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In the detection of mutations in cancerous tissue aimed at targeted treatments or identification of resistances:
|
All known mutations for any type of cancer must be tested on any excised cancer.
|
It is recommended to perform targeted genetic tests on the biopsied cancerous tissue to decide the most appropriate treatment and assess prognosis.
|
It is recommended to perform a complete genome for every cancer patient to decide on the treatment.
|
Biology
|
It is recommended to perform a complete exome sequencing for any patient who has suffered from cancer.
| 147 | 1 |
424c5032-54f2-445e-aa83-153a249b7c93
|
2023
|
The fetal DNA that circulates in the pregnant woman's plasma:
|
Fetal DNA only circulates in the pregnant woman when there is fetal or placental distress.
|
It represents all the plasmatic DNA that is extracted from maternal blood.
|
It is a small percentage compared to the DNA that circulates in the plasma.
|
Biology
|
It is useful only for disorders that affect the Y chromosome, to avoid confusing it with maternal DNA.
| 148 | 4 |
ec60d7da-359c-4d73-bb73-3408b0cbc9dd
|
2023
|
In relation to the mechanisms of DNA repair damaged by mismatched pairings:
|
Damaged DNA is eliminated, producing chromosomal deletions. Since these do not occur in the gonads, they will not be inherited.
|
The base excision repair systems directly remove the damaged base and replace it in the DNA.
|
When DNA is damaged by a mismatched base change, cellular apoptosis is induced.
|
Biology
|
Damaged DNA is tested by producing proteins, which if they provide evolutionary advantages will be preserved.
| 149 | 1 |
261dea4d-a6ff-4176-ae51-69dc9ca51e70
|
2023
|
Pharmacogenetics:
|
It is the genetic study aimed at designing new viral-origin drugs that can be used as vaccines.
|
It refers to genetically designed drugs created in laboratories for use as gene therapy drugs.
|
It can predict and/or explain how people respond to drugs, and is a prominent component of personalized and precision medicine.
|
Biology
|
It exclusively studies the viruses that cause cancer in order to block them before they infect humans.
| 150 | 4 |
681e70e5-f3dc-498f-9315-d726ade03e7a
|
2023
|
What effect will the conversion of a proline into hydroxyproline at pH 7.0 have on the overall charge of the protein?
|
It will become more positive.
|
It will become more negative.
|
It depends on the salt concentration.
|
Biology
|
It will remain the same.
| 151 | 3 |
d5ddc6cb-7163-4aaa-b782-4dfb6f852d55
|
2023
|
Which of the following structures refers to the especially stable arrangements of amino acid residues in a protein that give rise to recurring patterns?
|
Secondary structure.
|
Primary structure.
|
Quaternary structure.
|
Biology
|
Tertiary structure.
| 152 | 2 |
b09c7d3d-0dbb-4150-b26a-6f919f42bf23
|
2023
|
Which of the following statements is not true?:
|
Disulfide bonds are important for the structure of keratin.
|
Collagen is a protein in which polypeptides are primarily found in the alpha helix configuration.
|
Silk fibroin is a protein in which the polypeptide is almost entirely in the beta conformation.
|
Biology
|
The residues of Gly are particularly abundant in collagen.
| 153 | 1 |
5500cfc3-7671-4d22-8007-608c6267db35
|
2023
|
The substitution of Glu amino acids for Val in hemoglobin S causes the aggregation of proteins due to interactions:
|
Disulfide bridges.
|
Covalent.
|
Hydrophobic.
|
Biology
|
Hydrogen bonds.
| 154 | 4 |
ce9cd3cd-2a10-4de3-a4be-7677c6c41654
|
2023
|
The Km of an enzyme for which the following experimental data are obtained and that is known to follow the Michaelis-Menten kinetics is approximately: V0 (mol/min) Added substrate (mmol/L) 217 0.8 325 2 433 4 488 6 647 500
|
2 mM.
|
1 mM.
|
1000 mM.
|
Biology
|
4 mM.
| 155 | 2 |
059d3f8b-dc29-4ee3-ae5a-ad43c1813154
|
2023
|
The metabolic function of the oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway is:
|
Synthesize NADPH and pentose phosphates.
|
Synthesize ADP.
|
Participate in oxidation-reduction reactions during the formation of H2O.
|
Biology
|
Provide intermediates to the citric acid cycle.
| 156 | 2 |
7565e536-04f4-4f3f-b277-6a38423f23c4
|
2023
|
The anaerobic conversion of 1 mol of glucose into two moles of lactate, by glycolysis followed by fermentation, is accompanied by a net gain of:
|
1 mol of ATP.
|
2 moles of NADH.
|
1 mol of NADH.
|
Biology
|
2 moles of ATP.
| 157 | 3 |
a512ff1e-62a1-455d-8c80-c134cd44b880
|
2023
|
For which of the following glycolytic enzymes is ATP a substrate?
|
Pyruvate kinase.
|
Hexokinase.
|
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase.
|
Biology
|
Aldolase.
| 158 | 1 |
19e3a832-4eed-4da0-b2d2-3b075611c5b9
|
2023
|
The reactions catalyzed by aminotransferases or transaminases:
|
They require pyridoxal phosphate as an essential cofactor.
|
They are irreversible reactions.
|
Essential amino acids never participate in these reactions.
|
Biology
|
They always have a net expenditure or production of amino acids.
| 160 | 2 |
ffabe46e-5c91-4515-ad75-610df72fb185
|
2023
|
Which of the following amino acids is transformed into an intermediate of the citric acid cycle through direct transamination?:
|
Serine.
|
Aspartic.
|
Valine.
|
Biology
|
Threonine.
| 161 | 1 |
13cf6182-00eb-4e16-877d-142191db9d4f
|
2023
|
Ketone bodies are synthesized in the liver and transported to the rest of the extrahepatic tissues in the form of:
|
Lactate.
|
Acetoacetyl-CoA.
|
Beta-hydroxybutyryl-CoA.
|
Biology
|
Beta-hydroxybutyrate.
| 162 | 3 |
45b8f21d-829c-4f27-abf0-9ada2c8df5a3
|
2023
|
Regarding bacteria of the genus Leuconostoc, it is TRUE that:
|
They are Gram-positive cocci resistant to glycopeptides.
|
They are facultative anaerobic Gram-negative cocci.
|
They are Gram-negative bacilli.
|
Biology
|
They are Gram-positive bacilli sensitive to glycopeptides.
| 163 | 2 |
1fc40049-d223-4db4-a65d-adb8f8e7be74
|
2023
|
Indicate the CORRECT answer regarding the OXA-48 type carbapenemase in Klebsiella pneumoniae:
|
The OXA-48 gene is encoded in a non-movable plasmid.
|
OXA-48 is a Class D beta-lactamase, and bacteria carrying this carbapenemase are sensitive to ceftazidime-avibactam.
|
Its expression is always associated with high levels (elevated MICs) of resistance to carbapenems: imipenem and meropenem.
|
Biology
|
It is inhibited by the classic beta-lactamase inhibitors: clavulanic, sulbactam and tazobactam, and shows high sensitivity to them.
| 164 | 1 |
0c2446db-974b-4cdb-9825-438f747ddcc7
|
2023
|
Which of the following microorganisms cannot be considered a strict intracellular bacterium?:
|
Chlamydia trachomatis.
|
Pseudomonas fluorescens.
|
Mycobacterium leprae.
|
Biology
|
Coxiella burnetii.
| 165 | 1 |
5371889a-a773-41ad-91fd-e2323ad94370
|
2023
|
Indicate the incorrect answer in relation to the monkeypox virus, Human Monkeypox (hMPX):
|
The virus causes infections in humans by penetrating through the skin, mucous membranes, or the respiratory tract.
|
It is a zoonosis initially described in the 20th century, in Africa.
|
It can only be diagnosed in the laboratory through serological tests due to its high mutation rate.
|
Biology
|
It belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus with a double-stranded DNA genome.
| 166 | 4 |
f99261f9-0184-4531-88d7-fe2ee648444b
|
2023
|
In relation to the VanB vancomycin resistance phenotype in Enterococcus spp., it is TRUE that:
|
It implies resistance to teicoplanin but not to vancomycin.
|
It implies resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin.
|
It is the type of intrinsic resistance characteristic of the Enterococcus casseliflavus species.
|
Biology
|
It implies resistance to vancomycin but not to teicoplanin.
| 167 | 3 |
ca0ecca7-279f-4166-91cc-ad6ee3cb72a1
|
2023
|
In suspicion of pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, diagnosis can be made via the detection of this microorganism's antigen in:
|
Respiratory secretions.
|
Blood.
|
Sputum.
|
Biology
|
Urine.
| 168 | 3 |
43343b2b-f74a-48cf-b84a-5504269edbe0
|
2023
|
Indicate the incorrect association:
|
Streptococcus of the mitis-pharyngitis group.
|
Streptococcus agalactiae-neonatal infection.
|
Streptococcus pneumoniae-meningitis.
|
Biology
|
Streptococcus pyogenes-erysipelas.
| 169 | 2 |
14f0bff0-e51d-45cd-a113-0a809792fc24
|
2023
|
Indicate the false statement regarding the microorganisms of the Chlamydia genus:
|
Chlamydia trachomatis is a causative agent of conjunctivitis.
|
They are obligate intracellular bacteria.
|
Chlamydia pneumoniae is a causal agent of bronchitis.
|
Biology
|
Chlamydia psittaci is the cause of lymphogranuloma venereum.
| 170 | 3 |
4bbeeba4-eeca-45a4-8165-d86f6d178c06
|
2023
|
Gonorrhea is an infection:
|
That mainly affects the elderly around the world.
|
Caused by Neisseria mucosa.
|
Whose predominant manifestation in men is urinary tract infection.
|
Biology
|
Which proceeds asymptomatically in a high percentage of women.
| 171 | 3 |
4160243e-2295-43e6-be74-6117532574b4
|
2023
|
Pontiac fever is an infection associated with exposure to bacteria of the genus:
|
Haemophilus.
|
Legionella.
|
Bordetella.
|
Biology
|
Moraxella.
| 172 | 1 |
2d7b944d-8c44-4bfc-811b-c530640cb130
|
2023
|
The Bordet-Gengou agar is used for the selective culture of:
|
Haemophilus influenzae.
|
Pasteurella multocida.
|
Bordetella pertussis.
|
Biology
|
Moraxella catarrhalis.
| 173 | 4 |
a1bc5258-2794-41e3-a89e-6e7c8e74cf48
|
2023
|
What is the most common clinical manifestation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection?
|
Otitis.
|
Gastroenteritis.
|
Skin and soft tissue infection.
|
Biology
|
Sepsis.
| 174 | 1 |
4c6fec17-3ffb-4a20-b8c0-f6c79800658c
|
2023
|
The strains of Non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (non-encapsulated):
|
They are the most frequent cause of Haemophilus infection currently.
|
They colonize the upper respiratory tract less frequently than Haemophilus influenzae type b.
|
They come from encapsulated strains that have lost their capsule.
|
Biology
|
They present a clonal distribution.
| 175 | 2 |
4b1e601e-f5c9-442d-8e3a-091090e54850
|
2023
|
Regarding gastrointestinal infections caused by Escherichia coli:
|
Enteropathogenic E. coli is associated with the production of Shiga toxins.
|
Enterotoxigenic E. coli is a common cause of traveler's diarrhea.
|
Enteroinvasive E. coli is associated with hemolytic uremic syndrome.
|
Biology
|
Enterohemorrhagic E. coli is a common cause of diarrhea in infants.
| 176 | 1 |
e1fa4046-21fe-4457-b366-cac4ad94ad88
|
2023
|
The inguinal granuloma is a sexually transmitted infection caused by:
|
Mycoplasma genitalium.
|
Chlamydia trachomatis.
|
Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
|
Biology
|
Klebsiella granulomatis.
| 177 | 3 |
fa763450-898f-4d0c-bd72-dd98ca103ef5
|
2023
|
Among the Gram-negative bacilli that are often associated with pneumonia in intubated patients admitted to Intensive Care Units, the following is not found:
|
Aeromonas hydrophila.
|
Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
|
Staphylococcus aureus.
|
Biology
|
Acinetobacter baumannii.
| 178 | 2 |
c93c2119-77b9-4d06-80ad-8689a3937f80
|
2023
|
Regarding bacterial beta-lactamases:
|
They can be chromosomal or plasmidic.
|
They are more relevant in Gram-positive bacteria than in Gram-negative bacteria.
|
All are inhibited with clavulanic acid.
|
Biology
|
None hydrolyze carbapenem antibiotics.
| 179 | 2 |
504ee483-1b1d-4b85-bb9f-d6e315580c41
|
2023
|
Regarding the production of carbapenemases in enterobacteria:
|
They are always resistant to monobactams.
|
They can confer resistance to penicillins, cephalosporins and carbapenems.
|
They are usually encoded in the bacterium's chromosome.
|
Biology
|
The species that most frequently produces carbapenemases is Proteus mirabilis.
| 180 | 1 |
398c2ddf-c157-4228-948a-cba9fb67c267
|
2023
|
Indicate the incorrect association regarding the microorganisms of the genus Corynebacterium:
|
Corynebacterium urealyticum-urinary tract infection.
|
Corynebacterium diphtheriae-zoonosis.
|
Corynebacterium striatum-wound infection.
|
Biology
|
Corynebacterium jeikeium-endocarditis.
| 181 | 1 |
11d1fc12-c557-457f-ba67-53dd18152465
|
2023
|
Which of the following species does not belong to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex:
|
Mycobacterium genavense.
|
Mycobacterium microti.
|
Mycobacterium africanum.
|
Biology
|
Mycobacterium canettii.
| 182 | 2 |
0cbe4b55-cb85-44c5-9599-5747e0740fcb
|
2023
|
Which of the following serological tests for the diagnosis of syphilis uses cardiolipin as an antigen:
|
Passive hemagglutination of Treponema pallidum or TPHA.
|
Absorption of fluorescent treponemal antibodies or FTA-Abs.
|
Rapid Plasma Reagin test or RPR test.
|
Biology
|
Enzyme immunoassay for syphilis.
| 183 | 4 |
e6ab6f74-0005-4c89-8554-59b2d5469723
|
2023
|
What selective component do standard media for the cultivation of dermatophytic fungi contain?
|
Cycloheximide.
|
10% Glucose.
|
Bile salts.
|
Biology
|
Itraconazole.
| 184 | 2 |
f1361b1a-1939-4c91-bb3a-f45b85bd966a
|
2023
|
Infection by one of the following fungi is associated with prior exposure to bat feces:
|
Blastomyces dermatitidis.
|
Histoplasma capsulatum.
|
Scedosporium apiospermum.
|
Biology
|
Coccidioides immitis.
| 185 | 1 |
3fa04ccf-dfb0-4549-9ba0-c3da0bb77077
|
2023
|
Indicate the incorrect answer regarding enteroviruses:
|
They are part of the family of paramyxoviruses.
|
They are transmitted through the fecal-oral route.
|
They replicate in the cytoplasm.
|
Biology
|
They are RNA viruses.
| 186 | 2 |
1bc79837-ea38-42d7-bc00-a05697cf4b66
|
2023
|
Regarding rotavirus, indicate the incorrect option:
|
They have a double-layered capsid.
|
They are part of the Reoviridae family.
|
Hand washing is a fundamental measure to prevent its spread.
|
Biology
|
The virion does not withstand environmental conditions, so it is unlikely to cause outbreaks.
| 187 | 3 |
0546a45c-e5bd-42d4-892d-98018d5650d1
|
2023
|
All are characteristics of influenza A and B viruses, except:
|
They transcribe and replicate their genome in the nucleus of the cell they infect.
|
The virion has eight unique segments of negative-sense RNA nucleocapsid.
|
They can be zoonotic viruses.
|
Biology
|
The segmented genome prevents its reordering in the new virions, reducing its genetic diversity.
| 188 | 3 |
bce29b6a-5eef-4157-beba-4e0a9b782711
|
2023
|
Which of the following answers is incorrect in regards to noroviruses?
|
Its genome is positive-strand RNA.
|
The Norwalk virus is the prototype of this family.
|
They are very labile and do not withstand usual environmental conditions.
|
Biology
|
Its main route of transmission is fecal-oral.
| 189 | 4 |
53c0c4e7-43cb-49e1-9d50-c0329e3c944f
|
2023
|
is not a characteristic of herpes viruses:
|
Herpes viruses can cause lytic and latent infections.
|
DNA replication and capsid assembly take place in the nucleus.
|
They require a reverse transcriptase for the replication of their genetic material.
|
Biology
|
Herpes viruses are ubiquitous.
| 190 | 4 |
6474dc69-f749-47b7-a103-6c2821d13d7d
|
2023
|
What is the disease most commonly caused by parvovirus B19?
|
Encephalitis.
|
Aseptic Meningitis.
|
Gastroenteritis.
|
Biology
|
Infectious Erythema.
| 191 | 3 |
7176ebf3-13f8-4685-9151-7c664af93754
|
2023
|
In which viral agent does a step of retro-transcription occur during its replication cycle?
|
Hepatitis B virus.
|
Influenza A virus.
|
Measles virus.
|
Biology
|
Mumps virus.
| 192 | 2 |
a47025db-d9f1-4edd-9dad-d98cea0879a6
|
2023
|
The detection of the E antigen of the hepatitis B virus (HBeAg) in blood means that:
|
It is a chronic infection and the patient is not infectious.
|
It is an active infection and the patient can be a transmitter.
|
It is an indication that the patient has been vaccinated.
|
Biology
|
It is an infection that is resolving.
| 193 | 1 |
9bb57ff2-300b-40e6-b9b3-1152387bc047
|
2023
|
Which of the following is a defective RNA virus?:
|
Hepatitis B virus.
|
Hepatitis A virus.
|
Hepatitis D virus.
|
Biology
|
Hepatitis C virus.
| 194 | 4 |
d793e315-0edf-4ee1-84ae-58e13e8276b8
|
2023
|
The majority of AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) cases in humans are caused by:
|
HIV-1 Group O.
|
HIV-1 Group M.
|
HIV-2 Group A.
|
Biology
|
HIV-1 Group P.
| 195 | 1 |
adfb5600-684c-4d66-b329-534c5d8ac0f2
|
2023
|
Which of the following nematodes can be found in the ocular subconjunctiva?:
|
Ascaris lumbricoides.
|
Trichiuris trichiura.
|
Mansonella pertans.
|
Biology
|
Loa loa.
| 196 | 3 |
77c1048f-0c69-4396-8eba-f4b9b5816d6d
|
2023
|
What type of clinical manifestation does Entamoeba histolytica produce?
|
Appendicitis.
|
Dysentery.
|
It is not pathogenic.
|
Biology
|
Rectal cancer.
| 197 | 1 |
422f069e-fcb1-43ce-b5a5-7729f8bdf78e
|
2023
|
Which species of Plasmodium has the shortest erythrocytic cycle?
|
P. knowlesi.
|
P. ovale.
|
P. malariae.
|
Biology
|
P. vivax.
| 198 | 2 |
48759b04-c894-4458-b155-ddb423e7817a
|
2023
|
How is Trypanosoma cruzi transmitted?
|
Vector transmission.
|
Sexual transmission.
|
Fecal-oral transmission.
|
Biology
|
Airborne transmission.
| 199 | 2 |
70ec3262-f091-4df8-a80f-5503aa41f7a8
|
2023
|
Which species of Leishmania is most common in Spain?:
|
L. donovani.
|
L. infantum.
|
L. tropica.
|
Biology
|
L. chagasi.
| 200 | 1 |
a7e240bd-2cda-4105-894e-b8d4a63b771b
|
2023
|
Which of the following characteristics defines the properties of biological membranes?:
|
They form a phospholipid bilayer that contains proteins which contribute specific functions to the membrane.
|
They are composed of a lipid bilayer with two hydrophilic faces and a hydrophobic core, which is impermeable to water-soluble molecules, while it allows the passage of small ions.
|
The lipids that compose them are always distributed randomly and do not form domains with a specific composition (lipid rafts).
|
Biology
|
Its main components (phosphoglycerides, sphingolipids, and sterols such as cholesterol) are distributed symmetrically on both sides of the bilayer.
| 201 | 2 |
49f40c50-6744-42eb-abb4-74385aa88114
|
2023
|
The most abundant cell type in connective tissue is the:
|
Adipocyte.
|
Fibroblast.
|
Eosinophil.
|
Biology
|
Mast cell.
| 202 | 1 |
b59f5b5c-7074-47bb-8c9b-af568bdc4b00
|
2023
|
Regarding the microtubules:
|
The alpha tubulin hydrolyzes ATP.
|
The organizing center is associated with its lesser end.
|
The transport mediated by kinesins is GTP dependent.
|
Biology
|
The transport towards the far end depends on dyneins.
| 203 | 1 |
6b3d1044-9372-4f3e-90fe-34be04b4baa8
|
2023
|
To determine whether a treatment is effective, quantitative data have been collected from a set of individuals before and after the treatment was applied. Assuming an adequately large sample size, the appropriate test we should apply is:
|
T-test for difference of means with unknown and different variances.
|
T-test for difference of means with unknown but equal variances.
|
Shapiro-Wilk Test.
|
Biology
|
T-test for paired samples.
| 204 | 3 |
9480019b-6c4a-468c-ab61-ebdd3a3941b5
|
2023
|
What type of hypersensitivity is mediated by the IgE antibody?
|
Cytotoxic or type II.
|
Immediate or Type I.
|
Cellular or Type IV.
|
Biology
|
By immune complexes or type III.
| 205 | 1 |
af8847c1-6b06-4540-95ca-a4819d49c258
|
2023
|
Which of the following immune-based diseases is associated with an immediate or type I hypersensitivity reaction?:
|
Atopic bronchial asthma.
|
Type I Diabetes.
|
Toxic epidermal necrolysis.
|
Biology
|
Multiple Sclerosis.
| 206 | 2 |
577d3d15-197d-4da6-877e-292e8729feda
|
2023
|
When is imaging techniques for breast cancer screening recommended for young women?:
|
Genetic testing should be done on the entire population from birth to determine which patients are susceptible to surveillance.
|
It is universally recommended for all women from menarche.
|
Imaging techniques are not recommended for screening, it is always necessary to perform a biopsy.
|
Biology
|
It is recommended for patients who carry pathological mutations in the BRCA1, BRCA2 or TP53 genes.
| 207 | 3 |
293dde0f-31bf-4c8a-8a20-f0090283a7d2
|
2023
|
A serum tumor marker for thyroid cancer is:
|
Thyroglobulin.
|
Carcinoembryonic antigen.
|
Thyroxine.
|
Biology
|
Thyrotropin.
| 208 | 2 |
e9e88518-a28e-4da6-a02c-8a311a7316ba
|
2023
|
The coronavirus SARS-COV-2 contains:
|
Single-stranded DNA.
|
Double-stranded DNA.
|
Single-stranded RNA of negative polarity.
|
Biology
|
Single-stranded RNA of positive polarity.
| 209 | 3 |
d894d1bc-f8be-434d-b59c-1db3603f759f
|
2023
|
The main phenotypic characteristics of the Nocardia genus are:
|
Gram-positive bacilli, anaerobic, catalase-negative, without aerial mycelium and sensitive to lysozyme.
|
Gram-positive bacilli, aerobic, catalase positive, without aerial mycelium and sensitive to lysozyme.
|
Gram-positive bacilli, aerobic, catalase positive, without aerial mycelium and resistant to lysozyme.
|
Biology
|
Gram-positive bacilli, aerobic, catalase positive, with aerial mycelium and resistant to lysozyme.
| 210 | 3 |
0df47cfc-5d79-45d9-9d44-2c942fc4bd2a
|
2023
|
The resting potential of neurons is negative and close to the equilibrium potential of the potassium ion because:
|
In rest, the membrane is impermeable to potassium.
|
At rest, the membrane is more permeable to potassium than any other ion.
|
Potassium is able to pass through the lipids of the membrane.
|
Biology
|
In the neuronal membrane, there is no sodium-potassium pump.
| 1 | 1 |
5df29c57-f03f-48ea-ae50-ec3e8a699b4f
|
2022
|
Myelinated axons conduct at a higher speed than unmyelinated ones because:
|
They have a larger diameter.
|
They have a smaller diameter.
|
They use continuous propagation.
|
Biology
|
They use saltatory propagation.
| 2 | 3 |
25a805b6-b9b2-43eb-b98d-d5cfcf1d1b7d
|
2022
|
The muscle spindles:
|
They are stretch receptors.
|
They function as pressure receptors.
|
They are placed in series with the skeletal fibers of the muscle.
|
Biology
|
They are tension receptors.
| 3 | 2 |
d5f64c34-c0eb-4a7e-937f-cd422b04ffce
|
2022
|
What triggers the observed habituation in Aplysia?
|
The decrease in the number of NMDA receptors.
|
Neuronal death.
|
The depression of synaptic transmission.
|
Biology
|
The desensitization of the receptors.
| 4 | 4 |
eeda9ccb-065a-4c50-b738-bea4e13282da
|
2022
|
During REM sleep, the muscle tone:
|
It is elevated in all the muscles.
|
It is absent in all the muscles of the body.
|
It is low except in some muscles such as, for example, the ocular ones.
|
Biology
|
It is the same as in wakefulness.
| 5 | 4 |
7d70b32a-df0b-4ed3-a0c2-6d68477bddf5
|
2022
|
Which of the following hormones inhibits bone formation?:
|
Cortisol.
|
Thyroid hormones.
|
Insulin.
|
Biology
|
Growth Hormone.
| 6 | 2 |
9535ad56-5fd5-4d3b-9d17-e6a4739f684f
|
2022
|
Oxytocin:
|
Inhibits the contraction of the uterus.
|
It is synthesized in the adenohypophysis.
|
Stimulates the ejection of milk.
|
Biology
|
Reduces the renal excretion of water.
| 7 | 4 |
49e89b57-2469-4dc9-bb8c-6fbd3e08bc8c
|
2022
|
Which of these factors stimulates the secretion of growth hormone?:
|
Aging.
|
Increase in blood sugar levels.
|
Obesity.
|
Biology
|
Physical exercise.
| 8 | 3 |
fb3933a8-4fd0-4d47-a993-215f960e0d60
|
2022
|
Insulin:
|
The concentration of amino acids in the blood increases.
|
Decreases the formation of glycogen.
|
It is hyperglycemic.
|
Biology
|
Increases the uptake of glucose in the muscle.
| 9 | 3 |
57dc9d77-d5e3-47fe-b42f-f1a248ed9fd8
|
2022
|
On the mechanism of action of thyroid hormones:
|
An intracellular receptor is first activated.
|
The adenylate cyclase is activated.
|
There is an increase in IP3.
|
Biology
|
The second messenger involved is the cGMP.
| 10 | 2 |
791b4098-3496-41a5-bfaf-ec4c4be0b4ed
|
2022
|
The volume of blood that the heart pumps to the aorta every minute, is called:
|
Residual volume.
|
Systolic volume.
|
Diastolic volume.
|
Biology
|
Cardiac output.
| 11 | 3 |
7004ea93-0d81-4767-90a0-db72c34dfb17
|
2022
|
The dicrotic notch or dicrotic incisure in the aortic pressure wave is caused by:
|
Rapid filling of the left ventricle.
|
Closure of the mitral valve.
|
Closure of the aortic valve.
|
Biology
|
Closure of the tricuspid valve.
| 12 | 4 |
b6a4e790-28b8-49b3-aa97-ac0e884d89e6
|
2022
|
The mean arterial pressure can be estimated by adding one third of the differential pressure to the pressure:
|
Diastolic.
|
Systolic.
|
Middle artery.
|
Biology
|
From pulse.
| 13 | 2 |
5d2ac477-415b-4223-9f13-2a764d9584a3
|
2022
|
In the circulatory system, the greatest total cross-sectional area is found in:
|
The capillaries.
|
The conducting arteries.
|
The arterioles and metarterioles.
|
Biology
|
The veins.
| 14 | 2 |
d7aab840-77b3-4c5d-a60b-814e76a09beb
|
2022
|
The baroreceptor reflex:
|
Allows for correction of changes in blood pressure.
|
It is an auricular reflex.
|
It is activated by stretching the receptors located in the venoatrial junctions.
|
Biology
|
It is activated by an increase in blood volume.
| 15 | 2 |
1e4e646d-be45-4c51-bf6b-e29bc3da51ba
|
2022
|
Inhibits the secretion of FSH:
|
The pulsatile release of GnRH.
|
Activin.
|
The low levels of progesterone.
|
Biology
|
The inhibin.
| 16 | 3 |
de6ba3b8-2047-4ce3-833d-2f4e9a773b91
|
2022
|
The estrogens:
|
They reduce the body metabolism.
|
They stimulate mammary development.
|
They induce osteoporosis.
|
Biology
|
They inhibit protein synthesis.
| 17 | 1 |
610f4fe2-a5ce-4ab1-ba81-fc3bf43976f6
|
2022
|
Human chorionic somatotropin:
|
It regulates the metabolism of the mother and the fetus.
|
It is antagonistic to the growth hormone.
|
It is also called human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG).
|
Biology
|
Inhibits mammary development.
| 18 | 2 |
67740605-277b-4ad9-861f-d91d08053b41
|
2022
|
The emission phase of semen is primarily regulated by:
|
Parasympathetic nervous system.
|
Sympathetic nervous system.
|
Testosterone.
|
Biology
|
Somatic nervous system.
| 19 | 1 |
04a47d30-fa24-4cb9-89f8-ddce9f408ab5
|
2022
|
The blood-testis barrier is formed by:
|
Sertoli Cells.
|
Leydig Cells.
|
Testicular capillaries.
|
Biology
|
Epididymal cells.
| 20 | 2 |
9cff639f-deb8-4355-b66d-f39e101426a1
|
2022
|
Regarding defecation:
|
The external anal sphincter is made up of smooth muscle and is involuntary in nature.
|
The internal anal sphincter is controlled by the pudendal nerve under voluntary control.
|
It involves the simultaneous contraction of the two anal sphincters, the internal and the external.
|
Biology
|
The relaxation or contraction of the external anal sphincter is controlled voluntarily.
| 21 | 3 |
661d6108-2ef7-4d4e-becb-043409650fe1
|
2022
|
We can affirm that about gastrointestinal motility:
|
At the level of the stomach, antra or sacculations form.
|
The submucosal plexus or Meissner's plexus is responsible for controlling gastrointestinal movements.
|
The parasympathetic nervous system reduces or inhibits the contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle.
|
Biology
|
The complex migratory motor events occur every 90-120 minutes from the stomach to the ileum when much of a meal has been absorbed.
| 22 | 3 |
29ebf191-9a8b-4621-8dbe-b1020f6d694a
|
2022
|
Regarding salivary secretion:
|
Parasympathetic stimulation promotes its secretion.
|
Its production significantly increases during a stress situation.
|
The sublingual glands secrete a watery (serous) secretion rich in salivary amylase.
|
Biology
|
The parotid glands produce a secretion rich in mucus.
| 23 | 2 |
cce86f4a-7305-4b94-949b-ec6e84c7a692
|
2022
|
In intestinal absorption, which of the following nutrients moves through the apical membrane by facilitated diffusion with the GLUT5 transporter?:
|
Fructose.
|
Glucose.
|
Galactose.
|
Biology
|
Amino acids.
| 24 | 2 |
d1e3d988-b85b-410d-ab2f-af313f40d62e
|
2022
|
They are fat-soluble vitamins:
|
Vitamins group B, A and K.
|
All of group B.
|
Vitamins A, D, E and K.
|
Biology
|
Vitamins group B and C.
| 25 | 4 |
13900368-6dc2-40a9-a5fb-0b05093d44a2
|
2022
|
In relation to the renal management of sodium, it is false that:
|
Glomerular filtration of sodium is favored by the lower resistance in the afferent arteriole than in the efferent arteriole.
|
The increase in colloid osmotic pressure in the glomerulus of the nephron favors the filtration of sodium.
|
Aldosterone regulates the plasma concentration of sodium by acting at the level of the distal and collecting tubule.
|
Biology
|
The highest percentage of filtered sodium is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule of the nephron.
| 26 | 1 |
fd0b602b-f278-475e-9374-190743e0a508
|
2022
|
In relation to the maximum transport (or maximum tubular) of substances in the kidney:
|
The maximum transport capacity of all nephrons is identical.
|
Glucose is the only substance handled by the kidney without maximum transport.
|
The maximum transport capacity for a certain substance is very close to that of its glomerular filtration rate.
|
Biology
|
The renal transport systems of substances with active reabsorption or secretion become saturated.
| 27 | 3 |
79479056-58c1-4fcd-b82f-280e6134bc6a
|
2022
|
On the physiological mechanism of urine concentration:
|
The tubular fluid is diluted in the ascending portion of the Henle's loop.
|
The tubular fluid is concentrated in the proximal tubule.
|
The tubular fluid can reach twice the value of the osmolar concentration of the renal medulla.
|
Biology
|
The tubular fluid concentrates in the ascending portion of the Henle's loop.
| 28 | 2 |
5ccd1454-62fc-40a3-98e2-db20d92be590
|
2022
|
On the renal regulation of ionic concentration in the extracellular environment:
|
Angiotensin II stimulates the reabsorption of sodium along the segments of the nephron.
|
The plasma concentration of sodium is maintained regardless of the activity of aldosterone.
|
The plasma concentration of sodium is increased by the action of atrial natriuretic peptide.
|
Biology
|
The plasma concentration of sodium is maintained regardless of the activity of the antidiuretic hormone.
| 30 | 2 |
8ee47370-f64d-4b3d-b87f-01692c0f2416
|
2022
|
What modification in the following pressures occurs during most of the inspiration time?
|
Negativization of alveolar pressure.
|
Positive intensification of thoracic pressure.
|
Stabilization of alveolar pressure.
|
Biology
|
Positivization of the intrapleural pressure.
| 31 | 2 |
ebb33f70-4db6-4c87-b789-10b47ce8f558
|
2022
|
Which of the following substances produces a decrease in air flow resistance due to its action on the bronchial smooth muscle?:
|
Adrenaline.
|
Acetylcholine.
|
Leukotrienes.
|
Biology
|
Histamine.
| 32 | 2 |
18ecefd3-cf23-4453-a1e9-70a0d365abad
|
2022
|
A vasoconstrictor response can be observed in the blood vessels adjacent to the pulmonary alveoli in response to the decrease in partial pressure of oxygen in:
|
The systemic arterial plasma.
|
The pulmonary arterial plasma.
|
Alveolar air.
|
Biology
|
The cerebrospinal fluid.
| 33 | 4 |
5b04c71e-5966-4960-bc68-209deb76d50f
|
2022
|
What effect would a decrease in plasma pH combined with an increase in body temperature have on the dissociation of O2 from hemoglobin?
|
It would reduce the Bohr effect.
|
The saturation of oxygen in hemoglobin would increase.
|
The effects that pH and temperature exert on hemoglobin are compensated.
|
Biology
|
The release of oxygen by hemoglobin would be facilitated.
| 34 | 3 |
ce6af26f-43ea-4ac4-8eaa-5d1bfc25c50e
|
2022
|
What is the predominant form of carbon dioxide transport in the blood?
|
Dissolved in the blood plasma.
|
Bound to albumin and globulins.
|
Bound to intracellular proteins.
|
Biology
|
In the form of bicarbonate ion.
| 35 | 3 |
d6ed49ef-565b-4442-9563-e9fe445fdd12
|
2022
|
The main function of vitamin B12 and folic acid in erythropoiesis is:
|
Formation of thymidine triphosphate.
|
Porphyrin production.
|
Stimulate the formation of erythroid progenitors.
|
Biology
|
Diapedesis of reticulocytes.
| 36 | 2 |
0a891fe5-4863-445d-a97b-c7e131b7f542
|
2022
|
The iron absorbed from the intestine is transported in the blood by:
|
Hemosiderin.
|
Apoferritin.
|
Transferrin.
|
Biology
|
Ferritin.
| 37 | 4 |
c918c362-5b82-417f-91d6-1323928d4afb
|
2022
|
What is the osmolarity (mOsm/L) of a solution containing 100 millimolar NaCl and 50 millimolar KCl?
|
150.
|
300.
|
600.
|
Biology
|
250.
| 38 | 1 |
3e98700c-de71-4ee2-a2df-85d41967baa8
|
2022
|
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