olmer/wiki_mpnet_embeddings · Datasets at Hugging Face

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54794869_6_2	54794869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram%20types%20in%20Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide. Type B conversions to Type A1 Four Type A1 trams were converted into permanently coupled "Bib and Bub" pairs, a wartime labour-saving configuration applied to most Type A cars. These four were the last of the Type A1 cars to be withdrawn from service in 1950, together with the sets of Type A trams not converted back into single car operation.
54794869_6_3	54794869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram%20types%20in%20Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide. Type B conversions to Type A1 Type A1 is one of the two MTT tram sub-types not in the collection of the Tram Museum, St Kilda.
54794869_7_0	54794869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram%20types%20in%20Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide. Type B conversions to Type A2 The three trams of this type were converted, like the A1, from the unpopular Type B "toast rack" trams, and similarly entered service on the Port Adelaide tram system in 1917. Work on the three cars was undertaken by the MTT at their Hackney workshops rather than by contractors. Rebuilding involved removing six cross-bench seats and their pillars from the centre of the car, then installing a heavily constructed saloon in their place. The trams were essentially the same as the Type A1, but easily distinguishable in having three large windows instead of five small arched ones, and heavy, riveted steel sides. This latter feature led to their nickname, "tanks", after the revolutionary British Army weapons newly deployed in the First World War. The seating and standing capacity for these trams was the same as for Types A, A1 and C.
54794869_7_1	54794869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram%20types%20in%20Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide. Type B conversions to Type A2 The Type A2 trams operated on the isolated Port Adelaide system until its closure in 1935, after which they were transferred to Hackney workshops. In 1946 the bodies of two were sold to private buyers. The third was kept at Hackney workshops until 1958, when it was made available to the Tramway Museum, St Kilda. The museum rebuilt it into its original Type B "toast rack" configuration in preference to retaining its A2 configuration. Consequently, Type A2 is the second of the two MTT tram sub-types not in the museum collection.
54794869_8_0	54794869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram%20types%20in%20Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide. Type C During World War 1 the MTT urgently needed more tramcars to handle increases in patronage and route extensions. However, wartime austerity made it impossible to proceed with a planned introduction of large trams. As an interim measure, 20 small combination cars similar to Type A were built by Duncan & Fraser in 1918–1919. These cars, subsequently designated Type C, had a more modern domed roof instead of a clerestory roof. During their construction they were fitted with motors removed from Type E trams. Rated at 37 kW (50 hp) each, two-thirds again higher than the 37 kW (33 hp) motors of the Type A, they enabled much faster acceleration. They soon became popularly known as Desert Gold trams, after a New Zealand racehorse that had won races in Australia at the same time. Their speed combined with the four-wheeled design gave rise to their other nickname, "bouncing billies". They helped the MTT's competition against unlicensed buses in the 1920s, and they were used in peak periods until 1952. Their last use was during the royal visit of March 1954.
54794869_9_0	54794869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram%20types%20in%20Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide. Type D In May 1909, soon after the opening of the first electric lines, it became evident that 100 cars would not be enough to meet traffic demand. In May 1909 the MTT called for tenders for trams it had designed which were much larger than the existing four-wheeled cars.
54794869_9_1	54794869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram%20types%20in%20Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide. Type D Local tenders were much higher in price than others and the Trust declined to accept them on commercial grounds. A Melbourne company, Noyes Brothers (Melbourne) Pty Ltd, eventually won the contract for 50 cars (later increased to 70). Their tender stated that the car bodies would be manufactured by the J.G. Brill Company in Philadelphia, erected there, dismantled and packed, and re-erected in Australia. Prompted by public opposition to work going out of the state, the MTT asked that assembly be in South Australia. Noyes Brothers then negotiated with Adelaide coachbuilders A. Pengelley & Co. to erect the bodies under their supervision at the same tendered price, reported in The Register as being £36,673 and 13 shillings. As with previous trams, running gear and electrical equipment were necessarily sourced from the UK and US. The 70 trams, built between 1910 and 1912, could carry 154 passengers in total (54 seated and 100 standing). When 20 had been completed, a change was made to the design of the remaining 30 (subsequently increased to 50): sliding doors were fitted to enclose each row of bench seats to give for protection from inclement weather. These trams came to be designated as Type D ("closed combination metropolitan bogie cars"); the first 20 became Type E. The design of these larger cars featured maximum traction trucks, recognisable by one pair of wheels being much smaller in diameter (508 mm or 20 inches) than the other (838 mm or 33 inches, the same diameter as on the earlier types). The driving axle, with large wheels, was driven; the other was not. By locating the truck pivot off-centre, more weight rested on the driving axle, providing greater traction. The smaller wheels guided the truck on the rails, bearing a relatively small portion of the weight.
54794869_9_2	54794869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram%20types%20in%20Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide. Type D A further four almost identical trams, which Duncan & Fraser had built in 1912 for tramways trusts in Melbourne, were acquired by the MTT in 1927 and incorporated into the D fleet.
54794869_9_3	54794869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram%20types%20in%20Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide. Type D Since there was no means of moving along the tram inside the cross-bench area, conductors had to make their way along the external footboards to collect fares while the tram was in motion – a task even more dangerous in cold or rainy weather when the sliding doors had to be opened. In 1934, after conductors had been injured while collecting fares, a centre aisle was cut through the centre bulkhead and through four of the six cross-bench seats of these trams.
54794869_9_4	54794869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram%20types%20in%20Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide. Type D The Type D trams operated in regular service until the street network was closed in 1958.
54794869_10_0	54794869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram%20types%20in%20Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide. Type E Of the seventy-car "combination metropolitan bogie cars" ordered from A. Pengelly & Co. in 1910, the first twenty (as Type E) were very similar to the Type D but the open section had only roller blinds to protect passengers from bad weather. Continuous crossbench seats required the conductor to collect fares from the footboard. The Type E trams had the same passenger load rating as the Type D: 54 seated and 100 standing. The trams were especially popular for taking families to picnics at Burnside and Magill at a charge of 24 shillings ($A2.20) for the whole group.
54794869_10_1	54794869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram%20types%20in%20Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide. Type E Local opinion was strongly opposed to building new trams outside of South Australia. Consequently, Type E trams were built by the J.G. Brill Company in Philadelphia, then imported in parts and assembled by Pengelly from 1910 to 1912. As before, mechanical and electrical components were sourced from the UK and US.
54794869_10_2	54794869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram%20types%20in%20Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide. Type E In 1918, all Type E cars were fitted with 65 hp traction motors, replacing motors rated at 50 hp.
54794869_10_3	54794869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram%20types%20in%20Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide. Type E During 1936 the open area on all Type E cars was enclosed by an extended saloon. The converted cars were designated Type E1.
54794869_10_4	54794869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram%20types%20in%20Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide. Type E Some Type E trams survived in revenue service until the close of street tram operation in 1958.
54794869_11_0	54794869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram%20types%20in%20Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide. Type E conversions to Type E1 By the mid-1930s, more than half of the MTT's cars were almost 30 years old. The enormous financial stringencies of the Great Depression prevented the construction of new cars, but improvements were made to older cars at the MTT's workshops. The conversion of all Type E trams to Type E1 involved removing the crossbenches and extending the saloon for the entire car length except for one retained cross-bench seat behind the motorman's bulkhead. The original (non-smoking) saloon received new upholstered seating; the removed timber saloon seats were transferred to the new saloon.
54794869_11_1	54794869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram%20types%20in%20Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide. Type E conversions to Type E1 The converted trams were immediately unpopular because there was only one small door at each end, making them difficult to board in rush hours. However, enclosing the open section eliminated the severe safety hazard that external footboards posed to conductors .
54794869_12_0	54794869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram%20types%20in%20Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide. Type F and its variant F1 At last released from the severe constraints of the First World War, the MTT's chief engineer and general manager W.G.T. Goodman designed a new "dropcentre" tram that could be loaded and unloaded very quickly by six lines of passengers. They entered or left the tram's open section, which had a lower floor than the enclosed saloons on either side, made possible by more modern running gear that took up less space.
54794869_12_1	54794869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram%20types%20in%20Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide. Type F and its variant F1 These Type F trams and their variant Type F1 seated 60 and had standing room for a further 110, totalling a crush load of 170 passengers, two-thirds more than all but one of their predecessor types. They were a highly popular design, providing much more space and comfort than previous MTT trams. Their acceleration and braking was significantly better than their predecessors' on account of a 40-hp traction motor on each of the four axles (on which all wheels were the same 673 mm (26.5 inch) diameter), and air brakes (the first to be fitted from inception).
54794869_12_2	54794869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram%20types%20in%20Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide. Type F and its variant F1 A total of 84 were built, making them the most common trams used in Adelaide. Local coach builders A. Pengelly & Co. built the initial 50 cars in 1921–22, a further 11 of almost identical design (designated Type F1) in 1925, and 20 more F1 cars in 1928. The MTT built one Type F1 in 1927 and two more in 1929. The main difference between the two types lay in the construction of the underframe: the Type F cars combined steel and timber frame construction whereas the Type F1 cars had an all-steel underframe. With so many trams of these types in service, many detail variations occurred in the fleet.
54794869_12_3	54794869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram%20types%20in%20Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide. Type F and its variant F1 In 1929, two cars were fitted with additional air brake pipes to haul an unusual type of trailer – horse transport cars – on the Glenelg line between Adelaide and Morphettville Racecourse.
54794869_12_4	54794869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram%20types%20in%20Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide. Type F and its variant F1 From October 1953, about half the trams in the Type F and F1 fleet were repainted from their tuscan-red and cream livery into silver and carnation red. Most of the repainted cars – and a few that were not repainted – had an emergency exit door fitted behind the motorman's compartment, reducing the seating capacity in these trams from 60 to 56.
54794869_12_5	54794869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram%20types%20in%20Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide. Type F and its variant F1 Whether a passenger sat "inside" or not was governed by a strict custom. As John Radcliffe and Christopher Steele observed:These cars were important in the development of an unusual custom by passengers of practising the de facto segregation of the sexes. The habit was quite without legal foundation, yet it was a custom firmly entrenched until the trams were replaced by buses. Passengers who sat in the wrong compartments were regarded as something in the nature of "social outcasts" by their fellow passengers. Men always occupied the centre (smoking) section of "dropcentre" cars, while women and children occupied the end saloons. Even married couples invariably split up after boarding the car. Father always purchased the tickets from the conductor as he passed through the centre of the car. When the conductor reached the end saloon, Mother would point out, amid much arm waving, which of the male passengers outside was her husband. Inspectors who periodically boarded the cars to check that everyone had tickets consequently had a difficult time.
54794869_12_6	54794869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram%20types%20in%20Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide. Type F and its variant F1 The dropcentre cars had the leading role over the entire Adelaide street tram network for 37 years until the system, with the exception of the Glenelg line, was shut down on 22 November 1958. They were especially well suited to carry the crowds associated with race meetings, football matches and the agricultural show at the Wayville Showground.
54794869_12_7	54794869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram%20types%20in%20Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide. Type F and its variant F1 The fate of the street trams was the final consequence of many factors at work, including the fact that the number of cars registered in South Australia increased from 100,000 in 1946 to 240,000 in 1956, while during the same time the number of riders carried by all forms of public road passenger transport in Adelaide dropped from 100 million to 60 million.
54794869_12_8	54794869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram%20types%20in%20Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide. Type F and its variant F1 More information about the closure of the street network is in the article Municipal Tramways Trust.
54794869_13_0	54794869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram%20types%20in%20Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide. Type G Four Type G cars were built by the J.G. Brill Company in Philadelphia in 1924 and were placed in service in 1925. They were the company’s standard "Birney safety car" – named after their designer, Charles Birney – that had become popular on lightly trafficked lines in the US. They incorporated several safety features and used little power, but owing to their small wheelbase were said to ride "like a rowboat out to sea". The trams filled a niche demand for economic operation over the lightly patronised Port Adelaide system, carrying only 50 passengers. They incorporated folding doors and steps and several safety features, and used little power, but due to their small wheelbase tended to "ride like a rowboat out to sea". They were the only trams in Adelaide able to be operated by the driver alone, doing away with the need for a conductor. Until the arrival of the 100 Series Flexity and 200 Series Citadis trams more than 80 years later, they were also the only trams in Adelaide to be entirely constructed overseas.
54794869_13_1	54794869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram%20types%20in%20Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide. Type G The Type G trams ran for 10 years before the Port Adelaide system was closed in 1935. The following year, the four were sold to the State Electricity Commission of Victoria for use in Geelong, joining two other, new, Birney cars. In 1947 the Commission transferred the four former Adelaide cars to its Bendigo tramways, to be followed by the remaining two in 1949. There, the trams were in revenue service until 1972 when the system was closed down.
54794869_14_0	54794869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram%20types%20in%20Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide. Type H (later, 300 Series) In 1929, fortuitously just before the onset of the Great Depression, the MTT acquired the 56-year-old steam-hauled double-track South Terrace railway from the South Australian Railways. It was to be electrified with overhead catenary at 600 volts direct current. Track was re-laid to 1435 mm (4 ft in) standard gauge, the same as other Adelaide tram lines. By December of that year the track had been refurbished and gauge-converted, a flyover bridge built over the railway to Melbourne at Goodwood, and electrification infrastructure installed.
54794869_14_1	54794869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram%20types%20in%20Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide. Type H (later, 300 Series) To provide a fast service on the 10.9 km (6.8 mi) line between Adelaide and the beachside suburb of Glenelg – 85% of it in an exclusive corridor – 30 long, fully enclosed end-loading saloon cars were designed and built. They were in everyday service for 70 years after they entered service in December 1929.
54794869_14_2	54794869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram%20types%20in%20Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide. North American influence The construction of the Glenelg tramway and its rolling stock was probably MTT chief engineer and general manager W.G.T. Goodman's greatest achievement. Though Goodman was an Englishman by birth, education and early professional experience, many of his ideas reflected a strong North American influence. In terms of rolling stock design it was evident not only in the Type H cars but also in the stock US streetcar designs, both in layout and detail, that he favoured in 1908–1912 for the inaugural Adelaide street tram system and in his 1918 design (not built) for fast-loading street trams. The design of the Type H was typical of many hundreds of interurban cars operating in North America at the time. The term "interurban" was applied to vehicles heavier and faster than urban trams ("streetcars" in North America), operating in city streets and on private right-of-way between built-up areas. Goodman had proposed a similar design for electrification of the line twenty years earlier, but the electrification bill introduced into the South Australian Parliament was defeated, as was a similar bill two years later.
54794869_15_0	54794869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram%20types%20in%20Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide. A memorable experience To the travelling public the trams became known by their destination as "Glenelg" and "Bay" trams (after Holdfast Bay, on which Glenelg is located). They were very popular from the beginning; a journey on a "Bay" tram gave the traveller a comfortable experience of 1920s technology that with the passing of the years became more memorable. Brian Andrews recalled his childhood journeys in City and Glenelg:Boarding the big red car ... my mother and I would settle into a comfortable leather seat in the non-smoking saloon as the "connie" (conductor) walked through the tram, throwing over pairs of reversible seats with both hands, with a "kalunkada kalunkada kalunkada". Then, with a sharp hiss of escaping air and a "klunk" the folding doors would close and the steps fold up against the side of the tram, and with a slight jerk we would be off. The journey would be punctuated by the sound of the push-button buzzers actuated by passengers wishing to alight at the next stop, the blare of the hooter as the tram approached level crossings and the occasional "dugga dugga dugga" sounding mysteriously from beneath the floor as the air compressor cut in to restore air pressure for the brakes and control system.
54794869_15_1	54794869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram%20types%20in%20Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide. Construction The car bodies were manufactured by A. Pengelly & Co. of the Adelaide suburb of Edwardstown – a company that had built trams for the street network since 1910 – for £5,000 each. Steel undergear components and electrical equipment were sourced separately from the UK and US; the compensating-beam truck frames were supplied by the Australian agents of the Commonwealth Steel Company of Illinois and the rest of the truck was built by the MTT's Hackney workshops.
54794869_15_2	54794869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram%20types%20in%20Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide. A memorable experience The body, 17.170 m (56 ft 4 ins) long, had tapered ends and a width slightly less than other trams to allow them to clear corners in streets, such as when going into depots or on suburban street lines: although designed specifically for the Glenelg line, they also saw service on the street tramway routes to Henley North, Kensington Gardens and Cheltenham. Air-powered double doors and bottom steps permitted quick loading at each end. From the entry vestibule, a step up led to a saloon with reversible leather seats, with a mid-car, full-height partition, originally to separate smokers and non-smokers. Their capabilities included multiple-unit operation (up to three cars but limited to two after a major accident in 1937), automatic acceleration and remote electro-pneumatic control, interconnected by the electrical and compressed-air connections on automatic Tomlinson couplers. Four 45 kW (60 hp) motors were fitted, limited to confine the trams to a maximum speed of 72 km/h (45 mph). After a few years in service, the trams were also fitted with air horns.
54794869_16_0	54794869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram%20types%20in%20Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide. A design shortcoming North American streetcars and interurbans had evolved from all-wood construction early in the 20th century through composite wood-and-steel to heavyweight steel (about 1909) and to lightweight steel in the 1920s. All-steel construction reduced maintenance and potential loss of life inherent in a collision in which a steel underframe scythed through the wooden body of an opposing car. Although four years earlier the MTT had imported Birney safety cars from the J.G. Brill Company built of lightweight steel, and despite the higher-than-normal speed of the Type H trams, the MTT did not incorporate this inexpensive feature in its design. Many Glenelg line collisions, particularly at level crossings, required substantial repairs, confirming their vulnerability.
54794869_16_1	54794869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram%20types%20in%20Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide. Modifications and refurbishing During the 1930s, five trams' trolley poles were replaced experimentally with pantographs, each of a different pattern. However, the overhead wires at the time, although suspended in a catenary system, were configured near the centreline of the tram rather than being "zig-zagged" (staggered from one side to the other), which is essential to ensure the wire can "wipe" back and forth along the pantograph to prevent grooves forming. All pantographs in the experiment wore unevenly, so further work was discontinued.
54794869_16_2	54794869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram%20types%20in%20Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide. A design shortcoming The whole fleet was re-motored in 1956 with slightly more powerful 48 kW (65 hp) motor originally intended for the unrealised H1 fleet. Replacement air horns were installed; gongs remained.
54794869_16_3	54794869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram%20types%20in%20Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide. A design shortcoming In 1986, when operations were transferred from the Angas Street (City) depot to the new Glengowrie depot on the Glenelg line and the overhead wiring was re-engineered (including rigging the wire to "zig-zag"), 11 out of the 21 surviving cars were fitted with pantographs and all 21 had roller bearings fitted to their trucks. Ten of the cars underwent their first-ever major refurbishment at the State Transport Authority's workshops, based at the time in Regency Park.
54794869_16_4	54794869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram%20types%20in%20Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide. A design shortcoming In 2001 and 2002, some Type H cars were modernised, asbestos was removed and electronic inverter controls replaced the original control gear. Five cars were given a complete rebuild.
54794869_16_5	54794869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram%20types%20in%20Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide. A design shortcoming In 2005 all remaining cars were modified so they could operate past the upgraded passenger platforms built in readiness for new 100 Series Flexity Classic trams, which would be narrower.
54794869_16_6	54794869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram%20types%20in%20Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide. Liveries When introduced in 1929, the cars received a varnished tuscan-red and deep cream livery, with varnished wood interiors and black undergear, as for other Adelaide trams. Between 1952 and 1956 the livery of all Type H cars was changed to silver and carnation red and an Ashbury green interior. In 1959 and 1960, two cars were painted in a short-lived experimental grey and carnation red livery, and in 1971 two others received the same livery but with a "railway" red roof to overcome the problem of silver roofs soon appearing dirty; the idea was not adopted. All silver trams were returned to their original external and internal livery starting in 1971, when 18 cars were extensively refurbished.
54794869_16_7	54794869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram%20types%20in%20Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide. A design shortcoming Some cars received liveries different from the two mentioned. In 1979 car 377 was repainted with a black-and-gold livery to celebrate the 50th anniversary of tramway operation on the Glenelg line, which it retained for a few years. Car 380 was also briefly repainted in 1979 into a special livery by students in the Glenelg area as part of a South Australian schools festival. Car 378 gained a grey-roofed, royal blue, gold-lined livery in 1990 when it became a restaurant car.
54794869_16_8	54794869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram%20types%20in%20Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide. Change to numerical classification In 2006, when the first of the new trams purchased for Adelaide's tramways revival began operation, a numerical "series" classification replaced the old alphabetical system. From then until they ceased running in 2015, Type H trams were designated as the 300 Series, which conveniently accorded with their existing numbers.
54794869_16_9	54794869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram%20types%20in%20Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide. Withdrawal The first withdrawal from service of Type H cars occurred in the late 1950s; by 1968 the fleet consisted of 26 cars. In September 2005, tenders were called for the sale and removal of 16 cars: ten operational; restaurant car 378; and five non-operational. Organisations such as museums with heritage experience could seek a tram as a gift or at minimum value. Their subsequent uses were as varied as a restaurant, an attraction at a bed-and-breakfast venue, a tourism display at Glenelg, and a media studies classroom in a Riverland high school.
54794869_16_10	54794869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram%20types%20in%20Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide. A design shortcoming In 2006 a transitional period started in which the cars were progressively withdrawn as new Flexity Classic trams arrived. Most were withdrawn by 2007; the final revenue service on the Glenelg Line was in 2008, by which time the cars were 79 years old. Five of them were retained at Glengowrie depot to operate a weekend "heritage tram" service and charter trips, the last of which occurred in 2015. Many were acquired by tramways museums, where most are in regular service.
54794869_17_0	54794869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram%20types%20in%20Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide. Type H1 When Adelaide's street tramways were closed in 1958, Type H1 car 381 was the most modern of the MTT fleet. It was the first of a projected order of 40 cars originally planned in 1939. However, the Second World War intervened, and post-war material shortages delayed construction until the 1950s. Built by Adelaide bus manufacturer J.A. Lawton & Sons as one of two prototypes, no. 381 was essentially a streamlined, all-steel version of the Type H with many constructional features of buses and one pair of doors in the middle of the tram instead of at the end. Although it captured the public's imagination, commonly being known as "the streamliner", it incorporated only marginal improvements over the Type H. It was introduced in January 1953 and for most of its short operational life it ran on the through-routed Kensington and Henley North lines.
54794869_17_1	54794869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram%20types%20in%20Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide. Type H1 In 1953, however, time was running out for Adelaide's trams. By February 1950 petrol rationing had ended and families aspired to buy motor cars; patronage on public transport had dropped from 95 million in 1946 to 78 million in 1951. In 1951 the lower house of the parliament of South Australia appointed a select committee to investigate the MTT following a forecast that in June 1952, for the first time since its inception, the trust would be unable to meet its financial obligations without assistance. in February 1952 the committee issued its interim findings criticising many of the operations of the trust, including a failure to plan for the future. Eleven months later, in the same month that the H1 car was introduced, the MTT board, which since 1907 had comprised mainly municipal council appointees, was reconstituted with a new board of state government appointees. The board initiated a complete re-examination of the transport system, and plans were made to replace all the existing tramways, including the Glenelg line, with bus operation.
54794869_17_2	54794869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram%20types%20in%20Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide. Type H1 Thus tram 381 became one of a kind; a partly constructed 382 was scrapped. It was withdrawn from revenue service in December 1957 and donated to the Tramway Museum, St Kilda in 1965, where it is now operational. Compared with only five years in revenue service it has spent years in preservation.
54794869_18_0	54794869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram%20types%20in%20Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide. 100 Series (Bombardier Flexity Classic) Adelaide's tramway revival, which was first seen in the 2005 upgrading of the Glenelg tram line, continued with a $58 million investment in the first vehicles of a modern tram fleet. Starting in January 2006, eleven Bombardier Flexity Classic vehicles began operation, progressively replacing the Type H trams, by then 77 years old. Bombardier had won the supply tender against one other bidder, receiving an initial order for nine trams in September 2004. The company was able to effect unusually quick delivery by supplying them on the back of a large order under way for VGF, the Frankfurt Transport Company.
54794869_18_1	54794869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram%20types%20in%20Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide. 100 Series (Bombardier Flexity Classic) Built in Bautzen, Germany, the trams are 30.00 metres (98 ft 5 ins) long, articulated in three segments, with low floor height for 70 per cent of the vehicle. Bombardier emphasises the technically mature, tried-and-tested standard elements of the Classic range (one of four main product groups), the light-weight welded steel construction which enables repair works at the transport authority's own workshops, and conventional wheel-set bogies to maximise the quality of ride and reduce wheel wear.
54794869_18_2	54794869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram%20types%20in%20Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide. 100 Series (Bombardier Flexity Classic) Several of the earlier Flexity cars were unloaded at Adelaide's Outer Harbor; later deliveries were first shipped to Melbourne and offloaded there before being hauled by road to Adelaide.
54794869_18_3	54794869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram%20types%20in%20Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide. 100 Series (Bombardier Flexity Classic) Initially the trams' air conditioning systems, built for the Hamburg climate, failed to cope with Adelaide's high summer temperatures, but they were rectified by engineering changes in 2007.
54794869_18_4	54794869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram%20types%20in%20Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide. 100 Series (Bombardier Flexity Classic) Another two Flexity trams were ordered in time for the Victoria Square to City West route extension to Adelaide railway station that opened in October 2007. By 2008 the state government was reported to be considering the unusual step of lengthening the trams, instead of purchasing more, to accommodate increasing passenger numbers. However, an order was placed with Bombardier in September 2008 for an additional four trams for the route extension from North Terrace to the Adelaide Entertainment Centre.
54794869_18_5	54794869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram%20types%20in%20Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide. 100 Series (Bombardier Flexity Classic) With the introduction of the Flexity Classic, the Department of Planning, Transport and Infrastructure changed the MTT's alphabetical classification of tram types to a numeric system, and the Flexity Classics became the 100 Series. In informal parlance they are generally referred to as "Flexities".
54794869_19_0	54794869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram%20types%20in%20Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide. 200 Series (Alstom Citadis 302) The Citadis 302 is one model in a range of low-floor trams and light rail vehicles built by Alstom. , more than 2,500 Citadis trams have been sold to operators in more than 50 cities in 20 countries, conveying 4 million passengers per day. Alstom claims the Citadis's energy cost is one-quarter that of buses and one-tenth of cars. Most Citadis vehicles are made in Alstom's factories in La Rochelle, Reichshoffen and Valenciennes in France; in Barcelona, Spain (as in the case of Adelaide's 200 Series trams); and Annaba, Algeria.
54794869_19_1	54794869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram%20types%20in%20Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide. 200 Series (Alstom Citadis 302) Alstom built the first of what became Adelaide's 200 Series trams as part of an order of 70 Citadis model 302 units from Spanish operator Metro Ligero for service in Madrid. A scaling down of plans as a result of the worldwide financial crisis resulted in a number of them being placed into storage, "as new", immediately after delivery. TransAdelaide, needing to meet demand on the new line to the Adelaide Entertainment Centre, subsequently acquired six and shipped them to Australia.
54794869_19_2	54794869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram%20types%20in%20Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide. 200 Series (Alstom Citadis 302) Alstom ran one as a demonstrator for two weeks in Melbourne after landing; before delivery to Madrid the company had used one in Stockholm to test a route extension.
54794869_19_3	54794869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram%20types%20in%20Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide. 200 Series (Alstom Citadis 302) Before arriving in Adelaide the six trams were modified at the Preston Workshops heavy maintenance facility in Melbourne.
54794869_19_4	54794869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram%20types%20in%20Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide. 200 Series (Alstom Citadis 302) A further three trams arrived in December 2017 to meet expected demand from expansion of lines in eastern North Terrace and King William Road.
54794869_19_5	54794869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram%20types%20in%20Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide. 200 Series (Alstom Citadis 302) Compared to the 100 Series Flexity Classic trams, the 200 Series trams have a higher crush load (186 passengers compared with 115) but 10 fewer seats; low floors for 100 per cent of the passenger space; and are formed of five articulated sections rather than three. They are 2.3 m (7 ft ins) longer than the 100 Series. In informal parlance they are generally referred to as "Citadis".
54794869_19_6	54794869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram%20types%20in%20Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide. Preserved Adelaide trams Several museums, preservation groups and other entities have Adelaide trams that are accessible for rides or on static display. The Tramway Museum, St Kilda, 24 km (15 mi) north of the centre of Adelaide, has at least one example of every principal tram type to have been in service on a city street system. Most of them are operational, running when rostered along 1.6 km (1.0 mi) of purpose-built track that runs between the museum and a large adventure playground.
54794869_19_7	54794869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram%20types%20in%20Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide. 200 Series (Alstom Citadis 302) For details of the preserved trams, click [show] in the following panel.
54794869_19_8	54794869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram%20types%20in%20Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide	Tram types in Adelaide. 200 Series (Alstom Citadis 302) Links to articles about Adelaide tramways, from the horse tram era to the contemporary era of tramways revival, are accessible in the panel at the beginning of this article: click [show] to open it.
54794870_0_0	54794870	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Irish%20in%20Baltimore	History of the Irish in Baltimore	History of the Irish in Baltimore. The history of the Irish in Baltimore dates back to the early and mid-19th century. The city's Irish-American community is centered in the neighborhoods of Hampden, Canton, Highlandtown, Fell's Point and Locust Point.
54794870_1_0	54794870	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Irish%20in%20Baltimore	History of the Irish in Baltimore	History of the Irish in Baltimore. Demographics In 1880, the Irish made up a large portion of the foreign-born population of Baltimore at 24.6% of all foreign born residents. 16.9% (56,354) of Baltimore was foreign born, 13,863 of them Irish.
54794870_1_1	54794870	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Irish%20in%20Baltimore	History of the Irish in Baltimore	History of the Irish in Baltimore. Demographics In 1920, 10,240 foreign-born White people in Baltimore spoke an English or Celtic language.
54794870_1_2	54794870	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Irish%20in%20Baltimore	History of the Irish in Baltimore	History of the Irish in Baltimore. Demographics In 1940, 2,159 immigrants from Ireland lived in Baltimore. These immigrants comprised 3.5% of the city's foreign-born white population. In total, 4,077 people of Irish birth or descent lived in the city, comprising 4.6% of the foreign-stock white population.
54794870_1_3	54794870	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Irish%20in%20Baltimore	History of the Irish in Baltimore	History of the Irish in Baltimore. Demographics In the 1940 United States Census, Irish-Americans comprised 22% of the foreign-born population in Highlandtown. In Hamden, Baltimore's tract 13–5, 7% of foreign-born residents were Irish-American.
54794870_1_4	54794870	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Irish%20in%20Baltimore	History of the Irish in Baltimore	History of the Irish in Baltimore. Demographics The Irish-American community in the Baltimore metropolitan area numbered 341,683 as of 2000, making up 13.4% of the area's population. This made them the second largest European ethnic group in the Baltimore area after the Germans. In the same year, 32,755 people in the Baltimore metropolitan area were of Scottish-Irish descent, comprising 1.3% of the metropolitan area's population. In the same year Baltimore city's Irish-American population was 39,045, 6% of the city's population. In the same year, 3,274 people in Baltimore were of Scottish-Irish descent, comprising 0.5% of the city's population.
54794870_1_5	54794870	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Irish%20in%20Baltimore	History of the Irish in Baltimore	History of the Irish in Baltimore. Demographics In 2013, an estimated 37,359 Irish-Americans resided in Baltimore city, 6% of the population.
54794870_1_6	54794870	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Irish%20in%20Baltimore	History of the Irish in Baltimore	History of the Irish in Baltimore. Demographics In September 2014, immigrants from Ireland were the sixty-sixth largest foreign-born population in Baltimore.
54794870_2_0	54794870	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Irish%20in%20Baltimore	History of the Irish in Baltimore	History of the Irish in Baltimore. History Baltimore became a leading destination for Irish immigrants to the United States in the mid-1800s during the Great Famine, with around 70,000 Irish people settling in the city during the 1850s and 1860s.
54794870_4_0	54794870	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Irish%20in%20Baltimore	History of the Irish in Baltimore	History of the Irish in Baltimore. Fictional Irish-Americans from Baltimore Roger Gaffney, a fictional police officer of the Baltimore Police Department on Homicide: Life on the Street played by Walt MacPherson. Stuart Gharty, a fictional character played by Peter Gerety in the television series Homicide: Life on the Street. Mike Kellerman, a fictional character on the television drama series Homicide: Life on the Street portrayed by Reed Diamond. Jimmy McNulty, a fictional detective in the Baltimore Police Department on the HBO drama The Wire, played by Dominic West. Megan Russert, a fictional character on Homicide: Life on the Street played by Isabella Hofmann. Jack Ryan (character), a fictional character created by Tom Clancy who appears in many of his novels and their respective film adaptations.
54794870_5_0	54794870	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Irish%20in%20Baltimore	History of the Irish in Baltimore	History of the Irish in Baltimore. Further reading Irish Charities of Maryland, Inc. "Baltimore Irish festival 2003 : September 19, 20, and 21, 2003", Baltimore, MD, 2003. Hayward, Mary Ellen; Irish Railroad Workers Museum. "From famine to fortitude : the Irish experience in Baltimore", Irish Railroad Workers Museum, 2005. Maryland State Archives. "St. Joseph's Roman Catholic Church, Baltimore, Maryland, records of baptisms, 1839 to 1883 : CD-ROM BALTRC-1 : extracted from Maryland State Archives microfilm publication MSA M 1686", Digital Archives of Colorado, DigArcCo, 1998. St. Patrick's Day Pub. Co. "St. Patrick's Day : for the Irish and Irish Americans, and to celebrate St. Patrick's Day", Baltimore, MD, 19--? Emerald Isle Club. "The visitor = An cuairteoir", Baltimore, MD.
54794909_0_0	54794909	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim%20Soltvedt	Joachim Soltvedt	Joachim Soltvedt. Joachim Soltvedt (born 9 September 1995) is a Norwegian football player currently playing as a midfielder for Sarpsborg 08.
54794933_0_0	54794933	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rofiat%20Sule	Rofiat Sule	Rofiat Sule. Rafiat Folakemi Sule (born 3 August 2000), is a Nigerian professional footballer who plays as a forward at club level for the Bari-based A.S.D. Pink Sport Time, in Italian Serie A. She previously donned the colours of Rivers Angels, and was top scorer in the league for two consecutive seasons. She has been described as "technically sound" with a sharp eye for goals from all distance.
54794933_0_1	54794933	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rofiat%20Sule	Rofiat Sule	Rofiat Sule. Club career In May 2015, Sule reiterated her full belief in the ability of her teammates and manager in the ongoing season. She opined that she was fully persuaded that Bayelsa Queens will end the season in a good position. During the 2015 season, Sule scored 11 goals in the league and two goals in the Federations Cup. She dedicated her golden boot to her deceased dad and teammates for the motivation, describing the award as something that came suddenly and as a sign that she is on the right path to fulfilling her dreams. Sule also deemed it as a collective indication of the efforts of her teammates. In 2016, her performance for Bayelsa Queens led to her nomination for the May 2016 player of the month. In March 2017, Sule alongside, Cecilia Nku, Halimatu Ayinde and Tochukwu Oluehi were signed by Rivers Angels.
54794933_0_2	54794933	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rofiat%20Sule	Rofiat Sule	Rofiat Sule. At the 2017 Ladies in Sports conference, Sule was honoured for her outstanding performance during the previous season.
54794933_0_3	54794933	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rofiat%20Sule	Rofiat Sule	Rofiat Sule. She joins the Italian Serie A A.S.D. Pink Sport Time team based in Bari in August 2020.
54794933_0_4	54794933	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rofiat%20Sule	Rofiat Sule	Rofiat Sule. International career In February 2018, Sule was invited to the camp of the Nigerian national team ahead of the WAFU Cup in Côte d'Ivoire, but didn't make the final squad list.
54794933_0_5	54794933	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rofiat%20Sule	Rofiat Sule	Rofiat Sule. Honours 2015 top scorer 2016 top scorer Nigeria Pitch Awards - Most valuable player in 2016 Nigeria Women Premier League
54794934_0_0	54794934	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizuki%20Matsuda	Mizuki Matsuda	Mizuki Matsuda. Mizuki Matsuda (松田瑞生, Matsuda Mizuki, born 31 May 1995) is a Japanese long distance runner. She competed in the women's 10,000 metres at the 2017 World Championships in Athletics.
54794934_0_1	54794934	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizuki%20Matsuda	Mizuki Matsuda	Mizuki Matsuda. In July 2017, Matsuda placed 3rd in the 10,000 meter run at the 2017 Asian Athletics Championships. She has been national champion at the 10,000 meter distance in 2017 and 2018, with a personal best of 31:39.
54794934_0_2	54794934	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizuki%20Matsuda	Mizuki Matsuda	Mizuki Matsuda. In January 2018, Matsuda won the Osaka International Women's Marathon with a time of 2:22:44, in her marathon debut. She won 2020 Osaka International Ladies Marathon with personal best 2:21:47. In March 2021 she won Nagoya Women's Marathon in 2:21:51. On 30 January 2022 she won Osaka International Women's Marathon and made her new personal best (lifting 55 seconds from 2020 Osaka Marathon) and also set new course record.
54794937_0_0	54794937	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagirath%20Samai	Bhagirath Samai	Bhagirath Samai. Bhagirath Samai (born 11 August 1957), is an Indian professional shooter who represented his country at the 1984 Summer Olympics. He won a bronze medal at the 1986 Asian Games, for which performance he was awarded the Arjuna Award. He participated in two South Asian Games, two Asian Games, two Asian Shooting Championships, two Commonwealth Games and one Olympic Games.
54794937_1_0	54794937	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagirath%20Samai	Bhagirath Samai	Bhagirath Samai. Awards and recognition He was awarded the Arjuna Award in Shooting in 1986 for winning a Bronze Medal in the 1986 Asian Games
54794937_1_1	54794937	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagirath%20Samai	Bhagirath Samai	Bhagirath Samai. Awards and recognition He receives a life time Pension worth 6000 /- INR per month from the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports for his performance in international events. Midnapore rifle club gave him the title 'King of the Rifle of India'.
54794937_1_2	54794937	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagirath%20Samai	Bhagirath Samai	Bhagirath Samai. Personal life Bhagirath Samai was born in Asansol and is the youngest of his brothers. He said that he took shooting to reluctantly, but later fell in love with the sport. He married Rina Samai in 1992.
54794937_1_3	54794937	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagirath%20Samai	Bhagirath Samai	Bhagirath Samai. Awards and recognition He currently does service for a construction company in Haldia, living away from family.
54794955_0_0	54794955	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercyline%20Chelangat	Mercyline Chelangat	Mercyline Chelangat. Mercyline Chelangat (born 17 December 1997) is a Ugandan long distance runner. She competed in the women's 10,000 metres at the 2017 World Championships in Athletics. In 2018, she competed in the senior women's race at the 2018 African Cross Country Championships held in Chlef, Algeria.
54794955_0_1	54794955	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercyline%20Chelangat	Mercyline Chelangat	Mercyline Chelangat. In June 2021, she qualified to represent Uganda at the 2020 Summer Olympics.
54794956_0_0	54794956	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unite%20the%20Right%20rally	Unite the Right rally	Unite the Right rally. The Unite the Right rally was a white supremacist rally that took place in Charlottesville, Virginia, from August 11 to 12, 2017. Far-right groups participated, including self-identified members of the alt-right, neo-Confederates, neo-fascists, white nationalists, neo-Nazis, Klansmen, and various right-wing militias. Some groups chanted racist and antisemitic slogans and carried weapons, Nazi and neo-Nazi symbols, the Valknut, Confederate battle flags, Deus vult crosses, flags, and other symbols of various past and present anti-Islamic and anti-Semitic groups. The organizers' stated goals included the unification of the American white nationalist movement and opposing the proposed removal of the statue of General Robert E. Lee from Charlottesville's former Lee Park.
54794956_0_1	54794956	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unite%20the%20Right%20rally	Unite the Right rally	Unite the Right rally. The rally occurred amid the controversy generated by the removal of Confederate monuments by local governments following the Charleston church shooting in 2015, where a white supremacist shot and killed nine black members, including the minister (a state senator), and wounded others. The rally turned violent after protesters clashed with counter-protesters, resulting in more than 30 injured.
54794956_0_2	54794956	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unite%20the%20Right%20rally	Unite the Right rally	Unite the Right rally. On the morning of August 12, Virginia governor Terry McAuliffe declared a state of emergency, stating that public safety could not be safeguarded without additional powers. Within an hour, at 11:22 a.m., the Virginia State Police declared the rally to be an unlawful assembly. At around 1:45 p.m., self-identified white supremacist James Alex Fields Jr. deliberately rammed his car into a crowd of counter-protesters about a away from the rally site, killing Heather Heyer and injuring 35 other people. Fields fled the scene in his car but was arrested soon afterward; he was tried and convicted in Virginia state court of first-degree murder, malicious wounding, and other crimes in 2018, with the jury recommending a sentence of life imprisonment plus 419 years. The following year, Fields pleaded guilty to 29 federal hate crimes in a plea agreement to avoid the death penalty in this trial.
54794956_0_3	54794956	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unite%20the%20Right%20rally	Unite the Right rally	Unite the Right rally. U.S. President Donald Trump's remarks on Charlottesville generated negative responses. In his initial statement following the rally, Trump "condemned hatred, bigotry, and violence on many sides". While Trump condemned both neo-Nazis and white nationalists, his first statement and subsequent defenses of it, in which he also referred to "very fine people on both sides", were seen by critics as implying moral equivalence between the white supremacist marchers and those who protested against them. Critics interpreted his remarks as sympathetic to white supremacists, while supporters characterized this interpretation as a hoax, because Trump's "fine people" statement explicitly denounced white nationalists.
54794956_0_4	54794956	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unite%20the%20Right%20rally	Unite the Right rally	Unite the Right rally. The rally and resulting death and injuries resulted in a backlash against white supremacist groups in the United States. A number of groups that participated in the rally had events canceled by universities, and their financial and social media accounts closed by major companies. Some Twitter users led a campaign to identify and publicly shame marchers at the rally from photographs; at least one rally attendee was dismissed from his job as a result of the campaign. While the organizers intended for the rally to unite far-right groups with the goal of playing a larger role in American politics, the backlash and resultant infighting between alt-right leaders has been credited with causing a decline in the movement.
54794956_0_5	54794956	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unite%20the%20Right%20rally	Unite the Right rally	Unite the Right rally. After Charlottesville refused to approve another march, Unite the Right held an anniversary rally on August 11–12, 2018, called "Unite the Right 2", in Washington, D.C. The rally drew only 20–30 protesters amidst thousands of counter-protesters, including religious organizations, civil rights groups, and anti-fascist organizers.
54794956_1_0	54794956	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unite%20the%20Right%20rally	Unite the Right rally	Unite the Right rally. Background In the wake of the Charleston church shooting in June 2015, efforts were made across the South to remove Confederate monuments from public spaces and rename streets honoring notable figures from the Confederacy. While often successful, these efforts faced a backlash from people concerned about protecting their Confederate heritage. The August 11–12 Unite the Right rally was organized by Charlottesville native and white supremacist Jason Kessler to protest the Charlottesville City Council's decision to remove the Robert E. Lee statue honoring the Confederate general, as well as the renaming of the statue's eponymous park (renamed to Emancipation Park in June 2017, and again to Market Street Park in 2018). Kessler took up the cause in March 2016 when Charlottesville Vice Mayor Wes Bellamy held a press conference to call for removal of the statue. Kessler called Bellamy "anti-white" and the demand to remove the statue an effort to "attack white history". Lee Park became the site of numerous neo-Confederate events throughout the spring of 2017, including a campaign rally by Virginia Republican gubernatorial candidate Corey Stewart, which further politicized this public space.
54794956_2_0	54794956	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unite%20the%20Right%20rally	Unite the Right rally	Unite the Right rally. Protesters Among the far-right groups engaged in organizing the march were the Stormer Book Clubs (SBCs) of the neo-Nazi news website The Daily Stormer, The Right Stuff, the National Policy Institute, and four groups that form the Nationalist Front: the neo-Confederate League of the South and Identity Dixie, the neo-Nazi groups Traditionalist Worker Party, Vanguard America, and the National Socialist Movement. Other groups involved in the rally were the Ku Klux Klan (specifically the Loyal White Knights and the Confederate White Knights branches), the Fraternal Order of Alt-Knights, the neo-nazi White supremacist group Identity Evropa (since rebranded as the 'American Identity Movement'), the Southern California-based fight club Rise Above Movement, the American Guard, the Detroit Right Wingswho were condemned by the Detroit Red Wings NHL team for their use of the team's logo, True Cascadia, the Canada-based ARM (Alt-Right Montreal) and Hammer Brothers, and Anti-Communist Action.
54794956_2_1	54794956	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unite%20the%20Right%20rally	Unite the Right rally	Unite the Right rally. Protesters Prominent far-right figures in attendance included Spencer, entertainer and internet troll Baked Alaska, former Libertarian Party candidate Augustus Invictus, former Ku Klux Klan Imperial Wizard David Duke, Identity Evropa leader Nathan Damigo, Traditionalist Workers Party leader Matthew Heimbach, Right Stuff founder Mike Enoch, Eric Striker of The Daily Stormer, League of the South founder and leader Michael Hill, Red Ice host and founder Henrik Palmgren, The Rebel Media commentator Faith Goldy, Right Side Broadcasting Network host Nick Fuentes, YouTube personality James Allsup, Altright.com European editor Daniel Friberg, former Business Insider CTO Pax Dickinson, Right Stuff blogger Johnny Monoxide, Daily Stormer writers Robert "Azzmador" Ray and Gabriel "Zeiger" Sohier-Chaput, Daily Caller contributor and rally organizer Jason Kessler, and Radical Agenda host Christopher Cantwell. Gavin McInnes, the leader of the self-described "Western chauvinist" Proud Boys was invited to attend but declined because of an unwillingness "to be associated with explicit neo-Nazis" although the militia wing of the group the aforementioned Fraternal Order of the Alt-Knights did attend. In June, according to the Southern Poverty Law Center's Hatewatch blog, ahead of the rally, McInnes declared that "we need to distance ourselves from them", but "after backlash to the original disavowal flared-up from Alt-Right circles, the statement was withdrawn and replaced with another distancing the Proud Boys from the event yet also encouraging those who 'feel compelled' to attend".

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Tram types in Adelaide

Tram types in Adelaide. Type B conversions to Type A1 Four Type A1 trams were converted into permanently coupled "Bib and Bub" pairs, a wartime labour-saving configuration applied to most Type A cars. These four were the last of the Type A1 cars to be withdrawn from service in 1950, together with the sets of Type A trams not converted back into single car operation.

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Tram types in Adelaide. Type B conversions to Type A1 Type A1 is one of the two MTT tram sub-types not in the collection of the Tram Museum, St Kilda.

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Tram types in Adelaide

Tram types in Adelaide. Type B conversions to Type A2 The three trams of this type were converted, like the A1, from the unpopular Type B "toast rack" trams, and similarly entered service on the Port Adelaide tram system in 1917. Work on the three cars was undertaken by the MTT at their Hackney workshops rather than by contractors. Rebuilding involved removing six cross-bench seats and their pillars from the centre of the car, then installing a heavily constructed saloon in their place. The trams were essentially the same as the Type A1, but easily distinguishable in having three large windows instead of five small arched ones, and heavy, riveted steel sides. This latter feature led to their nickname, "tanks", after the revolutionary British Army weapons newly deployed in the First World War. The seating and standing capacity for these trams was the same as for Types A, A1 and C.

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Tram types in Adelaide

Tram types in Adelaide. Type B conversions to Type A2 The Type A2 trams operated on the isolated Port Adelaide system until its closure in 1935, after which they were transferred to Hackney workshops. In 1946 the bodies of two were sold to private buyers. The third was kept at Hackney workshops until 1958, when it was made available to the Tramway Museum, St Kilda. The museum rebuilt it into its original Type B "toast rack" configuration in preference to retaining its A2 configuration. Consequently, Type A2 is the second of the two MTT tram sub-types not in the museum collection.

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Tram types in Adelaide

Tram types in Adelaide. Type C During World War 1 the MTT urgently needed more tramcars to handle increases in patronage and route extensions. However, wartime austerity made it impossible to proceed with a planned introduction of large trams. As an interim measure, 20 small combination cars similar to Type A were built by Duncan & Fraser in 1918–1919. These cars, subsequently designated Type C, had a more modern domed roof instead of a clerestory roof. During their construction they were fitted with motors removed from Type E trams. Rated at 37 kW (50 hp) each, two-thirds again higher than the 37 kW (33 hp) motors of the Type A, they enabled much faster acceleration. They soon became popularly known as Desert Gold trams, after a New Zealand racehorse that had won races in Australia at the same time. Their speed combined with the four-wheeled design gave rise to their other nickname, "bouncing billies". They helped the MTT's competition against unlicensed buses in the 1920s, and they were used in peak periods until 1952. Their last use was during the royal visit of March 1954.

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Tram types in Adelaide

Tram types in Adelaide. Type D In May 1909, soon after the opening of the first electric lines, it became evident that 100 cars would not be enough to meet traffic demand. In May 1909 the MTT called for tenders for trams it had designed which were much larger than the existing four-wheeled cars.

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Tram types in Adelaide

Tram types in Adelaide. Type D Local tenders were much higher in price than others and the Trust declined to accept them on commercial grounds. A Melbourne company, Noyes Brothers (Melbourne) Pty Ltd, eventually won the contract for 50 cars (later increased to 70). Their tender stated that the car bodies would be manufactured by the J.G. Brill Company in Philadelphia, erected there, dismantled and packed, and re-erected in Australia. Prompted by public opposition to work going out of the state, the MTT asked that assembly be in South Australia. Noyes Brothers then negotiated with Adelaide coachbuilders A. Pengelley & Co. to erect the bodies under their supervision at the same tendered price, reported in The Register as being £36,673 and 13 shillings. As with previous trams, running gear and electrical equipment were necessarily sourced from the UK and US. The 70 trams, built between 1910 and 1912, could carry 154 passengers in total (54 seated and 100 standing). When 20 had been completed, a change was made to the design of the remaining 30 (subsequently increased to 50): sliding doors were fitted to enclose each row of bench seats to give for protection from inclement weather. These trams came to be designated as Type D ("closed combination metropolitan bogie cars"); the first 20 became Type E. The design of these larger cars featured maximum traction trucks, recognisable by one pair of wheels being much smaller in diameter (508 mm or 20 inches) than the other (838 mm or 33 inches, the same diameter as on the earlier types). The driving axle, with large wheels, was driven; the other was not. By locating the truck pivot off-centre, more weight rested on the driving axle, providing greater traction. The smaller wheels guided the truck on the rails, bearing a relatively small portion of the weight.

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Tram types in Adelaide

Tram types in Adelaide. Type D A further four almost identical trams, which Duncan & Fraser had built in 1912 for tramways trusts in Melbourne, were acquired by the MTT in 1927 and incorporated into the D fleet.

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Tram types in Adelaide

Tram types in Adelaide. Type D Since there was no means of moving along the tram inside the cross-bench area, conductors had to make their way along the external footboards to collect fares while the tram was in motion – a task even more dangerous in cold or rainy weather when the sliding doors had to be opened. In 1934, after conductors had been injured while collecting fares, a centre aisle was cut through the centre bulkhead and through four of the six cross-bench seats of these trams.

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Tram types in Adelaide

Tram types in Adelaide. Type D The Type D trams operated in regular service until the street network was closed in 1958.

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Tram types in Adelaide

Tram types in Adelaide. Type E Of the seventy-car "combination metropolitan bogie cars" ordered from A. Pengelly & Co. in 1910, the first twenty (as Type E) were very similar to the Type D but the open section had only roller blinds to protect passengers from bad weather. Continuous crossbench seats required the conductor to collect fares from the footboard. The Type E trams had the same passenger load rating as the Type D: 54 seated and 100 standing. The trams were especially popular for taking families to picnics at Burnside and Magill at a charge of 24 shillings ($A2.20) for the whole group.

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Tram types in Adelaide

Tram types in Adelaide. Type E Local opinion was strongly opposed to building new trams outside of South Australia. Consequently, Type E trams were built by the J.G. Brill Company in Philadelphia, then imported in parts and assembled by Pengelly from 1910 to 1912. As before, mechanical and electrical components were sourced from the UK and US.

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Tram types in Adelaide

Tram types in Adelaide. Type E In 1918, all Type E cars were fitted with 65 hp traction motors, replacing motors rated at 50 hp.

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Tram types in Adelaide

Tram types in Adelaide. Type E During 1936 the open area on all Type E cars was enclosed by an extended saloon. The converted cars were designated Type E1.

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Tram types in Adelaide

Tram types in Adelaide. Type E Some Type E trams survived in revenue service until the close of street tram operation in 1958.

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Tram types in Adelaide

Tram types in Adelaide. Type E conversions to Type E1 By the mid-1930s, more than half of the MTT's cars were almost 30 years old. The enormous financial stringencies of the Great Depression prevented the construction of new cars, but improvements were made to older cars at the MTT's workshops. The conversion of all Type E trams to Type E1 involved removing the crossbenches and extending the saloon for the entire car length except for one retained cross-bench seat behind the motorman's bulkhead. The original (non-smoking) saloon received new upholstered seating; the removed timber saloon seats were transferred to the new saloon.

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Tram types in Adelaide

Tram types in Adelaide. Type E conversions to Type E1 The converted trams were immediately unpopular because there was only one small door at each end, making them difficult to board in rush hours. However, enclosing the open section eliminated the severe safety hazard that external footboards posed to conductors .

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Tram types in Adelaide

Tram types in Adelaide. Type F and its variant F1 At last released from the severe constraints of the First World War, the MTT's chief engineer and general manager W.G.T. Goodman designed a new "dropcentre" tram that could be loaded and unloaded very quickly by six lines of passengers. They entered or left the tram's open section, which had a lower floor than the enclosed saloons on either side, made possible by more modern running gear that took up less space.

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Tram types in Adelaide

Tram types in Adelaide. Type F and its variant F1 These Type F trams and their variant Type F1 seated 60 and had standing room for a further 110, totalling a crush load of 170 passengers, two-thirds more than all but one of their predecessor types. They were a highly popular design, providing much more space and comfort than previous MTT trams. Their acceleration and braking was significantly better than their predecessors' on account of a 40-hp traction motor on each of the four axles (on which all wheels were the same 673 mm (26.5 inch) diameter), and air brakes (the first to be fitted from inception).

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Tram types in Adelaide

Tram types in Adelaide. Type F and its variant F1 A total of 84 were built, making them the most common trams used in Adelaide. Local coach builders A. Pengelly & Co. built the initial 50 cars in 1921–22, a further 11 of almost identical design (designated Type F1) in 1925, and 20 more F1 cars in 1928. The MTT built one Type F1 in 1927 and two more in 1929. The main difference between the two types lay in the construction of the underframe: the Type F cars combined steel and timber frame construction whereas the Type F1 cars had an all-steel underframe. With so many trams of these types in service, many detail variations occurred in the fleet.

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Tram types in Adelaide

Tram types in Adelaide. Type F and its variant F1 In 1929, two cars were fitted with additional air brake pipes to haul an unusual type of trailer – horse transport cars – on the Glenelg line between Adelaide and Morphettville Racecourse.

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Tram types in Adelaide

Tram types in Adelaide. Type F and its variant F1 From October 1953, about half the trams in the Type F and F1 fleet were repainted from their tuscan-red and cream livery into silver and carnation red. Most of the repainted cars – and a few that were not repainted – had an emergency exit door fitted behind the motorman's compartment, reducing the seating capacity in these trams from 60 to 56.

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Tram types in Adelaide

Tram types in Adelaide. Type F and its variant F1 Whether a passenger sat "inside" or not was governed by a strict custom. As John Radcliffe and Christopher Steele observed:These cars were important in the development of an unusual custom by passengers of practising the de facto segregation of the sexes. The habit was quite without legal foundation, yet it was a custom firmly entrenched until the trams were replaced by buses. Passengers who sat in the wrong compartments were regarded as something in the nature of "social outcasts" by their fellow passengers. Men always occupied the centre (smoking) section of "dropcentre" cars, while women and children occupied the end saloons. Even married couples invariably split up after boarding the car. Father always purchased the tickets from the conductor as he passed through the centre of the car. When the conductor reached the end saloon, Mother would point out, amid much arm waving, which of the male passengers outside was her husband. Inspectors who periodically boarded the cars to check that everyone had tickets consequently had a difficult time.

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Tram types in Adelaide

Tram types in Adelaide. Type F and its variant F1 The dropcentre cars had the leading role over the entire Adelaide street tram network for 37 years until the system, with the exception of the Glenelg line, was shut down on 22 November 1958. They were especially well suited to carry the crowds associated with race meetings, football matches and the agricultural show at the Wayville Showground.

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Tram types in Adelaide

Tram types in Adelaide. Type F and its variant F1 The fate of the street trams was the final consequence of many factors at work, including the fact that the number of cars registered in South Australia increased from 100,000 in 1946 to 240,000 in 1956, while during the same time the number of riders carried by all forms of public road passenger transport in Adelaide dropped from 100 million to 60 million.

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Tram types in Adelaide

Tram types in Adelaide. Type F and its variant F1 More information about the closure of the street network is in the article Municipal Tramways Trust.

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Tram types in Adelaide

Tram types in Adelaide. Type G Four Type G cars were built by the J.G. Brill Company in Philadelphia in 1924 and were placed in service in 1925. They were the company’s standard "Birney safety car" – named after their designer, Charles Birney – that had become popular on lightly trafficked lines in the US. They incorporated several safety features and used little power, but owing to their small wheelbase were said to ride "like a rowboat out to sea". The trams filled a niche demand for economic operation over the lightly patronised Port Adelaide system, carrying only 50 passengers. They incorporated folding doors and steps and several safety features, and used little power, but due to their small wheelbase tended to "ride like a rowboat out to sea". They were the only trams in Adelaide able to be operated by the driver alone, doing away with the need for a conductor. Until the arrival of the 100 Series Flexity and 200 Series Citadis trams more than 80 years later, they were also the only trams in Adelaide to be entirely constructed overseas.

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Tram types in Adelaide

Tram types in Adelaide. Type G The Type G trams ran for 10 years before the Port Adelaide system was closed in 1935. The following year, the four were sold to the State Electricity Commission of Victoria for use in Geelong, joining two other, new, Birney cars. In 1947 the Commission transferred the four former Adelaide cars to its Bendigo tramways, to be followed by the remaining two in 1949. There, the trams were in revenue service until 1972 when the system was closed down.

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Tram types in Adelaide

Tram types in Adelaide. Type H (later, 300 Series) In 1929, fortuitously just before the onset of the Great Depression, the MTT acquired the 56-year-old steam-hauled double-track South Terrace railway from the South Australian Railways. It was to be electrified with overhead catenary at 600 volts direct current. Track was re-laid to 1435 mm (4 ft in) standard gauge, the same as other Adelaide tram lines. By December of that year the track had been refurbished and gauge-converted, a flyover bridge built over the railway to Melbourne at Goodwood, and electrification infrastructure installed.

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Tram types in Adelaide

Tram types in Adelaide. Type H (later, 300 Series) To provide a fast service on the 10.9 km (6.8 mi) line between Adelaide and the beachside suburb of Glenelg – 85% of it in an exclusive corridor – 30 long, fully enclosed end-loading saloon cars were designed and built. They were in everyday service for 70 years after they entered service in December 1929.

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Tram types in Adelaide

Tram types in Adelaide. North American influence The construction of the Glenelg tramway and its rolling stock was probably MTT chief engineer and general manager W.G.T. Goodman's greatest achievement. Though Goodman was an Englishman by birth, education and early professional experience, many of his ideas reflected a strong North American influence. In terms of rolling stock design it was evident not only in the Type H cars but also in the stock US streetcar designs, both in layout and detail, that he favoured in 1908–1912 for the inaugural Adelaide street tram system and in his 1918 design (not built) for fast-loading street trams. The design of the Type H was typical of many hundreds of interurban cars operating in North America at the time. The term "interurban" was applied to vehicles heavier and faster than urban trams ("streetcars" in North America), operating in city streets and on private right-of-way between built-up areas. Goodman had proposed a similar design for electrification of the line twenty years earlier, but the electrification bill introduced into the South Australian Parliament was defeated, as was a similar bill two years later.

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Tram types in Adelaide

Tram types in Adelaide. A memorable experience To the travelling public the trams became known by their destination as "Glenelg" and "Bay" trams (after Holdfast Bay, on which Glenelg is located). They were very popular from the beginning; a journey on a "Bay" tram gave the traveller a comfortable experience of 1920s technology that with the passing of the years became more memorable. Brian Andrews recalled his childhood journeys in City and Glenelg:Boarding the big red car ... my mother and I would settle into a comfortable leather seat in the non-smoking saloon as the "connie" (conductor) walked through the tram, throwing over pairs of reversible seats with both hands, with a "kalunkada kalunkada kalunkada". Then, with a sharp hiss of escaping air and a "klunk" the folding doors would close and the steps fold up against the side of the tram, and with a slight jerk we would be off. The journey would be punctuated by the sound of the push-button buzzers actuated by passengers wishing to alight at the next stop, the blare of the hooter as the tram approached level crossings and the occasional "dugga dugga dugga" sounding mysteriously from beneath the floor as the air compressor cut in to restore air pressure for the brakes and control system.

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Tram types in Adelaide

Tram types in Adelaide. Construction The car bodies were manufactured by A. Pengelly & Co. of the Adelaide suburb of Edwardstown – a company that had built trams for the street network since 1910 – for £5,000 each. Steel undergear components and electrical equipment were sourced separately from the UK and US; the compensating-beam truck frames were supplied by the Australian agents of the Commonwealth Steel Company of Illinois and the rest of the truck was built by the MTT's Hackney workshops.

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Tram types in Adelaide

Tram types in Adelaide. A memorable experience The body, 17.170 m (56 ft 4 ins) long, had tapered ends and a width slightly less than other trams to allow them to clear corners in streets, such as when going into depots or on suburban street lines: although designed specifically for the Glenelg line, they also saw service on the street tramway routes to Henley North, Kensington Gardens and Cheltenham. Air-powered double doors and bottom steps permitted quick loading at each end. From the entry vestibule, a step up led to a saloon with reversible leather seats, with a mid-car, full-height partition, originally to separate smokers and non-smokers. Their capabilities included multiple-unit operation (up to three cars but limited to two after a major accident in 1937), automatic acceleration and remote electro-pneumatic control, interconnected by the electrical and compressed-air connections on automatic Tomlinson couplers. Four 45 kW (60 hp) motors were fitted, limited to confine the trams to a maximum speed of 72 km/h (45 mph). After a few years in service, the trams were also fitted with air horns.

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Tram types in Adelaide

Tram types in Adelaide. A design shortcoming North American streetcars and interurbans had evolved from all-wood construction early in the 20th century through composite wood-and-steel to heavyweight steel (about 1909) and to lightweight steel in the 1920s. All-steel construction reduced maintenance and potential loss of life inherent in a collision in which a steel underframe scythed through the wooden body of an opposing car. Although four years earlier the MTT had imported Birney safety cars from the J.G. Brill Company built of lightweight steel, and despite the higher-than-normal speed of the Type H trams, the MTT did not incorporate this inexpensive feature in its design. Many Glenelg line collisions, particularly at level crossings, required substantial repairs, confirming their vulnerability.

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Tram types in Adelaide

Tram types in Adelaide. Modifications and refurbishing During the 1930s, five trams' trolley poles were replaced experimentally with pantographs, each of a different pattern. However, the overhead wires at the time, although suspended in a catenary system, were configured near the centreline of the tram rather than being "zig-zagged" (staggered from one side to the other), which is essential to ensure the wire can "wipe" back and forth along the pantograph to prevent grooves forming. All pantographs in the experiment wore unevenly, so further work was discontinued.

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Tram types in Adelaide

Tram types in Adelaide. A design shortcoming The whole fleet was re-motored in 1956 with slightly more powerful 48 kW (65 hp) motor originally intended for the unrealised H1 fleet. Replacement air horns were installed; gongs remained.

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Tram types in Adelaide

Tram types in Adelaide. A design shortcoming In 1986, when operations were transferred from the Angas Street (City) depot to the new Glengowrie depot on the Glenelg line and the overhead wiring was re-engineered (including rigging the wire to "zig-zag"), 11 out of the 21 surviving cars were fitted with pantographs and all 21 had roller bearings fitted to their trucks. Ten of the cars underwent their first-ever major refurbishment at the State Transport Authority's workshops, based at the time in Regency Park.

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Tram types in Adelaide

Tram types in Adelaide. A design shortcoming In 2001 and 2002, some Type H cars were modernised, asbestos was removed and electronic inverter controls replaced the original control gear. Five cars were given a complete rebuild.

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Tram types in Adelaide

Tram types in Adelaide. A design shortcoming In 2005 all remaining cars were modified so they could operate past the upgraded passenger platforms built in readiness for new 100 Series Flexity Classic trams, which would be narrower.

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Tram types in Adelaide

Tram types in Adelaide. Liveries When introduced in 1929, the cars received a varnished tuscan-red and deep cream livery, with varnished wood interiors and black undergear, as for other Adelaide trams. Between 1952 and 1956 the livery of all Type H cars was changed to silver and carnation red and an Ashbury green interior. In 1959 and 1960, two cars were painted in a short-lived experimental grey and carnation red livery, and in 1971 two others received the same livery but with a "railway" red roof to overcome the problem of silver roofs soon appearing dirty; the idea was not adopted. All silver trams were returned to their original external and internal livery starting in 1971, when 18 cars were extensively refurbished.

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Tram types in Adelaide. A design shortcoming Some cars received liveries different from the two mentioned. In 1979 car 377 was repainted with a black-and-gold livery to celebrate the 50th anniversary of tramway operation on the Glenelg line, which it retained for a few years. Car 380 was also briefly repainted in 1979 into a special livery by students in the Glenelg area as part of a South Australian schools festival. Car 378 gained a grey-roofed, royal blue, gold-lined livery in 1990 when it became a restaurant car.

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Tram types in Adelaide. Change to numerical classification In 2006, when the first of the new trams purchased for Adelaide's tramways revival began operation, a numerical "series" classification replaced the old alphabetical system. From then until they ceased running in 2015, Type H trams were designated as the 300 Series, which conveniently accorded with their existing numbers.

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Tram types in Adelaide. Withdrawal The first withdrawal from service of Type H cars occurred in the late 1950s; by 1968 the fleet consisted of 26 cars. In September 2005, tenders were called for the sale and removal of 16 cars: ten operational; restaurant car 378; and five non-operational. Organisations such as museums with heritage experience could seek a tram as a gift or at minimum value. Their subsequent uses were as varied as a restaurant, an attraction at a bed-and-breakfast venue, a tourism display at Glenelg, and a media studies classroom in a Riverland high school.

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Tram types in Adelaide. A design shortcoming In 2006 a transitional period started in which the cars were progressively withdrawn as new Flexity Classic trams arrived. Most were withdrawn by 2007; the final revenue service on the Glenelg Line was in 2008, by which time the cars were 79 years old. Five of them were retained at Glengowrie depot to operate a weekend "heritage tram" service and charter trips, the last of which occurred in 2015. Many were acquired by tramways museums, where most are in regular service.

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Tram types in Adelaide

Tram types in Adelaide. Type H1 When Adelaide's street tramways were closed in 1958, Type H1 car 381 was the most modern of the MTT fleet. It was the first of a projected order of 40 cars originally planned in 1939. However, the Second World War intervened, and post-war material shortages delayed construction until the 1950s. Built by Adelaide bus manufacturer J.A. Lawton & Sons as one of two prototypes, no. 381 was essentially a streamlined, all-steel version of the Type H with many constructional features of buses and one pair of doors in the middle of the tram instead of at the end. Although it captured the public's imagination, commonly being known as "the streamliner", it incorporated only marginal improvements over the Type H. It was introduced in January 1953 and for most of its short operational life it ran on the through-routed Kensington and Henley North lines.

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Tram types in Adelaide. Type H1 In 1953, however, time was running out for Adelaide's trams. By February 1950 petrol rationing had ended and families aspired to buy motor cars; patronage on public transport had dropped from 95 million in 1946 to 78 million in 1951. In 1951 the lower house of the parliament of South Australia appointed a select committee to investigate the MTT following a forecast that in June 1952, for the first time since its inception, the trust would be unable to meet its financial obligations without assistance. in February 1952 the committee issued its interim findings criticising many of the operations of the trust, including a failure to plan for the future. Eleven months later, in the same month that the H1 car was introduced, the MTT board, which since 1907 had comprised mainly municipal council appointees, was reconstituted with a new board of state government appointees. The board initiated a complete re-examination of the transport system, and plans were made to replace all the existing tramways, including the Glenelg line, with bus operation.

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Tram types in Adelaide

Tram types in Adelaide. Type H1 Thus tram 381 became one of a kind; a partly constructed 382 was scrapped. It was withdrawn from revenue service in December 1957 and donated to the Tramway Museum, St Kilda in 1965, where it is now operational. Compared with only five years in revenue service it has spent years in preservation.

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Tram types in Adelaide

Tram types in Adelaide. 100 Series (Bombardier Flexity Classic) Adelaide's tramway revival, which was first seen in the 2005 upgrading of the Glenelg tram line, continued with a $58 million investment in the first vehicles of a modern tram fleet. Starting in January 2006, eleven Bombardier Flexity Classic vehicles began operation, progressively replacing the Type H trams, by then 77 years old. Bombardier had won the supply tender against one other bidder, receiving an initial order for nine trams in September 2004. The company was able to effect unusually quick delivery by supplying them on the back of a large order under way for VGF, the Frankfurt Transport Company.

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Tram types in Adelaide

Tram types in Adelaide. 100 Series (Bombardier Flexity Classic) Built in Bautzen, Germany, the trams are 30.00 metres (98 ft 5 ins) long, articulated in three segments, with low floor height for 70 per cent of the vehicle. Bombardier emphasises the technically mature, tried-and-tested standard elements of the Classic range (one of four main product groups), the light-weight welded steel construction which enables repair works at the transport authority's own workshops, and conventional wheel-set bogies to maximise the quality of ride and reduce wheel wear.

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Tram types in Adelaide

Tram types in Adelaide. 100 Series (Bombardier Flexity Classic) Several of the earlier Flexity cars were unloaded at Adelaide's Outer Harbor; later deliveries were first shipped to Melbourne and offloaded there before being hauled by road to Adelaide.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram%20types%20in%20Adelaide

Tram types in Adelaide

Tram types in Adelaide. 100 Series (Bombardier Flexity Classic) Initially the trams' air conditioning systems, built for the Hamburg climate, failed to cope with Adelaide's high summer temperatures, but they were rectified by engineering changes in 2007.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram%20types%20in%20Adelaide

Tram types in Adelaide

Tram types in Adelaide. 100 Series (Bombardier Flexity Classic) Another two Flexity trams were ordered in time for the Victoria Square to City West route extension to Adelaide railway station that opened in October 2007. By 2008 the state government was reported to be considering the unusual step of lengthening the trams, instead of purchasing more, to accommodate increasing passenger numbers. However, an order was placed with Bombardier in September 2008 for an additional four trams for the route extension from North Terrace to the Adelaide Entertainment Centre.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram%20types%20in%20Adelaide

Tram types in Adelaide

Tram types in Adelaide. 100 Series (Bombardier Flexity Classic) With the introduction of the Flexity Classic, the Department of Planning, Transport and Infrastructure changed the MTT's alphabetical classification of tram types to a numeric system, and the Flexity Classics became the 100 Series. In informal parlance they are generally referred to as "Flexities".

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram%20types%20in%20Adelaide

Tram types in Adelaide

Tram types in Adelaide. 200 Series (Alstom Citadis 302) The Citadis 302 is one model in a range of low-floor trams and light rail vehicles built by Alstom. , more than 2,500 Citadis trams have been sold to operators in more than 50 cities in 20 countries, conveying 4 million passengers per day. Alstom claims the Citadis's energy cost is one-quarter that of buses and one-tenth of cars. Most Citadis vehicles are made in Alstom's factories in La Rochelle, Reichshoffen and Valenciennes in France; in Barcelona, Spain (as in the case of Adelaide's 200 Series trams); and Annaba, Algeria.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram%20types%20in%20Adelaide

Tram types in Adelaide

Tram types in Adelaide. 200 Series (Alstom Citadis 302) Alstom built the first of what became Adelaide's 200 Series trams as part of an order of 70 Citadis model 302 units from Spanish operator Metro Ligero for service in Madrid. A scaling down of plans as a result of the worldwide financial crisis resulted in a number of them being placed into storage, "as new", immediately after delivery. TransAdelaide, needing to meet demand on the new line to the Adelaide Entertainment Centre, subsequently acquired six and shipped them to Australia.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram%20types%20in%20Adelaide

Tram types in Adelaide

Tram types in Adelaide. 200 Series (Alstom Citadis 302) Alstom ran one as a demonstrator for two weeks in Melbourne after landing; before delivery to Madrid the company had used one in Stockholm to test a route extension.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram%20types%20in%20Adelaide

Tram types in Adelaide

Tram types in Adelaide. 200 Series (Alstom Citadis 302) Before arriving in Adelaide the six trams were modified at the Preston Workshops heavy maintenance facility in Melbourne.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram%20types%20in%20Adelaide

Tram types in Adelaide

Tram types in Adelaide. 200 Series (Alstom Citadis 302) A further three trams arrived in December 2017 to meet expected demand from expansion of lines in eastern North Terrace and King William Road.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram%20types%20in%20Adelaide

Tram types in Adelaide

Tram types in Adelaide. 200 Series (Alstom Citadis 302) Compared to the 100 Series Flexity Classic trams, the 200 Series trams have a higher crush load (186 passengers compared with 115) but 10 fewer seats; low floors for 100 per cent of the passenger space; and are formed of five articulated sections rather than three. They are 2.3 m (7 ft ins) longer than the 100 Series. In informal parlance they are generally referred to as "Citadis".

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram%20types%20in%20Adelaide

Tram types in Adelaide

Tram types in Adelaide. Preserved Adelaide trams Several museums, preservation groups and other entities have Adelaide trams that are accessible for rides or on static display. The Tramway Museum, St Kilda, 24 km (15 mi) north of the centre of Adelaide, has at least one example of every principal tram type to have been in service on a city street system. Most of them are operational, running when rostered along 1.6 km (1.0 mi) of purpose-built track that runs between the museum and a large adventure playground.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram%20types%20in%20Adelaide

Tram types in Adelaide

Tram types in Adelaide. 200 Series (Alstom Citadis 302) For details of the preserved trams, click [show] in the following panel.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram%20types%20in%20Adelaide

Tram types in Adelaide

Tram types in Adelaide. 200 Series (Alstom Citadis 302) Links to articles about Adelaide tramways, from the horse tram era to the contemporary era of tramways revival, are accessible in the panel at the beginning of this article: click [show] to open it.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Irish%20in%20Baltimore

History of the Irish in Baltimore

History of the Irish in Baltimore. The history of the Irish in Baltimore dates back to the early and mid-19th century. The city's Irish-American community is centered in the neighborhoods of Hampden, Canton, Highlandtown, Fell's Point and Locust Point.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Irish%20in%20Baltimore

History of the Irish in Baltimore

History of the Irish in Baltimore. Demographics In 1880, the Irish made up a large portion of the foreign-born population of Baltimore at 24.6% of all foreign born residents. 16.9% (56,354) of Baltimore was foreign born, 13,863 of them Irish.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Irish%20in%20Baltimore

History of the Irish in Baltimore

History of the Irish in Baltimore. Demographics In 1920, 10,240 foreign-born White people in Baltimore spoke an English or Celtic language.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Irish%20in%20Baltimore

History of the Irish in Baltimore

History of the Irish in Baltimore. Demographics In 1940, 2,159 immigrants from Ireland lived in Baltimore. These immigrants comprised 3.5% of the city's foreign-born white population. In total, 4,077 people of Irish birth or descent lived in the city, comprising 4.6% of the foreign-stock white population.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Irish%20in%20Baltimore

History of the Irish in Baltimore

History of the Irish in Baltimore. Demographics In the 1940 United States Census, Irish-Americans comprised 22% of the foreign-born population in Highlandtown. In Hamden, Baltimore's tract 13–5, 7% of foreign-born residents were Irish-American.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Irish%20in%20Baltimore

History of the Irish in Baltimore

History of the Irish in Baltimore. Demographics The Irish-American community in the Baltimore metropolitan area numbered 341,683 as of 2000, making up 13.4% of the area's population. This made them the second largest European ethnic group in the Baltimore area after the Germans. In the same year, 32,755 people in the Baltimore metropolitan area were of Scottish-Irish descent, comprising 1.3% of the metropolitan area's population. In the same year Baltimore city's Irish-American population was 39,045, 6% of the city's population. In the same year, 3,274 people in Baltimore were of Scottish-Irish descent, comprising 0.5% of the city's population.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Irish%20in%20Baltimore

History of the Irish in Baltimore

History of the Irish in Baltimore. Demographics In 2013, an estimated 37,359 Irish-Americans resided in Baltimore city, 6% of the population.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Irish%20in%20Baltimore

History of the Irish in Baltimore

History of the Irish in Baltimore. Demographics In September 2014, immigrants from Ireland were the sixty-sixth largest foreign-born population in Baltimore.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Irish%20in%20Baltimore

History of the Irish in Baltimore

History of the Irish in Baltimore. History Baltimore became a leading destination for Irish immigrants to the United States in the mid-1800s during the Great Famine, with around 70,000 Irish people settling in the city during the 1850s and 1860s.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Irish%20in%20Baltimore

History of the Irish in Baltimore

History of the Irish in Baltimore. Fictional Irish-Americans from Baltimore Roger Gaffney, a fictional police officer of the Baltimore Police Department on Homicide: Life on the Street played by Walt MacPherson. Stuart Gharty, a fictional character played by Peter Gerety in the television series Homicide: Life on the Street. Mike Kellerman, a fictional character on the television drama series Homicide: Life on the Street portrayed by Reed Diamond. Jimmy McNulty, a fictional detective in the Baltimore Police Department on the HBO drama The Wire, played by Dominic West. Megan Russert, a fictional character on Homicide: Life on the Street played by Isabella Hofmann. Jack Ryan (character), a fictional character created by Tom Clancy who appears in many of his novels and their respective film adaptations.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Irish%20in%20Baltimore

History of the Irish in Baltimore

History of the Irish in Baltimore. Further reading Irish Charities of Maryland, Inc. "Baltimore Irish festival 2003 : September 19, 20, and 21, 2003", Baltimore, MD, 2003. Hayward, Mary Ellen; Irish Railroad Workers Museum. "From famine to fortitude : the Irish experience in Baltimore", Irish Railroad Workers Museum, 2005. Maryland State Archives. "St. Joseph's Roman Catholic Church, Baltimore, Maryland, records of baptisms, 1839 to 1883 : CD-ROM BALTRC-1 : extracted from Maryland State Archives microfilm publication MSA M 1686", Digital Archives of Colorado, DigArcCo, 1998. St. Patrick's Day Pub. Co. "St. Patrick's Day : for the Irish and Irish Americans, and to celebrate St. Patrick's Day", Baltimore, MD, 19--? Emerald Isle Club. "The visitor = An cuairteoir", Baltimore, MD.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim%20Soltvedt

Joachim Soltvedt

Joachim Soltvedt. Joachim Soltvedt (born 9 September 1995) is a Norwegian football player currently playing as a midfielder for Sarpsborg 08.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rofiat%20Sule

Rofiat Sule

Rofiat Sule. Rafiat Folakemi Sule (born 3 August 2000), is a Nigerian professional footballer who plays as a forward at club level for the Bari-based A.S.D. Pink Sport Time, in Italian Serie A. She previously donned the colours of Rivers Angels, and was top scorer in the league for two consecutive seasons. She has been described as "technically sound" with a sharp eye for goals from all distance.

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Rofiat Sule

Rofiat Sule. Club career In May 2015, Sule reiterated her full belief in the ability of her teammates and manager in the ongoing season. She opined that she was fully persuaded that Bayelsa Queens will end the season in a good position. During the 2015 season, Sule scored 11 goals in the league and two goals in the Federations Cup. She dedicated her golden boot to her deceased dad and teammates for the motivation, describing the award as something that came suddenly and as a sign that she is on the right path to fulfilling her dreams. Sule also deemed it as a collective indication of the efforts of her teammates. In 2016, her performance for Bayelsa Queens led to her nomination for the May 2016 player of the month. In March 2017, Sule alongside, Cecilia Nku, Halimatu Ayinde and Tochukwu Oluehi were signed by Rivers Angels.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rofiat%20Sule

Rofiat Sule

Rofiat Sule. At the 2017 Ladies in Sports conference, Sule was honoured for her outstanding performance during the previous season.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rofiat%20Sule

Rofiat Sule

Rofiat Sule. She joins the Italian Serie A A.S.D. Pink Sport Time team based in Bari in August 2020.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rofiat%20Sule

Rofiat Sule

Rofiat Sule. International career In February 2018, Sule was invited to the camp of the Nigerian national team ahead of the WAFU Cup in Côte d'Ivoire, but didn't make the final squad list.

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Rofiat Sule

Rofiat Sule. Honours 2015 top scorer 2016 top scorer Nigeria Pitch Awards - Most valuable player in 2016 Nigeria Women Premier League

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizuki%20Matsuda

Mizuki Matsuda

Mizuki Matsuda. Mizuki Matsuda (松田瑞生, Matsuda Mizuki, born 31 May 1995) is a Japanese long distance runner. She competed in the women's 10,000 metres at the 2017 World Championships in Athletics.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizuki%20Matsuda

Mizuki Matsuda

Mizuki Matsuda. In July 2017, Matsuda placed 3rd in the 10,000 meter run at the 2017 Asian Athletics Championships. She has been national champion at the 10,000 meter distance in 2017 and 2018, with a personal best of 31:39.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizuki%20Matsuda

Mizuki Matsuda

Mizuki Matsuda. In January 2018, Matsuda won the Osaka International Women's Marathon with a time of 2:22:44, in her marathon debut. She won 2020 Osaka International Ladies Marathon with personal best 2:21:47. In March 2021 she won Nagoya Women's Marathon in 2:21:51. On 30 January 2022 she won Osaka International Women's Marathon and made her new personal best (lifting 55 seconds from 2020 Osaka Marathon) and also set new course record.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagirath%20Samai

Bhagirath Samai

Bhagirath Samai. Bhagirath Samai (born 11 August 1957), is an Indian professional shooter who represented his country at the 1984 Summer Olympics. He won a bronze medal at the 1986 Asian Games, for which performance he was awarded the Arjuna Award. He participated in two South Asian Games, two Asian Games, two Asian Shooting Championships, two Commonwealth Games and one Olympic Games.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagirath%20Samai

Bhagirath Samai

Bhagirath Samai. Awards and recognition He was awarded the Arjuna Award in Shooting in 1986 for winning a Bronze Medal in the 1986 Asian Games

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagirath%20Samai

Bhagirath Samai

Bhagirath Samai. Awards and recognition He receives a life time Pension worth 6000 /- INR per month from the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports for his performance in international events. Midnapore rifle club gave him the title 'King of the Rifle of India'.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagirath%20Samai

Bhagirath Samai

Bhagirath Samai. Personal life Bhagirath Samai was born in Asansol and is the youngest of his brothers. He said that he took shooting to reluctantly, but later fell in love with the sport. He married Rina Samai in 1992.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagirath%20Samai

Bhagirath Samai

Bhagirath Samai. Awards and recognition He currently does service for a construction company in Haldia, living away from family.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercyline%20Chelangat

Mercyline Chelangat

Mercyline Chelangat. Mercyline Chelangat (born 17 December 1997) is a Ugandan long distance runner. She competed in the women's 10,000 metres at the 2017 World Championships in Athletics. In 2018, she competed in the senior women's race at the 2018 African Cross Country Championships held in Chlef, Algeria.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercyline%20Chelangat

Mercyline Chelangat

Mercyline Chelangat. In June 2021, she qualified to represent Uganda at the 2020 Summer Olympics.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unite%20the%20Right%20rally

Unite the Right rally

Unite the Right rally. The Unite the Right rally was a white supremacist rally that took place in Charlottesville, Virginia, from August 11 to 12, 2017. Far-right groups participated, including self-identified members of the alt-right, neo-Confederates, neo-fascists, white nationalists, neo-Nazis, Klansmen, and various right-wing militias. Some groups chanted racist and antisemitic slogans and carried weapons, Nazi and neo-Nazi symbols, the Valknut, Confederate battle flags, Deus vult crosses, flags, and other symbols of various past and present anti-Islamic and anti-Semitic groups. The organizers' stated goals included the unification of the American white nationalist movement and opposing the proposed removal of the statue of General Robert E. Lee from Charlottesville's former Lee Park.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unite%20the%20Right%20rally

Unite the Right rally

Unite the Right rally. The rally occurred amid the controversy generated by the removal of Confederate monuments by local governments following the Charleston church shooting in 2015, where a white supremacist shot and killed nine black members, including the minister (a state senator), and wounded others. The rally turned violent after protesters clashed with counter-protesters, resulting in more than 30 injured.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unite%20the%20Right%20rally

Unite the Right rally

Unite the Right rally. On the morning of August 12, Virginia governor Terry McAuliffe declared a state of emergency, stating that public safety could not be safeguarded without additional powers. Within an hour, at 11:22 a.m., the Virginia State Police declared the rally to be an unlawful assembly. At around 1:45 p.m., self-identified white supremacist James Alex Fields Jr. deliberately rammed his car into a crowd of counter-protesters about a away from the rally site, killing Heather Heyer and injuring 35 other people. Fields fled the scene in his car but was arrested soon afterward; he was tried and convicted in Virginia state court of first-degree murder, malicious wounding, and other crimes in 2018, with the jury recommending a sentence of life imprisonment plus 419 years. The following year, Fields pleaded guilty to 29 federal hate crimes in a plea agreement to avoid the death penalty in this trial.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unite%20the%20Right%20rally

Unite the Right rally

Unite the Right rally. U.S. President Donald Trump's remarks on Charlottesville generated negative responses. In his initial statement following the rally, Trump "condemned hatred, bigotry, and violence on many sides". While Trump condemned both neo-Nazis and white nationalists, his first statement and subsequent defenses of it, in which he also referred to "very fine people on both sides", were seen by critics as implying moral equivalence between the white supremacist marchers and those who protested against them. Critics interpreted his remarks as sympathetic to white supremacists, while supporters characterized this interpretation as a hoax, because Trump's "fine people" statement explicitly denounced white nationalists.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unite%20the%20Right%20rally

Unite the Right rally

Unite the Right rally. The rally and resulting death and injuries resulted in a backlash against white supremacist groups in the United States. A number of groups that participated in the rally had events canceled by universities, and their financial and social media accounts closed by major companies. Some Twitter users led a campaign to identify and publicly shame marchers at the rally from photographs; at least one rally attendee was dismissed from his job as a result of the campaign. While the organizers intended for the rally to unite far-right groups with the goal of playing a larger role in American politics, the backlash and resultant infighting between alt-right leaders has been credited with causing a decline in the movement.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unite%20the%20Right%20rally

Unite the Right rally

Unite the Right rally. After Charlottesville refused to approve another march, Unite the Right held an anniversary rally on August 11–12, 2018, called "Unite the Right 2", in Washington, D.C. The rally drew only 20–30 protesters amidst thousands of counter-protesters, including religious organizations, civil rights groups, and anti-fascist organizers.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unite%20the%20Right%20rally

Unite the Right rally

Unite the Right rally. Background In the wake of the Charleston church shooting in June 2015, efforts were made across the South to remove Confederate monuments from public spaces and rename streets honoring notable figures from the Confederacy. While often successful, these efforts faced a backlash from people concerned about protecting their Confederate heritage. The August 11–12 Unite the Right rally was organized by Charlottesville native and white supremacist Jason Kessler to protest the Charlottesville City Council's decision to remove the Robert E. Lee statue honoring the Confederate general, as well as the renaming of the statue's eponymous park (renamed to Emancipation Park in June 2017, and again to Market Street Park in 2018). Kessler took up the cause in March 2016 when Charlottesville Vice Mayor Wes Bellamy held a press conference to call for removal of the statue. Kessler called Bellamy "anti-white" and the demand to remove the statue an effort to "attack white history". Lee Park became the site of numerous neo-Confederate events throughout the spring of 2017, including a campaign rally by Virginia Republican gubernatorial candidate Corey Stewart, which further politicized this public space.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unite%20the%20Right%20rally

Unite the Right rally

Unite the Right rally. Protesters Among the far-right groups engaged in organizing the march were the Stormer Book Clubs (SBCs) of the neo-Nazi news website The Daily Stormer, The Right Stuff, the National Policy Institute, and four groups that form the Nationalist Front: the neo-Confederate League of the South and Identity Dixie, the neo-Nazi groups Traditionalist Worker Party, Vanguard America, and the National Socialist Movement. Other groups involved in the rally were the Ku Klux Klan (specifically the Loyal White Knights and the Confederate White Knights branches), the Fraternal Order of Alt-Knights, the neo-nazi White supremacist group Identity Evropa (since rebranded as the 'American Identity Movement'), the Southern California-based fight club Rise Above Movement, the American Guard, the Detroit Right Wingswho were condemned by the Detroit Red Wings NHL team for their use of the team's logo, True Cascadia, the Canada-based ARM (Alt-Right Montreal) and Hammer Brothers, and Anti-Communist Action.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unite%20the%20Right%20rally

Unite the Right rally

Unite the Right rally. Protesters Prominent far-right figures in attendance included Spencer, entertainer and internet troll Baked Alaska, former Libertarian Party candidate Augustus Invictus, former Ku Klux Klan Imperial Wizard David Duke, Identity Evropa leader Nathan Damigo, Traditionalist Workers Party leader Matthew Heimbach, Right Stuff founder Mike Enoch, Eric Striker of The Daily Stormer, League of the South founder and leader Michael Hill, Red Ice host and founder Henrik Palmgren, The Rebel Media commentator Faith Goldy, Right Side Broadcasting Network host Nick Fuentes, YouTube personality James Allsup, Altright.com European editor Daniel Friberg, former Business Insider CTO Pax Dickinson, Right Stuff blogger Johnny Monoxide, Daily Stormer writers Robert "Azzmador" Ray and Gabriel "Zeiger" Sohier-Chaput, Daily Caller contributor and rally organizer Jason Kessler, and Radical Agenda host Christopher Cantwell. Gavin McInnes, the leader of the self-described "Western chauvinist" Proud Boys was invited to attend but declined because of an unwillingness "to be associated with explicit neo-Nazis" although the militia wing of the group the aforementioned Fraternal Order of the Alt-Knights did attend. In June, according to the Southern Poverty Law Center's Hatewatch blog, ahead of the rally, McInnes declared that "we need to distance ourselves from them", but "after backlash to the original disavowal flared-up from Alt-Right circles, the statement was withdrawn and replaced with another distancing the Proud Boys from the event yet also encouraging those who 'feel compelled' to attend".