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http://web.archive.org/web/20191003073157id_/https://www.timescolonist.com/entertainment/music/victoria-band-no-means-no-announces-retirement-1.2350915_p0
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Winter tire and chain requirements now in effect in B.C. Horgan, Yukon premier discuss ditching time changes Main Section Begin Main Row Begin Main top content Begin (U Cant Touch This) Victoria band No Means No announces retirement Mike Devlin / Times Colonist September 24, 2016 09:39 PM No Means No has announced its retirement. Photograph By Mika Hiironniemi Story Level Carousel Element Inline Video Content End Inline Video Content One of the most influential bands in Victoria history called it quits Saturday night, bringing to a close a four-decade career that saw the group shape the face of Canadian punk music during the 1980s. No Means No announced in a Facebook post Saturday that “a lingering hiatus has become a permanent one” for the group. article continues below Trending Stories Car goes up in flames outside Oak Bay library Border officers mistakenly gave Meng Wanzhou's phone passcodes to RCMP: Crown Exercise saves lives Island Health takes over seniors’ home amid allegations of abuse, neglect “Countless miles, a couple thousand shows and many more beers, a bunch of tunes and sweaty [hoardes] of great fans, I can’t say thanks enough to everyone,” wrote drummer John Wright, who co-founded the group in 1978 with his bass-playing brother, Rob Wright. “With a heavy heart I must announce the retirement of No Means No.”
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The Wright brothers went high school and university in Victoria, but have lived for decades in and around Vancouver. The band often recorded for its own label, Wrong Records, and in 1980 released their debut single, Look, Here Come the Wormies. The group’s most prolific period included the albums Sex Mad (1986), Small Parts Isolated and Destroyed (1988), and Wrong (1989), which is considered its masterwork as a band. Despite their distance from the city that spawned the group, John Wright said during a 2013 interview with the Times Colonist that No Means No would not be the same without Vancouver Island’s influence. “Growing up as a young band in Victoria was great. The city had such a supportive scene, in that respect,” he said. “Living on an island, you are somewhat disconnected from everything. That disconnection produces good music, unique music, different music.” Last year, during the Western Canadian Music Awards ceremony in Victoria, the band — which also featured local musicians Andy Kerr, Tom Holliston and Ken Kempster at various points — was inducted into the Western Canadian Music Awards Hall of Fame. In a 2010 interview with Rolling Stone magazine, Nirvana drummer and Foo Fighters frontman Grohl placed the No Means No song It’s Catching Up in his personal Top 10 of all-time. mdevlin@timescolonist.com Read Related Topics Begin: copyright, site specific labels, link back
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© Copyright Times Colonist End: copyright, site specific labels, link back story-content // × Email this article to a Friend Your Email Address: * Your Name: * To Email Address: * * Please separate multiple email addresses with the semi-colon character. Message: * next Classical Music: Baroque players pay tribute to Concert Spirituel › Classical Music: Baroque players pay tribute to Concert ... next Main top content End Rail Top Column Start Add an event Full Entertainment Calendar Stage Left Adrian Chamberlain Stage Left: Ring of truth to Theatre Inconnu's Dead Man's Cell Phone Stage Left: Belfry Theatre's The Children is compelling viewing Most Popular Top News Top Business Top Sports Car goes up in flames outside Oak Bay library Border officers mistakenly gave Meng Wanzhou's phone passcodes to RCMP: Crown Exercise saves lives Island Health takes over seniors’ home amid allegations of abuse, neglect W. Virginia woman accused of torturing toddler pleads guilty Condo, townhouse sales surge in Greater Victoria Fatal Prospect Lake Road crash renews safety push in Saanich Shot HK teen being charged with rioting, attacking police B.C. Premier John Horgan hopes legislature is turning a page on spending scandal Ask Eric: Is it safe to eat imported basa fish? Despite global slowdown in tourism, Greater Victoria enjoys decent year Condo, townhouse sales surge in Greater Victoria XL rival Cargill beefs up production
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Victoria firm transforms office into Whoville for charity UBC fraternity council halts social functions after alleged druggings A salute to Victoria's small businesses Viking Air inks maintenance deal with Alberta’s Unity Aviation Uptown’s Forever 21 closing as fashion chain shuts all Canadian stores World-famous afternoon tea returns to renovated Empress W. Virginia woman accused of torturing toddler pleads guilty Early goal not enough as Pacific FC settles for draw For Canada, no slowing the All Blacks at Rugby World Cup Coach lauds 'true Canadian grit' in 63-0 loss to All Blacks Island figure skaters in fine form at right time Kings conquer Grizzlies at BCHL Showcase W. Virginia woman accused of torturing toddler pleads guilty Janine Beckie, Jonathan David honoured as Canada Soccer players of the month Island boxers close in on Olympic dreams at Super Channel nationals Steve Nash: From underdog to Hall of Fame Curfew, more tear gas in Baghdad after 2 days of violence Rail Top Column End Rail Bottom Column Start Popular Music Most Recent Most Read Classical Music: Baroque players pay tribute to Concert Spirituel Classical Music: Henry Purcell work celebrates music’s patroness Sidney festival ‘more than just fiddling’ Classical Music: Monumental Bach work makes heavy demands on choir Avant-garde Crystal Method gains mainstream reputation Classical Music: Concert season ending on a high Jazz singer Kellylee Evans overcomes lightning strike
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Classical Music: Violinist goes for broad program in baroque festival Victoria band No Means No announces retirement Rail Bottom Column End Main Row End Main Section End News And Tools Life News Obituaries Newspaper Ads Job Listings Car Listings Properties For Sale Place An Ad Infomart Other myLOCALFLYERS.ca About Us Subscribe British Colonist archive Contact Us Advertise With Us Policies, Terms and Conditions Sponsorship Information Political Ads Registry Connect Facebook Twitter RSS Glacier Community Media © Copyright 2013- TC Publication Limited Partnership. All rights reserved. Unauthorized distribution, transmission or republication strictly prohibited. Footer Navigation Block ends #container div end Klangoo Embed
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On the Town (1949) - Filming & Production - IMDb h=ics-c52xl-15-1b-126c342f.us-east-1 [if IE]><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://m.media-amazon.com/images/G/01/imdb/css/collections/ie-3579153447._CB468514839_.css" /><![endif] Menu Movies Release Calendar DVD & Blu-ray Releases Top Rated Movies Most Popular Movies Browse Movies by Genre Top Box Office Showtimes & Tickets Showtimes & Tickets In Theaters Coming Soon Coming Soon Movie News India Movie Spotlight TV Shows What's on TV & Streaming What's on TV & Streaming Top Rated Shows Most Popular Shows Browse TV Shows by Genre TV News India TV Spotlight Awards & Events Oscars Best Picture Winners Best Picture Winners Golden Globes Emmys San Diego Comic-Con New York Comic-Con Sundance Film Festival Toronto Int'l Film Festival Awards Central Festival Central All Events Celebs Born Today Most Popular Celebs Most Popular Celebs Celebrity News Videos IMDb TV IMDb Originals Latest Trailers Community Help Center Contributor Zone Polls For Industry Professionals All All Titles TV Episodes Celebs Companies Keywords Advanced Search Watchlist Sign In no content received for slot: top_ad no content received for slot: navstrip no content received for slot: injected_navstrip no content received for slot: injected_billboard On the Town (1949) Filming & Production Showing all 27 items Jump to: Filming Locations (26) Filming Dates (1) Filming Locations Edit Brooklyn Navy Yard, Brooklyn, New York City, New York, USA (opening and closing scenes) 2 of 2 found this interesting
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Interesting? Yes No American Museum of Natural History - Central Park West at 79th Street, Manhattan, New York City, New York, USA 1 of 1 found this interesting Interesting? Yes No Federal Hall - 28 Wall Street, Manhattan, New York City, New York, USA 1 of 1 found this interesting Interesting? Yes No GE Building, 6th Avenue, Manhattan, New York City, New York, USA 1 of 1 found this interesting Interesting? Yes No Rockefeller Center, Manhattan, New York City, New York, USA 1 of 1 found this interesting Interesting? Yes No Rockefeller Plaza, Manhattan, New York City, New York, USA 1 of 1 found this interesting Interesting? Yes No Statue of Liberty, Liberty Island, New York Harbor, New York City, New York, USA 1 of 1 found this interesting Interesting? Yes No Union Square, Manhattan, New York City, New York, USA 1 of 1 found this interesting Interesting? Yes No Wall Street, Manhattan, New York City, New York, USA 1 of 1 found this interesting Interesting? Yes No Third Avenue El, Manhattan, New York City, New York, USA (BMT blevated subway) Is this interesting? Interesting? Yes No 5th Avenue, Manhattan, New York City, New York, USA Is this interesting? Interesting? Yes No 6th Avenue, Manhattan, New York City, New York, USA Is this interesting? Interesting? Yes No Brooklyn Bridge, New York City, New York, USA
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(dance sequence) Is this interesting? Interesting? Yes No Central Park West, Manhattan, New York City, New York, USA Is this interesting? Interesting? Yes No Continental Plaza, Wall Street, Manhattan, New York City, New York, USA Is this interesting? Interesting? Yes No Fifth Avenue, Manhattan, New York City, New York, USA Is this interesting? Interesting? Yes No Hollywood, Los Angeles, California, USA Is this interesting? Interesting? Yes No Liberty Island, New York Harbor, New York City, New York, USA Is this interesting? Interesting? Yes No Manhattan, New York City, New York, USA Is this interesting? Interesting? Yes No Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios - 10202 W. Washington Blvd., Culver City, California, USA (studio) (studio: made in Hollywood, U.S.A.) (recreations of some New York locations, such as Coney Island) Is this interesting? Interesting? Yes No New York Harbor, New York City, New York, USA Is this interesting? Interesting? Yes No RCA Building, 6th Avenue, Manhattan, New York City, New York, USA Is this interesting? Interesting? Yes No Brooklyn, New York City, New York, USA 0 of 1 found this interesting Interesting? Yes No Central Park, Manhattan, New York City, New York, USA (bicycling sequence) 0 of 1 found this interesting Interesting? Yes No Los Angeles, California, USA 0 of 1 found this interesting Interesting? Yes No New York City, New York, USA 0 of 1 found this interesting
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Interesting? Yes No Filming Dates 28 March 1949 - 2 July 1949 See also Full Cast and Crew | Release Dates | Official Sites | Company Credits | Technical Specs Getting Started | Contributor Zone » Contribute to This Page Edit page no content received for slot: top_rhs On the Town Details Full Cast and Crew Release Dates Official Sites Company Credits Filming & Production Technical Specs Storyline Taglines Plot Summary Synopsis Plot Keywords Parents Guide Did You Know? Trivia Goofs Crazy Credits Quotes Alternate Versions Connections Soundtracks Photo & Video Photo Gallery Trailers and Videos Opinion Awards FAQ User Reviews User Ratings External Reviews Metacritic Reviews TV TV Schedule Related Items News Showtimes External Sites Explore More Show Less Create a list » User Lists Related lists from IMDb users 1949 a list of 22 titles created 14 Mar 2015 Top 25 Greatest Movies Set in New York City of All Time a list of 25 titles created 02 Mar 2015 Musicals a list of 38 titles created 2 months ago GREAT 1940s movies a list of 36 titles created 05 Apr 2018 Classic Movie Watch List a list of 29 titles created 29 Jun 2015 See all related lists » no content received for slot: bottom_rhs no content received for slot: rhs_cornerstone no content received for slot: inline80 Share this page:
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http://web.archive.org/web/20190308091507id_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallen_Empires_%28album%29_p0
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Fallen Empires (album) - Wikipedia CentralNotice Fallen Empires (album) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search 2011 studio album by Snow Patrol Fallen Empires Studio album by Snow Patrol Released 11 November 2011 Recorded October 2010 – May 2011 Genre Alternative rock indietronica Length 57 : 17 Label Fiction Interscope Island (US) Producer Jacknife Lee Snow Patrol chronology Up to Now (2009) Fallen Empires (2011) Greatest Hits (2013) Singles from Fallen Empires " Called Out in the Dark " Released: 2 September 2011 " This Isn't Everything You Are " Released: 14 October 2011 " New York " Released: 20 December 2011 " In the End " Released: 13 February 2012 " Lifening " Released: 5 July 2012 Fallen Empires is the sixth studio album by Northern Irish-Scottish rock band Snow Patrol . The album was released on 11 November 2011 [1] (10 January 2012 in North America). The album became the first to feature future member Johnny McDaid , who was credited as guest musician and songwriter in the album liner notes, and would officially join the band following the tour. [2] It is also the last album to feature keyboardist Tom Simpson , who would later depart the band in 2013. American singer Lissie provided additional vocals for six songs on the album ("I'll Never Let Go", "The Weight of Love", "The Garden Rules", "Fallen Empires", "Berlin", and "Those Distant Bells").
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Contents 1 Background and development 2 Singles 3 Reception 3.1 Critical reception 3.2 Commercial performance 4 Track listing 5 Charts and certifications 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Certifications 5.3 Year-end charts 6 References Background and development [ edit ] When asked about the writing process for the album, Gary Lightbody commented by saying "It's the longest album we've ever made by far but also the best. We took our time and I also had some bouts of writer's block. It's the first time it's happened for such a long time. I've had days when I haven't been able to write. Since 2009, I've gone through three writer's blocks but I'm glad because the results are great afterwards. They probably made me write better songs." [3] Snow Patrol planned a "Fallen Empires tour" in 2012 with the first date being at the O2 in Dublin. [4] The song "New York" can be heard at the end of " Suddenly " ( Season 8 Episode 10 ) of Grey's Anatomy . [5] [6] [7] The song is also played in " After School Special " ( Season 4 Episode 10 ) of The Vampire Diaries . [8] [9] Singles [ edit ] " Called Out in the Dark " was released as the first single from the album on 2 September 2011 in the UK as an EP. [10] A video was released for the song before its release date on 17 August 2011. [11]
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" This Isn't Everything You Are " was announced as the second single from the album on Snow Patrol's official site. [12] It was released on 14 October 2011. " New York " was the third single from the album released in America on 20 December 2011. [13] " In the End " was released as the fourth single on 13 February. " Lifening " was the fifth single and was released on 5 July. Reception [ edit ] Critical reception [ edit ] Professional ratings Aggregate scores Source Rating Metacritic 58/100 [14] Review scores Source Rating Allmusic [15] Clash (4/10) [16] Daily Express [17] Entertainment Weekly (B) [18] The Guardian [19] The Independent [20] Los Angeles Times [21] The Observer [22] Pitchfork (4.8/10) [23] Rolling Stone [24] Spin (5/10) [25] The Telegraph [26] Toronto Star [27] Fallen Empires received mixed reviews from critics. [14] According to the website Metacritic , which assigns a weighted mean rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average review score of 58/100, based on 25 reviews, which indicates "mixed or average reviews". [14] James Christopher Monger wrote a favorable review for Allmusic , stating that the album "establishes an expansive vista of sound early on, bathing fairly simple melodies in waves of fastidious loops and sparse percussion." [15] Mike Haydock wrote a positive review for BBC Music , analysing that "Best of all are the moments when Snow Patrol blend the two approaches together, combining their own aesthetic with an Achtung Baby adoration." [28] Entertainment Weekly ' s Melissa Maerz wrote that "For all the sentiment, it's the simplest stuff that rings true." [18] The New York Times ' s Nate Chinen praised the songwriting, saying that "What makes this all feel reasonably unforced is the abiding earnestness in the songwriting." [29] The A.V. Club wrote that the album "it's comforting at worst and occasionally fantastic." [30]
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Dave Simpson wrote an average review, saying that "Although the variation in styles doesn't make for the most cohesive album, the default mood is still downbeat but anthemic--songs for couples to cling tightly to one another while raising mobiles in the air." [19] While Now Magazine found out that "In the first few songs they stretch themselves creatively and come up with promising results, but halfway through it's back to overwrought ballads and middle-of-the-road mid-tempo rock songs." [31] A mixed review came from Rolling Stone ' s Stacey Anderson, who wrote that "Snow Patrol fall back to the blandly inoffensive safe zone--though at least they sound a little brighter." [24] Pitchfork Media thought that "the results are goofy." [23] The Daily Telegraph criticized the album for "stick[ing] too rigidly to the formula." [14] Commercial performance [ edit ] In 2011, Fallen Empires sold 269,000 copies in the UK. [32] The album debuted at number five on the US Billboard 200 chart, selling 31,000 copies. It became the band's highest debut on the Billboard chart and the second album to reach the top-ten. [33] Track listing [ edit ] The track list for Fallen Empires is as follows. [34] All lyrics written by Gary Lightbody ; all music composed by Snow Patrol and Jacknife Lee , except "New York" by Snow Patrol, Lee and Johnny McDaid . No. Title Length 1. "I'll Never Let Go" 4:44 2. " Called Out in the Dark " 4:01 3. "The Weight of Love" 4:16 4. " This Isn't Everything You Are " 4:58 5. "The Garden Rules" 4:29 6. "Fallen Empires" 5:20 7. "Berlin" 2:05 8. " Lifening " 3:53 9. " New York " 4:01 10. " In the End " 4:00 11. "Those Distant Bells" 3:17 12. "The Symphony" 6:07 13. "The President" 4:35 14. "Broken Bottles Form a Star (Prelude)" 1:30
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There was also a special digipak version of the album showing highlights of the band playing live at the Royal Albert Hall on 25 November 2009 on their 'Reworked' tour. The track listing is as follows: First half highlights: No. Title Length 1. "Finish Line" 2. "An Olive Grove Facing the Sea" 3. "Give Me Strength" 4. "You Could Be Happy" 5. "Take Back the City" Second half highlights: No. Title Length 1. "Dark Roman Wine" 2. "Spitting Games" 3. "Run" 4. "Lifeboats" 5. "The Planets Bend Between Us" 6. "Chasing Cars" Charts and certifications [ edit ] Weekly charts [ edit ] Chart (2011-2012) Peak position Australian Albums Chart [35] 24 Austrian Albums Chart [36] 10 Belgian Albums Chart (Flanders) [37] 4 Belgian Albums Chart (Wallonia) [38] 9 Canadian Albums Chart [39] [40] 2 Danish Albums Chart [41] 27 Dutch Albums Chart [42] 1 Finnish Albums Chart [43] 46 French Albums Chart [44] 70 German Albums Chart [45] 3 Irish Albums Chart [46] 1 Mexican Albums Chart [47] 90 New Zealand Albums Chart [48] 27 Norwegian Albums Chart [49] 40 Spanish Albums Chart [50] 65 Swiss Albums Chart [51] 6 UK Albums Chart [52] 3 US Billboard 200 [33] [40] [53] 5 US Billboard Top Alternative Albums [40] [54] 2 US Billboard Top Rock Albums [40] [55] 2 US Billboard Top Digital Albums [40] [56]
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3 Certifications [ edit ] Region Certification Certified units /Sales Belgium ( BEA ) [57] Gold 15,000 * Germany ( BVMI ) [58] Gold 100,000 ^ Ireland ( IRMA ) [59] Platinum 15,000 ^ United Kingdom ( BPI ) [60] Platinum 300,000 ^ * sales figures based on certification alone ^ shipments figures based on certification alone Year-end charts [ edit ] Chart (2011) Position German Albums Chart [61] 71 UK Albums Chart 40 Chart (2012) Position Belgian Albums Chart (Flanders) [62] 36 Belgian Albums Chart (Wallonia) [62] 89 Dutch Albums Chart [63] 67 References [ edit ] ^ "iTunes - Music - Fallen Empires by Snow Patrol" . Itunes.apple.com. 2011-11-11 . Retrieved 2014-05-10 . ^ "Johnny McDaid" . Threee . Retrieved 10 May 2018 . ^ "Snow Patrol: 'We've already written our next album ' " . NME . 7 September 2011 . Retrieved 17 September 2011 . ^ "Snow Patrol announce opening dates of Fallen Empires tour" . metro.co.uk. 17 September 2011 . Retrieved 17 September 2011 . ^ See occurrences on Google Search. ^ " Grey's Anatomy - Snow Patrol 'New York' S08E10" . YouTube . Retrieved 2 September 2013 . ^ " Grey's Anatomy 8x10 'Suddenly' Final Scene" . YouTube . Retrieved 2 September 2013 . ^ See occurrences on Google Search. ^ " Vampire Diaries 4x10 'After School Special ' " . YouTube . Retrieved 2 September 2013 .
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^ "Called Out In the Dark - EP" . iTunes . 2 September 2011 . Retrieved 17 September 2011 . ^ "Snow Patrol - 'Called Out In The Dark ' " . YouTube. 17 August 2011 . Retrieved 17 September 2011 . ^ "FIRST PLAY OF 'THIS ISN'T EVERYTHING YOU ARE' TONIGHT" . Snow Patrol . 28 September 2011 . Retrieved 28 September 2011 . ^ "New York - Single" . iTunes. ^ a b c d "Fallen Empires Reviews, Ratings, Credits, and More at Metacritic" . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 20 January 2012 . ^ a b James Christopher Monger. "Fallen Empires - Snow Patrol - Allmusic" . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 14 November 2011 . ^ "Snow Patrol - Fallen Empires" . Clash Magazine . Retrieved 13 November 2018 . ^ Simon Gage (11 November 2011). "Snow Patrol, 'Fallen Empires'; Daily Express" . Daily Express . ^ a b Melissa Maerz (10 November 2011). "Fallen Empires review - Snow Patrol Review - Music Reviews and News - EW.com" . Entertainment Weekly . ^ a b Dave Simpson (10 November 2011). "Snow Patrol, 'Fallen Empires'; The Guardian" . The Guardian . Retrieved 11 November 2011 . ^ Andy Gill (11 November 2011). "Snow Patrol, 'Fallen Empires'; The Independent" . The Independent . ^ Wood, Mikael (9 January 2012). "Album Review: Snow Patrol's 'Fallen Empires ' " . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 26 January 2012 .
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^ Hoby, Hermione (12 November 2011). "Snow Patrol: Fallen Empires – review" . The Observer . Retrieved 13 November 2018 . ^ a b Ashurst, Hari (19 January 2012). "Snow Patrol: Fallen Empires" . Pitchfork Media . Retrieved 2012-01-26 . ^ a b Stacey Anderson (10 November 2011). "Fallen Empires - Album Reviews - Rolling Stone" . Rolling Stone . ^ Young, Jon. "Snow Patrol: 'Fallen Empires ' " . Spin . Retrieved 26 January 2012 . ^ Lachno, James (11 November 2011). "Snow Patrol: Fallen Empires, CD review" . The Telegraph . Retrieved 13 November 2018 . ^ Rayner, Ben (10 January 2012). "Albums: Sissy is coldly thrilling, and more" . Toronto Star . Archived from the original on 10 December 2012 . Retrieved 10 January 2012 . ^ Mike Haydock (10 November 2011). "BBC - Music - Review of Snow Patrol - Fallen Empires" . BBC . ^ Nate Chinen (10 November 2011). "New Albums by 3ballMTY and Snow Patrol - Review - NYTimes.com" . The New York Times . ^ Josh Modell. "Snow Patrol: Fallen Empires - Music - Music Review - The A.V. Club" . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 20 January 2012 . ^ Benjamin Boles. "Snow Patrol - Fallen Empires - Now Magazine" . Now Magazine . Retrieved 20 January 2012 . ^ "The Top 20 rock singles and albums of 2011 revealed" . The Official Charts Company . 17 January 2012. Archived from the original on 7 April 2013 . Retrieved 9 June 2018 .
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^ a b Caulfield, Keith (18 January 2012). "Adele Matches 'Titanic's' No. 1 Run Atop Billboard 200" . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 20 January 2012 . ^ "Fallen Empires: Tracklist" . Snowpatrolbrasil.com. 16 September 2011 . Retrieved 17 September 2011 . ^ "australian-charts.com - Snow Patrol - Fallen Empires" . Hung Medien . Retrieved 28 November 2011 . ^ "Austria Top 40 - Snow Patrol - Fallen Empires (album)" (in German). Hung Medien . Retrieved 5 June 2012 . ^ "Snow Patrol - Fallen Empires (album) - Charts Vlaanderen" (in Dutch). www.ultratop.be . Retrieved 19 November 2011 . ^ "Snow Patrol - Fallen Empires (album) - Charts Belgique Francophone" (in French). www.ultratop.be . Retrieved 5 June 2012 . ^ "Snow Patrol Chart History" . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 25 May 2013 . ^ a b c d e "Fallen Empires - Snow Patrol : Awards: ( Billboard Albums)" . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 25 May 2013 . ^ "Snow Patrol - Fallen Empires (album) - Danish Charts" (in Danish). www.hitlisten.nu. Archived from the original on 13 March 2012 . Retrieved 25 November 2011 . ^ "Snow Patrol - Fallen Empires (album) - Dutch Charts" (in Dutch). dutchcharts.nl . Retrieved 19 November 2011 . ^ "Finnish Charts - Snow Patrol - Fallen Empires (album)" . Hung Medien . Retrieved 5 June 2012 .
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^ "Classements - Snow Patrol - Fallen Empires (album)" (in French). Hung Medien . Retrieved 5 June 2012 . ^ "Album - Snow Patrol, Fallen Empires" (in German). Charts.de . Retrieved 5 June 2012 . ^ "Snow Patrol At The Summit" . www.chart-track.co.uk. 18 November 2011 . Retrieved 19 November 2011 . ^ "Mexican Charts - Snow Patrol - Fallen Empires (album)" . Hung Medien . Retrieved 5 June 2012 . ^ "New Zealand Charts - Snow Patrol - Fallen Empires (album)" . Hung Medien . Retrieved 5 June 2012 . ^ "VG-Lista - Snow Patrol - Fallen Empires (album)" . Hung Medien . Retrieved 5 June 2012 . ^ "Spanish Charts - Snow Patrol - Fallen Empires (album)" . Hung Medien . Retrieved 5 June 2012 . ^ "Siwss Charts - Snow Patrol - Fallen Empires (album)" (in German). Hitparade.ch . Retrieved 5 June 2012 . ^ "Snow Patrol, Fallen Empires" . Theofficialcharts.com. 20 November 2011. Archived from the original on 11 February 2012 . Retrieved 20 November 2011 . ^ "Snow Patrol Chart History" . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 25 May 2013 . ^ "Snow Patrol Chart History" . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 25 May 2013 . ^ "Snow Patrol Chart History" . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 25 May 2013 .
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^ "Snow Patrol Chart History" . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 25 May 2013 . ^ "Ultratop − Goud en Platina – albums 2012" . Ultratop . Hung Medien. ^ "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Snow Patrol; 'Fallen Empires')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie . ^ "Irish album certifications – Snow Patrol – Fallen Empires" . Irish Recorded Music Association . ^ "British album certifications – Snow Patrol – Fallen Empires" . British Phonographic Industry . Select albums in the Format field. Select Platinum in the Certification field. Type Fallen Empires in the "Search BPI Awards" field and then press Enter. ^ "Die MTV.de Jahrescharts 2011! - News" . MTV.de. Archived from the original on 12 January 2012 . Retrieved 2014-05-10 . ^ a b "Ultratop Belgian Charts" . ultratop.be. 26 April 2014. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013 . Retrieved 2014-05-10 . ^ Steffen Hung. "Dutch charts portal" . dutchcharts.nl. Archived from the original on 1 January 2013 . Retrieved 2014-05-10 . v t e Snow Patrol Nathan Connolly Gary Lightbody Johnny McDaid Jonny Quinn Paul Wilson Tom Simpson Mark McClelland Michael Morrison Studio albums Songs for Polarbears When It's All Over We Still Have to Clear Up Final Straw Eyes Open A Hundred Million Suns Fallen Empires Wildness Compilation albums The Trip: Created by Snow Patrol Late Night Tales: Snow Patrol
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Up to Now Greatest Hits Extended plays Starfighter Pilot Live and Acoustic at Park Ave. Sessions@AOL iTunes Live from London iTunes Live: London Festival '09 Singles " Little Hide " " One Hundred Things You Should Have Done in Bed " " Velocity Girl / Absolute Gravity " " Starfighter Pilot " " Ask Me How I Am " " One Night Is Not Enough " " Spitting Games " " Run " " Chocolate " " How to Be Dead " " You're All I Have " " Chasing Cars " " Hands Open " " Set the Fire to the Third Bar " " Open Your Eyes " " Shut Your Eyes " " Signal Fire " " Take Back the City " " Crack the Shutters " " If There's a Rocket Tie Me to It " " The Planets Bend Between Us " " Just Say Yes " " An Olive Grove Facing the Sea " " Called Out in the Dark " " This Isn't Everything You Are " " New York " " In the End " " Lifening " " The Lightning Strike (What If This Storm Ends?) " Video albums Live at Somerset House Tours Final Straw Tour Eyes Open Tour Taking Back the Cities Tour Fallen Empires Tour Related Discography Awards Shrug
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Terra Diablo Oh Yeah The Reindeer Section Listen... Tanks! Tired Pony Iain Archer Bradley Quinn Richard Colburn Category Book NewPP limit report Parsed by mw1322 Cached time: 20190307101959 Cache expiry: 2592000 Dynamic content: false CPU time usage: 0.988 seconds Real time usage: 1.189 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 8117/1000000 Preprocessor generated node count: 0/1500000 Post‐expand include size: 188160/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 10158/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 19/40 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 181535/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Lua time usage: 0.455/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6.81 MB/50 MB Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 1005.739 1 -total 39.12% 393.430 56 Template:Cite_web 36.35% 365.561 1 Template:Reflist 20.46% 205.728 4 Template:Certification_Table_Entry 19.86% 199.754 1 Template:Infobox_album 13.79% 138.695 4 Template:Certification_Cite_Ref 13.09% 131.678 4 Template:Cite_certification 11.15% 112.158 2 Template:Infobox 7.08% 71.174 1 Template:Album_reviews 4.79% 48.163 1 Template:Short_description Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:33122828-0!canonical and timestamp 20190307101957 and revision id 880496773 Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fallen_Empires_(album)&oldid=880496773 " Categories : 2011 albums Fiction Records albums Interscope Records albums Snow Patrol albums Albums produced by Jacknife Lee Hidden categories: CS1 German-language sources (de) CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl) CS1 French-language sources (fr) CS1 Danish-language sources (da) Use dmy dates from January 2012 Use British English from January 2012 Articles with short description Articles with hAudio microformats Pages using certification Table Entry with unknown parameters Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Ireland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom
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This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v14.1 - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ Convention on the rights of the child | BICE | NGO for child protection / Yoast SEO plugin. Google Tag Manager End Google Tag Manager Facebook Pixel Code End Facebook Pixel Code Facebook Pixel Code End Facebook Pixel Code Google Tag Manager (noscript) End Google Tag Manager (noscript) BICE Back Discover BICE Back Who are we? Mission, Vision, Values BICE Charter Organisation Back Organization chart Statutes of BICE Governing bodies Resources and use of funds Back BICE’s Financials Annual reports BICE network Back A Child Rights Network Member organizations Become a Member News Back News Back Latest news Newsletter Highlights Back Universal children’s day Childhood in the World Festival World day of prayer and action for children Lent International Conferences Heroes Race Press center Back Press releases Press review Rights of the child Back History of the rights of the child Convention on the Rights of the Child Fundamental rights Key legal instruments Human Rights Council Committee on the Rights of the Child Fields projects Back Principles Back Child protection Resilience in children A rights-based approach Programs and projects Back Africa Latin America and the Caribbean Asia and the Middle East Europe and the CIS Topics Back Sexual abuse Education Street children Child workers Children with disabilities Juvenile justice
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Ill-treatment Early childhood Advocacy Back Advocacy initiatives Back BICE representation in International institutions Our initiatives at the Human Rights Council Our initiatives at the Committee on the Rights of the Child Our initiatives at the Universal Periodic Review International conferences Research and Development Back Research on resilience BICE publications Support us Back Make a donation Back Why make a donation to BICE? Make a Secure Online Donation Planned giving Back Why make a planned giving? Different types of legacies Free guide request Companies and Funds Back Become a financial partner Join us Back Job vacancies Volunteering Online Shop Français Español English Our mission : To defend the rights and dignity of the child worldwide English Français Español | Shop I Make a donation to help BICE <h1><a href="https://bice.org/en/">BICE – ONG de protection des droits de l'enfant</a></h1> BICE Discover BICE Who are we? Mission, Vision, Values BICE Charter Organisation Organization chart Statutes of BICE Governing bodies Resources and use of funds BICE’s Financials Annual reports BICE network A Child Rights Network Member organizations Become a Member News News Latest news Newsletter Highlights Universal children’s day Childhood in the World Festival World day of prayer and action for children Lent International Conferences Heroes Race Press center Press releases Press review Rights of the child History of the rights of the child Convention on the Rights of the Child
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Fundamental rights Key legal instruments Human Rights Council Committee on the Rights of the Child Fields projects Principles Child protection Resilience in children A rights-based approach Programs and projects Africa Latin America and the Caribbean Asia and the Middle East Europe and the CIS Topics Sexual abuse Education Street children Child workers Children with disabilities Juvenile justice Ill-treatment Early childhood Advocacy Advocacy initiatives BICE representation in International institutions Our initiatives at the Human Rights Council Our initiatives at the Committee on the Rights of the Child Our initiatives at the Universal Periodic Review International conferences Research and Development Research on resilience BICE publications Support us Make a donation Why make a donation to BICE? Make a Secure Online Donation Planned giving Why make a planned giving? Different types of legacies Free guide request Companies and Funds Become a financial partner Join us Job vacancies Volunteering Online Shop Accueil > All article > Rights of the child > Convention on the Rights of the Child <input type="submit" id="searchsubmit" value="Search" class="prefix button"> <div class="row"> 9 October 2014 | 08:51 Convention on the Rights of the Child Partager ce contenu sur : Email Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Print PDF The Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) is the first legally binding international treaty governing children’s rights. It defines the fundamental rights of the child and covers all aspects of child protection.
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The CRC was unanimously adopted on the 20 November 1989, at the UN General Assembly. Since then, this date has become the Universal Children’s Day . The text of the CRC has been ratified by almost all countries in the world, except for the United States and Somalia. Download the Convention on the rights of the child 54 articles for the protection of the rights of the child The Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) is written in a positive, forward spirit, asking the States which have ratified it to create conditions enabling children to participate in the social and political life of their country. The first article of the CRC stipulates that anyone below the age of 18 is to be considered as a child. The text holds that the best interests of the child should be a primary concern to each State. It encompasses all human rights: civil, political, economical, social and cultural, and recognizes that the enjoyment of a right should not be separated from the enjoyment of other rights. The CRC also show that for his intellectual, moral and spiritual development, the child must live in a healthy, safe environment. He must have access to a minimum standard of healthcare, food, shelter and clothing. The Convention has broadened the application of human rights, by protecting the child against all forms of exploitation, by dealing with cases of children belonging to minority and indigenous groups, and by dealing with drug addiction and abandonment. It also recognizes the vital role played by the family and parents in the care and protection of the child, as well as the State’s obligation to assist them in this role.
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Optional protocols In 2000, the CRC was further strengthened by the adoption of two additional protocols, subjected to ratification by the States: The first protocol concerns the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography. The second protocol concerns child involvement in armed conflicts. The third protocol came into force in 2014, after being adopted in 2011. It enables children from countries which have ratified this protocol (or their representatives) to file a complaint to the Committee on the Rights of the Child , if they judge that a right guaranteed by the Convention and its two previous optional protocols has not been respected by their government. Universal Children’s Day The 20 November, the date that the Convention was adopted, has been chosen as Universal Children’s Day ; an occasion that reminds us that children’s rights are still being violated. BICE is active on this day, raising public awareness of the cause of children and an understanding of children’s rights. BICE rewarded for ten years of efforts on behalf of children Between 1979 and 1989, BICE played a major role in the development of the CRC. For 10 years, NGOs led by BICE and Defence for Children International (DCI), member States of the Human Rights Commission and UNICEF worked together to create an international legal basis for children’s rights. The adoption of the CRC on 20 November 1989 was the culmination of these efforts. BICE has left its mark on the text, through a global vision of the child with a spiritual and moral dimension. BICE is governed on a daily basis by the principles set out in this treaty and continues to work towards its implementation.
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Also read Rights of the child Key legal instruments > Read more Rights of the child History of the Rights of the Child > Read more Rights of the child Human Rights Council > Read more > Toutes les actualités Stay informed ! Find all our news through the newsletter Why support BICE? 70 years of experience serving children A presence in the field with partners around the world Competencies that are recognized and followed by international institutions (UN, Council of Europe, OIF) Accredited officially by the Trust Charter Committee in trust since 2008 and renewed in 2020 Make a donation BICE Discover BICE Who are we? Mission, Vision, Values BICE Charter Organisation Organization chart Statutes of BICE Governing bodies Resources and use of funds BICE’s Financials Annual reports BICE network A Child Rights Network Member organizations Become a Member News News Latest news Newsletter Highlights Universal children’s day Childhood in the World Festival World day of prayer and action for children Lent International Conferences Heroes Race Press center Press releases Press review Rights of the child History of the rights of the child Convention on the Rights of the Child Fundamental rights Key legal instruments Human Rights Council Committee on the Rights of the Child Fields projects Principles Child protection Resilience in children A rights-based approach Programs and projects Africa
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Latin America and the Caribbean Asia and the Middle East Europe and the CIS Topics Sexual abuse Education Street children Child workers Children with disabilities Juvenile justice Ill-treatment Early childhood Advocacy Advocacy initiatives BICE representation in International institutions Our initiatives at the Human Rights Council Our initiatives at the Committee on the Rights of the Child Our initiatives at the Universal Periodic Review International conferences Research and Development Research on resilience BICE publications Support us Make a donation Why make a donation to BICE? Make a Secure Online Donation Planned giving Why make a planned giving? Different types of legacies Free guide request Companies and Funds Become a financial partner Join us Job vacancies Volunteering Online Shop BICE France Siège social Représentation Permanente auprès de l'UNESCO Communication et Relation Donateurs 70 Boulevard de Magenta 75010 Paris Téléphone: (33 1) 53 35 01 00 Fax: (33 1) 53 35 01 19 LE BICE EN SUISSE Recherche et Développement Représentation Permanente auprès des Nations Unies 11 rue Butini, CH-1202 Genève, Suisse Téléphone: (41 22) 731 32 48 Fax: (41 22) 731 77 93 Contactez nous Legal Credits googleoff: all As part of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) you have the right to access, rectify, port, erase or restrict your data. We invite you to consult the page "Legal notices, privacy and cookies" for more information Accept Learn more
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Close Necessary Always Enabled googleon: all Send to Email Address Your Name Your Email Address Cancel Post was not sent - check your email addresses! Email check failed, please try again Sorry, your blog cannot share posts by email. Lightbox Plus Colorbox v2.7.2/1.5.9 - 2013.01.24 - Message: 0
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Dense connective tissue - Wikipedia CentralNotice Dense connective tissue From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Dense connective tissue Details Identifiers Latin textus connectivus compactus TH H2.00.03.1.00003 Anatomical terms of microanatomy [ edit on Wikidata ] Dense connective tissue , also called dense fibrous tissue , is a type of connective tissue with fibers as its main matrix element. [1] The fibers are mainly composed of type I collagen . Crowded between the collagen fibers are rows of fibroblasts , fiber-forming cells, that generate the fibers. Dense connective tissue forms strong, rope-like structures such as tendons and ligaments . Tendons attach skeletal muscles to bones ; ligaments connect bones to bones at joints . Ligaments are more stretchy and contain more elastic fibers than tendons. Dense connective tissue also make up the lower layers of the skin (dermis), where it is arranged in sheets. [2] Contents 1 Classification 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Classification [ edit ] It is classified as either dense regular connective tissue or dense irregular connective tissue . [3] See also [ edit ] Loose connective tissue References [ edit ] ^ "Blue Histology" . Retrieved 2009-10-16 . ^ Marieb, Elaine N. (2009). Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology - 10th ed . San Francisco, Ca.: Pearson Education. p. 96. ISBN 0-321-69598-4 .
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^ Strum, Judy M.; Gartner, Leslie P.; Hiatt, James L. (2007). Cell biology and Histology . Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 83 . ISBN 0-7817-8577-4 . External links [ edit ] Anatomy photo: TermsCells&Tissues/connective/dense/dense1 - Comparative Organology at University of California, Davis - "Connective tissue, dense (LM, Low)" Histology at cytochemistry.net Overview at downstate.edu v t e Connective tissues Physiology Soft tissue Fibrosis Scarring Composition Cells Resident Fibroblast Fibrocyte Reticular cell Tendon cell Adipocyte Melanocyte Wandering cells Mast cell Macrophage Extracellular matrix Ground substance Tissue fluid Fibers Collagen fibers Reticular fibers COL3A1 Elastic fibers Elastin Fibrillin FBN1 FBN2 FBN3 EMILIN1 Elaunin Types Proper Loose Reticular Adipose Brown White Dense Dense irregular connective tissue Submucosa Dermis Dense regular connective tissue Ligament Tendon Aponeurosis Embryonic Mucoid Mesenchymal Specialized Cartilage Bone Authority control TH : H2.00.03.1.00003 This human musculoskeletal system article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw1328 Cached time: 20200118162038 Cache expiry: 2592000 Dynamic content: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.460 seconds Real time usage: 1.003 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1306/1000000 Preprocessor generated node count: 0/1500000 Post‐expand include size: 48332/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 658/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 23/40 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 9514/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400
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Lua time usage: 0.197/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3.85 MB/50 MB Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 892.457 1 -total 44.90% 400.704 1 Template:Infobox_microanatomy 43.96% 392.323 1 Template:Infobox_anatomy 39.97% 356.698 1 Template:Infobox 27.20% 242.765 1 Template:Reflist 18.97% 169.284 1 Template:Cite_web 14.01% 125.020 1 Template:Authority_control 11.82% 105.502 1 Template:Str_rep 10.70% 95.473 1 Template:Str_mid 9.35% 83.473 1 Template:Connective_tissue Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:2921991-0!canonical and timestamp 20200118162037 and revision id 931282168 Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dense_connective_tissue&oldid=931282168 " Categories : Connective tissue Musculoskeletal system stubs Hidden categories: Wikipedia articles with TH identifiers All stub articles Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Languages Čeština Nederlands Português Svenska Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2019, at 01:45 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization.
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Manchu people - Wikipedia CentralNotice Manchu people From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search "Manchu" redirects here. For other uses, see Manchu (disambiguation) . "Man people" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Nanman . Members of an indigenous people of Manchuria Manchu ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ Total population 10,430,000 Regions with significant populations Mainland China 10,410,585 [1] Taiwan 12,000 [2] Hong Kong 1,000 [3] [ obsolete source ] United States 379 [4] Languages Mandarin Chinese Manchu [note 1] Religion Manchu shamanism , Buddhism , Chinese folk religion and Roman Catholic Related ethnic groups Other Tungusic peoples This article contains Manchu text. Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Manchu alphabet . The Manchu [note 2] ( Manchu : ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ ; Möllendorff : manju ; Abkai : manju ; simplified Chinese : 满族 ; traditional Chinese : 滿族 ; pinyin : Mǎnzú ; Wade–Giles : Man 3 -tsu 2 ) are an ethnic minority in China and the people from whom Manchuria derives its name. [16] They are sometimes called " red-tasseled Manchus ", a reference to the ornamentation on traditional Manchu hats. [17] [18] The Later Jin (1616–1636), and Qing dynasty (1636–1912) were established and ruled by Manchus, who are descended from the Jurchen people who earlier established the Jin dynasty (1115–1234) in China.
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Manchus form the largest branch of the Tungusic peoples and are distributed throughout China, forming the fourth largest ethnic group in the country. [1] They can be found in 31 Chinese provincial regions. They also form the largest minority group in China without an autonomous region . Among them, Liaoning has the largest population and Hebei , Heilongjiang , Jilin , Inner Mongolia and Beijing have over 100,000 Manchu residents. About half of the population live in Liaoning and one-fifth in Hebei . There are a number of Manchu autonomous counties in China, such as Xinbin , Xiuyan , Qinglong , Fengning , Yitong , Qingyuan , Weichang , Kuancheng , Benxi , Kuandian , Huanren , Fengcheng , Beizhen [note 3] and over 300 Manchu towns and townships. [20] Contents 1 Name 2 History 2.1 Origins and early history 2.2 Manchu rule over China 2.3 Modern times 3 Population 3.1 Mainland China 3.1.1 Distribution 3.1.2 Manchu autonomous regions 3.2 Other areas 4 Culture 4.1 Influence on other Tungusic peoples 4.2 Language and alphabet 4.2.1 Language 4.2.2 Alphabet 4.2.3 Current situation 4.3 Traditional Lifestyle 4.4 Women 4.5 Names and naming practices 4.5.1 Family names 4.5.2 Given names 4.5.3 Current status 4.6 Burial customs 4.7 Traditional hairstyle 4.8 Traditional garments 4.9 Traditional activities 4.9.1 Riding and archery 4.9.2 Manchu wrestling 4.9.3 Falconry
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4.9.4 Ice skating 4.10 Literature 4.11 Folk art 4.11.1 Octagonal drum 4.11.2 Ulabun 4.12 Religion 4.12.1 Manchu shamanism 4.12.2 Buddhism 4.12.3 Chinese folk religion 4.12.4 Roman Catholic 4.13 Traditional holidays 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 7.1 Citations 7.2 Sources 7.2.1 In Chinese 7.2.2 In English 7.2.3 In Manchu 8 Further reading 9 External links Name [ edit ] Lineage of the Manchu people The Jiu Manzhou Dang contains the earliest use of Manchu. [21] However, the actual etymology of the ethnic name "Manju" is debatable. [22] According to the Qing dynasty's official historical record, the Researches on Manchu Origins , the ethnic name came from Mañjuśrī . [23] The Qianlong Emperor also supported the point of view and even wrote several poems on the subject. [24] Meng Sen , a scholar of the Qing dynasty, agreed. On the other hand, he thought the name "Manchu" might stem from Li Manzhu ( 李滿住 ), the chieftain of the Jianzhou Jurchens . [25] Another scholar, Chang Shan, thinks Manju is a compound word. "Man" was from the word "mangga" ( ᠮᠠᠩᡤᠠ ) which means strong and "ju" ( ᠵᡠ ) means arrow. So Manju actually means "intrepid arrow". [26] There are other hypotheses, such as Fu Sinian 's "etymology of Jianzhou"; Zhang Binglin 's "etymology of Manshi"; Isamura Sanjiro 's "etymology of Wuji and Mohe"; Sun Wenliang's "etymology of Manzhe"; "etymology of mangu(n) river" and so on. [27] [28] [29]
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History [ edit ] Origins and early history [ edit ] Further information: Sushen , Mogher , Jurchen people , and Manchuria under Ming rule Aguda , Emperor Taizu of Jurchen Jin The Manchus are descended from the Jurchen people who earlier established the Jin dynasty (1115–1234) in China, [30] [31] [32] but as early as the semi-mythological chronicles of the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors there is mention of the Sushen , [33] [34] [35] [36] a Tungusic people from the northern Manchurian region of northeast Asia, who paid bows and arrows as tribute to Emperor Shun [37] and later to the Zhou dynasty . [38] The Sushen used flint-headed wooden arrows, farmed, hunted and fished, and lived in caves and trees. [39] The cognates Sushen or Jichen ( 稷真 ) again appear in the Shan Hai Jing and Book of Wei during the dynastic era referring to the Tungusic Mohe tribes of the far northeast. [ citation needed ] The Mohe practiced pig farming extensively and were mainly sedentary, [40] and also used both pig and dog skins for coats. They were predominantly farmers and grew soybeans, wheat, millet and rice, in addition to hunting. [41] In the 10th century AD, the term Jurchen first appeared in documents of the late Tang dynasty in reference to the state of Balhae in present-day northeastern China.
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Following the fall of Balhae, the Jurchens became vassals of the Khitan -led Liao dynasty . The Jurchens in the Yalu River region were tributaries of Goryeo since the reign of Wang Geon , who called upon them during the wars of the Later Three Kingdoms period, but the Jurchens switched allegiance between Liao and Goryeo multiple times, taking advantage of the tension between the two nations; posing a potential threat to Goryeo's border security, the Jurchens offered tribute to the Goryeo court, expecting lavish gifts in return. [42] Before the Jurchens overthrew the Khitan, married Jurchen women and Jurchen girls were raped by Liao Khitan envoys as a custom which caused resentment by the Jurchens against the Khitan. [43] Song princesses committed suicide to avoid rape or were killed for resisting rape by the Jin. [44] In the year 1114, Wanyan Aguda united the Jurchen tribes and established the Jin dynasty (1115–1234) . [45] His brother and successor, Wanyan Wuqimai defeated the Liao dynasty. After the fall of the Liao dynasty, the Jurchens went to war with the Northern Song dynasty , and captured most of northern China in the Jin–Song wars . [46] During the Jin dynasty, the first Jurchen script came into use in the 1120s. It was mainly derived from the Khitan script . [45] The Jurchens were sedentary, [47] [48] settled farmers with advanced agriculture. They farmed grain and millet as their cereal crops, grew flax, and raised oxen, pigs, sheep and horses. [49] Their farming way of life was very different from the pastoral nomadism of the Mongols and the Khitans on the steppes. [50] [51]
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In 1206, the Mongols , vassals to the Jurchens, rose in Mongolia. Their leader, Genghis Khan , led Mongol troops against the Jurchens, who were finally defeated by Ögedei Khan in 1234. [52] Under the Mongols' control, the Jurchens were divided into two groups and treated differently: the ones who were born and raised in North China and fluent in Chinese were considered to be Chinese (Han), but the people who were born and raised in the Jurchen homeland (Manchuria) without Chinese-speaking abilities were treated as Mongols politically. [53] From that time, the Jurchens of North China increasingly merged with the Han Chinese while those living in their homeland started to be Mongolized. [54] They adopted Mongolian customs, names [note 4] and the Mongolian language. As time went on, fewer and fewer Jurchens could recognize their own script. The Mongol-led Yuan dynasty was replaced by the Ming dynasty in 1368. In 1387, Ming forces defeated the Mongol commander Naghachu 's resisting forces who settled in the Haixi area [55] and began to summon the Jurchen tribes to pay tribute. [56] At the time, some Jurchen clans were vassals to the Joseon dynasty of Korea such as Odoli and Huligai . [57] Their elites served in the Korean royal bodyguard. [58] The Joseon Koreans tried to deal with the military threat posed by the Jurchen by using both forceful means and incentives, and by launching military attacks. At the same time they tried to appease them with titles and degrees, traded with them, and sought to acculturate them by having Jurchens integrate into Korean culture. Despite these measures, however, fighting continued between the Jurchen and the Koreans. [59] [60] Their relationship was eventually stopped by the Ming dynasty government who wanted the Jurchens to protect the border. In 1403, Ahacu, chieftain of Huligai, paid tribute to the Yongle Emperor of the Ming dynasty. Soon after that, Möngke Temür , chieftain of the Odoli clan of the Jianzhou Jurchens , defected from paying tribute to Korea, becoming a tributary state to China instead. Yi Seong-gye , the Taejo of Joseon, asked the Ming Empire to send Möngke Temür back but was refused. [61] The Yongle Emperor was determined to wrest the Jurchens out of Korean influence and have China dominate them instead. [62] [63] Korea tried to persuade Möngke Temür to reject the Ming overtures, but was unsuccessful, and Möngke Temür submitted to the Ming Empire. [64] [65] [66] [67] Since then, more and more Jurchen tribes presented tribute to the Ming Empire in succession. [56] The Ming divided them into 384 guards, [58] and the Jurchen became vassals to the Ming Empire. [68] During the Ming dynasty, the name for the Jurchen land was Nurgan . The Jurchens became part of the Ming dynasty's Nurgan Regional Military Commission under the Yongle Emperor, with Ming forces erecting the Yongning Temple Stele in 1413, at the headquarters of Nurgan. The stele was inscribed in Chinese, Jurchen, Mongolian, and Tibetan.
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In 1449, Mongol taishi Esen attacked the Ming Empire and captured the Zhengtong Emperor in Tumu . Some Jurchen guards in Jianzhou and Haixi cooperated with Esen's action, [69] but more were attacked in the Mongol invasion. Many Jurchen chieftains lost their hereditary certificates granted by the Ming government. [70] They had to present tribute as secretariats ( 中书舍人 ) with less reward from the Ming court than in the time when they were heads of guards – an unpopular development. [71] Subsequently, more and more Jurchens recognised the Ming Empire's declining power due to Esen's invasion. The Zhengtong Emperor's capture directly caused Jurchen guards to go out of control. [72] Tribal leaders, such as Cungšan [note 5] and Wang Gao , brazenly plundered Ming territory. At about this time, the Jurchen script was officially abandoned. [74] More Jurchens adopted Mongolian as their writing language and fewer used Chinese. [75] The final recorded Jurchen writing dates to 1526. [76] The Manchus are sometimes mistakenly identified as nomadic people. [77] [78] [79] The Manchu way of life (economy) was agricultural, farming crops and raising animals on farms. [80] Manchus practiced slash-and-burn agriculture in the areas north of Shenyang . [81] The Haixi Jurchens were "semi-agricultural, the Jianzhou Jurchens and Maolian ( 毛怜 ) Jurchens were sedentary, while hunting and fishing was the way of life of the "Wild Jurchens". [82] Han Chinese society resembled that of the sedentary Jianzhou and Maolian, who were farmers. [83] Hunting, archery on horseback, horsemanship, livestock raising, and sedentary agriculture were all part of the Jianzhou Jurchens' culture. [84] Although Manchus practiced equestrianism and archery on horseback, their immediate progenitors practiced sedentary agriculture. [85] The Manchus also partook in hunting but were sedentary. [86] Their primary mode of production was farming while they lived in villages, forts, and walled towns. Their Jurchen Jin predecessors also practiced farming. [87] [88]
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建州毛怜则渤海大氏遗孽，乐住种，善缉纺，饮食服用，皆如华人，自长白山迤南，可拊而治也。 "The (people of) Chien-chou and Mao-lin [YLSL always reads Mao-lien] are the descendants of the family Ta of Po-hai. They love to be sedentary and sew, and they are skilled in spinning and weaving. As for food, clothing and utensils, they are the same as (those used by) the Chinese. Those living south of the Ch'ang-pai mountain are apt to be soothed and governed." 魏焕《皇明九边考》卷二《辽东镇边夷考》 [89] Translation from Sino-J̌ürčed relations during the Yung-Lo period, 1403–1424 by Henry Serruys [90] Although their Mohe ancestors did not respect dogs, the Jurchens began to respect dogs around the time of the Ming dynasty, and passed this tradition on to the Manchus. It was prohibited in Jurchen culture to use dog skin, and forbidden for Jurchens to harm, kill, or eat dogs. For political reasons, the Jurchen leader Nurhaci chose variously to emphasize either differences or similarities in lifestyles with other peoples like the Mongols. [91] Nurhaci said to the Mongols that "the languages of the Chinese and Koreans are different, but their clothing and way of life is the same. It is the same with us Manchus (Jušen) and Mongols. Our languages are different, but our clothing and way of life is the same." Later Nurhaci indicated that the bond with the Mongols was not based in any real shared culture. It was for pragmatic reasons of "mutual opportunism," since Nurhaci said to the Mongols: "You Mongols raise livestock, eat meat, and wear pelts. My people till the fields and live on grain. We two are not one country and we have different languages." [92]
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Manchu rule over China [ edit ] Further information: Eight Banners , Qing conquest of the Ming , Qing dynasty , and Ethnic identity in the Eight Banners An imperial portrait of Nurgaci A century after the chaos started in the Jurchen lands, Nurhaci , a chieftain of the Jianzhou Left Guard, began a campaign against the Ming Empire in revenge for their manslaughter of his grandfather and father in 1583. [93] He reunified the Jurchen tribes, established a military system called the " Eight Banners ", which organized Jurchen soldiers into groups of "Bannermen", and ordered his scholar Erdeni and minister Gagai to create a new Jurchen script (later known as Manchu script ) using the traditional Mongolian alphabet as a reference. [94] When the Jurchens were reorganized by Nurhaci into the Eight Banners, many Manchu clans were artificially created as a group of unrelated people founded a new Manchu clan (mukun) using a geographic origin name such as a toponym for their hala (clan name). [95] The irregularities over Jurchen and Manchu clan origin led to the Qing trying to document and systematize the creation of histories for Manchu clans, including manufacturing an entire legend around the origin of the Aisin Gioro clan by taking mythology from the northeast. [96] In 1603, Nurhaci gained recognition as the Sure Kundulen Khan ( Manchu : ᠰᡠᡵᡝ ᡴᡠᠨᡩᡠᠯᡝᠨ ᡥᠠᠨ ; Möllendorff : sure kundulen han ; Abkai : sure kundulen han , "wise and respected khan") from his Khalkha Mongol allies; [97] then, in 1616, he publicly enthroned himself and issued a proclamation naming himself Genggiyen Khan ( Manchu : ᡤᡝᠩᡤᡳᠶᡝᠨ ᡥᠠᠨ ; Möllendorff : genggiyen han ; Abkai : genggiyen han , "bright khan") of the Later Jin dynasty ( Manchu : ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠨ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ ; Möllendorff : aisin gurun ; Abkai : aisin gurun [note 6] , 後金). Nurhaci then launched his attack on the Ming dynasty [97] and moved the capital to Mukden after his conquest of Liaodong. [99] In 1635, his son and successor Huangtaiji changed the name of the Jurchen ethnic group ( Manchu : ᠵᡠᡧᡝᠨ ; Möllendorff : jušen ; Abkai : juxen ) to the Manchu. [100] A year later, Huangtaiji proclaimed himself the emperor of the Qing dynasty ( Manchu : ᡩᠠᡳ᠌ᠴᡳᠩ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ ; Möllendorff : daicing gurun ; Abkai : daiqing gurun [note 7] ). [102] Factors for the change of name of these people from Jurchen to Manchu include the fact that the term "Jurchen" had negative connotations since the Jurchens had been in a servile position to the Ming dynasty for several hundred years, and it also referred to people of the "dependent class". [103] [104]
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In 1644, the Ming capital, Beijing , was sacked by a peasant revolt led by Li Zicheng , a former minor Ming official who became the leader of the peasant revolt, who then proclaimed the establishment of the Shun dynasty . The last Ming ruler, the Chongzhen Emperor , committed suicide by hanging himself when the city fell. When Li Zicheng moved against the Ming general Wu Sangui , the latter made an alliance with the Manchus and opened the Shanhai Pass to the Manchu army. After the Manchus defeated Li Zicheng , they moved the capital of their new Qing Empire to Beijing ( Manchu : ᠪᡝᡤᡳᠩ ; Möllendorff : beging ; Abkai : beging [105] ) in the same year. [106] The Qing government differentiated between Han Bannermen and ordinary Han civilians. Han Bannermen were Han Chinese who defected to the Qing Empire up to 1644 and joined the Eight Banners, giving them social and legal privileges in addition to being acculturated to Manchu culture. So many Han defected to the Qing Empire and swelled up the ranks of the Eight Banners that ethnic Manchus became a minority within the Banners, making up only 16% in 1648, with Han Bannermen dominating at 75% and Mongol Bannermen making up the rest. [107] [108] [109] It was this multi-ethnic, majority Han force in which Manchus were a minority, which conquered China for the Qing Empire. [110]
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A mass marriage of Han Chinese officers and officials to Manchu women to balance the massive number of Han women who entered the Manchu court as courtesans, concubines, and wives. These couples were arranged by Prince Yoto and Hong Taiji in 1632 to promote harmony between the two ethnic groups. [111] Also to promote ethnic harmony, a 1648 decree from the Shunzhi Emperor allowed Han Chinese civilian men to marry Manchu women from the Banners with the permission of the Board of Revenue if they were registered daughters of officials or commoners or the permission of their banner company captain if they were unregistered commoners. It was only later in the dynasty that these policies allowing intermarriage were done away with. [112] [113] The Qing Empire ca. 1820 The change of the name from Jurchen to Manchu was made to hide the fact that the ancestors of the Manchus, the Jianzhou Jurchens, had been ruled by the Chinese. [114] [115] [116] The Qing dynasty carefully hid the 2 original editions of the books of " Qing Taizu Wu Huangdi Shilu " and the " Manzhou Shilu Tu " (Taizu Shilu Tu) in the Qing palace, forbidden from public view because they showed that the Manchu Aisin Gioro family had been ruled by the Ming dynasty. [117] [118] In the Ming period, the Koreans of Joseon referred to the Jurchen inhabited lands north of the Korean peninsula, above the rivers Yalu and Tumen to be part of Ming China, as the "superior country" (sangguk) which they called Ming China. [119] The Qing deliberately excluded references and information that showed the Jurchens (Manchus) as subservient to the Ming dynasty, from the History of Ming to hide their former subservient relationship to the Ming. The Veritable Records of Ming were not used to source content on Jurchens during Ming rule in the History of Ming because of this. [120]
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As a result of their conquest of China , almost all the Manchus followed the prince regent Dorgon and the Shunzhi Emperor to Beijing and settled there. [121] [122] A few of them were sent to other places such as Inner Mongolia , Xinjiang and Tibet to serve as garrison troops. [122] There were only 1524 Bannermen left in Manchuria at the time of the initial Manchu conquest. [123] After a series of border conflicts with the Russians , the Qing emperors started to realize the strategic importance of Manchuria and gradually sent Manchus back where they originally came from. [121] But throughout the Qing dynasty, Beijing was the focal point of the ruling Manchus in the political, economic and cultural spheres. The Yongzheng Emperor noted: "Garrisons are the places of stationed works, Beijing is their homeland." [124] While the Manchu ruling elite at the Qing imperial court in Beijing and posts of authority throughout China increasingly adopted Han culture, the Qing imperial government viewed the Manchu communities (as well as those of various tribal people) in Manchuria as a place where traditional Manchu virtues could be preserved, and as a vital reservoir of military manpower fully dedicated to the regime. [125] The Qing emperors tried to protect the traditional way of life of the Manchus (as well as various other tribal peoples) in central and northern Manchuria by a variety of means. In particular, they restricted the migration of Han settlers to the region. This had to be balanced with practical needs, such as maintaining the defense of northern China against the Russians and the Mongols, supplying government farms with a skilled work force, and conducting trade in the region's products, which resulted in a continuous trickle of Han convicts, workers, and merchants to the northeast. [126]
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Han Chinese transfrontiersmen and other non-Jurchen origin people who joined the Later Jin very early were put into the Manchu Banners and were known as "Baisin" in Manchu, and not put into the Han Banners to which later Han Chinese were placed in. [127] [128] An example was the Tokoro Manchu clan in the Manchu banners which claimed to be descended from a Han Chinese with the surname of Tao who had moved north from Zhejiang to Liaodong and joined the Jurchens before the Qing in the Ming Wanli emperor's era. [129] [130] [131] [132] The Han Chinese Banner Tong 佟 clan of Fushun in Liaoning falsely claimed to be related to the Jurchen Manchu Tunggiya 佟佳 clan of Jilin , using this false claim to get themselves transferred to a Manchu banner in the reign of the Kangxi emperor . [133] Select groups of Han Chinese bannermen were mass transferred into Manchu Banners by the Qing, changing their ethnicity from Han Chinese to Manchu. Han Chinese bannermen of Tai Nikan 台尼堪 (watchpost Chinese) and Fusi Nikan 抚顺尼堪 (Fushun Chinese) [134] backgrounds into the Manchu banners in 1740 by order of the Qing Qianlong emperor . [135] It was between 1618-1629 when the Han Chinese from Liaodong who later became the Fushun Nikan and Tai Nikan defected to the Jurchens (Manchus). [136] These Han Chinese origin Manchu clans continue to use their original Han surnames and are marked as of Han origin on Qing lists of Manchu clans . [137] [138] [139] [140] The Fushun Nikan became Manchufied and the originally Han banner families of Wang Shixuan, Cai Yurong, Zu Dashou, Li Yongfang, Shi Tingzhu and Shang Kexi intermarried extensively with Manchu families. [141]
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Manchu families adopted Han Chinese sons from families of bondservant Booi Aha (baoyi) origin and they served in Manchu company registers as detached household Manchus and the Qing imperial court found this out in 1729. Manchu Bannermen who needed money helped falsify registration for Han Chinese servants being adopted into the Manchu banners and Manchu families who lacked sons were allowed to adopt their servant's sons or servants themselves. [142] The Manchu families were paid to adopt Han Chinese sons from bondservant families by those families. The Qing Imperial Guard captain Batu was furious at the Manchus who adopted Han Chinese as their sons from slave and bondservant families in exchange for money and expressed his displeasure at them adopting Han Chinese instead of other Manchus. [143] These Han Chinese who infiltrated the Manchu Banners by adoption were known as "secondary-status bannermen" and "false Manchus" or "separate-register Manchus", and there were eventually so many of these Han Chinese that they took over military positions in the Banners which should have been reserved for Manchus. Han Chinese foster-son and separate register bannermen made up 800 out of 1,600 soldiers of the Mongol Banners and Manchu Banners of Hangzhou in 1740 which was nearly 50%. Han Chinese foster-son made up 220 out of 1,600 unsalaried troops at Jingzhou in 1747 and an assortment of Han Chinese separate-register, Mongol, and Manchu bannermen were the remainder. Han Chinese secondary status bannermen made up 180 of 3,600 troop households in Ningxia while Han Chinese separate registers made up 380 out of 2,700 Manchu soldiers in Liangzhou. The result of these Han Chinese fake Manchus taking up military positions resulted in many legitimate Manchus being deprived of their rightful positions as soldiers in the Banner armies, resulting in the real Manchus unable to receive their salaries as Han Chinese infiltrators in the banners stole their social and economic status and rights. These Han Chinese infiltrators were said to be good military troops and their skills at marching and archery were up to par so that the Zhapu lieutenant general couldn't differentiate them from true Manchus in terms of military skills. [144] Manchu Banners contained a lot of "false Manchus" who were from Han Chinese civilian families but were adopted by Manchu bannermen after the Yongzheng reign. The Jingkou and Jiangning Mongol banners and Manchu Banners had 1,795 adopted Han Chinese and the Beijing Mongol Banners and Manchu Banners had 2,400 adopted Han Chinese in statistics taken from the 1821 census. Despite Qing attempts to differentiate adopted Han Chinese from normal Manchu bannermen the differences between them became hazy. [145] These adopted Han Chinese bondservants who managed to get themselves onto Manchu banner roles were called kaihu ren (開戶人) in Chinese and dangse faksalaha urse in Manchu. Normal Manchus were called jingkini Manjusa.
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A Manchu Bannerman in Guangzhou called Hequan illegally adopted a Han Chinese named Zhao Tinglu, the son of former Han bannerman Zhao Quan, and gave him a new name, Quanheng in order that he be able to benefit from his adopted son receiving a salary as a Banner soldier. [146] Commoner Manchu bannermen who were not nobility were called irgen which meant common, in contrast to the Manchu nobility of the "Eight Great Houses" who held noble titles. [147] [148] This policy of artificially isolating the Manchus of the northeast from the rest of China could not last forever. In the 1850s, large numbers of Manchu bannermen were sent to central China to fight the Taiping rebels . (For example, just the Heilongjiang province – which at the time included only the northern part of today's Heilongjiang – contributed 67,730 bannermen to the campaign, of whom only 10–20% survived). [149] Those few who returned were demoralized and often disposed to opium addiction. [150] In 1860, in the aftermath of the loss of " Outer Manchuria ", and with the imperial and provincial governments in deep financial trouble, parts of Manchuria became officially open to Chinese settlement ; [151] within a few decades, the Manchus became a minority in most of Manchuria's districts. Dulimbai Gurun ᡩᡠᠯᡳᠮᠪᠠᡳ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ is the Manchu name for China ( 中國 ; Zhōngguó ; 'Middle Kingdom'). [152] [153] [154] After conquering the Ming dynasty, the Qing rulers typically referred to their state as the "Great Qing" ( 大清 ), or Daicing gurun in Manchu. In some documents, the state, or parts of it, is called "China" (Zhongguo), or "Dulimbai Gurun" in the Manchu tongue. Debate continues over whether the Qing equated the lands of the Qing state, including present-day Manchuria, Xinjiang, Mongolia, Tibet and other areas, with "China" in both the Chinese and Manchu languages. Some scholars claim that the Qing rulers defined China as a multiethnic state, rejecting the idea that China only meant Han areas, proclaiming that both Han and non-Han peoples were part of "China", using "China" to refer to the Qing dynasty's empire in official documents, international treaties, and foreign affairs, and the term "Chinese people" ( 中國人 ; Zhōngguó Rén ; Manchu: ᡩᡠᠯᡳᠮᠪᠠᡳ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ ᡳ ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠯᠮᠠ Dulimbai gurun-i niyalma ) referred to all the Han, Manchu, and Mongol subjects of the Qing Empire. [155]
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When the Qing Empire conquered Dzungaria in 1759 , it proclaimed that the new land was absorbed into "China" (Dulimbai Gurun) in a Manchu language memorial. [156] [157] [158] The Qing government expounded in its ideology that it was bringing the "outer" non-Han Chinese like the Inner Mongols, Eastern Mongols, Oirat Mongols, and Tibetans together with the "inner" Han Chinese into "one family" united in the Qing state. The Qing government used the phrase "Zhongwai yijia" 中外一家 or "neiwai yijia" 內外一家 ("interior and exterior as one family") to convey this idea of unification of the different peoples of their empire. [159] A Manchu language version of a treaty with the Russian Empire concerning criminal jurisdiction over bandits called people from the Qing Empire as "people of the Central Kingdom (Dulimbai Gurun)". [160] [161] [162] [163] In the Manchu official Tulisen 's Manchu language account of his meeting with the Torghut leader Ayuka Khan , it was mentioned that while the Torghuts were unlike the Russians, the "people of the Central Kingdom" (dulimba-i gurun 中國 , Zhongguo) were like the Torghuts; "people of the Central Kingdom" meant Manchus. [164] It was possible for Han Bannermen and Han bondservants (booi) to become Manchu by being transferred into the upper three Manchu Banners and having their surname "Manchufied" with the addition of a "giya" ( 佳 ) as a suffix. The process was called taiqi ( 抬旗 ; 'raising of the banner') in Chinese. It typically occurred in cases of intermarriage with the Aisin Gioro clan (the imperial clan); close relatives (fathers and brothers) of the concubine or Empress would get promoted from the Han Banner to the Manchu Banner and become Manchu.
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Modern times [ edit ] Prince Zaitao dresses in modern reformed uniform of late Qing dynasty A noble lady, 1900s Many Manchu Bannermen in Beijing supported the Boxers in the Boxer Rebellion and shared their anti-foreign sentiment. [165] The Manchu Bannermen were devastated by the fighting during the First Sino-Japanese War and the Boxer Rebellion, sustaining massive casualties during the wars and subsequently being driven into extreme suffering and hardship. [166] Much of the fighting in the Boxer Rebellion against the foreigners in defense of Beijing and Manchuria was done by Manchu Banner armies, which were destroyed while resisting the invasion. The German Minister Clemens von Ketteler was assassinated by a Manchu. [167] Thousands of Manchus fled south from Aigun during the fighting in the Boxer Rebellion in 1900, their cattle and horses then stolen by Russian Cossacks who razed their villages and homes. [168] The clan system of the Manchus in Aigun was obliterated by the despoliation of the area at the hands of the Russian invaders. [169] By the 19th century, most Manchus in the city garrison spoke only Mandarin Chinese , not Manchu, which still distinguished them from their Han neighbors in southern China, who spoke non-Mandarin dialects. That they spoke Beijing dialect made recognizing Manchus relatively easy. [170] [171] It was northern Standard Chinese which the Manchu Bannermen spoke instead of the local dialect the Han people around the garrison spoke, so that Manchus in the garrisons at Jingzhou and Guangzhou both spoke Mandarin even though Cantonese was spoken at Guangzhou, and the Beijing dialect distinguished the Manchu bannermen at the Xi'an garrison from other people. [172] [173] Many Manchu Bannermen got jobs as Mandarin teachers, writing textbooks for learning Mandarin and instructing people in Mandarin. [174] In Guangdong, the Manchu Mandarin teacher Sun Yizun advised that the Yinyun Chanwei and Kangxi Zidian , dictionaries issued by the Qing government, were the correct guides to Mandarin pronunciation, rather than the pronunciation of the Beijing and Nanjing dialects. [175] For teaching the Beijing dialect, Kyugaigo , the Japanese foreign language school, hired a Manchu in 1876. [176]
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In the late 19th century and early 1900s, intermarriage between Manchus and Han bannermen in the northeast increased as Manchu families were more willing to marry their daughters to sons from well off Han families to trade their ethnic status for higher financial status. [177] The Han Chinese Li Guojie, the grandson of Li Hongzhang , married the Manchu daughter of Natong ( 那桐 ), the Grand Secretary ( 大學士 ). [178] Most intermarriage consisted of Han Bannermen marrying Manchus in areas like Aihun. [179] Han Chinese Bannermen wedded Manchus and there was no law against this. [180] Two of the Han Chinese General Yuan Shikai 's sons married Manchu women, his sons Yuan Kequan 克权 marrying one of Manchu official Duanfang 's daughters and Yuan Kexiang 克相 marrying one of Manchu official Natong 's daughters, and one his daughters married a Manchu man, Yuan Fuzhen 复祯 marrying one of Manchu official Yinchang 's sons. [181] As the end of the Qing dynasty approached, Manchus were portrayed as outside colonizers by Chinese nationalists such as Sun Yat-sen , even though the Republican revolution he brought about was supported by many reform-minded Manchu officials and military officers. [182] This portrayal dissipated somewhat after the 1911 revolution as the new Republic of China now sought to include Manchus within its national identity . [183] In order to blend in, some Manchus switched to speaking the local dialect instead of Standard Chinese. [184] [185]
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By the early years of the Republic of China , very few areas of China still had traditional Manchu populations. Among the few regions where such comparatively traditional communities could be found, and where the Manchu language was still widely spoken, were the Aigun ( Manchu : ᠠᡳ᠌ᡥᡡᠨ ; Möllendorff : aihūn ; Abkai : aihvn ) District and the Qiqihar ( Manchu : ᠴᡳᠴᡳᡤᠠᡵ ; Möllendorff : cicigar ; Abkai : qiqigar ) District of Heilongjiang Province. [186] Until 1924, the Chinese government continued to pay stipends to Manchu bannermen, but many cut their links with their banners and took on Han-style names to avoid persecution. [187] The official total of Manchus fell by more than half during this period, as they refused to admit their ethnicity when asked by government officials or other outsiders. [188] On the other hand, in warlord Zhang Zuolin 's reign in Manchuria, much better treatment was reported. [189] [190] There was no particular persecution of Manchus. [189] Even the mausoleums of Qing emperors were still allowed to be managed by Manchu guardsmen, as in the past. [189] Many Manchus joined the Fengtian clique , such as Xi Qia , a member of the Qing dynasty's imperial clan. As a follow-up to the Mukden Incident , Manchukuo , a puppet state in Manchuria, was created by the Empire of Japan which was nominally ruled by the deposed Last Emperor, Puyi , in 1932. Although the nation's name implied a primarily Manchu affiliation, it was actually a completely new country for all the ethnicities in Manchuria, [191] [192] which had a majority Han population and was opposed by many Manchus as well as people of other ethnicities who fought against Japan in the Second Sino-Japanese War . [69] The Japanese Ueda Kyōsuke labeled all 30 million people in Manchuria "Manchus", including Han Chinese, even though most of them were not ethnic Manchu, and the Japanese-written "Great Manchukuo" built upon Ueda's argument to claim that all 30 million "Manchus" in Manchukuo had the right to independence to justify splitting Manchukuo from China. [193] In 1942, the Japanese-written "Ten Year History of the Construction of Manchukuo" attempted to emphasize the right of ethnic Japanese to the land of Manchukuo while attempting to delegitimize the Manchus' claim to Manchukuo as their native land, noting that most Manchus moved out during the Qing dynasty and only returned later. [194]
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In 1952, after the failure of both Manchukuo and the Nationalist Government (KMT), the newborn People's Republic of China officially recognized the Manchu as one of the ethnic minorities in 1952 as Mao Zedong had criticized the Han chauvinism that dominated the KMT. [195] In the 1953 census, 2.5 million people identified themselves as Manchu. [196] The Communist government also attempted to improve the treatment of Manchu people; some Manchu people who had hidden their ancestry during the period of KMT rule became willing to reveal their ancestry, such as the writer Lao She , who began to include Manchu characters in his fictional works in the 1950s. [197] Between 1982 and 1990, the official count of Manchu people more than doubled from 4,299,159 to 9,821,180, making them China's fastest-growing ethnic minority, [198] but this growth was only on paper, as people formerly registered as Han applied for official recognition as Manchu. [199] Since the 1980s, thirteen Manchu autonomous counties have been created in Liaoning, Jilin, Hebei, and Heilongjiang. [200] The Eight Banners system is one of the most important ethnic identity of today's Manchu people. [201] So nowadays, Manchus are more like an ethnic coalition which not only contains the descendants of Manchu bannermen, also has a large number of Manchu-assimilated Chinese and Mongol bannermen. [202] [203] [204] [205] However, Solon and Sibe Bannermen who were considered as part of Eight Banner system under the Qing dynasty were registered as independent ethnic groups by the PRC government as Daur , Evenk , Nanai , Oroqen , and Sibe. [206]
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Since the 1980s, the reform after Cultural Revolution , there has been a renaissance of Manchu culture and language among the government, scholars and social activities with remarkable achievements. [207] It was also reported that the resurgence of interest also spread among Han Chinese . [208] In modern China, Manchu culture and language preservation is promoted by the Communist Party of China , and Manchus once again form one of the most socioeconomically advanced minorities within China. [209] Manchus generally face little to no discrimination in their daily lives, there is however, a remaining anti-Manchu sentiment amongst extremist Han nationalists. It is particularly common with participants of the Hanfu movement who subscribe to conspiracy theories about Manchu people, such as the Chinese Communist Party being occupied by Manchu elites hence the better treatment Manchus receive under the People's Republic of China in contrast to their persecution under the KMT's Republic of China rule. [210] Population [ edit ] Mainland China [ edit ] Most Manchu people now live in Mainland China with a population of 10,410,585, [1] which is 9.28% of ethnic minorities and 0.77% of China's total population. [1] Among the provincial regions, there are two provinces, Liaoning and Hebei , which have over 1,000,000 Manchu residents. [1] Liaoning has 5,336,895 Manchu residents which is 51.26% of Manchu population and 12.20% provincial population; Hebei has 2,118,711 which is 20.35% of Manchu people and 70.80% of provincial ethnic minorites. [1] Manchus are the largest ethnic minority in Liaoning, Hebei, Heilongjiang and Beijing ; 2nd largest in Jilin , Inner Mongolia , Tianjin , Ningxia , Shaanxi and Shanxi and 3rd largest in Henan , Shandong and Anhui . [1]
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Distribution [ edit ] Distribution of Manchu population in the People's Republic of China [1] Rank Region Total Population Manchu Percentage in Manchu Population Percentage in the Population of Ethnic Minorities（% Regional Percentage of Population Regional Rank of Ethnic Population Total 1,335,110,869 10,410,585 100 9.28 0.77 Total (in all 31 provincial regions) 1,332,810,869 10,387,958 99.83 9.28 0.78 G1 Northeast 109,513,129 6,951,280 66.77 68.13 6.35 G2 North 164,823,663 3,002,873 28.84 32.38 1.82 G3 East 392,862,229 122,861 1.18 3.11 0.03 G4 South Central 375,984,133 120,424 1.16 0.39 0.03 G5 Northwest 96,646,530 82,135 0.79 0.40 0.08 G6 Southwest 192,981,185 57,785 0.56 0.15 0.03 1 Liaoning 43,746,323 5,336,895 51.26 80.34 12.20 2nd 2 Hebei 71,854,210 2,118,711 20.35 70.80 2.95 2nd 3 Jilin 27,452,815 866,365 8.32 39.64 3.16 3rd 4 Heilongjiang 38,313,991 748,020 7.19 54.41 1.95 2nd 5 Inner Mongolia 24,706,291 452,765 4.35 8.96 2.14 3rd 6 Beijing 19,612,368 336,032 3.23 41.94 1.71 2nd 7 Tianjin 12,938,693 83,624 0.80 25.23 0.65 3rd 8 Henan 94,029,939 55,493 0.53 4.95 0.06 4th 9 Shandong 95,792,719 46,521 0.45 6.41 0.05 4th 10 Guangdong 104,320,459 29,557 0.28 1.43 0.03 9th 11 Shanghai 23,019,196 25,165 0.24 9.11 0.11 5th 12 Ningxia 6,301,350 24,902 0.24 1.12 0.40 3rd 13 Guizhou 34,748,556 23,086 0.22 0.19 0.07 18th 14 Xinjiang 21,815,815 18,707 0.18 0.14 0.09 10th 15 Jiangsu 78,660,941 18,074 0.17 4.70 0.02 7th
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16 Shaanxi 37,327,379 16,291 0.16 8.59 0.04 3rd 17 Sichuan 80,417,528 15,920 0.15 0.32 0.02 10th 18 Gansu 25,575,263 14,206 0.14 0.59 0.06 7th 19 Yunnan 45,966,766 13,490 0.13 0.09 0.03 24th 20 Hubei 57,237,727 12,899 0.12 0.52 0.02 6th 21 Shanxi 25,712,101 11,741 0.11 12.54 0.05 3rd 22 Zhejiang 54,426,891 11,271 0.11 0.93 0.02 13th 23 Guangxi 46,023,761 11,159 0.11 0.07 0.02 12th 24 Anhui 59,500,468 8,516 0.08 2.15 0.01 4th 25 Fujian 36,894,217 8,372 0.08 1.05 0.02 10th 26 Qinghai 5,626,723 8,029 0.08 0.30 0.14 7th 27 Hunan 65,700,762 7,566 0.07 0.12 0.01 9th 28 Jiangxi 44,567,797 4,942 0.05 2.95 0.01 6th 29 Chongqing 28,846,170 4,571 0.04 0.24 0.02 7th 30 Hainan 8,671,485 3,750 0.04 0.26 0.04 8th 31 Tibet 3,002,165 718 <0.01 0.03 0.02 11th Active Servicemen 2,300,000 22,627 0.24 23.46 1.05 2nd Manchu autonomous regions [ edit ] Manchu Autonomous Counties Manchu Autonomous County Province City Qinglong Manchu Autonomous County Hebei Qinhuangdao Fengning Manchu Autonomous County Hebei Chengde Weichang Manchu and Mongol Autonomous County Hebei Chengde Kuancheng Manchu Autonomous County Hebei Chengde Xiuyan Manchu Autonomous County Liaoning Anshan Qingyuan Manchu Autonomous County Liaoning Fushun Xinbin Manchu Autonomous County Liaoning Fushun Kuandian Manchu Autonomous County Liaoning Dandong Benxi Manchu Autonomous County Liaoning Benxi Huanren Manchu Autonomous County Liaoning Benxi Yitong Manchu Autonomous County Jilin Siping Manchu Ethnic Towns/Townships
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Manchu Ethnic Town/Township Province Autonomous area Municipality City Prefecture County Paifang Hui and Manchu Ethnic Township Anhui Hefei Feidong Labagoumen Manchu Ethnic Township Beijing N/A Huairou Changshaoying Manchu Ethnic Township Beijing N/A Huairou Huangni Yi, Miao and Manchu Ethnic Township Guizhou Bijie Dafang Jinpo Miao, Yi and Manchu Ethnic Township Guizhou Bijie Qianxi Anluo Miao, Yi and Manchu Ethnic Township Guizhou Bijie Jinsha Xinhua Miao, Yi and Manchu Ethnic Township Guizhou Bijie Jinsha Tangquan Manchu Ethnic Township Hebei Tangshan Zunhua Xixiaying Manchu Ethnic Township Hebei Tangshan Zunhua Dongling Manchu Ethnic Township Hebei Tangshan Zunhua Lingyunce Manchu and Hui Ethnic Township Hebei Baoding Yi Loucun Manchu Ethnic Township Hebei Baoding Laishui Daweihe Hui and Manchu Ethnic Township Hebei Langfang Wen'an Pingfang Manchu Ethnic Township Hebei Chengde Luanping Anchungou Manchu Ethnic Township Hebei Chengde Luanping Wudaoyingzi Manchu Ethnic Township Hebei Chengde Luanping Zhengchang Manchu Ethnic Township Hebei Chengde Luanping Mayingzi Manchu Ethnic Township Hebei Chengde Luanping Fujiadianzi Manchu Ethnic Township Hebei Chengde Luanping Xidi Manchu Ethnic Township Hebei Chengde Luanping Xiaoying Manchu Ethnic Township Hebei Chengde Luanping Datun Manchu Ethnic Township Hebei Chengde Luanping Xigou Manchu Ethnic Township Hebei Chengde Luanping Gangzi Manchu Ethnic Township Hebei Chengde Chengde Liangjia Manchu Ethnic Township Hebei Chengde Chengde Bagualing Manchu Ethnic Township Hebei Chengde Xinglong Nantianmen Manchu Ethnic Township Hebei Chengde Xinglong Yinjiaying Manchu Ethnic Township
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Hebei Chengde Longhua Miaozigou Mongol and Manchu Ethnic Township Hebei Chengde Longhua Badaying Manchu Ethnic Township Hebei Chengde Longhua Taipingzhuang Manchu Ethnic Township Hebei Chengde Longhua Jiutun Manchu Ethnic Township Hebei Chengde Longhua Xi'achao Manchu and Mongol Ethnic Township Hebei Chengde Longhua Baihugou Mongol and Manchu Ethnic Township Hebei Chengde Longhua Liuxi Manchu Ethnic Township Hebei Chengde Pingquan Qijiadai Manchu Ethnic Township Hebei Chengde Pingquan Pingfang Manchu and Mongol Ethnic Township Hebei Chengde Pingquan Maolangou Manchu and Mongol Ethnic Township Hebei Chengde Pingquan Xuzhangzi Manchu Ethnic Township Hebei Chengde Pingquan Nanwushijia Manchu and Mongol Ethnic Township Hebei Chengde Pingquan Guozhangzi Manchu Ethnic Township Hebei Chengde Pingquan Hongqi Manchu Ethnic Township Heilongjiang Harbin Nangang Xingfu Manchu Ethnic Township Heilongjiang Harbin Shuangcheng Lequn Manchu Ethnic Township Heilongjiang Harbin Shuangcheng Tongxin Manchu Ethnic Township Heilongjiang Harbin Shuangcheng Xiqin Manchu Ethnic Township Heilongjiang Harbin Shuangcheng Gongzheng Manchu Ethnic Township Heilongjiang Harbin Shuangcheng Lianxing Manchu Ethnic Township Heilongjiang Harbin Shuangcheng Xinxing Manchu Ethnic Township Heilongjiang Harbin Shuangcheng Qingling Manchu Ethnic Township Heilongjiang Harbin Shuangcheng Nongfeng Manchu and Xibe Ethnic Town Heilongjiang Harbin Shuangcheng Yuejin Manchu Ethnic Township Heilongjiang Harbin Shuangcheng Lalin Manchu Ethnic Town Heilongjiang Harbin Wuchang Hongqi Manchu Ethnic Township Heilongjiang Harbin Wuchang Niujia Manchu Ethnic Town Heilongjiang Harbin Wuchang Yingchengzi Manchu Ethnic Township Heilongjiang Harbin Wuchang Shuangqiaozi Manchu Ethnic Township Heilongjiang Harbin Wuchang Liaodian Manchu Ethnic Township
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Heilongjiang Harbin Acheng Shuishiying Manchu Ethnic Township Heilongjiang Qiqihar Ang'angxi Youyi Daur, Kirgiz and Manchu Ethnic Township Heilongjiang Qiqihar Fuyu Taha Manchu and Daur Ethnic Township Heilongjiang Qiqihar Fuyu Jiangnan Korean and Manchu Ethnic Township Heilongjiang Mudanjiang Ning'an Chengdong Korean and Manchu Ethnic Township Heilongjiang Mudanjiang Ning'an Sijiazi Manchu Ethnic Township Heilongjiang Heihe Aihui Yanjiang Daur and Manchu Ethnic Township Heilongjiang Heihe Sunwu Suisheng Manchu Ethnic Town Heilongjiang Suihua Beilin Yong'an Manchu Ethnic Town Heilongjiang Suihua Beilin Hongqi Manchu Ethnic Township Heilongjiang Suihua Beilin Huiqi Manchu Ethnic Town Heilongjiang Suihua Wangkui Xiangbai Manchu Ethnic Township Heilongjiang Suihua Wangkui Lingshan Manchu Ethnic Township Heilongjiang Suihua Wangkui Fuxing Manchu Ethnic Township Heilongjiang Hegang Suibin Chengfu Korean and Manchu Ethnic Township Heilongjiang Shuangyashan Youyi Longshan Manchu Ethnic Township Jilin Siping Gongzhuling Ershijiazi Manchu Ethnic Town Jilin Siping Gongzhuling Sanjiazi Manchu Ethnic Township Jilin Yanbian Hunchun Yangpao Manchu Ethnic Township Jilin Yanbian Hunchun Wulajie Manchu Ethnic Town Jilin Jilin City Longtan Dakouqin Manchu Ethnic Town Jilin Jilin City Yongji Liangjiazi Manchu Ethnic Township Jilin Jilin City Yongji Jinjia Manchu Ethnic Township Jilin Jilin City Yongji Tuchengzi Manchu and Korean Ethnic Township Jilin Jilin City Yongji Jindou Korean and Manchu Ethnic Township Jilin Tonghua Tonghua County Daquanyuan Korean and Manchu Ethnic Township Jilin Tonghua Tonghua County Xiaoyang Manchu and Korean Ethnic Township Jilin Tonghua Meihekou Sanhe Manchu and Korean Ethnic Township
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Jilin Liaoyuan Dongfeng County Mantang Manchu Ethnic Township Liaoning Shenyang Dongling Liushutun Mongol and Manchu Ethnic Township Liaoning Shenyang Kangping Shajintai Mongol and Manchu Ethnic Township Liaoning Shenyang Kangping Dongsheng Manchu and Mongol Ethnic Township Liaoning Shenyang Kangping Liangguantun Mongol and Manchu Ethnic Township Liaoning Shenyang Kangping Shihe Manchu Ethnic Town Liaoning Dalian Jinzhou Qidingshan Manchu Ethnic Township Liaoning Dalian Jinzhou Taling Manchu Ethnic Township Liaoning Dalian Zhuanghe Gaoling Manchu Ethnic Township Liaoning Dalian Zhuanghe Guiyunhua Manchu Ethnic Township Liaoning Dalian Zhuanghe Sanjiashan Manchu Ethnic Township Liaoning Dalian Zhuanghe Yangjia Manchu Ethnic Township Liaoning Dalian Wafangdian Santai Manchu Ethnic Township Liaoning Dalian Wafangdian Laohutun Manchu Ethnic Township Liaoning Dalian Wafangdian Dagushan Manchu Ethnic Town Liaoning Anshan Qianshan Songsantaizi Korean and Manchu Ethnic Town Liaoning Anshan Qianshan Lagu Manchu Ethnic Township Liaoning Fushun Fushun County Tangtu Manchu Ethnic Township Liaoning Fushun Fushun County Sishanling Manchu Ethnic Township Liaoning Benxi Nanfen Xiamatang Manchu Ethnic Town Liaoning Benxi Nanfen Huolianzhai Hui and Manchu Ethnic Town Liaoning Benxi Xihu Helong Manchu Ethnic Township Liaoning Dandong Donggang Longwangmiao Manchu and Xibe Ethnic Town Liaoning Dandong Donggang Juliangtun Manchu Ethnic Township Liaoning Jinzhou Yi Jiudaoling Manchu Ethnic Township Liaoning Jinzhou Yi Dizangsi Manchu Ethnic Township Liaoning Jinzhou Yi Hongqiangzi Manchu Ethnic Township Liaoning Jinzhou Yi Liulonggou Manchu Ethnic Township Liaoning Jinzhou Yi Shaohuyingzi Manchu Ethnic Township Liaoning
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Jinzhou Yi Dadingpu Manchu Ethnic Township Liaoning Jinzhou Yi Toutai Manchu Ethnic Township Liaoning Jinzhou Yi Toudaohe Manchu Ethnic Township Liaoning Jinzhou Yi Chefang Manchu Ethnic Township Liaoning Jinzhou Yi Wuliangdian Manchu Ethnic Town Liaoning Jinzhou Yi Baichanmen Manchu Ethnic Town Liaoning Jinzhou Heishan Zhen'an Manchu Ethnic Township Liaoning Jinzhou Heishan Wendilou Manchu Ethnic Township Liaoning Jinzhou Linghai Youwei Manchu Ethnic Town Liaoning Jinzhou Linghai East Liujiazi Manchu and Mongol Ethnic Town Liaoning Fuxin Zhangwu West Liujiazi Manchu and Mongol Ethnic Town Liaoning Fuxin Zhangwu Jidongyu Manchu Ethnic Township Liaoning Liaoyang Liaoyang County Shuiquan Manchu Ethnic Township Liaoning Liaoyang Liaoyang County Tianshui Manchu Ethnic Township Liaoning Liaoyang Liaoyang County Quantou Manchu Ethnic Town Liaoning Tieling Changtu County Babaotun Manchu, Xibe and Korean Ethnic Town Liaoning Tieling Kaiyuan Huangqizhai Manchu Ethnic Township Liaoning Tieling Kaiyuan Shangfeidi Manchu Ethnic Township Liaoning Tieling Kaiyuan Xiafeidi Manchu Ethnic Township Liaoning Tieling Kaiyuan Linfeng Manchu Ethnic Township Liaoning Tieling Kaiyuan Baiqizhai Manchu Ethnic Township Liaoning Tieling Tieling County Hengdaohezi Manchu Ethnic Township Liaoning Tieling Tieling County Chengping Manchu Ethnic Township Liaoning Tieling Xifeng Dexing Manchu Ethnic Township Liaoning Tieling Xifeng Helong Manchu Ethnic Township Liaoning Tieling Xifeng Jinxing Manchu Ethnic Township Liaoning Tieling Xifeng Mingde Manchu Ethnic Township Liaoning Tieling Xifeng Songshu Manchu Ethnic Township Liaoning Tieling Xifeng Yingcheng Manchu Ethnic Township Liaoning Tieling Xifeng Xipingpo Manchu Ethnic Township
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Liaoning Huludao Suizhong Dawangmiao Manchu Ethnic Township Liaoning Huludao Suizhong Fanjia Manchu Ethnic Township Liaoning Huludao Suizhong Gaodianzi Manchu Ethnic Township Liaoning Huludao Suizhong Gejia Manchu Ethnic Township Liaoning Huludao Suizhong Huangdi Manchu Ethnic Town Liaoning Huludao Suizhong Huangjia Manchu Ethnic Township Liaoning Huludao Suizhong Kuanbang Manchu Ethnic Township Liaoning Huludao Suizhong Mingshui Manchu Ethnic Township Liaoning Huludao Suizhong Shahe Manchu Ethnic Township Liaoning Huludao Suizhong Wanghu Manchu Ethnic Township Liaoning Huludao Suizhong Xiaozhuangzi Manchu Ethnic Township Liaoning Huludao Suizhong Yejia Manchu Ethnic Town Liaoning Huludao Suizhong Gaotai Manchu Ethnic Township Liaoning Huludao Suizhong Baita Manchu Ethnic Township Liaoning Huludao Xingcheng Caozhuang Manchu Ethnic Town Liaoning Huludao Xingcheng Dazhai Manchu Ethnic Township Liaoning Huludao Xingcheng Dongxinzhuang Manchu Ethnic Township Liaoning Huludao Xingcheng Gaojialing Manchu Ethnic Township Liaoning Huludao Xingcheng Guojia Manchu Ethnic Town Liaoning Huludao Xingcheng Haibin Manchu Ethnic Township Liaoning Huludao Xingcheng Hongyazi Manchu Ethnic Township Liaoning Huludao Xingcheng Jianjin Manchu Ethnic Township Liaoning Huludao Xingcheng Jianchang Manchu Ethnic Township Liaoning Huludao Xingcheng Jiumen Manchu Ethnic Township Liaoning Huludao Xingcheng Liutaizi Manchu Ethnic Township Liaoning Huludao Xingcheng Nandashan Manchu Ethnic Township Liaoning Huludao Xingcheng Shahousuo Manchu Ethnic Township Liaoning Huludao Xingcheng Wanghai Manchu Ethnic Township Liaoning Huludao Xingcheng Weiping Manchu Ethnic Township Liaoning Huludao Xingcheng Wenjia Manchu Ethnic Township Liaoning Huludao Xingcheng Yang'an Manchu Ethnic Township Liaoning Huludao Xingcheng Yaowangmiao Manchu Ethnic Township
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Liaoning Huludao Xingcheng Yuantaizi Manchu Ethnic Township Liaoning Huludao Xingcheng Erdaowanzi Manchu Ethnic Township Liaoning Huludao Jianchang Xintaimen Manchu Ethnic Township Liaoning Huludao Lianshan Manzutun Manchu Ethnic Township Inner Mongolia Hinggan Horqin Right Front Banner Guanjiayingzi Manchu Ethnic Township Inner Mongolia Chifeng Songshan Shijia Manchu Ethnic Township Inner Mongolia Chifeng Harqin Banner Caonian Manchu Ethnic Township Inner Mongolia Ulanqab Liangcheng Sungezhuang Manchu Ethnic Township Tianjin N/A Ji Manchu autonomous area in Liaoning. [note 8] Manchu autonomous area in Jilin. Manchu autonomous area in Hebei. Other areas [ edit ] Major General John Fugh Further information: Manchu people in Taiwan Manchu people can be found living outside mainland China . There are approximately 12,000 Manchus now in Taiwan . Most of them moved to Taiwan with the ROC government in 1949. One notable example was Puru , a famous painter, calligrapher and also the founder of the Manchu Association of Republic of China. There are also Manchus who settled in the United States. On the 2000 US Census , 379 Americans were of Manchurian ancestry, [4] such as the 33rd Judge Advocate General of the U.S. Army John Fugh . Culture [ edit ] Influence on other Tungusic peoples [ edit ] Main articles: Tungusic peoples and Tungusic languages The Manchus implemented measures to "Manchufy" the other Tungusic peoples living around the Amur River basin. [211] The southern Tungusic Manchus influenced the northern Tungusic peoples linguistically, culturally, and religiously. [212]
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Language and alphabet [ edit ] Language [ edit ] Main article: Manchu language This article needs attention from an expert on the subject . Please add a reason or a talk parameter to this template to explain the issue with the article. When placing this tag, consider associating this request with a WikiProject . ( January 2015 ) The Manchu language is a Tungusic language and has many dialects. Its standard form is called "Standard Manchu". It originates from the accent of Jianzhou Jurchens [213] and was officially standardized during the Qianlong Emperor 's reign. [214] During the Qing dynasty, Manchus at the imperial court were required to speak Standard Manchu [215] or face the emperor's reprimand. [215] This applied equally to the palace presbyter for shamanic rites when performing sacrifice. [215] "Beijing dialect" is one of the most commonly used. It was a mix of several dialects, since the Manchus who lived in Beijing were not only Jianzhou Jurchens, but also Haixi Jurchens and Yeren Jurchens . Over time, [ clarify ] the mingling of their accents produced Beijing dialect (京语) [ clarify ] . Beijing dialect is very close to Standard Manchu. [216] Mukden dialect , aka Mukden-South Manchurian dialect (盛京南满语) or Mukden-Girin dialect (盛京吉林语) [ clarify ] , is another popular dialect that was originally spoken by Manchus who lived in Liaoning and the western and southern areas of Jilin , having an accent very close to the Xibe language spoken by the Xibes living in Qapqal . [217] Other dialects include Ningguta and Alcuka. [218]
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Alphabet [ edit ] Main article: Manchu alphabet The Jurchens, ancestors of the Manchus, had created Jurchen script in the Jin dynasty. After the Jin dynasty collapsed, the Jurchen script was gradually lost. In the Ming dynasty , 60%–70% of Jurchens used Mongolian script to write letters and 30%–40% of Jurchens used Chinese characters. [75] This persisted until Nurhaci revolted against the Ming Empire. Nurhaci considered it a major impediment that his people lacked a script of their own, so he commanded his scholars, Gagai and Eldeni, to create Manchu characters by reference to Mongolian scripts. [219] They dutifully complied with the Khan's order and created Manchu script, which is called "script without dots and circles" ( Manchu : ᡨᠣᠩᡴᡳ ᡶᡠᡴᠠ ᠠᡴᡡ ᡥᡝᡵᡤᡝᠨ ; Möllendorff : tongki fuka akū hergen ; Abkai : tongki fuka akv hergen ; 无圈点满文 ) or "old Manchu script" ( 老满文 ). [220] Due to its hurried creation, the script has its defects. Some vowels and consonants were difficult to distinguish. [221] [222] Shortly afterwards, their successor Dahai used dots and circles to distinguish vowels, aspirated and non-aspirated consonants and thus completed the script. His achievement is called "script with dots and circles" or "new Manchu script". [223] Current situation [ edit ] "Banjin Inenggi" and Manchu linguistic activity by the government and students in Changchun , 2011
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After the 19th century, most Manchus had perfected Standard Chinese and the number of Manchu speakers was dwindling. [224] Although the Qing emperors emphasized the importance of the Manchu language again and again, the tide could not be turned. After the Qing dynasty collapsed, the Manchu language lost its status as a national language and its official use in education ended. Manchus today generally speak Standard Chinese. The remaining skilled native Manchu speakers number less than 100, [225] most of whom are to be found in Sanjiazi ( Manchu : ᡳᠯᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᡠ᠋ ; Möllendorff : ilan boo ; Abkai : ilan bou ), Heilongjiang Province. [226] Since the 1980s, there has been a resurgence of the Manchu language among the government, scholars and social activities. [227] In recent years, with the help of the governments in Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang, many schools started to have Manchu classes. [228] [229] [230] There are also Manchu volunteers in many places of China who freely teach Manchu in the desire to rescue the language. [231] [232] [233] [234] Thousands of non-Manchus have learned the language through these platforms. [6] [235] [236] Traditional Lifestyle [ edit ] The Qing dynasty is mistakenly confused as a nomadic empire by people who wrongly think that the Manchus were a nomadic people, [77] when in fact the Manchus were a sedentary agricultural people who lived in fixed villages, farmed crops, practiced hunting and mounted archery. [78] [79]
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Women [ edit ] In their traditional culture before the Qing, Manchu women originally had sexual autonomy being able to have premarital sex, being able to talk and mingle with men after being married without coming under suspicion of infidelity and to remarry after becoming widows, but Manchu men later adopted Han Chinese Confucian values and started killing their wives and daughters during the Qing for perceived infidelity due to talking to unrelated men while married or premarital sex, and prizing virginity and widow chastity like Han Chinese. [237] Compared to Han Chinese women, upper class Manchu women in the early Qing were at ease when talking to men. [238] Names and naming practices [ edit ] Family names [ edit ] Main article: Manchu family name the cover of the Eight Manchu Banners' Surname-Clans' Book The history of Manchu family names is quite long. Fundamentally, it succeeds the Jurchen family name of the Jin dynasty . [239] However, after the Mongols extinguished the Jin dynasty, the Manchus started to adopt Mongol culture, including their custom of using only their given name until the end of the Qing dynasty, [240] a practice confounding non-Manchus, leading them to conclude, erroneously, that they simply do not have family names. [241] A Manchu family name usually has two portions: the first is "Mukūn" ( ᠮᡠᡴᡡᠨ , Abkai: Mukvn) which literally means "branch name"; the second, "Hala" ( ᡥᠠᠯᠠ ), represents the name of a person's clan. [242] According to the Book of the Eight Manchu Banners' Surname-Clans ( 八旗滿洲氏族通譜 ), there are 1,114 Manchu family names. Gūwalgiya , Niohuru , Šumulu, Tatara, Gioro, Nara are considered as "famous clans" ( 著姓 ) among Manchus. [243]
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There were stories of Han migrating to the Jurchens and assimilating into Manchu Jurchen society and Nikan Wailan may have been an example of this. [244] The Manchu Cuigiya ( 崔佳氏 ) clan claimed that a Han Chinese founded their clan. [245] [ full citation needed ] The Tohoro ( 托活络 ) clan ( Duanfang 's clan) claimed Han Chinese origin. [132] [246] [247] [248] [249] Given names [ edit ] Main article: Manchu given name Manchus given names are distinctive. Generally, there are several forms, such as bearing suffixes "-ngga", "-ngge" or "-nggo", meaning "having the quality of"; [250] bearing Mongol style suffixes "-tai" or "-tu", meaning "having"; [251] [252] bearing the suffix, "-ju", "-boo"; [251] numerals [note 9] [251] [252] or animal names [note 10] . [250] [251] Some ethnic names can also be a given name of the Manchus. One of the common first name for the Manchus is Nikan (Han Chinese). [253] For example, Nikan Wailan was a Jurchen leader who was an enemy of Nurhaci. [254] [255] [256] Nikan was also the name of one the Aisin Gioro Princes and grandsons of Nurhaci who supported Prince Dorgon. [257] [258] [259] Nurhaci's first son was Cuyen, one of whose sons was Nikan. [260] Current status [ edit ] Nowadays, Manchus primarily use Chinese family and given names, but some still use a Manchu family name and Chinese given name, [note 11] a Chinese family name and Manchu given name [note 12] or both Manchu family and given names. [note 13]
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Burial customs [ edit ] The Jurchens and their Manchu descendants originally practiced cremation as part of their culture. They adopted the practice of burial from the Han Chinese, but many Manchus continued to cremate their dead. [261] Princes were cremated on pyres. [262] Traditional hairstyle [ edit ] A musketeer wearing a queue and formal hat The traditional hairstyle for Manchu men is shaving the front of their heads while growing the hair on the back of their heads into a single braid called a queue ( 辮子 ; biànzi ), which was known as soncoho in Manchu. Manchu women wore their hair in a distinctive hairstyle called liangbatou ( 兩把頭 ). Traditional garments [ edit ] The early phase of Manchu clothing succeeded from Jurchen tradition. White was the dominating color. [263] To facilitate convenience during archery, the robe is the most common article of clothing for the Manchu people. [264] Over the robe, a surcoat is usually worn, derived from the military uniform of Eight Banners army. [265] During the Kangxi period , the surcoat gained popularity among commoners. [266] The modern Chinese suits, the Cheongsam and Tangzhuang , are derived from the Manchu robe and surcoat [264] which are commonly considered as "Chinese elements". [267] Wearing hats is also a part of traditional Manchu culture, [268] and Manchu people wear hats in all ages and seasons in contrast to the Han Chinese culture of "Starting to wear hats at 20-year-old" ( 二十始冠 ), . [268] Manchu hats are either formal or casual, formal hats being made in two different styles, straw for spring and summer, and fur for fall and winter. [269] Casual hats are more commonly known as "Mandarin hats" in English. [ citation needed ]
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Manchus have many distinctive traditional accessories. Women traditionally wear three earrings on each ear, [270] a tradition that is maintained by many older Manchu women. [271] Males also traditionally wear piercings, but they tend to only have one earring in their youth and do not continue to wear it as adults. [272] The Manchu people also have traditional jewelry which evokes their past as hunters. The fergetun ( ᡶᡝᡵᡤᡝᡨᡠᠨ ), a thumb ring traditionally made out of reindeer bone, was worn to protect the thumbs of archers. After the establishment of the Qing dynasty in 1644, the fergetun gradually became simply a form of jewelry, with the most valuable ones made in jade and ivory. [273] High-heeled shoes were worn by Manchu women. Traditional activities [ edit ] Riding and archery [ edit ] Painting of the Qianlong Emperor hunting Riding and archery ( Manchu : ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠮᠨᡳᠶᠠᠨ ; Möllendorff : niyamniyan ; Abkai : niyamniyan ) are significant to the Manchus. They were well-trained horsemen from their teenage [274] years. Huangtaiji said, "Riding and archery are the most important martial arts of our country". [275] [276] Every generation of the Qing dynasty treasured riding and archery the most. [277] Every spring and fall, from ordinary Manchus to aristocrats, all had to take riding and archery tests. Their test results could even affect their rank in the nobility . [278] The Manchus of the early Qing dynasty had excellent shooting skills and their arrows were reputed to be capable of penetrating two persons. [279]
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From the middle period of the Qing dynasty, archery became more a form of entertainment in the form of games such as hunting swans, shooting fabric or silk target. The most difficult is shooting a candle hanging in the air at night. [280] Gambling was banned in the Qing dynasty but there was no limitation on Manchus engaging in archery contests. It was common to see Manchus putting signs in front of their houses to invite challenges. [280] After the Qianlong period , Manchus gradually neglected the practices of riding and archery, even though their rulers tried their best to encourage Manchus to continue their riding and archery traditions, [279] but the traditions are still kept among some Manchus even nowadays. [281] Manchu wrestling [ edit ] Manchu wrestlers competed in front of the Qianlong Emperor Manchu wrestling ( Manchu : ᠪᡠᡴᡠ ; Möllendorff : buku ; Abkai : buku ) [282] is also an important martial art of the Manchu people. [283] Buku, meaning "wrestling" or "man of unusual strength" in Manchu, was originally from a Mongolian word, " bökh ". [282] The history of Manchu wrestling can be traced back to Jurchen wrestling in the Jin dynasty which was originally from Khitan wrestling; it was very similar to Mongolian wrestling. [284] In the Yuan dynasty , the Jurchens who lived in northeast China adopted Mongol culture including wrestling, bökh. [285] In the latter Jin and early Qing period, rulers encouraged the populace, including aristocrats, to practise buku as a feature of military training. [286] At the time, Mongol wrestlers were the most famous and powerful. By the Chongde period, Manchus had developed their own well-trained wrestlers [287] and, a century later, in the Qianlong period, they surpassed Mongol wrestlers. [288] The Qing court established the "Shan Pu Battalion" and chose 200 fine wrestlers divided into three levels. Manchu wrestling moves can be found in today's Chinese wrestling, shuai jiao , which is its most important part. [289] Among many branches, Beijing wrestling adopted most Manchu wrestling moves. [290]
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Falconry [ edit ] As a result of their hunting ancestry, Manchus are traditionally interested in falconry. [291] Gyrfalcon ( Manchu : ᡧᠣᠩᡴᠣᡵᠣ ; Möllendorff : šongkoro ; Abkai : xongkoro ) is the most highly valued discipline in the Manchu falconry social circle. [292] In the Qing period, giving a gyrfalcon to the royal court in tribute could be met with a considerable reward. [292] There were professional falconers in Ningguta area (today's Heilongjiang province and the northern part of Jilin province). It was a big base of falconry. [291] Beijing's Manchus also like falconry. Compared to the falconry of Manchuria, it is more like an entertainment. [277] Imperial Household Department of Beijing had professional falconers, too. They provided outstanding falcons to the emperor when he went to hunt every fall. [277] Even today, Manchu traditional falconry is well practised in some regions. [293] Ice skating [ edit ] The performance of Manchu palace skaters on holiday Ice skating ( Manchu : ᠨᡳᠰᡠᠮᡝ ᡝᡶᡳᡵᡝ ᡝᡶᡳᠨ [ citation needed ] ; Möllendorff : nisume efire efin ; Abkai : nisume efire efin ) is another Manchu pastime. The Qianlong Emperor called it a "national custom". [294] It was one of the most important winter events of the Qing royal household, [295] performed by the "Eight Banner Ice Skating Battalion" ( 八旗冰鞋营 ) [295] which was a special force trained to do battle on icy terrain. [295] The battalion consisted of 1600 soldiers. In the Jiaqing period , it was reduced to 500 soldiers and transferred to the Jing Jie Battalion ( 精捷营 ) originally, literally meaning "chosen agile battalion". [295]
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In the 1930s–1940s, there was a famous Manchu skater in Beijing whose name was Wu Tongxuan, from the Uya clan and one of the royal household skaters in Empress Dowager Cixi 's regency. [296] He frequently appeared in many of Beijing's skating rinks. [296] Nowadays, there are still Manchu figure skaters; world champions Zhao Hongbo and Tong Jian are the pre-eminent examples. Literature [ edit ] The Tale of the Nisan Shaman ( Manchu : ᠨᡳᡧᠠᠨ ᠰᠠᠮᠠᠨ ᡳ ᠪᡳᡨ᠌ᡥᡝ ; Möllendorff : nišan saman i bithe ; Abkai : nixan saman-i bithe ; 尼山萨满传 ) is the most important piece of Manchu literature. [297] It primarily recounts how Nisan Shaman helps revive a young hunter. [298] The story also spread to Xibe, Nanai, Daur, Oroqen, Evenk and other Tungusic peoples. [297] It has four versions: the handwriting version from Qiqihar; two different handwriting versions from Aigun; and the one by the Manchu writer Dekdengge in Vladivostok ( Manchu : ᡥᠠᡳ᠌ᡧᡝᠨᠸᡝᡳ ; Möllendorff : haišenwei ; Abkai : haixenwei [299] ). The four versions are similar, but Haišenwei's is the most complete. [300] It has been translated into Russian, Chinese, English and other languages. [297] There is also literature written in Chinese by Manchu writers, such as the Tale of Heroic Sons and Daughters ( 儿女英雄传 ), Song of Drinking Water ( 饮水词 ) and The collection of Tianyouge ( 天游阁集 ).
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Folk art [ edit ] Octagonal drum [ edit ] Octagonal drum performance on stage Octagonal drum is a type of Manchu folk art that was very popular among bannermen, especially in Beijing. [301] It is said that octagonal drum originated with the snare drum of the Eight-banner military and the melody was made by the banner soldiers who were on the way back home from victory in the battle of Jinchuan. [301] The drum is composed of wood surrounded by bells. The drumhead is made by wyrmhide with tassels at the bottom. [301] The colors of the tassels are yellow, white, red, and blue, which represent the four colors of the Eight Banners . [302] When artists perform, they use their fingers to hit the drumhead and shake the drum to ring the bells. [301] Traditionally, octagonal drum is performed by three people. One is the harpist; one is the clown who is responsible for harlequinade; and the third is the singer. [301] Akšan , Manchu singer and ulabun artist " Zidishu " is the main libretto of octagonal drum and can be traced back to a type of traditional folk music called the "Manchu Rhythm". [303] Although Zidishu was not created by Han Chinese , it still contains many themes from Chinese stories, [304] such as Romance of the Three Kingdoms , Dream of the Red Chamber , Romance of the Western Chamber , Legend of the White Snake and Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio . [304] Additionally, there are many works that depict the lives of Bannermen. Aisin Gioro Yigeng, who was pen named "Helü" and wrote the sigh of old imperial bodyguard , as the representative author. [305] Zidishu involves two acts of singing, which are called dongcheng and xicheng . [306]
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After the fall of the Qing dynasty, the influence of the octagonal drum gradually reduced. However, the Chinese monochord [306] and crosstalk [307] which derived from octagonal are still popular in Chinese society and the new generations. Many famous Chinese monochord performers and crosstalkers were the artists of octagonal drum, such as De Shoushan and Zhang Sanlu. [308] Ulabun [ edit ] Ulabun ( ᡠᠯᠠᠪᡠᠨ ) is a form of Manchu storytelling entertainment which is performed in the Manchu language. [309] Different from octagonal drum, ulabun is popular among the Manchu people living in Manchuria. It has two main categories; one is popular folk literature such as the Tale of the Nisan Shaman , the other is from folk music with an informative and independent plot, and complete structure. [309] Song Xidong aka. Akšan/Akxan ( ᠠᡴᡧᠠᠨ ) is a famous artist in performing ulabun. [310] Religion [ edit ] The religions of the Manchus are diverse. Originally, Manchus, and their predecessors, were principally Shamanists. After the conquest of China in the 17th century, Manchus came into contact with Chinese culture. They were markedly influenced by Chinese folk religion and retained only some Shamanic customs. Buddhism and Christianity also had their impacts. Manchu shamanism [ edit ] Main article: Manchu shamanism See also: Shamanism in the Qing dynasty Shamanism has a long history in Manchu civilization and influenced them tremendously over thousands of years. John Keay states in A History of China , shaman is the single loan-word from Manchurian into the English language. [ citation needed ] After the conquest of China in the 17th century, although Manchus widely adopted Chinese folk religion, Shamanic traditions can still be found in the aspects of soul worship, totem worship, belief in nightmares and apotheosis of philanthropists. [311] Since the Qing rulers considered religion as a method of controlling other powers such as Mongolians and Tibetans, [312] there was no privilege for Shamanism, their native religion. Apart from the Shamanic shrines in the Qing palace, no temples erected for worship of Manchu gods could be found in Beijing. [312] Thus, the story of competition between Shamanists and Lamaists was oft heard in Manchuria but the Manchu emperor helped Lamaists to persecute Shamanists which led to their considerable frustration and dissatisfaction. [312]
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Buddhism [ edit ] Jurchens, the predecessors of the Manchus, were influenced by the Buddhism of Balhae , Goryeo , Liao and Song in the 10–13th centuries, [313] so it was not something new to the rising Manchus in the 16–17th centuries. Qing emperors were always entitled "Buddha". They were regarded as Mañjuśrī in Tibetan Buddhism [314] and had high attainments. [313] However, Buddhism was used by rulers to control Mongolians and Tibetans; it was of little relevance to ordinary Manchus in the Qing dynasty. [312] The belief in the Buddhist faith by the Mongols was viewed with disdain and thought to be destructive to Mongol identity by Hong Taiji . In private, Huangtaiji said "The Mongolian princes are abandoning the Mongolian language; their names are all in imitation of the lamas", although Huangtaiji patronized Tibetan Buddhism in public. [315] The Manchus themselves, like Huangtaiji, did not personally believe in Tibetan Buddhism and did not want to convert. In fact the terms "incorrigibles" and "liars" were used to describe Tibetan Buddhist Lamas by Hung Taiji; [316] however Huangtaiji patronized Buddhism in order to exploit the Tibetans' and Mongols' belief in the religion. [317] The Qianlong Emperor 's faith in Tibetan Buddhism has been questioned in recent times because the emperor indicated that he supported the Yellow Church (the Tibetan Buddhist Gelukpa sect) just to "maintain peace among the Mongols" since the Mongols were followers of the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama of the Yellow Church, and the Qianlong Emperor had this explanation placed in the Beijing Tibetan Buddhist Yonghe Gong temple on a stele entitled "Lama Shuo" (on Lamas) in 1792, and he also said it was "merely in pursuance of Our policy of extending Our affection to the weak," which led him to patronize the Yellow Church. [318]
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This explanation of only supporting the "Yellow Hats" Tibetan Buddhists for practical reasons was used to deflect Han criticism of this policy by the Qianlong Emperor, who had the "Lama Shuo" stele engraved in Tibetan, Mongol, Manchu and Chinese, which said: "By patronizing the Yellow Church we maintain peace among the Mongols. This being an important task, we cannot but protect this (religion). (In doing so) we do not show any bias, nor do we wish to adulate the Tibetan priests as (was done during the) Yuan dynasty." [319] [320] Chinese folk religion [ edit ] Manchus were affected by Chinese folk religions for most of the Qing dynasty. [312] Save for ancestor worship, the gods they consecrated were virtually identical to those of the Han Chinese. [312] Guan Yu worship is a typical example. He was considered as the God Protector of the Nation and was sincerely worshipped by Manchus. They called him "Lord Guan" ( 关老爷 ). Uttering his name was taboo. [312] In addition, Manchus worshipped Cai Shen and the Kitchen God just as the Han Chinese did. The worship of Mongolian and Tibetan gods has also been reported. [312] Roman Catholic [ edit ] Influenced by the Jesuit missionaries in China, there were also a considerable number of Manchu Catholics during the Qing dynasty. [321] The earliest Manchu Catholics appeared in the 1650s. [321] In the Yongzheng eras, Depei, the Hošo Jiyan Prince, was a Catholic whose baptismal name was "Joseph". His wife was also baptised and named "Maria". [322] At the same time, the sons of Doro Beile Sunu were devout Catholics, too. [322] [323] In the Jiaqing period, Tong Hengšan and Tong Lan were Catholic Manchu Bannermen. [322] These Manchu Catholics were proselytized and persecuted by Qing emperors but they steadfastly refused to renounce their faith. [322] There were Manchu Catholics in modern times, too, such as Ying Lianzhi , the founder of Fu Jen Catholic University .
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Traditional holidays [ edit ] Manchus have many traditional holidays. Some are derived from Chinese culture, such as the " Spring Festival " [324] and Duanwu Festival . [325] Some are of Manchu origin. For instance, Banjin Inenggi ( ᠪᠠᠨᠵᡳᠨ ᡳᠨᡝᠩᡤᡳ ), on the 13th day of the tenth month of the lunar calendar, is the anniversary of the name creation of Manchu. [22] This day in 1635, Hong Taiji changed the ethnic name from Jurchen to Manchu. [100] [326] Food Extermination Day ( 绝粮日 ), on every 26th day of the 8th month of the lunar calendar, is another example which was inspired by a story that once Nurhaci and his troops were in a battle with enemies and almost running out of food. The villagers who lived near the battlefield heard the emergency and came to help. There was no tableware on the battlefield. They had to use perilla leaves to wrap the rice. Afterwards, they won the battle. So later generations could remember this hardship, Nurhaci made this day the "Food Extermination Day". Traditionally on this day, Manchu people eat perilla or cabbage wraps with rice, scrambled eggs, beef or pork. [327] See also [ edit ] China portal History portal Manchu language and alphabet Manchu name and clans Manchuria Manchukuo Qing dynasty and emperors Eight Banners and their identity
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Tungusic peoples Sushen Mohe Jurchen Sinicization of the Manchus Notes [ edit ] ^ less than 100 native speakers. [5] Several thousands can speak Manchu as second language through primary education or free classes for adults in China. [6] [7] [8] ^ Also known as Man , [9] Bannermen , [10] [11] Banner people , [12] Tartars , [13] red-tasseled Mongols ( 红缨蒙古 ), [14] the Mongols of wearing red tassels ( 戴红缨的蒙古人 ) [15] and the Tartars of wearing red tassels ( 戴红缨鞑子 ) [15] ^ Fengcheng and Beizhen are cities but treated as Manchu autonomous counties. [19] ^ e.g. Möngke Temür , Qing dynasty emperors' ancestor ^ Cungšan was considered as Nurhaci's direct ancestor by some viewpoints, [71] but disagreements also exist. [73] ^ Aka. Manchu State ( Manchu : ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ ; Möllendorff : manju gurun ; Abkai : manju gurun ) [98] ^ The meaning of "daicing" (daiqing) is debatable. It has been reported that the word was imported from Mongolian means "fighting country" [101] ^ Autonomous counties are shown in bright green. Counties with autonomous townships are in dark green, with the number of Manchu townshipin each county shown in red (or yellow). So are another 2 pictures ^ e.g. Nadanju (70 in Manchu), Susai (5 in Manchu), Liošici(67, a Mandarin homophone) and Bašinu(85, a Mandarin homophone) [251]
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^ e.g. Dorgon (badger) and Arsalan (lion) [250] ^ e.g. Aisin Gioro Qixiang , a famous Chinese calligrapher. ^ e.g. Ying Batu, Ying Bayan, the sons of a famous Manchu director, Ying Da . ^ e.g. Aisin-Gioro Ulhicun , a famous scholar of Khitan and Manchu linguistic studies. References [ edit ] Citations [ edit ] ^ a b c d e f g h 《中国2010年人口普查资料（上中下）》 [ Data of 2010 China Population Census ]. China Statistics Press. 2012. ISBN 9787503765070 . ^ 中華民國滿族協會 . www.manchusoc.org . ^ "Research". Ethnicity Research (《民族研究》) (in Chinese) (1–12): 21. 1997. ^ a b "Census 2000 PHC-T-43. Census: Table 1. First, Second, and Total Responses to the Ancestry Question by Detailed Ancestry Code: 2000" (PDF) . census.gov . ^ "Manchu" . ethnologue.com . ^ a b "Ta Kung Pao: Manchu Language and Reviving Manchu Culture" . 26 April 2015. Archived from the original on 8 November 2017. ^ 人民大学满语培训班重新开课 缺教室是最大难题-中新网 . www.chinanews.com . 6 March 2012. ^ 金标的十年"满语梦"_资讯频道_凤凰网 . news.ifeng.com . 12 December 2011. ^ "Manchu" . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 18 March 2015 . ^ Elliott 2001 , pp. 13–15 ^ lear. 词语"旗人"的解释 汉典 zdic.net . Retrieved 18 March 2015 . ^ Elliott 2001 , p. 15 ^ Elliott 2001 , p. 98 ^ Various authors 2008 , p. 258 (Shizu period) ^ a b "Uyun Bilig: The Files of Chahar and Ligdan Khan in Ming Dynasty (simplified Chinese)" .
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^ Merriam-Webster, Inc 2003 , p. 754 ^ Zheng 2009 , p. 79 ^ Vollmer 2002 , p. 76 ^ Writing Group of Manchu Brief History 2009 , p. 207 ^ Writing Group of Manchu Brief History 2009 , pp. 206–207 ^ Endymion Porter Wilkinson (2000). Chinese History: A Manual . Harvard Univ Asia Center. pp. 728–. ISBN 978-0-674-00249-4 . ^ a b Yan 2008 , p. 49 ^ Agui 1988 , p. 2 ^ Meng 2006 , p. 6 ^ Meng 2006 , pp. 4–5 ^ 《族称Manju词源探析》 [The Research of Ethnic Name "Manju"'s Origin]. 《满语研究》 [Manchu Language Research] (1). 2009. ^ Feng, Jiasheng (冯家升). 《满洲名称之种种推测》 [Many Kinds of Conjecture of the Name "Manju"]. 《东方杂志》 [Dongfang Magazine] . 30 (17). ^ Teng, Shaojian (滕绍箴) (April 1996). 《满洲名称考述》 [Textual Research of the Name "Manju"]. 《民族研究》 [Ethnicities Research] : 70–77. ^ Norman 2003 , p. 484. ^ Li & Guan 2003 , p. 2 [ full citation needed ] ^ Tong 2009 , p. 5 ^ Huang, P.: "New Light on the Origins of the Manchu", Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies , vol. 50, no.1 (1990): 239–82. Retrieved from JSTOR database July 18, 2006. ^ Agui 1988 , p. 1 ^ Writing Group of Manchu Brief History 2009 , p. 7 ^ Li & Guan 2003 , p. 1 [ full citation needed ]
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^ Association for Asian Studies 1987 , p. 767 ^ Anonymous 1879 , p. 151 ^ Meng 2006 , pp. 7, 9 ^ Huang 1990 p. 246. ^ Gorelova 2002 , pp. 13–4. ^ Gorelova 2002 , p. 14. ^ Breuker 2010 , pp. 220–221. "The Jurchen settlements in the Amnok River region had been tributaries of Koryŏ since the establishment of the dynasty, when T'aejo Wang Kŏn heavily relied on a large segment of Jurchen cavalry to defeat the armies of Later Paekche. The position and status of these Jurchen is hard to determine using the framework of the Koryŏ and Liao states as reference, since the Jurchen leaders generally took care to steer a middle course between Koryŏ and Liao, changing sides or absconding whenever that was deemed the best course. As mentioned above, Koryŏ and Liao competed quite fiercely to obtain the allegiance of the Jurchen settlers who in the absence of large armies effectively controlled much of the frontier area outside the Koryŏ and Liao fortifications. These Jurchen communities were expert in handling the tension between Liao and Koryŏ, playing out divide-and-rule policies backed up by threats of border violence. It seems that the relationship between the semi-nomadic Jurchen and their peninsular neighbours bore much resemblance to the relationship between Chinese states and their nomad neighbours, as described by Thomas Barfield."
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^ Tillman, Hoyt Cleveland (1995). Tillman, Hoyt Cleveland; West, Stephen H. (eds.). China Under Jurchen Rule: Essays on Chin Intellectual and Cultural History (illustrated ed.). SUNY Press. p. 27. ISBN 0791422739 . ^ Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (2014). Emperor Huizong (illustrated, reprint ed.). Harvard University Press. p. 468. ISBN 978-0674726420 . ^ a b Toqto'a 1975 , pp. 19–46 ^ Toqto'a 1975 , pp. 47–67 ^ Williamson 2011 . ^ Vajda . ^ Sinor 1996 , p. 416. ^ Twitchett, Franke, Fairbank 1994 , p. 217. ^ de Rachewiltz 1993 , p. 112. ^ Zheng 2009 , pp. 18 ^ Zheng 2009 , pp. 39 ^ Jin 2006 , p. 107 ^ Peterson 2006 , p. 11 ^ a b Meng 2006 , p. 21 ^ Meng 2006 , pp. 97, 120 ^ a b Peterson 2006 , p. 15 ^ Seth 2006 , p. 138. ^ Seth 2010 , p. 144. ^ Meng 2006 , p. 120 ^ Zhang 2008 , p. 29. ^ John W. Dardess (2012). Ming China, 1368–1644: A Concise History of a Resilient Empire . Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 18–. ISBN 978-1-4422-0490-4 . ^ Goodrich 1976 , p. 1066. ^ Peterson 2002 , p. 13. ^ Twitchett & Mote 1998 , pp. 286–287. ^ Zhang 2008 , p. 30. ^ Di Cosmo 2007 , p. 3. ^ a b Writing Group of Manchu Brief History 2009 , p. 185
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