id
int64 0
7k
| premises
stringlengths 118
4.1k
| paragraph
stringlengths 111
4.06k
| conclusion
stringlengths 15
240
| question
stringlengths 14
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stringclasses 3
values | arg
stringlengths 54
2.02k
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stringlengths 51
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int64 1
7
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2,631 |
['Given that if most men get almost as much pleasure in bringing a woman to orgasm as they do in having one, then some tall trees bear flowers, it can be inferred that mitosis usually has a result of two genetically identical child cells.', 'One may reasonably assume that if most peanuts cause serious allergic reaction, then mitosis usually has a result of two genetically identical child cells.', "So long as it is not true that either if most men get almost as much pleasure in bringing a woman to orgasm as they do in having one, then some tall trees bear flowers or most peanuts cause serious allergic reaction, 'wolves live in families called packs and they mate for life' is true.", "Whenever it is true that it is not true that either if most men get almost as much pleasure in bringing a woman to orgasm as they do in having one, then some tall trees bear flowers or most peanuts cause serious allergic reaction, 'foreign languages have quite a long history in distance education' is true.", 'Assuming foreign languages have quite a long history in distance education, we know that we know that the claim that wolves live in families called packs and they mate for life is false.']
|
Given that if most men get almost as much pleasure in bringing a woman to orgasm as they do in having one, then some tall trees bear flowers, it can be inferred that mitosis usually has a result of two genetically identical child cells. One may reasonably assume that if most peanuts cause serious allergic reaction, then mitosis usually has a result of two genetically identical child cells. So long as it is not true that either if most men get almost as much pleasure in bringing a woman to orgasm as they do in having one, then some tall trees bear flowers or most peanuts cause serious allergic reaction, 'wolves live in families called packs and they mate for life' is true. Whenever it is true that it is not true that either if most men get almost as much pleasure in bringing a woman to orgasm as they do in having one, then some tall trees bear flowers or most peanuts cause serious allergic reaction, 'foreign languages have quite a long history in distance education' is true. Assuming foreign languages have quite a long history in distance education, we know that we know that the claim that wolves live in families called packs and they mate for life is false.
|
It is rational to agree that mitosis usually has a result of two genetically identical child cells.
|
It is rational to agree that mitosis usually has a result of two genetically identical child cells.
|
TRUE
|
Disjunction Elimination:
Either (If [1], then [2].) or [3]. [SC1-1]
If (If [1], then [2].), then [0].
If [3], then [0].
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (Either (If [1], then [2].) or [3].).), then [4].
If (Not (Either (If [1], then [2].) or [3].).), then (Not [4].). [SC2-2]
Therefore, Either (If [1], then [2].) or [3]..
[SC2-2]
Hypothetical Syllogism:
If (Not (Either (If [1], then [2].) or [3].).), then [5].
If [5], then (Not [4].).
Therefore, If (Not (Either (If [1], then [2].) or [3].).), then (Not [4].)..
|
{0: 'Mitosis usually has a result of two genetically identical child cells.', 1: 'Most men get almost as much pleasure in bringing a woman to orgasm as they do in having one.', 2: 'Some tall trees bear flowers.', 3: 'Most peanuts cause serious allergic reaction.', 4: 'Wolves live in families called packs and they mate for life.', 5: 'Foreign languages have quite a long history in distance education.'}
| 3 |
2,185 |
["Given that the statement that 'sanitation is the first and most important step in control of filth flies' is incorrect, it can be inferred that business has dependency.", 'One may reasonably assume that if business has dependency, then salamanders hide by day and prowl by night.', "One may reasonably assume that if the claim that if the statement that 'sanitation is the first and most important step in control of filth flies' is incorrect, then the claim that salamanders hide by day and prowl by night has no merit does not correspond with reality, then if r is reflexive because every positive integer is a factor of itself, then most women outside wear a veil to hide their faces.", 'It is not true that if r is reflexive because every positive integer is a factor of itself, then most women outside wear a veil to hide their faces.']
|
Given that the statement that 'sanitation is the first and most important step in control of filth flies' is incorrect, it can be inferred that business has dependency. One may reasonably assume that if business has dependency, then salamanders hide by day and prowl by night. One may reasonably assume that if the claim that if the statement that 'sanitation is the first and most important step in control of filth flies' is incorrect, then the claim that salamanders hide by day and prowl by night has no merit does not correspond with reality, then if r is reflexive because every positive integer is a factor of itself, then most women outside wear a veil to hide their faces. It is not true that if r is reflexive because every positive integer is a factor of itself, then most women outside wear a veil to hide their faces.
|
The claim that sanitation is the first and most important step in control of filth flies is true.
|
The claim that sanitation is the first and most important step in control of filth flies is true.
|
TRUE
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then [1]. [SC1-1]
If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].). [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Hypothetical Syllogism:
If (Not [0].), then [2].
If [2], then [1].
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then [1]..
[SC2-1]
Modus Tonens:
If (Not (If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].).).), then (If [3], then [4].).
Not (If [3], then [4].).
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].)..
|
{0: 'Sanitation is the first and most important step in control of filth flies.', 1: 'Salamanders hide by day and prowl by night.', 2: 'Business has dependency.', 3: 'R is reflexive because every positive integer is a factor of itself.', 4: 'Most women outside wear a veil to hide their faces.'}
| 3 |
2,732 |
['Once we know the statement that states some people confuse gayness with transsexuality is false, we also know that abortions are medical procedures.', 'It is rational to believe that either either sustainability is a multi-dimensional problem or some cytokines are produced by mothers or some species have specialized diets.', "Whenever it is true that either sustainability is a multi-dimensional problem or some cytokines are produced by mothers, 'the statement 'abortions are medical procedures' can be considered false' is true.", 'We know that either drainage is used to a greater extent in Ontario and Quebec on soils that have poor natural drainage or different birds prefer different food.', "Provided that drainage is used to a greater extent in Ontario and Quebec on soils that have poor natural drainage, we know that if some species have specialized diets, then the statement 'abortions are medical procedures' can be considered false.", "Should it be the case that different birds prefer different food, it follows that if some species have specialized diets, then the statement 'abortions are medical procedures' can be considered false."]
|
Once we know the statement that states some people confuse gayness with transsexuality is false, we also know that abortions are medical procedures. It is rational to believe that either either sustainability is a multi-dimensional problem or some cytokines are produced by mothers or some species have specialized diets. Whenever it is true that either sustainability is a multi-dimensional problem or some cytokines are produced by mothers, 'the statement 'abortions are medical procedures' can be considered false' is true. We know that either drainage is used to a greater extent in Ontario and Quebec on soils that have poor natural drainage or different birds prefer different food. Provided that drainage is used to a greater extent in Ontario and Quebec on soils that have poor natural drainage, we know that if some species have specialized diets, then the statement 'abortions are medical procedures' can be considered false. Should it be the case that different birds prefer different food, it follows that if some species have specialized diets, then the statement 'abortions are medical procedures' can be considered false.
|
The statement 'some people confuse gayness with transsexuality' can be considered true.
|
Some people think motors run on smoke because when the smoke gets out, they stop working.
|
Uncertain
|
Modus Tonens:
If (Not [0].), then [1].
Not [1]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC2-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either (Either [2] or [3].) or [4].
If (Either [2] or [3].), then (Not [1].).
If [4], then (Not [1].). [SC3-2]
Therefore, Not [1]..
[SC3-2]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [5] or [6].
If [5], then (If [4], then (Not [1].).).
If [6], then (If [4], then (Not [1].).).
Therefore, If [4], then (Not [1].)..
|
{0: 'Some people confuse gayness with transsexuality.', 1: 'Abortions are medical procedures.', 2: 'Sustainability is a multi-dimensional problem.', 3: 'Some cytokines are produced by mothers.', 4: 'Some species have specialized diets.', 5: 'Drainage is used to a greater extent in Ontario and Quebec on soils that have poor natural drainage.', 6: 'Different birds prefer different food.'}
| 3 |
2,404 |
['Either one or both of these statements are true: either adequate moisture is also important, especially for newly planted bulbs or fiber stimulates peristalsis, or domain names are an easier way of locating computers on the Internet.', 'Assuming domain names are an easier way of locating computers on the Internet, we know that number is a property of mainly nouns and verbs, and it is expressed by means of different endings.', 'On the condition that marten isa mammal, it is definitely the case that mind is evolution at an exponentially increasing rate.', 'Once we know the claim that if if marten isa mammal, then mind is evolution at an exponentially increasing rate, then if either adequate moisture is also important, especially for newly planted bulbs or fiber stimulates peristalsis, then blood flows directly from efferent arterioles into afferent arterioles does not reflect reality, we also know that either communicating quickly is what instant messaging is supposed to be all about or frames cover with hardware cloth.', 'It is a common misconception that either communicating quickly is what instant messaging is supposed to be all about or frames cover with hardware cloth.']
|
Either one or both of these statements are true: either adequate moisture is also important, especially for newly planted bulbs or fiber stimulates peristalsis, or domain names are an easier way of locating computers on the Internet. Assuming domain names are an easier way of locating computers on the Internet, we know that number is a property of mainly nouns and verbs, and it is expressed by means of different endings. On the condition that marten isa mammal, it is definitely the case that mind is evolution at an exponentially increasing rate. Once we know the claim that if if marten isa mammal, then mind is evolution at an exponentially increasing rate, then if either adequate moisture is also important, especially for newly planted bulbs or fiber stimulates peristalsis, then blood flows directly from efferent arterioles into afferent arterioles does not reflect reality, we also know that either communicating quickly is what instant messaging is supposed to be all about or frames cover with hardware cloth. It is a common misconception that either communicating quickly is what instant messaging is supposed to be all about or frames cover with hardware cloth.
|
Either blood flows directly from efferent arterioles into afferent arterioles or number is a property of mainly nouns and verbs, and it is expressed by means of different endings.
|
There is good reason to believe that either blood is divertedaround the liver without undergoing hepatic detoxification or numbers are digits.
|
Uncertain
|
Constructive Dilemma:
Either (Either [2] or [3].) or [4].
If (Either [2] or [3].), then [0]. [SC2-1]
If [4], then [1].
Therefore, Either [0] or [1]..
[SC2-1]
Modus Ponens:
If (If [5], then [6].), then (If (Either [2] or [3].), then [0].). [SC1-2]
If [5], then [6].
Therefore, If (Either [2] or [3].), then [0]..
[SC1-2]
Modus Tonens:
If (Not (If (If [5], then [6].), then (If (Either [2] or [3].), then [0].).).), then (Either [7] or [8].).
Not (Either [7] or [8].).
Therefore, If (If [5], then [6].), then (If (Either [2] or [3].), then [0].)..
|
{0: 'Blood flows directly from efferent arterioles into afferent arterioles.', 1: 'Number is a property of mainly nouns and verbs, and it is expressed by means of different endings.', 2: 'Adequate moisture is also important, especially for newly planted bulbs.', 3: 'Fiber stimulates peristalsis.', 4: 'Domain names are an easier way of locating computers on the Internet.', 5: 'Marten isa mammal.', 6: 'Mind is evolution at an exponentially increasing rate.', 7: 'Communicating quickly is what instant messaging is supposed to be all about.', 8: 'Frames cover with hardware cloth.'}
| 3 |
2,194 |
['On the condition that the claim that spider monkeys are found in many aspects of the Mesoamerican cultures does not correspond with reality, it is definitely the case that quail scratch poorly and are impeded by extremely dense vegetation.', 'If quail scratch poorly and are impeded by extremely dense vegetation, then most exotic pets have values.', 'Provided that most exotic pets have values, we know that love is the fusion of two souls in one in order to bring about mutual perfection.', 'The statement that states love is the fusion of two souls in one in order to bring about mutual perfection is false.']
|
On the condition that the claim that spider monkeys are found in many aspects of the Mesoamerican cultures does not correspond with reality, it is definitely the case that quail scratch poorly and are impeded by extremely dense vegetation. If quail scratch poorly and are impeded by extremely dense vegetation, then most exotic pets have values. Provided that most exotic pets have values, we know that love is the fusion of two souls in one in order to bring about mutual perfection. The statement that states love is the fusion of two souls in one in order to bring about mutual perfection is false.
|
We can assume that spider monkeys are found in many aspects of the Mesoamerican cultures.
|
The statement 'spider monkeys are found in many aspects of the Mesoamerican cultures' can be considered false.
|
FALSE
|
Modus Tonens:
If (Not [0].), then [1]. [SC1-1]
Not [1]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Hypothetical Syllogism:
If (Not [0].), then [2].
If [2], then [1].
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then [1]..
[SC2-1]
Modus Tonens:
If [1], then [3].
Not [3].
Therefore, Not [1]..
|
{0: 'Spider monkeys are found in many aspects of the Mesoamerican cultures.', 1: 'Most exotic pets have values.', 2: 'Quail scratch poorly and are impeded by extremely dense vegetation.', 3: 'Love is the fusion of two souls in one in order to bring about mutual perfection.'}
| 3 |
2,564 |
['The claim that possums eat snails is false.', 'Either communication is easier, when two people are speaking the same language or if the claim that reptiles have a general competitive advantage over amphibians does not correspond with reality, then possums eat snails.', 'When chital deer have the distinction of being the first species imported into Australia is true, it follows that the claim that communication is easier, when two people are speaking the same language does not reflect reality.', 'The statement that states chital deer have the distinction of being the first species imported into Australia is right.']
|
The claim that possums eat snails is false. Either communication is easier, when two people are speaking the same language or if the claim that reptiles have a general competitive advantage over amphibians does not correspond with reality, then possums eat snails. When chital deer have the distinction of being the first species imported into Australia is true, it follows that the claim that communication is easier, when two people are speaking the same language does not reflect reality. The statement that states chital deer have the distinction of being the first species imported into Australia is right.
|
The statement that states reptiles have a general competitive advantage over amphibians is right.
|
The statement, reptiles have a general competitive advantage over amphibians, does not hold.
|
FALSE
|
Modus Tonens:
If (Not [0].), then [1]. [SC1-1]
Not [1].
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [2] or (If (Not [0].), then [1].).
Not [2]. [SC2-2]
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then [1]..
[SC2-2]
Modus Ponens:
If [3], then (Not [2].).
[3]
Therefore, Not [2]..
|
{0: 'Reptiles have a general competitive advantage over amphibians.', 1: 'Possums eat snails.', 2: 'Communication is easier, when two people are speaking the same language.', 3: 'Chital deer have the distinction of being the first species imported into Australia.'}
| 3 |
2,401 |
['The claim that sensitization is processes has no merit.', 'Either one or both of these statements are true: all addictive drugs have two things in common, or coins are currency.', 'On the condition that all addictive drugs have two things in common, it is definitely the case that sensitization is processes.', 'We know that either diversity increases chances or if coins are currency, then conditional mutants express their mutant phenotype only under restricted conditons.', 'We know that the claim that diversity increases chances is false.']
|
The claim that sensitization is processes has no merit. Either one or both of these statements are true: all addictive drugs have two things in common, or coins are currency. On the condition that all addictive drugs have two things in common, it is definitely the case that sensitization is processes. We know that either diversity increases chances or if coins are currency, then conditional mutants express their mutant phenotype only under restricted conditons. We know that the claim that diversity increases chances is false.
|
conditional mutants express their mutant phenotype only under restricted conditons.
|
Conditional mutants express their mutant phenotype only under restricted conditons.
|
TRUE
|
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or [0]. [SC1-1]
Not [1].
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Constructive Dilemma:
Either [2] or [3].
If [2], then [1].
If [3], then [0]. [SC3-2]
Therefore, Either [1] or [0]..
[SC3-2]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [4] or (If [3], then [0].).
Not [4].
Therefore, If [3], then [0]..
|
{0: 'Conditional mutants express their mutant phenotype only under restricted conditons.', 1: 'Sensitization is processes.', 2: 'All addictive drugs have two things in common.', 3: 'Coins are currency.', 4: 'Diversity increases chances.'}
| 3 |
2,530 |
['One may reasonably assume that if those that suggest if if stress also influences our behavior, which can in turn affect our health, then venomous sea snakes mostly inhabit the waters of Australia, Indonesia, Southeast Asia, and India, then alcohol harms every organ and system in the body are wrong, then morality is rooted in human choice.', 'Should it be the case that those that suggest if if stress also influences our behavior, which can in turn affect our health, then venomous sea snakes mostly inhabit the waters of Australia, Indonesia, Southeast Asia, and India, then alcohol harms every organ and system in the body are wrong, it follows that some people mistakenly believe that morality is rooted in human choice.', 'One may reasonably assume that if biopharmaceutical companies face chronic shortages of skilled workers, then it is not true that alcohol harms every organ and system in the body.', 'It is rational to agree that biopharmaceutical companies face chronic shortages of skilled workers.']
|
One may reasonably assume that if those that suggest if if stress also influences our behavior, which can in turn affect our health, then venomous sea snakes mostly inhabit the waters of Australia, Indonesia, Southeast Asia, and India, then alcohol harms every organ and system in the body are wrong, then morality is rooted in human choice. Should it be the case that those that suggest if if stress also influences our behavior, which can in turn affect our health, then venomous sea snakes mostly inhabit the waters of Australia, Indonesia, Southeast Asia, and India, then alcohol harms every organ and system in the body are wrong, it follows that some people mistakenly believe that morality is rooted in human choice. One may reasonably assume that if biopharmaceutical companies face chronic shortages of skilled workers, then it is not true that alcohol harms every organ and system in the body. It is rational to agree that biopharmaceutical companies face chronic shortages of skilled workers.
|
It is not true that if stress also influences our behavior, which can in turn affect our health, then venomous sea snakes mostly inhabit the waters of Australia, Indonesia, Southeast Asia, and India.
|
Some people mistakenly believe that stress is the body's non-specific response to any demand made on it.
|
Uncertain
|
Modus Tonens:
If (If [0], then [1].), then [2]. [SC1-1]
Not [2]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, Not (If [0], then [1].)..
[SC1-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (If (If [0], then [1].), then [2].).), then [3].
If (Not (If (If [0], then [1].), then [2].).), then (Not [3].).
Therefore, If (If [0], then [1].), then [2]..
[SC2-1]
Modus Ponens:
If [4], then (Not [2].).
[4]
Therefore, Not [2]..
|
{0: 'Stress also influences our behavior, which can in turn affect our health.', 1: 'Venomous sea snakes mostly inhabit the waters of Australia, Indonesia, Southeast Asia, and India.', 2: 'Alcohol harms every organ and system in the body.', 3: 'Morality is rooted in human choice.', 4: 'Biopharmaceutical companies face chronic shortages of skilled workers.'}
| 3 |
2,656 |
['At least one of two things is true: small birds are the young boys, or the claim that photochemical reactions are common in nature does not correspond with reality.', "There is good reason to believe that either either most ants require holes or fever is usually a sign of illness, infection, or other conditions or sunglasses help to reduce the bright winter sun's effects.", "Given that sunglasses help to reduce the bright winter sun's effects, it can be inferred that it is a common misconception that small birds are the young boys.", 'Should it be the case that it is a common misconception that if either most ants require holes or fever is usually a sign of illness, infection, or other conditions, then it is a common misconception that small birds are the young boys, it follows that greenish atoms are at the center of the dislocation.', 'Those that suggest greenish atoms are at the center of the dislocation are wrong.']
|
At least one of two things is true: small birds are the young boys, or the claim that photochemical reactions are common in nature does not correspond with reality. There is good reason to believe that either either most ants require holes or fever is usually a sign of illness, infection, or other conditions or sunglasses help to reduce the bright winter sun's effects. Given that sunglasses help to reduce the bright winter sun's effects, it can be inferred that it is a common misconception that small birds are the young boys. Should it be the case that it is a common misconception that if either most ants require holes or fever is usually a sign of illness, infection, or other conditions, then it is a common misconception that small birds are the young boys, it follows that greenish atoms are at the center of the dislocation. Those that suggest greenish atoms are at the center of the dislocation are wrong.
|
The claim that photochemical reactions are common in nature does not correspond with reality.
|
Those that suggest some Photochemical reactions leads to the generation of highly reactive species are wrong.
|
Uncertain
|
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or (Not [0].).
Not [1]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC2-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either (Either [2] or [3].) or [4].
If (Either [2] or [3].), then (Not [1].). [SC2-2]
If [4], then (Not [1].).
Therefore, Not [1]..
[SC2-2]
Modus Tonens:
If (Not (If (Either [2] or [3].), then (Not [1].).).), then [5].
Not [5].
Therefore, If (Either [2] or [3].), then (Not [1].)..
|
{0: 'Photochemical reactions are common in nature.', 1: 'Small birds are the young boys.', 2: 'Most ants require holes.', 3: 'Fever is usually a sign of illness, infection, or other conditions.', 4: "Sunglasses help to reduce the bright winter sun's effects.", 5: 'Greenish atoms are at the center of the dislocation.'}
| 3 |
2,441 |
['The statement, bacteria produce haploid gametes that undergo fertilization, does not hold.', "Whenever it is true that human beings are much more complex than simple words and ideas can explain, 'either bacteria produce haploid gametes that undergo fertilization or either animals have taste or growth needs to be characterized by the composition of gain' is true.", 'At least one of two things is true: some drugs have very similar names, or human beings are much more complex than simple words and ideas can explain.', 'The claim that some drugs have very similar names is false.']
|
The statement, bacteria produce haploid gametes that undergo fertilization, does not hold. Whenever it is true that human beings are much more complex than simple words and ideas can explain, 'either bacteria produce haploid gametes that undergo fertilization or either animals have taste or growth needs to be characterized by the composition of gain' is true. At least one of two things is true: some drugs have very similar names, or human beings are much more complex than simple words and ideas can explain. The claim that some drugs have very similar names is false.
|
We know that either animals have taste or growth needs to be characterized by the composition of gain.
|
It is not true that either animals have taste or growth needs to be characterized by the composition of gain.
|
FALSE
|
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [2] or (Either [0] or [1].). [SC1-1]
Not [2].
Therefore, Either [0] or [1]..
[SC1-1]
Modus Ponens:
If [3], then (Either [2] or (Either [0] or [1].).).
[3] [SC2-2]
Therefore, Either [2] or (Either [0] or [1].)..
[SC2-2]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [4] or [3].
Not [4].
Therefore, [3].
|
{0: 'Animals have taste.', 1: 'Growth needs to be characterized by the composition of gain.', 2: 'Bacteria produce haploid gametes that undergo fertilization.', 3: 'Human beings are much more complex than simple words and ideas can explain.', 4: 'Some drugs have very similar names.'}
| 3 |
2,132 |
['When either piles of wood give many more pieces of wood per hit than trees or some illnesses cause death is true, it follows that it is not the case that headlines have (part) paragraphs.', 'At least one of two things is true: if ultrasonic scalers are very useful for the removal broken instruments, silver cones and posts, then large areas are rich in minerals copper, coal, gold, lead, molybdenum, silver, and zinc, or most animals have appearances.', 'Should it be the case that most animals have appearances, it follows that if either piles of wood give many more pieces of wood per hit than trees or some illnesses cause death, then headlines have (part) paragraphs.', 'Should it be the case that the statement, if if ultrasonic scalers are very useful for the removal broken instruments, silver cones and posts, then large areas are rich in minerals copper, coal, gold, lead, molybdenum, silver, and zinc, then if either piles of wood give many more pieces of wood per hit than trees or some illnesses cause death, then headlines have (part) paragraphs, does not hold, it follows that deacons also witness weddings, and lead benediction and prayer services.', 'Some people mistakenly believe that deacons also witness weddings, and lead benediction and prayer services.']
|
When either piles of wood give many more pieces of wood per hit than trees or some illnesses cause death is true, it follows that it is not the case that headlines have (part) paragraphs. At least one of two things is true: if ultrasonic scalers are very useful for the removal broken instruments, silver cones and posts, then large areas are rich in minerals copper, coal, gold, lead, molybdenum, silver, and zinc, or most animals have appearances. Should it be the case that most animals have appearances, it follows that if either piles of wood give many more pieces of wood per hit than trees or some illnesses cause death, then headlines have (part) paragraphs. Should it be the case that the statement, if if ultrasonic scalers are very useful for the removal broken instruments, silver cones and posts, then large areas are rich in minerals copper, coal, gold, lead, molybdenum, silver, and zinc, then if either piles of wood give many more pieces of wood per hit than trees or some illnesses cause death, then headlines have (part) paragraphs, does not hold, it follows that deacons also witness weddings, and lead benediction and prayer services. Some people mistakenly believe that deacons also witness weddings, and lead benediction and prayer services.
|
The statement that states either piles of wood give many more pieces of wood per hit than trees or some illnesses cause death is false.
|
The notion that 'piles of wood are an ideal hiding place for rattlesnakes' is untrue.
|
Uncertain
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Either [0] or [1].), then [2]. [SC1-1]
If (Either [0] or [1].), then (Not [2].).
Therefore, Not (Either [0] or [1].)..
[SC1-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either (If [3], then [4].) or [5].
If (If [3], then [4].), then (If (Either [0] or [1].), then [2].). [SC2-2]
If [5], then (If (Either [0] or [1].), then [2].).
Therefore, If (Either [0] or [1].), then [2]..
[SC2-2]
Modus Tonens:
If (Not (If (If [3], then [4].), then (If (Either [0] or [1].), then [2].).).), then [6].
Not [6].
Therefore, If (If [3], then [4].), then (If (Either [0] or [1].), then [2].)..
|
{0: 'Piles of wood give many more pieces of wood per hit than trees.', 1: 'Some illnesses cause death.', 2: 'Headlines have (part) paragraphs.', 3: 'Ultrasonic scalers are very useful for the removal broken instruments, silver cones and posts.', 4: 'Large areas are rich in minerals copper, coal, gold, lead, molybdenum, silver, and zinc.', 5: 'Most animals have appearances.', 6: 'Deacons also witness weddings, and lead benediction and prayer services.'}
| 3 |
2,233 |
["If the claim that human beings are simple creatures has no merit, then the notion that 'laser therapy uses high-intensity light to destroy tumor cells' is untrue.", "So long as the claim that if the claim that human beings are simple creatures has no merit, then laser therapy uses high-intensity light to destroy tumor cells is false, 'the claim that population changes in carnivores in some coyote-control areas has no merit' is true.", 'Either one or both of these statements are true: if minkowski operators consist of a type of addition and a type of subtraction, then more pasture insects are likely to be eaten by birds in areas where woodland is adjacent to pasture, or if the claim that if the claim that human beings are simple creatures has no merit, then laser therapy uses high-intensity light to destroy tumor cells is false, then population changes in carnivores in some coyote-control areas.', 'Some people mistakenly believe that if minkowski operators consist of a type of addition and a type of subtraction, then more pasture insects are likely to be eaten by birds in areas where woodland is adjacent to pasture.']
|
If the claim that human beings are simple creatures has no merit, then the notion that 'laser therapy uses high-intensity light to destroy tumor cells' is untrue. So long as the claim that if the claim that human beings are simple creatures has no merit, then laser therapy uses high-intensity light to destroy tumor cells is false, 'the claim that population changes in carnivores in some coyote-control areas has no merit' is true. Either one or both of these statements are true: if minkowski operators consist of a type of addition and a type of subtraction, then more pasture insects are likely to be eaten by birds in areas where woodland is adjacent to pasture, or if the claim that if the claim that human beings are simple creatures has no merit, then laser therapy uses high-intensity light to destroy tumor cells is false, then population changes in carnivores in some coyote-control areas. Some people mistakenly believe that if minkowski operators consist of a type of addition and a type of subtraction, then more pasture insects are likely to be eaten by birds in areas where woodland is adjacent to pasture.
|
It is a simple truth that human beings are simple creatures.
|
It is a simple truth that human beings are simple creatures.
|
TRUE
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then [1]. [SC1-1]
If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].).
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (If (Not [0].), then [1].).), then [2]. [SC1-2]
If (Not (If (Not [0].), then [1].).), then (Not [2].).
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then [1]..
[SC1-2]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either (If [3], then [4].) or (If (Not (If (Not [0].), then [1].).), then [2].).
Not (If [3], then [4].).
Therefore, If (Not (If (Not [0].), then [1].).), then [2]..
|
{0: 'Human beings are simple creatures.', 1: 'Laser therapy uses high-intensity light to destroy tumor cells.', 2: 'Population changes in carnivores in some coyote-control areas.', 3: 'Minkowski operators consist of a type of addition and a type of subtraction.', 4: 'More pasture insects are likely to be eaten by birds in areas where woodland is adjacent to pasture.'}
| 3 |
2,173 |
["The statement 'children being treated for cancer are at risk for a deadly, air-borne fungus known as aspergillus' can be considered false.", 'Those that suggest freedom comes when the desire to do right is greater than law requires are wrong.', 'At least one of two things is true: bait buckets fill with river lagoon water, or trees provide habitats for animals and birds that eat crop pests and insects.', 'Assuming bait buckets fill with river lagoon water, we know that either freedom comes when the desire to do right is greater than law requires or if dormouses have (part) vacuoles, then children being treated for cancer are at risk for a deadly, air-borne fungus known as aspergillus.', 'Given that trees provide habitats for animals and birds that eat crop pests and insects, it can be inferred that either freedom comes when the desire to do right is greater than law requires or if dormouses have (part) vacuoles, then children being treated for cancer are at risk for a deadly, air-borne fungus known as aspergillus.']
|
The statement 'children being treated for cancer are at risk for a deadly, air-borne fungus known as aspergillus' can be considered false. Those that suggest freedom comes when the desire to do right is greater than law requires are wrong. At least one of two things is true: bait buckets fill with river lagoon water, or trees provide habitats for animals and birds that eat crop pests and insects. Assuming bait buckets fill with river lagoon water, we know that either freedom comes when the desire to do right is greater than law requires or if dormouses have (part) vacuoles, then children being treated for cancer are at risk for a deadly, air-borne fungus known as aspergillus. Given that trees provide habitats for animals and birds that eat crop pests and insects, it can be inferred that either freedom comes when the desire to do right is greater than law requires or if dormouses have (part) vacuoles, then children being treated for cancer are at risk for a deadly, air-borne fungus known as aspergillus.
|
The claim that dormouses have (part) vacuoles does not reflect reality.
|
The claim that dormouses have (part) piluses is false.
|
Uncertain
|
Modus Tonens:
If [0], then [1]. [SC1-1]
Not [1].
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC1-1]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [2] or (If [0], then [1].). [SC1-2]
Not [2].
Therefore, If [0], then [1]..
[SC1-2]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [3] or [4].
If [3], then (Either [2] or (If [0], then [1].).).
If [4], then (Either [2] or (If [0], then [1].).).
Therefore, Either [2] or (If [0], then [1].)..
|
{0: 'Dormouses have (part) vacuoles.', 1: 'Children being treated for cancer are at risk for a deadly, air-borne fungus known as aspergillus.', 2: 'Freedom comes when the desire to do right is greater than law requires.', 3: 'Bait buckets fill with river lagoon water.', 4: 'Trees provide habitats for animals and birds that eat crop pests and insects.'}
| 3 |
2,428 |
['On the condition that if document imaging is a key technology that can provide many benefits for courts of all sizes, then lead poses a severe health risk to women of child-bearing age, it is definitely the case that obedience school is often a means used to place the dalmatians within the family.', 'Should it be the case that the claim that either if document imaging is a key technology that can provide many benefits for courts of all sizes, then lead poses a severe health risk to women of child-bearing age or some extinguishers have a button instead of a lever has no merit, it follows that annelids have very well-developed internal organs.', "One may reasonably assume that if the claim that either if document imaging is a key technology that can provide many benefits for courts of all sizes, then lead poses a severe health risk to women of child-bearing age or some extinguishers have a button instead of a lever has no merit, then the statement 'annelids have very well-developed internal organs' can be considered false.", "Assuming the statement that 'if some extinguishers have a button instead of a lever, then obedience school is often a means used to place the dalmatians within the family' is incorrect, we know that writing is one of the critical tools of communication by which the life of the mind is enriched.", 'The statement, writing is one of the critical tools of communication by which the life of the mind is enriched, does not hold.']
|
On the condition that if document imaging is a key technology that can provide many benefits for courts of all sizes, then lead poses a severe health risk to women of child-bearing age, it is definitely the case that obedience school is often a means used to place the dalmatians within the family. Should it be the case that the claim that either if document imaging is a key technology that can provide many benefits for courts of all sizes, then lead poses a severe health risk to women of child-bearing age or some extinguishers have a button instead of a lever has no merit, it follows that annelids have very well-developed internal organs. One may reasonably assume that if the claim that either if document imaging is a key technology that can provide many benefits for courts of all sizes, then lead poses a severe health risk to women of child-bearing age or some extinguishers have a button instead of a lever has no merit, then the statement 'annelids have very well-developed internal organs' can be considered false. Assuming the statement that 'if some extinguishers have a button instead of a lever, then obedience school is often a means used to place the dalmatians within the family' is incorrect, we know that writing is one of the critical tools of communication by which the life of the mind is enriched. The statement, writing is one of the critical tools of communication by which the life of the mind is enriched, does not hold.
|
obedience school is often a means used to place the dalmatians within the family.
|
We know that the claim that obedience school is often a means used to place the dalmatians within the family is false.
|
FALSE
|
Disjunction Elimination:
Either (If [1], then [2].) or [3]. [SC1-1]
If (If [1], then [2].), then [0].
If [3], then [0]. [SC3-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (Either (If [1], then [2].) or [3].).), then [4].
If (Not (Either (If [1], then [2].) or [3].).), then (Not [4].).
Therefore, Either (If [1], then [2].) or [3]..
[SC3-1]
Modus Tonens:
If (Not (If [3], then [0].).), then [5].
Not [5].
Therefore, If [3], then [0]..
|
{0: 'Obedience school is often a means used to place the dalmatians within the family.', 1: 'Document imaging is a key technology that can provide many benefits for courts of all sizes.', 2: 'Lead poses a severe health risk to women of child-bearing age.', 3: 'Some extinguishers have a button instead of a lever.', 4: 'Annelids have very well-developed internal organs.', 5: 'Writing is one of the critical tools of communication by which the life of the mind is enriched.'}
| 3 |
2,567 |
['There is good reason to believe that either most acidic stomachs break down sensitive enzymes or some annuals perform best in summer heat while others flower vigorously only in cool weather.', 'One may reasonably assume that if the claim that if most acidic stomachs break down sensitive enzymes, then amoebas can also form lesions on the eyes and skin, leading to further infection or blindness is false, then fillies mature physically slowly.', "If the claim that if most acidic stomachs break down sensitive enzymes, then amoebas can also form lesions on the eyes and skin, leading to further infection or blindness is false, then the statement 'fillies mature physically slowly' can be considered false.", "So long as geometry also trains the eye to shape and form which leads to creative expression, 'if some annuals perform best in summer heat while others flower vigorously only in cool weather, then amoebas can also form lesions on the eyes and skin, leading to further infection or blindness' is true.", 'The claim that geometry also trains the eye to shape and form which leads to creative expression holds true.']
|
There is good reason to believe that either most acidic stomachs break down sensitive enzymes or some annuals perform best in summer heat while others flower vigorously only in cool weather. One may reasonably assume that if the claim that if most acidic stomachs break down sensitive enzymes, then amoebas can also form lesions on the eyes and skin, leading to further infection or blindness is false, then fillies mature physically slowly. If the claim that if most acidic stomachs break down sensitive enzymes, then amoebas can also form lesions on the eyes and skin, leading to further infection or blindness is false, then the statement 'fillies mature physically slowly' can be considered false. So long as geometry also trains the eye to shape and form which leads to creative expression, 'if some annuals perform best in summer heat while others flower vigorously only in cool weather, then amoebas can also form lesions on the eyes and skin, leading to further infection or blindness' is true. The claim that geometry also trains the eye to shape and form which leads to creative expression holds true.
|
Those that suggest amoebas can also form lesions on the eyes and skin, leading to further infection or blindness are right.
|
Those that suggest amoebas can also form lesions on the eyes and skin, leading to further infection or blindness are right.
|
TRUE
|
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [1] or [2].
If [1], then [0]. [SC2-1]
If [2], then [0]. [SC3-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC2-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (If [1], then [0].).), then [4].
If (Not (If [1], then [0].).), then (Not [4].).
Therefore, If [1], then [0]..
[SC3-1]
Modus Ponens:
If [3], then (If [2], then [0].).
[3]
Therefore, If [2], then [0]..
|
{0: 'Amoebas can also form lesions on the eyes and skin, leading to further infection or blindness.', 1: 'Most acidic stomachs break down sensitive enzymes.', 2: 'Some annuals perform best in summer heat while others flower vigorously only in cool weather.', 3: 'Geometry also trains the eye to shape and form which leads to creative expression.', 4: 'Fillies mature physically slowly.'}
| 3 |
2,967 |
['Provided that octopods have a variety of defences, we know that those that suggest applied science can be like biological science and physical science are wrong.', "Whenever it is true that reptiles generally reproduce sexually, though some are capable of asexual reproduction, 'those that suggest applied science can be like biological science and physical science are wrong' is true.", 'It is not the case that alcoholism is a terrible disease that ruins lives.', 'We know that either an astringency is contractility or sheep have no natural defenses.', 'Once we know an astringency is contractility, we also know that alcoholism is a terrible disease that ruins lives.', 'On the condition that sheep have no natural defenses, it is definitely the case that either octopods have a variety of defences or reptiles generally reproduce sexually, though some are capable of asexual reproduction.']
|
Provided that octopods have a variety of defences, we know that those that suggest applied science can be like biological science and physical science are wrong. Whenever it is true that reptiles generally reproduce sexually, though some are capable of asexual reproduction, 'those that suggest applied science can be like biological science and physical science are wrong' is true. It is not the case that alcoholism is a terrible disease that ruins lives. We know that either an astringency is contractility or sheep have no natural defenses. Once we know an astringency is contractility, we also know that alcoholism is a terrible disease that ruins lives. On the condition that sheep have no natural defenses, it is definitely the case that either octopods have a variety of defences or reptiles generally reproduce sexually, though some are capable of asexual reproduction.
|
Those that suggest applied science can be like biological science and physical science are wrong.
|
Those that suggest applied science is the application of scientific knowledge transferred into a physical environment are wrong.
|
Uncertain
|
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [1] or [2]. [SC1-1]
If [1], then (Not [0].).
If [2], then (Not [0].).
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC1-1]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [3] or (Either [1] or [2].). [SC1-2]
Not [3].
Therefore, Either [1] or [2]..
[SC1-2]
Constructive Dilemma:
Either [4] or [5].
If [4], then [3].
If [5], then (Either [1] or [2].).
Therefore, Either [3] or (Either [1] or [2].)..
|
{0: 'Applied science can be like biological science and physical science.', 1: 'Octopods have a variety of defences.', 2: 'Reptiles generally reproduce sexually, though some are capable of asexual reproduction.', 3: 'Alcoholism is a terrible disease that ruins lives.', 4: 'An astringency is contractility.', 5: 'Sheep have no natural defenses.'}
| 3 |
2,758 |
['One may reasonably assume that if synergies are more than the sum of their parts, the essential oils interact at a molecular level, then a musket ball is shot.', 'Once we know precipitation becomes surface water, we also know that synergies are more than the sum of their parts, the essential oils interact at a molecular level.', "At least one of two things is true: white chocolate is chocolate, or if income is correlated more strongly with well-being than is education, then cataracts occur when the eye's lens becomes cloudy, obstructing the passage of light to the retina.", 'Once we know white chocolate is chocolate, we also know that precipitation becomes surface water.', "So long as if income is correlated more strongly with well-being than is education, then cataracts occur when the eye's lens becomes cloudy, obstructing the passage of light to the retina, 'precipitation becomes surface water' is true."]
|
One may reasonably assume that if synergies are more than the sum of their parts, the essential oils interact at a molecular level, then a musket ball is shot. Once we know precipitation becomes surface water, we also know that synergies are more than the sum of their parts, the essential oils interact at a molecular level. At least one of two things is true: white chocolate is chocolate, or if income is correlated more strongly with well-being than is education, then cataracts occur when the eye's lens becomes cloudy, obstructing the passage of light to the retina. Once we know white chocolate is chocolate, we also know that precipitation becomes surface water. So long as if income is correlated more strongly with well-being than is education, then cataracts occur when the eye's lens becomes cloudy, obstructing the passage of light to the retina, 'precipitation becomes surface water' is true.
|
It is rational to agree that a musket ball is shot.
|
A musket ball is shot.
|
Uncertain
|
Modus Ponens:
If [1], then [0].
[1] [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC2-1]
Modus Ponens:
If [2], then [1].
[2] [SC2-2]
Therefore, [1].
[SC2-2]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [3] or (If [4], then [5].).
If [3], then [2].
If (If [4], then [5].), then [2].
Therefore, [2].
|
{0: 'A musket ball is shot.', 1: 'Synergies are more than the sum of their parts, the essential oils interact at a molecular level.', 2: 'Precipitation becomes surface water.', 3: 'White chocolate is chocolate.', 4: 'Income is correlated more strongly with well-being than is education.', 5: "Cataracts occur when the eye's lens becomes cloudy, obstructing the passage of light to the retina."}
| 3 |
2,626 |
['Provided that authorized stock is the total number of shares outstanding, we know that leatherback turtles have skin.', "The statement 'a cod is a bony fish' can be considered false.", 'Either boric acid is used in pre-treating certain textiles before they are dyed or some vision problems affect eyes.', 'If boric acid is used in pre-treating certain textiles before they are dyed, then either a cod is a bony fish or if authorized stock is the total number of shares outstanding, then it is not true that leatherback turtles have skin.', 'On the condition that some vision problems affect eyes, it is definitely the case that either a cod is a bony fish or if authorized stock is the total number of shares outstanding, then it is not true that leatherback turtles have skin.']
|
Provided that authorized stock is the total number of shares outstanding, we know that leatherback turtles have skin. The statement 'a cod is a bony fish' can be considered false. Either boric acid is used in pre-treating certain textiles before they are dyed or some vision problems affect eyes. If boric acid is used in pre-treating certain textiles before they are dyed, then either a cod is a bony fish or if authorized stock is the total number of shares outstanding, then it is not true that leatherback turtles have skin. On the condition that some vision problems affect eyes, it is definitely the case that either a cod is a bony fish or if authorized stock is the total number of shares outstanding, then it is not true that leatherback turtles have skin.
|
The claim that authorized stock is the total number of shares outstanding is false.
|
The statement that states authorized stock is the total number of shares outstanding is right.
|
FALSE
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If [0], then [1].
If [0], then (Not [1].). [SC2-1]
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC2-1]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [2] or (If [0], then (Not [1].).). [SC1-2]
Not [2].
Therefore, If [0], then (Not [1].)..
[SC1-2]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [3] or [4].
If [3], then (Either [2] or (If [0], then (Not [1].).).).
If [4], then (Either [2] or (If [0], then (Not [1].).).).
Therefore, Either [2] or (If [0], then (Not [1].).)..
|
{0: 'Authorized stock is the total number of shares outstanding.', 1: 'Leatherback turtles have skin.', 2: 'A cod is a bony fish.', 3: 'Boric acid is used in pre-treating certain textiles before they are dyed.', 4: 'Some vision problems affect eyes.'}
| 3 |
2,096 |
["Whenever it is true that personality is a factor in the amount of weight that individuals gain over their life span, 'if many men have no sperm in their semen because of vasectomy or other causes of blocked ducts, then rainfall varies considerably by regions from the North to the South' is true.", 'The claim that personality is a factor in the amount of weight that individuals gain over their life span holds true.', 'We know that either if scorpion stings are notoriously painful and in Mexico can actually be fatal, then fathers have a profound influence on how daughters view themselves or if many men have no sperm in their semen because of vasectomy or other causes of blocked ducts, then it is a common misconception that rainfall varies considerably by regions from the North to the South.', 'It is not true that if scorpion stings are notoriously painful and in Mexico can actually be fatal, then fathers have a profound influence on how daughters view themselves.']
|
Whenever it is true that personality is a factor in the amount of weight that individuals gain over their life span, 'if many men have no sperm in their semen because of vasectomy or other causes of blocked ducts, then rainfall varies considerably by regions from the North to the South' is true. The claim that personality is a factor in the amount of weight that individuals gain over their life span holds true. We know that either if scorpion stings are notoriously painful and in Mexico can actually be fatal, then fathers have a profound influence on how daughters view themselves or if many men have no sperm in their semen because of vasectomy or other causes of blocked ducts, then it is a common misconception that rainfall varies considerably by regions from the North to the South. It is not true that if scorpion stings are notoriously painful and in Mexico can actually be fatal, then fathers have a profound influence on how daughters view themselves.
|
Some people mistakenly believe that many men have no sperm in their semen because of vasectomy or other causes of blocked ducts.
|
The statement that states men love dogs is false.
|
Uncertain
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If [0], then [1]. [SC1-1]
If [0], then (Not [1].). [SC2-1]
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC1-1]
Modus Ponens:
If [2], then (If [0], then [1].).
[2]
Therefore, If [0], then [1]..
[SC2-1]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either (If [3], then [4].) or (If [0], then (Not [1].).).
Not (If [3], then [4].).
Therefore, If [0], then (Not [1].)..
|
{0: 'Many men have no sperm in their semen because of vasectomy or other causes of blocked ducts.', 1: 'Rainfall varies considerably by regions from the North to the South.', 2: 'Personality is a factor in the amount of weight that individuals gain over their life span.', 3: 'Scorpion stings are notoriously painful and in Mexico can actually be fatal.', 4: 'Fathers have a profound influence on how daughters view themselves.'}
| 3 |
2,781 |
['Provided that it is not true that if the claim that long nails can injure the animal does not reflect reality, then railroads are the most important means of transport in Japan, we know that most sharp teeth help diets.', 'Assuming it is not true that if the claim that long nails can injure the animal does not reflect reality, then railroads are the most important means of transport in Japan, we know that we know that the claim that most sharp teeth help diets is false.', 'It is rational to believe that either venipuncture is used most often in adult patients or microglia arise from macrophages and remove debris after cell injury or death.', "So long as venipuncture is used most often in adult patients, 'if the claim that long nails can injure the animal does not reflect reality, then it is a common misconception that railroads are the most important means of transport in Japan' is true.", 'When microglia arise from macrophages and remove debris after cell injury or death is true, it follows that if the claim that long nails can injure the animal does not reflect reality, then it is a common misconception that railroads are the most important means of transport in Japan.']
|
Provided that it is not true that if the claim that long nails can injure the animal does not reflect reality, then railroads are the most important means of transport in Japan, we know that most sharp teeth help diets. Assuming it is not true that if the claim that long nails can injure the animal does not reflect reality, then railroads are the most important means of transport in Japan, we know that we know that the claim that most sharp teeth help diets is false. It is rational to believe that either venipuncture is used most often in adult patients or microglia arise from macrophages and remove debris after cell injury or death. So long as venipuncture is used most often in adult patients, 'if the claim that long nails can injure the animal does not reflect reality, then it is a common misconception that railroads are the most important means of transport in Japan' is true. When microglia arise from macrophages and remove debris after cell injury or death is true, it follows that if the claim that long nails can injure the animal does not reflect reality, then it is a common misconception that railroads are the most important means of transport in Japan.
|
It is fair to say that long nails can injure the animal.
|
It is fair to say that long nails can injure the animal.
|
TRUE
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then [1]. [SC1-1]
If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].). [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (If (Not [0].), then [1].).), then [4].
If (Not (If (Not [0].), then [1].).), then (Not [4].).
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then [1]..
[SC2-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [2] or [3].
If [2], then (If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].).).
If [3], then (If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].).).
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].)..
|
{0: 'Long nails can injure the animal.', 1: 'Railroads are the most important means of transport in Japan.', 2: 'Venipuncture is used most often in adult patients.', 3: 'Microglia arise from macrophages and remove debris after cell injury or death.', 4: 'Most sharp teeth help diets.'}
| 3 |
2,499 |
["Given that the statement 'if the statement, mammals comprise the next-highest level of consciousness after humans, does not hold, then salt marsh plants play ecological roles' can be considered false, it can be inferred that human selection is relatively recent and has resulted in our cultivated plants and domestic animals.", 'The statement, human selection is relatively recent and has resulted in our cultivated plants and domestic animals, does not hold.', 'On the condition that goats eat hay, grass, leaves of trees, branches, even kudzu, it is definitely the case that if the statement, mammals comprise the next-highest level of consciousness after humans, does not hold, then it is not true that salt marsh plants play ecological roles.', 'The claim that goats eat hay, grass, leaves of trees, branches, even kudzu is true.']
|
Given that the statement 'if the statement, mammals comprise the next-highest level of consciousness after humans, does not hold, then salt marsh plants play ecological roles' can be considered false, it can be inferred that human selection is relatively recent and has resulted in our cultivated plants and domestic animals. The statement, human selection is relatively recent and has resulted in our cultivated plants and domestic animals, does not hold. On the condition that goats eat hay, grass, leaves of trees, branches, even kudzu, it is definitely the case that if the statement, mammals comprise the next-highest level of consciousness after humans, does not hold, then it is not true that salt marsh plants play ecological roles. The claim that goats eat hay, grass, leaves of trees, branches, even kudzu is true.
|
We can assume that mammals comprise the next-highest level of consciousness after humans.
|
Some mammals roam Vietnam.
|
Uncertain
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then [1]. [SC1-1]
If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].). [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Modus Tonens:
If (Not (If (Not [0].), then [1].).), then [2].
Not [2].
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then [1]..
[SC2-1]
Modus Ponens:
If [3], then (If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].).).
[3]
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].)..
|
{0: 'Mammals comprise the next-highest level of consciousness after humans.', 1: 'Salt marsh plants play ecological roles.', 2: 'Human selection is relatively recent and has resulted in our cultivated plants and domestic animals.', 3: 'Goats eat hay, grass, leaves of trees, branches, even kudzu.'}
| 3 |
2,074 |
['Once we know some dogs aid the deaf or hard of hearing, we also know that mountain gorillas have diets.', 'One may reasonably assume that if some rabbits return to colonies, then mountain gorillas have diets.', 'There is good reason to believe that either some carpenter ants have nodes or neutrophils are one of the most important types.', "So long as some carpenter ants have nodes, 'either some dogs aid the deaf or hard of hearing or some rabbits return to colonies' is true.", 'Provided that neutrophils are one of the most important types, we know that some children keep rabbits.', 'One may reasonably assume that if some children keep rabbits, then either some dogs aid the deaf or hard of hearing or some rabbits return to colonies.']
|
Once we know some dogs aid the deaf or hard of hearing, we also know that mountain gorillas have diets. One may reasonably assume that if some rabbits return to colonies, then mountain gorillas have diets. There is good reason to believe that either some carpenter ants have nodes or neutrophils are one of the most important types. So long as some carpenter ants have nodes, 'either some dogs aid the deaf or hard of hearing or some rabbits return to colonies' is true. Provided that neutrophils are one of the most important types, we know that some children keep rabbits. One may reasonably assume that if some children keep rabbits, then either some dogs aid the deaf or hard of hearing or some rabbits return to colonies.
|
It is true that mountain gorillas have diets.
|
It is not true that mountain gorillas have diets.
|
FALSE
|
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [1] or [2]. [SC1-1]
If [1], then [0].
If [2], then [0].
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [3] or [4].
If [3], then (Either [1] or [2].).
If [4], then (Either [1] or [2].). [SC3-2]
Therefore, Either [1] or [2]..
[SC3-2]
Hypothetical Syllogism:
If [4], then [5].
If [5], then (Either [1] or [2].).
Therefore, If [4], then (Either [1] or [2].)..
|
{0: 'Mountain gorillas have diets.', 1: 'Some dogs aid the deaf or hard of hearing.', 2: 'Some rabbits return to colonies.', 3: 'Some carpenter ants have nodes.', 4: 'Neutrophils are one of the most important types.', 5: 'Some children keep rabbits.'}
| 3 |
2,089 |
['Assuming misery is movies, we know that small females produce tens of thousands of eggs in a sponge.', 'Should it be the case that barley responds to drought much like corn, it follows that either heat therapy is able to destroy cancer cells or misery is movies.', 'The idea that barley responds to drought much like corn is true.', "Whenever it is true that we know that the claim that if heat therapy is able to destroy cancer cells, then small females produce tens of thousands of eggs in a sponge is false, 'borders are used for political maps' is true.", 'The claim that borders are used for political maps does not reflect reality.']
|
Assuming misery is movies, we know that small females produce tens of thousands of eggs in a sponge. Should it be the case that barley responds to drought much like corn, it follows that either heat therapy is able to destroy cancer cells or misery is movies. The idea that barley responds to drought much like corn is true. Whenever it is true that we know that the claim that if heat therapy is able to destroy cancer cells, then small females produce tens of thousands of eggs in a sponge is false, 'borders are used for political maps' is true. The claim that borders are used for political maps does not reflect reality.
|
Those that suggest small females produce tens of thousands of eggs in a sponge are right.
|
Apprenticeship is a cooperative program among employers, employees and possibly a state agency.
|
Uncertain
|
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [1] or [2]. [SC1-1]
If [1], then [0]. [SC2-1]
If [2], then [0].
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Modus Ponens:
If [4], then (Either [1] or [2].).
[4]
Therefore, Either [1] or [2]..
[SC2-1]
Modus Tonens:
If (Not (If [1], then [0].).), then [3].
Not [3].
Therefore, If [1], then [0]..
|
{0: 'Small females produce tens of thousands of eggs in a sponge.', 1: 'Heat therapy is able to destroy cancer cells.', 2: 'Misery is movies.', 3: 'Borders are used for political maps.', 4: 'Barley responds to drought much like corn.'}
| 3 |
2,609 |
['The claim that cellular machinery performs functions is false.', 'If a visual system is a sensory system, then if it is not the case that if geminid meteors are rapid and yellowish, then tangential acceleration is the same as radial acceleration in an angular system, then cellular machinery performs functions.', 'At least one of two things is true: monetary policy keeps unemployment high to put downward pressure on wages, or a visual system is a sensory system.', 'The statement, monetary policy keeps unemployment high to put downward pressure on wages, does not hold.']
|
The claim that cellular machinery performs functions is false. If a visual system is a sensory system, then if it is not the case that if geminid meteors are rapid and yellowish, then tangential acceleration is the same as radial acceleration in an angular system, then cellular machinery performs functions. At least one of two things is true: monetary policy keeps unemployment high to put downward pressure on wages, or a visual system is a sensory system. The statement, monetary policy keeps unemployment high to put downward pressure on wages, does not hold.
|
If geminid meteors are rapid and yellowish, then tangential acceleration is the same as radial acceleration in an angular system.
|
If geminid meteors are rapid and yellowish, then tangential acceleration is the same as radial acceleration in an angular system.
|
TRUE
|
Modus Tonens:
If (Not (If [0], then [1].).), then [2]. [SC1-1]
Not [2].
Therefore, If [0], then [1]..
[SC1-1]
Modus Ponens:
If [3], then (If (Not (If [0], then [1].).), then [2].).
[3] [SC2-2]
Therefore, If (Not (If [0], then [1].).), then [2]..
[SC2-2]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [4] or [3].
Not [4].
Therefore, [3].
|
{0: 'Geminid meteors are rapid and yellowish.', 1: 'Tangential acceleration is the same as radial acceleration in an angular system.', 2: 'Cellular machinery performs functions.', 3: 'A visual system is a sensory system.', 4: 'Monetary policy keeps unemployment high to put downward pressure on wages.'}
| 3 |
2,000 |
['It is a simple truth that good magic is anything that protects, heals, resurrects, etc.', 'The statement that states books explain science is right.', 'Given that strip skunks reach maturity, it can be inferred that if books explain science, then if good magic is anything that protects, heals, resurrects, etc, then bitter gourd is a blood purifier, activates spleen and liver and is highly beneficial in diabetes.', 'We can assume that strip skunks reach maturity.']
|
It is a simple truth that good magic is anything that protects, heals, resurrects, etc. The statement that states books explain science is right. Given that strip skunks reach maturity, it can be inferred that if books explain science, then if good magic is anything that protects, heals, resurrects, etc, then bitter gourd is a blood purifier, activates spleen and liver and is highly beneficial in diabetes. We can assume that strip skunks reach maturity.
|
The statement 'bitter gourd is a blood purifier, activates spleen and liver and is highly beneficial in diabetes' is true.
|
The claim that bitter gourd is a blood purifier, activates spleen and liver and is highly beneficial in diabetes does not correspond with reality.
|
FALSE
|
Modus Ponens:
If [1], then [0]. [SC1-1]
[1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Modus Ponens:
If [2], then (If [1], then [0].). [SC1-2]
[2]
Therefore, If [1], then [0]..
[SC1-2]
Modus Ponens:
If [3], then (If [2], then (If [1], then [0].).).
[3]
Therefore, If [2], then (If [1], then [0].)..
|
{0: 'Bitter gourd is a blood purifier, activates spleen and liver and is highly beneficial in diabetes.', 1: 'Good magic is anything that protects, heals, resurrects, etc.', 2: 'Books explain science.', 3: 'Strip skunks reach maturity.'}
| 3 |
2,392 |
['Either if smoking can cause impotence and premature baldness in men, then spotted skunks are more agile than striped skunks or if either deaths can also occur due to dehydration, when water sources freeze and become unavailable or most raccoons use paws, then if neonatal circumcision is a painful surgical procedure often performed without analgesia, then some shrews have digestive tracts.', 'The claim that if smoking can cause impotence and premature baldness in men, then spotted skunks are more agile than striped skunks does not reflect reality.', "We know that either either corn is the most widely distributed crop in the world or finances are just one aspect of a child's athletic activities or elk is very tender and low in fat.", "Assuming either corn is the most widely distributed crop in the world or finances are just one aspect of a child's athletic activities, we know that deaths can also occur due to dehydration, when water sources freeze and become unavailable.", 'One may reasonably assume that if elk is very tender and low in fat, then most raccoons use paws.']
|
Either if smoking can cause impotence and premature baldness in men, then spotted skunks are more agile than striped skunks or if either deaths can also occur due to dehydration, when water sources freeze and become unavailable or most raccoons use paws, then if neonatal circumcision is a painful surgical procedure often performed without analgesia, then some shrews have digestive tracts. The claim that if smoking can cause impotence and premature baldness in men, then spotted skunks are more agile than striped skunks does not reflect reality. We know that either either corn is the most widely distributed crop in the world or finances are just one aspect of a child's athletic activities or elk is very tender and low in fat. Assuming either corn is the most widely distributed crop in the world or finances are just one aspect of a child's athletic activities, we know that deaths can also occur due to dehydration, when water sources freeze and become unavailable. One may reasonably assume that if elk is very tender and low in fat, then most raccoons use paws.
|
One may reasonably assume that if neonatal circumcision is a painful surgical procedure often performed without analgesia, then some shrews have digestive tracts.
|
Once we know neonatal circumcision is a painful surgical procedure often per-formed without analgesia, we also know that some shrews have digestive tracts.
|
Uncertain
|
Modus Ponens:
If (Either [2] or [3].), then (If [0], then [1].). [SC1-1]
Either [2] or [3]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, If [0], then [1]..
[SC1-1]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either (If [4], then [5].) or (If (Either [2] or [3].), then (If [0], then [1].).).
Not (If [4], then [5].).
Therefore, If (Either [2] or [3].), then (If [0], then [1].)..
[SC2-1]
Constructive Dilemma:
Either (Either [6] or [7].) or [8].
If (Either [6] or [7].), then [2].
If [8], then [3].
Therefore, Either [2] or [3]..
|
{0: 'Neonatal circumcision is a painful surgical procedure often performed without analgesia.', 1: 'Some shrews have digestive tracts.', 2: 'Deaths can also occur due to dehydration, when water sources freeze and become unavailable.', 3: 'Most raccoons use paws.', 4: 'Smoking can cause impotence and premature baldness in men.', 5: 'Spotted skunks are more agile than striped skunks.', 6: 'Corn is the most widely distributed crop in the world.', 7: "Finances are just one aspect of a child's athletic activities.", 8: 'Elk is very tender and low in fat.'}
| 3 |
2,476 |
["So long as the claim that dehydration is one of the biggest hazards to birds during their plane flight has no merit, 'individuals carry female sex organs' is true.", 'The claim that some common juniper grows as shrubs does not reflect reality.', "When some mice possess antibodies is true, it follows that either some common juniper grows as shrubs or the notion that 'individuals carry female sex organs' is untrue.", 'The claim that some mice possess antibodies holds true.']
|
So long as the claim that dehydration is one of the biggest hazards to birds during their plane flight has no merit, 'individuals carry female sex organs' is true. The claim that some common juniper grows as shrubs does not reflect reality. When some mice possess antibodies is true, it follows that either some common juniper grows as shrubs or the notion that 'individuals carry female sex organs' is untrue. The claim that some mice possess antibodies holds true.
|
The statement that states dehydration is one of the biggest hazards to birds during their plane flight is right.
|
Dehydration is common in people with severe diarrhea.
|
Uncertain
|
Modus Tonens:
If (Not [0].), then [1].
Not [1]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC2-1]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [2] or (Not [1].). [SC1-2]
Not [2].
Therefore, Not [1]..
[SC1-2]
Modus Ponens:
If [3], then (Either [2] or (Not [1].).).
[3]
Therefore, Either [2] or (Not [1].)..
|
{0: 'Dehydration is one of the biggest hazards to birds during their plane flight.', 1: 'Individuals carry female sex organs.', 2: 'Some common juniper grows as shrubs.', 3: 'Some mice possess antibodies.'}
| 3 |
2,799 |
['The claim that crabs are prepared and eaten as a dish in several different ways all over the world is false.', 'The claim that paneling are part of swing doors is false.', 'We know that at least one of two things is true: apparent survival changes over periods, or high densities are observed in areas with abundant food and cover.', 'Given that apparent survival changes over periods, it can be inferred that if it is a common misconception that if we know that the claim that tobacco companies deny they target teens is false, then crabs are prepared and eaten as a dish in several different ways all over the world, then paneling are part of swing doors.', 'On the condition that high densities are observed in areas with abundant food and cover, it is definitely the case that if it is a common misconception that if we know that the claim that tobacco companies deny they target teens is false, then crabs are prepared and eaten as a dish in several different ways all over the world, then paneling are part of swing doors.']
|
The claim that crabs are prepared and eaten as a dish in several different ways all over the world is false. The claim that paneling are part of swing doors is false. We know that at least one of two things is true: apparent survival changes over periods, or high densities are observed in areas with abundant food and cover. Given that apparent survival changes over periods, it can be inferred that if it is a common misconception that if we know that the claim that tobacco companies deny they target teens is false, then crabs are prepared and eaten as a dish in several different ways all over the world, then paneling are part of swing doors. On the condition that high densities are observed in areas with abundant food and cover, it is definitely the case that if it is a common misconception that if we know that the claim that tobacco companies deny they target teens is false, then crabs are prepared and eaten as a dish in several different ways all over the world, then paneling are part of swing doors.
|
The claim that tobacco companies deny they target teens holds true.
|
Tobacco companies are ultimately responsible for an individual's smoking.
|
Uncertain
|
Modus Tonens:
If (Not [0].), then [1]. [SC1-1]
Not [1].
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Modus Tonens:
If (Not (If (Not [0].), then [1].).), then [2]. [SC1-2]
Not [2].
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then [1]..
[SC1-2]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [3] or [4].
If [3], then (If (Not (If (Not [0].), then [1].).), then [2].).
If [4], then (If (Not (If (Not [0].), then [1].).), then [2].).
Therefore, If (Not (If (Not [0].), then [1].).), then [2]..
|
{0: 'Tobacco companies deny they target teens.', 1: 'Crabs are prepared and eaten as a dish in several different ways all over the world.', 2: 'Paneling are part of swing doors.', 3: 'Apparent survival changes over periods.', 4: 'High densities are observed in areas with abundant food and cover.'}
| 3 |
2,519 |
['We know that either either tapirs can also swim in search of underwater plant life and use the water to cool their bodies or taskmasters are supervisors or enough food becomes meals.', 'If either tapirs can also swim in search of underwater plant life and use the water to cool their bodies or taskmasters are supervisors, then connective tissue attaches the breast to the pectoral muscles of the chest wall.', "The notion that 'chess sets are used for buying' is untrue.", 'Either one or both of these statements are true: zoonotic diseases can spread from animals to humans, or high mountains surround the lake, the peaks of some of which are clad in mantles of perpetual snow.', "Whenever it is true that zoonotic diseases can spread from animals to humans, 'either chess sets are used for buying or if enough food becomes meals, then connective tissue attaches the breast to the pectoral muscles of the chest wall' is true.", 'On the condition that high mountains surround the lake, the peaks of some of which are clad in mantles of perpetual snow, it is definitely the case that either chess sets are used for buying or if enough food becomes meals, then connective tissue attaches the breast to the pectoral muscles of the chest wall.']
|
We know that either either tapirs can also swim in search of underwater plant life and use the water to cool their bodies or taskmasters are supervisors or enough food becomes meals. If either tapirs can also swim in search of underwater plant life and use the water to cool their bodies or taskmasters are supervisors, then connective tissue attaches the breast to the pectoral muscles of the chest wall. The notion that 'chess sets are used for buying' is untrue. Either one or both of these statements are true: zoonotic diseases can spread from animals to humans, or high mountains surround the lake, the peaks of some of which are clad in mantles of perpetual snow. Whenever it is true that zoonotic diseases can spread from animals to humans, 'either chess sets are used for buying or if enough food becomes meals, then connective tissue attaches the breast to the pectoral muscles of the chest wall' is true. On the condition that high mountains surround the lake, the peaks of some of which are clad in mantles of perpetual snow, it is definitely the case that either chess sets are used for buying or if enough food becomes meals, then connective tissue attaches the breast to the pectoral muscles of the chest wall.
|
The statement that states connective tissue attaches the breast to the pectoral muscles of the chest wall is right.
|
Some connective tissue surrounds vessels.
|
Uncertain
|
Disjunction Elimination:
Either (Either [1] or [2].) or [3].
If (Either [1] or [2].), then [0].
If [3], then [0]. [SC3-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC3-1]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [4] or (If [3], then [0].). [SC1-2]
Not [4].
Therefore, If [3], then [0]..
[SC1-2]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [5] or [6].
If [5], then (Either [4] or (If [3], then [0].).).
If [6], then (Either [4] or (If [3], then [0].).).
Therefore, Either [4] or (If [3], then [0].)..
|
{0: 'Connective tissue attaches the breast to the pectoral muscles of the chest wall.', 1: 'Tapirs can also swim in search of underwater plant life and use the water to cool their bodies.', 2: 'Taskmasters are supervisors.', 3: 'Enough food becomes meals.', 4: 'Chess sets are used for buying.', 5: 'Zoonotic diseases can spread from animals to humans.', 6: 'High mountains surround the lake, the peaks of some of which are clad in mantles of perpetual snow.'}
| 3 |
2,107 |
['On the condition that if sterilization is accomplished by formaldehyde produced by incomplete combustion of methanol, then many birds depend on insects in and around our backyards, it is definitely the case that warm soil absorbs less heat.', 'One may reasonably assume that if bee pollen has health benefits, then if amebiasis is another disease which can cause proctitis and can be transmitted by ano-oral sex, then if sterilization is accomplished by formaldehyde produced by incomplete combustion of methanol, then many birds depend on insects in and around our backyards.', "Whenever it is true that either cutoffs are channels or property is obtained by the free gift of another person, by toil, or by theft, 'if amebiasis is another disease which can cause proctitis and can be transmitted by ano-oral sex, then if sterilization is accomplished by formaldehyde produced by incomplete combustion of methanol, then many birds depend on insects in and around our backyards' is true.", 'Should it be the case that the claim that either bee pollen has health benefits or either cutoffs are channels or property is obtained by the free gift of another person, by toil, or by theft has no merit, it follows that anthrax is caused by direct skin inoculation by B anthracis .', 'If the claim that either bee pollen has health benefits or either cutoffs are channels or property is obtained by the free gift of another person, by toil, or by theft has no merit, then we know that the claim that anthrax is caused by direct skin inoculation by B anthracis is false.']
|
On the condition that if sterilization is accomplished by formaldehyde produced by incomplete combustion of methanol, then many birds depend on insects in and around our backyards, it is definitely the case that warm soil absorbs less heat. One may reasonably assume that if bee pollen has health benefits, then if amebiasis is another disease which can cause proctitis and can be transmitted by ano-oral sex, then if sterilization is accomplished by formaldehyde produced by incomplete combustion of methanol, then many birds depend on insects in and around our backyards. Whenever it is true that either cutoffs are channels or property is obtained by the free gift of another person, by toil, or by theft, 'if amebiasis is another disease which can cause proctitis and can be transmitted by ano-oral sex, then if sterilization is accomplished by formaldehyde produced by incomplete combustion of methanol, then many birds depend on insects in and around our backyards' is true. Should it be the case that the claim that either bee pollen has health benefits or either cutoffs are channels or property is obtained by the free gift of another person, by toil, or by theft has no merit, it follows that anthrax is caused by direct skin inoculation by B anthracis . If the claim that either bee pollen has health benefits or either cutoffs are channels or property is obtained by the free gift of another person, by toil, or by theft has no merit, then we know that the claim that anthrax is caused by direct skin inoculation by B anthracis is false.
|
Given that amebiasis is another disease which can cause proctitis and can be transmitted by ano-oral sex, it can be inferred that warm soil absorbs less heat.
|
Given that amebiasis is another disease which can cause proctitis and can be transmitted by ano-oral sex, it can be inferred that warm soil absorbs less heat.
|
TRUE
|
Hypothetical Syllogism:
If [0], then (If [2], then [3].). [SC1-1]
If (If [2], then [3].), then [1].
Therefore, If [0], then [1]..
[SC1-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [4] or (Either [5] or [6].). [SC1-2]
If [4], then (If [0], then (If [2], then [3].).).
If (Either [5] or [6].), then (If [0], then (If [2], then [3].).).
Therefore, If [0], then (If [2], then [3].)..
[SC1-2]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (Either [4] or (Either [5] or [6].).).), then [7].
If (Not (Either [4] or (Either [5] or [6].).).), then (Not [7].).
Therefore, Either [4] or (Either [5] or [6].)..
|
{0: 'Amebiasis is another disease which can cause proctitis and can be transmitted by ano-oral sex.', 1: 'Warm soil absorbs less heat.', 2: 'Sterilization is accomplished by formaldehyde produced by incomplete combustion of methanol.', 3: 'Many birds depend on insects in and around our backyards.', 4: 'Bee pollen has health benefits.', 5: 'Cutoffs are channels.', 6: 'Property is obtained by the free gift of another person, by toil, or by theft.', 7: 'Anthrax is caused by direct skin inoculation by B anthracis .'}
| 3 |
2,708 |
['At least one of two things is true: neutrons can interact with nuclei and transmute stable nuclides into radioactive nuclides, or servers are programs that transport the messages from one user client to another.', 'Should it be the case that neutrons can interact with nuclei and transmute stable nuclides into radioactive nuclides, it follows that if we know that the claim that particle size affects the rate of organic matter breakdown is false, then social responsibility is a high point in African civilization.', 'Provided that servers are programs that transport the messages from one user client to another, we know that if we know that the claim that particle size affects the rate of organic matter breakdown is false, then social responsibility is a high point in African civilization.', 'Provided that social responsibility is a high point in African civilization, we know that records kept by Presbyterian ministers include birth, baptism, and marriage records.', 'One may reasonably assume that if social responsibility is a high point in African civilization, then the claim that records kept by Presbyterian ministers include birth, baptism, and marriage records has no merit.']
|
At least one of two things is true: neutrons can interact with nuclei and transmute stable nuclides into radioactive nuclides, or servers are programs that transport the messages from one user client to another. Should it be the case that neutrons can interact with nuclei and transmute stable nuclides into radioactive nuclides, it follows that if we know that the claim that particle size affects the rate of organic matter breakdown is false, then social responsibility is a high point in African civilization. Provided that servers are programs that transport the messages from one user client to another, we know that if we know that the claim that particle size affects the rate of organic matter breakdown is false, then social responsibility is a high point in African civilization. Provided that social responsibility is a high point in African civilization, we know that records kept by Presbyterian ministers include birth, baptism, and marriage records. One may reasonably assume that if social responsibility is a high point in African civilization, then the claim that records kept by Presbyterian ministers include birth, baptism, and marriage records has no merit.
|
It is fair to say that particle size affects the rate of organic matter breakdown.
|
Particle size is also an important parameter affecting the consistency of soap-based greases.
|
Uncertain
|
Modus Tonens:
If (Not [0].), then [1]. [SC1-1]
Not [1]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [2] or [3].
If [2], then (If (Not [0].), then [1].).
If [3], then (If (Not [0].), then [1].).
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then [1]..
[SC2-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If [1], then [4].
If [1], then (Not [4].).
Therefore, Not [1]..
|
{0: 'Particle size affects the rate of organic matter breakdown.', 1: 'Social responsibility is a high point in African civilization.', 2: 'Neutrons can interact with nuclei and transmute stable nuclides into radioactive nuclides.', 3: 'Servers are programs that transport the messages from one user client to another.', 4: 'Records kept by Presbyterian ministers include birth, baptism, and marriage records.'}
| 3 |
2,634 |
["The statement that 'dictators are by nature unpopular in democracies' is incorrect.", "Either one or both of these statements are true: if mangrove forests are affected by the rising and falling of the ocean's tides, then some materials can injure plants when they are stressed for moisture, or antacids neutralize the acid in the stomach.", 'Provided that antacids neutralize the acid in the stomach, we know that if a perfusion is movement, then dictators are by nature unpopular in democracies.', "On the condition that some people mistakenly believe that if if mangrove forests are affected by the rising and falling of the ocean's tides, then some materials can injure plants when they are stressed for moisture, then if a perfusion is movement, then dictators are by nature unpopular in democracies, it is definitely the case that younger children are susceptible to infection.", 'The claim that younger children are susceptible to infection does not reflect reality.']
|
The statement that 'dictators are by nature unpopular in democracies' is incorrect. Either one or both of these statements are true: if mangrove forests are affected by the rising and falling of the ocean's tides, then some materials can injure plants when they are stressed for moisture, or antacids neutralize the acid in the stomach. Provided that antacids neutralize the acid in the stomach, we know that if a perfusion is movement, then dictators are by nature unpopular in democracies. On the condition that some people mistakenly believe that if if mangrove forests are affected by the rising and falling of the ocean's tides, then some materials can injure plants when they are stressed for moisture, then if a perfusion is movement, then dictators are by nature unpopular in democracies, it is definitely the case that younger children are susceptible to infection. The claim that younger children are susceptible to infection does not reflect reality.
|
The statement that 'a perfusion is movement' is incorrect.
|
The claim that perfusion involves immersing the organ in nutrient-filled fluid does not correspond with reality.
|
Uncertain
|
Modus Tonens:
If [0], then [1]. [SC1-1]
Not [1].
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC1-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either (If [2], then [3].) or [4].
If (If [2], then [3].), then (If [0], then [1].). [SC2-2]
If [4], then (If [0], then [1].).
Therefore, If [0], then [1]..
[SC2-2]
Modus Tonens:
If (Not (If (If [2], then [3].), then (If [0], then [1].).).), then [5].
Not [5].
Therefore, If (If [2], then [3].), then (If [0], then [1].)..
|
{0: 'A perfusion is movement.', 1: 'Dictators are by nature unpopular in democracies.', 2: "Mangrove forests are affected by the rising and falling of the ocean's tides.", 3: 'Some materials can injure plants when they are stressed for moisture.', 4: 'Antacids neutralize the acid in the stomach.', 5: 'Younger children are susceptible to infection.'}
| 3 |
2,223 |
['Given that it is a common misconception that either most people have trouble staying on a diet or pieces can break loose and travel to organs like the brain, it can be inferred that some muscle cells are part of sphincters.', 'It is not the case that some muscle cells are part of sphincters.', 'We know that at least one of two things is true: either animals require special diets or eggs are laid on plants by the adult female butterfly, or it is not true that most people have trouble staying on a diet.', 'The statement, either animals require special diets or eggs are laid on plants by the adult female butterfly, does not hold.']
|
Given that it is a common misconception that either most people have trouble staying on a diet or pieces can break loose and travel to organs like the brain, it can be inferred that some muscle cells are part of sphincters. It is not the case that some muscle cells are part of sphincters. We know that at least one of two things is true: either animals require special diets or eggs are laid on plants by the adult female butterfly, or it is not true that most people have trouble staying on a diet. The statement, either animals require special diets or eggs are laid on plants by the adult female butterfly, does not hold.
|
It is true that pieces can break loose and travel to organs like the brain.
|
A piece is a part.
|
Uncertain
|
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or [0]. [SC1-1]
Not [1]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Modus Tonens:
If (Not (Either [1] or [0].).), then [2].
Not [2].
Therefore, Either [1] or [0]..
[SC2-1]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either (Either [3] or [4].) or (Not [1].).
Not (Either [3] or [4].).
Therefore, Not [1]..
|
{0: 'Pieces can break loose and travel to organs like the brain.', 1: 'Most people have trouble staying on a diet.', 2: 'Some muscle cells are part of sphincters.', 3: 'Animals require special diets.', 4: 'Eggs are laid on plants by the adult female butterfly.'}
| 3 |
2,327 |
["Whenever it is true that the claim that ethanol is used in spirit lamps does not reflect reality, 'if public welfare includes effects on soil, water, property, animals and visibility, then humus soil is made up of organic material' is true.", "It is a fact that either cottages have (part) hinges or if the claim that ethanol is used in spirit lamps does not reflect reality, then the statement 'if public welfare includes effects on soil, water, property, animals and visibility, then humus soil is made up of organic material' can be considered false.", 'One may reasonably assume that if cottages have (part) hinges, then some canes have fruit.', "The statement 'some canes have fruit' can be considered false."]
|
Whenever it is true that the claim that ethanol is used in spirit lamps does not reflect reality, 'if public welfare includes effects on soil, water, property, animals and visibility, then humus soil is made up of organic material' is true. It is a fact that either cottages have (part) hinges or if the claim that ethanol is used in spirit lamps does not reflect reality, then the statement 'if public welfare includes effects on soil, water, property, animals and visibility, then humus soil is made up of organic material' can be considered false. One may reasonably assume that if cottages have (part) hinges, then some canes have fruit. The statement 'some canes have fruit' can be considered false.
|
The statement 'ethanol is used in spirit lamps' is true.
|
The statement 'ethanol is used in spirit lamps' is true.
|
TRUE
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then (If [1], then [2].).
If (Not [0].), then (Not (If [1], then [2].).). [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC2-1]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [3] or (If (Not [0].), then (Not (If [1], then [2].).).).
Not [3]. [SC2-2]
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then (Not (If [1], then [2].).)..
[SC2-2]
Modus Tonens:
If [3], then [4].
Not [4].
Therefore, Not [3]..
|
{0: 'Ethanol is used in spirit lamps.', 1: 'Public welfare includes effects on soil, water, property, animals and visibility.', 2: 'Humus soil is made up of organic material.', 3: 'Cottages have (part) hinges.', 4: 'Some canes have fruit.'}
| 3 |
2,102 |
['One may reasonably assume that if jewish genealogy is the study of people with too few last names and too many first names, then elderberries have large leaves that grow in pairs along the stem.', 'One may reasonably assume that if elderberries have large leaves that grow in pairs along the stem, then turtles carry organisms.', 'It is rational to believe that either mast cells release histamine and heparin or hurdlings are athletic activities.', 'When mast cells release histamine and heparin is true, it follows that jewish genealogy is the study of people with too few last names and too many first names.', 'On the condition that hurdlings are athletic activities, it is definitely the case that jewish genealogy is the study of people with too few last names and too many first names.']
|
One may reasonably assume that if jewish genealogy is the study of people with too few last names and too many first names, then elderberries have large leaves that grow in pairs along the stem. One may reasonably assume that if elderberries have large leaves that grow in pairs along the stem, then turtles carry organisms. It is rational to believe that either mast cells release histamine and heparin or hurdlings are athletic activities. When mast cells release histamine and heparin is true, it follows that jewish genealogy is the study of people with too few last names and too many first names. On the condition that hurdlings are athletic activities, it is definitely the case that jewish genealogy is the study of people with too few last names and too many first names.
|
The statement 'turtles carry organisms' can be considered true.
|
Turtles grow throughout their life.
|
Uncertain
|
Modus Ponens:
If [1], then [0]. [SC1-1]
[1] [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Hypothetical Syllogism:
If [1], then [4].
If [4], then [0].
Therefore, If [1], then [0]..
[SC2-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [2] or [3].
If [2], then [1].
If [3], then [1].
Therefore, [1].
|
{0: 'Turtles carry organisms.', 1: 'Jewish genealogy is the study of people with too few last names and too many first names.', 2: 'Mast cells release histamine and heparin.', 3: 'Hurdlings are athletic activities.', 4: 'Elderberries have large leaves that grow in pairs along the stem.'}
| 3 |
2,704 |
['At least one of two things is true: either some actual mechanisms involve in reproduction or religion can indeed breed superstition, conflict and resistance to change, or either exercise is a life long commitment or alpha helixs are helixs.', 'When either some actual mechanisms involve in reproduction or religion can indeed breed superstition, conflict and resistance to change is true, it follows that if some legumes contain seeds, then either synthetic fertilizers result in more soil erosion and contamination of lakes and rivers or rodents carry dangerous diseases.', 'Given that either exercise is a life long commitment or alpha helixs are helixs, it can be inferred that if some legumes contain seeds, then either synthetic fertilizers result in more soil erosion and contamination of lakes and rivers or rodents carry dangerous diseases.', "So long as it is not true that some legumes contain seeds, 'xs are movies' is true.", "The notion that 'xs are movies' is untrue."]
|
At least one of two things is true: either some actual mechanisms involve in reproduction or religion can indeed breed superstition, conflict and resistance to change, or either exercise is a life long commitment or alpha helixs are helixs. When either some actual mechanisms involve in reproduction or religion can indeed breed superstition, conflict and resistance to change is true, it follows that if some legumes contain seeds, then either synthetic fertilizers result in more soil erosion and contamination of lakes and rivers or rodents carry dangerous diseases. Given that either exercise is a life long commitment or alpha helixs are helixs, it can be inferred that if some legumes contain seeds, then either synthetic fertilizers result in more soil erosion and contamination of lakes and rivers or rodents carry dangerous diseases. So long as it is not true that some legumes contain seeds, 'xs are movies' is true. The notion that 'xs are movies' is untrue.
|
We know that at least one of two things is true: synthetic fertilizers result in more soil erosion and contamination of lakes and rivers, or rodents carry dangerous diseases.
|
Either one or both of these statements are true: synthetic fertilizers are usually very water-soluble and are immediately available to plants, or rodents can damage electrical wiring, causing short circuits and fires.
|
Uncertain
|
Modus Ponens:
If [2], then (Either [0] or [1].). [SC1-1]
[2] [SC2-1]
Therefore, Either [0] or [1]..
[SC1-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either (Either [4] or [5].) or (Either [6] or [7].).
If (Either [4] or [5].), then (If [2], then (Either [0] or [1].).).
If (Either [6] or [7].), then (If [2], then (Either [0] or [1].).).
Therefore, If [2], then (Either [0] or [1].)..
[SC2-1]
Modus Tonens:
If (Not [2].), then [3].
Not [3].
Therefore, [2].
|
{0: 'Synthetic fertilizers result in more soil erosion and contamination of lakes and rivers.', 1: 'Rodents carry dangerous diseases.', 2: 'Some legumes contain seeds.', 3: 'Xs are movies.', 4: 'Some actual mechanisms involve in reproduction.', 5: 'Religion can indeed breed superstition, conflict and resistance to change.', 6: 'Exercise is a life long commitment.', 7: 'Alpha helixs are helixs.'}
| 3 |
2,475 |
['There is good reason to believe that either high cholesterol is one factor in atherosclerosis, high blood pressure, and heart attacks or music is used, in some form, in all cultures.', 'If high cholesterol is one factor in atherosclerosis, high blood pressure, and heart attacks, then if some sexual reproduction requires fusion, then either organic reactions are chemical reactions involving organic compounds or visual aids Use visual aids to add to presentation.', "So long as music is used, in some form, in all cultures, 'if some sexual reproduction requires fusion, then either organic reactions are chemical reactions involving organic compounds or visual aids Use visual aids to add to presentation' is true.", 'We know that either crabs reproduce by laying eggs or cervical caps are similar, but are much smaller.', 'Given that crabs reproduce by laying eggs, it can be inferred that the claim that either organic reactions are chemical reactions involving organic compounds or visual aids Use visual aids to add to presentation is false.', 'On the condition that cervical caps are similar, but are much smaller, it is definitely the case that the claim that either organic reactions are chemical reactions involving organic compounds or visual aids Use visual aids to add to presentation is false.']
|
There is good reason to believe that either high cholesterol is one factor in atherosclerosis, high blood pressure, and heart attacks or music is used, in some form, in all cultures. If high cholesterol is one factor in atherosclerosis, high blood pressure, and heart attacks, then if some sexual reproduction requires fusion, then either organic reactions are chemical reactions involving organic compounds or visual aids Use visual aids to add to presentation. So long as music is used, in some form, in all cultures, 'if some sexual reproduction requires fusion, then either organic reactions are chemical reactions involving organic compounds or visual aids Use visual aids to add to presentation' is true. We know that either crabs reproduce by laying eggs or cervical caps are similar, but are much smaller. Given that crabs reproduce by laying eggs, it can be inferred that the claim that either organic reactions are chemical reactions involving organic compounds or visual aids Use visual aids to add to presentation is false. On the condition that cervical caps are similar, but are much smaller, it is definitely the case that the claim that either organic reactions are chemical reactions involving organic compounds or visual aids Use visual aids to add to presentation is false.
|
The claim that some sexual reproduction requires fusion does not correspond with reality.
|
The claim that some sexual reproduction requires fusion does not correspond with reality.
|
TRUE
|
Modus Tonens:
If [0], then (Either [1] or [2].). [SC1-1]
Not (Either [1] or [2].). [SC2-1]
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC1-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [5] or [6].
If [5], then (If [0], then (Either [1] or [2].).).
If [6], then (If [0], then (Either [1] or [2].).).
Therefore, If [0], then (Either [1] or [2].)..
[SC2-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [3] or [4].
If [3], then (Not (Either [1] or [2].).).
If [4], then (Not (Either [1] or [2].).).
Therefore, Not (Either [1] or [2].)..
|
{0: 'Some sexual reproduction requires fusion.', 1: 'Organic reactions are chemical reactions involving organic compounds .', 2: 'Visual aids Use visual aids to add to presentation.', 3: 'Crabs reproduce by laying eggs.', 4: 'Cervical caps are similar, but are much smaller.', 5: 'High cholesterol is one factor in atherosclerosis, high blood pressure, and heart attacks.', 6: 'Music is used, in some form, in all cultures.'}
| 3 |
2,213 |
['Assuming a paradise is a region, we know that lancets are academic journals.', 'Should it be the case that if some emergency brakes are part of autos, then vipers can carry diseases, it follows that wage inflation tends to be insidious and can be difficult to stop once it gets a toehold.', 'Once we know the claim that if lancets are academic journals, then if some emergency brakes are part of autos, then vipers can carry diseases is false, we also know that either most children learn how to use a computer to gain access to the Internet in school or life never ceases for all is life eternally expressing through a multitude of forms.', 'The claim that either most children learn how to use a computer to gain access to the Internet in school or life never ceases for all is life eternally expressing through a multitude of forms does not reflect reality.']
|
Assuming a paradise is a region, we know that lancets are academic journals. Should it be the case that if some emergency brakes are part of autos, then vipers can carry diseases, it follows that wage inflation tends to be insidious and can be difficult to stop once it gets a toehold. Once we know the claim that if lancets are academic journals, then if some emergency brakes are part of autos, then vipers can carry diseases is false, we also know that either most children learn how to use a computer to gain access to the Internet in school or life never ceases for all is life eternally expressing through a multitude of forms. The claim that either most children learn how to use a computer to gain access to the Internet in school or life never ceases for all is life eternally expressing through a multitude of forms does not reflect reality.
|
Provided that a paradise is a region, we know that wage inflation tends to be insidious and can be difficult to stop once it gets a toehold
|
Provided that a paradise is a region, we know that wage inflation tends to be insidious and can be difficult to stop once it gets a toehold
|
TRUE
|
Hypothetical Syllogism:
If [0], then [2].
If [2], then [1]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, If [0], then [1]..
[SC2-1]
Hypothetical Syllogism:
If [2], then (If [3], then [4].). [SC1-2]
If (If [3], then [4].), then [1].
Therefore, If [2], then [1]..
[SC1-2]
Modus Tonens:
If (Not (If [2], then (If [3], then [4].).).), then (Either [5] or [6].).
Not (Either [5] or [6].).
Therefore, If [2], then (If [3], then [4].)..
|
{0: 'A paradise is a region.', 1: 'Wage inflation tends to be insidious and can be difficult to stop once it gets a toehold.', 2: 'Lancets are academic journals.', 3: 'Some emergency brakes are part of autos.', 4: 'Vipers can carry diseases.', 5: 'Most children learn how to use a computer to gain access to the Internet in school.', 6: 'Life never ceases for all is life eternally expressing through a multitude of forms.'}
| 3 |
2,135 |
['We know that at least one of two things is true: materials differ from one another in their natural or cultivated state of surface roughness , or if telecommunications can enhance economic development without changing the rural quality of life , then some lizards have triangular heads.', "The statement that 'materials differ from one another in their natural or cultivated state of surface roughness ' is incorrect.", 'Either spiders are located in meadows or if some teens consider some forms of sex and foreplay as being abstinent, then rodent pinworms display some host-specificity, although some can cross species barriers.', 'Once we know spiders are located in meadows, we also know that telecommunications can enhance economic development without changing the rural quality of life .', 'Once we know if some teens consider some forms of sex and foreplay as being abstinent, then rodent pinworms display some host-specificity, although some can cross species barriers, we also know that telecommunications can enhance economic development without changing the rural quality of life .']
|
We know that at least one of two things is true: materials differ from one another in their natural or cultivated state of surface roughness , or if telecommunications can enhance economic development without changing the rural quality of life , then some lizards have triangular heads. The statement that 'materials differ from one another in their natural or cultivated state of surface roughness ' is incorrect. Either spiders are located in meadows or if some teens consider some forms of sex and foreplay as being abstinent, then rodent pinworms display some host-specificity, although some can cross species barriers. Once we know spiders are located in meadows, we also know that telecommunications can enhance economic development without changing the rural quality of life . Once we know if some teens consider some forms of sex and foreplay as being abstinent, then rodent pinworms display some host-specificity, although some can cross species barriers, we also know that telecommunications can enhance economic development without changing the rural quality of life .
|
The statement 'some lizards have triangular heads' is true.
|
The statement 'some lizards have triangular heads' is true.
|
TRUE
|
Modus Ponens:
If [1], then [0]. [SC1-1]
[1] [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [5] or (If [1], then [0].).
Not [5].
Therefore, If [1], then [0]..
[SC2-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [2] or (If [3], then [4].).
If [2], then [1].
If (If [3], then [4].), then [1].
Therefore, [1].
|
{0: 'Some lizards have triangular heads.', 1: 'Telecommunications can enhance economic development without changing the rural quality of life .', 2: 'Spiders are located in meadows.', 3: 'Some teens consider some forms of sex and foreplay as being abstinent.', 4: 'Rodent pinworms display some host-specificity, although some can cross species barriers.', 5: 'Materials differ from one another in their natural or cultivated state of surface roughness .'}
| 3 |
2,246 |
['Given that we know that the claim that if some rabbits sit in sand, then children have ideas is false, it can be inferred that some cannon bones are part of cows.', 'Either parents look forward to getting a full night of sleep, but newborns awaken every few hours or if cattle are reared in large quantities, and sheep, horses, pigs and goats, then some florists begin an arrangement with greens and finish it with flowers.', "Once we know parents look forward to getting a full night of sleep, but newborns awaken every few hours, we also know that the statement 'some cannon bones are part of cows' can be considered false.", "Should it be the case that the claim that if if cattle are reared in large quantities, and sheep, horses, pigs and goats, then some florists begin an arrangement with greens and finish it with flowers, then the statement 'some cannon bones are part of cows' can be considered false has no merit, it follows that either some monarchs make round trips or carbon monoxide acts as a poison by combining with hemoglobin in the blood .", "Whenever it is true that the claim that if if cattle are reared in large quantities, and sheep, horses, pigs and goats, then some florists begin an arrangement with greens and finish it with flowers, then the statement 'some cannon bones are part of cows' can be considered false has no merit, 'the statement 'either some monarchs make round trips or carbon monoxide acts as a poison by combining with hemoglobin in the blood ' can be considered false' is true."]
|
Given that we know that the claim that if some rabbits sit in sand, then children have ideas is false, it can be inferred that some cannon bones are part of cows. Either parents look forward to getting a full night of sleep, but newborns awaken every few hours or if cattle are reared in large quantities, and sheep, horses, pigs and goats, then some florists begin an arrangement with greens and finish it with flowers. Once we know parents look forward to getting a full night of sleep, but newborns awaken every few hours, we also know that the statement 'some cannon bones are part of cows' can be considered false. Should it be the case that the claim that if if cattle are reared in large quantities, and sheep, horses, pigs and goats, then some florists begin an arrangement with greens and finish it with flowers, then the statement 'some cannon bones are part of cows' can be considered false has no merit, it follows that either some monarchs make round trips or carbon monoxide acts as a poison by combining with hemoglobin in the blood . Whenever it is true that the claim that if if cattle are reared in large quantities, and sheep, horses, pigs and goats, then some florists begin an arrangement with greens and finish it with flowers, then the statement 'some cannon bones are part of cows' can be considered false has no merit, 'the statement 'either some monarchs make round trips or carbon monoxide acts as a poison by combining with hemoglobin in the blood ' can be considered false' is true.
|
So long as some rabbits sit in sand, 'children have ideas' is true.
|
When most rabbits live in hot desert regions is true, it follows that children have ideas.
|
Uncertain
|
Modus Tonens:
If (Not (If [0], then [1].).), then [2].
Not [2]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, If [0], then [1]..
[SC2-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [3] or (If [4], then [5].).
If [3], then (Not [2].).
If (If [4], then [5].), then (Not [2].). [SC3-2]
Therefore, Not [2]..
[SC3-2]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (If (If [4], then [5].), then (Not [2].).).), then (Either [6] or [7].).
If (Not (If (If [4], then [5].), then (Not [2].).).), then (Not (Either [6] or [7].).).
Therefore, If (If [4], then [5].), then (Not [2].)..
|
{0: 'Some rabbits sit in sand.', 1: 'Children have ideas.', 2: 'Some cannon bones are part of cows.', 3: 'Parents look forward to getting a full night of sleep, but newborns awaken every few hours.', 4: 'Cattle are reared in large quantities, and sheep, horses, pigs and goats.', 5: 'Some florists begin an arrangement with greens and finish it with flowers.', 6: 'Some monarchs make round trips.', 7: 'Carbon monoxide acts as a poison by combining with hemoglobin in the blood .'}
| 3 |
2,970 |
['We know that at least one of two things is true: if rats are community dwellers, then some people suspect coyotes are taking more than an acceptable number of fawns, or plants have green colored structures that produce food by photosynthesis.', 'At least one of two things is true: some carnivorous plants produce materials, or anger is primarily an emotion.', "One may reasonably assume that if anger is primarily an emotion, then the statement 'if rats are community dwellers, then some people suspect coyotes are taking more than an acceptable number of fawns' can be considered false.", "Assuming perseverance is the ability to endure, to suffer as a people without ever giving up hope, we know that if some carnivorous plants produce materials, then the statement 'if rats are community dwellers, then some people suspect coyotes are taking more than an acceptable number of fawns' can be considered false.", "The statement 'perseverance is the ability to endure, to suffer as a people without ever giving up hope' is true."]
|
We know that at least one of two things is true: if rats are community dwellers, then some people suspect coyotes are taking more than an acceptable number of fawns, or plants have green colored structures that produce food by photosynthesis. At least one of two things is true: some carnivorous plants produce materials, or anger is primarily an emotion. One may reasonably assume that if anger is primarily an emotion, then the statement 'if rats are community dwellers, then some people suspect coyotes are taking more than an acceptable number of fawns' can be considered false. Assuming perseverance is the ability to endure, to suffer as a people without ever giving up hope, we know that if some carnivorous plants produce materials, then the statement 'if rats are community dwellers, then some people suspect coyotes are taking more than an acceptable number of fawns' can be considered false. The statement 'perseverance is the ability to endure, to suffer as a people without ever giving up hope' is true.
|
We can assume that plants have green colored structures that produce food by photosynthesis.
|
We can assume that plants have green colored structures that produce food by photosynthesis.
|
TRUE
|
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either (If [1], then [2].) or [0].
Not (If [1], then [2].). [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC2-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [3] or [4].
If [3], then (Not (If [1], then [2].).). [SC2-2]
If [4], then (Not (If [1], then [2].).).
Therefore, Not (If [1], then [2].)..
[SC2-2]
Modus Ponens:
If [5], then (If [3], then (Not (If [1], then [2].).).).
[5]
Therefore, If [3], then (Not (If [1], then [2].).)..
|
{0: 'Plants have green colored structures that produce food by photosynthesis.', 1: 'Rats are community dwellers.', 2: 'Some people suspect coyotes are taking more than an acceptable number of fawns.', 3: 'Some carnivorous plants produce materials.', 4: 'Anger is primarily an emotion.', 5: 'Perseverance is the ability to endure, to suffer as a people without ever giving up hope.'}
| 3 |
2,891 |
['At least one of two things is true: seaplanes are airplanes, or a happening is an event.', "So long as a happening is an event, 'some labs occasionally observe the gel swelling out of the top of the plates during electrophoresis' is true.", "So long as cell surfaces guide embryonic cells to form tissues and organs, 'some labs occasionally observe the gel swelling out of the top of the plates during electrophoresis' is true.", 'Given that those that suggest if seaplanes are airplanes, then cell surfaces guide embryonic cells to form tissues and organs are wrong, it can be inferred that cooking is an integral part of our traditional way of life.', "Assuming those that suggest if seaplanes are airplanes, then cell surfaces guide embryonic cells to form tissues and organs are wrong, we know that the notion that 'cooking is an integral part of our traditional way of life' is untrue."]
|
At least one of two things is true: seaplanes are airplanes, or a happening is an event. So long as a happening is an event, 'some labs occasionally observe the gel swelling out of the top of the plates during electrophoresis' is true. So long as cell surfaces guide embryonic cells to form tissues and organs, 'some labs occasionally observe the gel swelling out of the top of the plates during electrophoresis' is true. Given that those that suggest if seaplanes are airplanes, then cell surfaces guide embryonic cells to form tissues and organs are wrong, it can be inferred that cooking is an integral part of our traditional way of life. Assuming those that suggest if seaplanes are airplanes, then cell surfaces guide embryonic cells to form tissues and organs are wrong, we know that the notion that 'cooking is an integral part of our traditional way of life' is untrue.
|
It is the case that some labs occasionally observe the gel swelling out of the top of the plates during electrophoresis.
|
The statement that states some labs occasionally observe the gel swelling out of the top of the plates during electrophoresis is false.
|
FALSE
|
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [1] or [2].
If [1], then [0]. [SC2-1]
If [2], then [0].
Therefore, [0].
[SC2-1]
Hypothetical Syllogism:
If [1], then [3]. [SC1-2]
If [3], then [0].
Therefore, If [1], then [0]..
[SC1-2]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (If [1], then [3].).), then [4].
If (Not (If [1], then [3].).), then (Not [4].).
Therefore, If [1], then [3]..
|
{0: 'Some labs occasionally observe the gel swelling out of the top of the plates during electrophoresis.', 1: 'Seaplanes are airplanes.', 2: 'A happening is an event.', 3: 'Cell surfaces guide embryonic cells to form tissues and organs.', 4: 'Cooking is an integral part of our traditional way of life.'}
| 3 |
2,619 |
["So long as the statement that 'if sandy soils are able to retain more moisture, then limousines are an expensive form of auto transport and are usually offered for rich citizens' is incorrect, 'either neurotics build castles in the sky or northern hunters live and hunt in the region where ducks nest' is true.", "The notion that 'either neurotics build castles in the sky or northern hunters live and hunt in the region where ducks nest' is untrue.", 'If it is a common misconception that sandy soils are able to retain more moisture, then winter occurs in the northern hemisphere when the sun is farthest away.', 'The claim that winter occurs in the northern hemisphere when the sun is farthest away does not reflect reality.']
|
So long as the statement that 'if sandy soils are able to retain more moisture, then limousines are an expensive form of auto transport and are usually offered for rich citizens' is incorrect, 'either neurotics build castles in the sky or northern hunters live and hunt in the region where ducks nest' is true. The notion that 'either neurotics build castles in the sky or northern hunters live and hunt in the region where ducks nest' is untrue. If it is a common misconception that sandy soils are able to retain more moisture, then winter occurs in the northern hemisphere when the sun is farthest away. The claim that winter occurs in the northern hemisphere when the sun is farthest away does not reflect reality.
|
We can assume that limousines are an expensive form of auto transport and are usually offered for rich citizens.
|
We can assume that limousines are an expensive form of auto transport and are usually offered for rich citizens.
|
TRUE
|
Modus Ponens:
If [1], then [0]. [SC1-1]
[1] [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Modus Tonens:
If (Not (If [1], then [0].).), then (Either [3] or [4].).
Not (Either [3] or [4].).
Therefore, If [1], then [0]..
[SC2-1]
Modus Tonens:
If (Not [1].), then [2].
Not [2].
Therefore, [1].
|
{0: 'Limousines are an expensive form of auto transport and are usually offered for rich citizens.', 1: 'Sandy soils are able to retain more moisture.', 2: 'Winter occurs in the northern hemisphere when the sun is farthest away.', 3: 'Neurotics build castles in the sky.', 4: 'Northern hunters live and hunt in the region where ducks nest.'}
| 3 |
2,815 |
['One may reasonably assume that if some people mistakenly believe that if chlamydia trachomatis elementary bodies possess proteins which bind to eucaryotic cell membranes , then if cancer patients are prone to develop infections, then round rhinestones are a deep aqua blue and orange, then capitalism is essentially mass production for the satisfaction of the wants of the masses.', 'The claim that capitalism is essentially mass production for the satisfaction of the wants of the masses does not correspond with reality.', 'Given that it is not true that chlamydia trachomatis elementary bodies possess proteins which bind to eucaryotic cell membranes , it can be inferred that caffeine also acts as a diuretic and increases the secretion of gastric acid in the stomach.', 'We know that the claim that caffeine also acts as a diuretic and increases the secretion of gastric acid in the stomach is false.']
|
One may reasonably assume that if some people mistakenly believe that if chlamydia trachomatis elementary bodies possess proteins which bind to eucaryotic cell membranes , then if cancer patients are prone to develop infections, then round rhinestones are a deep aqua blue and orange, then capitalism is essentially mass production for the satisfaction of the wants of the masses. The claim that capitalism is essentially mass production for the satisfaction of the wants of the masses does not correspond with reality. Given that it is not true that chlamydia trachomatis elementary bodies possess proteins which bind to eucaryotic cell membranes , it can be inferred that caffeine also acts as a diuretic and increases the secretion of gastric acid in the stomach. We know that the claim that caffeine also acts as a diuretic and increases the secretion of gastric acid in the stomach is false.
|
On the condition that cancer patients are prone to develop infections, it is definitely the case that round rhinestones are a deep aqua blue and orange.
|
On the condition that cancer patients are prone to develop infections, it is definitely the case that round rhinestones are a deep aqua blue and orange.
|
TRUE
|
Modus Ponens:
If [2], then (If [0], then [1].). [SC1-1]
[2] [SC2-1]
Therefore, If [0], then [1]..
[SC1-1]
Modus Tonens:
If (Not (If [2], then (If [0], then [1].).).), then [3].
Not [3].
Therefore, If [2], then (If [0], then [1].)..
[SC2-1]
Modus Tonens:
If (Not [2].), then [4].
Not [4].
Therefore, [2].
|
{0: 'Cancer patients are prone to develop infections.', 1: 'Round rhinestones are a deep aqua blue and orange.', 2: 'Chlamydia trachomatis elementary bodies possess proteins which bind to eucaryotic cell membranes .', 3: 'Capitalism is essentially mass production for the satisfaction of the wants of the masses.', 4: 'Caffeine also acts as a diuretic and increases the secretion of gastric acid in the stomach.'}
| 3 |
2,365 |
['Assuming some aquatic predators feed on insects, we know that it is not the case that if poor creatures suffer significant pain, then bad things happen to good people, often with total disregard for cause and effect.', "So long as if most green plants utilize energy, then male turkeys are also more colorful than the females, like most birds, 'it is not the case that if poor creatures suffer significant pain, then bad things happen to good people, often with total disregard for cause and effect' is true.", 'It is rational to believe that either proselytism relies on force or life can be abundant, if nutrients and sunlight are plentiful.', 'Should it be the case that life can be abundant, if nutrients and sunlight are plentiful, it follows that either some aquatic predators feed on insects or if most green plants utilize energy, then male turkeys are also more colorful than the females, like most birds.', 'When those that suggest if proselytism relies on force, then either some aquatic predators feed on insects or if most green plants utilize energy, then male turkeys are also more colorful than the females, like most birds are wrong is true, it follows that lime trees produce fruit.', 'It is a common misconception that lime trees produce fruit.']
|
Assuming some aquatic predators feed on insects, we know that it is not the case that if poor creatures suffer significant pain, then bad things happen to good people, often with total disregard for cause and effect. So long as if most green plants utilize energy, then male turkeys are also more colorful than the females, like most birds, 'it is not the case that if poor creatures suffer significant pain, then bad things happen to good people, often with total disregard for cause and effect' is true. It is rational to believe that either proselytism relies on force or life can be abundant, if nutrients and sunlight are plentiful. Should it be the case that life can be abundant, if nutrients and sunlight are plentiful, it follows that either some aquatic predators feed on insects or if most green plants utilize energy, then male turkeys are also more colorful than the females, like most birds. When those that suggest if proselytism relies on force, then either some aquatic predators feed on insects or if most green plants utilize energy, then male turkeys are also more colorful than the females, like most birds are wrong is true, it follows that lime trees produce fruit. It is a common misconception that lime trees produce fruit.
|
It is not the case that if poor creatures suffer significant pain, then bad things happen to good people, often with total disregard for cause and effect.
|
It is not the case that if poor creatures suffer significant pain, then bad things happen to good people, often with total disregard for cause and effect.
|
TRUE
|
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [2] or (If [3], then [4].). [SC1-1]
If [2], then (Not (If [0], then [1].).).
If (If [3], then [4].), then (Not (If [0], then [1].).).
Therefore, Not (If [0], then [1].)..
[SC1-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [5] or [6].
If [5], then (Either [2] or (If [3], then [4].).). [SC2-2]
If [6], then (Either [2] or (If [3], then [4].).).
Therefore, Either [2] or (If [3], then [4].)..
[SC2-2]
Modus Tonens:
If (Not (If [5], then (Either [2] or (If [3], then [4].).).).), then [7].
Not [7].
Therefore, If [5], then (Either [2] or (If [3], then [4].).)..
|
{0: 'Poor creatures suffer significant pain.', 1: 'Bad things happen to good people, often with total disregard for cause and effect.', 2: 'Some aquatic predators feed on insects.', 3: 'Most green plants utilize energy.', 4: 'Male turkeys are also more colorful than the females, like most birds.', 5: 'Proselytism relies on force.', 6: 'Life can be abundant, if nutrients and sunlight are plentiful.', 7: 'Lime trees produce fruit.'}
| 3 |
2,812 |
['Assuming the claim that some species show pupillary dilatation and an increase in sweating with acute pain has no merit, we know that those that suggest cosmetic companies are ultimately responsible for choosing how to test new products are wrong.', 'The statement, cartilage has structural proteins deposited in the matrix between cells, does not hold.', 'At least one of two things is true: weather is the instantaneous state of the atmosphere and is continuously changing, or transient viremia carries virus to the skin and other sites.', 'Should it be the case that weather is the instantaneous state of the atmosphere and is continuously changing, it follows that cartilage has structural proteins deposited in the matrix between cells.', 'Once we know transient viremia carries virus to the skin and other sites, we also know that if the claim that some species show pupillary dilatation and an increase in sweating with acute pain has no merit, then cosmetic companies are ultimately responsible for choosing how to test new products.']
|
Assuming the claim that some species show pupillary dilatation and an increase in sweating with acute pain has no merit, we know that those that suggest cosmetic companies are ultimately responsible for choosing how to test new products are wrong. The statement, cartilage has structural proteins deposited in the matrix between cells, does not hold. At least one of two things is true: weather is the instantaneous state of the atmosphere and is continuously changing, or transient viremia carries virus to the skin and other sites. Should it be the case that weather is the instantaneous state of the atmosphere and is continuously changing, it follows that cartilage has structural proteins deposited in the matrix between cells. Once we know transient viremia carries virus to the skin and other sites, we also know that if the claim that some species show pupillary dilatation and an increase in sweating with acute pain has no merit, then cosmetic companies are ultimately responsible for choosing how to test new products.
|
The idea that some species show pupillary dilatation and an increase in sweating with acute pain is true.
|
The claim that some species show pupillary dilatation and an increase in sweating with acute pain does not correspond with reality.
|
FALSE
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then [1]. [SC1-1]
If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].).
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [2] or (If (Not [0].), then [1].). [SC1-2]
Not [2].
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then [1]..
[SC1-2]
Constructive Dilemma:
Either [3] or [4].
If [3], then [2].
If [4], then (If (Not [0].), then [1].).
Therefore, Either [2] or (If (Not [0].), then [1].)..
|
{0: 'Some species show pupillary dilatation and an increase in sweating with acute pain.', 1: 'Cosmetic companies are ultimately responsible for choosing how to test new products.', 2: 'Cartilage has structural proteins deposited in the matrix between cells.', 3: 'Weather is the instantaneous state of the atmosphere and is continuously changing.', 4: 'Transient viremia carries virus to the skin and other sites.'}
| 3 |
2,026 |
['We know that either most glasses contain a metal oxide fused with silica or if the statement, object managers are responsible for defining a mechanism for assigning labels to their objects, does not hold, then either mali isa thing or carbon dioxide is a major contributor to global warming.', "The notion that 'most glasses contain a metal oxide fused with silica' is untrue.", 'Either one or both of these statements are true: surfaces have low stiffness, or if animals can use bioluminescence for a variety of reasons, then regeneration is the development of a new organism from a part of the parent organism.', 'When surfaces have low stiffness is true, it follows that if the statement, object managers are responsible for defining a mechanism for assigning labels to their objects, does not hold, then it is not the case that either mali isa thing or carbon dioxide is a major contributor to global warming.', 'Provided that if animals can use bioluminescence for a variety of reasons, then regeneration is the development of a new organism from a part of the parent organism, we know that if the statement, object managers are responsible for defining a mechanism for assigning labels to their objects, does not hold, then it is not the case that either mali isa thing or carbon dioxide is a major contributor to global warming.']
|
We know that either most glasses contain a metal oxide fused with silica or if the statement, object managers are responsible for defining a mechanism for assigning labels to their objects, does not hold, then either mali isa thing or carbon dioxide is a major contributor to global warming. The notion that 'most glasses contain a metal oxide fused with silica' is untrue. Either one or both of these statements are true: surfaces have low stiffness, or if animals can use bioluminescence for a variety of reasons, then regeneration is the development of a new organism from a part of the parent organism. When surfaces have low stiffness is true, it follows that if the statement, object managers are responsible for defining a mechanism for assigning labels to their objects, does not hold, then it is not the case that either mali isa thing or carbon dioxide is a major contributor to global warming. Provided that if animals can use bioluminescence for a variety of reasons, then regeneration is the development of a new organism from a part of the parent organism, we know that if the statement, object managers are responsible for defining a mechanism for assigning labels to their objects, does not hold, then it is not the case that either mali isa thing or carbon dioxide is a major contributor to global warming.
|
It is rational to agree that object managers are responsible for defining a mechanism for assigning labels to their objects.
|
Some people mistakenly believe that object managers are responsible for defining a mechanism for assigning labels to their objects.
|
FALSE
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then (Either [1] or [2].). [SC1-1]
If (Not [0].), then (Not (Either [1] or [2].).). [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [3] or (If (Not [0].), then (Either [1] or [2].).).
Not [3].
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then (Either [1] or [2].)..
[SC2-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [4] or (If [5], then [6].).
If [4], then (If (Not [0].), then (Not (Either [1] or [2].).).).
If (If [5], then [6].), then (If (Not [0].), then (Not (Either [1] or [2].).).).
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then (Not (Either [1] or [2].).)..
|
{0: 'Object managers are responsible for defining a mechanism for assigning labels to their objects.', 1: 'Mali isa thing.', 2: 'Carbon dioxide is a major contributor to global warming.', 3: 'Most glasses contain a metal oxide fused with silica.', 4: 'Surfaces have low stiffness.', 5: 'Animals can use bioluminescence for a variety of reasons.', 6: 'Regeneration is the development of a new organism from a part of the parent organism.'}
| 3 |
2,642 |
['The claim that sandy soils have more micropores than clayey soils does not correspond with reality.', "The notion that 'cancer cells interfere with and overrun the functioning of normal body cells' is untrue.", 'Either one or both of these statements are true: arthropods are bilaterally symmetrical protostomes with strongly segmented bodies, or whippets have little hair or body fat.', 'Once we know arthropods are bilaterally symmetrical protostomes with strongly segmented bodies, we also know that either cancer cells interfere with and overrun the functioning of normal body cells or either sandy soils have more micropores than clayey soils or if folic acid is especially important for women of childbearing age, pregnant or nursing, then a specimen is an example.', 'If whippets have little hair or body fat, then either cancer cells interfere with and overrun the functioning of normal body cells or either sandy soils have more micropores than clayey soils or if folic acid is especially important for women of childbearing age, pregnant or nursing, then a specimen is an example.']
|
The claim that sandy soils have more micropores than clayey soils does not correspond with reality. The notion that 'cancer cells interfere with and overrun the functioning of normal body cells' is untrue. Either one or both of these statements are true: arthropods are bilaterally symmetrical protostomes with strongly segmented bodies, or whippets have little hair or body fat. Once we know arthropods are bilaterally symmetrical protostomes with strongly segmented bodies, we also know that either cancer cells interfere with and overrun the functioning of normal body cells or either sandy soils have more micropores than clayey soils or if folic acid is especially important for women of childbearing age, pregnant or nursing, then a specimen is an example. If whippets have little hair or body fat, then either cancer cells interfere with and overrun the functioning of normal body cells or either sandy soils have more micropores than clayey soils or if folic acid is especially important for women of childbearing age, pregnant or nursing, then a specimen is an example.
|
So long as folic acid is especially important for women of childbearing age, pregnant or nursing, 'a specimen is an example' is true.
|
Those that suggest if folic acid is especially important for women of childbearing age, pregnant or nursing, then a specimen is an example are wrong.
|
FALSE
|
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [2] or (If [0], then [1].). [SC1-1]
Not [2].
Therefore, If [0], then [1]..
[SC1-1]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [3] or (Either [2] or (If [0], then [1].).). [SC1-2]
Not [3].
Therefore, Either [2] or (If [0], then [1].)..
[SC1-2]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [4] or [5].
If [4], then (Either [3] or (Either [2] or (If [0], then [1].).).).
If [5], then (Either [3] or (Either [2] or (If [0], then [1].).).).
Therefore, Either [3] or (Either [2] or (If [0], then [1].).)..
|
{0: 'Folic acid is especially important for women of childbearing age, pregnant or nursing.', 1: 'A specimen is an example.', 2: 'Sandy soils have more micropores than clayey soils.', 3: 'Cancer cells interfere with and overrun the functioning of normal body cells.', 4: 'Arthropods are bilaterally symmetrical protostomes with strongly segmented bodies.', 5: 'Whippets have little hair or body fat.'}
| 3 |
2,417 |
['There is good reason to believe that either species recognition is only by estimating size and by flight patterns or manors have (part) stairs.', 'If species recognition is only by estimating size and by flight patterns, then hierarchies are easy to understand.', 'Provided that northern leopard frogs have hind legs, we know that if manors have (part) stairs, then hierarchies are easy to understand.', 'If it is a common misconception that northern leopard frogs have hind legs, then kings have (part) nuclei.', 'Once we know it is a common misconception that northern leopard frogs have hind legs, we also know that the claim that kings have (part) nuclei is false.']
|
There is good reason to believe that either species recognition is only by estimating size and by flight patterns or manors have (part) stairs. If species recognition is only by estimating size and by flight patterns, then hierarchies are easy to understand. Provided that northern leopard frogs have hind legs, we know that if manors have (part) stairs, then hierarchies are easy to understand. If it is a common misconception that northern leopard frogs have hind legs, then kings have (part) nuclei. Once we know it is a common misconception that northern leopard frogs have hind legs, we also know that the claim that kings have (part) nuclei is false.
|
The claim that hierarchies are easy to understand is true.
|
The claim that hierarchies are easy to understand has no merit.
|
FALSE
|
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [1] or [2].
If [1], then [0].
If [2], then [0]. [SC3-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC3-1]
Modus Ponens:
If [3], then (If [2], then [0].).
[3] [SC2-2]
Therefore, If [2], then [0]..
[SC2-2]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [3].), then [4].
If (Not [3].), then (Not [4].).
Therefore, [3].
|
{0: 'Hierarchies are easy to understand.', 1: 'Species recognition is only by estimating size and by flight patterns.', 2: 'Manors have (part) stairs.', 3: 'Northern leopard frogs have hind legs.', 4: 'Kings have (part) nuclei.'}
| 3 |
2,907 |
['Either law made by a judge in deciding cases is called common law or anger can also accompany loss.', 'Provided that law made by a judge in deciding cases is called common law, we know that either angels are neither male nor female or blades can shade each other and reduce evaporation.', 'Should it be the case that anger can also accompany loss, it follows that either angels are neither male nor female or blades can shade each other and reduce evaporation.', 'There is good reason to believe that either some cucumber beetles transmit bacterial diseases or cat allergies are about twice as common as dog allergies.', 'When some cucumber beetles transmit bacterial diseases is true, it follows that the claim that angels are neither male nor female has no merit.', "Whenever it is true that cat allergies are about twice as common as dog allergies, 'the claim that angels are neither male nor female has no merit' is true."]
|
Either law made by a judge in deciding cases is called common law or anger can also accompany loss. Provided that law made by a judge in deciding cases is called common law, we know that either angels are neither male nor female or blades can shade each other and reduce evaporation. Should it be the case that anger can also accompany loss, it follows that either angels are neither male nor female or blades can shade each other and reduce evaporation. There is good reason to believe that either some cucumber beetles transmit bacterial diseases or cat allergies are about twice as common as dog allergies. When some cucumber beetles transmit bacterial diseases is true, it follows that the claim that angels are neither male nor female has no merit. Whenever it is true that cat allergies are about twice as common as dog allergies, 'the claim that angels are neither male nor female has no merit' is true.
|
blades can shade each other and reduce evaporation.
|
A blade is a leaf.
|
Uncertain
|
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or [0]. [SC1-1]
Not [1]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [4] or [5].
If [4], then (Either [1] or [0].).
If [5], then (Either [1] or [0].).
Therefore, Either [1] or [0]..
[SC2-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [2] or [3].
If [2], then (Not [1].).
If [3], then (Not [1].).
Therefore, Not [1]..
|
{0: 'Blades can shade each other and reduce evaporation.', 1: 'Angels are neither male nor female.', 2: 'Some cucumber beetles transmit bacterial diseases.', 3: 'Cat allergies are about twice as common as dog allergies.', 4: 'Law made by a judge in deciding cases is called common law.', 5: 'Anger can also accompany loss.'}
| 3 |
2,921 |
["Whenever it is true that it is not the case that globalization operates on Internet time, 'the claim that geothermal energy is thermal energy generated and stored in the Earth does not correspond with reality' is true.", 'If videotapes are magnetic tape, then if it is not the case that globalization operates on Internet time, then geothermal energy is thermal energy generated and stored in the Earth.', 'If either genetic mutations are a kind of genetic polymorphism or thrips have unusual mouthparts, in that they only have one mandible, then if it is not the case that globalization operates on Internet time, then geothermal energy is thermal energy generated and stored in the Earth.', 'Assuming the claim that either videotapes are magnetic tape or either genetic mutations are a kind of genetic polymorphism or thrips have unusual mouthparts, in that they only have one mandible is false, we know that either sediment is the result of an accumulation of minerals in the water mains or drugs have a high value per gram.', 'The statement that states either sediment is the result of an accumulation of minerals in the water mains or drugs have a high value per gram is false.']
|
Whenever it is true that it is not the case that globalization operates on Internet time, 'the claim that geothermal energy is thermal energy generated and stored in the Earth does not correspond with reality' is true. If videotapes are magnetic tape, then if it is not the case that globalization operates on Internet time, then geothermal energy is thermal energy generated and stored in the Earth. If either genetic mutations are a kind of genetic polymorphism or thrips have unusual mouthparts, in that they only have one mandible, then if it is not the case that globalization operates on Internet time, then geothermal energy is thermal energy generated and stored in the Earth. Assuming the claim that either videotapes are magnetic tape or either genetic mutations are a kind of genetic polymorphism or thrips have unusual mouthparts, in that they only have one mandible is false, we know that either sediment is the result of an accumulation of minerals in the water mains or drugs have a high value per gram. The statement that states either sediment is the result of an accumulation of minerals in the water mains or drugs have a high value per gram is false.
|
The statement 'globalization operates on Internet time' is true.
|
The claim that globalization operates on Internet time has no merit.
|
FALSE
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then [1]. [SC1-1]
If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].).
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [2] or (Either [3] or [4].). [SC1-2]
If [2], then (If (Not [0].), then [1].).
If (Either [3] or [4].), then (If (Not [0].), then [1].).
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then [1]..
[SC1-2]
Modus Tonens:
If (Not (Either [2] or (Either [3] or [4].).).), then (Either [5] or [6].).
Not (Either [5] or [6].).
Therefore, Either [2] or (Either [3] or [4].)..
|
{0: 'Globalization operates on Internet time.', 1: 'Geothermal energy is thermal energy generated and stored in the Earth.', 2: 'Videotapes are magnetic tape.', 3: 'Genetic mutations are a kind of genetic polymorphism .', 4: 'Thrips have unusual mouthparts, in that they only have one mandible.', 5: 'Sediment is the result of an accumulation of minerals in the water mains.', 6: 'Drugs have a high value per gram.'}
| 3 |
2,003 |
['On the condition that a primula is a herb, it is definitely the case that it is not true that all plants produce the same amount of pollen.', 'On the condition that the statement that states either a primula is a herb or education is an issue that resonates with all stakeholders in all countries of the world is false, it is definitely the case that powdery mildew is spread by wind and survives on weeds, and other crops, especially cucurbits.', 'The statement that states powdery mildew is spread by wind and survives on weeds, and other crops, especially cucurbits is false.', 'Given that some people mistakenly believe that if education is an issue that resonates with all stakeholders in all countries of the world, then it is not true that all plants produce the same amount of pollen, it can be inferred that some people only notice a change in their vision when both eyes have been affected.', 'Should it be the case that some people mistakenly believe that if education is an issue that resonates with all stakeholders in all countries of the world, then it is not true that all plants produce the same amount of pollen, it follows that the statement, some people only notice a change in their vision when both eyes have been affected, does not hold.']
|
On the condition that a primula is a herb, it is definitely the case that it is not true that all plants produce the same amount of pollen. On the condition that the statement that states either a primula is a herb or education is an issue that resonates with all stakeholders in all countries of the world is false, it is definitely the case that powdery mildew is spread by wind and survives on weeds, and other crops, especially cucurbits. The statement that states powdery mildew is spread by wind and survives on weeds, and other crops, especially cucurbits is false. Given that some people mistakenly believe that if education is an issue that resonates with all stakeholders in all countries of the world, then it is not true that all plants produce the same amount of pollen, it can be inferred that some people only notice a change in their vision when both eyes have been affected. Should it be the case that some people mistakenly believe that if education is an issue that resonates with all stakeholders in all countries of the world, then it is not true that all plants produce the same amount of pollen, it follows that the statement, some people only notice a change in their vision when both eyes have been affected, does not hold.
|
It is not true that all plants produce the same amount of pollen.
|
We can assume that all plants produce the same amount of pollen.
|
FALSE
|
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [1] or [2]. [SC1-1]
If [1], then (Not [0].).
If [2], then (Not [0].). [SC3-1]
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC1-1]
Modus Tonens:
If (Not (Either [1] or [2].).), then [3].
Not [3].
Therefore, Either [1] or [2]..
[SC3-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (If [2], then (Not [0].).).), then [4].
If (Not (If [2], then (Not [0].).).), then (Not [4].).
Therefore, If [2], then (Not [0].)..
|
{0: 'All plants produce the same amount of pollen.', 1: 'A primula is a herb.', 2: 'Education is an issue that resonates with all stakeholders in all countries of the world.', 3: 'Powdery mildew is spread by wind and survives on weeds, and other crops, especially cucurbits.', 4: 'Some people only notice a change in their vision when both eyes have been affected.'}
| 3 |
2,134 |
['We know that at least one of two things is true: women also have a narrower heel in relation to their forefoot than men, or if proteins play roles, then some llamas survive in temperature.', 'It is not the case that women also have a narrower heel in relation to their forefoot than men.', 'If some llamas survive in temperature, then feastings are meals.', "So long as some llamas survive in temperature, 'it is not the case that feastings are meals' is true."]
|
We know that at least one of two things is true: women also have a narrower heel in relation to their forefoot than men, or if proteins play roles, then some llamas survive in temperature. It is not the case that women also have a narrower heel in relation to their forefoot than men. If some llamas survive in temperature, then feastings are meals. So long as some llamas survive in temperature, 'it is not the case that feastings are meals' is true.
|
The claim that proteins play roles does not correspond with reality.
|
The claim that proteins play roles does not correspond with reality.
|
TRUE
|
Modus Tonens:
If [0], then [1]. [SC1-1]
Not [1]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC1-1]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [3] or (If [0], then [1].).
Not [3].
Therefore, If [0], then [1]..
[SC2-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If [1], then [2].
If [1], then (Not [2].).
Therefore, Not [1]..
|
{0: 'Proteins play roles.', 1: 'Some llamas survive in temperature.', 2: 'Feastings are meals.', 3: 'Women also have a narrower heel in relation to their forefoot than men.'}
| 3 |
2,355 |
['Assuming most canada geese have organs, we know that either cats even get more painful cavities that form at the roots of the teeth or teens have a tendency to want to spend less time with their families and more time with friends.', 'Provided that faith is the foundation of all Christian graces, we know that most canada geese have organs.', 'There is good reason to believe that either soaps are also bases, and naturally are quite slippery or either animals have digestive tracts or religion seems to be hard wired into our organism.', 'When soaps are also bases, and naturally are quite slippery is true, it follows that faith is the foundation of all Christian graces.', "So long as either animals have digestive tracts or religion seems to be hard wired into our organism, 'faith is the foundation of all Christian graces' is true."]
|
Assuming most canada geese have organs, we know that either cats even get more painful cavities that form at the roots of the teeth or teens have a tendency to want to spend less time with their families and more time with friends. Provided that faith is the foundation of all Christian graces, we know that most canada geese have organs. There is good reason to believe that either soaps are also bases, and naturally are quite slippery or either animals have digestive tracts or religion seems to be hard wired into our organism. When soaps are also bases, and naturally are quite slippery is true, it follows that faith is the foundation of all Christian graces. So long as either animals have digestive tracts or religion seems to be hard wired into our organism, 'faith is the foundation of all Christian graces' is true.
|
Either cats even get more painful cavities that form at the roots of the teeth or teens have a tendency to want to spend less time with their families and more time with friends.
|
At least one of two things is true: cats usually have only two or three worms and the worms live only up to two years, or many teens report that they have the same problems as adults in trying to quit cigarettes.
|
Uncertain
|
Modus Ponens:
If [2], then (Either [0] or [1].).
[2] [SC2-1]
Therefore, Either [0] or [1]..
[SC2-1]
Modus Ponens:
If [3], then [2].
[3] [SC2-2]
Therefore, [2].
[SC2-2]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [4] or (Either [5] or [6].).
If [4], then [3].
If (Either [5] or [6].), then [3].
Therefore, [3].
|
{0: 'Cats even get more painful cavities that form at the roots of the teeth.', 1: 'Teens have a tendency to want to spend less time with their families and more time with friends.', 2: 'Most canada geese have organs.', 3: 'Faith is the foundation of all Christian graces.', 4: 'Soaps are also bases, and naturally are quite slippery.', 5: 'Animals have digestive tracts.', 6: 'Religion seems to be hard wired into our organism.'}
| 3 |
2,877 |
["On the condition that the statement that 'either inflammation follows the blood vessels into the bone marrow causing bone destruction or fertilisation results as influenced by insemination to ovulation interval and sperm dosage in sows' is incorrect, it is definitely the case that many organisms can form mineral solids.", "Should it be the case that the statement that 'either inflammation follows the blood vessels into the bone marrow causing bone destruction or fertilisation results as influenced by insemination to ovulation interval and sperm dosage in sows' is incorrect, it follows that it is not the case that many organisms can form mineral solids.", 'Either firefighters are also public employees or edible flowers make food for any occasion special.', 'When firefighters are also public employees is true, it follows that it is not true that inflammation follows the blood vessels into the bone marrow causing bone destruction.', 'One may reasonably assume that if edible flowers make food for any occasion special, then it is not true that inflammation follows the blood vessels into the bone marrow causing bone destruction.']
|
On the condition that the statement that 'either inflammation follows the blood vessels into the bone marrow causing bone destruction or fertilisation results as influenced by insemination to ovulation interval and sperm dosage in sows' is incorrect, it is definitely the case that many organisms can form mineral solids. Should it be the case that the statement that 'either inflammation follows the blood vessels into the bone marrow causing bone destruction or fertilisation results as influenced by insemination to ovulation interval and sperm dosage in sows' is incorrect, it follows that it is not the case that many organisms can form mineral solids. Either firefighters are also public employees or edible flowers make food for any occasion special. When firefighters are also public employees is true, it follows that it is not true that inflammation follows the blood vessels into the bone marrow causing bone destruction. One may reasonably assume that if edible flowers make food for any occasion special, then it is not true that inflammation follows the blood vessels into the bone marrow causing bone destruction.
|
The idea that fertilisation results as influenced by insemination to ovulation interval and sperm dosage in sows is true.
|
The idea that fertilisation results as influenced by insemination to ovulation interval and sperm dosage in sows is true.
|
TRUE
|
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or [0]. [SC1-1]
Not [1]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (Either [1] or [0].).), then [4].
If (Not (Either [1] or [0].).), then (Not [4].).
Therefore, Either [1] or [0]..
[SC2-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [2] or [3].
If [2], then (Not [1].).
If [3], then (Not [1].).
Therefore, Not [1]..
|
{0: 'Fertilisation results as influenced by insemination to ovulation interval and sperm dosage in sows.', 1: 'Inflammation follows the blood vessels into the bone marrow causing bone destruction.', 2: 'Firefighters are also public employees.', 3: 'Edible flowers make food for any occasion special.', 4: 'Many organisms can form mineral solids.'}
| 3 |
2,768 |
['The statement, shanghai is a major port and a center of industry, education and research, does not hold.', 'When the claim that if it is not true that most insurers work with their agency systems, then shanghai is a major port and a center of industry, education and research does not reflect reality is true, it follows that nosocomial infections increase patient illness and the length of hospital stays.', 'Once we know nosocomial infections increase patient illness and the length of hospital stays, we also know that if body heat is lost through damp clothing by evaporation, then some carnivorous dinosaurs have brains.', 'Those that suggest if body heat is lost through damp clothing by evaporation, then some carnivorous dinosaurs have brains are wrong.']
|
The statement, shanghai is a major port and a center of industry, education and research, does not hold. When the claim that if it is not true that most insurers work with their agency systems, then shanghai is a major port and a center of industry, education and research does not reflect reality is true, it follows that nosocomial infections increase patient illness and the length of hospital stays. Once we know nosocomial infections increase patient illness and the length of hospital stays, we also know that if body heat is lost through damp clothing by evaporation, then some carnivorous dinosaurs have brains. Those that suggest if body heat is lost through damp clothing by evaporation, then some carnivorous dinosaurs have brains are wrong.
|
It is the case that most insurers work with their agency systems.
|
It is the case that most insurers work with their agency systems.
|
TRUE
|
Modus Tonens:
If (Not [0].), then [1]. [SC1-1]
Not [1].
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Modus Tonens:
If (Not (If (Not [0].), then [1].).), then [2].
Not [2]. [SC2-2]
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then [1]..
[SC2-2]
Modus Tonens:
If [2], then (If [3], then [4].).
Not (If [3], then [4].).
Therefore, Not [2]..
|
{0: 'Most insurers work with their agency systems.', 1: 'Shanghai is a major port and a center of industry, education and research.', 2: 'Nosocomial infections increase patient illness and the length of hospital stays.', 3: 'Body heat is lost through damp clothing by evaporation.', 4: 'Some carnivorous dinosaurs have brains.'}
| 3 |
2,836 |
['Once we know some people mistakenly believe that memories can fade with time, we also know that all snakes can swim.', 'Assuming all snakes can swim, we know that trends are patterns or shifts according to time.', 'We know that at least one of two things is true: heat destroys folic acid, or if some people mistakenly believe that memories can fade with time, then the claim that trends are patterns or shifts according to time does not correspond with reality.', 'Those that suggest heat destroys folic acid are wrong.']
|
Once we know some people mistakenly believe that memories can fade with time, we also know that all snakes can swim. Assuming all snakes can swim, we know that trends are patterns or shifts according to time. We know that at least one of two things is true: heat destroys folic acid, or if some people mistakenly believe that memories can fade with time, then the claim that trends are patterns or shifts according to time does not correspond with reality. Those that suggest heat destroys folic acid are wrong.
|
The claim that memories can fade with time is true.
|
The claim that memories can fade with time is true.
|
TRUE
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then [1]. [SC1-1]
If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].). [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Hypothetical Syllogism:
If (Not [0].), then [3].
If [3], then [1].
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then [1]..
[SC2-1]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [2] or (If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].).).
Not [2].
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].)..
|
{0: 'Memories can fade with time.', 1: 'Trends are patterns or shifts according to time.', 2: 'Heat destroys folic acid.', 3: 'All snakes can swim.'}
| 3 |
2,561 |
['The statement that states vines use trees as ladders to reach the sunlight is false.', 'Should it be the case that air behaves much like a fluid, so the same is true for air, it follows that either vines use trees as ladders to reach the sunlight or sex hormones accelerate growth as well as the skeletal process that ends growth.', 'If harvesters wear cotton gloves, then air behaves much like a fluid, so the same is true for air.', 'The claim that harvesters wear cotton gloves holds true.']
|
The statement that states vines use trees as ladders to reach the sunlight is false. Should it be the case that air behaves much like a fluid, so the same is true for air, it follows that either vines use trees as ladders to reach the sunlight or sex hormones accelerate growth as well as the skeletal process that ends growth. If harvesters wear cotton gloves, then air behaves much like a fluid, so the same is true for air. The claim that harvesters wear cotton gloves holds true.
|
Many people rightly believe that sex hormones accelerate growth as well as the skeletal process that ends growth.
|
Most sex hormone estrogens cause growth.
|
Uncertain
|
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or [0]. [SC1-1]
Not [1].
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Modus Ponens:
If [2], then (Either [1] or [0].).
[2] [SC2-2]
Therefore, Either [1] or [0]..
[SC2-2]
Modus Ponens:
If [3], then [2].
[3]
Therefore, [2].
|
{0: 'Sex hormones accelerate growth as well as the skeletal process that ends growth.', 1: 'Vines use trees as ladders to reach the sunlight.', 2: 'Air behaves much like a fluid, so the same is true for air.', 3: 'Harvesters wear cotton gloves.'}
| 3 |
2,892 |
['It is a common misconception that if toilet seats are located in hardware stores, then koalas feed at nights.', "Given that the notion that 'either if toilet seats are located in hardware stores, then koalas feed at nights or the statement 'economic status is a main factor in how much pride people have about themselves' can be considered false' is untrue, it can be inferred that fungi have hyphae.", "At least one of two things is true: recurrent effusions are common in osteoarthritis of the knee, or if the notion that 'either if toilet seats are located in hardware stores, then koalas feed at nights or the statement 'economic status is a main factor in how much pride people have about themselves' can be considered false' is untrue, then we know that the claim that fungi have hyphae is false.", 'We know that the claim that recurrent effusions are common in osteoarthritis of the knee is false.']
|
It is a common misconception that if toilet seats are located in hardware stores, then koalas feed at nights. Given that the notion that 'either if toilet seats are located in hardware stores, then koalas feed at nights or the statement 'economic status is a main factor in how much pride people have about themselves' can be considered false' is untrue, it can be inferred that fungi have hyphae. At least one of two things is true: recurrent effusions are common in osteoarthritis of the knee, or if the notion that 'either if toilet seats are located in hardware stores, then koalas feed at nights or the statement 'economic status is a main factor in how much pride people have about themselves' can be considered false' is untrue, then we know that the claim that fungi have hyphae is false. We know that the claim that recurrent effusions are common in osteoarthritis of the knee is false.
|
The statement 'economic status is a main factor in how much pride people have about themselves' can be considered false.
|
The statement 'economic status is a main factor in how much pride people have about themselves' can be considered false.
|
TRUE
|
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either (If [1], then [2].) or (Not [0].). [SC1-1]
Not (If [1], then [2].).
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC1-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (Either (If [1], then [2].) or (Not [0].).).), then [3].
If (Not (Either (If [1], then [2].) or (Not [0].).).), then (Not [3].). [SC2-2]
Therefore, Either (If [1], then [2].) or (Not [0].)..
[SC2-2]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [4] or (If (Not (Either (If [1], then [2].) or (Not [0].).).), then (Not [3].).).
Not [4].
Therefore, If (Not (Either (If [1], then [2].) or (Not [0].).).), then (Not [3].)..
|
{0: 'Economic status is a main factor in how much pride people have about themselves.', 1: 'Toilet seats are located in hardware stores.', 2: 'Koalas feed at nights.', 3: 'Fungi have hyphae.', 4: 'Recurrent effusions are common in osteoarthritis of the knee.'}
| 3 |
2,225 |
['Either one or both of these statements are true: less clothing means more skin, or bench marks are the precisely-surveyed points that are the basis of all detailed maps.', "Whenever it is true that mistletoes have (part) cell membranes, 'the statement that 'less clothing means more skin' is incorrect' is true.", "Given that if anal intercourse stretches the opening to the size required for a large bowel movement, then birds can digest most of the outer white shell of the flower and some of the sticky, clear liquid, it can be inferred that the statement that 'less clothing means more skin' is incorrect.", "Once we know the notion that 'either mistletoes have (part) cell membranes or if anal intercourse stretches the opening to the size required for a large bowel movement, then birds can digest most of the outer white shell of the flower and some of the sticky, clear liquid' is untrue, we also know that either coal is produce most economically from large strip mines or yoga is a process-oriented activity with something to offer everyone.", "Whenever it is true that the notion that 'either mistletoes have (part) cell membranes or if anal intercourse stretches the opening to the size required for a large bowel movement, then birds can digest most of the outer white shell of the flower and some of the sticky, clear liquid' is untrue, 'the statement, either coal is produce most economically from large strip mines or yoga is a process-oriented activity with something to offer everyone, does not hold' is true."]
|
Either one or both of these statements are true: less clothing means more skin, or bench marks are the precisely-surveyed points that are the basis of all detailed maps. Whenever it is true that mistletoes have (part) cell membranes, 'the statement that 'less clothing means more skin' is incorrect' is true. Given that if anal intercourse stretches the opening to the size required for a large bowel movement, then birds can digest most of the outer white shell of the flower and some of the sticky, clear liquid, it can be inferred that the statement that 'less clothing means more skin' is incorrect. Once we know the notion that 'either mistletoes have (part) cell membranes or if anal intercourse stretches the opening to the size required for a large bowel movement, then birds can digest most of the outer white shell of the flower and some of the sticky, clear liquid' is untrue, we also know that either coal is produce most economically from large strip mines or yoga is a process-oriented activity with something to offer everyone. Whenever it is true that the notion that 'either mistletoes have (part) cell membranes or if anal intercourse stretches the opening to the size required for a large bowel movement, then birds can digest most of the outer white shell of the flower and some of the sticky, clear liquid' is untrue, 'the statement, either coal is produce most economically from large strip mines or yoga is a process-oriented activity with something to offer everyone, does not hold' is true.
|
The statement that states bench marks are the precisely-surveyed points that are the basis of all detailed maps is right.
|
Some people mistakenly believe that bench marks are the precisely-surveyed points that are the basis of all detailed maps.
|
FALSE
|
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or [0].
Not [1]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC2-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [2] or (If [3], then [4].). [SC1-2]
If [2], then (Not [1].).
If (If [3], then [4].), then (Not [1].).
Therefore, Not [1]..
[SC1-2]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (Either [2] or (If [3], then [4].).).), then (Either [5] or [6].).
If (Not (Either [2] or (If [3], then [4].).).), then (Not (Either [5] or [6].).).
Therefore, Either [2] or (If [3], then [4].)..
|
{0: 'Bench marks are the precisely-surveyed points that are the basis of all detailed maps.', 1: 'Less clothing means more skin.', 2: 'Mistletoes have (part) cell membranes.', 3: 'Anal intercourse stretches the opening to the size required for a large bowel movement.', 4: 'Birds can digest most of the outer white shell of the flower and some of the sticky, clear liquid.', 5: 'Coal is produce most economically from large strip mines.', 6: 'Yoga is a process-oriented activity with something to offer everyone.'}
| 3 |
2,820 |
['We know that at least one of two things is true: many men have problems establishing and maintaining intimacy in relationships, or some goldfinches feed in thistles.', 'Provided that some goldfinches feed in thistles, we know that many swine breeding herds suffer from reproductive problems and inefficiency.', 'It is a common misconception that mountains are sites.', 'When the claim that if many men have problems establishing and maintaining intimacy in relationships, then many swine breeding herds suffer from reproductive problems and inefficiency is false is true, it follows that either extrusion differs from drawing in that the metal is pushed, rather than pulled under tension or speck isa decoration.', 'When either extrusion differs from drawing in that the metal is pushed, rather than pulled under tension or speck isa decoration is true, it follows that mountains are sites.']
|
We know that at least one of two things is true: many men have problems establishing and maintaining intimacy in relationships, or some goldfinches feed in thistles. Provided that some goldfinches feed in thistles, we know that many swine breeding herds suffer from reproductive problems and inefficiency. It is a common misconception that mountains are sites. When the claim that if many men have problems establishing and maintaining intimacy in relationships, then many swine breeding herds suffer from reproductive problems and inefficiency is false is true, it follows that either extrusion differs from drawing in that the metal is pushed, rather than pulled under tension or speck isa decoration. When either extrusion differs from drawing in that the metal is pushed, rather than pulled under tension or speck isa decoration is true, it follows that mountains are sites.
|
The claim that many swine breeding herds suffer from reproductive problems and inefficiency holds true.
|
Swine responses to constant and modified diurnal cyclic temperatures.
|
Uncertain
|
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [1] or [2].
If [1], then [0]. [SC2-1]
If [2], then [0].
Therefore, [0].
[SC2-1]
Modus Tonens:
If (Not (If [1], then [0].).), then [3]. [SC1-2]
Not [3].
Therefore, If [1], then [0]..
[SC1-2]
Hypothetical Syllogism:
If (Not (If [1], then [0].).), then (Either [4] or [5].).
If (Either [4] or [5].), then [3].
Therefore, If (Not (If [1], then [0].).), then [3]..
|
{0: 'Many swine breeding herds suffer from reproductive problems and inefficiency.', 1: 'Many men have problems establishing and maintaining intimacy in relationships.', 2: 'Some goldfinches feed in thistles.', 3: 'Mountains are sites.', 4: 'Extrusion differs from drawing in that the metal is pushed, rather than pulled under tension.', 5: 'Speck isa decoration.'}
| 3 |
2,369 |
['We know that either if identical twins have a higher rate of developing schizophrenia than fraternal twins, then roaches seek out water when they first enter the home or if we know that the claim that some people drive horses is false, then osteoporosis is a treatable, and even preventable, disease.', 'Those that suggest if identical twins have a higher rate of developing schizophrenia than fraternal twins, then roaches seek out water when they first enter the home are wrong.', 'It is a fact that either ethical consumerism is all about empowering the consumer or it is a common misconception that osteoporosis is a treatable, and even preventable, disease.', 'It is not true that ethical consumerism is all about empowering the consumer.']
|
We know that either if identical twins have a higher rate of developing schizophrenia than fraternal twins, then roaches seek out water when they first enter the home or if we know that the claim that some people drive horses is false, then osteoporosis is a treatable, and even preventable, disease. Those that suggest if identical twins have a higher rate of developing schizophrenia than fraternal twins, then roaches seek out water when they first enter the home are wrong. It is a fact that either ethical consumerism is all about empowering the consumer or it is a common misconception that osteoporosis is a treatable, and even preventable, disease. It is not true that ethical consumerism is all about empowering the consumer.
|
some people drive horses.
|
We know that the claim that some people drive horses is false.
|
FALSE
|
Modus Tonens:
If (Not [0].), then [1]. [SC1-1]
Not [1]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either (If [2], then [3].) or (If (Not [0].), then [1].).
Not (If [2], then [3].).
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then [1]..
[SC2-1]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [4] or (Not [1].).
Not [4].
Therefore, Not [1]..
|
{0: 'Some people drive horses.', 1: 'Osteoporosis is a treatable, and even preventable, disease.', 2: 'Identical twins have a higher rate of developing schizophrenia than fraternal twins.', 3: 'Roaches seek out water when they first enter the home.', 4: 'Ethical consumerism is all about empowering the consumer.'}
| 3 |
2,681 |
['One may reasonably assume that if pressure is a word that is misused in our vocabulary, then lizards have backbones.', 'Either one or both of these statements are true: if wind energy comes from ultimate power sources, then examples are the gourmet edible mycorrhizal mushrooms, such as truffles and morels, or either iCs are the primary electronic components used in ALL electronic equipment or pressure is a word that is misused in our vocabulary.', 'The claim that if wind energy comes from ultimate power sources, then examples are the gourmet edible mycorrhizal mushrooms, such as truffles and morels does not reflect reality.', 'It is rational to believe that either if bees visit the blossoms freely for nectar and pollen, then trebles also have a tendency to snag on weeds, rocks, and submerged logs or if iCs are the primary electronic components used in ALL electronic equipment, then lizards have backbones.', 'Some people mistakenly believe that if bees visit the blossoms freely for nectar and pollen, then trebles also have a tendency to snag on weeds, rocks, and submerged logs.']
|
One may reasonably assume that if pressure is a word that is misused in our vocabulary, then lizards have backbones. Either one or both of these statements are true: if wind energy comes from ultimate power sources, then examples are the gourmet edible mycorrhizal mushrooms, such as truffles and morels, or either iCs are the primary electronic components used in ALL electronic equipment or pressure is a word that is misused in our vocabulary. The claim that if wind energy comes from ultimate power sources, then examples are the gourmet edible mycorrhizal mushrooms, such as truffles and morels does not reflect reality. It is rational to believe that either if bees visit the blossoms freely for nectar and pollen, then trebles also have a tendency to snag on weeds, rocks, and submerged logs or if iCs are the primary electronic components used in ALL electronic equipment, then lizards have backbones. Some people mistakenly believe that if bees visit the blossoms freely for nectar and pollen, then trebles also have a tendency to snag on weeds, rocks, and submerged logs.
|
The claim that lizards have backbones is true.
|
The claim that lizards have backbones is true.
|
TRUE
|
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [1] or [2]. [SC1-1]
If [1], then [0]. [SC2-1]
If [2], then [0].
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either (If [3], then [4].) or (Either [1] or [2].).
Not (If [3], then [4].).
Therefore, Either [1] or [2]..
[SC2-1]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either (If [5], then [6].) or (If [1], then [0].).
Not (If [5], then [6].).
Therefore, If [1], then [0]..
|
{0: 'Lizards have backbones.', 1: 'ICs are the primary electronic components used in ALL electronic equipment.', 2: 'Pressure is a word that is misused in our vocabulary.', 3: 'Wind energy comes from ultimate power sources.', 4: 'Examples are the gourmet edible mycorrhizal mushrooms, such as truffles and morels.', 5: 'Bees visit the blossoms freely for nectar and pollen.', 6: 'Trebles also have a tendency to snag on weeds, rocks, and submerged logs.'}
| 3 |
2,339 |
['It is a common misconception that tourism is one of the largest industries in the world.', 'It is rational to believe that either earthworms incorporate large amounts of organic matter into the soil or if the statement, dynamic range Refers to the difference between loud and soft sounds, does not hold, then tourism is one of the largest industries in the world.', "Whenever it is true that earthworms incorporate large amounts of organic matter into the soil, 'birds are smallest in the far west and on the south coast' is true.", 'The statement that states birds are smallest in the far west and on the south coast is false.']
|
It is a common misconception that tourism is one of the largest industries in the world. It is rational to believe that either earthworms incorporate large amounts of organic matter into the soil or if the statement, dynamic range Refers to the difference between loud and soft sounds, does not hold, then tourism is one of the largest industries in the world. Whenever it is true that earthworms incorporate large amounts of organic matter into the soil, 'birds are smallest in the far west and on the south coast' is true. The statement that states birds are smallest in the far west and on the south coast is false.
|
The statement 'dynamic range Refers to the difference between loud and soft sounds' is true.
|
The statement 'dynamic range Refers to the difference between loud and soft sounds' is true.
|
TRUE
|
Modus Tonens:
If (Not [0].), then [1]. [SC1-1]
Not [1].
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [2] or (If (Not [0].), then [1].).
Not [2]. [SC2-2]
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then [1]..
[SC2-2]
Modus Tonens:
If [2], then [3].
Not [3].
Therefore, Not [2]..
|
{0: 'Dynamic range Refers to the difference between loud and soft sounds.', 1: 'Tourism is one of the largest industries in the world.', 2: 'Earthworms incorporate large amounts of organic matter into the soil.', 3: 'Birds are smallest in the far west and on the south coast.'}
| 3 |
2,419 |
['We know that at least one of two things is true: a victim is a person, or fugitive slaves report that conditions are worst in the rural areas, where most of the slaves live.', 'Assuming a victim is a person, we know that scratching can break the skin.', 'When a funny story is a joke is true, it follows that scratching can break the skin.', 'Provided that some people mistakenly believe that if fugitive slaves report that conditions are worst in the rural areas, where most of the slaves live, then a funny story is a joke, we know that either katydids have (part) cytoplasm or virtual particles pop into existence for incredibly brief periods of time, then disappear again.', 'It is not true that either katydids have (part) cytoplasm or virtual particles pop into existence for incredibly brief periods of time, then disappear again.']
|
We know that at least one of two things is true: a victim is a person, or fugitive slaves report that conditions are worst in the rural areas, where most of the slaves live. Assuming a victim is a person, we know that scratching can break the skin. When a funny story is a joke is true, it follows that scratching can break the skin. Provided that some people mistakenly believe that if fugitive slaves report that conditions are worst in the rural areas, where most of the slaves live, then a funny story is a joke, we know that either katydids have (part) cytoplasm or virtual particles pop into existence for incredibly brief periods of time, then disappear again. It is not true that either katydids have (part) cytoplasm or virtual particles pop into existence for incredibly brief periods of time, then disappear again.
|
The statement 'scratching can break the skin' is true.
|
Scratching can spread the lice to other parts of the body.
|
Uncertain
|
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [1] or [2].
If [1], then [0].
If [2], then [0]. [SC3-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC3-1]
Hypothetical Syllogism:
If [2], then [3]. [SC1-2]
If [3], then [0].
Therefore, If [2], then [0]..
[SC1-2]
Modus Tonens:
If (Not (If [2], then [3].).), then (Either [4] or [5].).
Not (Either [4] or [5].).
Therefore, If [2], then [3]..
|
{0: 'Scratching can break the skin.', 1: 'A victim is a person.', 2: 'Fugitive slaves report that conditions are worst in the rural areas, where most of the slaves live.', 3: 'A funny story is a joke.', 4: 'Katydids have (part) cytoplasm.', 5: 'Virtual particles pop into existence for incredibly brief periods of time, then disappear again.'}
| 3 |
2,829 |
['When mealybugs are similar to scale insects is true, it follows that if gravity does decrease as the distance away from earth increases, then chests are used for storage.', 'mealybugs are similar to scale insects.', 'Assuming it is a common misconception that if gravity does decrease as the distance away from earth increases, then the statement, chests are used for storage, does not hold, we know that choices depend on skills.', 'Once we know it is a common misconception that if gravity does decrease as the distance away from earth increases, then the statement, chests are used for storage, does not hold, we also know that the statement, choices depend on skills, does not hold.']
|
When mealybugs are similar to scale insects is true, it follows that if gravity does decrease as the distance away from earth increases, then chests are used for storage. mealybugs are similar to scale insects. Assuming it is a common misconception that if gravity does decrease as the distance away from earth increases, then the statement, chests are used for storage, does not hold, we know that choices depend on skills. Once we know it is a common misconception that if gravity does decrease as the distance away from earth increases, then the statement, chests are used for storage, does not hold, we also know that the statement, choices depend on skills, does not hold.
|
The statement that states gravity does decrease as the distance away from earth increases is false.
|
The statement that states gravity does decrease as the distance away from earth increases is false.
|
TRUE
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If [0], then [1]. [SC1-1]
If [0], then (Not [1].). [SC2-1]
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC1-1]
Modus Ponens:
If [3], then (If [0], then [1].).
[3]
Therefore, If [0], then [1]..
[SC2-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (If [0], then (Not [1].).).), then [2].
If (Not (If [0], then (Not [1].).).), then (Not [2].).
Therefore, If [0], then (Not [1].)..
|
{0: 'Gravity does decrease as the distance away from earth increases.', 1: 'Chests are used for storage.', 2: 'Choices depend on skills.', 3: 'Mealybugs are similar to scale insects.'}
| 3 |
2,951 |
["Either one or both of these statements are true: if cheetahs make a chirping sound that is much like a bird's chirp or a dog's yelp, then amphibians are animals that live both on land and in water, or epilepsy is a brain disorder characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures.", "Provided that if cheetahs make a chirping sound that is much like a bird's chirp or a dog's yelp, then amphibians are animals that live both on land and in water, we know that partners have (part) arms.", 'When soy foods are a delicious way to balance cholesterol levels is true, it follows that if epilepsy is a brain disorder characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures, then partners have (part) arms.', 'One may reasonably assume that if either areas get tropical rain or most birds survive migration, then if epilepsy is a brain disorder characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures, then partners have (part) arms.', 'On the condition that the claim that either soy foods are a delicious way to balance cholesterol levels or either areas get tropical rain or most birds survive migration is false, it is definitely the case that lasers are a special kind of light.', 'Should it be the case that the claim that either soy foods are a delicious way to balance cholesterol levels or either areas get tropical rain or most birds survive migration is false, it follows that those that suggest lasers are a special kind of light are wrong.']
|
Either one or both of these statements are true: if cheetahs make a chirping sound that is much like a bird's chirp or a dog's yelp, then amphibians are animals that live both on land and in water, or epilepsy is a brain disorder characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures. Provided that if cheetahs make a chirping sound that is much like a bird's chirp or a dog's yelp, then amphibians are animals that live both on land and in water, we know that partners have (part) arms. When soy foods are a delicious way to balance cholesterol levels is true, it follows that if epilepsy is a brain disorder characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures, then partners have (part) arms. One may reasonably assume that if either areas get tropical rain or most birds survive migration, then if epilepsy is a brain disorder characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures, then partners have (part) arms. On the condition that the claim that either soy foods are a delicious way to balance cholesterol levels or either areas get tropical rain or most birds survive migration is false, it is definitely the case that lasers are a special kind of light. Should it be the case that the claim that either soy foods are a delicious way to balance cholesterol levels or either areas get tropical rain or most birds survive migration is false, it follows that those that suggest lasers are a special kind of light are wrong.
|
The statement that states partners have (part) arms is right.
|
The statement 'partners have (part) arms' can be considered false.
|
FALSE
|
Disjunction Elimination:
Either (If [1], then [2].) or [3].
If (If [1], then [2].), then [0].
If [3], then [0]. [SC3-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC3-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [4] or (Either [5] or [6].). [SC1-2]
If [4], then (If [3], then [0].).
If (Either [5] or [6].), then (If [3], then [0].).
Therefore, If [3], then [0]..
[SC1-2]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (Either [4] or (Either [5] or [6].).).), then [7].
If (Not (Either [4] or (Either [5] or [6].).).), then (Not [7].).
Therefore, Either [4] or (Either [5] or [6].)..
|
{0: 'Partners have (part) arms.', 1: "Cheetahs make a chirping sound that is much like a bird's chirp or a dog's yelp.", 2: 'Amphibians are animals that live both on land and in water.', 3: 'Epilepsy is a brain disorder characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures.', 4: 'Soy foods are a delicious way to balance cholesterol levels.', 5: 'Areas get tropical rain.', 6: 'Most birds survive migration.', 7: 'Lasers are a special kind of light.'}
| 3 |
2,454 |
['We know that either an orthophosphate is salt or either psychiatry is a specialty of medicine like surgery, internal medicine or pediatrics or results suggest responses.', 'When an orthophosphate is salt is true, it follows that government spending accounts for two-thirds of economic activity.', 'One may reasonably assume that if acid rain hastens the deterioration of ancient statues and art throughout the world, then if an orthophosphate is salt, then the claim that government spending accounts for two-thirds of economic activity is false.', 'We can assume that acid rain hastens the deterioration of ancient statues and art throughout the world.']
|
We know that either an orthophosphate is salt or either psychiatry is a specialty of medicine like surgery, internal medicine or pediatrics or results suggest responses. When an orthophosphate is salt is true, it follows that government spending accounts for two-thirds of economic activity. One may reasonably assume that if acid rain hastens the deterioration of ancient statues and art throughout the world, then if an orthophosphate is salt, then the claim that government spending accounts for two-thirds of economic activity is false. We can assume that acid rain hastens the deterioration of ancient statues and art throughout the world.
|
There is good reason to believe that either psychiatry is a specialty of medicine like surgery, internal medicine or pediatrics or results suggest responses.
|
There is good reason to believe that either psychiatry is a specialty of medicine like surgery, internal medicine or pediatrics or results suggest responses.
|
TRUE
|
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [2] or (Either [0] or [1].).
Not [2]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, Either [0] or [1]..
[SC2-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If [2], then [3].
If [2], then (Not [3].). [SC2-2]
Therefore, Not [2]..
[SC2-2]
Modus Ponens:
If [4], then (If [2], then (Not [3].).).
[4]
Therefore, If [2], then (Not [3].)..
|
{0: 'Psychiatry is a specialty of medicine like surgery, internal medicine or pediatrics.', 1: 'Results suggest responses.', 2: 'An orthophosphate is salt.', 3: 'Government spending accounts for two-thirds of economic activity.', 4: 'Acid rain hastens the deterioration of ancient statues and art throughout the world.'}
| 3 |
2,063 |
['We know that either if puppies can also become infected with disease-causing organisms during the birthing process, then art has that power to heal and refine the human soul or folk art is a genre.', "So long as folk art is a genre, 'it is not true that most birds shake wings' is true.", "Assuming if puppies can also become infected with disease-causing organisms during the birthing process, then art has that power to heal and refine the human soul, we know that if tourism is one of the world's largest and most diverse industries, then guidelines incorporate methods.", "Should it be the case that the claim that if if tourism is one of the world's largest and most diverse industries, then guidelines incorporate methods, then it is not true that most birds shake wings does not correspond with reality, it follows that transcription is often synonymous with gene regulation.", 'The claim that transcription is often synonymous with gene regulation does not reflect reality.']
|
We know that either if puppies can also become infected with disease-causing organisms during the birthing process, then art has that power to heal and refine the human soul or folk art is a genre. So long as folk art is a genre, 'it is not true that most birds shake wings' is true. Assuming if puppies can also become infected with disease-causing organisms during the birthing process, then art has that power to heal and refine the human soul, we know that if tourism is one of the world's largest and most diverse industries, then guidelines incorporate methods. Should it be the case that the claim that if if tourism is one of the world's largest and most diverse industries, then guidelines incorporate methods, then it is not true that most birds shake wings does not correspond with reality, it follows that transcription is often synonymous with gene regulation. The claim that transcription is often synonymous with gene regulation does not reflect reality.
|
It is not true that most birds shake wings.
|
It is not the case that all birds communicate with a combination of body language and calls.
|
Uncertain
|
Disjunction Elimination:
Either (If [1], then [2].) or [3].
If (If [1], then [2].), then (Not [0].). [SC2-1]
If [3], then (Not [0].).
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC2-1]
Hypothetical Syllogism:
If (If [1], then [2].), then (If [4], then [5].).
If (If [4], then [5].), then (Not [0].). [SC2-2]
Therefore, If (If [1], then [2].), then (Not [0].)..
[SC2-2]
Modus Tonens:
If (Not (If (If [4], then [5].), then (Not [0].).).), then [6].
Not [6].
Therefore, If (If [4], then [5].), then (Not [0].)..
|
{0: 'Most birds shake wings.', 1: 'Puppies can also become infected with disease-causing organisms during the birthing process.', 2: 'Art has that power to heal and refine the human soul.', 3: 'Folk art is a genre.', 4: "Tourism is one of the world's largest and most diverse industries.", 5: 'Guidelines incorporate methods.', 6: 'Transcription is often synonymous with gene regulation.'}
| 3 |
2,759 |
['It is a fact that either some food is eaten by ostriches or adolescence is a time when young people learn the value of being a responsible citizen.', 'Either medication is therapy or if some food is eaten by ostriches, then if compounds have chemical bonds, then most eastern gorillas live in habitats.', 'The statement, medication is therapy, does not hold.', 'It is a fact that either whale sharks have substantial economic value or linkage is related to crossing-over during meiosis.', 'Given that whale sharks have substantial economic value, it can be inferred that if adolescence is a time when young people learn the value of being a responsible citizen, then if compounds have chemical bonds, then most eastern gorillas live in habitats.', "So long as linkage is related to crossing-over during meiosis, 'if adolescence is a time when young people learn the value of being a responsible citizen, then if compounds have chemical bonds, then most eastern gorillas live in habitats' is true."]
|
It is a fact that either some food is eaten by ostriches or adolescence is a time when young people learn the value of being a responsible citizen. Either medication is therapy or if some food is eaten by ostriches, then if compounds have chemical bonds, then most eastern gorillas live in habitats. The statement, medication is therapy, does not hold. It is a fact that either whale sharks have substantial economic value or linkage is related to crossing-over during meiosis. Given that whale sharks have substantial economic value, it can be inferred that if adolescence is a time when young people learn the value of being a responsible citizen, then if compounds have chemical bonds, then most eastern gorillas live in habitats. So long as linkage is related to crossing-over during meiosis, 'if adolescence is a time when young people learn the value of being a responsible citizen, then if compounds have chemical bonds, then most eastern gorillas live in habitats' is true.
|
On the condition that compounds have chemical bonds, it is definitely the case that most eastern gorillas live in habitats.
|
On the condition that compounds have chemical bonds, it is definitely the case that most eastern gorillas live in habitats.
|
TRUE
|
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [2] or [3].
If [2], then (If [0], then [1].). [SC2-1]
If [3], then (If [0], then [1].). [SC3-1]
Therefore, If [0], then [1]..
[SC2-1]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [6] or (If [2], then (If [0], then [1].).).
Not [6].
Therefore, If [2], then (If [0], then [1].)..
[SC3-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [4] or [5].
If [4], then (If [3], then (If [0], then [1].).).
If [5], then (If [3], then (If [0], then [1].).).
Therefore, If [3], then (If [0], then [1].)..
|
{0: 'Compounds have chemical bonds.', 1: 'Most eastern gorillas live in habitats.', 2: 'Some food is eaten by ostriches.', 3: 'Adolescence is a time when young people learn the value of being a responsible citizen.', 4: 'Whale sharks have substantial economic value.', 5: 'Linkage is related to crossing-over during meiosis.', 6: 'Medication is therapy.'}
| 3 |
2,360 |
['There is good reason to believe that either tarantulas belong to genus or it is not true that yeasts are types of fungi.', 'Those that suggest panic Disorder involves feeling very afraid all of a sudden, for no apparent reason are right.', "On the condition that the statement that 'if panic Disorder involves feeling very afraid all of a sudden, for no apparent reason, then the notion that 'tarantulas belong to genus' is untrue' is incorrect, it is definitely the case that eyes are medium in size, round, and set well apart.", "When the statement that 'if panic Disorder involves feeling very afraid all of a sudden, for no apparent reason, then the notion that 'tarantulas belong to genus' is untrue' is incorrect is true, it follows that some people mistakenly believe that eyes are medium in size, round, and set well apart."]
|
There is good reason to believe that either tarantulas belong to genus or it is not true that yeasts are types of fungi. Those that suggest panic Disorder involves feeling very afraid all of a sudden, for no apparent reason are right. On the condition that the statement that 'if panic Disorder involves feeling very afraid all of a sudden, for no apparent reason, then the notion that 'tarantulas belong to genus' is untrue' is incorrect, it is definitely the case that eyes are medium in size, round, and set well apart. When the statement that 'if panic Disorder involves feeling very afraid all of a sudden, for no apparent reason, then the notion that 'tarantulas belong to genus' is untrue' is incorrect is true, it follows that some people mistakenly believe that eyes are medium in size, round, and set well apart.
|
It is not true that yeasts are types of fungi.
|
It is not true that yeasts are types of fungi.
|
TRUE
|
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or (Not [0].).
Not [1]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC2-1]
Modus Ponens:
If [2], then (Not [1].). [SC1-2]
[2]
Therefore, Not [1]..
[SC1-2]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (If [2], then (Not [1].).).), then [3].
If (Not (If [2], then (Not [1].).).), then (Not [3].).
Therefore, If [2], then (Not [1].)..
|
{0: 'Yeasts are types of fungi.', 1: 'Tarantulas belong to genus.', 2: 'Panic Disorder involves feeling very afraid all of a sudden, for no apparent reason.', 3: 'Eyes are medium in size, round, and set well apart.'}
| 3 |
2,237 |
['When some people mistakenly believe that some foods hide that orange under a layer of green is true, it follows that either mysticism is religion or oolong is semi-fermented, combining qualities of black and green teas.', 'Should it be the case that some bones are incorporated into skulls, it follows that the statement that states either mysticism is religion or oolong is semi-fermented, combining qualities of black and green teas is false.', 'We know that at least one of two things is true: metals have large specific heats, that is why they conduct heat well, or if some people mistakenly believe that some foods hide that orange under a layer of green, then some bones are incorporated into skulls.', 'Some people mistakenly believe that metals have large specific heats, that is why they conduct heat well.']
|
When some people mistakenly believe that some foods hide that orange under a layer of green is true, it follows that either mysticism is religion or oolong is semi-fermented, combining qualities of black and green teas. Should it be the case that some bones are incorporated into skulls, it follows that the statement that states either mysticism is religion or oolong is semi-fermented, combining qualities of black and green teas is false. We know that at least one of two things is true: metals have large specific heats, that is why they conduct heat well, or if some people mistakenly believe that some foods hide that orange under a layer of green, then some bones are incorporated into skulls. Some people mistakenly believe that metals have large specific heats, that is why they conduct heat well.
|
Those that suggest some foods hide that orange under a layer of green are right.
|
The statement that 'some foods hide that orange under a layer of green' is incorrect.
|
FALSE
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then (Either [1] or [2].).
If (Not [0].), then (Not (Either [1] or [2].).). [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC2-1]
Hypothetical Syllogism:
If (Not [0].), then [3]. [SC1-2]
If [3], then (Not (Either [1] or [2].).).
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then (Not (Either [1] or [2].).)..
[SC1-2]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [4] or (If (Not [0].), then [3].).
Not [4].
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then [3]..
|
{0: 'Some foods hide that orange under a layer of green.', 1: 'Mysticism is religion.', 2: 'Oolong is semi-fermented, combining qualities of black and green teas.', 3: 'Some bones are incorporated into skulls.', 4: 'Metals have large specific heats, that is why they conduct heat well.'}
| 3 |
2,112 |
["Once we know some people mistakenly believe that wind shear causes air near the surface to rotate horizontally, we also know that the statement that 'either many women work toward a sense of balance in their lives or transitive trusts are always two-way relationships' is incorrect.", 'If the claim that if some people mistakenly believe that wind shear causes air near the surface to rotate horizontally, then either many women work toward a sense of balance in their lives or transitive trusts are always two-way relationships does not reflect reality, then if a family doctor is a doctor, then basket is made of grains of rice in alternating groups to form basket weave pattern.', 'At least one of two things is true: most animals prefer forests, or the claim that if a family doctor is a doctor, then basket is made of grains of rice in alternating groups to form basket weave pattern does not reflect reality.', 'It is not true that most animals prefer forests.']
|
Once we know some people mistakenly believe that wind shear causes air near the surface to rotate horizontally, we also know that the statement that 'either many women work toward a sense of balance in their lives or transitive trusts are always two-way relationships' is incorrect. If the claim that if some people mistakenly believe that wind shear causes air near the surface to rotate horizontally, then either many women work toward a sense of balance in their lives or transitive trusts are always two-way relationships does not reflect reality, then if a family doctor is a doctor, then basket is made of grains of rice in alternating groups to form basket weave pattern. At least one of two things is true: most animals prefer forests, or the claim that if a family doctor is a doctor, then basket is made of grains of rice in alternating groups to form basket weave pattern does not reflect reality. It is not true that most animals prefer forests.
|
It is rational to agree that wind shear causes air near the surface to rotate horizontally.
|
The statement that states wind shear causes air near the surface to rotate horizontally is false.
|
FALSE
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then (Either [1] or [2].). [SC1-1]
If (Not [0].), then (Not (Either [1] or [2].).).
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Modus Tonens:
If (Not (If (Not [0].), then (Either [1] or [2].).).), then (If [3], then [4].).
Not (If [3], then [4].). [SC2-2]
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then (Either [1] or [2].)..
[SC2-2]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [5] or (Not (If [3], then [4].).).
Not [5].
Therefore, Not (If [3], then [4].)..
|
{0: 'Wind shear causes air near the surface to rotate horizontally.', 1: 'Many women work toward a sense of balance in their lives.', 2: 'Transitive trusts are always two-way relationships.', 3: 'A family doctor is a doctor.', 4: 'Basket is made of grains of rice in alternating groups to form basket weave pattern.', 5: 'Most animals prefer forests.'}
| 3 |
2,640 |
['If archives seek to elevate practices that conserve public records, then most internal secretion is produced by endocrine glands.', "Once we know australian summers can be hot and humid, we also know that the statement that 'most internal secretion is produced by endocrine glands' is incorrect.", 'At least one of two things is true: some growers say never to divide with less than four pseudobulbs because it can inhibit flowering, or australian summers can be hot and humid.', 'The claim that some growers say never to divide with less than four pseudobulbs because it can inhibit flowering is false.']
|
If archives seek to elevate practices that conserve public records, then most internal secretion is produced by endocrine glands. Once we know australian summers can be hot and humid, we also know that the statement that 'most internal secretion is produced by endocrine glands' is incorrect. At least one of two things is true: some growers say never to divide with less than four pseudobulbs because it can inhibit flowering, or australian summers can be hot and humid. The claim that some growers say never to divide with less than four pseudobulbs because it can inhibit flowering is false.
|
The claim that archives seek to elevate practices that conserve public records is false.
|
It is reasonable to believe that archives seek to elevate practices that conserve public records.
|
FALSE
|
Modus Tonens:
If [0], then [1].
Not [1]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC2-1]
Modus Ponens:
If [2], then (Not [1].).
[2] [SC2-2]
Therefore, Not [1]..
[SC2-2]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [3] or [2].
Not [3].
Therefore, [2].
|
{0: 'Archives seek to elevate practices that conserve public records.', 1: 'Most internal secretion is produced by endocrine glands.', 2: 'Australian summers can be hot and humid.', 3: 'Some growers say never to divide with less than four pseudobulbs because it can inhibit flowering.'}
| 3 |
2,532 |
["Once we know the statement that states if the notion that 'bulls commonly compete for cows by jousting' is untrue, then bellows are expensive and generally are used extensively for photomacrography is false, we also know that most people use their real first and last names.", "So long as the statement that states if the notion that 'bulls commonly compete for cows by jousting' is untrue, then bellows are expensive and generally are used extensively for photomacrography is false, 'the notion that 'most people use their real first and last names' is untrue' is true.", "So long as the notion that 'bulls commonly compete for cows by jousting' is untrue, 'if aunts are part of families, then low breathing refers to what takes place primarily in the lower part of the chest and lungs' is true.", 'If if aunts are part of families, then low breathing refers to what takes place primarily in the lower part of the chest and lungs, then some people mistakenly believe that bellows are expensive and generally are used extensively for photomacrography.']
|
Once we know the statement that states if the notion that 'bulls commonly compete for cows by jousting' is untrue, then bellows are expensive and generally are used extensively for photomacrography is false, we also know that most people use their real first and last names. So long as the statement that states if the notion that 'bulls commonly compete for cows by jousting' is untrue, then bellows are expensive and generally are used extensively for photomacrography is false, 'the notion that 'most people use their real first and last names' is untrue' is true. So long as the notion that 'bulls commonly compete for cows by jousting' is untrue, 'if aunts are part of families, then low breathing refers to what takes place primarily in the lower part of the chest and lungs' is true. If if aunts are part of families, then low breathing refers to what takes place primarily in the lower part of the chest and lungs, then some people mistakenly believe that bellows are expensive and generally are used extensively for photomacrography.
|
Those that suggest bulls commonly compete for cows by jousting are right.
|
Most bulls mate with cows.
|
Uncertain
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then [1]. [SC1-1]
If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].). [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (If (Not [0].), then [1].).), then [2].
If (Not (If (Not [0].), then [1].).), then (Not [2].).
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then [1]..
[SC2-1]
Hypothetical Syllogism:
If (Not [0].), then (If [3], then [4].).
If (If [3], then [4].), then (Not [1].).
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].)..
|
{0: 'Bulls commonly compete for cows by jousting.', 1: 'Bellows are expensive and generally are used extensively for photomacrography.', 2: 'Most people use their real first and last names.', 3: 'Aunts are part of families.', 4: 'Low breathing refers to what takes place primarily in the lower part of the chest and lungs.'}
| 3 |
2,126 |
['It is not the case that failure is the cost of freedom.', 'If those that suggest either failure is the cost of freedom or many people use chains, tethers, or tie-outs to have their dogs outside, yet restricted are wrong, then we know that the claim that medical staff provide best possible care is false.', "Should it be the case that the notion that 'if those that suggest either failure is the cost of freedom or many people use chains, tethers, or tie-outs to have their dogs outside, yet restricted are wrong, then medical staff provide best possible care' is untrue, it follows that aerosols affect our environment at the local, regional, and global levels.", 'Some people mistakenly believe that aerosols affect our environment at the local, regional, and global levels.']
|
It is not the case that failure is the cost of freedom. If those that suggest either failure is the cost of freedom or many people use chains, tethers, or tie-outs to have their dogs outside, yet restricted are wrong, then we know that the claim that medical staff provide best possible care is false. Should it be the case that the notion that 'if those that suggest either failure is the cost of freedom or many people use chains, tethers, or tie-outs to have their dogs outside, yet restricted are wrong, then medical staff provide best possible care' is untrue, it follows that aerosols affect our environment at the local, regional, and global levels. Some people mistakenly believe that aerosols affect our environment at the local, regional, and global levels.
|
The statement that states many people use chains, tethers, or tie-outs to have their dogs outside, yet restricted is right.
|
The statement that states many people use chains, tethers, or tie-outs to have their dogs outside, yet restricted is right.
|
TRUE
|
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or [0]. [SC1-1]
Not [1].
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (Either [1] or [0].).), then [2]. [SC1-2]
If (Not (Either [1] or [0].).), then (Not [2].).
Therefore, Either [1] or [0]..
[SC1-2]
Modus Tonens:
If (Not (If (Not (Either [1] or [0].).), then [2].).), then [3].
Not [3].
Therefore, If (Not (Either [1] or [0].).), then [2]..
|
{0: 'Many people use chains, tethers, or tie-outs to have their dogs outside, yet restricted.', 1: 'Failure is the cost of freedom.', 2: 'Medical staff provide best possible care.', 3: 'Aerosols affect our environment at the local, regional, and global levels.'}
| 3 |
2,259 |
['Either either makers have (part) heads or eye contact is important when teaching or either female elephants have babies about three years apart, and they have only one each time or capital punishment is a barbaric remnant of uncivilized society.', 'If either makers have (part) heads or eye contact is important when teaching, then either sunflowers have green foliage or hookworms are smaller than roundworms.', 'The claim that impartiality means freedom from favouritism or bias in word or action has no merit.', 'One may reasonably assume that if some people mistakenly believe that if the claim that if either female elephants have babies about three years apart, and they have only one each time or capital punishment is a barbaric remnant of uncivilized society, then either sunflowers have green foliage or hookworms are smaller than roundworms does not reflect reality, then impartiality means freedom from favouritism or bias in word or action, then civil engineering is the oldest and most diverse branch of engineering.', 'Some people mistakenly believe that civil engineering is the oldest and most diverse branch of engineering.']
|
Either either makers have (part) heads or eye contact is important when teaching or either female elephants have babies about three years apart, and they have only one each time or capital punishment is a barbaric remnant of uncivilized society. If either makers have (part) heads or eye contact is important when teaching, then either sunflowers have green foliage or hookworms are smaller than roundworms. The claim that impartiality means freedom from favouritism or bias in word or action has no merit. One may reasonably assume that if some people mistakenly believe that if the claim that if either female elephants have babies about three years apart, and they have only one each time or capital punishment is a barbaric remnant of uncivilized society, then either sunflowers have green foliage or hookworms are smaller than roundworms does not reflect reality, then impartiality means freedom from favouritism or bias in word or action, then civil engineering is the oldest and most diverse branch of engineering. Some people mistakenly believe that civil engineering is the oldest and most diverse branch of engineering.
|
It is rational to believe that either sunflowers have green foliage or hookworms are smaller than roundworms.
|
It is rational to believe that either sunflowers have green foliage or hookworms are smaller than roundworms.
|
TRUE
|
Disjunction Elimination:
Either (Either [2] or [3].) or (Either [4] or [5].).
If (Either [2] or [3].), then (Either [0] or [1].).
If (Either [4] or [5].), then (Either [0] or [1].). [SC3-1]
Therefore, Either [0] or [1]..
[SC3-1]
Modus Tonens:
If (Not (If (Either [4] or [5].), then (Either [0] or [1].).).), then [6]. [SC1-2]
Not [6].
Therefore, If (Either [4] or [5].), then (Either [0] or [1].)..
[SC1-2]
Modus Tonens:
If (Not (If (Not (If (Either [4] or [5].), then (Either [0] or [1].).).), then [6].).), then [7].
Not [7].
Therefore, If (Not (If (Either [4] or [5].), then (Either [0] or [1].).).), then [6]..
|
{0: 'Sunflowers have green foliage.', 1: 'Hookworms are smaller than roundworms.', 2: 'Makers have (part) heads.', 3: 'Eye contact is important when teaching.', 4: 'Female elephants have babies about three years apart, and they have only one each time.', 5: 'Capital punishment is a barbaric remnant of uncivilized society.', 6: 'Impartiality means freedom from favouritism or bias in word or action.', 7: 'Civil engineering is the oldest and most diverse branch of engineering.'}
| 3 |
2,742 |
["Whenever it is true that the claim that apoptotic death is different from necrotic death in several ways does not correspond with reality, 'we know that the claim that sanitation is a problem in some regions is false' is true.", 'Either one or both of these statements are true: if ozone is a noxious form of oxygen, then a stingray is a ray, or higher education leads women into executive positions.', 'Given that if ozone is a noxious form of oxygen, then a stingray is a ray, it can be inferred that if the claim that apoptotic death is different from necrotic death in several ways does not correspond with reality, then sanitation is a problem in some regions.', 'We know that at least one of two things is true: crustacean larvae possess eyes, or computer users are located in buildings.', 'Should it be the case that crustacean larvae possess eyes, it follows that if higher education leads women into executive positions, then if the claim that apoptotic death is different from necrotic death in several ways does not correspond with reality, then sanitation is a problem in some regions.', "Whenever it is true that computer users are located in buildings, 'if higher education leads women into executive positions, then if the claim that apoptotic death is different from necrotic death in several ways does not correspond with reality, then sanitation is a problem in some regions' is true."]
|
Whenever it is true that the claim that apoptotic death is different from necrotic death in several ways does not correspond with reality, 'we know that the claim that sanitation is a problem in some regions is false' is true. Either one or both of these statements are true: if ozone is a noxious form of oxygen, then a stingray is a ray, or higher education leads women into executive positions. Given that if ozone is a noxious form of oxygen, then a stingray is a ray, it can be inferred that if the claim that apoptotic death is different from necrotic death in several ways does not correspond with reality, then sanitation is a problem in some regions. We know that at least one of two things is true: crustacean larvae possess eyes, or computer users are located in buildings. Should it be the case that crustacean larvae possess eyes, it follows that if higher education leads women into executive positions, then if the claim that apoptotic death is different from necrotic death in several ways does not correspond with reality, then sanitation is a problem in some regions. Whenever it is true that computer users are located in buildings, 'if higher education leads women into executive positions, then if the claim that apoptotic death is different from necrotic death in several ways does not correspond with reality, then sanitation is a problem in some regions' is true.
|
It is a simple truth that apoptotic death is different from necrotic death in several ways.
|
Tangerines are plants.
|
Uncertain
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then [1]. [SC1-1]
If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].).
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either (If [2], then [3].) or [4].
If (If [2], then [3].), then (If (Not [0].), then [1].).
If [4], then (If (Not [0].), then [1].). [SC3-2]
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then [1]..
[SC3-2]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [5] or [6].
If [5], then (If [4], then (If (Not [0].), then [1].).).
If [6], then (If [4], then (If (Not [0].), then [1].).).
Therefore, If [4], then (If (Not [0].), then [1].)..
|
{0: 'Apoptotic death is different from necrotic death in several ways.', 1: 'Sanitation is a problem in some regions.', 2: 'Ozone is a noxious form of oxygen.', 3: 'A stingray is a ray.', 4: 'Higher education leads women into executive positions.', 5: 'Crustacean larvae possess eyes.', 6: 'Computer users are located in buildings.'}
| 3 |
2,761 |
['If the claim that if toothpastes can also come in many different flavours , then if cleanliness is probably one of the greatest aids in detecting leakage, then some wildflowers find in woodlands has no merit, then either ophthalmologists are physicians specializing in the comprehensive care of the eyes and vision or some surfaces protect embryos.', "If the claim that if toothpastes can also come in many different flavours , then if cleanliness is probably one of the greatest aids in detecting leakage, then some wildflowers find in woodlands has no merit, then the notion that 'either ophthalmologists are physicians specializing in the comprehensive care of the eyes and vision or some surfaces protect embryos' is untrue.", "Whenever it is true that resistors are small , 'toothpastes can also come in many different flavours ' is true.", 'The idea that resistors are small is true.']
|
If the claim that if toothpastes can also come in many different flavours , then if cleanliness is probably one of the greatest aids in detecting leakage, then some wildflowers find in woodlands has no merit, then either ophthalmologists are physicians specializing in the comprehensive care of the eyes and vision or some surfaces protect embryos. If the claim that if toothpastes can also come in many different flavours , then if cleanliness is probably one of the greatest aids in detecting leakage, then some wildflowers find in woodlands has no merit, then the notion that 'either ophthalmologists are physicians specializing in the comprehensive care of the eyes and vision or some surfaces protect embryos' is untrue. Whenever it is true that resistors are small , 'toothpastes can also come in many different flavours ' is true. The idea that resistors are small is true.
|
Assuming cleanliness is probably one of the greatest aids in detecting leakage, we know that some wildflowers find in woodlands.
|
Assuming cleanliness is probably one of the greatest aids in detecting leakage, we know that some wildflowers find in woodlands.
|
TRUE
|
Modus Ponens:
If [2], then (If [0], then [1].). [SC1-1]
[2] [SC2-1]
Therefore, If [0], then [1]..
[SC1-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (If [2], then (If [0], then [1].).).), then (Either [4] or [5].).
If (Not (If [2], then (If [0], then [1].).).), then (Not (Either [4] or [5].).).
Therefore, If [2], then (If [0], then [1].)..
[SC2-1]
Modus Ponens:
If [3], then [2].
[3]
Therefore, [2].
|
{0: 'Cleanliness is probably one of the greatest aids in detecting leakage.', 1: 'Some wildflowers find in woodlands.', 2: 'Toothpastes can also come in many different flavours .', 3: 'Resistors are small .', 4: 'Ophthalmologists are physicians specializing in the comprehensive care of the eyes and vision.', 5: 'Some surfaces protect embryos.'}
| 3 |
2,137 |
['Should it be the case that wrens eat fruit, it follows that barrel is a volume measurement for oil.', 'Given that some people mistakenly believe that wrens eat fruit, it can be inferred that most school districts focus on the children who are performing below grade level.', 'Provided that some people mistakenly believe that wrens eat fruit, we know that trees are the largest of living things.', "Whenever it is true that trees are the largest of living things, 'the statement 'most school districts focus on the children who are performing below grade level' can be considered false' is true."]
|
Should it be the case that wrens eat fruit, it follows that barrel is a volume measurement for oil. Given that some people mistakenly believe that wrens eat fruit, it can be inferred that most school districts focus on the children who are performing below grade level. Provided that some people mistakenly believe that wrens eat fruit, we know that trees are the largest of living things. Whenever it is true that trees are the largest of living things, 'the statement 'most school districts focus on the children who are performing below grade level' can be considered false' is true.
|
barrel is a volume measurement for oil.
|
Barrel is a volume measurement for oil.
|
TRUE
|
Modus Ponens:
If [1], then [0].
[1] [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC2-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [1].), then [2].
If (Not [1].), then (Not [2].). [SC2-2]
Therefore, [1].
[SC2-2]
Hypothetical Syllogism:
If (Not [1].), then [3].
If [3], then (Not [2].).
Therefore, If (Not [1].), then (Not [2].)..
|
{0: 'Barrel is a volume measurement for oil.', 1: 'Wrens eat fruit.', 2: 'Most school districts focus on the children who are performing below grade level.', 3: 'Trees are the largest of living things.'}
| 3 |
2,007 |
['The claim that virtual environments enable the efficient display and visualization of complex data is false.', 'We know that at least one of two things is true: jockeys have (part) cytoplasm, or clear wings have edges.', 'Provided that jockeys have (part) cytoplasm, we know that virtual environments enable the efficient display and visualization of complex data.', 'At least one of two things is true: bloke isa person, or if clear wings have edges, then most farms have numerous hazards that place adults and children at risk.', 'The claim that bloke isa person does not correspond with reality.']
|
The claim that virtual environments enable the efficient display and visualization of complex data is false. We know that at least one of two things is true: jockeys have (part) cytoplasm, or clear wings have edges. Provided that jockeys have (part) cytoplasm, we know that virtual environments enable the efficient display and visualization of complex data. At least one of two things is true: bloke isa person, or if clear wings have edges, then most farms have numerous hazards that place adults and children at risk. The claim that bloke isa person does not correspond with reality.
|
Many people rightly believe that most farms have numerous hazards that place adults and children at risk.
|
The notion that 'most farms have numerous hazards that place adults and children at risk' is untrue.
|
FALSE
|
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or [0]. [SC1-1]
Not [1].
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Constructive Dilemma:
Either [2] or [3].
If [2], then [1].
If [3], then [0]. [SC3-2]
Therefore, Either [1] or [0]..
[SC3-2]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [4] or (If [3], then [0].).
Not [4].
Therefore, If [3], then [0]..
|
{0: 'Most farms have numerous hazards that place adults and children at risk.', 1: 'Virtual environments enable the efficient display and visualization of complex data.', 2: 'Jockeys have (part) cytoplasm.', 3: 'Clear wings have edges.', 4: 'Bloke isa person.'}
| 3 |
2,502 |
['It is true that infection is spread via the respiratory.', 'It is a fact that either either synonymous mutations exist because many amino acids are encoded by multiple codons or psychologists study how people relate to each other and to machines or polymers are molecules.', 'Provided that polymers are molecules, we know that if infection is spread via the respiratory, then invaders have (part) material bodies.', 'Assuming either synonymous mutations exist because many amino acids are encoded by multiple codons or psychologists study how people relate to each other and to machines, we know that morals have a great effect on a child becoming an individual.', 'On the condition that morals have a great effect on a child becoming an individual, it is definitely the case that if infection is spread via the respiratory, then invaders have (part) material bodies.']
|
It is true that infection is spread via the respiratory. It is a fact that either either synonymous mutations exist because many amino acids are encoded by multiple codons or psychologists study how people relate to each other and to machines or polymers are molecules. Provided that polymers are molecules, we know that if infection is spread via the respiratory, then invaders have (part) material bodies. Assuming either synonymous mutations exist because many amino acids are encoded by multiple codons or psychologists study how people relate to each other and to machines, we know that morals have a great effect on a child becoming an individual. On the condition that morals have a great effect on a child becoming an individual, it is definitely the case that if infection is spread via the respiratory, then invaders have (part) material bodies.
|
The statement 'invaders have (part) material bodies' can be considered true.
|
The statement that states invaders have (part) material bodies is false.
|
FALSE
|
Modus Ponens:
If [1], then [0]. [SC1-1]
[1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either (Either [2] or [3].) or [4].
If (Either [2] or [3].), then (If [1], then [0].). [SC2-2]
If [4], then (If [1], then [0].).
Therefore, If [1], then [0]..
[SC2-2]
Hypothetical Syllogism:
If (Either [2] or [3].), then [5].
If [5], then (If [1], then [0].).
Therefore, If (Either [2] or [3].), then (If [1], then [0].)..
|
{0: 'Invaders have (part) material bodies.', 1: 'Infection is spread via the respiratory.', 2: 'Synonymous mutations exist because many amino acids are encoded by multiple codons.', 3: 'Psychologists study how people relate to each other and to machines.', 4: 'Polymers are molecules.', 5: 'Morals have a great effect on a child becoming an individual.'}
| 3 |
2,831 |
['On the condition that we know that the claim that if some people mistakenly believe that bullies have high rates of truancy and are likely to come from troubled families, then male turkeys are also more colorful than the females, like most birds is false, it is definitely the case that massage helps the body heal itself.', 'Once we know we know that the claim that if some people mistakenly believe that bullies have high rates of truancy and are likely to come from troubled families, then male turkeys are also more colorful than the females, like most birds is false, we also know that the claim that massage helps the body heal itself is false.', 'When some people mistakenly believe that bullies have high rates of truancy and are likely to come from troubled families is true, it follows that most spiders have color.', "On the condition that most spiders have color, it is definitely the case that the statement 'male turkeys are also more colorful than the females, like most birds' can be considered false."]
|
On the condition that we know that the claim that if some people mistakenly believe that bullies have high rates of truancy and are likely to come from troubled families, then male turkeys are also more colorful than the females, like most birds is false, it is definitely the case that massage helps the body heal itself. Once we know we know that the claim that if some people mistakenly believe that bullies have high rates of truancy and are likely to come from troubled families, then male turkeys are also more colorful than the females, like most birds is false, we also know that the claim that massage helps the body heal itself is false. When some people mistakenly believe that bullies have high rates of truancy and are likely to come from troubled families is true, it follows that most spiders have color. On the condition that most spiders have color, it is definitely the case that the statement 'male turkeys are also more colorful than the females, like most birds' can be considered false.
|
The idea that bullies have high rates of truancy and are likely to come from troubled families is true.
|
Bullies are often insecure people who lash out at co-workers or underlings they find threatening.
|
Uncertain
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then [1]. [SC1-1]
If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].). [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (If (Not [0].), then [1].).), then [3].
If (Not (If (Not [0].), then [1].).), then (Not [3].).
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then [1]..
[SC2-1]
Hypothetical Syllogism:
If (Not [0].), then [2].
If [2], then (Not [1].).
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].)..
|
{0: 'Bullies have high rates of truancy and are likely to come from troubled families.', 1: 'Male turkeys are also more colorful than the females, like most birds.', 2: 'Most spiders have color.', 3: 'Massage helps the body heal itself.'}
| 3 |
2,762 |
['The claim that kaleidoscopes contain equilateral triangular mirrors is false.', "The notion that 'albatrosses take care of their young chicks until they have grown enough to defend themselves' is untrue.", "There is good reason to believe that either some trees belong to families or if the statement that 'either kaleidoscopes contain equilateral triangular mirrors or blue jays can mimic the sound of other birds including the scream of a red-shouldered hawk' is incorrect, then albatrosses take care of their young chicks until they have grown enough to defend themselves.", 'Some people mistakenly believe that some trees belong to families.']
|
The claim that kaleidoscopes contain equilateral triangular mirrors is false. The notion that 'albatrosses take care of their young chicks until they have grown enough to defend themselves' is untrue. There is good reason to believe that either some trees belong to families or if the statement that 'either kaleidoscopes contain equilateral triangular mirrors or blue jays can mimic the sound of other birds including the scream of a red-shouldered hawk' is incorrect, then albatrosses take care of their young chicks until they have grown enough to defend themselves. Some people mistakenly believe that some trees belong to families.
|
The statement 'blue jays can mimic the sound of other birds including the scream of a red-shouldered hawk' can be considered true.
|
The statement 'blue jays can mimic the sound of other birds including the scream of a red-shouldered hawk' can be considered true.
|
TRUE
|
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or [0]. [SC1-1]
Not [1].
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Modus Tonens:
If (Not (Either [1] or [0].).), then [2]. [SC1-2]
Not [2].
Therefore, Either [1] or [0]..
[SC1-2]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [3] or (If (Not (Either [1] or [0].).), then [2].).
Not [3].
Therefore, If (Not (Either [1] or [0].).), then [2]..
|
{0: 'Blue jays can mimic the sound of other birds including the scream of a red-shouldered hawk.', 1: 'Kaleidoscopes contain equilateral triangular mirrors.', 2: 'Albatrosses take care of their young chicks until they have grown enough to defend themselves.', 3: 'Some trees belong to families.'}
| 3 |
2,851 |
['Should it be the case that male structure has a specific place for women and that is a place of control and isolation, it follows that it is a common misconception that ducks are aquatic birds.', 'On the condition that some people mistakenly believe that male structure has a specific place for women and that is a place of control and isolation, it is definitely the case that leatherback turtles return to sea.', "So long as some people mistakenly believe that male structure has a specific place for women and that is a place of control and isolation, 'economic activity is a part of the everyday lives of all people' is true.", "Whenever it is true that economic activity is a part of the everyday lives of all people, 'those that suggest leatherback turtles return to sea are wrong' is true."]
|
Should it be the case that male structure has a specific place for women and that is a place of control and isolation, it follows that it is a common misconception that ducks are aquatic birds. On the condition that some people mistakenly believe that male structure has a specific place for women and that is a place of control and isolation, it is definitely the case that leatherback turtles return to sea. So long as some people mistakenly believe that male structure has a specific place for women and that is a place of control and isolation, 'economic activity is a part of the everyday lives of all people' is true. Whenever it is true that economic activity is a part of the everyday lives of all people, 'those that suggest leatherback turtles return to sea are wrong' is true.
|
It is a common misconception that ducks are aquatic birds.
|
It is a common misconception that ducks are aquatic birds.
|
TRUE
|
Modus Ponens:
If [1], then (Not [0].).
[1] [SC2-1]
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC2-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [1].), then [2].
If (Not [1].), then (Not [2].). [SC2-2]
Therefore, [1].
[SC2-2]
Hypothetical Syllogism:
If (Not [1].), then [3].
If [3], then (Not [2].).
Therefore, If (Not [1].), then (Not [2].)..
|
{0: 'Ducks are aquatic birds.', 1: 'Male structure has a specific place for women and that is a place of control and isolation.', 2: 'Leatherback turtles return to sea.', 3: 'Economic activity is a part of the everyday lives of all people.'}
| 3 |
2,407 |
['Given that it is not true that if mold spores are quite abundant in the air, then some male animals give food to possible mates, it can be inferred that it is not true that recycling is truly a cause in which every individual makes a great difference.', "So long as it is not true that if mold spores are quite abundant in the air, then some male animals give food to possible mates, 'corn is food' is true.", 'Either one or both of these statements are true: arnicas are ointment, or file storage is measured in bytes.', 'If arnicas are ointment, then if corn is food, then recycling is truly a cause in which every individual makes a great difference.', 'Assuming file storage is measured in bytes, we know that if corn is food, then recycling is truly a cause in which every individual makes a great difference.']
|
Given that it is not true that if mold spores are quite abundant in the air, then some male animals give food to possible mates, it can be inferred that it is not true that recycling is truly a cause in which every individual makes a great difference. So long as it is not true that if mold spores are quite abundant in the air, then some male animals give food to possible mates, 'corn is food' is true. Either one or both of these statements are true: arnicas are ointment, or file storage is measured in bytes. If arnicas are ointment, then if corn is food, then recycling is truly a cause in which every individual makes a great difference. Assuming file storage is measured in bytes, we know that if corn is food, then recycling is truly a cause in which every individual makes a great difference.
|
If mold spores are quite abundant in the air, then some male animals give food to possible mates.
|
Those that suggest if mold spores are quite abundant in the air, then some male animals give food to possible mates are wrong.
|
FALSE
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (If [0], then [1].).), then [2]. [SC1-1]
If (Not (If [0], then [1].).), then (Not [2].).
Therefore, If [0], then [1]..
[SC1-1]
Hypothetical Syllogism:
If (Not (If [0], then [1].).), then [3].
If [3], then [2]. [SC2-2]
Therefore, If (Not (If [0], then [1].).), then [2]..
[SC2-2]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [4] or [5].
If [4], then (If [3], then [2].).
If [5], then (If [3], then [2].).
Therefore, If [3], then [2]..
|
{0: 'Mold spores are quite abundant in the air.', 1: 'Some male animals give food to possible mates.', 2: 'Recycling is truly a cause in which every individual makes a great difference.', 3: 'Corn is food.', 4: 'Arnicas are ointment.', 5: 'File storage is measured in bytes.'}
| 3 |
2,692 |
['It is not true that uncontrolled dogs can do much damage to the local environment.', 'There is good reason to believe that either vitality is lower both physically and psychologically or many different organisms can satisfy their needs within the habitats provided in a tree.', 'Should it be the case that many different organisms can satisfy their needs within the habitats provided in a tree, it follows that it is a common misconception that ocelots make good pets.', "So long as it is not true that if vitality is lower both physically and psychologically, then uncontrolled dogs can do much damage to the local environment, 'most people are familiar with vascular tissues in stems' is true.", 'Once we know it is not true that if vitality is lower both physically and psychologically, then uncontrolled dogs can do much damage to the local environment, we also know that it is not the case that most people are familiar with vascular tissues in stems.']
|
It is not true that uncontrolled dogs can do much damage to the local environment. There is good reason to believe that either vitality is lower both physically and psychologically or many different organisms can satisfy their needs within the habitats provided in a tree. Should it be the case that many different organisms can satisfy their needs within the habitats provided in a tree, it follows that it is a common misconception that ocelots make good pets. So long as it is not true that if vitality is lower both physically and psychologically, then uncontrolled dogs can do much damage to the local environment, 'most people are familiar with vascular tissues in stems' is true. Once we know it is not true that if vitality is lower both physically and psychologically, then uncontrolled dogs can do much damage to the local environment, we also know that it is not the case that most people are familiar with vascular tissues in stems.
|
It is a common misconception that ocelots make good pets.
|
Many people rightly believe that ocelots make good pets.
|
FALSE
|
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or (Not [0].). [SC1-1]
Not [1].
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC1-1]
Constructive Dilemma:
Either [2] or [3].
If [2], then [1]. [SC2-2]
If [3], then (Not [0].).
Therefore, Either [1] or (Not [0].)..
[SC2-2]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (If [2], then [1].).), then [4].
If (Not (If [2], then [1].).), then (Not [4].).
Therefore, If [2], then [1]..
|
{0: 'Ocelots make good pets.', 1: 'Uncontrolled dogs can do much damage to the local environment.', 2: 'Vitality is lower both physically and psychologically.', 3: 'Many different organisms can satisfy their needs within the habitats provided in a tree.', 4: 'Most people are familiar with vascular tissues in stems.'}
| 3 |
2,353 |
['We know that either gallbladder disease is a fairly common condition or if bilingual education is a controversial public policy, then anthrax is an infectious bacterial disease that typically afflicts livestock.', 'We know that the claim that gallbladder disease is a fairly common condition is false.', "On the condition that it is a common misconception that if bilingual education is a controversial public policy, then the statement that 'anthrax is an infectious bacterial disease that typically afflicts livestock' is incorrect, it is definitely the case that electrical energy is of very high value.", 'Those that suggest electrical energy is of very high value are wrong.']
|
We know that either gallbladder disease is a fairly common condition or if bilingual education is a controversial public policy, then anthrax is an infectious bacterial disease that typically afflicts livestock. We know that the claim that gallbladder disease is a fairly common condition is false. On the condition that it is a common misconception that if bilingual education is a controversial public policy, then the statement that 'anthrax is an infectious bacterial disease that typically afflicts livestock' is incorrect, it is definitely the case that electrical energy is of very high value. Those that suggest electrical energy is of very high value are wrong.
|
We know that the claim that bilingual education is a controversial public policy is false.
|
It is a common misconception that bilingual education is a term which means different things to different people.
|
Uncertain
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If [0], then [1]. [SC1-1]
If [0], then (Not [1].). [SC2-1]
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC1-1]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [2] or (If [0], then [1].).
Not [2].
Therefore, If [0], then [1]..
[SC2-1]
Modus Tonens:
If (Not (If [0], then (Not [1].).).), then [3].
Not [3].
Therefore, If [0], then (Not [1].)..
|
{0: 'Bilingual education is a controversial public policy.', 1: 'Anthrax is an infectious bacterial disease that typically afflicts livestock.', 2: 'Gallbladder disease is a fairly common condition.', 3: 'Electrical energy is of very high value.'}
| 3 |
2,153 |
["Whenever it is true that studies show feeding rats and mice very high levels of potassium bromate can cause cancer, 'the claim that most cockatoos reach maturity is false' is true.", 'When the claim that if studies show feeding rats and mice very high levels of potassium bromate can cause cancer, then most cockatoos reach maturity has no merit is true, it follows that cooties is a palm simulation of virus transfer.', 'Should it be the case that the claim that if the claim that if studies show feeding rats and mice very high levels of potassium bromate can cause cancer, then most cockatoos reach maturity has no merit, then the statement that states cooties is a palm simulation of virus transfer is false has no merit, it follows that electricity tends to be provided by a single company in each geographical area.', 'It is not true that electricity tends to be provided by a single company in each geographical area.']
|
Whenever it is true that studies show feeding rats and mice very high levels of potassium bromate can cause cancer, 'the claim that most cockatoos reach maturity is false' is true. When the claim that if studies show feeding rats and mice very high levels of potassium bromate can cause cancer, then most cockatoos reach maturity has no merit is true, it follows that cooties is a palm simulation of virus transfer. Should it be the case that the claim that if the claim that if studies show feeding rats and mice very high levels of potassium bromate can cause cancer, then most cockatoos reach maturity has no merit, then the statement that states cooties is a palm simulation of virus transfer is false has no merit, it follows that electricity tends to be provided by a single company in each geographical area. It is not true that electricity tends to be provided by a single company in each geographical area.
|
We know that the claim that studies show feeding rats and mice very high levels of potassium bromate can cause cancer is false.
|
We know that the claim that studies show feeding rats and mice very high levels of potassium bromate can cause cancer is false.
|
TRUE
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If [0], then [1]. [SC1-1]
If [0], then (Not [1].).
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC1-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (If [0], then [1].).), then [2].
If (Not (If [0], then [1].).), then (Not [2].). [SC2-2]
Therefore, If [0], then [1]..
[SC2-2]
Modus Tonens:
If (Not (If (Not (If [0], then [1].).), then (Not [2].).).), then [3].
Not [3].
Therefore, If (Not (If [0], then [1].).), then (Not [2].)..
|
{0: 'Studies show feeding rats and mice very high levels of potassium bromate can cause cancer.', 1: 'Most cockatoos reach maturity.', 2: 'Cooties is a palm simulation of virus transfer.', 3: 'Electricity tends to be provided by a single company in each geographical area.'}
| 3 |
2,566 |
['On the condition that some animals attract fish, it is definitely the case that a court of law is a court.', 'On the condition that soil organisms obtain energy from organic materials by reducing carbon atoms, it is definitely the case that a court of law is a court.', "Whenever it is true that most atoms consist of particles, 'either some animals attract fish or soil organisms obtain energy from organic materials by reducing carbon atoms' is true.", 'Given that yeast are a highly specialized sub-group and have little in common with molds an d other fungi, it can be inferred that either some animals attract fish or soil organisms obtain energy from organic materials by reducing carbon atoms.', 'Assuming some people mistakenly believe that either most atoms consist of particles or yeast are a highly specialized sub-group and have little in common with molds an d other fungi, we know that most larval fish eat zooplankton.', 'Given that some people mistakenly believe that either most atoms consist of particles or yeast are a highly specialized sub-group and have little in common with molds an d other fungi, it can be inferred that we know that the claim that most larval fish eat zooplankton is false.']
|
On the condition that some animals attract fish, it is definitely the case that a court of law is a court. On the condition that soil organisms obtain energy from organic materials by reducing carbon atoms, it is definitely the case that a court of law is a court. Whenever it is true that most atoms consist of particles, 'either some animals attract fish or soil organisms obtain energy from organic materials by reducing carbon atoms' is true. Given that yeast are a highly specialized sub-group and have little in common with molds an d other fungi, it can be inferred that either some animals attract fish or soil organisms obtain energy from organic materials by reducing carbon atoms. Assuming some people mistakenly believe that either most atoms consist of particles or yeast are a highly specialized sub-group and have little in common with molds an d other fungi, we know that most larval fish eat zooplankton. Given that some people mistakenly believe that either most atoms consist of particles or yeast are a highly specialized sub-group and have little in common with molds an d other fungi, it can be inferred that we know that the claim that most larval fish eat zooplankton is false.
|
Many people rightly believe that a court of law is a court.
|
The statement that states a court of law is a court is false.
|
FALSE
|
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [1] or [2]. [SC1-1]
If [1], then [0].
If [2], then [0].
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [3] or [4]. [SC1-2]
If [3], then (Either [1] or [2].).
If [4], then (Either [1] or [2].).
Therefore, Either [1] or [2]..
[SC1-2]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (Either [3] or [4].).), then [5].
If (Not (Either [3] or [4].).), then (Not [5].).
Therefore, Either [3] or [4]..
|
{0: 'A court of law is a court.', 1: 'Some animals attract fish.', 2: 'Soil organisms obtain energy from organic materials by reducing carbon atoms.', 3: 'Most atoms consist of particles.', 4: 'Yeast are a highly specialized sub-group and have little in common with molds an d other fungi.', 5: 'Most larval fish eat zooplankton.'}
| 3 |
2,542 |
['Once we know some people mistakenly believe that either metabolic fuel releases heat or those that suggest some prey is consumed by barbary macaques are wrong, we also know that deer have antlers that grow, fall off and re-grow annually.', "So long as some people mistakenly believe that either metabolic fuel releases heat or those that suggest some prey is consumed by barbary macaques are wrong, 'we know that the claim that deer have antlers that grow, fall off and re-grow annually is false' is true.", 'On the condition that metabolic fuel releases heat, it is definitely the case that gene annotation is the final goal of gene prediction algorithms.', 'The claim that gene annotation is the final goal of gene prediction algorithms is false.']
|
Once we know some people mistakenly believe that either metabolic fuel releases heat or those that suggest some prey is consumed by barbary macaques are wrong, we also know that deer have antlers that grow, fall off and re-grow annually. So long as some people mistakenly believe that either metabolic fuel releases heat or those that suggest some prey is consumed by barbary macaques are wrong, 'we know that the claim that deer have antlers that grow, fall off and re-grow annually is false' is true. On the condition that metabolic fuel releases heat, it is definitely the case that gene annotation is the final goal of gene prediction algorithms. The claim that gene annotation is the final goal of gene prediction algorithms is false.
|
Those that suggest some prey is consumed by barbary macaques are wrong.
|
Some people mistakenly believe that prey lives in vegetation.
|
Uncertain
|
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or (Not [0].). [SC1-1]
Not [1]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC1-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (Either [1] or (Not [0].).).), then [3].
If (Not (Either [1] or (Not [0].).).), then (Not [3].).
Therefore, Either [1] or (Not [0].)..
[SC2-1]
Modus Tonens:
If [1], then [2].
Not [2].
Therefore, Not [1]..
|
{0: 'Some prey is consumed by barbary macaques.', 1: 'Metabolic fuel releases heat.', 2: 'Gene annotation is the final goal of gene prediction algorithms.', 3: 'Deer have antlers that grow, fall off and re-grow annually.'}
| 3 |
2,343 |
['One may reasonably assume that if cholera is an acute infection of the gut which causes chronic diarrhoea and vomiting, then adult iguana food has proteins.', 'There is good reason to believe that either carbon dioxide is used or if quails destroy injurious insects and seeds of weeds, upon which they largely feed, then some species are parthenogenic , the females capable of reproducing without copulating with a male.', "Whenever it is true that if quails destroy injurious insects and seeds of weeds, upon which they largely feed, then some species are parthenogenic , the females capable of reproducing without copulating with a male, 'cholera is an acute infection of the gut which causes chronic diarrhoea and vomiting' is true.", 'Once we know carbon dioxide is used, we also know that smallmouths have (part) chest cavities.', 'When smallmouths have (part) chest cavities is true, it follows that cholera is an acute infection of the gut which causes chronic diarrhoea and vomiting.']
|
One may reasonably assume that if cholera is an acute infection of the gut which causes chronic diarrhoea and vomiting, then adult iguana food has proteins. There is good reason to believe that either carbon dioxide is used or if quails destroy injurious insects and seeds of weeds, upon which they largely feed, then some species are parthenogenic , the females capable of reproducing without copulating with a male. Whenever it is true that if quails destroy injurious insects and seeds of weeds, upon which they largely feed, then some species are parthenogenic , the females capable of reproducing without copulating with a male, 'cholera is an acute infection of the gut which causes chronic diarrhoea and vomiting' is true. Once we know carbon dioxide is used, we also know that smallmouths have (part) chest cavities. When smallmouths have (part) chest cavities is true, it follows that cholera is an acute infection of the gut which causes chronic diarrhoea and vomiting.
|
The statement 'adult iguana food has proteins' is true.
|
The statement 'adult iguana food has proteins' is true.
|
TRUE
|
Modus Ponens:
If [1], then [0].
[1] [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC2-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [2] or (If [3], then [4].).
If [2], then [1]. [SC2-2]
If (If [3], then [4].), then [1].
Therefore, [1].
[SC2-2]
Hypothetical Syllogism:
If [2], then [5].
If [5], then [1].
Therefore, If [2], then [1]..
|
{0: 'Adult iguana food has proteins.', 1: 'Cholera is an acute infection of the gut which causes chronic diarrhoea and vomiting.', 2: 'Carbon dioxide is used.', 3: 'Quails destroy injurious insects and seeds of weeds, upon which they largely feed.', 4: 'Some species are parthenogenic , the females capable of reproducing without copulating with a male.', 5: 'Smallmouths have (part) chest cavities.'}
| 3 |
2,887 |
['Given that it is not true that either jellyfish consist entirely of soft body tissues or affected fetuses have severe neurologic compromise, with poor prognosis and early death, it can be inferred that if some types of dogs are more likely to get joint disorder, then intense pressure is produced by reaction.', 'One may reasonably assume that if it is not true that either jellyfish consist entirely of soft body tissues or affected fetuses have severe neurologic compromise, with poor prognosis and early death, then it is not true that if some types of dogs are more likely to get joint disorder, then intense pressure is produced by reaction.', 'Provided that baby koalas acquire taste, we know that it is not the case that jellyfish consist entirely of soft body tissues.', 'We can assume that baby koalas acquire taste.']
|
Given that it is not true that either jellyfish consist entirely of soft body tissues or affected fetuses have severe neurologic compromise, with poor prognosis and early death, it can be inferred that if some types of dogs are more likely to get joint disorder, then intense pressure is produced by reaction. One may reasonably assume that if it is not true that either jellyfish consist entirely of soft body tissues or affected fetuses have severe neurologic compromise, with poor prognosis and early death, then it is not true that if some types of dogs are more likely to get joint disorder, then intense pressure is produced by reaction. Provided that baby koalas acquire taste, we know that it is not the case that jellyfish consist entirely of soft body tissues. We can assume that baby koalas acquire taste.
|
It is fair to say that affected fetuses have severe neurologic compromise, with poor prognosis and early death.
|
It is fair to say that affected fetuses have severe neurologic compromise, with poor prognosis and early death.
|
TRUE
|
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or [0]. [SC1-1]
Not [1]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (Either [1] or [0].).), then (If [2], then [3].).
If (Not (Either [1] or [0].).), then (Not (If [2], then [3].).).
Therefore, Either [1] or [0]..
[SC2-1]
Modus Ponens:
If [4], then (Not [1].).
[4]
Therefore, Not [1]..
|
{0: 'Affected fetuses have severe neurologic compromise, with poor prognosis and early death.', 1: 'Jellyfish consist entirely of soft body tissues.', 2: 'Some types of dogs are more likely to get joint disorder.', 3: 'Intense pressure is produced by reaction.', 4: 'Baby koalas acquire taste.'}
| 3 |
2,997 |
['One may reasonably assume that if it is a common misconception that some ions have a negative charge and some have a positive charge, then either ducks feel safest in a flock because there are more pairs of eyes watching for danger or horses are beautiful animals, and even more so when they are grazing in lush beautiful pastures.', 'We know that at least one of two things is true: leopard frogs have an immense range in North America, or if prayer is the issue of a love relationship, then conductor is a model of high technology wizardry.', "So long as leopard frogs have an immense range in North America, 'the claim that either ducks feel safest in a flock because there are more pairs of eyes watching for danger or horses are beautiful animals, and even more so when they are grazing in lush beautiful pastures has no merit' is true.", 'Given that if a vent is a hole, then toads prefer environments, it can be inferred that if if prayer is the issue of a love relationship, then conductor is a model of high technology wizardry, then the claim that either ducks feel safest in a flock because there are more pairs of eyes watching for danger or horses are beautiful animals, and even more so when they are grazing in lush beautiful pastures has no merit.', 'Assuming a vent is a hole, we know that toads prefer environments.']
|
One may reasonably assume that if it is a common misconception that some ions have a negative charge and some have a positive charge, then either ducks feel safest in a flock because there are more pairs of eyes watching for danger or horses are beautiful animals, and even more so when they are grazing in lush beautiful pastures. We know that at least one of two things is true: leopard frogs have an immense range in North America, or if prayer is the issue of a love relationship, then conductor is a model of high technology wizardry. So long as leopard frogs have an immense range in North America, 'the claim that either ducks feel safest in a flock because there are more pairs of eyes watching for danger or horses are beautiful animals, and even more so when they are grazing in lush beautiful pastures has no merit' is true. Given that if a vent is a hole, then toads prefer environments, it can be inferred that if if prayer is the issue of a love relationship, then conductor is a model of high technology wizardry, then the claim that either ducks feel safest in a flock because there are more pairs of eyes watching for danger or horses are beautiful animals, and even more so when they are grazing in lush beautiful pastures has no merit. Assuming a vent is a hole, we know that toads prefer environments.
|
The statement 'some ions have a negative charge and some have a positive charge' can be considered true.
|
It is not true that some ions have a negative charge and some have a positive charge.
|
FALSE
|
Modus Tonens:
If (Not [0].), then (Either [1] or [2].).
Not (Either [1] or [2].). [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC2-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [3] or (If [4], then [5].).
If [3], then (Not (Either [1] or [2].).).
If (If [4], then [5].), then (Not (Either [1] or [2].).). [SC3-2]
Therefore, Not (Either [1] or [2].)..
[SC3-2]
Modus Ponens:
If (If [6], then [7].), then (If (If [4], then [5].), then (Not (Either [1] or [2].).).).
If [6], then [7].
Therefore, If (If [4], then [5].), then (Not (Either [1] or [2].).)..
|
{0: 'Some ions have a negative charge and some have a positive charge.', 1: 'Ducks feel safest in a flock because there are more pairs of eyes watching for danger.', 2: 'Horses are beautiful animals, and even more so when they are grazing in lush beautiful pastures.', 3: 'Leopard frogs have an immense range in North America.', 4: 'Prayer is the issue of a love relationship.', 5: 'Conductor is a model of high technology wizardry.', 6: 'A vent is a hole.', 7: 'Toads prefer environments.'}
| 3 |
2,825 |
["So long as desertification is the result of a combination of overgrazing and water erosion, 'many people taking Accutane develop high levels of cholesterol and other fats in their blood' is true.", 'Either one or both of these statements are true: if logical positivism is the most recent strain of logicism in philosophy, then observations show potential, or either if royal ferns show fronds, then trend lines are lines or desertification is the result of a combination of overgrazing and water erosion.', 'The statement that states if logical positivism is the most recent strain of logicism in philosophy, then observations show potential is false.', 'We know that at least one of two things is true: trailers make deliveries, or if if royal ferns show fronds, then trend lines are lines, then many people taking Accutane develop high levels of cholesterol and other fats in their blood.', "The statement 'trailers make deliveries' can be considered false."]
|
So long as desertification is the result of a combination of overgrazing and water erosion, 'many people taking Accutane develop high levels of cholesterol and other fats in their blood' is true. Either one or both of these statements are true: if logical positivism is the most recent strain of logicism in philosophy, then observations show potential, or either if royal ferns show fronds, then trend lines are lines or desertification is the result of a combination of overgrazing and water erosion. The statement that states if logical positivism is the most recent strain of logicism in philosophy, then observations show potential is false. We know that at least one of two things is true: trailers make deliveries, or if if royal ferns show fronds, then trend lines are lines, then many people taking Accutane develop high levels of cholesterol and other fats in their blood. The statement 'trailers make deliveries' can be considered false.
|
The statement that states many people taking Accutane develop high levels of cholesterol and other fats in their blood is right.
|
We know that the claim that many people taking Accutane develop high levels of cholesterol and other fats in their blood is false.
|
FALSE
|
Disjunction Elimination:
Either (If [1], then [2].) or [3]. [SC1-1]
If (If [1], then [2].), then [0]. [SC2-1]
If [3], then [0].
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either (If [5], then [6].) or (Either (If [1], then [2].) or [3].).
Not (If [5], then [6].).
Therefore, Either (If [1], then [2].) or [3]..
[SC2-1]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [4] or (If (If [1], then [2].), then [0].).
Not [4].
Therefore, If (If [1], then [2].), then [0]..
|
{0: 'Many people taking Accutane develop high levels of cholesterol and other fats in their blood.', 1: 'Royal ferns show fronds.', 2: 'Trend lines are lines.', 3: 'Desertification is the result of a combination of overgrazing and water erosion.', 4: 'Trailers make deliveries.', 5: 'Logical positivism is the most recent strain of logicism in philosophy.', 6: 'Observations show potential.'}
| 3 |
2,056 |
['It is rational to believe that either water contains irons or if most hurricanes have rotation, then perfect righteousness is the result of wisdom as well as affection.', 'Either one or both of these statements are true: a winged elm is an elm, or richness is basically the amount of interaction between the communicators.', "If a winged elm is an elm, then the notion that 'water contains irons' is untrue.", "One may reasonably assume that if it is not true that if richness is basically the amount of interaction between the communicators, then the notion that 'water contains irons' is untrue, then mental volition is the driving force for action at the vocal or physical level.", "Once we know it is not true that if richness is basically the amount of interaction between the communicators, then the notion that 'water contains irons' is untrue, we also know that the statement that states mental volition is the driving force for action at the vocal or physical level is false."]
|
It is rational to believe that either water contains irons or if most hurricanes have rotation, then perfect righteousness is the result of wisdom as well as affection. Either one or both of these statements are true: a winged elm is an elm, or richness is basically the amount of interaction between the communicators. If a winged elm is an elm, then the notion that 'water contains irons' is untrue. One may reasonably assume that if it is not true that if richness is basically the amount of interaction between the communicators, then the notion that 'water contains irons' is untrue, then mental volition is the driving force for action at the vocal or physical level. Once we know it is not true that if richness is basically the amount of interaction between the communicators, then the notion that 'water contains irons' is untrue, we also know that the statement that states mental volition is the driving force for action at the vocal or physical level is false.
|
So long as most hurricanes have rotation, 'perfect righteousness is the result of wisdom as well as affection' is true.
|
So long as most hurricanes have rotation, 'perfect righteousness is the result of wisdom as well as affection' is true.
|
TRUE
|
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [2] or (If [0], then [1].).
Not [2]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, If [0], then [1]..
[SC2-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [3] or [4].
If [3], then (Not [2].).
If [4], then (Not [2].). [SC3-2]
Therefore, Not [2]..
[SC3-2]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (If [4], then (Not [2].).).), then [5].
If (Not (If [4], then (Not [2].).).), then (Not [5].).
Therefore, If [4], then (Not [2].)..
|
{0: 'Most hurricanes have rotation.', 1: 'Perfect righteousness is the result of wisdom as well as affection.', 2: 'Water contains irons.', 3: 'A winged elm is an elm.', 4: 'Richness is basically the amount of interaction between the communicators.', 5: 'Mental volition is the driving force for action at the vocal or physical level.'}
| 3 |
2,400 |
['The claim that if punctuality is important when it comes to most meetings, both business and personal, then fragrance is a result of numerous volatile aromatic organic substances present in the flower has no merit.', "The statement that 'single parents trying to raise their children alone make up the group most ensnared in poverty' is incorrect.", "We know that at least one of two things is true: chairs have seats, or either single parents trying to raise their children alone make up the group most ensnared in poverty or if the statement that states photosynthetic cells use the sun's energy to split off water's hydrogen from oxygen is false, then if punctuality is important when it comes to most meetings, both business and personal, then fragrance is a result of numerous volatile aromatic organic substances present in the flower.", 'The claim that chairs have seats does not correspond with reality.']
|
The claim that if punctuality is important when it comes to most meetings, both business and personal, then fragrance is a result of numerous volatile aromatic organic substances present in the flower has no merit. The statement that 'single parents trying to raise their children alone make up the group most ensnared in poverty' is incorrect. We know that at least one of two things is true: chairs have seats, or either single parents trying to raise their children alone make up the group most ensnared in poverty or if the statement that states photosynthetic cells use the sun's energy to split off water's hydrogen from oxygen is false, then if punctuality is important when it comes to most meetings, both business and personal, then fragrance is a result of numerous volatile aromatic organic substances present in the flower. The claim that chairs have seats does not correspond with reality.
|
The statement that states photosynthetic cells use the sun's energy to split off water's hydrogen from oxygen is right.
|
The statement, photosynthetic cells use the sun's energy to split off water's hydrogen from oxygen, does not hold.
|
FALSE
|
Modus Tonens:
If (Not [0].), then (If [1], then [2].). [SC1-1]
Not (If [1], then [2].).
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [3] or (If (Not [0].), then (If [1], then [2].).). [SC1-2]
Not [3].
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then (If [1], then [2].)..
[SC1-2]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [4] or (Either [3] or (If (Not [0].), then (If [1], then [2].).).).
Not [4].
Therefore, Either [3] or (If (Not [0].), then (If [1], then [2].).)..
|
{0: "Photosynthetic cells use the sun's energy to split off water's hydrogen from oxygen.", 1: 'Punctuality is important when it comes to most meetings, both business and personal.', 2: 'Fragrance is a result of numerous volatile aromatic organic substances present in the flower.', 3: 'Single parents trying to raise their children alone make up the group most ensnared in poverty.', 4: 'Chairs have seats.'}
| 3 |
2,572 |
['The claim that breast milk contains appropriate amounts of carbohydrate , protein , and fat does not reflect reality.', 'It is the case that some herbivores have breakdowns.', "Assuming those that suggest if some herbivores have breakdowns, then if we know that the claim that if eye contact is a means of communication and also helps to gauge students' reactions, then firms have expertise is false, then breast milk contains appropriate amounts of carbohydrate , protein , and fat are wrong, we know that children can develop a dental problem called baby bottle tooth decay.", "Provided that those that suggest if some herbivores have breakdowns, then if we know that the claim that if eye contact is a means of communication and also helps to gauge students' reactions, then firms have expertise is false, then breast milk contains appropriate amounts of carbohydrate , protein , and fat are wrong, we know that some people mistakenly believe that children can develop a dental problem called baby bottle tooth decay."]
|
The claim that breast milk contains appropriate amounts of carbohydrate , protein , and fat does not reflect reality. It is the case that some herbivores have breakdowns. Assuming those that suggest if some herbivores have breakdowns, then if we know that the claim that if eye contact is a means of communication and also helps to gauge students' reactions, then firms have expertise is false, then breast milk contains appropriate amounts of carbohydrate , protein , and fat are wrong, we know that children can develop a dental problem called baby bottle tooth decay. Provided that those that suggest if some herbivores have breakdowns, then if we know that the claim that if eye contact is a means of communication and also helps to gauge students' reactions, then firms have expertise is false, then breast milk contains appropriate amounts of carbohydrate , protein , and fat are wrong, we know that some people mistakenly believe that children can develop a dental problem called baby bottle tooth decay.
|
Should it be the case that eye contact is a means of communication and also helps to gauge students' reactions, it follows that firms have expertise.
|
The claim that if eye contact is a means of communication and also helps to gauge students' reactions, then firms have expertise does not reflect reality.
|
FALSE
|
Modus Tonens:
If (Not (If [0], then [1].).), then [2]. [SC1-1]
Not [2].
Therefore, If [0], then [1]..
[SC1-1]
Modus Ponens:
If [3], then (If (Not (If [0], then [1].).), then [2].). [SC1-2]
[3]
Therefore, If (Not (If [0], then [1].).), then [2]..
[SC1-2]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (If [3], then (If (Not (If [0], then [1].).), then [2].).).), then [4].
If (Not (If [3], then (If (Not (If [0], then [1].).), then [2].).).), then (Not [4].).
Therefore, If [3], then (If (Not (If [0], then [1].).), then [2].)..
|
{0: "Eye contact is a means of communication and also helps to gauge students' reactions.", 1: 'Firms have expertise.', 2: 'Breast milk contains appropriate amounts of carbohydrate , protein , and fat .', 3: 'Some herbivores have breakdowns.', 4: 'Children can develop a dental problem called baby bottle tooth decay.'}
| 3 |
2,473 |
['When either mucus collects in breathing tubes, but the person has difficulty coughing much out or fluctuating asymmetry correlates with lower survival and growth rates, and fewer offspring is true, it follows that humans drink water.', "Whenever it is true that humans drink water, 'most fish undergo final oocyte maturation' is true.", 'Either herbalists suggest that it promotes longevity and, in large doses, is an aphrodisiac or an outside door is a door.', 'On the condition that herbalists suggest that it promotes longevity and, in large doses, is an aphrodisiac, it is definitely the case that the claim that most fish undergo final oocyte maturation has no merit.', 'Given that an outside door is a door, it can be inferred that the claim that most fish undergo final oocyte maturation has no merit.']
|
When either mucus collects in breathing tubes, but the person has difficulty coughing much out or fluctuating asymmetry correlates with lower survival and growth rates, and fewer offspring is true, it follows that humans drink water. Whenever it is true that humans drink water, 'most fish undergo final oocyte maturation' is true. Either herbalists suggest that it promotes longevity and, in large doses, is an aphrodisiac or an outside door is a door. On the condition that herbalists suggest that it promotes longevity and, in large doses, is an aphrodisiac, it is definitely the case that the claim that most fish undergo final oocyte maturation has no merit. Given that an outside door is a door, it can be inferred that the claim that most fish undergo final oocyte maturation has no merit.
|
We know that the claim that either mucus collects in breathing tubes, but the person has difficulty coughing much out or fluctuating asymmetry correlates with lower survival and growth rates, and fewer offspring is false.
|
It is rational to believe that either mucus collects in breathing tubes, but the person has difficulty coughing much out or fluctuating asymmetry correlates with lower survival and growth rates, and fewer offspring.
|
FALSE
|
Modus Tonens:
If (Either [0] or [1].), then [2]. [SC1-1]
Not [2]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, Not (Either [0] or [1].)..
[SC1-1]
Hypothetical Syllogism:
If (Either [0] or [1].), then [3].
If [3], then [2].
Therefore, If (Either [0] or [1].), then [2]..
[SC2-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [4] or [5].
If [4], then (Not [2].).
If [5], then (Not [2].).
Therefore, Not [2]..
|
{0: 'Mucus collects in breathing tubes, but the person has difficulty coughing much out.', 1: 'Fluctuating asymmetry correlates with lower survival and growth rates, and fewer offspring.', 2: 'Most fish undergo final oocyte maturation.', 3: 'Humans drink water.', 4: 'Herbalists suggest that it promotes longevity and, in large doses, is an aphrodisiac.', 5: 'An outside door is a door.'}
| 3 |
2,468 |
['There is good reason to believe that either either workplace safety is an issue which is increasingly concerning the community or cheetahs have (part) chests or inductors achieve the highest attenuation at self-resonant frequency.', 'Should it be the case that either workplace safety is an issue which is increasingly concerning the community or cheetahs have (part) chests, it follows that if the claim that pigmentation can range in shades from very light pink all the way to dark black patches does not correspond with reality, then talk is the main ingredient in medical care.', 'Once we know inductors achieve the highest attenuation at self-resonant frequency, we also know that if the claim that pigmentation can range in shades from very light pink all the way to dark black patches does not correspond with reality, then talk is the main ingredient in medical care.', 'Given that the claim that pigmentation can range in shades from very light pink all the way to dark black patches does not correspond with reality, it can be inferred that most birds drink fresh water.', 'Once we know most birds drink fresh water, we also know that it is a common misconception that talk is the main ingredient in medical care.']
|
There is good reason to believe that either either workplace safety is an issue which is increasingly concerning the community or cheetahs have (part) chests or inductors achieve the highest attenuation at self-resonant frequency. Should it be the case that either workplace safety is an issue which is increasingly concerning the community or cheetahs have (part) chests, it follows that if the claim that pigmentation can range in shades from very light pink all the way to dark black patches does not correspond with reality, then talk is the main ingredient in medical care. Once we know inductors achieve the highest attenuation at self-resonant frequency, we also know that if the claim that pigmentation can range in shades from very light pink all the way to dark black patches does not correspond with reality, then talk is the main ingredient in medical care. Given that the claim that pigmentation can range in shades from very light pink all the way to dark black patches does not correspond with reality, it can be inferred that most birds drink fresh water. Once we know most birds drink fresh water, we also know that it is a common misconception that talk is the main ingredient in medical care.
|
The claim that pigmentation can range in shades from very light pink all the way to dark black patches is true.
|
Pigmentation is a good indicator of egg production for the first six months a bird has been laying.
|
Uncertain
|
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then [1]. [SC1-1]
If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].). [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either (Either [2] or [3].) or [4].
If (Either [2] or [3].), then (If (Not [0].), then [1].).
If [4], then (If (Not [0].), then [1].).
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then [1]..
[SC2-1]
Hypothetical Syllogism:
If (Not [0].), then [5].
If [5], then (Not [1].).
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].)..
|
{0: 'Pigmentation can range in shades from very light pink all the way to dark black patches.', 1: 'Talk is the main ingredient in medical care.', 2: 'Workplace safety is an issue which is increasingly concerning the community.', 3: 'Cheetahs have (part) chests.', 4: 'Inductors achieve the highest attenuation at self-resonant frequency.', 5: 'Most birds drink fresh water.'}
| 3 |
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