury you '' Operation Gladio Arab Cold War Syrian Crisis of 1957 1958 Lebanon crisis Iraqi 14 July Revolution Sputnik crisis Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 1959 Tibetan uprising Cuban Revolution Kitchen Debate Sino - Soviet split 1960s Congo Crisis 1960 U-2 incident Bay of Pigs Invasion 1960 Turkish coup d'état Soviet -- Albanian split Berlin Crisis of 1961 Berlin Wall Portuguese Colonial War Angolan War of Independence Guinea - Bissau War of Independence Mozambican War of Independence Cuban Missile Crisis Sino - Indian War Communist insurgency in Sarawak Iraqi Ramadan Revolution Eritrean War of Independence Sand War North Yemen Civil War Aden Emergency 1963 Syrian coup d'état Vietnam War Shifta War Guatemalan Civil War Colombian conflict Nicaraguan Revolution 1964 Brazilian coup d'état Dominican Civil War South African Border War Transition to the New Order Domino theory ASEAN Declaration Laotian Civil War 1966 Syrian coup d'état Argentine Revolution Korean DMZ conflict Greek military junta of 1967 -- 74 Years of Lead ( Italy ) USS Pueblo incident Six - Day War War of Attrition Dhofar Rebellion Al - Wadiah War Protests of 1968 French May Tlatelolco massacre Cultural Revolution Prague Spring 1968 Polish political crisis Communist insurgency in Malaysia Invasion of Czechoslovakia Iraqi Ba'athist Revolution Goulash Communism Sino - Soviet border conflict CPP -- NPA -- NDF rebellion Corrective Move 1970s Détente Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Black September in Jordan Corrective Movement ( Syria ) Cambodian Civil War Koza riot Realpolitik Ping - pong diplomacy Ugandan - Tanzanian War 1971 Turkish military memorandum Corrective Revolution ( Egypt ) Four Power Agreement on Berlin Bangladesh Liberation War 1972 Nixon visit to China North Yemen - South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 Yemenite War of 1972 NDF Rebellion Eritrean Civil Wars 1973 Chilean coup d'état Yom Kippur War 1973 oil crisis Carnation Revolution Spanish transition Metapolitefsi Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Rhodesian Bush War Angolan Civil War Mozambican Civil War Oromo conflict Ogaden War Ethiopian Civil War Lebanese Civil War Sino - Albanian split Cambodian -- Vietnamese War Sino - Vietnamese War Operation Condor Dirty War ( Argentina ) 1976 Argentine coup d'état Korean Air Lines Flight 902 Yemenite War of 1979 Grand Mosque seizure Iranian Revolution Saur Revolution New Jewel Movement 1979 Herat uprising Seven Days to the River Rhine Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union 1980s Soviet -- Afghan War 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 1980 Turkish coup d'état Peruvian conflict Casamance conflict Ugandan Bush War Lord 's Resistance Army insurgency Eritrean Civil Wars 1982 Ethiopian -- Somali Border War Ndogboyosoi War United States invasion of Grenada Able Archer 83 Star Wars Iran -- Iraq War Somali Rebellion 1986 Black Sea incident 1988 Black Sea bumping incident South Yemen Civil War Bougainville Civil War 8888 Uprising Solidarity Soviet reaction Contras Central American crisis RYAN Korean Air Lines Flight 007 People Power Revolution Glasnost Perestroika Nagorno - 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About Wikipedia	when did the berlin wall start being built	[ "The Berlin Wall (German: Berliner Mauer, pronounced [bɛʁˈliːnɐ ˈmaʊ̯ɐ] ( listen)) was a guarded concrete barrier that physically and ideologically divided Berlin from 1961 to 1989.[1] Constructed by the German Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany), starting on 13 August 1961, the Wall cut off (by land) West Berlin from virtually all of surrounding East Germany and East Berlin until government officials opened it in November 1989.[2] Its demolition officially began on 13 June 1990 and finished in 1992.[3] The barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls,[4] accompanied by a wide area (later known as the \"death strip\") that contained anti-vehicle trenches, \"fakir beds\" and other defenses. The Eastern Bloc portrayed the Wall as protecting its population from fascist elements conspiring to prevent the \"will of the people\" in building a socialist state in East Germany. In practice, the Wall served to prevent the massive emigration and defection that had marked East Germany and the communist Eastern Bloc during the post-World War II period.[5]" ]	[ "), starting on" ]
7983162112307287834	Stefan Salvatore	Stefan Salvatore - wikipedia Stefan Salvatore Jump to : navigation , search Stefan Salvatore The Vampire Diaries character First appearance `` Pilot '' Last appearance `` I Was Feeling Epic '' Created by L.J. Smith ( book series ) Julie Plec Kevin Williamson ( television series ) Portrayed by Paul Wesley Sawyer Bell ( 10 years old ) Luke Judy ( Little Kid ) Information Species Vampire ( Seasons 1 - 8 ) Human ( Season 8 ) Doppelgänger ( Season 5 - 6 ) Gender Male Occupation High school student ( Seasons 1 - 4 ) Automobile repairman ( Season 6 ) Family Giuseppe Salvatore ( father ) Lillian ( Lily ) Salvatore ( mother ) Damon Salvatore ( brother ) Caroline Forbes - Salvatore ( wife ) Zach Salvatore ( nephew ) Silas ( ancestor ) Tom Avery ( doppelgänger of ) Significant other ( s ) Katherine Pierce ( ex-girlfriend ) Valerie Tulle ( ex-girlfriend ) Rebekah Mikaelson ( few encounters ) Elena Gilbert ( ex - girlfriend / friend ) Caroline Forbes ( wife ) Relatives Silas ( Doppelgänger of ) Sarah Salvatore ( great - niece ) Nationality American Status Deceased Stefan Salvatore is a fictional character from L.J. Smith 's novel series The Vampire Diaries . He is portrayed by Paul Wesley in the television series of the same name . Born on November 5 , 1846 , Stefan was turned into a vampire in 1864 , at the age of 17 , by Katherine Pierce , with his brother Damon Salvatore . Contents ( hide ) 1 Casting and reception 2 Development 2.1 Characterization 2.2 Relationships 2.3 Blood addiction 3 Television series 3.1 Backstory 3.2 Storyline 3.2. 1 Season 1 - 3 3.2. 2 Season 4 3.2. 3 Season 5 3.2. 4 Season 6 4 References 5 External links Casting and reception ( edit ) On March 27 , 2009 , The Hollywood Reporter announced that Paul Wesley had joined the cast of The Vampire Diaries as Stefan . He was the last main cast member whose casting was announced . Wesley has become popular with viewers . Carina MacKenzie of the Los Angeles Times noted that he spent `` 10 years as a successful but under - the - radar TV actor '' but shortly after the show premiered , he was `` everywhere '' . MacKenzie wrote : `` Last summer his face was on more than 30 `` Vampire Diaries '' posters at the Century City / Westfield mall alone , not to mention billboards over seemingly every major boulevard in Hollywood `` . In November 2011 , Wesley 's ex-wife Torrey DeVitto joined the cast of The Vampire Diaries in the recurring role of Dr. Meredith Fell , who is `` intrigued by '' Alaric Saltzman ( Matt Davis ) . Development ( edit ) Characterization ( edit ) Stefan was described as a `` beautiful young man '' who turns out to be a Vampire 162 years old , who develops a `` strong connection '' with `` tragic heroine '' Elena Gilbert ( Nina Dobrev ) . Wesley described the young Stefan as `` naive and willing to ride whatever wave life threw '' him , because he was `` easily manipulated '' and `` innocent '' with a `` beautiful young soul '' . However , Stefan at the age of 160 years has more wisdom in him . Stefan consumes animal blood , refusing to kill humans due to the guilt that he killed his own father . However , Damon on the other hand , does feed on humans . Relationships ( edit ) Stefan has a love - hate relationship with his brother , Damon Salvatore ( Ian Somerhalder ) . Wesley `` adores '' Somerhalder , who he said he has `` natural chemistry '' with . Wesley stated : `` The dynamic of the characters is so interesting because they love each other , but they hate each other ( ... ) There 's always this thing in Stefan 's head where he hopes that one day Damon can just be as normal and functioning as possible '' . However , he also described their relationship as `` beautiful '' in their flashbacks from the past , because they `` loved each other so much back then '' . Stefan begins a romance with Elena on the show 's first episode , without telling her he was a vampire . She was later shocked to find out that he was a vampire , and briefly ended their relationship before getting back together . As the show progressed , Elena began developing feelings for Damon as well . Wesley described Damon and Stefan as having a `` silent understanding of the fact that they both are in love with the same girl '' , and `` that was Stefan 's girl , and now Damon is suddenly a real factor , he 's really in the picture '' . Wesley 's favorite episode of The Vampire Diaries is `` The Turning Point '' because it was `` really beautiful '' for Stefan and Elena as a couple . In the episode , Stefan turns around `` because he 's ashamed of his face '' with blood rushing through his eyes and his veins popping out . Wesley said `` he 's terrified , and he hates himself for it . He runs from that part of himself , but she turns him around and tells him not to be afraid . She touches his face , and she thinks he 's beautiful . It 's so intimate , that moment , because she accepts the darkest part of him . '' Wesley with Nina Dobrev ( Elena ) and Ian Somerhalder ( Damon ) . When the original vampire Klaus Mikaelson ( Joseph Morgan ) is feared dead , it is revealed that everyone in his bloodline will die , including Stefan and Damon . In what International Business Times called `` the moment Vampire Diaries fans have been waiting for '' , Elena had to pick to say goodbye to Stefan or Damon . She ended up choosing Stefan . When Elena became a vampire , her feelings for Damon heightened , and it was later revealed that she had a sired bond to him . Elena and Stefan broke up , and she began a romance with Damon . Stefan became heartbroken , feeling angry and betrayed , and lashed out at Damon and Elena . Wesley urged fans of Stefan and Elena not to lose hope , stating : `` The fans should definitely maintain some hope . The thing to remember is that Stefan and Elena have this love that is so strong , and it was sort of the core of Season 1 -- you ca n't entirely disregard that '' . The show 's head writer , Julie Plec , said `` They love each other as deeply as two people can love each other , but that does n't mean that their relationship is infallible '' . Blood addiction ( edit ) In 1864 , Stefan `` had n't yet learned the careful control that rules his life now '' and was an avid consumer of human blood , which was considered a `` dark past '' by Zap2it . Of his blood addiction , Wesley said : `` It 's awesome . It 's a drug . He 's a drug addict . I get to play a drug addict , which I love . I 'm going back to his days of usage , heavy usage . When I 'm in my lustful state , it 's so much fun . I felt like I got to play a role that I 'd never played before . I felt like I was doing something different . I just love it , and I hope it comes out the way that I envisioned . '' The show 's executive producer Kevin Williamson revealed that he was `` looking forward to Stefan eventually falling off the wagon and drinking human blood again '' after spending decades of consuming only animal blood . Wesley said `` everybody has a dark side , especially a vampire , and it 'd be unrealistic not to explore that '' . Stefan became addicted to human blood again , but got it under control with the help of Elena , who began letting him feed off her in small amounts to build up discipline . However , in the show 's third season , Stefan 's addiction returned . His humanity was taken away by Klaus , and the audience met `` The Ripper '' , his `` bloodthirsty , ruthless alter - ego who had previously only been legend '' according to Zap2it , who found `` this sociopath version of our hero far more compelling than his usual compassionate martyr self '' . Wesley , who enjoyed `` Ripper Stefan '' more , said it `` bums me out '' when Stefan quit human blood again . He said `` Good Stefan does n't feel as natural in terms of what I want to be doing on screen , and what I want to be saying . I feel a little stifled , myself , whenever he 's resisting the urge to do vampiresque things . '' Television series ( edit ) Backstory ( edit ) Stefan Salvatore was born on November 5 , 1846 and raised in Mystic Falls , Virginia to Giuseppe Salvatore and Lily Salvatore . Stefan is the younger brother of Damon . When Stefan and Damon were human , they were very close and were best friends in life . Damon always confided and trusted in Stefan and they always defended each other , especially to their father , and was fiercely loyal to him . However , this all seemed to change when Stefan and Damon fell in love with the same girl , Katherine Pierce , who turned out to be a vampire . Stefan fell deeply in love with Katherine before finding out she was a vampire . Katherine , however , compelled Stefan to not be afraid , also to keep her secret and go on as they were . It was also revealed that Katherine compelled Stefan to drink her vampire blood against his will . Damon , on the other hand , drank Katherine 's blood willingly , wanting and desiring the immortal life in order to spend an eternity with Katherine . In 1864 , Stefan was turned into a vampire after being shot by his father , Giuseppe , along with his brother , Damon with Katherine 's blood in his system , before accidentally killing his father during a visit to tell him that he was going to let himself die . Damon , who turned into a vampire as well , promised Stefan an eternity of misery as he was angry that Stefan had forced him to turn and jealous that Katherine had also turned Stefan . A newborn vampire with uncontrollable blood lust , Stefan was unable to resist the temptations of human blood and became severely out of control and addicted ( later on known as the Ripper ) to the blood , killing many people because of his lack of control and extreme bloodlust . However , Stefan learned to change his ways when he was taught to control it by a vampire named Alexia `` Lexi '' Branson , who later on became Stefan 's best friend and companion . In 1942 , Stefan enlisted in the Army to fight in World War II ( 4x08 `` We 'll Always Have Bourbon Street '' ) . After decades of absence from the town he called home , Stefan returned to Mystic Falls to visit his home and Zach . On May 23 , 2009 , Stefan heard the Gilbert 's car accident at Wickery Bridge . It was then and there that Stefan fatefully encountered Elena Gilbert for the first time . After only being able to save Elena , Stefan noticed that she looked exactly like Katherine . Storyline ( edit ) Season 1 - 3 ( edit ) Stefan and Elena begin a relationship and he revealed to her that he is a vampire . However , Damon returns to Mystic Falls , too , and also falls in love with Elena . Further on in the series , Damon and Stefan start to bond as brothers again and it becomes apparent that they do love each other . Because of his addiction to human blood , Stefan only drank animal blood in the beginning of the series , which made him weaker than other vampires . In season two , Stefan starts to take small amounts of Elena 's blood each day to mitigate its effect on him and to increase his strength . When Katherine returns it is discovered that she had always loved Stefan and not Damon ; however , Stefan is in love with Elena and not interested in Katherine . Stefan starts to build a friendship with Caroline Forbes after she is turned into a vampire . After Klaus gives Stefan his blood to save Damon from a werewolf bite , he turns Stefan into a Ripper again . Stefan starts working for him as he agreed to do to save Damon , and hopes it might also protect Elena by making sure Klaus never returns to Mystic Falls , since he believes her to be dead . Klaus later finds out and compels Stefan to kill her , but when he is able to resist the compulsion , Klaus makes him turn his humanity and emotions off . However , he is later able to get his humanity back , which is seen when he saves Klaus 's life to protect Damon , but yet he pretends not to care about Elena anymore . He then takes it upon himself to kill Klaus . He steals Klaus 's family as retaliation , and uses them as blackmail , when that fails ( the witches give Klaus the coffins when he threatens to end the Bennett line ) , Stefan threatens to drive Elena off Wickery Bridge with vampire blood in her system if Klaus does n't get his hybrids out of town , Klaus agrees at the last minute . He and Elena get into a fight . In the season three finale , he kisses Elena . In the end , Elena chooses Stefan over Damon , but when Rebekah causes Matt 's truck to drive off Wickery Bridge , she is trapped underwater . Stefan barely gets there in time , but Elena makes him save Matt first and she drowns . It is later revealed Dr. Fell gave Elena vampire blood , meaning she died with vampire blood in her system . Then she became a vampire . Season 4 ( edit ) In the season four premiere , Stefan tries to get Bonnie to save her from becoming a full vampire , however , she along with several other vampires are captured by the Founder 's Council . As Elena begins to die and out of desperation to keep Elena alive , Stefan kills a guard and uses his blood to allow Elena to feed and to complete her transition into a vampire . Stefan gives Elena a daylight ring , which was made by Bonnie , in order to protect Elena from the sun . Stefan tries to assure Elena that everything will be okay and that they 'll take Elena 's newborn vampirism one day at a time . During the second episode of season 4 , Stefan tries to help Elena cope with her hunger for human blood . After his `` bunny diet '' disagrees with Elena stomach she seeks help from Damon to find an alternative blood source . When blood bags and Damon 's own blood fails too , she ends up feeding on Matt under extreme circumstances . Stefan then discovers from Klaus and Rebekah that there is a possible cure for vampirism . Stefan `` teams '' up with Klaus in order to find the possible cure , so that Stefan can give Elena the choice of becoming human again . Unfortunately , Klaus needs the vampire hunter Connor to stay alive because he holds the map to the cure in his tattoo , and Stefan must keep him alive at all costs when everyone else wants him dead . When Connor kidnaps Jeremy , April , and Matt , and keeps them hostage at the Grill , Stefan must stop Damon from rashly walking in and killing his chance at curing Elena . After tranquilizing Damon with vervain and taking his daylight ring , Stefan tries to take matters into his own hands and infiltrates the Grille by himself . With Jeremy at gunpoint , Elena comes in and takes Connor by surprise . Stefan manages to get Connor out , but Elena later kills him and is consumed with grief at being a murderer . When Elena begins to hallucinate because of Connor 's death , Klaus informs Stefan and Damon that she must be locked away to keep from killing herself , and kidnaps her before they can say no . Later , Stefan works with one of Klaus 's hybrids , Chris , to free Elena who stabs him in the neck and runs away . Stefan sends Damon to find her and goes with Bonnie to see if the Professor Shane knows how to end the hallucinations . He informs them that a potential hunter must kill a vampire so he may take the place of that dead hunter , which is virtually impossible . Luckily , Stefan realizes that Jeremy is a potential hunter , and tells him that to save his sister , he must kill a vampire . Jeremy kills the hybrid Chris who originally helped them free Elena , and in turn her hallucinations end , and she is safe , but only barely . Later then , Stefan breaks up with Elena because of her feelings for Damon . Stefan goes to Caroline for support since she loathes Damon , and they become closer . During the Miss Mystic Falls Pageant , Stefan Turns a criminal in the hospital and convinces Jeremy to kill him to make the hunter 's mark on his arm grow . Afterward , Jeremy becomes anti-vampire and attempts to kill Elena . Stefan is there and saves her , but has to apologize for making him crazy . Elena tries to tell him that she does n't need the cure if it means it hurts Jeremy . That night Elena comes to stay at the Salvatore house , and Stefan leaves to crash at Caroline 's . While there , he and Caroline realize that Elena is sired to Damon . When Stefan informs Damon of this , they go to New Orleans to find the witch that broke a sire bond years ago that Damon had . Stefan and Damon find that in order to break the bond , Damon has to convince Elena not to care about him , and leave her , which Damon agrees to do for Stefan . Post Jeremy 's death , Damon convinces Elena to switch off her humanity leading to her becoming brutal and ruthless . Stefan and Damon try constantly to make her feel something again . Later after Elena 's humanity comes back , she chooses Damon , leaving Stefan heartbroken . Then Stefan tries to dump Silas body in the river only to find that Silas is still alive . Silas then reveals that Stefan is his doppelganger . Silas was the one who created the immortality spell 2000 years ago however , as nature creates a balance for everything , it created a version of Silas that could be killed , a shadow - self which ends up being Stefan . Silas then locks Stefan into a vault and drowns him in the river . This incident tempts Stefan to turn his humanity off in order to escape . Stefan happens to be in the safe for 3 months where he keeps on hallucinating . Season 5 ( edit ) In season 5 , Damon and Elena manage to figure out that Silas has taken Stefan 's place and that Stefan is in that safe . When they go to rescue him , Stefan is n't there . Instead , a very powerful witch ( Qyetsiyah ) had opened the safe for him and fried his brain due to which he suffers from amnesia . Qyetsiyah ( or Tessa ) loved Silas but on the day of their marriage , he cheated on her and took the immortality spell for the women he actually loved , Amara , the original doppelgänger of Elena . Stefan returns to his old ways but when he saves Elena from Tessa , she wants revenge so he gives Stefan his memories back which gives Stefan Hallucinations of the safe . Caroline tries to help him but when that does n't work , Katherine comes back in the picture and manages to cure Stefan but they have a one - night stand , which leads Katherine to believe that Stefan still loves her , however he rejects her . Later on , Katherine takes over Elena 's body and breaks up with Damon so that she can get Stefan . After trying to woo him and failing , Stefan realises that Katherine is pretending to be Elena and Elena is with Nadia , Katherine 's daughter . They rescue her somehow by killing Katherine and sending her to some sort of hell . Then Stefan volunteers himself to the travellers to give his blood as they needed doppelganger blood . Caroline and Enzo try to find and kill Tom Avery , Stefan 's last doppelganger in order to save Stefan and they succeed due to which Stefan and Caroline grow even closer . Near the end of the season , Stefan and Elena keep seeing dreams of the two being together and of them as humans . They work out that the travellers planted those dreams there as it was always meant to be Stefan and Elena not Damon and Elena . Through the fight , Stefan and Elena are kidnapped by the travellers as they need their blood to finish their spell . However , Enzo and Caroline save them by killing Tom Avery , Stefan 's doppelgänger . In 5x21 , Stefan tries to save Caroline 's life from Tyler ( while a passenger , Julian , is in his body ) , during which Tyler kills him , sending him to the disintegrating Other Side . In the episode ' Home ' he is Resseructed because Liv did a spell due to which he and his other friends can get back but Damon and Bonnie are left there leaving everyone broken . Season 6 ( edit ) In season 6 , Stefan moves away from Mystic Falls because of Damon 's death and finds a new girlfriend called Ivy . However , Enzo and Caroline , find him and Caroline tells Stefan that he 's a coward and the worst friend ever . She starts crying so Enzo goes and kills Ivy . Stefan vows revenge . He comes back to Whitmore , and uses Elena 's help to find Enzo leaving him to be killed by a vampire hunter . However , Enzo survives . Ivy returns as a vampire and it is revealed that Enzo had fed her vampire blood against her will before killing her . Damon , then returns to Mystic Falls and meets Stefan first which brings Stefan back to his friends . To make things worse , Enzo tells the other vampire hunter about Ivy and all the other vampires and the vampire hunter kills Ivy but is killed by Damon before the vampire hunter would kill anyone else . Enzo , figures out that Stefan 's niece , Sarah is alive and that Damon had thought that he had killed Sarah before she was born but Sarah was born before her mother died however , Stefan kept this from Damon and Enzo uses this against Stefan . Meanwhile , the vampires have another threat , a psycho killer , Kai . Added on top of that , Sheriff Liz Forbes ( Caroline 's mother ) is diagnosed with cancer . Stefan supports Caroline through this in which they bond even more and share a passionate kiss however just then Liz dies . At the funeral , Stefan realises that he has fallen in love with Caroline but before he can confess , Caroline switches off her humanity switch after the funeral . Stefan and Elena try to bring Caroline back but it fails and Caroline vows revenge for them not giving her the year she wanted without any feelings . She kidnaps Stefan and Damon 's niece , Sarah Salvatore , and blackmails Stefan to turn off his humanity to save her . At the end of the episode ' The Downward Spiral ' , he does and joins Caroline . Stefan decides to ruin Caroline 's life because she has done the same to him . He wants her to lose control and become a Ripper . He eventually is able to and they sleep together for the first time . When Lily , Stefan and Damon 's mother , is rescued from the 1903 prison world and turns out to be a vampire , she manages to turn on Stefan 's humanity again . However , it later is revealed that Lily lied to get him back and does n't love her sons any more and only wants her travelling companions back . Stefan then pretends to still have his emotions off to get Caroline back and somehow succeeds , but Caroline tries to avoid him as she feels guilty for everything she had done . Stefan then also tries to talk Damon out of being a human again only to be with Elena but Damon decides to take the cure . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( 27 March 2009 ) . `` The CW 's final beast is risen '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 12 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : MacKenzie , Carina ( 28 January 2010 ) . `` Paul Wesley on his ' Vampire Diaries ' character 's addiction and more '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved 12 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( 9 November 2011 ) . `` ' The Vampire Diaries ' : ' Pretty Little Liars ' Torrey DeVitto Joins Cast as Recurring Character ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 12 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Bricker , Tierney ( 9 November 2011 ) . `` Vampire Diaries Awkward Alert : Paul Wesley 's Wife to Seduce Another Man ! '' . E ! Online , Entertainment Television , LLC . Retrieved 12 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Barbie Kligman , Andrew Chambliss ( writers ) , David Von Ancken ( director ) ( 15 April 2010 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries episode 18 '' . The Vampire Diaries . Series 1 . Episode 18 . The CW . Jump up ^ Kevin Williamson , Julie Plec ( writers ) , Marcos Siega ( director ) ( 10 September 2009 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries episode 01 '' . The Vampire Diaries . Series 1 . Episode 1 . The CW . Jump up ^ Sean Reycraft , Gabrielle Stanton ( writers ) , Kevin Bray ( director ) ( 8 October 2009 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries episode 05 '' . The Vampire Diaries . Series 1 . Episode 5 . The CW . ^ Jump up to : MacKenzie , Carina ( 14 March 2012 ) . `` ' Vampire Diaries ' star Paul Wesley tells us why it 's so good to be bad -- and spills on Stefan 's response to Damon / Elena '' . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 12 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Remling , Amanda ( 10 May 2012 ) . `` Vampire Diaries ? Season 3 Finale : Elena Turns Into A Vampire , Chooses Stefan Before She Dies '' . International Business Times , Etienne Uzac . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( 5 October 2012 ) . `` ' Vampire Diaries ' Boss Previews Elena 's Dilemmas , Dueling Salvatores and a ' Lonely ' Damon '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( 28 December 2012 ) . `` Vampire Diaries Boss on Stefan 's Anger , Jeremy 's Killer Urges and Caroline and Tyler 's Future '' . TVLine , PMC . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( 21 March 2012 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries ' Paul Wesley Reveals Why Stefan / Elena Fans Should n't Lose Hope '' . TVLine , PMC . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( 11 October 2012 ) . `` Post Mortem : Vampire Diaries Boss on Explosive Premiere Cliffhanger , Klaus ' New Role and More ! '' . TVLine , PMC . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : MacKenzie , Carina ( 26 January 2011 ) . `` ' The Vampire Diaries ' : Paul Wesley reveals Stefan 's ' lustful ' side '' . Zap2it . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 12 January 2013 . External links ( edit ) ( hide ) The Vampire Diaries Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Night of the Comet '' `` Friday Night Bites '' `` Family Ties '' `` You 're Undead to Me '' `` Lost Girls '' `` Haunted '' `` 162 Candles '' `` History Repeating '' `` The Turning Point '' `` Bloodlines '' `` Unpleasantville '' `` Children of the Damned '' `` Fool Me Once '' `` A Few Good Men '' `` There Goes the Neighborhood '' `` Let the Right One In '' `` Under Control '' `` Miss Mystic Falls '' `` Blood Brothers '' `` Isobel '' `` Founder 's Day '' Season 2 `` The Return '' `` Brave New World '' `` Bad Moon Rising '' `` Memory Lane '' `` Kill or Be Killed '' `` Plan B '' `` Masquerade '' `` Rose '' `` Katerina '' `` The Sacrifice '' `` By the Light of the Moon '' `` The Descent '' `` Daddy Issues '' `` Crying Wolf '' `` The Dinner Party '' `` The House Guest '' `` Know Thy Enemy '' `` The Last Dance '' `` Klaus '' `` The Last Day '' `` The Sun Also Rises '' `` As I Lay Dying '' Season 3 `` The Birthday '' `` The Hybrid '' `` The End of the Affair '' `` Disturbing Behavior '' `` The Reckoning '' `` Smells Like Teen Spirit '' `` Ghost World '' `` Ordinary People '' `` Homecoming '' `` The New Deal '' `` Our Town '' `` The Ties That Bind '' `` Bringing Out the Dead '' `` Dangerous Liaisons '' `` All My Children '' `` The Departed '' Season 4 `` Growing Pains '' `` Memorial '' `` The Rager '' `` The Five '' `` The Killer '' `` We All Go a Little Mad Sometimes '' `` My Brother 's Keeper '' `` We 'll Always Have Bourbon Street '' `` O Come , All Ye Faithful '' `` After School Special '' `` Catch Me If You Can '' `` A View to a Kill '' Season 5 `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' `` True Lies '' `` Original Sin '' `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' `` Monster 's Ball '' `` Handle with Care '' `` Death and the Maiden '' `` Dead Man on Campus '' `` The Cell '' `` Fifty Shades of Grayson '' `` 500 Years of Solitude '' `` The Devil Inside '' `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' `` No Exit '' `` Gone Girl '' `` While You Were Sleeping '' `` Rescue Me '' `` Resident Evil '' `` Man on Fire '' `` What Lies Beneath '' `` Promised Land '' `` Home '' Season 6 `` I 'll Remember '' `` Yellow Ledbetter '' `` Welcome to Paradise '' `` Black Hole Sun '' `` The World Has Turned and Left Me Here '' `` The More You Ignore Me , the Closer I Get '' `` Do You Remember the First Time ? '' `` Fade Into You '' `` I Alone '' Season 7 `` Gods and Monsters '' Season 8 `` I Was Feeling Epic '' Characters Elena Gilbert Katherine Pierce Stefan Salvatore Damon Salvatore Related Awards and nominations Novel series L.J. Smith Original Vampires The Originals episodes season 1 5 characters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stefan_Salvatore&oldid=832701545 '' Categories : Fictional vampires The Vampire Diaries characters Fictional characters introduced in 1991 Characters in American novels of the 20th century Fictional World War II veterans Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano ქართული Magyar Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Українська 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 March 2018 , at 14 : 41 . About Wikipedia	when does stefan turn his humanity off in season 6	[ "In season 6, Stefan moves away from Mystic Falls because of Damon's death and finds a new girlfriend called Ivy. However, Enzo and Caroline, find him and Caroline tells Stefan that he's a coward and the worst friend ever. She starts crying so Enzo goes and kills Ivy. Stefan vows revenge. He comes back to Whitmore, and uses Elena's help to find Enzo leaving him to be killed by a vampire hunter. However, Enzo survives. Ivy returns as a vampire and it is revealed that Enzo had fed her vampire blood against her will before killing her. Damon, then returns to Mystic Falls and meets Stefan first which brings Stefan back to his friends. To make things worse, Enzo tells the other vampire hunter about Ivy and all the other vampires and the vampire hunter kills Ivy but is killed by Damon before the vampire hunter would kill anyone else. Enzo, figures out that Stefan's niece, Sarah is alive and that Damon had thought that he had killed Sarah before she was born but Sarah was born before her mother died however, Stefan kept this from Damon and Enzo uses this against Stefan. Meanwhile, the vampires have another threat, a psycho killer, Kai. Added on top of that, Sheriff Liz Forbes (Caroline's mother) is diagnosed with cancer. Stefan supports Caroline through this in which they bond even more and share a passionate kiss however just then Liz dies. At the funeral, Stefan realises that he has fallen in love with Caroline but before he can confess, Caroline switches off her humanity switch after the funeral. Stefan and Elena try to bring Caroline back but it fails and Caroline vows revenge for them not giving her the year she wanted without any feelings. She kidnaps Stefan and Damon's niece, Sarah Salvatore, and blackmails Stefan to turn off his humanity to save her. At the end of the episode 'The Downward Spiral', he does and joins Caroline. Stefan decides to ruin Caroline's life because she has done the same to him. He wants her to lose control and become a Ripper. He eventually is able to and they sleep together for the first time. When Lily, Stefan and Damon's mother, is rescued from the 1903 prison world and turns out to be a vampire, she manages to turn on Stefan's humanity again. However, it later is revealed that Lily lied to get him back and doesn't love her sons any more and only wants her travelling companions back. Stefan then pretends to still have his emotions off to get Caroline back and somehow succeeds, but Caroline tries to avoid him as she feels guilty for everything she had done. Stefan then also tries to talk Damon out of being a human again only to be with Elena but Damon decides to take the cure." ]	[ "The Downward Spiral" ]
5977507974554607830	Large denominations of United States currency	Large denominations of United States currency - wikipedia Large denominations of United States currency Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Large denominations of United States currency greater than $100 were circulated by the United States Treasury until 1969 . Since then , U.S. dollar banknotes have only been issued in seven denominations : $1 , $2 , $5 , $10 , $20 , $50 , and $100 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview and history 2 Public versus institutional use 3 Passive retirement 4 High - denomination ( HD ) banknote issuing data 5 High - denomination United States banknotes 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Footnotes 7.2 Notes 7.3 Bibliography 8 External links Overview and history ( edit ) Large - denomination currency ( i.e. , banknotes with a face value of $500 or higher ) had been used in the United States since the late 18th century . The first $500 note was issued by the Province of North Carolina , authorized by legislation dated May 10 , 1780 . Virginia quickly followed suit and authorized the printing of $500 and $1,000 notes on October 16 , 1780 and $2,000 notes on May 7 , 1781 . High - denomination treasury notes were issued , for example during the War of 1812 ( $1,000 notes authorized by an act dated June 30 , 1812 ) . During the American Civil War Confederate currency included $500 and $1,000 notes . During the Federal banknote issuing period ( 1861 to present ) , the earliest high - denomination notes included three - year Interest - bearing notes of $500 , $1,000 , and $5,000 , authorized by Congress on July 17 , 1861 . In total , 11 different types of U.S. currency were issued in high - denomination notes across nearly 20 different series dates . The obverse of United States banknotes generally depict either historical figures , allegorical figures symbolizing significant concepts ( e.g. , liberty , justice ) , or a combination of both . The reverse designs range from abstract scroll - work with ornate denomination identifiers to reproductions of historical art works . Public versus institutional use ( edit ) Series 1934 gold certificates ( $100 , $1,000 , $10,000 and $100,000 ) were issued after the gold standard was repealed and gold was compulsorily confiscated by order of President Franklin Roosevelt on March 9 , 1933 ( see United States Executive Order 6102 ) . Thus the series 1934 notes were used only for intragovernmental ( i.e. , Federal Reserve Bank ) transactions and were not issued to the public . This series was discontinued in 1940 . The series 1928 gold certificate reverse was printed in black and green . See history of the United States dollar . Passive retirement ( edit ) Although they are still legal tender in the United States , high - denomination bills were last printed on December 27 , 1945 , and officially discontinued on July 14 , 1969 , by the Federal Reserve System , due to ' lack of use ' . The $5,000 and $10,000 effectively disappeared well before then . The Federal Reserve began taking high - denomination currency out of circulation ( destroying large bills received by banks ) in 1969 . As of May 30 , 2009 , only 336 $10,000 bills were known to exist ; 342 remaining $5,000 bills ; and 165,372 remaining $1,000 bills . Due to their rarity , collectors often pay considerably more than the face value of the bills to acquire them . Some are in museums in other parts of the world . For the most part , these bills were used by banks and the Federal government for large financial transactions . This was especially true for gold certificates from 1865 to 1934 . However , for the most part , the introduction of an electronic money system has made large - scale cash transactions obsolete . When combined with concerns about counterfeiting and the use of cash in unlawful activities such as the illegal drug trade and money laundering , it is unlikely that the U.S. government will re-issue large denomination currency in the near future , despite the amount of inflation that has occurred since 1969 ( a $500 bill is now worth less , in real terms , than a $100 bill was worth in 1969 ) . According to the U.S. Department of Treasury website , `` The present denominations of our currency in production are $1 , $2 , $5 , $10 , $20 , $50 and $100 . The purpose of the United States currency system is to serve the needs of the public and these denominations meet that goal . Neither the Department of the Treasury nor the Federal Reserve System has any plans to change the denominations in use today . '' High - denomination ( HD ) banknote issuing data ( edit ) Key to high denomination banknote type abbreviations Abbr Type Size Series dates High denomination series date Comments $500 $1,000 $5,000 $10,000 $100,000 LT Legal tender Large 1862 -- 1923 1862 1863 1869 1874 1875 1878 1880 1862 1863 1869 1878 1880 1878 1878 -- CITN Compound interest treasury note Exception 1863 -- 1864 1863 1864 1864 -- -- -- IBN Interest bearing note Exception 1861 -- 1865 1861 1863 1864 1865 1861 1863 1864 1865 1861 1863 1864 1865 -- -- SC Silver certificate Large 1878 -- 1923 1878 1880 1878 1880 1891 -- -- -- TN Treasury note Large 1890 -- 1891 1891 1890 1891 -- -- -- NBN National bank note Large 1865 -- 1875 1865 1875 1865 1875 -- -- -- FRN Federal reserve note Large 1914 -- 1918 1918 1918 1918 1918 -- NGBN National gold bank note Large 1870 -- 1883 1870 -- -- -- -- GC Gold certificate Large 1865 -- 1922 1865 1870 1875 1882 1922 1865 1870 1875 1882 1907 1922 1865 1870 1882 1888 1865 1870 1875 1882 1888 1900 -- FRN Federal reserve note Small 1928 -- present 1928 1934 1928 1934 1928 1934 1928 1934 -- GC Gold certificate Small 1928 -- 1934 1928 1928 1934 1928 1928 1934 1934 High - denomination United States banknotes ( edit ) The National Numismatic Collection at the Smithsonian Institution contains ( among other things ) the Bureau of Engraving and Printing ( BEP ) certified proofs and the Treasury Department collection of United States currency . Using a combination of proofs and issued notes , a nearly complete type set of high - denomination currency was compiled . Notably missing are several types of Compound and Interest Bearing Notes . Printed during the early to mid-1860s on very thin paper , these high - denomination notes are virtually non-existent . Their issuance ( 1861 -- 65 ) pre-dates the BEP 's responsibility for U.S. Currency ( 1870s ) , so it is fortunate that any proofs exist in the current archives . High denomination United States banknotes Value Type Series Fr . Image Portrait / engraving Comments 000500 $500 LT 1862 -- 63 Fr. 183c Gallatin - Albert Albert Gallatin 4 known ( variety ) 7 known ( type ) 000500 $500 LT 1869 Fr. 184 Adams - John - Quincy John Quincy Adams ( Charles Burt ) Justice ( Stephen A. Schoff ) 4 known ( only one privately ) 000500 $500 LT 1874 -- 78 Fr. 185b Mansfield - Joseph Joseph Mansfield ( Charles Burt ) Victory ( Charles Burt ) 000500 $500 LT 1880 Fr. 185l Mansfield - Joseph Joseph Mansfield ( Charles Burt ) Victory ( Charles Burt ) 5 known ( variety ) 000500 $500 CITN 1864 Fr. 194a Proof zStandard Bearer - New Ironsides Standard Bearer ( left ) ( George D. Baldwin ) New Ironsides ( right ) ( James Smillie ) Unknown 000500 $500 SC 1878 Fr. 345a Sumner - Charles Charles Sumner ( Charles Burt ) Unique ( variety and type ) 000500 $500 SC 1880 Fr. 345c Sumner - Charles Charles Sumner ( Charles Burt ) 5 known ( variety ) 7 known ( type ) 000500 $500 TN 1891 Fr. 379 Proof Sherman - William William Tecumseh Sherman None issued 000500 $500 NBN 1865 -- 75 Fr. 464 zCivilization - Sirius - Burgoyne Civilization ( left ) ( James D. Smillie ) Sirius arriving in New York ( right ) Surrender of General Burgoyne ( rev ) ( Frederick Girsch ) 2 known ( variety ) 3 known ( type ) 000500 $500 FRN 1918 Fr. 1132d Marshall - John John Marshall ( Charles Schlecht ) de Soto discovering the Mississippi ( rev ) ( Frederick Girsch ) 000500 $500 GC 1863 Fr. 1166d Proof zEagle - shield Eagle with shield or E Pluribus Unum ( Charles Skinner ) Unknown 000500 $500 GC 1870 -- 75 Fr. 1166i Lincoln - Abraham Abraham Lincoln ( Charles Burt ) Unique 000500 $500 GC 1882 -- 1922 Fr. 1216a Lincoln - Abraham Abraham Lincoln ( Charles Burt ) 000500 $500 FRN 1928 -- 34 Fr. 2200g McKinley - William William McKinley ( John Eissler ) 000500 $500 GC 1928 Fr. 2407 McKinley - William William McKinley ( John Eissler ) 001000 $1,000 LT 1862 -- 63 Fr. 186e Morris - Robert Robert Morris ( Charles Schlecht ) Unique ( variety ) 5 known ( type ) 001000 $1,000 LT 1869 Fr. 186f Proof Clinton - DeWitt DeWitt Clinton 2 known 001000 $1,000 LT 1878 Fr. 187a Clinton - DeWitt DeWitt Clinton Columbus in his study ( Henry Gugler ) 001000 $1,000 LT 1880 Fr. 187k Clinton - DeWitt DeWitt Clinton Columbus in his study ( Henry Gugler ) 4 known ( variety ) ~ 20 -- 25 known ( type ) 001000 $1,000 IBN 1863 Fr. 201 Proof zJustice - Liberty Justice ( left ) ; Liberty ( right ) Unknown 001000 $1,000 IBN 1863 Fr. 206 Proof zShips Guerriere and the Constitution ( left ) and Discovery of the Mississippi by De Soto ( right ) Unknown 001000 $1,000 SC 1878 Fr. 346a Proof Marcy - William William Marcy ( Charles Schlecht ) Unknown 001000 $1,000 SC 1880 Fr. 346d Marcy - William William Marcy ( Charles Schlecht ) 5 known ( variety ) 5 known ( type ) 001000 $1,000 SC 1891 Fr. 346e Marcy - William William Marcy ( Charles Schlecht ) Liberty ( Charles Burt ) 2 known 001000 $1,000 TN 1890 Fr. 379a Meade - George George Meade ( Charles Burt ) 5 known ( variety ) 7 known ( type ) 001000 $1,000 TN 1891 Fr. 379c Meade - George George Meade ( Charles Burt ) 2 known ( variety ) 3 known ( type ) 001000 $1,000 NBN 1865 -- 75 Fr. 465 Proof zScott - Winfield - Washington - George Scott entering City of Mexico ( left ) ( Alfred Jones ) United States Capitol ( right ) ( James Smillie ) Washington resigning his commission ( rev ) ( Frederick Girsch ) Unknown 001000 $1,000 FRN 1918 Fr. 1133d Hamilton - Alexander Alexander Hamilton ( G.F.C. Smillie ) Eagle ( rev ) ( Marcus W. Baldwin ) 001000 $1,000 GC 1863 Fr. 1166e Proof zEagle - shield - Justice - scales Eagle with shield or E Pluribus Unum ( Charles Skinner ) Justice with scales Unique 001000 $1,000 GC 1870 -- 75 Fr. 1166o Proof Hamilton - Alexander Alexander Hamilton ( Charles Burt ) Unique 001000 $1,000 GC 1882 Fr. 1218g Hamilton - Alexander Alexander Hamilton ( G.F.C. Smillie ) 001000 $1,000 GC 1907 -- 22 Fr. 1219 Hamilton - Alexander Alexander Hamilton 001000 $1,000 FRN 1928 -- 34 Fr. 2210g Cleveland - Grover Grover Cleveland ( John Eissler ) 001000 $1,000 GC 1928 Fr. 2408 Cleveland - Grover Grover Cleveland ( John Eissler ) 001000 $1,000 GC 1934 Fr. 2409 Cleveland - Grover Grover Cleveland ( John Eissler ) 005000 $5,000 LT 1878 Fr. 188 Proof Madison - James James Madison ( Alfred Sealey ) Eagle ( William Chorlton ) All notes have been redeemed , none outstanding 005000 $5,000 IBN 1863 Fr. 202 Proof zAltar - of - Liberty The Altar of Liberty ( Louis Delnoce ) Unknown 005000 $5,000 IBN 1865 Fr. 212h Proof zJustice - New Ironsides Justice ( left ) New Ironsides ( center ) ( James Smillie ) 005000 $5,000 FRN 1918 Fr. 1134d Madison - James James Madison ( Alfred Sealey ) Washington resigning his commission ( rev ) ( Louis Delnoce ) Unique ( variety ) 5 known ( type ) 005000 $5,000 GC 1863 Fr. 1166f Proof zEagle - Shield - Female Eagle with shield or E Pluribus Unum ( Charles Skinner ) Female Unique 005000 $5,000 GC 1870 -- 75 Fr. 1166k Proof Madison - James James Madison ( Alfred Sealey ) Unknown 005000 $5,000 GC 1882 Fr. 1221a Proof Madison - James James Madison ( Alfred Sealey ) Two known 005000 $5,000 FRN 1928 -- 34 Fr. 2220g Madison - James James Madison ( Alfred Sealey ) 005000 $5,000 GC 1928 Fr. 2410 Madison - James James Madison 010000 $10,000 LT 1878 Fr. 189 Proof Jackson - Andrew Andrew Jackson ( Alfred Sealey ) All notes have been redeemed , none outstanding 010000 $10,000 FRN 1918 Fr. 1135d Chase - Salmon Salmon Chase ; Embarkation of the Pilgrims ( rev ) Unique ( variety ) 5 known ( type ) 010000 $10,000 GC 1863 Fr. 1166g Proof zEagle - Shield Eagle with shield or E Pluribus Unum ( Charles Skinner ) Unknown 010000 $10,000 GC 1870 -- 75 Fr. 1166l Proof Jackson - Andrew Andrew Jackson Unique 010000 $10,000 GC 1882 Fr. 1223a Proof Jackson - Andrew Andrew Jackson ( Alfred Sealey ) Two known 010000 $10,000 GC 1900 Fr. 1225 Jackson - Andrew Andrew Jackson ( Alfred Sealey ) 010000 $10,000 FRN 1928 -- 34 Fr. 2230b Chase - Salmon Salmon P. Chase 010000 $10,000 GC 1928 Fr. 2411 Chase - Salmon Salmon P. Chase 010000 $10,000 GC 1934 Fr. 2412 Chase - Salmon Salmon P. Chase 100000 $100,000 GC 1934 Fr. 2413 Wilson - Woodrow Woodrow Wilson ( G.F.C. Smillie ) Reverse ( Frederick Pauling ) See also ( edit ) Numismatics portal Currency of the United States Gold certificate Fake denominations Silver certificate ( United States ) Silver standard Treasury Note ( 1890 -- 91 ) References ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ One hundred $10,000 bills were on display for many years by Benny Binion at Binion 's Horseshoe casino in Las Vegas , Nevada , where they were encased in acrylic . The display has since been dismantled and the bills sold to private collectors . Jump up ^ The following types of United States banknotes were not issued in high denominations and are not included in the list below : Demand notes , Federal Reserve bank notes ( large or small size ) , legal tender ( small size ) , silver certificates ( small size ) , National Bank Notes ( small size ) The table sections are sorted by their appearance in the Friedberg reference book . Jump up ^ Large size notes represent the earlier types or series of U.S. banknotes . Their `` average '' dimension is 7 ⁄ × 3 ⁄ inches ( 187 × 79 mm ) . Small size notes ( described as such due to their size relative to the earlier large size notes ) are an `` average '' 6 ⁄ × 2 ⁄ ( 156 × 67 mm ) , the size of modern U.S. currency . `` Each measurement is ± 0.08 inches ( 2 mm ) to account for margins and cutting '' . Exceptions to the large versus small categories are the CITN , IBN , and RC , all slightly larger than the large size note dimensions . Jump up ^ All Series 1878 $5,000 and $10,000 notes have been redeemed . Jump up ^ Issued HD IBN are virtually unknown . There may be one $500 and 2 -- 3 $1,000 known from all issue dates . Jump up ^ A $500 Series 1891 Treasury Note was authorized and a certified proof was prepared , but the note was never issued . Jump up ^ Three banks issued $500 NBGN . None are reported , only four notes have not been redeemed . Jump up ^ The Kidder National Gold Bank of Boston received two - note $500 -- $1,000 sheets from the Treasury . The bank returned the shipment intact . Jump up ^ No issued notes or proofs exist of either $500 or $1,000 NGBN Jump up ^ Despite the authorizing act date of 3 March 1863 , Gold certificates were not issued until 1865 . Jump up ^ Series 1934 Gold certificates were never intended for public circulation . Jump up ^ The table is sorted by denomination and then by Friedberg number . Jump up ^ When the information is available , the engraver 's name has been added in parentheses . Column sorting is based on the individual depicted in the portrait . Jump up ^ Variety is the Friedberg number , or specific combination of signatures and seal type ; type represents all the varieties that exist for a given denomination and design , it is the total number of note known for the entire design type . Jump up ^ Of the 5 known notes , 4 are in institutional collections . Jump up ^ Of the 4 known notes , 2 are in institutional collections . Jump up ^ None exist outside of institutional collections . Jump up ^ None exist outside of institutional collections . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , pp. 232 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Newman , 2008 , p. 326 . Jump up ^ Newman , 2008 , p. 454 . Jump up ^ Newman , 2008 , p. 455 . Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Fricke , 2014 , p. 122 & 124 . Jump up ^ United States Congress . Act of July , 17 1861 Chapter V. Washington D.C. : 1861 Jump up ^ `` Large denominations '' . Bureau of Engraving and Printing / Treasury Website . Retrieved 20 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Brian ( July 24 , 2009 ) . `` Somebody Call Officer Crumb ! : How much cash can a corrupt politician cram into a cereal box ? '' . Slate.com . Retrieved July 24 , 2012 . As to `` cereal boxes '' as a repository for ill - gotten bribes compare `` Little Tin Box '' in the musical Fiorello ! . Jump up ^ our Treasury -- FAQs : Denominations of Currency . Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , generally . Jump up ^ Friedberg , p. 7 . ^ Jump up to : Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 72 . Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 54 . ^ Jump up to : Hessler , 1993 , pp. 71 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Hessler , 2004 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 55 . ^ Jump up to : Hessler , 2004 , p. 38 . ^ Jump up to : `` Heritage Auctions ( # 3521 ) 2013 January 9 -- 14 FUN Signature Auction '' . HA.com . Retrieved 24 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Hessler , 1993 , p. 38 . ^ Jump up to : Hessler , 1993 , p. 286 . Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 61 . ^ Jump up to : Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Hessler , 1993 , p. 290 . ^ Jump up to : Hessler , 1993 , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 109 . ^ Jump up to : Hessler , 1993 , p. 265 . ^ Jump up to : Hessler , 2004 , p. 216 . ^ Jump up to : Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 165 . ^ Jump up to : Hessler , 1993 , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 57 . ^ Jump up to : Hessler , 1993 , p. 145 . ^ Jump up to : Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 66 . ^ Jump up to : Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , pp. 89 -- 90 . Jump up ^ Hessler , 2004 , p. 95 . ^ Jump up to : Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 98 . Jump up ^ Hessler , 1993 , p. 180 . Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 110 . ^ Jump up to : Hessler , 1993 , p. 280 . Jump up ^ Hessler , 1993 , p. 40 . ^ Jump up to : Hessler , 2004 , p. 219 . Jump up ^ Hessler , 2004 , p. 39 Jump up ^ Hessler , 1993 , p. 83 . ^ Jump up to : Hessler , 1993 , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Hessler , 2004 , p. 200 . ^ Jump up to : Friedberg & Friedberg , 2013 , p. 159 . ^ Jump up to : Hessler , 2004 , p. 223 . Jump up ^ Hessler , 2004 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Hessler , 1993 , p. 237 . Bibliography ( edit ) Fricke , Pierre ( 2014 ) . Collecting Confederate Paper Money . Pierre Fricke . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9844534 - 9 - 8 . Friedberg , Arthur L. ; Friedberg , Ira S. ( 2013 ) . Paper Money of the United States : A Complete Illustrated Guide With Valuations ( 20th ed . ) . Coin & Currency Institute . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87184 - 520 - 7 . Retrieved 14 February 2014 . Hessler , Gene ( 1993 ) . The Engraver 's Line -- An Encyclopedia of Paper Money & Postage Stamp Art . BNR Press . ISBN 0 - 931960 - 36 - 3 . Hessler , Gene ( 2004 ) . U.S. Essay , Proof and Specimen Notes ( 2 ed . ) . BNR Press . ISBN 0 - 931960 - 62 - 2 . Huntoon , Peter W. ( 1995 ) . United States Large Size National Bank Notes . Society of Paper Money Collectors , Inc . ISBN 0 - 9648774 - 1 - 4 . Newman , Eric P. ( 2008 ) . The Early Paper Money of America ( 5 ed . ) . Krause Publications . ISBN 0 - 89689 - 326 - X . Schwartz , John ; Lindquist , Scott ( 2011 ) . Standard Guide to Small - Size U.S. Paper Money -- 1928 to Date . Krause Publications . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4402 - 1703 - 6 . Retrieved 14 February 2014 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Money of the United States by denomination at Wikimedia Commons Large Denominations from the Bureau of Engraving and Printing U.S. Department of the Treasury United States currency and coinage Topics Federal Reserve System Federal Reserve Note U.S. dollar U.S. Mint Philadelphia San Francisco Denver West Point Bureau of Engraving and Printing Mutilated currency Current coinage Penny ( 1 ¢ ) Nickel ( 5 ¢ ) Dime ( 10 ¢ ) Quarter ( 25 ¢ ) Half dollar ( 50 ¢ ) Dollar ( $1 ) Bullion coinage America the Beautiful Silver Bullion Coins American Buffalo American Gold Eagle American Platinum Eagle American Silver Eagle American Palladium Eagle Current paper money $1 $2 $5 $10 $20 $50 $100 See also Bicentennial coinage Commemoratives Early Commemoratives Modern Commemoratives Confederate dollar Large denominations Obsolete denominations Promotional fake denominations Counterfeit United States currency Mill Coin production In God We Trust E pluribus unum Annuit cœptis Nicknames Replacement banknote Sales tax token ( hide ) Obsolete United States currency and coinage Topics United States coinage United States dollar History of the United States dollar Coins Half cent ( 1793 -- 1857 ) Fugio Cent ( 1787 ) Large cent ( 1793 -- 1857 ; 1868 ) Two - cent piece ( 1836 ; 1864 -- 1873 ) Three - cent nickel ( 1865 -- 1889 ) Three - cent silver ( 1851 -- 1873 ) Half dime ( 1792 -- 1873 ) Twenty - cent piece ( 1875 -- 1878 ) Gold coins Gold dollar ( 1849 -- 1889 ) Quarter eagle ( 1796 -- 1929 ) Three - dollar piece ( 1854 -- 1889 ) Half eagle ( 1795 -- 1929 ) Eagle ( 1795 -- 1933 ) Double eagle ( 1850 -- 1933 ) Half - union ( 1877 , 1915 ) Patterns Two - cent billon ( 1836 ) Three - cent bronze ( 1863 ) Stella ( 1879 -- 1880 ) Currency Discontinued denominations Fractional currency Large denominations of currency Discontinued currency types Early American currency Compound interest treasury note Demand Note Federal Reserve Bank Note Gold certificate Interest bearing note National Bank Note National gold bank note Refunding Certificate Silver certificate Treasury or Coin Note Treasury Note ( 19th century ) United States Note United States postal notes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Large_denominations_of_United_States_currency&oldid=811230952 '' Categories : Paper money of the United States Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2009 All articles containing potentially dated statements Use mdy dates from November 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Polski Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 November 2017 , at 09 : 08 . 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3681572114274171842	Fried egg	Fried egg - wikipedia Fried egg Jump to : navigation , search For the suspected meteor crater , see Fried Egg structure . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Fried egg Fried eggs in a cast iron pan Course breakfast Main ingredients Eggs Cookbook : Fried egg Media : Fried egg A fried egg is a cooked dish commonly made using a fresh hen 's egg , fried whole with minimal accompaniment . Fried eggs are traditionally eaten for breakfast in English - speaking countries but may also be served at other times of the day . Contents ( hide ) 1 Regional adaptations and specialities 1.1 Austria , Germany , and Switzerland 1.2 Czech Republic 1.3 United States 1.4 Egypt 1.5 India 1.6 Indonesia 1.7 Ireland and the United Kingdom 1.8 Latin America , Portugal , and Spain 1.9 Japan 1.10 Korea 1.11 Netherlands 1.12 Nigeria 1.13 Russia 1.14 Southeast Asia 2 Egg in the basket 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Regional adaptations and specialities ( edit ) Austria , germany , and switzerland ( edit ) Fried eggs served with Vegeta spice in Croatia Fried eggs ( Spiegeleier ) are a crucial part of such traditional German dishes as Strammer Max ( the egg is fried on one side with an unbroken yolk , and served `` sunny side up '' atop an open ham sandwich ) or Hamburger Schnitzel / Holsteiner Schnitzel / Fernfahrerschnitzel ( `` trucker 's schnitzel '' ) -- a similarly prepared fried egg served on a Wiener Schnitzel . Fried eggs over ( or side - by - side with ) pan-fried potatoes is another common dish , sometimes served with spinach as a third component of the meal . Some German cooks break the yolk and distribute it across the surface of the white during the frying . All of the above are typically lunch , rather than breakfast , dishes , although eggs themselves ( like boiled or scrambled eggs ) are a common part of a German breakfast . Czech republic ( edit ) Fried egg prepared sunny side up is known as `` volské oko '' or `` buličí oko '' ( ox 's eye ) in Czech cuisine and they are served either alone as part of breakfast , or for lunch with side of spinach and boiled potatoes . United states ( edit ) Ham and eggs served with fried eggs prepared `` sunny side up '' Americans use many different terms to describe fried eggs , including : Over easy or over light Cooked on both sides ; the yolk is runny and the egg white is fully cooked . Eggs fried over easy are also commonly referred to as dippy eggs or dip eggs by Marylanders , by Pennsylvania Dutch people living in central Pennsylvania , by those living around them as well as in parts of Ohio , mainly due to the practice of dipping toast into the yolk while eating . This term is also occasionally used in Canada . Over medium Cooked on both sides ; the yolk is cooked through but soft and near liquid at the center . The egg white is thoroughly cooked . Over hard Cooked on both sides with the yolk broken , until set or hard . Over well Cooked on both sides with the yolk fully cooked through and hard . Similar to a hard - boiled egg . Sunny side up Cooked on one side only , until the egg white is set , but the yolk remains liquid . This is often known simply as eggs up . Gently splashing the hot cooking oil or fat over the sunny side uncooked white ( i.e. , basting ) may be done to thoroughly cook the white . Covering the frying pan with a lid during cooking ( optionally adding a cover and half - teaspoon of water just before finishing ) allows for a less `` runny '' egg , and is an alternative method to flipping for cooking an egg over easy ( this is occasionally called sunny side down or basted ) . Egypt ( edit ) In Egypt , fried eggs are a common breakfast food . They are prepared plain , with vegetable oil or native butter or ghee only , or have one or more additions . These typically include tomatoes , various types of cheeses , beef sausage ( both the thin fresh type , and the larger dried sucuk type ) , bastirma , or specially prepared minced meat with onions and spices ; they may also be served with ful medames ( slow - cooked fava beans ) . Less frequently encountered are `` star eggs '' , a dish somewhat similar to a Scotch egg prepared by deep frying a breaded boiled egg in vegetable oil . India ( edit ) In India , fried eggs are most commonly called `` poached '' , but are sometimes also known as bullseyes , as a reference to `` bullseye '' targets , or `` half - boil '' in Southern India , indicating that they are partly cooked , even though it 's a fried egg . Some restaurants also refer to them as `` egg fry '' ( over hard ) or `` egg half fry '' ( sunny side up ) . Bullseyes are a common street vendor dish in South India . They are commonly served alone or as an accompaniment to a variety of dishes including dosa , paratha , or roti , with a variety of oils such as mustard oil and vegetable oil . During or after the frying stage , they are sometimes sprinkled lightly with condiments such as black pepper , chili powder , green chilis , and salt . In central and northern India 's English - speaking middle classes and mid-level restaurants , `` single - fried '' refers to sunny side up and `` double - fried '' to over hard . Street food parlance uses `` half - fry '' as a base term with `` half fry bina palti '' ( un-flipped ) meaning sunny side up and `` half fry palti maarke '' or `` alti palti '' ( flipped ) meaning over easy / medium / hard where the customer oversees the flip and says when . Indonesia ( edit ) Mi Goreng noodle served with fried egg and vegetables . In Indonesia , fried eggs are served either as telur ceplok or telur mata sapi ( Indonesian for `` bull 's eye egg '' ) which refer to sunny side up eggs , as telur dadar ( omelette ) or as telur orak - arik ( scrambled eggs ) . The fried eggs are either setengah matang which is half cooked with still runny yolk or matang which is well done . Fried eggs , especially as bull 's eye egg , is a popular toppings for Indonesian fried rice ( nasi goreng ) and fried noodle ( mie goreng ) , either freshly prepared noodle or cooked from instant noodle Indomie Mi goreng . A simple dish of fried sunny side up egg , served on top of steamed rice drizzled with kecap manis sweet soy sauce , is a favourite dish among Indonesian children . Other than served with rice , fried eggs might be served with bread as sandwich for breakfast . Seasoning include salt and pepper , sweet soy sauce , sometimes hot and spicy sambal chili paste . Ireland and the united kingdom ( edit ) This traditional full English breakfast includes bacon , fried egg , black pudding , grilled tomatoes , fried mushrooms , hash browns ( not traditional ) , baked beans , and sausages . Fried eggs can be served on toast , or in a sandwich , with bacon , sausages , and a variety of condiments . They can also be part of the full breakfast commonly eaten in Britain and Ireland . Fried eggs are often served with ham or gammon steak as a popular pub grub meal . They are usually cooked without turning over . The egg is cooked on a high heat and hot fat , oil or water may be splashed onto the top of the egg to baste it and cook the white . Sometimes people may turn the egg to ensure the white is thoroughly cooked , like the American `` over easy '' . Almost always the egg is served with the yolk runny . May also be referred to as runny or hard . Latin America , Portugal , and Spain ( edit ) In Portugal and Brazil , a runny egg placed over a steak with a side dish of rice and black beans is called a bife a cavalo , literally `` horse - riding steak '' . A similar dish , with the name bife a caballo in Spanish , is also common in Argentina , Ecuador , and Uruguay ( called churrasco ) ; fried potatoes and salad replace the beans and rice . In Chile and Peru , a fried egg is included in lomo a lo pobre , Chorrillana , Paila de huevo , and several other dishes . In Ecuador , llapingachos include a sunny side up egg served over pan-seared cheesy mashed potatoes and fried sausage . In northern Mexico , huevos montados ( riding eggs ) are served with refried beans and fried potatoes ( or french fries ) . Another common method of serving eggs in Mexico is huevos a la mexicana , which blends fried eggs with diced tomato , onion and green chili pepper ; the amount of pepper added is often to order . There are several other egg dishes in Mexico which combine different ingredients : Huevos motuleños ( in Yucatán ) , aporreados ( mixed with refried beans ) , and huevos rancheros ( sunny side up eggs served over a corn tortilla , covered with spicy salsa ) . Also , in some parts of Mexico , fried eggs are served with a fresh tomato , onions , and cilantro salsa . Red chili is optional , as is a blended sauce . In Spain fried eggs ( huevos fritos ) are a common dish . They are eaten alone , with meat , or with sausages . In this country , a fried egg served with boiled rice covered in tomato sauce is called arroz a la cubana in Spanish and the same dish is served in parts of Latin America , Italy ( so - called occhio di bue , transl : ox 's eye ) , the Philippines , and Portugal as well . Poet Nazım Hikmet says , in an interview , that he stayed with a Spanish friend for a month and ate fried eggs almost every day . Spanish painter Diego Velázquez painted a portrait of an elderly lady frying eggs in 1618 . Japan ( edit ) Called `` medama yaki '' ( 目玉焼き , lit. : cooked eyeball ) , fried eggs are usually made sunny side up . They may be served with salt and pepper , or soy sauce . Korea ( edit ) Called 계란 부침 ( gyeranbuchim , ' egg pancake ' ) or more commonly 계란 후라이 ( gyeran hurai , ' egg fry ' ) . Eggs are fried in cooking oil , sometimes with a sprinkle of salt . It is common to put a fried egg on top of bibimbap or Kimchi bokkeumbap . Sometimes , rice dishes , such as bokkeumbap , are simply made by applying a fried egg on a top of a bowl of hot rice , drizzled with a spoonful of gochujang and sesame oil . Occasionally , salt is added to fried eggs , and served as Banchan , which refers to small dishes of food served along with bap . In Busan area , fried eggs are often served with Jjajangmyeon . Netherlands ( edit ) A Dutch uitsmijter spek en kaas : fried eggs with bacon and cheese In the Netherlands , a fried egg ( spiegelei ) is normally served on top of a slice of bread ( white or whole wheat ) , often with fried bacon , for breakfast or lunch . An uitsmijter is a dish consisting of two or three fried eggs , sunny side up . One version is fried together with ham and cheese ( uitsmijter ham en kaas ) , or bacon and cheese ( uitsmijter spek en kaas ) . Another version is placed on buttered bread over a generous slice of cold meat , e.g. , cooked beef or ham , and usually garnished with a dill pickle . It is a common lunch dish served in many cafés , canteens , and lunch rooms in the Netherlands . Uitsmijter literally means `` out - thrower '' , and it is also a Dutch word for a `` bouncer '' . The Dutch name of this fried egg dish probably refers more to the fact that it is quickly made ( `` thrown out of the kitchen '' so to speak ) than to the similarly named doorman . Nigeria ( edit ) What is known as `` scrambled eggs '' in the U.S. and U.K. is called `` fried eggs '' in Nigeria , while what is known as `` fried eggs '' in the U.S. and U.K. would be known as `` half - fried eggs '' in Nigeria . The mai shai stalls cook scrambled eggs to the point of being heavily crisp . Russia ( edit ) Yaichnitsa The two most popular fried egg dishes commonly eaten in Russia are yaichnitsa ( Russian : яичница ) , a generic term for pure fried eggs , and omlet ( Russian : омлет ) , an omelet distinguished from simple eggs by addition of milk or other liquids . Yaichnitsa has two main varieties , a glazoon'ja ( Russian : глазунья ) , usually referring to the sunny - side up but generally meaning any variant with the unbroken yolk , and a scramble called boltunya ( Russian : болтунья ) , which may have various toppings such as fried bacon , ham , salt pork or other cold cuts , fried bread or onion , or other vegetables added . A common way of preparing both types is to have multiple eggs cracked into a saucepan or frying pan and cooked without flipping . The whites flow together and individual portions are divided up after the whole pan-full has cooked . Southeast Asia ( edit ) Yam khai dao : A spicy and sour Thai salad made with crispy fried eggs Fried Spam with rice and eggs is a common meal in the Philippines Nasi goreng , one of the most popular dishes in Brunei , Indonesia , Malaysia , and Singapore is often served with a fried egg . In the Philippines , fried eggs are often cooked like a sunny - side egg but the yolk is half cooked by sprinkling it with salt and oil while being fried , giving it a distinctive pink - colored membrane . It is served in the morning with garlic rice and a choice of breakfast meat such as beef tapa , longaniza , fried milkfish , dried fish , tocino ( caramelised pork ) , Spam , or corned beef , such as in tapsilog and its variants . In addition , fried eggs are eaten in a dish called Arroz a la cubana , which is seasoned ground beef with raisins , cubed potatoes , tomato sauce , and olives , along with white rice and fried ripe plantains . Fried eggs are also a main ingredient in the noodle dish Pancit Batil Patong , where a fried egg is topped over stir - fried noodles . In Thai cuisine , when the words khai dao ( lit . `` star egg '' ) are placed after the name of a dish , it means that one wants that dish accompanied by a fried egg . The very popular kaphrao mu rat khao khai dao for instance , translates to `` basil fried pork on top of rice with a fried egg '' . Sometimes this is referred to as a `` top egg '' . Fried rice is also popularly accompanied with a fried egg , such as with khao phat Amerikan and khao phat ( standard Thai style fried rice ) . Another popular way of eating fried eggs in Thailand is to use it as the main ingredient of the Thai salad called yam khai dao . In Cambodia , a common dish is called loc lok , is a fried egg served on top of a ring of spinach , onion finely shaven and tomoto with either a portion of deer or beef and gravy topped with a fried egg either duck or chicken . A fried egg served over white rice , topped with a dab of oyster or hoisin sauce , is also popular in east Asia . Fried eggs are also sometimes used in a Vietnamese breakfast roll . Egg in the basket ( edit ) Eggs in the basket Main article : Egg in the basket This American dish is usually made by cutting a circle or other shape out of a slice of bread , often using a drinking glass or biscuit cutter . The bread is fried until brown on one side and then flipped , and an egg is broken into the center and seasoned , usually with salt and pepper , and sometimes herbs . The pan is then covered , and the egg is cooked until the white is just set . The cutout center of the bread is often fried as well , and served alongside or on top of the finished egg . See also ( edit ) Food portal List of egg dishes Green Eggs and Ham References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Can someone please give an explanation of different egg preparations ? '' . stackexchange.com . Jump up ^ `` Kitchen Riffs : Fried Eggs '' . kitchenriffs.com . Jump up ^ Heather Solos . `` How to Fry an Egg '' . Home Ec 101 . Jump up ^ `` Eggs 101 '' . Eggs.ca . Jump up ^ Vera Tulyakova Hikmet ( 1989 ) . Nâzımʾla söyleşi . Cem Yayınevi . Jump up ^ Spanish painter Velázquez painted a portrait of an elderly lady frying eggs in 1618 Jump up ^ van Limburg Stirum , C. Countess ( 1962 ) . The Art of Dutch Cooking . London : Andre Deutsch Limited . p. 45 . Jump up ^ `` Uitsmijter '' . The Dutch Table . 3 April 2011 . Retrieved 2 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Kperogi , Farooq ( 2014 - 01 - 26 ) . `` Q and A on the grammar of food , usage and Nigerian English '' . Daily Trust . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Kra Pao Moo ( stir fry pork with basil ) for lunch '' . Athomeinthailand.com. 29 September 2011 . Retrieved 2 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Khao phat Amerikan '' . Austin Bush Photography. 16 March 2011 . Retrieved 2 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Kodi . `` A `` Farangs '' trek through a Culture of Food and the Unknown - Thailand `` . Kodikassell.blogspot.nl . Retrieved 2 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Thai Fried Egg Salad -- Yam Khai Dao ( ยํา ไข่ดาว ) '' . SheSimmers. 1 December 2009 . Retrieved 2 September 2012 . External links ( edit ) Fried Eggs at Wikibook Cookbooks Media related to Fried eggs at Wikimedia Commons ( hide ) Eggs List of egg topics Types Bird Fish and amphibian Monotreme Fossil record Cephalopod Fish Reptile ( dinosaur ) Pathology Biology Embryo Ichthyoplankton Ootheca Oviparity Spawn Zygote Components Yolk White Shell As food List of egg dishes Boiled Coddled Custard desserts Deviled Eggs Benedict Fried Omelette Poached Pickled Roe Scotch Scrambled Smoked Soufflé Tea egg Trophic egg In culture Easter egg Egging Fabergé egg Humpty Dumpty Oomancy Ovo vegetarianism Yoshi Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fried_egg&oldid=796514834 '' Categories : Egg dishes Fried foods Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2015 Articles needing additional references from September 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles containing German - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 Articles containing Portuguese - language text Articles containing Spanish - language text Articles containing Korean - language text Articles containing Dutch - language text Articles containing Russian - language text Articles containing Thai - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Alemannisch አማርኛ Asturianu বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Мокшень Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Português Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Svenska ไทย Тоҷикӣ Українська Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 August 2017 , at 10 : 53 . 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8104154500803551210	Mother's Day	Mother 's Day - wikipedia Mother 's Day Jump to : navigation , search celebration honoring mothers For other uses , see Mother 's Day ( disambiguation ) . Mother 's Day Observed by 40 + countries Type Worldwide Significance Honors mothers and motherhood Date Varies per country Frequency Annual Related to Children 's Day , Siblings Day , Father 's Day , Parents ' Day , Grandparent 's Day Mother 's Day is a celebration honoring the mother of the family , as well as motherhood , maternal bonds , and the influence of mothers in society . It is celebrated on various days in many parts of the world , most commonly in the months of March or May . It complements similar celebrations honoring family members , such as Father 's Day , Siblings Day , and Grandparents Day . The modern Mother 's day began in the United States , at the initiative of Ann Reeves Jarvis in the early 20th century . This is not ( directly ) related to the many traditional celebrations of mothers and motherhood that have existed throughout the world over thousands of years , such as the Greek cult to Cybele , the Roman festival of Hilaria , or the Christian Mothering Sunday celebration ( originally a commemoration of Mother Church , not motherhood ) . However , in some countries , Mother 's Day is still synonymous with these older traditions . The U.S. - derived modern version of Mother 's Day has been criticized for having become too commercialized . Founder Jarvis herself regretted this commercialism and expressed views on how that was never her intention . Contents ( hide ) 1 Establishment of holiday 2 Spelling 3 Dates around the world 4 International history and tradition 4.1 Religion 4.2 By country ( A -- G ) 4.2. 1 Albania 4.2. 2 Arab world 4.2. 3 Argentina 4.2. 4 Armenia 4.2. 5 Australia 4.2. 6 Belarus 4.2. 7 Bhutan 4.2. 8 Belgium 4.2. 9 Bolivia 4.2. 10 Brazil 4.2. 11 Canada 4.2. 12 China 4.2. 13 Czech Republic 4.2. 14 Egypt 4.2. 15 Ethiopia 4.2. 16 Estonia 4.2. 17 Finland 4.2. 18 France 4.2. 19 Georgia 4.2. 20 Germany 4.3 By country ( H -- M ) 4.3. 1 Hungary 4.3. 2 India 4.3. 3 Indonesia 4.3. 4 Iran 4.3. 5 Israel 4.3. 6 Italy 4.3. 7 Japan 4.3. 8 Kyrgyzstan 4.3. 9 Latvia 4.3. 10 Lithuania 4.3. 11 Malawi 4.3. 12 Maldives 4.3. 13 Malta 4.3. 14 Mexico 4.4 By country ( N -- S ) 4.4. 1 Nepal 4.4. 2 Netherlands 4.4. 3 New Zealand 4.4. 4 Nicaragua 4.4. 5 North Korea 4.4. 6 Norway 4.4. 7 Pakistan 4.4. 8 Panama 4.4. 9 Paraguay 4.4. 10 Philippines 4.4. 11 Portugal 4.4. 12 Romania 4.4. 13 Russia 4.4. 14 Samoa 4.4. 15 Singapore 4.4. 16 Slovakia 4.4. 17 South Africa 4.4. 18 South Sudan 4.4. 19 Spain 4.4. 20 Sri Lanka 4.4. 21 Sweden 4.4. 22 Switzerland 4.5 By country ( T -- Z ) 4.5. 1 Taiwan 4.5. 2 Thailand 4.5. 3 Ukraine 4.5. 4 United Kingdom 4.5. 5 United States 5 See also 6 Notes 6.1 Footnotes 6.2 Citations 7 References 8 External links Establishment of holiday Main article : Mother 's Day ( United States ) § History The modern holiday of Mother 's Day was first celebrated in 1908 , when Anna Jarvis held a memorial for her mother at St Andrew 's Methodist Church in Grafton , West Virginia . St Andrew 's Methodist Church now holds the International Mother 's Day Shrine . Her campaign to make Mother 's Day a recognized holiday in the United States began in 1905 , the year her mother , Ann Reeves Jarvis , died . Ann Jarvis had been a peace activist who cared for wounded soldiers on both sides of the American Civil War , and created Mother 's Day Work Clubs to address public health issues . Anna Jarvis wanted to honor her mother by continuing the work she started and to set aside a day to honor all mothers because she believed a mother is `` the person who has done more for you than anyone in the world '' . In 1908 , the U.S. Congress rejected a proposal to make Mother 's Day an official holiday , joking that they would also have to proclaim a `` Mother - in - law 's Day '' . However , owing to the efforts of Anna Jarvis , by 1911 all U.S. states observed the holiday , with some of them officially recognizing Mother 's Day as a local holiday ( the first being West Virginia , Jarvis ' home state , in 1910 ) . In 1914 , Woodrow Wilson signed a proclamation designating Mother 's Day , held on the second Sunday in May , as a national holiday to honor mothers . Although Jarvis was successful in founding Mother 's Day , she became resentful of the commercialization of the holiday . By the early 1920s , Hallmark Cards and other companies had started selling Mother 's Day cards . Jarvis believed that the companies had misinterpreted and exploited the idea of Mother 's Day , and that the emphasis of the holiday was on sentiment , not profit . As a result , she organized boycotts of Mother 's Day , and threatened to issue lawsuits against the companies involved . Jarvis argued that people should appreciate and honor their mothers through handwritten letters expressing their love and gratitude , instead of buying gifts and pre-made cards . Jarvis protested at a candy makers ' convention in Philadelphia in 1923 , and at a meeting of American War Mothers in 1925 . By this time , carnations had become associated with Mother 's Day , and the selling of carnations by the American War Mothers to raise money angered Jarvis , who was arrested for disturbing the peace . Spelling In 1912 Anna Jarvis trademarked the phrases `` Second Sunday in May '' and `` Mother 's Day '' , and created the Mother 's Day International Association . She specifically noted that `` Mother 's '' should `` be a singular possessive , for each family to honor its own mother , not a plural possessive commemorating all mothers in the world . '' This is also the spelling used by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson in his 1914 presidential proclamation , by the U.S. Congress in relevant bills , and by various U.S. presidents in their proclamations concerning Mother 's Day . Dates around the world While the United States holiday was adopted by some other countries , existing celebrations , held on different dates , honouring motherhood have become described as `` Mother 's Day '' , such as Mothering Sunday in the United Kingdom or , in Greece , the Eastern Orthodox celebration of the presentation of Jesus Christ to the temple ( 2 February of Julian Calendar ) . Both the secular and religious Mother Day are present in Greece . Mothering Sunday is often referred to as `` Mother 's Day '' even though it is an unrelated celebration . In some countries , the date adopted is one significant to the majority religion , such as Virgin Mary Day in Catholic countries . Other countries selected a date with historical significance . For example , Bolivia 's Mother 's Day is the date of a battle in which women participated . See the `` International history and tradition '' section for the complete list . Some ex-communist countries , such as Russia , celebrated International Women 's Day instead of Mother 's Day or simply celebrate both holidays , which is the custom in Ukraine . Kyrgyzstan has recently introduced Mother 's Day , but `` year on year ( International Women 's Day ) is certainly increasing in status '' . This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Gregorian calendar Occurrence Dates Country Second Sunday of February Feb 12 , 2017 Feb 11 , 2018 Feb 10 , 2019 Norway 3 March Georgia 8 March ( with International Women 's Day ) Afghanistan Albania Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Burundi Burkina Faso Kazakhstan Kosovo Laos Macedonia Moldova Montenegro Romania Russia Serbia Tajikistan Uzbekistan Vietnam Fourth Sunday in Lent ( Mothering Sunday ) 26 Mar 2017 11 Mar 2018 31 Mar 2019 Guernsey Ireland Isle of Man Jersey Nigeria United Kingdom 21 March ( Spring equinox ) Bahrain Comoros Djibouti Egypt Iraq Jordan Kuwait Libya Lebanon Mauritania Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Somalia Sudan Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen 25 March Slovenia 7 April ( Annunciation day ) Armenia ( Motherhood and Beauty Day ) First Sunday of May May 7 , 2017 May 6 , 2018 May 5 , 2019 Angola Cape Verde Hungary Lithuania Mozambique Portugal Spain 8 May South Korea ( Parents ' Day ) 10 May El Salvador Guatemala Mexico Second Sunday of May May 14 , 2017 May 13 , 2018 May 12 , 2019 May 10 , 2020 Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Aruba Australia Austria Bahamas Bangladesh Barbados Belgium Belize Bermuda Bhutan Bonaire Botswana Brazil Brunei Canada Cambodia Cayman Islands Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Congo , Dem . Rep . Congo , Rep . Cote d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Curaçao Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Dominica Ecuador Equatorial Guinea Estonia Ethiopia Faroe Islands Fiji Finland Germany Gabon Gambia Greenland Ghana Greece Grenada Guyana Honduras Hong Kong Iceland India Italy Jamaica Japan Kenya Latvia Liberia Liechtenstein Macau Malaysia Malta Myanmar Namibia Netherlands New Zealand Pakistan Papua New Guinea Peru Philippines Puerto Rico Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa Singapore Sint Maarten Slovakia South Africa Sri Lanka Suriname Switzerland Taiwan Tanzania Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Turkey Uganda Ukraine United States Uruguay Vietnam Venezuela Zambia Zimbabwe 14 May Benin 15 May Paraguay ( same day as Día de la Patria ) 19 May Kyrgyzstan ( Russian : День матери , Kyrgyz : Энэ күнү ) 22 May Israel ( new ) 26 May Poland ( Polish : Dzień Matki ) 27 May Bolivia Last Sunday of May ( sometimes First Sunday of June if the last Sunday of May is Pentecost ) May 28 , 2017 May 27 , 2018 May 26 , 2019 Algeria Cameroon Dominican Republic France ( First Sunday of June if Pentecost occurs on this day ) French Antilles ( First Sunday of June if Pentecost occurs on this day ) Madagascar Mali Morocco Niger Haiti Mauritius Senegal Sweden Tunisia 30 May Nicaragua 1 June Mongolia ( together with Children 's Day ) Second Sunday of June Jun 11 , 2017 Jun 10 , 2018 Jun 9 , 2019 Luxembourg First Monday of July Jul 3 , 2017 Jul 2 , 2018 Jul 1 , 2019 South Sudan 12 August Thailand ( birthday of Queen Sirikit ) 15 August ( Assumption of Mary ) Costa Rica Antwerp ( Belgium ) 14 October Belarus ( since 1996 ) 15 October Malawi ( Observed on 15 October or following work day ) Third Sunday of October Oct 15 , 2017 Oct 21 , 2018 Oct 20 , 2019 Argentina ( Día de la Madre ) 3 November Timor Leste 16 November North Korea Last Sunday of November Russia 8 December ( Feast of the Immaculate Conception ) Panama 22 December Indonesia Hebrew calendars Occurrence Equivalent Gregorian dates Country Shevat 30 Between 30 January and 1 March - Family Day Israel Hindu calendars Occurrence Equivalent Gregorian dates Country Baisakh Amavasya ( Mata Tirtha Aunsi ) Between 19 April and 19 May 6 May 2016 26 April 2017 Nepal Persian calendars Occurrence Equivalent Gregorian dates Country 21 Ordibehesht 20 April 2014 10 April 2015 30 March 2016 Iran International History and tradition This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Play media Mother 's Day in the Netherlands in 1925 Northern Pacific Railway postcard for Mother 's Day 1916 . Mother 's Day gift in 2007 Mother and daughter and Mother 's Day card In most countries , Mother 's Day is an observance derived from the holiday as it has evolved in the United States , promoted by companies who saw benefit in making it popular . As adopted by other countries and cultures , the holiday has different meanings , is associated with different events ( religious , historical or legendary ) , and is celebrated on different dates . In some cases , countries already had existing celebrations honoring motherhood , and their celebrations then adopted several external characteristics from the US holiday , such as giving carnations and other presents to one 's mother . The extent of the celebrations varies greatly . In some countries , it is potentially offensive to one 's mother not to mark Mother 's Day . In others , it is a little - known festival celebrated mainly by immigrants , or covered by the media as a taste of foreign culture . Religion In the Roman Catholic Church , the holiday is strongly associated with revering the Virgin Mary . In some Catholic homes , families have a special shrine devoted to the Blessed Virgin Mary . In many Eastern Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches , a special prayer service is held in honor of the Theotokos Virgin Mary . In Islam there is no concept of Mother 's Day , but the Quran teaches that children should give priority to loving their mother over their father . In Hindu tradition , Mother 's Day is called `` Mata Tirtha Aunshi '' or `` Mother Pilgrimage fortnight '' , and is celebrated in countries with a Hindu population , especially in Nepal . The holiday is observed on the new moon day in the month of Baisakh , i.e. , April / May . This celebration is based on Hindu religion and it pre-dates the creation of the US - inspired celebration by at least a few centuries . In Buddhism , the festival of Ullambana is derived from the story of Maudgalyayana and his mother . By country ( a -- g ) Albania Mother 's day is celebrated in 8 March . The origin of the 8th of March holiday dates back to 1908 and is associated with a tragic event . A group of workers at a textile factory in New York strikes against extreme working conditions . On 8 March , the factory was shut down and the workers remained trapped inside . Suddenly a fire broke out , where 129 mothers died . Arab world Mother 's Day in most Arab countries is celebrated on 21 March . It was introduced in Egypt by journalist Mustafa Amin and was first celebrated in 1956 . The practice has since been copied by other Arab countries . Argentina In Argentina , Mother 's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of October . The holiday was originally celebrated on 11 October , the old liturgical date for the celebration of the Maternity of the Blessed Virgin Mary but after the Second Vatican Council , which moved the Virgin Mary festivity to 1 January , the Mother 's Day started to be celebrated the third Sunday of October because of popular tradition . Argentina is the only country in the world that celebrates Mother 's Day on this date . Armenia In Armenia , Mother 's Day is celebrated on 8 March , and on 7 April as Maternity and Beauty Day . Australia In Australia , Mother 's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday in May . The tradition of giving gifts to mothers on Mother 's Day in Australia was started by Janet Heyden , a resident of Leichhardt , Sydney , in 1924 . She began the tradition during a visit to a patient at the Newington State Home for Women , where she met many lonely and forgotten mothers . To cheer them up , she rounded up support from local school children and businesses to donate and bring gifts to the women . Every year thereafter , Mrs Heyden raised increasing support for the project from local businesses and even the local Mayor . The day has since become commercialised . Belarus Belarus celebrates Mother 's Day on 14 October . Like other ex-Communist republics , Belarus used to celebrate only International Women 's Day on 8 March . Mother 's Day in Belarus was officially established by the Belarusian government , and it was celebrated for the first time in 1996 . The celebration of the Virgin Mary ( the holiday of Protection of the Holy Mother of God ) is celebrated in the same day . Bhutan Mother 's Day in Bhutan is celebrated on 8 May . It was introduced in Bhutan by the Tourism Council of Bhutan . Belgium In Belgium , Mother 's Day ( Moederdag or Moederkesdag in Dutch and Fête des Mères in French ) is celebrated on the second Sunday of May . In the week before this holiday children make little presents at primary school , which they give to their mothers in the early morning of Mother 's Day . Typically , the father will buy croissants and other sweet breads and pastries and bring these to the mother while she is still in bed -- the beginning of a day of pampering for the mother . There are also many people who celebrate Mother 's Day on 15 August instead ; these are mostly people around Antwerp , who consider that day ( Assumption ) the classical Mother 's Day and the observance in May an invention for commercial reasons . It was originally established on that day as the result of a campaign by Frans Van Kuyck , a painter and Alderman from Antwerp . Bolivia In Bolivia , Mother 's Day is celebrated on 27 May . El Día de la Madre Boliviana was passed into law on 8 November 1927 , during the presidency of Hernando Siles Reyes . The date commemorates the Battle of La Coronilla , which took place on 27 May 1812 , during the Bolivian War of Independence , in what is now the city of Cochabamba . In this battle , women fighting for the country 's independence were slaughtered by the Spanish army . It is not a public holiday , but all schools hold activities and festivities throughout the day . Brazil In Brazil , Mother 's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of May . The first Mother 's Day in Brazil was promoted by Associação Cristã de Moços de Porto Alegre ( Young Men 's Christian Association of Porto Alegre ) on 12 May 1918 . In 1932 , then President Getúlio Vargas made the second Sunday of May the official date for Mother 's Day . In 1947 , Archbishop Jaime de Barros Câmara , Cardinal - Archbishop of Rio de Janeiro , decided that this holiday would also be included in the official calendar of the Catholic Church . Mother 's Day is not an official holiday ( see Public holidays in Brazil ) , but it is widely observed and typically involves spending time with and giving gifts to one 's mother . Because of this , it is considered one of the celebrations most related to consumerism in the country , second only to Christmas Day as the most commercially lucrative holiday . Canada See also Other observances in Canada Mother 's Day cookie cake Mother 's Day in Canada is celebrated on the second Sunday in May ( it is not a public holiday or bank holiday ) , and typically involves small celebrations and gift - giving to one 's mother , grandmother , or other important female figures in one 's family . Celebratory practices are very similar to those of other western nations . A Québécois tradition is for Québécois men to offer roses or other flowers to the women . China Mother 's Day is becoming more popular in China . Carnations are a very popular Mother 's Day gift and the most sold flowers in relation to the day . In 1997 Mother 's Day was set as the day to help poor mothers and to remind people of the poor mothers in rural areas such as China 's western region . In the People 's Daily , the Chinese government 's official newspaper , an article explained that `` despite originating in the United States , people in China accept the holiday without hesitation because it is in line with the country 's traditional ethics -- respect for the elderly and filial piety towards parents . '' In recent years , the Communist Party member Li Hanqiu began to advocate for the official adoption of Mother 's Day in memory of Meng Mu , the mother of Mèng Zǐ . He formed a non-governmental organization called Chinese Mothers ' Festival Promotion Society , with the support of 100 Confucian scholars and lecturers of ethics . Li and the Society want to replace the Western - style gift of carnations with lilies , which , in ancient times , were planted by Chinese mothers when children left home . Mother 's Day remains an unofficial festival , except in a small number of cities . Czech Republic In the Czech Republic , Mother 's Day is celebrated every second Sunday in May . It started in former Czechoslovakia in 1923 . The promoter of this celebration was Alice Masaryková . After World War II communists replaced Mother 's Day with International Woman 's Day , celebrated on 8 March . The former Czechoslovakia celebrated Women 's Day until the Velvet Revolution in 1989 . After the split of the country in 1993 , the Czech Republic started celebrating Mother 's Day again . Egypt Mother 's Day in Egypt is celebrated on 21 March , the first day of spring in the northern hemisphere . It was introduced in Egypt by journalist Mustafa Amin in his book Smiling America ( 1943 ) . The idea was overlooked at the time . Later Amin heard the story of a widowed mother who devoted her whole life to raising her son until he became a doctor . The son then married and left without showing any gratitude to his mother . Hearing this , Amin became motivated to promote `` Mother 's Day '' . The idea was first ridiculed by president Gamal Abdel Nasser but he eventually accepted it and Mother 's Day was first celebrated on 21 March 1956 . The practice has since been copied by other Arab countries . When Mustafa Amin was arrested and imprisoned , there were attempts to change the name of the holiday from `` Mother 's Day '' to `` Family Day '' as the government wished to prevent the occasion from reminding people of its founder . These attempts were unsuccessful and celebrations continued to be held on that day ; classic songs celebrating mothers remain famous to this day . Ethiopia Mother 's Day is celebrated for three days in Ethiopia , after the end of rainy season . It comes in mid-fall where people enjoy a three - day feast called `` Antrosht '' . For the feast , ingredients will be brought by the children for a traditional hash recipe . The ingredients are divided along genders , with girls bringing spices , vegetables , cheese and butter , while the boys bring a lamb or bull . The mother hands out to the family the hash . A celebration takes place after the meal . The mothers and daughters anoint themselves using butter on their faces and chests . While honoring their family and heroes , men sing songs . Estonia In Estonia , Mother 's Day ( emadepäev in Estonian ) is celebrated on the second Sunday of May . It is recognized nationally , but is not a public holiday . Finland In Finland , Mother 's Day ( äitienpäivä in Finnish ) is celebrated on the second Sunday of May . It is recognized nationally , and is a public holiday . It is usually celebrated at homes where children or grandchildren bring Mother _́ s day cards that they have drawn to their mothers and grandmothers . Usually some food , coffee and cakes are served for guests . Grown up children visit their parents homes and bring traditionally Mother _́ s day roses or other flowers accompanied with a Mother _́ s day card . The president of Finland honors with medals every year some mothers who have done something exceptional and positive during the year . France In France , amidst alarm at the low birth rate , there were attempts in 1896 and 1904 to create a national celebration honoring the mothers of large families . In 1906 ten mothers who had nine children each were given an award recognising `` High Maternal Merit '' ( `` Haut mérite maternel '' ) . American World War I soldiers fighting in France popularized the US Mother 's Day holiday created by Anna Jarvis . They sent so much mail back to their country for Mother 's Day that the Union Franco - Américaine created a postal card for that purpose . In 1918 , also inspired by Jarvis , the town of Lyon wanted to celebrate a `` journée des Mères '' , but instead decided to celebrate a `` Journée Nationale des Mères de familles nombreuses . '' The holiday was more inspired by anti-depopulation efforts than by the US holiday , with medals awarded to the mothers of large families . The French government made the day official in 1920 as a day for mothers of large families . Since then the French government awards the Médaille de la Famille française to mothers of large families . In 1941 , by initiative of Philippe Pétain , the wartime Vichy government used the celebration in support of their policy to encourage larger families , but all mothers were now honored , even mothers with smaller families . In 1950 , after the war , the celebration was reinstated . The law of 24 May 1950 required ( in Article 1 ) that the Republic pay official homage to French Mothers . Article 2 stated it should be celebrated on the last Sunday in May as the `` Fête des Mères '' ( except when Pentecost fell on that day , in which case it was moved to the first Sunday in June ) . Article 3 stated that all expenditure shall be covered from the budget of the Ministry of Public Health and Population . During the 1950s , the celebration lost all its patriotic and natalist ideologies , and became heavily commercialized . In 1956 , the celebration was given a budget and integrated into the new Code de l'action Sociale et des familles . In 2004 responsibility for the holiday was transferred to the Minister responsible for families . Georgia Georgia celebrates Mother 's Day on 3 March . It was declared by the first President of Georgia Zviad Gamsakhurdia in order to replace the International Women Day , and it was officially approved by the Supreme Council in 1991 . Nowadays Georgia celebrates both Mother 's Day on 3 March and International Women 's Day on 8 March . Germany Mother 's Day cake in Germany In the 1920s , Germany had the lowest birthrate in Europe , and the declining trend was continuing . This was attributed to women 's participation in the labor market . At the same time , influential groups in society ( politicians of left and right , churchwomen , and feminists ) believed that mothers should be honored but could not agree on how to do so . However , all groups strongly agreed on the promotion of the values of motherhood . In 1923 , this resulted in the unanimous adoption of Muttertag , the Mother 's Day holiday as imported from America and Norway . The head of the Association of German Florists cited `` the inner conflict of our Volk and the loosening of the family '' as his reason for introducing the holiday . He expected that the holiday would unite the divided country . In 1925 , the Mother 's Day Committee joined the task force for the recovery of the volk , and the holiday stopped depending on commercial interests and began emphasizing the need to increase the population in Germany by promoting motherhood . The holiday was then seen as a means to encourage women to bear more children , which nationalists saw as a way to rejuvenate the nation . The holiday did not celebrate individual women , but an idealized standard of motherhood . The progressive forces resisted the implementation of the holiday because it was backed by so many conservatives , and because they saw it as a way to eliminate the rights of working women . Die Frau , the newspaper of the Federation of German Women 's Associations , refused to recognize the holiday . Many local authorities adopted their own interpretation of the holiday : it would be a day to support economically larger families or single - mother families . The guidelines for the subsidies had eugenics criteria , but there is no indication that social workers ever implemented them in practice , and subsidies were given preferentially to families in economic need rather than to families with more children or `` healthier '' children . With the Nazi party in power during 1933 -- 1945 , the situation changed radically . The promotion of Mother 's Day increased in many European countries , including the UK and France . From the position of the German Nazi government , the role of mothers was to give healthy children to the German nation . The Nazi party 's intention was to create a pure `` Aryan race '' according to nazi eugenics . Among other Mother 's Day ideas , the government promoted the death of a mother 's sons in battle as the highest embodiment of patriotic motherhood . The Nazis quickly declared Mother 's Day an official holiday and put it under the control of the NSV ( National Socialist People 's Welfare Association ) and the NSF ( National Socialist Women Organization ) . This created conflicts with other organizations that resented Nazi control of the holiday , including Catholic and Protestant churches and local women 's organizations . Local authorities resisted the guidelines from the Nazi government and continued assigning resources to families who were in economic need , much to the dismay of the Nazi officials . Mother 's Day in UNRRA camp Germany in 1946 In 1938 , the government began issuing an award called Mother 's Cross ( Mutterkreuz ) , according to categories that depended on the number of children a mother had . The medal was awarded on Mother 's Day and also on other holidays due to the large number of recipients . The Cross was an effort to encourage women to have more children , and recipients were required to have at least four . By country ( H. -- M. ) Hungary In Hungary , Mother 's Day is celebrated on the first Sunday of May . It was first celebrated in 1925 by the Hungarian Red Cross Youth . India The modern Mother 's Day has been assimilated into Indian culture , and it is celebrated every year on the second Sunday of May . Indians do not celebrate the occasion as a religious event , and it is celebrated primarily in urban centers . Indonesia Indonesian Mother 's Day ( Indonesian : Hari Ibu ) is celebrated nationally on 22 December . The date was made an official holiday by President Soekarno under Presidential Decree ( Indonesian : Dekrit Presiden ) no . 316 in 1953 , on the 25th anniversary of the 1928 Indonesian Women Congress . The day originally sought to celebrate the spirit of Indonesian women and to improve the condition of the nation . Today , the meaning of Mother 's Day has changed , and it is celebrated by expressing love and gratitude to mothers . People present gifts to mothers ( such as flowers ) and hold surprise parties and competitions , which include cooking and kebaya wearing . People also allow mothers a day off from domestic chores . The holiday is celebrated on the anniversary of the opening day of the first Indonesian Women Congress ( Indonesian : Kongres Perempuan Indonesia ) , which was held from 22 to 25 December 1928 . The Congress took place in a building called Dalem Jayadipuran , which now serves as the office of the Center of History and Traditional Values Preservation ( Indonesian : Balai Pelestarian Sejarah dan Nilai Tradisional ) in Brigjen Katamso Street , Yogyakarta . The Congress was attended by 30 feminist organizations from 12 cities in Java and Sumatra . In Indonesia , feminist organizations have existed since 1912 , inspired by Indonesian heroines of the 19th century , e.g. , Kartini , Martha Christina Tiahahu , Cut Nyak Meutia , Maria Walanda Maramis , Dewi Sartika , Nyai Ahmad Dahlan , Rasuna Said , etc . The Congress intended to improve women 's rights in education and marriage . Indonesia also celebrates the Kartini Day ( Indonesian : Hari Kartini ) on 21 April , in memory of activist Raden Ajeng Kartini . This is a celebration of the emancipation of women . The observance was instituted at the 1938 Indonesian Women Congress . During President Suharto 's New Order ( 1965 -- 1998 ) , government propaganda used Mother 's Day and Kartini Day to inculcate into women the idea that they should be docile and stay at home . Iran A woman writes the name of Fatimah during a ceremony for Mother 's Day in Milad Tower In Iran , Mother 's Day is celebrated on 20 Jumada al - thani . This is the sixth month in the Islamic calendar ( a lunar calendar ) and every year the holiday falls on a different day of the Gregorian calendar . This is the birthday anniversary of Fatimah , Prophet Muhammad 's only daughter according to Shia Islam . On this day , banners reading `` Ya Fatemeah ( O ! Fatemeh ) '' are displayed on `` government buildings , private buildings , public streets and car windows . '' Mother 's Day was originally observed on 16 December but the date was changed after the Iranian Revolution in 1979 . The celebration is both Women 's Day ( replacing International Women 's Day ) and Mother 's Day . In 1960 , the Institute for Women Protection adopted the Western holiday and established it on 25 Azar ( 16 December ) , the date the Institute was founded . The Institute 's action had the support of Queen Farah Pahlavi , the wife of the last Shah of Persia , who promoted the construction of maternity clinics in remote parts of the country to commemorate the day . Pahlavi regime used the holiday to promote `` gender ideologies '' of the regime . The Shah 's government honored and gave awards to women who represented the idealized view of the regime , including mothers who had many healthy children . According to Shahla Haeri , the Islamic Republic government has used the holiday to `` control and channel women 's movements '' and to promote role models for the traditional concept of family . Fatimah is seen by these critics as the chosen model of a woman completely dedicated to certain traditionally sanctioned feminine roles . However , supporters of the choice contend that there is much more to her life story than simply such `` traditional '' roles . Israel The Jewish population of Israel used to celebrate Mother 's Day on Shevat 30 of the Jewish calendar , which falls between 30 January and 1 March . The celebration was set as the same date that Henrietta Szold died ( 13 February 1945 ) . Henrietta had no biological children , but her organization Youth Aliyah rescued many Jewish children from Nazi Germany and provided for them . She also championed children 's rights . Szold is considered the `` mother '' of all those children , and that is why her annual remembrance day ( יום השנה ) was set as Mother 's Day ( יוֹם הָאֵם , yom ha'em ) . The holiday has evolved over time , becoming a celebration of mutual love inside the family , called Family Day ( יוֹם הַמִשְּפָּחָה , yom hamishpacha ) . This holiday is mainly celebrated in preschools with an activity to which parents are invited . Mother 's Day is mainly celebrated by children at kindergartens . There are no longer mutual gifts among members of the family , and there is no longer any commercialization of the celebration . It is not an official holiday . Italy Mother 's Day in Italy was celebrated for the first time on 24 December 1933 as the `` Day of the mother and the child '' ( Giornata della madre e del fanciullo ) . It was instituted by the Opera nazionale maternità e infanzia in order to publicly reward the most prolific Italian women every year . After World War II , Mother 's Day was first celebrated on 12 May 1957 in Assisi , at the initiative of Reverend Otello Migliosi , the parish priest of the Tordibetto church . This celebration was so popular that in the following year Mother 's Day was adopted throughout Italy . On 18 December 1958 , a proposal was presented to the Italian Senate to make the holiday official . Japan In Japan , Mother 's Day ( 母の日 , Haha no Hi ) was initially commemorated during the Shōwa period as the birthday of Empress Kōjun ( mother of Emperor Akihito ) on 6 March . This was established in 1931 when the Imperial Women 's Union was organized . In 1937 , the first meeting of `` Praise Mothers '' was held on 8 May , and in 1949 Japanese society adopted the second Sunday of May as the official date for Mother 's Day in Japan . Today , people typically give their mothers gifts of flowers such as red carnations and roses . Japan is most known for giving carnations on Mother 's Day . Kyrgyzstan In Kyrgyzstan , Mother 's Day is celebrated on 19 May every year . The holiday was first celebrated in 2012 . Mothers are also honored on International Women 's Day This article is about a holiday celebrating mothers and motherhood . For other uses , see Mother 's Day ( disambiguation ) . Latvia Mother 's Day in Latvia was celebrated for the first time in 1922 . Since 1934 , Mother 's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of May . After the end of the soviet occupation of Baltic states celebration was resumed in 1992 . Mothers are also honored on International Women 's Day . Lithuania Mother 's Day in Lithuania was celebrated for the first time in 1928 . In Lithuania , Mother 's Day is celebrated on the first Sunday of May . Malawi In Malawi . Mother 's Day is a public holiday . The day is observed on 15 October or the following workday . It is celebrated on the UN 's World Rural Women 's Day . Maldives In the Maldives , Mother 's Day is celebrated on 13 May . The day is celebrated in different ways . Children give gifts and spend time with their mothers . Daughters give their mothers cards and handmade gifts and sons give their mothers gifts and flowers . Maldivians love to celebrate Mother 's day , and they have it specially written on their calendar . Malta The first mention of Mother 's Day in Malta occurred during the Radio Children 's Programmes run by Frans H. Said in May 1961 . Within a few years , Mother 's Day became one of the most popular dates in the Maltese calendar . In Malta , this day is commemorated on the second Sunday in May . Mothers are invariably given gifts and invited for lunch , usually at a good quality restaurant . Mexico See also : Public holidays in Mexico § Festivities In Mexico , the government of Álvaro Obregón imported the Mother 's Day holiday from the US in 1922 , and the newspaper Excélsior held a massive promotional campaign for the holiday that year . The conservative government tried to use the holiday to promote a more conservative role for mothers in families , but that perspective was criticized by the socialists as promoting an unrealistic image of a woman who was not good for much more than breeding . In the mid-1930s , the leftist government of Lázaro Cárdenas promoted the holiday as a `` patriotic festival '' . The Cárdenas government tried to use the holiday as a vehicle for various efforts : to stress the importance of families as the basis for national development ; to benefit from the loyalty that Mexicans felt towards their mothers ; to introduce new morals to Mexican women ; and to reduce the influence that the church and the Catholic right exerted over women . The government sponsored the holiday in the schools . However , ignoring the strict guidelines from the government , theatre plays were filled with religious icons and themes . Consequently , the `` national celebrations '' became `` religious fiestas '' despite the efforts of the government . Soledad Orozco García , the wife of President Manuel Ávila Camacho , promoted the holiday during the 1940s , resulting in an important state - sponsored celebration . The 1942 celebration lasted a full week and included an announcement that all women could reclaim their pawned sewing machines from the Monte de Piedad at no cost . Due to Orozco 's promotion , the Catholic National Synarchist Union ( UNS ) took heed of the holiday around 1941 . Shop - owner members of the Party of the Mexican Revolution ( now the Institutional Revolutionary Party ) observed a custom allowing women from humble classes to pick a free Mother 's Day gift from a shop to bring home to their families . The Synarchists worried that this promoted both materialism and the idleness of lower classes , and in turn , reinforced the systemic social problems of the country . Currently this holiday practice is viewed as very conservative , but the 1940s ' UNS saw Mother 's Day as part of the larger debate on the modernization that was happening at the time . This economic modernization was inspired by US models and was sponsored by the state . The fact that the holiday was originally imported from the US was seen as evidence of an attempt at imposing capitalism and materialism in Mexican society . The UNS and the clergy of the city of León interpreted the government 's actions as an effort to secularize the holiday and to promote a more active role for women in society . They concluded that the government 's long - term goal was to cause women to abandon their traditional roles at home in order to spiritually weaken men . They also saw the holiday as an attempt to secularize the cult to the Virgin Mary , inside a larger effort to dechristianize several holidays . The government sought to counter these claims by organizing widespread masses and asking religious women to assist with the state - sponsored events in order to `` depaganize '' them . The clergy preferred to promote 2 July celebration of the Santísima Virgen de la Luz , the patron of León , Guanajuato , in replacement of Mother 's Day . In 1942 , at the same time as Soledad 's greatest celebration of Mother 's Day , the clergy organized the 210th celebration of the Virgin Mary with a large parade in León . There is a consensus among scholars that the Mexican government abandoned its revolutionary initiatives during the 1940s , including its efforts to influence Mother 's Day . Today the `` Día de las Madres '' is an unofficial holiday in Mexico held each year on 10 May , the day on which it was first celebrated in Mexico . In Mexico , to show affection and appreciation to the mother , it is traditional to start the celebration with the famous song `` Las Mañanitas '' , either a cappella , with the help of a mariachi or a contracted trio . Many families usually gather to celebrate this special day trying to spend as much time as possible with mothers to honor them on their day . They are organized to bring some dishes and eat all together or maybe to visit any restaurant . By country ( n -- s ) Nepal In Nepal , there is a festival equivalent to Mother 's Day , called Mata Tirtha Aunsi ( `` Mother Pilgrimage New Moon '' ) , or Mata Tirtha Puja ( `` Mother Pilgrimage Worship '' ) . It is celebrated according to the lunar calendar . It falls on the last day of the dark fortnight in the month of Baishakh which falls in April -- May ( in 2015 , it will occur on 18 April ) . The dark fortnight lasts for 15 days from the full moon to the new moon . This festival is observed to commemorate and honor mothers , and it is celebrated by giving gifts to mothers and remembering mothers who are no more . To honor mothers who have died , it is the tradition to go on a pilgrimage to the Mata Tirtha ponds , located 6 km to the southwest of downtown Kathmandu . The nearby Mata Tirtha village is named after these ponds . Previously , the tradition was observed primarily by the Newar community and other people living in the Kathmandu Valley . Now this festival is widely celebrated across the country . Many tragic folklore legends have been created , suggesting different reasons why this pond became a pilgrimage site . The most popular version says that , in ancient times , the mother of a shepherd died , and he made offerings to a nearby pond . There he saw the face of his mother in the water , with her hand taking the offerings . Since then , many people visited the pond , hoping to see their deceased mother 's face . Pilgrims believe that they will bring peace to their mothers ' souls by visiting the sacred place . There are two ponds . The larger one is for ritual bathing . The smaller one is used to `` look upon mother 's face '' , and is fenced by iron bars to prevent people from bathing in it . Traditionally , in the Kathmandu valley the South - Western corner is reserved for women and women - related rituals , and the North - Eastern is for men and men - related rituals . The worship place for Mata Tirtha Aunsi is located in Mata Tirtha in the South - Western half of the valley , while the worship place for Gokarna Aunsi , the equivalent celebration for deceased fathers , is located in Gokarna , Nepal , in the North - Eastern half . This division is reflected in many aspects of the life in Kathmandu valley . Mother 's Day is known as Aama ko Mukh Herne Din in Nepali , which literally means `` day to see mother 's face '' . In Nepal Bhasa , the festival is known as Mām yā Khwā Swayegu , which can be translated as `` to look upon mother 's face '' . Netherlands In the Netherlands , Mother 's Day was introduced as early as 1910 by the Dutch branch of the Salvation Army . The Royal Dutch Society for Horticulture and Botany , a group protecting the interest of Dutch florists , worked to promote the holiday ; they hoped to emulate the commercial success achieved by American florists . They were imitating the campaign already underway by florists in Germany and Austria , but they were aware that the traditions had originated in the US . Florists launched a major promotional effort in 1925 . This included the publication of a book of articles written by famous intellectuals , radio broadcasts , newspapers ads , and the collaboration of priests and teachers who wanted to promote the celebration for their own reasons . In 1931 the second Sunday of May was adopted as the official celebration date . In the mid-1930s the slogan Moederdag -- Bloemendag ( Mother 's Day -- Flowers ' Day ) was coined , and the phrase was popular for many years . In the 1930s and 1940 's `` Mother 's Day cakes '' were given as gifts in hospitals and to the Dutch Queen , who is known as the `` mother of the country '' . Other trade groups tried to cash in on the holiday and to give new meaning to the holiday in order to promote their own wares as gifts . Roman Catholic priests complained that the holiday interfered with the honoring of the Virgin Mary , the divine mother , which took place during the whole month of May . In 1926 Mother 's Day was celebrated on 7 July in order to address these complaints . Catholic organizations and priests tried to Christianize the holiday , but those attempts were rendered futile around the 1960s when the church lost influence and the holiday was completely secularized . In later years , the initial resistance disappeared , and even leftist newspapers stopped their criticism and endorsed Mother 's Day . In the 1980s , the American origin of the holiday was still not widely known , so feminist groups who opposed the perpetuation of gender roles sometimes claimed that Mother 's Day was invented by Nazis and celebrated on the birthday of Klara Hitler , Hitler 's mother . New Zealand In New Zealand , Mother 's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday in May . Mother 's Day is not a public holiday . The New Zealand tradition is to give cards and gifts and to serve mothers breakfast in bed . Nicaragua In Nicaragua , the Día de la Madre has been celebrated on 30 May since the early 1940s . The date was chosen by President Anastasio Somoza García because it was the birthday of Casimira Sacasa , his wife 's mother . North Korea Mother 's Day is celebrated on 16 November as a public holiday in North Korea . The date takes its significance from the First National Meeting of Mothers held in 1961 , for which Kim Il - sung , the leader of the country , published a work called The Duty of Mothers in the Education of Children . The date was designated as Mother 's Day in May 2012 by the Presidium of the Supreme People 's Assembly but only became a public holiday and appeared on the North Korean calendar starting in 2015 . Norway Mother 's Day was first celebrated on 9 February 1919 and was initially organized by religious institutions . Later it has become a family day , and the mother is often treated to breakfast in bed , flowers and cake . It has gradually become a major commercial event , with special pastries , flowers and other presents offered by retailers . Day - cares and primary schools often encourage children to make cards and other gifts . Pakistan In Pakistan , Mother 's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of May . Media channels celebrate with special shows . Individuals honor their mothers by giving gifts and commemorative articles . Individuals who have lost their mothers pray and pay their respects to their loved ones lost . Schools hold special programs in order to acknowledge the efforts of their mothers . Panama In Panama , Mother 's Day is celebrated on 8 December , the same day as the Feast of the Immaculate Conception . This date was suggested in 1930 by the wife of Panama 's President Florencio Harmodio Arosemena. 8 December was adopted as Mother 's Day under Law 69 , which was passed the same year . According to another account , in 1924 the Rotary Club of Panama asked that Mother 's Day be celebrated on 11 May . Politician Aníbal D. Ríos changed the proposal so that the celebration would be held on 8 December . He then established Mother 's Day as a national holiday on that date . Paraguay In Paraguay , Mother 's Day is celebrated on 15 May , the same day as the Dia de la Patria , which celebrates the independence of Paraguay . This date was chosen to honor the role played by Juana María de Lara in the events of 14 May 1811 that led to Paraguay 's independence . In 2008 , the Paraguayan Minister of Culture , Bruno Barrios , lamented this coincidence because , in Paraguay , Mother 's Day is much more popular than independence day and the independence celebration goes unnoticed . As a result , Barrios asked that the celebration be moved to the end of the month . A group of young people attempted to gather 20,000 signatures to ask the Parliament to move Mother 's Day . In 2008 , the Comisión de festejos ( Celebration Committee ) of the city of Asunción asked that Mother 's Day be moved to the second Sunday of May . Philippines In the Philippines , Mother 's Day is officially celebrated on the second Sunday of May , but it is not a public holiday . Although not a traditional Filipino holiday , the occasion owes its popularity to American Colonial Period influence . According to a 2008 article by the Philippine News Agency , in 1921 the Ilocos Norte Federation of Women 's Clubs asked to declare the first Monday of December as Mother 's Day `` to honor these fabulous women who brought forth God 's children into this world . '' In response , Governor - General Charles Yeater issued Circular No. 33 declaring the celebration . In 1937 President Manuel L. Quezon issued Presidential Proclamation No. 213 , changing the name of the occasion from `` Mother 's Day '' to `` Parent 's Day '' to address the complaints that there was n't a `` Father 's Day '' . In 1980 President Ferdinand Marcos issued Presidential Proclamation No. 2037 proclaiming the date as both Mother 's Day and Father 's Day . In 1988 President Corazon Aquino issued Presidential Proclamation No. 266 , changing Mother 's Day to the second Sunday of May , and Father 's Day to the third Sunday of June , discontinuing the traditional date . In 1998 President Joseph Estrada returned both celebrations to the first Monday of December . Portugal In Portugal , the `` Dia da Mãe '' ( `` Mother 's Day '' ) is an unofficial holiday held each year on the first Sunday of May ( sometimes coinciding with Labour Day ) . The weeks leading up to this Sunday , school children spend a few hours a day to prepare a gift for their mothers , aided by their school teachers . In general , mothers receive gifts by their family members and this day is meant to be celebrated with the whole family . It used to be celebrated on the 8th December , the same date of the Conception of the Virgin celebration . Romania In Romania , Mother 's Day has been celebrated on the first Sunday of May since 2010 . Law 319 / 2009 made both Mother 's Day and Father 's Day official holidays in Romania . The measure was passed thanks to campaign efforts from the Alliance Fighting Discrimination Against Fathers ( TATA ) . Previously , Mother 's Day was celebrated on 8 March , as part of International Women 's Day ( a tradition dating back to when Romania was part of the Eastern bloc ) . Today , Mother 's Day and International Women 's Day are two separate holidays , with International Women 's Day being held on its original date of 8 March . Russia Main article : International Women 's Day Traditionally Russia had celebrated International Women 's Day and Mother 's Day on 8 March , an inheritance from the Soviet Union , and a public holiday . Women 's Day was first celebrated on the last Sunday in February in 1913 in Russia . In 1917 , demonstrations marking International Women 's Day in Saint Petersburg on the last Sunday in February ( which fell on 8 March on the Gregorian calendar ) initiated the February Revolution . Following the October Revolution later that year , the Bolshevik Alexandra Kollontai persuaded Vladimir Lenin to make it an official holiday in the Soviet Union , and it was established , but was a working day until 1965 . On 8 May 1965 , by the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet , International Women 's Day was declared a non-working day in the Soviet Union `` in commemoration of the outstanding merits of Soviet women in communistic construction , in the defense of their Fatherland during the Great Patriotic War , in their heroism and selflessness at the front and in the rear , and also marking the great contribution of women to strengthening friendship between peoples , and the struggle for peace . But still , women 's day must be celebrated as are other holidays . '' Samoa In Samoa , Mother 's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday in May , and as a recognised national holiday on the Monday following . Singapore In Singapore , Mother 's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of May . It is not recognized as a holiday by the government . Slovakia Czechoslovakia celebrated only Women 's Day until the Velvet Revolution in 1989 . After the country split in 1993 , Slovakia started celebrating both Women 's Day and Mother 's Day . The politicization of Women 's Day has affected the official status of Mother 's Day . Center - right parties want Mother 's Day to replace Women 's Day , and social - democrats want to make Women 's Day an official holiday . Currently , both days are festive , but they are not `` state holidays '' . In the Slovak Republic , Mother 's Day is celebrated every second Sunday in May . South Africa In South Africa , Mother 's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of May . It is not recognized as a holiday by the government . The tradition is to give cards and gifts and to serve mothers breakfast in bed or to go out to lunch together as a family . South Sudan In South Sudan , Mother 's Day is celebrated on the first Monday in July . The president Salva Kiir Mayardit proclaimed Mother 's Day as the first Monday in July after handing over from Sudan . Children in South Sudan are presenting mothers with gifts and flowers . The first Mother 's Day was held in that country on 2 July 2012 . Spain In Spain , Mother 's Day or Día de la Madre is celebrated on the first Sunday of May . The weeks leading up to this Sunday , school children spend a few hours a day to prepare a gift for their mothers , aided by their school teachers . In general , mothers receive gifts by their family members & this day is meant to be celebrated with the whole family . It is also said to be celebrated in May , as May is the month dedicated to the Virgin Mary ( mother of Jesus ) according to Catholicism. The idea of a month dedicated specifically to Mary can be traced back to baroque times . Although it was n't always held during May , Mary Month included thirty daily spiritual exercises honoring Mary . Sri Lanka In Sri Lanka , Mother 's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of May . Sweden In Sweden , Mother 's Day was first celebrated in 1919 , by initiative of the author Cecilia Bååth - Holmberg . It took several decades for the day to be widely recognized . Swedes born in the early nineteen hundreds typically did not celebrate the day because of the common belief that the holiday was invented strictly for commercial purposes . This was in contrast to Father 's Day , which has been widely celebrated in Sweden since the late 1970s . Mother 's Day in Sweden is celebrated on the last Sunday in May . A later date was chosen to allow everyone to go outside and pick flowers . Switzerland In Switzerland , the `` règle de Pentecôte '' law allows Mother 's Day to be celebrated a week late if the holiday falls on the same day as Pentecost . In 2008 , merchants declined to move the date . By country ( t -- z ) Taiwan In Taiwan , Mother 's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of the month of May , coinciding with Buddha 's birthday and the traditional ceremony of `` washing the Buddha '' . In 1999 the Taiwanese government established the second Sunday of May as Buddha 's birthday , so they would be celebrated in the same day . Since 2006 , the Tzu Chi , the largest charity organization in Taiwan , celebrates the Tzu Chi Day , Mother 's Day and Buddha 's birthday all together , as part of a unified celebration and religious observance . Thailand Mother 's day in Thailand is celebrated on the birthday of the Queen of Thailand , Queen Sirikit ( 12 August ) . The holiday was first celebrated around the 1980s as part of the campaign by the Prime Minister of Thailand Prem Tinsulanonda to promote Thailand 's Royal family . Father 's Day is celebrated on the late King Bhumibol Adulyadej 's birthday . Ukraine Ukraine celebrates Mother 's Day ( Ukrainian : День Матері ) on the second Sunday of May . In Ukraine , Mother 's Day officially became a holiday only in 1999 and is celebrated since 2000 . Since then Ukrainian society struggles to transition the main holiday that recognizes woman from the International Women 's Day , a holiday adopted under the Soviet Union that remained as a legacy in Ukraine after its collapse , to Mother 's Day . United Kingdom Main article : Mothering Sunday Balloons outside , in the week before Mothering Sunday 2008 The United Kingdom celebrates Mothering Sunday , which falls on the fourth Sunday of Lent ( 26 March in 2017 ) . This holiday has its roots in the church and was originally unrelated to the American holiday . Most historians believe that Mothering Sunday evolved from the 16th - century Christian practice of visiting one 's mother church annually on Laetare Sunday . As a result of this tradition , most mothers were reunited with their children on this day when young apprentices and young women in service were released by their masters for that weekend . As a result of the influence of the American Mother 's Day , Mothering Sunday transformed into the tradition of showing appreciation to one 's mother . The holiday is still recognized in the original historical sense by many churches , with attention paid to Mary the mother of Jesus Christ and the concept of the Mother Church . The custom was still popular by the start of the 19th century , but with the Industrial Revolution , traditions changed and the Mothering Day customs declined . By 1935 , Mothering Sunday was less celebrated in Europe . Constance Penswick - Smith worked unsuccessfully to revive the festival in the 1910s -- 1920s . However , US World War II soldiers brought the US Mother 's Day celebration to the UK , and the holiday was merged with the Mothering Sunday traditions still celebrated in the Church of England . By the 1950s , the celebration became popular again in the whole of the UK , thanks to the efforts of UK merchants , who saw in the festival a great commercial opportunity . People from UK started celebrating Mother 's Day on the fourth Sunday of Lent , the same day on which Mothering Sunday had been celebrated for centuries . Some Mothering Sunday traditions were revived , such as the tradition of eating cake on that day , although celebrants now eat simnel cake instead of the cakes that were traditionally prepared at that time . The traditions of the two holidays are now mixed together and celebrated on the same day , although many people are not aware that the festivities have quite separate origins . Mothering Sunday occurs 3 weeks prior to Easter Sunday or the fourth Sunday of Lent , meaning it can fall at the earliest on 1 March ( in years when Easter Day falls on 22 March ) and at the latest on 4 April ( when Easter Day falls on 25 April ) . United States Main article : Mother 's Day ( United States ) Prince Harry , Michelle Obama and Jill Biden helping children create Mother 's Day cards at the White House , 9 May 2013 Handmade Mother 's Day gifts The United States celebrates Mother 's Day on the second Sunday in May . In 1872 Julia Ward Howe called for women to join in support of disarmament and asked for 2 June 1872 , to be established as a `` Mother 's Day for Peace '' . Her 1870 `` Appeal to womanhood throughout the world '' is sometimes referred to as Mother 's Day Proclamation . But Howe 's day was not for honouring mothers but for organizing pacifist mothers against war . In the 1880s and 1890s there were several further attempts to establish an American `` Mother 's Day '' , but these did not succeed beyond the local level . In the United States , Mother 's Day remains one of the biggest days for sales of flowers , greeting cards , and the like ; Mother 's Day is also the biggest holiday for long - distance telephone calls . Moreover , churchgoing is also popular on Mother 's Day , yielding the highest church attendance after Christmas Eve and Easter . Many worshippers celebrate the day with carnations , coloured if the mother is living and white if she is dead . Mother 's Day continues to be one of the most commercially successful U.S. occasions . It is possible that the holiday would have withered over time without the support and continuous promotion of the florist industries and other commercial industries . Other Protestant holidays from the same time , such as Children 's Day and Temperance Sunday , do not have the same level of popularity . See also Holidays portal International Mother 's Day Shrine International Women 's Day May crowning Father 's Day Notes Footnotes Jump up ^ Since the Solar Hijri uses the lunar year , which is shorter than the solar year , the day migrates through the seasons . Each year it falls a different day in the Gregorian Calendar , so it is listed separately . Citations Enstam , Elizabeth York . `` The Dallas equal suffrage association , political style , and popular culture : grassroots strategies of the Woman Suffrage Movement , 1913 -- 1919 . '' Journal of Southern History 68.4 ( 2002 ) : 817 +. Student Resources in Context . Web . 14 November 2014 . References Jump up ^ L. James Grold ( April 1968 ) , `` Mother 's Day '' , American Journal of Psychiatry , 124 : 1456 -- 1458 , Mother 's Day , conceived by Anna Jarvis to honor unselfish mothers ( ... ) Although there is no direct lineal descent to our modern Mother 's Day custom , secular and religious motherhood have existed for thousands of years before 10 May 1908 : the first church -- St. Andrew 's in Grafton , West Virginia -- responded to her request for a Sunday service honoring mothers . Cybele ( ... ) Jump up ^ Tuleja , Tad ( 1999 ) , Curious Customs : The Stories Behind 296 Popular American Rituals , Galahad Books , p. 167 , ISBN 9781578660704 , Although attempts have been made to link Mother 's Day to ancient cults of the mother goddess , especially the worship of Cybele , the association is more conceptual than historic . Mother 's Day is a modern , American invention . Jump up ^ Robert J. Myers , Hallmark Cards ( 1972 ) , Celebrations ; the complete book of American holidays , Doubleday , p. 143 , Our observance of Mother 's Day is little more than half a century old ( this was written in 1972 ) , yet the nature of the holiday makes it seem as if it had its roots in prehistoric times . Many antiquarians , holiday enthusiasts , and students of folklore have claimed to find the source Mother 's Day in the ancient spring festivals dedicated to the mother goddess , particularly the worship of Cybele . Jump up ^ Helsloot 2007 , p. 208 `` The American origin of the Day , however , was duly acknowledged . ' The idea is imported , . America led the way . ' '' ^ Jump up to : Mothering Sunday , BBC , retrieved 4 March 2010 ^ Jump up to : `` Mother 's Day 2016 : Which countries celebrate it on 8 May -- and why ? '' . The Independent . 8 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Mother 's Day 2017 , The Daily Telegraph Jump up ^ CNN , Kendall Trammell , . `` Mother 's Day founder later came to regret it '' . CNN . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Kaag , John ; Cleary , Skye C. ( 2018 - 05 - 10 ) . `` Nietzsche Wishes You an Ambivalent Mother 's Day '' . The Paris Review . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ O'Reilly , Andrea ( 6 April 2010 ) . Encyclopedia of Motherhood . Sage Publications ( CA ) . p. 602 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4522 - 6629 - 9 . She organized the first official Mother 's Day service at Andrews Methodist Church in Grafton , West Virginia , on the morning of May 10 , 1908 . That same afternoon , 15,000 people attended a Mother 's Day service at the Wanamaker Store Auditorium in Philadelphia , which she also organized . Jarvis chose the second Sunday in May for Mother 's Day to mark the anniversary of her mother 's death and selected her mother 's favorite flower , the white carnation , as the day 's official emblem . Jump up ^ `` Engaging Families - U.S. Department of Education '' . www2.ed.gov. 14 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Panati , Charles ( 2016 ) . Panati 's Extraordinary Origins of Everyday Things . Book Sales . p. 59 . ISBN 9780785834373 . Jump up ^ Antolini , Katharine Lane ( 2010 ) . `` Jarvis , Anna '' . Encyclopedia of Motherhood . SAGE . p. 602 . ISBN 9781412968461 . Jump up ^ Connie Park Rice ; Marie Tedesco ( 15 March 2015 ) . Women of the Mountain South : Identity , Work , and Activism . Ohio University Press . pp. 29 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8214 - 4522 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Lois M. Collins ( 6 May 2014 ) . `` Mother 's Day 100 - year history a colorful tale of love , anger and civic unrest '' . Deseret News . ^ Jump up to : `` Hallmark celebrates 100th year of Mother 's Day , started by a woman who grew to despise it '' . kansas.com . Jump up ^ Compare footnote 51 in LaRossa , Ralph ( 1997 ) . The Modernization of Fatherhood : A Social and Political History . University of Chicago Press . p. 272 . ISBN 9780226469041 . Retrieved 28 April 2016 . Technically , at least , Mother 's Day was ' owned ' by Jarvis . She managed not only to incorporate the Mother 's Day International Association , but also to register ' Second Sunday in May , Anna Jarvis , Founder , ' as the organization 's trademark . Jump up ^ Louisa Taylor , Canwest News Service ( 11 May 2008 ) . `` Mother 's Day creator likely ' spinning in her grave ' '' . The Vancouver Sun . Canada . Archived from the original on 14 May 2008 . Retrieved 7 July 2008 . Jump up ^ House Vote No. 274 ( 7 May 2008 ) H. Res. 1113 : Celebrating the role of mothers in the United States and supporting the goals and ideals of Mother 's Day ( Vote On Passage ) Jump up ^ House Vote No. 275 ( 7 May 2008 ) Table Motion to Reconsider : H RES 1113 Celebrating the role of mothers in the United States and supporting the goals and ideals of Mother 's Day Jump up ^ Presidential proclamations from The American Presidency Project : 71 -- Proclamation 2083 -- Mother 's Day Proclamation , Franklin D. Roosevelt , 3 May 1934 . Proclamation 3535 Mother 's Day , 1963 John F. Kennedy , 26 April 1963 . Proclamation 3583 -- Mother 's Day , 1964 Lyndon B. Johnson , 23 April 1964 Proclamation 4437 -- Mother 's Day , 1976 , Gerald Ford , 5 May 1976 . Proclamation 5801 -- Mother 's Day , 1988 , Ronald Reagan , 26 April 1988 . Proclamation 6133 -- Mother 's Day , 1990 , George Bush , 10 May 1990 Proclamation 6559 -- Mother 's Day , 1993 , Bill Clinton , 7 May 1993 . Proclamation 8253 -- Mother 's Day , 2008 , George W. Bush , 8 May 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Sources for Bolivia : `` 27 de mayo : madres que inspiran valentía '' . Los Tiempos ( in Spanish ) . 27 May 2009 . Archived from the original on 11 June 2009 . `` El Día de la Madre se nutre con la Virgen '' , La Razón ( La Paz ) ( in Spanish ) , 27 May 2006 , archived from the original on 5 November 2008 Jump up ^ Robert A. Saunders ; Vlad Strukov ( 2010 ) , Historical Dictionary of the Russian Federation , Historical Dictionaries of Europe , Historical dictionaries of French history , 78 ( illustrated ed . ) , Scarecrow Press , p. 246 , ISBN 9780810854758 Jump up ^ `` About International Women 's Day '' . International Women 's Day . ^ Jump up to : `` Bidzina Ivanishvili Congratulates Mothers on Mother 's Day '' . News Agency InterPressNews ( IPN ) . 3 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ngo , Dong ( 25 June 2009 ) . `` Latest U.S. export to Vietnam : Mother 's Day '' . CNET . Retrieved 7 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Allen , Emily ; Macphail , Cameron ( 6 March 2016 ) . `` Mother 's Day 2016 : Everything you need to know about Mothering Sunday 2016 '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 6 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sawwan , Ameenah A. ( 23 March 2016 ) . `` A Special Note to Syrian Mothers on Mother 's Day '' . News Deeply . Retrieved 8 May 2016 . Jump up ^ John MacIntyre ( 2005 ) , The amazing mom book : real facts , tender tales , and thoughts from the heart about the most important person on Earth , Sourcebooks , p. 7 , ISBN 9781402203558 , Lebanon in the first day of Spring . ^ Jump up to : `` Lamis ' Story -- International Women 's Day 2015 '' . Medical Aid for Palestinians. 21 March 2015 . Archived from the original on 17 September 2016 . Retrieved 8 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Días Nacionales en Chile '' . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Xinhua from China Daily ( 16 May 2006 ) . `` It 's Mother 's Day '' . SCUEC online . Archived from the original on 5 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Principales efemérides . Mes Mayo '' . Unión de Periodistas de Cuba . Archived from the original on 9 June 2008 . Retrieved 7 June 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Mixed emotions on Women 's Day in Eastern Europe , euractiv.com , 9 March 2010 , archived from the original on 11 March 2010 Jump up ^ `` Calendario Cívico Escolar '' . Dirección Regional de Educación de Lima Metropolitana . Retrieved 7 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Kabita Maharana ( 9 May 2014 ) . `` Mother 's Day 2014 to be Celebrated in US and other Countries : Best Quotes to Say ' Thank You ' to Mum '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 11 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ministerio de Educación y Cultura de Paraguay , Día de la Madre ( in Spanish ) ^ Jump up to : Sources for Israel : http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4801172,00.html https://www.facebook.com/events/1528903660772737/ Jump up ^ Sources : * `` Haiti : Main Holidays '' . discoverhaiti.com . Archived from the original on 14 October 2008 . Retrieved 8 July 2008 . * `` 6310. - Fêtes et Jours Fériés en Haiti '' ( in French ) . Archived from the original on 1 April 2008 . Retrieved 8 July 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Lic . Pedro Rafael Díaz Figueroa ( 27 May 1999 ) , `` El origen del Día de la Madre '' , El Nuevo Diario , archived from the original on 14 May 2010 ^ Jump up to : The Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus ( 14 October 2009 ) , Support for mothers remains the key priority of Belarus ' social policy ^ Jump up to : Padre Fabián Castro ( 3 October 2010 ) . `` El día de la madre en el mundo y en la Argentina '' ( in Spanish ) . padrefabian.com.ar . Retrieved 13 May 2013 . La cuestión tiene que ver con el calendario litúrgico que la Iglesia Católica utilizaba antes de la reforma producto del Concilio Vaticano II . Allí el 11 de octubre era la festividad de la Maternidad de la Virgen María . ( Actualmente se celebra el 1 de enero ) . Con este motivo era costumbre argentina pasar la celebración litúrgica al domingo anterior o siguiente al 11 . Con el lento correr de los años la tradición popular fue fijando como el tercer domingo de octubre la celebración de la Madre y las madres . ^ Jump up to : Lee Sang Yong ( 16 December 2014 ) . `` North Korea 's Official 2015 Calendar Revealed '' . Daily NK . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : editorial ( 8 December 2001 ) , `` Bendita Madre '' , Crítica ( in Spanish ) , archived from the original on 27 September 2011 ^ Jump up to : seenthing ( 21 December 2010 ) , Sejarah Perayaan Nasional Hari Ibu 22 Desembe ^ Jump up to : Zhai , Yun Tan ( 7 May 2016 ) . `` Celebrating Mother 's Day ? Make Sure You Have The Date Right '' . NPR . Retrieved 7 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mata Tirtha Aunsi today '' . República . Kathmandu : Nepal Republic Media . 6 May 2016 . Archived from the original on 7 May 2016 . Retrieved 8 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Wendy S. DeBano ( 2009 ) , `` Singing against Silence : Celebrating Women and Music and the Fourth Jasmine Festival '' , in Laudan Nooshin , Music and the Play of Power in the Middle East , North Africa and Central Asia , Soas Musicology Series ( illustrated ed . ) , Ashgate Publishing , p. 234 ( footnote 18 ) , ISBN 9780754634577 , In 2002 , Fatemeh 's birthday celebration ( observed according to the hejri calendar ) fell on Thursday 29 August ( 20 Jamādi 1423 ) ( ... ) Fatemeh 's birth date is also currently used to mark Mother 's Day in Iran , ritually recollecting , emphasising and reinscribing her role as a loyal mother , wife and daughter . Prior to the revolution , Mother 's Day was used to promote the gender ideologies of the Pahlavi regime . Jump up ^ Cordelia Candelaria ; Peter J. García ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of Latino popular culture ( illustrated ed . ) . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 375 . ISBN 9780313332104 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Jon ; Schroedel , Jenny ; Schroedel , John ( 2011 ) . Jesus and Mary . East Bridgewater , MA : Adams Media . p. 397 . ISBN 9781572157491 . Jump up ^ `` Islams Women -- Status of Mothers in Islam '' . islamswomen.com . Jump up ^ Teiser , Stephen F. ( 1988 ) . The Ghost Festival in Medieval China . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . p. 114 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 02677 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Jehl , Douglas ( 16 April 1997 ) . `` Mustafa Amin , Liberal Editor Jailed by Nasser , Dies at 83 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 10 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mother 's Day in the Arab World '' . Jump up ^ Sources for Janet Heyden : `` Near and Far '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 2 May 1927 . `` A Gift for Mother '' . The Sun - Herald . 9 May 1954 . Jump up ^ `` Belarus celebrates Mother 's Day for 15th time . The President congratulated the Belarusian mothers . '' , Belteleradio , 14 October 2010 , archived from the original on 29 September 2014 Jump up ^ `` Bhutan celebrates Mother 's Day for 5th time . '' , Bhutanbroadcastingserviceradio , 8 May 2010 Jump up ^ `` Dia das Mães : shoppings têm promoções especiais '' . 11 May 2012 . Archived from the original on 6 June 2012 . Retrieved 13 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mother 's Day Popular in China '' . People 's Daily . 14 May 2001 . Jump up ^ people.com.cn , sina.com.cn ( 17 June 2008 ) . `` Researchers and Experts Propose a Chinese Mother 's Day '' . All - China Women 's Federation . Archived from the original on 5 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Do we need our own Mother 's Day ? '' . China Daily . 16 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Mother 's Day - Holidays '' . HISTORY.com . Retrieved 13 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Mother 's Day Birtukan ! '' . HuffPost . Retrieved 13 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mothers Day History ~ The Complete History of Mother 's Day '' . Mothers Day Central . Archived from the original on 3 March 2016 . Retrieved 13 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pühade ja tähtpäevade seadus '' . Retrieved 3 March 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www. juhlapyhät.fi/aitienpaiva ^ Jump up to : Histoire de la fête des mères et celle de `` l'Union fraternelle des pères de familles méritants d'Artas '' , Union des Familles en Europe Jump up ^ Artas , berceau de la Fête des mères , mairie d'Artas ^ Jump up to : Luc Capdevila ( CRHISCO -- University of Rennes 2 ) , Fabrice Virgili ( IHTP -- CNRS ) , `` Guerre , femmes et nation en France ( 1939 -- 1945 ) Archived 28 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine . '' , in IRICE . Jump up ^ `` Loi no 50 - 577 du 24 mai 1950 relative à la Fête des mères '' ( Law No. 50 - 577 of 24 May 1950 relating to Mother 's Day ) ( in French ) . JORF . Retrieved 30 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Michelle Mouton ( 2007 ) , `` From Mother 's Day to Forced Sterilization '' , From nurturing the Nation to Purifying the Volk : Weimar and Nazi family policy , 1918 -- 1945 , Publications of the German Historical Institute ( illustrated ed . ) , Cambridge University Press , pp. 107 -- 152 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 86184 - 5 ^ Jump up to : Ann Taylor Allen ( February 1995 ) , `` Reviewed work ( s ) : Muttertag und Mutterkreuz : Der Kult um die `` Deutsche Mutter '' im Nationalsozialismus , by Irmgard Weyrather `` , American Historical Review , Frankfurt A.m , 100 ( 1 ) : 186 -- 187 , doi : 10.2307 / 2168063 Jump up ^ TTN ( 13 March 2004 ) . `` Social change in India discussed '' . The Times of India . Jump up ^ Charu Amar ( 1 May 2009 ) , `` Kyunki saas bhi toh maa hai ! '' , The Times of India , Mention Mother 's Day and everyone goes on a thinking spree to find the most innovative way to pamper their mommy dearest . Jump up ^ Wardhani , Lynda K. ( 22 December 2010 ) . `` In observance of Mother 's Day '' . The Jakarta Post . ^ Jump up to : Bulbeck , Chilla ( 2009 ) . Sex , love and feminism in the Asia Pacific : a cross-cultural study of young people 's attitudes . ASAA women in Asia . London New York : Routledge . ISBN 9780415470063 . Preview . ^ Jump up to : Kathryn Robinson ( 2009 ) , Gender , Islam and Democracy in Indonesia , ASAA women in Asia , Routledge , pp. 3 , 36 , 44 , 72 , ISBN 9781134118830 Jump up ^ `` Ahmadinejad highlights women 's significant role in society '' . Presidency of The Islamic Republic of Iran News Service . 24 June 2008 . Archived from the original on 16 May 2009 . Retrieved 19 July 2008 . ( ... ) the occasion of the Mother 's Day marking the birthday anniversary of Hazrat Fatemeh Zahra ( SA ) , the beloved daughter of Prophet Mohammad . The day fell on 23 June ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Shahla Haeri ( 1993 ) . `` Obedience versus Autonomy : Women and Fundamentalism in Iran and Pakistan '' . In Martin E. Marty ; R. Scott Appleby ; Helen Hardacre ; Everett Mendelsohn . Fundamentalisms and Society : Reclaiming the Sciences , the Family , and Education . The Fundamentalism Project . 2 ( 2 ed . ) . University of Chicago Press . p. 197 . ISBN 9780226508801 . The more women try to engage the fundamentalists in their own discourse , negotiating and bargaining over their rights ( Islamic or otherwise ) , the more frequently has the Islamic regime emphasized the ideal , the Fatimah model , the quintessential obedient woman . The fundamentalist regime in iran has yet to resolve its central dilemma regarding the role of women and male - female relationships : should women emulate a Zainab - autonomous and assertive - or a Fatimah - obedient and submissive ? Given the logic of an Islamic marriage and the worldview it implies , the fundamentalist regime has shown a marked preference for the latter . Thus Woman 's Day and Mother 's Day in Iran are celebrated on the occasion of Fatimah 's birth . ^ Jump up to : Firoozeh Kashani - Sabet ( 2011 ) , Conceiving Citizens : Women and the Politics of Motherhood in Iran ( illustrated ed . ) , Oxford University Press , pp. 201 -- 206 , ISBN 9780195308860 Jump up ^ Shahla Haeri ( 2009 ) , `` Women , Religion , and Political Agency in Iran '' , in Ali Gheissari , Contemporary Iran : Economy , Society ( illustrated ed . ) , Oxford University Press , p. 137 , ISBN 9780195378481 , Such ( feminist ) gatherings would not have been so remarkable had they not happened against the backdrop of the regime 's ceaseless effort to discourage , even harass , women activists and their supporters . Within the narrative of Islamization , the state 's argument has been , all along , that such gatherings are representative of the culture of imperialism , and hence are subversive and against the public good and the moral order . Above all , the Islamic state has tried hard to co-opt women by appropriating the terminology and language : `` protecting women , '' `` respect for women , '' `` gender complementarity . '' Accordingly , in order to accommodate , and yet control and channel women 's movements and activitites , the state commemorates the birthday of Fatemeh , the Prophet Muhammad 's daughter , as a national woman 's / mother 's day . Jump up ^ Mahdi , Ali Akbar ( 2003 ) . `` Iranian Women : Between Islamization and Globalization '' . Iran Encountering Globalization : Problems and Prospects . Ali Mohammadi . London and New York : Routledge / Curzon . ISBN 0 - 415 - 30827 - 5 . Archived from the original ( DOC ) on 15 September 2006 . This Shia vision of family is based on a nostalgic and idealistic notion of Imam Ali 's family in which Fatima Zahra ( the Prophet Mohammad 's daughter ) dedicated herself to both her husband and Islamic cause . Other role models for women often cited by the officials and ideologues of the IRI are Khadijah , the prophet Mohammad 's wife , and Zaynab , daughter of the first Shi'i ( sic ) Imam Ali . In fact , the IRI ( Islamic Republic of Iran ) replaced the universal Mother 's Day with Fatima Zahar 's ( sic ) birthday . Jump up ^ `` The Shiite Interpretation of the Status of Women '' . Institute for Advanced Study . Retrieved 11 October 2017 . Jump up ^ de Ceglia , F.P. ; Dibattista , L. ( 2013 ) . Il bello della scienza . Intersezioni tra storia , scienza e arte ( in Italian ) . Milan : Angeli . p. 102 . ISBN 9788856849530 . Jump up ^ Anonymous ( 1 April 2010 ) , `` La Festa DeLLa Mamma '' , Italian America ( in Italian ) ( registration required ) Jump up ^ Raul Zaccari -- together with Senators Bellisario , Baldini , Restagno , Piasenti , Benedetti and Zannini . Senato della Repubblica , 78a Seduta Pubblica , 18 dicembre 1958 . `` Istituzione de la festa della Mamma . '' ( Annunzio di presentazione di disegni di legge ) Jump up ^ Светлана Моисеева ( 17 May 2013 ) . `` Президент поздравил кыргызстанцев с Днем матери '' . Вечерный Бишкек. 19 мая народ Кыргызстана отмечает День матери . Эта памятная дата установлена только в прошлом году , но сразу стала для кыргызстанцев одной из любимых . Jump up ^ `` About International Women 's Day '' . International Women 's Day . Retrieved 15 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Apollo.lv ( 13 May 2012 ) . `` Šodien sveicam Māmiņas ! '' . Apollo.lv India . Mātes dienu Latvijā sāka svinēt 1922 . gadā , bet ar 1934 . gadu tika noteikts , ka šī diena svinama katra maija otrajā svētdienā līdzīgi kā citās Eiropas valstīs. 1938 . gadā pēc prezidenta Kārļa Ulmaņa ierosinājuma Mātes dienu sāka dēvēt par Ģimenes dienu , uzsverot mātes lielo lomu ģimenes pavarda veidošanā un uzturēšanā . Jump up ^ Latvijā atzīmē Mātes dienu Archived 30 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine . TVNET ^ Jump up to : Newcomer , page 133 ^ Jump up to : Sherman , page 44 ^ Jump up to : Newcomer , pages 133 -- 134 ^ Jump up to : Newcomer , page 134 Jump up ^ Newcomer , 134 -- 135 ^ Jump up to : Newcomer , 135 -- 136 ^ Jump up to : Newcomer , 136 -- 139 Jump up ^ The History of Mother 's Day from The Legacy Project , a Legacy Center ( Canada ) website Jump up ^ `` When Is Mother 's Day Celebrated In Mexico ? '' . 7 May 2016 . Retrieved 28 September 2016 . Jump up ^ J.C. Heesterman ; Albert W. Van den Hoek ; Dirk H.A. Kolff ; Marianne S. Oort ( 1992 ) . Ritual , State , and History in South Asia : Essays in Honour of J.C. Heesterman . BRILL . p. 786 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 09467 - 3 . Jump up ^ Helsloot 2007 , p. 206 ^ Jump up to : Helsloot 2007 , p. 208 ^ Jump up to : Helsloot 2007 , p. 209 ^ Jump up to : Helsloot 2007 , p. 210 Jump up ^ Helsloot 2007 , p. 213 Jump up ^ Helsloot 2007 , p. 211 Jump up ^ `` Mother 's Day in Norway '' . 11 May 2010 . Retrieved 26 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World marks Mother 's Day with Utmost Love , Respect '' . ARY News . 17 May 2016 . Retrieved 12 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Penny de Henríquez ( 9 December 2005 ) , `` Origins . La celebración del Día de la Madre '' , La Prensa ( in Spanish ) Jump up ^ Session of the Honorable Cámara de Senadores . Señor Senador Diego Abente Brun ( in Spanish ) , p. 25 ^ Jump up to : `` Buscan que se cambie fecha del día de la madre '' , Radio Viva 90.1 FM Paraguay , 14 May 2008 Jump up ^ Municipality of Asuncion ( 27 July 2008 ) , Hoy miércoles 27 de agosto se inician las acciones de la Comisión de Festejos por el Bicentenario , con una retreta en la Plaza de los Héroes , archived from the original on 10 May 2009 ^ Jump up to : `` Proclamation No. 58 , s . 1998 '' . Official Gazette. 11 December 1998 . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Content Manager 03 ( 1 December 2014 ) . `` The First Monday of December is Mother 's Day and Father 's Day '' . Malacañan Palace ( official residence of the President of the Philippines ) . Jump up ^ `` Romania Celebrates Fathers ' Day On Second Sunday Of May '' . Mediafax . Bucharest. 4 May 2010 . Retrieved 8 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Постановление ЦК ВКП ( б ) . ( 8 March 1966 ) . К советским женщинам , обращение ЦК КПСС в связи с Международным днём 8 Марта . ( DjVu ) . Советское искусство ( in Russian ) . p. 4 . Retrieved 22 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` About International Women 's Day '' . International Women 's Day . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Балаховская , Л . Г. ( 1969 -- 1978 ) . Международный женский день 8 марта ... In Введенский , Борис . `` Большая советская энциклопедия '' ( БСЭ ) ( in Russian ) . Москва : `` Советская энциклопедия '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Why is May the Month of Mary ? '' . National Catholic Register . Retrieved 2 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Fleurop - Interflora ( Suisse ) ( 22 April 2008 ) , La Fête des Mères 2008 ne sera pas reportée ( in French ) Jump up ^ Camaron Kao ( 14 May 2012 ) , `` Thousands of believers mark Buddha 's birthday '' , China Post , archived from the original on 16 June 2013 Jump up ^ Ko Shu - Ling ( 9 May 2011 ) . `` Sakyamuni Buddha birthday celebrated '' . Taipei Times . The legislature approved a proposal in 1999 to designate the birthday of Sakyamuni Buddha -- which falls on the eighth day of the fourth month of the lunar calendar -- a national holiday and to celebrate the special occasion concurrently with International Mother 's Day , which is celebrated on the second Sunday of May . Jump up ^ `` 300,000 Attend Buddha Day Ceremonies in 34 Countries '' . Tzu Chi. 15 May 2012 . Archived from the original on 23 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tzu Chi Foundation to stage Mother 's Day event '' , Taipei Times , 4 May 2008 Jump up ^ Caroline Hong ( 23 May 2004 ) , `` Cultural center performs ` bathing Buddha ' ceremony '' , Taipei Times Jump up ^ unsigned ( 15 May 2006 ) , `` Taiwan Quick Take : Tzu Chi celebrates birthday '' , Taipei Times , p. 3 Jump up ^ `` Police chief returns earlier for Mother 's Day '' . MCOT news . Thai News Agency . 10 August 2012 . Archived from the original on 23 July 2011 . ( ... ) an audience with Her Majesty Queen Sirikit on Tuesday on the occasion of her birthday , which is also observed as National Mother 's Day . ^ Jump up to : Paul M. Handley ( 2006 ) . The King Never Smiles : a biography of Thailand 's Bhumibol Adulyadej . Yale University Press . p. 288 . ISBN 9780300106824 . ( online version ) Jump up ^ `` Украз Президента України . Про День Матері '' ( in Ukrainian ) . zakon2.rada.gov.ua . ^ Jump up to : Robert J. Myers , Hallmark Cards ( 1972 ) , Celebrations ; the complete book of American holidays , Doubleday , pp. 144 -- 146 Jump up ^ `` Interfaith holy days by faith '' . Religion & Ethics . BBC . Archived from the original on 21 May 2012 . Retrieved 20 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` How Mothering Sunday became Mother 's Day '' . Owenspencer-thomas.com . Archived from the original on 15 July 2011 . Retrieved 16 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Ronald Hutton ( 2001 ) , The stations of the sun : a history of the ritual year in Britain ( illustrated , reprinted ed . ) , Oxford University Press , pp. 174 -- 177 , ISBN 9780192854483 Jump up ^ David Self ( 1993 ) , One hundred readings for assembly , Heinemann Assembly Resources , Heinemann , pp. 27 -- 29 , ISBN 9780435800413 Jump up ^ `` Mother 's Day 2017 : When is Mothering Sunday and why does the date change ? '' . Metro. 24 February 2017 . Retrieved 6 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Bernhard , Virginia ( 2002 ) . `` Mother 's Day '' . In Joseph M. Hawes ; Elizabeth F. Shores . The family in America : an encyclopedia ( 3 , illustrated ed . ) . ABC - CLIO . p. 714 . ISBN 9781576072325 . Jump up ^ Barbara Mikkelson , `` We love you -- call collect '' . Snopes.com . Retrieved 2010.03. 08 . Jump up ^ J. Ellsworth Kalas ( 19 October 2009 ) . Preaching the Calendar : Celebrating Holidays and Holy Days . Westminster John Knox Press . Church attendance on this day is likely to be third only to Christmas Eve and Easter . Some worshipers still celebrate with carnations , colored if the mother is living and white if she is deceased . Jump up ^ `` Mother 's Day Dining Fact Sheet '' . National Restaurant Association . 28 April 2006 . Mother 's Day is the most popular day of the year to dine out , with 38 percent of consumers reporting doing so Jump up ^ Leigh , page 256 General Schmidt , Leigh Eric ( 1997 ) . Princeton University Press , ed . Consumer Rites : The Buying and Selling of American Holidays ( reprint , illustrated ed . ) . pp. 256 -- 275 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 01721 - 2 . Larossa , Ralph ( 1997 ) . University of Chicago Press , ed . The Modernization of Fatherhood : A Social and Political History ( illustrated ed . ) . pp. 90 , 170 -- 192 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 46904 - 2 . Helsloot , John ( 2007 ) , `` 10 . Vernacular Authenticity : Negotiating Mother 's Day and Father 's Day in the Netherlands '' , in Margry , Peter Jan ; Roodenburg , Herman , Reframing Dutch Culture : Between Otherness and Authenticity , Progress in European Ethnology ( illustrated ed . ) , Ashgate Publishing , pp. 6 -- 7 , 203 -- 224 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 4705 - 8 Newcomer , Daniel ( 2004 ) . Reconciling Modernity : Urban State Formation in 1940s León , Mexico ( illustrated ed . ) . University of Nebraska Press . pp. 132 -- 139 . ISBN 9780803233492 . Sherman , John W. ( 1997 ) . The Mexican Right : The End of Revolutionary Reform , 1929 -- 1940 ( illustrated ed . ) . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 44 . ISBN 9780275957360 . 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-9008570162141088218	Les Misérables (2012 film)	Les Misérables ( 2012 film ) - wikipedia Les Misérables ( 2012 film ) Jump to : navigation , search Les Misérables Theatrical release poster Directed by Tom Hooper Produced by Tim Bevan Eric Fellner Debra Hayward Cameron Mackintosh Screenplay by William Nicholson Alain Boublil Claude - Michel Schönberg Herbert Kretzmer Based on Les Misérables by Claude - Michel Schönberg Alain Boublil Les Misérables by Victor Hugo Starring Hugh Jackman Russell Crowe Anne Hathaway Amanda Seyfried Eddie Redmayne Helena Bonham Carter Sacha Baron Cohen Aaron Tveit Music by Claude - Michel Schönberg Cinematography Danny Cohen Edited by Melanie Ann Oliver Chris Dickens Production company Working Title Films Cameron Mackintosh Ltd . Relativity Media Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date 5 December 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 05 ) ( London premiere ) 25 December 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 25 ) ( United States ) 11 January 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 11 ) ( United Kingdom ) Running time 158 minutes Country United Kingdom United States Language English Budget $61 million Box office $441.8 million Les Misérables is a 2012 musical drama film directed by Tom Hooper and scripted by William Nicholson , Alain Boublil , Claude - Michel Schönberg , and Herbert Kretzmer , based on the musical of the same name by Boublil and Schönberg which is in turn based on the 1862 French novel by Victor Hugo . The film is a British and American venture produced by Working Title Films and Cameron Mackintosh Ltd. and distributed by Universal Pictures . The film stars an ensemble cast led by Hugh Jackman , Russell Crowe , Anne Hathaway , Samantha Barks , Eddie Redmayne , Amanda Seyfried , Helena Bonham Carter , and Sacha Baron Cohen . Set in France during the early 19th century , the film tells the story of Jean Valjean , an ex-convict who , inspired by a kindly bishop , decides to turn his life around . He eventually becomes mayor of a local town and owner of its factory . He is always alert to the risk of being captured again by police inspector Javert , who is ruthless in hunting down law - breakers , believing they can not change for the better . One of Valjean 's factory workers , Fantine , blames him for her being cast into a life of prostitution . When she dies , he feels responsible and agrees to take care of her illegitimate daughter Cosette -- though he must first escape Javert . Later , when Cosette is grown , they are swept up in the political turmoil in Paris , which culminates in the Paris Uprising of 1832 . In June 2011 , from a screenplay by Nicholson , production of the film officially began with Hooper and Mackintosh serving as director and producer , and the main characters were cast later that year . Principal photography commenced in March 2012 , and took place in various English locations , including Greenwich , London , Chatham , Winchester , Bath , and Portsmouth ; as well as in Gourdon , France . Les Misérables premiered in London 5 December 2012 , and was released 25 December 2012 in the United States and 11 January 2013 in the United Kingdom . The film received generally favourable reviews , with many critics praising the cast , with Jackman , Hathaway , Redmayne and Barks being the most often singled out for praise . The film won the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy , the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for Jackman and the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress -- Motion Picture for Hathaway . It also won four British Academy Film Awards ( BAFTA ) , including the Best Actress in a Supporting Role ( Hathaway ) . It received eight Academy Award nominations including Best Picture ( the first musical nominated since 2002 's winner Chicago ) and Best Actor for Jackman , and won three , for Best Sound Mixing , Best Makeup and Hairstyling , and Best Supporting Actress for Hathaway . Additionally , the film received two nominations at the 18th Empire Awards including one for Best British Film . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Musical numbers 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Pre-production 4.3 Filming 4.4 Post-production 5 Distribution 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Release 5.3 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Awards and nominations 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1815 , French prisoner Jean Valjean is released on parole from the Bagne of Toulon after serving nineteen years for stealing a loaf of bread and trying to escape multiple times . On the outside , Valjean 's anger rises as his paroled status prevents him from getting work or accommodation . He is offered shelter by the kindly Bishop of Digne , but Valjean steals his silverware . Captured by police and taken to the Bishop , Valjean is shocked when the Bishop answers he offered him the silver , telling him to use it to do something worthwhile with his life . Valjean decides to break his parole and start a new life . Eight years later , Valjean is now a respected factory owner and mayor of Montreuil , Pas - de-Calais . He is shocked when Toulon prison guard Javert arrives as his new chief of police . Javert suspects Valjean 's real identity when he rescues an injured worker trapped under a heavy cart . One of Valjean 's workers , Fantine , is dismissed by the factory foreman upon learning she has an illegitimate daughter Cosette , that she left to live with the greedy innkeepers , the Thénardiers , and sends all her earnings to . To support her daughter , Fantine sells her hair , her teeth , becomes a prostitute and is arrested by Javert when she attacks an abusive customer . Valjean , learning who she is , rescues her and takes her to the hospital . Valjean learns a man has been wrongly identified as him , and decides to reveal his true identity to the court - before returning to the dying Fantine , promising to care for Cosette . Javert arrives but Valjean escapes , finds Cosette and pays Fantine 's debts to the Thénardiers . Valjean and Cosette flee from Javert , hiding in a convent , aided by the worker Valjean rescued before . Nine years later , Valjean has become a philanthropist and helps the poor in Paris . General Lamarque , the only government official sympathetic to the poor , dies , and a group of revolutionists called the Friends of the ABC plot to rebel against the monarchy . Marius Pontmercy , a member of the Friends , encounters Cosette and they fall in love . He asks Éponine , the Thénardiers ' daughter , to help find her . They finally meet and confess their love , leaving Éponine sad as she 's also in love with Marius . Thénardier plans on robbing Valjean 's house , but they are stopped by Éponine . Valjean , afraid Javert could be near , makes plans to flee to England with Cosette . Cosette leaves a letter for Marius , but Éponine finds it and hides it from him . During Lamarque 's funeral procession , the revolt begins and barricades are built across Paris . Javert pretends to be an ally to spy on the rebels but the street urchin Gavroche exposes him as a policeman . During the first skirmish against the soldiers , Éponine takes a bullet for Marius and dies in his arms , giving him Cosette 's letter and confessing her love . Marius ' answer to Cosette is intercepted by Valjean , who joins the revolution to guard Marius . Valjean offers to execute Javert but actually releases him , faking his death . By dawn , the soldiers are close to ending the revolution , storming the students ' barricade and execute everyone save Marius and Valjean , who escape into the sewers . Thénardier comes across Valjean and the unconscious Marius , stealing the latter 's ring , before pointing a way out . Valjean finds Javert waiting for him , ignoring his nemesis ' threats . Javert , morally confused by the mercy of Valjean , commits suicide by throwing himself in the Seine . Marius recovers but is traumatised by the death of his friends . Marius and Cosette are reunited but Valjean , concerned his presence would threaten their happiness , makes plans to leave and reveals his story to Marius , who promises to remain silent . Cosette and Marius marry but the Thénardiers crash the wedding to try and blackmail Marius : Thénardier says he witnessed Valjean carrying a murdered corpse and shows the stolen ring . Marius recognizes it as his own and understands Valjean saved him that night . Marius forces Thénardier who reveals where Valjean is . The dying Valjean reunites at the convent with Cosette and Marius , giving them letters of confession , before peacefully dying , guided away by Fantine and the Bishop 's spirits . Cast ( edit ) Actor Role Jackman , Hugh Hugh Jackman Valjean , Jean Jean Valjean Crowe , Russell Russell Crowe Javert , Javert Hathaway , Anne Anne Hathaway Fantine , Fantine Seyfried , Amanda Amanda Seyfried Cosette , Cosette Redmayne , Eddie Eddie Redmayne Pontmercy , Marius Marius Pontmercy Tveit , Aaron Aaron Tveit Enjolras , Enjolras Barks , Samantha Samantha Barks Éponine , Éponine Isabelle Allen , Isabelle Allen Young Cosette Daniel Huttlestone , Daniel Huttlestone Gavroche , Gavroche Wilkinson , Colm Colm Wilkinson Bishop Myriel , Bishop Myriel Bonham Carter , Helena Helena Bonham Carter Madame Thénardier , Madame Thénardier Baron Cohen , Sacha Sacha Baron Cohen Thénardier , Thénardier Blagden , George George Blagden Grantaire Carvel , Bertie Bertie Carvel Bamatabois Donnelly , Killian Killian Donnelly Combeferre , Combeferre Fee , Fra Fra Fee Courfeyrac , Courfeyrac Brammer , Alistair Alistair Brammer Prouvaire , Jean Jean Prouvaire Vick , Gabriel Gabriel Vick Feuilly , Feuilly Skinner , Hugh Hugh Skinner Joly , Joly Lewis , Iwan Iwan Lewis Bahorel , Bahorel Neal , Stuart Stuart Neal Lesgles , Lesgles Fraser , Hadley Hadley Fraser National Guard Leader , National Guard Leader Chasen , Heather Heather Chasen Madame Magloire , Madame Magloire Glen , Georgie Georgie Glen Mademoiselle Baptistine , Mademoiselle Baptistine Godfrey , Patrick Patrick Godfrey Monsieur Gillenormand , Monsieur Gillenormand Hugh Jackman as Jean Valjean , a Frenchman released from Toulon prison after 19 years of imprisonment for stealing bread and failed attempts at escaping from the prison . Around June 2011 , Jackman met with producer Cameron Mackintosh to audition in New York . To prepare for the role , Jackman lost 15 pounds ( 6.8 kg ) and later regained 30 pounds ( 14 kg ) to mirror his character 's success . He avoided drinking coffee , warmed up at least 15 minutes every day , kept Ricola lozenges , drank as much as seven litres of water per day , sat in steam three times a day , took cold baths and used a wet washcloth over his face while flying , citing the musical 's original co-director Trevor Nunn for his training . He worked extensively with vocal coach Joan Lader , and managed to extend his vocal range , which he originally categorised a high baritone , up to tenor . Russell Crowe as Javert , a police inspector dedicating his life to imprisoning Valjean once again . Before being cast as Javert , Crowe was initially dissatisfied with the character . On his way to Europe for a friend 's wedding , Crowe came to London and met with producer Cameron Mackintosh . On meeting with Tom Hooper , he told the director about his concerns about playing Javert , and after meeting with him , Crowe was `` determined to be involved in the project and play Javert . I think it had something to do with Tom 's passion for what he was about to undertake , and he clearly understood the problems and he clearly understood the challenge . '' On visiting Victor Hugo 's home in Paris , Crowe said , `` ( The house 's curator ) told me about ( 19th century detective Eugene Francois ) Vidocq , a man who had been both a prisoner and a policeman , the man credited with inventing undercover police work when he established the Brigade de Surete . '' Anne Hathaway and Amanda Seyfried play Fantine and Cosette respectively . Fantine is a struggling factory worker and mother of an illegitimate child , Cosette , who is kept by the Thénardiers until Valjean buys her from them . When Hathaway was cast , she stated , `` There was resistance because I was between their ideal ages for the parts -- maybe not mature enough for Fantine but past the point where I could believably play Cosette . '' On developing Cosette , Seyfried said , `` In the little time that I had to explain Cosette and give the audience a reason ( to see her ) a symbol of love and strength and light in this tragedy , I needed to be able to convey things you may not have connected with in the show . '' A vocal coach was enlisted to help her with the songs . Isabelle Allen as the young Cosette , a child . On working with her fellow actors , Allen said , `` They gave us lots of tips and mostly ( made ) sure we were all OK . They were really nice . '' Eddie Redmayne as Marius Pontmercy , a student revolutionary who is friends with the Thenardiers ' daughter , Éponine , but falls in love with Cosette . He found director Hooper 's vision `` incredibly helpful '' . On collaborating with Hooper , Redmayne said , `` He was incredibly collaborative . Certainly during the rehearsal process , we sat with Tom and the Victor Hugo book adding things . '' It was Redmayne who suggested to Hooper that his character 's song , `` Empty Chairs at Empty Tables '' , should begin a cappella in order to better express Marius ' guilt and pain . Helena Bonham Carter and Sacha Baron Cohen play the Thénardiers , a pair of swindling innkeepers . Hooper previously collaborated with Bonham Carter in The King 's Speech , in which she portrayed Queen Elizabeth , King George VI 's wife . Baron Cohen and Bonham Carter previously co-starred in the film adaptation of the musical Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street . When Baron Cohen accepted the role of Thénardier , he had to abandon Django Unchained . Samantha Barks as Éponine , the Thénardiers ' daughter . Having previously played the role at the 25th Anniversary concert and in the West End production , Barks said `` there was similarities in playing the role -- they 're the same character -- but Eponine in the novel and Eponine in the musical are two kind of different girls , so to me it was the thrill of merging those two together , to get something that still had that heart and soul that we all connect to in the musical , but also the awkward , self - loathing teenager that we see in the novel , trying to merge those two together . '' She found Jackman `` fascinating to learn from , and I feel like that 's the way it should be done '' . Aaron Tveit as Enjolras , the leader of Les Amis de l'ABC . Hoping to play Marius , Tveit submitted an audition tape in which he sang `` Empty Chairs at Empty Tables '' and `` In My Life '' . He had never performed any role in the musical . He also said of Enjolras that `` once I got more and more familiar with the material and when I read the novel , I was like , ' Wow this is a really , really great role , ' and I felt very much better suited for it . '' Tveit said the shooting of the film was `` almost as grueling as a marathon '' . Colm Wilkinson and Frances Ruffelle , two of the original cast members involved in the Broadway and West End productions of the English version ( as Jean Valjean and Éponine , respectively ) , make appearances . Wilkinson plays the Bishop of Digne , while Ruffelle plays a prostitute . Hadley Fraser , who previously played Grantaire in the 25th Anniversary Concert and Javert at West End , appears as the Army General . Another West End actor , Gina Beck , appears as one of the `` Turning Women '' . Michael Jibson plays the foreman of the factory in which Fantine works and is fired from . Several actors in the West End production of the musical appear members of the student society , including George Blagden as Grantaire ; Killian Donnelly as Combeferre ; Fra Fee as Courfeyrac ; Alistair Brammer as Jean Prouvaire ; Hugh Skinner as Joly ; Gabriel Vick as Feuilly ; Iwan Lewis as Bahorel ; and Stuart Neal as Bossuet . Blagden was cast in January 2012 . Other stage actors including Hannah Waddingham , Daniel Evans and Kerry Ellis have small parts in the film along with actors who previously starred in various productions of Les Misérables . Musical numbers ( edit ) See also : Les Misérables : Highlights from the Motion Picture Soundtrack A highlights soundtrack album was released via Universal Republic 21 December 2012 . Republic Records confirmed 25 January 2013 , via Twitter that a 2 - disc deluxe soundtrack was in production alongside the DVD and Blu - ray ; it was released 19 March 2013 . The film contains every song from the original stage musical with the exception of `` I Saw Him Once '' and `` Dog Eats Dog '' , although many songs have been partially or extensively cut . `` The Attack on Rue Plumet '' and `` Little People '' were especially shortened . In addition , the Bishop sings with Fantine during `` Valjean 's Death '' instead of Eponine , as was in the stage musical . `` Stars '' was also moved to before `` Look Down '' , which echoes the original 1985 London production . The lyrics of some songs were also changed to suit the changes in setting or narrative to the stage musical . In addition to the cuts , a new song , `` Suddenly '' was added , new music was composed for the battle scenes , and the order of several songs changed from the stage musical . Several major pieces , primarily as `` Who Am I ? '' , `` Stars '' , and the two `` Soliloquy '' pieces are performed in a different key than most recordings . `` Look Down '' -- Convicts , Javert , Valjean `` The Bishop '' -- Bishop of Digne `` Valjean 's Soliloquy '' -- Valjean `` At the End of the Day '' -- Poor , Foreman , Workers , Factory Women , Fantine , Valjean `` The Runaway Cart '' -- Valjean , Javert `` The Docks ( Lovely Ladies ) '' -- Sailors , Old Woman , Fantine , Crone , Whores , Pimp , Toothman `` I Dreamed a Dream '' -- Fantine `` Fantine 's Arrest '' -- Bamatabois , Fantine , Javert , Valjean `` Who Am I ? '' -- Valjean `` Fantine 's Death '' -- Fantine , Valjean `` The Confrontation '' -- Javert , Valjean `` Castle on a Cloud '' -- Young Cosette , Mme . Thénardier `` Master of the House '' -- Thénardier , Mme . Thénardier , Inn Patrons `` The Well Scene '' -- Valjean , Young Cosette `` The Bargain '' -- Valjean , Thénardier , Mme . Thénardier `` The Thénardier Waltz of Treachery '' -- Thénardier , Valjean , Mme . Thénardier , Young Cosette `` Suddenly '' -- Valjean `` The Convent '' -- Valjean `` Stars '' -- Javert `` Paris / Look Down '' -- Gavroche , Beggars , Enjolras , Marius , Students `` The Robbery '' -- Thénardier , Mme . Thénardier , Éponine , Valjean `` Javert 's Intervention '' -- Javert , Thénardier `` Éponine 's Errand '' - Éponine , Marius `` ABC Café / Red and Black '' -- Students , Enjolras , Marius , Grantaire , Gavroche `` In My Life '' -- Cosette , Valjean , Marius , Éponine `` A Heart Full of Love '' -- Marius , Cosette , Éponine `` The Attack on Rue Plumet '' -- Thénardier , Thieves , Éponine , Valjean `` On My Own '' -- Éponine `` One Day More '' -- Valjean , Marius , Cosette , Éponine , Enjolras , Javert , Thénardier , Mme . Thénardier , Cast of Les Misérables `` Do You Hear the People Sing ? '' -- Enjolras , Marius , Students , Beggars `` Building the Barricade ( Upon These Stones ) '' -- Enjolras , Javert , Gavroche , Students `` Javert 's Arrival '' -- Javert , Enjolras `` Little People '' -- Gavroche , Students , Enjolras , Javert `` A Little Fall of Rain '' -- Éponine , Marius `` Night of Anguish '' -- Enjolras , Marius , Valjean , Javert , Students `` Drink With Me '' -- Grantaire , Marius , Gavroche , Students `` Bring Him Home '' -- Valjean `` Dawn of Anguish '' -- Enjolras , Marius , Gavroche , Students `` The Second Attack ( Death of Gavroche ) '' -- Gavroche , Enjolras , Students , Army Officer `` The Sewers '' -- Valjean , Javert `` Javert 's Suicide '' -- Javert `` Turning '' -- Parisian women `` Empty Chairs at Empty Tables '' -- Marius `` A Heart Full of Love ( Reprise ) '' -- Marius , Cosette , Valjean , Gillenormand `` Valjean 's Confession '' -- Valjean , Marius `` Suddenly ( Reprise ) '' -- Marius , Cosette `` Wedding Chorale '' -- Chorus , Marius , Thérnardier , Mme . Thérnardier `` Beggars at the Feast '' -- Thénardier , Mme . Thénardier `` Valjean 's Death '' -- Valjean , Fantine , Cosette , Marius , Bishop of Digne `` Do You Hear the People Sing ? ( Reprise ) / Epilogue '' -- The Cast of Les Misérables Included on the highlights edition soundtrack Included on the deluxe edition soundtrack Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Following the release of Les Misérables ( 1980 ) , a French sung - through musical by Alain Boublil and Claude - Michel Schönberg based on the novel of the same name by Victor Hugo , the musical premiered at the Palais des Sports in Paris in 1980 . The English - language West End theatre production opened at the Barbican Arts Centre on 8 October 1985 . The subsequent Broadway production opened at the Broadway Theatre on 10 October 1990 and closed at the Imperial Theatre on 18 May 2003 after 6,680 performances . In 1988 , Alan Parker was considered to direct a film adaptation of the Les Misérables musical . In 1991 , Bruce Beresford signed on to be the film 's director . Producer Sir Cameron Mackintosh had an integral role in facilitating the production of the film . In 1992 , producer Cameron Mackintosh announced that the film would be co-produced by TriStar Pictures . However , the film was abandoned . In 2005 , Mackintosh later confirmed that interest in turning the musical into a film adaptation had resumed during the early months of that year . Mackintosh said that he wanted the film to be directed by `` someone who has a vision for the show that will put the show 's original team , including ( Mackintosh ) , back to work . '' He also said that he wanted the film audiences to make it `` fresh as the actual show '' . In 2009 , producer Eric Fellner began negotiations with Mackintosh to acquire the film 's rights and concluded it near the end of 2011 . Fellner , Tim Bevan , and Debra Hayward engaged William Nicholson to write a screenplay for the film . Nicholson wrote the draft within six weeks time . The DVD / Blu - ray release of Les Misérables : 25th Anniversary Concert confirmed an announcement of the musical 's film adaptation . Pre-production ( edit ) In March 2011 , director Tom Hooper began negotiations to direct Les Misérables from the screenplay by William Nicholson . Production on the film officially began in June that year , with Cameron Mackintosh and Working Title Films co-producing . Having already approached Hooper prior to production with the desire of playing Jean Valjean , Hugh Jackman began negotiations to star in the film alongside Paul Bettany as Javert . Other stars who became attached to the project included Hathaway and Helena Bonham Carter . In September 2011 , Jackman was officially cast as Jean Valjean and Russell Crowe was cast as Javert . The following month , Mackintosh confirmed that Fantine would be played by Hathaway . Before Hathaway was cast , Amy Adams , Jessica Biel , Tammy Blanchard , Kristin Kreuk , Marion Cotillard , Kate Winslet and Rebecca Hall were also considered for the part . For the role , Hathaway allowed her hair to be cut short on camera for a scene in which her character sells her hair , stating that the lengths she goes to for her roles `` do n't feel like sacrifices . Getting to transform is one of the best parts of ( acting ) . '' The role also required her to lose 25 pounds ( 11 kg ) . In addition to Hathaway 's weight loss , Hugh Jackman also lost an extreme amount of weight for the opening scene as Jean Valjean when he is imprisoned in a labor camp . To achieve an emaciated look , Jackman committed to a minimalistic diet and intense work outs . In an interview with Epix , Jackman revealed that he went on 45 minute morning runs on an empty stomach which Hathaway later used as a weight loss tactic with Jackman 's help , and he went on a 36 - hour liquid fast . This allowed him to rapidly lose ten pounds and caused his eyes and cheeks to sink severely . With these efforts , Jackman was able to successfully look unrecognizable as Jean Valjean in the opening scene . In November 2011 , Eddie Redmayne joined the cast as Marius Pontmercy . It was reported that the shortlist of actresses for the role of Éponine included Scarlett Johansson ( who also auditioned for the role of Fantine ) , Lea Michele , Tamsin Egerton , Taylor Swift , and Evan Rachel Wood . In January 2012 , the press reported that the role of Éponine had officially been offered to Taylor Swift , but Swift later stated that those reports were not entirely accurate . At the end of the month , Mackintosh made a special appearance during the curtain call of the Oliver ! UK tour at the Palace Theatre , Manchester , announcing that the tour 's Nancy , Samantha Barks , who had played Éponine in the West End production and in the 25th Anniversary concert , would reprise the role in the film . Barks had been auditioning for 15 weeks by that point . Originally , an unknown was sought for the role of Cosette , with an open casting call in New York City in December 2011 . In January 2012 , reports surfaced that Amanda Seyfried had been offered the role instead . Eddie Redmayne confirmed both Seyfried 's casting and that of Bonham Carter as Madame Thénardier in an interview on 12 January . Hooper confirmed that he would stick to the musical 's essentially sung - through form and would thus introduce very little additional dialogue . Hooper confirmed that the film would not be shot in 3D , expressing his opinion that it would not enhance the emotional narrative of the film and would distract audiences from the storytelling . Following this announcement , reports surfaced in the press that Sacha Baron Cohen had begun talks to join the cast as Thénardier and that Aaron Tveit had been cast as Enjolras . Later that month , the press officially confirmed Tveit 's casting as Enjolras . Colm Wilkinson and Frances Ruffelle ( the original Valjean and Éponine , respectively , in the West End and Broadway productions ) appeared in the film . Wilkinson played the Bishop of Digne , and Ruffelle had a cameo as a prostitute . George Blagden was cast as Grantaire . In an interview with BBC Radio 4 's Front Row , Tom Hooper revealed that Claude - Michel Schönberg will be composing one new song and additional music . The director also expanded on the performers singing live on set , which he felt would eliminate the need to recapture `` locked '' performances and allow more creative freedom . More details of this were confirmed by Eddie Redmayne in an interview . He stated that the cast would sing to piano tracks ( via earpiece ) and that the orchestra would be added in post-production . In February 2012 , casting auditions involving extras for the film took place at the University of Portsmouth and Chatham Maritime in Chatham . Several days later , Mackintosh officially confirmed that Bonham Carter would play Madame Thénardier . He also announced that the title of the newly created song for the film is `` Suddenly '' and that it `` beautifully explains what happens when Valjean takes Cosette from the inn and looks after her . '' At the end of the month , The Sun reported that the long - rumoured Baron Cohen had been cast in the role of Monsieur Thénardier . The cast began rehearsals in January 2012 , with principal photography due to begin in March . The press officially confirmed Baron Cohen 's casting during the latter month . No table read took place before filming . Filming ( edit ) Tom Hooper directing the second unit of Les Misérables on location in Winchester in April 2012 . The film 's set at Greenwich Naval College . With a production budget of $61 million , principal photography of the film began 8 March 2012 in Gourdon . Filming locations in England included Boughton House , Winchester College , Winchester Cathedral Close , Her Majesty 's Naval Base Portsmouth , Chatham Dockyard , St Mary the Virgin Church , Ewelme , South Oxfordshire and Pinewood Studios . In April 2012 , crews built a replica of the Elephant of the Bastille in Greenwich . In the novel , Gavroche lives in the decaying monument . On - location filming also took place at Gourdon , Alpes - Maritimes in France . Footage of Hathaway singing `` I Dreamed a Dream '' , a song from the musical , was shown at CinemaCon 26 April 2012 . Russell Crowe confirmed 5 June 2012 , on Twitter that he had finished filming . He was later followed by Samantha Barks , confirming that all of her scenes had too been completed . Jackman stated that all filming had been completed 23 June 2012 . Some late filming occurred in Bath , Somerset , in October 2012 where stunt shots for Javert 's suicide scene had to be reshot due to an error found with this footage during post-production . Bath was not the original filming location for this scene , but the late footage was captured at Pulteney Weir . Post-production ( edit ) The film 's vocals were recorded live on set using live piano accompaniments played through earpieces as a guide , with the orchestral accompaniment recorded in post-production , rather than the traditional method where the film 's musical soundtracks are usually pre-recorded and played back on set to which actors lip - sync . Production sound mixer Simon Hayes used 50 DPA 4071 lavalier microphones to record the vocals . Hooper explained his choice : `` I just felt ultimately , it was a more natural way of doing it . You know , when actors do dialogue , they have freedom in time , they have freedom in pacing . They can stop for a moment , they can speed up . I simply wanted to give the actors the normal freedoms that they would have . If they need a bit for an emotion or a feeling to form in the eyes before they sing , I can take that time . If they cry , they can cry through a song . When you 're doing it to playback , to the millisecond you have to copy what you do . You have no freedom in the moment -- and acting is the illusion of being free in the moment . '' Although this unique live recording method has been stated as `` a world 's first '' by the creative team , several film musicals have used this method before , including early talkies , as lip - syncing was n't perfected , the 1975 20th Century Fox film At Long Last Love , the adaptation of The Magic Flute that same year , and more recently in the 1995 adaptation of The Fantasticks , portions of the 1996 adaptation of Andrew Lloyd Webber 's Evita , in the 2001 film version of Hedwig and the Angry Inch , and in the 2007 film Across the Universe with songs by The Beatles . Producers announced 27 August 2012 , that recording sessions for Les Misérables would begin in London 10 October and featured a 70 - piece orchestra . They also announced that composer Claude - Michel Schönberg was composing additional music to underscore the film . Universal Studios executives were granted a viewing of the rough cut of the film 9 September 2012 , without the orchestra tracks . They greeted the cut with `` extreme excitement '' . Distribution ( edit ) Marketing ( edit ) The film 's first teaser trailer debuted online 30 May 2012 , and later in theatres with Snow White and the Huntsman , The Bourne Legacy and Argo . Producers released an extended first look on the film 's official Facebook page 20 September 2012 . This short introduces and explains Hooper 's method of recording vocals live on set , comparing it to the traditional method of pre-recording the vocals in a studio months in advance . Hugh Jackman stated that filming in this way allows him more creative freedom with the material and that he `` only has to worry about acting it . '' Both Hooper and the actors believe that this choice of production method will make the film feel much more emotional , raw , and real . The actors praised Hooper for his method and provide brief interviews throughout the video . Hooper mentions , `` I thought it was an amazing opportunity to do something genuinely groundbreaking . '' Clips of Jackman , Hathaway , Seyfried , Redmayne and Barks singing were received very positively , especially the teaser trailer 's presentation of `` I Dreamed a Dream '' by Hathaway . Producers released a new poster , featuring young Cosette ( in what is essentially a real - life version of the musical 's emblem ) , played by Isabelle Allen , 24 September 2012 , on the film 's official Facebook page . They released posters featuring Jean Valjean , Javert , Fantine , and Cosette 12 October , with additional posters of Thénardiers and Marius released 1 November 2012 . Release ( edit ) Les Misérables was originally to be released 7 December 2012 before the studio moved it to 14 December in the United States ; however , 18 September 2012 , they delayed the film 's release date to 25 December , so as not to conflict with the opening of The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey , which opened 14 December . Because of this , it opened alongside Django Unchained . Release date for the United Kingdom was 11 January 2013 . Les Misérables was screened for the first time at Lincoln Center in New York City , 23 November 2012 , and received a standing ovation from the crowd . This was followed by a screening the next day in Los Angeles , which also received positive reviews . Les Misérables premiered 5 December 2012 , at the Empire , Leicester Square in London . Red carpet footage was screened live online in an event hosted by Michael Ball , the original Marius of the West End . The film was released in select IMAX theatres in New York , Los Angeles , Toronto , and Montreal the same day as its domestic theatrical release , 25 December 2012 . Les Misérables was released internationally by IMAX theatres on 10 January 2013 . Home Media ( edit ) The film was confirmed for home release 13 May 2013 on DVD , Blu - ray , and VOD in the United Kingdom ; it was released in the United States 22 March 2013 . The DVD contains three featurettes : The Stars of Les Misérables , Creating the Perfect Paris , and The Original Masterwork : Victor Hugo 's Les Misérables , along with an audio commentary from director Tom Hooper . The Blu - ray has all DVD features including four additional featurettes : Les Misérables Singing Live , Battle at the Barricade , The West End Connection , and Les Misérables On Location . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Les Misérables earned $148,809,770 in North America and $293,000,000 in other territories for a worldwide total of $441,809,770 . In North America , Les Misérables opened 25 December 2012 in 2,808 theatres , placing first at the box office with $18.1 million . This amount broke the record for the highest opening day gross for a musical film , previously held by High School Musical 3 : Senior Year , and was also the second highest opening day gross for a film released on Christmas Day . It earned $27.3 million in its opening weekend , placing third behind Django Unchained and The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey . The film was released in the United Kingdom 11 January 2013 and earned £ 8.1 ( $13.1 ) million in its opening weekend , making it the largest opening weekend for a musical film , as well as for Working Title . Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 69 % approval rating with an average rating of 6.9 / 10 , based on an aggregation of 231 reviews . The site 's consensus reads : `` Impeccably mounted but occasionally bombastic , Les Misérables largely succeeds thanks to bravura performances from its distinguished cast . '' On Metacritic , the film achieved an average score of 63 out of 100 based on 41 reviews , signifying `` generally favorable reviews '' . The film was generally praised for its acting and ensemble cast , with Jackman , Hathaway , Bonham Carter and Barks being singled out for praise . The live singing , which was heavily promoted in marketing for the film , received a more divided response . Robbie Collin of The Daily Telegraph gave the film five stars : `` Les Misérables is a blockbuster , and the special effects are emotional : explosions of grief ; fireballs of romance ; million - buck conflagrations of heartbreak . Accordingly , you should see it in its opening week , on a gigantic screen , with a fanatical crowd . '' The Guardian 's Peter Bradshaw concurred : `` Even as a non-believer in this kind of `` sung - through '' musical , I was battered into submission by this mesmeric and sometimes compelling film ... `` . Kenneth Turan of Los Angeles Times gave a positive review , saying that the film `` is a clutch player that delivers an emotional wallop when it counts . You can walk into the theater as an agnostic , but you may just leave singing with the choir . '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone said , `` Besides being a feast for the eyes and ears , Les Misérables overflows with humor , heartbreak , rousing action and ravishing romance . Damn the imperfections , it 's perfectly marvelous . '' Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter said , `` As the enduring success of this property has shown , there are large , emotionally susceptible segments of the population ready to swallow this sort of thing , but that does n't mean it 's good . '' Manohla Dargis of The New York Times wrote : `` ( Director Tom ) Hooper can be very good with actors . But his inability to leave any lily ungilded -- to direct a scene without tilting or hurtling or throwing the camera around -- is bludgeoning and deadly . By the grand finale , when tout le monde is waving the French tricolor in victory , you may instead be raising the white flag in exhausted defeat . '' Justin Chang of Variety wrote that the film `` will more than satisfy the show 's legions of fans . '' Chang praised the performances of Jackman , Hathaway , Barks , Tveit and Seyfried ( i.e. , every leading cast member except Crowe and Redmayne ) but said that the film 's editing `` seems reluctant to slow down and let the viewer simply take in the performances . '' Callum Marsh of Slant Magazine gave the film 1 star , and wrote : `` Flaws -- and there are a great many that would have never made the cut were this a perfectible studio recording -- are conveniently swept under the rug of candid expression ... the worst quality of Les Misérables 's live singing is simply that it puts too much pressure on a handful of performers who frankly can not sing ... Fisheye lenses and poorly framed close - ups abound in Les Misérables , nearly every frame a revelation of one man 's bad taste ... One would be hard - pressed to describe this , despite the wealth of beauty on display , as anything but an ugly film , shot and cut ineptly . Everything in the film , songs included , is cranked to 11 , the melodrama of it all soaring . So it 's odd that this kind of showboating maximalism should be ultimately reduced to a few fisheye 'd faces , mugging for their close - up , as the people sing off - key and broken . '' Chicago Tribune critic Michael Philips gave the film only one and a half stars , writing : `` The camera bobs and weaves like a drunk , frantically . So you have hammering close - ups , combined with woozy insecurity each time more than two people are in the frame ... too little in this frenzied mess of a film registers because Hooper is trying to make everything register at the same nutty pitch . '' Some specific performances were reviewed very positively . Anne Hathaway 's performance of ballad `` I Dreamed a Dream '' was met with praise , with many comparing its showstopper - like quality to Jennifer Hudson 's performance of `` And I Am Telling You I 'm Not Going '' from Dreamgirls . Christopher Orr of The Atlantic wrote that `` Hathaway gives it everything she has , beginning in quiet sorrow before building to a woebegone climax : she gasps , she weeps , she coughs . If you are blown away by the scene -- as many will be ; it will almost certainly earn Hathaway her first Oscar -- this may be the film for you . '' Ann Hornaday of The Washington Post writes that `` The centerpiece of a movie composed entirely of centerpieces belongs to Anne Hathaway , who as the tragic heroine Fantine sings another of the memorable numbers '' . Joy Tipping of The Dallas Morning News described Hathaway 's performance as `` angelic '' . Claudia Puig of USA Today describes her as `` superb as the tragic Fantine '' . Travers felt that `` A dynamite Hathaway shatters every heart when she sings how ' life has killed the dream I dreamed . ' Her volcanic performance has Oscar written all over it . '' Lou Lumenick , critic for New York Post , wrote that the film is `` worth seeing for Hathaway alone '' . She was widely considered to be the frontrunner for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress , ultimately winning it . Eddie Redmayne also received considerable praise for his performance with Bloomberg News saying that `` Eddie Redmayne -- most recently seen as the eager young production assistant in My Week with Marilyn -- delivers by far the most moving and memorable performance in the film as the young firebrand Marius , who , along with his fellow students , is caught up in France 's political upheavals in the 19th century . '' Samantha Barks earned praise for her portrayal of Éponine , with Digital Journal saying : `` Samantha Barks plays Éponine with such grace , sweetness , and sadness that it is hard to imagine anyone else in the role '' , while Claudia Puig of USA Today calls her `` heartbreakingly soulful '' , Richard Roeper of Chicago Sun - Times describes her performance as `` star - making '' , and Roger Friedman of Showbiz411.com says she `` just about steals the film '' . Crowe 's performance was less well received and even Crowe agreed that the film suffered from poor vocal performances . Emma Gosnell , writing for The Daily Telegraph , stated that she walked out of the showing due to the poor singing , specifically citing Crowe and Jackman as the cause . Playback singer Marni Nixon said `` ( Crowe ) was nothing . It was n't that he was choosing to sing like that , he just could n't do anything else '' and that Jackman acted well but `` could have done with a nobler voice '' . American Idol runner - up Adam Lambert tweeted several disparaging messages , including `` why not cast actors who could actually sound good ? '' and `` the singing was so distracting at times it pulled me out '' , to which Crowe replied via Twitter : `` I do n't disagree with Adam , sure it could have been sweetened , Hooper wanted it raw and real , that 's how it is '' . Nixon rebutted this : `` We 're talking about a musical . Is that real ? People do n't go around singing ' La la la la ' to each other all day ! '' In 2013 , the film was nominated for eight Academy Awards , including the Best Picture , Best Actor in a Leading Role for Hugh Jackman , and went on to win in three categories : Best Supporting Actress for Anne Hathaway , Best Makeup and Hairstyling , and Best Sound Mixing . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Nominee Result Ref Academy Awards 24 February 2013 Best Picture Tim Bevan , Eric Fellner , Debra Hayward , and Cameron Mackintosh Nominated Best Actor Hugh Jackman Nominated Best Supporting Actress Anne Hathaway Won Best Original Song `` Suddenly '' by Claude - Michel Schönberg , Herbert Kretzmer , and Alain Boublil Nominated Best Costume Design Paco Delgado Nominated Best Makeup and Hairstyling Lisa Westcott and Julie Dartnell Won Best Sound Mixing Andy Nelson , Mark Paterson , and Simon Hayes Won Best Production Design Production Design : Eve Stewart ; Set Decoration : Anna Lynch - Robinson Nominated American Film Institute 11 January 2013 Movies of the Year Won Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts Award 28 January 2013 Best International Film Tim Bevan , Eric Fellner , Debra Hayward , and Cameron Mackintosh Nominated Best International Actor Hugh Jackman Nominated British Academy Film Award 10 February 2013 Best Film Nominated Best British Film Nominated Best Actor in a Leading Role Hugh Jackman Nominated Best Actress in a Supporting Role Anne Hathaway Won Best Cinematography Danny Cohen Nominated Best Costume Design Paco Delgado Nominated Best Makeup and Hair Lisa Westcott Won Best Sound Simon Hayes , Andy Nelson , Mark Paterson , Jonathan Allen , Lee Walpole , and John Warhurst Won Best Production Design Eve Stewart and Anna Lynch - Robinson Won Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards 10 January 2013 Best Film Nominated Best Acting Ensemble The Cast of Les Misérables Nominated Best Actor Hugh Jackman Nominated Best Supporting Actress Anne Hathaway Won Best Director Tom Hooper Nominated Best Song `` Suddenly '' Nominated Best Cinematography Danny Cohen Nominated Best Art Direction Eve Stewart and Anna Lynch - Robinson Nominated Best Editing Chris Dickens and Melanie Oliver Nominated Best Costume Design Paco Delgado Nominated Best Makeup Lisa Westcott Won Chicago Film Critics Association 17 December 2012 Best Supporting Actress Anne Hathaway Nominated Best Art Direction Eve Stewart and Anna Lynch - Robinson Nominated Most Promising Performer Samantha Barks Nominated Directors Guild of America Award 2 February 2013 Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures Tom Hooper Nominated Dorian Awards 17 January 2013 Film of the Year Nominated Film Performance of the Year - Actor Hugh Jackman Nominated Film Performance of the Year - Actress Anne Hathaway Won Visually Striking Film of the Year Nominated Golden Globe Award 13 January 2013 Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy Won Best Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Hugh Jackman Won Best Supporting Actress -- Motion Picture Anne Hathaway Won Best Original Song `` Suddenly '' Nominated Grammy Awards 26 January 2014 Best Compilation Soundtrack for Visual Media Cameron Mackintosh , Lee McCutcheon , and Stephan Metcalfe Nominated Hollywood Film Festival 23 October 2012 Best Trailer Erin Wyatt Won Producer of the Year Tim Bevan , Eric Fellner , Debra Hayward , and Cameron Mackintosh Won Spotlight Award Samantha Barks Won Houston Film Critics Society 5 January 2013 Best Picture Nominated Best Director Tom Hooper Nominated Best Actor Hugh Jackman Nominated Best Supporting Actress Anne Hathaway Won Best Cinematography Danny Cohen Nominated Best Original Song `` Suddenly '' Won 5th Annual Lancashire Film Critics Awards 30 March 2013 Best Film Won Best Director Tom Hooper Won London Film Critics Circle 20 January 2013 British Film of the Year Nominated Actor of the Year Hugh Jackman Nominated Supporting Actress of the Year Anne Hathaway Won Young British Performer of the Year Samantha Barks Nominated Los Angeles Film Critics Association 9 December 2012 Best Supporting Actress Anne Hathaway ( also for The Dark Knight Rises ) Nominated MTV Movie Awards 14 April 2013 Best Female Performance Anne Hathaway Nominated Best Breakthrough Performance Eddie Redmayne Nominated Best Musical Moment Anne Hathaway Nominated New York Film Critics Circle Award 3 December 2012 Best Supporting Actress Anne Hathaway ( also for The Dark Knight Rises ) Nominated New York Film Critics Online 3 December 2012 Movies of the Year Won Best Supporting Actress Anne Hathaway Won Producers Guild of America Award 26 January 2013 Best Theatrical Motion Picture Tim Bevan , Eric Fellner , Debra Hayward , and Cameron Mackintosh Nominated Satellite Award 16 December 2012 Best Film Nominated Best Cast -- Motion Picture The Cast of Les Misérables Won Best Actor -- Motion Picture Hugh Jackman Nominated Best Supporting Actor -- Motion Picture Eddie Redmayne Nominated Best Supporting Actress -- Motion Picture Anne Hathaway Won Samantha Barks Nominated Best Art Direction and Production Design Eve Stewart and Anna Lynch - Robinson Nominated Best Costume Design Paco Delgado Nominated Best Editing Chris Dickens and Melanie Oliver Nominated Best Original Song `` Suddenly '' Won Best Sound John Warhurst , Lee Walpole , and Simon Hayes Won Saturn Awards 26 June 2013 Best Action / Adventure Nominated Best Actor Hugh Jackman Nominated Best Supporting Actress Anne Hathaway Nominated Best Performance by a Younger Actor Daniel Huttlestone Nominated Best Costume Paco Delgado Won Best Production Design Eve Stewart Nominated Screen Actors Guild Award 27 January 2013 Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture The Cast of Les Misérables Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role Hugh Jackman Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role Anne Hathaway Won Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Motion Picture Nominated Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association 10 December 2012 Best Film Nominated Best Acting Ensemble The Cast of Les Misérables Won Best Actor Hugh Jackman Nominated Best Supporting Actress Samantha Barks Nominated Anne Hathaway Won Best Director Tom Hooper Nominated Best Art Direction Eve Stewart and Anna Lynch - Robinson Nominated Best Cinematography Danny Cohen Nominated Young Artist Award 5 May 2013 Best Performance in a Feature Film - Supporting Young Actor Daniel Huttlestone Nominated Best Performance in a Feature Film - Supporting Young Actress Ten and Under Isabelle Allen Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Production Notes '' ( PDF ) . Universal Pictures . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Les Miserables film gets world premiere in London '' . The Telegraph . 6 December 2012 . Retrieved 7 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Les Miserables '' . British Board of Film Classification . 28 November 2012 . Retrieved 29 December 2012 . 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Jump up ^ Sandwell , Ian ( 14 January 2013 ) . `` Les Misérables hits high note at UK box office '' . Screen International . Retrieved 14 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Les Misérables '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Les Miserables '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( 10 January 2013 ) . `` Les Misérables , review '' . Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( 10 January 2013 ) . `` Les Miserables -- review '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Turan , Kenneth ( 24 December 2012 ) . `` Review : Vive ' Les Miserables ' in all its over-the - top glory '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 25 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Travers , Peter ( 21 December 2012 ) . `` Les Misérables '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 25 December 2012 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( 6 December 2012 ) . `` Les Miserables : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 25 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Dargis , Manohla ( 24 December 2012 ) . `` The Wretched Lift Their Voices '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 25 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Chang , Justin ( 6 December 2012 ) . `` Les Misérables '' . Variety . Retrieved 25 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Marsh , Callum ( 7 December 2012 ) . `` Film Review : Les Misérables '' . Slant Magazine . Retrieved 9 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Michael ( 20 December 2012 ) . `` ' Les Miserables ' : Looks like the front row '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 9 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Les Miserables Review : Hit the High Notes ? '' . Movie Fanatic. 24 December 2012 . Retrieved 30 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Orr , Christopher . `` The Extravagant Melodrama of ' Les Miserables ' '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 30 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Hornaday , Ann . `` Critic Review for Les Miserables '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 30 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Tipping , Joy ( 24 December 2012 ) . `` ' Les Misérables ' gloriously uplifting , heartening and hopeful '' . The Dallas Morning News . Retrieved 30 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Puig , Claudia ( 26 December 2012 ) . `` ' Les Misérables ' is luminous , enchanting '' . USA Today . Retrieved 30 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Lumenick , Lou ( 20 December 2012 ) . `` ' Les Miserables ' movie review '' . New York Post . Retrieved 30 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Reelviews Movie Reviews '' . Reelviews.net . Retrieved 30 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Les Miserables review : Breakout performances but falls short overall '' . Voxxi . Bloomberg News . 26 December 2012 . Retrieved 9 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Chen - See , Sherene . `` Op - Ed : Samantha Barks is heavenly as Éponine in Les Misérables '' . Digitaljournal.com . Retrieved 30 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard . `` ' Les Miserables ' Review '' . Richard Roeper & The Movies . Retrieved 9 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Roger ( 23 November 2012 ) . `` First Review : `` Les Miserables '' Comes to Movies with Hugh Jackman , Russell Crowe , Anne Hathaway `` . Showbiz411.com . Retrieved 25 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Why I walked out of Les Miserables '' . Retrieved 15 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' I do n't disagree ' : Russell Crowe backs Adam Lambert 's criticism of Les Miserables ' ' distracting ' singing '' . Retrieved 15 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2013 Oscar Nominees '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . 10 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 10 January 2013 . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( 10 December 2012 ) . `` ' The Dark Knight Rises ' ranks on American Film Institute 's best - movies list '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 13 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Garry , Maddox ( 9 January 2013 ) . `` Jackman , Kidman up for AACTA awards '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 11 January 2013 . 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Jump up ^ Anisiobi , JJ ( 13 December 2012 ) . `` British stars lead the way as Helen Mirren , Benedict Cumberbatch and Adele are nominated for Golden Globe Awards '' . Daily Mail . London . Retrieved 13 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 56th Annual Grammy Awards Nominees '' . The Recording Academy . Retrieved 7 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Film Awards to Honor LES MIS ' Samantha Barks '' . Broadway World . 17 October 2012 . Retrieved 11 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 5th Annual Lancashire Film Critics Awards - Awards Daily '' . Awards Daily . 30 March 2013 . Retrieved 2 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Warner , Denise ( 14 April 2013 ) . `` 2013 MTV Movie Awards winners list '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 15 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` PGA Motion Picture Nominees Announced '' . Producers Guild of America . 2 January 2013 . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Satellite Awards 2012 '' . International Press Academy . 5 December 2012 . Retrieved 5 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 39th Annual Saturn Awards '' ( PDF ) . Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy & Horror Films . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 20 February 2013 . Retrieved 20 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 2012 Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . DH. 12 December 2012 . Retrieved 12 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 2012 WAFCA Awards '' . DC Film Critics . 9 December 2012 . Retrieved 9 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 34th Annual Young Artist Awards '' . YoungArtistAwards.org . Archived from the original on 3 April 2013 . Retrieved 31 March 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Les Misérables ( 2012 film ) Les Misérables on IMDb Les Misérables at the TCM Movie Database Les Misérables at Box Office Mojo Les Misérables at Rotten Tomatoes Les Misérables at Metacritic Les Misérables by Victor Hugo Characters Jean Valjean Javert Fantine Cosette Marius Éponine Enjolras Gavroche Thénardiers Bishop Myriel Patron - Minette Friends of the ABC Film adaptations 1909 1917 1925 1934 1935 1948 1952 1958 1978 1982 1995 1998 2012 Concerts 1995 Other adaptations Musical Radio Les Misérables : Shōjo Cosette Jean Val Jean Beedala Patlu ( 1950 ) Ezhai Padum Padu ( 1950 ) Kundan ( 1955 ) Duppathuge Dukka ( 1956 ) Beedala Patlu ( 1972 ) Gnana Oli ( 1972 ) Television adaptations 1974 telenovela 2000 miniseries 2014 telenovela Songs and soundtracks Songs from Les Misérables `` Do You Hear the People Sing ? '' `` I Dreamed a Dream '' `` On My Own '' `` One Day More '' `` Suddenly '' Les Misérables : Highlights from the Motion Picture Soundtrack Related Fantine ( 1886 painting ) Works directed by Tom Hooper Theatrical films Red Dust ( 2004 ) The Damned United ( 2009 ) The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) Les Misérables ( 2012 ) The Danish Girl ( 2015 ) Television Love in a Cold Climate ( 2001 ) Daniel Deronda ( 2002 ) Elizabeth I ( 2005 ) Longford ( 2006 ) John Adams ( 2008 ) Works by William Nicholson Novels Wind On Fire Noble Warriors The Secret Intensity of Everyday Life Plays The Retreat from Moscow Films & TV written Martin Luther , Heretic Shadowlands ( 1985 film ) Shadowlands ( 1993 film ) Nell First Knight Grey Owl Gladiator Elizabeth : The Golden Age Les Misérables Mandela : Long Walk to Freedom Unbroken Everest Breathe Films directed Firelight Awards for Les Misérables Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy An American in Paris ( 1951 ) With a Song in My Heart ( 1952 ) Carmen Jones ( 1954 ) Guys and Dolls ( 1955 ) The King and I ( 1956 ) Les Girls ( 1957 ) Gigi / Auntie Mame ( 1958 ) Porgy and Bess / Some Like It Hot ( 1959 ) Song Without End / The Apartment ( 1960 ) West Side Story / A Majority of One ( 1961 ) The Music Man / That Touch of Mink ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) The Russians Are Coming , the Russians Are Coming ( 1966 ) The Graduate ( 1967 ) Oliver ! 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( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) Lost in Translation ( 2003 ) Sideways ( 2004 ) Walk the Line ( 2005 ) Dreamgirls ( 2006 ) Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 2007 ) Vicky Cristina Barcelona ( 2008 ) The Hangover ( 2009 ) The Kids Are All Right ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Les Misérables ( 2012 ) American Hustle ( 2013 ) The Grand Budapest Hotel ( 2014 ) The Martian ( 2015 ) La La Land ( 2016 ) Lady Bird ( 2017 ) Satellite Award for Best Cast -- Motion Picture Sideways ( 2004 ) Crash ( 2005 ) The Departed ( 2006 ) Before the Devil Knows You 're Dead ( 2007 ) No Award ( 2008 ) Nine ( 2009 ) No Award ( 2010 ) The Help ( 2011 ) Les Misérables ( 2012 ) Nebraska ( 2013 ) Into the Woods ( 2014 ) Spotlight ( 2015 ) Hidden Figures ( 2016 ) Mudbound ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Les_Misérables_ ( 2012_film ) &oldid = 842100305 '' Categories : 2012 films English - language films 2010s historical films 2010s musical films 2010s romantic drama films Best Musical or Comedy Picture Golden Globe winners British epic films British films British historical films British musical films British romantic drama films Films based on adaptations Films based on Les Misérables Films based on musicals Films directed by Tom Hooper Films featuring a Best Musical or Comedy Actor Golden Globe winning performance Films featuring a Best Supporting Actress Academy Award - winning performance Films featuring a Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe - winning performance Films produced by Eric Fellner Films produced by Tim Bevan Films scored by Anne Dudley Films scored by Claude - Michel Schönberg Films set in 1832 Films set in France Films set in Paris Films shot in England Films shot in France Films shot in London Films that won the Academy Award for Best Makeup Films that won the Best Sound Mixing Academy Award Historical romance films IMAX films Musical drama films Relativity Media films Romantic epic films Sung - through musical films Working Title Films films Hidden categories : All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from November 2012 Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from September 2012 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from August 2015 Use British English from January 2013 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Magyar مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 32 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 May 2018 , at 06 : 44 . 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About Wikipedia	who plays police inspector javert in the 2012 film les miserables	[ "\n\nActor\n\nRole\n\n\nJackman, HughHugh Jackman\n \nValjean, JeanJean Valjean\n\n\nCrowe, RussellRussell Crowe\n\nJavert, Javert\n\n\nHathaway, AnneAnne Hathaway\n\nFantine, Fantine\n\n\nSeyfried, AmandaAmanda Seyfried\n\nCosette, Cosette\n\n\nRedmayne, EddieEddie Redmayne\n\nPontmercy, MariusMarius Pontmercy\n\n\nTveit, AaronAaron Tveit\n\nEnjolras, Enjolras\n\n\nBarks, SamanthaSamantha Barks\n\nÉponine, Éponine\n\n\nIsabelle Allen, Isabelle Allen\n\nYoung Cosette\n\n\nDaniel Huttlestone, Daniel Huttlestone\n\nGavroche, Gavroche\n\n\nWilkinson, ColmColm Wilkinson\n\nBishop Myriel, Bishop Myriel\n\n\nBonham Carter, HelenaHelena Bonham Carter\n\nMadame Thénardier, Madame Thénardier\n\n\nBaron Cohen, SachaSacha Baron Cohen\n\nThénardier, Thénardier\n\n\nBlagden, GeorgeGeorge Blagden\n\nGrantaire\n\n\nCarvel, BertieBertie Carvel\n\nBamatabois\n\n\nDonnelly, KillianKillian Donnelly\n\nCombeferre, Combeferre\n\n\nFee, FraFra Fee\n\nCourfeyrac, Courfeyrac\n\n\nBrammer, AlistairAlistair Brammer\n\nProuvaire, JeanJean Prouvaire\n\n\nVick, GabrielGabriel Vick\n\nFeuilly, Feuilly\n\n\nSkinner, HughHugh Skinner\n\nJoly, Joly\n\n\nLewis, IwanIwan Lewis\n\nBahorel, Bahorel\n\n\nNeal, StuartStuart Neal\n\nLesgles, Lesgles\n\n\nFraser, HadleyHadley Fraser\n\nNational Guard Leader, National Guard Leader\n\n\nChasen, HeatherHeather Chasen\n\nMadame Magloire, Madame Magloire\n\n\nGlen, GeorgieGeorgie Glen\n\nMademoiselle Baptistine, Mademoiselle Baptistine\n\n\nGodfrey, PatrickPatrick Godfrey\n\nMonsieur Gillenormand, Monsieur Gillenormand\n\n" ]	[ "Russell Crowe" ]
-6375877901060132362	Earthquake environmental effects	Earthquake environmental effects - wikipedia Earthquake environmental effects Earthquake environmental effects are the effects caused by an earthquake on the natural environment , including surface faulting , tsunamis , soil liquefactions , ground resonance , landslides and ground failure , either directly linked to the earthquake source or provoked by the ground shaking . These are common features produced both in their near and far fields , routinely recorded and surveyed in recent events , very often remembered in historical accounts and preserved in the stratigraphic record ( paleoearthquakes ) . Both surface deformation and faulting and shaking - related geological effects ( e.g. , soil liquefaction , landslides ) not only leave permanent imprints in the environment , but also dramatically affect human structures . Moreover , underwater fault ruptures and seismically - triggered landslides can generate destructive tsunami waves . EEEs represent a significant source of hazard , especially ( but not exclusively ) during large earthquakes . This was observed for example during more or less catastrophic seismic events recently occurred in very different parts of the world . Earthquake environmental effects are divided into two main types : Coseismic surface faulting induced by the 1915 Fucino , Central Italy , earthquake Primary effects : which are the surface expression of the seismogenic source ( e.g. , surface faulting ) , normally observed for crustal earthquakes above a given magnitude threshold ( typically M = 5.5 -- 6.0 ) ; Coseismic liquefaction induced by one of the 2012 Emilia , Northern Italy , earthquakes Secondary effects : mostly this is the intensity of the ground shaking ( e.g. , landslides , liquefaction , etc . ) . The importance of a tool to measure earthquake Intensity was already outlined early in the 1990s . In 2007 the Environmental Seismic Intensity scale ( ESI scale ) was released , a new seismic intensity scale based only on the characteristics , size and areal distribution of earthquake environmental effects . A huge amount of data about associated with modern , historical and paleoearthquakes worldwide occurred is available on the EEE Catalogue , a infrastructure developed in the framework of the INQUA TERPRO Commission on Paleoseismology and Active Tectonics . See also ( edit ) Earthquake light Electromagnetic field Richter magnitude scale References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Michetti et al. ( 2007 . Intensity Scale ESI 2007 . In Memorie Descrittive Carta Geologica d'Italia L. Guerrieri and E. Vittori ( Editors ) , APAT , Servizio Geologico d'Italia -- Dipartimento Difesa del Suolo , Roma , Italy , 74 , 53 pp . Jump up ^ Serva , L. ( 1994 ) . The effects on the ground in the intensity scales , Terra Nova , 6 , 414 -- 416 . External links ( edit ) EEE Catalogue INQUA TERPRO Commission on Paleoseismology and Active Tectonics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earthquake_environmental_effects&oldid=850361327 '' Categories : Earthquake engineering Hidden categories : M w Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 July 2018 , at 12 : 03 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	effects of earthquakes on the environment and economy of south africa	[]	[]
193215381598745362	Corleone	Corleone - wikipedia Corleone For other uses of `` Corleone '' , see Corleone ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Comune in Sicily , Italy Corleone Comune Città di Corleone Coat of arms Corleone within the Metropolitan City of Palermo Corleone Location of Corleone in Italy Coordinates : 37 ° 49 ′ N 13 ° 18 ′ E / 37.817 ° N 13.300 ° E / 37.817 ; 13.300 Country Italy Region Sicily Metropolitan city Palermo ( PA ) Frazioni Ficuzza Government Mayor Leoluchina Savona , suspended since 12 August 2016 . Special commissioner : Giovanna Termini Area Total 229.46 km ( 88.60 sq mi ) Elevation 600 m ( 2,000 ft ) Population ( 1 January 2017 ) Total 11,158 Density 49 / km ( 130 / sq mi ) Demonym ( s ) Corleonese ( i ) Time zone CET ( UTC + 1 ) Summer ( DST ) CEST ( UTC + 2 ) Postal code 90034 Dialing code 091 Patron saint St. Leoluca Website Official website Corleone ( Italian : ( korleˈoːne ) ; Sicilian : Cunigghiuni or Curliuni ) is an Italian town and comune of roughly 11,158 inhabitants in the Metropolitan City of Palermo , in Sicily . Several Mafia bosses have come from Corleone , including : Tommy Gagliano , Jack Dragna , Giuseppe Morello , Michele Navarra , Luciano Leggio , Leoluca Bagarella , Salvatore Riina and Bernardo Provenzano . It is also the birthplace of several fictional characters in Mario Puzo 's novel The Godfather , including the eponymous Vito ( Andolini ) Corleone . The local mafia clan , the Corleonesi , led the Mafia in the 1980s and 1990s , and were the most violent and ruthless group ever to take control of the organization . The Corleone municipality has an area of 22,912 hectares ( 56,620 acres ) with a population density of 49 inhabitants per square kilometer . It is located in an inland area of the mountain , in the valley between the Rocca di Maschi , the Castello Soprano and the Castello Sottano . Corleone is located at 542 metres ( 1,778 ft ) above sea level . Contents 1 History 1.1 Etymology 1.2 Antiquity 1.3 Middle Ages 1.4 Medieval history 1.5 Contemporary history 2 Geography 3 Main sights 3.1 Mother Church 3.2 Addolorata Church 3.2. 1 Other Churches 3.3 Mafia and anti-Mafia Museum of Corleone 3.4 Gorges of the Dragon 3.5 Due Rocche Waterfall 4 Corleone in literature and film 5 Notable people 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Etymology ( edit ) The etymology of the name is uncertain , undergoing various modifications from the Ancient Greek Kouroullounè to the Arabic Kurulliùn \ Qurlayun of the Emirate of Sicily , from Latin Curilionum to the Norman Coraigliòn , from the Aragonese Conillon , Coriglione from which the Sicilian Cunigghiuni originated . The modern name ascends from 1556 . Another belief is that the name derives from an Arab fighter named Kurliyun ( Lionheart ) , who conquered it for the Aghlabids in 840 . Antiquity ( edit ) The territory of Corleone has been inhabited since prehistoric times . Recent research has identified several settlements distributed around two main areas : Pietralunga and The Old One ( La Vecchia ) . This name refers to a mountain that rises to about 1,000 metres ( 3,300 ft ) , and is about 2 kilometres ( 1.2 mi ) from today 's town . The site of Pietralunga was occupied from the final Neolithic Period to the Bronze Age ( the presence of a glass bell decorated in pointillé ) while the site of The Old One has been inhabited since the Middle Ages ( the presence of an imposing castle with towers has recently been identified ) . However , the biggest part of the settlement was built in the archaic and classical period . `` A few materials relating to the Hellenistic period found at the site have supported the identification of the ancient town situated on the Old One with the ancient town of Schera , cited by Cicero , Cluverio and Ptolemy , although the archaeological remains on which this theory is based are still too unstable . ( D'Angelo - Spatafora ) . Middle Ages ( edit ) In 840 , Corleone was conquered by the North African Aghlabids during the Muslim conquest of Sicily . It was during the Muslim occupation that it gained economic , military and strategic importance . Even in the 1170s it was recorded that the majority of the population of the area was Muslim ( more than 80 % ) , including those bearing Arabo - Islamic names derived from Greek . There was also a mosque , called Masgid al - Barid , within the town . Following the large - scale anti-Muslim attacks by Lombard settlers in eastern Sicily in 1161 led by future King of Sicily , Tancred , the town became a refuge for many fleeing Muslims . In 1208 , a Muslim uprising succeeded in retaking the town from Christian rule . In 1222 , while speaking with the pope , Frederick II of Sicily cited the need to fight the Muslims of Corleone as a reason for his inability to send a large crusader army to Jerusalem . To this day , the rock formation , Castello Soprano , has a Saracen lookout tower on top of it . While the town 's other rock formation , Castello Sottano , did not preserve its own Saracen fortification , it is nonetheless still known as Castello di Saraceni . In 1080 the city was conquered by the Normans , and in 1095 it was annexed to the Diocese of Palermo . Nearly a century later , in 1180 , it was enfeoffed ( deeded ) to the new diocese of Monreale . In this period , Corleone was largely repopulated by Ghibellines from Alessandria ( modern Piedmont ) , Brescia and elsewhere -- `` Lombards '' led by Oddone de Camerana . The migrations were encouraged by Emperor Frederick II of Sicily , to strengthen his position against the Guelphs . In 1249 , however , he revoked the privilege and gave the city to the royal property , though the migration of the inhabitants from the Po Valley continued until the beginning of the Sicilian Vespers in 1282 . Another Camerana , named Boniface , distinguished himself in the revolution of the Sicilian Vespers . He led the insurrection against the Angevins with three thousand people from Corleone , in alliance with the city of Palermo . In recognition , the Senate of Palermo called Corleone soror mea ( my sister ) . During the reign of Frederick IV of Sicily , called The Simple , the city successfully rebelled against the crown but was recaptured in 1355 . Corleone was besieged from Ventimiglia in 1358 . During the reign of the four vicars , Corleone became the property of the powerful Chiaramonte family , but in 1391 was donated by Mary Queen of Sicily to Berardo Queralt , canon of Lerida , but he never took possession . Instead , it was occupied by Nicholas Peralta , vicar William 's son , but King Martin the Younger returned it to the royal property , confirming its privileges in 1397 and giving it some tax relief . Medieval history ( edit ) In March 1434 , King Alfonso the Magnanimous went to Corleone and conceded some tolls to the city with the aim of restoring the walls and to meet other needs , promising also the inalienability of the city to which he gave the title of Animosa Civitas ( brave city ) . However , in 1440 Corleone was sold to Federico Ventimiglia for 19,000 florins . This concession was revoked in May 1447 by King Alfonso , to be resold in the same year to a certain John of Bologna . In 1452 the city was finally granted to attorney James Pilaya . In 1516 , Corleone joined the revolutionary movements of Palermo against the Viceroy Moncada . The revolt of Corleone , led by Fabio La Porta , received popular support as its purpose was the request for tax relief . However , the revolt was violently repressed by the viceroy 's troops led by the Vicar General Gerardo Bonanno . Cardinal Anthony ' Bognor ' Iannazzo ( 1480 - 1516 ? ) , a native of Corleone , and a political ally of the Borgia family , otherwise known for a history of frequently terminating local clergy under his employ , tried unsuccessfully to quell the violence . His ship was lost at sea off the coast of North Africa in 1516 . Towards the end of the same century , social conditions in the city worsened further because of the plague of 1575 -- 77 and the famine of 1592 . On June 3 , 1625 , Corleone was sold , with other cities , to some Genoese merchants from whom Corleone redeemed itself upon payment of 15,200 florins . The terms of sale were , however , very serious . In 1648 , the city was sold to the jurist Joseph Sgarlata , who then accepted the redemption upon payment . Remarkable demographic growth was reported in the 15th and 16th centuries , following the arrival of several religious orders . Contemporary history ( edit ) Corleone contributed to the events of the Italian Risorgimento through Francesco Bentivegna who , after participating in the riots of 1848 , captained an insurrection against the Bourbons in the surrounding cities until he was arrested and then shot in Mezzojuso on December 20 , 1856 . On May 27 , 1860 , the city was the scene of a fierce battle between followers of Garibaldi , led by Colonel Vincenzo Giordano Orsini , and the bulk of the Bourbon army led by General Von Meckel , which had been diverted from Palermo via a ploy hatched by the same Garibaldi . On that occasion , a team of volunteers ( Picciotti , Sicilian for `` boys '' ) , led by Ferdinando Firmaturi , joined the march of Garibaldi in Palermo . The nineteenth century ended with the social action by Bernardino Verro , a leader of the social movement Fasci Siciliani . After founding the Fascio of Corleone on April 3 , 1893 , he founded the new Farm Lease that was entered into between farmers and agricultural Sicilian gabelloti in Congress on July 30 , 1893 , held in Corleone -- so much so that the city began to assume the title of `` peasant capital '' . Corleone contributed to the Great War with 105 deaths and numerous injuries on the field . After World War II , a peasant movement occupied vacant lands , led by trade unionist Placido Rizzotto , who was killed by the Mafia . In 1943 , the Duke of Aosta created the title of Count of Corleone , awarded to Arturo Faini for his valour during the Italian occupation of Ethiopia . Since World War II , Corleone has become notorious for being home to several dangerous bandits and mobsters ( including : Michael Navarra , Luciano Leggio , Bernardo Provenzano , Salvatore Riina and his brothers - in - law Calogero and Leoluca Bagarella ) who became the protagonists of a violent and bloody mafia power struggle . Linked to the Corleone clan was also the mayor of Palermo , Vito Ciancimino , born in Corleone . Geography ( edit ) Located in the southwestern area of its province , the municipality of Corleone has an area of 229.46 square kilometers ( 88.60 sq mi ) and is located in a basin in a mountainous inland area , approximately 600 metres ( 2,000 feet ) above sea level , 10 kilometres ( 6.2 miles ) south of the prominent Rocca Busambra . It borders the municipalities of Bisacquino , Campofelice di Fitalia , Campofiorito , Contessa Entellina , Chiusa Sclafani , Godrano , Mezzojuso , Monreale , Palazzo Adriano , Prizzi and Roccamena . Its only hamlet ( Frazione ) is the village of Ficuzza , an enclave in the municipal territory of Monreale . Main sights ( edit ) Mother church ( edit ) Work on the Chiesa Madre ( `` Mother Church '' ) , dedicated to the 4th - century French bishop Saint Martin of Tours , started in the late 14th century . Its appearance today has been influenced by numerous changes and renovations . The interior has a nave and aisles divided into various chapels containing artwork , including a wooden statue representing San Filippo d'Agira from the 17th century , a 16th - century statue representing San Biagio ( Saint Blaise ) and a fine marble panel depicting the Baptism of Christ ( also from this period ) . Addolorata church ( edit ) The Chiesa dell'Addolorata is from the 18th century , dedicated to the Basilian abbot and patron saint San Leoluca Other churches ( edit ) The Chiesa di Santa Rosalia , and the small Sant'Andrea ( the latter two from the 17th century ) , all with important frescoes and paintings , are notable landmarks . The Santuario della Madonna del Rosario di Tagliavia , a religious building from the 19th century , is now a destination for pilgrims on Ascension Day . Mafia and Antimafia museum of Corleone ( edit ) The CIDMA museum ( Centro Internazionale di Documentazione sulla Mafia e del Movimento Antimafia ) was inaugurated on 12 December 2000 , in the presence of the highest authorities of the Republic , including the President of the Republic Carlo Azeglio Ciampi and the deputy Secretary - General of the United Nations Pino Arlacchi , on behalf of Secretary - General Kofi Annan . The CIDMA intends to pursue `` Culture , Progress and Legality '' as its objectives . CIDMA has several rooms for visitors : Room of the Folders of the Maxi Trial ( Italian : Maxiprocesso di Palermo ) , the Room of the Messages , the Room of Pain and the final room dedicated to Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa , an Italian general who campaigned against terrorism and was assassinated by the Mafia . The first room contains Maxi - Trial documents which marked a milestone in the fight against Cosa Nostra . The documents , given to Corleone by the Criminal Chamber of the Court of Palermo , are a testimony to the work of magistrates like Giovanni Falcone and Paolo Borsellino who paid with their lives for their commitment to the fight against the Mafia . Among the folders there are the confessions of the famous pentito ( `` repentant '' ) Tommaso Buscetta to Judge Falcone . In the Room of the Messages , visitors may see the photos of the well - known , Sicilian photographer Letizia Battaglia who had the courage to go on site to capture tragic photographs of Mafia murders . She was able to capture significant details that made her shots documents detailing the murder methods used by the Mafia in the 1970s -- 1980s . The different positions of the bodies allow visitors to reconstruct the Mafia 's strategy . The Room of Pain houses a permanent exhibition of Shobha , Letizia Battaglia 's daughter , who followed in her mother 's footsteps , taking photos of the dismay , helplessness , and despair felt by those who have lost someone at the hands of the Mafia . In the room there are also photos of Letizia Battaglia documenting Mafia crimes . This approach allows visitors to understand the cause - effect relationships that exist between the crimes and the consequences they produce in the lives of affected families and the entire community . The room Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa is dedicated to General Dalla Chiesa . It contains photos of some of the main bosses of the Mafia placed side by side with those in the legal system who fought organized crime . Local guides also offer tours through the CIDMA . Gorges of the dragon ( edit ) The Gorges of the Dragon Along the road that connects Corleone with Ficuzza , following the old railway line connecting Palermo to San Carlo ( a hamlet of Chiusa Sclafani ) ( now the bike path ) , is an old bridge where the Frattina River streams between the limestone rocks . The erosive action of water has produced karst topography over time forming chasms , reels and small waterfalls where the abundant water first disappears and then reappears in the boulders and lush vegetation . Of considerable size are the `` pots of the Giants '' , i.e. cylindrical and deep holes where the water takes on a swirling pattern . Old mulberry trees , oranges , pomegranates , and figs are living testimony of the site where a mill once stood . In the section where the slope is gentler , clear water pools have formed allowing visitors to bathe surrounded by bracken , maidenhair ferns , willows and elms , in the company of tortoise , fish , and colorful dragonflies . The walls that enclose the slopes are clad in rock plants of great botanical interest such as wood spurge , cabbage mountain , the carnation , and capers . Among the crevices of the rock shelter are pigeons , jackdaws , and birds of prey such as kestrels and the peregrine falcon . Tours take visitors up to the top of the gorge where the Frattina River continues to flow , in a more gentle manner , down to the Belice . Due rocche waterfall ( edit ) Within the territory of Corleone , a short walk from the historic center of the city , is the `` Natural Park of the cascade of two fortresses . '' After going through a series of narrow streets in the district of San Giuliano visitors come to the front of a small church dedicated to Our Lady of precisely two fortresses . To the left of this church winds a path that leads between the poplars , willows , and elms to the falls . Comfortably seated on the ancient square blocks in the shade of mulberry trees , nuts and frassinisi visitors have an unimpeded view of the waterfall . The flow of the water in the river has formed a large puddle among rocks through its erosive action . The canyon contains eroded , yellow - green glauconitic rocks occupied by vegetation . Corleone in literature and film ( edit ) The name of the town was used as the adopted surname of the title character in Mario Puzo 's book and Francis Ford Coppola 's film The Godfather . In the novel , Vito Andolini emigrates from the village of Corleone . In the cinematic release of The Godfather , Part II , young Vito , shy and unable to speak English , can not respond when asked for his proper name , and is given the last surname Corleone by an immigration official at Ellis Island . Throughout the film series , various members of the Corleone family visit the town . In the films , the towns of Savoca and Forza d'Agrò were used as locations for those scenes set in Corleone . Michael Corleone is played by Al Pacino , whose real - life maternal grandparents were Corleonese . The adaptation of the town 's name into the name of a criminal gang leader in The Godfather is however predated by Graham Greene 's 1938 novel Brighton Rock , which was made into a popular film in 1947 . The leading character crosses the rival gang leader ' Colleoni ' in the English seaside town of Brighton . Notable people ( edit ) See also : Category : People from Corleone . Gangster Tommaso Gagliano ( 1883 -- 1951 ) Gangster Ignazio Dragna ( 1891 -- 1956 ) Gangster Giuseppe `` the Clutch Hand '' Morello ( 1867 -- 1930 ) Gangster Michele Navarra ( 1905 -- 1958 ) Gangster Luciano Leggio ( 1925 -- 1993 ) Gangster Leoluca Bagarella ( b . 1942 ) Gangster Salvatore Riina ( 1930 -- 2017 ) Gangster Bernardo Provenzano ( 1933 -- 2016 ) Gangster Gaetano Reina ( 1889 -- 1930 ) See also ( edit ) Mafia members from Corleone Royal Palace of Ficuzza References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Comune di Corleone - Sito Ufficiale '' . Comune.corleone.pa.it . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ John Follain ( 8 Jun 2009 ) . The Last Godfathers . Hachette UK . ISBN 9781848942493 . Corleone , whose name is believed to derive from Kurliyun ( Lionheart ) , an Arab fighter who conquered it in AD 840 , has a proud tradition of standing up for its rights , and violently so ... Jump up ^ Alexander Mikaberidze ( 22 Jul 2011 ) . Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World : A Historical Encyclopedia ( 2 volumes ) : A Historical Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . p. 831 . ISBN 9781598843378 . Jump up ^ John Follain ( 8 Jun 2009 ) . The Last Godfathers . Hachette UK . ISBN 9781848942493 . A Saracen lookout tower is perched on another rocky outcrop , a relic from the time when the town was an important strategic point dominating the road from the Sicilian capital Palermo to the island 's southern coast . Jump up ^ Dana Facaros ; Michael Pauls ( 2008 ) . Sicily ( illustrated ed . ) . New Holland Publishers . p. 242 . ISBN 9781860113970 . Jump up ^ Touring Club of Italy ( 2005 ) . Authentic Sicily ( illustrated ed . ) . Touring Editore . p. 63 . ISBN 9788836534036 . Jump up ^ Alex Metcalfe ( 2009 ) . The Muslims of Medieval Italy ( illustrated ed . ) . Edinburgh University Press . p. 225 . ISBN 9780748620081 . Jump up ^ Alexander Metcalfe ( 21 Jan 2014 ) . Muslims and Christians in Norman Sicily : Arabic - Speakers and the End of Islam . Routledge . p. 68 . ISBN 9781317829256 . Jump up ^ El - Said M. Badawi ; Alaa Elgibali ( 1996 ) . Understanding Arabic : Essays in Contemporary Arabic Linguistics in Honor of El - Said Badawi . American Univ in Cairo Press . p. 35 . ISBN 9789774243721 . Jump up ^ Alexander Metcalfe ( 21 Jan 2014 ) . Muslims and Christians in Norman Sicily : Arabic - Speakers and the End of Islam . Routledge . p. 52 . ISBN 9781317829256 . Jump up ^ Ann Katherine Isaacs ( 2007 ) . Immigration and Emigration in Historical Perspective . Edizioni Plus . p. 71 . ISBN 9788884924988 . Jump up ^ Alexander Metcalfe ( 21 Jan 2014 ) . Muslims and Christians in Norman Sicily : Arabic - Speakers and the End of Islam . Routledge . p. 186 . ISBN 9781317829256 . Jump up ^ Aldo Gelso . Events in Sicily . Xlibris Corporation . p. 166 . ISBN 9781462821754 . Jump up ^ Touring Club of Italy ( 2005 ) . Authentic Sicily ( illustrated ed . ) . Touring Editore . p. 63 . ISBN 9788836534036 . Jump up ^ Robert V. Camuto ( 1 Sep 2010 ) . Palmento : A Sicilian Wine Odyssey . U of Nebraska Press . p. 133 . ISBN 9780803233997 . Jump up ^ Joanne Lane ( 6 Feb 2011 ) . Sicily 's Interior : Enna , Caltanisetta , Caltagirone and Beyond . Hunter Publishing , Inc . ISBN 9781556500565 . Beyond the museum you can see the Castello di Saraceni , also known as Castello Sottano . Corleone was built between two rocks on which two Saracen fortifications were built . Jump up ^ 39340 ( x a j h ) Corleone on OpenStreetMap Jump up ^ 113941372 Ficuzza on OpenStreetMap Jump up ^ 605499160 Ficuzza on OpenStreetMap Jump up ^ ( From Corleone SottoSopra ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Corleone . ( in Italian ) Corleone official website ( in Italian ) Corleone on comuni-italiani.it Sicily Comuni of the Metropolitan City of Palermo Alia Alimena Aliminusa Altavilla Milicia Altofonte Bagheria Balestrate Baucina Belmonte Mezzagno Bisacquino Blufi Bolognetta Bompietro Borgetto Caccamo Caltavuturo Campofelice di Fitalia Campofelice di Roccella Campofiorito Camporeale Capaci Carini Castelbuono Casteldaccia Castellana Sicula Castronovo di Sicilia Cefalà Diana Cefalù Cerda Chiusa Sclafani Ciminna Cinisi Collesano Contessa Entellina Corleone Ficarazzi Gangi Geraci Siculo Giardinello Giuliana Godrano Gratteri Isnello Isola delle Femmine Lascari Lercara Friddi Marineo Mezzojuso Misilmeri Monreale Montelepre Montemaggiore Belsito Palazzo Adriano Palermo Partinico Petralia Soprana Petralia Sottana Piana degli Albanesi Polizzi Generosa Pollina Prizzi Roccamena Roccapalumba San Cipirello San Giuseppe Jato San Mauro Castelverde Santa Cristina Gela Santa Flavia Sciara Scillato Sclafani Bagni Termini Imerese Terrasini Torretta Trabia Trappeto Ustica Valledolmo Ventimiglia di Sicilia Vicari Villabate Villafrati The Godfather Novels The Godfather The Sicilian The Godfather Returns The Godfather 's Revenge The Family Corleone Films The Godfather The Godfather Part II The Godfather Part III Video games The Godfather ( 1991 ) The Godfather ( 2006 ) The Godfather II ( 2009 ) Corleone family Vito Corleone Michael Corleone Tom Hagen Sonny Corleone Fredo Corleone Carmela Corleone Kay Adams - Corleone Connie Corleone Anthony Corleone Mary Corleone Vincent Corleone Sandra Corleone Family allies Luca Brasi Peter Clemenza Al Neri Frank Pentangeli Salvatore Tessio Family enemies Don Altobello Emilio Barzini Don Fanucci Moe Greene Carlo Rizzi Hyman Roth Joey Zasa Others Amerigo Bonasera Cardinal Lamberto Lucy Mancini Danny Shea Mickey Shea Billy Van Arsdale Aldo Trapani Albert Volpe Music The Godfather ( soundtrack ) The Godfather Part II ( soundtrack ) The Godfather Part III ( soundtrack ) `` Speak Softly , Love '' `` Promise Me You 'll Remember '' Miscellaneous List of minor characters in The Godfather series Mario Puzo Mark Winegardner Edward Falco Five Families Corleone The Godfather Effect The Godfather Papers and Other Confessions The Godfather Saga The Last Don Omertà The Sicilian Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corleone&oldid=836503993 '' Categories : Cities and towns in Sicily Municipalities of the Metropolitan City of Palermo Corleone Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with short description Articles containing Italian - language text Italian commune articles with missing parameters Articles needing pronunciation Articles needing IPA cleanup All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 All articles with self - published sources Articles with self - published sources from December 2017 Articles with Italian - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano עברית Latina Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Napulitano Norsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Sardu Shqip Sicilianu Ślůnski Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Tarandíne Türkçe Українська Volapük Winaray 中文 44 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 April 2018 , at 05 : 25 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what town in sicily is the godfather from	[ "Several Mafia bosses have come from Corleone, including: Tommy Gagliano, Jack Dragna, Giuseppe Morello, Michele Navarra, Luciano Leggio, Leoluca Bagarella, Salvatore Riina and Bernardo Provenzano. It is also the birthplace of several fictional characters in Mario Puzo's novel The Godfather, including the eponymous Vito (Andolini) Corleone.\n" ]	[ "Corleone" ]
468603052472996057	See You Later, Alligator	See You Later , Alligator - wikipedia See You Later , Alligator Jump to : navigation , search For the Blackford Oakes novel , see See You Later , Alligator ( novel ) . `` See You Later , Alligator '' Single by Bill Haley & His Comets Released February 1 , 1956 Format 45 , 78 Recorded December 12 , 1955 Genre Rock and Roll Length 2 : 45 Label Decca Records Songwriter ( s ) Robert Guidry Producer ( s ) Milt Gabler `` See You Later , Alligator '' is the title of an iconic rock and roll song of the 1950s written and first recorded by American singer - songwriter Bobby Charles . The song was a Top Ten hit for Bill Haley and His Comets in 1956 in the U.S. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Bill Haley Recording 2.1 Charts and certifications 3 Other Versions 4 References History ( edit ) Originally entitled `` Later , Alligator '' , the song , based on a 12 - bar blues chord structure ( 141541 ) , was written by Louisiana songwriter Robert Charles Guidry and first recorded by him under his professional name `` Bobby Charles '' in 1955 . His recording was released on Chess Records under the title `` Later , Alligator '' as 1609 in November 1955 backed with `` On Bended Knee '' . Guidry , a Cajun musician , adopted a New Orleans - influenced blues style for the recording . The melody of the song was borrowed from bluesman Guitar Slim 's `` Later for You , Baby '' which was recorded in 1954 . Guidry also wrote `` Walking to New Orleans '' , which was recorded by Fats Domino . The song was also recorded by Roy Hall , who had written and recorded `` Whole Lotta Shakin ' Goin ' On '' ten weeks before , on December 1 , 1955 at a Nashville session . Bill Haley recording ( edit ) The most famous recording of the song , however , was that created on December 12 , 1955 by Bill Haley & His Comets at a recording session for Decca Records . Unlike most of Haley 's recordings for Decca , which were created at the Pythian Temple studio in New York City , `` Alligator '' and its flip - side , `` The Paper Boy ( On Main Street U.S.A. ) '' , were recorded at the Decca Building in New York . The song was featured in Rock Around the Clock , a musical film Haley and the Comets began shooting in January 1956 . Regarding the claim that Decca records released this disk on February 1 , 1956 in both 45 and 78 formats , Billboard had already listed the song as debuting on 14 January 1956 on the Best Sellers in Stores chart at # 25 and on the Top 100 at # 56 . The Decca single peaked at no . 6 on the Billboard and CashBox pop singles chart in 1956 . Haley 's arrangement of the song is faster - paced than Guidry 's original , and in particular the addition of a two - four beat changed the song from a rhythm and blues `` shuffle '' to rock and roll . The song also has a more light - hearted beat than the original , starting out with a high - pitched , childlike voice ( belonging to Haley 's lead guitarist , Franny Beecher ) reciting the title of the song . The ending of the song was virtually identical to the conclusion of Haley 's earlier hit , `` Shake , Rattle and Roll '' . Bill Haley 's recording of `` See You Later , Alligator '' popularized a catchphrase already in use at the time , and Princess Margaret of the United Kingdom was quoted as saying it ( this is related in a biography of the Princess published in the early 1960s ) . It would become Haley 's third and final million - selling single , although it did not hit the top of the American charts . Haley and the Comets re-recorded the song several more times : in 1964 for Guest Star Records , a drastically rearranged version for Mexico 's Orfeon Records in 1966 , and once more in 1968 for Sweden 's Sonet Records . It was also a staple of the band 's live act . Several post-Haley incarnations of The Comets have also recorded versions of the song . Guidry , under his Bobby Charles pseudonym , re-recorded the song in the 1990s . 1956 sheet music cover for the Bill Haley and the Comets recording on Decca , Arc Music , New York . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Chart ( 1956 ) Peak position Netherlands Singles Chart 7 Other versions ( edit ) In Spain this song was covered by a popular group called Parchís , under the title `` Hasta luego cocodrilo '' . On Broadway , `` See You Later Alligator '' was sung by Robert Britton Lyons , portraying Carl Perkins , in the musical Million Dollar Quartet , which opened in New York in April , 2010 . Robert Britton Lyons also covered the song in the Million Dollar Quartet original Broadway cast recording ( copyright 2010 by MDQ Merchandising , LLC ) . Dr. Feelgood also recorded a version based on this original in 1986 . The song was also recorded by Roy Hall and Otto Bash in 1956 . Wayne Gibson with the Dynamic Sounds featuring Jimmy Page on lead guitar released the song as a single in August , 1964 . Freddie and the Dreamers also recorded the song in 1964 . Sha Na Na recorded the song for their syndicated TV show in 1978 . Mud , The Shakers , Orion , Millie Small , James Last , Col Joye & The Joy Boys , Rood Adeo & Nighthawks at the Diner , Rock House , Horst Jankowski , and Johnny Earle have also recorded the song . In 1967 , Bob Dylan and The Band recorded a parody of the song entitled `` See You Later , Allen Ginsberg , '' which was released on The Bootleg Series Vol. 11 : The Basement Tapes Complete in November 2014 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` A sample of 100 rock and roll songs '' . Icce.rug.nl. 2003 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ Bernard , Shane K. ( 1996 ) . Swamp Pop : Cajun and Creole Rhythm and Blues. Jackson : University Press of Mississippi . p. 35 . Jump up ^ Gilliland , John ( 1969 ) . `` Show 5 - Hail , Hail , Rock ' n ' Roll : The rock revolution gets underway . ( Part 1 ) '' ( audio ) . Pop Chronicles . University of North Texas Libraries . Jump up ^ `` Bill Haley Recordings '' . Thegardnerfamily.org . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ According to John Swenson 's book Bill Haley and the biography Sound and Glory by John W. Haley and John von Hoelle , Haley 's December 1955 recording session of `` See You Later Alligator '' coincided with a major change in his recording practises . Up until this point , it had been policy for Haley to use a session musician to play drums on recording sessions ( usually Billy Gussak but also Cliff Leeman and David `` Panama '' Francis although this last musician is disputed ) ; this despite his hiring of talented and popular drummers to perform on stage with the Comets . In the fall of 1955 , Haley hired Ralph Jones as his stage drummer but continued to use session musicians on record ; according to Swenson and Haley / von Hoelle , Jones successfully lobbied to be also allowed to record with the group on `` See You Later Alligator '' and the practise of using session drummers was dropped thereafter ( though Haley would return to it in the 1970s ) . Jump up ^ `` Bill Haley Releases '' . Thegardnerfamily.org . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1992 ) . The Billboard Pop Charts : 1955 - 1959 ( 14 January 1956 ) . Menomonee Falls , Wisconsin : Record Research , Inc . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 092 - X . Jump up ^ Song artist 90 - Bill Haley & his Comets . tsort.com . Jump up ^ Racklin , Beulah ( February 28 , 1954 ) . `` Do Kids Speak English ? '' . Los Angeles Times . p . J28 . Jump up ^ Dutch Charts BILL HALEY AND HIS COMETS - SEE YOU LATER , ALLIGATOR Jump up ^ Zielinski , Peter James . `` '' Photo Coverage : Million Dollar Quartet Opens on Broadway `` . Posted : 12 : 04 PM ; Monday , April 12 , 2010 '' . Broadwayworld.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ MDQ Merchandising LLC ( 2010 ) . `` Song List '' and `` Performing Credits '' . In Million Dollar Quartet ( p. 5 ) ( CD booklet ) . New York City : Avatar Studios ; and Chicago : Chicago Recording Company . Jump up ^ Second Hand Songs . See You later , Alligator . Jump up ^ `` See You Later , Alligator '' . allmusic . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 07 . ( hide ) Bill Haley & His Comets Bill Haley Joey Ambrose Franny Beecher David Byrd Danny Cedrone Johnny Grande Jackson Haney Ralph Jones John `` Bam - Bam '' Lane Lenny Longo Marshall Lytle Nick Nastos Rudy Pompilli Al Rappa Al Rex Dick Richards Billy Williamson Albums Rock ' n Roll Stage Show Rockin ' the Oldies Rockin ' Around the World Bill Haley 's Chicks Strictly Instrumental Bill Haley and His Comets Haley 's Juke Box Compilations Rock with Bill Haley and the Comets Shake , Rattle and Roll Rock Around the Clock Rockin ' the Joint Songs `` Rocket 88 '' `` Jukebox Cannonball '' `` Rock the Joint '' `` Real Rock Drive '' `` Crazy Man , Crazy '' `` Fractured '' `` Live It Up '' `` Chattanooga Choo Choo '' `` Rock Around the Clock '' `` Shake , Rattle and Roll '' `` Birth of the Boogie '' `` Two Hound Dogs '' `` Rock - A-Beatin ' Boogie '' `` See You Later , Alligator '' `` Hot Dog Buddy Buddy '' `` Rudy 's Rock '' `` Rip It Up '' `` Do n't Knock the Rock '' `` Skinny Minnie '' `` Corrine , Corrina '' `` I Got a Woman '' `` Charmaine '' `` Joey 's Song '' `` Skokiaan '' `` Music ! Music ! Music ! '' `` La Paloma '' `` Yakety Sax '' `` Green Door '' `` Land of a Thousand Dances '' `` Me and Bobby McGee '' Related Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=See_You_Later,_Alligator&oldid=777565566 '' Categories : 1955 songs 1956 singles Bill Haley songs Swamp pop music Rockabilly songs Songs written by Bobby Charles Decca Records singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Italiano Norsk Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2017 , at 22 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did the expression see you later alligator come from	[]	[]
5730361846872523972	Thank God and Greyhound	Thank God and Greyhound - wikipedia Thank God and Greyhound `` Thank God and Greyhound '' Single by Roy Clark from the album I Never Picked Cotton Released September 1970 Format 7 '' Recorded 1969 Genre Country Length 2 : 37 Label Dot Records Songwriter ( s ) Larry Kingston and Earl Nix Roy Clark singles chronology `` I Never Picked Cotton '' ( 1970 ) `` Thank God and Greyhound '' ( 1970 ) `` Magnificent Sanctuary Band '' ( 1971 ) `` I Never Picked Cotton '' ( 1970 ) `` Thank God and Greyhound '' ( 1970 ) `` Magnificent Sanctuary Band '' ( 1971 ) `` Thank God and Greyhound '' is a song made famous by American country musician Roy Clark . Written by Larry Kingston and Earl Nix , the song was released in 1970 as the second single to the album I Never Picked Cotton . The song was a top 10 hit on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart that November and reached the lower ends of the Billboard Hot 100 , peaking at # 90 . Song plot ( edit ) `` Thank God and Greyhound '' is a twin - tempoed song , the tempo reflecting the man 's emotions as the story plays out . The lyrics are told in first person by the protagonist , and tell of a relationship recently ended . In the first part of the song , the tempo is notably depressing . The singer tells how a woman -- the apparent dominant one in the relationship -- squandered his finances and belittled him to the point of humiliation , yet he puts up with her antagonistic behavior in the ultimately futile hope that she may change . One day , after three years in the relationship , the woman abruptly and tersely announces to the singer that she is leaving and gives no explanation . The singer watches her board a Greyhound bus which pulls away from the terminal . Following the line `` ... all I can think of ... is ... , '' the song 's tempo changes to an ironically more upbeat one , and completes the verse ( `` thank God and Greyhound you 're gone ! '' ) . At this point , the man is overjoyed and utterly relieved that his now ex-girlfriend is finally out of his life . Imagery of the bus pulling away ( the engine hum and the black exhaust cloud ) is used to underscore the man 's ecstasy over the now - ended relationship , rationalizing his feelings in this way : `` it may be kind of cruel , but I 've been silent too long . '' Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1970 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles 6 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 90 Canadian RPM Country Tracks References ( edit ) Whitburn , Joel , `` Top Country Songs : 1944 - 2005 , '' 2006 . Allmusic -- Thank God and Greyhound by Roy Clark . Roy Clark Studio albums Roy Clark & Joe Pass Play Hank Williams Songs `` The Tip of My Fingers '' `` Alabama Jubilee '' `` Yesterday When I Was Young '' `` I Never Picked Cotton '' `` Thank God and Greyhound '' `` The Lawrence Welk - Hee Haw Counter-Revolution Polka '' `` Come Live with Me '' `` Honeymoon Feelin ' '' `` Tennessee Saturday Night '' `` Tobacco Road '' `` Here We Go Again '' Related Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thank_God_and_Greyhound&oldid=804234457 '' Categories : 1970 singles Roy Clark songs Songs about buses Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 17 : 07 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wrote thank god and greyhound you're gone	[ "\"Thank God and Greyhound\" is a song made famous by American country musician Roy Clark. Written by Larry Kingston and Earl Nix, the song was released in 1970 as the second single to the album I Never Picked Cotton. The song was a top 10 hit on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart that November and reached the lower ends of the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at #90.\n", "\"Thank God and Greyhound\" is a song made famous by American country musician Roy Clark. Written by Larry Kingston and Earl Nix, the song was released in 1970 as the second single to the album I Never Picked Cotton. The song was a top 10 hit on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart that November and reached the lower ends of the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at #90.\n" ]	[ "Larry Kingston", "Earl Nix" ]
7221438127752160596	House of Lords	House of Lords - wikipedia House of Lords Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the United Kingdom House of Lords . For other uses , see House of Lords ( disambiguation ) . House of Lords of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Type Type Upper House of the Parliament of the United Kingdom Leadership Lord Speaker The Lord Fowler Since 1 September 2016 Leader of the House The Baroness Evans of Bowes Park , Conservative Since 14 July 2016 Leader of the Opposition The Baroness Smith of Basildon , Labour Since 27 May 2015 Third Party Leader The Lord Newby , Liberal Democrat Since 13 September 2016 Structure Seats 780 Political groups Lords Temporal HM Government Conservative Party ( 244 ) Confidence and supply Democratic Unionist Party ( 3 ) HM Most Loyal Opposition Labour Party ( 187 ) Crossbench Crossbenchers ( 181 ) Other groups Liberal Democrats ( 98 ) Non-affiliated ( 28 ) UK Independence Party ( 3 ) Ind . Labour ( 3 ) Ulster Unionist Party ( 2 ) Green Party ( 1 ) Ind . Social Democrat ( 1 ) Ind . Ulster Unionist ( 1 ) Plaid Cymru ( 1 ) Lord Speaker ( 1 ) Lords Spiritual Bishops ( 26 ) Salary No annual salary , but tax - free daily allowance and expenses paid . Meeting place House of Lords Chamber Palace of Westminster Westminster London United Kingdom Website www.parliament.uk/lords Footnotes Jump up ^ The Lords Spiritual sit on the Government benches . Jump up ^ Excludes 25 peers on leave of absence or otherwise disqualified from sitting . The House of Lords of the United Kingdom , also known as the House of Peers , is the upper house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom . Like the House of Commons , it meets in the Palace of Westminster . Officially , the full name of the house is the Right Honourable the Lords Spiritual and Temporal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in Parliament assembled . Unlike the elected House of Commons , all members of the House of Lords ( excluding 90 hereditary peers elected among themselves and two peers who are ex officio members ) are appointed . The membership of the House of Lords is drawn from the peerage and is made up of Lords Spiritual and Lords Temporal . The Lords Spiritual are 26 bishops in the established Church of England . Of the Lords Temporal , the majority are life peers who are appointed by the monarch on the advice of the Prime Minister , or on the advice of the House of Lords Appointments Commission . However , they also include some hereditary peers including four dukes . Membership was once an entitlement of all hereditary peers , other than those in the peerage of Ireland , but under the House of Lords Act 1999 , the right to membership was restricted to 92 hereditary peers . Very few of these are female since most hereditary peerages can only be inherited by men . While the House of Commons has a defined 650 - seat membership , the number of members in the House of Lords is not fixed . There are currently 780 sitting Lords . The House of Lords is the only upper house of any bicameral parliament to be larger than its lower house . The House of Lords scrutinises bills that have been approved by the House of Commons . It regularly reviews and amends Bills from the Commons . While it is unable to prevent Bills passing into law , except in certain limited circumstances , it can delay Bills and force the Commons to reconsider their decisions . In this capacity , the House of Lords acts as a check on the House of Commons that is independent from the electoral process . Bills can be introduced into either the House of Lords or the House of Commons . While members of the Lords may also take on roles as government ministers , high - ranking officials such as cabinet ministers are usually drawn from the Commons . The House of Lords has its own support services , separate from the Commons , including the House of Lords Library . The Queen 's Speech is delivered in the House of Lords during the State Opening of Parliament . In addition to its role as the upper house , until the establishment of the Supreme Court in 2009 , the House of Lords , through the Law Lords , acted as the final court of appeal in the United Kingdom judicial system . The House also has a Church of England role , in that Church Measures must be tabled within the House by the Lords Spiritual . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 19th century 1.2 20th century 1.3 Lords reform 1.3. 1 First admission of women 1.3. 2 1997 -- 2010 1.3. 3 2010 -- present 1.3. 4 House of Lords Reform Act 2014 1.3. 5 House of Lords ( Expulsion and Suspension ) Act 2015 1.3. 6 Lords Spiritual ( Women ) Act 2015 1.3. 7 Overcrowding 1.4 Relationship with the Government 1.5 Legislative functions 1.6 Former judicial role 2 Membership 2.1 Lords Spiritual 2.2 Lords Temporal 2.3 Qualifications 2.3. 1 Cash for Peerages 2.4 Removal from House membership 3 Officers 4 Procedure 4.1 Disciplinary powers 4.1. 1 Regulation of behaviour in the chamber 4.2 Leave of absence 4.3 Attendance allowance 5 Committees 6 Current composition 7 Government leaders and ministers in the Lords 7.1 Leaders and chief whips 7.2 Other ministers 7.3 Other whips ( Lords and Baronesses - in - Waiting ) 8 See also 8.1 Overseas counterparts 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 Further reading 12 External links History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Today 's Parliament of the United Kingdom largely descends , in practice , from the Parliament of England , though the Treaty of Union of 1706 and the Acts of Union that ratified the Treaty in 1707 created a new Parliament of Great Britain to replace the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland . This new parliament was , in effect , the continuation of the Parliament of England with the addition of 45 MPs and 16 Peers to represent Scotland . The House of Lords developed from the `` Great Council '' ( Magnum Concilium ) that advised the King during medieval times . This royal council came to be composed of ecclesiastics , noblemen , and representatives of the counties of England and Wales ( afterwards , representatives of the boroughs as well ) . The first English Parliament is often considered to be the `` Model Parliament '' ( held in 1295 ) , which included archbishops , bishops , abbots , earls , barons , and representatives of the shires and boroughs of it . The power of Parliament grew slowly , fluctuating as the strength of the monarchy grew or declined . For example , during much of the reign of Edward II ( 1307 -- 1327 ) , the nobility was supreme , the Crown weak , and the shire and borough representatives entirely powerless . In 1569 , the authority of Parliament was for the first time recognised not simply by custom or royal charter , but by an authoritative statute , passed by Parliament itself . During the reign of Edward II 's successor , Edward III , Parliament clearly separated into two distinct chambers : the House of Commons ( consisting of the shire and borough representatives ) and the House of Lords ( consisting of the bishops , abbots and peers ) . The authority of Parliament continued to grow , and during the early 15th century both Houses exercised powers to an extent not seen before . The Lords were far more powerful than the Commons because of the great influence of the great landowners and the prelates of the realm . The power of the nobility declined during the civil wars of the late 15th century , known as the Wars of the Roses . Much of the nobility was killed on the battlefield or executed for participation in the war , and many aristocratic estates were lost to the Crown . Moreover , feudalism was dying , and the feudal armies controlled by the barons became obsolete . Henry VII ( 1485 -- 1509 ) clearly established the supremacy of the monarch , symbolised by the `` Crown Imperial '' . The domination of the Sovereign continued to grow during the reigns of the Tudor monarchs in the 16th century . The Crown was at the height of its power during the reign of Henry VIII ( 1509 -- 1547 ) . The House of Lords remained more powerful than the House of Commons , but the Lower House continued to grow in influence , reaching a zenith in relation to the House of Lords during the middle 17th century . Conflicts between the King and the Parliament ( for the most part , the House of Commons ) ultimately led to the English Civil War during the 1640s . In 1649 , after the defeat and execution of King Charles I , the Commonwealth of England was declared , but the nation was effectively under the overall control of Oliver Cromwell , Lord Protector of England , Scotland and Ireland . The House of Lords was reduced to a largely powerless body , with Cromwell and his supporters in the Commons dominating the Government . On 19 March 1649 , the House of Lords was abolished by an Act of Parliament , which declared that `` The Commons of England ( find ) by too long experience that the House of Lords is useless and dangerous to the people of England . '' The House of Lords did not assemble again until the Convention Parliament met in 1660 and the monarchy was restored . It returned to its former position as the more powerful chamber of Parliament -- a position it would occupy until the 19th century . Queen Anne addressing the House of Lords , c. 1708 -- 14 , by Peter Tillemans An early 19th - century illustration showing the east wall of the House of Lords in the centre . The rejection of the People 's Budget , proposed by David Lloyd George ( above ) , precipitated a political crisis in 1909 . The House of Lords voting for the Parliament Act 1911 19th century ( edit ) The 19th century was marked by several changes to the House of Lords . The House , once a body of only about 50 members , had been greatly enlarged by the liberality of George III and his successors in creating peerages . The individual influence of a Lord of Parliament was thus diminished . Moreover , the power of the House as a whole decreased , whilst that of the House of Commons grew . Particularly notable in the development of the Lower House 's superiority was the Reform Bill of 1832 . The electoral system of the House of Commons was far from democratic : property qualifications greatly restricted the size of the electorate , and the boundaries of many constituencies had not been changed for centuries . Entire cities such as Manchester were not represented by a single individual in the House of Commons , but the 11 voters of Old Sarum retained their ancient right to elect two MPs . A small borough was susceptible to bribery , and was often under the control of a patron , whose nominee was guaranteed to win an election . Some aristocrats were patrons of numerous `` pocket boroughs '' , and therefore controlled a considerable part of the membership of the House of Commons . When the House of Commons passed a Reform Bill to correct some of these anomalies in 1831 , the House of Lords rejected the proposal . The popular cause of reform , however , was not abandoned by the ministry , despite a second rejection of the bill in 1832 . Prime Minister Charles Grey , 2nd Earl Grey advised the King to overwhelm opposition to the bill in the House of Lords by creating about 80 new pro-Reform peers . William IV originally balked at the proposal , which effectively threatened the opposition of the House of Lords , but at length relented . Before the new peers were created , however , the Lords who opposed the bill admitted defeat and abstained from the vote , allowing the passage of the bill . The crisis damaged the political influence of the House of Lords but did not altogether end it . A vital reform was effected by the Lords themselves in 1868 , when they changed their standing orders to abolish proxy voting , preventing Lords from voting without taking the trouble to attend . Over the course of the century the power of the Upper House were further eroded , and the Commons gradually became the stronger House of Parliament . 20th century ( edit ) Punch 1911 cartoon shows Asquith and Lloyd George preparing coronets for 500 new peers to threaten takeover of House of Lords The status of the House of Lords returned to the forefront of debate after the election of a Liberal Government in 1906 . In 1909 , the Chancellor of the Exchequer , David Lloyd George , introduced into the House of Commons the `` People 's Budget '' , which proposed a land tax targeting wealthy landowners . The popular measure , however , was defeated in the heavily Conservative House of Lords . Having made the powers of the House of Lords a primary campaign issue , the Liberals were narrowly re-elected in January 1910 . Prime Minister H.H. Asquith then proposed that the powers of the House of Lords be severely curtailed . After a further general election in December 1910 , and with an undertaking by King George V to create sufficient new Liberal peers to overcome Lords ' opposition to the measure if necessary , the Asquith Government secured the passage of a bill to curtail the powers of the House of Lords . The Parliament Act 1911 effectively abolished the power of the House of Lords to reject legislation , or to amend it in a way unacceptable to the House of Commons : most bills could be delayed for no more than three parliamentary sessions or two calendar years . It was not meant to be a permanent solution ; more comprehensive reforms were planned . Neither party , however , pursued the matter with much enthusiasm , and the House of Lords remained primarily hereditary . In 1949 , the Parliament Act reduced the delaying power of the House of Lords further to two sessions or one year . In 1958 , the predominantly hereditary nature of the House of Lords was changed by the Life Peerages Act 1958 , which authorised the creation of life baronies , with no numerical limits . The number of Life Peers then gradually increased , though not at a constant rate . The Labour Party had for most of the 20th century a commitment , based on the party 's historic opposition to class privilege , to abolish the House of Lords , or at least expel the hereditary element . In 1968 , the Labour Government of Harold Wilson attempted to reform the House of Lords by introducing a system under which hereditary peers would be allowed to remain in the House and take part in debate , but would be unable to vote . This plan , however , was defeated in the House of Commons by a coalition of traditionalist Conservatives ( such as Enoch Powell ) , and Labour members who continued to advocate the outright abolition of the Upper House ( such as Michael Foot ) . When Michael Foot became leader of the Labour Party in 1980 , abolition of the House of Lords became a part of the party 's agenda ; under his successor , Neil Kinnock , however , a reformed Upper House was proposed instead . In the meantime , the creation of hereditary peerages ( except for members of the Royal Family ) has been arrested , with the exception of three creations during the administration of the Conservative Margaret Thatcher in the 1980s . Whilst some hereditary peers were at best apathetic , the Labour Party 's clear commitments were not lost on Merlin Hanbury - Tracy , 7th Baron Sudeley , who for decades was considered an expert on the House of Lords . In December 1979 the Conservative Monday Club published his extensive paper entitled Lords Reform -- Why tamper with the House of Lords ? and in July 1980 The Monarchist carried another article by Sudeley entitled Why Reform or Abolish the House of Lords ? . In 1990 he wrote a further booklet for the Monday Club entitled The Preservation of the House of Lords . Lords Reform ( edit ) Main article : Reform of the House of Lords First admission of women ( edit ) There were no women sitting in the House of Lords until 1958 , when a small number came into the chamber as a result of the Life Peerages Act 1958 . One of these was Irene Curzon , 2nd Baroness Ravensdale , who had inherited her father 's peerage in 1925 and was made a life peer to enable her to sit . After a campaign stretching back in some cases to the 1920s , another twelve women who held hereditary peerages in their own right were finally admitted by the Peerage Act 1963 . 1997 -- 2010 ( edit ) The Labour Party included in its 1997 general election Manifesto a commitment to remove the hereditary peerage from the House of Lords . Their subsequent election victory in 1997 under Tony Blair finally heralded the demise of the traditional House of Lords . The Labour Government introduced legislation to expel all hereditary peers from the Upper House as a first step in Lords reform . As a part of a compromise , however , it agreed to permit 92 hereditary peers to remain until the reforms were complete . Thus all but 92 hereditary peers were expelled under the House of Lords Act 1999 ( see below for its provisions ) , making the House of Lords predominantly an appointed house . Since 1999 , however , no further reform has taken place . The Wakeham Commission proposed introducing a 20 % elected element to the Lords , but this plan was widely criticised . A Joint Committee was established in 2001 to resolve the issue , but it reached no conclusion and instead gave Parliament seven options to choose from ( fully appointed , 20 % elected , 40 % elected , 50 % elected , 60 % elected , 80 % , and fully elected ) . In a confusing series of votes in February 2003 , all of these options were defeated , although the 80 % elected option fell by just three votes in the Commons . Socialist MPs favouring outright abolition voted against all the options . In 2005 , a cross-party group of senior MPs ( Kenneth Clarke , Paul Tyler , Tony Wright , George Young and Robin Cook ) published a report proposing that 70 % of members of the House of Lords should be elected -- each member for a single long term -- by the single transferable vote system . Most of the remainder were to be appointed by a Commission to ensure a mix of `` skills , knowledge and experience '' . This proposal was also not implemented . A cross-party campaign initiative called `` Elect the Lords '' was set up to make the case for a predominantly elected Second Chamber in the run up to the 2005 general election . At the 2005 election , the Labour Party proposed further reform of the Lords , but without specific details . The Conservative Party , which had , prior to 1997 , opposed any tampering with the House of Lords , favoured an 80 % elected Second Chamber , while the Liberal Democrats called for a fully elected Senate . During 2006 , a cross-party committee discussed Lords reform , with the aim of reaching a consensus : its findings were published in early 2007 . On 7 March 2007 , members of the House of Commons voted ten times on a variety of alternative compositions for the upper chamber . Outright abolition , a wholly appointed house , a 20 % elected house , a 40 % elected house , a 50 % elected house and a 60 % elected house were all defeated in turn . Finally the vote for an 80 % elected chamber was won by 305 votes to 267 , and the vote for a wholly elected chamber was won by an even greater margin : 337 to 224 . Significantly this last vote represented an overall majority of MPs . Furthermore , examination of the names of MPs voting at each division shows that , of the 305 who voted for the 80 % elected option , 211 went on to vote for the 100 % elected option . Given that this vote took place after the vote on 80 % -- whose result was already known when the vote on 100 % took place -- this showed a clear preference for a fully elected upper house among those who voted for the only other option that passed . But this was nevertheless only an indicative vote and many political and legislative hurdles remained to be overcome for supporters of an elected second chamber . The House of Lords , soon after , rejected this proposal and voted for an entirely appointed House of Lords . In July 2008 , Jack Straw , the Secretary of State for Justice and Lord Chancellor , introduced a white paper to the House of Commons proposing to replace the House of Lords with an 80 -- 100 % elected chamber , with one third being elected at each general election , for a term of approximately 12 -- 15 years . The white paper states that as the peerage would be totally separated from membership of the upper house , the name `` House of Lords '' would no longer be appropriate : It goes on to explain that there is cross-party consensus for the new chamber to be titled the `` Senate of the United Kingdom '' ; however , to ensure the debate remains on the role of the upper house rather than its title , the white paper is neutral on the title of the new house . On 30 November 2009 , a Code of Conduct for Members of the House of Lords was agreed by them ; certain amendments were agreed by them on 30 March 2010 and on 12 June 2014 . The scandal over expenses in the Commons was at its highest pitch only six months before , and the Labourite leadership under Janet Royall determined that something sympathetic should be done . In Meg Russell 's article `` Is the House of Lords already reformed ? '' , she states three essential features of a legitimate House of Lords . The first is that it must have adequate powers over legislation to make the government think twice before making a decision . The House of Lords , she argues , currently has enough power to make it relevant . During Tony Blair 's first year , he was defeated 38 times in the Lords . Secondly , as to the composition of the Lords , Meg Russell suggests that the composition must be distinct from the Commons , otherwise it would render the Lords useless . The third feature is the perceived legitimacy of the Lords . She writes , `` In general legitimacy comes with election . '' If the Lords have a distinct and elected composition , this would probably come about through fixed term proportional representation . If this happens , then the perceived legitimacy of the Lords could arguably outweigh the legitimacy of the Commons . This would especially be the case if the House of Lords had been elected more recently than the House of Commons as it could be said to reflect the will of the people better than the Commons . In this scenario , there may well come a time when the Lords twice reject a Bill from the Commons and it is forced through . This would in turn trigger questions about the amount of power the Lords should have and there would be pressure for it to increase . This hypothetical process is known as the `` circumnavigation of power theory '' . It implies that it would never be in any government 's interest to legitimise the Lords , as they would be forfeiting their own power . 2010 -- present ( edit ) The Conservative -- Liberal Democrat coalition agreed , after the 2010 general election , to outline clearly a provision for a wholly or mainly elected second chamber , elected by proportional representation . These proposals sparked a debate on 29 June 2010 . As an interim measure , appointment of new peers would reflect the shares of the vote secured by the political parties in the last general election . Detailed proposals for Lords reform , including a draft House of Lords Reform Bill , were published on 17 May 2011 . These included a 300 - member hybrid house , of whom 80 % would be elected . A further 20 % would be appointed , and reserve space would be included for some Church of England bishops . Under the proposals , members would also serve single non-renewable terms of 15 years . Former MPs would be allowed to stand for election to the Upper House , but members of the Upper House would not be immediately allowed to become MPs . The details of the proposal were : The upper chamber shall continue to be known as the House of Lords for legislative purposes . The reformed House of Lords should have 300 members of whom 240 are `` Elected Members '' and 60 appointed `` Independent Members '' . Up to 12 Church of England bishops may sit in the house as ex officio `` Lords Spiritual '' . Elected Members will serve a single , non-renewable term of 15 years . Elections to the reformed Lords should take place at the same time as elections to the House of Commons . Elected Members should be elected using the Single Transferable Vote system of proportional representation . Twenty Independent Members ( a third ) shall take their seats within the reformed house at the same time as elected members do so , and for the same 15 - year term . Independent Members will be appointed by the Queen after being proposed by the Prime Minister acting on advice of an Appointments Commission . There will no longer be a link between the peerage system and membership of the upper house . The current powers of the House of Lords would not change and the House of Commons shall retain its status as the primary House of Parliament . The proposals were considered by a Joint Committee on House of Lords Reform made up of both MPs and Peers , which issued its final report on 23 April 2012 , making the following suggestions : The reformed House of Lords should have 450 members . Party groupings , including the Crossbenchers , should choose which of their members are retained in the transition period , with the percentage of members allotted to each group based on their share of the peers with high attendance during a given period . Up to 12 Lords Spiritual should be retained in a reformed House of Lords . Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg introduced the House of Lords Reform Bill 2012 on 27 June 2012 which built on proposals published on 17 May 2011 . However , this Bill was abandoned by the Government on 6 August 2012 following opposition from within the Conservative Party . House of Lords Reform Act 2014 ( edit ) A private members bill to introduce some reforms was introduced by Dan Byles in 2013 . The House of Lords Reform Act 2014 received the Royal Assent in 2014 . Under the new law : All peers can retire or resign from the chamber ( prior to this only hereditary peers could disclaim their peerages ) . Peers can be disqualified for non-attendance . Peers can be removed for receiving prison sentences of a year or more . House of Lords ( Expulsion and Suspension ) Act 2015 ( edit ) The House of Lords ( Expulsion and Suspension ) Act 2015 authorised the House to expel or suspend members . Lords Spiritual ( women ) Act 2015 ( edit ) Main article : Lords Spiritual ( Women ) Act 2015 See also : Women in the House of Lords This act makes provision to preferentially admit bishops of the Church of England who are women to the Lords Spiritual in the 10 years following its commencement . In 2015 , Rachel Treweek , Bishop of Gloucester , became the first woman to sit as a Lord Spiritual in the House of Lords . Overcrowding ( edit ) The size of the House of Lords has varied greatly throughout its history . From about 220 members in the early 1700s , it increased to a record size of 1,330 in October 1999 , before Lords reform reduced it to 669 by March 2000 . In April 2011 , a cross-party group of former leading politicians , including many senior members of the House of Lords , called on the Prime Minister David Cameron to stop creating new peers . He had created 117 new peers since becoming prime minister in May 2010 , a faster rate of elevation than any PM in British history . The expansion occurred while his government had tried ( in vain ) to reduce the size of the House of Commons by 50 members , from 650 to 600 . In August 2014 , despite there being a seating capacity of only around 230 to 400 on the benches in the Lords chamber , the House had 774 active members ( plus 54 who were not entitled to attend or vote , having been suspended or granted leave of absence ) . This made the House of Lords the largest parliamentary chamber in any democracy . In August 2014 , former Speaker of the House of Commons Betty Boothroyd requested that `` older peers should retire gracefully '' to ease the overcrowding in the House of Lords . She also criticised successive prime ministers for filling the second chamber with `` lobby fodder '' in an attempt to help their policies become law . She made her remarks days before a new batch of peers were due to be created . In August 2015 , following the creation of a further 45 peers in the Dissolution Honours , the total number of eligible members of the Lords increased to 826 . In a report entitled Does size matter ? the BBC said : `` Increasingly , yes . Critics argue the House of Lords is the second largest legislature after the Chinese National People 's Congress and dwarfs Upper Houses in other bi-cameral democracies such as the United States ( 100 senators ) , France ( 348 senators ) , Australia ( 76 senators ) and India ( 250 members ) . The Lords is also larger than the Supreme People 's Assembly of North Korea ( 687 members ) . ( ... ) Peers grumble that there is not enough room to accommodate all of their colleagues in the Chamber , where there are only about 400 seats , and say they are constantly jostling for space -- particularly during high - profile sittings '' , but added , `` On the other hand , defenders of the Lords say that it does a vital job scrutinising legislation , a lot of which has come its way from the Commons in recent years '' . Relationship with the Government ( edit ) The House of Lords does not control the term of the Prime Minister or of the Government . Only the Lower House may force the Prime Minister to resign or call elections by passing a motion of no - confidence or by withdrawing supply . Thus , the House of Lords ' oversight of the government is limited . Most Cabinet ministers are from the House of Commons rather than the House of Lords . In particular , all Prime Ministers since 1902 have been members of the Lower House . ( Alec Douglas - Home , who became Prime Minister in 1963 whilst still an Earl , disclaimed his peerage and was elected to the Commons soon after his term began . ) In recent history , it has been very rare for major cabinet positions ( except Lord Chancellor and Leader of the House of Lords ) to have been filled by peers . Exceptions include Peter Carrington , who was the Foreign Secretary between 1979 and 1982 , David Young ( Minister without Portfolio , then Secretary of State for Employment and then Secretary of State for Trade and Industry from 1984 to 1989 ) , Valerie Amos , who served as Secretary of State for International Development and Peter Mandelson , who served as First Secretary of State , Secretary of State for Business , Innovation and Skills and President of the Board of Trade . George Robertson was briefly a peer whilst serving as Secretary of State for Defence before resigning to take up the post of Secretary General of NATO . From 1999 to 2010 the Attorney General for England and Wales was a Member of the House of Lords ; the most recent was Patricia Scotland . The House of Lords remains a source for junior ministers and members of government . Like the House of Commons , the Lords also has a Government Chief Whip as well as several Junior Whips . Where a government department is not represented by a minister in the Lords or one is not available , government whips will act as spokesmen for them . Legislative functions ( edit ) Further information : Acts of Parliament in the United Kingdom The House of Lords meets in a chamber in the Palace of Westminster . Legislation , with the exception of money bills , may be introduced in either House . The House of Lords debates legislation , and has power to amend or reject bills . However , the power of the Lords to reject a bill passed by the House of Commons is severely restricted by the Parliament Acts . Under those Acts , certain types of bills may be presented for the Royal Assent without the consent of the House of Lords ( i.e. the Commons can override the Lords ' veto ) . The House of Lords can not delay a money bill ( a bill that , in the view of the Speaker of the House of Commons , solely concerns national taxation or public funds ) for more than one month . Other public bills can not be delayed by the House of Lords for more than two parliamentary sessions , or one calendar year . These provisions , however , only apply to public bills that originate in the House of Commons , and can not have the effect of extending a parliamentary term beyond five years . A further restriction is a constitutional convention known as the Salisbury Convention , which means that the House of Lords does not oppose legislation promised in the Government 's election manifesto . By a custom that prevailed even before the Parliament Acts , the House of Lords is further restrained insofar as financial bills are concerned . The House of Lords may neither originate a bill concerning taxation or Supply ( supply of treasury or exchequer funds ) , nor amend a bill so as to insert a taxation or Supply - related provision . ( The House of Commons , however , often waives its privileges and allows the Upper House to make amendments with financial implications . ) Moreover , the Upper House may not amend any Supply Bill . The House of Lords formerly maintained the absolute power to reject a bill relating to revenue or Supply , but this power was curtailed by the Parliament Acts , as aforementioned . Former judicial role ( edit ) Main article : Judicial functions of the House of Lords Historically , the House of Lords held several judicial functions . Most notably , until 2009 the House of Lords served as the court of last resort for most instances of UK law . Since 1 October 2009 this role is now held by the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom . The Lords ' judicial functions originated from the ancient role of the Curia Regis as a body that addressed the petitions of the King 's subjects . The functions were exercised not by the whole House , but by a committee of `` Law Lords '' . The bulk of the House 's judicial business was conducted by the twelve Lords of Appeal in Ordinary , who were specifically appointed for this purpose under the Appellate Jurisdiction Act 1876 . The judicial functions could also be exercised by Lords of Appeal ( other members of the House who happened to have held high judicial office ) . No Lord of Appeal in Ordinary or Lord of Appeal could sit judicially beyond the age of seventy - five . The judicial business of the Lords was supervised by the Senior Lord of Appeal in Ordinary and their deputy , the Second Senior Lord of Appeal in Ordinary . The jurisdiction of the House of Lords extended , in civil and in criminal cases , to appeals from the courts of England and Wales , and of Northern Ireland . From Scotland , appeals were possible only in civil cases ; Scotland 's High Court of Justiciary is the highest court in criminal matters . The House of Lords was not the United Kingdom 's only court of last resort ; in some cases , the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council performs such a function . The jurisdiction of the Privy Council in the United Kingdom , however , is relatively restricted ; it encompasses appeals from ecclesiastical courts , disputes under the House of Commons Disqualification Act 1975 , and a few other minor matters . Issues related to devolution were transferred from the Privy Council to the Supreme Court in 2009 . The twelve Law Lords did not all hear every case ; rather , after World War II cases were heard by panels known as Appellate Committees , each of which normally consisted of five members ( selected by the Senior Lord ) . An Appellate Committee hearing an important case could consist of more than five members . Though Appellate Committees met in separate committee rooms , judgement was given in the Lords Chamber itself . No further appeal lay from the House of Lords , although the House of Lords could refer a `` preliminary question '' to the European Court of Justice in cases involving an element of European Union law , and a case could be brought at the European Court of Human Rights if the House of Lords did not provide a satisfactory remedy in cases where the European Convention on Human Rights was relevant . A distinct judicial function -- one in which the whole House used to participate -- is that of trying impeachments . Impeachments were brought by the House of Commons , and tried in the House of Lords ; a conviction required only a majority of the Lords voting . Impeachments , however , are to all intents and purposes obsolete ; the last impeachment was that of Henry Dundas , 1st Viscount Melville , in 1806 . Similarly , the House of Lords was once the court that tried peers charged with high treason or felony . The House would be presided over not by the Lord Chancellor , but by the Lord High Steward , an official especially appointed for the occasion of the trial . If Parliament was not in session , then peers could be tried in a separate court , known as the Lord High Steward 's Court . Only peers , their wives , and their widows ( unless remarried ) were entitled to such trials ; the Lords Spiritual were tried in ecclesiastical courts . In 1948 , the right of peers to be tried in such special courts was abolished ; now , they are tried in the regular courts . The last such trial in the House was of Edward Russell , 26th Baron de Clifford , in 1935 . An illustrative dramatisation circa 1928 of a trial of a peer ( the fictional Duke of Denver ) on a charge of murder ( a felony ) is portrayed in the 1972 BBC Television adaption of Dorothy L. Sayers ' Lord Peter Wimsey mystery Clouds of Witness . The Constitutional Reform Act 2005 resulted in the creation of a separate Supreme Court of the United Kingdom , to which the judicial function of the House of Lords , and some of the judicial functions of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council , were transferred . In addition , the office of Lord Chancellor was reformed by the act , removing his ability to act as both a government minister and a judge . This was motivated in part by concerns about the historical admixture of legislative , judicial , and executive power . The new Supreme Court is located at Middlesex Guildhall . Membership ( edit ) Part of a series on Peerage Ranks ( show ) Duke Duchess Marquess Marchioness Earl Countess Viscount Viscountess Baron Baroness Types ( show ) Hereditary Life Representative Divisions ( show ) England Scotland Ireland Great Britain United Kingdom History ( show ) Overview Privileges Robes House of Lords British politics portal United Kingdom portal Lords Spiritual ( edit ) Main article : Lords Spiritual Members of the House of Lords who sit by virtue of their ecclesiastical offices are known as Lords Spiritual . Formerly , the Lords Spiritual were the majority in the English House of Lords , comprising the church 's archbishops , ( diocesan ) bishops , abbots , and those priors who were entitled to wear a mitre . After the English Reformation 's highpoint in 1539 , only the archbishops and bishops continued to attend , as the Dissolution of the Monasteries had just disproved of and suppressed the positions of abbot and prior . In 1642 , during the few Lords ' gatherings convened during English Interregnum which saw periodic war , the Lords Spiritual were excluded altogether , but they returned under the Clergy Act 1661 . The number of Lords Spiritual was further restricted by the Bishopric of Manchester Act 1847 , and by later Acts . The Lords Spiritual can now number no more than 26 ; these are the Archbishop of Canterbury , the Archbishop of York , the Bishop of London , the Bishop of Durham , the Bishop of Winchester ( who sit by right regardless of seniority ) and the 21 longest - serving bishops from other dioceses in the Church of England ( excluding the dioceses of Sodor and Man and Gibraltar in Europe , as these lie entirely outside the United Kingdom ) . Following a change to the law in 2014 to allow women to be ordained bishops , the Lords Spiritual ( Women ) Act 2015 was passed , which provides that whenever a vacancy arises among the Lords Spiritual during the ten years following the Act coming into force , the vacancy has to be filled by a woman , if one is eligible . This does not apply to the five bishops who sit by right . The current Lords Spiritual represent only the Church of England . Bishops of the Church of Scotland historically sat in the Parliament of Scotland but were finally excluded in 1689 ( after a number of previous exclusions ) when the Church of Scotland became permanently Presbyterian . There are no longer bishops in the Church of Scotland in the traditional sense of the word , and that Church has never sent members to sit in the Westminster House of Lords . The Church of Ireland did obtain representation in the House of Lords after the union of Ireland and Great Britain in 1801 . Of the Church of Ireland 's ecclesiastics , four ( one archbishop and three bishops ) were to sit at any one time , with the members rotating at the end of every parliamentary session ( which normally lasted about one year ) . The Church of Ireland , however , was disestablished in 1871 , and thereafter ceased to be represented by Lords Spiritual . Bishops of Welsh sees in the Church of England originally sat in the House of Lords ( after 1847 , only if their seniority within the Church entitled them to ) , but the Church in Wales ceased to be a part of the Church of England in 1920 and was simultaneously disestablished in Wales . Accordingly , bishops of the Church in Wales were no longer eligible to be appointed to the House as bishops of the Church of England , but those already appointed remained . Other ecclesiastics have sat in the House of Lords as Lords Temporal in recent times : Chief Rabbi Immanuel Jakobovits was appointed to the House of Lords ( with the consent of the Queen , who acted on the advice of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher ) , as was his successor Chief Rabbi Jonathan Sacks . Julia Neuberger is the Senior Rabbi to the West London Synagogue . In recognition of his work at reconciliation and in the peace process in Northern Ireland , the Archbishop of Armagh ( the senior Anglican bishop in Northern Ireland ) , Robin Eames , was appointed to the Lords by John Major . Other clergymen appointed include Donald Soper , Timothy Beaumont , and some Scottish clerics . There have been no Roman Catholic clergymen appointed , though it was rumoured that Cardinal Basil Hume and his successor Cormac Murphy O'Connor were offered peerages , by James Callaghan , Margaret Thatcher and Tony Blair respectively , but declined . Hume later accepted the Order of Merit , a personal appointment of the Queen , shortly before his death . O'Connor said he had his maiden speech ready , but Roman Catholics who have received Holy Orders are prohibited by Canon Law from holding major offices connected with any government other than the Holy See . Former Archbishops of Canterbury , having reverted to the status of bishop but who are no longer diocesans , are invariably given life peerages and sit as Lords Temporal . By custom at least one of the Bishops reads prayers in each legislative day ( a role taken by the chaplain in the Commons ) . They often speak in debates ; in 2004 Rowan Williams , the Archbishop of Canterbury , opened a debate into sentencing legislation . Measures ( proposed laws of the Church of England ) must be put before the Lords , and the Lords Spiritual have a role in ensuring that this takes place . Lords Temporal ( edit ) Since the Dissolution of the Monasteries , the Lords Temporal have been the most numerous group in the House of Lords . Unlike the Lords Spiritual , they may be publicly partisan , aligning themselves with one or another of the political parties that dominate the House of Commons . Publicly non-partisan Lords are called crossbenchers . Originally , the Lords Temporal included several hundred hereditary peers ( that is , those whose peerages may be inherited ) , who ranked variously as dukes , marquesses , earls , viscounts , and barons ( as well as Scottish Lords of Parliament ) . Such hereditary dignities can be created by the Crown ; in modern times this is done on the advice of the Prime Minister of the day ( except in the case of members of the Royal Family ) . Holders of Scottish and Irish peerages were not always permitted to sit in the Lords . When Scotland united with England to form Great Britain in 1707 , it was provided that the Scottish hereditary peers would only be able to elect 16 representative peers to sit in the House of Lords ; the term of a representative was to extend until the next general election . A similar provision was enacted when Ireland merged with Great Britain in 1801 to form the United Kingdom ; the Irish peers were allowed to elect 28 representatives , who were to retain office for life . Elections for Irish representatives ended in 1922 , when most of Ireland became an independent state ; elections for Scottish representatives ended with the passage of the Peerage Act 1963 , under which all Scottish peers obtained seats in the Upper House . In 1999 , the Labour government brought forward the House of Lords Act removing the right of several hundred hereditary peers to sit in the House . The Act provided , as a measure intended to be temporary , that 92 people would continue to sit in the Lords by virtue of hereditary peerages , and this is still in effect . Of the 92 , two remain in the House of Lords because they hold royal offices connected with Parliament : the Earl Marshal and the Lord Great Chamberlain . Of the remaining ninety peers sitting in the Lords by virtue of a hereditary peerage , 15 are elected by the whole House and 75 are chosen by fellow hereditary peers in the House of Lords , grouped by party . ( If a hereditary peerage holder is given a life peerage , he or she becomes a member of the House of Lords without a need for a by - election . ) The exclusion of other hereditary peers removed Charles , Prince of Wales ( who is also Earl of Chester ) and all other Royal Peers , including Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh ; Prince Andrew , Duke of York ; Prince Edward , Earl of Wessex ; Prince Richard , Duke of Gloucester ; and Prince Edward , Duke of Kent . The number of peers to be chosen by a political group reflects the proportion of hereditary peers that belonged to that group ( see current composition below ) in 1999 . When an elected hereditary peer dies , a by - election is held , with a variant of the Alternative Vote system being used . If the recently deceased hereditary peer had been elected by the whole House , then so is his or her replacement ; a hereditary peer elected by a specific political group ( including the non-aligned crossbenchers ) is replaced by a vote of the hereditary peers already elected to the Lords belonging to that political group ( whether elected by that group or by the whole house ) . Until 2009 , the Lords Temporal also included the Lords of Appeal in Ordinary , a group of individuals appointed to the House of Lords so that they could exercise its judicial functions . Lords of Appeal in Ordinary , more commonly known as Law Lords , were first appointed under the Appellate Jurisdiction Act 1876 . They were selected by the Prime Minister of the day , but were formally appointed by the Sovereign . A Lord of Appeal in Ordinary had to retire at the age of 70 , or , if his or her term was extended by the government , at the age of 75 ; after reaching such an age , the Law Lord could not hear any further cases in the House of Lords . The number of Lords of Appeal in Ordinary ( excluding those who were no longer able to hear cases because of age restrictions ) was limited to twelve , but could be changed by statutory instrument . By a convention of the House , Lords of Appeal in Ordinary did not take part in debates on new legislation , so as to maintain judicial independence . Lords of Appeal in Ordinary held their seats in the House of Lords for life , remaining as members even after reaching the judicial retirement age of 70 or 75 . Former Lord Chancellors and holders of other high judicial office could also sit as Law Lords under the Appellate Jurisdiction Act , although in practice this right was only rarely exercised . Under the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 , the Lords of Appeal in Ordinary when the Act came into effect in 2009 became judges of the new Supreme Court of the United Kingdom and were then barred from sitting or voting in the House of Lords until they had retired as judges . One of the main justifications for the new Supreme Court was to establish a separation of powers between the judiciary and the legislature . It is therefore unlikely that future appointees to the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom will be made Lords of Appeal in Ordinary . The largest group of Lords Temporal , and indeed of the whole House , are life peers . Life peerages rank only as barons or baronesses , and are created under the Life Peerages Act 1958 . Like all other peers , life peers are created by the Sovereign , who acts on the advice of the Prime Minister or the House of Lords Appointments Commission . By convention , however , the Prime Minister allows leaders of other parties to nominate some life peers , so as to maintain a political balance in the House of Lords . Moreover , some non-party life peers ( the number being determined by the Prime Minister ) are nominated by the independent House of Lords Appointments Commission . In 2000 , the government announced it would set up an Independent Appointments Commission , under Dennis , Lord Stevenson of Coddenham , to select fifteen so - called `` people 's peers '' for life peerages . However , when the choices were announced in April 2001 , from a list of 3,000 applicants , the choices were treated with criticism in the media , as all were distinguished in their field , and none were `` ordinary people '' as some had originally hoped . Qualifications ( edit ) See also : Women in the House of Lords Several different qualifications apply for membership of the House of Lords . No person may sit in the House of Lords if under the age of 21 . Furthermore , only United Kingdom , Irish and Commonwealth citizens may sit in the House of Lords . The nationality restrictions were previously more stringent : under the Act of Settlement 1701 , and prior to the British Nationality Act 1948 , only natural - born subjects qualified . Additionally , some bankruptcy - related restrictions apply to members of the Upper House . A person may not sit in the House of Lords if he or she is the subject of a Bankruptcy Restrictions Order ( applicable in England and Wales only ) , or if he or she is adjudged bankrupt ( in Northern Ireland ) , or if his or her estate is sequestered ( in Scotland ) . A final restriction bars an individual convicted of high treason from sitting in the House of Lords until completing his or her full term of imprisonment . An exception applies , however , if the individual convicted of high treason receives a full pardon . Note that an individual serving a prison sentence for an offence other than high treason is not automatically disqualified . Women were excluded from the House of Lords until the Life Peerages Act 1958 , passed to address the declining number of active members , made possible the creation of peerages for life . Women were immediately eligible and four were among the first life peers appointed . However , hereditary peeresses continued to be excluded until the passage of the Peerage Act 1963 . Since the passage of the House of Lords Act 1999 , hereditary peeresses remain eligible for election to the Upper House ; there is one ( Margaret of Mar , 31st Countess of Mar ) among the 90 hereditary peers who continue to sit . Cash for peerages ( edit ) The Honours ( Prevention of Abuses ) Act 1925 made it illegal for a peerage , or other honour , to be bought or sold . Nonetheless , there have been repeated allegations that life peerages ( and thus membership of the House of Lords ) have been made available to major political donors in exchange for donations . The most prominent case , the 2006 Cash for Honours scandal , saw a police investigation , with no charges being brought . A 2015 study found that of 303 people nominated for peerages in the period 2005 -- 14 , a total of 211 were former senior figures within politics ( including former MPs ) , or were non-political appointments . Of the remaining 92 political appointments from outside public life , 27 had made significant donations to political parties . The authors concluded firstly that nominees from outside public life were much more likely to have made large gifts than peers nominated after prior political or public service . They also found that significant donors to parties were far more likely to be nominated for peerages than other party members . Removal from House membership ( edit ) Traditionally there was no mechanism by which members could resign or be removed from the House of Lords ( compare the situation as regards resignation from the House of Commons ) . The Peerage Act 1963 permitted a person to disclaim their newly inherited peerage ( within certain time limits ) ; this meant that such a person could effectively renounce their membership of the Lords . This might be done in order to remain or become qualified to sit in the House of Commons , as in the case of Tony Benn ( formerly the second Viscount Stansgate ) , who had campaigned for such a change . The House of Lords Reform Act 2014 made provision for members ' resignation from the House , removal for non-attendance , and automatic expulsion upon conviction for a serious criminal offence ( if resulting in a jail sentence of at least one year ) . In June 2015 , under the House of Lords ( Expulsion and Suspension ) Act 2015 , the House 's Standing Orders may provide for the expulsion or suspension of a member upon a resolution of the House . Officers ( edit ) Traditionally the House of Lords did not elect its own speaker , unlike the House of Commons ; rather , the ex officio presiding officer was the Lord Chancellor . With the passage of the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 , the post of Lord Speaker was created , a position to which a peer is elected by the House and subsequently appointed by the Crown . The first Lord Speaker , elected on 4 May 2006 , was Helene Hayman , a former Labour peer . As the Speaker is expected to be an impartial presiding officer , Hayman resigned from the Labour Party . In 2011 , Frances D'Souza was elected as the second Lord Speaker , replacing Hayman in September 2011 . D'Souza was in turn succeeded by Norman Fowler in September 2016 , the incumbent Lord Speaker . This reform of the post of Lord Chancellor was made due to the perceived constitutional anomalies inherent in the role . The Lord Chancellor was not only the Speaker of the House of Lords , but also a member of the Cabinet ; his or her department , formerly the Lord Chancellor 's Department , is now called the Ministry of Justice . The Lord Chancellor is no longer the head of the judiciary of England and Wales . Hitherto , the Lord Chancellor was part of all three branches of government : the legislative , the executive , and the judicial . The overlap of the legislative and executive roles is a characteristic of the Westminster system , as the entire cabinet consists of members of the House of Commons or the House of Lords ; however , in June 2003 , the Blair Government announced its intention to abolish the post of Lord Chancellor because of the office 's mixed executive and judicial responsibilities . The abolition of the office was rejected by the House of Lords , and the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 was thus amended to preserve the office of Lord Chancellor . The Act no longer guarantees that the office holder of Lord Chancellor is the presiding officer of the House of Lords , and therefore allows the House of Lords to elect a speaker of their own . Charles Pepys as Lord Chancellor . The Lord Chancellor wore black and gold robes whilst presiding over the House of Lords . The Lord Speaker may be replaced as presiding officer by one of his or her deputies . The Chairman of Committees , the Principal Deputy Chairman of Committees , and several Chairmen are all deputies to the Lord Speaker , and are all appointed by the House of Lords itself at the beginning of each session . By custom , the Crown appoints each Chairman , Principal Deputy Chairman and Deputy Chairman to the additional office of Deputy Speaker of the House of Lords . There was previously no legal requirement that the Lord Chancellor or a Deputy Speaker be a member of the House of Lords ( though the same has long been customary ) . Whilst presiding over the House of Lords , the Lord Chancellor traditionally wore ceremonial black and gold robes . Robes of black and gold are now worn by the Lord Chancellor and Secretary of State for Justice in the House of Commons , on ceremonial occasions . This is no longer a requirement for the Lord Speaker except for State occasions outside of the chamber . The Speaker or Deputy Speaker sits on the Woolsack , a large red seat stuffed with wool , at the front of the Lords Chamber . When the House of Lords resolves itself into committee ( see below ) , the Chairman of Committees or a Deputy Chairman of Committees presides , not from the Woolsack , but from a chair at the Table of the House . The presiding officer has little power compared to the Speaker of the House of Commons . He or she only acts as the mouthpiece of the House , performing duties such as announcing the results of votes . This is because , unlike in the House of Commons where all statements are directed to `` Mr / Madam Speaker '' , in the House of Lords they are directed to `` My Lords '' ; i.e. , the entire body of the House . The Lord Speaker or Deputy Speaker can not determine which members may speak , or discipline members for violating the rules of the House ; these measures may be taken only by the House itself . Unlike the politically neutral Speaker of the House of Commons , the Lord Chancellor and Deputy Speakers originally remained members of their respective parties , and were permitted to participate in debate ; however , this is no longer true of the new role of Lord Speaker . Another officer of the body is the Leader of the House of Lords , a peer selected by the Prime Minister . The Leader of the House is responsible for steering Government bills through the House of Lords , and is a member of the Cabinet . The Leader also advises the House on proper procedure when necessary , but such advice is merely informal , rather than official and binding . A Deputy Leader is also appointed by the Prime Minister , and takes the place of an absent or unavailable leader . The Clerk of the Parliaments is the chief clerk and officer of the House of Lords ( but is not a member of the House itself ) . The Clerk , who is appointed by the Crown , advises the presiding officer on the rules of the House , signs orders and official communications , endorses bills , and is the keeper of the official records of both Houses of Parliament . Moreover , the Clerk of the Parliaments is responsible for arranging by - elections of hereditary peers when necessary . The deputies of the Clerk of the Parliaments ( the Clerk Assistant and the Reading Clerk ) are appointed by the Lord Speaker , subject to the House 's approval . The Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod is also an officer of the House ; he takes his title from the symbol of his office , a black rod . Black Rod ( as the Gentleman Usher is normally known ) is responsible for ceremonial arrangements , is in charge of the House 's doorkeepers , and may ( upon the order of the House ) take action to end disorder or disturbance in the Chamber . Black Rod also holds the office of Serjeant - at - Arms of the House of Lords , and in this capacity attends upon the Lord Speaker . The Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod 's duties may be delegated to the Yeoman Usher of the Black Rod or to the Assistant Serjeant - at - Arms . Procedure ( edit ) Benches in the chamber are coloured red . In contrast , the House of Commons is decorated in green . The royal thrones , c. 1902 . Note that the Sovereign 's throne ( on left ) is raised slightly higher than the consort 's . See also : Stages of a bill section in Acts of Parliament in the United Kingdom The House of Lords and the House of Commons assemble in the Palace of Westminster . The Lords Chamber is lavishly decorated , in contrast with the more modestly furnished Commons Chamber . Benches in the Lords Chamber are coloured red . The Woolsack is at the front of the Chamber ; the Government sit on benches on the right of the Woolsack , while members of the Opposition sit on the left . Crossbenchers , sit on the benches immediately opposite the Woolsack . The Lords Chamber is the site of many formal ceremonies , the most famous of which is the State Opening of Parliament , held at the beginning of each new parliamentary session . During the State Opening , the Sovereign , seated on the Throne in the Lords Chamber and in the presence of both Houses of Parliament , delivers a speech outlining the Government 's agenda for the upcoming parliamentary session . In the House of Lords , members need not seek the recognition of the presiding officer before speaking , as is done in the House of Commons . If two or more Lords simultaneously rise to speak , the House decides which one is to be heard by acclamation , or , if necessary , by voting on a motion . Often , however , the Leader of the House will suggest an order , which is thereafter generally followed . Speeches in the House of Lords are addressed to the House as a whole ( `` My Lords '' ) rather than to the presiding officer alone ( as is the custom in the Lower House ) . Members may not refer to each other in the second person ( as `` you '' ) , but rather use third person forms such as `` the noble Duke '' , `` the noble Earl '' , `` the noble Lord '' , `` my noble friend '' , `` The most Reverend Primate '' , etc . Each member may make no more than one speech on a motion , except that the mover of the motion may make one speech at the beginning of the debate and another at the end . Speeches are not subject to any time limits in the House ; however , the House may put an end to a speech by approving a motion `` that the noble Lord be no longer heard '' . It is also possible for the House to end the debate entirely , by approving a motion `` that the Question be now put '' . This procedure is known as Closure , and is extremely rare . Once all speeches on a motion have concluded , or Closure invoked , the motion may be put to a vote . The House first votes by voice vote ; the Lord Speaker or Deputy Speaker puts the question , and the Lords respond either `` content '' ( in favour of the motion ) or `` not content '' ( against the motion ) . The presiding officer then announces the result of the voice vote , but if his assessment is challenged by any Lord , a recorded vote known as a division follows . Members of the House enter one of two lobbies ( the content lobby or the not - content lobby ) on either side of the Chamber , where their names are recorded by clerks . At each lobby are two Tellers ( themselves members of the House ) who count the votes of the Lords . The Lord Speaker may not take part in the vote . Once the division concludes , the Tellers provide the results thereof to the presiding officer , who then announces them to the House . If there is an equality of votes , the motion is decided according to the following principles : legislation may proceed in its present form , unless there is a majority in favour of amending or rejecting it ; any other motions are rejected , unless there is a majority in favour of approving it . The quorum of the House of Lords is just three members for a general or procedural vote , and 30 members for a vote on legislation . If fewer than three or 30 members ( as appropriate ) are present , the division is invalid . Disciplinary powers ( edit ) By contrast with the House of Commons , the House of Lords has not until recently had an established procedure for putting sanctions on its members . When a cash for influence scandal was referred to the Committee of Privileges in January 2009 , the Leader of the House of Lords also asked the Privileges Committee to report on what sanctions the House had against its members . After seeking advice from the Attorney General for England and Wales and the former Lord Chancellor James , Lord Mackay of Clashfern , the committee decided that the House `` possessed an inherent power '' to suspend errant members , although not to withhold a writ of summons nor to expel a member permanently . When the House subsequently suspended Peter , Lord Truscott and Tom , Lord Taylor of Blackburn for their role in the scandal , they were the first to meet this fate since 1642 . Recent changes have expanded the disciplinary powers of the House . Section 3 of the House of Lords Reform Act 2014 now provides that any member of the House of Lords convicted of a crime and sentenced to imprisonment for more than one year loses their seat . The House of Lords ( Expulsion and Suspension ) Act 2015 allows the House to set up procedures to suspend , and to expel , its members . Regulation of behaviour in the chamber ( edit ) There are two motions which have grown up through custom and practice and which govern questionable conduct within the House . They are brought into play by a member standing up , possibly intervening on another member , and moving the motion without notice . When the debate is getting excessively heated , it is open to a member to move `` that the Standing Order on Asperity of Speech be read by the Clerk '' . The motion can be debated , but if agreed by the House , the Clerk of the Parliaments will read out Standing Order 33 which provides `` That all personal , sharp , or taxing speeches be forborn '' . The Journals of the House of Lords record only four instances on which the House has ordered the Standing Order to be read since the procedure was invented in 1871 . For more serious problems with an individual Lord , the option is available to move `` That the noble Lord be no longer heard '' . This motion also is debatable , and the debate which ensues has sometimes offered a chance for the member whose conduct has brought it about to come to order so that the motion can be withdrawn . If the motion is passed , its effect is to prevent the member from continuing their speech on the motion then under debate . The Journals identify eleven occasions on which this motion has been moved since 1884 ; four were eventually withdrawn , one was voted down , and six were passed . Leave of absence ( edit ) In 1958 , to counter criticism that some peers only appeared at major decisions in the House and thereby particular votes were swayed , the Standing Orders of the House of Lords were enhanced . Peers who did not wish to attend meetings regularly or were prevented by ill health , age or further reasons , were now able to request Leave of Absence . During the granted time a peer is expected not to visit the House 's meetings until either its expiration or termination , announced at least a month prior to their return . Attendance allowance ( edit ) Members of the House of Lords can , since 2010 , opt to receive a £ 300 per day attendance allowance , plus limited travel expenses . Peers can elect to receive a reduced attendance allowance of £ 150 per day instead . Prior to 2010 peers from outside London could claim an overnight allowance of £ 174 . Committees ( edit ) Unlike in the House of Commons , when the term committee is used to describe a stage of a bill , this committee does not take the form of a public bill committee , but what is described as Committee of the Whole House . It is made up of all Members of the House of Lords allowing any Member to contribute to debates if he or she chooses to do so and allows for more flexible rules of procedure . It is presided over by the Chairman of Committees . The term committee is also used to describe Grand Committee , where the same rules of procedure apply as in the main chamber , except that no divisions may take place . For this reason , business that is discussed in Grand Committee is usually uncontroversial and likely to be agreed unanimously . Public bills may also be committed to pre-legislative committees . A pre-legislative Committee is specifically constituted for a particular bill . These committees are established in advance of the bill being laid before either the House of Lords or the House of Commons and can take evidence from the public . Such committees are rare and do not replace any of the usual stages of a bill , including committee stage . The House of Lords also has 15 Select Committees . Typically , these are sessional committees , meaning that their members are appointed by the House at the beginning of each session , and continue to serve until the next parliamentary session begins . In practice , these are often permanent committees , which are re-established during every session . These committees are typically empowered to make reports to the House `` from time to time '' , that is , whenever they wish . Other committees are ad - hoc committees , which are set up to investigate a specific issue . When they are set up by a motion in the House , the motion will set a deadline by which the Committee must report . After this date , the Committee will cease to exist unless it is granted an extension . One example of this is the Committee on Public Service and Demographic Change . The House of Lords may appoint a chairman for a committee ; if it does not do so , the Chairman of Committees or a Deputy Chairman of Committees may preside instead . Most of the Select Committees are also granted the power to co-opt members , such as the European Union Committee . The primary function of Select Committees is to scrutinise and investigate Government activities ; to fulfil these aims , they are permitted to hold hearings and collect evidence . Bills may be referred to Select Committees , but are more often sent to the Committee of the Whole House and Grand Committees . The committee system of the House of Lords also includes several Domestic Committees , which supervise or consider the House 's procedures and administration . One of the Domestic Committees is the Committee of Selection , which is responsible for assigning members to many of the House 's other committees . Current composition ( edit ) Main article : Members of the House of Lords There are currently 780 sitting members of the House of Lords . An additional 25 Lords are ineligible from participation , including eight peers who are constitutionally disqualified as members of the Judiciary . The House of Lords Act 1999 allocated 75 of the 92 hereditary peers to the parties based on the proportion of hereditary peers that belonged to that party in 1999 : Conservative Party : 42 peers Labour Party : 2 peers Liberal Democrats : 3 peers Crossbenchers : 28 peers Of the initial 42 hereditary peers elected as Conservatives , one , Leonard , Lord Willoughby de Broke , now sits as a member of UKIP . Fifteen hereditary peers are elected by the whole House , and the remaining hereditary peers are the two royal office - holders , the Earl Marshal and the Lord Great Chamberlain , both of whom are currently on leave of absence . A report in 2007 stated that many members of the Lords ( particularly the life peers ) do not attend regularly ; the average daily attendance was around 408 . While the number of hereditary peers is limited to 92 , and that of Lords spiritual to 26 , there is no maximum limit to the number of life peers who may be members of the House of Lords at any time . Government leaders and ministers in the Lords ( edit ) Leaders and chief whips ( edit ) The Baroness Evans of Bowes Park -- Leader of the House of Lords and Lord Privy Seal ( Conservative ; Cabinet member ) The Earl Howe -- Minister of State for Defence and Deputy Leader of the House of Lords ( Conservative ; unpaid ) The Lord Taylor of Holbeach -- Lords Chief Whip and Captain of the Honourable Corps of Gentlemen at Arms The Earl of Courtown -- Government Deputy Chief Whip and Captain of the Queen 's Bodyguard of the Yeomen of the Guard Other ministers ( edit ) The Lord Agnew of Oulton -- Parliamentary Under Secretary of State at the Department for Education ( unpaid ) The Lord Ahmad of Wimbledon -- Minister of State for the Commonwealth and the UN at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office The Lord Ashton of Hyde -- Parliamentary Under Secretary of State at the Department for Culture , Media and Sport The Lord Bates -- Minister of State for International Development ( unpaid ) The Lord Bourne of Aberystwyth -- Parliamentary Under Secretary of State at the Department for Communities and Local Government and the Wales Office The Baroness Buscombe -- Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for Work and Pensions The Lord Callanan -- Minister of State at the Department for Exiting the European Union The Lord Duncan of Springbank -- Parliamentary Under Secretary of State at the Scotland Office and the Northern Ireland Office The Baroness Fairhead -- Minister of State at the Department for International Trade ( unpaid ) The Lord Gardiner of Kimble -- Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for Rural Affairs and Biosecurity The Lord Henley -- Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for at the Department for Business , Innovation and Industrial Strategy The Lord Keen of Elie -- Advocate General for Scotland The Lord O'Shaughnessy -- Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for Health The Baroness Sugg -- Parliamentary Under Secretary of State at the Department for Transport The Baroness Williams of Trafford -- Minister of State for the Home Office Other whips ( Lords and Baronesses - in - Waiting ) ( edit ) The Baroness Buscombe The Baroness Goldie ( unpaid ) The Baroness Manzoor ( unpaid ) The Baroness Stedman - Scott The Baroness Vere of Norbiton The Lord Young of Cookham The Viscount Younger of Leckie See also ( edit ) Gunpowder Plot Constitution Committee House of Lords Library Introduction ( House of Lords ) Introduction ceremony Lord - in - Waiting Parliament in the Making Parliament Week Parliamentary Archives Reform of the House of Lords Relocation of the Parliament of the United Kingdom Overseas counterparts ( edit ) Extant House of Ariki of the Cook Islands Australian Senate House of Elders ( Somaliland ) House of Nobility ( Sweden ) Senate of Canada Dewan Negara ( Malaysia ) Rajya Sabha ( India ) Senate ( Lesotho ) , composed of 22 hereditary tribal chiefs and 11 King 's nominees Defunct Irish House of Lords ( sat 1297 -- 1800 ) Chamber of Peers ( France ) Chamber of Peers ( Portugal ) Chamber of Peers ( Spain ) House of Peers ( Japan ) Prussian House of Lords House of Lords ( Austria ) Senate of the Kingdom of Italy References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Lords by party , type of peerage and gender '' . Parliament of the United Kingdom . Jump up ^ `` Quick Guide to the House of Lords '' ( PDF ) . Parliament of the United Kingdom . Retrieved 8 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Conventions : Joint Committee '' . Parliamentary Debates ( Hansard ) . House of Lords. 25 April 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Companion to the Standing Orders and guide to the Proceedings of the House of Lords '' . May 2010 . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` House of Lords Appointments Commission website '' . 8 February 2011 . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` House of Lords briefing paper on Membership : Types of Member , Routes to membership , Parties & groups '' ( PDF ) . Parliament of the United Kingdom . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Adonis , Andrew ( 1993 ) . Parliament Today ( 2nd ed . ) . p. 194 . Jump up ^ Alan Siaroff , Comparing Political Regimes , University of Toronto Press 2013 , chapter 6 . Jump up ^ `` What individual Lords do '' . Parliament of the United Kingdom . Retrieved 29 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Guide to the House of Lords '' . BBC Democracy Live . 31 May 2011 . Retrieved 29 January 2012 . Jump up ^ UK Parliament . Parliament Act 1911 as amended ( see also enacted form ) , from legislation.gov.uk . -- s. 2 exempts bills extending the life of a Parliament from the restrictions on the Lords ' powers to delay bills , while s. 6 excludes Provisional Order bills . Jump up ^ Carmichael , Paul ; Dickson , Brice ( 1999 ) . The House of Lords : Its Parliamentary and Judicial Roles . Hart Publishing . p. 16 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84113 - 020 - 0 . Jump up ^ Feldman , David ( 31 March 2011 ) , The Constitutional Reform Process ( Written Evidence submitted to the House of Lords Select Committee on the Constitution ) , Cambridge , United Kingdom : Faculty of Law , University of Cambridge , p. 21 , retrieved 29 January 2012 Jump up ^ Reidy , Aisling ; Russell , Meg ( June 1999 ) , Second Chambers as Constitutional Guardians and Protectors of Human Rights , London : The Constitution Unit , School of Public Policy , University College London , p. 2 Jump up ^ Carmichael , Paul ; Dickson , Brice ( 1999 ) . The House of Lords : Its Parliamentary and Judicial Roles . Hart Publishing . pp. 40 -- 41 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84113 - 020 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Parliamentary sovereignty '' . Parliament of the United Kingdom . Retrieved 29 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Loveland ( 2009 ) p. 158 ^ Jump up to : `` An Act abolishing the House of Lords '' . 19 March 1649 . Retrieved 24 May 2008 . 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Jones , Bill ; Dennis Kavanagh ; Michael Moran ; Philip Norton ( 2007 ) . Politics UK ( 6th ed . ) . Pearson Education . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4058 - 2411 - 8 . Loveland , Ian ( 2009 ) . Constitutional Law , Administrative Law and Human Rights ( 5th ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 921974 - 2 . Mell , Andrew ; Radford , Simon ; Thevoz , Seth Alexander ( 2015 ) . Is there a market for peerages ? Oxford University Department of Economics discussion paper , No. 744 . Shell , Donald ( 2007 ) . The House of Lords ( 3rd ed . ) . Manchester University Press . ISBN 0 - 7190 - 5443 - 5 . Further Reading ( edit ) Harry Jones ( 1912 ) . Liberalism and the House of Lords : The Story of the Veto Battle , 1832 -- 1911 . London : Methuen . Smith , Philip Vernon ( 1884 ) . The House of Lords and the nation . London . External links ( edit ) Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : UK Constitution and Government Wikimedia Commons has media related to House of Lords . 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4042203016683513439	Fall of Constantinople	Fall of Constantinople - wikipedia Fall of Constantinople the Ottomans capture the Byzantine capital For other sieges of the city , see List of sieges of Constantinople . Conquest of Constantinople Part of the Byzantine -- Ottoman Wars and Ottoman wars in Europe The last siege of Constantinople , contemporary 15th century French miniature . Date 6 April -- 29 May 1453 ( 53 days ) Location Constantinople ( present - day Istanbul ) Result Decisive Ottoman victory and the end of the Byzantine Empire Territorial changes Ottoman Empire annexes the remaining Byzantine territories ; Constantinople becomes its new capital Trebizond and Epirus continue as Byzantine rump states , until their conquest in 1461 and 1479 respectively Belligerents Ottoman Empire Byzantine Empire Republic of Genoa Republic of Venice Kingdom of Sicily Papal States Ottoman Defectors Commanders and leaders Mehmed II Zagan Pasha Suleiman Baltoghlu Hamza Bey Constantine XI † Loukas Notaras Theophilos Palaiologos † Giovanni Giustiniani Longo ( WIA ) Orhan Çelebi Strength Ottomans Land forces : 50,000 -- 80,000 5,000 - 10,000 Janissaries 1,500 Serbian cavalry Various cannon and bombards Naval forces : 31 Galleys 75 large row boats 20 horse transports Byzantines Land forces : 7,000 - 10,000 600 Ottoman defectors Naval forces : 26 ships Casualties and losses Unknown but heavy 4,000 killed in total ( including combatants and civilians ) 30,000 enslaved Byzantine -- Ottoman wars Bapheus Dimbos Catalan campaign Prusa Pelekanon Nicaea Nicomedia 1st Gallipoli 2nd Gallipoli Adrianople 1st Thessalonica Philadelphia 1st Constantinople 2nd Constantinople 2nd Thessalonica 3rd Constantinople Trebizond The Fall of Constantinople ( Greek : Ἅλωσις τῆς Κωνσταντινουπόλεως , Halōsis tēs Kōnstantinoupoleōs ; Turkish : İstanbul'un Fethi Conquest of Istanbul ) was the capture of the capital of the Byzantine Empire by an invading Ottoman army on 29 May 1453 . The attackers were commanded by the 21 - year - old Sultan Mehmed II , who defeated an army commanded by Emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos and took control of the imperial capital , ending a 53 - day siege that had begun on 6 April 1453 . After conquering the city , Sultan Mehmed transferred the capital of his Empire from Edirne to Constantinople , and established his court there . The capture of the city ( and two other Byzantine splinter territories soon thereafter ) marked the end of the Byzantine Empire , a continuation of the Roman Empire , an imperial state dating to 27 BC , which had lasted for nearly 1,500 years . The conquest of Constantinople also dealt a massive blow to Christendom , as the Muslim Ottoman armies thereafter were left unchecked to advance into Europe without an adversary to their rear . It was also a watershed moment in military history . Since ancient times , cities had used ramparts and city walls to protect themselves from invaders , and Constantinople 's substantial fortifications had been a model followed by cities throughout the Mediterranean region and Europe . The Ottomans ultimately prevailed due to the use of gunpowder ( which powered formidable cannons ) . The conquest of the city of Constantinople and the end of the Byzantine Empire was a key event in the Late Middle Ages which also marks , for some historians , the end of the Medieval period . Contents 1 State of the Byzantine Empire 2 Preparations 2.1 Strength 2.1. 1 Ottoman dispositions and strategies 2.1. 2 Byzantine dispositions and strategies 3 Siege 3.1 Final assault 3.2 Plundering phase 4 Aftermath 4.1 Third Rome 4.2 Impact on the Churches 5 Cultural references 5.1 Legends 5.2 Cultural impact 5.3 Impact on the Renaissance 5.4 Megali idea 5.5 Renaming of the city 5.6 In historical fiction 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links State of the Byzantine Empire ( edit ) Constantinople had been an imperial capital since its consecration in 330 under Roman Emperor , Constantine the Great . In the following eleven centuries , the city had been besieged many times but was captured only once : during the Fourth Crusade in 1204 . The crusaders established an unstable Latin state in and around Constantinople while the remaining empire splintered into a number of Byzantine successor states , notably Nicaea , Epirus and Trebizond . They fought as allies against the Latin establishments , but also fought among themselves for the Byzantine throne . The Nicaeans eventually reconquered Constantinople from the Latins in 1261 . Thereafter , there was little peace for the much - weakened empire as it fended off successive attacks by the Latins , the Serbians , the Bulgarians , and , most importantly , the Ottoman Turks . The Black Plague between 1346 and 1349 killed almost half of the inhabitants of Constantinople . The city was severely depopulated due to the general economic and territorial decline of the empire , and by 1453 consisted of a series of walled villages separated by vast fields encircled by the fifth - century Theodosian walls . By 1450 the empire was exhausted and had shrunk to a few square miles outside the city of Constantinople itself , the Princes ' Islands in the Sea of Marmara , and the Peloponnese with its cultural center at Mystras . The Empire of Trebizond , an independent successor state that formed in the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade , also survived on the coast of the Black Sea . Preparations ( edit ) When Sultan Mehmed II succeeded his father in 1451 , he was just nineteen years old . Many European courts assumed that the young Ottoman ruler would not seriously challenge Christian hegemony in the Balkans and the Aegean . This calculation was boosted by Mehmed 's friendly overtures to the European envoys at his new court . But Mehmed 's mild words were not matched by actions . By early 1452 , work began on the construction of a second fortress ( Rumeli hisarı ) on the Bosphorus , on the European side several miles north of Constantinople , set directly across the strait on the Asian side from the Anadolu Hisarı fortress , built by his great - grandfather Bayezid I . This pair of fortresses ensured complete control of sea traffic on the Bosphorus ; and defended against attack by the Genoese colonies on the Black Sea coast to the north . ( This new fortress , was called Boğazkesen , which means ' strait - blocker ' or ' throat - cutter ' , to emphasize its strategic position . ) In October 1452 , Mehmed ordered Turakhan Beg to station a large garrison force in the Peloponnese to block Thomas and Demetrios ( despotes in Southern Greece ) from providing aid to their brother Constantine XI Palaiologos during the impending siege of Constantinople . Michael Critobulus says about the speech of Mehmed II to his soldiers : `` My friends and men of my empire ! You all know very well that our forefathers secured this kingdom that we now hold at the cost of many struggles and very great dangers and that , having passed it along in succession from their fathers , from father to son , they handed it down to me . For some of the oldest of you were sharers in many of the exploits carried through by them -- those at least of you who are of maturer years -- and the younger of you have heard of these deeds from your fathers . They are not such very ancient events nor of such a sort as to be forgotten through the lapse of time . Still the eyewitness of those who have seen testifies better than does the hearing of deeds that happened but yesterday or the day before . '' Byzantine Emperor Constantine XI swiftly understood Mehmed 's true intentions and turned to Western Europe for help ; but now the price of centuries of war and enmity between the eastern and western churches had to be paid . Since the mutual excommunications of 1054 , the Pope in Rome was committed to establishing authority over the eastern church . Nominal union had been negotiated in 1274 , at the Second Council of Lyon , and indeed , some Palaiologoi emperors ( Latin , Palaeologan ) had since been received into the Latin church . Emperor John VIII Palaiologos had also recently negotiated union with Pope Eugene IV , with the Council of Florence of 1439 proclaiming a Bull of Union . These events , however , stimulated a propaganda initiative by anti-unionist Orthodox partisans in Constantinople ; the population , as well as the laity and leadership of the Byzantine Church , became bitterly divided . Latent ethnic hatred between Greeks and Italians , stemming from the events of the Massacre of the Latins in 1182 by the Greeks and the sack of Constantinople in 1204 by the Latins , played a significant role . Finally , the attempted Union failed , greatly annoying Pope Nicholas V and the hierarchy of the Roman church . The Byzantine Empire in the first half of the 15th century . Thessaloniki was captured by the Ottomans in 1430 . A few islands in the Aegean and the Propontis remained under Byzantine rule until 1453 ( not shown on the map ) . In the summer of 1452 , when Rumelı Hisari was completed and the threat had become imminent , Constantine wrote to the Pope , promising to implement the Union , which was declared valid by a half - hearted imperial court on 12 December 1452 . Although he was eager for an advantage , Pope Nicholas V did not have the influence the Byzantines thought he had over the Western kings and princes , some of whom were wary of increasing Papal control , and these had not the wherewithal to contribute to the effort , especially in light of the weakened state of France and England from the Hundred Years ' War , Spain being in the final part of the Reconquista , the internecine fighting in the German Principalities , and Hungary and Poland 's defeat at the Battle of Varna of 1444 . Although some troops did arrive from the mercantile city states in the north of Italy , the Western contribution was not adequate to counterbalance Ottoman strength . Some Western individuals , however , came to help defend the city on their own account . Cardinal Isidore , funded by the pope , arrived in 1452 with 200 archers One of these was an accomplished soldier from Genoa , Giovanni Giustiniani , who arrived with 400 men from Genoa and 300 men from Genoese Chios , in January 1453 . As a specialist in defending walled cities , he was immediately given the overall command of the defense of the land walls by the emperor . Around the same time , the captains of the Venetian ships that happened to be present in the Golden Horn offered their services to the Emperor , barring contrary orders from Venice , and Pope Nicholas undertook to send three ships laden with provisions , which set sail near the end of March . In Venice , meanwhile , deliberations were taking place concerning the kind of assistance the Republic would lend to Constantinople . The Senate decided upon sending a fleet in February 1453 , but there were delays , and when it finally set out late in April , it was already too late for it to be able to take part in the battle . Further undermining Byzantine morale , seven Italian ships with around 700 men slipped out of the capital at the moment when Giustiniani arrived , men who had sworn to defend the capital . At the same time , Constantine 's attempts to appease the Sultan with gifts ended with the execution of the Emperor 's ambassadors -- even Byzantine diplomacy could not save the city . Restored Walls of Constantinople The chain that closed off the entrance to the Golden Horn in 1453 , now on display in the İstanbul Archaeology Museums . Fearing a possible naval attack along the shores of the Golden Horn , Emperor Constantine XI ordered that a defensive chain be placed at the mouth of the harbour . This chain , which floated on logs , was strong enough to prevent any Turkish ship from entering the harbour . This device was one of two that gave the Byzantines some hope of extending the siege until the possible arrival of foreign help . This strategy was enforced because in 1204 the armies of the Fourth Crusade successfully circumvented Constantinople 's land defenses by breaching the Golden Horn Wall . Another strategy employed by the Byzantines was the repair and fortification of the Land Wall ( Theodosian Walls ) . Emperor Constantine deemed it necessary to ensure that the Blachernae district 's wall were the most fortified because that section of the wall protruded northwards . The land fortifications comprised a 60 ft ( 18 m ) wide moat fronting inner and outer crenellated walls studded with towers every 45 -- 55 metres . Strength ( edit ) Map of Constantinople and the dispositions of the defenders and the besiegers The army defending Constantinople was relatively small , totaling about 7,000 men , 2,000 of whom were foreigners . At the onset of the siege , probably fewer than 50,000 people were living within the walls , including the refugees from the surrounding area . Turkish commander Dorgano , who was in Constantinople in the pay of the Emperor , was also guarding one of the quarters of the city on the seaward side with the Turks in his pay . These Turks kept loyal to the Emperor and perished in the ensuing battle . The defending army 's Genoese corps were well trained and equipped , while the rest of the army consisted of small numbers of well - trained soldiers , armed civilians , sailors and volunteer forces from foreign communities , and finally monks . The garrison used a few small - calibre artillery pieces , which nonetheless proved ineffective . The rest of the city repaired walls , stood guard on observation posts , collected and distributed food provisions , and collected gold and silver objects from churches to melt down into coins to pay the foreign soldiers . The Ottomans had a much larger force . Recent studies and Ottoman archival data state that there were about 50,000 -- 80,000 Ottoman soldiers including between 5,000 and 10,000 Janissaries , * 70 cannons an elite infantry corps , and thousands of Christian troops , notably 1,500 Serbian cavalry that the Serbian lord Đurađ Branković was forced to supply as part of his obligation to the Ottoman sultan -- just a few months before , he had supplied the money for the reconstruction of the walls of Constantinople . Contemporaneous Western witnesses of the siege , who tend to exaggerate the military power of the Sultan , provide disparate and higher numbers ranging from 160,000 to 200,000 and to 300,000 ( Niccolò Barbaro : 160,000 ; the Florentine merchant Jacopo Tedaldi and the Great Logothete George Sphrantzes : 200,000 ; the Cardinal Isidore of Kiev and the Archbishop of Mytilene Leonardo di Chio : 300,000 ) . Ottoman dispositions and strategies ( edit ) The Dardanelles Gun , cast in 1464 and based on the Orban bombard that was used by the Ottoman besiegers of Constantinople in 1453 ( British Royal Armouries collection ) . Mehmed built a fleet to besiege the city from the sea ( partially manned by Greek sailors from Gallipoli ) . Contemporary estimates of the strength of the Ottoman fleet span between about 110 ships ( Tedaldi ) , 145 ( Barbaro ) , 160 ( Ubertino Pusculo ) , 200 -- 250 ( Isidore of Kiev , Leonardo di Chio ) to 430 ( Sphrantzes ) . A more realistic modern estimate predicts a fleet strength of 126 ships comprising 6 large galleys , 10 ordinary galleys , 15 smaller galleys , 75 large rowing boats , and 20 horse - transports . Before the siege of Constantinople , it was known that the Ottomans had the ability to cast medium - sized cannons , but the range of some pieces they were able to field far surpassed the defenders ' expectations . Instrumental to this Ottoman advancement in arms production was a somewhat mysterious figure by the name of Orban ( Urban ) , a Hungarian ( though some suggest he was German ) . One cannon designed by Orban was named `` Basilica '' and was 27 feet ( 8.2 m ) long , and able to hurl a 600 lb ( 272 kg ) stone ball over a mile ( 1.6 km ) . Modern painting of Mehmed and the Ottoman Army approaching Constantinople with a giant bombard , by Fausto Zonaro The master founder initially tried to sell his services to the Byzantines , who were unable to secure the funds needed to hire him . Orban then left Constantinople and approached Mehmed II , claiming that his weapon could blast ' the walls of Babylon itself ' . Given abundant funds and materials , the Hungarian engineer built the gun within three months at Edirne , from which it was dragged by sixty oxen to Constantinople . In the meantime , Orban also produced other cannons for the Turkish siege forces . Orban 's cannon had several drawbacks : it took three hours to reload ; cannonballs were in very short supply ; and the cannon is said to have collapsed under its own recoil after six weeks ( this is disputed , however , given that it was only reported in the letter of Archbishop Leonardo di Chio and in the later and often unreliable Russian chronicle of Nestor Iskander ) . Having previously established a large foundry about 150 miles ( 240 km ) away , Mehmed now had to undertake the painstaking process of transporting his massive artillery pieces . Orban 's giant cannon was said to have been accompanied by a crew of 60 oxen and over 400 men . In preparation for the final assault , Mehmed had an artillery train of seventy large pieces dragged from his headquarters at Edirne , in addition to the bombards cast on the spot . Mehmed planned to attack the Theodosian Walls , the intricate series of walls and ditches protecting Constantinople from an attack from the West , the only part of the city not surrounded by water . His army encamped outside the city on the Monday after Easter , 2 April 1453 . The bulk of the Ottoman army were encamped south of the Golden Horn . The regular European troops , stretched out along the entire length of the walls , were commanded by Karadja Pasha . The regular troops from Anatolia under Ishak Pasha were stationed south of the Lycus down to the Sea of Marmara . Mehmed himself erected his red - and - gold tent near the Mesoteichion , where the guns and the elite regiments , the Janissaries , were positioned . The Bashi - bazouks were spread out behind the front lines . Other troops under Zagan Pasha were employed north of the Golden Horn . Communication was maintained by a road that had been constructed over the marshy head of the Horn . Byzantine dispositions and strategies ( edit ) Painting of the Fall of Constantinople , by Theophilos Hatzimihail The city had about 20 km of walls ( land walls : 5.5 km ; sea walls along the Golden Horn : 7 km ; sea walls along the Sea of Marmara : 7.5 km ) , one of the strongest sets of fortified walls in existence . The walls had recently been repaired ( under John VIII ) and were in fairly good shape , giving the defenders sufficient reason to believe that they could hold out until help from the West arrived . In addition , the defenders were relatively well - equipped with a fleet of 26 ships : 5 from Genoa , 5 from Venice , 3 from Venetian Crete , 1 from Ancona , 1 from Aragon , 1 from France , and about 10 Byzantine . On 5 April , the Sultan himself arrived with his last troops , and the defenders took up their positions . As their numbers were insufficient to occupy the walls in their entirety , it had been decided that only the outer walls would be manned . Constantine and his Greek troops guarded the Mesoteichion , the middle section of the land walls , where they were crossed by the river Lycus . This section was considered the weakest spot in the walls and an attack was feared here most . Giustiniani was stationed to the north of the emperor , at the Charisian Gate ( Myriandrion ) ; later during the siege , he was shifted to the Mesoteichion to join Constantine , leaving the Myriandrion to the charge of the Bocchiardi brothers . Minotto and his Venetians were stationed in the Blachernae palace , together with Teodoro Caristo , the Langasco brothers , and Archbishop Leonardo of Chios . To the left of the emperor , further south , were the commanders Cataneo , with Genoese troops , and Theophilus Palaeologus , who guarded the Pegae Gate with Greek soldiers . The section of the land walls from the Pegae Gate to the Golden Gate ( itself guarded by a certain Genoese called Manuel ) was defended by the Venetian Filippo Contarini , while Demetrius Cantacuzenus had taken position on the southernmost part of the Theodosian wall . The sea walls were manned more sparsely , with Jacobo Contarini at Stoudion , a makeshift defense force of Greek monks to his left hand , and prince Orhan at the Harbour of Eleutherius . Pere Julià was stationed at the Great Palace with Genoese and Catalan troops ; Cardinal Isidore of Kiev guarded the tip of the peninsula near the boom . The sea walls at the southern shore of the Golden Horn were defended by Venetian and Genoese sailors under Gabriele Trevisano . Two tactical reserves were kept behind in the city , one in the Petra district just behind the land walls and one near the Church of the Holy Apostles , under the command of Loukas Notaras and Nicephorus Palaeologus , respectively . The Venetian Alviso Diedo commanded the ships in the harbor . Although the Byzantines also had cannons , they were much smaller than those of the Ottomans and the recoil tended to damage their own walls . According to David Nicolle , despite many odds , the idea that Constantinople was inevitably doomed is wrong , and the overall situation was not as one - sided as a simple glance at a map might suggest.It has also been claimed that Constantinople was `` the best - defended city in Europe '' at that time . Siege ( edit ) At the beginning of the siege , Mehmed sent out some of his best troops to reduce the remaining Byzantine strongholds outside the city of Constantinople . The fortress of Therapia on the Bosphorus and a smaller castle at the village of Studius near the Sea of Marmara were taken within a few days . The Princes ' Islands in the Sea of Marmara were taken by Admiral Baltoghlu 's fleet . Mehmed 's massive cannon fired on the walls for weeks , but due to its imprecision and extremely slow rate of reloading the Byzantines were able to repair most of the damage after each shot , limiting the cannon 's effect . The Ottoman Turks transport their fleet overland into the Golden Horn . Meanwhile , despite some probing attacks , the Ottoman fleet under Suleiman Baltoghlu could not enter the Golden Horn due to the chain the Byzantines had previously stretched across the entrance . Although one of the fleet 's main tasks was to prevent any ships from outside from entering the Golden Horn , on 20 April a small flotilla of four Christian ships managed to slip in after some heavy fighting , an event which strengthened the morale of the defenders and caused embarrassment to the Sultan . Baltoghlu 's life was spared after his subordinates testified to his bravery during the conflict . Mehmed ordered the construction of a road of greased logs across Galata on the north side of the Golden Horn , and dragged his ships over the hill , directly into the Golden Horn on 22 April , bypassing the chain barrier . This seriously threatened the flow of supplies from Genoese ships from the -- nominally neutral -- colony of Pera , and demoralized the Byzantine defenders . On the night of 28 April , an attempt was made to destroy the Ottoman ships already in the Golden Horn using fire ships , but the Ottomans had been warned in advance and forced the Christians to retreat with heavy losses . Forty Italians escaped their sinking ships and swam to the northern shore . On orders of Mehmed , they were impaled on stakes , in sight of the city 's defenders on the sea walls across the Golden Horn . In retaliation , the defenders brought their Ottoman prisoners , 260 in all , to the walls , where they were executed , one by one , before the eyes of the Ottomans . With the failure of their attack on the Ottoman vessels , the defenders were forced to disperse part of their forces to defend the sea walls along the Golden Horn . The Ottoman army had made several frontal assaults on the land wall of Constantinople , but were always repelled with heavy losses . Venetian surgeon Niccolò Barbaro , describing in his diary one of such frequent land attacks especially by the Janissaries , wrote : `` They found the Turks coming right up under the walls and seeking battle , particularly the Janissaries ... and when one or two of them were killed , at once more Turks came and took away the dead ones ... without caring how near they came to the city walls . Our men shot at them with guns and crossbows , aiming at the Turk who was carrying away his dead countryman , and both of them would fall to the ground dead , and then there came other Turks and took them away , none fearing death , but being willing to let ten of themselves be killed rather than suffer the shame of leaving a single Turkish corpse by the walls . '' Siege of Constantinople as depicted between 1453 and 1475 . After these inconclusive frontal offensives , the Ottomans sought to break through the walls by constructing underground tunnels in an effort to mine them from mid-May to 25 May . Many of the sappers were miners of Serbian origin sent from Novo Brdo by the Serbian despot . They were placed under the command of Zagan Pasha . However , an engineer named Johannes Grant , a German who came together with the Genoese contingent , had counter-mines dug , allowing Byzantine troops to enter the mines and kill the workers . The Byzantines intercepted the first Serbian tunnel on the night of 16 May . Subsequent tunnels were interrupted on 21 , 23 , and 25 May , and destroyed with Greek fire and vigorous combat . On 23 May , the Byzantines captured and tortured two Turkish officers , who revealed the location of all the Turkish tunnels , which were then destroyed . On 21 May , Mehmed sent an ambassador to Constantinople and offered to lift the siege if they gave him the city . He promised he would allow the Emperor and any other inhabitants to leave with their possessions . Moreover , he would recognize the Emperor as governor of the Peloponnese . Lastly , he guaranteed the safety of the population that might choose to remain in the city . Constantine XI only agreed to pay higher tributes to the sultan and recognized the status of all the conquered castles and lands in the hands of the Turks as Ottoman possession . `` Giving you though the city depends neither on me nor on anyone else among its inhabitants ; as we have all decided to die with our own free will and we shall not consider our lives . '' Around this time , Mehmed had a final council with his senior officers . Here he encountered some resistance ; one of his Viziers , the veteran Halil Pasha , who had always disapproved of Mehmed 's plans to conquer the city , now admonished him to abandon the siege in the face of recent adversity . Zagan Pasha argued against Halil Pasha , and insisted on an immediate attack . Mehmed planned to overpower the walls by sheer force , expecting that the weakened Byzantine defense by the prolonged siege would now be worn out before he ran out of troops and started preparations for a final all - out offensive . Final assault ( edit ) Painting by the Greek folk painter Theophilos Hatzimihail showing the battle inside the city , Constantine is visible on a white horse Preparations for the final assault were started in the evening of 26 May and continued to the next day . For 36 hours after the war council decision to attack , the Ottomans extensively mobilized their manpower in order to prepare for the general offensive . Prayer and resting would be then granted to the soldiers on the 28th , and then the final assault would be launched . On the Byzantine side , a small Venetian fleet of 12 ships , after having searched the Aegean , reached the Capital on May 27 and reported to the Emperor that no large Venetian relief fleet was on its way . On May 28 , as the Ottoman army prepared for the final assault , large - scale religious processions were held in the city . In the evening a last solemn ceremony was held in the Hagia Sophia , in which the Emperor and representatives of both the Latin and Greek church partook , together with nobility from both sides . Shortly after midnight on May 29 the all - out offensive began . The Christian troops of the Ottoman Empire attacked first , followed by the successive waves of the irregular azaps , who were poorly trained and equipped , and Anatolians who focused on a section of the Blachernae walls in the northwest part of the city , which had been damaged by the cannon . This section of the walls had been built earlier , in the eleventh century , and was much weaker . The Anatolians managed to breach this section of walls and entered the city but were just as quickly pushed back by the defenders . Finally , as the battle was continuing , the last wave , consisting of elite Janissaries , attacked the city walls . The Genoese general in charge of the land troops , Giovanni Giustiniani , was grievously wounded during the attack , and his evacuation from the ramparts caused a panic in the ranks of the defenders . Sultan Mehmed II 's entry into Constantinople , painting by Fausto Zonaro ( 1854 -- 1929 ) . With Giustiniani 's Genoese troops retreating into the city and towards the harbor , Constantine and his men , now left to their own devices , kept fighting and managed to successfully hold off the Janissaries for a while , but eventually they could not stop them from entering the city . The defenders were also being overwhelmed at several points in Constantine 's section . When Turkish flags were seen flying above a small postern gate , the Kerkoporta , which was left open , panic ensued , and the defense collapsed , as Janissary soldiers , led by Ulubatlı Hasan pressed forward . Many Greek soldiers ran back home to protect their families , the Venetians ran over to their ships , and a few of the Genoese got over to Galata . The rest committed suicide by jumping off the city walls or surrendered . The Greek houses nearest to the walls were the first to suffer from the Ottomans . It is said that Constantine , throwing aside his purple regalia , led the final charge against the incoming Ottomans , perishing in the ensuing battle in the streets just like his soldiers . On the other hand , Nicolò Barbaro , a Venetian eyewitness to the siege , wrote in his diary that it was said that Constantine hanged himself at the moment when the Turks broke in at the San Romano gate , although his ultimate fate remains unknown . After the initial assault , the Ottoman Army fanned out along the main thoroughfare of the city , the Mese , past the great forums , and past the Church of the Holy Apostles , which Mehmed II wanted to provide a seat for his newly appointed patriarch which would help him better control his Christian subjects . Mehmed II had sent an advance guard to protect key buildings such as the Church of the Holy Apostles . A small few lucky civilians managed to escape . When the Venetians retreated over to their ships , the Ottomans had already taken the walls of the Golden Horn . Luckily for the occupants of the city , the Ottomans were not interested in killing them , but rather in the loot they could get from raiding the city 's houses , so they decided to attack the city instead . The Venetian captain ordered his men to break open the gate of the Golden Horn . Having done so , the Venetians left in ships filled with soldiers and refugees . Shortly after the Venetians left , a few Genoese ships and even the Emperor 's ships followed them out of the Golden Horn . This fleet narrowly escaped prior to the Ottoman navy assuming control over the Golden Horn , which was accomplished by midday . The Army converged upon the Augusteum , the vast square that fronted the great church of Hagia Sophia whose bronze gates were barred by a huge throng of civilians inside the building , hoping for divine protection . After the doors were breached , the troops separated the congregation according to what price they might bring in the slave markets . Ottoman casualties are unknown but they are believed by most historians to be very heavy due to several unsuccessful Ottoman attacks made during the siege and final assault . Barbaro described blood flowing in the city `` like rainwater in the gutters after a sudden storm '' , and bodies of the Turks and Christians floating in the sea `` like melons along a canal '' . Plundering phase ( edit ) Mehmed II had promised to his soldiers three days to plunder the city , to which they were entitled . Soldiers fought over the possession of some of the spoils of war . According to the Venetian surgeon Nicolò Barbaro `` all through the day the Turks made a great slaughter of Christians through the city '' . According to Philip Mansel , widespread persecution of the city 's civilian inhabitants took place , resulting in thousands of murders and rapes and 30,000 civilians being enslaved or forcibly deported . The looting was extremely thorough in certain parts of the city . Weeks later on 2 June , the Sultan would find the city largely deserted and half in ruins ; churches had been desecrated and stripped , houses were no longer habitable and stores and shops were emptied . He is famously reported to have been moved to tears by this , speaking `` What a city we have given over to plunder and destruction . '' Aftermath ( edit ) On the third day of the conquest , Mehmed II ordered all looting to stop and issued a proclamation that all Christians who had avoided capture or who had been ransomed could return to their homes without further molestation , although many had no homes to return to , and many more had been taken captive and not ransomed . Byzantine historian George Sphrantzes , an eyewitness to the fall of Constantinople , described the Sultan 's actions : `` On the third day after the fall of our city , the Sultan celebrated his victory with a great , joyful triumph . He issued a proclamation : the citizens of all ages who had managed to escape detection were to leave their hiding places throughout the city and come out into the open , as they were to remain free and no question would be asked . He further declared the restoration of houses and property to those who had abandoned our city before the siege . If they returned home , they would be treated according to their rank and religion , as if nothing had changed . '' The Hagia Sophia was converted into a mosque , but the Greek Orthodox Church was allowed to remain intact and Gennadius Scholarius was appointed Patriarch of Constantinople . This was once thought to be the origin of the Ottoman millet system , however , it is now considered a myth and no such system existed in the fifteenth century . Following the city 's conquest , the Church of the Holy Wisdom ( the Hagia Sophia ) was converted into a mosque . After the sack , many feared other European Christian kingdoms would suffer the same fate as Constantinople . Two possible responses emerged amongst the humanists and churchmen of that era : Crusade or dialogue . Pope Pius II strongly advocated for another Crusade , while Nicholas of Cusa supported engaging in a dialogue with the Ottomans . The Morean ( Peloponnesian ) fortress of Mystras , where Constantine 's brothers Thomas and Demetrius ruled , constantly in conflict with each other and knowing that Mehmed would eventually invade them as well , held out until 1460 . Long before the fall of Constantinople , Demetrius had fought for the throne with Thomas , Constantine , and their other brothers John and Theodore. Thomas escaped to Rome when the Ottomans invaded Morea while Demetrius expected to rule a puppet state , but instead was imprisoned and remained there for the rest of his life . In Rome , Thomas and his family received some monetary support from the Pope and other Western rulers as Byzantine emperor in exile , until 1503 . In 1461 the independent Byzantine state in Trebizond fell to Mehmed . Constantine XI had died without producing an heir , and had Constantinople not fallen he likely would have been succeeded by the sons of his deceased elder brother , who were taken into the palace service of Mehmed after the fall of Constantinople . The oldest boy , renamed to Murad , became a personal favorite of Mehmed and served as Beylerbey ( Governor - General ) of Rumeli ( the Balkans ) . The younger son , renamed Mesih Pasha , became Admiral of the Ottoman fleet and Sancak Beg ( Governor ) of the Province of Gallipoli . He eventually served twice as Grand Vizier under Mehmed 's son , Bayezid II . With the capture of Constantinople , Mehmed II had acquired the `` natural '' capital of its kingdom , albeit one in decline due to years of war . The loss of the city was a crippling blow to Christendom , and it exposed the Christian west to a vigorous and aggressive foe in the east . The Christian re-conquest of Constantinople remained a goal in Western Europe for many years after its fall to the House of Osman . Rumors of Constantine XI 's survival and subsequent rescue by an angel led many to hope that the city would one day return to Christian hands . Pope Nicholas V called for an immediate counter-attack in the form of a crusade . When no European monarch was willing to lead the crusade , the Pope himself decided to go , but his early death stopped this plan . As Western Europe entered the 16th century , the age of Crusading began to come to an end . For some time Greek scholars had gone to Italian city - states , a cultural exchange begun in 1396 by Coluccio Salutati , chancellor of Florence , who had invited Manuel Chrysoloras , a Byzantine scholar to lecture at the University of Florence . After the conquest many Greeks , such as John Argyropoulos and Constantine Lascaris , fled the city and found refuge in the Latin West , bringing with them knowledge and documents from the Greco - Roman tradition to Italy and other regions that further propelled the Renaissance . Those Greeks who stayed behind in Constantinople mostly lived in the Phanar and Galata districts of the city . The Phanariotes , as they were called , provided many capable advisers to the Ottoman rulers . Third Rome ( edit ) Main article : Third Rome Sultan Mehmed II the Conqueror , by Gentile Bellini Byzantium is a term used by modern historians to refer to the later Roman Empire . In its own time , the Empire ruled from Constantinople ( or `` New Rome '' as some people call it , although this was a laudatory expression that was never an official title ) was considered simply as `` the Roman Empire . '' The fall of Constantinople led competing factions to lay claim to being the inheritors of the Imperial mantle . Russian claims to Byzantine heritage clashed with those of the Ottoman Empire 's own claim . In Mehmed 's view , he was the successor to the Roman Emperor , declaring himself Kayser - i Rum , literally `` Caesar of Rome '' , that is , of the Roman Empire , though he was remembered as `` the Conqueror '' . He founded a political system that survived until 1922 with the establishment of the Republic of Turkey . Stefan Dušan , Tsar of Serbia , and Ivan Alexander , Tsar of Bulgaria both made similar claims , regarding themselves as legitimate heirs to the Roman Empire . Other potential claimants , such as the Republic of Venice and the Holy Roman Empire have disintegrated into history . Impact on the churches ( edit ) In 17th - century Russia , the fall of Constantinople had a role in the fierce theological and political controversy between adherents and opponents of the reforms in the Russian Orthodox Church carried out by Patriarch Nikon , which he intended to bring the Russian Church closer to the norms and practices of other Orthodox churches . Avvakum and other `` Old Believers '' saw these reforms as a corruption of the Russian Church , which they considered to be the `` true '' Church of God . As the other Churches were more closely related to Constantinople in their liturgies , Avvakum argued that Constantinople fell to the Turks because of these heretical beliefs and practices . The fall of Constantinople has a profound impact on the ancient Pentarchy of the Orthodox Church . Today , the four ancient sees of Jerusalem , Antioch , Alexandria , and Constantinople are almost completely devoid of followers and believers because of Islamization and the Dhimma system to which Christians have been subjected since the earliest days of Islam . As a result of this process , the center of authority in the Orthodox Church changed and migrated to Eastern Europe ( e.g. , Russia ) rather than remaining in the former Byzantine Middle East . Cultural references ( edit ) Legends ( edit ) There are many legends in Greece surrounding the Fall of Constantinople . It was said that the partial lunar eclipse that occurred on 22 May 1453 represented a fulfillment of a prophecy of the city 's demise . Four days later , the whole city was blotted out by a thick fog , a condition unknown in that part of the world in May . When the fog lifted that evening , a strange light was seen playing about the dome of the Hagia Sophia , which some interpreted as the Holy Spirit departing from the city . `` This evidently indicated the departure of the Divine Presence , and its leaving the City in total abandonment and desertion , for the Divinity conceals itself in cloud and appears and again disappears . '' For others , there was still a distant hope that the lights were the campfires of the troops of John Hunyadi who had come to relieve the city . Another legend holds that two priests saying divine liturgy over the crowd disappeared into the cathedral 's walls as the first Turkish soldiers entered . According to the legend , the priests will appear again on the day that Constantinople returns to Christian hands . Another legend refers to the Marble King ( Constantine XI ) , holding that an angel rescued the emperor when the Ottomans entered the city , turning him into marble and placing him in a cave under the earth near the Golden Gate , where he waits to be brought to life again ( a variant of the sleeping hero legend ) . Cultural impact ( edit ) Guillaume Dufay composed several songs lamenting the fall of the Eastern church , and the duke of Burgundy , Philip the Good , avowed to take up arms against the Turks . However , as the growing Ottoman power from this date on coincided with the Protestant Reformation and subsequent Counter-Reformation , the recapture of Constantinople became an ever - distant dream . Even France , once a fervent participant in the Crusades , became an ally of the Ottomans . Nonetheless , depictions of Christian coalitions taking the city and of the late Emperor 's resurrection by Leo the Wise persisted . Impact on the Renaissance ( edit ) Main article : Greek scholars in the Renaissance The migration waves of Byzantine scholars and émigrés in the period following the sacking of Constantinople and the fall of Constantinople in 1453 is considered by many scholars key to the revival of Greek and Roman studies that led to the development of the Renaissance humanism and science . These émigrés were grammarians , humanists , poets , writers , printers , lecturers , musicians , astronomers , architects , academics , artists , scribes , philosophers , scientists , politicians and theologians . They brought to Western Europe the far greater preserved and accumulated knowledge of their own ( Greek ) civilization . Megali idea ( edit ) Between 1919 and 1922 , Greek politician Eleftherios Venizelos attempted to implement the Megali Idea ( recapture of Constantinople from the Ottoman Empire ) in the Greco - Turkish War ( 1919 -- 1922 ) since the Ottoman Empire was severely weakened by its defeat in World War I and by the occupation of Constantinople by the British and French . However , in the course of the war Venizelos lost the election of 1920 and went into exile and Greece was defeated in the war by Turkey . Renaming of the city ( edit ) Ottomans used the Arabic transliteration of the city 's name `` Kostantiniyye , '' ( القسطنطينية ) , as can be seen in numerous Ottoman documents . Islambol ( اسلامبول , Full of Islam ) or Islambul ( find Islam ) or Islam ( b ) ol ( old Turkic : be Islam ) , both in Turkish Language , were folk - etymological adaptations of Istanbul created after the Ottoman conquest of 1453 to express the city 's new role as the capital of the Islamic Ottoman Empire . It is first attested shortly after the conquest , and its invention was ascribed by some contemporary writers to Sultan Mehmed II himself . The name of Istanbul is thought to be derived from the Greek phrase īs tīmbolī ( n ) ( Greek : εἰς τὴν πόλιν , translit . eis tēn pólin , `` to the City '' ) , and it is claimed that it had already spread among the Turkish populace of the Ottoman Empire before the conquest . However , Istanbul only became the official name of the city in 1930 by the revised Turkish Postal Law as part of Atatürk 's reforms . In historical fiction ( edit ) Lew Wallace , The Prince of India ; or , Why Constantinople Fell . New York : Harper & Brothers Publishers , 1893 . 2 volumes Mika Waltari , The Dark Angel ( Original title Johannes Angelos ) 1952 . Translated from the Finnish by Naomi Walford and pub. in English edition , New York : Putnam , 1953 Muharem Bazdulj , `` The Bridge on Land '' from The Second Book , 2000 . Translated from Bosnian by Oleg Andric and Andrew Wachtel and pub. in English edition , Evanston : Northwestern University Press , 2005 Andrew Novo , Queen of Cities , Seattle : Coffeetown Press , 2009 Jack Hight , Siege . London : John Murray Publisher Ltd , 2010 James Shipman , `` Constantinopolis '' , Amazon Digital Services , 2013 C.C. Humphreys , A Place called Armageddon . London : Orion , 2011 Emanuele Rizzardi , L'ultimo Paleologo . PubMe Editore , 2017 John Bellairs , `` The Trolley to Yesterday '' Dial , 1989 Kiersten White , `` The Conqueror 's Saga '' , 2016 Stefan Zweig , `` Die Eroberung von Byzanz ( Conquest of Byzantium ) '' in `` Sternstunden der Menschheit ( Decisive Moments in History ) '' , 1927 See also ( edit ) Byzantine Empire portal Military history of the Ottoman Empire portal Fetih 1453 `` How many angels can dance on the head of a pin ? '' , question linked to the imagery of pointless debate while the city was falling . Military of the Ottoman Empire Tursun Beg ( Turkish historian ) Ulubatlı Hasan Dolfin Dolfin , venetian , naval commander during the siege Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ While Mehmed II had been steadily preparing for the siege of Constantinople , he had sent the old general Turakhan and the latter 's two sons , Ahmed Beg and Omar Beg , to invade the Morea and to remain there all winter also to prevent the despots Thomas and Demetrius from giving aid to Constantine XI . Jump up ^ According to Sphrantzes , whom Constantine had ordered to make a census , the Emperor was appalled when the number of native men capable of bearing arms turned out to be only 4,983 . Leonardo di Chio gave a number of 6,000 Greeks . Jump up ^ The Spanish Cristóbal de Villalón claims there were ' 60,000 Turkish households , 40,000 Greek and Armenian , 10,000 Jewish . Jump up ^ Another expert who was employed by the Ottomans was Ciriaco de ' Pizzicolli , also known as Ciriaco of Ancona , a traveler and collector of antiquities . Jump up ^ These were the three Genoese ships sent by the Pope , joined by a large Imperial transport ship which had been sent on a foraging mission to Sicily previous to the siege and was on its way back to Constantinople . Jump up ^ Runciman speculates that he may have been Scottish Jump up ^ Original text : Τὸ δὲ τὴν πόλιν σοῖ δοῦναι οὔτ ' ἐμὸν ἐστίν οὔτ ' ἄλλου τῶν κατοικούντων ἐν ταύτῃ κοινῇ γὰρ γνώμῃ πάντες αὐτοπροαιρέτως ἀποθανοῦμεν καὶ οὐ φεισόμεθα τῆς ζωῆς ἡμῶν . Jump up ^ Sources hostile towards the Genoese ( such as the Venetian Nicolò Barbaro ) , however , report that Longo was only lightly wounded or not wounded at all , but , overwhelmed by fear , simulated the wound to abandon the battlefield , determining the fall of the city . These charges of cowardice and treason were so widespread that the Republic of Genoa had to deny them by sending diplomatic letters to the Chancelleries of England , France , the Duchy of Burgundy and others . Giustiniani was carried to Chios , where he succumbed to his wounds a few days later . Jump up ^ Barbaro added the description of the emperor 's heroic last moments to his diary based on information he received afterward . According to some Ottoman sources Constantine was killed in an accidental encounter with Turkish marines a little further to the south , presumably while making his way to the Sea of Marmara in order to escape by sea . Jump up ^ It is possible that all these phenomena were local effects of the cataclysmic Kuwae volcanic eruption in the Pacific Ocean . The `` fire '' seen may have been an optical illusion due to the reflection of intensely red twilight glow by clouds of volcanic ash high in the atmosphere . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Exaggerated '' western estimates ranged between 160,000 and 300,000 . Jump up ^ `` İstanbul'un fethinde 600 Türk askeri , Fatih'e karşı savaştı '' ( In the Conquest of Istanbul 600 Turkish Military Fought Against the Conqueror ) . Osmanlı Arauştırmalarlı ( in Turkish ) . Jump up ^ Momigliano & Schiavone ( 1997 ) , Introduction ( `` La Storia di Roma '' ) , p . XXI Jump up ^ `` The fall of Constantinople '' . The Economist. 23 December 1999 . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Frantzes , Georgios ; Melisseidis ( Melisseides ) , Ioannis ( Ioannes ) A. ; Zavolea - Melissidi , Pulcheria ( 2004 ) . Εάλω η ΠόλιςΤ ο χρονικό της άλωσης της Κωνσταντινούπολης : Συνοπτική ιστορία των γεγονότων στην Κωνσταντινούπολη κατά την περίοδο 1440 -- 1453 ( The City has Fallen : Chronicle of the Fall of Constantinople : Concise History of Events in Constantinople in the Period 1440 -- 1453 ) ( in Greek ) ( 5 ed . ) . Athens : Vergina Asimakopouli Bros. ISBN 9607171918 . Jump up ^ Foster , Charles ( 22 September 2006 ) . `` The Conquest of Constantinople and the end of empire '' . Contemporary Review . Archived from the original on 11 June 2009 . It is the end of the Middle Ages ) ^ Jump up to : Norwich , John Julius ( 1997 ) . A Short History of Byzantium . New York : Vintage Books . Jump up ^ Madden , Thomas ( 2005 ) . Crusades : The Illustrated History . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan . Jump up ^ Haldon , John ( 2000 ) . Byzantium at War 600 -- 1453 . New York : Osprey . ^ Jump up to : Mango , Cyril ( 2002 ) . The Oxford History of Byzantium . New York : Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ `` The Black Death '' . Archived from the original on 25 June 2008 . Retrieved 13 August 2008 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) , Channel 4 -- History . Jump up ^ Runciman Fall . p. 60 Jump up ^ Norwich Short Byz . Hist . p. 373 Jump up ^ `` Bosphorus ( i.e. Bosporus ) , View from Kuleli , Constantinople , Turkey '' . World Digital Library . 1890 -- 1900 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ name = `` norwichshortbyzhist '' / > Jump up ^ Setton , Kenneth M. ( 1978 ) . The Papacy and the Levant ( 1204 -- 1571 ) : The Fifteenth Century . 2 . DIANE Publishing . ISBN 0 - 87169 - 127 - 2 . Jump up ^ Crowley , Roger ( 2013 - 02 - 12 ) . 1453 : The Holy War for Constantinople and the Clash of Islam and the West . Hachette Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4013 - 0558 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Runciman , Steven ( 1965 ) . The Fall of Constantinople , 1453 ( Canto ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521398329 . ^ Jump up to : Nicol , Donald M. ( 1993 ) . The Last Centuries of Byzantium , 1261 -- 1453 ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Michael Spilling , ed. , Battles That Changed History : Key Battles That Decided the Fate of Nations ( London , Amber Books Ltd. 2010 ) p. 187 . ^ Jump up to : Nicolle , David ( 2000 ) . Constantinople 1453 : The End of Byzantium ( Campaign ) . 78 . Oxford : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 1 - 84176 - 091 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Pertusi , Agostino , ed. ( 1976 ) . La Caduta di Costantinopoli , I : Le testimonianze dei contemporanei scrittori greci e latini ( The Fall of Constantinople , I : The Testimony of the Contemporary Greek and Latin Writers ) ( in Italian ) . I. Verona : Fondazione Lorenzo Valla . Jump up ^ Lanning , Michael Lee ( 2005 ) . The Battle 100 : The Stories Behind History 's Most Influential Battles . Sourcebooks , Inc . ISBN 1 - 4022 - 2475 - 3 . Jump up ^ İnalcıkt , Halil ( 2001 ) . Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Klasik Çağ ( 1300 -- 1600 ) ( The Ottoman Empire , The Classical Age , 1300 -- 1600 ) . Translated by Itzkouritz , Norman ; Imber , Colin . London : Orion . ^ Jump up to : Nicolò Barbaro , Giornale dell'Assedio di Costantinopoli , 1453 . The autograph copy is conserved in the Biblioteca Marciana in Venice . Barbaro 's diary has been translated into English by John Melville - Jones ( New York : Exposition Press , 1969 ) ^ Jump up to : ( in French ) Concasty , M. - L. , Les `` Informations '' de Jacques Tedaldi sur le siège et la prise de Constantinople ^ Jump up to : Sphrantzes , George . Οικτρός Γεώργιος ο Φραντζής ο και Πρωτοβεσιαρίτης Γρηγόριος τάχα μοναχός ταύτα έγραψεν υπέρ των καθ ' αυτών και τινων μερικών γεγονότων εν τώ της αθλίας ζωής αυτε χρόνω ( The Pitiful George Frantzes Who was Protovestiaros , Now a Monk , Wrote This for the Βetterment of Others and as Recompense for Some Deeds in His Miserable Life , This Chronicle ) ( in Greek ) . ^ Jump up to : Rutheniae , Isidorus ( 6 July 1453 ) . `` Isidore of Ruthenia '' ( Letter ) ( in Latin ) . Letter to Bisarion . ^ Jump up to : ( in Latin ) Leonardo di Chio , Letter to Pope Nicholas V , dated 16 August 1453 , edited by J. - P. Migne , Patrologia Graeca , 159 , 923A -- 944B . Jump up ^ Leonardo di Chio , Letter , 927B : `` three hundred thousand and more '' . Jump up ^ Ubertino Pusculo , Constantinopolis , 1464 Jump up ^ Leonardo di Chio , Letter , 930C . Jump up ^ Davis , Paul ( 1999 ) . 100 Decisive Battles . Oxford . p. 166 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 514366 - 9 . Jump up ^ Arnold ( 2001 ) p. 111 Jump up ^ `` The fall of Constantinople '' . The Economist. 23 December 1999 . Jump up ^ Crowley ( 2005 ) , pp. 150 -- 54 Jump up ^ Marios Philippides and Walter K. Hanak , The Siege and the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 , ( Ashgate Publishing , 2011 ) , 520 . Jump up ^ From Jean Chartier , Chronicle of Charles VII , king of France , MS Bnf Français 2691 , f. 246v ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Crowley , Roger . 1453 : the holy war for Constantinople and the clash of Islam and the West . New York : Hyperion , 2005 . pp. 168 -- 171 . ISBN 1 - 4013 - 0850 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` 29 Μαϊου 1453 : Όταν `` η Πόλις εάλω ... '' ( 29 May 1453 : When the City Fell ... ) . `` iefemerida.com '' ( in Greek ) . 29 May 2012 . Retrieved 5 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference vasilievhistbyz2 was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Desimoni , C. ( 1874 ) . Adamo di Montaldo . Atti della Società Ligure di Storia Patria ( Proceedings of the Ligurian Society for Homeland History ) ( in Italian ) . X . Genoa . Jump up ^ Smith , Michael Llewellyn , The Fall of Constantinople , History Makers magazine No. 5 , Marshall Cavendish , Sidgwick & Jackson ( London ) . Jump up ^ Reinert , Stephen ( 2002 ) . The Oxford History of Byzantium . New York : Oxford UP . Jump up ^ Mansel , Philip ( 1995 ) . Constantinople : City of the World 's Desire . Hachette UK . p. 79 . ISBN 0 - 7195 - 5076 - 9 . Jump up ^ George Sphrantzes . The Fall of the Byzantine Empire : A Chronicle by George Sphrantzes 1401 -- 1477 . Translated by Marios Philippides . University of Massachusetts Press , 1980 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87023 - 290 - 9 . Jump up ^ Kritovoulos ( or Kritoboulos ) . History of Mehmed the Conqueror . Translated by Charles T. Riggs . Greenwood Press Reprint , 1970 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8371 - 3119 - 1 . Jump up ^ Braude , Benjamin ( 1982 ) . `` Foundation Myths of the Millet System '' . In Braude , Benjamin ; Bernard Lewis . Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire . 1 . New York : Holmes & Meier . pp. 69 -- 90 . ISBN 0841905193 . Jump up ^ Masters , Bruce ( 2009 ) . `` Millet '' . In Ágoston , Gábor ; Bruce Masters . Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire . pp. 383 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Volf , Miroslav ( 2010 ) . `` Body counts : the dark side of Christian history '' . The Christian Century . 127 ( Journal Article ) : 11 -- . ISSN 0009 - 5281 . ^ Jump up to : Norwich , John Julius ( 1995 ) . Byzantium : The Decline and Fall . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 0 - 679 - 41650 - 1 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Heath W. ( 2003 ) . The Nature of the Early Ottoman State . Albany , NY : SUNY Press . p. 115 - 116 . Jump up ^ N.G. Wilson , From Byzantium to Italy . Greek Studies in the Italian Renaissance , London , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 7156 - 2418 - 0 Jump up ^ `` John Argyropoulos '' . britannica.com . Retrieved 2 October 2009 ... ^ Jump up to : Byzantines in Renaissance Italy Jump up ^ `` Saving the Third Rome . `` Fall of the Empire '' , Byzantium and Putin 's Russia `` . IWM . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ Guillermier , Pierre ; Serge Koutchmy ( 1999 ) . Total Eclipses : Science , Observations , Myths , and Legends . Springer . p. 85 . ISBN 1 - 85233 - 160 - 7 . Retrieved 27 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Kritovoulos , Michael . History of Mehmed the Conqueror . Translated by C.T. Riggs . Princetone , NJ : Princeton University Press , 1954 . Pg. 59 . Jump up ^ `` # 1543 '' ( Press release ) . Pasadena , California : Public Information Office , Jet Propulsion Laboratory , California Institute of Technology , National Aeronautics & Space Administration ( NASA ) . 1993 . Retrieved 5 June 2017 . Jump up ^ The Marble King ( in Greek ) Archived 13 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Hatzopoulos , Dionysios . `` Fall of Constantinople , 1453 '' . Hellenic Electronic Center . Jump up ^ Greeks in Italy Archived 7 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Sakaoğlu , Necdet ( 1993 -- 94 ) . `` İstanbul'un adları '' ( The names of Istanbul ) . Dünden bugüne İstanbul ansiklopedisi ( in Turkish ) . Istanbul : Türkiye Kültür Bakanlığı . Jump up ^ Robinson , Richard D. ( 1965 ) . The First Turkish Republic : A Case Study in National Development . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press Jump up ^ Room , Adrian , ( 1993 ) , Place Name changes 1900 -- 1991 , ( Metuchen , N.J. , & London : The Scarecrow Press , Inc . ) , ISBN 0 - 8108 - 2600 - 3 pp. 46 , 86 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline : Turkey '' . BBC News . 10 December 2009 . Retrieved 18 January 2010 . Further reading ( edit ) Babinger , Franz ( 1992 ) : Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 01078 - 1 Crowley , Roger ( 2005 ) : 1453 : The Holy War for Constantinople and the Clash of Islam and the West . Hyperion . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4013 - 0558 - 1 Fletcher , Richard A. : The Cross and the Crescent ( 2005 ) Penguin Group ISBN 0 - 14 - 303481 - 2 Harris , Jonathan ( 2007 ) : Constantinople : Capital of Byzantium . Hambledon / Continuum . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84725 - 179 - 4 Harris , Jonathan ( 2010 ) : The End of Byzantium . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 11786 - 8 Melville Jones , John , The Siege of Constantinople 1453 : Seven Contemporary Accounts , Amsterdam 1972 Momigliano , Arnaldo ; Schiavone , Aldo ( 1997 ) . Storia di Roma , 1 ( in Italian ) . Turin : Einaudi . ISBN 88 - 06 - 11396 - 8 . Murr Nehme , Lina ( 2003 ) . 1453 : The Conquest of Constantinople . Aleph Et Taw . ISBN 2 - 86839 - 816 - 2 . Pertusi , Agostino , ed. ( 1976 ) . La Caduta di Costantinopoli , II : L'eco nel mondo ( The Fall of Constantinople , II : The Echo in the World ) ( in Italian ) . II . Verona : Fondazione Lorenzo Valla . Philippides , Marios and Walter K. Hanak , The Siege and the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 , Ashgate , Farnham and Burlington 2011 . Smith , Michael Llewellyn , `` The Fall of Constantinople '' , in History Makers magazine No. 5 ( London , Marshall Cavendish , Sidgwick & Jackson , 1969 ) p. 192 Wheatcroft , Andrew ( 2003 ) : The Infidels : The Conflict Between Christendom and Islam , 638 -- 2002 . Viking Publishing ISBN 0 - 670 - 86942 - 2 Wintle , Justin ( 2003 ) : The Rough Guide History of Islam . Rough Guides . ISBN 1 - 84353 - 018 - X External links ( edit ) Media related to Fall of Constantinople at Wikimedia Commons Ancient History Encyclopedia -- 1453 : The Fall of Constantinople Constantinople Siege & Fall , BBC Radio 4 discussion with Roger Crowley , Judith Herrin & Colin Imber ( In Our Time , Dec. 28 , 2006 ) Byzantine Empire topics History Preceding Roman Empire Dominate ( 330 -- 717 ) Early Constantinian - Valentinian era ( Constantinian dynasty - Valentinian dynasty ) Theodosian era Leonid era Justinian era Heraclian era Twenty Years ' Anarchy ( 717 -- 1204 ) Middle Isaurian era Nikephorian era Amorian era Macedonian era Doukid era Komnenian era Angelid era ( 1204 -- 1453 ) Late Fourth Crusade Frankokratia represented by Latin Empire Byzantine Successor States ( Nicaea / Epirus -- Thessalonica / Morea / Trebizond ) Palaiologan era Decline of the Byzantine Empire Fall of Constantinople Governance Central Emperors Basileus Autokrator Senate Imperial bureaucracy Eparch Early Praetorian prefects Magister officiorum Comes sacrarum largitionum Comes rerum privatarum Quaestor sacri palatii Middle Logothetes tou dromou Sakellarios Logothetes tou genikou Logothetes tou stratiotikou Chartoularios tou sakelliou Chartoularios tou vestiariou Epi tou eidikou Protasekretis Epi ton deeseon Late Megas logothetes Mesazon Provincial Early Praetorian prefectures Dioceses Provinces Quaestura exercitus Exarchate of Ravenna Exarchate of Africa Middle Themata Kleisourai Bandon Catepanates Late Kephale Despotates Diplomacy Treaties Diplomats Military Army Battle tactics Military manuals Wars Battles Revolts Siege warfare Generals Mercenaries Early Late Roman army East Roman army Foederati Bucellarii Scholae Palatinae Excubitors Middle Themata Kleisourai Tourma Droungos Bandon Tagmata Domestic of the Schools Hetaireia Akritai Varangian Guard Late Komnenian army Pronoia Vestiaritai Palaiologan army Allagion Paramonai Grand Domestic Navy Karabisianoi Maritime themata Cibyrrhaeot Aegean Sea Samos Dromon Greek fire Droungarios of the Fleet Megas doux Admirals Naval battles Religion and law Religion Eastern Orthodox Church Byzantine Rite Ecumenical councils Saints Patriarchate of Constantinople Arianism Monophysitism Paulicianism Iconoclasm Great Schism Bogomilism Hesychasm Mount Athos Missionary activity Bulgaria Moravia Serbs Kievan Rus ' Jews Law Codex Theodosianus Corpus Juris Civilis Ecloga Basilika Hexabiblos Mutilation Culture and society Architecture Secular Sacred Cross-in - square Domes Constantinople Great Palace of Constantinople Blachernae Palace Hagia Sophia Hagia Irene Chora Church Pammakaristos Church City Walls Thessalonica Arch of Galerius and Rotunda Hagios Demetrios Hagia Sophia Panagia Chalkeon Ravenna San Vitale Sant'Apollinare in Classe Sant'Apollinare Nuovo Other locations Daphni Monastery Hosios Loukas Nea Moni of Chios Panagia Gorgoepikoos Saint Catherine 's Monastery Mystras Art Icons Enamel Glass Mosaics Painters Macedonian period art Komnenian renaissance Economy Agriculture Coinage Mints Trade silk Silk Road Varangians Dynatoi Literature Novel Acritic songs Digenes Akritas Alexander romance Historians Everyday life Calendar Cuisine Dance Dress Flags and insignia Hippodrome Music Octoechos People Byzantine Greeks Slavery Units of measurement Science Learning Encyclopedias Inventions Medicine Philosophy Neoplatonism Scholars University Impact Byzantine commonwealth Byzantine studies Museums Byzantinism Cyrillic script Neo-Byzantine architecture Greek scholars in the Renaissance Third Rome Megali Idea Byzantine Empire portal Major sieges by the Ottoman Empire by century 14th 1326 Prusa 1331 Nicaea 1333 Nicomedia 1360s Adrianople 1385 Sofia 1393 Tarnovo 15th 1422 Constantinople 1422 -- 30 Thessalonica 1448 Svetigrad 1453 Constantinople 1456 Belgrade 1461 Trebizond 1462 Mytilene 1470 Negroponte 1478 Scutari 1480 Rhodes 1481 Otranto 16th 1517 Cairo 1521 Belgrade 1522 Rhodes 1529 Peñón of Algiers 1529 Vienna 1532 Güns ( Kőszeg ) 1532 Maribor 1534 Tunis 1534 Baghdad 1537 Klis 1537 Corfu 1538 Diu 1538 Aden 1539 Castelnuovo 1541 Buda 1543 Nice 1543 Esztergom 1547 Van 1551 Tripoli 1552 Muscat 1552 Hormuz 1552 Temesvár 1552 Eger 1556 Oran 1563 Oran 1565 Malta 1566 Szigetvar 1574 Tunis 1578 Gvozdansko 1593 Sisak 1596 Eger 17th 1638 Baghdad 1663 Uyvar 1664 Novi Zrin 1648 -- 69 Candia 1672 Kamenets 1683 Vienna 18th 1716 Corfu 1739 Belgrade 19th 1825 -- 26 Missolonghi 1854 - 55 Sevastopol 20th 1912 - 13 Adrianople 1916 Kut Ottoman defeats shown in italics . GND : 4128316 - 8 Coordinates : 41 ° 01 ′ 00 '' N 28 ° 58 ′ 37 '' E / 41.0167 ° N 28.9769 ° E / 41.0167 ; 28.9769 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fall_of_Constantinople&oldid=853243613 '' Categories : Fall of Constantinople 1453 in the Ottoman Empire 1450s in the Byzantine Empire Battles of the Byzantine -- Ottoman wars Conflicts in 1453 East -- West Schism Sieges involving Serbia Sieges involving the Byzantine Empire Sieges involving the Ottoman Empire Sieges of Constantinople Battles of Mehmed the Conqueror History of Istanbul Massacres in the Byzantine Empire Last stand battles Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2017 Pages with reference errors CS1 Turkish - language sources ( tr ) CS1 Greek - language sources ( el ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Articles with French - language external links CS1 Latin - language sources ( la ) Articles with Latin - language external links Pages with broken reference names Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Use dmy dates from May 2012 Articles containing Greek - language text Articles containing Turkish - language text Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2016 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from November 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2014 Articles containing Ottoman Turkish - language text Commons category with page title different than on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 52 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 August 2018 , at 11 : 08 ( UTC ) . 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7134421781526758125	John the Apostle	John the Apostle - wikipedia John the Apostle Jump to : navigation , search Saint John the Apostle Apostle c . AD 6 Bethsaida , Galilee , Roman Empire c . AD 100 ( aged 93 or 94 ) Patmos , Greece , Roman Empire Venerated in Christianity Canonized Pre-congregation Feast 27 December ( Roman Catholic , Anglican ) 26 September ( Orthodox ) Attributes Book , a serpent in a chalice , cauldron , eagle Patronage Love , loyalty , friendships , authors , booksellers , burn - victims , poison - victims , art - dealers , editors , publishers , scribes , examinations , scholars , theologians John the Apostle ( Aramaic : ܝܘܚܢܢ ܫܠܝܚܐ ‎ ‎ Yohanan Shliha ; ; Koine Greek : Ἰωάννης ; Latin : Ioannes ; c . AD 6 - 100 ) was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus according to the New Testament , which refers to him as Ἰωάννης . He was the son of Zebedee and Salome . His brother was James , who was another of the Twelve Apostles . Christian tradition holds that he outlived the remaining apostles and that he was the only one to die of natural causes : Judas Iscariot died by suicide , while the other ten all are considered to have died a martyr 's death . This is because the Church Fathers considered him the same person as John the Evangelist , John of Patmos , John the Elder and the Beloved Disciple , although modern theologians and scholars have not formed a consensus on the relative identities of these men . The traditions of most Christian denominations have held that John the Apostle is the author of several books of the New Testament . Contents ( hide ) 1 New Testament author 1.1 Book of Revelation 2 References to John in the New Testament 2.1 Sons of thunder 2.2 Other references to John 2.3 The disciple whom Jesus loved 3 Extrabiblical traditions 4 Liturgical commemoration 5 Other views 5.1 Latter - day Saint view 5.2 Islamic view 6 In art 7 Gallery of art 8 See also 9 References 10 External links New Testament author ( edit ) Part of a series of articles on John in the Bible Johannine literature Gospel Epistles First Second Third Revelation Events Authorship Apostle Beloved disciple Evangelist Patmos Presbyter Related literature Apocryphon Acts Signs Gospel See also Johannine Christianity Logos Holy Spirit in Johannine literature John 's vision of the Son of Man New Testament people named John St. John at the Crucifixion of Jesus in a Stabat Mater by Pietro Perugino Rome , c. 1482 Lamentation of the Virgin . John the Apostle trying to console Mary Church tradition has held that John is the author of the Gospel of John and four other books of the New Testament -- the three Epistles of John and the Book of Revelation . In the Gospel , authorship is internally credited to the `` disciple whom Jesus loved '' ( ὁ μαθητὴς ὃν ἠγάπα ὁ Ἰησοῦς , o mathētēs on ēgapa o Iēsous ) in John 20 : 2 . John 21 : 24 claims that the Gospel of John is based on the written testimony of the `` Beloved Disciple '' . The authorship of some Johannine literature has been debated since about the year 200 . Some doubt that the `` Gospel of John '' was even written by an individual named `` John '' ( Ἰωάννης or יוחנן ) . Nevertheless , the notion of `` John the Evangelist '' exists , and is still considered by some the same as the Apostle John . In his Ecclesiastical History , Eusebius says that the First Epistle of John and the Gospel of John are widely agreed upon as his . However , Eusebius mentions that the consensus is that the second and third epistles of John are not his but were written by some other John . Eusebius also goes to some length to establish with the reader that there is no general consensus regarding the revelation of John . The revelation of John could only be what is now called the book of Revelation . The Gospel according to John differs considerably from the Synoptic Gospels , which were likely written decades earlier . The bishops of Asia Minor supposedly requested him to write his gospel to deal with the heresy of the Ebionites , who asserted that Christ did not exist before Mary . John probably knew and undoubtedly approved of the Gospels of Matthew , Mark , and Luke , but these gospels spoke of Jesus primarily in the year following the imprisonment and death of John the Baptist . Around 600 , however , Sophronius of Jerusalem noted that `` two epistles bearing his name ... are considered by some to be the work of a certain John the Elder '' and , while stating that Revelation was written by John of Patmos , it was `` later translated by Justin Martyr and Irenaeus '' , presumably in an attempt to reconcile tradition with the obvious differences in Greek style . Until the 19th century , the authorship of the Gospel of John had been attributed to the Apostle John . However , most modern critical scholars have their doubts . Some scholars place the Gospel of John somewhere between AD 65 and 85 ; John Robinson proposes an initial edition by 50 -- 55 and then a final edition by 65 due to narrative similarities with Paul . Other scholars are of the opinion that the Gospel of John was composed in two or three stages . Most contemporary scholars consider that the Gospel was not written until the latter third of the first century AD , and with an earliest possible date of AD 75 - 80 . `` ... a date of AD 75 - 80 as the earliest possible date of composition for this Gospel '' . Other scholars think that an even later date , perhaps even the last decade of the first century AD right up to the start of the 2nd century ( i.e. 90 - 100 ) , is applicable . Nonetheless , today many theological scholars continue to accept the traditional authorship . Colin G. Kruse states that since John the Evangelist has been named consistently in the writings of early church fathers , `` it is hard to pass by this conclusion , despite widespread reluctance to accept it by many , but by no means all , modern scholars . '' The Gospel of John was written by an anonymous author . According to Paul N. Anderson , the gospel `` contains more direct claims to eyewitness origins than any of the other Gospel traditions '' . F.F. Bruce argues that 19 : 35 contains an `` emphatic and explicit claim to eyewitness authority '' . Bart D. Ehrman , however , does not think the gospel claims to have been written by direct witnesses to the reported events . Book of Revelation ( edit ) The author of the Book of Revelation identifies himself as `` Ἰωάννης '' ( `` John '' in standard English translation ) The early 2nd century writer , Justin Martyr , was the first to equate the author of Revelation with John the Apostle . However , most biblical scholars now contend that these were separate individuals . John the Presbyter , an obscure figure in the early church , has also been identified with the seer of the Book of Revelation by such authors as Eusebius in his Church History ( Book III , 39 ) and Jerome . John is considered to have been exiled to Patmos , during the persecutions under Emperor Domitian . Revelation 1 : 9 says that the author wrote the book on Patmos : `` I , John , both your brother and companion in tribulation ... was on the island that is called Patmos for the word of God and for the testimony of Jesus Christ . '' Adela Yarbro Collins , a biblical scholar at Yale Divinity School , writes : Early tradition says that John was banished to Patmos by the Roman authorities . This tradition is credible because banishment was a common punishment used during the Imperial period for a number of offenses . Among such offenses were the practices of magic and astrology . Prophecy was viewed by the Romans as belonging to the same category , whether Pagan , Jewish , or Christian . Prophecy with political implications , like that expressed by John in the book of Revelation , would have been perceived as a threat to Roman political power and order . Three of the islands in the Sporades were places where political offenders were banished . ( Pliny Natural History 4.69 - 70 ; Tacitus Annals 4.30 ) Some modern higher critical scholars have raised the possibility that John the Apostle , John the Evangelist , and John of Patmos were three separate individuals . These scholars assert that John of Patmos wrote Revelation but neither the Gospel of John nor the Epistles of John . For one , the author of Revelation identifies himself as `` John '' several times , but the author of the Gospel of John never identifies himself directly . Some Catholic scholars state that `` vocabulary , grammar , and style make it doubtful that the book could have been put into its present form by the same person ( s ) responsible for the fourth gospel '' . References to John in the New Testament ( edit ) Russian Orthodox icon of the Apostle and Evangelist John the Theologian , 18th century ( Iconostasis from the Church of the Transfiguration , Kizhi Monastery . Sons of thunder ( edit ) John the Apostle was the son of Zebedee and the younger brother of James , son of Zebedee ( James the Greater ) . According to Church tradition , their mother was Salome . Zebedee and his sons fished in the Sea of Galilee . The brothers were firstly disciples of John the Baptist . Jesus then called Peter , Andrew and these two sons of Zebedee to follow him . James and John are listed among the Twelve Apostles . Jesus referred to the pair as `` Boanerges '' ( translated `` sons of thunder '' ) ; although their nature was calm and gentle , when their patience was pushed to its limits their anger became wild and thunderous causing them to speak out like an untamed storm . A gospel story relates how the brothers wanted to call down heavenly fire on a Samaritan town , but Jesus rebuked them . John lived more than half a century after the martyrdom of James , who was the first Apostle to die a martyr 's death . Other references to John ( edit ) John the Evangelist and Peter by Albrecht Dürer Peter , James and John were the only witnesses of the raising of Daughter of Jairus . All three also witnessed the Transfiguration , and these same three witnessed the Agony in Gethsemane more closely than the other Apostles did . John was the disciple who reported to Jesus that they had ' forbidden ' a non-disciple from casting out demons in Jesus ' name , prompting Jesus to state that ' he who is not against us is on our side ' . Jesus sent only John and Peter into the city to make the preparation for the final Passover meal ( the Last Supper ) . At the meal itself , the `` disciple whom Jesus loved '' sat next to Jesus . It was customary to lie along upon couches at meals , and this disciple leaned on Jesus . Tradition identifies this disciple as Saint John . After the arrest of Jesus , Peter and the `` other disciple '' ( according to Sacred Tradition ) , John followed him into the palace of the high - priest . John alone among the Apostles remained near Jesus at the foot of the cross on Calvary alongside myrrhbearers and numerous other women ; following the instruction of Jesus from the Cross , John took Mary , the mother of Jesus , into his care as the last legacy of Jesus . After Jesus ' Ascension and the descent of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost , John , together with Peter , took a prominent part in the founding and guidance of the church . He was with Peter at the healing of the lame man at Solomon 's Porch in the Temple and he was also thrown into prison with Peter . He went with Peter to visit the newly converted believers in Samaria . While he remained in Judea and the surrounding area , the other disciples returned to Jerusalem for the Apostolic Council ( about AD 51 ) . Paul , in opposing his enemies in Galatia , recalls that John explicitly , along with Peter and James the Just , were referred to as `` pillars of the church '' and refers to the recognition that his Apostolic preaching of a gospel free from Jewish Law received from these three , the most prominent men of the messianic community at Jerusalem . According to the Book of Revelation , its author was on the island of Patmos `` for the word of God and for the testimony of Jesus '' , when he was honoured with the vision contained in Revelation . The disciple whom Jesus loved ( edit ) Jesus and the Beloved Disciple The phrase the disciple whom Jesus loved ( Greek : ὁ μαθητὴς ὃν ἠγάπα ὁ Ἰησοῦς , ho mathētēs hon ēgapā ho Iēsous ) or , in John 20 : 2 , the Beloved Disciple ( Greek : ὃν ἐφίλει ὁ Ἰησοῦς , hon ephilei ho Iēsous ) is used five times in the Gospel of John , but in no other New Testament accounts of Jesus . John 21 : 24 claims that the Gospel of John is based on the written testimony of this disciple . The disciple whom Jesus loved is referred to , specifically , six times in John 's gospel : It is this disciple who , while reclining beside Jesus at the Last Supper , asks Jesus , after being requested by Peter to do so , who it is that will betray him . Later at the crucifixion , Jesus tells his mother , `` Woman , here is your son '' , and to the Beloved Disciple he says , `` Here is your mother . '' When Mary Magdalene discovers the empty tomb , she runs to tell the Beloved Disciple and Peter . The two men rush to the empty tomb and the Beloved Disciple is the first to reach the empty tomb . However , Peter is the first to enter . In John 21 , the last chapter of the Gospel of John , the Beloved Disciple is one of seven fishermen involved in the miraculous catch of 153 fish . Also in the book 's final chapter , after Jesus hints to Peter how Peter will die , Peter sees the Beloved Disciple following them and asks , `` What about him ? '' Jesus answers , `` If I want him to remain until I come , what is that to you ? You follow Me ! '' Again in the gospel 's last chapter , it states that the very book itself is based on the written testimony of the disciple whom Jesus loved . None of the other Gospels has anyone in the parallel scenes that could be directly understood as the Beloved Disciple . For example , in Luke 24 : 12 , Peter alone runs to the tomb . Mark , Matthew and Luke do not mention any one of the twelve disciples having witnessed the crucifixion . There are also two references to an unnamed `` other disciple '' in John 1 : 35 - 40 and John 18 : 15 - 16 , which may be to the same person based on the wording in John 20 : 2 . Extrabiblical traditions ( edit ) Byzantine illumination depicting John dictating to his disciple , Prochorus ( c. 1100 ) . Tomb of St. John the Apostle , in St. John 's Basilica , Ephesus , near modern - day Selçuk , Turkey . There is no information in the Bible concerning the duration of John 's activity in Judea . According to tradition , John and the other Apostles remained some 12 years in this first field of labour . The persecution of Christians under Herod Agrippa I led to the scattering of the Apostles through the Roman Empire 's provinces . A messianic community existed at Ephesus before Paul 's first labours there ( cf . `` the brethren '' ) , in addition to Priscilla and Aquila . The original community was under the leadership of Apollos ( 1 Corinthians 1 : 12 ) . They were disciples of John the Baptist and were converted by Aquila and Priscilla . According to Church tradition , after the Assumption of Mary , John went to Ephesus . From there he wrote the three epistles attributed to him . John was allegedly banished by the Roman authorities to the Greek island of Patmos , where , according to tradition , he wrote the Book of Revelation . According to Tertullian ( in The Prescription of Heretics ) John was banished ( presumably to Patmos ) after being plunged into boiling oil in Rome and suffering nothing from it . It is said that all in the audience of Colosseum were converted to Christianity upon witnessing this miracle . This event would have occurred in the late 1st century , during the reign of the Emperor Domitian , who was known for his persecution of Christians . When John was aged , he trained Polycarp who later became Bishop of Smyrna . This was important because Polycarp was able to carry John 's message to future generations . Polycarp taught Irenaeus , passing on to him stories about John . Similar goes with Ignatius of Antioch , who was a student of John and later appointed by Saint Peter to be the Bishop of Antioch . In Against Heresies , Irenaeus relates how Polycarp told a story of John , the disciple of the Lord , going to bathe at Ephesus , and perceiving Cerinthus within , rushed out of the bath - house without bathing , exclaiming , `` Let us fly , lest even the bath - house fall down , because Cerinthus , the enemy of the truth , is within . '' It is traditionally believed that John was the youngest of the apostles and survived them . He is said to have lived to an old age , dying at Ephesus sometime after AD 98 . An alternative account of John 's death , ascribed by later Christian writers to the early second - century bishop Papias of Hierapolis , claims that he was slain by the Jews . Most Johannine scholars doubt the reliability of its ascription to Papias , but a minority , including B.W. Bacon , Martin Hengel and Henry Barclay Swete , maintain that these references to Papias are credible . Zahn argues that this reference is actually to John the Baptist . John 's traditional tomb is thought to be located at Selçuk , a small town in the vicinity of Ephesus . In art , John as the presumed author of the Gospel is often depicted with an eagle , which symbolizes the height he rose to in his gospel . In Orthodox icons , he is often depicted looking up into heaven and dictating his Gospel ( or the Book of Revelation ) e , from JPM LIbrary MS 748 ) . Liturgical commemoration ( edit ) The feast day of Saint John in the Roman Catholic Church , which calls him `` Saint John , Apostle and Evangelist '' , and in the Anglican Communion and Lutheran Calendars , which call him `` Saint John the Apostle and Evangelist '' , is on 27 December . In the Tridentine Calendar he was commemorated also on each of the following days up to and including 3 January , the Octave of the 27 December feast . This Octave was abolished by Pope Pius XII in 1955 . The traditional liturgical color is white . Until 1960 , another feast day which appeared in the General Roman Calendar is that of `` Saint John Before the Latin Gate '' on May 6 , celebrating a tradition recounted by Jerome that St John was brought to Rome during the reign of the Emperor Domitian , and was thrown in a vat of boiling oil , from which he was miraculously preserved unharmed . A church ( San Giovanni a Porta Latina ) dedicated to him was built near the Latin gate of Rome , the traditional site of this event . The Orthodox Church and those Eastern Catholic Churches which follow the Byzantine Rite commemorate the `` Repose of the Holy Apostle and Evangelist John the Theologian '' on September 26 . On May 8 they celebrate the `` Feast of the Holy Apostle and Evangelist John the Theologian '' , on which date Christians used to draw forth from his grave fine ashes which were believed to be effective for healing the sick . Other Christians highly revere him but do not canonize or venerate saints . Other views ( edit ) Latter - day Saint view ( edit ) The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints ( LDS Church ) teaches that John received the promise of immortality from Jesus Christ , as recorded in John 21 : 21 -- 23 and the seventh chapter of the Doctrine and Covenants . It also teaches that in 1829 , along with the resurrected Peter and the resurrected James , John visited Joseph Smith and Oliver Cowdery and restored the priesthood authority with Apostolic succession to earth . John , along with the Three Nephites , will live to see the Second Coming of Christ as translated beings . The LDS Church teaches that John the Apostle is the same person as John the Evangelist , John of Patmos , and the Beloved Disciple . Islamic view ( edit ) The Quran also speaks of Jesus 's disciples but does not mention their names , instead referring to them as `` helpers to the work of God '' . Muslim exegesis and Quran commentary , however , names them and includes John among the disciples . An old tradition , which involves the legend of Habib the Carpenter , mentions that John was one of the three disciples sent to Antioch to preach to the people there . In Art ( edit ) As he was traditionally identified with the beloved apostle , the evangelist , and the author of the Revelation and several Epistles , John played an extremely prominent role in art from the early Christian period onward . He is traditionally depicted in one of two distinct ways : either as an aged man with a white or gray beard , or alternatively as a beardless youth . The first way of depicting him was more common in Byzantine art , where it was possibly influenced by antique depictions of Socrates ; the second was more common in the art of Medieval Western Europe , and can be dated back as far as 4th century Rome . Legends from the Acts of John contributed much to Medieval iconography ; it is the source of the idea that John became an apostle at a young age . One of John 's familiar attributes is the chalice , often with a snake emerging from it . According to one legend from the Acts of John , John was challenged to drink a cup of poison to demonstrate the power of his faith . Other common attributes include a book or scroll , in reference to the writings traditionally attributed to him , and an eagle . The eagle is argued to express the high - soaring , inspirational quality of the writings that were traditionally ascribed to him . In Medieval works of painting , sculpture and literature , Saint John is often presented in an androgynous or femininized manner . Historians have related such portrayals to the circumstances of the believers for whom they were intended . For instance , John 's feminine features are argued to have helped to make him more relatable to women . Likewise , Sarah McNamer argues that because of his status as an androgynous saint , John could function as an ' image of a third or mixed gender ' and ' a crucial figure with whom to identify ' for male believers who sought to cultivate an attitude of affective piety , a highly emotional style of devotion that , in late - medieval culture , was thought to be poorly compatible with masculinity . Gallery of art ( edit ) John the Apostle A portrait from the Book of Kells , c. 800 St John at Patmos by Pieter Paul Rubens John the Apostle and St Francis by El Greco Martyrdom of Saint John the Evangelist by Master of the Winkler Epitaph Valentin de Boulogne , John and Jesus St. John the Evangelist in meditation by Simone Cantarini ( 1612 - 1648 ) , Bologna Saint John and the Poisoned Cup by El Greco The Last Supper , anonymous painter See also ( edit ) Book : Apostle ( Christian ) See also : Acts of John Basilica of St. John Four evangelists Names of John St. John the Evangelist on Patmos Vision of St. John on Patmos , frescos by Antonio da Correggio References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Saint John the Apostle '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ Eusebius of Caesarea , Ecclesiastical History Book vi . Chapter xxv . Jump up ^ `` CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA : Apocalypse '' . Jump up ^ The History of the Church by Eusibius . Book three , point 24 . Jump up ^ Thomas Patrick Halton , On illustrious men , Volume 100 of The Fathers of the Church , CUA Press , 1999 . P. 19 . Jump up ^ Saint Sophronius of Jerusalem ( 2007 ) ( c. 600 ) , `` The Life of the Evangelist John '' , The Explanation of the Holy Gospel According to John , House Springs , Missouri , United States : Chrysostom Press , pp. 2 -- 3 , ISBN 1 - 889814 - 09 - 1 ^ Jump up to : Harris , Stephen L. , Understanding the Bible ( Palo Alto : Mayfield , 1985 ) p. 355 ^ Jump up to : Foley OFM , Leonard . `` Saint of the Day : Lives , Lessons and Feast '' , ( revised by Pat McCloskey , OFM ) , American Catholic.org Jump up ^ Harris , Stephen L. , Understanding the Bible . McGraw - Hill , 2006 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 296548 - 3 Jump up ^ Robinson , John A.T. ( 1977 ) . Redating the New Testament . SCM Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 334 - 02300 - 5 . Jump up ^ Mark Allan Powell . Jesus as a figure in history . Westminster John Knox Press , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 664 - 25703 - 8 / 978 - 0664257033 Jump up ^ Gail R O'Day , introduction to the Gospel of John in New Revised Standard Translation of the Bible , Abingdon Press , Nashville , 2003 , p. 1906 Jump up ^ Reading John , Francis J. Moloney , SDB , Dove Press , 1995 Jump up ^ Kruse , Colin G. The Gospel According to John : An Introduction and Commentary , Eerdmans , 2004 , ISBN 0 - 8028 - 2771 - 3 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ EP Sanders , The Historical Figure of Jesus , ( Penguin , 1995 ) page 63 - 64 . Jump up ^ Bart D. Ehrman ( 2000 : 43 ) The New Testament : a historical introduction to early Christian writings . Oxford University Press . ^ Jump up to : Bart D. Ehrman ( 2005 : 235 ) Lost Christianities : the battles for scripture and the faiths we never knew Oxford University Press , New York . Jump up ^ Geoffrey W. Bromiley ( 1995 : 287 ) International Standard Bible Encyclopedia : K-P MATTHEW , GOSPEL ACCORDING TO . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . Quote : `` Matthew , like the other three Gospels is an anonymous document . '' Jump up ^ Donald Senior , Paul J. Achtemeier , Robert J. Karris ( 2002 : 328 ) Invitation to the Gospels Paulist Press . Jump up ^ Keith Fullerton Nickle ( 2001 : 43 ) The Synoptic Gospels : an introduction Westminster John Knox Press . Jump up ^ Ben Witherington ( 2004 : 44 ) The Gospel code : novel claims about Jesus , Mary Magdalene , and Da Vinci InterVarsity Press . Jump up ^ F.F. Bruce ( 1994 : 1 ) The Gospel of John Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . Jump up ^ Patrick J. Flannagan ( 1997 : 16 ) The Gospel of Mark Made Easy Paulist Press Jump up ^ Paul N. Anderson , The Riddles of the Fourth Gospel , p. 48 . Jump up ^ F.F. Bruce , The Gospel of John , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Bart D. Ehrman ( 2004 : 110 ) Truth and Fiction in The Da Vinci Code : A Historian Reveals What We Really Know about Jesus , Mary Magdalene , and Constantine . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Bart D. Ehrman ( 2006 : 143 ) The lost Gospel of Judas Iscariot : a new look at betrayer and betrayed . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ `` Revelation , Book of . '' Cross , F.L. , ed . The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church . New York : Oxford University Press . 2005 Jump up ^ Justin Martyr , Dialogue with Trypho , 81.4 Jump up ^ Ehrman , Bart D. ( 2004 ) . The New Testament : A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings . New York : Oxford . p. 468 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 515462 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Church History , Book III , Chapter 39 '' . The Fathers of the Church . NewAdvent.org . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ saint , Jerome . `` De Viris Illustribus ( On Illustrious Men ) Chapter 9 & 18 '' . newadvent.org . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Adela Collins . `` Patmos . '' Harper 's Bible Dictionary . Paul J. Achtemeier , gen . ed . San Francisco : Harper & Row , 1985 . p755 . Jump up ^ Griggs , C. Wilfred . `` John the Beloved '' in Ludlow , Daniel H. , ed . Selections from the Encyclopedia of Mormonism : Scriptures of the Church ( Salt Lake City , Utah : Deseret Book , 1992 ) p. 379 . Griggs favors the `` one John '' theory but mentions that some modern scholars have hypothesized that there are multiple Johns . Jump up ^ Introduction . Saint Joseph Edition of the New American Bible : Translated from the Original Languages with Critical Use of All the Ancient Sources : including the Revised New Testament and the Revised Psalms . New York : Catholic Book Pub. , 1992 . 386 . Print . Jump up ^ By comparing Matthew 27 : 56 to Mark 15 : 40 ^ Jump up to : `` Fonck , Leopold . `` St. John the Evangelist . '' The Catholic Encyclopedia . Vol. 8 . New York : Robert Appleton Company , 1910 . 6 Feb. 2013 `` . Newadvent.org. 1910 - 10 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Butler , Alban . The Lives or the Fathers , Martyrs and Other Principal Saints , Vol. IV Jump up ^ Luke 9 : 49 - 50 NKJV Jump up ^ While Luke states that this is the Passover , the Gospel of John specifically states that the Passover meal is to be partaken of on Friday Jump up ^ John 13 : 23 , 19 : 26 , 20 : 2 , 21 : 7 , 21 : 20 Jump up ^ James D.G. Dunn and John William Rogerson , Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible , Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing , 2003 , p. 1210 , ISBN 0 - 8028 - 3711 - 5 . Jump up ^ Brown , Raymond E. 1970 . `` The Gospel According to John ( xiii - xxi ) '' . New York : Doubleday & Co . Pages 922 , 955 . Jump up ^ `` Vailhé , Siméon . `` Ephesus . '' The Catholic Encyclopedia . Vol. 5 . New York : Robert Appleton Company , 1909 . 6 Feb. 2013 `` . Newadvent.org. 1909 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ Irenaeus , Against Heresies , III. 3.4 . ^ Jump up to : Zahn , T. `` John the Apostle '' , in Schaff , Philip . The New Schaff - Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge , Vol . VI : Innocents - Liudger , p. 203 Jump up ^ Cheyne , Thomas Kelly ( 1901 ) . Encyclopaedia Biblica , Volume 2 . Adam and Charles Black . pp. 2509 -- 11 . Although Papias ' works are no longer extant , the fifth century ecclesiastical historian Philip of Side and the ninth - century monk George Hamartolos both stated that Papias had written that John was `` slain by the Jews . '' Jump up ^ Rasimus , Tuomas ( 2010 ) . The Legacy of John : Second - Century Reception of the Fourth Gospel . BRILL . p. 5 . ISBN 9789004176331 . Rasimus finds corroborating evidence for this tradition in `` two martyrologies from Edessa and Carthage '' and writes that `` Mark 10 : 35 - 40 / / Matt . 20 : 20 - 23 can be taken to portray Jesus predicting the martyrdom of both the sons of Zebedee . '' Jump up ^ Culpepper , R. Alan ( 2000 ) . John , the Son of Zebedee : The Life of A Legend . Continuum International Publishing Group . p. 172 . ISBN 9780567087423 . Jump up ^ Swete , Henry Barclay ( 1911 ) . The Apocalypse of St. John ( 3 ed . ) . Macmillan . pp. 179 -- 180 . Jump up ^ Procopius of Caesarea , On Buildings . General Index , trans . H.B. Dewing and Glanville Downey , vol. 7 , Loeb Classical Library 343 ( Cambridge , Mass. : Harvard University Press , 1940 ) , 319 Jump up ^ `` The Calendar '' . 16 October 2013 . Jump up ^ General Roman Calendar of Pope Pius XII Jump up ^ Saint Andrew Daily Missal with Vespers for Sundays and Feasts by Dom . Gaspar LeFebvre , O.S.B. , Saint Paul , MN : The E.M. Lohmann Co. , 1952 , p. 1325 - 1326 Jump up ^ Doctrine and Covenants 27 : 12 ^ Jump up to : `` John '' , KJV ( LDS ) : Bible Dictionary , LDS Church , 1979 Jump up ^ Qur'an 3 : 49 - 53 Jump up ^ Historical Dictionary of Prophets In Islam And Judaism , Brandon M. Wheeler , Disciples of Christ : `` Muslim exegesis identifies the disciples as Peter , Andrew , Matthew , Thomas , Philip , John , James , Bartholomew , and Simon '' Jump up ^ Hughes Dictionary of Islam , Habib the Carpenter ^ Jump up to : James Hall , `` John the Evangelist , '' Dictionary of Subjects and Symbols in Art , rev . ed . ( New York : Harper & Row , 1979 ) Jump up ^ Sources : James Hall , Dictionary of Subjects and Symbols in Art , ( New York : Harper & Row , 1979 ) , 129 , 174 - 75 . Carolyn S. Jerousek , `` Christ and St. John the Evangelist as a Model of Medieval Mysticism , '' Cleveland Studies in the History of Art , Vol. 6 ( 2001 ) , 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Saint John the Apostle '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Chicago , Illinois : Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ Jadranka Prolović , `` Socrates and St. John the Apostle : the interchangеable similarity of their portraits '' Zograf , vol. 35 ( 2011 ) , 9 : `` It is difficult to locate when and where this iconography of John originated and what the prototype was , yet it is clearly visible that this iconography of John contains all of the main characteristics of well - known antique images of Socrates . This fact leads to the conclusion that Byzantine artists used depictions of Socrates as a model for the portrait of John . '' Jump up ^ J.K. Elliot ( ed . ) , A Collection of Apocryphal Christian Literature in an English Translation Based on M.R. James ( New York : Oxford University Press , 1993 / 2005 ) , 343 - 345 . Jump up ^ James Hall , Dictionary of Subjects and Symbols in Art , ( New York : Harper & Row , 1979 ) , 129 , 174 - 75 . Jeffrey F. Hamburger , St. John the Divine : The Deified Evangelist in Medieval Art and Theology . ( Berkeley : University of California Press , 2002 ) , xxi - xxii ; ibidem , 159 - 160 . Carolyn S. Jerousek , `` Christ and St. John the Evangelist as a Model of Medieval Mysticism , '' Cleveland Studies in the History of Art , Vol. 6 ( 2001 ) , 16 . Annette Volfing , John the Evangelist and Medieval Writing : Imitating the Inimitable . ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2001 ) , 139 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey F. Hamburger , St. John the Divine : The Deified Evangelist in Medieval Art and Theology . ( Berkeley : University of California Press , 2002 ) , xxi - xxii . Carolyn S. Jerousek , `` Christ and St. John the Evangelist as a Model of Medieval Mysticism '' Cleveland Studies in the History of Art , Vol. 6 ( 2001 ) , 20 . Sarah McNamer , Affective Meditation and the Invention of Medieval Compassion , ( Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press , 2010 ) , 142 - 148 . Annette Volfing , John the Evangelist and Medieval Writing : Imitating the Inimitable . ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2001 ) , 139 . Jump up ^ Carolyn S. Jerousek , `` Christ and St. John the Evangelist as a Model of Medieval Mysticism '' Cleveland Studies in the History of Art , Vol. 6 ( 2001 ) , 20 . Annette Volfing , John the Evangelist and Medieval Writing : Imitating the Inimitable . ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2001 ) , 139 . Jump up ^ Sarah McNamer , Affective Meditation and the Invention of Medieval Compassion , ( Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press , 2010 ) , 142 . Jump up ^ Sarah McNamer , Affective Meditation and the Invention of Medieval Compassion , ( Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press , 2010 ) , 145 . Jump up ^ Sarah McNamer , Affective Meditation and the Invention of Medieval Compassion , ( Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press , 2010 ) , 142 - 148 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : John the Evangelist Wikimedia Commons has media related to John the Evangelist . Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article John , the Apostle . 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Genevieve Kateri Tekakwitha Lucy of Syracuse Maria Goretti Narcisa de Jesús Rose of Lima See also Virtuous pagan Catholicism portal Saints portal Saints portal VIAF : 40648922 LCCN : n79060715 SELIBR : 215986 NLA : 53004896 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_the_Apostle&oldid=808250832 '' Categories : John the Apostle AD 6 births 100 deaths Christian saints from the New Testament 1st - century Christian theologians Angelic visionaries Book of Revelation Burials in Turkey Christian mystics Letter writers Roman - era Jews Family of Jesus Saints from the Holy Land Fishers Hidden categories : Articles containing Aramaic - language text Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2017 Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from May 2014 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2012 Articles containing Greek - language text Commons category with local link 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was put in boiling oil in the bible	[ "A messianic community existed at Ephesus before Paul's first labours there (cf. \"the brethren\"),[Acts 18:27] in addition to Priscilla and Aquila. The original community was under the leadership of Apollos (1 Corinthians 1:12). They were disciples of John the Baptist and were converted by Aquila and Priscilla.[44] According to Church tradition, after the Assumption of Mary, John went to Ephesus. From there he wrote the three epistles attributed to him. John was allegedly banished by the Roman authorities to the Greek island of Patmos, where, according to tradition, he wrote the Book of Revelation. According to Tertullian (in The Prescription of Heretics) John was banished (presumably to Patmos) after being plunged into boiling oil in Rome and suffering nothing from it. It is said that all in the audience of Colosseum were converted to Christianity upon witnessing this miracle. This event would have occurred in the late 1st century, during the reign of the Emperor Domitian, who was known for his persecution of Christians." ]	[ "John" ]
-7795690613035013038	Species diversity	Species diversity - wikipedia Species diversity Jump to : navigation , search Species diversity is the number of different species that are represented in a given community ( a dataset ) . The effective number of species refers to the number of equally abundant species needed to obtain the same mean proportional species abundance as that observed in the dataset of interest ( where all species may not be equally abundant ) . Species diversity consists of three components : species richness , taxonomic or phylogenetic diversity and species evenness . Species richness is a simple count of species , taxonomic or phylogenetic diversity is the genetic relationship between different groups of species , whereas species evenness quantifies how equal the abundances of the species are . Contents ( hide ) 1 Calculation of diversity 2 Diversity indices 3 Sampling considerations 4 Trends 5 See also 6 Notes 7 External links Calculation of diversity ( edit ) Species diversity in a dataset can be calculated by first taking the weighted average of species proportional abundances in the dataset , and then taking the inverse of this . The equation is : q D = 1 ∑ i = 1 S p i p i q − 1 q − 1 ( \ displaystyle ( ) ^ ( q ) \ ! D = ( 1 \ over ( \ sqrt ( ( q - 1 ) ) ( \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( S ) p_ ( i ) p_ ( i ) ^ ( q - 1 ) ) ) ) ) The denominator equals mean proportional species abundance in the dataset as calculated with the weighted generalized mean with exponent q - 1 . In the equation , S is the total number of species ( species richness ) in the dataset , and the proportional abundance of the ith species is p i ( \ displaystyle p_ ( i ) ) . The proportional abundances themselves are used as weights . The equation is often written in the equivalent form : q D = ( ∑ i = 1 S p i q ) 1 / ( 1 − q ) ( \ displaystyle ( ) ^ ( q ) \ ! D = \ left ( ( \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( S ) p_ ( i ) ^ ( q ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 1 / ( 1 - q ) ) ) The value of q defines which kind of mean is used . q = 0 corresponds to the weighted harmonic mean , which is 1 / S because the p i ( \ displaystyle p_ ( i ) ) values cancel out . q = 1 is undefined , except that the limit as q approaches 1 is well defined : lim q → 1 q D = exp ⁡ ( − ∑ i = 1 S p i ln ⁡ p i ) ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( q \ rightarrow 1 ) ( ) ^ ( q ) \ ! D = \ exp \ left ( - \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( S ) p_ ( i ) \ ln p_ ( i ) \ right ) ) q = 2 corresponds to the arithmetic mean . As q approaches infinity , the generalized mean approaches the maximum p i ( \ displaystyle p_ ( i ) ) value . In practice , q modifies species weighting , such that increasing q increases the weight given to the most abundant species , and fewer equally abundant species are hence needed to reach mean proportional abundance . Consequently , large values of q lead to smaller species diversity than small values of q for the same dataset . If all species are equally abundant in the dataset , changing the value of q has no effect , but species diversity at any value of q equals species richness . Negative values of q are not used , because then the effective number of species ( diversity ) would exceed the actual number of species ( richness ) . As q approaches negative infinity , the generalized mean approaches the minimum p i ( \ displaystyle p_ ( i ) ) value . In many real datasets , the least abundant species is represented by a single individual , and then the effective number of species would equal the number of individuals in the dataset . The same equation can be used to calculate the diversity in relation to any classification , not only species . If the individuals are classified into genera or functional types , p i ( \ displaystyle p_ ( i ) ) represents the proportional abundance of the ith genus or functional type , and D equals genus diversity or functional type diversity , respectively . Diversity indices ( edit ) Often researchers have used the values given by one or more diversity indices to quantify species diversity . Such indices include species richness , the Shannon index , the Simpson index , and the complement of the Simpson index ( also known as the Gini - Simpson index ) . When interpreted in ecological terms , each one of these indices corresponds to a different thing , and their values are therefore not directly comparable . Species richness quantifies the actual rather than effective number of species . The Shannon index equals log ( D ) , and in practice quantifies the uncertainty in the species identity of an individual that is taken at random from the dataset . The Simpson index equals 1 / D and quantifies the probability that two individuals taken at random from the dataset ( with replacement of the first individual before taking the second ) represent the same species . The Gini - Simpson index equals 1 - 1 / D and quantifies the probability that the two randomly taken individuals represent different species . Sampling considerations ( edit ) Depending on the purposes of quantifying species diversity , the dataset used for the calculations can be obtained in different ways . Although species diversity can be calculated for any dataset where individuals have been identified to species , meaningful ecological interpretations require that the dataset is appropriate for the questions at hand . In practice , the interest is usually in the species diversity of areas so large that not all individuals in them can be observed and identified to species , but a sample of the relevant individuals has to be obtained . Extrapolation from the sample to the underlying population of interest is not straightforward , because the species diversity of the available sample generally gives an underestimation of the species diversity in the entire population . Applying different sampling methods will lead to different sets of individuals being observed for the same area of interest , and the species diversity of each set may be different . When a new individual is added to a dataset , it may introduce a species that was not yet represented . How much this increases species diversity depends on the value of q : when q = 0 , each new actual species causes species diversity to increase by one effective species , but when q is large , adding a rare species to a dataset has little effect on its species diversity . In general , sets with many individuals can be expected to have higher species diversity than sets with fewer individuals . When species diversity values are compared among sets , sampling efforts need to be standardised in an appropriate way for the comparisons to yield ecologically meaningful results . Resampling methods can be used to bring samples of different sizes to a common footing . Species discovery curves and the number of species only represented by one or a few individuals can be used to help in estimating how representative the available sample is of the population from which it was drawn . Trends ( edit ) The observed species diversity is affected not only by the number of individuals but also by the heterogeneity of the sample . If individuals are drawn from different environmental conditions ( or different habitats ) , the species diversity of the resulting set can be expected to be higher than if all individuals are drawn from a similar environment . Increasing the area sampled increases observed species diversity both because more individuals get included in the sample and because large areas are environmentally more heterogeneous than small areas . See also ( edit ) Environment portal Ecology portal Earth sciences portal Sustainable development portal Alpha diversity Beta diversity Biodiversity Diversity index Measurement of biodiversity Dark diversity Gamma diversity Genetic diversity Latitudinal gradients in species diversity Relative species abundance Species -- area relationship Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hill , M.O. ( 1973 ) Diversity and evenness : a unifying notation and its consequences . Ecology , 54 , 427 -- 432 ^ Jump up to : Tuomisto , H. ( 2010 ) A diversity of beta diversities : straightening up a concept gone awry . Part 1 . Defining beta diversity as a function of alpha and gamma diversity . Ecography , 33 , 2 - 22 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1600 - 0587.2009. 05880. x ^ Jump up to : Tuomisto , H. 2010 . A consistent terminology for quantifying species diversity ? Yes , it does exist . Oecologia 4 : 853 -- 860 . doi : 10.1007 / s00442 - 010 - 1812 - 0 Jump up ^ Krebs , C.J. ( 1999 ) Ecological Methodology . Second edition . Addison - Wesley , California . Jump up ^ Magurran , A.E. ( 2004 ) Measuring biological diversity . Blackwell Publishing , Oxford . ^ Jump up to : Jost , L. ( 2006 ) Entropy and diversity . Oikos , 113 , 363 -- 375 Jump up ^ Jost , L. ( 2007 ) Partitioning diversity into independent alpha and beta components . Ecology , 88 , 2427 -- 2439 . Jump up ^ Tuomisto , H. ( 2010 ) A diversity of beta diversities : straightening up a concept gone awry . Part 2 . Quantifying beta diversity and related phenomena . Ecography , 33 , 23 - 45 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1600 - 0587.2009. 06148. x Jump up ^ Colwell , R.K. and Coddington , J.A. ( 1994 ) Estimating terrestrial biodiversity through extrapolation . Philosophical Transactions : Biological Sciences , 345 , 101 - 118 . Jump up ^ Good , I.J. and Toulmin , G.H. ( 1956 ) The number of new species , and the increase in population coverage , when a sample is increased . Biometrika , 43 , 45 - 63 . Jump up ^ Chao , A. ( 2005 ) Species richness estimation . Pages 7909 - 7916 in N. Balakrishnan , C.B. Read , and B. Vidakovic , eds . Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences . New York , Wiley . External links ( edit ) Harrison , Ian ; Laverty , Melina ; Sterling , Eleanor . `` Species Diversity '' . Connexions ( cnx.org ) . William and Flora Hewlett Foundation , the Maxfield Foundation , and the Connexions Consortium . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . ( Licensed under Creative Commons 1.0 Attribution Generic ) . 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dependent inhibition Ecological effects of biodiversity Ecological extinction Endemic species Flagship species Gradient analysis Indicator species Introduced species Invasive species Latitudinal gradients in species diversity Minimum viable population Neutral theory Occupancy -- abundance relationship Population viability analysis Priority effect Rapoport 's rule Relative abundance distribution Relative species abundance Species diversity Species homogeneity Species richness Species distribution Species - area curve Umbrella species Species interaction Antibiosis Biological interaction Commensalism Community ecology Ecological facilitation Interspecific competition Mutualism Storage effect Spatial ecology Biogeography Cross-boundary subsidy Ecocline Ecotone Ecotype Disturbance Edge effects Foster 's rule Habitat fragmentation Ideal free distribution Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis Island biogeography Landscape ecology Landscape epidemiology Landscape limnology Metapopulation Patch dynamics r / K selection theory Resource selection function Source -- sink dynamics Niche Ecological niche Ecological trap Ecosystem engineer Environmental niche modelling Guild Habitat Marine habitats Limiting similarity Niche apportionment models Niche construction Niche differentiation Other networks Assembly rules Bateman 's principle Bioluminescence Ecological collapse Ecological debt Ecological deficit Ecological energetics Ecological indicator Ecological threshold Ecosystem diversity Emergence Extinction debt Kleiber 's law Liebig 's law of the minimum Marginal value theorem Thorson 's rule Xerosere Other Allometry Alternative stable state Balance of nature Biological data visualization Ecocline Ecological economics Ecological footprint Ecological forecasting Ecological humanities Ecological stoichiometry Ecopath Ecosystem based fisheries Endolith Evolutionary ecology Functional ecology Industrial ecology Macroecology Microecosystem Natural environment Regime shift Systems ecology Urban ecology Theoretical ecology List of ecology topics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Species_diversity&oldid=832687347 '' Categories : Ecological metrics Habitat Environmental terminology Measurement of biodiversity Hidden categories : Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Esperanto Français हिन्दी עברית 日本語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Português Slovenščina 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 March 2018 , at 12 : 54 . About Wikipedia	what are the two specific concerns of species diversity species diversity is concerned with both and	[]	[]
-7885779973632536461	Life of the Party (Shawn Mendes song)	Life of the Party ( Shawn Mendes song ) - wikipedia Life of the Party ( Shawn Mendes song ) `` Life of the Party '' Single by Shawn Mendes from the album The Shawn Mendes EP and Handwritten Released June 26 , 2014 Format Digital download Genre Pop rock Length 3 : 35 Label Island Songwriter ( s ) Ido Zmishlany Scott Harris Producer ( s ) Ido Zmishlany Shawn Mendes singles chronology `` Life of the Party '' ( 2014 ) `` Oh Cecilia ( Breaking My Heart ) '' ( 2014 ) `` Life of the Party '' ( 2014 ) `` Oh Cecilia ( Breaking My Heart ) '' ( 2014 ) `` Life of the Party '' is the debut single recorded by Canadian singer Shawn Mendes from his extended play ( EP ) The Shawn Mendes EP and debut studio album Handwritten ( 2015 ) . Written by Ido Zmishlany and Scott Harris , it was recorded in Toronto , Ontario and released on June 26 , 2014 . Contents 1 Music video 2 Background 3 Chart performance 4 Charts and certifications 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 4.3 Certifications 5 References Music Video ( edit ) A lyric video , released on June 30 , 2014 , is a long , one - shot zoom - in on Shawn Mendes in the George Street diner , who occasionally converses with the waitress of the diner as he is singing . Lyrics from the song appear in spots such as tables and hanging lights . It ends with the waitress reading a note left from Shawn , smiling as the scene fades . Background ( edit ) The title of the song , `` Life of the Party '' , may give the impression that it 's an upbeat dance song , but in an interview , Mendes described the song as not `` super happy , but it 's also not depressing '' . The lyrics represent being happy with yourself and figuring out who you are and who you want to be . It was written by two writers from New York , Ido Zmishlany and Scott Harris , though Mendes felt a strong connection to it . Chart performance ( edit ) The song debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 chart of July 12 , 2014 , at number 24 , making it his first entry in the chart and first top 40 hit . Mendes became the youngest artist to debut in the top 25 with a debut song on the Billboard Hot 100 at 15 years , 11 months and 4 days of age . The song debuted at number five on the Hot Digital Songs chart with 148,000 downloads . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2014 -- 15 ) Peak position Australia Hitseekers ( ARIA ) 9 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 48 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 9 Canada AC ( Billboard ) 9 Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) 7 Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) 5 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 44 Ireland ( IRMA ) 34 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 6 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 89 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 46 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 37 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 99 US Billboard Hot 100 24 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2014 ) Position Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 53 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Gold 35,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 2 × Platinum 160,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 7,500 Norway ( IFPI Norway ) Platinum 10,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Platinum 40,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes - Life Of The Party ( Lyric Video ) '' . ShawnMendesVEVO . YouTube . June 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Abel , A. ( June 13 , 2014 ) . `` Get to know the next Ed Seeran , vine star Shawn Mendes - plus , get a sneak peek at his first single '' . Seventeen Magazine . Retrieved June 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gilman , Hannah ( June 30 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive Premiere ! You Have to Watch Vine Star Shawn Mendes 's First Music Video : Swooning begins in 3 , 2 , 1 ... '' Teen Vogue . Retrieved June 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( 2014 - 07 - 02 ) . `` Iggy Azalea Claims Longest Hot 100 Reign For A Female Rapper With ' Fancy ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Music : Top 100 Songs - Billboard Hot 100 Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved 19 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes , 15 - Year - Old Vine Celebrity , Makes Record - Breaking Debut on Billboard Hot 100 '' . Idolator . July 2 , 2014 . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The ARIA Report : Issue 1309 ( Week Commencing 30 March 2015 ) '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . p. 21 . Retrieved April 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Shawn Mendes -- Life of the Party '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes Chart History ( Canada AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes Chart History ( Canada CHR / Top 40 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes Chart History ( Canada Hot AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201438 into search . Retrieved August 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 27 , 2014 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Shawn Mendes -- Life of the Party '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201438 into search . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Shawn Mendes -- Life of the Party '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 -- Year of 2014 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2017 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Shawn Mendes -- Life of the Party '' . Music Canada . Retrieved February 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Shawn Mendes -- Life of the party '' . Recorded Music NZ . Jump up ^ `` Norwegian single certifications -- Shawn Mendes -- Life of the Party '' ( in Norwegian ) . IFPI Norway . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes - Life of the Party '' ( in Swedish ) . Grammofon Leverantörernas Förening . Retrieved February 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Shawn Mendes -- Life of the Party '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Shawn Mendes Awards and nominations Discography Studio albums Handwritten Illuminate Shawn Mendes Live albums Live at Madison Square Garden MTV Unplugged EPs The Shawn Mendes EP Singles `` Life of the Party '' `` Something Big '' `` Stitches '' `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' `` Treat You Better '' `` Mercy '' `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' `` In My Blood '' `` Lost in Japan '' `` Youth '' `` Where Were You in the Morning ? '' `` Nervous '' Featured singles `` Oh Cecilia ( Breaking My Heart ) '' Promotional singles `` Believe '' Concert tours # ShawnsFirstHeadlines Shawn Mendes World Tour Illuminate World Tour Shawn Mendes : The Tour Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Life_of_the_Party_(Shawn_Mendes_song)&oldid=830147404 '' Categories : 2014 singles 2014 songs Debut singles Pop ballads Shawn Mendes songs Songs written by Scott Harris ( songwriter ) Island Records singles Songs written by Ido Zmishlany Hidden categories : CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadianhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadaac Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40 Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart making named ref Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Norway Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Հայերեն Italiano Português Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 13 March 2018 , at 01 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was life of the party released shawn mendes	[ "\"Life of the Party\" is the debut single recorded by Canadian singer Shawn Mendes from his extended play (EP) The Shawn Mendes EP and debut studio album Handwritten (2015). Written by Ido Zmishlany and Scott Harris, it was recorded in Toronto, Ontario and released on June 26, 2014. \n" ]	[ "June 26, 2014" ]
3651103501440825020	GCE Advanced Level (United Kingdom)	GCE Advanced level ( United Kingdom ) - wikipedia GCE Advanced level ( United Kingdom ) The General Certificate of Education ( GCE ) Advanced Level , or A Level , is a main school leaving qualification in England , Wales , Northern Ireland , the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man . It is available as an alternative qualification in other countries . It used to be the case that students would study over a two - year period , and that they would sit examinations at the end of each year ( AS and A2 respectively ) , with each counting for 1 / 2 of the final grade . In 2015 , Ofqual decided to change the system so that students now sit all of their examinations at the end of the second year . AS is still offered , but as a separate qualification . AS grades no longer count towards the final A-level . Most students study three or four A level subjects simultaneously during the two post-16 years ( ages 16 -- 18 ) in a secondary school , in a sixth form college , in a further and higher education college , or in a tertiary college , as part of their further education . A Levels are recognised by many universities as the standard for assessing the suitability of applicants for admission in England , Wales , and Northern Ireland , and many such universities partly base their admissions offers on a student 's predicted A-level grades , with the majority of these offers conditional on achieving a minimum set of final grades . Contents 1 History 2 Curriculum 2.1 Structure 2.2 Subjects offered 3 Process 3.1 Studying 3.2 Grading 3.3 International comparisons 3.3. 1 Wales and Northern Ireland 3.3. 2 Hong Kong 3.3. 3 United States 3.4 Special educational needs 3.5 Examination boards 4 Usage 4.1 England , Wales and Northern Ireland 4.2 Scotland 4.3 International schools 4.4 University admissions 4.5 International variants 5 Awarding 5.1 UK A-Level classifications from June 1989 to 2017 6 Criticism and controversy 6.1 Grade inflation 6.2 Reforms 6.3 Burden of assessment 6.4 Breadth of study 6.5 Predicted grading 7 See also 8 References History ( edit ) A Levels were introduced in 1951 as a standardised school - leaving qualification , replacing the Higher School Certificate . The examinations could be taken on a subject - by - subject basis , according to the strengths and interests of the student . This encouraged specialization and in - depth study of three to four subjects . The A Level at first was graded as simply distinction , pass or fail ( although students were given an indication of their marks , to the nearest 5 % ) , candidates obtaining a distinction originally had the option to sit a Scholarship Level paper on the same material , to attempt to win one of 400 national scholarships . The Scholarship Level was renamed the S - Level in 1963 . Quite soon rising numbers of students taking the A-level examinations required more differentiation of achievement below the S - Level standard . Grades were therefore introduced . Between 1963 and 1986 the grades were norm - referenced : Grade Fail Percentage 10 % 15 % 10 % 15 % 20 % 20 % 10 % The O grade was equivalent to a GCE Ordinary Level pass which indicated a performance equivalent to the lowest pass grade at Ordinary Level . Over time , the validity of this system was questioned because , rather than reflecting a standard , norm referencing simply maintained a specific proportion of candidates at each grade , which in small cohorts was subject to statistical fluctuations in standards . In 1984 , the government 's Secondary Examinations Council decided to replace the norm referencing with criterion referencing : grades would in future be awarded on examiner judgement thus eliminating a possible inadequacy of the existing scheme . The criterion referencing scheme came into effect for the summer 1987 exams as the system set examiners specific criteria for the awarding of B and E grades to candidates , and then divided out the other grades according to fixed percentages . Rather than awarding an Ordinary Level for the lowest pass , a new `` N '' ( for Nearly passed ) was introduced . Criticisms of A level grading continued , and when Curriculum 2000 was introduced , the decision was made to have specific criteria for each grade , and the ' N ' grade was abolished . In 1989 , Advanced Supplementary ( AS ) awards were introduced ; they were intended to broaden the subjects a pupil studied post 16 , and were to complement rather than be part of a pupil 's A-level studies . AS - Levels were generally taken over two years , and in a subject the pupil was not studying at A-Level . Each AS level contained half the content of an A-Level , and at the same level of difficulty . Initially , a student might study three subjects at A-Level and one at AS - Level , or often even four subjects at A-Level . However , due to decreasing public spending on education over time , a growing number of schools and sixth form colleges would now arrange for their pupils to study for three A-Levels instead of four . A levels evolved gradually from a two - year linear course with an exam at the end , to a modular course , between the late 1980s and 2000 . By the year 2000 there was a strong educational reason to standardise the exam and offer greater breadth to students through modules and there was also a pragmatic case based on the inefficiency of linear courses where up to 30 % of students were failing to complete or pass . Curriculum 2000 was introduced in September 2000 , with the first new examinations taken in January and June of the following year . The Curriculum 2000 reforms also replaced the S - Level extension paper with the Advanced Extension Award . The Conservative Party under Prime Minister David Cameron initiated reforms for A Levels to change from the current modular to a linear structure . British Examination Boards ( Edexcel , AQA and OCR ) regulated and accredited by the government of the United Kingdom responded to the government 's reform announcements by modifying specifications of several A Level subjects . Curriculum ( edit ) Structure ( edit ) Prior to Government reforms of the A Level system , A-levels consisted of two equally weighted parts : AS ( Advanced Subsidiary ) Level , assessed in the first year of study , and A2 Level , assessed in the second year of study . Following the reforms , while it is still possible to take the AS Level as a stand - alone qualification , those exams do not count toward the full A Level , for which all exams are taken at the end of the course . An AS course usually comprises two modules , or three for science subjects and Mathematics ; full A Level usually comprises four modules , or six for sciences and Mathematics . The modules within each part may have different weights . Modules are either assessed by exam papers marked by national organisations , or in limited cases by school - assessed , externally moderated coursework . Subjects offered ( edit ) Main article : List of Advanced Level subjects A wide variety of subjects are offered at A-level by the five exam boards . Although exam boards often alter their curricula , this table shows the majority of subjects which are consistently available for study . show Subject # boards AQA OCR Edexcel WJEC CCEA Accounting Y Arabic Y Archaeology Y Art and Design 5 Y Y Y Y Y Bengali Y Biology 5 Y Y Y Y Y Business 5 Y Y Y Y Y Chemistry 5 Y Y Y Y Y Chinese ( Mandarin ) Y Classical Civilisation Y Computer Science Y Y Y Dance Y Drama and Theatre Y Y Y Design & Technology 5 Y Y Y Y Y D&T : Food Technology Y Y D&T : Product Design Y Y Y D&T : Textiles Y Economics 5 Y Y Y Y Y Electronics Y English Language Y Y Y Y English Literature 5 Y Y Y Y Y Environmental Studies / Technology Y Y Film Studies Y Y French Y Y Y Y Geography 5 Y Y Y Y Y Geology Y Y German Y Y Y Y Government and Politics 5 Y Y Y Y Y Greek ( Modern / Classical ) Y Y Gujarati Y Health and Social Care Y Y Hebrew ( Modern / Biblical ) Y Y History 5 Y Y Y Y Y History of Art ( and Design ) Y Y Y ICT 5 Y Y Y Y Y Irish Y Italian Y Japanese Y Latin Y Law Y Y Y Mathematics 5 Y Y Y Y Y Media Studies Y Y Y Music 5 Y Y Y Y Y Music Technology Y Persian Y Philosophy Y Physical Education Y Y Y Y Physics 5 Y Y Y Y Y Polish Y Portuguese Y Punjabi Y Psychology Y Y Y Y Religious Studies 5 Y Y Y Y Y Russian Y Sociology Y Y Y Spanish Y Y Y Y Sports Science Y Statistics Y Y Turkish Y Y Urdu Y Welsh Y Process ( edit ) Studying ( edit ) The number of A-level exams taken by students can vary . A typical route is to study four subjects at AS level and then drop down to three at A2 level , although some students continue with their fourth subject . Three is usually the minimum number of A Levels required for university entrance , with some universities specifying the need for a fourth AS subject . There is no limit set on the number of A Levels one can study , and a number of students take five or more A Levels . It is permissible to take A Levels in languages one already speaks fluently , or courses with overlapping content , even if not always fully recognized by universities . Grading ( edit ) The pass grades for A Levels are , from highest to lowest , A * , A , B , C , D and E. The process to decide these grades involves the uniform mark scheme ( UMS ) . Under this scheme , four - module A levels have a maximum mark of 400 UMS ( or 200 UMS each for AS and A2 ) , and six - module A levels have a maximum mark of 600 ( or 300 UMS each for AS and A2 ) . The maximum UMS within AS and A2 may be split unequally between each modules . For example , a Physics AS may have two exam modules worth 90 UMS and 150 UMS , and a coursework module worth 60 UMS . The ' raw marks ' i.e. actual score received on a test may differ from UMS awarded . On each assignment , the correspondence of raw marks to UMS is decided by setting grade boundaries , a process which involves consultation by subject experts and consideration of statistics , aiming to keep standards for each grade the same year on year . Achieving less than 40 % results in a U ( unclassified ) . For passing grades , 40 % corresponds to an E grade , 50 % a D , 60 % a C , 70 % a B , and 80 % an A . The A * grade was introduced in 2010 and is awarded to candidates who average 80 % UMS across all modules , with a score over 90 % UMS in all A2 modules . In Mathematics , which comprises six 100 UMS modules , only the C3 and C4 modules count towards this requirement . In Further Mathematics and Additional Further Mathematics , where more than three A2 modules can be taken , the three best - scoring A2 modules count . There is no A * grade at AS level . International comparisons ( edit ) Wales and Northern Ireland ( edit ) Recent research and the corresponding findings have shown that over a time span of several years students from Northern Ireland would outperform students from England and Wales in A-level examinations . Hong Kong ( edit ) According to UCAS and HKEAA , the Hong Kong A-level examination has historically been benchmarked against the UK A Levels . In general , a UK A grade is broadly equivalent to a Hong Kong A-C grade . This conclusion is based mainly on the percentage of pupils achieving the respective grades in respective exams . In the UK , on average 25 % of participants of each subject achieved an A grade every year , compared to the 25 % A-C rate in Hong Kong -- A ( 4 % ) , A-B ( 10 % ) , A-C ( 25 % ) . According to the BBC , the percentage of students achieving an A * is about 8 -- 10 % , which essentially lies within the A-B range of their Hong Kong counterparts in respective subjects . However , the two systems measure mastery of different sets of skills and any comparison can be subjective and therefore meaningless . United States ( edit ) In the United States of America ( USA ) the high school diploma is the qualification generally required for entry into colleges and universities . In the United Kingdom , the high school diploma is considered to be at the level of the General Certificate of Secondary Education ( GCSE ) , which is awarded at Year 11 . For college and university admissions , the high school diploma may be accepted in lieu of the GCSE if an average grade of C is obtained in subjects with a GCSE counterpart . As the more academically rigorous A Levels awarded at Year 13 are expected for university admission , the high school diploma alone is generally not considered to meet university requirements . Students who wish to study in the United Kingdom may additionally participate in the Advanced Placement ( AP ) or International Baccalaureate ( IB ) programs , which are considered to be at the level of the A Level qualifications and earn points on the UCAS Tariff , or may opt to take A Level examinations in British international schools or as private candidates . College Entrance Examination Board ( CEEB ) tests , such as the SAT , SAT Subject Tests , or the ACT , may also be considered . The Universities and Colleges Admissions Service ( UCAS ) recommends that in addition to a high school diploma , grades of 3 or above in at least two , or ideally three , Advanced Placement exams may be considered as meeting general entry requirements for admission . The IB Diploma may also be accepted . For the College Entrance Examination Board tests , a minimum score of 600 or higher in all sections of the SAT or a minimum score of 26 or higher in all sections of the ACT along with a minimum score of 600 in relevant SAT Subject Tests may be considered as meeting general entry requirements for admission . Special educational needs ( edit ) The Equality Act says that exam boards are required to take ' such steps as it is reasonable to have to take to avoid the disadvantage ' , meaning that they are required to make reasonable adjustments for students who would otherwise be at a substantial disadvantage when demonstrating their skills , knowledge and understanding in an assessment . For students taking GCE A Level examinations with learning difficulties , an injury / repetitive strain injury ( RSI ) or other disabilities , some of the access arrangements offered are : Extra time ( the most common approved is 25 % , but the amount depends on the severity of the disability , and the student 's processing speed . It can be allowed for : disorders such as ADHD , Dyspraxia , Dyslexia , or any other disabilities that affect your processing speed , an injury that affects the time needed in the exam , or learning in English as a second language provided that the student has been studying in the UK for not more than 2 years ) An amanuensis ( somebody types or handwrites as the student dictates ; this is normally used when the student can not write due to an injury or disability ) A word processor ( without any spell checking tools ) can be used by students who have trouble writing legibly or who are unable to write quickly enough to complete the exam within the time limit A different format exam paper ( large print , Braille , printed on coloured paper , etc . ) A ' reader ' ( a teacher / exam invigilator can read out the words written on the exam , but they can not explain their meaning ) A different room ( sometimes due to a disability a student can be placed in a room by themselves or with selected others ; this also happens when an amanuensis is used , so as not to disturb the other candidates . All exam rooms are covered by separate dedicated invigilators . ) Access arrangements must be approved by the exam board concerned . There are others available , but these are the most commonly used . Examination boards ( edit ) A-level examinations in the UK are currently administered through 5 awarding bodies : AQA , OCR , Edexcel ( London Examinations ) , WJEC and CCEA . The present 5 can trace their roots via a series of mergers or acquisitions to one or more of the originally 9 GCE Examination boards . Additionally , there are two examination boards offering A level qualifications internationally : Edexcel and the CIE . OCR and CIE are both branches of the parent organization , Cambridge Assessment . In the UK it is customary for schools to register with multiple examination boards and to `` mix and match '' A Levels to get a combined curriculum that fits the school profile . Usage ( edit ) England , Wales and Northern Ireland ( edit ) A Levels are usually studied by students in Sixth Form , which refers to the last two years of secondary education in England , Wales and Northern Ireland , taken at ages 16 -- 18 . Some secondary schools have their own Sixth Form , which admits students from lower year groups , but will often accept external applications . There are also many specialist Sixth Form and Further Education Colleges which admit from feeder schools across a large geographic area . Admission to A level programmes is at the discretion of providers , and usually depends on GCSE grades . A typical requirement would be 5 A * - C grades at GCSE , although requirements can be higher , particularly for independent schools and grammar schools . Scotland ( edit ) A Levels are offered as an alternate qualification by a small number of educational institutions in Scotland , in place of the standard Scottish Higher , and the Advanced Higher levels of the Scottish Qualifications Certificate . The schools that offer A Levels are mainly private fee - paying schools particularly for students wishing to attend university in England . International schools ( edit ) Many international schools choose to use the British system for their wide recognition . Furthermore , students may choose to sit the papers of British examination bodies at education centres around the world , such as those belonging to the British Council . According to the British Council , A Levels are similar to the American Advanced Placement courses which are themselves equivalent to first - year courses of America 's four - year bachelor 's degrees . University admissions ( edit ) A Level students often apply to universities before they have taken their final exams , with applications administered centrally through UCAS . British universities ( including Scottish universities , which receive many applicants taking A Levels ) consider GCSEs , AS - level results , predicted A Level results , and extracurricular accomplishments when deciding whether applicants should be made an offer through UCAS . These offers may be ' unconditional ' , guaranteeing a place regardless of performance in A2 examinations . Far more often , the offers are conditional on A level grades , and become void should the student fail to achieve the marks expected by the university ( for example , conditional offer of three A Levels at grades B-B-C ) . Universities may specify which subjects they wish these grades to be in ( for example , conditional offer of grades A-A-B with a grade A in Mathematics ) . The offer may include additional requirements , such as attaining a particular grade in the Sixth Term Examination Paper . The university is obliged to accept the candidate if the conditions are met , but is not obliged to reject a candidate who misses the requirements . Leniency may in particular be shown if the candidate narrowly misses grades . A Level grades are also sometimes converted into numerical scores , typically UCAS tariff scores . Under the new UCAS system starting in 2017 , an A * grade at A Level is worth 56 points , while an A is worth 48 , a B is worth 40 , a C is worth 32 , a D is 24 , and a E is worth 16 ; so a university may instead demand that an applicant achieve 112 points , instead of the equivalent offer of B-B-C . This allows greater flexibility to students , as 112 points could also , for example , be achieved through the combination A-B-D , which would not have met the requirements of a B-B-C offer because of the D grade . Depending on the specific offer made , a combination of more than 3 subjects ( typically 4 or 5 ) with lower grades , or points from non-academic input such as higher level music grades or a Key Skills course , may also be accepted by the university . The text of the offer determines whether this flexibility is available -- `` 112 UCAS Points '' likely would , while `` 112 UCAS Points from three A Level subjects '' would not . International variants ( edit ) There are currently two examination boards which provide an international variant of the United Kingdom A level examinations to international students . These are Cambridge International Examinations ( CIE ) and Edexcel . International A Level is widely available worldwide , with more than 125 countries providing the programme with 60 different choices of subjects . Unlike the current modular system implemented in the UK , the CIE A-Level , or more commonly known as the Cambridge A level , practises a terminal - examination system . Students are required to sit for two major exams , AS and A2 , at the end of each academic year . Each of the major exams carries the weightage of 50 percent to form a complete A Level . However , Edexcel A level students will be sitting the same paper as the students in UK concurrently . Additionally , countries outside of the United Kingdom have established academic qualifications with the same or similar name , and with a similar format , to the United Kingdom A levels . However , these qualifications may be distinct in certain ways from those offered in the United Kingdom . Awarding ( edit ) UK : A-level Grades Awarded ( % ' age ) A * A ( A * + A ) O / N U / F A -- E entries pre 1960 75.3 103,803 1963 -- 1986 8 -- 10 15 10 15 20 20 10 68 -- 70 1975 : 498,883 1980 : 589,270 1982 8.9 68.2 1985 70.5 634,557 11.4 15.2 16.4 17.4 15.3 10.9 13.4 75.7 682,997 1990 11.7 15.5 16.9 17.7 15.2 10.7 12.3 76.7 684,065 1991 11.9 15.5 16.9 18.1 15.6 10.5 11.5 78.0 699,041 12.8 16.3 17.4 18.0 15.3 9.8 10.4 79.8 731,240 13.8 16.7 17.7 18.1 14.8 9.3 9.6 81.1 734,081 14.8 17.1 18.6 18.1 14.4 8.8 8.1 83.0 732,974 1995 15.8 17.1 19.0 18.1 14.1 8.4 7.5 84.1 730,415 16.0 18.0 19.8 18.3 13.7 7.8 6.4 85.8 739,163 16.0 18.9 20.3 18.5 13.4 7.4 5.5 87.1 776,115 1998 16.8 18.9 20.8 18.3 13.0 7.2 5.0 87.8 794,262 1999 17.5 19.0 21.0 18.3 12.7 6.9 4.6 88.5 783,692 2000 17.8 19.2 21.2 18.5 12.4 6.6 4.3 89.1 771,809 18.6 19.3 21.4 18.1 12.4 6.3 3.9 89.8 748,866 2002 20.7 21.9 22.7 18.1 10.9 5.7 94.3 701,380 2003 21.6 22.9 23.0 17.8 10.1 4.6 95.4 750,537 22.4 23.4 23.2 17.5 9.5 4.0 96.0 766,247 2005 22.8 23.8 23.3 17.2 9.1 3.8 96.2 783,878 2006 24.1 24.0 23.2 16.6 8.7 3.4 96.6 805,698 2007 25.3 24.4 23.1 16.0 8.1 3.1 96.9 805,657 2008 25.9 24.9 23.1 15.7 7.6 2.8 97.2 827,737 2009 26.7 25.3 23.1 15.2 7.2 2.5 97.5 846,977 8.1 18.9 ( 27 ) 25.2 23.2 15.2 7.0 2.4 97.6 853,933 2011 8.2 18.8 ( 27 ) 25.6 23.6 15.1 6.5 2.2 97.8 867,317 2012 7.9 18.7 ( 26.6 ) 26.0 24.0 14.9 6.5 2.0 98.0 861,819 2013 7.6 18.7 ( 26.3 ) 26.6 24.3 14.7 6.2 1.9 98.1 850,752 2014 8.2 17.8 ( 26.0 ) 26.4 24.3 14.8 6.5 2.0 98.0 833,807 2015 8.2 17.7 ( 25.9 ) 26.9 24.5 14.7 6.1 1.9 98.1 850,749 2016 8.1 17.7 ( 25.8 ) 27.1 24.7 14.6 5.9 1.9 98.1 836,705 2017 8.3 18.1 ( 26.3 ) 28.8 24.3 14.5 5.9 2.1 97.9 828,355 Please note : 2015 grades are currently provisional . UK A-level classifications from June 1989 to 2017 ( edit ) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 norm * 1990 1995 2000 2005 2015 A * N / O F / U Note : norm * - grades allocated per the norm referenced percentile quotas described above . Criticism and controversy ( edit ) Grade inflation ( edit ) The most common criticism of the A-level system is an accusation of grade inflation . The press have noted the steady rise in average grades for several consecutive years and drawn the conclusion that A-levels are becoming consistently easier . In an educational report Robert Coe compared students ' scores in the ALIS ability test with equivalent grades achieved in A level exams over the period of approximately 20 years . He found that students of similar ability were achieving on average about 2 grades lower in the past than they were in the present . In the case of maths it was nearer to 3.5 grades lower . The government and teaching bodies maintain that the improved grades represent higher levels of achievement due to improved and more experienced teaching methods , but some educationalists and journalists argue that the change is due to grade inflation and the examinations getting easier . It has also been suggested that government pressure on schools to achieve high examination results has led them to coach students to pass the examination rather than understand the subject . In 2000 the A-level system was changed to examine students at the end of each of the two years of A-level study , rather than only at the end of the two years . The results of the first year ( AS - level ) examinations has allowed students to drop subjects they find difficult after one year and to retake examinations to achieve a higher grade . The ability of unlimited resits , with the best mark going through , has improved results . Some believe that students are tending to select easier subjects instead of harder ones in order to achieve higher grades . Universities in Britain have complained that the increasing number of A grades awarded makes it hard to distinguish between students at the upper end of the ability spectrum . The C grade was originally intended to represent the average ability , and students typically required 60 % or higher across all assessments to attain it ; however , the average result is now at the lower end of the B grade . Many universities have introduced their own entrance tests such as the BMAT and LNAT for specific courses , or conduct interviews to select applicants . In addition , the head of admissions at the University of Cambridge outlined changes he believed should be made to the current system , particularly the use of the Advanced Extension Awards , a more challenging qualification based on the more advanced content of the A-level syllabus . More universities have wanted to see applicants ' individual module results to see how comfortably they have achieved their result due to fears that the A-level might not offer an accurate test of ability , or that it is a good prediction of future academic success . In 2007 , allegations that students had been given lower marks than they deserved in order to fix overall results and make the pass rate seem lower than it had been in previous years were raised . The Tomlinson Inquiry was set up to ascertain whether this was an underhand to disprove that A levels were becoming too easy . As a result , some papers were re-marked but only 1,220 A level and 733 AS - level students saw an improvement to their results . Reforms ( edit ) In response to concerns shown by employers and universities that it is not possible to distinguish between the large number of students achieving A grades , and in order to mirror the current GCSE standards , a debate arose as to whether a new , higher `` super A '' grade ( like the A * grade at GCSE ) should be introduced . As will be seen in the future , it was generally agreed that bringing in higher grades would be a much better idea than raising the grade boundaries to keep the standards consistent , and it has been proposed that on top of the A , an A * grade should be available at A level in order to stretch the most able students while still allowing others to achieve the grades they deserve . From A2 exams sat in the future , the highest A level grade will be A * , requiring an A grade overall and 90 % overall average UMS in A2 papers . The most recent reform of the Mathematics syllabus , following calls that it was too hard , has attracted criticism for allegedly being made easier . In the change , content consisting of three modules ( Pure 1 -- 3 ) were spread to four modules ( Core 1 -- 4 ) . It is alleged that this makes the course easier as students do less work for the same qualifications . Further reforms to make the Mathematics syllabus more popular have been met with mixed opinions . Supporters cite it will reverse the downward trend in students taking the subject whilst others are concerned that the subject is being `` still incredibly difficult '' . Despite ongoing work to improve the image of A-levels in the business community , a number of business leaders are beginning to express concern about the suitability of the qualification for school leavers and to urge the adoption of the International Baccalaureate in the UK as an alternative qualification at schools . In addition , concerns were raised by Sir Mike Rake , Chairman of BT Group , Sir Terry Leahy , Chairman of Tesco and by Sir Christopher Gent , Chairman of GlaxoSmithKline . Some schools have also moved to offering the Cambridge Pre-U as an alternative to A-levels and with higher tariffs . Burden of assessment ( edit ) With increased modularisation of subjects , the amount of time that young adults are spending being examined in the UK has risen considerably . It was estimated in a report by educationalists that by the age of 19 children will have spent an entire year of their school education being assessed . As a result of such criticisms about the `` burden of assessment '' , since candidates have taken four papers for most A-levels , instead of six as in the past . This means that there are two modules for AS and two more for A2 for the majority of A levels . However , this will not be the case for all A levels : Biology , Human Biology , Chemistry , Physics , Electronics , Geology , Music , Welsh and Science will continue with six units , three units for AS and A2 respectively , and 600 UMS for the A level . Mathematics ( including Further Mathematics , Additional Further Mathematics , Statistics , and the Use of Mathematics AS ) , will not change structurally in the modular reform ; it will stay on 600 UMS ( 300 UMS for AS ) , but it will include the new A * grade and the ' Stretch and Challenge ' provision . Also , Bengali , Modern Hebrew , Punjabi , Polish , Arabic , Japanese , Modern Greek , Biblical Hebrew , Dutch , Gujarati , Persian , Portuguese , and Turkish will remain at two units , one for AS and one for A2 . However , they will move to 200 UMS for A level . Chinese will also move to 200 UMS , but instead of two units , it will move to three units : AS will have two units , A2 will have one . It is the first A level to have an odd number of units since Curriculum 2000 . Cambridge University has warned that it is extremely unlikely that it will accept applicants who are taking two or more supposedly ' softer ' A level subjects out of 3 . It has outlined a list of subjects it considers to be ' unsuitable ' , which includes Accounting , Design and Technology , Film Studies , Information and Communication Technology , Media Studies , Photography , and Sports studies . As a result of dislike of the modular system , many schools now offer the alternative International Baccalaureate Diploma qualification . The course offers more subjects , extracurricular activity , a philosophical epistemological component known as `` Theory of Knowledge '' , as well as the requirement of an extended essay on any subject of a candidate 's choice . Unlike the current AS / A2 system , the International Baccalaureate is not based on a modular system . The Diploma Programme , administered by the International Baccalaureate , is a recognised pre-university educational programme . Former British Prime Minister Tony Blair recently suggested that one state school in every county should offer the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme as an alternative to A levels . Breadth of study ( edit ) The A-level has been criticised for providing less breadth since many A-level students do not generally study more than three subjects in their final year . A major part of this criticism is that , while a three - or four - subject curriculum can be balanced across the spectrum ( e.g. students may choose one science subject ( such as Maths , Chemistry , or Biology ) , a language subject ( e.g. English Language , English Literature , French , German , Spanish ) , and a `` creative '' subject like Art Studies ) , in many cases students choose three closely linked subjects , for instance , Mathematics , Physics and Chemistry or Sociology , Psychology , and Politics . This is in part due to university entrance requirements , which , for degree programs such as medicine , may require three related A-level subjects , but non-traditional combinations are becoming more common ( `` British Council Australia Education UK '' ) . Thus , while the purpose of Curriculum 2000 was to encourage students to undertake contrasting subjects , to broaden their ' skill - base ' , there is a tendency to pursue similar disciplines . However , others disagree , arguing that the additional AS - level ( s ) studied would already have provided more breadth compared with the old system . Predicted grading ( edit ) A possible reformation would be something called the post-qualifications applications system ( PQA ) , where applicants apply to university after they receive their results . It has been argued that this would be fairer to applicants , especially those from lower - income families whose results were thought to be under - predicted . However , a more recent UCAS report shows that although the reliability of predicted grades declines in step with family income , this can still lead to an over-prediction effect for lower income groups . Just 45 % of predicted grades are accurate -- 47 % are over-predictions and 9 % under - predictions . A recent UCAS consultation rejected the implementation of PQA following opposition from universities , schools and awarding bodies . See also ( edit ) GCE S - Level / Special level GCE Advanced Extension Award ( AEA ) A-level ( International ) Advanced Higher ( Scotland ) Higher School Certificate ( United Kingdom ) IB Diploma Programme European Baccalaureate References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Choppin , Bruce ( 1981 ) . `` Is Education Getting Better ? '' ( PDF ) . British Educational Research Journal . 7 ( 1 ) : 11 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 December 2012 . Retrieved 6 January 2013 . Jump up ^ House of Commons Education and Skills Third Report , 2003 accessed 6 January 2013 Jump up ^ `` THE BACKGROUND TO THE A LEVELS DEBATE '' . UK Parliament . UK Parliament . Retrieved 16 August 2015 . Jump up ^ https://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/education-news/teenagers-forced-to-study-fewer-alevels-in-squeeze-on-public-spending-says-exam-boss-10446807.html Jump up ^ See the Dearing Report and Guaranteeing standards ( DfEE , 1997 ) Jump up ^ See the Audit Commission / Office for Standards in Education. ( 1993 ) . Unfinished business : Fulltime educational courses for 16 - to 19 - year - olds . London : Her Majesty 's Stationery Office . See also Higher Education , Curriculum 2000 and the Future Reform of 14 -- 19 Qualifications in England , Ann Hodgson , Ken Spours and Martyn Waring ( Institute of Education ) p. 4 . Retrieved 30 September 2010 Jump up ^ http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20140430095946/http://www.education.gov.uk/nctl/examsadmin/news/archive/a00217355/alevels Jump up ^ http://www.edexcel.com/quals/gce/gce15/Pages/default.aspx Jump up ^ http://web.aqa.org.uk/ Jump up ^ http://www.ocr.org.uk/qualifications/by-type/as-a-level-gce/ Jump up ^ http://www.edexcel.com/quals/gce/gce08/Pages/default.aspx Jump up ^ http://www.wjec.co.uk/index.php?subject=30&level=21 Jump up ^ http://www.rewardinglearning.org.uk/qualifications/Results.aspx?g=1&t=1&c=r&s=0&dt=0&v=0&f=0&d=a Jump up ^ `` A-level results 2010 : A * grade boosts new exams record '' . BBC News . BBC . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.irishtimes.com/news/education/north-s-a-level-students-outperform-england-and-wales-1.2316305 Jump up ^ `` ( 1 ) '' BBC ^ Jump up to : `` International Qualifications for entry into college or university in 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Info for US Families '' . Chavegnes International College . Jump up ^ `` UCAS Tariff Tables '' . Jump up ^ https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/601484/Access-arrangements-for-2015-16-academic_year_-_tracked.pdf Jump up ^ -- EducationUK -- British Council USA ^ Jump up to : Jones , Carol . `` You asked the expert : A Level results '' . BBC News . Archived from the original on 26 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The UCAS Tariff calculator '' . UCAS . Retrieved 22 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( 2 ) '' Jump up ^ `` A-Level Results , 2001 -- 2014 '' . Joint Council of Qualifications . Jump up ^ Stubbs , Brian . `` Student Performance Analysis : National percentage figures for A level grades '' . Jump up ^ `` So are A-levels getting easier ? '' . BBC . 16 August 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Warning over A-level results claims '' . BBC . 13 August 2002 . Jump up ^ `` A-level results by subject 2004 '' . The Guardian . 19 August 2004 . Jump up ^ `` A-level results : Record drop in top grades as fewer get university places '' . Metro. 16 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Provisional A-Level Results : England and Wales June 1990 '' . The Times . The Times . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Provisional A-Level Results - June 1991 '' . The Times Digital Archive . Times ( London , England ) . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` How A-Level Candidates Fared '' . Times ( London , England ) . The Times Digital Archive . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Provisional A-Level Results by Grade '' . Times ( London , England ) . The Times Digital Archive . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ A-level passes rise amid university places pressure , 18 August 2011 accessed 18 August 2011 . A-level results 2011 : pass rate hits new record high , 18 August 2011 accessed 18 August 2011 Jump up ^ Robert Coe , Changes in standards at GCSE and A level : Evidence from ALIS and YELLIS , CEM , Durham , 2007 , p. 6 accessed 29 July 2011 Jump up ^ `` , the government and teaching bodies , are not being honest . If one compares O levels ( England ) from 1970s or earlier , and Higher grades ( from 1990s or earlier ) and A levels from 1970s or earlier , and O grades ( Scotland ) from 1980s , all with modern National5 , Highers , A levels and GCSE exams , one will see that the exams from earlier decades are much harder . 1950s exams are about 4 times harder than modern ones , and exams from 1980s are about twice as hard as modern exams and exams from the early 1990 's are at least 30 % harder than modern exams. Education and Skills -- Third Report '' , House of Commons , 26 March 2003 . Retrieved 6 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Minister attacks A level critics '' , BBC News , 17 August 2004 . Retrieved 5 June 2006 . Jump up ^ `` So are A levels getting easier ? '' , BBC News , 16 August 2001 . Retrieved 5 June 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` A levels are not what they were '' , BBC News , 15 August 2005 . Retrieved 5 June 2006 . Jump up ^ `` A level variations ' nothing untoward ' '' , BBC News , 23 December 2002 . Retrieved 5 June 2006 . Jump up ^ `` A level pupils urged to spurn ' soft ' subjects '' , EducationGuardian.co.uk , 12 August 2005 . Retrieved 11 June 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Media Studies . Discuss '' , BBC News , 18 August 2005 . Retrieved 11 June 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Pupils favouring ' easier ' A level subjects '' , EducationGuardian.co.uk , 10 February 2006 . Retrieved 11 June 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Call for ' more rigorous ' A levels '' , BBC News , 3 June 2004 . Retrieved 5 June 2006 . 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Retrieved 12 June 2006 . Jump up ^ `` ' Split ' over A level maths reform '' , BBC News , 5 February 2006 . Retrieved 12 June 2006 . Jump up ^ `` British Telecom Boss Sir Michael Rake and Tesco Chief Executive Sir Terry leahy slam school system '' , Sky News , 14 October 2009 . Retrieved 2 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tesco boss criticises UK education system '' , Times online 14 October 2009 . Retrieved 2 January 2010 Jump up ^ http://www.cie.org.uk/qualifications/academic/uppersec/preu Jump up ^ UCAS -- Tariff tables Jump up ^ Tony Ashmore & Malcolm Trobe , Assessing Assessment -- Politics or Progress ? , National Education Trust , 2010 accessed 27 July 2011 . See also ASCL Policy Paper 48 : The Future of Assessment , 2008 and The Telegraph , School pupils ' spend a year taking exams ' 6 Jan 2010 accessed 27 July 2011 Jump up ^ `` Exam watchdog unveils plans for A level reform '' , The Guardian , 29 March 2006 . Retrieved 11 June 2006 . Jump up ^ `` OCR A level changes overview '' Jump up ^ `` Edexcel new A level specifications '' Jump up ^ `` AQA new A level specifications '' Jump up ^ `` Edexcel A level in Chinese : Specification for teaching from September 2008 '' Jump up ^ University ' soft ' A level warning http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/7174848.stm Jump up ^ `` What is the Diploma Programme '' . ibo.org . Retrieved 5 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Clark , Laura ( 19 May 2009 ) . `` Fears of ' two - tier ' education system as pupils taking rival exam to A-levels rise by 40 % '' . Daily MailOnline . Retrieved 5 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` School Level Exams in the UK '' ( PDF ) . British Council Australia Education UK . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 04 - 30 . Retrieved 28 May . Check date values in : accessdate = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Plans to change university entry '' , BBC News , 22 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Estimating the Reliability of Predicted Grades '' , University and Colleges Admission Service ( UCAS ) . Retrieved 17 July 2007 . Jump up ^ > `` Cambridge International AS and A Level '' . Cambridge International Examinations . Retrieved 27 May . Check date values in : accessdate = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` A Level Forum '' . ALevelForum.com . Retrieved 10 May . Check date values in : accessdate = ( help ) Education in England Key Stages Foundation Stage Nursery Playgroup Reception Key Stage 1 Year One Year Two Key Stage 2 Year Three Year Four Year Five Year Six Key Stage 3 Year Seven Year Eight Year Nine Key Stage 4 Year Ten Year Eleven Key Stage 5 Year Twelve Year Thirteen Schooling State - funded schools Independent schools Primary school Infant school Junior school Preparatory school Middle school Secondary school Sixth form college Exams and qualifications 11 - plus GCSE A-Level English Baccalaureate BTEC Regulation Department for Education Ofqual Ofsted Special measures Other Common Entrance Examination Schools ( category ) Former SATs O - Level CSE School Certificate Higher School Certificate GNVQ Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GCE_Advanced_Level_(United_Kingdom)&oldid=853308212 '' Categories : Educational qualifications in the United Kingdom School examinations Education in Jersey Education in Guernsey Education in the Isle of Man Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 errors : dates Articles with dead external links from January 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 August 2018 , at 20 : 38 ( UTC ) . 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-8586714028519167423	Bachelor in Paradise (season 5)	Bachelor in Paradise ( season 5 ) - wikipedia Bachelor in Paradise ( season 5 ) Bachelor in Paradise ( season 5 ) Country of origin United States No. of episodes 11 Release Original network ABC Original release August 7 ( 2018 - 08 - 07 ) -- September 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 11 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 4 The fifth season of Bachelor in Paradise premiered on August 7 , 2018 . Chris Harrison reprised his role from The Bachelor and The Bachelorette as the host of the show . Contents 1 Production 1.1 Casting 1.2 Controversy 1.3 The Bachelor 2 Contestants 3 Elimination table 3.1 Key 4 Episodes 5 References 6 External links Production ( edit ) Casting ( edit ) During the Women Tell All of the twenty - second season of The Bachelor , host Chris Harrison announced that Bekah Martinez was scheduled to be in Paradise for the upcoming season , but a few months later , she declined to join , due to having a boyfriend . For the first time , it was announced past contestants from the international versions of The Bachelor franchise will join the cast similar to The Bachelor Winter Games and the Australian version . On June 26 , 2018 , the cast of season 5 of Bachelor in Paradise has been announced . After Wills Reid was eliminated during week 7 , it was announced that he would be joining the season 5 cast in Paradise . It was announced that Colton Underwood will be joining the cast of season 5 in Paradise after he was eliminated during week 8 after the hometown dates . Wells Adams returned as the bartender alongside Yuki Kimura from The Bachelor Japan and The Bachelor Winter Games . Controversy ( edit ) `` Bachelor '' contestant Bekah Martinez called out Leo Dottavio , a contestant from the recent `` Bachelorette '' season who finished in the top six , regarding accusations of inappropriate sexual behavior toward women . The Bachelor ( edit ) On Tuesday , September 4 , 2018 it was revealed that Colton Underwood will be on season 23 of The Bachelor as the next bachelor . There was lots of speculation that second runner - up Jason Tartick would be the next bachelor and there were many posts on Twitter asking why Jason was n't going to be the bachelor . It was the third top trending post on Twitter that day . Contestants ( edit ) Name Age Occupation Residence From Arrived Eliminated Chris Randone 30 Sales Trainer ( Goose ) Los Angeles , CA The Bachelorette -- Becca Week 1 Engaged Krystal Nielson 30 Fitness Coach ( Sparkles ) San Diego , CA The Bachelor -- Arie Week 1 Engaged Jordan Kimball 26 Model Crystal River , FL The Bachelorette -- Becca Week 1 Engaged - Split After Paradise Jenna Cooper 29 Social Media Manager Upland , IN The Bachelor -- Arie Week 2 Engaged - Split After Paradise Kamil Nicalek 30 Social Media Participant Monroe , NY The Bachelorette -- Becca Week 3 Relationship = Split after Paradise Annaliese Puccini 33 Event Designer San Francisco , CA The Bachelor -- Arie Week 1 Relationship - Split after Paradise Kevin Wendt 34 Ex-Navy / Firefighter Waterloo , ON The Bachelorette Canada -- Jasmine The Bachelor Winter Games Week 1 Split Week 6 - Relationship After BIP Astrid Loch 28 Plastic Surgery Office Manager Tampa , FL The Bachelor -- Nick Week 1 Split Week 6 - Relationship After BIP Jordan Mauger 34 Television / Film producer Auckland , NZ The Bachelor New Zealand The Bachelor Winter Games Week 4 Split Week 6 Cassandra Ferguson 26 Former NBA Dancer Shelby Charter Township , MI The Bachelor -- Juan Pablo Bachelor in Paradise -- Season 2 Week 4 Split Week 6 Robby Hayes 29 Model Venice , CA The Bachelorette -- JoJo Bachelor in Paradise -- Season 4 Week 5 Split Week 6 Shushanna Mkrtychyan 30 Property Manager Salt Lake City , UT The Bachelor -- Ben H . Bachelor in Paradise -- Season 3 Week 4 Split Week 6 John Graham 28 Software Engineer San Francisco , CA The Bachelorette -- Becca Week 1 Split Week 6 Olivia Goethals 24 Marketing Associate Chicago , IL The Bachelor -- Arie Week 4 Split Week 6 Diggy Moreland 32 Senior Inventory Analyst Chicago , IL The Bachelorette -- Rachel Bachelor in Paradise -- Season 4 Week 5 Week 5 Joe Amabile 32 Grocery Store Owner Chicago , IL The Bachelorette -- Becca Week 1 Split Week 5 - Relationship After BIP Kendall Long 26 Creative Director Los Angeles , CA The Bachelor -- Arie Week 1 Split Week 5 - Relationship After BIP Eric Bigger 30 Personal Trainer Baltimore , MD The Bachelorette -- Rachel The Bachelor Winter Games Week 1 Week 5 ( Quit ) Angela Amezcua 28 Model Greenville , SC The Bachelor -- Nick Week 1 Week 4 Chelsea Roy 29 Real Estate Executive Assistant Portland , ME The Bachelor -- Arie Week 1 Week 4 Christen Whitney 26 Wedding Videographer Tulsa , OK The Bachelor -- Nick Bachelor in Paradise -- Season 4 Week 4 Week 4 Tia Booth 26 Physical Therapist Weiner , AR The Bachelor -- Arie Week 1 Split Week 4 ( Quit ) Colton Underwood 26 Former Pro Football Player / Philan Denver , CO The Bachelorette -- Becca Week 1 Split Week 4 ( Quit ) Benoit Beauséjour - Savard 31 Restaurant Manager Montreal , QC The Bachelorette Canada -- Jasmine The Bachelor Winter Games Week 3 Week 3 Connor Obrochta 25 Fitness Coach St. Petersburg , FL The Bachelorette -- Becca Week 3 Week 3 David Ravitz 26 Venture Capitalist ( Former Chicken ) Boca Raton , FL The Bachelorette -- Becca Week 1 Week 3 Leo Dottavio 31 Stuntman Los Angeles , CA The Bachelorette -- Becca Week 3 Week 3 ( Removed ) Jubilee Sharpe 27 War veteran , Model Miami , FL The Bachelor -- Ben H . Bachelor in Paradise -- Season 3 Week 2 Week 3 ( Quit ) Kenny Layne 36 Professional Wrestler Las Vegas , NV The Bachelorette -- Rachel Week 1 Week 3 ( Quit ) Bibiana Julian 30 Executive Assistant Miami , FL The Bachelor -- Arie The Bachelor Winter Games Week 1 Week 2 Caroline Lunny 27 Realtor Fort Lauderdale , FL The Bachelor -- Arie Week 2 Week 2 D'Nysha `` Nysha '' Norris 30 Orthopedic Nurse Anderson , SC The Bachelor -- Arie Week 1 Week 2 Jacqueline Trumbull 27 Research Coordinator Morgantown , WV The Bachelor -- Arie Week 2 Week 2 Wills Reid 29 Graphic Designer Los Angeles , CA The Bachelorette -- Becca Week 1 Week 1 Nick Spetsas 27 Attorney Palm Coast , FL The Bachelorette -- Becca Week 1 Week 1 Elimination table ( edit ) Place Contestant Week 5 6 1 - 2 Chris Date In In In Date Engaged / Stay Krystal Date In Date In Date Engaged / Stay 3 - 4 Jordan In Date In In Date Engaged / Split Jenna Wait Date Date In Date Engaged / Split 5 - 6 Kamil Wait Date Date In Stay / Split Annaliese In Last Date Last In Stay / Split 7 - 8 Kevin In In In Date In Split / Stay Astrid In In In Date In Split / Stay 9 - 14 Jordan M . Wait In Date Split Cassandra Wait Date Date Split Robby Wait Date Split Shushanna Wait Date Date Split In Date Last Date Last Split Olivia Wait Date Date Split 15 Diggy Wait Out 16 - 17 Joe In In In In Split / Stay Kendall In In Date In Split / Stay 18 Eric In In Date Date Quit 19 - 21 Angela In In Date Out Chelsea In In In Out Christen Wait Out 22 - 23 Colton Last In Date Split Tia Date In Date Split 24 - 26 Benoit Wait Out Connor Wait Out David In In Out 27 Leo Wait Out 28 Jubilee Wait Date Quit 29 Kenny Date Date Quit 30 - 33 Bibiana In Out Caroline Wait Out Jacqueline Wait Out Nysha In Out 34 - 35 Nick Out Wills Out Key ( edit ) The contestant is male . The contestant is female . Date The contestant went on a date and gave out a rose at the rose ceremony . Date The contestant went on a date and got a rose at the rose ceremony . In The contestant gave or received a rose at the rose ceremony , thus remaining in the competition . Last The contestant received the last rose . Last The contestant went on a date and received the last rose . Out The contestant went on a date and was eliminated . Out The contestant was eliminated . Out The contestant went on a date and was eliminated by production due to aggressive behavior . Quit The contestant voluntarily left the show . Split The couple broke up and were eliminated . Split The couple had a date , then broke up and were eliminated . Stay / Split The contestant had a relationship after the fantasy suite then split after Bachelor in Paradise ended . Stay The couple decided to stay together and won the competition . Wait The contestant had to wait before appearing in paradise . Engaged - Split The contestant was engaged then split after BIP . Split / Stay The contestant split before the fantasty suite and started dating again after BIP ended . Split / Stay The contestant split before a rose ceremony and started dating again after BIP ended . Episodes ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 40 `` Week 1 : Season Premiere '' August 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 07 ) 501 3.82 41 `` Week 2 : Part 1 '' August 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 13 ) 502 4.54 42 `` Week 2 : Part 2 '' August 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 14 ) 503 3.93 43 `` Week 3 : Part 1 '' August 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 20 ) 504 4.60 44 5 `` Week 3 : Part 2 '' August 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 21 ) 505 3.97 45 6 `` Week 4 : Part 1 '' August 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 27 ) 506 4.61 46 7 `` Week 4 : Part 2 '' August 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 28 ) 507 4.16 Leo arrives and takes Kendall on a date . He kisses Chelsea and argues with Kevin about it . At night , Leo calls Kendall `` full of shit '' and sarcastically wishes her good luck with Joe , whom he called `` Grocery Store Bitch '' . Leo then leaves the party , but Joe demands that he say that to his face . Leo then spills his drink on Joe , and producers attempt to break the incoming fight , resulting in Leo being removed from paradise . At the rose ceremony , Benoit , Connor , and David do not receive roses and are eliminated . 47 8 `` Week 5 : Part 1 '' September 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 03 ) 508 4.20 Colton broke up with Tia and left paradise , causing Tia to also leave . Angela , Chelsea , and Christen do not receive roses and are eliminated . 48 9 `` Week 5 : Part 2 '' September 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 04 ) 509 3.93 49 10 `` Week 6 : Part 1 '' September 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 10 ) 510 4.23 50 11 `` Week 6 : Part 2 ( Season Finale ) '' September 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 11 ) 511 4.55 After Fantasy Suite date night . The three remaining couples must decide if they will stay together or break up . Annalise and Kamil confess their feelings for one another both state that they love each over . Kamil , however is not ready to propose and wants to continue their relationship outside of Paradise . The next couple to make the decision are Jordan and Jenna . Both confirm their love for each other , and Jordan proposes to Jenna who happily accepts . Chris and Krystal are the final couple , Chris proposes to Krystal . During the taping of the reunion Kamil breaks up with Annalise on stage . Everyone on the cast turns on Kamil . Joe and Kendall have also reunited after splitting during a cocktail party . Astrid and Kevin have gotten back together as well . Jordan and Jenna appear happy and engaged and ask Chris Harrison to officiate their wedding . News later broke that supposedly Jenna cheated on Jordan before and after Paradise ; Jordan has since `` removed himself from the relationship '' effectively ending their engagement . Chris and Krystal are still together and planning on moving in together and planning their wedding . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Bachelor in Paradise Is Going International : Who Will Be Heading to Mexico for Season 5 ? '' . E ! News . February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Will Bekah M. Be On ' Bachelor In Paradise ' ? Get Ready To See More From This Contestant '' . Bustle . February 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Will ' Bachelor in Paradise ' Get an International Cast After ' Winter Games ' ? It Was Supposed to Last Summer ! '' . Entertainment Tonight . February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Good Morning America ( June 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Bachelor in Paradise ' season 5 cast revealed '' . ABC NEWS . Retrieved June 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Natalie Stone ( July 10 , 2018 ) . `` The Bachelorette 's Wills Reid Joins Bachelor in Paradise '' . People . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kristen Perrone ( July 17 , 2018 ) . `` Colton Will Be On ' Bachelor In Paradise , ' So Get Your Wine & Popcorn Ready Now '' . Elite Daily . Retrieved July 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bachelor in Paradise 2018 Cast Revealed '' . ABC Go . July 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Is Winter Games Fan Favorite Yuki Kimura the New Bachelor in Paradise Bartender ? '' . People . June 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/tv/2018/08/08/bachelorette-contestant-leo-dottavio-accused-sexual-harassment/932895002/ Jump up ^ https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/bachelor-abc-reveals-colton-underwood-as-next-star-1139405 Jump up ^ https://www.eonline.com/news/965876/what-jason-tartick-really-thinks-about-colton-underwood-becoming-the-next-bachelor Jump up ^ `` Bachelor in Paradise Listings '' . The Futon Critic . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Making It ' and ' The Outpost ' adjust down , ' Beat Shazam ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved August 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' Whose Line Is It Anyway ? , ' ' The Proposal ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved August 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Castaways , ' ' Making It ' adjust down , ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved August 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Whose Line Is it Anyway ? ' and ' The Proposal ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved August 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Beat Shazam , ' ' America 's Got Talent ' adjust up , ' Making It ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved August 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' Penn & Teller : Fool Us ' adjusts up , ' Mom ' repeat adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' Love Connection ' encore adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( September 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Ninja Warrior ' and ' Mom ' repeat adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved September 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( September 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Making It ' and ' Castaways ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved September 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( September 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Bachelor in Paradise ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved September 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( September 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' Castaways ' and NBC Fall Preview adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved September 12 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Information about Riviera Nayarit The Bachelor U.S. seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Bachelors Alex Michel Aaron Buerge Andrew Firestone Bob Guiney Jesse Palmer Byron Velvick Charlie O'Connell Travis Lane Stork Lorenzo Borghese Andrew Baldwin Brad Womack Matt Grant Jason Mesnick Jake Pavelka Sean Lowe Juan Pablo Galavis Chris Soules Ben Higgins Nick Viall Arie Luyendyk Jr . Colton Underwood Contestants Mandy Clemens Catherine Warren Shayne Lamas Melissa Rycroft Tenley Molzahn Gia Allemand Keltie Colleen Jamie Otis Catherine Giudici Brittany Fetkin Ashley Iaconetti The Bachelorette Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Bachelorettes Trista Rehn DeAnna Pappas Jillian Harris Ali Fedotowsky Andi Dorfman Kaitlyn Bristowe JoJo Fletcher Rachel Lindsay Becca Kufrin Contestants Ryan Sutter Jesse Csincsak Ryan Hoag Ed Swiderski David Homyk Josh Murray Evan Bass Chad Johnson Jordan Rodgers Kenny Layne Clay Harbor International versions Australia Sam Frost Sophie Monk Canada India Tamil Nadu ( State of India ) Other spin - offs Bachelor Pad Bachelor in Paradise 5 Bachelor in Paradise : After Paradise Episodes The Bachelor Winter Games International Spin - offs Bachelor in Paradise Australia International versions Australia 5 6 Nick Cummins Brazil Canada Brad Smith Chris Leroux Romania Cătălin Botezatu United Kingdom Gavin Henson 5 Spencer Matthews New Zealand Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_in_Paradise_(season_5)&oldid=864491523 '' Categories : The Bachelor seasons 2018 American television seasons Television shows set in Mexico Hidden categories : Episode list using the default LineColor Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 October 2018 , at 15 : 44 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does the new season of bachelor in paradise start	[]	[]
-8827706114445255942	500 Days of Summer	500 Days of Summer - wikipedia 500 Days of Summer Jump to : navigation , search 500 Days of Summer Theatrical release poster Directed by Marc Webb Produced by Mason Novick Jessica Tuchinsky Mark Waters Steven J. Wolfe Written by Scott Neustadter Michael H. Weber Starring Joseph Gordon - Levitt Zooey Deschanel Narrated by Richard McGonagle Music by Mychael Danna Rob Simonsen Cinematography Eric Steelberg Edited by Alan Edward Bell Production company Dune Entertainment Distributed by Fox Searchlight Pictures Release date January 17 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 17 ) ( Sundance ) August 7 , 2009 ( 2009 - 08 - 07 ) ( United States ) Running time 95 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $7.5 million Box office $60.7 million 500 Days of Summer ( stylized as ( 500 ) Days of Summer ) is a 2009 American romantic comedy - drama film by first time director Marc Webb from a screenplay written by Scott Neustadter and Michael H. Weber , and produced by Mark Waters . The film stars Joseph Gordon - Levitt and Zooey Deschanel , and employs a nonlinear narrative structure , with the story based upon its male protagonist and his memories of a failed relationship . As an independent production , the film was picked up for distribution by Fox Searchlight Pictures and premiered at the 25th Sundance Film Festival . It garnered favorable reviews and became a successful `` sleeper hit '' , earning over $60 million in worldwide returns , far exceeding its $7.5 million budget . Many critics lauded the film as one of the best from 2009 and drew comparisons to other acclaimed films such as Annie Hall ( 1977 ) and High Fidelity ( 2000 ) . The film received Best Original Screenplay and Best Screenplay awards at the 14th Satellite Awards and 25th Independent Spirit Awards , respectively , as well as two nominations at the 67th Golden Globe Awards : Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy and Best Actor -- Musical or Comedy ( Gordon - Levitt ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Writing 3.2 Direction 3.3 Filming locations 3.4 Marketing 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Top Ten lists 5.4 Accolades 6 Soundtrack albums 6.1 Music from the Motion Picture 6.2 The Score from the Motion Picture 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) The film is presented in a nonlinear narrative , jumping between various days within the 500 days of Tom and Summer 's relationship . There is an on - screen timer showing the day . The following is a linear summary of the plot . On January 8 , Tom Hansen meets Summer Finn , his boss 's new assistant . Tom is trained as an architect but works as a writer at a greeting card company in Los Angeles . After discovering they have a similar taste in music , they have a conversation about love at a karaoke night ; Tom believes in it , but Summer does not . Tom 's friend and co-worker McKenzie drunkenly reveals that Tom likes Summer , which Tom asserts is only `` as friends '' , something Summer agrees with . A few days later , Summer kisses Tom in the copy room at work . During the next few months Summer and Tom grow closer . Tom shows Summer his favorite spot in the city , which overlooks a number of buildings he likes , though the view is somewhat spoiled by parking lots . After several months of dating , both Tom 's friends and his preteen half - sister Rachel push him to question Summer where they are in their relationship , though Summer brushes this off , saying that it should not matter if they are both happy . One night , Tom gets into a fight with a man who tries to pick up Summer in a bar , which causes their first argument . They make up and Summer concedes Tom deserves some certainty , but that his demand that she promises to always feel the same way about him would be impossible for anyone to make . On day 290 , they are hanging out in a cafe . Tom wants to go back to Summer 's place but she insists on seeing The Graduate and weeps at the ending , which surprises Tom as he 'd always thought it was a romantic fairy tale . They visit the record store , but Summer is distracted , appears to have lost interest in Tom , and kisses him good night . Tom tempts her with an offer of pancakes at a diner , where Summer casually announces that the relationship has n't been working and breaks up with Tom while they are waiting for the food to arrive . Summer wants them to remain friends , but Tom is devastated . Summer quits her job at the greeting card company . Tom 's boss moves him to the consolations department , as his depression is making him unsuitable for happier events . Tom goes on a blind date with a woman named Alison . The date does not go well as he spends it complaining about Summer until an exasperated Alison ends up taking Summer 's side . Months later , Tom attends co-worker Millie 's wedding and tries to avoid Summer on the train , but she spots him and invites him for coffee . They have a good time at the wedding , dance together , and Summer catches the bouquet . She invites Tom to a party at her apartment and falls asleep on Tom 's shoulder on the train ride back . He attends the party hoping to rekindle their relationship but barely gets to talk to Summer and spends most of the night drinking alone , until he spots her engagement ring . Tom leaves , close to tears . He enters a deep depression , only leaving his apartment for alcohol and junk food . After a few days , he returns to work with a hangover and , after an emotional outburst , quits his job . Rachel tells Tom that she does not believe Summer was `` the one '' and that his depression is being worsened by the fact that he is only looking back on the positive aspects of their relationship . One day he suddenly finds the energy to get out of bed and rededicates himself to architecture , something Summer had pressured him to do . He makes a list of firms he wants to work for , assembles a portfolio , and goes to job interviews . On day 488 , Summer is waiting for Tom at his favorite spot in the city and they talk . Summer explains that Tom was right about true love existing ; he was just wrong about it being with her . She says she got married because she felt sure about her husband , something she was n't with Tom . Summer puts her hand on Tom 's and says she is glad to see he is doing well . As she leaves , Tom tells her he really hopes she is happy . Twelve days later , on Wednesday , May 23 , Tom attends a job interview and meets a girl who is also applying for the same job . He finds that she shares his favorite spot and dislike for the parking lots . As he is entering the interview , he invites her for coffee afterwards . She politely declines , then changes her mind . Her name is Autumn . Cast ( edit ) Joseph Gordon - Levitt as Tom Hansen , a trained architect who works as a writer at a greeting card company . Zooey Deschanel as Summer Finn , assistant to Tom 's boss and Tom 's love interest . Geoffrey Arend as McKenzie , Tom 's co-worker at the greeting card company . Chloë Grace Moretz as Rachel Hansen , Tom 's younger half - sister . Matthew Gray Gubler as Paul , one of Tom 's friends . Clark Gregg as Vance , Tom 's boss . Patricia Belcher as Millie Rachel Boston as Alison , Tom 's blind date . Minka Kelly as Autumn Maile Flanagan as Rhoda Yvette Nicole Brown as Vance 's New Secretary Olivia Bagg as Young Summer Richard McGonagle as Narrator Harrison Ford as Han Solo ( cameo ) Production ( edit ) Writing ( edit ) The style of film is presented in a nonlinear narrative . Each scene is introduced using a title card showing which of the 500 days it is . Co-writer of the film Scott Neustadter admitted the film was based on a real romance . Neustadter explains that when he met the real girl who inspired the character Summer as a student at the London School of Economics in 2002 , he was rebounding from a bad breakup back home , and promptly fell `` crazily , madly , hopelessly in love '' with the girl who `` returned his kisses but not his ardor . '' The ending of the relationship was `` painfully and unforgettably awful , '' which prompted him to co-write the film with Michael H. Weber . When Neustadter later showed the script to Summer 's real life counterpart , she said she related more to the Tom character . Weber also stated that , `` we 've all been in the trenches of love , we 've all gone through the highs and lows , so Scott and I felt that the only way to tell this story was to come at it from a completely real place . It was pretty interesting for us because Scott was just going through a break - up and I was in a long - term relationship , so we each brought a totally opposite perspective , living it and not living it , and I think that tension helped to bring out more of the comedy '' . Direction ( edit ) Director Marc Webb has described the film as more of a `` coming of age '' story as opposed to a `` rom - com '' . He stated , `` We arrive at a different conclusion , for one thing . Plus , most romantic comedies are more loyal to a formula than to emotional truth . It 's about happiness , and learning that you 'll find it within yourself , rather than in the big blue eyes of the girl in the cubicle down the hall . I wanted to make an unsentimental movie and an uncynical movie . In my mind , I wanted it to be something you could dance to . That 's why we put a parenthesis in the title -- it 's like a pop song in movie form . It 's not a big film . It 's not about war or poverty . It 's about 500 days in a young guy 's relationship , but it 's no less deserving of scrutiny . When your heart is first broken , it consumes you . And it 's an emotion I wanted to make a movie about , before I forgot how it felt '' . Webb also stated that Deschanel 's character , Summer , is based on a stock character type ; `` Yes , Summer is an immature view of a woman . She 's Tom 's view of a woman . He does n't see her complexity and the consequence for him is heartbreak . In Tom 's eyes , Summer is perfection , but perfection has no depth . Summer 's not a girl , she 's a phase . '' Gordon - Levitt explained that he was drawn to the role of Tom because of his relatability to the character . `` I 've had my heart broken before . Truly , truly broken . But when I look back at me in my heartbroken phase , it 's pretty hilarious , because it felt so much more extreme than it really was . One of the things I love about 500 Days of Summer is that it does n't make light of what we go through in romances , but it is honest about it and shows it for what it is , which is often profoundly funny '' . Filming locations ( edit ) The Bradbury Building in Los Angeles was a filming location . David Ng of the Los Angeles Times describes architecture as a star of the film . Tom is seen reading Alain de Botton 's The Architecture of Happiness . The film was originally set in San Francisco but was later moved to Los Angeles and the script rewritten to make better use of the location . Buildings used include the Los Angeles Music Center ( which includes the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion ) and the towers of California Plaza . The older Fine Arts Building is featured in the film , in a scene where Tom shows it to Summer and mentions its designers , Walker and Eisen , two of his favorite architects , although he incorrectly gives the partners ' names as `` Walker and Eisner . '' Christopher Hawthorne of the Los Angeles Times describes the film as having `` finely honed sense of taste '' to include the Bradbury Building where Tom goes for his job interview . Marketing ( edit ) To help promote the film , Gordon - Levitt and Deschanel starred in the debut episode of Microsoft Zune and Mean Magazine 's `` Cinemash '' series . In the episode , they `` mash '' the characters from the film Sid and Nancy with story elements from 500 Days of Summer . Marc Webb created a music video as a companion piece to the film , titled `` The Bank Heist '' . It features Deschanel and Gordon - Levitt dancing to `` Why Do You Let Me Stay Here ? '' , a song by Deschanel 's folk group She & Him . Webb remarked , `` when we did n't include Zooey in the dance sequence ( in 500 Days ) , she was a little heartbroken and I felt like I needed to remedy that . '' Release ( edit ) Joseph Gordon - Levitt and Zooey Deschanel at the film 's premiere in March 2009 The film made its debut at the 25th Sundance Film Festival . It proved a huge success and received a standing ovation from festival crowds upon screening . In Europe , 500 Days of Summer premiered in Switzerland as the opening film of the 62nd Locarno Film Festival . Filmed independently , it was picked up for distribution by Fox Searchlight Pictures and opened in the United States and Canada on July 17 , 2009 , later expanding to wide release on August 7 , 2009 . It was later also released on September 2 , 2009 , in Ireland and the United Kingdom , and opened in Australia on September 17 , 2009 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Upon the film 's initial limited release in the U.S , it was expected to become the `` breakout indie hit of the summer '' . Later , during its full opening weekend , the film grossed twenty - seven times its original budget cost , making it one of the most successful `` sleeper hits '' of the year . By September 8 , the film had taken in $1.9 million from 318 screens in the United Kingdom . This was regarded as a successful five - day opening by Fox Searchlight , earning around half as much as the science - fiction blockbuster District 9 , which took in $3.5 million . As of February 25 , 2010 the film had grossed $32,391,374 in the United States and Canada and $60,722,734 worldwide . Critical response ( edit ) 500 Days of Summer received positive reviews , with critics particularly praising the screenplay and Gordon - Levitt 's performance . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film is `` Certified Fresh '' with a rating of 85 % , based on 215 reviews with an average rating of 7.6 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` A clever , offbeat romantic comedy , 500 Days of Summer is refreshingly honest and utterly charming . '' Later , at the website 's year - end `` Golden Tomato Awards '' , which honored the best reviewed films of 2009 , the film placed second in the romantic category . On Metacritic , the film received an average score of 76 / 100 based on 36 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film four stars out of four . He described the film as `` a delightful comedy , alive with invention '' . He particularly praised the strong performances of Gordon - Levitt and Deschanel and summarized his review by adding , `` Here is a rare movie that begins by telling us how it will end and is about how the hero has no idea why '' . Premiere also awarded the film four stars out of four , stating `` Much like the actual summer ( the season , not the character ) , we never wanted it to end '' . Michael Ordoña of the Los Angeles Times gave a positive review . He wrote , `` 500 Days of Summer is something seldom seen : an original romantic comedy . It bristles with energy , emotion and intellect , as it flits about the dizzying highs and weeping - karaoke lows of a passionate entanglement '' . Dana Stevens of Slate also praised the film and described it as `` a keeper . It 's fun both to watch and to talk about afterward , and it possesses the elusive rom - com sine qua non : two equally appealing leads who bounce wonderfully off each other '' . Lou Lumenick of the New York Post awarded the film three stars out of four . He praised the directing of Marc Webb , stating , `` it 's the oldest bittersweet story in the book , of course , but music - video director Marc Webb approaches his feature debut with great confidence , flair and a minimum of schmaltz . That 's the whole guy - centric point of 500 Days of Summer , though . Sometimes you never , ever truly figure out why these mysterious creatures break your heart '' . Entertainment Weekly critic Owen Gleiberman gave the film an `` A '' , and also praised the originality of the story ; `` Most romantic comedies have half a dozen situations at best : Meet Cute , Infatuation , Pop Song Montage , Contrived Mix - Up , Angry Breakup , and Final Clinch. 500 Days of Summer is about the many unclassifiable moments in between . It 's a feat of star acting , and it helps make 500 Days not just bitter or sweet but everything in between '' . Film Threat critic Scott Knopf gave the film a maximum five - star rating and called the script `` fantastic '' . He also lauded the film 's innovative nature ; `` Of course they meet . Of course they fall for each other . Of course there are problems . It sounds cliché but what 's remarkable about 500 Days is how the film explores new ways to tell the world 's oldest story '' . He concluded that the film was `` the best romantic comedy since Love Actually . '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film three and a half stars out of four . He wrote , `` Boy meets girl , boy loses girl . It 's been done to emo death . That 's why the sublimely smart - sexy - joyful - sad 500 Days of Summer hits you like a blast of pure romantic oxygen '' and concludes : `` 500 Days is otherwise a different kind of love story : an honest one that takes a piece out of you '' . IGN critic Eric Goldman scored the film at 9.0 / 10 upon his review of the Blu - ray release . He praised the film as `` one of the best of 2009 '' and particularly complimented the innovative nature of the story in an often clichéd genre ; `` 500 Days of Summer proved there is a way to bring something fresh and new to one of the most cliché and often frustrating genres -- the romantic comedy '' . The New York Times and Empire gave the film 4 / 5 . Scott Tobias of The A.V. Club also gave the film favourable reviews with a B - grade . NPR was more dismissive : `` For all its rhetorical whimsy and hipster dressings , 500 Days of Summer is a thoroughly conservative affair , as culturally and romantically status quo as any Jennifer Aniston vehicle . '' Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal was also more critical , calling it , `` synthetic and derivative , a movie that 's popping with perceptions while searching for a style . '' British newspaper The Times gave a mixed review . Despite Toby Young awarding the film three stars out of five , he critiqued , `` It is hardly the freshest romantic comedy of past 20 years . Taking the best bits from other movies and rearranging them in a non-linear sequence does not make for an original film . '' The Guardian film critic Peter Bradshaw said the film was `` let down by sitcom cliches , and by being weirdly incurious about the inner life of its female lead . '' Mark Adams of the Daily Mirror , though , gave the film a glowing review , awarding it a full five stars , and writing , `` It is a modern romance for grown - ups ... a sweet - natured , funny , deeply - romantic tale that brims with energy and is blessed with top - notch performances by Deschanel and Gordon - Levitt , who are both charming and have real chemistry '' . Chris Tookey of the Daily Mail was also impressed and described the film as `` delightful and endearing '' , awarding four stars out of five . He wrote , `` For the young , this is a worthwhile cautionary tale . If you 're of more mature vintage , it will make you remember how it felt to be naive , energised by first love and mortified when that certain someone turned out not to love you nearly as much as you would have liked '' . Jordan Mattos of the World Socialist Web Site gave the film a negative review , stating that its omission of `` the material realities and complexities that play a hand in determining the fate of contemporary relationships ... comes at too high a price '' . He praised Deschanel 's performance as `` honest , and terrifying in its calculating precision '' but condemned the film for not taking `` a searching look '' at the development of Summer 's personality . Chelsey Aquino of Racket Magazine gave the film a positive review , granting the film a score of 8.5 out of 10 . She wrote `` 500 Days was a breath of fresh air ; they were n't afraid of showing the pear - shaped , more real and complex side of romance versus all the old clichés . '' Praise was also given , complimenting how 500 Days of Summer was `` a rare kind of film that transcends its genre and the stereotypes that it 's often associated with . '' Top Ten lists ( edit ) The film was also included in several `` Top Ten '' year end lists for 2009 by various film critics . Publication Rank St. Louis Post Dispatch About.com The Capital Times BBC Radio 1 Richard Roeper Miami Herald 5 Entertainment Weekly 6 USA Today 6 Associated Press 7 The Hollywood Reporter 7 New York Daily News 7 Premiere 7 Chicago Reader 8 Rolling Stone 9 National Board of Review N / A Accolades ( edit ) Scott Neustadter and Michael H. Weber received numerous awards for their screenplay ; including the 2009 Hollywood Film Festival 's Hollywood Breakthrough Screenwriter Award on October 26 , 2009 , the Satellite Award for Best Original Screenplay , the Southeastern Film Critics Association Award for Best Original Screenplay ( with the film also being named in the Top Ten Films of the Year ) , as well as the Las Vegas Film Critics Society Award for Best Screenplay . Alan Edward Bell won the San Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best Editing , as well as the film being named one of the ten best movies of the year by the National Board of Review Awards 2009 . The film also received two nominations at the 67th Golden Globe Awards announced on December 15 , 2009 , for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy and for Joseph Gordon - Levitt for Best Actor -- Musical or Comedy . It has been nominated for four Independent Spirit Awards and won the award for Best Screenplay . Awards Group Recipient ( s ) Outcome Chicago Film Critics Association Most Promising Filmmaker Marc Webb Nominated Critics ' Choice Movie Awards Best Comedy Nominated Best Original Screenplay Scott Neustadter and Michael H. Weber Denver Film Critics Society Best Original Screenplay Scott Neustadter and Michael H. Weber Nominated Detroit Film Critics Society Best Film Nominated Best Director Marc Webb Best Actor Joseph Gordon - Levitt Golden Globe Awards Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy Nominated Best Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Joseph Gordon - Levitt Hollywood Film Festival Breakthrough Screenwriter Scott Neustadter and Michael H. Weber Won Houston Film Critics Society Best Picture Nominated Independent Spirit Award Best Film Nominated Best Screenplay Scott Neustadter and Michael H. Weber Won Best Male Lead Joseph Gordon - Levitt Nominated Indiana Film Critics Association Top 10 Films of the Year Las Vegas Film Critics Society Best Screenplay Scott Neustadter and Michael H. Weber Won National Board of Review Top 10 Films of the Year Best Directorial Debut Marc Webb Won Oklahoma Film Critics Circle Best Film Nominated Best Original Screenplay Scott Neustadter and Michael H. Weber Won People 's Choice Award Favorite Independent Movie Nominated San Diego Film Critics Society Best Editing Alan Edward Bell Won Satellite Award Top 10 Films of the Year Best Original Screenplay Scott Neustadter and Michael H. Weber Won Best Actress -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Zooey Deschanel Nominated Southeastern Film Critics Association Top 10 Films of the Year Best Original Screenplay Scott Neustadler and Michael H. Weber Won St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Best Picture Nominated Best Comedy Best Screenplay Scott Neustadter and Michael H. Weber Won Most Original , Innovative or Creative Film Nominated Favorite Scene ' Expectations vs. reality ' split - screen sequence ' Morning after ' dance number Utah Film Critics Association Best Screenplay Scott Neustadter and Michael H. Weber Nominated Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Best Original Screenplay Scott Neustadter and Michael H. Weber Nominated Writers Guild of America Best Original Screenplay Scott Neustadter and Michael H. Weber Nominated Soundtrack albums ( edit ) Two soundtrack albums were released for 500 Days of Summer . The first , consisting of various pop songs from the film , was released through Sire Records and reached no . 42 on the Billboard 200 sales chart . Andrew Leahey of Allmusic rated the album three and a half stars out of five , saying `` With music playing such an integral role in the story line , it 's refreshing to see that the accompanying soundtrack does its job well , distilling the characters ' record collections ( not to mention the movie 's quirky , nostalgic ambiance ) into one eclectic track list . '' The second album consists of the film 's musical score , composed by Mychael Danna and Rob Simonsen . Music from the Motion Picture ( edit ) 500 Days of Summer Soundtrack album Released July 14 , 2009 Genre Indie rock , alternative rock , folk Length 52 : 26 Label Sire No . Title Writer ( s ) Performer Length 1 . `` A Story of Boy Meets Girl '' Mychael Danna , Rob Simonsen Richard McGonagle 1 : 35 2 . `` Us '' ( from Soviet Kitsch , 2004 ) Regina Spektor Regina Spektor 4 : 49 3 . `` There Is a Light That Never Goes Out '' ( from The Queen Is Dead , 1986 ) Johnny Marr , Morrissey The Smiths 4 : 03 4 . `` Bad Kids '' ( from Good Bad Not Evil , 2007 ) Cole Alexander , Ian Brown , Jared Swilley , Joseph Bradley Black Lips 2 : 08 5 . `` Please , Please , Please Let Me Get What I Want '' ( from `` William , It Was Really Nothing '' , 1984 ) Marr , Morrissey The Smiths 1 : 52 6 . `` There Goes the Fear '' ( from The Last Broadcast , 2002 ) James Goodwin , Andrew Williams , Jeremy Williams Doves 6 : 56 7 . `` You Make My Dreams '' ( from Voices , 1980 ) Sara Allen , Daryl Hall , John Oates Hall & Oates 3 : 05 8 . `` Sweet Disposition '' ( from Conditions , 2009 ) Lorenzo Sillitto , Dougy Mandagi The Temper Trap 3 : 53 9 . `` Quelqu'un m'a dit '' ( from Quelqu'un m'a dit , 2003 ) Carla Bruni , Leos Carax Carla Bruni 2 : 44 10 . `` Mushaboom '' ( from Let It Die , 2004 ) Leslie Feist Feist 3 : 44 11 . `` Hero '' ( from Begin to Hope , 2006 ) Spektor Regina Spektor 3 : 31 12 . `` Bookends '' ( from Bookends , 1968 ) Paul Simon Simon & Garfunkel 1 : 20 13 . `` Vagabond '' ( from Wolfmother , 2005 ) Myles Heskett , Chris Ross , Andrew Stockdale Wolfmother 3 : 47 14 . `` She 's Got You High '' ( from These Things Move in Threes , 2007 ) James Arguile , Niall Buckler , Oli Frost , Gareth Jennings , James New Mumm - Ra 3 : 25 15 . `` Here Comes Your Man '' ( originally performed by the Pixies ) Charles Thompson Meaghan Smith 3 : 13 16 . `` Please , Please , Please Let Me Get What I Want '' ( originally performed by The Smiths ) Marr , Morrissey She & Him 2 : 12 ( show ) iTunes bonus tracks No . Title Writer ( s ) Performer Length 17 . `` Here Comes Your Man '' ( originally performed by the Pixies ) Thompson Joseph Gordon - Levitt 18 . `` Sugar Town '' ( originally performed by Nancy Sinatra ) Lee Hazlewood Zooey Deschanel 19 . `` At Last '' ( originally performed by Etta James ) Mack Gordon , Harry Warren Kevin Michael The score from the Motion Picture ( edit ) 500 Days of Summer Soundtrack album All tracks written by Mychael Danna and Rob Simonsen . No . Title Length 1 . `` Main Title '' 1 : 35 2 . `` Trouble '' 0 : 47 3 . `` Things Were Going So Well '' 1 : 46 4 . `` I Want to Get Her Back '' 2 : 23 5 . `` Anal Girl '' 1 : 39 6 . `` Friends '' 2 : 14 7 . `` Ikea '' 0 : 57 8 . `` After Dance '' 0 : 56 9 . `` Serious '' 1 : 15 10 . `` 87 '' 1 : 32 11 . `` Arm Drawing '' 2 : 55 12 . `` Nobody Can '' 2 : 04 13 . `` Art Gallery '' 1 : 23 14 . `` New Wave '' 1 : 19 15 . `` I Love Us '' 2 : 40 16 . `` Blind Date '' 1 : 39 17 . `` I 'm Not Going '' 1 : 21 18 . `` Train Ride Home '' 0 : 53 19 . `` Sketching Again '' 1 : 48 20 . `` To the Architect '' 3 : 50 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` 500 Days of Summer ( 2009 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2009 . Retrieved August 26 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Fung , Lisa ( August 15 , 2011 ) . `` A new dance video from 500 Days of Summer director Marc Webb '' ( video ) . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Dudek , Duane ( 2009 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Director returning for Madison film debut '' . Milwaukee - Wisconsin Journal Sentinel . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` 500 Days of Summer ( 2009 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved September 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Jason . `` 500 Days of Summer > Overview '' . Allmovie . Retrieved January 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Puig , Claudia ( July 19 , 2009 ) . `` Bask in the warmth of delightful 500 Days of Summer '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 500 Days of ... Jenny Beckman ? '' . Cinematical.com . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2009 . Retrieved September 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Williams , Mary Elizabeth . `` Suck on it , Jenny Beckman '' . Salon . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2009 . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Neustadter , Soctt ( August 28 , 2009 ) . `` 500 Days of Summer : Revenge is writing a film about the girl who dumped you '' . Daily Mail . London . ^ Jump up to : Wiseman , Eva ( August 16 , 2009 ) . `` ' Is there such a thing as `` the one '' -- and what happens if you lose her ? `` . The Guardian . London . Retrieved August 16 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : David Ng ( June 9 , 2009 ) . `` Downtown L.A. architecture stars in 500 Days of Summer '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gluck , Marissa . `` Screenwriter explains 500 Days Focus on Architecture , Downtown LA '' . Curbed LA . Retrieved June 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hawthorne , Christopher ( July 31 , 2009 ) . `` L.A. as filtered by love in 500 Days of Summer '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hawthorne , Christopher ( July 30 , 2009 ) . `` 500 Days of architecture '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Billington , Alex ( July 7 , 2009 ) . `` Zooey Deschanel and Joseph Gordon - Levitt as Sid and Nancy '' ( video ) . FirstShowing.net . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Tytus , Marc . `` Marc on Marc : My Interview with Director Marc Webb '' . 500Days.com . Retrieved April 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Douglas , Edward . `` Exclusive CS Video : Directing 500 Days of Summer '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved January 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Locarno Film Festival presents leaner bill '' . SwissInfo.ch . July 15 , 2009 . Retrieved December 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 500 Days of Summer '' . Fox Searchlight Pictures . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2009 . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Release Schedule June 2009 '' ( PDF ) . Press Release . Fox Films . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 5 , 2009 . Retrieved January 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Christopher . `` Box Office Breakdown : Harry Potter Wears the Crown , 500 Days of Summer Opens Strong , Brüno Takes a Bath '' . The New York Observer . Retrieved July 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Tallerico , Brian . `` Blu - ray Review : Clever 500 Days of Summer is Smart , Sexy Fun '' . The New York Observer . Retrieved January 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Alex Fletcher ( September 9 , 2009 ) . `` District 9 claims UK box office No. 1 '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved December 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 500 Days of Summer ( 2009 ) -- Box Office Data '' . The-Numbers.com . Retrieved January 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 500 Days of Summer ( 2009 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 11th Annual Golden Tomato Awards -- Romance '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved January 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 500 Days of Summer ( 2009 ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( July 17 , 2009 ) . `` 500 Days of Summer '' . Chicago Sun - Times . pp. Movies section , pp. 1 , 5 . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2009 . Retrieved January 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 500 Days of Summer . This is not a love story ... but yet it is '' . Premiere . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ordoña , Michael ( July 17 , 2009 ) . `` 500 Days of Summer '' . Los Angeles Times . pp. D1 , D8 . Retrieved August 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Stevens , Dana ( July 16 , 2009 ) . `` 500 Days of Summer '' . Slate . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2009 . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lumenick , Lou ( July 17 , 2009 ) . `` Bittersweet symphony : 500 Days is a clinic of chemistry & classic rom - com '' . New York Post . p. 37 . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( July 31 , 2009 ) . `` Movie Review : 500 Days of Summer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2009 . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Knopf , Scott . `` 500 Days of Summer '' . Film Threat . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2009 . Retrieved April 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter . `` 500 Days of Summer : Review '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved January 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric . `` 500 Days of Summer Blu - ray Review : A wonderful , fresh take on the romantic comedy gets the HD treatment '' . IGN . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. ( July 17 , 2009 ) . `` Love at the Greeting Card Company : Best Wishes on Your Breakup '' . The New York Times . p . C10 . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 500 Days of Summer ( 12A ) '' . Empire . Retrieved January 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Tobias , Scott . `` 500 Days of Summer '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2009 . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lee , Nathan . `` Days of Summer : Ephron for the Hipster S '' . NPR . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Morgenstern , Joe ( July 24 , 2009 ) . `` Love Cools in Summer '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved March 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Young , Toby ( September 4 , 2009 ) . `` 500 Days of Summer '' . The Times . London . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Peter Bradshaw ( September 3 , 2009 ) . `` 500 Days of Summer '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Adams , Mark . `` 500 Days of Summer '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Tookey , Chris ( September 4 , 2009 ) . `` 500 Days of Summer : You 'll fall head over heels for this lopsided love story '' . Daily Mail . London . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mattos , Jordan . `` 500 Days of Summer : The eternally sunlit paradise that is Los Angeles '' . World Socialist Web Site . International Committee of the Fourth International . Retrieved June 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://racketmag.com/news/500-days-of-summer-movie-review ^ Jump up to : `` Film Critic Top Ten Lists 2009 '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2011 . Retrieved January 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rebecca Murray . `` Top 10 Movies of 2009 '' . About.com . Retrieved January 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rob Thomas . `` Best movies of 2009 '' . The Capital Times . Retrieved December 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ James King . `` 2009 Movie Review '' . BBC Radio 1 . Retrieved December 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ David Germain . `` Up , Hurt Locker among year 's best films '' . Associated Press . Retrieved January 13 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Awards for 2009 '' . National Board of Review . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Fest Honors Carey Mulligan , Jeremy Renner , Lee Daniels , Gabourey Sidibe , and Scott Neustadter & Michael H. Weber '' . HollywoodAwards.com . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2010 . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 14th Annual SATELLITE AWARDS '' . International Press Academy . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2010 . Retrieved January 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 SEFCA Best Films of the Year '' . Southeastern Film Critics Association . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2010 . Retrieved January 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Las Vegas Film Critics Society Awards '' . altfg.com . Retrieved January 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Critics Elsewhere Weigh In On Years ' Best , '' Dec 30 , 2009 , San Diego Union - Tribune . Retrieved Dec 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` 500 Days of Summer -- Original Soundtrack '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Leahey , Andrew . `` Review : ( 500 ) Days of Summer '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` ( 500 ) Days of Summer Original Score '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 28 . 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6243091273501599822	Gallium arsenide	Gallium arsenide - wikipedia Gallium arsenide Jump to : navigation , search Gallium arsenide Names Preferred IUPAC name Gallium arsenide Identifiers CAS Number 1303 - 00 - 0 3D model ( JSmol ) Interactive image ChemSpider 14087 ECHA InfoCard 100.013. 741 EC Number 215 - 114 - 8 MeSH gallium + arsenide PubChem CID 14770 RTECS number LW8800000 UN number 1557 InChI ( show ) InChI = 1S / AsH3. Ga. 3H / h1H3 ; ; ; ; Key : SHVQQKYXGUBHBI - UHFFFAOYSA - N SMILES ( show ) ( Ga - ). ( As+ ) Properties Chemical formula GaAs Molar mass 144.645 g / mol Appearance Very dark red , vitreous crystals Odor garlic - like when moistened Density 5.3176 g / cm Melting point 1,238 ° C ( 2,260 ° F ; 1,511 K ) Solubility in water insoluble Solubility soluble in HCL insoluble in ethanol , methanol , acetone Band gap 1.424 eV ( at 300 K ) Electron mobility 8500 cm / ( V s ) ( at 300 K ) Thermal conductivity 0.55 W / ( cm K ) ( at 300 K ) Refractive index ( n ) 3.8 Structure Crystal structure Zinc blende Space group T - F - 43m Lattice constant a = 565.35 pm Coordination geometry Tetrahedral Molecular shape Linear Hazards Safety data sheet External MSDS GHS pictograms GHS signal word DANGER GHS hazard statements H301 , H331 , H410 GHS precautionary statements P261 , P273 , P301 + 310 , P311 , P501 NFPA 704 Except where otherwise noted , data are given for materials in their standard state ( at 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) , 100 kPa ) . N verify ( what is ? ) Infobox references Gallium arsenide ( GaAs ) is a compound of the elements gallium and arsenic . It is a III - V direct bandgap semiconductor with a zinc blende crystal structure . Gallium arsenide is used in the manufacture of devices such as microwave frequency integrated circuits , monolithic microwave integrated circuits , infrared light - emitting diodes , laser diodes , solar cells and optical windows . GaAs is often used as a substrate material for the epitaxial growth of other III - V semiconductors including indium gallium arsenide , aluminum gallium arsenide and others . Contents ( hide ) 1 Preparation and chemistry 1.1 Semi-insulating crystals 1.2 Etching 2 Electronics 2.1 GaAs digital logic 2.2 Comparison with silicon for electronics 2.3 GaAs advantages 2.4 Silicon advantages 3 Other applications 3.1 Solar cells and detectors 3.2 Light - emission devices 3.3 Fiber optic temperature measurement 3.4 Spin - charge converters 4 Safety 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Preparation and Chemistry ( edit ) In the compound , gallium has a + 3 oxidation state . Gallium arsenide single crystals can be prepared by three industrial processes : The vertical gradient freeze ( VGF ) process ( most GaAs wafers are produced using this process ) . Crystal growth using a horizontal zone furnace in the Bridgman - Stockbarger technique , in which gallium and arsenic vapors react , and free molecules deposit on a seed crystal at the cooler end of the furnace . Liquid encapsulated Czochralski ( LEC ) growth is used for producing high - purity single crystals that can exhibit semi-insulating characteristics ( see below ) . Alternative methods for producing films of GaAs include : VPE reaction of gaseous gallium metal and arsenic trichloride : 2 Ga + 2 AsCl 3 → 2 GaAs + 3 Cl MOCVD reaction of trimethylgallium and arsine : Ga ( CH 3 ) 3 + AsH 3 → GaAs + 3 CH Molecular beam epitaxy ( MBE ) of gallium and arsenic : 4 Ga + As 4 → 4 GaAs or 2 Ga + As 2 → 2 GaAs Oxidation of GaAs occurs in air and degrades performance of the semiconductor . The surface can be passivated by depositing a cubic gallium ( II ) sulfide layer using a tert - butyl gallium sulfide compound such as ( BuGaS ) 7 . A pristine 2 - inch single crystal gallium arsenide wafer with a ( 100 ) surface orientation . Purple features are a reflection of a nitrile glove . Semi-insulating crystals ( edit ) If a GaAs boule is grown with excess arsenic present , it gets certain defects , in particular arsenic antisite defects ( an arsenic atom at a gallium atom site within the crystal lattice ) . The electronic properties of these defects ( interacting with others ) cause the Fermi level to be pinned to near the center of the bandgap , so that this GaAs crystal has very low concentration of electrons and holes . This low carrier concentration is similar to an intrinsic ( perfectly undoped ) crystal , but much easier to achieve in practice . These crystals are called `` semi-insulating '' , reflecting their high resistivity of 10 -- 10 Ω cm ( which is quite high for a semiconductor , but still much lower than a true insulator like glass ) . Etching ( edit ) Wet etching of GaAs industrially uses an oxidizing agent such as hydrogen peroxide or bromine water , and the same strategy has been described in a patent relating to processing scrap components containing GaAs where the Ga 3 + is complexed with a hydroxamic acid ( `` HA '' ) , for example : GaAs + H 2O 2 + `` HA '' → `` GaA '' complex + H 3AsO 4 + 4 H 2O This reaction produces arsenic acid . Electronics ( edit ) GaAs digital logic ( edit ) GaAs can be used for various transistor types : MESFET HEMT ( a type of FET ) JFET Heterojunction bipolar transistor ( HBT ) The HBT can be used in integrated injection logic ( I L ) . The earliest GaAs logic gate used Buffered FET Logic ( BFL ) . From ~ 1975 to 1995 the main logic families used were : Source - coupled FET logic ( SCFL ) fastest and most complex , ( used by TriQuint & Vitesse ) Capacitor Diode FET logic ( CDFL ) ( used by Cray ) Direct - coupled FET logic ( DCFL ) simplest and lowest power ( used by Vitesse for VSLI gate arrays ) Comparison with silicon for electronics ( edit ) GaAs advantages ( edit ) Some electronic properties of gallium arsenide are superior to those of silicon . It has a higher saturated electron velocity and higher electron mobility , allowing gallium arsenide transistors to function at frequencies in excess of 250 GHz . GaAs devices are relatively insensitive to overheating owing to their wider energy bandgap , and they also tend to create less noise in electronic circuits than silicon devices , especially at high frequencies . This is a result of higher carrier mobilities and lower resistive device parasitics . These superior properties are compelling reasons to use GaAs circuitry in mobile phones , satellite communications , microwave point - to - point links and higher frequency radar systems . It is also used in the manufacture of Gunn diodes for the generation of microwaves . Another advantage of GaAs is that it has a direct band gap , which means that it can be used to absorb and emit light efficiently . Silicon has an indirect bandgap and so is relatively poor at emitting light . As a wide direct band gap material with resulting resistance to radiation damage , GaAs is an excellent material for outer space electronics and optical windows in high power applications . Because of its wide bandgap , pure GaAs is highly resistive . Combined with a high dielectric constant , this property makes GaAs a very good substrate for Integrated circuits and unlike Si provides natural isolation between devices and circuits . This has made it an ideal material for monolithic microwave integrated circuits , MMICs , where active and essential passive components can readily be produced on a single slice of GaAs . One of the first GaAs microprocessors was developed in the early 1980s by the RCA corporation and was considered for the Star Wars program of the United States Department of Defense . These processors were several times faster and several orders of magnitude more radiation proof than silicon counterparts , but were more expensive . Other GaAs processors were implemented by the supercomputer vendors Cray Computer Corporation , Convex , and Alliant in an attempt to stay ahead of the ever - improving CMOS microprocessor . Cray eventually built one GaAs - based machine in the early 1990s , the Cray - 3 , but the effort was not adequately capitalized , and the company filed for bankruptcy in 1995 . Complex layered structures of gallium arsenide in combination with aluminium arsenide ( AlAs ) or the alloy Al Ga As can be grown using molecular beam epitaxy ( MBE ) or using metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy ( MOVPE ) . Because GaAs and AlAs have almost the same lattice constant , the layers have very little induced strain , which allows them to be grown almost arbitrarily thick . This allows extremely high performance and high electron mobility HEMT transistors and other quantum well devices . Concerns over GaAs 's susceptibility to heat damage have been raised , but it has been speculated that certain manufacturers would benefit from such limitations , considering the planned obsolescence cycle that many consumer electronics are designed to follow . Silicon advantages ( edit ) Silicon has three major advantages over GaAs for integrated circuit manufacture . First , silicon is abundant and cheap to process in the form of silicate minerals . The economies of scale available to the silicon industry has also hindered the adoption of GaAs . In addition , a Si crystal has a very stable structure and can be grown to very large diameter boules and processed with very good yields . It is also a fairly good thermal conductor , thus enabling very dense packing of transistors that need to get rid of their heat of operation , all very desirable for design and manufacturing of very large ICs . Such good mechanical characteristics also makes it a suitable material for the rapidly developing field of nanoelectronics . Naturally , GaAs surface can not withstand the high temperature needed for diffusion ; however a viable and actively pursued alternative as of the 1980s was ion implanation . The second major advantage of Si is the existence of a native oxide ( silicon dioxide , SiO ) , which is used as an insulator in electronic devices . Silicon dioxide can easily be incorporated onto silicon circuits , and such layers are adherent to the underlying silicon . SiO is not only a good insulator ( with a band gap of 8.9 eV ) , but the Si - SiO interface can be easily engineered to have excellent electrical properties , most importantly low density of interface states . GaAs does not have a native oxide , does not easily support a stable adherent insulating layer , and does not possess the dielectric strength or surface passivating qualities of the Si - SiO . Aluminum oxide ( Al O ) has been extensively studied as a possible gate oxide for GaAs ( as well as InGaAs ) . The third advantage of silicon is that it possesses a higher hole mobility compared to GaAs ( 500 versus 400 cm V s ) . This high mobility allows the fabrication of higher - speed P - channel field effect transistors , which are required for CMOS logic . Because they lack a fast CMOS structure , GaAs circuits must use logic styles which have much higher power consumption ; this has made GaAs logic circuits unable to compete with silicon logic circuits . For manufacturing solar cells , silicon has relatively low absorptivity for the sunlight meaning about 100 micrometers of Si is needed to absorb most sunlight . Such a layer is relatively robust and easy to handle . In contrast , the absorptivity of GaAs is so high that only a few micrometers of thickness are needed to absorb all of the light . Consequently , GaAs thin films must be supported on a substrate material . Silicon is a pure element , avoiding the problems of stoichiometric imbalance and thermal unmixing of GaAs . Silicon has a nearly perfect lattice , impurity density is very low and allows very small structures to be built ( currently down to 16 nm ) . GaAs in contrast has a very high impurity density , which makes it difficult to build integrated circuits with small structures , so the 500 nm process is a common process for GaAs . Other applications ( edit ) Triple - junction GaAs cells covering MidSTAR - 1 Solar cells and detectors ( edit ) Gallium arsenide ( GaAs ) is an important semiconductor material for high - cost , high - efficiency solar cells and is used for single - crystalline thin film solar cells and for multi-junction solar cells . In 1970 , the first GaAs heterostructure solar cells were created by the team led by Zhores Alferov in the USSR . In the early 1980s , the efficiency of the best GaAs solar cells surpassed that of conventional , crystalline silicon - based solar cells . In the 1990s GaAs solar cells took over from silicon as the cell type most commonly used for photovoltaic arrays for satellite applications . Later , dual - and triple - junction solar cells based on GaAs with germanium and indium gallium phosphide layers were developed as the basis of a triple - junction solar cell , which held a record efficiency of over 32 % and can operate also with light as concentrated as 2,000 suns . This kind of solar cell powers the rovers Spirit and Opportunity , which are exploring Mars ' surface . Also many solar cars utilize GaAs in solar arrays . GaAs - based devices hold the world record for the highest - efficiency single - junction solar cell at 28.8 % . This high efficiency is attributed to the extreme high quality GaAs epitaxial growth , surface passivation by the AlGaAs , and the promotion of photon recycling by the thin film design . Complex designs of Al Ga As - GaAs devices can be sensitive to infrared radiation ( QWIP ) . GaAs diodes can be used for the detection of X-rays . Light - emission devices ( edit ) Band structure of GaAs . The direct gap of GaAs results in efficient emission of infrared light at 1.424 eV ( ~ 870 nm ) . GaAs has been used to produce near - infrared laser diodes since 1962 . Fiber optic temperature measurement ( edit ) For this purpose an optical fiber tip of an optical fiber temperature sensor is equipped with a gallium arsenide crystal . Starting at a light wavelength of 850 nm GaAs becomes optically translucent . Since the position of the band gap is temperature dependent , it shifts about 0.4 nm / K . The measurement device contains a light source and a device for the spectral detection of the band gap . With the changing of the band gap ( 0.4 nm / K ) an algorithm calculates the temperature ( all 250 ms ) . Spin - charge converters ( edit ) GaAs may have applications in spintronics as it can be used instead of platinum in spin - charge converters and may be more tunable . Safety ( edit ) The environment , health and safety aspects of gallium arsenide sources ( such as trimethylgallium and arsine ) and industrial hygiene monitoring studies of metalorganic precursors have been reported . California lists gallium arsenide as a carcinogen , as do IARC and ECA , and it is considered a known carcinogen in animals . On the other hand , a 2013 review ( funded by industry ) argued against these classifications , saying that when rats or mice inhale fine GaAs powders ( as in previous studies ) , they get cancer from the resulting lung irritation and inflammation , rather than from a primary carcinogenic effect of the GaAs itself -- and that , moreover , fine GaAs powders are unlikely to be created in the production or use of GaAs . See also ( edit ) Aluminium arsenide Aluminium gallium arsenide Arsine Cadmium telluride Gallium antimonide Gallium arsenide phosphide Gallium manganese arsenide Gallium phosphide Gallium nitride Heterostructure emitter bipolar transistor MESFET Indium arsenide Indium gallium arsenide Indium phosphide Light - emitting diode Metal semiconductor field effect transistor MOVPE Multijunction solar cell Photomixing to generate THz Trimethylgallium References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Refractive index of GaAs . Ioffe database ^ Jump up to : Moss , S.J. ; Ledwith , A. ( 1987 ) . The Chemistry of the Semiconductor Industry . Springer . ISBN 0 - 216 - 92005 - 1 . Jump up ^ Scheel , Hans J. ; Tsuguo Fukuda. ( 2003 ) . Crystal Growth Technology . Wiley . ISBN 0471490598 . Jump up ^ Smart , Lesley ; Moore , Elaine A. ( 2005 ) . Solid State Chemistry : An Introduction . CRC Press . ISBN 0 - 7487 - 7516 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Chemical vapor deposition from single organometallic precursors '' A.R. Barron , M.B. Power , A.N. MacInnes , A.F. Hepp , P.P. Jenkins U.S. Patent 5,300,320 ( 1994 ) Jump up ^ McCluskey , Matthew D. and Haller , Eugene E. ( 2012 ) Dopants and Defects in Semiconductors , pp. 41 and 66 , ISBN 978 - 1439831526 Jump up ^ Brozel , M.R. ; Stillman , G.E. ( 1996 ) . Properties of Gallium Arsenide . IEEE Inspec . ISBN 0 - 85296 - 885 - X . Jump up ^ `` Oxidative dissolution of gallium arsenide and separation of gallium from arsenic '' J.P. Coleman and B.F. Monzyk U.S. Patent 4,759,917 ( 1988 ) ^ Jump up to : Dennis Fisher ; I.J. Bahl ( 1995 ) . Gallium Arsenide IC Applications Handbook . 1 . Elsevier . p. 61 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 257735 - 2 . ' Clear search ' to see pages Jump up ^ Šilc , Von Jurij ; Robič , Borut ; Ungerer , Theo ( 1999 ) . Processor architecture : from dataflow to superscalar and beyond . Springer . p. 34 . ISBN 3 - 540 - 64798 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` A reprieve for Moore 's Law : milspec chip writes computing 's next chapter '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Morgan , D.V. ; Board , K. ( 1991 ) . An Introduction To Semiconductor Microtechnology ( 2nd ed . ) . Chichester , West Sussex , England : John Wiley & Sons . p. 137 . ISBN 0471924784 . Jump up ^ Appendix G , Sze , S.M. ( 1985 ) . Semiconductor Devices Physics and Technology , John Wiley & Sons ISBN 0 - 471 - 87424 - 8 Jump up ^ Single - Crystalline Thin Film . US Department of Energy Jump up ^ Handy , Jim ( 17 July 2013 ) Micron NAND Reaches 16nm . thememoryguy.com Jump up ^ Alferov , Zh . I. , V.M. Andreev , M.B. Kagan , I.I. Protasov and V.G. Trofim , 1970 , ' ' Solar - energy converters based on p-n Al Ga As - GaAs heterojunctions , ' ' Fiz . Tekh . Poluprovodn. 4 , 2378 ( Sov . Phys . Semicond. 4 , 2047 ( 1971 ) ) Jump up ^ Nanotechnology in energy applications . im.isu.edu.tw. 16 November 2005 ( in Chinese ) p. 24 Jump up ^ Nobel Lecture by Zhores Alferov at nobelprize.org , p. 6 Jump up ^ Yablonovitch , Eli ; Miller , Owen D. ; Kurtz , S.R. ( 2012 ) . `` The opto - electronic physics that broke the efficiency limit in solar cells '' . 2012 38th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference . p. 001556 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4673 - 0066 - 7 . doi : 10.1109 / PVSC. 2012.6317891 . Jump up ^ Schnitzer , I. ; et al. ( 1993 ) . `` Ultrahigh spontaneous emission quantum efficiency , 99.7 % internally and 72 % externally , from AlGaAs / GaAs / AlGaAs double heterostructures '' . Applied Physics Letters. 62 ( 2 ) : 131 . Bibcode : 1993ApPhL ... 62 ... 131S . doi : 10.1063 / 1.109348 . Jump up ^ Wang , X. ; et al. ( 2013 ) . `` Design of GaAs Solar Cells Operating Close to the Shockley -- Queisser Limit '' . IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics. 3 ( 2 ) : 737 . doi : 10.1109 / JPHOTOV. 2013.2241594 . Jump up ^ Glasgow University report on CERN detector . Ppewww.physics.gla.ac.uk . Retrieved on 2013 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Hall , Robert N. ; Fenner , G.E. ; Kingsley , J.D. ; Soltys , T.J. and Carlson , R.O. ( 1962 ) . `` Coherent Light Emission From GaAs Junctions '' . Physical Review Letters. 9 ( 9 ) : 366 -- 369 . Bibcode : 1962PhRvL ... 9 ... 366H . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevLett. 9.366 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ A New Fiber Optical Thermometer and Its Application for Process Control in Strong Electric , Magnetic , and Electromagnetic Fields . optocon.de ( PDF ; 2 , 5 MB ) Jump up ^ GaAs forms basis of tunable spintronics . Sept 2014 Jump up ^ Shenai - Khatkhate , DV ; Goyette , R ; DiCarlo , RL ; Dripps , G ( 2004 ) . `` Environment , health and safety issues for sources used in MOVPE growth of compound semiconductors '' . Journal of Crystal Growth . 272 ( 1 -- 4 ) : 816 -- 821 . Bibcode : 2004JCrGr. 272 ... 816S . doi : 10.1016 / j. jcrysgro. 2004.09. 007 . Jump up ^ `` Chemicals Listed Effective August 1 , 2008 as Known to the State of California to Cause Cancer or Reproductive Toxicity : gallium arsenide , hexafluoroacetone , nitrous oxide and vinyl cyclohexene dioxide '' . OEHHA. 2008 - 08 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Bomhard , E.M. ; Gelbke , H. ; Schenk , H. ; Williams , G.M. ; Cohen , S.M. ( 2013 ) . `` Evaluation of the carcinogenicity of gallium arsenide '' . Critical Reviews in Toxicology. 43 ( 5 ) : 436 -- 466 . PMID 23706044 . doi : 10.3109 / 10408444.2013. 792329 . Jump up ^ `` NTP Technical Report On The Toxicology And Carcinogenesis Studies Of Gallium Arsenide ( Cas No. 1303 - 00 - 0 ) In F344 / N Rats And B6c3f1 Mice ( Inhalation Studies ) '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department Of Health And Human Services : Public Health Service : National Institutes of Health . September 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Safety Data Sheet : Gallium Arsenide '' . Sigma - Aldrich. 2015 - 02 - 28 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gallium arsenide . Case Studies in Environmental Medicine : Arsenic Toxicity Physical properties of gallium arsenide ( Ioffe Institute ) Facts and figures on processing gallium arsenide Gallium compounds GaAs GaBr GaCl GaF GaI GaN Ga ( OH ) Ga ( NO ) Ga ( C H O ) GaP GaS GaSb GaSe GaTe Ga O Ga O Ga S Ga Se Ga Te Book LCCN : sh95005279 GND : 4019155 - 2 Semiconductor lasers Basic types Laser diode ( LD ) Double heterostructure laser ( DH ) Separate confinement heterostructure laser ( SCH ) Distributed Bragg reflector laser ( DBR ) Distributed feedback laser ( DFB ) Quantum well laser Quantum dot laser Quantum cascade laser ( QCL ) External - cavity laser ( ECL ) Hybrid types Extended cavity diode laser Volume Bragg grating laser Other Types Vertical - cavity surface - emitting laser ( VCSEL ) Vertical - external - cavity surface - emitting - laser ( VECSEL ) Hybrid silicon laser Interband cascade laser ( ICL ) Semiconductor ring laser Theory Semiconductor laser theory Laser diode rate equations Materials Indium arsenide ( InAs ) Gallium arsenide ( GaAs ) List of semiconductor materials Laser types : Solid - state Semiconductor Dye Gas Chemical Excimer Ion Metal Vapor Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gallium_arsenide&oldid=786924676 '' Categories : Arsenides Inorganic compounds Gallium compounds IARC Group 1 carcinogens Optoelectronics III - V semiconductors III - V compounds Solar cells Light - emitting diode materials Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles without InChI source Articles without EBI source Articles without KEGG source Articles without UNII source ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata Articles with changed InChI identifier Chembox having GHS data Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 June 2017 , at 11 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	an advantage of silicon over gallium arsenide is that quizlet	[]	[]
-4205526734069303921	Power station	Power station - Wikipedia Power station Jump to : navigation , search `` Power plant '' redirects here . For other uses , see Power plant ( disambiguation ) . For other uses , see Power station ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Athlone Power Station in Cape Town , South Africa Hydroelectric power station at Gabčíkovo Dam , Slovakia Hydroelectric power station at Glen Canyon Dam , Page , Arizona A power station , also referred to as a power plant or powerhouse and sometimes generating station or generating plant , is an industrial facility for the generation of electric power . Most power stations contain one or more generators , a rotating machine that converts mechanical power into electrical power . The relative motion between a magnetic field and a conductor creates an electrical current . The energy source harnessed to turn the generator varies widely . Most power stations in the world burn fossil fuels such as coal , oil , and natural gas to generate electricity . Others use nuclear power , but there is an increasing use of cleaner renewable sources such as solar , wind , wave and hydroelectric . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Thermal power stations 2.1 Classification 2.1. 1 By heat source 2.1. 2 By prime mover 2.1. 3 By duty 2.2 Cooling towers 2.3 Once - through cooling systems 3 Power from renewable energy 3.1 Hydroelectric power station 3.2 Solar 3.3 Wind 3.4 Marine 3.5 Osmosis 3.6 Biomass 4 Storage power stations 4.1 Pumped storage 5 Typical power output 6 Operations 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) In 1870 a hydroelectric power station was designed and built by Lord Armstrong at Cragside , England . It used water from lakes on his estate to power Siemens dynamos . The electricity supplied power to lights , heating , produced hot water , ran an elevator as well as labor - saving devices and farm buildings . In the early 1870s Belgian inventor Zénobe Gramme invented a generator powerful enough to produce power on a commercial scale for industry . In the autumn of 1882 , a central station providing public power was built in Godalming , England . It was proposed after the town failed to reach an agreement on the rate charged by the gas company , so the town council decided to use electricity . It used hydroelectric power for street lighting and household lighting . The system was not a commercial success and the town reverted to gas . In 1882 the world 's first coal - fired public power station , the Edison Electric Light Station , was built in London , a project of Thomas Edison organized by Edward Johnson . A Babcock & Wilcox boiler powered a 125 - horsepower steam engine that drove a 27 - ton generator . This supplied electricity to premises in the area that could be reached through the culverts of the viaduct without digging up the road , which was the monopoly of the gas companies . The customers included the City Temple and the Old Bailey . Another important customer was the Telegraph Office of the General Post Office , but this could not be reached though the culverts . Johnson arranged for the supply cable to be run overhead , via Holborn Tavern and Newgate . In September 1882 in New York , the Pearl Street Station was established by Edison to provide electric lighting in the lower Manhattan Island area . The station ran until destroyed by fire in 1890 . The station used reciprocating steam engines to turn direct - current generators . Because of the DC distribution , the service area was small , limited by voltage drop in the feeders . The War of Currents eventually resolved in favor of AC distribution and utilization , although some DC systems persisted to the end of the 20th century . DC systems with a service radius of a mile ( kilometer ) or so were necessarily smaller , less efficient of fuel consumption , and more labor - intensive to operate than much larger central AC generating stations . AC systems used a wide range of frequencies depending on the type of load ; lighting load using higher frequencies , and traction systems and heavy motor load systems preferring lower frequencies . The economics of central station generation improved greatly when unified light and power systems , operating at a common frequency , were developed . The same generating plant that fed large industrial loads during the day , could feed commuter railway systems during rush hour and then serve lighting load in the evening , thus improving the system load factor and reducing the cost of electrical energy overall . Many exceptions existed , generating stations were dedicated to power or light by the choice of frequency , and rotating frequency changers and rotating converters were particularly common to feed electric railway systems from the general lighting and power network . Throughout the first few decades of the 20th century central stations became larger , using higher steam pressures to provide greater efficiency , and relying on interconnections of multiple generating stations to improve reliability and cost . High - voltage AC transmission allowed hydroelectric power to be conveniently moved from distant waterfalls to city markets . The advent of the steam turbine in central station service , around 1906 , allowed great expansion of generating capacity . Generators were no longer limited by the power transmission of belts or the relatively slow speed of reciprocating engines , and could grow to enormous sizes . For example , Sebastian Ziani de Ferranti planned what would have been the largest reciprocating steam engine ever built for a proposed new central station , but scrapped the plans when turbines became available in the necessary size . Building power systems out of central stations required combinations of engineering skill and financial acumen in equal measure . Pioneers of central station generation include George Westinghouse and Samuel Insull in the United States , Ferranti and Charles Hesterman Merz in UK , and many others . Thermal power stations ( edit ) Main article : Thermal power station Rotor of a modern steam turbine , used in a power station In thermal power stations , mechanical power is produced by a heat engine that transforms thermal energy , often from combustion of a fuel , into rotational energy . Most thermal power stations produce steam , so they are sometimes called steam power stations . Not all thermal energy can be transformed into mechanical power , according to the second law of thermodynamics ; therefore , there is always heat lost to the environment . If this loss is employed as useful heat , for industrial processes or district heating , the power plant is referred to as a cogeneration power plant or CHP ( combined heat - and - power ) plant . In countries where district heating is common , there are dedicated heat plants called heat - only boiler stations . An important class of power stations in the Middle East uses by - product heat for the desalination of water . The efficiency of a thermal power cycle is limited by the maximum working fluid temperature produced . The efficiency is not directly a function of the fuel used . For the same steam conditions , coal - , nuclear - and gas power plants all have the same theoretical efficiency . Overall , if a system is on constantly ( base load ) it will be more efficient than one that is used intermittently ( peak load ) . Steam turbines generally operate at higher efficiency when operated at full capacity . Besides use of reject heat for process or district heating , one way to improve overall efficiency of a power plant is to combine two different thermodynamic cycles in a combined cycle plant . Most commonly , exhaust gases from a gas turbine are used to generate steam for a boiler and a steam turbine . The combination of a `` top '' cycle and a `` bottom '' cycle produces higher overall efficiency than either cycle can attain alone . Classification ( edit ) Modular block overview of a power station . Dashed lines show special additions like combined cycle and cogeneration or optional storage . St. Clair Power Plant , a large coal - fired generating station in Michigan , United States Ikata Nuclear Power Plant , Japan Nesjavellir Geothermal Power Station , Iceland By heat source ( edit ) Fossil - fuel power stations may also use a steam turbine generator or in the case of natural gas - fired plants may use a combustion turbine . A coal - fired power station produces heat by burning coal in a steam boiler . The steam drives a steam turbine and generator that then produces electricity . The waste products of combustion include ash , sulphur dioxide , nitrogen oxides and carbon dioxide . Some of the gases can be removed from the waste stream to reduce pollution . Nuclear power plants use the heat generated in a nuclear reactor 's core ( by the fission process ) to create steam which then operates a steam turbine and generator . About 20 percent of electric generation in the USA is produced by nuclear power plants . Geothermal power plants use steam extracted from hot underground rocks . These rocks are heated by the decay of radioactive material in the Earth 's crust . Biomass - fuelled power plants may be fuelled by waste from sugar cane , municipal solid waste , landfill methane , or other forms of biomass . In integrated steel mills , blast furnace exhaust gas is a low - cost , although low - energy - density , fuel . Waste heat from industrial processes is occasionally concentrated enough to use for power generation , usually in a steam boiler and turbine . Solar thermal electric plants use sunlight to boil water and produce steam which turns the generator . By prime mover ( edit ) Steam turbine plants use the dynamic pressure generated by expanding steam to turn the blades of a turbine . Almost all large non-hydro plants use this system . About 90 percent of all electric power produced in the world is through use of steam turbines . Gas turbine plants use the dynamic pressure from flowing gases ( air and combustion products ) to directly operate the turbine . Natural - gas fuelled ( and oil fueled ) combustion turbine plants can start rapidly and so are used to supply `` peak '' energy during periods of high demand , though at higher cost than base - loaded plants . These may be comparatively small units , and sometimes completely unmanned , being remotely operated . This type was pioneered by the UK , Princetown being the world 's first , commissioned in 1959 . Combined cycle plants have both a gas turbine fired by natural gas , and a steam boiler and steam turbine which use the hot exhaust gas from the gas turbine to produce electricity . This greatly increases the overall efficiency of the plant , and many new baseload power plants are combined cycle plants fired by natural gas . Internal combustion reciprocating engines are used to provide power for isolated communities and are frequently used for small cogeneration plants . Hospitals , office buildings , industrial plants , and other critical facilities also use them to provide backup power in case of a power outage . These are usually fuelled by diesel oil , heavy oil , natural gas , and landfill gas . Microturbines , Stirling engine and internal combustion reciprocating engines are low - cost solutions for using opportunity fuels , such as landfill gas , digester gas from water treatment plants and waste gas from oil production . By duty ( edit ) Power plants that can be dispatched ( scheduled ) to provide energy to a system include : Base load power plants run nearly continually to provide that component of system load that does n't vary during a day or week . Baseload plants can be highly optimized for low fuel cost , but may not start or stop quickly during changes in system load . Examples of base - load plants would include large modern coal - fired and nuclear generating stations , or hydro plants with a predictable supply of water . Peaking power plants meet the daily peak load , which may only be for one or two hours each day . While their incremental operating cost is always higher than base load plants , they are required to ensure security of the system during load peaks . Peaking plants include simple cycle gas turbines and sometimes reciprocating internal combustion engines , which can be started up rapidly when system peaks are predicted . Hydroelectric plants may also be designed for peaking use . Load following power plants can economically follow the variations in the daily and weekly load , at lower cost than peaking plants and with more flexibility than baseload plants . Non-dispatchable plants include such sources as wind and solar energy ; while their long - term contribution to system energy supply is predictable , on a short - term ( daily or hourly ) base their energy must be used as available since generation can not be deferred . Contractual arrangements ( `` take or pay '' ) with independent power producers or system interconnections to other networks may be effectively non-dispatchable . Cooling towers ( edit ) Main article : Cooling tower Cooling towers showing evaporating water at Ratcliffe - on - Soar Power Station , United Kingdom `` Camouflaged '' natural draft wet cooling tower All thermal power plants produce waste heat energy as a byproduct of the useful electrical energy produced . The amount of waste heat energy equals or exceeds the amount of energy converted into useful electricity . Gas - fired power plants can achieve as much as 65 percent conversion efficiency , while coal and oil plants achieve around 30 to 49 percent . The waste heat produces a temperature rise in the atmosphere , which is small compared to that produced by greenhouse - gas emissions from the same power plant . Natural draft wet cooling towers at many nuclear power plants and large fossil fuel - fired power plants use large hyperboloid chimney - like structures ( as seen in the image at the right ) that release the waste heat to the ambient atmosphere by the evaporation of water . However , the mechanical induced - draft or forced - draft wet cooling towers in many large thermal power plants , nuclear power plants , fossil - fired power plants , petroleum refineries , petrochemical plants , geothermal , biomass and waste - to - energy plants use fans to provide air movement upward through downcoming water , and are not hyperboloid chimney - like structures . The induced or forced - draft cooling towers are typically rectangular , box - like structures filled with a material that enhances the mixing of the upflowing air and the downflowing water . In areas with restricted water use , a dry cooling tower or directly air - cooled radiators may be necessary , since the cost or environmental consequences of obtaining make - up water for evaporative cooling would be prohibitive . These coolers have lower efficiency and higher energy consumption to drive fans , compared to a typical wet , evaporative cooling tower . Once - through cooling systems ( edit ) Electric companies often prefer to use cooling water from the ocean , a lake , or a river , or a cooling pond , instead of a cooling tower . This single pass or once - through cooling system can save the cost of a cooling tower and may have lower energy costs for pumping cooling water through the plant 's heat exchangers . However , the waste heat can cause thermal pollution as the water is discharged . Power plants using natural bodies of water for cooling are designed with mechanisms such as fish screens , to limit intake of organisms into the cooling machinery . These screens are only partially effective and as a result billions of fish and other aquatic organisms are killed by power plants each year . For example , the cooling system at the Indian Point Energy Center in New York kills over a billion fish eggs and larvae annually . A further environmental impact is that aquatic organisms which adapt to the warmer discharge water may be injured if the plant shuts down in cold weather . Water consumption by power stations is a developing issue . In recent years , recycled wastewater , or grey water , has been used in cooling towers . The Calpine Riverside and the Calpine Fox power stations in Wisconsin as well as the Calpine Mankato power station in Minnesota are among these facilities . Power from renewable energy ( edit ) Power stations can also generate electrical energy from renewable energy sources . Hydroelectric power station ( edit ) Main article : Hydroelectricity Three Gorges Dam , Hubei , China In a hydroelectric power station water flows through turbines using hydropower to generate hydroelectricity. Power is captured from the gravitational force of water falling through penstocks to water turbines connected to generators . The amount of power available is a combination of height and flow . A wide range of Dams may be built to raise the water level , and create a lake for storing water . Hydropower is produced in 150 countries , with the Asia - Pacific region generating 32 percent of global hydropower in 2010 . China is the largest hydroelectricity producer , with 721 terawatt - hours of production in 2010 , representing around 17 percent of domestic electricity use . Solar ( edit ) Main article : Solar power Nellis Solar Power Plant in Nevada , United States Solar energy can be turned into electricity either directly in solar cells , or in a concentrating solar power plant by focusing the light to run a heat engine . A solar photovoltaic power plant converts sunlight into direct current electricity using the photoelectric effect . Inverters change the direct current into alternating current for connection to the electrical grid . This type of plant does not use rotating machines for energy conversion . Solar thermal power plants are another type of solar power plant . They use either parabolic troughs or heliostats to direct sunlight onto a pipe containing a heat transfer fluid , such as oil . The heated oil is then used to boil water into steam , which turns a turbine that drives an electrical generator . The central tower type of solar thermal power plant uses hundreds or thousands of mirrors , depending on size , to direct sunlight onto a receiver on top of a tower . Again , the heat is used to produce steam to turn turbines that drive electrical generators . Wind ( edit ) Main article : Wind power Wind turbines in Texas , United States Wind turbines can be used to generate electricity in areas with strong , steady winds , sometimes offshore . Many different designs have been used in the past , but almost all modern turbines being produced today use a three - bladed , upwind design . Grid - connected wind turbines now being built are much larger than the units installed during the 1970s . They thus produce power more cheaply and reliably than earlier models . With larger turbines ( on the order of one megawatt ) , the blades move more slowly than older , smaller , units , which makes them less visually distracting and safer for birds . Marine ( edit ) Main article : Marine energy Marine energy or marine power ( also sometimes referred to as ocean energy or ocean power ) refers to the energy carried by ocean waves , tides , salinity , and ocean temperature differences . The movement of water in the world 's oceans creates a vast store of kinetic energy , or energy in motion . This energy can be harnessed to generate electricity to power homes , transport and industries . The term marine energy encompasses both wave power -- power from surface waves , and tidal power -- obtained from the kinetic energy of large bodies of moving water . Offshore wind power is not a form of marine energy , as wind power is derived from the wind , even if the wind turbines are placed over water . The oceans have a tremendous amount of energy and are close to many if not most concentrated populations . Ocean energy has the potential of providing a substantial amount of new renewable energy around the world . Osmosis ( edit ) Osmotic Power Prototype at Tofte ( Hurum ) , Norway Main article : Osmotic power Salinity gradient energy is called pressure - retarded osmosis . In this method , seawater is pumped into a pressure chamber that is at a pressure lower than the difference between the pressures of saline water and fresh water . Freshwater is also pumped into the pressure chamber through a membrane , which increases both the volume and pressure of the chamber . As the pressure differences are compensated , a turbine is spun creating energy . This method is being specifically studied by the Norwegian utility Statkraft , which has calculated that up to 25 TWh / yr would be available from this process in Norway . Statkraft has built the world 's first prototype osmotic power plant on the Oslo fiord which was opened on November 24 , 2009 . Biomass ( edit ) Metz biomass power station Biomass energy can be produced from combustion of waste green material to heat water into steam and drive a steam turbine . Bioenergy can also be processed through a range of temperatures and pressures in gasification , pyrolysis or torrefaction reactions . Depending on the desired end product , these reactions create more energy - dense products ( syngas , wood pellets , biocoal ) that can then be fed into an accompanying engine to produce electricity at a much lower emission rate when compared with open burning . Storage power stations ( edit ) Main article : Energy storage It is possible to store energy and produce the electricity at a later time like in Pumped - storage hydroelectricity , Thermal energy storage , Flywheel energy storage , Battery storage power station and so on . Pumped storage ( edit ) Main article : Pumped - storage hydroelectricity The worlds largest form of storage for excess electricity , pumped - storage is a reversible hydroelectric plant . They are a net consumer of energy but provide storage for any source of electricity , effectively smoothing peaks and troughs in electricity supply and demand . Pumped storage plants typically use `` spare '' electricity during off peak periods to pump water from a lower reservoir to an upper reservoir . Because the pumping takes place `` off peak '' , electricity is less valuable than at peak times . This less valuable `` spare '' electricity comes from uncontrolled wind power and base load power plants such as coal , nuclear and geothermal , which still produce power at night even though demand is very low . During daytime peak demand , when electricity prices are high , the storage is used for peaking power , where water in the upper reservoir is allowed to flow back to a lower reservoir through a turbine and generator . Unlike coal power stations , which can take more than 12 hours to start up from cold , a hydroelectric generator can be brought into service in a few minutes , ideal to meet a peak load demand . Two substantial pumped storage schemes are in South Africa , Palmiet Pumped Storage Scheme and another in the Drakensberg , Ingula Pumped Storage Scheme . Typical power output ( edit ) See also : List of largest power stations This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( June 2016 ) The power generated by a power station is measured in multiples of the watt , typically megawatts ( 10 watts ) or gigawatts ( 10 watts ) . Power stations vary greatly in capacity depending on the type of power plant and on historical , geographical and economic factors . The following examples offer a sense of the scale . Many of the largest operational onshore wind farms are located in the USA . As of 2011 , the Roscoe Wind Farm is the second largest onshore wind farm in the world , producing 781.5 MW of power , followed by the Horse Hollow Wind Energy Center ( 735.5 MW ) . As of July 2013 , the London Array in United Kingdom is the largest offshore wind farm in the world at 630 MW , followed by Thanet Offshore Wind Project in United Kingdom at 300 MW . As of 2015 , the largest photovoltaic ( PV ) power plants in the world are led by Longyangxia Dam Solar Park in China , rated at 850 megawatts . Solar thermal power stations in the U.S. have the following output : The country 's largest solar facility at Kramer Junction has an output of 354 MW The Blythe Solar Power Project planned production is estimated at 485 MW The Koeberg Nuclear Power Station , South Africa Large coal - fired , nuclear , and hydroelectric power stations can generate hundreds of megawatts to multiple gigawatts . Some examples : The Koeberg Nuclear Power Station in South Africa has a rated capacity of 1860 megawatts . The coal - fired Ratcliffe - on - Soar Power Station in the UK has a rated capacity of 2 gigawatts . The Aswan Dam hydro - electric plant in Egypt has a capacity of 2.1 gigawatts . The Three Gorges Dam hydro - electric plant in China has a capacity of 22.5 gigawatts . Gas turbine power plants can generate tens to hundreds of megawatts . Some examples : The Indian Queens simple - cycle , or open cycle gas turbine ( OCGT ) , peaking power station in Cornwall UK , with a single gas turbine is rated 140 megawatts . The Medway Power Station , a combined - cycle gas turbine ( CCGT ) power station in Kent , UK with two gas turbines and one steam turbine , is rated 700 megawatts . The rated capacity of a power station is nearly the maximum electrical power that that power station can produce . Some power plants are run at almost exactly their rated capacity all the time , as a non-load - following base load power plant , except at times of scheduled or unscheduled maintenance . However , many power plants usually produce much less power than their rated capacity . In some cases a power plant produces much less power than its rated capacity because it uses an intermittent energy source . Operators try to pull maximum available power from such power plants , because their marginal cost is practically zero , but the available power varies widely -- in particular , it may be zero during heavy storms at night . In some cases operators deliberately produce less power for economic reasons . The cost of fuel to run a load following power plant may be relatively high , and the cost of fuel to run a peaking power plant is even higher -- they have relatively high marginal costs . Operators keep power plants turned off ( `` operational reserve '' ) or running at minimum fuel consumption ( `` spinning reserve '' ) most of the time . Operators feed more fuel into load following power plants only when the demand rises above what lower - cost plants ( i.e. , intermittent and base load plants ) can produce , and then feed more fuel into peaking power plants only when the demand rises faster than the load following power plants can follow . Operations ( edit ) Control room of a power plant The term Power station is generally limited to those able to be despatched by a system operator ( i.e. the system operator can , by one means or another , alter the planned output of the generating facility ) . The power station operator has several duties in the electricity - generating facility . Operators are responsible for the safety of the work crews that frequently do repairs on the mechanical and electrical equipment . They maintain the equipment with periodic inspections and log temperatures , pressures and other important information at regular intervals . Operators are responsible for starting and stopping the generators depending on need . They are able to synchronize and adjust the voltage output of the added generation with the running electrical system , without upsetting the system . They must know the electrical and mechanical systems in order to troubleshoot solve / fix problems in the facility and add to the reliability of the facility . Operators must be able to respond to an emergency and know the procedures in place to deal with it . See also ( edit ) Energy portal Cogeneration Cooling tower Cost of electricity by source District heating Electricity generation Environmental impact of electricity generation Flue - gas stack Fossil - fuel power station Geothermal electricity Gravitation water vortex power plant Grid - tied electrical system mini-power plants List of largest power stations in the world List of power stations List of thermal power station failures Plant efficiency Unit commitment problem Virtual power plant References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Hydro - electricity restored to historic Northumberland home '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ Thomspon , Sylvanus P. ( 1888 ) , Dynamo - electric machinery : a manual for students of electrotechnics . London : E. & F.N. Spon . p. 140 . Jump up ^ McNeil , Ian ( 1996 ) . An Encyclopaedia of the History of Technology ( ( New ed . ) . ed . ) . London : Routledge . p. 369 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 14792 - 7 . Jump up ^ Jack Harris ( 14 January 1982 ) , `` The electricity of Holborn '' , New Scientist Jump up ^ Nuclear Power Plants Information , by International Atomic Energy Agency Jump up ^ Wiser , Wendell H. ( 2000 ) . Energy resources : occurrence , production , conversion , use . Birkhäuser . p. 190 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 98744 - 6 . Jump up ^ SWEB 's Pocket Power Stations Archived 4 May 2006 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ J.C. Hensley ( Editor ) ( 2006 ) . Cooling Tower Fundamentals ( 2nd ed . ) . SPX Cooling Technologies . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Beychok , Milton R. ( 1967 ) . Aqueous Wastes from Petroleum and Petrochemical Plants ( 4th ed . ) . John Wiley and Sons . LCCN 67019834 . ( Includes cooling tower material balance for evaporation emissions and blowdown effluents . Available in many university libraries ) Jump up ^ Riverkeeper , Inc. v. U.S. EPA , 358 F. 3d 174 , 181 ( 2d Cir. 2004 ) ( `` A single power plant might impinge a million adult fish in just a three - week period , or entrain some 3 to 4 billion smaller fish and shellfish in a year , destabilizing wildlife populations in the surrounding ecosystem . '' ) . Jump up ^ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Washington , DC ( May 2014 ) . `` Final Regulations to Establish Requirements for Cooling Water Intake Structures at Existing Facilities . '' Fact sheet . Document no . EPA - 821 - F - 14 - 001 . Jump up ^ McGeehan , Patrick ( 2015 - 05 - 12 ) . `` Fire Prompts Renewed Calls to Close the Indian Point Nuclear Plant '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ American Association for the Advancement of Science . AAAS Annual Meeting 17 - 21 Feb 2011 , Washington DC . `` Sustainable or Not ? Impacts and Uncertainties of Low - Carbon Energy Technologies on Water . '' Dr Evangelos Tzimas , European Commission , JRC Institute for Energy , Petten , Netherlands . Jump up ^ Carbon Trust , Future Marine Energy . Results of the Marine Energy Challenge : Cost competitiveness and growth of wave and tidal stream energy , January 2006 Jump up ^ CCGT Plants in South England , by Power Plants Around the World Jump up ^ British Electricity International ( 1991 ) . Modern Power Station Practice : incorporating modern power system practice ( 3rd Edition ( 12 volume set ) ed . ) . Pergamon . ISBN 0 - 08 - 040510 - X . Jump up ^ Babcock & Wilcox Co. ( 2005 ) . Steam : Its Generation and Use ( 41st ed . ) . ISBN 0 - 9634570 - 0 - 4 . Jump up ^ Thomas C. Elliott , Kao Chen , Robert Swanekamp ( coauthors ) ( 1997 ) . Standard Handbook of Powerplant Engineering ( 2nd ed . ) . McGraw - Hill Professional . ISBN 0 - 07 - 019435 - 1 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Power plants . Identification System for Power Stations ( KKS ) Power station diagram Largest Power Plants in the World Power Plant Operators , Distributors , and Dispatchers ( Occupational Outlook Handbook ) Database of carbon emissions of power plants worldwide ( Carbon Monitoring For Action : CARMA ) Power Plants in Iceland , Photogallery by islandsmyndir.is Iceland uses geothermal and hydroelectric energy . 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-8214611470939913571	List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film	List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language film - wikipedia List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language film Jump to : navigation , search Satyajit Ray has represented India three times in this competition , the most by any director . Seven films starring Kamal Haasan were submitted , including a directorial effort . Five of Aamir Khan 's films , four as an actor and three as a producer , were submitted , including a directorial effort . Lagaan , which he produced and starred in , received a nomination . India has submitted films for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film since 1957 , a year after the incorporation of the category . The award is given annually by the United States Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences to a feature - length motion picture produced outside the United States that contains primarily non-English dialogue . The `` Best Foreign Language Film '' category was not created until 1956 ; however , between 1947 and 1955 , the Academy presented a non-competitive Honorary Award for the best foreign language films released in the United States . The Film Federation of India ( FFI ) appoints a committee to choose one film among those released that year to be submitted as India 's official entry to the Academy for a nomination for `` Best Foreign Language Film '' the following year . The chosen films , along with their English subtitles , are sent to the Academy , where they are screened for the jury . The 1957 Hindi film Mother India was India 's first submission . The film made it to the final shortlist and was nominated alongside four other films in the category . It came close to winning the Academy Award but lost to Nights of Cabiria by a single vote . Since 1984 , India has not submitted a film on only one occasion ; in 2003 , the FFI controversially chose not make an entry as they felt no film would be in a position to compete with films from other nations . As of 2014 , only three Indian films -- Mother India ( 1957 ) , Salaam Bombay ! ( 1988 ) and Lagaan ( 2001 ) -- have been nominated for the Academy Award for `` Best Foreign Language Film '' . In 2011 , the jury of the 58th National Film Awards made a recommendation that films winning Best Film at the annual National Film Awards should be the official entry . However , over the next three years , none of the `` Best Film '' winners was chosen as the official entry . For the 88th Academy Awards , Court , the `` Best Film '' winner at the 62nd National Film Awards , was submitted by India . Contents ( hide ) 1 Submissions 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links Submissions ( edit ) India has sent more fifty films to the competition . Most of India 's submissions were Hindi films ( including Hindi - Urdu films ) , three of which received nominations . Tamil films were submitted by the committee on nine occasions . Three submissions were Marathi films , two were Bengali films , two Malayalam films , one Telugu film , and one Gujarati film . Bengali filmmaker Satyajit Ray has represented India three times in this competition , the most by any director . Tamil actor Kamal Haasan has most often represented the country as a performer , with seven films submitted -- including three consecutive films between 1985 and 1987 , one of which he directed himself . Aamir Khan has represented India four times as an actor , including once as a director and twice as a producer ; Lagaan ( 2001 ) , which he produced and starred in , received a nomination . Year ( Ceremony ) Film title used in nomination Original title Language Director ( s ) Result 1957 ( 30th ) Mother India Mother India ( मदर इंडिया ) Hindi - Urdu Khan , Mehboob Mehboob Khan Nominated 1958 ( 31st ) Madhumati Madhumati ( मधुमती ) Hindi - Urdu Roy , Bimal Bimal Roy Not Nominated 1959 ( 32nd ) World of Apu ! The World of Apu Apur sansār ( অপুর সংসার ) Bengali Ray , Satyajit Satyajit Ray Not Nominated 1962 ( 35th ) Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam ( साहिब बीबी और ग़ुलाम ) Hindi Urdu Alvi , Abrar Abrar Alvi Not Nominated 1963 ( 36th ) Metropolis Mahanagar ( মহানগর ) Bengali Ray , Satyajit Satyajit Ray Not Nominated 1965 ( 38th ) Guide ! The Guide Guide ( गाइड ) Hindi Anand , Vijay Vijay Anand Not Nominated 1966 ( 39th ) Amrapali Amrapali ( अम्रपल्ली ) Hindi Tandon , Lekh Lekh Tandon Not Nominated 1967 ( 40th ) Last Letter ! The Last Letter Aakhri Khat ( आखरी ख़त ) Hindi Anand , Chetan Chetan Anand Not Nominated 1968 ( 41st ) Elder Sister Majhli Didi ( मझली दीदी ) Hindi Mukherjee , Hrishikesh Hrishikesh Mukherjee Not Nominated 1969 ( 42nd ) Deiva Magan Deiva Magan ( தெய்வ மகன் ) Tamil Tirulokchandar , A.C. A.C. Tirulokchandar Not Nominated 1971 ( 44th ) Reshma Aur Shera Reshma Aur Shera ( रेशमा और शेरा ) Hindi Dutt , Sunil Sunil Dutt Not Nominated 1972 ( 45th ) Uphaar Uphaar ( उपहार ) Hindi Roy , Sudhendu Sudhendu Roy Not Nominated 1973 ( 46th ) Saudagar Saudagar ( सौदागर ) Hindi Roy , Sudhendu Sudhendu Roy Not Nominated ( 47th ) Hot Winds Garam Hawa ( गरम हवा ) Urdu Sathyu , M.S. M.S. Sathyu Not Nominated 1977 ( 50th ) Manthan Manthan ( मंथन ) Hindi Benegal , Shyam Shyam Benegal Not Nominated 1978 ( 51st ) Chess Players ! The Chess Players Shatranj Ke Khilari ( शतरंज के खिलाड़ी ) Hindi Urdu Ray , Satyajit Satyajit Ray Not Nominated 1980 ( 53rd ) Payal Ki Jhankaar Payal Ki Jhankaar ( पायल की झंकार ) Hindi Bose Satyen Bose Not Nominated 1984 ( 57th ) Saaransh Saaransh ( सारांश ) Hindi Bhatt , Mahesh Mahesh Bhatt Not Nominated 1985 ( 58th ) Saagar Saagar ( सागर ) Hindi Sippy , Ramesh Ramesh Sippy Not Nominated 1986 ( 59th ) Swati Mutyam Swati Mutyam ( స్వాతి ముత్యం ) Telugu Viswanath , Kasinadhuni Kasinadhuni Viswanath Not Nominated ( 60th ) Nayakan Nayakan ( நாயகன் ) Tamil Ratnam , Mani Mani Ratnam Not Nominated 1988 ( 61st ) Salaam Bombay ! Salaam Bombay ! ( सलाम बॉम्बे ) Hindi Nair , Mira Mira Nair Nominated 1989 ( 62nd ) Parinda Parinda ( परिंदा ) Hindi Chopra , Vidhu Vinod Vidhu Vinod Chopra Not Nominated 1990 ( 63rd ) Anjali Anjali ( அஞ்சலி ) Tamil Ratnam , Mani Mani Ratnam Not Nominated 1991 ( 64th ) Henna Henna ( हिना ) Hindi Urdu Kapoor , Randhir Randhir Kapoor Not Nominated 1992 ( 65th ) Thevar Magan Thevar Magan ( தேவர் மகன் ) Tamil , Bharathan Bharathan Not Nominated 1993 ( 66th ) Rudaali Rudaali ( रुदाली ) Hindi Lajmi , Kalpana Kalpana Lajmi Not Nominated 1994 ( 67th ) Bandit Queen Bandit Queen ( बैंडिट क्वीन ) Hindi Kapur , Shekhar Shekhar Kapur Not Nominated 1995 ( 68th ) Kuruthipunal Kuruthipunal ( குருதிப்புனல் ) Tamil Sreeram , P.C. P.C. Sreeram Not Nominated ( 69th ) Indian Indian ( இந்தியன் ) Tamil Shankar , S. S. Shankar Not Nominated 1997 ( 70th ) Guru Guru ( ഗുരു ) Malayalam Anchal , Rajiv Rajiv Anchal Not Nominated 1998 ( 71st ) Jeans Jeans ( ஜீன்ஸ் ) Tamil Shankar , S. S. Shankar Not Nominated 1999 ( 72nd ) Earth Earth ( अर्थ ) Hindi Mehta , Deepa Deepa Mehta Not Nominated 2000 ( 73rd ) Hey Ram Hey Ram ( ஹே ராம் हे राम ) Tamil Hindi Haasan , Kamal Kamal Haasan Not Nominated 2001 ( 74th ) Lagaan Lagaan ( लगान ) Hindi English Gowariker , Ashutosh Ashutosh Gowariker Nominated 2002 ( 75th ) Devdas Devdas ( देवदास ) Hindi Bhansali , Sanjay Leela Sanjay Leela Bhansali Not Nominated ( 77th ) Breath ! The Breath Shwaas ( श्वास ) Marathi Sawant , Sandeep Sandeep Sawant Not Nominated 2005 ( 78th ) Riddle Paheli ( पहेली ) Hindi Palekar , Amol Amol Palekar Not Nominated 2006 ( 79th ) Rang De Basanti Rang De Basanti ( रंग दे बसंती ) Hindi Mehra , Rakeysh Omprakash Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra Not Nominated 2007 ( 80th ) Eklavya : The Royal Guard Eklavya : The Royal Guard ( एकलव्य -- दी रॉयल गार्ड ) Hindi Chopra , Vidhu Vinod Vidhu Vinod Chopra Not Nominated 2008 ( 81st ) Like stars on Earth Taare Zameen Par ( तारे ज़मीन पर ) Hindi Khan , Aamir Aamir Khan Not Nominated 2009 ( 82nd ) Harishchandra 's Factory Harishchandrachi Factory ( हरिश्‍चंद्राची फॅक्टरी ) Marathi Mokashi , Paresh Paresh Mokashi Not Nominated ( 83rd ) Peepli Live Peepli Live ( लाइव ) Hindi Rizvi , Anusha Anusha Rizvi Not Nominated 2011 ( 84th ) Abu , Son of Adam Adaminte Makan Abu ( ആദാമിന്റെ മകൻ അബു ) Malayalam Ahamed , Salim Salim Ahamed Not Nominated 2012 ( 85th ) Barfi ! Barfi ! ( बर्फी ! ) Hindi Basu , Anurag Anurag Basu Not Nominated 2013 ( 86th ) The Good Road The Good Road Gujarati Correa , Gyan Gyan Correa Not Nominated 2014 ( 87th ) Liar 's Dice Liar 's Dice Hindi Mohandas , Geetu Geetu Mohandas Not Nominated 2015 ( 88th ) Court Court Marathi Tamhane , Chaitanya Chaitanya Tamhane Not Nominated 2016 ( 89th ) Interrogation Visaranai ( விசாரணை ) Tamil Vetrimaaran Not Nominated 2017 ( 90th ) Newton Newton Hindi Amit V Masurkar Not Nominated See also ( edit ) List of Academy Award winners and nominees from India List of Academy Award - winning foreign language films List of Academy Award winners and nominees for Best Foreign Language Film List of countries by number of Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The film lost to the Italian film Nights of Cabiria by one vote . Jump up ^ The film , India 's second accepted nomination in 31 years , lost to the Danish film Pelle the Conqueror . Jump up ^ The film , being India 's last accepted nomination to date , lost to the Bosnian film No Man 's Land . Jump up ^ Morning Raga , an English - Telugu film released during the same year , was submitted as an independent entry by its producers ; neither film received the nomination . Jump up ^ Lage Raho Munna Bhai , a Hindi film released during the same year , was submitted as an independent entry ; neither film received the nomination . References ( edit ) General `` List of Indian Submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film '' . Film Federation of India . Retrieved 29 March 2013 . Specific Jump up ^ `` History of the Academy Awards -- Page 2 '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on 6 April 2008 . Retrieved 7 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rule Thirteen : Special Rules for the Foreign Language Film Award '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on 22 August 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Academy Awards -- Page 1 '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on 13 April 2008 . Retrieved 26 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Malayalam film Adaminte Makan Abu is India 's Oscar entry '' . The Times of India . The Times Group . 23 September 2011 . Retrieved 11 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Roy , Piyush ( 17 January 2008 ) . `` India 's Oscar drill '' . The Indian Express . Indian Express Limited . Retrieved 26 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 30th Academy Awards ( 1958 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on 6 July 2011 . Retrieved 22 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Khanna , Priyanka ( 24 February 2008 ) . `` For Bollywood , Oscar is a big yawn again '' . Thaindian News . Archived from the original on 30 September 2012 . Retrieved 29 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` India 's Oscar entry in this decade -- Shwaas ( 2004 ) '' . Rediff.com . Archived from the original on 25 September 2013 . Retrieved 29 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` No Indian entry this year for Oscars '' . The Times of India . The Times Group . 28 September 2003 . Retrieved 29 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nominations for India '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on 16 June 2013 . Retrieved 22 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` National Film Awards jury 's new plans for Oscars '' . CNN - IBN. 7 September 2011 . Archived from the original on 27 September 2013 . Retrieved 7 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Dubey , Bharti ( 23 September 2012 ) . `` Barfi ! to represent India at Oscars '' . The Times of India . The Times Group . Retrieved 27 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kamal Haasan 's Biography '' . Koimoi . Archived from the original on 3 May 2016 . Retrieved 11 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Pratibha ( 10 July 2010 ) . `` Hey Ram is my discovery of Gandhi : Kamal '' . The Times of India . The Times Group . Retrieved 26 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Aḵẖtar , Jāvīd ; Kabir , Nasreen Munni ( 2002 ) . Talking Films : Conversations on Hindi Cinema with Javed Akhtar . Oxford University Press . p. 49 . ISBN 9780195664621 . Archived from the original on 8 January 2014 . most of the writers working in this so - called Hindi cinema write in Urdu : Gulzar , or Rajinder Singh Bedi or Inder Raj Anand or Rahi Masoom Raza or Vahajat Mirza , who wrote dialogue for films like Mughal - e-Azam and Gunga Jumna and Mother India . So most dialogue - writers and most song - writers are from the Urdu discipline , even today . Jump up ^ `` The 61st Academy Awards ( 1989 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 22 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 74th Academy Awards ( 2002 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on 9 November 2014 . Retrieved 22 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Saxena , Kashika ( 25 September 2012 ) . `` India 's Oscar race : Losers weepers ? '' . The Times of India . The Times Group . Retrieved 29 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Good Road nominated as India 's entry for Oscars '' . The Hindu . 21 September 2013 . Archived from the original on 23 September 2013 . Retrieved 22 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Soman , Deepa ( 24 September 2014 ) . `` Geethu mohandas ' Liar 's Dice is India 's official entry to the Oscars ! '' . The Times of India . Archived from the original on 29 September 2014 . Retrieved 5 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Court is India 's official entry for Oscars '' . Indian Express . 23 September 2015 . Archived from the original on 23 September 2015 . Retrieved 23 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Visaranai ' falls out of the Oscar race '' . Times of India . 16 December 2016 . Archived from the original on 31 January 2017 . Retrieved 16 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Newton ' is India 's official entry to Oscars 2018 '' . Times of India . 22 September 2017 . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . External links ( edit ) The Official Academy Awards Database IMDb Academy Awards Page Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film submissions Award winners and nominees ( by country ) Year 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Country Afghanistan Albania Algeria Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bangladesh Belarus Belgium Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Bulgaria Burkina Faso Cambodia Cameroon Canada Chad Chile China Colombia Congo , Democratic Republic of Costa Rica Côte d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Czech Republic Czechoslovakia Denmark Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt Estonia Ethiopia Fiji Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Greenland Guatemala Haiti Honduras Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kosovo Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Latvia Lebanon Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Mauritania Malaysia Mexico Moldova Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Norway Pakistan Palestine Panama Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Romania Russia Saudi Arabia Serbia Senegal Singapore Slovakia Slovenia South Africa South Korea Soviet Union Spain Sri Lanka Sweden Switzerland Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Tunisia Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Uruguay Venezuela Vietnam Yemen Yugoslavia Award winners in other categories Nominees in other categories Acting nominations for foreign language performances Indian submission for Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film 1957 -- 1980 Mother India ( 1957 ) Madhumati ( 1958 ) The World of Apu ( 1959 ) Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam ( 1962 ) Mahanagar ( 1963 ) Guide ( 1965 ) Amrapali ( 1966 ) Aakhri Khat ( 1967 ) Majhli Didi ( 1968 ) Deiva Magan ( 1969 ) Reshma Aur Shera ( 1971 ) Uphaar ( 1972 ) Saudagar ( 1973 ) Garm Hava ( 1974 ) Manthan ( 1977 ) The Chess Players ( 1978 ) Payal Ki Jhankaar ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 2000 Saaransh ( 1984 ) Saagar ( 1985 ) Swati Mutyam ( 1986 ) Nayakan ( 1987 ) Salaam Bombay ! ( 1988 ) Parinda ( 1989 ) Anjali ( 1990 ) Henna ( 1991 ) Thevar Magan ( 1992 ) Rudaali ( 1993 ) In Custody ( 1994 ) Kuruthipunal ( 1995 ) Indian ( 1996 ) Guru ( 1997 ) Jeans ( 1998 ) Earth ( 1999 ) Hey Ram ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Lagaan ( 2001 ) Devdas ( 2002 ) Shwaas ( 2004 ) Paheli ( 2005 ) Rang De Basanti ( 2006 ) Eklavya - The Royal Guard ( 2007 ) Taare Zameen Par ( 2008 ) Harishchandrachi Factory ( 2009 ) Peepli Live ( 2010 ) Adaminte Makan Abu ( 2011 ) Barfi ! ( 2012 ) The Good Road ( 2013 ) Liar 's Dice ( 2014 ) Court ( 2015 ) Visaranai ( 2016 ) Newton ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Indian_submissions_for_the_Academy_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film&oldid=817183170 '' Categories : Best Foreign Language Film Academy Award submissions by country Lists of Indian films Hidden categories : Featured lists Use British English from January 2013 Use dmy dates from June 2013 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Polski Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 26 December 2017 , at 18 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which film is going to be the india's official entry to the oscar for this year 2017	[ "\n\nYear\n(Ceremony)\nFilm title used in nomination\nOriginal title\nLanguage\nDirector(s)\nResult\n\n\n1957\n(30th)\nMother India\nMother India (मदर इंडिया)\nHindi-Urdu[15]\nKhan, MehboobMehboob Khan\nNominated[Note 1]\n\n\n1958\n(31st)\nMadhumati\nMadhumati (मधुमती)\nHindi-Urdu[15]\nRoy, BimalBimal Roy\nNot Nominated\n\n\n1959\n(32nd)\nWorld of Apu !The World of Apu\nApur sansār (অপুর সংসার)\nBengali\nRay, SatyajitSatyajit Ray\nNot Nominated\n\n\n1962\n(35th)\nSahib Bibi Aur Ghulam\nSahib Bibi Aur Ghulam (साहिब बीबी और ग़ुलाम)\nHindi\nUrdu\nAlvi, AbrarAbrar Alvi\nNot Nominated\n\n\n1963\n(36th)\nMetropolis\nMahanagar (মহানগর)\nBengali\nRay, SatyajitSatyajit Ray\nNot Nominated\n\n\n1965\n(38th)\nGuide !The Guide\nGuide (गाइड)\nHindi\nAnand, VijayVijay Anand\nNot Nominated\n\n\n1966\n(39th)\nAmrapali\nAmrapali (अम्रपल्ली)\nHindi\nTandon, LekhLekh Tandon\nNot Nominated\n\n\n1967\n(40th)\nLast Letter !The Last Letter\nAakhri Khat (आखरी ख़त)\nHindi\nAnand, ChetanChetan Anand\nNot Nominated\n\n\n1968\n(41st)\nElder Sister\nMajhli Didi (मझली दीदी)\nHindi\nMukherjee, HrishikeshHrishikesh Mukherjee\nNot Nominated\n\n\n1969\n(42nd)\nDeiva Magan\nDeiva Magan (தெய்வ மகன்)\nTamil\nTirulokchandar, A. C.A. C. Tirulokchandar\nNot Nominated\n\n\n1971\n(44th)\nReshma Aur Shera\nReshma Aur Shera (रेशमा और शेरा)\nHindi\nDutt, SunilSunil Dutt\nNot Nominated\n\n\n1972\n(45th)\nUphaar\nUphaar (उपहार)\nHindi\nRoy, SudhenduSudhendu Roy\nNot Nominated\n\n\n1973\n(46th)\nSaudagar\nSaudagar (सौदागर)\nHindi\nRoy, SudhenduSudhendu Roy\nNot Nominated\n\n\n1974\n(47th)\nHot Winds\nGaram Hawa (गरम हवा)\nUrdu\nSathyu, M. S.M. S. Sathyu\nNot Nominated\n\n\n1977\n(50th)\nManthan\nManthan (मंथन)\nHindi\nBenegal, ShyamShyam Benegal\nNot Nominated\n\n\n1978\n(51st)\nChess Players !The Chess Players\nShatranj Ke Khilari (शतरंज के खिलाड़ी)\nHindi\nUrdu\nRay, SatyajitSatyajit Ray\nNot Nominated\n\n\n1980\n(53rd)\nPayal Ki Jhankaar\nPayal Ki Jhankaar (पायल की झंकार)\nHindi\nBoseSatyen Bose\nNot Nominated\n\n\n1984\n(57th)\nSaaransh\nSaaransh (सारांश)\nHindi\nBhatt, MaheshMahesh Bhatt\nNot Nominated\n\n\n1985\n(58th)\nSaagar\nSaagar (सागर)\nHindi\nSippy, RameshRamesh Sippy\nNot Nominated\n\n\n1986\n(59th)\nSwati Mutyam\nSwati Mutyam (స్వాతి ముత్యం)\nTelugu\nViswanath, KasinadhuniKasinadhuni Viswanath\nNot Nominated\n\n\n1987\n(60th)\nNayakan\nNayakan (நாயகன்)\nTamil\nRatnam, ManiMani Ratnam\nNot Nominated\n\n\n1988\n(61st)\nSalaam Bombay!\nSalaam Bombay! (सलाम बॉम्बे)\nHindi\nNair, MiraMira Nair\nNominated[Note 2]\n\n\n1989\n(62nd)\nParinda\nParinda (परिंदा)\nHindi\nChopra, Vidhu VinodVidhu Vinod Chopra\nNot Nominated\n\n\n1990\n(63rd)\nAnjali\nAnjali (அஞ்சலி)\nTamil\nRatnam, ManiMani Ratnam\nNot Nominated\n\n\n1991\n(64th)\nHenna\nHenna (हिना)\nHindi\nUrdu\nKapoor, RandhirRandhir Kapoor\nNot Nominated\n\n\n1992\n(65th)\nThevar Magan\nThevar Magan (தேவர் மகன்)\nTamil\n, BharathanBharathan\nNot Nominated\n\n\n1993\n(66th)\nRudaali\nRudaali (रुदाली)\nHindi\nLajmi, KalpanaKalpana Lajmi\nNot Nominated\n\n\n1994\n(67th)\nBandit Queen\nBandit Queen (बैंडिट क्वीन)\nHindi\nKapur, ShekharShekhar Kapur\nNot Nominated\n\n\n1995\n(68th)\nKuruthipunal\nKuruthipunal (குருதிப்புனல்)\nTamil\nSreeram, P. C.P. C. Sreeram\nNot Nominated\n\n\n1996\n(69th)\nIndian\nIndian (இந்தியன்)\nTamil\nShankar, S.S. Shankar\nNot Nominated\n\n\n1997\n(70th)\nGuru\nGuru (ഗുരു)\nMalayalam\nAnchal, RajivRajiv Anchal\nNot Nominated\n\n\n1998\n(71st)\nJeans\nJeans (ஜீன்ஸ்)\nTamil\nShankar, S.S. Shankar\nNot Nominated\n\n\n1999\n(72nd)\nEarth\nEarth (अर्थ)\nHindi\nMehta, DeepaDeepa Mehta\nNot Nominated\n\n\n2000\n(73rd)\nHey Ram\nHey Ram (ஹே ராம் हे राम)\nTamil\nHindi\nHaasan, KamalKamal Haasan\nNot Nominated\n\n\n2001\n(74th)\nLagaan\nLagaan (लगान)\nHindi\nEnglish\nGowariker, AshutoshAshutosh Gowariker\nNominated[Note 3]\n\n\n2002\n(75th)\nDevdas\nDevdas (देवदास)\nHindi\nBhansali, Sanjay LeelaSanjay Leela Bhansali\nNot Nominated\n\n\n2004\n(77th)\nBreath !The Breath\nShwaas (श्वास)\nMarathi\nSawant, SandeepSandeep Sawant\nNot Nominated\n\n\n2005\n(78th)\nRiddle\nPaheli (पहेली)\nHindi\nPalekar, AmolAmol Palekar\nNot Nominated[Note 4]\n\n\n2006\n(79th)\nRang De Basanti\nRang De Basanti (रंग दे बसंती)\nHindi\nMehra, Rakeysh OmprakashRakeysh Omprakash Mehra\nNot Nominated[Note 5]\n\n\n2007\n(80th)\nEklavya: The Royal Guard\nEklavya: The Royal Guard (एकलव्य – दी रॉयल गार्ड)\nHindi\nChopra, Vidhu VinodVidhu Vinod Chopra\nNot Nominated\n\n\n2008\n(81st)\nLike stars on Earth\nTaare Zameen Par (तारे ज़मीन पर)\nHindi\nKhan, AamirAamir Khan\nNot Nominated\n\n\n2009\n(82nd)\nHarishchandra's Factory\nHarishchandrachi Factory (हरिश्‍चंद्राची फॅक्टरी)\nMarathi\nMokashi, PareshParesh Mokashi\nNot Nominated\n\n\n2010\n(83rd)\nPeepli Live\nPeepli Live (लाइव)\nHindi\nRizvi, AnushaAnusha Rizvi\nNot Nominated\n\n\n2011\n(84th)\nAbu, Son of Adam\nAdaminte Makan Abu (ആദാമിന്റെ മകൻ അബു)\nMalayalam\nAhamed, SalimSalim Ahamed\nNot Nominated\n\n\n2012\n(85th)\nBarfi!\nBarfi! (बर्फी!)\nHindi\nBasu, AnuragAnurag Basu\nNot Nominated\n\n\n2013\n(86th)\nThe Good Road\nThe Good Road\nGujarati\nCorrea, GyanGyan Correa\nNot Nominated[19]\n\n\n2014\n(87th)\nLiar's Dice\nLiar's Dice\nHindi\nMohandas, GeetuGeetu Mohandas\nNot Nominated[20]\n\n\n2015\n(88th)\nCourt\nCourt\nMarathi\nTamhane, ChaitanyaChaitanya Tamhane\nNot Nominated[21]\n\n\n2016\n(89th)\nInterrogation\nVisaranai (விசாரணை)\nTamil\nVetrimaaran\nNot Nominated[22]\n\n\n2017\n(90th)\nNewton\nNewton\nHindi\nAmit V Masurkar\nNot Nominated[23]\n\n" ]	[ "Newton" ]
-8383568271429678369	It's a Long Way to the Top (If You Wanna Rock 'n' Roll)	It 's a Long Way to the Top ( If You Wanna Rock ' n ' Roll ) - wikipedia It 's a Long Way to the Top ( If You Wanna Rock ' n ' Roll ) `` It 's a Long Way to the Top ( If You Wanna Rock ' n ' Roll ) '' Single by AC / DC from the album T.N.T. / High Voltage B - side `` Can I Sit Next to You Girl '' Released 8 December 1975 ( 1975 - 12 - 08 ) Format 7 - inch single Recorded Albert Studios ( Sydney , Australia ) Genre Hard rock Length 5 : 01 Label Albert Songwriter ( s ) Angus Young Malcolm Young Bon Scott Producer ( s ) Harry Vanda George Young AC / DC singles chronology `` High Voltage '' ( 1975 ) `` It 's a Long Way to the Top ( If You Wanna Rock ' n ' Roll ) '' ( 1975 ) `` T.N.T. '' ( 1976 ) `` High Voltage '' ( 1975 ) `` It 's a Long Way to the Top ( If You Wanna Rock ' n ' Roll ) '' ( 1975 ) `` T.N.T. '' ( 1976 ) Audio sample file help `` It 's a Long Way to the Top ( If You Wanna Rock ' n ' Roll ) '' is a song by Australian hard rock band AC / DC . It is the first track of the group 's second album T.N.T. , released only in Australia on 8 December 1975 , and was written by Angus Young , Malcolm Young and Bon Scott . The song combines bagpipes with hard rock instrumentation ; in the middle section of the song there is a call and response between the bagpipes and guitar . The original recording is in B - flat major , but it was played live in A major . A slightly shortened version of the song is also the first track on the internationally released High Voltage ( May 1976 ) . This version appears only on the vinyl release and the 2003 CD reissue . The full version of the song is also on the Volts CD of the Bonfire box set , released in 1997 . This was a signature song for Bon Scott . Brian Johnson , who replaced Scott as AC / DC 's lead vocalist after Scott 's death in 1980 until his departure in 2016 , did not perform it , out of respect for his predecessor . Contents 1 Lyrics 2 Bagpipes 3 Personnel 4 Production 5 Music video 6 Popularity 7 Connection to ACDC Lane 8 Recorded cover versions 9 References Lyrics ( edit ) The song chronicles the hardships endured by a rock band on tour , such as being robbed , assaulted , stoned and cheated by a greedy agent . However , the band accepts these hardships as natural on the path to stardom , saying that `` It 's a long way to the top / If you wan na rock ' n ' roll '' . Bagpipes ( edit ) George Young ( the older brother of Angus and Malcolm ) , having heard that Bon Scott was in a pipe band , encouraged the use of bagpipes in the song . Scott obliged despite having never played them before ; he had actually been a drummer in the band . Scott used a set of bagpipes to play the song live until 1976 , following an incident where he set them down at the corner of a stage during a gig at St Albans High School in St Albans , Victoria , Australia and they were destroyed by fans . Subsequent live performances used a recording of the song 's bagpipe part or an extended guitar solo by Angus . Personnel ( edit ) Bon Scott -- lead vocals , bagpipes Angus Young -- lead guitar Malcolm Young -- rhythm guitar , backing vocals Mark Evans -- bass guitar Phil Rudd -- drums Production ( edit ) Producers : Harry Vanda , George Young Music video ( edit ) The music video for `` It 's a Long Way to the Top ( If You Wanna Rock ' n ' Roll ) '' , was filmed on 23 February 1976 for the Australian music television program Countdown . It featured the band 's members on the back of a flatbed truck travelling on Swanston Street in Melbourne , Australia , being followed by members of the Rats of Tobruk Pipe band . Known members of the Rats of Tobruk Pipe Band at the time of the video 's filming include : Alan Butterworth , Les Kenfield and Kevin Conlon . The video was dubbed with the studio track from the album T.N.T. and is available on the Family Jewels DVD . The video was directed by Paul Drane . David Olney was the cameraman . Two other videos for the song exist . One version , filmed the same day as the truck version , features the group miming the song on a stage in Melbourne 's City Square in front of an audience . The pipe players appear here as well . This version is available in the Backtracks box set . A third version features the group simply miming the song on a soundstage , making it appear as if it were being played live ( This version is considered rare and as of 2014 has n't been officially released on any DVD compilations ; it can be found on YouTube ) . Also , a version of the group performing the song on Australian Bandstand with Scott singing live over the studio track appears on the DVD set Plug Me In . Popularity ( edit ) In May 2001 , Australasian Performing Rights Association ( APRA ) celebrated its 75th anniversary by naming the Best Australian Songs of all time , as decided by a 100 - member industry panel . `` It 's a Long Way to the Top ( If You Wanna Rock ' n ' Roll ) '' was ranked as the ninth song on the list . The song is regularly played during stoppages at AFL matches at the ANZ stadium in Sydney . The song was also used in the comedy movie School of Rock ( 2003 ) during the ending credits sequence when Jack Black 's character , Dewey Finn , is giving his kids an `` after - school lesson '' on rock . This song was also featured in the movie Only the Brave ( 2017 ) During One of the many firefighting scenes . In 2010 , this song was ranked no . 3 in Triple M 's Ultimate 500 Rock Countdown in Melbourne . The top five were all AC / DC songs . In 2012 , this song was inducted into the National Film and Sound Archive 's Sounds of Australia . In the third episode of Empire of Cricket , a 2009 British BBC - TV documentary about the history of cricket , `` It 's a Long Way to the Top ( If You Wanna Rock ' n ' Roll ) '' is played over the opening credits . The episode details the history of Australian cricket and its rise to dominance . ITV used the song for the closing montage to their coverage of the 2010 Tour de France . It was the first to be won by an Australian , when BMC 's Cadel Evans won the race . A clip of the song 's intro is often used by the Golf Channel before commercial breaks . The song is being used to accompany the promotional video for the 2013 Australian Open Tennis Tournament . Keith Urban guitarist Brian Nutter often uses the song during his solo section during live performances . The song is being used by the Chicago Cubs in 2017 as an accompaniment to a video played just prior to the team taking the field . The original version of the song is played on the PA track list prior to Metallica live performances . As soon as the song concludes , the lights go out and `` The Ecstasy of Gold '' is played while Metallica appears on stage . Connection to ACDC Lane ( edit ) On October 1 , 2004 , Melbourne , Australia 's Corporation Lane was officially renamed `` ACDC Lane '' in honour of the band ( street names in the City of Melbourne can not contain the `` / '' character ) . This change was made in part because the music video for `` It 's a Long Way to the Top ( If You Wanna Rock ' n ' Roll ) '' was filmed on Melbourne 's Swanston Street , near ACDC Lane . The Melbourne City Council 's vote to rename the street was unanimous . Bagpipers played `` It 's a Long Way to the Top ( If You Wanna Rock ' n ' Roll ) '' at the official renaming ceremony . Recorded cover versions ( edit ) Performed by : Jack Black and the cast of School of Rock - Original soundtrack ( 2003 ) Pat Boone - In a Metal Mood : No More Mr. Nice Guy ( 1997 ) Dead Moon - Destination X ( 1999 ) Die Krupps - Covered In Black : An Industrial Tribute to the Kings of High Voltage ( tribute compilation ) ( 1997 ) Dropkick Murphys - The Singles Collection , Vol. 2 ( 2005 ) Electric - A Tribute to AC / DC ( 2006 ) John Farnham - b - side to Two Strong Hearts ( 1988 ) John Farnham and Tom Jones - Together in Concert ( 2005 ) Iced Earth - Tribute to the Gods ( 2002 ) Lemmy - Cover Me in ' 80s Metal ( Fantastic Price Records , 2006 ) Local H - Pack Up the Cats B - Side . Features Brendan O'Brien playing the bagpipe parts on a hurdy - gurdy . The Meanies - Fuse Box -- An Alternative Tribute ( 1995 ) The Melbourne Ukulele Kollective - ABC - TV 's Spicks and Specks ( 2006 ) Motörhead - Thunderbolt : A Tribute to AC / DC ( 1998 ) Nantucket - Long Way to the Top ( 1980 ) Scarlett Pomers - A Millennium Tribute to AC / DC ( 2010 ) Rawkus - AC / DC : Hometown Tribute ( 2002 ) Sandra Weckert - Bar Jazz ( 2003 ) Lucinda Williams - Little Honey ( 2008 ) Eric Fish - Gegen den Strom ( 2007 , as Ein langer Weg in German ) W.A.S.P. The song was covered during the credit sequence of the comedy movie School of Rock , performed by Jack Black and the class of children he taught while masquerading as a teacher . However , the children ad - libbed their own lyrics towards the end of the song . Billy Corgan covered the song live as an encore on almost every show during his 2005 tour supporting his debut solo effort TheFutureEmbrace . A dramatic re-interpretation was released by Norwegian duo Susanna and the Magical Orchestra ( aka Susanna Wallumrød and Morten Qvenild ) in late summer 2006 on their second album Melody Mountain , which consists entirely of cover versions . Their style is slow and melancholic with only cembalo accompaniment to Wallumrød 's pure vocal , and brings out the essential sadness of the song . The band Hanson performed this song during some of the shows on the `` Walk around the World '' tour , often inviting the opening acts back on stage to sing together . Melbourne Ukulele Kollective frequently play the song live , the most notable performances being during ABC - TV 's Spicks and Specks in 2004 ; and during the Australia Day flag - raising ceremony and people 's march in 2009 . German Medieval Metal Band In Extremo played the song on their Tranquilo - Acoustic Tour in 2009 on German Bagpipes . On the 34th anniversary of the filming of the music video , it was recreated as part of the SLAM ( Save Live Australian Music ) rally , to protest liquor licensing laws which threaten live music . About ten thousand protesters marched down Swanston Street and up Bourke Street to the Victorian Parliament House , accompanied by the RocKwiz band on a flatbed truck playing the song . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Wall , Mick ( 2012 ) . AC / DC : Hell Aint a Bad Place to Be . London : Orion Publishing group . ISBN 9781409115359 . ^ Jump up to : Evans , Mark , Dirty Deeds : My Life Inside / Outside of AC / DC , Bazillion Points , 2011 , p. 40 . ^ Jump up to : `` The legend lives on in a laneway to heaven '' , The Age , 15 February 2005 . Retrieved on 2007 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` It 's a Long Way to the Top ( If You Wanna Rock ' n ' Roll ) '' . acdc.com . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Raw footage of AC / DC killing it at an Australian high school 40 years ago ( & Bon Scott 's bagpipes ! ) '' . 24 January 2018 . Retrieved 30 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Saulnier , Jason ( 30 September 2011 ) . `` Mark Evans Interview '' . Music Legends . Archived from the original on 7 November 2012 . Retrieved 6 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Video Footage and Liner Notes , Family Jewels 2 - Disc DVD Set , 2005 . Jump up ^ Dino Scatena , `` Clip Go the Years '' , Sydney Morning Herald , 26 Feb. 2005 , retrieved 13 December 2008 Jump up ^ Johnston , Chris , `` AC / DC still current 30 years on '' , The Age , 23 February 2006 . Retrieved on 2007 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ Donovan , Patrick ( 13 February 2010 ) . `` For a piper , it 's a long way to the top from the back of a flatbed truck '' . The Age . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The final list : APRA 'S Ten best Australian Songs '' . APRA. 2001 - 05 - 28 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 03 - 08 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 11 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ Boulton , Martin , `` Lane way to the top for AC / DC '' , The Age , 10 September 2004 . Retrieved on 2007 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Melbourne Ukulele Kollective on Spicks and Specks '' . MUK . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 31 . AC / DC singles discography High Voltage `` Can I Sit Next to You , Girl '' ( Australia ) `` Baby , Please Do n't Go '' ( Australia ) T.N.T. `` High Voltage '' ( Australia ) `` It 's a Long Way to the Top ( If You Wanna Rock ' n ' Roll ) '' ( Australia ) `` T.N.T. '' ( Australia ) High Voltage ( International ) `` It 's a Long Way to the Top ( If You Wanna Rock ' n ' Roll ) '' ( international ) `` High Voltage '' ( international ) Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap `` Jailbreak '' `` Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap '' `` Love at First Feel '' Let There Be Rock `` Dog Eat Dog '' `` Let There Be Rock '' `` Whole Lotta Rosie '' Powerage `` Rock ' n ' Roll Damnation '' Highway to Hell `` Highway to Hell '' `` Girls Got Rhythm '' `` Touch Too Much '' Back in Black `` You Shook Me All Night Long '' `` Hells Bells '' `` Back in Black '' `` Rock and Roll Ai n't Noise Pollution '' For Those About to Rock We Salute You `` Let 's Get It Up '' `` For Those About to Rock ( We Salute You ) '' Flick of the Switch `` Guns for Hire '' `` Nervous Shakedown '' `` Flick of the Switch '' Fly on the Wall `` Danger '' `` Sink the Pink '' `` Shake Your Foundations '' Who Made Who `` Who Made Who '' Blow Up Your Video `` Heatseeker '' `` That 's the Way I Wanna Rock ' n ' Roll '' The Razors Edge `` Thunderstruck '' `` Moneytalks '' `` Are You Ready '' Live `` Highway to Hell '' ( live ) `` Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap '' ( live ) Ballbreaker `` Hard as a Rock '' `` Hail Caesar '' `` Cover You in Oil '' Stiff Upper Lip `` Stiff Upper Lip '' `` Safe in New York City '' `` Satellite Blues '' Black Ice `` Rock ' N Roll Train '' `` Big Jack '' `` Anything Goes '' `` Money Made '' Rock or Bust `` Play Ball '' `` Rock or Bust '' Non-album single `` Big Gun '' Book : AC / DC Category : AC / DC songs Portal : AC / DC Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It%27s_a_Long_Way_to_the_Top_(If_You_Wanna_Rock_%27n%27_Roll)&oldid=853100821 '' Categories : 1975 singles 1975 songs AC / DC songs Albert Productions singles APRA Award winners Atlantic Records singles Dropkick Murphys songs Song recordings produced by Harry Vanda Song recordings produced by George Young ( rock musician ) Songs about touring Songs written by Angus Young Songs written by Bon Scott Songs written by Malcolm Young Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Ελληνικά Español Euskara Français Italiano Polski Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 2 August 2018 , at 12 : 37 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	ac dc on the back of a truck	[]	[]
6315841202921366643	Salbutamol	Salbutamol - wikipedia Salbutamol Jump to : navigation , search Salbutamol Salbutamol ( top ) , ( R ) - ( − ) - salbutamol ( center ) and ( S ) - ( + ) - salbutamol ( bottom ) Clinical data Trade names Ventolin , Proventil , others Synonyms Albuterol ( USAN US ) AHFS / Drugs.com Monograph License data US FDA : Albuterol Pregnancy category AU : A US : C ( Risk not ruled out ) Routes of administration by mouth , inhalational , IV ATC code R03AC02 ( WHO ) R03CC02 ( WHO ) Legal status Legal status AU : S3 ( Pharmacist only ) CA : ℞ - only UK : POM ( Prescription only ) US : ℞ - only Pharmacokinetic data Metabolism Liver Onset of action < 15 min ( inhaled ) , < 30 min ( pill ) Biological half - life 3.8 -- 6 hours Duration of action 2 -- 6 hrs Excretion Kidney Identifiers IUPAC name ( show ) ( RS ) - 4 - ( 2 - ( tert - Butylamino ) - 1 - hydroxyethyl ) - 2 - ( hydroxymethyl ) phenol CAS Number 18559 - 94 - 9 PubChem CID 2083 IUPHAR / BPS 558 DrugBank DB01001 ChemSpider 1999 UNII QF8SVZ843E KEGG D02147 ChEBI CHEBI : 2549 ChEMBL CHEMBL714 ECHA InfoCard 100.038. 552 Chemical and physical data Formula C H NO Molar mass 239.311 g / mol 3D model ( JSmol ) Interactive image Chirality Racemic mixture SMILES ( show ) OCc1cc ( ccc1O ) C ( O ) CNC ( C ) ( C ) C InChI ( show ) InChI = 1S / C13H21NO3 / c1 - 13 ( 2 , 3 ) 14 - 7 - 12 ( 17 ) 9 - 4 - 5 - 11 ( 16 ) 10 ( 6 - 9 ) 8 - 15 / h4 - 6 , 12 , 14 - 17H , 7 - 8H2 , 1 - 3H3 Key : NDAUXUAQIAJITI - UHFFFAOYSA - N ( what is this ? ) ( verify ) Salbutamol , also known as albuterol and marketed as Ventolin among other names , is a medication that opens up the medium and large airways in the lungs . It is used to treat asthma including asthma attacks , exercise - induced bronchoconstriction , and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ) . It may also be used to treat high blood potassium levels . Salbutamol is usually used with an inhaler or nebulizer but is also available as a pill and intravenous solution . Onset of action of the inhaled version is typically within 15 minutes and lasts for two to six hours . Common side effects include shakiness , headache , fast heart rate , dizziness , and feeling anxious . Serious side effects may include worsening bronchospasm , irregular heartbeat , and low blood potassium levels . It can be used during pregnancy and breastfeeding , but safety is not entirely clear . It is a short - acting β adrenergic receptor agonist which works by causing airway smooth muscles to relax . Salbutamol was first made in 1967 in Britain and became commercially available in the UK in 1969 . It was approved for medical use in the United States in 1982 . It is on the World Health Organization 's List of Essential Medicines , the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system . Salbutamol is available as a generic medication . The wholesale cost in the developing world of an inhaler which contains 200 doses is between US $1.12 and US $2.64 as of 2014 . In the United States , it is between $25 and $50 for a typical month supply . Contents ( hide ) 1 Medical uses 2 Adverse effects 3 Pharmacology 4 Chemistry 4.1 Structure and activity 5 History 6 Society and culture 6.1 Cost 6.2 Names 6.3 Doping 7 Research 8 Veterinary use 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Medical uses ( edit ) Salbutamol is typically used to treat bronchospasm ( due to any cause -- allergic asthma or exercise - induced ) , as well as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease . It is also one of the most common medicines used in rescue inhalers ( short - term bronchodilators to alleviate asthma attacks ) . As a β agonist , salbutamol also has use in obstetrics . Intravenous salbutamol can be used as a tocolytic to relax the uterine smooth muscle to delay premature labor . While preferred over agents such as atosiban and ritodrine , its role has largely been replaced by the calcium channel blocker nifedipine , which is more effective , better tolerated , and administered orally . Salbutamol has been used to treat acute hyperkalemia , as it stimulates potassium flow into cells , thus lowering the level in the blood . Adverse effects ( edit ) The most common side effects are fine tremor , anxiety , headache , muscle cramps , dry mouth , and palpitation . Other symptoms may include tachycardia , arrhythmia , flushing of the skin , myocardial ischemia ( rare ) , and disturbances of sleep and behaviour . Rarely occurring , but of importance , are allergic reactions of paradoxical bronchospasms , urticaria ( hives ) , angioedema , hypotension , and collapse . High doses or prolonged use may cause hypokalemia , which is of concern especially in patients with renal failure and those on certain diuretics and xanthine derivatives . Pharmacology ( edit ) The tertiary butyl group in salbutamol makes it more selective for β receptors , which are the predominant receptors on the bronchial smooth muscles . Activation of these receptors causes adenylyl cyclase to convert ATP to cAMP , beginning the signalling cascade that ends with the inhibition of myosin phosphorylation and lowering the intracellular concentration of calcium ions ( myosin phosphorylation and calcium ions are necessary for muscle contractions ) . The increase in cAMP also inhibits inflammatory cells in the airway , such as basophils , eosinophils , and most especially mast cells , from releasing inflammatory mediators and cytokines . Salbutamol and other β receptor agonists also increase the conductance of channels sensitive to calcium and potassium ions , leading to hyperpolarization and relaxation of bronchial smooth muscles . Salbutamol is either filtered out by the kidneys directly or is first metabolized into 4 ' - O - sulphate , which is excreted in the urine . Chemistry ( edit ) Structure and activity ( edit ) ( R ) - ( − ) - salbutamol ( top ) and ( S ) - ( + ) - salbutamol ( bottom ) Salbutamol is sold as a racemic mixture . The ( R ) - ( − ) - enantiomer ( CIP nomenclature ) is shown in the image at right ( top ) , and is responsible for the pharmacologic activity ; the ( S ) - ( + ) - enantiomer ( bottom ) blocks metabolic pathways associated with elimination of itself and of the pharmacologically active enantiomer ( R ) . The slower metabolism of the ( S ) - ( + ) - enantiomer also causes it to accumulate in the lungs , which can cause airway hyperreactivity and inflammation . History ( edit ) Salbutamol was discovered in 1966 by a team led by David Jack at the Allen and Hanburys laboratory ( a subsidiary of Glaxo ) in Ware , Hertfordshire , England , and was launched as Ventolin in 1969 . Society and culture ( edit ) Cost ( edit ) International wholesale price of 200 doses of salbutamol The wholesale cost of a 200 - dose inhaler is between US $1.12 and US $2.64 in the developing world as of 2014 and GB £ 1.50 in the United Kingdom as of 2015 . In the United States , a typical month supply is between $25 and $50 . Names ( edit ) Ventolin 2 mg tablets made by GSK ( Turkey ) Salbutamol is the INN ( international nonproprietary name ) while albuterol is the USAN ( United States adopted name ) . The drug is usually manufactured and distributed as the sulphate salt ( salbutamol sulphate ) . It was first sold by Allen & Hanburys ( UK ) under the brand name Ventolin , and has been used for the treatment of asthma ever since . The drug is marketed under many names worldwide . Doping ( edit ) There is no compelling evidence that salbutamol and other β agonists can increase performance in healthy athletes . In spite of this , salbutamol required `` a declaration of Use in accordance with the International Standard for Therapeutic Use Exemptions '' under the 2010 WADA prohibited list . This requirement was relaxed when the 2011 list was published to permit the use of `` salbutamol ( maximum 1600 micrograms over 24 hours ) and salmeterol when taken by inhalation in accordance with the manufacturers ' recommended therapeutic regimen . '' According to two small and limited studies , salbutamol increases performance on endurance exercise even for a person without asthma . Another study contradicts the above findings , however . The double blind , randomised test conducted on 12 non-asthmatic athletes concluded that salbutamol had a negligible effect on endurance performance . Nevertheless , the study also showed that the drug 's bronchodilating effect may have improved respiratory adaptation at the beginning of exercise . Salbutamol has been shown to improve muscle weight in rats and anecdotal reports hypothesise that it might be an alternative to clenbuterol for purposes of fat burning and muscle gain , with multiple studies supporting this claim . Abuse of the drug may be confirmed by detection of its presence in plasma or urine , typically exceeding 1000 μg / L. The window of detection for urine testing is on the order of just 24 hours , given the relatively short elimination half - life of the drug , estimated at between 5 and 6 hours following oral administration of 4 mg . Research ( edit ) Salbutamol has been studied in subtypes of congenital myasthenic syndrome associated with mutations in Dok - 7 . It has also been tested in a trial aimed at treatment of spinal muscular atrophy ; it is speculated to modulate the alternative splicing of the SMN2 gene , increasing the amount of the SMN protein whose deficiency is regarded as a cause of the disease . Veterinary use ( edit ) Salbutamol 's low toxicity makes it safe for other animals and thus is the medication of choice for treating acute airway obstruction in most species . It is usually used to treat bronchospasm or coughs in cats and dogs and used as a bronchodilator in horses with recurrent airway obstruction ; it can also be used in emergencies to treat asthmatic cats . Toxic effects require an extremely high dose , and most overdoses are due to dogs chewing on and puncturing an inhaler or nebulizer vial . See also ( edit ) Levosalbutamol -- the ( R ) - ( − ) - enantiomer Ipratropium / salbutamol Salmeterol Isoprenaline References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Thereaputic Goods Administration . `` Prescribing medicines in pregnancy database '' . Australian Government . Jump up ^ `` HSDB : Albuterol '' . ToxNet . US National Library of Medicine . ^ Jump up to : `` Salbutamol '' . Drugs.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 30 . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thereaputic Goods Administration . `` Poisons Standard June 2017 '' . Australian Government . Jump up ^ `` Prescription Drug List '' . Government of Canada . ^ Jump up to : `` Albuterol '' . Drugs.com . The American Society of Health - System Pharmacists . Archived from the original on 2015 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved Dec 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Mahoney , BA ; Smith , WA ; Lo , DS ; Tsoi , K ; Tonelli , M ; Clase , CM ( 18 April 2005 ) . `` Emergency interventions for hyperkalaemia '' . The Cochrane database of systematic reviews ( 2 ) : CD003235 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD003235. pub2 . PMID 15846652 . ^ Jump up to : Starkey , ES ; Mulla , H ; Sammons , HM ; Pandya , HC ( September 2014 ) . `` Intravenous salbutamol for childhood asthma : evidence - based medicine ? '' ( PDF ) . Archives of Disease in Childhood. 99 ( 9 ) : 873 -- 7 . doi : 10.1136 / archdischild - 2013 - 304467 . PMID 24938536 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2017 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ Yaffe , Sumner J. ( 2011 ) . Drugs in pregnancy and lactation : a reference guide to fetal and neonatal risk ( 9th ed . ) . Philadelphia : Wolters Kluwer Health / Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . p. 32 . ISBN 9781608317080 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ Landau , Ralph ( 1999 ) . Pharmaceutical innovation : revolutionizing human health . Philadelphia : Chemical Heritage Press . p. 226 . ISBN 9780941901215 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` WHO Model List of Essential Medicines ( 19th List ) '' ( PDF ) . World Health Organization . April 2015 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 13 December 2016 . Retrieved 8 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Salbutamol '' . International Drug Price Indicator Guide . Retrieved 5 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hamilton , Richart ( 2015 ) . Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2015 Deluxe Lab - Coat Edition . Jones & Bartlett Learning . p. 448 . ISBN 9781284057560 . Jump up ^ Hatfield , Heather . `` Asthma : The Rescue Inhaler -- Now a Cornerstone of Asthma Treatment '' . WebMD . Archived from the original on 2017 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Rossi , S ( 2004 ) . Australian Medicines Handbook . AMH . ISBN 0 - 9578521 - 4 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` 3.1. 1.1 Selective beta2 agonists -- side effects '' . British National Formulary ( 57 ed . ) . London : BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and Royal Pharmaceutical Society Publishing . March 2008 . ISBN 0 - 85369 - 778 - 7 . 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Jump up ^ Davis , E ; Loiacono , R ; Summers , RJ ( 2008 ) . `` The rush to adrenaline : drugs in sport acting on the β - adrenergic system '' . British Journal of Pharmacology . 154 ( 3 ) : 584 -- 97 . doi : 10.1038 / bjp. 2008.164 . PMC 2439523 . PMID 18500380 . Jump up ^ `` The 2010 Prohibited List International Standard '' ( PDF ) . WADA . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 09 - 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The 2011 Prohibited List International Standard '' ( PDF ) . WADA . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2012 - 05 - 13 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Collomp , K ; Candau , R ; Lasne , F ; Labsy , Z ; Préfaut , C ; De Ceaurriz , J ( 2000 ) . `` Effects of short - term oral salbutamol administration on exercise endurance and metabolism '' . Journal of Applied Physiology. 89 ( 2 ) : 430 -- 6 . PMID 10926623 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Salbutamol : Ergogenic effects of salbutamol '' . Peak Performance . Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 28 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Van Baak , MA ; De Hon , OM ; Hartgens , F ; Kuipers , H ( 2004 ) . `` Inhaled salbutamol and endurance cycling performance in non-asthmatic athletes '' . International journal of sports medicine . 25 ( 7 ) : 533 -- 8 . doi : 10.1055 / s - 2004 - 815716 . PMID 15459835 . Jump up ^ Goubault , C ; Perault , MC ; Leleu , E ; Bouquet , S ; Legros , P ; Vandel , B ; Denjean , A ( 2001 ) . `` Effects of inhaled salbutamol in exercising non-asthmatic athletes '' . Thorax. 56 ( 9 ) : 675 -- 679 . doi : 10.1136 / thorax. 56.9. 675 . PMC 1746141 . PMID 11514686 . Jump up ^ Carter WJ , Lynch ME ( September 1994 ) . `` Comparison of the effects of salbutamol and clenbuterol on skeletal muscle mass and carcass composition in senescent rats '' . Metab . Clin. Exp. 43 ( 9 ) : 1119 -- 25 . doi : 10.1016 / 0026 - 0495 ( 94 ) 90054 - X . PMID 7916118 . 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Jump up ^ Caruso , JF ; Hamill , JL ; Yamauchi , M ; Mercado , DR ; Cook , TD ; Keller , CP ; Montgomery , AG ; Elias , J ( Jun 2004 ) . `` Albuterol helps resistance exercise attenuate unloading - induced knee extensor losses '' . Aviation , Space , and Environmental Medicine . 75 ( 6 ) : 505 -- 11 . PMID 15198276 . Jump up ^ Baselt , R. ( 2008 ) . Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man ( 8th ed . ) . Biomedical Publications . pp. 33 -- 35 . ISBN 0 - 9626523 - 6 - 9 . Jump up ^ Berges , Rosa ; S ; V ; F ; M ; F ; M ; D ( 2000 ) . `` Discrimination of Prohibited Oral Use of Salbutamol from Authorized Inhaled Asthma Treatment '' . Clinical Chemistry . 46 ( 9 ) : 1365 -- 75 . PMID 10973867 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ Schweizer , C ; Saugy , M ; Kamber , M ( 2004 ) . `` Doping test reveals high concentrations of salbutamol in a Swiss track and field athlete '' . Clin. J. Sport Med. 14 ( 5 ) : 312 -- 315 . doi : 10.1097 / 00042752 - 200409000 - 00018 . PMID 15377972 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ Liewluck , Teerin ; Selcen , Duygu ; Engel , Andrew G. ( November 2011 ) . `` Beneficial effects of albuterol in congenital endplate acetylcholinesterase deficiency and Dok - 7 myasthenia '' . Muscle & Nerve . 44 ( 5 ) : 789 -- 794 . doi : 10.1002 / mus. 22176 . PMC 3196786 . PMID 21952943 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ Van Meerbeke , J.P. ; Sumner , C.J. ( 2011 ) . `` Progress and promise : The current status of spinal muscular atrophy therapeutics '' . Discovery medicine . 12 ( 65 ) : 291 -- 305 . PMID 22031667 . Jump up ^ Lewelt , A. ; Newcomb , T.M. ; Swoboda , K.J. ( 2011 ) . `` New Therapeutic Approaches to Spinal Muscular Atrophy '' . Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports . 12 ( 1 ) : 42 -- 53 . doi : 10.1007 / s11910 - 011 - 0240 - 9 . PMC 3260050 . PMID 22134788 . Jump up ^ Plumb , Donald C. ( 2011 ) . `` Albuterol Sulfate '' . Plumb 's Veterinary Drug Handbook ( 7th ed . ) . Stockholm , Wisconsin ; Ames , Iowa : Wiley . pp. 24 -- 25 . ISBN 9780470959640 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Kathy W. ; Trim , Cynthia M. ( 2013 - 06 - 28 ) . Veterinary Anaesthesia E-Book . Elsevier Health Sciences . p. 612 . ISBN 9780702054235 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ Cote , Etienne ( 2014 - 12 - 09 ) . `` Albuterol Toxicosis '' . Clinical Veterinary Advisor - E-Book : Dogs and Cats . Elsevier Health Sciences . pp. 45 -- 46 . ISBN 9780323240741 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 09 - 08 . External links ( edit ) U.S. National Library of Medicine : Drug Information Portal -- Albuterol Salbutamol at The Periodic Table of Videos Adrenergic receptor modulators α Agonists : 6 - FNE Amidephrine Anisodine Buspirone Cirazoline Corbadrine Desglymidodrine Dexisometheptene Dipivefrine Dopamine Droxidopa ( L - DOPS ) Ephedrine Epinephrine Etilefrine Etilevodopa Ethylnorepinephrine Indanidine Isometheptene L - DOPA ( levodopa ) L - Phenylalanine L - Tyrosine Melevodopa Metaraminol Methoxamine Methyldopa Midodrine Naphazoline Norepinephrine Octopamine ( drug ) Oxymetazoline Phenylephrine Phenylpropanolamine Pseudoephedrine Synephrine Tetryzoline Tiamenidine XP21279 Xylometazoline Antagonists : Abanoquil Adimolol Ajmalicine Alfuzosin Amosulalol Anisodamine Arotinolol Atiprosin Atypical antipsychotics ( e.g. , brexpiprazole , clozapine , olanzapine , quetiapine , risperidone ) Benoxathian Buflomedil Bunazosin Carvedilol Corynanthine Dapiprazole Domesticine Doxazosin Ergolines ( e.g. , ergotamine , dihydroergotamine , lisuride , terguride ) Etoperidone Eugenodilol Fenspiride Hydroxyzine Indoramin Ketanserin L - 765,314 Labetalol mCPP Mepiprazole Metazosin Monatepil Moxisylyte Naftopidil Nantenine Neldazosin Niaprazine Nicergoline Niguldipine Pardoprunox Pelanserin Perlapine Phendioxan Phenoxybenzamine Phentolamine Phenylpiperazine antidepressants ( e.g. , hydroxynefazodone , nefazodone , trazodone , triazoledione ) Piperoxan Prazosin Quinazosin Quinidine Ritanserin Silodosin Spiperone Talipexole Tamsulosin Terazosin Tiodazosin Tolazoline Tetracyclic antidepressants ( e.g. , amoxapine , maprotiline , mianserin ) Tricyclic antidepressants ( e.g. , amitriptyline , clomipramine , doxepin , imipramine , trimipramine ) Trimazosin Typical antipsychotics ( e.g. , chlorpromazine , fluphenazine , loxapine , thioridazine ) Urapidil WB - 4101 Zolertine α Agonists : ( R ) - 3 - Nitrobiphenyline 4 - NEMD 6 - FNE Amitraz Apraclonidine Brimonidine Cannabivarin Clonidine Corbadrine Detomidine Dexmedetomidine Dihydroergotamine Dipivefrine Dopamine Droxidopa ( L - DOPS ) Etilevodopa Ephedrine Ergotamine Epinephrine Etilefrine Ethylnorepinephrine Guanabenz Guanfacine Guanoxabenz L - DOPA ( levodopa ) L - Phenylalanine L - Tyrosine Lofexidine Medetomidine Melevodopa Methyldopa Mivazerol Naphazoline Norepinephrine Oxymetazoline Phenylpropanolamine Piperoxan Pseudoephedrine Rezatomidine Rilmenidine Romifidine Talipexole Tasipimidine Tetrahydrozoline Tiamenidine Tizanidine Tolonidine Urapidil Vatinoxan XP21279 Xylazine Xylometazoline Antagonists : 1 - PP Adimolol Amesergide Aptazapine Atipamezole Atypical antipsychotics ( e.g. , asenapine , brexpiprazole , clozapine , lurasidone , paliperidone , quetiapine , risperidone , zotepine ) Azapirones ( e.g. , buspirone , gepirone , ipsapirone , tandospirone ) BRL - 44408 Buflomedil Cirazoline Efaroxan Esmirtazapine Fenmetozole Fluparoxan Idazoxan mCPP Mianserin Mirtazapine NAN - 190 Olanzapine Pardoprunox Phentolamine Phenoxybenzamine Piperoxan Piribedil Rauwolscine Rotigotine SB - 269970 Setiptiline Spiroxatrine Sunepitron Tolazoline Typical antipsychotics ( e.g. , chlorpromazine , fluphenazine , loxapine , thioridazine ) Yohimbine β Agonists : Abediterol Alifedrine Amibegron Arbutamine Arformoterol Arotinolol BAAM Bambuterol Befunolol Bitolterol Broxaterol Buphenine Carbuterol Carmoterol Cimaterol Clenbuterol Colterol Corbadrine Denopamine Dipivefrine Dobutamine Dopamine Dopexamine Droxidopa ( L - DOPS ) Ephedrine Epinephrine Etafedrine Etilefrine Etilevodopa Ethylnorepinephrine Fenoterol Formoterol Hexoprenaline Higenamine Indacaterol Isoetarine Isoprenaline Isoxsuprine L - DOPA ( levodopa ) L - Phenylalanine L - Tyrosine Levosalbutamol Mabuterol Melevodopa Methoxyphenamine Methyldopa Mirabegron Norepinephrine Orciprenaline Oxyfedrine PF - 610355 Phenylpropanolamine Pirbuterol Prenalterol Ractopamine Procaterol Pseudoephedrine Reproterol Rimiterol Ritodrine Salbutamol Salmeterol Solabegron Terbutaline Tretoquinol Tulobuterol Vilanterol Xamoterol XP21279 Zilpaterol Zinterol Antagonists : Acebutolol Adaprolol Adimolol Afurolol Alprenolol Alprenoxime Amosulalol Ancarolol Arnolol Arotinolol Atenolol Befunolol Betaxolol Bevantolol Bisoprolol Bopindolol Bornaprolol Brefonalol Bucindolol Bucumolol Bufetolol Bufuralol Bunitrolol Bunolol Bupranolol Butaxamine Butidrine Butofilolol Capsinolol Carazolol Carpindolol Carteolol Carvedilol Celiprolol Cetamolol Cicloprolol Cinamolol Cloranolol Cyanopindolol Dalbraminol Dexpropranolol Diacetolol Dichloroisoprenaline Dihydroalprenolol Dilevalol Diprafenone Draquinolol Ecastolol Epanolol Ericolol Ersentilide Esatenolol Esprolol Eugenodilol Exaprolol Falintolol Flestolol Flusoxolol Hydroxycarteolol Hydroxytertatolol ICI - 118,551 Idropranolol Indenolol Indopanolol Iodocyanopindolol Iprocrolol Isoxaprolol Isamoltane Labetalol Landiolol Levobetaxolol Levobunolol Levomoprolol Medroxalol Mepindolol Metipranolol Metoprolol Moprolol Nadolol Nadoxolol Nebivolol Nifenalol Nipradilol Oxprenolol Pacrinolol Pafenolol Pamatolol Pargolol Penbutolol Pindolol Practolol Primidolol Procinolol Pronethalol Propafenone Propranolol Ridazolol Ronactolol Soquinolol Sotalol Spirendolol SR 59230A Sulfinalol Talinolol Tazolol Tertatolol Tienoxolol Tilisolol Timolol Tiprenolol Tolamolol Toliprolol Xibenolol Xipranolol See also : Receptor / signaling modulators Dopaminergics Serotonergics Monoamine reuptake inhibitors Monoamine releasing agents Monoamine metabolism modulators Monoamine neurotoxins Drugs for obstructive airway diseases : asthma / COPD ( R03 ) Adrenergics , inhalants Short - acting β agonists Bitolterol Carbuterol Fenoterol Isoetarine Pirbuterol Procaterol Reproterol Rimiterol Salbutamol ( albuterol ) / Levosalbutamol ( levalbuterol ) Terbutaline Tulobuterol Long - acting β agonists Bambuterol Clenbuterol Formoterol / Arformoterol Salmeterol Salmefamol Ultra-long - acting β agonists Abediterol Carmoterol Indacaterol Olodaterol Vilanterol Other Epinephrine Hexoprenaline Isoprenaline ( isoproterenol ) Orciprenaline ( metaproterenol ) Glucocorticoids Beclometasone Betamethasone Budesonide Ciclesonide Flunisolide Fluticasone Mometasone Triamcinolone Anticholinergics / muscarinic antagonist Aclidinium bromide Glycopyrronium bromide Ipratropium bromide Oxitropium bromide Tiotropium bromide Umeclidinium bromide Mast cell stabilizers Cromoglicate Nedocromil Xanthines Acefylline Ambuphylline Bamifylline Doxofylline Enprofylline Etamiphylline Proxyphylline Theophylline / Aminophylline / Choline theophyllinate Eicosanoid inhibition Leukotriene antagonists Montelukast Pranlukast Zafirlukast Arachidonate 5 - lipoxygenase inhibitors Zileuton Thromboxane receptor antagonists Ramatroban Seratrodast Non-xanthine PDE4 inhibitors Ibudilast Roflumilast Others / unknown Amlexanox Eprozinol Fenspiride Omalizumab Combination products Aclidinium / formoterol Beclometasone / formoterol Beclometasone / formoterol / glycopyrronium Budesonide / formoterol Fluticasone furoate / vilanterol Fluticasone propionate / salmeterol Indacaterol / glycopyrronium bromide Ipratropium bromide / salbutamol Mometasone / formoterol Umeclidinium bromide / vilanterol WHO - EM Withdrawn from market Clinical trials : Phase III Never to phase III Phenethylamines Phenethylamines Psychedelics : 25B - NBOMe 25C - NBOMe 25D - NBOMe 25I - NBOMe 25N - NBOMe 2C - B 2C - B - AN 2C - Bn 2C - Bu 2C - C 2C - CN 2C - CP 2C - D 2C - E 2C - EF 2C - F 2C - G 2C - G - 1 2C - G - 2 2C - G - 3 2C - G - 4 2C - G - 5 2C - G - 6 2C - G-N 2C - H 2C - I 2C - iP 2C - N 2C - NH2 2C - O 2C - O - 4 2C - P 2C - Ph 2C - SE 2C - T 2C - T - 2 2C - T - 3 2C - T - 4 2C - T - 5 2C - T - 6 2C - T - 7 2C - T - 8 2C - T - 9 2C - T - 10 2C - T - 11 2C - T - 12 2C - T - 13 2C - T - 14 2C - T - 15 2C - T - 16 2C - T - 17 2C - T - 18 2C - T - 19 2C - T - 20 2C - T - 21 2C - T - 22 2C - T - 22.5 2C - T - 23 2C - T - 24 2C - T - 25 2C - T - 27 2C - T - 28 2C - T - 30 2C - T - 31 2C - T - 32 2C - T - 33 2C - TFE 2C - TFM 2C - YN 2C - V Allylescaline DESOXY Escaline Isoproscaline Jimscaline Macromerine MEPEA Mescaline Metaescaline Methallylescaline Proscaline Psi - 2C - T - 4 TCB - 2 Stimulants : Phenylethanolamine Hordenine Phenethylamine α - Methylphenethylamine ( amphetamine ) β - Methylphenethylamine m - Methylphenethylamine N - Methylphenethylamine o - Methylphenethylamine p - Methylphenethylamine Entactogens : Lophophine MDPEA MDMPEA Others : BOH DMPEA Amphetamines Psychedelics : 3C - BZ 3C - E 3C - P Aleph Beatrice Bromo - DragonFLY D - Deprenyl DMA DMCPA DMMDA DOB DOC DOEF DOET DOI DOM DON DOPR DOTFM Ganesha MMDA MMDA - 2 Psi - DOM TMA TeMA Stimulants : 2 - FA 2 - FMA 3 - FA 3 - FMA Acridorex Alfetamine Amfecloral Amfepentorex Amphetamine ( Dextroamphetamine , Levoamphetamine ) Amphetaminil Benfluorex Benzphetamine Cathine Clobenzorex Dimethylamphetamine Ephedrine Etilamfetamine Fencamfamin Fencamine Fenethylline Fenfluramine ( Dexfenfluramine , Levofenfluramine ) Fenproporex Flucetorex Fludorex Formetorex Furfenorex Gepefrine 4 - Hydroxyamphetamine Iofetamine Isopropylamphetamine Lefetamine Lisdexamfetamine Mefenorex Metaraminol Methamphetamine ( Dextromethamphetamine , Levomethamphetamine ) Methoxyphenamine MMA Morforex Norfenfluramine L - Norpseudoephedrine N , alpha - Diethylphenylethylamine Oxifentorex Oxilofrine Ortetamine PBA PCA Phenpromethamine PFA PFMA PIA PMA PMEA PMMA Phenylpropanolamine Pholedrine Prenylamine Propylamphetamine Pseudoephedrine Sibutramine Tiflorex Tranylcypromine Xylopropamine Zylofuramine Entactogens : 4 - FA 4 - FMA 4 - MA 4 - MMA 4 - MTA 5 - APB 5 - APDB 5 - EAPB 5 - IT 5 - MAPB 5 - MAPDB 6 - APB 6 - APDB 6 - Chloro - MDMA 6 - EAPB 6 - IT 6 - MAPB 6 - MAPDB EDA IAP 2 , 3 - MDA 3 , 4 - MDA ( tenamfetamine ) MDEA MDHMA MDMA ( midomafetamine ) MDOH Methamnetamine MMDMA Naphthylaminopropane TAP Others : 3 , 4 - DCA Amiflamine DiFMDA Selegiline ( also D - Deprenyl ) Phentermines Stimulants : Chlorphentermine Cloforex Clortermine Etolorex Mephentermine Pentorex Phentermine Entactogens : MDPH MDMPH Others : Cericlamine Cathinones Stimulants : 3 - FMC 4 - MC 4 - BMC 4 - CMC 4 - EMC 4 - FMC 4 - MEC 4 - MeMABP 4 - MPD Amfepramone Benzedrone Brephedrone Buphedrone Bupropion Cathinone Dimethylcathinone Ethcathinone Eutylone Hydroxybupropion Methcathinone Methedrone NEB Pentedrone Pentylone Radafaxine Entactogens : 3 , 4 - DMMC 3 - MMC Butylone Ethylone Methylone Methylenedioxycathinone Mephedrone Phenylisobutylamines Entactogens : 4 - CAB 4 - MAB Ariadne BDB Butylone EBDB Eutylone MBDB Stimulants : Phenylisobutylamine Phenylalkylpyrrolidines Stimulants : α - PBP α - PHP α - PPP α - PVP MDPBP MDPPP MDPV 4 - MePBP 4 - MePHP 4 - MePPP MOPPP MOPVP MPBP MPHP MPPP Naphyrone PEP Prolintane Pyrovalerone Catecholamines ( and close relatives ) 6 - FNE 6 - OHDA a-Me - DA a-Me - TRA Adrenochrome Ciladopa D - DOPA ( Dextrodopa ) Dimetofrine Dopamine Epinephrine Epinine Etilefrine Ethylnorepinephrine Fenclonine Ibopamine Isoprenaline Isoetarine L - DOPA ( Levodopa ) L - DOPS ( Droxidopa ) L - Phenylalanine L - Tyrosine m - Tyramine Metanephrine Metaraminol Metaterol Metirosine Methyldopa N , N - Dimethyldopamine Nordefrin ( Levonordefrin ) Norepinephrine Norfenefrine ( m - Octopamine ) Normetanephrine Orciprenaline p - Octopamine p - Tyramine Phenylephrine Synephrine Miscellaneous AL - LAD Amidephrine Arbutamine Cafedrine Denopamine Desvenlafaxine Diphenidine Dizocilpine Dobutamine Dopexamine Ephenidine Etafedrine ETH - LAD Famprofazone Fluorolintane Hexapradol IP - LAD Lysergic acid amide Lysergic acid 2 - butyl amide Lysergic acid 2 , 4 - dimethylazetidide Lysergic acid diethylamide Methoxamine Methoxphenidine MT - 45 PARGY - LAD Phenibut PRO-LAD Pronethalol Salbutamol ( Levosalbutamol ) Solriamfetol Theodrenaline Thiamphenicol UWA - 101 GlaxoSmithKline Subsidiaries GlaxoSmithKline Pakistan GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals Ltd Stiefel Laboratories ViiV Healthcare ( 85 % ) Predecessors , acquisitions Allen & Hanburys Beecham Group Block Drug Burroughs Wellcome Glaxo Glaxo Wellcome Human Genome Sciences Recherche et Industrie Thérapeutiques Reliant Pharmaceuticals S.E. Massengill Company SmithKline Beecham Smith , Kline & French Products Current Pharmaceuticals Advair Alli Augmentin Avandia Beconase Boniva Flixonase Hycamtin Lamictal Paxil / Seroxat Serlipet Tagamet Ventolin Wellbutrin / Zyban Zantac ... more Vaccines Hepatyrix Pandemrix Twinrix Other Aquafresh Horlicks Nicoderm Nicorette NiQuitin Sensodyne Tums ... more Former BC Powder Geritol Goody 's Powder Lucozade Ribena People Board of Directors Philip Hampton Emma Walmsley Simon Dingemans Roy M. Anderson Manvinder Banga Patrick Vallance Vivienne Cox Lynn Elsenhans Jesse Goodman Judy Lewent Urs Rohner Laurie Glimcher Other Thomas Beecham Silas M. Burroughs Mahlon Kline John K. Smith Henry Wellcome Andrew Witty Chris Gent Litigation Canada v. GlaxoSmithKline Inc . Christopher v. SmithKline Beecham Corp . GlaxoSmithKline Services Unlimited v Commission United States v. Glaxo Group Ltd . United States v. GlaxoSmithKline Other Drug Industry Document Archive GlaxoSmithKline Prize Side Effects Study 329 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salbutamol&oldid=810389896 '' Categories : Alcohols Antiasthmatic drugs Beta - adrenergic agonists Chemical substances for emergency medicine Phenethylamines Phenols Sympathomimetic amines World Health Organization essential medicines Hidden categories : Use British English from June 2017 Infobox drug with local INN variant Template : drugs.com link with non-standard subpage Articles with changed DrugBank identifier Articles with changed EBI identifier ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata Drugboxes which contain changes to verified fields Drugboxes which contain changes to watched fields Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015 RTT Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Català Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 November 2017 , at 23 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	salbutamol works in which area of the respiratory tract	[]	[]

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