manu/mldr-zoomed-100char-total-queries-documents

chunk_id stringlengths 3 9	chunk stringlengths 1 100
147_45	bottom (syncline) of one of these folds, but over time cracks in the Pottsville Conglomerate in the
147_46	higher elevations allowed it to erode quickly, and the softer layers of shale and limestone were
147_47	quick to follow. This left Spruce Knob as the highest point in the landscape. Spruce Knob (Spruce
147_48	Mountain) is the westernmost extent of this intense folding and faulting. To the west, the
147_49	Allegheny Plateau is composed of more gently sloping hills and dendritic drainages.
147_50	Climate
147_51	Spruce Knob's climate can be classified as cold continental or highland. Summers are cool and
147_52	often damp, with thunderstorms common both in spring and summer. Winters are cold and snowy, with
147_53	an average of around of annual snowfall leaving the summit access road often impassible between
147_54	October and April. Blizzard conditions can develop in minutes behind cold frontal passages and last
147_55	days with upslope snowfall continuing with northwest winds, making travel on the mountain dangerous
147_56	during the colder months. This mountain can receive high winds year-round; red spruce deformed by
147_57	constant exposure to strong westerly winds are scattered across its rocky ridges.
147_58	Ecology
147_59	Flora
147_60	As with almost the entirety of the MNF, most of the original Spruce Mountain upland forest was
147_61	completely denuded by logging around the turn of the 20th century and now consists of second- or
147_62	third-growth forest. (The only documented exception to this on the Mountain is the North Spruce
147_63	Mountain Old Growth Site.
147_64	) The present second-growth forest of Spruce Mountain is characterized by a dominance of sugar
147_65	maple (Acer saccharum), American beech (Fagus grandifolia), and yellow birch (Betula lutea). Other
147_66	characteristic species of the mixed mesophytic forest region are also present: tuliptree
147_67	(Liriodendron tulipifera), basswood (Tilia heterophylla, T.floridana, T. neglecta), chestnut
147_68	(Castanea dentata), yellow buckeye (Aesculus flava), red oak (Quercus borealis), white oak (Q.
147_69	alba), and eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis). The upper reaches of Spruce Mountain also include
147_70	areas termed northern hardwood and northern evergreen forest types. The former is typified by red
147_71	oak, white ash (Fraxinus americana), basswood (Tilia spp.), red maple (Acer rubrum), and cherry
147_72	(Prunus spp.). The latter is dominated by the Mountain's eponymous red spruce (Picea rubens). While
147_73	not extending above the timberline, the stunted tree growth high on this windy mountaintop is
147_74	relatively open.
147_75	The summit was named for the spruce trees which grow there. Red spruce (Picea rubens) is the most
147_76	common tree species on the summit. The lower altitudes are populated by oak, hickory, birch, beech
147_77	and maple
147_78	Fauna
147_79	Bald eagles, hawks and peregrine falcons have been seen on the mountain. Mammals such as black
147_80	bear, white-tailed deer, weasel, porcupine, skunk and rabbit are also found. The important presence
147_81	of ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus) on the Mountain has been acknowledged by the establishment of
147_82	the Spruce Mountain Grouse Management Area by the MNF
147_83	Recreation
147_84	Spruce Knob is within the Spruce Knob-Seneca Rocks National Recreation Area, which in turn is part
147_85	of Monongahela National Forest. Established in 1965, it was the first National Recreation Area
147_86	designated by the U.S. Forest Service and includes more than .
147_87	There are over of hiking trails around the mountain and a small lake well stocked with trout on
147_88	the west side of the mountain. Two campgrounds are also on the mountain.
147_89	Hiking trails — Huckleberry Trail, Lumberjack Trail, Spruce Mountain Trail — extend the length of
147_90	the ridge. There are over 75 miles (121 km) of trails around the Mountain and a small 25 acre (10
147_91	ha) lake well stocked with trout on the west side. There are also two campgrounds on the Mountain;
147_92	the larger (43 sites) is nearest the lake.
147_93	Access
147_94	Paved access is from U.S. Route 33/West Virginia Route 28 about south of Riverton. Briery Gap
147_95	Road (County Route 33/4), Forest Road 112 and Forest Road 104 have been reconstructed and paved to
147_96	provide a hard-surfaced road to the summit.
147_97	Forest Roads 104 and 112 are not maintained in the winter. Impassable conditions can be expected
147_98	any time from mid-October to mid-April.
147_99	See also List of mountains of the Alleghenies List of mountain peaks of North America
147_100	List of mountain peaks of the United States List of mountains of West Virginia
147_101	List of U.S. states by elevation
147_102	References Citations
147_103	Other sources
147_104	Core, Earl L. (1928), "Ecological Studies on Spruce Mountain", Proc. W.Va. Acad. Sci. 2:36-39.
147_105	Core, Earl L. (1929), "The Plant Ecology of Spruce Mountain, West Virginia", Ecology, 10:1-13.
147_106	Robison, William C. (1960), “Spruce Knob Revisited: A Half-Century of Vegetation Change”, Castanea,
147_107	Vol. 25, No. 1 (March issue), pp 53–61.
147_108	External links
147_109	Spruce Mountain page at Peakbagger.com Spruce Knob-Seneca Rocks National Recreation Area
147_110	Monongahela National Forest: Spruce Knob
147_111	Ridges of West Virginia Landforms of Pendleton County, West Virginia Allegheny Mountains
147_112	Monongahela National Forest Protected areas of Pendleton County, West Virginia
148_0	Saugus is a town in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States, in the Greater Boston area. The
148_1	population was 28,619 at the 2020 census. Saugus is known as the site of the first integrated iron
148_2	works in North America.
148_3	History
148_4	Native Americans inhabited the area around Saugus for thousands of years prior to the arrival of
148_5	European settlers in the 1620s. At the time of European arrival, the Naumkeag, also known as
148_6	Pawtucket, under the leadership of Montowampate were based near present day Saugus and controlled
148_7	land extending from what is now Boston to the Merrimack River. English settlers took the name Sagus
148_8	or Saugus from the Pawtucket word for "outlet," and used the term to refer to the Saugus River and
148_9	the region that includes the present day cities and towns of Swampscott, Nahant, Lynn, Lynnfield,
148_10	Reading, North Reading and Wakefield) which were later renamed Lin or Lynn in 1637, after King's
148_11	Lynn in Norfolk, England.
148_12	In 1646, the Saugus Iron Works, then called Hammersmith, began operations. It was the first
148_13	integrated iron works in North America as well as one of the most technologically advanced in the
148_14	world. The Iron Works produced over one ton of iron a day, but was not financially successful. It
148_15	closed around 1670.
148_16	In September 1687, Major Samuel Appleton was said to have given a speech from a rocky cliff near
148_17	the Iron Works denouncing the tyranny of Colonial Governor Sir Edmund Andros. The place where he is
148_18	said to have delivered the speech became known as Appleton's Pulpit.
148_19	Nearly 100 men from Saugus fought in the American Revolutionary War. Saugus' preacher, Parson
148_20	Joseph Roby, worked to strengthen the spirit of independence in Saugus and was instrumental in
148_21	seeing that Saugus sent a large contingent to fight in the war.
148_22	The nineteenth century ice industry began in Saugus when in 1804 Frederic Tudor cut ice from a pond
148_23	on the family farm and shipped it to Martinique.
148_24	In 1805 the Newburyport Turnpike (now U.S. 1) was built. About four miles of this road was built in
148_25	Saugus. At first the turnpike was considered a mistake, as it was built over hills and swamps and
148_26	grass soon grew over the road bed. From 1840 to 1846, the tolls were discontinued and it became a
148_27	public highway. The invention of the automobile resulted in an increase of traffic on the Turnpike.
148_28	In 1933 the road was widened and an overpass was added to separate the traffic on Route 1 and Main
148_29	Street. In the 1950s new businesses began moving to Route 1. Today the businesses along Route 1
148_30	generate millions in dollars for Saugus.
148_31	The Lynn territory was shortened beginning in 1814 with the incorporation of Lynnfield. On February

147_45

bottom (syncline) of one of these folds, but over time cracks in the Pottsville Conglomerate in the

147_46

higher elevations allowed it to erode quickly, and the softer layers of shale and limestone were

147_47

quick to follow. This left Spruce Knob as the highest point in the landscape. Spruce Knob (Spruce

147_48

Mountain) is the westernmost extent of this intense folding and faulting. To the west, the

147_49

Allegheny Plateau is composed of more gently sloping hills and dendritic drainages.

147_50

Climate

147_51

Spruce Knob's climate can be classified as cold continental or highland. Summers are cool and

147_52

often damp, with thunderstorms common both in spring and summer. Winters are cold and snowy, with

147_53

an average of around of annual snowfall leaving the summit access road often impassible between

147_54

October and April. Blizzard conditions can develop in minutes behind cold frontal passages and last

147_55

days with upslope snowfall continuing with northwest winds, making travel on the mountain dangerous

147_56

during the colder months. This mountain can receive high winds year-round; red spruce deformed by

147_57

constant exposure to strong westerly winds are scattered across its rocky ridges.

147_58

Ecology

147_59

Flora

147_60

As with almost the entirety of the MNF, most of the original Spruce Mountain upland forest was

147_61

completely denuded by logging around the turn of the 20th century and now consists of second- or

147_62

third-growth forest. (The only documented exception to this on the Mountain is the North Spruce

147_63

Mountain Old Growth Site.

147_64

) The present second-growth forest of Spruce Mountain is characterized by a dominance of sugar

147_65

maple (Acer saccharum), American beech (Fagus grandifolia), and yellow birch (Betula lutea). Other

147_66

characteristic species of the mixed mesophytic forest region are also present: tuliptree

147_67

(Liriodendron tulipifera), basswood (Tilia heterophylla, T.floridana, T. neglecta), chestnut

147_68

(Castanea dentata), yellow buckeye (Aesculus flava), red oak (Quercus borealis), white oak (Q.

147_69

alba), and eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis). The upper reaches of Spruce Mountain also include

147_70

areas termed northern hardwood and northern evergreen forest types. The former is typified by red

147_71

oak, white ash (Fraxinus americana), basswood (Tilia spp.), red maple (Acer rubrum), and cherry

147_72

(Prunus spp.). The latter is dominated by the Mountain's eponymous red spruce (Picea rubens). While

147_73

not extending above the timberline, the stunted tree growth high on this windy mountaintop is

147_74

relatively open.

147_75

The summit was named for the spruce trees which grow there. Red spruce (Picea rubens) is the most

147_76

common tree species on the summit. The lower altitudes are populated by oak, hickory, birch, beech

147_77

and maple

147_78

Fauna

147_79

Bald eagles, hawks and peregrine falcons have been seen on the mountain. Mammals such as black

147_80

bear, white-tailed deer, weasel, porcupine, skunk and rabbit are also found. The important presence

147_81

of ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus) on the Mountain has been acknowledged by the establishment of

147_82

the Spruce Mountain Grouse Management Area by the MNF

147_83

Recreation

147_84

Spruce Knob is within the Spruce Knob-Seneca Rocks National Recreation Area, which in turn is part

147_85

of Monongahela National Forest. Established in 1965, it was the first National Recreation Area

147_86

designated by the U.S. Forest Service and includes more than .

147_87

There are over of hiking trails around the mountain and a small lake well stocked with trout on

147_88

the west side of the mountain. Two campgrounds are also on the mountain.

147_89

Hiking trails — Huckleberry Trail, Lumberjack Trail, Spruce Mountain Trail — extend the length of

147_90

the ridge. There are over 75 miles (121 km) of trails around the Mountain and a small 25 acre (10

147_91

ha) lake well stocked with trout on the west side. There are also two campgrounds on the Mountain;

147_92

the larger (43 sites) is nearest the lake.

147_93

Access

147_94

Paved access is from U.S. Route 33/West Virginia Route 28 about south of Riverton. Briery Gap

147_95

Road (County Route 33/4), Forest Road 112 and Forest Road 104 have been reconstructed and paved to

147_96

provide a hard-surfaced road to the summit.

147_97

Forest Roads 104 and 112 are not maintained in the winter. Impassable conditions can be expected

147_98

any time from mid-October to mid-April.

147_99

See also List of mountains of the Alleghenies List of mountain peaks of North America

147_100

List of mountain peaks of the United States List of mountains of West Virginia

147_101

List of U.S. states by elevation

147_102

References Citations

147_103

Other sources

147_104

Core, Earl L. (1928), "Ecological Studies on Spruce Mountain", Proc. W.Va. Acad. Sci. 2:36-39.

147_105

Core, Earl L. (1929), "The Plant Ecology of Spruce Mountain, West Virginia", Ecology, 10:1-13.

147_106

Robison, William C. (1960), “Spruce Knob Revisited: A Half-Century of Vegetation Change”, Castanea,

147_107

Vol. 25, No. 1 (March issue), pp 53–61.

147_108

External links

147_109

Spruce Mountain page at Peakbagger.com Spruce Knob-Seneca Rocks National Recreation Area

147_110

Monongahela National Forest: Spruce Knob

147_111

Ridges of West Virginia Landforms of Pendleton County, West Virginia Allegheny Mountains

147_112

Monongahela National Forest Protected areas of Pendleton County, West Virginia

148_0

Saugus is a town in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States, in the Greater Boston area. The

148_1

population was 28,619 at the 2020 census. Saugus is known as the site of the first integrated iron

148_2

works in North America.

148_3

History

148_4

Native Americans inhabited the area around Saugus for thousands of years prior to the arrival of

148_5

European settlers in the 1620s. At the time of European arrival, the Naumkeag, also known as

148_6

Pawtucket, under the leadership of Montowampate were based near present day Saugus and controlled

148_7

land extending from what is now Boston to the Merrimack River. English settlers took the name Sagus

148_8

or Saugus from the Pawtucket word for "outlet," and used the term to refer to the Saugus River and

148_9

the region that includes the present day cities and towns of Swampscott, Nahant, Lynn, Lynnfield,

148_10

Reading, North Reading and Wakefield) which were later renamed Lin or Lynn in 1637, after King's

148_11

Lynn in Norfolk, England.

148_12

In 1646, the Saugus Iron Works, then called Hammersmith, began operations. It was the first

148_13

integrated iron works in North America as well as one of the most technologically advanced in the

148_14

world. The Iron Works produced over one ton of iron a day, but was not financially successful. It

148_15

closed around 1670.

148_16

In September 1687, Major Samuel Appleton was said to have given a speech from a rocky cliff near

148_17

the Iron Works denouncing the tyranny of Colonial Governor Sir Edmund Andros. The place where he is

148_18

said to have delivered the speech became known as Appleton's Pulpit.

148_19

Nearly 100 men from Saugus fought in the American Revolutionary War. Saugus' preacher, Parson

148_20

Joseph Roby, worked to strengthen the spirit of independence in Saugus and was instrumental in

148_21

seeing that Saugus sent a large contingent to fight in the war.

148_22

The nineteenth century ice industry began in Saugus when in 1804 Frederic Tudor cut ice from a pond

148_23

on the family farm and shipped it to Martinique.

148_24

In 1805 the Newburyport Turnpike (now U.S. 1) was built. About four miles of this road was built in

148_25

Saugus. At first the turnpike was considered a mistake, as it was built over hills and swamps and

148_26

grass soon grew over the road bed. From 1840 to 1846, the tolls were discontinued and it became a

148_27

public highway. The invention of the automobile resulted in an increase of traffic on the Turnpike.

148_28

In 1933 the road was widened and an overpass was added to separate the traffic on Route 1 and Main

148_29

Street. In the 1950s new businesses began moving to Route 1. Today the businesses along Route 1

148_30

generate millions in dollars for Saugus.

148_31

The Lynn territory was shortened beginning in 1814 with the incorporation of Lynnfield. On February