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Which of the following functions is not characteristic of mitochondria?:
|
Oxidative phosphorylation and ATP synthesis.
|
Biosynthesis of amino acids.
|
Post-translational modifications of proteins in the secretory pathway (glycosylations and disulfide bridges).
|
Biology
|
Homeostasis of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
| 46 | 4 |
6c67f2e0-f798-4e60-9dc3-d1c745d459f2
|
2023
|
Through what mechanism does the lumen of lysosomes and vacuoles become acidified?
|
Through a proton pump.
|
Through facilitated diffusion of ions.
|
By the Ca2+ pump.
|
Biology
|
Through the Na+/K+ pump.
| 47 | 2 |
e25b402e-8214-46c4-8bf8-f08db4c76dde
|
2023
|
In what stage of the cell cycle does the replication of genetic material occur in eukaryotic cells?
|
During the S phase.
|
During the G1 phase.
|
In prometaphase.
|
Biology
|
In prophase.
| 48 | 2 |
860ea54b-0617-4028-8184-709dbfdd9e50
|
2023
|
How do G protein-coupled membrane receptors transmit the signal?
|
Its ligands, of a hydrophobic nature, directly cross the membrane activating a small intracellular GTPase.
|
The ligand binds to the seven-transmembrane domain receptor that is associated with a heterotrimeric G protein.
|
The receptor itself, after binding to the ligand, hydrolyzes GTP and transmits the signal to the next effector.
|
Biology
|
The extracellular ligand binds to the receptor with tyrosine kinase activity which is associated with a G protein.
| 49 | 1 |
f258de8d-c9cf-497b-8cb8-58bf0c95f7c2
|
2023
|
The microvilli:
|
They contain actin filaments.
|
They are keratin skin appendages.
|
They are involved in amoeboid movement.
|
Biology
|
They are involved in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition.
| 50 | 2 |
42089510-6e21-4f91-929c-6dc084625c02
|
2023
|
Molecular chaperones are involved in:
|
The fusion of synaptic vesicles.
|
The folding of proteins.
|
The organization of the centromeres.
|
Biology
|
The blocking of actin filaments.
| 51 | 1 |
dcc40ce9-08bd-4691-946c-6b3b4cdd9fd7
|
2023
|
The coronary flow during systole:
|
It is GREATER in the Thebesian veins.
|
It is GREATER in the endocardium.
|
It is LESSER in the endocardium.
|
Biology
|
It is GREATER in the epicardium.
| 52 | 4 |
a6f34372-8808-471f-9966-629c4dabebfe
|
2023
|
Regarding the G protein-coupled receptors:
|
They can activate the increase of cAMP in the cytosol.
|
They are ion transporters.
|
One of the subunits of the G protein is an adenylyl cyclase.
|
Biology
|
They depend on ATP for their activation.
| 53 | 2 |
18286a33-d9fb-4a30-95a9-be3c545e56b9
|
2023
|
The retinoblastoma protein (Rb):
|
It is a tumor suppressor protein.
|
It activates the transition from G2 to M.
|
Blocks p53, favoring the progression of the cell cycle.
|
Biology
|
Inactivates the cyclin D-dependent kinase.
| 54 | 2 |
8885c973-f7cb-4038-8e51-59500ebedc1e
|
2023
|
The structures called connexons are characteristic of:
|
Adherent junctions like adhesive belts (zonula adherens).
|
The occluding junctions or tight junctions (zonula occludens).
|
The contacts or focal adhesions.
|
Biology
|
Gap junctions or nexuses.
| 55 | 3 |
348c9357-90fc-46ee-aa1f-48dd002c2cdd
|
2023
|
Which of the following organs is lined with simple columnar epithelium?:
|
The esophagus.
|
The intestine.
|
The pulmonary alveoli.
|
Biology
|
The urinary bladder.
| 56 | 1 |
0ebc38a9-2c40-4c7a-88bb-83b682695701
|
2023
|
The so-called "isogenic or isogenous groups" are specific:
|
Of the cartilaginous tissue.
|
From the dense fibrous connective tissue.
|
From the brown adipose tissue.
|
Biology
|
Of the bone tissue.
| 57 | 2 |
b9e318cb-5a7a-4718-a40b-95ff16e13973
|
2023
|
Which of the following cell types of connective tissue are derived from blood monocytes?:
|
The adipocytes.
|
The plasma cells.
|
Mast cells or basophils.
|
Biology
|
The macrophages.
| 58 | 3 |
b6f5a487-e6f0-4250-a58c-93e295fe3295
|
2023
|
Which of the following cells usually have more than one cell nucleus?:
|
Smooth muscle cells.
|
Cells from the germinal layer of the skin epithelium.
|
Pericytes.
|
Biology
|
Osteoclasts.
| 59 | 3 |
0ed81fa4-0480-489f-9c2b-f845dcbe3958
|
2023
|
In the ovary, the Graafian follicle has a basal membrane that separates:
|
The inner and outer theca.
|
The granulosa of the inner theca.
|
The cumulus oophorus of the follicular antrum.
|
Biology
|
The oocyte of the granulosa cells.
| 60 | 1 |
d59f7eb7-36ad-4292-bf60-60e8a322489e
|
2023
|
The epithelium of the nasopharynx is:
|
Flat and ciliated.
|
Stratified with goblet cells.
|
Pseudostratified and ciliated.
|
Biology
|
Pseudostratified with keratin.
| 61 | 4 |
029c0526-c80e-4e84-9c94-9f3490765a72
|
2023
|
The cells that surround the neurons of the nerve ganglia are called:
|
Oligodendrocytes.
|
Schwann cells.
|
Astrocytes.
|
Biology
|
Satellite cells.
| 62 | 3 |
ddb81ded-d509-4a8c-8985-dfaa56411628
|
2023
|
One function of astrocytes is:
|
Provide structural and metabolic support to the neuron.
|
Act as a transmitter.
|
Contain enzymes to degrade the neuron in case of functional failure.
|
Biology
|
Form synapses.
| 63 | 2 |
dc82f201-8d07-4a9f-863f-0e5d7d2220c2
|
2023
|
The blood capillaries are composed of:
|
Several layers of endothelial cells.
|
A layer of mesenchymal cells.
|
A layer of endothelial cells and a basal lamina.
|
Biology
|
A layer of endothelial cells and another of smooth muscle cells.
| 64 | 4 |
adf00efe-cd91-4119-85fe-5401ef5ea747
|
2023
|
The endocardium is composed of:
|
A simple cylindrical epithelium and a layer of smooth muscle cells.
|
A simple squamous epithelium and a layer of connective tissue.
|
A layer of endothelial cells that rests directly on the myocardium.
|
Biology
|
A simple ciliated cylindrical epithelium and a layer of striated muscle cells.
| 65 | 1 |
39d68f05-44a2-4ae7-b471-070d88d3e1cd
|
2023
|
The Billroth cords are characteristic of:
|
Spleen.
|
Liver.
|
Adrenal gland.
|
Biology
|
Testicle.
| 66 | 2 |
c347d384-294c-4edc-a9e4-4ba0b27ea84a
|
2023
|
The clusters of lymphoid nodules in the ileum are called:
|
Peyer's Patches.
|
Brunner's Glands.
|
Lieberkühn's Crypts.
|
Biology
|
Paneth cells.
| 67 | 2 |
3d02bb37-7cfd-45f1-a137-8733384a064c
|
2023
|
The chromosomes that have a displaced centromere, between the center and the end, with one arm slightly longer than the other, are called:
|
Submetacentric.
|
Metacentric.
|
Acrocentric.
|
Biology
|
Telocentric.
| 68 | 2 |
4e545303-c577-42f8-a922-15cc33fa79a3
|
2023
|
The organisms of a given species have a diploid number equal to 18. In this species, how many chromosomes would a triploid individual have?
|
19.
|
17.
|
36.
|
Biology
|
27.
| 69 | 3 |
578522ed-8357-4a83-9171-4cc480aceb16
|
2023
|
To be effective, a gene substitution therapy must ensure that the healthy gene is introduced into the target cell and:
|
Produce the correct amount of the desired normal protein.
|
Destroy the defective endogenous gene.
|
It is inserted into the mitochondria.
|
Biology
|
It binds to the cellular messenger RNA.
| 71 | 2 |
94119128-9d5e-4370-9f16-88f6f39233ae
|
2023
|
Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder caused by mutations in:
|
The HEXA gene that causes a significant deficiency of the enzyme hexosaminidase A (hex A).
|
The PAH gene, which encodes an enzyme that converts phenylalanine into tyrosine.
|
The SERPINA1 gene causes a deficiency of the enzyme α1-antitrypsin (α1AT).
|
Biology
|
The CFTR gene, which encodes a chloride channel located in the apical membrane of some epithelial cells.
| 72 | 3 |
4b51e08e-5a3c-47c6-945e-514cbfd305bf
|
2023
|
The phenotypic expression of a hereditary trait depends on the:
|
Genotype and population size.
|
Genotype exclusively.
|
Genotype, environment, and population size.
|
Biology
|
Genotype and environment.
| 73 | 3 |
ac1c85d8-7c8e-4c53-924a-d75884b7f084
|
2023
|
The Ames test is used for:
|
Measure the intensity of ultraviolet radiation.
|
Measure the frequency with which a mutation reverts.
|
Detect the mutagenicity of a substance.
|
Biology
|
Detect the reparative capacity of a substance.
| 74 | 4 |
eda4babe-9796-48af-81b8-ae4db0d2519f
|
2023
|
The action of telomerase:
|
Promotes the aging of the genome.
|
Counters the replicative shortening of the chromosomes.
|
It only takes place in germ cells.
|
Biology
|
It cleaves the telomeres at the end of the S phase of the cell cycle.
| 75 | 1 |
fed85880-0622-455c-ae4b-67537e4faa04
|
2023
|
The presence of premature stop codons in eukaryotic messenger RNA:
|
It prevents the termination of its transcription.
|
Promotes alternative splicing processes.
|
Induces its rapid degradation.
|
Biology
|
It produces more stable proteins.
| 76 | 4 |
6c877384-84bd-4d76-b4e0-9435ae0d2884
|
2023
|
A deoxynucleotide is composed of:
|
A hydrogen base, a pentose, and a phosphoric acid.
|
A nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar, and a phosphoric acid.
|
Two nitrogenous bases, a five-carbon sugar, and a phosphoric acid.
|
Biology
|
A nitrogenous base, a hexose, and a phosphoric acid.
| 77 | 1 |
dcc3969b-964d-4b2d-a151-c79c054b0601
|
2023
|
The nucleosome is composed of:
|
Four copies of each of the histones H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 and 147 bp of DNA.
|
Two copies of each of the histones H2A, H2B, H3 and H4, and 1470 bp of DNA.
|
Four copies of each of the histones H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 and 1470 bp of DNA.
|
Biology
|
Two copies of each of the histones H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 and 147 bp of DNA.
| 78 | 3 |
67b11fb9-5c7c-45ff-b99c-9868a7b62c35
|
2023
|
The RNA Polymerase I transcribes the ribosomal genes:
|
5.8s, 18s and 28s.
|
5s, 18s and 28s.
|
8.5s, 18s and 28s.
|
Biology
|
8s, 18s and 28s.
| 79 | 2 |
d333fa73-97ef-40d5-8009-5f24868a161e
|
2023
|
The DNA ligase enzyme:
|
Unwind the double helix of DNA.
|
Synthesizes the initiator RNA.
|
Joins the Okazaki fragments.
|
Biology
|
Cleaves the Okazaki fragments.
| 80 | 4 |
ae451708-fef3-4677-a7a6-e3a47d3b66b2
|
2023
|
The double helix of DNA has a diameter of:
|
3.4 nanometers.
|
2 nanometers.
|
34 nanometers.
|
Biology
|
20 nanometers.
| 81 | 1 |
68f933b4-5632-45b9-9461-3b2e16258b20
|
2023
|
Hemophilia A is a type of disease:
|
Linked to the X chromosome.
|
Linked to the Y chromosome.
|
With maternal imprint.
|
Biology
|
With paternal imprint.
| 82 | 2 |
e4df1dff-e443-4899-9192-8bd32bba36b8
|
2023
|
Monosomy consists of:
|
Gain of a chromosome.
|
Loss of a chromosome.
|
Gain of a pair of homologous chromosomes.
|
Biology
|
Loss of a pair of homologous chromosomes.
| 83 | 1 |
69b49ce9-e522-48ca-9357-5cb611afbfc5
|
2023
|
Which of the following mutations would be classified as a transition?:
|
CGA to CCA.
|
CGA to AGA.
|
CGA to CGG.
|
Biology
|
CGA to CGT.
| 84 | 4 |
838721d4-4e34-4c59-9554-ecf3b9a8152d
|
2023
|
The child of a couple in which the mother's blood group is A and the father's is B, could be:
|
Exclusively group A or group B.
|
Exclusively group AB.
|
Group A, Group B, Group AB, or Group 0.
|
Biology
|
Only group A, group B or group AB.
| 85 | 4 |
cb4e5e32-67d3-48c5-91b6-7c9be37232a6
|
2023
|
A person with 45 chromosomes has a:
|
Aneuploidy.
|
Euploidy.
|
Trisomy.
|
Biology
|
Monoploidy.
| 86 | 2 |
d4db09e2-6f22-4fa8-92cb-46cd21d4840f
|
2023
|
The telomerase:
|
Synthesizes DNA in the telomeres without using a template.
|
It degrades the DNA of the telomeres.
|
It synthesizes DNA in the telomeres using RNA as a template.
|
Biology
|
It synthesizes DNA in the telomeres using DNA as a template.
| 87 | 4 |
369317d2-8ae0-4cbd-a96d-a128fbf4b485
|
2023
|
A ribozyme is:
|
An RNA that encodes a protein with enzymatic functions.
|
A complex formed by RNA and proteins.
|
A protein that degrades RNA molecules.
|
Biology
|
A RNA molecule with catalytic functions.
| 88 | 3 |
726f1212-4846-42aa-8fce-d2829bfe04dc
|
2023
|
If the melting or denaturation temperature (Tm) of a DNA sample (A) is higher than that of a sample (B), it means that:
|
Sample A is richer in GC pairs than sample B.
|
Sample A is richer in AT pairs than sample B.
|
The GC pair content is similar in both samples.
|
Biology
|
The content of AT pairs is similar in both samples.
| 89 | 2 |
b95586f7-b32b-4949-9a79-f798b5f5bf5a
|
2023
|
How many DNA molecules does a diploid cell 2n=36 contain during the G1 phase of the cell cycle?
|
36.
|
18.
|
108.
|
Biology
|
72.
| 90 | 2 |
008ff3a0-1fc1-4c2e-b984-3a68af8f4944
|
2023
|
Immunological memory is due to the presence of:
|
Immature lymphocytes.
|
NK Cells.
|
Lymphocytes sensitized to antigens.
|
Biology
|
Neutrophils.
| 91 | 4 |
bdedd05b-556c-43a6-8b28-7733b44d9556
|
2023
|
Do macrophages produce chemokines?
|
YES, it is one of their responses.
|
Macrophages DO NOT produce chemokines, only epithelial cells can produce them.
|
Only in a state of health.
|
Biology
|
It is not known.
| 92 | 2 |
9c31ea7a-12ff-45ec-90a9-578c9e86ae23
|
2023
|
What is one of the most characteristic markers of B cells?
|
CD32.
|
CD14.
|
CD38.
|
Biology
|
CD19.
| 93 | 3 |
96d1581a-7383-42ee-8422-0ad781f49257
|
2023
|
In T lymphocytes, the ITAM domains:
|
They participate in cell adhesion.
|
They are found in the alpha and beta chains of the TCR.
|
They are in the extracellular domain of the CD3 chains.
|
Biology
|
They are phosphorylated by the action of tyrosine kinases.
| 94 | 3 |
abc2ab6f-5f9a-4de6-bb72-f24674cc1bfa
|
2023
|
What is the ligand of the CD40L molecule present in T lymphocytes?
|
CD8.
|
CD4.
|
CD56.
|
Biology
|
CD40.
| 95 | 3 |
b98f51f1-c1f7-4610-b018-aabc8f795685
|
2023
|
Which of these molecules is mainly produced by T lymphocytes?:
|
Interleukin 1.
|
Beta interferon.
|
Gamma interferon.
|
Biology
|
Complement component 1.
| 96 | 4 |
5dde761e-a5cb-42be-912c-7517fd232a2e
|
2023
|
Which Toll-like receptor (TLR) has nucleic acids as its ligand?:
|
TLR4.
|
TLR2.
|
TLR9.
|
Biology
|
TLR5.
| 97 | 4 |
64e7f465-347d-4ab3-9122-51c9b98742a1
|
2023
|
Which technique allows quantifying antigens or soluble immunoglobulins in the plasma?
|
Immunocytochemistry.
|
ELISA.
|
RNAseq.
|
Biology
|
ELISpot.
| 98 | 1 |
068c5ed7-9ce1-4678-8808-2d5245cf13de
|
2023
|
Which myeloid lineage cell is usually present in the blood?:
|
Plasma cell.
|
T lymphocyte.
|
Macrophage.
|
Biology
|
Basophil.
| 99 | 3 |
85f84b99-c900-4a3f-b8a5-32041c374091
|
2023
|
What type of lymphocytes predominantly recognize peptides bound to the major histocompatibility complex type I (MHC-I)?
|
NK Cells.
|
CD4 T lymphocytes.
|
B Lymphocytes.
|
Biology
|
CD8 T lymphocytes.
| 100 | 3 |
dd93aa9c-e110-439f-b753-4d77beffb455
|
2023
|
Which characteristic is not typical of adaptive immunity?:
|
It is triggered in a few hours.
|
To have memory.
|
Be very specific.
|
Biology
|
Show clonal expansion.
| 101 | 2 |
69d85d89-bbf5-4657-9ed1-ad5f37c2c6b6
|
2023
|
What is the name given to the graft transplanted between two subjects with identical genetic composition?
|
Allogenic.
|
Autogenous.
|
Syngeneic.
|
Biology
|
Xenogeneic.
| 102 | 4 |
e8f4db3c-b0cf-48e7-8df7-5d2567d78632
|
2023
|
Which immunoglobulin lacks a hinge region?:
|
IgM.
|
IgA.
|
IgD.
|
Biology
|
IgG.
| 103 | 2 |
34ee4fc0-e482-413c-8adc-3610f3cc7b89
|
2023
|
What antibody is primarily contained in breast milk:
|
IgM.
|
IgD.
|
IgE.
|
Biology
|
IgA.
| 104 | 3 |
84b93a98-e593-4c28-ad27-5f9bff9db72c
|
2023
|
Which of the following receptors is not found on the cell surface (plasma membrane) of macrophages?:
|
TLR4.
|
TLR1.
|
TLR7.
|
Biology
|
TLR5.
| 105 | 4 |
a6841b91-b245-4703-9359-12e4223aee6b
|
2023
|
The transfer of maternal antibodies to the fetus, which allows newborns to fight infections, is considered:
|
Humoral adaptive immunization.
|
Passive immunization.
|
Mixed immunization.
|
Biology
|
Active immunization.
| 106 | 1 |
4649bb2e-1e1f-4f8d-9d9a-56b0aff3abb5
|
2023
|
Regarding the adaptive immune response, when we say that one of its characteristics is "diversity or variability", we refer to the fact that:
|
Increases the ability to fight repeated infections by various pathogens.
|
The number of specific lymphocytes capable of controlling microorganisms against the antigen increases.
|
It ensures that the immune response against an antigen (microbial or not) is directed at that antigen.
|
Biology
|
It enables the immune system to respond to a wide variety of antigens (microbial or not).
| 107 | 3 |
784ded65-eb28-473e-9bd7-074d8b58f77f
|
2023
|
In the phases of the adaptive immune response, what process mediates the containment of the involved lymphocytes?
|
Clonal expansion.
|
Antigen recognition.
|
Differentiation.
|
Biology
|
Apoptosis.
| 108 | 3 |
4511bcce-6772-4932-b8fe-88572973b5b8
|
2023
|
In the innate immune response, the pattern recognition receptors are activated after associating with:
|
PRAP of the microorganism.
|
Pathogen cytokines.
|
PMAP (or PAMP) in the pathogen.
|
Biology
|
PRR of the microorganism.
| 109 | 4 |
2ccae4c6-c5fa-47d0-ba37-3e613d3e64cd
|
2023
|
The B cells that produce antibodies with higher affinity preferentially bind to the antigen and, as a result of selection, become the dominant B lymphocytes in each subsequent exposure to the antigen, which regarding immunoglobulins generates:
|
The isotype switch.
|
The affinity maturation of the antibody.
|
The improvement of diversity.
|
Biology
|
The aggregation of Ig in equivalence.
| 110 | 1 |
7c0e8a10-6f60-410b-b6ba-93649f7347c3
|
2023
|
The antigen-antibody interactions are:
|
Irreversible.
|
Of covalent type.
|
Hydrogen bonds exclusively.
|
Biology
|
Non-covalent and reversible.
| 111 | 3 |
fefeb475-f6aa-4d18-a799-24f16ace825e
|
2023
|
In which cells is the major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) molecule expressed in humans?
|
In the majority of nucleated cells in the organism and in the red blood cells.
|
In the erythrocytes.
|
In the majority of nucleated cells in the organism.
|
Biology
|
Exclusively in the cells of the immune system.
| 112 | 4 |
26f45a10-7dad-4227-a025-00ed22423a8f
|
2023
|
What do pattern recognition receptors recognize?
|
Active B and T cells.
|
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and NOD-like receptors (nucleotide oligomerization domain).
|
Conserved molecular components associated with pathogens.
|
Biology
|
Conserved molecular components associated with the innate immune system.
| 113 | 4 |
363f3177-0ab0-4ef7-8fda-0b6bf31e1215
|
2023
|
What function do opsonins have?:
|
Microbes are marked to be phagocytized.
|
They reduce phagocytosis.
|
Mark non-apoptotic cells.
|
Biology
|
They inhibit the complement.
| 114 | 2 |
fe7cdf93-0c1d-4c4f-a0f5-5f946f7f98d7
|
2023
|
What are the three stages of the cancer immunoediting theory?
|
Cytotoxicity, phagocytosis and M1 macrophage activation.
|
Elimination, balance, and escape.
|
Induction, protection, and escape.
|
Biology
|
Cytotoxicity, phagocytosis and activation of M2 macrophages.
| 115 | 1 |
fdb87abb-d6cb-4f2e-9d9d-f0fe485b3fc4
|
2023
|
Which of the following interactions is TRUE?:
|
CXCL8 in platelets-ICAM-1 in endothelium.
|
CXCL8 in endothelium-CXCR3 in neutrophils.
|
CD31 in endothelium-LFA-1 in neutrophils.
|
Biology
|
CR3 in neutrophils-ICAM-1 in endothelium.
| 116 | 3 |
2845ca34-746b-486b-a597-8ab62ac96b07
|
2023
|
The function of uterine NK cells is:
|
Collaborate with fetal trophoblastic cells to protect the fetus from infections.
|
Defending the fetus via adaptive response against infections during pregnancy.
|
Express class I HLA to interact with trophoblastic cells.
|
Biology
|
Control the invasion of spiral arteries by extravillous trophoblastic cells.
| 117 | 3 |
96e0e270-b982-4def-9b56-9ea212f2edab
|
2023
|
What pathology is an organ-specific autoimmune disease?
|
Scleroderma.
|
Rheumatoid arthritis.
|
Erythematosus lupus.
|
Biology
|
Hashimoto's Thyroiditis.
| 118 | 3 |
edafcba1-039b-4726-8334-730171d2be05
|
2023
|
The induction of differentiation into the different functional subtypes of CD4+ lymphocytes is conditioned by the presence of certain cytokines in the environment. Indicate the CORRECT association:
|
IL-5 and IFNα or IFNβ induce differentiation to TH2.
|
IL-12 and IFNγ induce differentiation to TH1.
|
TGFβ and IL-6 induce differentiation into regulatory T cells.
|
Biology
|
IL-6 and IL-17 induce differentiation to TH17.
| 119 | 1 |
d0f49557-32b1-4b8d-a25b-2686cefcf5b7
|
2023
|
What is X-linked agammaglobulinemia?
|
A chronic granulomatous disease.
|
A common variable immunodeficiency.
|
An acquired immunodeficiency.
|
Biology
|
A primary immunodeficiency.
| 120 | 3 |
aebae988-dfef-4f47-b0dd-b3e1c1516978
|
2023
|
A fundamental characteristic in cohort studies is that:
|
Exposure to the factor of interest is not assigned by the researcher and, in general, it is predetermined.
|
They estimate the number of new health events in a given time.
|
The subjects are selected based on whether or not they have a particular health status.
|
Biology
|
Each of the subjects under study is randomly assigned the dose of exposure to the factor of interest.
| 121 | 2 |
72373105-98ea-4be5-84c7-23a3a01df682
|
2023
|
In a box plot ("Box-plot" or "Boxand-Whisker plot") that we use to describe a set of quantitative values, the values that delimit the central box are:
|
The limits of the confidence interval for the mean at 95%.
|
The median and the 95th percentile.
|
The first and third quartile.
|
Biology
|
The mean plus/minus the interquartile range.
| 122 | 4 |
60bdffce-620a-490a-8c9b-6277180f04bc
|
2023
|
The probability distribution that is necessary to use to calculate the confidence interval of the variance of a normal population is:
|
The Student's t-distribution.
|
The normal distribution.
|
The uniform distribution.
|
Biology
|
The chi-square distribution.
| 123 | 3 |
bc4793e2-28df-459b-b82e-69bc92ff7d1a
|
2023
|
The appropriate graph to represent the frequencies of a continuous quantitative variable that we have grouped into intervals of different lengths is:
|
A pie chart.
|
A bar diagram.
|
A box plot diagram ("Box-plot").
|
Biology
|
A histogram.
| 124 | 3 |
34b19a72-a366-4611-a643-fa9110f7e179
|
2023
|
According to the management guide of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), without ST segment elevation, published by the European Society of Cardiology in 2021, the proposed cut-off point for troponin levels in the diagnosis of ACS is at least one troponin value above the percentile:
|
95.
|
90.
|
99.
|
Biology
|
97.
| 125 | 4 |
f21fd45a-6ec5-4b9d-941a-a3460b0ecfae
|
2023
|
Which of the following criteria is not considered a diagnosis for diabetes mellitus?:
|
Plasma glucose at 2 hours of ≥ 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) during an oral glucose tolerance test. The test should be carried out with a load of 75 grams of glucose dissolved in water.
|
Fasting glucose (no caloric intake in the last 8 hours) ≥ 126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L).
|
Patient with classic symptoms of hyperglycemia or hyperglycemic crisis with a random glucose level ≥ 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L).
|
Biology
|
Glycosylated hemoglobin (A1c) only when it is ≥ 8.5%. This test should be performed in certified laboratories according to the A1c standards of the DCCT (Diabetes Control and Complications Trial).
| 126 | 3 |
0efe9fe8-b33d-48c5-8c88-76162d0c8077
|
2023
|
Which of the following pathophysiological mechanisms is most frequently associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus?:
|
Autoimmune disease that progresses with the destruction of pancreatic beta cells.
|
Lack of adaptation of pancreatic beta cells to the increase in insulin demand.
|
Mutation in insulin promoter gene 1 (IPF1).
|
Biology
|
Mutations of the hexokinase IV gene.
| 127 | 1 |
b315e641-94f8-4c5e-8da2-dedaff65c8a9
|
2023
|
Macroprolactinemia (big-big prolactin) is a phenomenon that:
|
It occurs more frequently during gestation.
|
It is associated with corticosteroid treatment.
|
It occurs more frequently during breastfeeding.
|
Biology
|
It can lead to false hyperprolactinemias.
| 128 | 3 |
f7d32187-9e5c-4f4f-a077-c2906007af33
|
2023
|
The formula for calculating LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) when all analyte concentrations are expressed in mg/dL is:
|
LDL-C = total cholesterol - HDL-C - triglycerides/4.
|
LDL-C = total cholesterol - HDL-C - triglycerides/5.
|
LDL-C = triglycerides - HDL-C - total cholesterol/4.
|
Biology
|
LDL-C = triglycerides - HDL-C - total cholesterol/5.
| 129 | 1 |
8e8b5190-42d5-4f9c-a3f1-cc42928b99de
|
2023
|
Subclinical hypothyroidism is characterized by:
|
Decreased levels of thyrotropin in serum accompanied with normal levels of free thyroxine.
|
Increased levels of thyrotropin in serum accompanied by normal levels of free thyroxine.
|
Normal levels of thyrotropin in serum accompanied by increased levels of free thyroxine.
|
Biology
|
Normal levels of thyrotropin in serum accompanied by decreased levels of free thyroxine.
| 130 | 1 |
0da6c5b3-099d-4b04-b308-e5900fa54ae1
|
2023
|
What is the most common type of diabetes mellitus?
|
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
|
Type 1 Diabetes mellitus.
|
Gestational Diabetes.
|
Biology
|
Mody type Diabetes.
| 131 | 2 |
dce72feb-5902-4769-8607-27209b59d2aa
|
2023
|
The somatotropin:
|
Its synthesis is stimulated by somatostatin.
|
It is synthesized in the neurohypophysis.
|
Its effects are similar to those of insulin.
|
Biology
|
Its release is pulsatile.
| 132 | 3 |
4c71ecac-7253-4f20-a556-7701e78e2cfd
|
2023
|
A common precursor of cortisol and aldosterone is:
|
Androstenedione.
|
11-Deoxycortisol.
|
Progesterone.
|
Biology
|
Deoxycorticosterone.
| 133 | 4 |
9f54f4cf-cd1a-4447-9db4-7fb28b16a8a9
|
2023
|
The free bilirubin is:
|
Insoluble in water, although it is eliminated in urine.
|
Soluble in water and eliminated in urine.
|
The only way to eliminate bilirubin.
|
Biology
|
Insoluble in water and not excreted in urine.
| 134 | 3 |
710d50f7-b981-4d62-98f8-a07ffc052a9c
|
2023
|
Which of the following tumor markers excludes the diagnosis of pure seminoma germinal tumor, unless there is a mixed component?:
|
Placental alkaline phosphatase.
|
Human chorionic gonadotropin-beta.
|
Alpha fetoprotein.
|
Biology
|
Lactate dehydrogenase.
| 135 | 4 |
606fe027-e402-4a88-9f35-a0c8cdc2a794
|
2023
|
One of the following statements about insulin is not correct:
|
Stimulates the uptake of glucose by adipose tissue.
|
Activates glycolysis and lipolysis.
|
Stimulates the intracellular uptake of potassium.
|
Biology
|
Stimulates the synthesis of glycogen and proteins.
| 136 | 1 |
c128197d-6a85-49cb-aa08-4945892a0884
|
2023
|
Which of the following fatty acids is essential?:
|
Palmitoleic acid (C-16:1,Δ9).
|
Oleic acid (C-18:1,Δ9).
|
Linoleic acid (C-18:2,Δ9,12).
|
Biology
|
Arachidonic acid (C-20:4,Δ5,8,11,14).
| 137 | 4 |
2f0647e7-5a8b-4be2-a55f-893c23830545
|
2023
|
The reducing power for fatty acid synthesis is provided by:
|
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+).
|
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+).
|
Flavin mononucleotide (FMN).
|
Biology
|
Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD).
| 138 | 1 |
b41cef1a-df13-465a-941a-7d137e8559f5
|
2023
|
One of the following markers is not for bone formation:
|
Bone isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase.
|
Osteocalcin.
|
Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP).
|
Biology
|
Carboxyterminal propeptide of type I procollagen (PICP).
| 139 | 4 |
9873bfc0-06a0-4e73-90c6-499b927004c8
|
2023
|
Regarding the estimation of glomerular renal filtration:
|
Hemolysis does not interfere with its calculation.
|
A glomerular renal filtration >90 mL/min per 1.73 m2 is pathognomonic of kidney disease.
|
For its calculation using the CKD-EPI equation, it is necessary to know the body mass index.
|
Biology
|
The glomerular filtration equation based on cystatin C is more accurate in pediatric patients.
| 140 | 3 |
f38098db-9881-496b-88f6-2f384ef230cd
|
2023
|
The presence of acanthocytes in the urine and hematite cylinders suggests the diagnosis of:
|
Acute tubular necrosis.
|
Nephrotic syndrome.
|
Crystalline Nephropathy.
|
Biology
|
Glomerular Hematuria.
| 141 | 3 |
3413d7c9-bb2e-433d-9461-d6a99d4ab455
|
2023
|
NT-proBNP immunoassays underestimate its circulating concentration in plasma due to:
|
Glycosylation.
|
Presence of EDTA.
|
Interaction with troponin T.
|
Biology
|
Buffer effect.
| 142 | 2 |
a84e6413-5417-42e2-bd22-a81bbdc7b181
|
2023
|
Waxy cylinders in urine are most commonly observed in:
|
Patients with end-stage renal disease.
|
Patients without kidney disease.
|
Patients with kidney stones.
|
Biology
|
Patients with urinary tract infection.
| 143 | 2 |
17626529-2e56-436a-bf90-4525792bb4e2
|
2023
|
Indicate the substance that the liver converts into urea to reduce its toxicity:
|
Ammonium.
|
Creatinine.
|
Purines.
|
Biology
|
Uric acid.
| 144 | 2 |
9c4416f4-e6ae-4609-883e-aadb6b211bf4
|
2023
|
Of the following causes of hyperbilirubinemia, which one is described as prehepatic?
|
Hemolytic Anemia.
|
Drug overdose.
|
Congestive heart failure.
|
Biology
|
Hepatitis C virus infection.
| 145 | 2 |
56ae1ffb-701a-459f-8df7-9f4dadbbcf7a
|
2023
|
In the tumor lysis syndrome of the oncology patient, the elevation of levels of:
|
Adenosine deaminase.
|
Uric acid.
|
Calcium.
|
Biology
|
Monohydrate Oxalate.
| 146 | 1 |
824ca84c-4e26-4522-af82-a18426ae2d5a
|
2023
|
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