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Augusta Newton Foote Arnold (October 24, 1844 – May 9, 1904) was an American author and naturalist who published three books – two cookery books under the pen name of Mary Ronald, and The Sea-Beach at Ebb-Tide, regarded as a seminal work on the intertidal biology of the United States.
Personal life
Augusta was born in Seneca Falls, New York. Her father was Elisha Foote, a judge, mathematician, inventor, and a commissioner of the US Patent Office. Her mother was Eunice Newton, who is considered the first female scientist to perform experiments in her own laboratory. Eunice Newton Foote described and explained the "Green House Gas Effect" in 1856, three years before Irishman John Tyndall who is widely credited with that research. Her mother Eunice was also a women's rights campaigner, one of the signers of the seminal Declaration of Sentiments in that effort. Her older sister was the artist and writer Mary Foote Henderson, who married U.S. Senator John B. Henderson, the co-author of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution which abolished slavery. Augusta and Mary both carried on their parents' legacy of science. She was educated at private schools in Saratoga Springs, New York.Augusta Foote married Francis Benjamin Arnold on March 6, 1869, in the nation's capital. He was the son of Benjamin Green Arnold (founding president of the Coffee Exchange in the 1880s) and Frances Snow, and the brother of Charlotte Bruce Arnold (1842–1924). The couple had two sons and a daughter: Benjamin Foote Arnold (1870–1896), Henry Newton Arnold (1873–1939), who served as Assistant Attorney General under George W. Wickersham in the Taft Administration, and Frances A. Arnold (1874–1975).She died at age 59, on May 9, 1904, at her residence, 101 West 78th Street in New York City. After a funeral at All Souls' Church, she was buried at Woodlawn Cemetery in Bronx, New York.
Career
Augusta wrote three books, two under a pseudonym. Her first, in 1895, was The Century Cook Book, as Mary Ronald. In 1901 The Century Company of New York published her seminal biology-research handbook The Sea-beach at Ebb Tide - A Guide to the Study of the Seaweeds and the Lower Animal Life Found between Tide-Marks. A second cookbook, Luncheons - A Cook's Picture Book (A Supplement to the Century Cook Book) was issued in 1905.Arnold's second book was her only work of scientific writing. It was a guide to the flora and invertebrate fauna of the inter-tidal zones of the coasts of the United States, particularly the eastern coast. This book was promoted in the nation's most popular children's magazine of that era, the St. Nicholas Magazine, and it may have influenced a generation of American naturalists. Two prominent workers in that field, Rachel Carson and Ed Ricketts, cited Arnold's book in their bibliographies. The popular writer John Steinbeck, who was an avid supporter of coastal research and discovery, was known to have been a reader of the magazine. American marine biologists Myrtle E. Johnson, Richard Knapp Allen, and Joel Hedgpeth, mention or comment on The Sea Beach at Ebb-Tide in their writings.Arnold was a member of the Torrey Botanical Club and of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, indicating that she viewed herself as a serious scientist.
Eponyms
Although the identity of the person honored by the specific name of the Pacific leaping blenny (Alticus arnoldorum), is unclear, Anthony Curtiss who described that species is known to have read The Sea-Beach at Ebb-Tide and gave several other taxa a similar epithet, which is thought to be in commemoration of Augusta Foote Arnold.
Gallery
A sample of plates from The Sea-Beach at Ebb-Tide:
References
External links
Augusta Foote Arnold at Find a Grave
Works by Mary Ronald at Project Gutenberg
Works by Augusta Foote Arnold at Project Gutenberg
Augusta Foote Arnold family papers, 1893–1903 at the New York Public Library.
|
Commons Creator page
|
{
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3622
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"text": [
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Augusta Newton Foote Arnold (October 24, 1844 – May 9, 1904) was an American author and naturalist who published three books – two cookery books under the pen name of Mary Ronald, and The Sea-Beach at Ebb-Tide, regarded as a seminal work on the intertidal biology of the United States.
Personal life
Augusta was born in Seneca Falls, New York. Her father was Elisha Foote, a judge, mathematician, inventor, and a commissioner of the US Patent Office. Her mother was Eunice Newton, who is considered the first female scientist to perform experiments in her own laboratory. Eunice Newton Foote described and explained the "Green House Gas Effect" in 1856, three years before Irishman John Tyndall who is widely credited with that research. Her mother Eunice was also a women's rights campaigner, one of the signers of the seminal Declaration of Sentiments in that effort. Her older sister was the artist and writer Mary Foote Henderson, who married U.S. Senator John B. Henderson, the co-author of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution which abolished slavery. Augusta and Mary both carried on their parents' legacy of science. She was educated at private schools in Saratoga Springs, New York.Augusta Foote married Francis Benjamin Arnold on March 6, 1869, in the nation's capital. He was the son of Benjamin Green Arnold (founding president of the Coffee Exchange in the 1880s) and Frances Snow, and the brother of Charlotte Bruce Arnold (1842–1924). The couple had two sons and a daughter: Benjamin Foote Arnold (1870–1896), Henry Newton Arnold (1873–1939), who served as Assistant Attorney General under George W. Wickersham in the Taft Administration, and Frances A. Arnold (1874–1975).She died at age 59, on May 9, 1904, at her residence, 101 West 78th Street in New York City. After a funeral at All Souls' Church, she was buried at Woodlawn Cemetery in Bronx, New York.
Career
Augusta wrote three books, two under a pseudonym. Her first, in 1895, was The Century Cook Book, as Mary Ronald. In 1901 The Century Company of New York published her seminal biology-research handbook The Sea-beach at Ebb Tide - A Guide to the Study of the Seaweeds and the Lower Animal Life Found between Tide-Marks. A second cookbook, Luncheons - A Cook's Picture Book (A Supplement to the Century Cook Book) was issued in 1905.Arnold's second book was her only work of scientific writing. It was a guide to the flora and invertebrate fauna of the inter-tidal zones of the coasts of the United States, particularly the eastern coast. This book was promoted in the nation's most popular children's magazine of that era, the St. Nicholas Magazine, and it may have influenced a generation of American naturalists. Two prominent workers in that field, Rachel Carson and Ed Ricketts, cited Arnold's book in their bibliographies. The popular writer John Steinbeck, who was an avid supporter of coastal research and discovery, was known to have been a reader of the magazine. American marine biologists Myrtle E. Johnson, Richard Knapp Allen, and Joel Hedgpeth, mention or comment on The Sea Beach at Ebb-Tide in their writings.Arnold was a member of the Torrey Botanical Club and of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, indicating that she viewed herself as a serious scientist.
Eponyms
Although the identity of the person honored by the specific name of the Pacific leaping blenny (Alticus arnoldorum), is unclear, Anthony Curtiss who described that species is known to have read The Sea-Beach at Ebb-Tide and gave several other taxa a similar epithet, which is thought to be in commemoration of Augusta Foote Arnold.
Gallery
A sample of plates from The Sea-Beach at Ebb-Tide:
References
External links
Augusta Foote Arnold at Find a Grave
Works by Mary Ronald at Project Gutenberg
Works by Augusta Foote Arnold at Project Gutenberg
Augusta Foote Arnold family papers, 1893–1903 at the New York Public Library.
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birth name
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The Luhrs Building is a historic ten-story building located at 11 West Jefferson in Downtown Phoenix, Arizona. It was listed on the Phoenix Historic Property Register in 1990. It was built by local businessman George H. N. Luhrs, an original Phoenix City Council member from 1881–85, at a cost of $553,000 USD, and opened on May 17, 1924. At the time, it was the tallest building in Phoenix and was said to be the largest building between El Paso and Los Angeles.In 2009, the building was renovated with the help of a $500,000 historic preservation grant.
Architecture
The L-shaped Luhrs Building was designed in the Beaux-Arts style by the El Paso architectural firm of Trost & Trost. The building is faced with brown brick, with elaborate marble ornamentation on the uppermost two floors, and a heavy cornice at the top. Jay J. Garfield, a well known local builder was the contractor for the building.The building's ground floor was leased by the US Treasury Dept. from 1924–1935. The 7th–10th floors were the original location of the Arizona Club, including dining rooms, lounges, a library, and bedrooms for club members. When the Arizona Club moved out of the Luhrs Building in 1971, the upper floors were also converted to office floor space. The 6th floor was originally occupied by Standard Oil.
See also
Luhrs Tower – built in 1929, adjacent to the Luhrs Building.
List of historic properties in Phoenix
Phoenix Historic Property Register
== References ==
|
located in the administrative territorial entity
|
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The Luhrs Building is a historic ten-story building located at 11 West Jefferson in Downtown Phoenix, Arizona. It was listed on the Phoenix Historic Property Register in 1990. It was built by local businessman George H. N. Luhrs, an original Phoenix City Council member from 1881–85, at a cost of $553,000 USD, and opened on May 17, 1924. At the time, it was the tallest building in Phoenix and was said to be the largest building between El Paso and Los Angeles.In 2009, the building was renovated with the help of a $500,000 historic preservation grant.
Architecture
The L-shaped Luhrs Building was designed in the Beaux-Arts style by the El Paso architectural firm of Trost & Trost. The building is faced with brown brick, with elaborate marble ornamentation on the uppermost two floors, and a heavy cornice at the top. Jay J. Garfield, a well known local builder was the contractor for the building.The building's ground floor was leased by the US Treasury Dept. from 1924–1935. The 7th–10th floors were the original location of the Arizona Club, including dining rooms, lounges, a library, and bedrooms for club members. When the Arizona Club moved out of the Luhrs Building in 1971, the upper floors were also converted to office floor space. The 6th floor was originally occupied by Standard Oil.
See also
Luhrs Tower – built in 1929, adjacent to the Luhrs Building.
List of historic properties in Phoenix
Phoenix Historic Property Register
== References ==
|
Commons category
|
{
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4
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"text": [
"Luhrs Building"
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Alex Anthony is best known as the Public Address announcer for Major League Baseball's New York Mets, a position he held from 2004-2017, first at Shea Stadium and then at Citi Field since the Mets moved there in 2009. He has been called the "Voice of the Mets."
Announcing career
Before becoming an announcer for the New York Mets, Anthony was the PA announcer for New York Islanders games at the Nassau Coliseum from 1995-1998. Anthony also announced New York Jets games at Giants Stadium and New Meadowlands Stadium from 2002-2008, while also announcing for the New York Mets. He later became the backup PA announcer for the New York Rangers from 2008-2012 while still continuing to announce for the Mets. In the offseason before the 2018 season, Anthony was fired from the Mets. He returned to the New York Islanders since their move to the Barclays Center in 2015, when then-Islanders PA Announcer Roger Luce was unavailable. He went back to full-time for the Islanders in 2019, as he called every game of the 2019-2020 season, and continued to do so for the Islanders final season at Nassau Coliseum. and is one of two game day PA announcers for the New York Jets.He was the announcer for the US Open Tennis Championship in 2002 and 2003.Anthony served as a PA voice during the 2006 National League Championship Series, the 2013 All-Star Game, and the 2015 World Series.
Childhood
Anthony grew up in Garden City, New York, a largely upper-middle class suburb of New York City. He came from a Greek-American family, and his father was a furrier.He was a talented baseball player — going on to play for Adelphi University, but was even more well known in his community for providing play-by-play commentary of neighborhood stickball and softball games.
Other Announcing Work
Apart from in-stadium sports announcing, he also does voice-over work on several radio and television commercials, and video games, such as Grand Theft Auto. Anthony also works as an announcer for harness racing events held at Yonkers Raceway on days when the Mets are not playing.
References
External links
Video interview
Alex Anthony at IMDb
|
occupation
|
{
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Alex Anthony is best known as the Public Address announcer for Major League Baseball's New York Mets, a position he held from 2004-2017, first at Shea Stadium and then at Citi Field since the Mets moved there in 2009. He has been called the "Voice of the Mets."
Announcing career
Before becoming an announcer for the New York Mets, Anthony was the PA announcer for New York Islanders games at the Nassau Coliseum from 1995-1998. Anthony also announced New York Jets games at Giants Stadium and New Meadowlands Stadium from 2002-2008, while also announcing for the New York Mets. He later became the backup PA announcer for the New York Rangers from 2008-2012 while still continuing to announce for the Mets. In the offseason before the 2018 season, Anthony was fired from the Mets. He returned to the New York Islanders since their move to the Barclays Center in 2015, when then-Islanders PA Announcer Roger Luce was unavailable. He went back to full-time for the Islanders in 2019, as he called every game of the 2019-2020 season, and continued to do so for the Islanders final season at Nassau Coliseum. and is one of two game day PA announcers for the New York Jets.He was the announcer for the US Open Tennis Championship in 2002 and 2003.Anthony served as a PA voice during the 2006 National League Championship Series, the 2013 All-Star Game, and the 2015 World Series.
Childhood
Anthony grew up in Garden City, New York, a largely upper-middle class suburb of New York City. He came from a Greek-American family, and his father was a furrier.He was a talented baseball player — going on to play for Adelphi University, but was even more well known in his community for providing play-by-play commentary of neighborhood stickball and softball games.
Other Announcing Work
Apart from in-stadium sports announcing, he also does voice-over work on several radio and television commercials, and video games, such as Grand Theft Auto. Anthony also works as an announcer for harness racing events held at Yonkers Raceway on days when the Mets are not playing.
References
External links
Video interview
Alex Anthony at IMDb
|
family name
|
{
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5
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"text": [
"Anthony"
]
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|
Alex Anthony is best known as the Public Address announcer for Major League Baseball's New York Mets, a position he held from 2004-2017, first at Shea Stadium and then at Citi Field since the Mets moved there in 2009. He has been called the "Voice of the Mets."
Announcing career
Before becoming an announcer for the New York Mets, Anthony was the PA announcer for New York Islanders games at the Nassau Coliseum from 1995-1998. Anthony also announced New York Jets games at Giants Stadium and New Meadowlands Stadium from 2002-2008, while also announcing for the New York Mets. He later became the backup PA announcer for the New York Rangers from 2008-2012 while still continuing to announce for the Mets. In the offseason before the 2018 season, Anthony was fired from the Mets. He returned to the New York Islanders since their move to the Barclays Center in 2015, when then-Islanders PA Announcer Roger Luce was unavailable. He went back to full-time for the Islanders in 2019, as he called every game of the 2019-2020 season, and continued to do so for the Islanders final season at Nassau Coliseum. and is one of two game day PA announcers for the New York Jets.He was the announcer for the US Open Tennis Championship in 2002 and 2003.Anthony served as a PA voice during the 2006 National League Championship Series, the 2013 All-Star Game, and the 2015 World Series.
Childhood
Anthony grew up in Garden City, New York, a largely upper-middle class suburb of New York City. He came from a Greek-American family, and his father was a furrier.He was a talented baseball player — going on to play for Adelphi University, but was even more well known in his community for providing play-by-play commentary of neighborhood stickball and softball games.
Other Announcing Work
Apart from in-stadium sports announcing, he also does voice-over work on several radio and television commercials, and video games, such as Grand Theft Auto. Anthony also works as an announcer for harness racing events held at Yonkers Raceway on days when the Mets are not playing.
References
External links
Video interview
Alex Anthony at IMDb
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
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"text": [
"Alex"
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ER Vulpeculae is a binary star system in the northern constellation of Vulpecula, abbreviated ER Vul. It is a variable star system with a brightness that ranges from an apparent visual magnitude of 7.27 down to 7.49, which is too faint to be visible to the naked eye. This system is located at a distance of 165 light years from the Sun based on parallax measurements. It is drifting closer with a radial velocity of −25 km/s.This star was observed to be a double-lined spectroscopic binary by R. J. Northcott in 1946, indicating this is a binary star system where the individual spectra of each component is visible. G. A. Bakos found it to be a candidate eclipsing binary in 1955, and orbital elements were produced in 1956. The light curve of the system showed a very short orbital period of 16.75 hours and was found to vary continually between the minima. Both components were classified as G-type main-sequence stars.The wavy shape of the light curve of ER Vul resembles those of a W UMa star for a detached binary, indicating that the stars are not in direct contact but are close enough to gravitationally distort their shapes. By 1967, studies showed unexplained fluctuations in the light curve. H. E. Bond in 1970 found calcium H and K lines in emission. D. S. Hall classified the ER Vul system as a short period RS Canum Venaticorum variable in 1970, based on the spectral type and emission lines. These emission lines suggest some form of chromospheric activity on the star. Dark star spots were proposed as an explanation of the intrinsic variability of these types of stars by H. M. Al-Naimiy, and ER Vul was determined to be heavily spotted.The corona of ER Vul was found to be a strong source of soft X-rays by F. M. Walter and S. Bowyer in 1981. The eclipsing nature of the system was confirmed by T. H. Kadouri in 1981, with the primary eclipse being an occultation. Radio emission was detected with the VLA in 1992, and it was found to be the one of the most luminous main-sequence stars known in that band. Due to gravitational interaction that has forced a tidal lock with their close orbit, both stars are rotating rapidly – more than 40 times the rotation rate of the Sun, which is driving their magnetic dynamo. They show the "strongest coronal and chromospheric emissions of any main-sequence G-type star".C. İbanoğlu and associates in 1993 were able to explain the light curve of this system through a combination of "proximity effects, wavelike distortions, mutual eclipses, and short-term light fluctuations". By measuring variations in Hydrogen alpha emission, Ö. Çakırlı and associates in 2003 found that cooler secondary component is the more active of the pair. However, other observers have observed that the primary is the more active. This changeover may be the result of magnetic interaction between the stars. In 2005, E. Shkolnik and associates discovered a high-velocity stream passing between the stars toward the secondary component. This stream is creating a large active area on the companion.
References
== Further reading ==
|
page(s)
|
{
"answer_start": [
308
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"text": [
"1"
]
}
|
ER Vulpeculae is a binary star system in the northern constellation of Vulpecula, abbreviated ER Vul. It is a variable star system with a brightness that ranges from an apparent visual magnitude of 7.27 down to 7.49, which is too faint to be visible to the naked eye. This system is located at a distance of 165 light years from the Sun based on parallax measurements. It is drifting closer with a radial velocity of −25 km/s.This star was observed to be a double-lined spectroscopic binary by R. J. Northcott in 1946, indicating this is a binary star system where the individual spectra of each component is visible. G. A. Bakos found it to be a candidate eclipsing binary in 1955, and orbital elements were produced in 1956. The light curve of the system showed a very short orbital period of 16.75 hours and was found to vary continually between the minima. Both components were classified as G-type main-sequence stars.The wavy shape of the light curve of ER Vul resembles those of a W UMa star for a detached binary, indicating that the stars are not in direct contact but are close enough to gravitationally distort their shapes. By 1967, studies showed unexplained fluctuations in the light curve. H. E. Bond in 1970 found calcium H and K lines in emission. D. S. Hall classified the ER Vul system as a short period RS Canum Venaticorum variable in 1970, based on the spectral type and emission lines. These emission lines suggest some form of chromospheric activity on the star. Dark star spots were proposed as an explanation of the intrinsic variability of these types of stars by H. M. Al-Naimiy, and ER Vul was determined to be heavily spotted.The corona of ER Vul was found to be a strong source of soft X-rays by F. M. Walter and S. Bowyer in 1981. The eclipsing nature of the system was confirmed by T. H. Kadouri in 1981, with the primary eclipse being an occultation. Radio emission was detected with the VLA in 1992, and it was found to be the one of the most luminous main-sequence stars known in that band. Due to gravitational interaction that has forced a tidal lock with their close orbit, both stars are rotating rapidly – more than 40 times the rotation rate of the Sun, which is driving their magnetic dynamo. They show the "strongest coronal and chromospheric emissions of any main-sequence G-type star".C. İbanoğlu and associates in 1993 were able to explain the light curve of this system through a combination of "proximity effects, wavelike distortions, mutual eclipses, and short-term light fluctuations". By measuring variations in Hydrogen alpha emission, Ö. Çakırlı and associates in 2003 found that cooler secondary component is the more active of the pair. However, other observers have observed that the primary is the more active. This changeover may be the result of magnetic interaction between the stars. In 2005, E. Shkolnik and associates discovered a high-velocity stream passing between the stars toward the secondary component. This stream is creating a large active area on the companion.
References
== Further reading ==
|
title
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"ER Vulpeculae"
]
}
|
ER Vulpeculae is a binary star system in the northern constellation of Vulpecula, abbreviated ER Vul. It is a variable star system with a brightness that ranges from an apparent visual magnitude of 7.27 down to 7.49, which is too faint to be visible to the naked eye. This system is located at a distance of 165 light years from the Sun based on parallax measurements. It is drifting closer with a radial velocity of −25 km/s.This star was observed to be a double-lined spectroscopic binary by R. J. Northcott in 1946, indicating this is a binary star system where the individual spectra of each component is visible. G. A. Bakos found it to be a candidate eclipsing binary in 1955, and orbital elements were produced in 1956. The light curve of the system showed a very short orbital period of 16.75 hours and was found to vary continually between the minima. Both components were classified as G-type main-sequence stars.The wavy shape of the light curve of ER Vul resembles those of a W UMa star for a detached binary, indicating that the stars are not in direct contact but are close enough to gravitationally distort their shapes. By 1967, studies showed unexplained fluctuations in the light curve. H. E. Bond in 1970 found calcium H and K lines in emission. D. S. Hall classified the ER Vul system as a short period RS Canum Venaticorum variable in 1970, based on the spectral type and emission lines. These emission lines suggest some form of chromospheric activity on the star. Dark star spots were proposed as an explanation of the intrinsic variability of these types of stars by H. M. Al-Naimiy, and ER Vul was determined to be heavily spotted.The corona of ER Vul was found to be a strong source of soft X-rays by F. M. Walter and S. Bowyer in 1981. The eclipsing nature of the system was confirmed by T. H. Kadouri in 1981, with the primary eclipse being an occultation. Radio emission was detected with the VLA in 1992, and it was found to be the one of the most luminous main-sequence stars known in that band. Due to gravitational interaction that has forced a tidal lock with their close orbit, both stars are rotating rapidly – more than 40 times the rotation rate of the Sun, which is driving their magnetic dynamo. They show the "strongest coronal and chromospheric emissions of any main-sequence G-type star".C. İbanoğlu and associates in 1993 were able to explain the light curve of this system through a combination of "proximity effects, wavelike distortions, mutual eclipses, and short-term light fluctuations". By measuring variations in Hydrogen alpha emission, Ö. Çakırlı and associates in 2003 found that cooler secondary component is the more active of the pair. However, other observers have observed that the primary is the more active. This changeover may be the result of magnetic interaction between the stars. In 2005, E. Shkolnik and associates discovered a high-velocity stream passing between the stars toward the secondary component. This stream is creating a large active area on the companion.
References
== Further reading ==
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
896
],
"text": [
"G-type main-sequence star"
]
}
|
ER Vulpeculae is a binary star system in the northern constellation of Vulpecula, abbreviated ER Vul. It is a variable star system with a brightness that ranges from an apparent visual magnitude of 7.27 down to 7.49, which is too faint to be visible to the naked eye. This system is located at a distance of 165 light years from the Sun based on parallax measurements. It is drifting closer with a radial velocity of −25 km/s.This star was observed to be a double-lined spectroscopic binary by R. J. Northcott in 1946, indicating this is a binary star system where the individual spectra of each component is visible. G. A. Bakos found it to be a candidate eclipsing binary in 1955, and orbital elements were produced in 1956. The light curve of the system showed a very short orbital period of 16.75 hours and was found to vary continually between the minima. Both components were classified as G-type main-sequence stars.The wavy shape of the light curve of ER Vul resembles those of a W UMa star for a detached binary, indicating that the stars are not in direct contact but are close enough to gravitationally distort their shapes. By 1967, studies showed unexplained fluctuations in the light curve. H. E. Bond in 1970 found calcium H and K lines in emission. D. S. Hall classified the ER Vul system as a short period RS Canum Venaticorum variable in 1970, based on the spectral type and emission lines. These emission lines suggest some form of chromospheric activity on the star. Dark star spots were proposed as an explanation of the intrinsic variability of these types of stars by H. M. Al-Naimiy, and ER Vul was determined to be heavily spotted.The corona of ER Vul was found to be a strong source of soft X-rays by F. M. Walter and S. Bowyer in 1981. The eclipsing nature of the system was confirmed by T. H. Kadouri in 1981, with the primary eclipse being an occultation. Radio emission was detected with the VLA in 1992, and it was found to be the one of the most luminous main-sequence stars known in that band. Due to gravitational interaction that has forced a tidal lock with their close orbit, both stars are rotating rapidly – more than 40 times the rotation rate of the Sun, which is driving their magnetic dynamo. They show the "strongest coronal and chromospheric emissions of any main-sequence G-type star".C. İbanoğlu and associates in 1993 were able to explain the light curve of this system through a combination of "proximity effects, wavelike distortions, mutual eclipses, and short-term light fluctuations". By measuring variations in Hydrogen alpha emission, Ö. Çakırlı and associates in 2003 found that cooler secondary component is the more active of the pair. However, other observers have observed that the primary is the more active. This changeover may be the result of magnetic interaction between the stars. In 2005, E. Shkolnik and associates discovered a high-velocity stream passing between the stars toward the secondary component. This stream is creating a large active area on the companion.
References
== Further reading ==
|
constellation
|
{
"answer_start": [
3
],
"text": [
"Vulpecula"
]
}
|
ER Vulpeculae is a binary star system in the northern constellation of Vulpecula, abbreviated ER Vul. It is a variable star system with a brightness that ranges from an apparent visual magnitude of 7.27 down to 7.49, which is too faint to be visible to the naked eye. This system is located at a distance of 165 light years from the Sun based on parallax measurements. It is drifting closer with a radial velocity of −25 km/s.This star was observed to be a double-lined spectroscopic binary by R. J. Northcott in 1946, indicating this is a binary star system where the individual spectra of each component is visible. G. A. Bakos found it to be a candidate eclipsing binary in 1955, and orbital elements were produced in 1956. The light curve of the system showed a very short orbital period of 16.75 hours and was found to vary continually between the minima. Both components were classified as G-type main-sequence stars.The wavy shape of the light curve of ER Vul resembles those of a W UMa star for a detached binary, indicating that the stars are not in direct contact but are close enough to gravitationally distort their shapes. By 1967, studies showed unexplained fluctuations in the light curve. H. E. Bond in 1970 found calcium H and K lines in emission. D. S. Hall classified the ER Vul system as a short period RS Canum Venaticorum variable in 1970, based on the spectral type and emission lines. These emission lines suggest some form of chromospheric activity on the star. Dark star spots were proposed as an explanation of the intrinsic variability of these types of stars by H. M. Al-Naimiy, and ER Vul was determined to be heavily spotted.The corona of ER Vul was found to be a strong source of soft X-rays by F. M. Walter and S. Bowyer in 1981. The eclipsing nature of the system was confirmed by T. H. Kadouri in 1981, with the primary eclipse being an occultation. Radio emission was detected with the VLA in 1992, and it was found to be the one of the most luminous main-sequence stars known in that band. Due to gravitational interaction that has forced a tidal lock with their close orbit, both stars are rotating rapidly – more than 40 times the rotation rate of the Sun, which is driving their magnetic dynamo. They show the "strongest coronal and chromospheric emissions of any main-sequence G-type star".C. İbanoğlu and associates in 1993 were able to explain the light curve of this system through a combination of "proximity effects, wavelike distortions, mutual eclipses, and short-term light fluctuations". By measuring variations in Hydrogen alpha emission, Ö. Çakırlı and associates in 2003 found that cooler secondary component is the more active of the pair. However, other observers have observed that the primary is the more active. This changeover may be the result of magnetic interaction between the stars. In 2005, E. Shkolnik and associates discovered a high-velocity stream passing between the stars toward the secondary component. This stream is creating a large active area on the companion.
References
== Further reading ==
|
catalog code
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"ER Vul"
]
}
|
The Cairngorm Mountain Railway, which opened in 2001, is the highest railway in the United Kingdom. The two-kilometre long funicular ascends the northern slopes of Cairn Gorm, the United Kingdom's seventh-highest mountain, serving the Cairngorm Mountain ski resort. The route and ski area are located within the Cairngorms National Park, the largest National Nature Reserve in Britain, located near Aviemore in the Highland area of Scotland.
It is a Doppelmayr 120-SSB funicular railway.
It is owned by the Highlands and Islands Enterprise and was operated by Cairngorm Mountain Limited until July 2014, when Natural Retreats UK took over the lease. Since 2018, it has been run by Cairngorm Mountain (Scotland) Limited.
The railway closed in October 2018 due to structural issues and reopened in January 2023.
History
Construction
Construction of the Cairngorm Mountain Railway started in 1999 and it opened on 24 December 2001 (forty years after the opening of the White Lady Chairlift, which it replaced). The construction was initiated because the chairlift was too sensitive to the strong winds in the area. The track is a broad gauge of 2,000 mm (6 ft 6+3⁄4 in). The maximum operating speed is 10 m/s (36 km/h; 22 mph) during the ski season and 5 m/s (18 km/h; 11 mph) the rest of the year. At these speeds, the trip takes about four minutes in winter and nine minutes during the summer (calculated without middle station stops). The single track line has a passing loop just above the middle station. During ascent, the maximum gradient is 23° (1 in 2.5, or 40-percent inclination). The railway starts at the Base Station in the Coire Cas area, where there is a restaurant, shop, ticket office, hire shop, rangers' office and Disability Sport UK office. The Scottish Ski Club has a building close to the middle station.
At peak times there can be 150,000–160,000 non-winter sports visitors, combined with a further 50,000–120,000 annual sports visitors during the winter. CML can expect to cater to 1,000 visitors per day in the summer months.The railway is 13 km (8 mi) from Aviemore and can be reached travelling along the B970 and C38 roads to Glenmore. From Glenmore, a route is taken through the snow gates and via a one-way system past Coire na Ciste for approximately 3 km (1.9 mi). The Base Station is at an altitude of approximately 635 m (2,083 ft) above sea level, the middle station is at approximately 765 m (2,510 ft) and the top Ptarmigan Station is at approximately 1,097 m (3,599 ft).
The total length of the funicular railway track is 1,970 m (6,460 ft), during which the route rises by 462 m (1,516 ft). Most of the route is single track, with a short passing loop near half way. Up to 120 standing passengers can be carried in each of the system's two carriages. The train is fully accessible for wheelchair users and both the Base Station and Ptarmigan Station have lift access to all levels.
Depending on wind direction, wind speed trend and weather forecast, the trains can operate in winds of 100 to 120 km/h (60 to 75 mph). As the train approaches the top station it enters a 250 m (820 ft) long cut-and-cover tunnel taking it up to the top platform hidden in the hillside.
The funicular railway operates by 'hauling' up one carriage using electric motors to pull the haul rope as the other carriage descends at the same time. The system is powered by two stationary in series 500 kW electric motors, a gear box and a 'soft start-soft stop' control system which can increase the electrical frequency and vary the current and voltage to control the carriage speeds as they approach or leave a station. A hydraulically operated 'counter' rope is connected to both carriages to maintain haul rope tension. The two carriages are permanently connected by the haul rope and the counter rope and can never operate independently.
The funicular railway system is normally operated from a manned control room within the Ptarmigan building, but can also be operated from the Base station control room or from each railway carriage. There are dedicated sophisticated computer control, instrumentation, communication and safety systems for the railway which have a range of back up systems and there are also standby generators and manual back up systems for moving the carriages.
During the ski season, skiers are asked to stay within the designated ski area and climbers and hill walkers are not allowed to use the railway to travel uphill. The railway operators have agreed, in conjunction with Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH), to operate a formal visitor management plan to protect fragile areas of the mountain environment. This means that for conservation reasons, the public is not allowed to access the mountains during the summer season from Ptarmigan building. However, walkers who have climbed the hill themselves may purchase a downhill ticket at the Ptarmigan building for travelling back down to Base. There are no middle station stops or exits during the summer.
On 29 November 2018, it was announced that the railway had been placed into administration. Blair Milne, one of the administrators, cited that the company had become "unsustainably loss-making" after an extended closure in October 2018. Natural Retreats, the previous owners since 2013, released a press statement saying the firm still had "potential". That hope did not come to fruition and the company owed £2m.
Closure
The closure of the Cairngorm Mountain Railway funicular was "due to health and safety concerns", or "structural problems" according to reports in summer 2019. At the time, an engineering investigation was still underway to determine whether modifications would be "achievable and affordable", according to its then-owner, the Scottish government's Highlands and Islands Enterprise which also owns Cairngorm Mountain ski centre. The final findings of the consultants, SE Group, were released in July 2019, but a decision on how to proceed had not yet been made at that time.
Reinstatement
On 14 October 2020, the Scottish Government announced more than £16m would be spent on the reinstatement of the funicular railway as part of a £20m project. The programme of engineering works commenced in early November 2020. The works were completed late in 2022 and the railway resumed on 26 January 2023.
See also
List of funicular railways
References
External links
Official website
Photos
Cairngorms Park Info
|
country
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The Cairngorm Mountain Railway, which opened in 2001, is the highest railway in the United Kingdom. The two-kilometre long funicular ascends the northern slopes of Cairn Gorm, the United Kingdom's seventh-highest mountain, serving the Cairngorm Mountain ski resort. The route and ski area are located within the Cairngorms National Park, the largest National Nature Reserve in Britain, located near Aviemore in the Highland area of Scotland.
It is a Doppelmayr 120-SSB funicular railway.
It is owned by the Highlands and Islands Enterprise and was operated by Cairngorm Mountain Limited until July 2014, when Natural Retreats UK took over the lease. Since 2018, it has been run by Cairngorm Mountain (Scotland) Limited.
The railway closed in October 2018 due to structural issues and reopened in January 2023.
History
Construction
Construction of the Cairngorm Mountain Railway started in 1999 and it opened on 24 December 2001 (forty years after the opening of the White Lady Chairlift, which it replaced). The construction was initiated because the chairlift was too sensitive to the strong winds in the area. The track is a broad gauge of 2,000 mm (6 ft 6+3⁄4 in). The maximum operating speed is 10 m/s (36 km/h; 22 mph) during the ski season and 5 m/s (18 km/h; 11 mph) the rest of the year. At these speeds, the trip takes about four minutes in winter and nine minutes during the summer (calculated without middle station stops). The single track line has a passing loop just above the middle station. During ascent, the maximum gradient is 23° (1 in 2.5, or 40-percent inclination). The railway starts at the Base Station in the Coire Cas area, where there is a restaurant, shop, ticket office, hire shop, rangers' office and Disability Sport UK office. The Scottish Ski Club has a building close to the middle station.
At peak times there can be 150,000–160,000 non-winter sports visitors, combined with a further 50,000–120,000 annual sports visitors during the winter. CML can expect to cater to 1,000 visitors per day in the summer months.The railway is 13 km (8 mi) from Aviemore and can be reached travelling along the B970 and C38 roads to Glenmore. From Glenmore, a route is taken through the snow gates and via a one-way system past Coire na Ciste for approximately 3 km (1.9 mi). The Base Station is at an altitude of approximately 635 m (2,083 ft) above sea level, the middle station is at approximately 765 m (2,510 ft) and the top Ptarmigan Station is at approximately 1,097 m (3,599 ft).
The total length of the funicular railway track is 1,970 m (6,460 ft), during which the route rises by 462 m (1,516 ft). Most of the route is single track, with a short passing loop near half way. Up to 120 standing passengers can be carried in each of the system's two carriages. The train is fully accessible for wheelchair users and both the Base Station and Ptarmigan Station have lift access to all levels.
Depending on wind direction, wind speed trend and weather forecast, the trains can operate in winds of 100 to 120 km/h (60 to 75 mph). As the train approaches the top station it enters a 250 m (820 ft) long cut-and-cover tunnel taking it up to the top platform hidden in the hillside.
The funicular railway operates by 'hauling' up one carriage using electric motors to pull the haul rope as the other carriage descends at the same time. The system is powered by two stationary in series 500 kW electric motors, a gear box and a 'soft start-soft stop' control system which can increase the electrical frequency and vary the current and voltage to control the carriage speeds as they approach or leave a station. A hydraulically operated 'counter' rope is connected to both carriages to maintain haul rope tension. The two carriages are permanently connected by the haul rope and the counter rope and can never operate independently.
The funicular railway system is normally operated from a manned control room within the Ptarmigan building, but can also be operated from the Base station control room or from each railway carriage. There are dedicated sophisticated computer control, instrumentation, communication and safety systems for the railway which have a range of back up systems and there are also standby generators and manual back up systems for moving the carriages.
During the ski season, skiers are asked to stay within the designated ski area and climbers and hill walkers are not allowed to use the railway to travel uphill. The railway operators have agreed, in conjunction with Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH), to operate a formal visitor management plan to protect fragile areas of the mountain environment. This means that for conservation reasons, the public is not allowed to access the mountains during the summer season from Ptarmigan building. However, walkers who have climbed the hill themselves may purchase a downhill ticket at the Ptarmigan building for travelling back down to Base. There are no middle station stops or exits during the summer.
On 29 November 2018, it was announced that the railway had been placed into administration. Blair Milne, one of the administrators, cited that the company had become "unsustainably loss-making" after an extended closure in October 2018. Natural Retreats, the previous owners since 2013, released a press statement saying the firm still had "potential". That hope did not come to fruition and the company owed £2m.
Closure
The closure of the Cairngorm Mountain Railway funicular was "due to health and safety concerns", or "structural problems" according to reports in summer 2019. At the time, an engineering investigation was still underway to determine whether modifications would be "achievable and affordable", according to its then-owner, the Scottish government's Highlands and Islands Enterprise which also owns Cairngorm Mountain ski centre. The final findings of the consultants, SE Group, were released in July 2019, but a decision on how to proceed had not yet been made at that time.
Reinstatement
On 14 October 2020, the Scottish Government announced more than £16m would be spent on the reinstatement of the funicular railway as part of a £20m project. The programme of engineering works commenced in early November 2020. The works were completed late in 2022 and the railway resumed on 26 January 2023.
See also
List of funicular railways
References
External links
Official website
Photos
Cairngorms Park Info
|
owned by
|
{
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The Cairngorm Mountain Railway, which opened in 2001, is the highest railway in the United Kingdom. The two-kilometre long funicular ascends the northern slopes of Cairn Gorm, the United Kingdom's seventh-highest mountain, serving the Cairngorm Mountain ski resort. The route and ski area are located within the Cairngorms National Park, the largest National Nature Reserve in Britain, located near Aviemore in the Highland area of Scotland.
It is a Doppelmayr 120-SSB funicular railway.
It is owned by the Highlands and Islands Enterprise and was operated by Cairngorm Mountain Limited until July 2014, when Natural Retreats UK took over the lease. Since 2018, it has been run by Cairngorm Mountain (Scotland) Limited.
The railway closed in October 2018 due to structural issues and reopened in January 2023.
History
Construction
Construction of the Cairngorm Mountain Railway started in 1999 and it opened on 24 December 2001 (forty years after the opening of the White Lady Chairlift, which it replaced). The construction was initiated because the chairlift was too sensitive to the strong winds in the area. The track is a broad gauge of 2,000 mm (6 ft 6+3⁄4 in). The maximum operating speed is 10 m/s (36 km/h; 22 mph) during the ski season and 5 m/s (18 km/h; 11 mph) the rest of the year. At these speeds, the trip takes about four minutes in winter and nine minutes during the summer (calculated without middle station stops). The single track line has a passing loop just above the middle station. During ascent, the maximum gradient is 23° (1 in 2.5, or 40-percent inclination). The railway starts at the Base Station in the Coire Cas area, where there is a restaurant, shop, ticket office, hire shop, rangers' office and Disability Sport UK office. The Scottish Ski Club has a building close to the middle station.
At peak times there can be 150,000–160,000 non-winter sports visitors, combined with a further 50,000–120,000 annual sports visitors during the winter. CML can expect to cater to 1,000 visitors per day in the summer months.The railway is 13 km (8 mi) from Aviemore and can be reached travelling along the B970 and C38 roads to Glenmore. From Glenmore, a route is taken through the snow gates and via a one-way system past Coire na Ciste for approximately 3 km (1.9 mi). The Base Station is at an altitude of approximately 635 m (2,083 ft) above sea level, the middle station is at approximately 765 m (2,510 ft) and the top Ptarmigan Station is at approximately 1,097 m (3,599 ft).
The total length of the funicular railway track is 1,970 m (6,460 ft), during which the route rises by 462 m (1,516 ft). Most of the route is single track, with a short passing loop near half way. Up to 120 standing passengers can be carried in each of the system's two carriages. The train is fully accessible for wheelchair users and both the Base Station and Ptarmigan Station have lift access to all levels.
Depending on wind direction, wind speed trend and weather forecast, the trains can operate in winds of 100 to 120 km/h (60 to 75 mph). As the train approaches the top station it enters a 250 m (820 ft) long cut-and-cover tunnel taking it up to the top platform hidden in the hillside.
The funicular railway operates by 'hauling' up one carriage using electric motors to pull the haul rope as the other carriage descends at the same time. The system is powered by two stationary in series 500 kW electric motors, a gear box and a 'soft start-soft stop' control system which can increase the electrical frequency and vary the current and voltage to control the carriage speeds as they approach or leave a station. A hydraulically operated 'counter' rope is connected to both carriages to maintain haul rope tension. The two carriages are permanently connected by the haul rope and the counter rope and can never operate independently.
The funicular railway system is normally operated from a manned control room within the Ptarmigan building, but can also be operated from the Base station control room or from each railway carriage. There are dedicated sophisticated computer control, instrumentation, communication and safety systems for the railway which have a range of back up systems and there are also standby generators and manual back up systems for moving the carriages.
During the ski season, skiers are asked to stay within the designated ski area and climbers and hill walkers are not allowed to use the railway to travel uphill. The railway operators have agreed, in conjunction with Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH), to operate a formal visitor management plan to protect fragile areas of the mountain environment. This means that for conservation reasons, the public is not allowed to access the mountains during the summer season from Ptarmigan building. However, walkers who have climbed the hill themselves may purchase a downhill ticket at the Ptarmigan building for travelling back down to Base. There are no middle station stops or exits during the summer.
On 29 November 2018, it was announced that the railway had been placed into administration. Blair Milne, one of the administrators, cited that the company had become "unsustainably loss-making" after an extended closure in October 2018. Natural Retreats, the previous owners since 2013, released a press statement saying the firm still had "potential". That hope did not come to fruition and the company owed £2m.
Closure
The closure of the Cairngorm Mountain Railway funicular was "due to health and safety concerns", or "structural problems" according to reports in summer 2019. At the time, an engineering investigation was still underway to determine whether modifications would be "achievable and affordable", according to its then-owner, the Scottish government's Highlands and Islands Enterprise which also owns Cairngorm Mountain ski centre. The final findings of the consultants, SE Group, were released in July 2019, but a decision on how to proceed had not yet been made at that time.
Reinstatement
On 14 October 2020, the Scottish Government announced more than £16m would be spent on the reinstatement of the funicular railway as part of a £20m project. The programme of engineering works commenced in early November 2020. The works were completed late in 2022 and the railway resumed on 26 January 2023.
See also
List of funicular railways
References
External links
Official website
Photos
Cairngorms Park Info
|
located in the administrative territorial entity
|
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The Cairngorm Mountain Railway, which opened in 2001, is the highest railway in the United Kingdom. The two-kilometre long funicular ascends the northern slopes of Cairn Gorm, the United Kingdom's seventh-highest mountain, serving the Cairngorm Mountain ski resort. The route and ski area are located within the Cairngorms National Park, the largest National Nature Reserve in Britain, located near Aviemore in the Highland area of Scotland.
It is a Doppelmayr 120-SSB funicular railway.
It is owned by the Highlands and Islands Enterprise and was operated by Cairngorm Mountain Limited until July 2014, when Natural Retreats UK took over the lease. Since 2018, it has been run by Cairngorm Mountain (Scotland) Limited.
The railway closed in October 2018 due to structural issues and reopened in January 2023.
History
Construction
Construction of the Cairngorm Mountain Railway started in 1999 and it opened on 24 December 2001 (forty years after the opening of the White Lady Chairlift, which it replaced). The construction was initiated because the chairlift was too sensitive to the strong winds in the area. The track is a broad gauge of 2,000 mm (6 ft 6+3⁄4 in). The maximum operating speed is 10 m/s (36 km/h; 22 mph) during the ski season and 5 m/s (18 km/h; 11 mph) the rest of the year. At these speeds, the trip takes about four minutes in winter and nine minutes during the summer (calculated without middle station stops). The single track line has a passing loop just above the middle station. During ascent, the maximum gradient is 23° (1 in 2.5, or 40-percent inclination). The railway starts at the Base Station in the Coire Cas area, where there is a restaurant, shop, ticket office, hire shop, rangers' office and Disability Sport UK office. The Scottish Ski Club has a building close to the middle station.
At peak times there can be 150,000–160,000 non-winter sports visitors, combined with a further 50,000–120,000 annual sports visitors during the winter. CML can expect to cater to 1,000 visitors per day in the summer months.The railway is 13 km (8 mi) from Aviemore and can be reached travelling along the B970 and C38 roads to Glenmore. From Glenmore, a route is taken through the snow gates and via a one-way system past Coire na Ciste for approximately 3 km (1.9 mi). The Base Station is at an altitude of approximately 635 m (2,083 ft) above sea level, the middle station is at approximately 765 m (2,510 ft) and the top Ptarmigan Station is at approximately 1,097 m (3,599 ft).
The total length of the funicular railway track is 1,970 m (6,460 ft), during which the route rises by 462 m (1,516 ft). Most of the route is single track, with a short passing loop near half way. Up to 120 standing passengers can be carried in each of the system's two carriages. The train is fully accessible for wheelchair users and both the Base Station and Ptarmigan Station have lift access to all levels.
Depending on wind direction, wind speed trend and weather forecast, the trains can operate in winds of 100 to 120 km/h (60 to 75 mph). As the train approaches the top station it enters a 250 m (820 ft) long cut-and-cover tunnel taking it up to the top platform hidden in the hillside.
The funicular railway operates by 'hauling' up one carriage using electric motors to pull the haul rope as the other carriage descends at the same time. The system is powered by two stationary in series 500 kW electric motors, a gear box and a 'soft start-soft stop' control system which can increase the electrical frequency and vary the current and voltage to control the carriage speeds as they approach or leave a station. A hydraulically operated 'counter' rope is connected to both carriages to maintain haul rope tension. The two carriages are permanently connected by the haul rope and the counter rope and can never operate independently.
The funicular railway system is normally operated from a manned control room within the Ptarmigan building, but can also be operated from the Base station control room or from each railway carriage. There are dedicated sophisticated computer control, instrumentation, communication and safety systems for the railway which have a range of back up systems and there are also standby generators and manual back up systems for moving the carriages.
During the ski season, skiers are asked to stay within the designated ski area and climbers and hill walkers are not allowed to use the railway to travel uphill. The railway operators have agreed, in conjunction with Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH), to operate a formal visitor management plan to protect fragile areas of the mountain environment. This means that for conservation reasons, the public is not allowed to access the mountains during the summer season from Ptarmigan building. However, walkers who have climbed the hill themselves may purchase a downhill ticket at the Ptarmigan building for travelling back down to Base. There are no middle station stops or exits during the summer.
On 29 November 2018, it was announced that the railway had been placed into administration. Blair Milne, one of the administrators, cited that the company had become "unsustainably loss-making" after an extended closure in October 2018. Natural Retreats, the previous owners since 2013, released a press statement saying the firm still had "potential". That hope did not come to fruition and the company owed £2m.
Closure
The closure of the Cairngorm Mountain Railway funicular was "due to health and safety concerns", or "structural problems" according to reports in summer 2019. At the time, an engineering investigation was still underway to determine whether modifications would be "achievable and affordable", according to its then-owner, the Scottish government's Highlands and Islands Enterprise which also owns Cairngorm Mountain ski centre. The final findings of the consultants, SE Group, were released in July 2019, but a decision on how to proceed had not yet been made at that time.
Reinstatement
On 14 October 2020, the Scottish Government announced more than £16m would be spent on the reinstatement of the funicular railway as part of a £20m project. The programme of engineering works commenced in early November 2020. The works were completed late in 2022 and the railway resumed on 26 January 2023.
See also
List of funicular railways
References
External links
Official website
Photos
Cairngorms Park Info
|
Commons category
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|
Consumers is a ghost town in Carbon County, Utah, United States. It is located in the Gordon Valley near several other former coal mining communities that also are now ghost towns. It is less than a mile from the ghost town of National, and also quite near to Clear Creek.
History
Coal was discovered in the area in 1908, but large-scale mining did not begin until the 1920s. The settlement was originally named Gibson, after Arthur E. Gibson who secured almost 1,500 acres of land sometime before 1920. During the winter of 1921–22, Gibson began to develop a seam of coal, hiring labor to work the mine. By 1924, the Consumers Mutual Coal Company was formed; the town that was originally called Gibson changed its name to Consumers. The Consumers Mine was the first in Utah to use conveyor belts to haul the coal, rather than mine cars. In September, 1927, the company was sold to the Blue Blaze Coal Company.
The town shared a post office, school house, hospital and amusement hall with the nearby towns of National and Sweet. Consumers had its own store and a central well.The mine closed in February 1938, although it reopened in October 1939 under new ownership. Sometime in the 1940s, the Hudson Coal Company took ownership of all the coal mining operations in the Gordon Valley area. Modern mining operations continue in the area today, but Consumers itself was abandoned by the end of the 1940s. All that remains today are a few decaying buildings and foundations.
See also
List of ghost towns in Utah
Coal mining in the United States
== References ==
|
instance of
|
{
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15
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"text": [
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|
Consumers is a ghost town in Carbon County, Utah, United States. It is located in the Gordon Valley near several other former coal mining communities that also are now ghost towns. It is less than a mile from the ghost town of National, and also quite near to Clear Creek.
History
Coal was discovered in the area in 1908, but large-scale mining did not begin until the 1920s. The settlement was originally named Gibson, after Arthur E. Gibson who secured almost 1,500 acres of land sometime before 1920. During the winter of 1921–22, Gibson began to develop a seam of coal, hiring labor to work the mine. By 1924, the Consumers Mutual Coal Company was formed; the town that was originally called Gibson changed its name to Consumers. The Consumers Mine was the first in Utah to use conveyor belts to haul the coal, rather than mine cars. In September, 1927, the company was sold to the Blue Blaze Coal Company.
The town shared a post office, school house, hospital and amusement hall with the nearby towns of National and Sweet. Consumers had its own store and a central well.The mine closed in February 1938, although it reopened in October 1939 under new ownership. Sometime in the 1940s, the Hudson Coal Company took ownership of all the coal mining operations in the Gordon Valley area. Modern mining operations continue in the area today, but Consumers itself was abandoned by the end of the 1940s. All that remains today are a few decaying buildings and foundations.
See also
List of ghost towns in Utah
Coal mining in the United States
== References ==
|
located in the administrative territorial entity
|
{
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Aubrey Lee Layne, Jr. (born June 19, 1956) is an American businessman who served as the Virginia Secretary of Finance from 2018 to 2021. He was previously appointed by Governor Terry McAuliffe, to the Commonwealth Transportation Board for a five-year term and later served as Virginia Secretary of Transportation in McAuliffe's administration. Layne was subsequently appointed as Virginia Secretary of Finance by Governor-elect Ralph Northam.Born in Newport News, Layne attended the University of Richmond and received a Master of Business Administration degree from Old Dominion University.
== References ==
|
place of birth
|
{
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450
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"Newport News"
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}
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Aubrey Lee Layne, Jr. (born June 19, 1956) is an American businessman who served as the Virginia Secretary of Finance from 2018 to 2021. He was previously appointed by Governor Terry McAuliffe, to the Commonwealth Transportation Board for a five-year term and later served as Virginia Secretary of Transportation in McAuliffe's administration. Layne was subsequently appointed as Virginia Secretary of Finance by Governor-elect Ralph Northam.Born in Newport News, Layne attended the University of Richmond and received a Master of Business Administration degree from Old Dominion University.
== References ==
|
educated at
|
{
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"text": [
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Marcelo Daniel Pecci Albertini (28 September 1976 – 10 May 2022) was a Paraguayan prosecutor. He prosecuted many high-profile criminal cases, involving Paraguayan and international drug cartels, as well as celebrities, including a 2020 case when Brazilian association football player Ronaldinho attempted to illegally enter Paraguay.
Personal life
On 30 April 2022, Pecci married Paraguayan journalist Claudia Aguilera Quintana. On the day of his death, she had told him that she was pregnant.
Death
Pecci and his wife Claudia were honeymooning in Baru, a tourist island off Cartagena, Colombia, when they were approached by two men on 10 May 2022. The two men shot Pecci three times, once in the face.
Pecci was interred in the Recoleta Cemetery, Asuncion.The judiciary requested the lifting of the parliamentary immunity of MP Erico Galeano, of the Colorado Party, because of his links with the criminal organisation responsible for the murder of the judge.
Reactions to his death
Many prominent people reacted publicly to Pecci's death, including President of Paraguay Mario Abdo Benitez, who said on Twitter that "the cowardly murder of prosecutor Marcelo Pecci in Colombia (puts) all the Paraguayan nation in mourning. In the most energetic terms, we condemn this tragic event and reinforce our compromise of battle against organized crime. Our most sincere condolences (go) to his family members."
== External links ==
|
country of citizenship
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{
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The Jubilee medal of "100th Anniversary of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (1918-2018)” (Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan Xalq Cümhuriyyətinin 100 illiyi (1918-2018)” Azərbaycan Respublikasının yubiley medalı) is a state award of Azerbaijan dedicated to the 100th anniversary of ADR. The award was established on May 1, 2018 in accordance with the amendments to the “Law on Establishment of Orders and Medals of Azerbaijan”.
Award description
The medal “100 years of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (1918-2018)” is a 42 mm x 15 mm rectangle ribbon connected with eight-pointed star enameled on an octagon shaped plaque with a diameter of 40 mm. The plaque with the star on its obverse are made of bronze which covered by golden surface. There is a circular layer in the center of the star on which the crescent and octagonal star are depicted among the Sun rays. 1918 and 2018 are engraved on the left and right side of this star respectively. Along the upper arc of the circular layer, Azerbaijan Democratic Republic is written, while along the lower arc, 3 eight-pointed stars (the star in the middle has a diameter of 3 mm, the others of 2 mm) are described.The reverse side of the medal has a flat surface, and the lower part is engraved with the series and number of the medal.The octagon plaque is attached to the silk ribbon on which the colors of Azerbaijani flag are illustrated. In the center of the ribbon there is a hexagonal plaque (17 mm x 22.5 mm) on which the crescent and 8-pointed star are described. Oak wreaths are engraved on the left and right outlines of the plaque.
Criteria for award
Successors of the leaders of the ADR, as well as the people who contributed to the study and promotion of the heritage of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, the preservation and development of the state independence of the Republic of Azerbaijan, and to the socio-political life of the country are awarded with this medal.
The way of wearing
This medal is worn on the left side of the chest, if there is any other orders and medals of Azerbaijan, it is placed after them.
Recipients
Sajjad Haider Karim (MEP 2004-2019)
Rais Rasulzade
Leila Abasguliyeva
Khurshud Abdullayeva
Solmaz Shikhlinskaya
Zaur Aliyev
Azad Khan-Khoyski
Hasanbala Sadigov
Javid Baghirzade
Azad Bayramov
Rashad Nabiyev
References
See also
Orders, decorations, and medals of Azerbaijan
National symbols of Azerbaijan
|
country
|
{
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}
|
Irradié is the fifth album by French rock singer Jacques Higelin, released in 1976.
Track listing
Personnel
Musicians
Jacques Higelin - keyboards, banjo, vocals.
Simon Boissezon - guitars, bass guitar.
Louis Bertignac - guitar.
Patrick Giani - drums, percussion.
Production
Dominique Mallegni - photographs.
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
21
],
"text": [
"album"
]
}
|
Irradié is the fifth album by French rock singer Jacques Higelin, released in 1976.
Track listing
Personnel
Musicians
Jacques Higelin - keyboards, banjo, vocals.
Simon Boissezon - guitars, bass guitar.
Louis Bertignac - guitar.
Patrick Giani - drums, percussion.
Production
Dominique Mallegni - photographs.
|
genre
|
{
"answer_start": [
30
],
"text": [
"French rock"
]
}
|
Irradié is the fifth album by French rock singer Jacques Higelin, released in 1976.
Track listing
Personnel
Musicians
Jacques Higelin - keyboards, banjo, vocals.
Simon Boissezon - guitars, bass guitar.
Louis Bertignac - guitar.
Patrick Giani - drums, percussion.
Production
Dominique Mallegni - photographs.
|
performer
|
{
"answer_start": [
49
],
"text": [
"Jacques Higelin"
]
}
|
Matisia coloradorum is a species of plant in the family Malvaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.
== References ==
|
taxon rank
|
{
"answer_start": [
25
],
"text": [
"species"
]
}
|
Matisia coloradorum is a species of plant in the family Malvaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.
== References ==
|
parent taxon
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Matisia"
]
}
|
Matisia coloradorum is a species of plant in the family Malvaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.
== References ==
|
taxon name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Matisia coloradorum"
]
}
|
Nový Hrádek (German: Neubürgles) is a market town in Náchod District in the Hradec Králové Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 900 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
Villages of Dlouhé, Krahulčí and Rzy are administrative parts of Nový Hrádek.
== References ==
|
country
|
{
"answer_start": [
105
],
"text": [
"Czech Republic"
]
}
|
Nový Hrádek (German: Neubürgles) is a market town in Náchod District in the Hradec Králové Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 900 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
Villages of Dlouhé, Krahulčí and Rzy are administrative parts of Nový Hrádek.
== References ==
|
owned by
|
{
"answer_start": [
105
],
"text": [
"Czech Republic"
]
}
|
Nový Hrádek (German: Neubürgles) is a market town in Náchod District in the Hradec Králové Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 900 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
Villages of Dlouhé, Krahulčí and Rzy are administrative parts of Nový Hrádek.
== References ==
|
located in the administrative territorial entity
|
{
"answer_start": [
53
],
"text": [
"Náchod District"
]
}
|
Nový Hrádek (German: Neubürgles) is a market town in Náchod District in the Hradec Králové Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 900 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
Villages of Dlouhé, Krahulčí and Rzy are administrative parts of Nový Hrádek.
== References ==
|
contains the administrative territorial entity
|
{
"answer_start": [
185
],
"text": [
"Dlouhé"
]
}
|
Nový Hrádek (German: Neubürgles) is a market town in Náchod District in the Hradec Králové Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 900 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
Villages of Dlouhé, Krahulčí and Rzy are administrative parts of Nový Hrádek.
== References ==
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Nový Hrádek"
]
}
|
Luopterus (meaning "Lü Junchang's wing") is an extinct genus of anurognathid pterosaur containing only the holotype species L. mutoudengensis that is known from the Middle Jurassic Tiaojishan Formation of Qinglong, northern Hebei Province, China. It was originally named as a species of Dendrorhynchoides in 2012 but it was moved to the genus Luopterus in 2020. Luopterus was originally thought to be from the Early Cretaceous, with a wingspan that is about 40 centimeters (16 in), making it one of the smallest known pterosaurs.
History
In 2010 the discovery of the holotype, a juvenile, was announced, that proved that a more elongated tail was present after all, albeit not so long as the faked tail of the holotype of Dendrorhynchoides (the animal it was first assigned to): about 85% of femur length. This specimen eventually was designated as the holotype of a new species, Dendrorhynchoides mutoudengensis, by Hone and Lü in 2012. The specimen was originally stored in the Guilin Geological Museum and designated GLGMV 0002; later it was moved to the Jinzhou Paleontological Museum and designated JZMP-04-07-3. In 2020, Hone recognized that D. mutoudengensis was as distinct from D. curvidentatus as other species of anurognathids were from each other, and elevated it to a new genus and combination Luopterus mutoudengensis, named after the late Lü Junchang.
Classification
In 2021, a phylogenetic analysis conducted by Xuefang Wei and colleagues recovered Luopterus within the subfamily Anurognathinae, a subfamily within the family Anurognathidae. Within this subfamily, Luopterus was in more derived position than Dendrorhynchoides. Below is a cladogram representing their phylogenetic analysis:
== References ==
|
taxon rank
|
{
"answer_start": [
55
],
"text": [
"genus"
]
}
|
Luopterus (meaning "Lü Junchang's wing") is an extinct genus of anurognathid pterosaur containing only the holotype species L. mutoudengensis that is known from the Middle Jurassic Tiaojishan Formation of Qinglong, northern Hebei Province, China. It was originally named as a species of Dendrorhynchoides in 2012 but it was moved to the genus Luopterus in 2020. Luopterus was originally thought to be from the Early Cretaceous, with a wingspan that is about 40 centimeters (16 in), making it one of the smallest known pterosaurs.
History
In 2010 the discovery of the holotype, a juvenile, was announced, that proved that a more elongated tail was present after all, albeit not so long as the faked tail of the holotype of Dendrorhynchoides (the animal it was first assigned to): about 85% of femur length. This specimen eventually was designated as the holotype of a new species, Dendrorhynchoides mutoudengensis, by Hone and Lü in 2012. The specimen was originally stored in the Guilin Geological Museum and designated GLGMV 0002; later it was moved to the Jinzhou Paleontological Museum and designated JZMP-04-07-3. In 2020, Hone recognized that D. mutoudengensis was as distinct from D. curvidentatus as other species of anurognathids were from each other, and elevated it to a new genus and combination Luopterus mutoudengensis, named after the late Lü Junchang.
Classification
In 2021, a phylogenetic analysis conducted by Xuefang Wei and colleagues recovered Luopterus within the subfamily Anurognathinae, a subfamily within the family Anurognathidae. Within this subfamily, Luopterus was in more derived position than Dendrorhynchoides. Below is a cladogram representing their phylogenetic analysis:
== References ==
|
parent taxon
|
{
"answer_start": [
1544
],
"text": [
"Anurognathidae"
]
}
|
Luopterus (meaning "Lü Junchang's wing") is an extinct genus of anurognathid pterosaur containing only the holotype species L. mutoudengensis that is known from the Middle Jurassic Tiaojishan Formation of Qinglong, northern Hebei Province, China. It was originally named as a species of Dendrorhynchoides in 2012 but it was moved to the genus Luopterus in 2020. Luopterus was originally thought to be from the Early Cretaceous, with a wingspan that is about 40 centimeters (16 in), making it one of the smallest known pterosaurs.
History
In 2010 the discovery of the holotype, a juvenile, was announced, that proved that a more elongated tail was present after all, albeit not so long as the faked tail of the holotype of Dendrorhynchoides (the animal it was first assigned to): about 85% of femur length. This specimen eventually was designated as the holotype of a new species, Dendrorhynchoides mutoudengensis, by Hone and Lü in 2012. The specimen was originally stored in the Guilin Geological Museum and designated GLGMV 0002; later it was moved to the Jinzhou Paleontological Museum and designated JZMP-04-07-3. In 2020, Hone recognized that D. mutoudengensis was as distinct from D. curvidentatus as other species of anurognathids were from each other, and elevated it to a new genus and combination Luopterus mutoudengensis, named after the late Lü Junchang.
Classification
In 2021, a phylogenetic analysis conducted by Xuefang Wei and colleagues recovered Luopterus within the subfamily Anurognathinae, a subfamily within the family Anurognathidae. Within this subfamily, Luopterus was in more derived position than Dendrorhynchoides. Below is a cladogram representing their phylogenetic analysis:
== References ==
|
taxon name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Luopterus"
]
}
|
Beloved Corinna (German: Geliebte Corinna and also known as Corinna Darling) is a 1956 German drama film directed by Eduard von Borsody and starring Elisabeth Müller. It was shot at the Pichelsberg Studios in West Berlin. The art director Gabriel Pellon worked on the film's sets.
Cast
Elisabeth Müller as Corinna Stephan
Hans Söhnker as Peter Mansfeld
Hannelore Schroth as Dagmar Mansfeld
Alexander Kerst as Dr. Suter
Valéry Inkijinoff as Chin
Klaus Kinski as Klaus Brockmann
Annie Rosar as Frau Suter
Wolfgang Gruner as Inspzient am Theater
Panos Papadopulos as Longo
Gerhard Bünte as Professor Hansen
Silja Lesny
Sigurd Lohde
Ah Yue Lou as Suka (as Ah-Yue Lou)
Nadira
References
External links
Beloved Corinna at IMDb
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
100
],
"text": [
"film"
]
}
|
Beloved Corinna (German: Geliebte Corinna and also known as Corinna Darling) is a 1956 German drama film directed by Eduard von Borsody and starring Elisabeth Müller. It was shot at the Pichelsberg Studios in West Berlin. The art director Gabriel Pellon worked on the film's sets.
Cast
Elisabeth Müller as Corinna Stephan
Hans Söhnker as Peter Mansfeld
Hannelore Schroth as Dagmar Mansfeld
Alexander Kerst as Dr. Suter
Valéry Inkijinoff as Chin
Klaus Kinski as Klaus Brockmann
Annie Rosar as Frau Suter
Wolfgang Gruner as Inspzient am Theater
Panos Papadopulos as Longo
Gerhard Bünte as Professor Hansen
Silja Lesny
Sigurd Lohde
Ah Yue Lou as Suka (as Ah-Yue Lou)
Nadira
References
External links
Beloved Corinna at IMDb
|
director
|
{
"answer_start": [
117
],
"text": [
"Eduard von Borsody"
]
}
|
Beloved Corinna (German: Geliebte Corinna and also known as Corinna Darling) is a 1956 German drama film directed by Eduard von Borsody and starring Elisabeth Müller. It was shot at the Pichelsberg Studios in West Berlin. The art director Gabriel Pellon worked on the film's sets.
Cast
Elisabeth Müller as Corinna Stephan
Hans Söhnker as Peter Mansfeld
Hannelore Schroth as Dagmar Mansfeld
Alexander Kerst as Dr. Suter
Valéry Inkijinoff as Chin
Klaus Kinski as Klaus Brockmann
Annie Rosar as Frau Suter
Wolfgang Gruner as Inspzient am Theater
Panos Papadopulos as Longo
Gerhard Bünte as Professor Hansen
Silja Lesny
Sigurd Lohde
Ah Yue Lou as Suka (as Ah-Yue Lou)
Nadira
References
External links
Beloved Corinna at IMDb
|
genre
|
{
"answer_start": [
94
],
"text": [
"drama film"
]
}
|
Beloved Corinna (German: Geliebte Corinna and also known as Corinna Darling) is a 1956 German drama film directed by Eduard von Borsody and starring Elisabeth Müller. It was shot at the Pichelsberg Studios in West Berlin. The art director Gabriel Pellon worked on the film's sets.
Cast
Elisabeth Müller as Corinna Stephan
Hans Söhnker as Peter Mansfeld
Hannelore Schroth as Dagmar Mansfeld
Alexander Kerst as Dr. Suter
Valéry Inkijinoff as Chin
Klaus Kinski as Klaus Brockmann
Annie Rosar as Frau Suter
Wolfgang Gruner as Inspzient am Theater
Panos Papadopulos as Longo
Gerhard Bünte as Professor Hansen
Silja Lesny
Sigurd Lohde
Ah Yue Lou as Suka (as Ah-Yue Lou)
Nadira
References
External links
Beloved Corinna at IMDb
|
cast member
|
{
"answer_start": [
446
],
"text": [
"Klaus Kinski"
]
}
|
Beloved Corinna (German: Geliebte Corinna and also known as Corinna Darling) is a 1956 German drama film directed by Eduard von Borsody and starring Elisabeth Müller. It was shot at the Pichelsberg Studios in West Berlin. The art director Gabriel Pellon worked on the film's sets.
Cast
Elisabeth Müller as Corinna Stephan
Hans Söhnker as Peter Mansfeld
Hannelore Schroth as Dagmar Mansfeld
Alexander Kerst as Dr. Suter
Valéry Inkijinoff as Chin
Klaus Kinski as Klaus Brockmann
Annie Rosar as Frau Suter
Wolfgang Gruner as Inspzient am Theater
Panos Papadopulos as Longo
Gerhard Bünte as Professor Hansen
Silja Lesny
Sigurd Lohde
Ah Yue Lou as Suka (as Ah-Yue Lou)
Nadira
References
External links
Beloved Corinna at IMDb
|
original language of film or TV show
|
{
"answer_start": [
17
],
"text": [
"German"
]
}
|
Beloved Corinna (German: Geliebte Corinna and also known as Corinna Darling) is a 1956 German drama film directed by Eduard von Borsody and starring Elisabeth Müller. It was shot at the Pichelsberg Studios in West Berlin. The art director Gabriel Pellon worked on the film's sets.
Cast
Elisabeth Müller as Corinna Stephan
Hans Söhnker as Peter Mansfeld
Hannelore Schroth as Dagmar Mansfeld
Alexander Kerst as Dr. Suter
Valéry Inkijinoff as Chin
Klaus Kinski as Klaus Brockmann
Annie Rosar as Frau Suter
Wolfgang Gruner as Inspzient am Theater
Panos Papadopulos as Longo
Gerhard Bünte as Professor Hansen
Silja Lesny
Sigurd Lohde
Ah Yue Lou as Suka (as Ah-Yue Lou)
Nadira
References
External links
Beloved Corinna at IMDb
|
title
|
{
"answer_start": [
25
],
"text": [
"Geliebte Corinna"
]
}
|
Piz Riein is a mountain of the Lepontine Alps, situated south-east of Ilanz in the canton of Graubünden. It lies on the range between the Val Lumnezia and Safiental, named Cadeina dil Signina.
References
External links
Piz Riein on Hikr
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
15
],
"text": [
"mountain"
]
}
|
Entre Nós is a 2013 Brazilian drama film directed by Paulo Morelli and Pedro Morelli, starring Júlio Andrade, Caio Blat, Carolina Dieckmann, Martha Nowill, Maria Ribeiro, Lee Taylor and Paulo Vilhena.
Plot
Seven young writers friends traveling to a farmhouse to celebrate the publication of the first book of the group. There, they write letters to be opened ten years later. The trip ends in tragedy after the death of one of the friends. Even then, they meet ten years later to read the letters.
Cast
Júlio Andrade as Cazé
Caio Blat as Felipe
Carolina Dieckmann as Lucia
Martha Nowill as Drica
Maria Ribeiro as Silvana
Lee Taylor as Rafa
Paulo Vilhena as Gus
References
External links
Entre Nós at IMDb
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
36
],
"text": [
"film"
]
}
|
Entre Nós is a 2013 Brazilian drama film directed by Paulo Morelli and Pedro Morelli, starring Júlio Andrade, Caio Blat, Carolina Dieckmann, Martha Nowill, Maria Ribeiro, Lee Taylor and Paulo Vilhena.
Plot
Seven young writers friends traveling to a farmhouse to celebrate the publication of the first book of the group. There, they write letters to be opened ten years later. The trip ends in tragedy after the death of one of the friends. Even then, they meet ten years later to read the letters.
Cast
Júlio Andrade as Cazé
Caio Blat as Felipe
Carolina Dieckmann as Lucia
Martha Nowill as Drica
Maria Ribeiro as Silvana
Lee Taylor as Rafa
Paulo Vilhena as Gus
References
External links
Entre Nós at IMDb
|
director
|
{
"answer_start": [
53
],
"text": [
"Paulo Morelli"
]
}
|
Entre Nós is a 2013 Brazilian drama film directed by Paulo Morelli and Pedro Morelli, starring Júlio Andrade, Caio Blat, Carolina Dieckmann, Martha Nowill, Maria Ribeiro, Lee Taylor and Paulo Vilhena.
Plot
Seven young writers friends traveling to a farmhouse to celebrate the publication of the first book of the group. There, they write letters to be opened ten years later. The trip ends in tragedy after the death of one of the friends. Even then, they meet ten years later to read the letters.
Cast
Júlio Andrade as Cazé
Caio Blat as Felipe
Carolina Dieckmann as Lucia
Martha Nowill as Drica
Maria Ribeiro as Silvana
Lee Taylor as Rafa
Paulo Vilhena as Gus
References
External links
Entre Nós at IMDb
|
genre
|
{
"answer_start": [
30
],
"text": [
"drama film"
]
}
|
Entre Nós is a 2013 Brazilian drama film directed by Paulo Morelli and Pedro Morelli, starring Júlio Andrade, Caio Blat, Carolina Dieckmann, Martha Nowill, Maria Ribeiro, Lee Taylor and Paulo Vilhena.
Plot
Seven young writers friends traveling to a farmhouse to celebrate the publication of the first book of the group. There, they write letters to be opened ten years later. The trip ends in tragedy after the death of one of the friends. Even then, they meet ten years later to read the letters.
Cast
Júlio Andrade as Cazé
Caio Blat as Felipe
Carolina Dieckmann as Lucia
Martha Nowill as Drica
Maria Ribeiro as Silvana
Lee Taylor as Rafa
Paulo Vilhena as Gus
References
External links
Entre Nós at IMDb
|
country of origin
|
{
"answer_start": [
20
],
"text": [
"Brazil"
]
}
|
Entre Nós is a 2013 Brazilian drama film directed by Paulo Morelli and Pedro Morelli, starring Júlio Andrade, Caio Blat, Carolina Dieckmann, Martha Nowill, Maria Ribeiro, Lee Taylor and Paulo Vilhena.
Plot
Seven young writers friends traveling to a farmhouse to celebrate the publication of the first book of the group. There, they write letters to be opened ten years later. The trip ends in tragedy after the death of one of the friends. Even then, they meet ten years later to read the letters.
Cast
Júlio Andrade as Cazé
Caio Blat as Felipe
Carolina Dieckmann as Lucia
Martha Nowill as Drica
Maria Ribeiro as Silvana
Lee Taylor as Rafa
Paulo Vilhena as Gus
References
External links
Entre Nós at IMDb
|
title
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Entre Nós"
]
}
|
Corynexochidae Angelin, 1854, is an extinct family of trilobites within the order Corynexochida Kobayashi, 1935. According to Jell and Adrain (2002) there are at least 15 genera within the Family Corynexochidae:
Genera
† Acontheus Angelin, 1851
† Corynexochus Angelin, 1854
† Stenochilina Ulrich, 1931
† Bonnaspis Resser, 1936
† Corynexochina Lermontova, 1940
† Shivelicus Pokrovskaya, 1959
† Milaspis Sivov, 1960
† Miranella Pokrovskaya, 1960
† Sanaschtykgolia Poletaeva, 1960
† Corynexochella Suvorova, 1964
† Eocorynexochus Korobeinikova, 1965
† Abakania Poletaeva, 1973
† Chatiania Yang, 1977
† Clavigellus Geyer, 1994
† Eochatiania Yuan and Yin, 1998
== References ==
|
taxon rank
|
{
"answer_start": [
44
],
"text": [
"family"
]
}
|
Corynexochidae Angelin, 1854, is an extinct family of trilobites within the order Corynexochida Kobayashi, 1935. According to Jell and Adrain (2002) there are at least 15 genera within the Family Corynexochidae:
Genera
† Acontheus Angelin, 1851
† Corynexochus Angelin, 1854
† Stenochilina Ulrich, 1931
† Bonnaspis Resser, 1936
† Corynexochina Lermontova, 1940
† Shivelicus Pokrovskaya, 1959
† Milaspis Sivov, 1960
† Miranella Pokrovskaya, 1960
† Sanaschtykgolia Poletaeva, 1960
† Corynexochella Suvorova, 1964
† Eocorynexochus Korobeinikova, 1965
† Abakania Poletaeva, 1973
† Chatiania Yang, 1977
† Clavigellus Geyer, 1994
† Eochatiania Yuan and Yin, 1998
== References ==
|
parent taxon
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Corynexochida"
]
}
|
Corynexochidae Angelin, 1854, is an extinct family of trilobites within the order Corynexochida Kobayashi, 1935. According to Jell and Adrain (2002) there are at least 15 genera within the Family Corynexochidae:
Genera
† Acontheus Angelin, 1851
† Corynexochus Angelin, 1854
† Stenochilina Ulrich, 1931
† Bonnaspis Resser, 1936
† Corynexochina Lermontova, 1940
† Shivelicus Pokrovskaya, 1959
† Milaspis Sivov, 1960
† Miranella Pokrovskaya, 1960
† Sanaschtykgolia Poletaeva, 1960
† Corynexochella Suvorova, 1964
† Eocorynexochus Korobeinikova, 1965
† Abakania Poletaeva, 1973
† Chatiania Yang, 1977
† Clavigellus Geyer, 1994
† Eochatiania Yuan and Yin, 1998
== References ==
|
taxon name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Corynexochidae"
]
}
|
Wingspan: Hits and History is a greatest hits compilation album by English musician Paul McCartney, featuring material spanning his first solo album McCartney in 1970 to the 1984 Give My Regards to Broad Street movie soundtrack.
Wingspan is separated into two distinct sets: the "Hits" disc features commercially successful material, while "History" showcases lesser-known songs from the same period. American and British editions of the album vary slightly, as the UK edition contains the studio version of "Coming Up", while the US edition contains "Coming Up (Live at Glasgow)", which was more popular there. The Japanese version of the album also includes "Eat at Home", which had been issued as a single in Japan.
Release and reception
Released in 2001 in conjunction with a prime time TV documentary, similarly called Wingspan, the associated soundtrack was a commercial success. In the United States, it went straight to number 2 on the Billboard 200 with sales of 221,000 copies in the first week of its release. The album charted there for 14 weeks, selling approximately 970,000 units as of 2005. Wingspan has been certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America, and also reached gold status in the UK, Australia and New Zealand. A DVD release of the broadcast documentary – which dealt with McCartney's relationship with Linda Eastman and their eventual marriage, the traumatic final year of the Beatles' career and his own role in their break-up, and the story of Wings' formation and career through the 1970s towards their dissolution in 1980 – was produced by Mary McCartney, who also interviewed her father in the film.
Track listing
Disc one: Hits
Disc two: History
Notes:
The U.S. version of the album substitutes the studio version of "Coming Up" with the live version appearing on the single's B-side.
The Japanese version of the album includes "Eat at Home" as the last track on disc one.
Charts and certifications
See also
Wings Greatest
== References ==
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
58
],
"text": [
"album"
]
}
|
Wingspan: Hits and History is a greatest hits compilation album by English musician Paul McCartney, featuring material spanning his first solo album McCartney in 1970 to the 1984 Give My Regards to Broad Street movie soundtrack.
Wingspan is separated into two distinct sets: the "Hits" disc features commercially successful material, while "History" showcases lesser-known songs from the same period. American and British editions of the album vary slightly, as the UK edition contains the studio version of "Coming Up", while the US edition contains "Coming Up (Live at Glasgow)", which was more popular there. The Japanese version of the album also includes "Eat at Home", which had been issued as a single in Japan.
Release and reception
Released in 2001 in conjunction with a prime time TV documentary, similarly called Wingspan, the associated soundtrack was a commercial success. In the United States, it went straight to number 2 on the Billboard 200 with sales of 221,000 copies in the first week of its release. The album charted there for 14 weeks, selling approximately 970,000 units as of 2005. Wingspan has been certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America, and also reached gold status in the UK, Australia and New Zealand. A DVD release of the broadcast documentary – which dealt with McCartney's relationship with Linda Eastman and their eventual marriage, the traumatic final year of the Beatles' career and his own role in their break-up, and the story of Wings' formation and career through the 1970s towards their dissolution in 1980 – was produced by Mary McCartney, who also interviewed her father in the film.
Track listing
Disc one: Hits
Disc two: History
Notes:
The U.S. version of the album substitutes the studio version of "Coming Up" with the live version appearing on the single's B-side.
The Japanese version of the album includes "Eat at Home" as the last track on disc one.
Charts and certifications
See also
Wings Greatest
== References ==
|
producer
|
{
"answer_start": [
84
],
"text": [
"Paul McCartney"
]
}
|
Wingspan: Hits and History is a greatest hits compilation album by English musician Paul McCartney, featuring material spanning his first solo album McCartney in 1970 to the 1984 Give My Regards to Broad Street movie soundtrack.
Wingspan is separated into two distinct sets: the "Hits" disc features commercially successful material, while "History" showcases lesser-known songs from the same period. American and British editions of the album vary slightly, as the UK edition contains the studio version of "Coming Up", while the US edition contains "Coming Up (Live at Glasgow)", which was more popular there. The Japanese version of the album also includes "Eat at Home", which had been issued as a single in Japan.
Release and reception
Released in 2001 in conjunction with a prime time TV documentary, similarly called Wingspan, the associated soundtrack was a commercial success. In the United States, it went straight to number 2 on the Billboard 200 with sales of 221,000 copies in the first week of its release. The album charted there for 14 weeks, selling approximately 970,000 units as of 2005. Wingspan has been certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America, and also reached gold status in the UK, Australia and New Zealand. A DVD release of the broadcast documentary – which dealt with McCartney's relationship with Linda Eastman and their eventual marriage, the traumatic final year of the Beatles' career and his own role in their break-up, and the story of Wings' formation and career through the 1970s towards their dissolution in 1980 – was produced by Mary McCartney, who also interviewed her father in the film.
Track listing
Disc one: Hits
Disc two: History
Notes:
The U.S. version of the album substitutes the studio version of "Coming Up" with the live version appearing on the single's B-side.
The Japanese version of the album includes "Eat at Home" as the last track on disc one.
Charts and certifications
See also
Wings Greatest
== References ==
|
performer
|
{
"answer_start": [
84
],
"text": [
"Paul McCartney"
]
}
|
Wingspan: Hits and History is a greatest hits compilation album by English musician Paul McCartney, featuring material spanning his first solo album McCartney in 1970 to the 1984 Give My Regards to Broad Street movie soundtrack.
Wingspan is separated into two distinct sets: the "Hits" disc features commercially successful material, while "History" showcases lesser-known songs from the same period. American and British editions of the album vary slightly, as the UK edition contains the studio version of "Coming Up", while the US edition contains "Coming Up (Live at Glasgow)", which was more popular there. The Japanese version of the album also includes "Eat at Home", which had been issued as a single in Japan.
Release and reception
Released in 2001 in conjunction with a prime time TV documentary, similarly called Wingspan, the associated soundtrack was a commercial success. In the United States, it went straight to number 2 on the Billboard 200 with sales of 221,000 copies in the first week of its release. The album charted there for 14 weeks, selling approximately 970,000 units as of 2005. Wingspan has been certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America, and also reached gold status in the UK, Australia and New Zealand. A DVD release of the broadcast documentary – which dealt with McCartney's relationship with Linda Eastman and their eventual marriage, the traumatic final year of the Beatles' career and his own role in their break-up, and the story of Wings' formation and career through the 1970s towards their dissolution in 1980 – was produced by Mary McCartney, who also interviewed her father in the film.
Track listing
Disc one: Hits
Disc two: History
Notes:
The U.S. version of the album substitutes the studio version of "Coming Up" with the live version appearing on the single's B-side.
The Japanese version of the album includes "Eat at Home" as the last track on disc one.
Charts and certifications
See also
Wings Greatest
== References ==
|
form of creative work
|
{
"answer_start": [
46
],
"text": [
"compilation album"
]
}
|
Herbert Stephen Irons (19 January 1834 – 29 June 1905), was an English Organist. He also wrote hymns including the tune "Southwell".
Career
He was born in Canterbury, where he became a chorister at the cathedral. He was an organ pupil of Dr. Stephen Elvey at Oxford.
He was
Organist of St. Columba's College, Rathfarnham 1856 - 1857,
Organist of Southwell Minster 1857 - 1872
Assistant Organist of Chester Cathedral 1873 - 1876
Organist of St. Andrew's Church, Nottingham 1876 - 1905
References
|}
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Herbert"
]
}
|
Haplocarpha rueppellii is a very low to low (1–8 cm high) perennial plant with a ground rosette of entire leaves and short-stemmed, yellow flowerheads, that contain both ray and disc florets, and is assigned to the family Asteraceae. The species is an endemic of the highlands of Ethiopia and eastern Africa.
Description
Haplocarpha rueppellii is a creeping perennial plant that can grow into dense mats.
Roots, stems and leaves
There are many thick, almost tuberous roots, emerging from a rootstock of 1–2 cm in diameter creeping at the soil surface. The shiny, somewhat fleshy green leaves have a short leaf stalk that may have spiderweb-like hairs at their base. The leaf blade varies between almost round, ovate, or longish, diamond or inverted egg-shaped, 2–13 cm long, 1–7½ cm wide, with the base gradually narrowing, rounded or hart-shaped, the margin entire to scalloped, with shallow irregular teeth, saw-shaped or almost lobed, the leaf tip pointy, blunt or rounded and the teeth may be ending in a soft spine. The upper leaf surface with few or may hairs or even hairy like a spiderweb, the lower leaf surface with densely felty beneath with spiderweb hairs.
Inflorescences
The stalk of the flowerhead is pinkish in color, somewhat flattened, with shallow wings, 1–11 cm long, widest at the clasping base, up to 8 mm wide. Usually every rosette carries several slender, felty, pinkish, leafless, erect scapes of up to 13 cm, sometimes swollen beneath the single flower head. Each flowerhead is 1½–5 cm in diameter. The involucre consists of two or three, sometimes four worls of linear to narrowly ovate or inverted egg-shaped bracts, each 4–12 mm long and 1–3 mm wide, with papery margins, covered with many of few hairs. The common base of the florets (called receptacle) is 3–4 mm across, has the shape of a shallow, slightly hollowed dome, which may or may not carry a scale at the foot of each floret.
Florets
Along the outside are eight to sixteen spreading yellow ray florets, which are ovate, elliptic or egg-shaped, although about ⅛ is tube-shaped. Each ray floret is 1–2½ cm long, 2–6 mm wide, entire or sometimes with mostly one to three teeth at the tip and mostly four or five veins, hairless or with scattered multicellular hairs on the lower surface. In the centre of the flowerhead are mostly between twenty and forty (sometimes as few as eleven) yellow and urn-shaped disk florets, of 3½–7 mm long, which divide into five triangular lobes, ⅓ of the length of the floret, that spread or bend down, and do not have hair.
Fruits and seeds
The one-seeded indehiscent fruits are not embedded in the common base of the florets receptacle, is inverted cone-shaped or oblong, has three or four ribs, is at least 3 mm long, and half as wide, with a smooth surface or with tiny wrinkles and hairless. At the tip is one row of scales (the pappus) of ½–1 mm long, that are free in the outer florets, but merged at their foot in disc florets. These scales are split into twelve to fifteen standing, awl-shaped lobes, with a long, narrow tip, divided in side-lobes and without hair.
Variability
The upper leaf surface of plants of Haplocarpha rueppellii growing on Mount Elgon are consistently densely covered in multicellular hairs. Elsewhere, hairiness varies between specimens in the same population. Scholars therefore are reluctant to assign the form from Mount Elgon to a variety different from the typical form.
Taxonomy
In 1848 Carl Heinrich 'Bipontinus' Schultz described Schnittspahnia rueppellii, which he assigned to the Annonaceae, based on a specimen that was collected by Eduard Rüppell and Georg Wilhelm Schimper, from high elevations in the Semien Mountains in Ethiopia, and now reside in the Kew herbarium. Georg Carl Wilhelm Vatke realised this plant belonged to the Asteraceae, and renamed it to Landtia rueppellii in 1875. Karl August Otto Hoffmann thought the species should be assigned to the genus Arctotis, creating the new combination A. rueppellii in 1895. A plant collected by Ernest Edward Galpin on Mount Kinangop in the southern Aberdare Range of Kenya, and also kept at Kew, was regarded different enough by the very young John Hutchinson, who named it Landtia lobulata in 1914. Gustave Beauverd merged the genus Landtia with Haplocarpha, and created the new combination H. rueppellii in 1915. Later, in 1930, Hutchinson and Marion Beatrice Moss described a plant collected by Arthur Disbrowe Cotton on Mount Kilimanjaro, since stored at Kew, naming it Landtia kilimanjarica. All of these names are now regarded synonymous.
Phylogeny
Comparison of DNA of species assigned to the subtribe Arctotidinae has cast doubt on the monophyly of the genus Haplocarpha. The type species, H. lanata, seems most related to H. lyrata and Arctoteca calundula. H. rueppellii and H. nervosa on the other hand appear to be the first branch to split from the remaining species in the subtribe. If this finding is robust, reinstatement of Landtia has been suggested, meaning our species would have to be called Landtia rueppellii.
Distribution
In Kenya H. rueppellii can for instance be found at Mount Elgon, in Mau Forest, on Mount Kenya. In Tanzania it can be found at the Kilimanjaro complex, such as on the Shira Plateau. In Ethiopia it has been registered in the Bale Mountains. The plant also may occur elsewhere in highlands in Ethiopia, eastern Africa and possibly South Africa.
Habitat and ecology
In Dodola Forest, at the north flank of the Bale Mountains, Ethiopia, H. rueppellii occurs in several different plant communities, obviously with different other species. In the Hagenia abyssinica-Hypericum revolutum-community it occurs with Alchemilla abyssinica, A. fischerii, Asparagus africanus, Crepis rueppellii, Cynoglossum caeruleum, Euphorbia schimperii, Hydrocotyle mannii, Kalanchoe petitiana and Satureja paradoxa in the herbaceous layer. This species grows at an altitude of 2250–4650 m.
== References ==
|
taxon rank
|
{
"answer_start": [
238
],
"text": [
"species"
]
}
|
Haplocarpha rueppellii is a very low to low (1–8 cm high) perennial plant with a ground rosette of entire leaves and short-stemmed, yellow flowerheads, that contain both ray and disc florets, and is assigned to the family Asteraceae. The species is an endemic of the highlands of Ethiopia and eastern Africa.
Description
Haplocarpha rueppellii is a creeping perennial plant that can grow into dense mats.
Roots, stems and leaves
There are many thick, almost tuberous roots, emerging from a rootstock of 1–2 cm in diameter creeping at the soil surface. The shiny, somewhat fleshy green leaves have a short leaf stalk that may have spiderweb-like hairs at their base. The leaf blade varies between almost round, ovate, or longish, diamond or inverted egg-shaped, 2–13 cm long, 1–7½ cm wide, with the base gradually narrowing, rounded or hart-shaped, the margin entire to scalloped, with shallow irregular teeth, saw-shaped or almost lobed, the leaf tip pointy, blunt or rounded and the teeth may be ending in a soft spine. The upper leaf surface with few or may hairs or even hairy like a spiderweb, the lower leaf surface with densely felty beneath with spiderweb hairs.
Inflorescences
The stalk of the flowerhead is pinkish in color, somewhat flattened, with shallow wings, 1–11 cm long, widest at the clasping base, up to 8 mm wide. Usually every rosette carries several slender, felty, pinkish, leafless, erect scapes of up to 13 cm, sometimes swollen beneath the single flower head. Each flowerhead is 1½–5 cm in diameter. The involucre consists of two or three, sometimes four worls of linear to narrowly ovate or inverted egg-shaped bracts, each 4–12 mm long and 1–3 mm wide, with papery margins, covered with many of few hairs. The common base of the florets (called receptacle) is 3–4 mm across, has the shape of a shallow, slightly hollowed dome, which may or may not carry a scale at the foot of each floret.
Florets
Along the outside are eight to sixteen spreading yellow ray florets, which are ovate, elliptic or egg-shaped, although about ⅛ is tube-shaped. Each ray floret is 1–2½ cm long, 2–6 mm wide, entire or sometimes with mostly one to three teeth at the tip and mostly four or five veins, hairless or with scattered multicellular hairs on the lower surface. In the centre of the flowerhead are mostly between twenty and forty (sometimes as few as eleven) yellow and urn-shaped disk florets, of 3½–7 mm long, which divide into five triangular lobes, ⅓ of the length of the floret, that spread or bend down, and do not have hair.
Fruits and seeds
The one-seeded indehiscent fruits are not embedded in the common base of the florets receptacle, is inverted cone-shaped or oblong, has three or four ribs, is at least 3 mm long, and half as wide, with a smooth surface or with tiny wrinkles and hairless. At the tip is one row of scales (the pappus) of ½–1 mm long, that are free in the outer florets, but merged at their foot in disc florets. These scales are split into twelve to fifteen standing, awl-shaped lobes, with a long, narrow tip, divided in side-lobes and without hair.
Variability
The upper leaf surface of plants of Haplocarpha rueppellii growing on Mount Elgon are consistently densely covered in multicellular hairs. Elsewhere, hairiness varies between specimens in the same population. Scholars therefore are reluctant to assign the form from Mount Elgon to a variety different from the typical form.
Taxonomy
In 1848 Carl Heinrich 'Bipontinus' Schultz described Schnittspahnia rueppellii, which he assigned to the Annonaceae, based on a specimen that was collected by Eduard Rüppell and Georg Wilhelm Schimper, from high elevations in the Semien Mountains in Ethiopia, and now reside in the Kew herbarium. Georg Carl Wilhelm Vatke realised this plant belonged to the Asteraceae, and renamed it to Landtia rueppellii in 1875. Karl August Otto Hoffmann thought the species should be assigned to the genus Arctotis, creating the new combination A. rueppellii in 1895. A plant collected by Ernest Edward Galpin on Mount Kinangop in the southern Aberdare Range of Kenya, and also kept at Kew, was regarded different enough by the very young John Hutchinson, who named it Landtia lobulata in 1914. Gustave Beauverd merged the genus Landtia with Haplocarpha, and created the new combination H. rueppellii in 1915. Later, in 1930, Hutchinson and Marion Beatrice Moss described a plant collected by Arthur Disbrowe Cotton on Mount Kilimanjaro, since stored at Kew, naming it Landtia kilimanjarica. All of these names are now regarded synonymous.
Phylogeny
Comparison of DNA of species assigned to the subtribe Arctotidinae has cast doubt on the monophyly of the genus Haplocarpha. The type species, H. lanata, seems most related to H. lyrata and Arctoteca calundula. H. rueppellii and H. nervosa on the other hand appear to be the first branch to split from the remaining species in the subtribe. If this finding is robust, reinstatement of Landtia has been suggested, meaning our species would have to be called Landtia rueppellii.
Distribution
In Kenya H. rueppellii can for instance be found at Mount Elgon, in Mau Forest, on Mount Kenya. In Tanzania it can be found at the Kilimanjaro complex, such as on the Shira Plateau. In Ethiopia it has been registered in the Bale Mountains. The plant also may occur elsewhere in highlands in Ethiopia, eastern Africa and possibly South Africa.
Habitat and ecology
In Dodola Forest, at the north flank of the Bale Mountains, Ethiopia, H. rueppellii occurs in several different plant communities, obviously with different other species. In the Hagenia abyssinica-Hypericum revolutum-community it occurs with Alchemilla abyssinica, A. fischerii, Asparagus africanus, Crepis rueppellii, Cynoglossum caeruleum, Euphorbia schimperii, Hydrocotyle mannii, Kalanchoe petitiana and Satureja paradoxa in the herbaceous layer. This species grows at an altitude of 2250–4650 m.
== References ==
|
parent taxon
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Haplocarpha"
]
}
|
Haplocarpha rueppellii is a very low to low (1–8 cm high) perennial plant with a ground rosette of entire leaves and short-stemmed, yellow flowerheads, that contain both ray and disc florets, and is assigned to the family Asteraceae. The species is an endemic of the highlands of Ethiopia and eastern Africa.
Description
Haplocarpha rueppellii is a creeping perennial plant that can grow into dense mats.
Roots, stems and leaves
There are many thick, almost tuberous roots, emerging from a rootstock of 1–2 cm in diameter creeping at the soil surface. The shiny, somewhat fleshy green leaves have a short leaf stalk that may have spiderweb-like hairs at their base. The leaf blade varies between almost round, ovate, or longish, diamond or inverted egg-shaped, 2–13 cm long, 1–7½ cm wide, with the base gradually narrowing, rounded or hart-shaped, the margin entire to scalloped, with shallow irregular teeth, saw-shaped or almost lobed, the leaf tip pointy, blunt or rounded and the teeth may be ending in a soft spine. The upper leaf surface with few or may hairs or even hairy like a spiderweb, the lower leaf surface with densely felty beneath with spiderweb hairs.
Inflorescences
The stalk of the flowerhead is pinkish in color, somewhat flattened, with shallow wings, 1–11 cm long, widest at the clasping base, up to 8 mm wide. Usually every rosette carries several slender, felty, pinkish, leafless, erect scapes of up to 13 cm, sometimes swollen beneath the single flower head. Each flowerhead is 1½–5 cm in diameter. The involucre consists of two or three, sometimes four worls of linear to narrowly ovate or inverted egg-shaped bracts, each 4–12 mm long and 1–3 mm wide, with papery margins, covered with many of few hairs. The common base of the florets (called receptacle) is 3–4 mm across, has the shape of a shallow, slightly hollowed dome, which may or may not carry a scale at the foot of each floret.
Florets
Along the outside are eight to sixteen spreading yellow ray florets, which are ovate, elliptic or egg-shaped, although about ⅛ is tube-shaped. Each ray floret is 1–2½ cm long, 2–6 mm wide, entire or sometimes with mostly one to three teeth at the tip and mostly four or five veins, hairless or with scattered multicellular hairs on the lower surface. In the centre of the flowerhead are mostly between twenty and forty (sometimes as few as eleven) yellow and urn-shaped disk florets, of 3½–7 mm long, which divide into five triangular lobes, ⅓ of the length of the floret, that spread or bend down, and do not have hair.
Fruits and seeds
The one-seeded indehiscent fruits are not embedded in the common base of the florets receptacle, is inverted cone-shaped or oblong, has three or four ribs, is at least 3 mm long, and half as wide, with a smooth surface or with tiny wrinkles and hairless. At the tip is one row of scales (the pappus) of ½–1 mm long, that are free in the outer florets, but merged at their foot in disc florets. These scales are split into twelve to fifteen standing, awl-shaped lobes, with a long, narrow tip, divided in side-lobes and without hair.
Variability
The upper leaf surface of plants of Haplocarpha rueppellii growing on Mount Elgon are consistently densely covered in multicellular hairs. Elsewhere, hairiness varies between specimens in the same population. Scholars therefore are reluctant to assign the form from Mount Elgon to a variety different from the typical form.
Taxonomy
In 1848 Carl Heinrich 'Bipontinus' Schultz described Schnittspahnia rueppellii, which he assigned to the Annonaceae, based on a specimen that was collected by Eduard Rüppell and Georg Wilhelm Schimper, from high elevations in the Semien Mountains in Ethiopia, and now reside in the Kew herbarium. Georg Carl Wilhelm Vatke realised this plant belonged to the Asteraceae, and renamed it to Landtia rueppellii in 1875. Karl August Otto Hoffmann thought the species should be assigned to the genus Arctotis, creating the new combination A. rueppellii in 1895. A plant collected by Ernest Edward Galpin on Mount Kinangop in the southern Aberdare Range of Kenya, and also kept at Kew, was regarded different enough by the very young John Hutchinson, who named it Landtia lobulata in 1914. Gustave Beauverd merged the genus Landtia with Haplocarpha, and created the new combination H. rueppellii in 1915. Later, in 1930, Hutchinson and Marion Beatrice Moss described a plant collected by Arthur Disbrowe Cotton on Mount Kilimanjaro, since stored at Kew, naming it Landtia kilimanjarica. All of these names are now regarded synonymous.
Phylogeny
Comparison of DNA of species assigned to the subtribe Arctotidinae has cast doubt on the monophyly of the genus Haplocarpha. The type species, H. lanata, seems most related to H. lyrata and Arctoteca calundula. H. rueppellii and H. nervosa on the other hand appear to be the first branch to split from the remaining species in the subtribe. If this finding is robust, reinstatement of Landtia has been suggested, meaning our species would have to be called Landtia rueppellii.
Distribution
In Kenya H. rueppellii can for instance be found at Mount Elgon, in Mau Forest, on Mount Kenya. In Tanzania it can be found at the Kilimanjaro complex, such as on the Shira Plateau. In Ethiopia it has been registered in the Bale Mountains. The plant also may occur elsewhere in highlands in Ethiopia, eastern Africa and possibly South Africa.
Habitat and ecology
In Dodola Forest, at the north flank of the Bale Mountains, Ethiopia, H. rueppellii occurs in several different plant communities, obviously with different other species. In the Hagenia abyssinica-Hypericum revolutum-community it occurs with Alchemilla abyssinica, A. fischerii, Asparagus africanus, Crepis rueppellii, Cynoglossum caeruleum, Euphorbia schimperii, Hydrocotyle mannii, Kalanchoe petitiana and Satureja paradoxa in the herbaceous layer. This species grows at an altitude of 2250–4650 m.
== References ==
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Haplocarpha rueppellii"
]
}
|
Adam Kuckhoff (German: [ˈaːdam ˈkʊkˌhɔf] (listen), 30 August 1887 – 5 August 1943) was a German writer, journalist, and German resistance member of the anti-fascist resistance group that was later called the Red Orchestra by the Gestapo.
Life
Adam Kuckhoff published a popular edition of the works of Georg Büchner in 1927, and headed the cultural-political magazine Die Tat ("The Deed") in 1928–1929, which he gave a left-wing, socialist flavour. In 1931, he wrote the artistic novel Scherry about Grock. Between 1931 and 1932, he was a dramatic adviser at the Berlin Schauspielhaus. His main work, the world war novel Der Deutsche von Bayencourt ("The German from Bayencourt") appeared in Germany in 1937.
He and his wife Greta were involved with Arvid and Mildred Harnack and the Red Orchestra. He was arrested in Prague on 12 September 1942, following the arrests of Harnack and many other members of the organization. He was executed at Plötzensee Prison on 5 August 1943.
In East Germany, Kuckhoff was honoured as a resistance member. In Leipzig-Grünau a school was named after him. It bore his name from 1985 to 1990. In his home town Aachen a street was named after him. There is also a street in Halle (Saale) named after him.
References
Further reading
Ingeborg Drewitz: Leben und Werk von Adam Kuckhoff. Berlin 1968
Karlheinz Jackste (Hrsg.): Adam Kuckhoff – Tradition und Aufgabe. Halle (Saale) 1977.
External links
Portrait by Dieter Götze (in German)
|
place of birth
|
{
"answer_start": [
1144
],
"text": [
"Aachen"
]
}
|
Adam Kuckhoff (German: [ˈaːdam ˈkʊkˌhɔf] (listen), 30 August 1887 – 5 August 1943) was a German writer, journalist, and German resistance member of the anti-fascist resistance group that was later called the Red Orchestra by the Gestapo.
Life
Adam Kuckhoff published a popular edition of the works of Georg Büchner in 1927, and headed the cultural-political magazine Die Tat ("The Deed") in 1928–1929, which he gave a left-wing, socialist flavour. In 1931, he wrote the artistic novel Scherry about Grock. Between 1931 and 1932, he was a dramatic adviser at the Berlin Schauspielhaus. His main work, the world war novel Der Deutsche von Bayencourt ("The German from Bayencourt") appeared in Germany in 1937.
He and his wife Greta were involved with Arvid and Mildred Harnack and the Red Orchestra. He was arrested in Prague on 12 September 1942, following the arrests of Harnack and many other members of the organization. He was executed at Plötzensee Prison on 5 August 1943.
In East Germany, Kuckhoff was honoured as a resistance member. In Leipzig-Grünau a school was named after him. It bore his name from 1985 to 1990. In his home town Aachen a street was named after him. There is also a street in Halle (Saale) named after him.
References
Further reading
Ingeborg Drewitz: Leben und Werk von Adam Kuckhoff. Berlin 1968
Karlheinz Jackste (Hrsg.): Adam Kuckhoff – Tradition und Aufgabe. Halle (Saale) 1977.
External links
Portrait by Dieter Götze (in German)
|
place of death
|
{
"answer_start": [
943
],
"text": [
"Plötzensee Prison"
]
}
|
Adam Kuckhoff (German: [ˈaːdam ˈkʊkˌhɔf] (listen), 30 August 1887 – 5 August 1943) was a German writer, journalist, and German resistance member of the anti-fascist resistance group that was later called the Red Orchestra by the Gestapo.
Life
Adam Kuckhoff published a popular edition of the works of Georg Büchner in 1927, and headed the cultural-political magazine Die Tat ("The Deed") in 1928–1929, which he gave a left-wing, socialist flavour. In 1931, he wrote the artistic novel Scherry about Grock. Between 1931 and 1932, he was a dramatic adviser at the Berlin Schauspielhaus. His main work, the world war novel Der Deutsche von Bayencourt ("The German from Bayencourt") appeared in Germany in 1937.
He and his wife Greta were involved with Arvid and Mildred Harnack and the Red Orchestra. He was arrested in Prague on 12 September 1942, following the arrests of Harnack and many other members of the organization. He was executed at Plötzensee Prison on 5 August 1943.
In East Germany, Kuckhoff was honoured as a resistance member. In Leipzig-Grünau a school was named after him. It bore his name from 1985 to 1990. In his home town Aachen a street was named after him. There is also a street in Halle (Saale) named after him.
References
Further reading
Ingeborg Drewitz: Leben und Werk von Adam Kuckhoff. Berlin 1968
Karlheinz Jackste (Hrsg.): Adam Kuckhoff – Tradition und Aufgabe. Halle (Saale) 1977.
External links
Portrait by Dieter Götze (in German)
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
104
],
"text": [
"journalist"
]
}
|
Adam Kuckhoff (German: [ˈaːdam ˈkʊkˌhɔf] (listen), 30 August 1887 – 5 August 1943) was a German writer, journalist, and German resistance member of the anti-fascist resistance group that was later called the Red Orchestra by the Gestapo.
Life
Adam Kuckhoff published a popular edition of the works of Georg Büchner in 1927, and headed the cultural-political magazine Die Tat ("The Deed") in 1928–1929, which he gave a left-wing, socialist flavour. In 1931, he wrote the artistic novel Scherry about Grock. Between 1931 and 1932, he was a dramatic adviser at the Berlin Schauspielhaus. His main work, the world war novel Der Deutsche von Bayencourt ("The German from Bayencourt") appeared in Germany in 1937.
He and his wife Greta were involved with Arvid and Mildred Harnack and the Red Orchestra. He was arrested in Prague on 12 September 1942, following the arrests of Harnack and many other members of the organization. He was executed at Plötzensee Prison on 5 August 1943.
In East Germany, Kuckhoff was honoured as a resistance member. In Leipzig-Grünau a school was named after him. It bore his name from 1985 to 1990. In his home town Aachen a street was named after him. There is also a street in Halle (Saale) named after him.
References
Further reading
Ingeborg Drewitz: Leben und Werk von Adam Kuckhoff. Berlin 1968
Karlheinz Jackste (Hrsg.): Adam Kuckhoff – Tradition und Aufgabe. Halle (Saale) 1977.
External links
Portrait by Dieter Götze (in German)
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Adam Kuckhoff"
]
}
|
Adam Kuckhoff (German: [ˈaːdam ˈkʊkˌhɔf] (listen), 30 August 1887 – 5 August 1943) was a German writer, journalist, and German resistance member of the anti-fascist resistance group that was later called the Red Orchestra by the Gestapo.
Life
Adam Kuckhoff published a popular edition of the works of Georg Büchner in 1927, and headed the cultural-political magazine Die Tat ("The Deed") in 1928–1929, which he gave a left-wing, socialist flavour. In 1931, he wrote the artistic novel Scherry about Grock. Between 1931 and 1932, he was a dramatic adviser at the Berlin Schauspielhaus. His main work, the world war novel Der Deutsche von Bayencourt ("The German from Bayencourt") appeared in Germany in 1937.
He and his wife Greta were involved with Arvid and Mildred Harnack and the Red Orchestra. He was arrested in Prague on 12 September 1942, following the arrests of Harnack and many other members of the organization. He was executed at Plötzensee Prison on 5 August 1943.
In East Germany, Kuckhoff was honoured as a resistance member. In Leipzig-Grünau a school was named after him. It bore his name from 1985 to 1990. In his home town Aachen a street was named after him. There is also a street in Halle (Saale) named after him.
References
Further reading
Ingeborg Drewitz: Leben und Werk von Adam Kuckhoff. Berlin 1968
Karlheinz Jackste (Hrsg.): Adam Kuckhoff – Tradition und Aufgabe. Halle (Saale) 1977.
External links
Portrait by Dieter Götze (in German)
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
5
],
"text": [
"Kuckhoff"
]
}
|
Adam Kuckhoff (German: [ˈaːdam ˈkʊkˌhɔf] (listen), 30 August 1887 – 5 August 1943) was a German writer, journalist, and German resistance member of the anti-fascist resistance group that was later called the Red Orchestra by the Gestapo.
Life
Adam Kuckhoff published a popular edition of the works of Georg Büchner in 1927, and headed the cultural-political magazine Die Tat ("The Deed") in 1928–1929, which he gave a left-wing, socialist flavour. In 1931, he wrote the artistic novel Scherry about Grock. Between 1931 and 1932, he was a dramatic adviser at the Berlin Schauspielhaus. His main work, the world war novel Der Deutsche von Bayencourt ("The German from Bayencourt") appeared in Germany in 1937.
He and his wife Greta were involved with Arvid and Mildred Harnack and the Red Orchestra. He was arrested in Prague on 12 September 1942, following the arrests of Harnack and many other members of the organization. He was executed at Plötzensee Prison on 5 August 1943.
In East Germany, Kuckhoff was honoured as a resistance member. In Leipzig-Grünau a school was named after him. It bore his name from 1985 to 1990. In his home town Aachen a street was named after him. There is also a street in Halle (Saale) named after him.
References
Further reading
Ingeborg Drewitz: Leben und Werk von Adam Kuckhoff. Berlin 1968
Karlheinz Jackste (Hrsg.): Adam Kuckhoff – Tradition und Aufgabe. Halle (Saale) 1977.
External links
Portrait by Dieter Götze (in German)
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Adam"
]
}
|
Adam Kuckhoff (German: [ˈaːdam ˈkʊkˌhɔf] (listen), 30 August 1887 – 5 August 1943) was a German writer, journalist, and German resistance member of the anti-fascist resistance group that was later called the Red Orchestra by the Gestapo.
Life
Adam Kuckhoff published a popular edition of the works of Georg Büchner in 1927, and headed the cultural-political magazine Die Tat ("The Deed") in 1928–1929, which he gave a left-wing, socialist flavour. In 1931, he wrote the artistic novel Scherry about Grock. Between 1931 and 1932, he was a dramatic adviser at the Berlin Schauspielhaus. His main work, the world war novel Der Deutsche von Bayencourt ("The German from Bayencourt") appeared in Germany in 1937.
He and his wife Greta were involved with Arvid and Mildred Harnack and the Red Orchestra. He was arrested in Prague on 12 September 1942, following the arrests of Harnack and many other members of the organization. He was executed at Plötzensee Prison on 5 August 1943.
In East Germany, Kuckhoff was honoured as a resistance member. In Leipzig-Grünau a school was named after him. It bore his name from 1985 to 1990. In his home town Aachen a street was named after him. There is also a street in Halle (Saale) named after him.
References
Further reading
Ingeborg Drewitz: Leben und Werk von Adam Kuckhoff. Berlin 1968
Karlheinz Jackste (Hrsg.): Adam Kuckhoff – Tradition und Aufgabe. Halle (Saale) 1977.
External links
Portrait by Dieter Götze (in German)
|
languages spoken, written or signed
|
{
"answer_start": [
15
],
"text": [
"German"
]
}
|
Marguerite Steen (12 May 1894 – 4 August 1975) was a British writer, most popular in the 1930s and 1940s. In 1951, she was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature.
Life
Daughter of Capt. George Connolly Benson (King's Shropshire Light Infantry) (killed in action in Ashanti in 1900) and Margaret Jones who her father married shortly before his death, Marguerite was adopted by Joseph and Margaret Jane Steen. Educated at a private school and subsequently, with much more success, at Kendal High School, at 19 she became a teacher in a private school. After three years she abandoned that career and went to London to fulfil her ambition of working in the theatre. Failing to gain entry to the theatrical world, she accepted instead an offer to teach dance in Yorkshire schools. This earned her a comfortable living (rising to over £500 a year) which enabled her to spend long periods travelling in France and Spain—the latter becoming her adopted homeland.In 1921, she joined the Fred Terry / Julia Neilson drama company, at £3 per week, and spent three years touring with them. She was befriended by Ellen Terry, and when she found herself unemployed in 1926, took her advice and wrote a novel (not her first, strictly speaking, as she had made an attempt at the age of 8). This work, The Gilt Cage, was published in 1927, and was followed by some 40 more books.Very much at home among creative people, she wrote biographies of the Terrys, of her friend Hugh Walpole, of the 18th-century poet and actress (and sometime mistress to the George IV) Mary 'Perdita' Robinson, and of her own lover, the artist Sir William Nicholson. According to Steen's account in Looking Glass, they met in Andalucia in May 1935, and by mid-June were living together at Nicholson's mews studio in Apple Tree Yard, off Jermyn Street. Nicholson had been separated from his second wife Edith Stuart-Wortley for some years, but they remained on good terms; although Edie promised to give him a divorce, she never did so. Steen had a fair artistic talent herself, and in the 1930s she also wrote several plays, but her forte was the historical novel.
Steen's first major success was Matador (1934), for which she drew on her love of Spain, and of bullfighting. This was picked up by both the Book Society in Britain, and the Book of the Month Club in the US. Also a best-seller on both sides of the Atlantic was her massive saga of the slave-trade and Bristol shipping, The Sun Is My Undoing (1941); this was the first part of a trilogy, but the remaining volumes were far less popular. Though never quite accepted by literary critics- Sun..., for example, was described as "vigorous but tinselly"- she was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in 1951. Her two volumes of autobiography, Looking Glass (1966) and Pier Glass (1968) offer some delightful views of the English creative set from the 1920s to the 1950s.
Her home at the time of her death was the cottage she had shared with Nicholson during the last years of his life, in the village of Blewbury, Berkshire, bought after their London home was destroyed by a Second World War bomb.
Published works
The published works of Marguerite Steen include:
Novels
The Gilt Cage, London: Geoffrey Bles (1926)
Duel in the Dark, London: Geoffrey Bles (1928)
The Reluctant Madonna, London: Cassell & Co. (1929)
They that Go Down, London: Cassell & Co. (1930)
When the Wind Blows, London: Cassell & Co. (1931)
Unicorn, London: Victor Gollancz (1931)
The Wise and the Foolish Virgins, London: Victor Gollancz (1932)
Stallion, London: Victor Gollancz (1933)
Spider, London: Victor Gollancz (1933)
Matador, London: Victor Gollancz (1934)
Return of a Heroine, London: Victor Gollancz (1936)
Who Would Have Daughters?, London: Collins (1937)
The Marriage Will Not Take Place, London: Collins (1938)
Family Ties, London: Collins (1939)
"A Kind of Insolence" and other stories, London: Collins (1940)
The Sun is My Undoing, London: Collins (1941)
Shelter (as Jane Nicholson), London: G. G. Harrap & Co. (1941)
Rose Timson, London: Collins (1946)
The One-Eyed Moon, London: Falcon Press (1949)
Twilight on the Floods, London: Collins (1949)
The Swan, with illustrations by Walter Goetz, London: Rupert Hart-Davis (1951)
Phoenix Rising (1952). (Perhaps Bath: Chivers)
Stallion, London: Falcon Press (1953)
Anna Fitzalan, London: Collins (1953)
Bulls of Parral, London: Collins (1954)
The Unquiet Spirit, London: Collins (1955)
The Woman in the Back Seat, London: Collins (1959)
The Tower, London: Collins (1959)
A Candle in the Sun, London: Longmans (1964)
The Tavern, London: Nicholas Vane (1964)
Biography
Hugh Walpole: A Study, [S.l.]: Ivor Nicholson and Watson (1933)
The Lost One: A Biography of Mary Perdita Robinson, [S.l.]: Methuen and Co Ltd (1937)
William Nicholson, London: Collins (1943)
A Pride of Terrys, London: Longmans (1962)
Looking Glass: An Autobiography, London: Longmans (1966)
Pier Glass: More Autobiography, London: Longmans (1968)
Plays
Oakfield Plays: Including the Inglemere Christmas play, London: Ivor Nicholson and Watson (1932)
Peepshow, London: I. Nicholson & Watson (1933)
French for Love: a comedy in three acts, with Derek Patmore. London: Collins (1940)
Belles lettres
Granada Window, [S.l.]: [s.n.] (1949).
Little White King (on cats), London: Michael Joseph (1956).
Contributor
Paintings and drawings of the gypsies of Granada. Jo Jones, with text by Augustus John, Laurie Lee, Sir Sacheverell Sitwell, Walter Starkie, Marguerite Steen. London: Athelnay Books (1969).
Short stories
"Strange Guest", The Strand Magazine (March 1933), pp. 270–281.
== References ==
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
61
],
"text": [
"writer"
]
}
|
Marguerite Steen (12 May 1894 – 4 August 1975) was a British writer, most popular in the 1930s and 1940s. In 1951, she was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature.
Life
Daughter of Capt. George Connolly Benson (King's Shropshire Light Infantry) (killed in action in Ashanti in 1900) and Margaret Jones who her father married shortly before his death, Marguerite was adopted by Joseph and Margaret Jane Steen. Educated at a private school and subsequently, with much more success, at Kendal High School, at 19 she became a teacher in a private school. After three years she abandoned that career and went to London to fulfil her ambition of working in the theatre. Failing to gain entry to the theatrical world, she accepted instead an offer to teach dance in Yorkshire schools. This earned her a comfortable living (rising to over £500 a year) which enabled her to spend long periods travelling in France and Spain—the latter becoming her adopted homeland.In 1921, she joined the Fred Terry / Julia Neilson drama company, at £3 per week, and spent three years touring with them. She was befriended by Ellen Terry, and when she found herself unemployed in 1926, took her advice and wrote a novel (not her first, strictly speaking, as she had made an attempt at the age of 8). This work, The Gilt Cage, was published in 1927, and was followed by some 40 more books.Very much at home among creative people, she wrote biographies of the Terrys, of her friend Hugh Walpole, of the 18th-century poet and actress (and sometime mistress to the George IV) Mary 'Perdita' Robinson, and of her own lover, the artist Sir William Nicholson. According to Steen's account in Looking Glass, they met in Andalucia in May 1935, and by mid-June were living together at Nicholson's mews studio in Apple Tree Yard, off Jermyn Street. Nicholson had been separated from his second wife Edith Stuart-Wortley for some years, but they remained on good terms; although Edie promised to give him a divorce, she never did so. Steen had a fair artistic talent herself, and in the 1930s she also wrote several plays, but her forte was the historical novel.
Steen's first major success was Matador (1934), for which she drew on her love of Spain, and of bullfighting. This was picked up by both the Book Society in Britain, and the Book of the Month Club in the US. Also a best-seller on both sides of the Atlantic was her massive saga of the slave-trade and Bristol shipping, The Sun Is My Undoing (1941); this was the first part of a trilogy, but the remaining volumes were far less popular. Though never quite accepted by literary critics- Sun..., for example, was described as "vigorous but tinselly"- she was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in 1951. Her two volumes of autobiography, Looking Glass (1966) and Pier Glass (1968) offer some delightful views of the English creative set from the 1920s to the 1950s.
Her home at the time of her death was the cottage she had shared with Nicholson during the last years of his life, in the village of Blewbury, Berkshire, bought after their London home was destroyed by a Second World War bomb.
Published works
The published works of Marguerite Steen include:
Novels
The Gilt Cage, London: Geoffrey Bles (1926)
Duel in the Dark, London: Geoffrey Bles (1928)
The Reluctant Madonna, London: Cassell & Co. (1929)
They that Go Down, London: Cassell & Co. (1930)
When the Wind Blows, London: Cassell & Co. (1931)
Unicorn, London: Victor Gollancz (1931)
The Wise and the Foolish Virgins, London: Victor Gollancz (1932)
Stallion, London: Victor Gollancz (1933)
Spider, London: Victor Gollancz (1933)
Matador, London: Victor Gollancz (1934)
Return of a Heroine, London: Victor Gollancz (1936)
Who Would Have Daughters?, London: Collins (1937)
The Marriage Will Not Take Place, London: Collins (1938)
Family Ties, London: Collins (1939)
"A Kind of Insolence" and other stories, London: Collins (1940)
The Sun is My Undoing, London: Collins (1941)
Shelter (as Jane Nicholson), London: G. G. Harrap & Co. (1941)
Rose Timson, London: Collins (1946)
The One-Eyed Moon, London: Falcon Press (1949)
Twilight on the Floods, London: Collins (1949)
The Swan, with illustrations by Walter Goetz, London: Rupert Hart-Davis (1951)
Phoenix Rising (1952). (Perhaps Bath: Chivers)
Stallion, London: Falcon Press (1953)
Anna Fitzalan, London: Collins (1953)
Bulls of Parral, London: Collins (1954)
The Unquiet Spirit, London: Collins (1955)
The Woman in the Back Seat, London: Collins (1959)
The Tower, London: Collins (1959)
A Candle in the Sun, London: Longmans (1964)
The Tavern, London: Nicholas Vane (1964)
Biography
Hugh Walpole: A Study, [S.l.]: Ivor Nicholson and Watson (1933)
The Lost One: A Biography of Mary Perdita Robinson, [S.l.]: Methuen and Co Ltd (1937)
William Nicholson, London: Collins (1943)
A Pride of Terrys, London: Longmans (1962)
Looking Glass: An Autobiography, London: Longmans (1966)
Pier Glass: More Autobiography, London: Longmans (1968)
Plays
Oakfield Plays: Including the Inglemere Christmas play, London: Ivor Nicholson and Watson (1932)
Peepshow, London: I. Nicholson & Watson (1933)
French for Love: a comedy in three acts, with Derek Patmore. London: Collins (1940)
Belles lettres
Granada Window, [S.l.]: [s.n.] (1949).
Little White King (on cats), London: Michael Joseph (1956).
Contributor
Paintings and drawings of the gypsies of Granada. Jo Jones, with text by Augustus John, Laurie Lee, Sir Sacheverell Sitwell, Walter Starkie, Marguerite Steen. London: Athelnay Books (1969).
Short stories
"Strange Guest", The Strand Magazine (March 1933), pp. 270–281.
== References ==
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
11
],
"text": [
"Steen"
]
}
|
Marguerite Steen (12 May 1894 – 4 August 1975) was a British writer, most popular in the 1930s and 1940s. In 1951, she was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature.
Life
Daughter of Capt. George Connolly Benson (King's Shropshire Light Infantry) (killed in action in Ashanti in 1900) and Margaret Jones who her father married shortly before his death, Marguerite was adopted by Joseph and Margaret Jane Steen. Educated at a private school and subsequently, with much more success, at Kendal High School, at 19 she became a teacher in a private school. After three years she abandoned that career and went to London to fulfil her ambition of working in the theatre. Failing to gain entry to the theatrical world, she accepted instead an offer to teach dance in Yorkshire schools. This earned her a comfortable living (rising to over £500 a year) which enabled her to spend long periods travelling in France and Spain—the latter becoming her adopted homeland.In 1921, she joined the Fred Terry / Julia Neilson drama company, at £3 per week, and spent three years touring with them. She was befriended by Ellen Terry, and when she found herself unemployed in 1926, took her advice and wrote a novel (not her first, strictly speaking, as she had made an attempt at the age of 8). This work, The Gilt Cage, was published in 1927, and was followed by some 40 more books.Very much at home among creative people, she wrote biographies of the Terrys, of her friend Hugh Walpole, of the 18th-century poet and actress (and sometime mistress to the George IV) Mary 'Perdita' Robinson, and of her own lover, the artist Sir William Nicholson. According to Steen's account in Looking Glass, they met in Andalucia in May 1935, and by mid-June were living together at Nicholson's mews studio in Apple Tree Yard, off Jermyn Street. Nicholson had been separated from his second wife Edith Stuart-Wortley for some years, but they remained on good terms; although Edie promised to give him a divorce, she never did so. Steen had a fair artistic talent herself, and in the 1930s she also wrote several plays, but her forte was the historical novel.
Steen's first major success was Matador (1934), for which she drew on her love of Spain, and of bullfighting. This was picked up by both the Book Society in Britain, and the Book of the Month Club in the US. Also a best-seller on both sides of the Atlantic was her massive saga of the slave-trade and Bristol shipping, The Sun Is My Undoing (1941); this was the first part of a trilogy, but the remaining volumes were far less popular. Though never quite accepted by literary critics- Sun..., for example, was described as "vigorous but tinselly"- she was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in 1951. Her two volumes of autobiography, Looking Glass (1966) and Pier Glass (1968) offer some delightful views of the English creative set from the 1920s to the 1950s.
Her home at the time of her death was the cottage she had shared with Nicholson during the last years of his life, in the village of Blewbury, Berkshire, bought after their London home was destroyed by a Second World War bomb.
Published works
The published works of Marguerite Steen include:
Novels
The Gilt Cage, London: Geoffrey Bles (1926)
Duel in the Dark, London: Geoffrey Bles (1928)
The Reluctant Madonna, London: Cassell & Co. (1929)
They that Go Down, London: Cassell & Co. (1930)
When the Wind Blows, London: Cassell & Co. (1931)
Unicorn, London: Victor Gollancz (1931)
The Wise and the Foolish Virgins, London: Victor Gollancz (1932)
Stallion, London: Victor Gollancz (1933)
Spider, London: Victor Gollancz (1933)
Matador, London: Victor Gollancz (1934)
Return of a Heroine, London: Victor Gollancz (1936)
Who Would Have Daughters?, London: Collins (1937)
The Marriage Will Not Take Place, London: Collins (1938)
Family Ties, London: Collins (1939)
"A Kind of Insolence" and other stories, London: Collins (1940)
The Sun is My Undoing, London: Collins (1941)
Shelter (as Jane Nicholson), London: G. G. Harrap & Co. (1941)
Rose Timson, London: Collins (1946)
The One-Eyed Moon, London: Falcon Press (1949)
Twilight on the Floods, London: Collins (1949)
The Swan, with illustrations by Walter Goetz, London: Rupert Hart-Davis (1951)
Phoenix Rising (1952). (Perhaps Bath: Chivers)
Stallion, London: Falcon Press (1953)
Anna Fitzalan, London: Collins (1953)
Bulls of Parral, London: Collins (1954)
The Unquiet Spirit, London: Collins (1955)
The Woman in the Back Seat, London: Collins (1959)
The Tower, London: Collins (1959)
A Candle in the Sun, London: Longmans (1964)
The Tavern, London: Nicholas Vane (1964)
Biography
Hugh Walpole: A Study, [S.l.]: Ivor Nicholson and Watson (1933)
The Lost One: A Biography of Mary Perdita Robinson, [S.l.]: Methuen and Co Ltd (1937)
William Nicholson, London: Collins (1943)
A Pride of Terrys, London: Longmans (1962)
Looking Glass: An Autobiography, London: Longmans (1966)
Pier Glass: More Autobiography, London: Longmans (1968)
Plays
Oakfield Plays: Including the Inglemere Christmas play, London: Ivor Nicholson and Watson (1932)
Peepshow, London: I. Nicholson & Watson (1933)
French for Love: a comedy in three acts, with Derek Patmore. London: Collins (1940)
Belles lettres
Granada Window, [S.l.]: [s.n.] (1949).
Little White King (on cats), London: Michael Joseph (1956).
Contributor
Paintings and drawings of the gypsies of Granada. Jo Jones, with text by Augustus John, Laurie Lee, Sir Sacheverell Sitwell, Walter Starkie, Marguerite Steen. London: Athelnay Books (1969).
Short stories
"Strange Guest", The Strand Magazine (March 1933), pp. 270–281.
== References ==
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Marguerite"
]
}
|
Marguerite Steen (12 May 1894 – 4 August 1975) was a British writer, most popular in the 1930s and 1940s. In 1951, she was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature.
Life
Daughter of Capt. George Connolly Benson (King's Shropshire Light Infantry) (killed in action in Ashanti in 1900) and Margaret Jones who her father married shortly before his death, Marguerite was adopted by Joseph and Margaret Jane Steen. Educated at a private school and subsequently, with much more success, at Kendal High School, at 19 she became a teacher in a private school. After three years she abandoned that career and went to London to fulfil her ambition of working in the theatre. Failing to gain entry to the theatrical world, she accepted instead an offer to teach dance in Yorkshire schools. This earned her a comfortable living (rising to over £500 a year) which enabled her to spend long periods travelling in France and Spain—the latter becoming her adopted homeland.In 1921, she joined the Fred Terry / Julia Neilson drama company, at £3 per week, and spent three years touring with them. She was befriended by Ellen Terry, and when she found herself unemployed in 1926, took her advice and wrote a novel (not her first, strictly speaking, as she had made an attempt at the age of 8). This work, The Gilt Cage, was published in 1927, and was followed by some 40 more books.Very much at home among creative people, she wrote biographies of the Terrys, of her friend Hugh Walpole, of the 18th-century poet and actress (and sometime mistress to the George IV) Mary 'Perdita' Robinson, and of her own lover, the artist Sir William Nicholson. According to Steen's account in Looking Glass, they met in Andalucia in May 1935, and by mid-June were living together at Nicholson's mews studio in Apple Tree Yard, off Jermyn Street. Nicholson had been separated from his second wife Edith Stuart-Wortley for some years, but they remained on good terms; although Edie promised to give him a divorce, she never did so. Steen had a fair artistic talent herself, and in the 1930s she also wrote several plays, but her forte was the historical novel.
Steen's first major success was Matador (1934), for which she drew on her love of Spain, and of bullfighting. This was picked up by both the Book Society in Britain, and the Book of the Month Club in the US. Also a best-seller on both sides of the Atlantic was her massive saga of the slave-trade and Bristol shipping, The Sun Is My Undoing (1941); this was the first part of a trilogy, but the remaining volumes were far less popular. Though never quite accepted by literary critics- Sun..., for example, was described as "vigorous but tinselly"- she was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in 1951. Her two volumes of autobiography, Looking Glass (1966) and Pier Glass (1968) offer some delightful views of the English creative set from the 1920s to the 1950s.
Her home at the time of her death was the cottage she had shared with Nicholson during the last years of his life, in the village of Blewbury, Berkshire, bought after their London home was destroyed by a Second World War bomb.
Published works
The published works of Marguerite Steen include:
Novels
The Gilt Cage, London: Geoffrey Bles (1926)
Duel in the Dark, London: Geoffrey Bles (1928)
The Reluctant Madonna, London: Cassell & Co. (1929)
They that Go Down, London: Cassell & Co. (1930)
When the Wind Blows, London: Cassell & Co. (1931)
Unicorn, London: Victor Gollancz (1931)
The Wise and the Foolish Virgins, London: Victor Gollancz (1932)
Stallion, London: Victor Gollancz (1933)
Spider, London: Victor Gollancz (1933)
Matador, London: Victor Gollancz (1934)
Return of a Heroine, London: Victor Gollancz (1936)
Who Would Have Daughters?, London: Collins (1937)
The Marriage Will Not Take Place, London: Collins (1938)
Family Ties, London: Collins (1939)
"A Kind of Insolence" and other stories, London: Collins (1940)
The Sun is My Undoing, London: Collins (1941)
Shelter (as Jane Nicholson), London: G. G. Harrap & Co. (1941)
Rose Timson, London: Collins (1946)
The One-Eyed Moon, London: Falcon Press (1949)
Twilight on the Floods, London: Collins (1949)
The Swan, with illustrations by Walter Goetz, London: Rupert Hart-Davis (1951)
Phoenix Rising (1952). (Perhaps Bath: Chivers)
Stallion, London: Falcon Press (1953)
Anna Fitzalan, London: Collins (1953)
Bulls of Parral, London: Collins (1954)
The Unquiet Spirit, London: Collins (1955)
The Woman in the Back Seat, London: Collins (1959)
The Tower, London: Collins (1959)
A Candle in the Sun, London: Longmans (1964)
The Tavern, London: Nicholas Vane (1964)
Biography
Hugh Walpole: A Study, [S.l.]: Ivor Nicholson and Watson (1933)
The Lost One: A Biography of Mary Perdita Robinson, [S.l.]: Methuen and Co Ltd (1937)
William Nicholson, London: Collins (1943)
A Pride of Terrys, London: Longmans (1962)
Looking Glass: An Autobiography, London: Longmans (1966)
Pier Glass: More Autobiography, London: Longmans (1968)
Plays
Oakfield Plays: Including the Inglemere Christmas play, London: Ivor Nicholson and Watson (1932)
Peepshow, London: I. Nicholson & Watson (1933)
French for Love: a comedy in three acts, with Derek Patmore. London: Collins (1940)
Belles lettres
Granada Window, [S.l.]: [s.n.] (1949).
Little White King (on cats), London: Michael Joseph (1956).
Contributor
Paintings and drawings of the gypsies of Granada. Jo Jones, with text by Augustus John, Laurie Lee, Sir Sacheverell Sitwell, Walter Starkie, Marguerite Steen. London: Athelnay Books (1969).
Short stories
"Strange Guest", The Strand Magazine (March 1933), pp. 270–281.
== References ==
|
languages spoken, written or signed
|
{
"answer_start": [
2868
],
"text": [
"English"
]
}
|
Ndao may refer to:
Ndaw, typical Gambian and Senegalese patronym of the Serer people
Ndao Island, Indonesia
|
different from
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Ndao"
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|
Byttnerioideae is a subfamily of the flowering plant family Malvaceae.
Tribes and genera
Four tribes are recognised by the Germplasm Resources Information Network:
Byttnerieae
Hermannieae
Lasiopetaleae
Theobromateae
References
External links
Media related to Byttnerioideae at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Byttnerioideae at Wikispecies
|
taxon rank
|
{
"answer_start": [
20
],
"text": [
"subfamily"
]
}
|
Byttnerioideae is a subfamily of the flowering plant family Malvaceae.
Tribes and genera
Four tribes are recognised by the Germplasm Resources Information Network:
Byttnerieae
Hermannieae
Lasiopetaleae
Theobromateae
References
External links
Media related to Byttnerioideae at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Byttnerioideae at Wikispecies
|
parent taxon
|
{
"answer_start": [
60
],
"text": [
"Malvaceae"
]
}
|
Byttnerioideae is a subfamily of the flowering plant family Malvaceae.
Tribes and genera
Four tribes are recognised by the Germplasm Resources Information Network:
Byttnerieae
Hermannieae
Lasiopetaleae
Theobromateae
References
External links
Media related to Byttnerioideae at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Byttnerioideae at Wikispecies
|
taxon name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Byttnerioideae"
]
}
|
Byttnerioideae is a subfamily of the flowering plant family Malvaceae.
Tribes and genera
Four tribes are recognised by the Germplasm Resources Information Network:
Byttnerieae
Hermannieae
Lasiopetaleae
Theobromateae
References
External links
Media related to Byttnerioideae at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Byttnerioideae at Wikispecies
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Byttnerioideae"
]
}
|
Byttnerioideae is a subfamily of the flowering plant family Malvaceae.
Tribes and genera
Four tribes are recognised by the Germplasm Resources Information Network:
Byttnerieae
Hermannieae
Lasiopetaleae
Theobromateae
References
External links
Media related to Byttnerioideae at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Byttnerioideae at Wikispecies
|
KBpedia ID
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
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Danielki [daˈɲɛlki] is a small village situated in southern Poland, in the administrative district of Gmina Jabłonka, within Nowy Targ County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, close to the border crossing at Chyżne.
According to the population census made in 2000, the village is inhabited by only 9 people. Its population used to be close to extinction due to harsh weather and climate conditions. In 1949 the settlement burned down, later it was rebuilt, with most houses built again of wood. Recently it has become a popular destination for celebrities to buy a summer cottage.
|
country
|
{
"answer_start": [
60
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"text": [
"Poland"
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}
|
Danielki [daˈɲɛlki] is a small village situated in southern Poland, in the administrative district of Gmina Jabłonka, within Nowy Targ County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, close to the border crossing at Chyżne.
According to the population census made in 2000, the village is inhabited by only 9 people. Its population used to be close to extinction due to harsh weather and climate conditions. In 1949 the settlement burned down, later it was rebuilt, with most houses built again of wood. Recently it has become a popular destination for celebrities to buy a summer cottage.
|
located in the administrative territorial entity
|
{
"answer_start": [
102
],
"text": [
"Gmina Jabłonka"
]
}
|
Danielki [daˈɲɛlki] is a small village situated in southern Poland, in the administrative district of Gmina Jabłonka, within Nowy Targ County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, close to the border crossing at Chyżne.
According to the population census made in 2000, the village is inhabited by only 9 people. Its population used to be close to extinction due to harsh weather and climate conditions. In 1949 the settlement burned down, later it was rebuilt, with most houses built again of wood. Recently it has become a popular destination for celebrities to buy a summer cottage.
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Danielki"
]
}
|
Danielki [daˈɲɛlki] is a small village situated in southern Poland, in the administrative district of Gmina Jabłonka, within Nowy Targ County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, close to the border crossing at Chyżne.
According to the population census made in 2000, the village is inhabited by only 9 people. Its population used to be close to extinction due to harsh weather and climate conditions. In 1949 the settlement burned down, later it was rebuilt, with most houses built again of wood. Recently it has become a popular destination for celebrities to buy a summer cottage.
|
population
|
{
"answer_start": [
292
],
"text": [
"9"
]
}
|
Danielki [daˈɲɛlki] is a small village situated in southern Poland, in the administrative district of Gmina Jabłonka, within Nowy Targ County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, close to the border crossing at Chyżne.
According to the population census made in 2000, the village is inhabited by only 9 people. Its population used to be close to extinction due to harsh weather and climate conditions. In 1949 the settlement burned down, later it was rebuilt, with most houses built again of wood. Recently it has become a popular destination for celebrities to buy a summer cottage.
|
official name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Danielki"
]
}
|
Danielki [daˈɲɛlki] is a small village situated in southern Poland, in the administrative district of Gmina Jabłonka, within Nowy Targ County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, close to the border crossing at Chyżne.
According to the population census made in 2000, the village is inhabited by only 9 people. Its population used to be close to extinction due to harsh weather and climate conditions. In 1949 the settlement burned down, later it was rebuilt, with most houses built again of wood. Recently it has become a popular destination for celebrities to buy a summer cottage.
|
native label
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Danielki"
]
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|
Abert's squirrel or the tassel-eared squirrel (Sciurus aberti) is a tree squirrel in the genus Sciurus native to the southern Rocky Mountains from the United States to the northern Sierra Madre Occidental of Mexico, with concentrations found in Arizona, New Mexico, and southwestern Colorado. It is closely associated with, and largely confined to, mature ponderosa pine forests. It is named in honor of the American naturalist John James Abert; nine subspecies are recognised. It is recognizable by its tufted ears, gray color, pale underparts and rufous patch on the lower back. The squirrel feeds on the seeds and cones of the Mexican pinyon and the ponderosa pine when they are available, but will also take fungi, buds, bark, and carrion. Breeding normally occurs in summer, with a spherical nest being built high in the canopy.
Etymology
Abert's squirrel is named after Colonel John James Abert, an American naturalist and military officer who headed the Corps of Topographical Engineers and organized the effort to map the American West in the 19th century.
Taxonomy
The currently accepted scientific name for Abert's squirrel is Sciurus aberti Woodhouse. There are nine recognized subspecies, including the Kaibab squirrel (S. a. kaibabensis), formerly recognized as a separate species (S. kaibabensis). The nine subspecies are listed in the Distribution section.
Physical characteristics
Abert's squirrels are 46–58 cm long with a tail of 19–25 cm. The most noticeable characteristic would be their hair ear tufts, which extend up from each ear 2–3 cm. This gives this species a striking similarity to the Eurasian red squirrel, aside from its differing dark coloration. They typically have a gray coat with a white underbelly and a very noticeable rusty/reddish colored strip down their back. Abert's squirrels found in Colorado rocky mountain foothills appear black all over as shown in the adjacent image.
Distribution
Abert's squirrel is confined to the Colorado Plateau and the southern Rocky Mountains of Colorado, Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico; its range extends south in the Sierra Madre Occidental to Chihuahua and Durango in Mexico. Abert's squirrel also extends a short distance into Wyoming where ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) is present. Abert's squirrels transplanted to the Graham and Santa Catalina Mountains of Arizona have established stable populations. Mellott and Choate reported Abert's squirrels present in the Spanish Peaks State Wildlife Area, 43 miles (69 km) southeast of the previously known Abert's squirrel range.The distribution of Abert's squirrel subspecies in the Southwest is coincident with the disjunct ponderosa pine forests. Subspecies distributions are as follows:
S. a. aberti (Woodhouse) – northern Arizona
S. a. barberi (Allen) – northwestern Chihuahua
S. a. chuscensis (Goldman) – New Mexico-Arizona border area
S. a. durangi (Thomas) – Durango
S. a. ferreus (True) – Rocky Mountains, central Colorado
S. a. kaibabensis – Kaibab Plateau, northern Arizona
S. a. mimus (Merriam) – New Mexico-Colorado border area
S. a. navajo (Durrant and Kelson) – southeastern Utah
S. a. phaeurus (Allen) – northwestern and southwestern Durango and southwesternmost Chihuahua
Habitat
Abert's squirrels in the U.S. make almost exclusive use of ponderosa pine for cover, nesting, and food. In Mexico where ponderosa pines are absent, the species is found in stands of the closely related Pinus arizonica. Optimum Abert's squirrel habitat is composed of all-aged ponderosa pine stands with trees in even-aged groups, densities of 168 to 250 trees per acre (496–618/ha), and 150 to 200 square feet per acre (34.4–45.3 sq m/ha) basal area. In optimum habitat average diameter of ponderosa pines is 11 to 13 inches (28 to 33 centimetres), with Gambel oaks in the 11.8- to 14-inch (30–36 cm) diameter at breast height (d.b.h.) range. Optimum habitat has some ponderosa pine over 20 inches (51 cm) d.b.h., which are the best cone producers. Larson and Schubert report that ponderosa pine 36 to 40 inches (91 to 102 centimetres) d.b.h. produced an average of 446 cones per tree per crop. Trees less than 24 inches (61 cm) d.b.h. produced fewer than 100 cones per crop.In central Arizona, Abert's squirrel summer home ranges averaged 18 acres (7.3 hectares) and ranged from 10 to 24 acres (4.0 to 9.7 ha). Ranges were somewhat smaller in winter. Ramey reports that the mean Abert's squirrel home range for spring and summer was 20 acres (8.1 hectares) in Black Forest, Colorado. Subadult males had spring home ranges of about 27 acres (11 hectares), and adult females had somewhat larger summer home ranges than adult males. Patton reported the ranges of three squirrels as 10, 30, and 60 acres (4.0, 12.2, and 24.4 ha) in Arizona. Hall reported the home range of an adult female as 29 acres (12 hectares).In Colorado, Ramey found a density of 83 squirrels per square mile (30/km2) in spring 1970 but only 33 squirrels per square mile (12/km2) in spring 1971. In another Colorado study, Farentinos estimated 227 squirrels per square mile (82/km2) in fall 1970 and 317 per square mile (114/km2) in fall 1971.
Plant communities
Abert's squirrel is closely associated with, and nearly confined to cool, dry interior ponderosa pine forests. In Arizona, ponderosa pine forests are most extensive between 5,500 and 8,500 feet (1,700 and 2,600 metres) elevation. Abert's squirrels occur in pure ponderosa pine stands or stands with associated Gambel oak (Quercus gambelii), Colorado pinyon (Pinus edulis), junipers (Juniperus spp.), quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides), and Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). Findley and others mention that Abert's squirrels are common in mixed conifer canyons in New Mexico.In Durango and Chihuahua the squirrels are said to inhabit high altitude ponderosa pine stands, however, the ponderosa pines of Mexico have relatively recently (since at least 1997) been reclassified as a separate species Pinus arizonica (syn. P. ponderosa var. arizonica), and some regard much of that population as yet another species Pinus cooperi (P. arizonica var. cooperi).
Conservation
This is a common species with a wide range and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated its conservation status as being of "least concern". Nonetheless, in Mexico, where much of its habitat has been logged, this species is considered 'vulnerable' by the Mexican environmental protection agency SEMARNAT and is protected.
Ecology and behavior
Abert's squirrels are diurnal. They are often active for a short time before sunrise and active for periods throughout the day, and they usually return to shelter before sunset. Abert's squirrel does not store food, as other North American squirrels do.The most apparent causes of Abert's squirrel mortality are food shortage and injuries (such as broken teeth) that lead to mortality.
Reproduction
In central Arizona, breeding occurs from May 1 to June 1 and there are young in the nest from June 10 to July 27. Farantinos reported a 46-day gestation period. Eight litters were composed of two to five young each. Three or four young per litter is typical. Young Abert's squirrels are born naked, with ears and eyes closed. At 2 weeks thin short hair is noticeable and the ears are slightly open. By 6 weeks the pelage has developed and the eyes are open. By 7 weeks the tail has broadened and is held over the back, ears are held erect. Mushrooms and bark have been added to the diet at this time. Captive young first venture from the nest at about 7 weeks, but do not venture to the ground until about 9 weeks. By 10 weeks Abert's squirrels are weaned. Mature size is reached by 15 to 16 weeks. Female Abert's squirrels usually bear only one litter per year. Hall and Kelson, however, report that two litters are often borne per year in the southern parts of Abert's squirrel range.
Nesting
Nests are built by the female Abert's squirrel out of pine twigs 0.5 inches (1.3 cm) or less in diameter and 6 to 24 inches (15 to 61 centimetres) long. Nests are lined with a variety of materials. Summer nests are built by Abert's squirrels on ponderosa pine branches, in Gambel oak cavities, and sometimes in cottonwood (Populus spp.) branches. Ponderosa pine seldom have cavities big enough for Abert's squirrels. In central Arizona nest trees ranged from 12 to 41 inches d.b.h. and were 20 to 110 feet (6.1 to 33.5 m) tall.
In another Arizona study, nest trees ranged from 11.6 to 36.6 inches (29 to 93 centimetres) d.b.h. Most nests are placed in the upper third of the tree crown. Nests are placed from 16 to 90 feet (4.9–27) above the ground, usually on a large limb against the bole, or in the forks of smaller branches. Nests were most often built on the southern to southeastern side of the tree. Patton reports that nest trees in Arizona had crowns that were 35% to 55% of the total tree height, and most often were 14 to 16 inches (36 to 41 centimetres) d.b.h.. Nests are built in trees occurring as part of a grouping of trees with interlocking crowns. Dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium vaginatum) infestations that cause the formation of "witches brooms" are often incorporated into or support Abert's squirrel nests.Nests are roughly spherical and a small platform often extends beyond the bowl edge on one side.The nests are used year-round by most Abert's squirrels for nightly shelter, although females often move the litter to a larger nest when the young are 3 to 6 weeks old. In winter, pairs of Abert's squirrels, usually an adult female and one subadult (presumed) offspring, use the same nest for shelter.
Food habits
Abert's squirrels consume ponderosa pine year-round. Parts eaten include seeds, which are the most highly preferred item, inner bark (particularly of young twigs), terminal buds, staminate buds, and pollen cones. Other foods include fleshy fungi (particularly hypogeous fungi), carrion, bones, and antlers. Severe weather is not always a deterrent to feeding activity. Where Mexican pinyon (Pinus cembroides) seeds are available, Abert's squirrels consume them in preference to ponderosa pine seeds. Gambel oak acorns may also provide substantial food for Abert's squirrels.Ponderosa pines produce large cone crops every 3 to 4 years; cones are virtually absent about 1 year out of 4. Abert's squirrels begin eating immature seed shortly after cone development begins in late May. Seeds are eaten through the summer as the cones mature. Seeds from up to 75 cones may be eaten per day per squirrel during the months when seeds form the squirrels' major food. Seeds are disseminated from cones in October and November. Abert's squirrels continue to consume seed from late maturing cones and collect single seeds from the ground. The succulent inner bark of twigs is eaten all year, but most heavily in winter. Needle clusters are clipped from the twigs, the outer bark is removed, the inner bark is consumed, and then the twig is discarded. In winter a single squirrel consumes about 45 twigs per day. Most feed trees range from 11 to 30 inches (28 to 76 centimetres) d.b.h. After seeds have been disseminated Abert's squirrels are dependent on inner bark, which forms the bulk of the diet from November to April. The soft inner tissue of small apical buds is also a preferred item. In May, staminate buds and cones and immature ovules are consumed as available. New staminate cones are entirely consumed; only the pollen is eaten from dried cones. The bark of areas infected with dwarf mistletoe also appears to be preferred.Fleshy fungi consumed include members of the following genera: Agaricus, Amanita, Boletus, Hypholoma, Lepiota, Lycopedon, Russula and Tuber. Mushrooms poisonous to humans are consumed by Abert's squirrels without difficulty, including destroying angels (A. bisporigera and A. ocreata) and a species of Russula.Water is obtained mostly from food, but Abert's squirrels sometimes drink at stock ponds or other standing water (i.e., rain puddles).
Predators
Reynolds suggested that northern goshawks (Accipiter gentilis) may take enough Abert's squirrels to regulate Abert's squirrel populations. Hawks (Accipitridae and Falconidae) prey on Abert's squirrels in central Arizona, but even though other potential predators are present, i.e., gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), bobcat (Lynx rufus), coyote (Canis latrans), there is no evidence that they prey on Abert's squirrels.
References
This article incorporates public domain material from Sciurus aberti. United States Department of Agriculture.
External links
Fact sheet
|
taxon rank
|
{
"answer_start": [
454
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"text": [
"species"
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Abert's squirrel or the tassel-eared squirrel (Sciurus aberti) is a tree squirrel in the genus Sciurus native to the southern Rocky Mountains from the United States to the northern Sierra Madre Occidental of Mexico, with concentrations found in Arizona, New Mexico, and southwestern Colorado. It is closely associated with, and largely confined to, mature ponderosa pine forests. It is named in honor of the American naturalist John James Abert; nine subspecies are recognised. It is recognizable by its tufted ears, gray color, pale underparts and rufous patch on the lower back. The squirrel feeds on the seeds and cones of the Mexican pinyon and the ponderosa pine when they are available, but will also take fungi, buds, bark, and carrion. Breeding normally occurs in summer, with a spherical nest being built high in the canopy.
Etymology
Abert's squirrel is named after Colonel John James Abert, an American naturalist and military officer who headed the Corps of Topographical Engineers and organized the effort to map the American West in the 19th century.
Taxonomy
The currently accepted scientific name for Abert's squirrel is Sciurus aberti Woodhouse. There are nine recognized subspecies, including the Kaibab squirrel (S. a. kaibabensis), formerly recognized as a separate species (S. kaibabensis). The nine subspecies are listed in the Distribution section.
Physical characteristics
Abert's squirrels are 46–58 cm long with a tail of 19–25 cm. The most noticeable characteristic would be their hair ear tufts, which extend up from each ear 2–3 cm. This gives this species a striking similarity to the Eurasian red squirrel, aside from its differing dark coloration. They typically have a gray coat with a white underbelly and a very noticeable rusty/reddish colored strip down their back. Abert's squirrels found in Colorado rocky mountain foothills appear black all over as shown in the adjacent image.
Distribution
Abert's squirrel is confined to the Colorado Plateau and the southern Rocky Mountains of Colorado, Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico; its range extends south in the Sierra Madre Occidental to Chihuahua and Durango in Mexico. Abert's squirrel also extends a short distance into Wyoming where ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) is present. Abert's squirrels transplanted to the Graham and Santa Catalina Mountains of Arizona have established stable populations. Mellott and Choate reported Abert's squirrels present in the Spanish Peaks State Wildlife Area, 43 miles (69 km) southeast of the previously known Abert's squirrel range.The distribution of Abert's squirrel subspecies in the Southwest is coincident with the disjunct ponderosa pine forests. Subspecies distributions are as follows:
S. a. aberti (Woodhouse) – northern Arizona
S. a. barberi (Allen) – northwestern Chihuahua
S. a. chuscensis (Goldman) – New Mexico-Arizona border area
S. a. durangi (Thomas) – Durango
S. a. ferreus (True) – Rocky Mountains, central Colorado
S. a. kaibabensis – Kaibab Plateau, northern Arizona
S. a. mimus (Merriam) – New Mexico-Colorado border area
S. a. navajo (Durrant and Kelson) – southeastern Utah
S. a. phaeurus (Allen) – northwestern and southwestern Durango and southwesternmost Chihuahua
Habitat
Abert's squirrels in the U.S. make almost exclusive use of ponderosa pine for cover, nesting, and food. In Mexico where ponderosa pines are absent, the species is found in stands of the closely related Pinus arizonica. Optimum Abert's squirrel habitat is composed of all-aged ponderosa pine stands with trees in even-aged groups, densities of 168 to 250 trees per acre (496–618/ha), and 150 to 200 square feet per acre (34.4–45.3 sq m/ha) basal area. In optimum habitat average diameter of ponderosa pines is 11 to 13 inches (28 to 33 centimetres), with Gambel oaks in the 11.8- to 14-inch (30–36 cm) diameter at breast height (d.b.h.) range. Optimum habitat has some ponderosa pine over 20 inches (51 cm) d.b.h., which are the best cone producers. Larson and Schubert report that ponderosa pine 36 to 40 inches (91 to 102 centimetres) d.b.h. produced an average of 446 cones per tree per crop. Trees less than 24 inches (61 cm) d.b.h. produced fewer than 100 cones per crop.In central Arizona, Abert's squirrel summer home ranges averaged 18 acres (7.3 hectares) and ranged from 10 to 24 acres (4.0 to 9.7 ha). Ranges were somewhat smaller in winter. Ramey reports that the mean Abert's squirrel home range for spring and summer was 20 acres (8.1 hectares) in Black Forest, Colorado. Subadult males had spring home ranges of about 27 acres (11 hectares), and adult females had somewhat larger summer home ranges than adult males. Patton reported the ranges of three squirrels as 10, 30, and 60 acres (4.0, 12.2, and 24.4 ha) in Arizona. Hall reported the home range of an adult female as 29 acres (12 hectares).In Colorado, Ramey found a density of 83 squirrels per square mile (30/km2) in spring 1970 but only 33 squirrels per square mile (12/km2) in spring 1971. In another Colorado study, Farentinos estimated 227 squirrels per square mile (82/km2) in fall 1970 and 317 per square mile (114/km2) in fall 1971.
Plant communities
Abert's squirrel is closely associated with, and nearly confined to cool, dry interior ponderosa pine forests. In Arizona, ponderosa pine forests are most extensive between 5,500 and 8,500 feet (1,700 and 2,600 metres) elevation. Abert's squirrels occur in pure ponderosa pine stands or stands with associated Gambel oak (Quercus gambelii), Colorado pinyon (Pinus edulis), junipers (Juniperus spp.), quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides), and Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). Findley and others mention that Abert's squirrels are common in mixed conifer canyons in New Mexico.In Durango and Chihuahua the squirrels are said to inhabit high altitude ponderosa pine stands, however, the ponderosa pines of Mexico have relatively recently (since at least 1997) been reclassified as a separate species Pinus arizonica (syn. P. ponderosa var. arizonica), and some regard much of that population as yet another species Pinus cooperi (P. arizonica var. cooperi).
Conservation
This is a common species with a wide range and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated its conservation status as being of "least concern". Nonetheless, in Mexico, where much of its habitat has been logged, this species is considered 'vulnerable' by the Mexican environmental protection agency SEMARNAT and is protected.
Ecology and behavior
Abert's squirrels are diurnal. They are often active for a short time before sunrise and active for periods throughout the day, and they usually return to shelter before sunset. Abert's squirrel does not store food, as other North American squirrels do.The most apparent causes of Abert's squirrel mortality are food shortage and injuries (such as broken teeth) that lead to mortality.
Reproduction
In central Arizona, breeding occurs from May 1 to June 1 and there are young in the nest from June 10 to July 27. Farantinos reported a 46-day gestation period. Eight litters were composed of two to five young each. Three or four young per litter is typical. Young Abert's squirrels are born naked, with ears and eyes closed. At 2 weeks thin short hair is noticeable and the ears are slightly open. By 6 weeks the pelage has developed and the eyes are open. By 7 weeks the tail has broadened and is held over the back, ears are held erect. Mushrooms and bark have been added to the diet at this time. Captive young first venture from the nest at about 7 weeks, but do not venture to the ground until about 9 weeks. By 10 weeks Abert's squirrels are weaned. Mature size is reached by 15 to 16 weeks. Female Abert's squirrels usually bear only one litter per year. Hall and Kelson, however, report that two litters are often borne per year in the southern parts of Abert's squirrel range.
Nesting
Nests are built by the female Abert's squirrel out of pine twigs 0.5 inches (1.3 cm) or less in diameter and 6 to 24 inches (15 to 61 centimetres) long. Nests are lined with a variety of materials. Summer nests are built by Abert's squirrels on ponderosa pine branches, in Gambel oak cavities, and sometimes in cottonwood (Populus spp.) branches. Ponderosa pine seldom have cavities big enough for Abert's squirrels. In central Arizona nest trees ranged from 12 to 41 inches d.b.h. and were 20 to 110 feet (6.1 to 33.5 m) tall.
In another Arizona study, nest trees ranged from 11.6 to 36.6 inches (29 to 93 centimetres) d.b.h. Most nests are placed in the upper third of the tree crown. Nests are placed from 16 to 90 feet (4.9–27) above the ground, usually on a large limb against the bole, or in the forks of smaller branches. Nests were most often built on the southern to southeastern side of the tree. Patton reports that nest trees in Arizona had crowns that were 35% to 55% of the total tree height, and most often were 14 to 16 inches (36 to 41 centimetres) d.b.h.. Nests are built in trees occurring as part of a grouping of trees with interlocking crowns. Dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium vaginatum) infestations that cause the formation of "witches brooms" are often incorporated into or support Abert's squirrel nests.Nests are roughly spherical and a small platform often extends beyond the bowl edge on one side.The nests are used year-round by most Abert's squirrels for nightly shelter, although females often move the litter to a larger nest when the young are 3 to 6 weeks old. In winter, pairs of Abert's squirrels, usually an adult female and one subadult (presumed) offspring, use the same nest for shelter.
Food habits
Abert's squirrels consume ponderosa pine year-round. Parts eaten include seeds, which are the most highly preferred item, inner bark (particularly of young twigs), terminal buds, staminate buds, and pollen cones. Other foods include fleshy fungi (particularly hypogeous fungi), carrion, bones, and antlers. Severe weather is not always a deterrent to feeding activity. Where Mexican pinyon (Pinus cembroides) seeds are available, Abert's squirrels consume them in preference to ponderosa pine seeds. Gambel oak acorns may also provide substantial food for Abert's squirrels.Ponderosa pines produce large cone crops every 3 to 4 years; cones are virtually absent about 1 year out of 4. Abert's squirrels begin eating immature seed shortly after cone development begins in late May. Seeds are eaten through the summer as the cones mature. Seeds from up to 75 cones may be eaten per day per squirrel during the months when seeds form the squirrels' major food. Seeds are disseminated from cones in October and November. Abert's squirrels continue to consume seed from late maturing cones and collect single seeds from the ground. The succulent inner bark of twigs is eaten all year, but most heavily in winter. Needle clusters are clipped from the twigs, the outer bark is removed, the inner bark is consumed, and then the twig is discarded. In winter a single squirrel consumes about 45 twigs per day. Most feed trees range from 11 to 30 inches (28 to 76 centimetres) d.b.h. After seeds have been disseminated Abert's squirrels are dependent on inner bark, which forms the bulk of the diet from November to April. The soft inner tissue of small apical buds is also a preferred item. In May, staminate buds and cones and immature ovules are consumed as available. New staminate cones are entirely consumed; only the pollen is eaten from dried cones. The bark of areas infected with dwarf mistletoe also appears to be preferred.Fleshy fungi consumed include members of the following genera: Agaricus, Amanita, Boletus, Hypholoma, Lepiota, Lycopedon, Russula and Tuber. Mushrooms poisonous to humans are consumed by Abert's squirrels without difficulty, including destroying angels (A. bisporigera and A. ocreata) and a species of Russula.Water is obtained mostly from food, but Abert's squirrels sometimes drink at stock ponds or other standing water (i.e., rain puddles).
Predators
Reynolds suggested that northern goshawks (Accipiter gentilis) may take enough Abert's squirrels to regulate Abert's squirrel populations. Hawks (Accipitridae and Falconidae) prey on Abert's squirrels in central Arizona, but even though other potential predators are present, i.e., gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), bobcat (Lynx rufus), coyote (Canis latrans), there is no evidence that they prey on Abert's squirrels.
References
This article incorporates public domain material from Sciurus aberti. United States Department of Agriculture.
External links
Fact sheet
|
named after
|
{
"answer_start": [
428
],
"text": [
"John James Abert"
]
}
|
Abert's squirrel or the tassel-eared squirrel (Sciurus aberti) is a tree squirrel in the genus Sciurus native to the southern Rocky Mountains from the United States to the northern Sierra Madre Occidental of Mexico, with concentrations found in Arizona, New Mexico, and southwestern Colorado. It is closely associated with, and largely confined to, mature ponderosa pine forests. It is named in honor of the American naturalist John James Abert; nine subspecies are recognised. It is recognizable by its tufted ears, gray color, pale underparts and rufous patch on the lower back. The squirrel feeds on the seeds and cones of the Mexican pinyon and the ponderosa pine when they are available, but will also take fungi, buds, bark, and carrion. Breeding normally occurs in summer, with a spherical nest being built high in the canopy.
Etymology
Abert's squirrel is named after Colonel John James Abert, an American naturalist and military officer who headed the Corps of Topographical Engineers and organized the effort to map the American West in the 19th century.
Taxonomy
The currently accepted scientific name for Abert's squirrel is Sciurus aberti Woodhouse. There are nine recognized subspecies, including the Kaibab squirrel (S. a. kaibabensis), formerly recognized as a separate species (S. kaibabensis). The nine subspecies are listed in the Distribution section.
Physical characteristics
Abert's squirrels are 46–58 cm long with a tail of 19–25 cm. The most noticeable characteristic would be their hair ear tufts, which extend up from each ear 2–3 cm. This gives this species a striking similarity to the Eurasian red squirrel, aside from its differing dark coloration. They typically have a gray coat with a white underbelly and a very noticeable rusty/reddish colored strip down their back. Abert's squirrels found in Colorado rocky mountain foothills appear black all over as shown in the adjacent image.
Distribution
Abert's squirrel is confined to the Colorado Plateau and the southern Rocky Mountains of Colorado, Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico; its range extends south in the Sierra Madre Occidental to Chihuahua and Durango in Mexico. Abert's squirrel also extends a short distance into Wyoming where ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) is present. Abert's squirrels transplanted to the Graham and Santa Catalina Mountains of Arizona have established stable populations. Mellott and Choate reported Abert's squirrels present in the Spanish Peaks State Wildlife Area, 43 miles (69 km) southeast of the previously known Abert's squirrel range.The distribution of Abert's squirrel subspecies in the Southwest is coincident with the disjunct ponderosa pine forests. Subspecies distributions are as follows:
S. a. aberti (Woodhouse) – northern Arizona
S. a. barberi (Allen) – northwestern Chihuahua
S. a. chuscensis (Goldman) – New Mexico-Arizona border area
S. a. durangi (Thomas) – Durango
S. a. ferreus (True) – Rocky Mountains, central Colorado
S. a. kaibabensis – Kaibab Plateau, northern Arizona
S. a. mimus (Merriam) – New Mexico-Colorado border area
S. a. navajo (Durrant and Kelson) – southeastern Utah
S. a. phaeurus (Allen) – northwestern and southwestern Durango and southwesternmost Chihuahua
Habitat
Abert's squirrels in the U.S. make almost exclusive use of ponderosa pine for cover, nesting, and food. In Mexico where ponderosa pines are absent, the species is found in stands of the closely related Pinus arizonica. Optimum Abert's squirrel habitat is composed of all-aged ponderosa pine stands with trees in even-aged groups, densities of 168 to 250 trees per acre (496–618/ha), and 150 to 200 square feet per acre (34.4–45.3 sq m/ha) basal area. In optimum habitat average diameter of ponderosa pines is 11 to 13 inches (28 to 33 centimetres), with Gambel oaks in the 11.8- to 14-inch (30–36 cm) diameter at breast height (d.b.h.) range. Optimum habitat has some ponderosa pine over 20 inches (51 cm) d.b.h., which are the best cone producers. Larson and Schubert report that ponderosa pine 36 to 40 inches (91 to 102 centimetres) d.b.h. produced an average of 446 cones per tree per crop. Trees less than 24 inches (61 cm) d.b.h. produced fewer than 100 cones per crop.In central Arizona, Abert's squirrel summer home ranges averaged 18 acres (7.3 hectares) and ranged from 10 to 24 acres (4.0 to 9.7 ha). Ranges were somewhat smaller in winter. Ramey reports that the mean Abert's squirrel home range for spring and summer was 20 acres (8.1 hectares) in Black Forest, Colorado. Subadult males had spring home ranges of about 27 acres (11 hectares), and adult females had somewhat larger summer home ranges than adult males. Patton reported the ranges of three squirrels as 10, 30, and 60 acres (4.0, 12.2, and 24.4 ha) in Arizona. Hall reported the home range of an adult female as 29 acres (12 hectares).In Colorado, Ramey found a density of 83 squirrels per square mile (30/km2) in spring 1970 but only 33 squirrels per square mile (12/km2) in spring 1971. In another Colorado study, Farentinos estimated 227 squirrels per square mile (82/km2) in fall 1970 and 317 per square mile (114/km2) in fall 1971.
Plant communities
Abert's squirrel is closely associated with, and nearly confined to cool, dry interior ponderosa pine forests. In Arizona, ponderosa pine forests are most extensive between 5,500 and 8,500 feet (1,700 and 2,600 metres) elevation. Abert's squirrels occur in pure ponderosa pine stands or stands with associated Gambel oak (Quercus gambelii), Colorado pinyon (Pinus edulis), junipers (Juniperus spp.), quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides), and Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). Findley and others mention that Abert's squirrels are common in mixed conifer canyons in New Mexico.In Durango and Chihuahua the squirrels are said to inhabit high altitude ponderosa pine stands, however, the ponderosa pines of Mexico have relatively recently (since at least 1997) been reclassified as a separate species Pinus arizonica (syn. P. ponderosa var. arizonica), and some regard much of that population as yet another species Pinus cooperi (P. arizonica var. cooperi).
Conservation
This is a common species with a wide range and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated its conservation status as being of "least concern". Nonetheless, in Mexico, where much of its habitat has been logged, this species is considered 'vulnerable' by the Mexican environmental protection agency SEMARNAT and is protected.
Ecology and behavior
Abert's squirrels are diurnal. They are often active for a short time before sunrise and active for periods throughout the day, and they usually return to shelter before sunset. Abert's squirrel does not store food, as other North American squirrels do.The most apparent causes of Abert's squirrel mortality are food shortage and injuries (such as broken teeth) that lead to mortality.
Reproduction
In central Arizona, breeding occurs from May 1 to June 1 and there are young in the nest from June 10 to July 27. Farantinos reported a 46-day gestation period. Eight litters were composed of two to five young each. Three or four young per litter is typical. Young Abert's squirrels are born naked, with ears and eyes closed. At 2 weeks thin short hair is noticeable and the ears are slightly open. By 6 weeks the pelage has developed and the eyes are open. By 7 weeks the tail has broadened and is held over the back, ears are held erect. Mushrooms and bark have been added to the diet at this time. Captive young first venture from the nest at about 7 weeks, but do not venture to the ground until about 9 weeks. By 10 weeks Abert's squirrels are weaned. Mature size is reached by 15 to 16 weeks. Female Abert's squirrels usually bear only one litter per year. Hall and Kelson, however, report that two litters are often borne per year in the southern parts of Abert's squirrel range.
Nesting
Nests are built by the female Abert's squirrel out of pine twigs 0.5 inches (1.3 cm) or less in diameter and 6 to 24 inches (15 to 61 centimetres) long. Nests are lined with a variety of materials. Summer nests are built by Abert's squirrels on ponderosa pine branches, in Gambel oak cavities, and sometimes in cottonwood (Populus spp.) branches. Ponderosa pine seldom have cavities big enough for Abert's squirrels. In central Arizona nest trees ranged from 12 to 41 inches d.b.h. and were 20 to 110 feet (6.1 to 33.5 m) tall.
In another Arizona study, nest trees ranged from 11.6 to 36.6 inches (29 to 93 centimetres) d.b.h. Most nests are placed in the upper third of the tree crown. Nests are placed from 16 to 90 feet (4.9–27) above the ground, usually on a large limb against the bole, or in the forks of smaller branches. Nests were most often built on the southern to southeastern side of the tree. Patton reports that nest trees in Arizona had crowns that were 35% to 55% of the total tree height, and most often were 14 to 16 inches (36 to 41 centimetres) d.b.h.. Nests are built in trees occurring as part of a grouping of trees with interlocking crowns. Dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium vaginatum) infestations that cause the formation of "witches brooms" are often incorporated into or support Abert's squirrel nests.Nests are roughly spherical and a small platform often extends beyond the bowl edge on one side.The nests are used year-round by most Abert's squirrels for nightly shelter, although females often move the litter to a larger nest when the young are 3 to 6 weeks old. In winter, pairs of Abert's squirrels, usually an adult female and one subadult (presumed) offspring, use the same nest for shelter.
Food habits
Abert's squirrels consume ponderosa pine year-round. Parts eaten include seeds, which are the most highly preferred item, inner bark (particularly of young twigs), terminal buds, staminate buds, and pollen cones. Other foods include fleshy fungi (particularly hypogeous fungi), carrion, bones, and antlers. Severe weather is not always a deterrent to feeding activity. Where Mexican pinyon (Pinus cembroides) seeds are available, Abert's squirrels consume them in preference to ponderosa pine seeds. Gambel oak acorns may also provide substantial food for Abert's squirrels.Ponderosa pines produce large cone crops every 3 to 4 years; cones are virtually absent about 1 year out of 4. Abert's squirrels begin eating immature seed shortly after cone development begins in late May. Seeds are eaten through the summer as the cones mature. Seeds from up to 75 cones may be eaten per day per squirrel during the months when seeds form the squirrels' major food. Seeds are disseminated from cones in October and November. Abert's squirrels continue to consume seed from late maturing cones and collect single seeds from the ground. The succulent inner bark of twigs is eaten all year, but most heavily in winter. Needle clusters are clipped from the twigs, the outer bark is removed, the inner bark is consumed, and then the twig is discarded. In winter a single squirrel consumes about 45 twigs per day. Most feed trees range from 11 to 30 inches (28 to 76 centimetres) d.b.h. After seeds have been disseminated Abert's squirrels are dependent on inner bark, which forms the bulk of the diet from November to April. The soft inner tissue of small apical buds is also a preferred item. In May, staminate buds and cones and immature ovules are consumed as available. New staminate cones are entirely consumed; only the pollen is eaten from dried cones. The bark of areas infected with dwarf mistletoe also appears to be preferred.Fleshy fungi consumed include members of the following genera: Agaricus, Amanita, Boletus, Hypholoma, Lepiota, Lycopedon, Russula and Tuber. Mushrooms poisonous to humans are consumed by Abert's squirrels without difficulty, including destroying angels (A. bisporigera and A. ocreata) and a species of Russula.Water is obtained mostly from food, but Abert's squirrels sometimes drink at stock ponds or other standing water (i.e., rain puddles).
Predators
Reynolds suggested that northern goshawks (Accipiter gentilis) may take enough Abert's squirrels to regulate Abert's squirrel populations. Hawks (Accipitridae and Falconidae) prey on Abert's squirrels in central Arizona, but even though other potential predators are present, i.e., gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), bobcat (Lynx rufus), coyote (Canis latrans), there is no evidence that they prey on Abert's squirrels.
References
This article incorporates public domain material from Sciurus aberti. United States Department of Agriculture.
External links
Fact sheet
|
parent taxon
|
{
"answer_start": [
47
],
"text": [
"Sciurus"
]
}
|
Abert's squirrel or the tassel-eared squirrel (Sciurus aberti) is a tree squirrel in the genus Sciurus native to the southern Rocky Mountains from the United States to the northern Sierra Madre Occidental of Mexico, with concentrations found in Arizona, New Mexico, and southwestern Colorado. It is closely associated with, and largely confined to, mature ponderosa pine forests. It is named in honor of the American naturalist John James Abert; nine subspecies are recognised. It is recognizable by its tufted ears, gray color, pale underparts and rufous patch on the lower back. The squirrel feeds on the seeds and cones of the Mexican pinyon and the ponderosa pine when they are available, but will also take fungi, buds, bark, and carrion. Breeding normally occurs in summer, with a spherical nest being built high in the canopy.
Etymology
Abert's squirrel is named after Colonel John James Abert, an American naturalist and military officer who headed the Corps of Topographical Engineers and organized the effort to map the American West in the 19th century.
Taxonomy
The currently accepted scientific name for Abert's squirrel is Sciurus aberti Woodhouse. There are nine recognized subspecies, including the Kaibab squirrel (S. a. kaibabensis), formerly recognized as a separate species (S. kaibabensis). The nine subspecies are listed in the Distribution section.
Physical characteristics
Abert's squirrels are 46–58 cm long with a tail of 19–25 cm. The most noticeable characteristic would be their hair ear tufts, which extend up from each ear 2–3 cm. This gives this species a striking similarity to the Eurasian red squirrel, aside from its differing dark coloration. They typically have a gray coat with a white underbelly and a very noticeable rusty/reddish colored strip down their back. Abert's squirrels found in Colorado rocky mountain foothills appear black all over as shown in the adjacent image.
Distribution
Abert's squirrel is confined to the Colorado Plateau and the southern Rocky Mountains of Colorado, Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico; its range extends south in the Sierra Madre Occidental to Chihuahua and Durango in Mexico. Abert's squirrel also extends a short distance into Wyoming where ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) is present. Abert's squirrels transplanted to the Graham and Santa Catalina Mountains of Arizona have established stable populations. Mellott and Choate reported Abert's squirrels present in the Spanish Peaks State Wildlife Area, 43 miles (69 km) southeast of the previously known Abert's squirrel range.The distribution of Abert's squirrel subspecies in the Southwest is coincident with the disjunct ponderosa pine forests. Subspecies distributions are as follows:
S. a. aberti (Woodhouse) – northern Arizona
S. a. barberi (Allen) – northwestern Chihuahua
S. a. chuscensis (Goldman) – New Mexico-Arizona border area
S. a. durangi (Thomas) – Durango
S. a. ferreus (True) – Rocky Mountains, central Colorado
S. a. kaibabensis – Kaibab Plateau, northern Arizona
S. a. mimus (Merriam) – New Mexico-Colorado border area
S. a. navajo (Durrant and Kelson) – southeastern Utah
S. a. phaeurus (Allen) – northwestern and southwestern Durango and southwesternmost Chihuahua
Habitat
Abert's squirrels in the U.S. make almost exclusive use of ponderosa pine for cover, nesting, and food. In Mexico where ponderosa pines are absent, the species is found in stands of the closely related Pinus arizonica. Optimum Abert's squirrel habitat is composed of all-aged ponderosa pine stands with trees in even-aged groups, densities of 168 to 250 trees per acre (496–618/ha), and 150 to 200 square feet per acre (34.4–45.3 sq m/ha) basal area. In optimum habitat average diameter of ponderosa pines is 11 to 13 inches (28 to 33 centimetres), with Gambel oaks in the 11.8- to 14-inch (30–36 cm) diameter at breast height (d.b.h.) range. Optimum habitat has some ponderosa pine over 20 inches (51 cm) d.b.h., which are the best cone producers. Larson and Schubert report that ponderosa pine 36 to 40 inches (91 to 102 centimetres) d.b.h. produced an average of 446 cones per tree per crop. Trees less than 24 inches (61 cm) d.b.h. produced fewer than 100 cones per crop.In central Arizona, Abert's squirrel summer home ranges averaged 18 acres (7.3 hectares) and ranged from 10 to 24 acres (4.0 to 9.7 ha). Ranges were somewhat smaller in winter. Ramey reports that the mean Abert's squirrel home range for spring and summer was 20 acres (8.1 hectares) in Black Forest, Colorado. Subadult males had spring home ranges of about 27 acres (11 hectares), and adult females had somewhat larger summer home ranges than adult males. Patton reported the ranges of three squirrels as 10, 30, and 60 acres (4.0, 12.2, and 24.4 ha) in Arizona. Hall reported the home range of an adult female as 29 acres (12 hectares).In Colorado, Ramey found a density of 83 squirrels per square mile (30/km2) in spring 1970 but only 33 squirrels per square mile (12/km2) in spring 1971. In another Colorado study, Farentinos estimated 227 squirrels per square mile (82/km2) in fall 1970 and 317 per square mile (114/km2) in fall 1971.
Plant communities
Abert's squirrel is closely associated with, and nearly confined to cool, dry interior ponderosa pine forests. In Arizona, ponderosa pine forests are most extensive between 5,500 and 8,500 feet (1,700 and 2,600 metres) elevation. Abert's squirrels occur in pure ponderosa pine stands or stands with associated Gambel oak (Quercus gambelii), Colorado pinyon (Pinus edulis), junipers (Juniperus spp.), quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides), and Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). Findley and others mention that Abert's squirrels are common in mixed conifer canyons in New Mexico.In Durango and Chihuahua the squirrels are said to inhabit high altitude ponderosa pine stands, however, the ponderosa pines of Mexico have relatively recently (since at least 1997) been reclassified as a separate species Pinus arizonica (syn. P. ponderosa var. arizonica), and some regard much of that population as yet another species Pinus cooperi (P. arizonica var. cooperi).
Conservation
This is a common species with a wide range and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated its conservation status as being of "least concern". Nonetheless, in Mexico, where much of its habitat has been logged, this species is considered 'vulnerable' by the Mexican environmental protection agency SEMARNAT and is protected.
Ecology and behavior
Abert's squirrels are diurnal. They are often active for a short time before sunrise and active for periods throughout the day, and they usually return to shelter before sunset. Abert's squirrel does not store food, as other North American squirrels do.The most apparent causes of Abert's squirrel mortality are food shortage and injuries (such as broken teeth) that lead to mortality.
Reproduction
In central Arizona, breeding occurs from May 1 to June 1 and there are young in the nest from June 10 to July 27. Farantinos reported a 46-day gestation period. Eight litters were composed of two to five young each. Three or four young per litter is typical. Young Abert's squirrels are born naked, with ears and eyes closed. At 2 weeks thin short hair is noticeable and the ears are slightly open. By 6 weeks the pelage has developed and the eyes are open. By 7 weeks the tail has broadened and is held over the back, ears are held erect. Mushrooms and bark have been added to the diet at this time. Captive young first venture from the nest at about 7 weeks, but do not venture to the ground until about 9 weeks. By 10 weeks Abert's squirrels are weaned. Mature size is reached by 15 to 16 weeks. Female Abert's squirrels usually bear only one litter per year. Hall and Kelson, however, report that two litters are often borne per year in the southern parts of Abert's squirrel range.
Nesting
Nests are built by the female Abert's squirrel out of pine twigs 0.5 inches (1.3 cm) or less in diameter and 6 to 24 inches (15 to 61 centimetres) long. Nests are lined with a variety of materials. Summer nests are built by Abert's squirrels on ponderosa pine branches, in Gambel oak cavities, and sometimes in cottonwood (Populus spp.) branches. Ponderosa pine seldom have cavities big enough for Abert's squirrels. In central Arizona nest trees ranged from 12 to 41 inches d.b.h. and were 20 to 110 feet (6.1 to 33.5 m) tall.
In another Arizona study, nest trees ranged from 11.6 to 36.6 inches (29 to 93 centimetres) d.b.h. Most nests are placed in the upper third of the tree crown. Nests are placed from 16 to 90 feet (4.9–27) above the ground, usually on a large limb against the bole, or in the forks of smaller branches. Nests were most often built on the southern to southeastern side of the tree. Patton reports that nest trees in Arizona had crowns that were 35% to 55% of the total tree height, and most often were 14 to 16 inches (36 to 41 centimetres) d.b.h.. Nests are built in trees occurring as part of a grouping of trees with interlocking crowns. Dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium vaginatum) infestations that cause the formation of "witches brooms" are often incorporated into or support Abert's squirrel nests.Nests are roughly spherical and a small platform often extends beyond the bowl edge on one side.The nests are used year-round by most Abert's squirrels for nightly shelter, although females often move the litter to a larger nest when the young are 3 to 6 weeks old. In winter, pairs of Abert's squirrels, usually an adult female and one subadult (presumed) offspring, use the same nest for shelter.
Food habits
Abert's squirrels consume ponderosa pine year-round. Parts eaten include seeds, which are the most highly preferred item, inner bark (particularly of young twigs), terminal buds, staminate buds, and pollen cones. Other foods include fleshy fungi (particularly hypogeous fungi), carrion, bones, and antlers. Severe weather is not always a deterrent to feeding activity. Where Mexican pinyon (Pinus cembroides) seeds are available, Abert's squirrels consume them in preference to ponderosa pine seeds. Gambel oak acorns may also provide substantial food for Abert's squirrels.Ponderosa pines produce large cone crops every 3 to 4 years; cones are virtually absent about 1 year out of 4. Abert's squirrels begin eating immature seed shortly after cone development begins in late May. Seeds are eaten through the summer as the cones mature. Seeds from up to 75 cones may be eaten per day per squirrel during the months when seeds form the squirrels' major food. Seeds are disseminated from cones in October and November. Abert's squirrels continue to consume seed from late maturing cones and collect single seeds from the ground. The succulent inner bark of twigs is eaten all year, but most heavily in winter. Needle clusters are clipped from the twigs, the outer bark is removed, the inner bark is consumed, and then the twig is discarded. In winter a single squirrel consumes about 45 twigs per day. Most feed trees range from 11 to 30 inches (28 to 76 centimetres) d.b.h. After seeds have been disseminated Abert's squirrels are dependent on inner bark, which forms the bulk of the diet from November to April. The soft inner tissue of small apical buds is also a preferred item. In May, staminate buds and cones and immature ovules are consumed as available. New staminate cones are entirely consumed; only the pollen is eaten from dried cones. The bark of areas infected with dwarf mistletoe also appears to be preferred.Fleshy fungi consumed include members of the following genera: Agaricus, Amanita, Boletus, Hypholoma, Lepiota, Lycopedon, Russula and Tuber. Mushrooms poisonous to humans are consumed by Abert's squirrels without difficulty, including destroying angels (A. bisporigera and A. ocreata) and a species of Russula.Water is obtained mostly from food, but Abert's squirrels sometimes drink at stock ponds or other standing water (i.e., rain puddles).
Predators
Reynolds suggested that northern goshawks (Accipiter gentilis) may take enough Abert's squirrels to regulate Abert's squirrel populations. Hawks (Accipitridae and Falconidae) prey on Abert's squirrels in central Arizona, but even though other potential predators are present, i.e., gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), bobcat (Lynx rufus), coyote (Canis latrans), there is no evidence that they prey on Abert's squirrels.
References
This article incorporates public domain material from Sciurus aberti. United States Department of Agriculture.
External links
Fact sheet
|
taxon name
|
{
"answer_start": [
47
],
"text": [
"Sciurus aberti"
]
}
|
Abert's squirrel or the tassel-eared squirrel (Sciurus aberti) is a tree squirrel in the genus Sciurus native to the southern Rocky Mountains from the United States to the northern Sierra Madre Occidental of Mexico, with concentrations found in Arizona, New Mexico, and southwestern Colorado. It is closely associated with, and largely confined to, mature ponderosa pine forests. It is named in honor of the American naturalist John James Abert; nine subspecies are recognised. It is recognizable by its tufted ears, gray color, pale underparts and rufous patch on the lower back. The squirrel feeds on the seeds and cones of the Mexican pinyon and the ponderosa pine when they are available, but will also take fungi, buds, bark, and carrion. Breeding normally occurs in summer, with a spherical nest being built high in the canopy.
Etymology
Abert's squirrel is named after Colonel John James Abert, an American naturalist and military officer who headed the Corps of Topographical Engineers and organized the effort to map the American West in the 19th century.
Taxonomy
The currently accepted scientific name for Abert's squirrel is Sciurus aberti Woodhouse. There are nine recognized subspecies, including the Kaibab squirrel (S. a. kaibabensis), formerly recognized as a separate species (S. kaibabensis). The nine subspecies are listed in the Distribution section.
Physical characteristics
Abert's squirrels are 46–58 cm long with a tail of 19–25 cm. The most noticeable characteristic would be their hair ear tufts, which extend up from each ear 2–3 cm. This gives this species a striking similarity to the Eurasian red squirrel, aside from its differing dark coloration. They typically have a gray coat with a white underbelly and a very noticeable rusty/reddish colored strip down their back. Abert's squirrels found in Colorado rocky mountain foothills appear black all over as shown in the adjacent image.
Distribution
Abert's squirrel is confined to the Colorado Plateau and the southern Rocky Mountains of Colorado, Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico; its range extends south in the Sierra Madre Occidental to Chihuahua and Durango in Mexico. Abert's squirrel also extends a short distance into Wyoming where ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) is present. Abert's squirrels transplanted to the Graham and Santa Catalina Mountains of Arizona have established stable populations. Mellott and Choate reported Abert's squirrels present in the Spanish Peaks State Wildlife Area, 43 miles (69 km) southeast of the previously known Abert's squirrel range.The distribution of Abert's squirrel subspecies in the Southwest is coincident with the disjunct ponderosa pine forests. Subspecies distributions are as follows:
S. a. aberti (Woodhouse) – northern Arizona
S. a. barberi (Allen) – northwestern Chihuahua
S. a. chuscensis (Goldman) – New Mexico-Arizona border area
S. a. durangi (Thomas) – Durango
S. a. ferreus (True) – Rocky Mountains, central Colorado
S. a. kaibabensis – Kaibab Plateau, northern Arizona
S. a. mimus (Merriam) – New Mexico-Colorado border area
S. a. navajo (Durrant and Kelson) – southeastern Utah
S. a. phaeurus (Allen) – northwestern and southwestern Durango and southwesternmost Chihuahua
Habitat
Abert's squirrels in the U.S. make almost exclusive use of ponderosa pine for cover, nesting, and food. In Mexico where ponderosa pines are absent, the species is found in stands of the closely related Pinus arizonica. Optimum Abert's squirrel habitat is composed of all-aged ponderosa pine stands with trees in even-aged groups, densities of 168 to 250 trees per acre (496–618/ha), and 150 to 200 square feet per acre (34.4–45.3 sq m/ha) basal area. In optimum habitat average diameter of ponderosa pines is 11 to 13 inches (28 to 33 centimetres), with Gambel oaks in the 11.8- to 14-inch (30–36 cm) diameter at breast height (d.b.h.) range. Optimum habitat has some ponderosa pine over 20 inches (51 cm) d.b.h., which are the best cone producers. Larson and Schubert report that ponderosa pine 36 to 40 inches (91 to 102 centimetres) d.b.h. produced an average of 446 cones per tree per crop. Trees less than 24 inches (61 cm) d.b.h. produced fewer than 100 cones per crop.In central Arizona, Abert's squirrel summer home ranges averaged 18 acres (7.3 hectares) and ranged from 10 to 24 acres (4.0 to 9.7 ha). Ranges were somewhat smaller in winter. Ramey reports that the mean Abert's squirrel home range for spring and summer was 20 acres (8.1 hectares) in Black Forest, Colorado. Subadult males had spring home ranges of about 27 acres (11 hectares), and adult females had somewhat larger summer home ranges than adult males. Patton reported the ranges of three squirrels as 10, 30, and 60 acres (4.0, 12.2, and 24.4 ha) in Arizona. Hall reported the home range of an adult female as 29 acres (12 hectares).In Colorado, Ramey found a density of 83 squirrels per square mile (30/km2) in spring 1970 but only 33 squirrels per square mile (12/km2) in spring 1971. In another Colorado study, Farentinos estimated 227 squirrels per square mile (82/km2) in fall 1970 and 317 per square mile (114/km2) in fall 1971.
Plant communities
Abert's squirrel is closely associated with, and nearly confined to cool, dry interior ponderosa pine forests. In Arizona, ponderosa pine forests are most extensive between 5,500 and 8,500 feet (1,700 and 2,600 metres) elevation. Abert's squirrels occur in pure ponderosa pine stands or stands with associated Gambel oak (Quercus gambelii), Colorado pinyon (Pinus edulis), junipers (Juniperus spp.), quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides), and Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). Findley and others mention that Abert's squirrels are common in mixed conifer canyons in New Mexico.In Durango and Chihuahua the squirrels are said to inhabit high altitude ponderosa pine stands, however, the ponderosa pines of Mexico have relatively recently (since at least 1997) been reclassified as a separate species Pinus arizonica (syn. P. ponderosa var. arizonica), and some regard much of that population as yet another species Pinus cooperi (P. arizonica var. cooperi).
Conservation
This is a common species with a wide range and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated its conservation status as being of "least concern". Nonetheless, in Mexico, where much of its habitat has been logged, this species is considered 'vulnerable' by the Mexican environmental protection agency SEMARNAT and is protected.
Ecology and behavior
Abert's squirrels are diurnal. They are often active for a short time before sunrise and active for periods throughout the day, and they usually return to shelter before sunset. Abert's squirrel does not store food, as other North American squirrels do.The most apparent causes of Abert's squirrel mortality are food shortage and injuries (such as broken teeth) that lead to mortality.
Reproduction
In central Arizona, breeding occurs from May 1 to June 1 and there are young in the nest from June 10 to July 27. Farantinos reported a 46-day gestation period. Eight litters were composed of two to five young each. Three or four young per litter is typical. Young Abert's squirrels are born naked, with ears and eyes closed. At 2 weeks thin short hair is noticeable and the ears are slightly open. By 6 weeks the pelage has developed and the eyes are open. By 7 weeks the tail has broadened and is held over the back, ears are held erect. Mushrooms and bark have been added to the diet at this time. Captive young first venture from the nest at about 7 weeks, but do not venture to the ground until about 9 weeks. By 10 weeks Abert's squirrels are weaned. Mature size is reached by 15 to 16 weeks. Female Abert's squirrels usually bear only one litter per year. Hall and Kelson, however, report that two litters are often borne per year in the southern parts of Abert's squirrel range.
Nesting
Nests are built by the female Abert's squirrel out of pine twigs 0.5 inches (1.3 cm) or less in diameter and 6 to 24 inches (15 to 61 centimetres) long. Nests are lined with a variety of materials. Summer nests are built by Abert's squirrels on ponderosa pine branches, in Gambel oak cavities, and sometimes in cottonwood (Populus spp.) branches. Ponderosa pine seldom have cavities big enough for Abert's squirrels. In central Arizona nest trees ranged from 12 to 41 inches d.b.h. and were 20 to 110 feet (6.1 to 33.5 m) tall.
In another Arizona study, nest trees ranged from 11.6 to 36.6 inches (29 to 93 centimetres) d.b.h. Most nests are placed in the upper third of the tree crown. Nests are placed from 16 to 90 feet (4.9–27) above the ground, usually on a large limb against the bole, or in the forks of smaller branches. Nests were most often built on the southern to southeastern side of the tree. Patton reports that nest trees in Arizona had crowns that were 35% to 55% of the total tree height, and most often were 14 to 16 inches (36 to 41 centimetres) d.b.h.. Nests are built in trees occurring as part of a grouping of trees with interlocking crowns. Dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium vaginatum) infestations that cause the formation of "witches brooms" are often incorporated into or support Abert's squirrel nests.Nests are roughly spherical and a small platform often extends beyond the bowl edge on one side.The nests are used year-round by most Abert's squirrels for nightly shelter, although females often move the litter to a larger nest when the young are 3 to 6 weeks old. In winter, pairs of Abert's squirrels, usually an adult female and one subadult (presumed) offspring, use the same nest for shelter.
Food habits
Abert's squirrels consume ponderosa pine year-round. Parts eaten include seeds, which are the most highly preferred item, inner bark (particularly of young twigs), terminal buds, staminate buds, and pollen cones. Other foods include fleshy fungi (particularly hypogeous fungi), carrion, bones, and antlers. Severe weather is not always a deterrent to feeding activity. Where Mexican pinyon (Pinus cembroides) seeds are available, Abert's squirrels consume them in preference to ponderosa pine seeds. Gambel oak acorns may also provide substantial food for Abert's squirrels.Ponderosa pines produce large cone crops every 3 to 4 years; cones are virtually absent about 1 year out of 4. Abert's squirrels begin eating immature seed shortly after cone development begins in late May. Seeds are eaten through the summer as the cones mature. Seeds from up to 75 cones may be eaten per day per squirrel during the months when seeds form the squirrels' major food. Seeds are disseminated from cones in October and November. Abert's squirrels continue to consume seed from late maturing cones and collect single seeds from the ground. The succulent inner bark of twigs is eaten all year, but most heavily in winter. Needle clusters are clipped from the twigs, the outer bark is removed, the inner bark is consumed, and then the twig is discarded. In winter a single squirrel consumes about 45 twigs per day. Most feed trees range from 11 to 30 inches (28 to 76 centimetres) d.b.h. After seeds have been disseminated Abert's squirrels are dependent on inner bark, which forms the bulk of the diet from November to April. The soft inner tissue of small apical buds is also a preferred item. In May, staminate buds and cones and immature ovules are consumed as available. New staminate cones are entirely consumed; only the pollen is eaten from dried cones. The bark of areas infected with dwarf mistletoe also appears to be preferred.Fleshy fungi consumed include members of the following genera: Agaricus, Amanita, Boletus, Hypholoma, Lepiota, Lycopedon, Russula and Tuber. Mushrooms poisonous to humans are consumed by Abert's squirrels without difficulty, including destroying angels (A. bisporigera and A. ocreata) and a species of Russula.Water is obtained mostly from food, but Abert's squirrels sometimes drink at stock ponds or other standing water (i.e., rain puddles).
Predators
Reynolds suggested that northern goshawks (Accipiter gentilis) may take enough Abert's squirrels to regulate Abert's squirrel populations. Hawks (Accipitridae and Falconidae) prey on Abert's squirrels in central Arizona, but even though other potential predators are present, i.e., gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), bobcat (Lynx rufus), coyote (Canis latrans), there is no evidence that they prey on Abert's squirrels.
References
This article incorporates public domain material from Sciurus aberti. United States Department of Agriculture.
External links
Fact sheet
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
47
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"text": [
"Sciurus aberti"
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Abert's squirrel or the tassel-eared squirrel (Sciurus aberti) is a tree squirrel in the genus Sciurus native to the southern Rocky Mountains from the United States to the northern Sierra Madre Occidental of Mexico, with concentrations found in Arizona, New Mexico, and southwestern Colorado. It is closely associated with, and largely confined to, mature ponderosa pine forests. It is named in honor of the American naturalist John James Abert; nine subspecies are recognised. It is recognizable by its tufted ears, gray color, pale underparts and rufous patch on the lower back. The squirrel feeds on the seeds and cones of the Mexican pinyon and the ponderosa pine when they are available, but will also take fungi, buds, bark, and carrion. Breeding normally occurs in summer, with a spherical nest being built high in the canopy.
Etymology
Abert's squirrel is named after Colonel John James Abert, an American naturalist and military officer who headed the Corps of Topographical Engineers and organized the effort to map the American West in the 19th century.
Taxonomy
The currently accepted scientific name for Abert's squirrel is Sciurus aberti Woodhouse. There are nine recognized subspecies, including the Kaibab squirrel (S. a. kaibabensis), formerly recognized as a separate species (S. kaibabensis). The nine subspecies are listed in the Distribution section.
Physical characteristics
Abert's squirrels are 46–58 cm long with a tail of 19–25 cm. The most noticeable characteristic would be their hair ear tufts, which extend up from each ear 2–3 cm. This gives this species a striking similarity to the Eurasian red squirrel, aside from its differing dark coloration. They typically have a gray coat with a white underbelly and a very noticeable rusty/reddish colored strip down their back. Abert's squirrels found in Colorado rocky mountain foothills appear black all over as shown in the adjacent image.
Distribution
Abert's squirrel is confined to the Colorado Plateau and the southern Rocky Mountains of Colorado, Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico; its range extends south in the Sierra Madre Occidental to Chihuahua and Durango in Mexico. Abert's squirrel also extends a short distance into Wyoming where ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) is present. Abert's squirrels transplanted to the Graham and Santa Catalina Mountains of Arizona have established stable populations. Mellott and Choate reported Abert's squirrels present in the Spanish Peaks State Wildlife Area, 43 miles (69 km) southeast of the previously known Abert's squirrel range.The distribution of Abert's squirrel subspecies in the Southwest is coincident with the disjunct ponderosa pine forests. Subspecies distributions are as follows:
S. a. aberti (Woodhouse) – northern Arizona
S. a. barberi (Allen) – northwestern Chihuahua
S. a. chuscensis (Goldman) – New Mexico-Arizona border area
S. a. durangi (Thomas) – Durango
S. a. ferreus (True) – Rocky Mountains, central Colorado
S. a. kaibabensis – Kaibab Plateau, northern Arizona
S. a. mimus (Merriam) – New Mexico-Colorado border area
S. a. navajo (Durrant and Kelson) – southeastern Utah
S. a. phaeurus (Allen) – northwestern and southwestern Durango and southwesternmost Chihuahua
Habitat
Abert's squirrels in the U.S. make almost exclusive use of ponderosa pine for cover, nesting, and food. In Mexico where ponderosa pines are absent, the species is found in stands of the closely related Pinus arizonica. Optimum Abert's squirrel habitat is composed of all-aged ponderosa pine stands with trees in even-aged groups, densities of 168 to 250 trees per acre (496–618/ha), and 150 to 200 square feet per acre (34.4–45.3 sq m/ha) basal area. In optimum habitat average diameter of ponderosa pines is 11 to 13 inches (28 to 33 centimetres), with Gambel oaks in the 11.8- to 14-inch (30–36 cm) diameter at breast height (d.b.h.) range. Optimum habitat has some ponderosa pine over 20 inches (51 cm) d.b.h., which are the best cone producers. Larson and Schubert report that ponderosa pine 36 to 40 inches (91 to 102 centimetres) d.b.h. produced an average of 446 cones per tree per crop. Trees less than 24 inches (61 cm) d.b.h. produced fewer than 100 cones per crop.In central Arizona, Abert's squirrel summer home ranges averaged 18 acres (7.3 hectares) and ranged from 10 to 24 acres (4.0 to 9.7 ha). Ranges were somewhat smaller in winter. Ramey reports that the mean Abert's squirrel home range for spring and summer was 20 acres (8.1 hectares) in Black Forest, Colorado. Subadult males had spring home ranges of about 27 acres (11 hectares), and adult females had somewhat larger summer home ranges than adult males. Patton reported the ranges of three squirrels as 10, 30, and 60 acres (4.0, 12.2, and 24.4 ha) in Arizona. Hall reported the home range of an adult female as 29 acres (12 hectares).In Colorado, Ramey found a density of 83 squirrels per square mile (30/km2) in spring 1970 but only 33 squirrels per square mile (12/km2) in spring 1971. In another Colorado study, Farentinos estimated 227 squirrels per square mile (82/km2) in fall 1970 and 317 per square mile (114/km2) in fall 1971.
Plant communities
Abert's squirrel is closely associated with, and nearly confined to cool, dry interior ponderosa pine forests. In Arizona, ponderosa pine forests are most extensive between 5,500 and 8,500 feet (1,700 and 2,600 metres) elevation. Abert's squirrels occur in pure ponderosa pine stands or stands with associated Gambel oak (Quercus gambelii), Colorado pinyon (Pinus edulis), junipers (Juniperus spp.), quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides), and Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). Findley and others mention that Abert's squirrels are common in mixed conifer canyons in New Mexico.In Durango and Chihuahua the squirrels are said to inhabit high altitude ponderosa pine stands, however, the ponderosa pines of Mexico have relatively recently (since at least 1997) been reclassified as a separate species Pinus arizonica (syn. P. ponderosa var. arizonica), and some regard much of that population as yet another species Pinus cooperi (P. arizonica var. cooperi).
Conservation
This is a common species with a wide range and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated its conservation status as being of "least concern". Nonetheless, in Mexico, where much of its habitat has been logged, this species is considered 'vulnerable' by the Mexican environmental protection agency SEMARNAT and is protected.
Ecology and behavior
Abert's squirrels are diurnal. They are often active for a short time before sunrise and active for periods throughout the day, and they usually return to shelter before sunset. Abert's squirrel does not store food, as other North American squirrels do.The most apparent causes of Abert's squirrel mortality are food shortage and injuries (such as broken teeth) that lead to mortality.
Reproduction
In central Arizona, breeding occurs from May 1 to June 1 and there are young in the nest from June 10 to July 27. Farantinos reported a 46-day gestation period. Eight litters were composed of two to five young each. Three or four young per litter is typical. Young Abert's squirrels are born naked, with ears and eyes closed. At 2 weeks thin short hair is noticeable and the ears are slightly open. By 6 weeks the pelage has developed and the eyes are open. By 7 weeks the tail has broadened and is held over the back, ears are held erect. Mushrooms and bark have been added to the diet at this time. Captive young first venture from the nest at about 7 weeks, but do not venture to the ground until about 9 weeks. By 10 weeks Abert's squirrels are weaned. Mature size is reached by 15 to 16 weeks. Female Abert's squirrels usually bear only one litter per year. Hall and Kelson, however, report that two litters are often borne per year in the southern parts of Abert's squirrel range.
Nesting
Nests are built by the female Abert's squirrel out of pine twigs 0.5 inches (1.3 cm) or less in diameter and 6 to 24 inches (15 to 61 centimetres) long. Nests are lined with a variety of materials. Summer nests are built by Abert's squirrels on ponderosa pine branches, in Gambel oak cavities, and sometimes in cottonwood (Populus spp.) branches. Ponderosa pine seldom have cavities big enough for Abert's squirrels. In central Arizona nest trees ranged from 12 to 41 inches d.b.h. and were 20 to 110 feet (6.1 to 33.5 m) tall.
In another Arizona study, nest trees ranged from 11.6 to 36.6 inches (29 to 93 centimetres) d.b.h. Most nests are placed in the upper third of the tree crown. Nests are placed from 16 to 90 feet (4.9–27) above the ground, usually on a large limb against the bole, or in the forks of smaller branches. Nests were most often built on the southern to southeastern side of the tree. Patton reports that nest trees in Arizona had crowns that were 35% to 55% of the total tree height, and most often were 14 to 16 inches (36 to 41 centimetres) d.b.h.. Nests are built in trees occurring as part of a grouping of trees with interlocking crowns. Dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium vaginatum) infestations that cause the formation of "witches brooms" are often incorporated into or support Abert's squirrel nests.Nests are roughly spherical and a small platform often extends beyond the bowl edge on one side.The nests are used year-round by most Abert's squirrels for nightly shelter, although females often move the litter to a larger nest when the young are 3 to 6 weeks old. In winter, pairs of Abert's squirrels, usually an adult female and one subadult (presumed) offspring, use the same nest for shelter.
Food habits
Abert's squirrels consume ponderosa pine year-round. Parts eaten include seeds, which are the most highly preferred item, inner bark (particularly of young twigs), terminal buds, staminate buds, and pollen cones. Other foods include fleshy fungi (particularly hypogeous fungi), carrion, bones, and antlers. Severe weather is not always a deterrent to feeding activity. Where Mexican pinyon (Pinus cembroides) seeds are available, Abert's squirrels consume them in preference to ponderosa pine seeds. Gambel oak acorns may also provide substantial food for Abert's squirrels.Ponderosa pines produce large cone crops every 3 to 4 years; cones are virtually absent about 1 year out of 4. Abert's squirrels begin eating immature seed shortly after cone development begins in late May. Seeds are eaten through the summer as the cones mature. Seeds from up to 75 cones may be eaten per day per squirrel during the months when seeds form the squirrels' major food. Seeds are disseminated from cones in October and November. Abert's squirrels continue to consume seed from late maturing cones and collect single seeds from the ground. The succulent inner bark of twigs is eaten all year, but most heavily in winter. Needle clusters are clipped from the twigs, the outer bark is removed, the inner bark is consumed, and then the twig is discarded. In winter a single squirrel consumes about 45 twigs per day. Most feed trees range from 11 to 30 inches (28 to 76 centimetres) d.b.h. After seeds have been disseminated Abert's squirrels are dependent on inner bark, which forms the bulk of the diet from November to April. The soft inner tissue of small apical buds is also a preferred item. In May, staminate buds and cones and immature ovules are consumed as available. New staminate cones are entirely consumed; only the pollen is eaten from dried cones. The bark of areas infected with dwarf mistletoe also appears to be preferred.Fleshy fungi consumed include members of the following genera: Agaricus, Amanita, Boletus, Hypholoma, Lepiota, Lycopedon, Russula and Tuber. Mushrooms poisonous to humans are consumed by Abert's squirrels without difficulty, including destroying angels (A. bisporigera and A. ocreata) and a species of Russula.Water is obtained mostly from food, but Abert's squirrels sometimes drink at stock ponds or other standing water (i.e., rain puddles).
Predators
Reynolds suggested that northern goshawks (Accipiter gentilis) may take enough Abert's squirrels to regulate Abert's squirrel populations. Hawks (Accipitridae and Falconidae) prey on Abert's squirrels in central Arizona, but even though other potential predators are present, i.e., gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), bobcat (Lynx rufus), coyote (Canis latrans), there is no evidence that they prey on Abert's squirrels.
References
This article incorporates public domain material from Sciurus aberti. United States Department of Agriculture.
External links
Fact sheet
|
volume
|
{
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1425
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Abert's squirrel or the tassel-eared squirrel (Sciurus aberti) is a tree squirrel in the genus Sciurus native to the southern Rocky Mountains from the United States to the northern Sierra Madre Occidental of Mexico, with concentrations found in Arizona, New Mexico, and southwestern Colorado. It is closely associated with, and largely confined to, mature ponderosa pine forests. It is named in honor of the American naturalist John James Abert; nine subspecies are recognised. It is recognizable by its tufted ears, gray color, pale underparts and rufous patch on the lower back. The squirrel feeds on the seeds and cones of the Mexican pinyon and the ponderosa pine when they are available, but will also take fungi, buds, bark, and carrion. Breeding normally occurs in summer, with a spherical nest being built high in the canopy.
Etymology
Abert's squirrel is named after Colonel John James Abert, an American naturalist and military officer who headed the Corps of Topographical Engineers and organized the effort to map the American West in the 19th century.
Taxonomy
The currently accepted scientific name for Abert's squirrel is Sciurus aberti Woodhouse. There are nine recognized subspecies, including the Kaibab squirrel (S. a. kaibabensis), formerly recognized as a separate species (S. kaibabensis). The nine subspecies are listed in the Distribution section.
Physical characteristics
Abert's squirrels are 46–58 cm long with a tail of 19–25 cm. The most noticeable characteristic would be their hair ear tufts, which extend up from each ear 2–3 cm. This gives this species a striking similarity to the Eurasian red squirrel, aside from its differing dark coloration. They typically have a gray coat with a white underbelly and a very noticeable rusty/reddish colored strip down their back. Abert's squirrels found in Colorado rocky mountain foothills appear black all over as shown in the adjacent image.
Distribution
Abert's squirrel is confined to the Colorado Plateau and the southern Rocky Mountains of Colorado, Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico; its range extends south in the Sierra Madre Occidental to Chihuahua and Durango in Mexico. Abert's squirrel also extends a short distance into Wyoming where ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) is present. Abert's squirrels transplanted to the Graham and Santa Catalina Mountains of Arizona have established stable populations. Mellott and Choate reported Abert's squirrels present in the Spanish Peaks State Wildlife Area, 43 miles (69 km) southeast of the previously known Abert's squirrel range.The distribution of Abert's squirrel subspecies in the Southwest is coincident with the disjunct ponderosa pine forests. Subspecies distributions are as follows:
S. a. aberti (Woodhouse) – northern Arizona
S. a. barberi (Allen) – northwestern Chihuahua
S. a. chuscensis (Goldman) – New Mexico-Arizona border area
S. a. durangi (Thomas) – Durango
S. a. ferreus (True) – Rocky Mountains, central Colorado
S. a. kaibabensis – Kaibab Plateau, northern Arizona
S. a. mimus (Merriam) – New Mexico-Colorado border area
S. a. navajo (Durrant and Kelson) – southeastern Utah
S. a. phaeurus (Allen) – northwestern and southwestern Durango and southwesternmost Chihuahua
Habitat
Abert's squirrels in the U.S. make almost exclusive use of ponderosa pine for cover, nesting, and food. In Mexico where ponderosa pines are absent, the species is found in stands of the closely related Pinus arizonica. Optimum Abert's squirrel habitat is composed of all-aged ponderosa pine stands with trees in even-aged groups, densities of 168 to 250 trees per acre (496–618/ha), and 150 to 200 square feet per acre (34.4–45.3 sq m/ha) basal area. In optimum habitat average diameter of ponderosa pines is 11 to 13 inches (28 to 33 centimetres), with Gambel oaks in the 11.8- to 14-inch (30–36 cm) diameter at breast height (d.b.h.) range. Optimum habitat has some ponderosa pine over 20 inches (51 cm) d.b.h., which are the best cone producers. Larson and Schubert report that ponderosa pine 36 to 40 inches (91 to 102 centimetres) d.b.h. produced an average of 446 cones per tree per crop. Trees less than 24 inches (61 cm) d.b.h. produced fewer than 100 cones per crop.In central Arizona, Abert's squirrel summer home ranges averaged 18 acres (7.3 hectares) and ranged from 10 to 24 acres (4.0 to 9.7 ha). Ranges were somewhat smaller in winter. Ramey reports that the mean Abert's squirrel home range for spring and summer was 20 acres (8.1 hectares) in Black Forest, Colorado. Subadult males had spring home ranges of about 27 acres (11 hectares), and adult females had somewhat larger summer home ranges than adult males. Patton reported the ranges of three squirrels as 10, 30, and 60 acres (4.0, 12.2, and 24.4 ha) in Arizona. Hall reported the home range of an adult female as 29 acres (12 hectares).In Colorado, Ramey found a density of 83 squirrels per square mile (30/km2) in spring 1970 but only 33 squirrels per square mile (12/km2) in spring 1971. In another Colorado study, Farentinos estimated 227 squirrels per square mile (82/km2) in fall 1970 and 317 per square mile (114/km2) in fall 1971.
Plant communities
Abert's squirrel is closely associated with, and nearly confined to cool, dry interior ponderosa pine forests. In Arizona, ponderosa pine forests are most extensive between 5,500 and 8,500 feet (1,700 and 2,600 metres) elevation. Abert's squirrels occur in pure ponderosa pine stands or stands with associated Gambel oak (Quercus gambelii), Colorado pinyon (Pinus edulis), junipers (Juniperus spp.), quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides), and Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). Findley and others mention that Abert's squirrels are common in mixed conifer canyons in New Mexico.In Durango and Chihuahua the squirrels are said to inhabit high altitude ponderosa pine stands, however, the ponderosa pines of Mexico have relatively recently (since at least 1997) been reclassified as a separate species Pinus arizonica (syn. P. ponderosa var. arizonica), and some regard much of that population as yet another species Pinus cooperi (P. arizonica var. cooperi).
Conservation
This is a common species with a wide range and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated its conservation status as being of "least concern". Nonetheless, in Mexico, where much of its habitat has been logged, this species is considered 'vulnerable' by the Mexican environmental protection agency SEMARNAT and is protected.
Ecology and behavior
Abert's squirrels are diurnal. They are often active for a short time before sunrise and active for periods throughout the day, and they usually return to shelter before sunset. Abert's squirrel does not store food, as other North American squirrels do.The most apparent causes of Abert's squirrel mortality are food shortage and injuries (such as broken teeth) that lead to mortality.
Reproduction
In central Arizona, breeding occurs from May 1 to June 1 and there are young in the nest from June 10 to July 27. Farantinos reported a 46-day gestation period. Eight litters were composed of two to five young each. Three or four young per litter is typical. Young Abert's squirrels are born naked, with ears and eyes closed. At 2 weeks thin short hair is noticeable and the ears are slightly open. By 6 weeks the pelage has developed and the eyes are open. By 7 weeks the tail has broadened and is held over the back, ears are held erect. Mushrooms and bark have been added to the diet at this time. Captive young first venture from the nest at about 7 weeks, but do not venture to the ground until about 9 weeks. By 10 weeks Abert's squirrels are weaned. Mature size is reached by 15 to 16 weeks. Female Abert's squirrels usually bear only one litter per year. Hall and Kelson, however, report that two litters are often borne per year in the southern parts of Abert's squirrel range.
Nesting
Nests are built by the female Abert's squirrel out of pine twigs 0.5 inches (1.3 cm) or less in diameter and 6 to 24 inches (15 to 61 centimetres) long. Nests are lined with a variety of materials. Summer nests are built by Abert's squirrels on ponderosa pine branches, in Gambel oak cavities, and sometimes in cottonwood (Populus spp.) branches. Ponderosa pine seldom have cavities big enough for Abert's squirrels. In central Arizona nest trees ranged from 12 to 41 inches d.b.h. and were 20 to 110 feet (6.1 to 33.5 m) tall.
In another Arizona study, nest trees ranged from 11.6 to 36.6 inches (29 to 93 centimetres) d.b.h. Most nests are placed in the upper third of the tree crown. Nests are placed from 16 to 90 feet (4.9–27) above the ground, usually on a large limb against the bole, or in the forks of smaller branches. Nests were most often built on the southern to southeastern side of the tree. Patton reports that nest trees in Arizona had crowns that were 35% to 55% of the total tree height, and most often were 14 to 16 inches (36 to 41 centimetres) d.b.h.. Nests are built in trees occurring as part of a grouping of trees with interlocking crowns. Dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium vaginatum) infestations that cause the formation of "witches brooms" are often incorporated into or support Abert's squirrel nests.Nests are roughly spherical and a small platform often extends beyond the bowl edge on one side.The nests are used year-round by most Abert's squirrels for nightly shelter, although females often move the litter to a larger nest when the young are 3 to 6 weeks old. In winter, pairs of Abert's squirrels, usually an adult female and one subadult (presumed) offspring, use the same nest for shelter.
Food habits
Abert's squirrels consume ponderosa pine year-round. Parts eaten include seeds, which are the most highly preferred item, inner bark (particularly of young twigs), terminal buds, staminate buds, and pollen cones. Other foods include fleshy fungi (particularly hypogeous fungi), carrion, bones, and antlers. Severe weather is not always a deterrent to feeding activity. Where Mexican pinyon (Pinus cembroides) seeds are available, Abert's squirrels consume them in preference to ponderosa pine seeds. Gambel oak acorns may also provide substantial food for Abert's squirrels.Ponderosa pines produce large cone crops every 3 to 4 years; cones are virtually absent about 1 year out of 4. Abert's squirrels begin eating immature seed shortly after cone development begins in late May. Seeds are eaten through the summer as the cones mature. Seeds from up to 75 cones may be eaten per day per squirrel during the months when seeds form the squirrels' major food. Seeds are disseminated from cones in October and November. Abert's squirrels continue to consume seed from late maturing cones and collect single seeds from the ground. The succulent inner bark of twigs is eaten all year, but most heavily in winter. Needle clusters are clipped from the twigs, the outer bark is removed, the inner bark is consumed, and then the twig is discarded. In winter a single squirrel consumes about 45 twigs per day. Most feed trees range from 11 to 30 inches (28 to 76 centimetres) d.b.h. After seeds have been disseminated Abert's squirrels are dependent on inner bark, which forms the bulk of the diet from November to April. The soft inner tissue of small apical buds is also a preferred item. In May, staminate buds and cones and immature ovules are consumed as available. New staminate cones are entirely consumed; only the pollen is eaten from dried cones. The bark of areas infected with dwarf mistletoe also appears to be preferred.Fleshy fungi consumed include members of the following genera: Agaricus, Amanita, Boletus, Hypholoma, Lepiota, Lycopedon, Russula and Tuber. Mushrooms poisonous to humans are consumed by Abert's squirrels without difficulty, including destroying angels (A. bisporigera and A. ocreata) and a species of Russula.Water is obtained mostly from food, but Abert's squirrels sometimes drink at stock ponds or other standing water (i.e., rain puddles).
Predators
Reynolds suggested that northern goshawks (Accipiter gentilis) may take enough Abert's squirrels to regulate Abert's squirrel populations. Hawks (Accipitridae and Falconidae) prey on Abert's squirrels in central Arizona, but even though other potential predators are present, i.e., gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), bobcat (Lynx rufus), coyote (Canis latrans), there is no evidence that they prey on Abert's squirrels.
References
This article incorporates public domain material from Sciurus aberti. United States Department of Agriculture.
External links
Fact sheet
|
title
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Abert's squirrel"
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}
|
Abert's squirrel or the tassel-eared squirrel (Sciurus aberti) is a tree squirrel in the genus Sciurus native to the southern Rocky Mountains from the United States to the northern Sierra Madre Occidental of Mexico, with concentrations found in Arizona, New Mexico, and southwestern Colorado. It is closely associated with, and largely confined to, mature ponderosa pine forests. It is named in honor of the American naturalist John James Abert; nine subspecies are recognised. It is recognizable by its tufted ears, gray color, pale underparts and rufous patch on the lower back. The squirrel feeds on the seeds and cones of the Mexican pinyon and the ponderosa pine when they are available, but will also take fungi, buds, bark, and carrion. Breeding normally occurs in summer, with a spherical nest being built high in the canopy.
Etymology
Abert's squirrel is named after Colonel John James Abert, an American naturalist and military officer who headed the Corps of Topographical Engineers and organized the effort to map the American West in the 19th century.
Taxonomy
The currently accepted scientific name for Abert's squirrel is Sciurus aberti Woodhouse. There are nine recognized subspecies, including the Kaibab squirrel (S. a. kaibabensis), formerly recognized as a separate species (S. kaibabensis). The nine subspecies are listed in the Distribution section.
Physical characteristics
Abert's squirrels are 46–58 cm long with a tail of 19–25 cm. The most noticeable characteristic would be their hair ear tufts, which extend up from each ear 2–3 cm. This gives this species a striking similarity to the Eurasian red squirrel, aside from its differing dark coloration. They typically have a gray coat with a white underbelly and a very noticeable rusty/reddish colored strip down their back. Abert's squirrels found in Colorado rocky mountain foothills appear black all over as shown in the adjacent image.
Distribution
Abert's squirrel is confined to the Colorado Plateau and the southern Rocky Mountains of Colorado, Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico; its range extends south in the Sierra Madre Occidental to Chihuahua and Durango in Mexico. Abert's squirrel also extends a short distance into Wyoming where ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) is present. Abert's squirrels transplanted to the Graham and Santa Catalina Mountains of Arizona have established stable populations. Mellott and Choate reported Abert's squirrels present in the Spanish Peaks State Wildlife Area, 43 miles (69 km) southeast of the previously known Abert's squirrel range.The distribution of Abert's squirrel subspecies in the Southwest is coincident with the disjunct ponderosa pine forests. Subspecies distributions are as follows:
S. a. aberti (Woodhouse) – northern Arizona
S. a. barberi (Allen) – northwestern Chihuahua
S. a. chuscensis (Goldman) – New Mexico-Arizona border area
S. a. durangi (Thomas) – Durango
S. a. ferreus (True) – Rocky Mountains, central Colorado
S. a. kaibabensis – Kaibab Plateau, northern Arizona
S. a. mimus (Merriam) – New Mexico-Colorado border area
S. a. navajo (Durrant and Kelson) – southeastern Utah
S. a. phaeurus (Allen) – northwestern and southwestern Durango and southwesternmost Chihuahua
Habitat
Abert's squirrels in the U.S. make almost exclusive use of ponderosa pine for cover, nesting, and food. In Mexico where ponderosa pines are absent, the species is found in stands of the closely related Pinus arizonica. Optimum Abert's squirrel habitat is composed of all-aged ponderosa pine stands with trees in even-aged groups, densities of 168 to 250 trees per acre (496–618/ha), and 150 to 200 square feet per acre (34.4–45.3 sq m/ha) basal area. In optimum habitat average diameter of ponderosa pines is 11 to 13 inches (28 to 33 centimetres), with Gambel oaks in the 11.8- to 14-inch (30–36 cm) diameter at breast height (d.b.h.) range. Optimum habitat has some ponderosa pine over 20 inches (51 cm) d.b.h., which are the best cone producers. Larson and Schubert report that ponderosa pine 36 to 40 inches (91 to 102 centimetres) d.b.h. produced an average of 446 cones per tree per crop. Trees less than 24 inches (61 cm) d.b.h. produced fewer than 100 cones per crop.In central Arizona, Abert's squirrel summer home ranges averaged 18 acres (7.3 hectares) and ranged from 10 to 24 acres (4.0 to 9.7 ha). Ranges were somewhat smaller in winter. Ramey reports that the mean Abert's squirrel home range for spring and summer was 20 acres (8.1 hectares) in Black Forest, Colorado. Subadult males had spring home ranges of about 27 acres (11 hectares), and adult females had somewhat larger summer home ranges than adult males. Patton reported the ranges of three squirrels as 10, 30, and 60 acres (4.0, 12.2, and 24.4 ha) in Arizona. Hall reported the home range of an adult female as 29 acres (12 hectares).In Colorado, Ramey found a density of 83 squirrels per square mile (30/km2) in spring 1970 but only 33 squirrels per square mile (12/km2) in spring 1971. In another Colorado study, Farentinos estimated 227 squirrels per square mile (82/km2) in fall 1970 and 317 per square mile (114/km2) in fall 1971.
Plant communities
Abert's squirrel is closely associated with, and nearly confined to cool, dry interior ponderosa pine forests. In Arizona, ponderosa pine forests are most extensive between 5,500 and 8,500 feet (1,700 and 2,600 metres) elevation. Abert's squirrels occur in pure ponderosa pine stands or stands with associated Gambel oak (Quercus gambelii), Colorado pinyon (Pinus edulis), junipers (Juniperus spp.), quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides), and Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). Findley and others mention that Abert's squirrels are common in mixed conifer canyons in New Mexico.In Durango and Chihuahua the squirrels are said to inhabit high altitude ponderosa pine stands, however, the ponderosa pines of Mexico have relatively recently (since at least 1997) been reclassified as a separate species Pinus arizonica (syn. P. ponderosa var. arizonica), and some regard much of that population as yet another species Pinus cooperi (P. arizonica var. cooperi).
Conservation
This is a common species with a wide range and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated its conservation status as being of "least concern". Nonetheless, in Mexico, where much of its habitat has been logged, this species is considered 'vulnerable' by the Mexican environmental protection agency SEMARNAT and is protected.
Ecology and behavior
Abert's squirrels are diurnal. They are often active for a short time before sunrise and active for periods throughout the day, and they usually return to shelter before sunset. Abert's squirrel does not store food, as other North American squirrels do.The most apparent causes of Abert's squirrel mortality are food shortage and injuries (such as broken teeth) that lead to mortality.
Reproduction
In central Arizona, breeding occurs from May 1 to June 1 and there are young in the nest from June 10 to July 27. Farantinos reported a 46-day gestation period. Eight litters were composed of two to five young each. Three or four young per litter is typical. Young Abert's squirrels are born naked, with ears and eyes closed. At 2 weeks thin short hair is noticeable and the ears are slightly open. By 6 weeks the pelage has developed and the eyes are open. By 7 weeks the tail has broadened and is held over the back, ears are held erect. Mushrooms and bark have been added to the diet at this time. Captive young first venture from the nest at about 7 weeks, but do not venture to the ground until about 9 weeks. By 10 weeks Abert's squirrels are weaned. Mature size is reached by 15 to 16 weeks. Female Abert's squirrels usually bear only one litter per year. Hall and Kelson, however, report that two litters are often borne per year in the southern parts of Abert's squirrel range.
Nesting
Nests are built by the female Abert's squirrel out of pine twigs 0.5 inches (1.3 cm) or less in diameter and 6 to 24 inches (15 to 61 centimetres) long. Nests are lined with a variety of materials. Summer nests are built by Abert's squirrels on ponderosa pine branches, in Gambel oak cavities, and sometimes in cottonwood (Populus spp.) branches. Ponderosa pine seldom have cavities big enough for Abert's squirrels. In central Arizona nest trees ranged from 12 to 41 inches d.b.h. and were 20 to 110 feet (6.1 to 33.5 m) tall.
In another Arizona study, nest trees ranged from 11.6 to 36.6 inches (29 to 93 centimetres) d.b.h. Most nests are placed in the upper third of the tree crown. Nests are placed from 16 to 90 feet (4.9–27) above the ground, usually on a large limb against the bole, or in the forks of smaller branches. Nests were most often built on the southern to southeastern side of the tree. Patton reports that nest trees in Arizona had crowns that were 35% to 55% of the total tree height, and most often were 14 to 16 inches (36 to 41 centimetres) d.b.h.. Nests are built in trees occurring as part of a grouping of trees with interlocking crowns. Dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium vaginatum) infestations that cause the formation of "witches brooms" are often incorporated into or support Abert's squirrel nests.Nests are roughly spherical and a small platform often extends beyond the bowl edge on one side.The nests are used year-round by most Abert's squirrels for nightly shelter, although females often move the litter to a larger nest when the young are 3 to 6 weeks old. In winter, pairs of Abert's squirrels, usually an adult female and one subadult (presumed) offspring, use the same nest for shelter.
Food habits
Abert's squirrels consume ponderosa pine year-round. Parts eaten include seeds, which are the most highly preferred item, inner bark (particularly of young twigs), terminal buds, staminate buds, and pollen cones. Other foods include fleshy fungi (particularly hypogeous fungi), carrion, bones, and antlers. Severe weather is not always a deterrent to feeding activity. Where Mexican pinyon (Pinus cembroides) seeds are available, Abert's squirrels consume them in preference to ponderosa pine seeds. Gambel oak acorns may also provide substantial food for Abert's squirrels.Ponderosa pines produce large cone crops every 3 to 4 years; cones are virtually absent about 1 year out of 4. Abert's squirrels begin eating immature seed shortly after cone development begins in late May. Seeds are eaten through the summer as the cones mature. Seeds from up to 75 cones may be eaten per day per squirrel during the months when seeds form the squirrels' major food. Seeds are disseminated from cones in October and November. Abert's squirrels continue to consume seed from late maturing cones and collect single seeds from the ground. The succulent inner bark of twigs is eaten all year, but most heavily in winter. Needle clusters are clipped from the twigs, the outer bark is removed, the inner bark is consumed, and then the twig is discarded. In winter a single squirrel consumes about 45 twigs per day. Most feed trees range from 11 to 30 inches (28 to 76 centimetres) d.b.h. After seeds have been disseminated Abert's squirrels are dependent on inner bark, which forms the bulk of the diet from November to April. The soft inner tissue of small apical buds is also a preferred item. In May, staminate buds and cones and immature ovules are consumed as available. New staminate cones are entirely consumed; only the pollen is eaten from dried cones. The bark of areas infected with dwarf mistletoe also appears to be preferred.Fleshy fungi consumed include members of the following genera: Agaricus, Amanita, Boletus, Hypholoma, Lepiota, Lycopedon, Russula and Tuber. Mushrooms poisonous to humans are consumed by Abert's squirrels without difficulty, including destroying angels (A. bisporigera and A. ocreata) and a species of Russula.Water is obtained mostly from food, but Abert's squirrels sometimes drink at stock ponds or other standing water (i.e., rain puddles).
Predators
Reynolds suggested that northern goshawks (Accipiter gentilis) may take enough Abert's squirrels to regulate Abert's squirrel populations. Hawks (Accipitridae and Falconidae) prey on Abert's squirrels in central Arizona, but even though other potential predators are present, i.e., gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), bobcat (Lynx rufus), coyote (Canis latrans), there is no evidence that they prey on Abert's squirrels.
References
This article incorporates public domain material from Sciurus aberti. United States Department of Agriculture.
External links
Fact sheet
|
page(s)
|
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Abert's squirrel or the tassel-eared squirrel (Sciurus aberti) is a tree squirrel in the genus Sciurus native to the southern Rocky Mountains from the United States to the northern Sierra Madre Occidental of Mexico, with concentrations found in Arizona, New Mexico, and southwestern Colorado. It is closely associated with, and largely confined to, mature ponderosa pine forests. It is named in honor of the American naturalist John James Abert; nine subspecies are recognised. It is recognizable by its tufted ears, gray color, pale underparts and rufous patch on the lower back. The squirrel feeds on the seeds and cones of the Mexican pinyon and the ponderosa pine when they are available, but will also take fungi, buds, bark, and carrion. Breeding normally occurs in summer, with a spherical nest being built high in the canopy.
Etymology
Abert's squirrel is named after Colonel John James Abert, an American naturalist and military officer who headed the Corps of Topographical Engineers and organized the effort to map the American West in the 19th century.
Taxonomy
The currently accepted scientific name for Abert's squirrel is Sciurus aberti Woodhouse. There are nine recognized subspecies, including the Kaibab squirrel (S. a. kaibabensis), formerly recognized as a separate species (S. kaibabensis). The nine subspecies are listed in the Distribution section.
Physical characteristics
Abert's squirrels are 46–58 cm long with a tail of 19–25 cm. The most noticeable characteristic would be their hair ear tufts, which extend up from each ear 2–3 cm. This gives this species a striking similarity to the Eurasian red squirrel, aside from its differing dark coloration. They typically have a gray coat with a white underbelly and a very noticeable rusty/reddish colored strip down their back. Abert's squirrels found in Colorado rocky mountain foothills appear black all over as shown in the adjacent image.
Distribution
Abert's squirrel is confined to the Colorado Plateau and the southern Rocky Mountains of Colorado, Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico; its range extends south in the Sierra Madre Occidental to Chihuahua and Durango in Mexico. Abert's squirrel also extends a short distance into Wyoming where ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) is present. Abert's squirrels transplanted to the Graham and Santa Catalina Mountains of Arizona have established stable populations. Mellott and Choate reported Abert's squirrels present in the Spanish Peaks State Wildlife Area, 43 miles (69 km) southeast of the previously known Abert's squirrel range.The distribution of Abert's squirrel subspecies in the Southwest is coincident with the disjunct ponderosa pine forests. Subspecies distributions are as follows:
S. a. aberti (Woodhouse) – northern Arizona
S. a. barberi (Allen) – northwestern Chihuahua
S. a. chuscensis (Goldman) – New Mexico-Arizona border area
S. a. durangi (Thomas) – Durango
S. a. ferreus (True) – Rocky Mountains, central Colorado
S. a. kaibabensis – Kaibab Plateau, northern Arizona
S. a. mimus (Merriam) – New Mexico-Colorado border area
S. a. navajo (Durrant and Kelson) – southeastern Utah
S. a. phaeurus (Allen) – northwestern and southwestern Durango and southwesternmost Chihuahua
Habitat
Abert's squirrels in the U.S. make almost exclusive use of ponderosa pine for cover, nesting, and food. In Mexico where ponderosa pines are absent, the species is found in stands of the closely related Pinus arizonica. Optimum Abert's squirrel habitat is composed of all-aged ponderosa pine stands with trees in even-aged groups, densities of 168 to 250 trees per acre (496–618/ha), and 150 to 200 square feet per acre (34.4–45.3 sq m/ha) basal area. In optimum habitat average diameter of ponderosa pines is 11 to 13 inches (28 to 33 centimetres), with Gambel oaks in the 11.8- to 14-inch (30–36 cm) diameter at breast height (d.b.h.) range. Optimum habitat has some ponderosa pine over 20 inches (51 cm) d.b.h., which are the best cone producers. Larson and Schubert report that ponderosa pine 36 to 40 inches (91 to 102 centimetres) d.b.h. produced an average of 446 cones per tree per crop. Trees less than 24 inches (61 cm) d.b.h. produced fewer than 100 cones per crop.In central Arizona, Abert's squirrel summer home ranges averaged 18 acres (7.3 hectares) and ranged from 10 to 24 acres (4.0 to 9.7 ha). Ranges were somewhat smaller in winter. Ramey reports that the mean Abert's squirrel home range for spring and summer was 20 acres (8.1 hectares) in Black Forest, Colorado. Subadult males had spring home ranges of about 27 acres (11 hectares), and adult females had somewhat larger summer home ranges than adult males. Patton reported the ranges of three squirrels as 10, 30, and 60 acres (4.0, 12.2, and 24.4 ha) in Arizona. Hall reported the home range of an adult female as 29 acres (12 hectares).In Colorado, Ramey found a density of 83 squirrels per square mile (30/km2) in spring 1970 but only 33 squirrels per square mile (12/km2) in spring 1971. In another Colorado study, Farentinos estimated 227 squirrels per square mile (82/km2) in fall 1970 and 317 per square mile (114/km2) in fall 1971.
Plant communities
Abert's squirrel is closely associated with, and nearly confined to cool, dry interior ponderosa pine forests. In Arizona, ponderosa pine forests are most extensive between 5,500 and 8,500 feet (1,700 and 2,600 metres) elevation. Abert's squirrels occur in pure ponderosa pine stands or stands with associated Gambel oak (Quercus gambelii), Colorado pinyon (Pinus edulis), junipers (Juniperus spp.), quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides), and Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). Findley and others mention that Abert's squirrels are common in mixed conifer canyons in New Mexico.In Durango and Chihuahua the squirrels are said to inhabit high altitude ponderosa pine stands, however, the ponderosa pines of Mexico have relatively recently (since at least 1997) been reclassified as a separate species Pinus arizonica (syn. P. ponderosa var. arizonica), and some regard much of that population as yet another species Pinus cooperi (P. arizonica var. cooperi).
Conservation
This is a common species with a wide range and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated its conservation status as being of "least concern". Nonetheless, in Mexico, where much of its habitat has been logged, this species is considered 'vulnerable' by the Mexican environmental protection agency SEMARNAT and is protected.
Ecology and behavior
Abert's squirrels are diurnal. They are often active for a short time before sunrise and active for periods throughout the day, and they usually return to shelter before sunset. Abert's squirrel does not store food, as other North American squirrels do.The most apparent causes of Abert's squirrel mortality are food shortage and injuries (such as broken teeth) that lead to mortality.
Reproduction
In central Arizona, breeding occurs from May 1 to June 1 and there are young in the nest from June 10 to July 27. Farantinos reported a 46-day gestation period. Eight litters were composed of two to five young each. Three or four young per litter is typical. Young Abert's squirrels are born naked, with ears and eyes closed. At 2 weeks thin short hair is noticeable and the ears are slightly open. By 6 weeks the pelage has developed and the eyes are open. By 7 weeks the tail has broadened and is held over the back, ears are held erect. Mushrooms and bark have been added to the diet at this time. Captive young first venture from the nest at about 7 weeks, but do not venture to the ground until about 9 weeks. By 10 weeks Abert's squirrels are weaned. Mature size is reached by 15 to 16 weeks. Female Abert's squirrels usually bear only one litter per year. Hall and Kelson, however, report that two litters are often borne per year in the southern parts of Abert's squirrel range.
Nesting
Nests are built by the female Abert's squirrel out of pine twigs 0.5 inches (1.3 cm) or less in diameter and 6 to 24 inches (15 to 61 centimetres) long. Nests are lined with a variety of materials. Summer nests are built by Abert's squirrels on ponderosa pine branches, in Gambel oak cavities, and sometimes in cottonwood (Populus spp.) branches. Ponderosa pine seldom have cavities big enough for Abert's squirrels. In central Arizona nest trees ranged from 12 to 41 inches d.b.h. and were 20 to 110 feet (6.1 to 33.5 m) tall.
In another Arizona study, nest trees ranged from 11.6 to 36.6 inches (29 to 93 centimetres) d.b.h. Most nests are placed in the upper third of the tree crown. Nests are placed from 16 to 90 feet (4.9–27) above the ground, usually on a large limb against the bole, or in the forks of smaller branches. Nests were most often built on the southern to southeastern side of the tree. Patton reports that nest trees in Arizona had crowns that were 35% to 55% of the total tree height, and most often were 14 to 16 inches (36 to 41 centimetres) d.b.h.. Nests are built in trees occurring as part of a grouping of trees with interlocking crowns. Dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium vaginatum) infestations that cause the formation of "witches brooms" are often incorporated into or support Abert's squirrel nests.Nests are roughly spherical and a small platform often extends beyond the bowl edge on one side.The nests are used year-round by most Abert's squirrels for nightly shelter, although females often move the litter to a larger nest when the young are 3 to 6 weeks old. In winter, pairs of Abert's squirrels, usually an adult female and one subadult (presumed) offspring, use the same nest for shelter.
Food habits
Abert's squirrels consume ponderosa pine year-round. Parts eaten include seeds, which are the most highly preferred item, inner bark (particularly of young twigs), terminal buds, staminate buds, and pollen cones. Other foods include fleshy fungi (particularly hypogeous fungi), carrion, bones, and antlers. Severe weather is not always a deterrent to feeding activity. Where Mexican pinyon (Pinus cembroides) seeds are available, Abert's squirrels consume them in preference to ponderosa pine seeds. Gambel oak acorns may also provide substantial food for Abert's squirrels.Ponderosa pines produce large cone crops every 3 to 4 years; cones are virtually absent about 1 year out of 4. Abert's squirrels begin eating immature seed shortly after cone development begins in late May. Seeds are eaten through the summer as the cones mature. Seeds from up to 75 cones may be eaten per day per squirrel during the months when seeds form the squirrels' major food. Seeds are disseminated from cones in October and November. Abert's squirrels continue to consume seed from late maturing cones and collect single seeds from the ground. The succulent inner bark of twigs is eaten all year, but most heavily in winter. Needle clusters are clipped from the twigs, the outer bark is removed, the inner bark is consumed, and then the twig is discarded. In winter a single squirrel consumes about 45 twigs per day. Most feed trees range from 11 to 30 inches (28 to 76 centimetres) d.b.h. After seeds have been disseminated Abert's squirrels are dependent on inner bark, which forms the bulk of the diet from November to April. The soft inner tissue of small apical buds is also a preferred item. In May, staminate buds and cones and immature ovules are consumed as available. New staminate cones are entirely consumed; only the pollen is eaten from dried cones. The bark of areas infected with dwarf mistletoe also appears to be preferred.Fleshy fungi consumed include members of the following genera: Agaricus, Amanita, Boletus, Hypholoma, Lepiota, Lycopedon, Russula and Tuber. Mushrooms poisonous to humans are consumed by Abert's squirrels without difficulty, including destroying angels (A. bisporigera and A. ocreata) and a species of Russula.Water is obtained mostly from food, but Abert's squirrels sometimes drink at stock ponds or other standing water (i.e., rain puddles).
Predators
Reynolds suggested that northern goshawks (Accipiter gentilis) may take enough Abert's squirrels to regulate Abert's squirrel populations. Hawks (Accipitridae and Falconidae) prey on Abert's squirrels in central Arizona, but even though other potential predators are present, i.e., gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), bobcat (Lynx rufus), coyote (Canis latrans), there is no evidence that they prey on Abert's squirrels.
References
This article incorporates public domain material from Sciurus aberti. United States Department of Agriculture.
External links
Fact sheet
|
Commons gallery
|
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Sir Alexander Ogston MD CM LLD (19 April 1844 – 1 February 1929) was a British surgeon, famous for his discovery of Staphylococcus.
Life
Ogston was the eldest son of Amelia Cadenhead and her husband Prof. Francis Ogston (1803–1887), Professor of Medical Jurisprudence at the University of Aberdeen. He had a brother who was also a professor.
University of Aberdeen
Ogston began his medical training at Marischal College in 1862 and graduated as Bachelor of Medicine and Master of Surgery at the recently united University of Aberdeen in 1865 with honours in medicine and surgery at the age of 21.
He obtained his MD a year later in 1866. He was appointed as a full surgeon to the Aberdeen Royal Infirmary in 1874. He was Assistant Professor of Medical Jurisprudence and Materia Medica, Lecturer in Ophthalmology and Anaesthetist before being appointed as Regius Professor of Surgery in 1882. He is credited with the introduction of carbolic spray to Aberdeen.
Staphylococcus
Ogston was reported to have called on Joseph Lister and rigorously followed his antiseptic principles. These are aptly phrased in a small ditty composed by his students.
The spray, the spray, the antiseptic spray
A.O. would shower it morning, night and day
For every sort of scratch
Where others would attach
A sticking plaster patch
He gave the spray.Ogston followed the work of other contemporaries such as Koch, J.C. Ewart from Edinburgh (published on different types of bacteria), and Kohler from Berne (who found bacteria in cases of osteomyelitis and 'strumitis'.
Following his examination of the organisms from the abscess of James Davidson, Ogston used the shed behind his house as a laboratory (receiving a grant (£50) from the British Medical Association (BMA), with which he purchased a Zeiss microscope and the methyl-aniline dye used by Koch) to continue his research.
Following Kochs postulates and staining methods, Ogston set about isolating the causative organism of Davidson's wound. By experiment Ogston concluded that the optimal conditions for cultivation of this organism were hen's egg medium grown in small bottles shielded from contamination by glass 'shades. Using samples from 82 abscesses, Ogston successfully isolated bacteria from 65 samples, the others being referred to as "cold". He was then able to transfer pure colonies to guinea-pigs, white mice or wild mice.
Ogston soon realised there were '"two forms of micrococcus: one in the form of chains or necklaces to which the name 'streptococcus' had been given and produced the more violent inflammation, and the other growing in masses or clusters [like the roe of a fish], to which I gave the name 'staphylococcus' which cause a less violent inflammatory disease'. He also noted that a transferring a 1/146 016 000 dilution of the original pus sample could induce abscesses in new subjects. Ogston demonstrated that these bacteria could be killed by heat or carbolic acid, fulfilling Kochs postulates. He also noted that " micrococci so deleterious when injected" were seemingly "harmless on the surface of wounds and ulcers". An observation of the existence of some staphylococci as part of the normal flora.Ogston encountered a great deal of difficulty convincing the medical establishment of his observations on Staphylococcus.
The Aberdeen branch of the BMA, received his findings with disbelief. The editor of the British Medical Journal stated at the time 'can anything good come out of Aberdeen'. After a careful study of the evidence presented by Ogston, his contemporary, Joseph Lister agreed with his findings however, another peer, Watson Cheyne was still sceptical.
Given this local skeptisim, Ogston decided to present his discoveries to a surgical congress in Berlin where he had previously presented a paper "genu valgum" on 9 April 1880.
Ogston delivered this presentation on abscesses in German which was then published. He was subsequently made a 'Fellow' of the German Surgical Society despite his youth (36 years old).
The next year Ogston published his observations in the British Medical Journal. After this point his papers were refused, and instead he published in the Journal of Anatomy and Physiology.
Military career
Ogston served in the 1884 Egyptian War and the Boer War. He was also instrumental in arguing for the creation of the Royal Army Medical Corps in 1898. During the First World War when over seventy years old, he was sent to assist with the management of severe trauma.
Private life
Ogston married twice. He had three children with his first wife Mary Jane Molly Ogston (née Hargrave). They were Mary Letitia, Francis, Flora and Walter Henry. His wife died in 1873 and he later remarried and they had five children, Alfred James, Douglas John, Helen Charlotte Elizabeth, Constance Amelia Irene, Rose, Alexander and Ranald Frederick. Both Helen and Constance were active suffragettes.
Royal acknowledgement
In 1892, Queen Victoria appointed him Surgeon in Ordinary, a post he also held under King Edward VII and King George V. He was appointed Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order in 1912.
Legacy
The Surgical Society of the University of Aberdeen is named the "Ogston Society" in his honour. The University Department of Surgery also awards an annual prize in his honour to the best student in surgery.
== References ==
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
14
],
"text": [
"Ogston"
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}
|
Sir Alexander Ogston MD CM LLD (19 April 1844 – 1 February 1929) was a British surgeon, famous for his discovery of Staphylococcus.
Life
Ogston was the eldest son of Amelia Cadenhead and her husband Prof. Francis Ogston (1803–1887), Professor of Medical Jurisprudence at the University of Aberdeen. He had a brother who was also a professor.
University of Aberdeen
Ogston began his medical training at Marischal College in 1862 and graduated as Bachelor of Medicine and Master of Surgery at the recently united University of Aberdeen in 1865 with honours in medicine and surgery at the age of 21.
He obtained his MD a year later in 1866. He was appointed as a full surgeon to the Aberdeen Royal Infirmary in 1874. He was Assistant Professor of Medical Jurisprudence and Materia Medica, Lecturer in Ophthalmology and Anaesthetist before being appointed as Regius Professor of Surgery in 1882. He is credited with the introduction of carbolic spray to Aberdeen.
Staphylococcus
Ogston was reported to have called on Joseph Lister and rigorously followed his antiseptic principles. These are aptly phrased in a small ditty composed by his students.
The spray, the spray, the antiseptic spray
A.O. would shower it morning, night and day
For every sort of scratch
Where others would attach
A sticking plaster patch
He gave the spray.Ogston followed the work of other contemporaries such as Koch, J.C. Ewart from Edinburgh (published on different types of bacteria), and Kohler from Berne (who found bacteria in cases of osteomyelitis and 'strumitis'.
Following his examination of the organisms from the abscess of James Davidson, Ogston used the shed behind his house as a laboratory (receiving a grant (£50) from the British Medical Association (BMA), with which he purchased a Zeiss microscope and the methyl-aniline dye used by Koch) to continue his research.
Following Kochs postulates and staining methods, Ogston set about isolating the causative organism of Davidson's wound. By experiment Ogston concluded that the optimal conditions for cultivation of this organism were hen's egg medium grown in small bottles shielded from contamination by glass 'shades. Using samples from 82 abscesses, Ogston successfully isolated bacteria from 65 samples, the others being referred to as "cold". He was then able to transfer pure colonies to guinea-pigs, white mice or wild mice.
Ogston soon realised there were '"two forms of micrococcus: one in the form of chains or necklaces to which the name 'streptococcus' had been given and produced the more violent inflammation, and the other growing in masses or clusters [like the roe of a fish], to which I gave the name 'staphylococcus' which cause a less violent inflammatory disease'. He also noted that a transferring a 1/146 016 000 dilution of the original pus sample could induce abscesses in new subjects. Ogston demonstrated that these bacteria could be killed by heat or carbolic acid, fulfilling Kochs postulates. He also noted that " micrococci so deleterious when injected" were seemingly "harmless on the surface of wounds and ulcers". An observation of the existence of some staphylococci as part of the normal flora.Ogston encountered a great deal of difficulty convincing the medical establishment of his observations on Staphylococcus.
The Aberdeen branch of the BMA, received his findings with disbelief. The editor of the British Medical Journal stated at the time 'can anything good come out of Aberdeen'. After a careful study of the evidence presented by Ogston, his contemporary, Joseph Lister agreed with his findings however, another peer, Watson Cheyne was still sceptical.
Given this local skeptisim, Ogston decided to present his discoveries to a surgical congress in Berlin where he had previously presented a paper "genu valgum" on 9 April 1880.
Ogston delivered this presentation on abscesses in German which was then published. He was subsequently made a 'Fellow' of the German Surgical Society despite his youth (36 years old).
The next year Ogston published his observations in the British Medical Journal. After this point his papers were refused, and instead he published in the Journal of Anatomy and Physiology.
Military career
Ogston served in the 1884 Egyptian War and the Boer War. He was also instrumental in arguing for the creation of the Royal Army Medical Corps in 1898. During the First World War when over seventy years old, he was sent to assist with the management of severe trauma.
Private life
Ogston married twice. He had three children with his first wife Mary Jane Molly Ogston (née Hargrave). They were Mary Letitia, Francis, Flora and Walter Henry. His wife died in 1873 and he later remarried and they had five children, Alfred James, Douglas John, Helen Charlotte Elizabeth, Constance Amelia Irene, Rose, Alexander and Ranald Frederick. Both Helen and Constance were active suffragettes.
Royal acknowledgement
In 1892, Queen Victoria appointed him Surgeon in Ordinary, a post he also held under King Edward VII and King George V. He was appointed Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order in 1912.
Legacy
The Surgical Society of the University of Aberdeen is named the "Ogston Society" in his honour. The University Department of Surgery also awards an annual prize in his honour to the best student in surgery.
== References ==
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
4
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"text": [
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|
Sir Alexander Ogston MD CM LLD (19 April 1844 – 1 February 1929) was a British surgeon, famous for his discovery of Staphylococcus.
Life
Ogston was the eldest son of Amelia Cadenhead and her husband Prof. Francis Ogston (1803–1887), Professor of Medical Jurisprudence at the University of Aberdeen. He had a brother who was also a professor.
University of Aberdeen
Ogston began his medical training at Marischal College in 1862 and graduated as Bachelor of Medicine and Master of Surgery at the recently united University of Aberdeen in 1865 with honours in medicine and surgery at the age of 21.
He obtained his MD a year later in 1866. He was appointed as a full surgeon to the Aberdeen Royal Infirmary in 1874. He was Assistant Professor of Medical Jurisprudence and Materia Medica, Lecturer in Ophthalmology and Anaesthetist before being appointed as Regius Professor of Surgery in 1882. He is credited with the introduction of carbolic spray to Aberdeen.
Staphylococcus
Ogston was reported to have called on Joseph Lister and rigorously followed his antiseptic principles. These are aptly phrased in a small ditty composed by his students.
The spray, the spray, the antiseptic spray
A.O. would shower it morning, night and day
For every sort of scratch
Where others would attach
A sticking plaster patch
He gave the spray.Ogston followed the work of other contemporaries such as Koch, J.C. Ewart from Edinburgh (published on different types of bacteria), and Kohler from Berne (who found bacteria in cases of osteomyelitis and 'strumitis'.
Following his examination of the organisms from the abscess of James Davidson, Ogston used the shed behind his house as a laboratory (receiving a grant (£50) from the British Medical Association (BMA), with which he purchased a Zeiss microscope and the methyl-aniline dye used by Koch) to continue his research.
Following Kochs postulates and staining methods, Ogston set about isolating the causative organism of Davidson's wound. By experiment Ogston concluded that the optimal conditions for cultivation of this organism were hen's egg medium grown in small bottles shielded from contamination by glass 'shades. Using samples from 82 abscesses, Ogston successfully isolated bacteria from 65 samples, the others being referred to as "cold". He was then able to transfer pure colonies to guinea-pigs, white mice or wild mice.
Ogston soon realised there were '"two forms of micrococcus: one in the form of chains or necklaces to which the name 'streptococcus' had been given and produced the more violent inflammation, and the other growing in masses or clusters [like the roe of a fish], to which I gave the name 'staphylococcus' which cause a less violent inflammatory disease'. He also noted that a transferring a 1/146 016 000 dilution of the original pus sample could induce abscesses in new subjects. Ogston demonstrated that these bacteria could be killed by heat or carbolic acid, fulfilling Kochs postulates. He also noted that " micrococci so deleterious when injected" were seemingly "harmless on the surface of wounds and ulcers". An observation of the existence of some staphylococci as part of the normal flora.Ogston encountered a great deal of difficulty convincing the medical establishment of his observations on Staphylococcus.
The Aberdeen branch of the BMA, received his findings with disbelief. The editor of the British Medical Journal stated at the time 'can anything good come out of Aberdeen'. After a careful study of the evidence presented by Ogston, his contemporary, Joseph Lister agreed with his findings however, another peer, Watson Cheyne was still sceptical.
Given this local skeptisim, Ogston decided to present his discoveries to a surgical congress in Berlin where he had previously presented a paper "genu valgum" on 9 April 1880.
Ogston delivered this presentation on abscesses in German which was then published. He was subsequently made a 'Fellow' of the German Surgical Society despite his youth (36 years old).
The next year Ogston published his observations in the British Medical Journal. After this point his papers were refused, and instead he published in the Journal of Anatomy and Physiology.
Military career
Ogston served in the 1884 Egyptian War and the Boer War. He was also instrumental in arguing for the creation of the Royal Army Medical Corps in 1898. During the First World War when over seventy years old, he was sent to assist with the management of severe trauma.
Private life
Ogston married twice. He had three children with his first wife Mary Jane Molly Ogston (née Hargrave). They were Mary Letitia, Francis, Flora and Walter Henry. His wife died in 1873 and he later remarried and they had five children, Alfred James, Douglas John, Helen Charlotte Elizabeth, Constance Amelia Irene, Rose, Alexander and Ranald Frederick. Both Helen and Constance were active suffragettes.
Royal acknowledgement
In 1892, Queen Victoria appointed him Surgeon in Ordinary, a post he also held under King Edward VII and King George V. He was appointed Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order in 1912.
Legacy
The Surgical Society of the University of Aberdeen is named the "Ogston Society" in his honour. The University Department of Surgery also awards an annual prize in his honour to the best student in surgery.
== References ==
|
place of birth
|
{
"answer_start": [
299
],
"text": [
"Aberdeen"
]
}
|
Sir Alexander Ogston MD CM LLD (19 April 1844 – 1 February 1929) was a British surgeon, famous for his discovery of Staphylococcus.
Life
Ogston was the eldest son of Amelia Cadenhead and her husband Prof. Francis Ogston (1803–1887), Professor of Medical Jurisprudence at the University of Aberdeen. He had a brother who was also a professor.
University of Aberdeen
Ogston began his medical training at Marischal College in 1862 and graduated as Bachelor of Medicine and Master of Surgery at the recently united University of Aberdeen in 1865 with honours in medicine and surgery at the age of 21.
He obtained his MD a year later in 1866. He was appointed as a full surgeon to the Aberdeen Royal Infirmary in 1874. He was Assistant Professor of Medical Jurisprudence and Materia Medica, Lecturer in Ophthalmology and Anaesthetist before being appointed as Regius Professor of Surgery in 1882. He is credited with the introduction of carbolic spray to Aberdeen.
Staphylococcus
Ogston was reported to have called on Joseph Lister and rigorously followed his antiseptic principles. These are aptly phrased in a small ditty composed by his students.
The spray, the spray, the antiseptic spray
A.O. would shower it morning, night and day
For every sort of scratch
Where others would attach
A sticking plaster patch
He gave the spray.Ogston followed the work of other contemporaries such as Koch, J.C. Ewart from Edinburgh (published on different types of bacteria), and Kohler from Berne (who found bacteria in cases of osteomyelitis and 'strumitis'.
Following his examination of the organisms from the abscess of James Davidson, Ogston used the shed behind his house as a laboratory (receiving a grant (£50) from the British Medical Association (BMA), with which he purchased a Zeiss microscope and the methyl-aniline dye used by Koch) to continue his research.
Following Kochs postulates and staining methods, Ogston set about isolating the causative organism of Davidson's wound. By experiment Ogston concluded that the optimal conditions for cultivation of this organism were hen's egg medium grown in small bottles shielded from contamination by glass 'shades. Using samples from 82 abscesses, Ogston successfully isolated bacteria from 65 samples, the others being referred to as "cold". He was then able to transfer pure colonies to guinea-pigs, white mice or wild mice.
Ogston soon realised there were '"two forms of micrococcus: one in the form of chains or necklaces to which the name 'streptococcus' had been given and produced the more violent inflammation, and the other growing in masses or clusters [like the roe of a fish], to which I gave the name 'staphylococcus' which cause a less violent inflammatory disease'. He also noted that a transferring a 1/146 016 000 dilution of the original pus sample could induce abscesses in new subjects. Ogston demonstrated that these bacteria could be killed by heat or carbolic acid, fulfilling Kochs postulates. He also noted that " micrococci so deleterious when injected" were seemingly "harmless on the surface of wounds and ulcers". An observation of the existence of some staphylococci as part of the normal flora.Ogston encountered a great deal of difficulty convincing the medical establishment of his observations on Staphylococcus.
The Aberdeen branch of the BMA, received his findings with disbelief. The editor of the British Medical Journal stated at the time 'can anything good come out of Aberdeen'. After a careful study of the evidence presented by Ogston, his contemporary, Joseph Lister agreed with his findings however, another peer, Watson Cheyne was still sceptical.
Given this local skeptisim, Ogston decided to present his discoveries to a surgical congress in Berlin where he had previously presented a paper "genu valgum" on 9 April 1880.
Ogston delivered this presentation on abscesses in German which was then published. He was subsequently made a 'Fellow' of the German Surgical Society despite his youth (36 years old).
The next year Ogston published his observations in the British Medical Journal. After this point his papers were refused, and instead he published in the Journal of Anatomy and Physiology.
Military career
Ogston served in the 1884 Egyptian War and the Boer War. He was also instrumental in arguing for the creation of the Royal Army Medical Corps in 1898. During the First World War when over seventy years old, he was sent to assist with the management of severe trauma.
Private life
Ogston married twice. He had three children with his first wife Mary Jane Molly Ogston (née Hargrave). They were Mary Letitia, Francis, Flora and Walter Henry. His wife died in 1873 and he later remarried and they had five children, Alfred James, Douglas John, Helen Charlotte Elizabeth, Constance Amelia Irene, Rose, Alexander and Ranald Frederick. Both Helen and Constance were active suffragettes.
Royal acknowledgement
In 1892, Queen Victoria appointed him Surgeon in Ordinary, a post he also held under King Edward VII and King George V. He was appointed Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order in 1912.
Legacy
The Surgical Society of the University of Aberdeen is named the "Ogston Society" in his honour. The University Department of Surgery also awards an annual prize in his honour to the best student in surgery.
== References ==
|
place of death
|
{
"answer_start": [
299
],
"text": [
"Aberdeen"
]
}
|
Sir Alexander Ogston MD CM LLD (19 April 1844 – 1 February 1929) was a British surgeon, famous for his discovery of Staphylococcus.
Life
Ogston was the eldest son of Amelia Cadenhead and her husband Prof. Francis Ogston (1803–1887), Professor of Medical Jurisprudence at the University of Aberdeen. He had a brother who was also a professor.
University of Aberdeen
Ogston began his medical training at Marischal College in 1862 and graduated as Bachelor of Medicine and Master of Surgery at the recently united University of Aberdeen in 1865 with honours in medicine and surgery at the age of 21.
He obtained his MD a year later in 1866. He was appointed as a full surgeon to the Aberdeen Royal Infirmary in 1874. He was Assistant Professor of Medical Jurisprudence and Materia Medica, Lecturer in Ophthalmology and Anaesthetist before being appointed as Regius Professor of Surgery in 1882. He is credited with the introduction of carbolic spray to Aberdeen.
Staphylococcus
Ogston was reported to have called on Joseph Lister and rigorously followed his antiseptic principles. These are aptly phrased in a small ditty composed by his students.
The spray, the spray, the antiseptic spray
A.O. would shower it morning, night and day
For every sort of scratch
Where others would attach
A sticking plaster patch
He gave the spray.Ogston followed the work of other contemporaries such as Koch, J.C. Ewart from Edinburgh (published on different types of bacteria), and Kohler from Berne (who found bacteria in cases of osteomyelitis and 'strumitis'.
Following his examination of the organisms from the abscess of James Davidson, Ogston used the shed behind his house as a laboratory (receiving a grant (£50) from the British Medical Association (BMA), with which he purchased a Zeiss microscope and the methyl-aniline dye used by Koch) to continue his research.
Following Kochs postulates and staining methods, Ogston set about isolating the causative organism of Davidson's wound. By experiment Ogston concluded that the optimal conditions for cultivation of this organism were hen's egg medium grown in small bottles shielded from contamination by glass 'shades. Using samples from 82 abscesses, Ogston successfully isolated bacteria from 65 samples, the others being referred to as "cold". He was then able to transfer pure colonies to guinea-pigs, white mice or wild mice.
Ogston soon realised there were '"two forms of micrococcus: one in the form of chains or necklaces to which the name 'streptococcus' had been given and produced the more violent inflammation, and the other growing in masses or clusters [like the roe of a fish], to which I gave the name 'staphylococcus' which cause a less violent inflammatory disease'. He also noted that a transferring a 1/146 016 000 dilution of the original pus sample could induce abscesses in new subjects. Ogston demonstrated that these bacteria could be killed by heat or carbolic acid, fulfilling Kochs postulates. He also noted that " micrococci so deleterious when injected" were seemingly "harmless on the surface of wounds and ulcers". An observation of the existence of some staphylococci as part of the normal flora.Ogston encountered a great deal of difficulty convincing the medical establishment of his observations on Staphylococcus.
The Aberdeen branch of the BMA, received his findings with disbelief. The editor of the British Medical Journal stated at the time 'can anything good come out of Aberdeen'. After a careful study of the evidence presented by Ogston, his contemporary, Joseph Lister agreed with his findings however, another peer, Watson Cheyne was still sceptical.
Given this local skeptisim, Ogston decided to present his discoveries to a surgical congress in Berlin where he had previously presented a paper "genu valgum" on 9 April 1880.
Ogston delivered this presentation on abscesses in German which was then published. He was subsequently made a 'Fellow' of the German Surgical Society despite his youth (36 years old).
The next year Ogston published his observations in the British Medical Journal. After this point his papers were refused, and instead he published in the Journal of Anatomy and Physiology.
Military career
Ogston served in the 1884 Egyptian War and the Boer War. He was also instrumental in arguing for the creation of the Royal Army Medical Corps in 1898. During the First World War when over seventy years old, he was sent to assist with the management of severe trauma.
Private life
Ogston married twice. He had three children with his first wife Mary Jane Molly Ogston (née Hargrave). They were Mary Letitia, Francis, Flora and Walter Henry. His wife died in 1873 and he later remarried and they had five children, Alfred James, Douglas John, Helen Charlotte Elizabeth, Constance Amelia Irene, Rose, Alexander and Ranald Frederick. Both Helen and Constance were active suffragettes.
Royal acknowledgement
In 1892, Queen Victoria appointed him Surgeon in Ordinary, a post he also held under King Edward VII and King George V. He was appointed Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order in 1912.
Legacy
The Surgical Society of the University of Aberdeen is named the "Ogston Society" in his honour. The University Department of Surgery also awards an annual prize in his honour to the best student in surgery.
== References ==
|
educated at
|
{
"answer_start": [
285
],
"text": [
"University of Aberdeen"
]
}
|
Sir Alexander Ogston MD CM LLD (19 April 1844 – 1 February 1929) was a British surgeon, famous for his discovery of Staphylococcus.
Life
Ogston was the eldest son of Amelia Cadenhead and her husband Prof. Francis Ogston (1803–1887), Professor of Medical Jurisprudence at the University of Aberdeen. He had a brother who was also a professor.
University of Aberdeen
Ogston began his medical training at Marischal College in 1862 and graduated as Bachelor of Medicine and Master of Surgery at the recently united University of Aberdeen in 1865 with honours in medicine and surgery at the age of 21.
He obtained his MD a year later in 1866. He was appointed as a full surgeon to the Aberdeen Royal Infirmary in 1874. He was Assistant Professor of Medical Jurisprudence and Materia Medica, Lecturer in Ophthalmology and Anaesthetist before being appointed as Regius Professor of Surgery in 1882. He is credited with the introduction of carbolic spray to Aberdeen.
Staphylococcus
Ogston was reported to have called on Joseph Lister and rigorously followed his antiseptic principles. These are aptly phrased in a small ditty composed by his students.
The spray, the spray, the antiseptic spray
A.O. would shower it morning, night and day
For every sort of scratch
Where others would attach
A sticking plaster patch
He gave the spray.Ogston followed the work of other contemporaries such as Koch, J.C. Ewart from Edinburgh (published on different types of bacteria), and Kohler from Berne (who found bacteria in cases of osteomyelitis and 'strumitis'.
Following his examination of the organisms from the abscess of James Davidson, Ogston used the shed behind his house as a laboratory (receiving a grant (£50) from the British Medical Association (BMA), with which he purchased a Zeiss microscope and the methyl-aniline dye used by Koch) to continue his research.
Following Kochs postulates and staining methods, Ogston set about isolating the causative organism of Davidson's wound. By experiment Ogston concluded that the optimal conditions for cultivation of this organism were hen's egg medium grown in small bottles shielded from contamination by glass 'shades. Using samples from 82 abscesses, Ogston successfully isolated bacteria from 65 samples, the others being referred to as "cold". He was then able to transfer pure colonies to guinea-pigs, white mice or wild mice.
Ogston soon realised there were '"two forms of micrococcus: one in the form of chains or necklaces to which the name 'streptococcus' had been given and produced the more violent inflammation, and the other growing in masses or clusters [like the roe of a fish], to which I gave the name 'staphylococcus' which cause a less violent inflammatory disease'. He also noted that a transferring a 1/146 016 000 dilution of the original pus sample could induce abscesses in new subjects. Ogston demonstrated that these bacteria could be killed by heat or carbolic acid, fulfilling Kochs postulates. He also noted that " micrococci so deleterious when injected" were seemingly "harmless on the surface of wounds and ulcers". An observation of the existence of some staphylococci as part of the normal flora.Ogston encountered a great deal of difficulty convincing the medical establishment of his observations on Staphylococcus.
The Aberdeen branch of the BMA, received his findings with disbelief. The editor of the British Medical Journal stated at the time 'can anything good come out of Aberdeen'. After a careful study of the evidence presented by Ogston, his contemporary, Joseph Lister agreed with his findings however, another peer, Watson Cheyne was still sceptical.
Given this local skeptisim, Ogston decided to present his discoveries to a surgical congress in Berlin where he had previously presented a paper "genu valgum" on 9 April 1880.
Ogston delivered this presentation on abscesses in German which was then published. He was subsequently made a 'Fellow' of the German Surgical Society despite his youth (36 years old).
The next year Ogston published his observations in the British Medical Journal. After this point his papers were refused, and instead he published in the Journal of Anatomy and Physiology.
Military career
Ogston served in the 1884 Egyptian War and the Boer War. He was also instrumental in arguing for the creation of the Royal Army Medical Corps in 1898. During the First World War when over seventy years old, he was sent to assist with the management of severe trauma.
Private life
Ogston married twice. He had three children with his first wife Mary Jane Molly Ogston (née Hargrave). They were Mary Letitia, Francis, Flora and Walter Henry. His wife died in 1873 and he later remarried and they had five children, Alfred James, Douglas John, Helen Charlotte Elizabeth, Constance Amelia Irene, Rose, Alexander and Ranald Frederick. Both Helen and Constance were active suffragettes.
Royal acknowledgement
In 1892, Queen Victoria appointed him Surgeon in Ordinary, a post he also held under King Edward VII and King George V. He was appointed Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order in 1912.
Legacy
The Surgical Society of the University of Aberdeen is named the "Ogston Society" in his honour. The University Department of Surgery also awards an annual prize in his honour to the best student in surgery.
== References ==
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
80
],
"text": [
"surgeon"
]
}
|
Sir Alexander Ogston MD CM LLD (19 April 1844 – 1 February 1929) was a British surgeon, famous for his discovery of Staphylococcus.
Life
Ogston was the eldest son of Amelia Cadenhead and her husband Prof. Francis Ogston (1803–1887), Professor of Medical Jurisprudence at the University of Aberdeen. He had a brother who was also a professor.
University of Aberdeen
Ogston began his medical training at Marischal College in 1862 and graduated as Bachelor of Medicine and Master of Surgery at the recently united University of Aberdeen in 1865 with honours in medicine and surgery at the age of 21.
He obtained his MD a year later in 1866. He was appointed as a full surgeon to the Aberdeen Royal Infirmary in 1874. He was Assistant Professor of Medical Jurisprudence and Materia Medica, Lecturer in Ophthalmology and Anaesthetist before being appointed as Regius Professor of Surgery in 1882. He is credited with the introduction of carbolic spray to Aberdeen.
Staphylococcus
Ogston was reported to have called on Joseph Lister and rigorously followed his antiseptic principles. These are aptly phrased in a small ditty composed by his students.
The spray, the spray, the antiseptic spray
A.O. would shower it morning, night and day
For every sort of scratch
Where others would attach
A sticking plaster patch
He gave the spray.Ogston followed the work of other contemporaries such as Koch, J.C. Ewart from Edinburgh (published on different types of bacteria), and Kohler from Berne (who found bacteria in cases of osteomyelitis and 'strumitis'.
Following his examination of the organisms from the abscess of James Davidson, Ogston used the shed behind his house as a laboratory (receiving a grant (£50) from the British Medical Association (BMA), with which he purchased a Zeiss microscope and the methyl-aniline dye used by Koch) to continue his research.
Following Kochs postulates and staining methods, Ogston set about isolating the causative organism of Davidson's wound. By experiment Ogston concluded that the optimal conditions for cultivation of this organism were hen's egg medium grown in small bottles shielded from contamination by glass 'shades. Using samples from 82 abscesses, Ogston successfully isolated bacteria from 65 samples, the others being referred to as "cold". He was then able to transfer pure colonies to guinea-pigs, white mice or wild mice.
Ogston soon realised there were '"two forms of micrococcus: one in the form of chains or necklaces to which the name 'streptococcus' had been given and produced the more violent inflammation, and the other growing in masses or clusters [like the roe of a fish], to which I gave the name 'staphylococcus' which cause a less violent inflammatory disease'. He also noted that a transferring a 1/146 016 000 dilution of the original pus sample could induce abscesses in new subjects. Ogston demonstrated that these bacteria could be killed by heat or carbolic acid, fulfilling Kochs postulates. He also noted that " micrococci so deleterious when injected" were seemingly "harmless on the surface of wounds and ulcers". An observation of the existence of some staphylococci as part of the normal flora.Ogston encountered a great deal of difficulty convincing the medical establishment of his observations on Staphylococcus.
The Aberdeen branch of the BMA, received his findings with disbelief. The editor of the British Medical Journal stated at the time 'can anything good come out of Aberdeen'. After a careful study of the evidence presented by Ogston, his contemporary, Joseph Lister agreed with his findings however, another peer, Watson Cheyne was still sceptical.
Given this local skeptisim, Ogston decided to present his discoveries to a surgical congress in Berlin where he had previously presented a paper "genu valgum" on 9 April 1880.
Ogston delivered this presentation on abscesses in German which was then published. He was subsequently made a 'Fellow' of the German Surgical Society despite his youth (36 years old).
The next year Ogston published his observations in the British Medical Journal. After this point his papers were refused, and instead he published in the Journal of Anatomy and Physiology.
Military career
Ogston served in the 1884 Egyptian War and the Boer War. He was also instrumental in arguing for the creation of the Royal Army Medical Corps in 1898. During the First World War when over seventy years old, he was sent to assist with the management of severe trauma.
Private life
Ogston married twice. He had three children with his first wife Mary Jane Molly Ogston (née Hargrave). They were Mary Letitia, Francis, Flora and Walter Henry. His wife died in 1873 and he later remarried and they had five children, Alfred James, Douglas John, Helen Charlotte Elizabeth, Constance Amelia Irene, Rose, Alexander and Ranald Frederick. Both Helen and Constance were active suffragettes.
Royal acknowledgement
In 1892, Queen Victoria appointed him Surgeon in Ordinary, a post he also held under King Edward VII and King George V. He was appointed Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order in 1912.
Legacy
The Surgical Society of the University of Aberdeen is named the "Ogston Society" in his honour. The University Department of Surgery also awards an annual prize in his honour to the best student in surgery.
== References ==
|
employer
|
{
"answer_start": [
285
],
"text": [
"University of Aberdeen"
]
}
|
Sir Alexander Ogston MD CM LLD (19 April 1844 – 1 February 1929) was a British surgeon, famous for his discovery of Staphylococcus.
Life
Ogston was the eldest son of Amelia Cadenhead and her husband Prof. Francis Ogston (1803–1887), Professor of Medical Jurisprudence at the University of Aberdeen. He had a brother who was also a professor.
University of Aberdeen
Ogston began his medical training at Marischal College in 1862 and graduated as Bachelor of Medicine and Master of Surgery at the recently united University of Aberdeen in 1865 with honours in medicine and surgery at the age of 21.
He obtained his MD a year later in 1866. He was appointed as a full surgeon to the Aberdeen Royal Infirmary in 1874. He was Assistant Professor of Medical Jurisprudence and Materia Medica, Lecturer in Ophthalmology and Anaesthetist before being appointed as Regius Professor of Surgery in 1882. He is credited with the introduction of carbolic spray to Aberdeen.
Staphylococcus
Ogston was reported to have called on Joseph Lister and rigorously followed his antiseptic principles. These are aptly phrased in a small ditty composed by his students.
The spray, the spray, the antiseptic spray
A.O. would shower it morning, night and day
For every sort of scratch
Where others would attach
A sticking plaster patch
He gave the spray.Ogston followed the work of other contemporaries such as Koch, J.C. Ewart from Edinburgh (published on different types of bacteria), and Kohler from Berne (who found bacteria in cases of osteomyelitis and 'strumitis'.
Following his examination of the organisms from the abscess of James Davidson, Ogston used the shed behind his house as a laboratory (receiving a grant (£50) from the British Medical Association (BMA), with which he purchased a Zeiss microscope and the methyl-aniline dye used by Koch) to continue his research.
Following Kochs postulates and staining methods, Ogston set about isolating the causative organism of Davidson's wound. By experiment Ogston concluded that the optimal conditions for cultivation of this organism were hen's egg medium grown in small bottles shielded from contamination by glass 'shades. Using samples from 82 abscesses, Ogston successfully isolated bacteria from 65 samples, the others being referred to as "cold". He was then able to transfer pure colonies to guinea-pigs, white mice or wild mice.
Ogston soon realised there were '"two forms of micrococcus: one in the form of chains or necklaces to which the name 'streptococcus' had been given and produced the more violent inflammation, and the other growing in masses or clusters [like the roe of a fish], to which I gave the name 'staphylococcus' which cause a less violent inflammatory disease'. He also noted that a transferring a 1/146 016 000 dilution of the original pus sample could induce abscesses in new subjects. Ogston demonstrated that these bacteria could be killed by heat or carbolic acid, fulfilling Kochs postulates. He also noted that " micrococci so deleterious when injected" were seemingly "harmless on the surface of wounds and ulcers". An observation of the existence of some staphylococci as part of the normal flora.Ogston encountered a great deal of difficulty convincing the medical establishment of his observations on Staphylococcus.
The Aberdeen branch of the BMA, received his findings with disbelief. The editor of the British Medical Journal stated at the time 'can anything good come out of Aberdeen'. After a careful study of the evidence presented by Ogston, his contemporary, Joseph Lister agreed with his findings however, another peer, Watson Cheyne was still sceptical.
Given this local skeptisim, Ogston decided to present his discoveries to a surgical congress in Berlin where he had previously presented a paper "genu valgum" on 9 April 1880.
Ogston delivered this presentation on abscesses in German which was then published. He was subsequently made a 'Fellow' of the German Surgical Society despite his youth (36 years old).
The next year Ogston published his observations in the British Medical Journal. After this point his papers were refused, and instead he published in the Journal of Anatomy and Physiology.
Military career
Ogston served in the 1884 Egyptian War and the Boer War. He was also instrumental in arguing for the creation of the Royal Army Medical Corps in 1898. During the First World War when over seventy years old, he was sent to assist with the management of severe trauma.
Private life
Ogston married twice. He had three children with his first wife Mary Jane Molly Ogston (née Hargrave). They were Mary Letitia, Francis, Flora and Walter Henry. His wife died in 1873 and he later remarried and they had five children, Alfred James, Douglas John, Helen Charlotte Elizabeth, Constance Amelia Irene, Rose, Alexander and Ranald Frederick. Both Helen and Constance were active suffragettes.
Royal acknowledgement
In 1892, Queen Victoria appointed him Surgeon in Ordinary, a post he also held under King Edward VII and King George V. He was appointed Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order in 1912.
Legacy
The Surgical Society of the University of Aberdeen is named the "Ogston Society" in his honour. The University Department of Surgery also awards an annual prize in his honour to the best student in surgery.
== References ==
|
award received
|
{
"answer_start": [
5063
],
"text": [
"Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order"
]
}
|
Sir Alexander Ogston MD CM LLD (19 April 1844 – 1 February 1929) was a British surgeon, famous for his discovery of Staphylococcus.
Life
Ogston was the eldest son of Amelia Cadenhead and her husband Prof. Francis Ogston (1803–1887), Professor of Medical Jurisprudence at the University of Aberdeen. He had a brother who was also a professor.
University of Aberdeen
Ogston began his medical training at Marischal College in 1862 and graduated as Bachelor of Medicine and Master of Surgery at the recently united University of Aberdeen in 1865 with honours in medicine and surgery at the age of 21.
He obtained his MD a year later in 1866. He was appointed as a full surgeon to the Aberdeen Royal Infirmary in 1874. He was Assistant Professor of Medical Jurisprudence and Materia Medica, Lecturer in Ophthalmology and Anaesthetist before being appointed as Regius Professor of Surgery in 1882. He is credited with the introduction of carbolic spray to Aberdeen.
Staphylococcus
Ogston was reported to have called on Joseph Lister and rigorously followed his antiseptic principles. These are aptly phrased in a small ditty composed by his students.
The spray, the spray, the antiseptic spray
A.O. would shower it morning, night and day
For every sort of scratch
Where others would attach
A sticking plaster patch
He gave the spray.Ogston followed the work of other contemporaries such as Koch, J.C. Ewart from Edinburgh (published on different types of bacteria), and Kohler from Berne (who found bacteria in cases of osteomyelitis and 'strumitis'.
Following his examination of the organisms from the abscess of James Davidson, Ogston used the shed behind his house as a laboratory (receiving a grant (£50) from the British Medical Association (BMA), with which he purchased a Zeiss microscope and the methyl-aniline dye used by Koch) to continue his research.
Following Kochs postulates and staining methods, Ogston set about isolating the causative organism of Davidson's wound. By experiment Ogston concluded that the optimal conditions for cultivation of this organism were hen's egg medium grown in small bottles shielded from contamination by glass 'shades. Using samples from 82 abscesses, Ogston successfully isolated bacteria from 65 samples, the others being referred to as "cold". He was then able to transfer pure colonies to guinea-pigs, white mice or wild mice.
Ogston soon realised there were '"two forms of micrococcus: one in the form of chains or necklaces to which the name 'streptococcus' had been given and produced the more violent inflammation, and the other growing in masses or clusters [like the roe of a fish], to which I gave the name 'staphylococcus' which cause a less violent inflammatory disease'. He also noted that a transferring a 1/146 016 000 dilution of the original pus sample could induce abscesses in new subjects. Ogston demonstrated that these bacteria could be killed by heat or carbolic acid, fulfilling Kochs postulates. He also noted that " micrococci so deleterious when injected" were seemingly "harmless on the surface of wounds and ulcers". An observation of the existence of some staphylococci as part of the normal flora.Ogston encountered a great deal of difficulty convincing the medical establishment of his observations on Staphylococcus.
The Aberdeen branch of the BMA, received his findings with disbelief. The editor of the British Medical Journal stated at the time 'can anything good come out of Aberdeen'. After a careful study of the evidence presented by Ogston, his contemporary, Joseph Lister agreed with his findings however, another peer, Watson Cheyne was still sceptical.
Given this local skeptisim, Ogston decided to present his discoveries to a surgical congress in Berlin where he had previously presented a paper "genu valgum" on 9 April 1880.
Ogston delivered this presentation on abscesses in German which was then published. He was subsequently made a 'Fellow' of the German Surgical Society despite his youth (36 years old).
The next year Ogston published his observations in the British Medical Journal. After this point his papers were refused, and instead he published in the Journal of Anatomy and Physiology.
Military career
Ogston served in the 1884 Egyptian War and the Boer War. He was also instrumental in arguing for the creation of the Royal Army Medical Corps in 1898. During the First World War when over seventy years old, he was sent to assist with the management of severe trauma.
Private life
Ogston married twice. He had three children with his first wife Mary Jane Molly Ogston (née Hargrave). They were Mary Letitia, Francis, Flora and Walter Henry. His wife died in 1873 and he later remarried and they had five children, Alfred James, Douglas John, Helen Charlotte Elizabeth, Constance Amelia Irene, Rose, Alexander and Ranald Frederick. Both Helen and Constance were active suffragettes.
Royal acknowledgement
In 1892, Queen Victoria appointed him Surgeon in Ordinary, a post he also held under King Edward VII and King George V. He was appointed Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order in 1912.
Legacy
The Surgical Society of the University of Aberdeen is named the "Ogston Society" in his honour. The University Department of Surgery also awards an annual prize in his honour to the best student in surgery.
== References ==
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Commons category
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