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54803084_0_0
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim%20Byoung-jun
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Kim Byoung-jun
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Kim Byoung-jun.
Kim Byoung-jun (Korean: 김병준; born 15 August 1991) is a South Korean athlete specialising in the high hurdles. He represented his country at the 2017 World Championships without advancing from the first round. Additionally, he won a silver medal at the 2014 Asian Games and a bronze at the 2015 Asian Championships.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim%20Byoung-jun
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Kim Byoung-jun
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Kim Byoung-jun.
His personal bests are 13.39 seconds in the 110 metres hurdles (+0.3 m/s, Bangkok 2017) and 7.86 seconds in the 60 metres hurdles (Flagstaff 2014). The first one is the current national record.
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54803088
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.%20Louis%20County%20District%20Courthouse
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St. Louis County District Courthouse
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St. Louis County District Courthouse.
The St. Louis County District Courthouse is the seat of government for the northern district of St. Louis County, Minnesota, United States, located in the city of Virginia. The St. Louis County District Court is held in three locations: Duluth, Hibbing and Virginia.
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54803088
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.%20Louis%20County%20District%20Courthouse
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St. Louis County District Courthouse
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St. Louis County District Courthouse.
The Virginia courthouse was built in Beaux-Arts style in 1910 and expanded with an architecturally sympathetic addition by the firm of Croft & Boerner in 1921. St. Louis County is large—some —and Duluth, the county seat, is at the southern end of the county, far removed from the communities of the Iron Range. Local advocacy succeeded in having a second county court district established in 1904, with cases heard in a small frame building. It was replaced by this present courthouse in 1910.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.%20Louis%20County%20District%20Courthouse
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St. Louis County District Courthouse
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St. Louis County District Courthouse.
The St. Louis County District Courthouse was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992 for its local significance in the themes of architecture and politics/government. It was nominated for being the long-serving center of government on the Iron Range, a symbol of the drive for local self-governance in Minnesota and one of Virginia's best examples of Beaux-Arts architecture.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.%20Louis%20County%20District%20Courthouse
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St. Louis County District Courthouse
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St. Louis County District Courthouse. See also
List of county courthouses in Minnesota
National Register of Historic Places listings in St. Louis County, Minnesota
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54803130_0_0
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54803130
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperius%20Rex
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Imperius Rex
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Imperius Rex.
Imperius Rex is the fourth solo studio album by American rapper Sean Price. It was released on August 8, 2017, via Duck Down Music, exactly two years after his death, making it his first posthumous release. It features guest appearances from Bernadette Price, Buckshot, Foul Monday, Freeway, Ike Eyez, Inspectah Deck, Junior Reid, Method Man, MF Doom, Prodigy, Raekwon, Rim P, Rock, Ruste Juxx, Smif-N-Wessun, Styles P and Vic Spencer.
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54803130
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperius%20Rex
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Imperius Rex
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Imperius Rex. Critical reception
Imperius Rex was met with positive reviews. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 87, based on four reviews. The aggregator Album of the Year has the critical consensus of the album at an 81 out of 100, based on four reviews.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperius%20Rex
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Imperius Rex
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Imperius Rex. Critical reception
Dana Scott of HipHopDX stated: "This is an impressive showcase for his fans". Chris Gibbons of XXL said: "Imperius Rex is a worthy entry into the Sean Price canon, and proof that his voice will still live on in hip-hop well after his untimely passing". AllMusic's Paul Simpson said: "Nobody on the album overshadows Price, who sounds as forceful, commanding, and even as funny as ever".
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54803235
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale-Griffin%20Prevention%20Research%20Center
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Yale-Griffin Prevention Research Center
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Yale-Griffin Prevention Research Center.
The Yale-Griffin Prevention Research Center is one of the Centers for Disease Control (CDC)'s 26 Prevention Research Centers. It was established in 1998 with a grant from the CDC. It is part of the Yale School of Public Health, and is based at Griffin Hospital in Derby, Connecticut. It also operates out of the Community Alliance for Research Engagement at Yale University. Its focuses are the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases such as obesity and heart disease.
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54803249_0_0
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54803249
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod%20Welch
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Rod Welch
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Rod Welch.
Rodney A. Welch is professor of medical microbiology and immunology at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. He is a specialist in bacterial pathogenesis and toxins produced by the bacterium Escherichia coli. He is a fellow of the American Academy of Microbiology and since 2004 has held the chair of Robert Turell Infections Diseases. In 2014 he was named as part of a team at Wisconsin-Madison that was awarded a grant of up to $16 million from the National Institutes of Health to search for new antibiotics.
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54803256
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliza%20Ann%20McIntosh%20Reid
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Eliza Ann McIntosh Reid
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Eliza Ann McIntosh Reid.
Eliza Ann McIntosh Reid (October 30, 1841 — January 8, 1926) was a Canadian churchworker and clubwoman, and an advocate for women's rights.
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54803256_0_1
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54803256
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliza%20Ann%20McIntosh%20Reid
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Eliza Ann McIntosh Reid
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Eliza Ann McIntosh Reid. Early life
Eliza Ann McIntosh was born in Montreal, Quebec, the daughter of Nicholas C. McIntosh and Margaret Brown McIntosh. Her parents were from Montrose, Angus in Scotland; her father was a cabinetmaker. The McIntoshs were members of the Unitarian Church from early in Eliza's life.
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54803256
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliza%20Ann%20McIntosh%20Reid
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Eliza Ann McIntosh Reid
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Eliza Ann McIntosh Reid.
Two of Eliza Ann McIntosh's sisters married to George Washington Stephens, Sr., and George Washington Stephens, Jr. was her nephew. Her sister Frances McIntosh Stephens and another nephew were lost in the sinking of the Lusitania in 1915.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliza%20Ann%20McIntosh%20Reid
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Eliza Ann McIntosh Reid
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Eliza Ann McIntosh Reid. Career
Eliza Ann McIntosh Reid was a leader in the Montreal Unitarian Church for decades, as director of the church's Unity Club and founder (in 1898) of the church's Young People's Alliance. She and her husband raised funds towards the building of the Church of the Messiah, and Eliza Ann Reid was on the board of managers for the new church. "So much of her life was lived for the church and so much of the inspiration of her many outside good works had its source in the church and in the life of the free spirit for which it stands," noted her daughter.
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54803256
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliza%20Ann%20McIntosh%20Reid
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Eliza Ann McIntosh Reid
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Eliza Ann McIntosh Reid.
In 1892, Reid held a meeting at her home and there founded the Montreal Woman's Club, one of Canada's first women's organizations. She was the organization's president for its first ten years. She was also one of the founders and leaders of the Montreal Council of Women. Reid took an interest in a range of reform issues, from parks and playgrounds to temperance, public health, and immigration policy. She served on the board of directors of the Victorian Order of Nurses in Montreal in the 1920s.
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54803256
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliza%20Ann%20McIntosh%20Reid
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Eliza Ann McIntosh Reid
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Eliza Ann McIntosh Reid. Personal life
Eliza Ann McIntosh married Scottish-born stone carver Robert Reid in 1867. They had four children born between 1868 and 1878. With Eliza's active support, daughter Helen Richmond Young Reid was in the first class of women to enroll at McGill University. Robert Reid died in 1919; in widowhood Eliza Ann Reid lived with her daughters until her own death in 1926. There was a Reid Room at the Church of the Messiah, named for Eliza and Helen Reid, until the building was destroyed in 1987.
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54803305_0_0
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54803305
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireworks%20Hill
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Fireworks Hill
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Fireworks Hill.
Fireworks Hill is a hill and public open-space area in Thousand Oaks, California. It occupies 33 acres and is situated on the northern side of the former Thousand Oaks Civic Center at 401 West Hillcrest Drive. The city bought the land in 1994. Today it is the site of the city's annual firework displays on 4 July, hence the name.
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54803344
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kari%20Helliesen
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Kari Helliesen
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Kari Helliesen.
Kari Helliesen (born 2 November 1938) is a Norwegian politician.
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54803344
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kari%20Helliesen
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Kari Helliesen
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Kari Helliesen.
She was born in Stavanger to Marie Elisabeth Kløvstad and rector and politician Gustav Natvig-Pedersen. She was elected deputy representative to the Storting for the periods 1985–1989, 1989–1993 and 1993–1997 for the Labour Party. She replaced Gunnar Berge at the Storting from May 1986 to September 1989, when Berge was Minister of Finance, and replaced Gunn Vigdis Olsen-Hagen after her death in December 1989.
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54803384
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic%20Caserta
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Dominic Caserta
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Dominic Caserta.
Dominic Caserta (born 1975) is a former member of the Santa Clara City Council and has been a local educator since 1997.
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54803384
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic%20Caserta
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Dominic Caserta
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Dominic Caserta. Background
Caserta is of Portuguese and Italian descent and is a fifth-generation resident of Santa Clara. Caserta is a graduate of Bellarmine College Preparatory, and in 1997, he graduated magna cum laude from Santa Clara University with a Bachelor of Science degree in political science with a minor in American history.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic%20Caserta
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Dominic Caserta
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Dominic Caserta.
In 2009, Caserta completed the State and Local Officials Executive Program at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic%20Caserta
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Dominic Caserta
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Dominic Caserta.
In 2010, the James Madison Memorial Fellowship Foundation awarded Caserta a fellowship. He used the fellowship to attend San Francisco State University, and earned a master's degree in political science.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic%20Caserta
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Dominic Caserta
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Dominic Caserta.
Caserta teaches and serves as department chairperson of the Social Sciences Department at Santa Clara High School . He also teaches in the Political Science Departments at De Anza College, Foothill College, San Jose State University, and San Francisco State University.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic%20Caserta
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Dominic Caserta
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Dominic Caserta. Political career
On November 5, 2002, Caserta won election to Seat #2 on the Santa Clara City Council. He was re-elected on November 7, 2006. In 2008, Caserta ran for California State Assembly District 22, but lost to Paul Fong in the Democratic primaries. On November 4, 2014, Caserta won election to Seat #5 on the Santa Clara City Council. During his time as Seat #5 Caserta served on multiple committees, including the Ethics Committee. In January 2017, Caserta announced his candidacy to represent District 4 on the Santa Clara County Board of Supervisors.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic%20Caserta
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Dominic Caserta
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Dominic Caserta. Sexual misconduct allegations
Allegations of sexual harassment and misconduct perpetrated by Caserta were first reported on May 8, 2018, after the Santa Clara Unified School District sent an email to all district employees containing his confidential personnel file. The allegations were made in early May 2018 by a former 19 year old campaign volunteer, Lydia Jungkind. Jungkind, a German exchange student, met Caserta while she was studying at Foothill College. Jungkind has accused Caserta of several instances of unwanted sexual advances during her time as a volunteer for Caserta's Board of Supervisor's campaign. In response, Caserta posted a statement on his website suggesting that Jungkind's allegations were politically motivated.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic%20Caserta
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Dominic Caserta
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Dominic Caserta.
Shortly after allegations against Caserta became public, Caserta told The Mercury News that he had no plans to resign his position on the Santa Clara City Council or withdraw from the Santa Clara Country Supervisor race, and that if anyone perceived his actions as inappropriate that he "apologize[s] for their perception". As a result of the allegations against him, Caserta lost support from the Santa Clara Democratic Party and the South Bay Labor Council.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic%20Caserta
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Dominic Caserta
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Dominic Caserta.
On May 9, 2018, the San Jose Police Department released a statement asking for victims to come forward and report misconduct by Caserta. In the preceding weeks, 9 individuals made reports against Caserta, ranging from allegations of misconduct to allegations of sexual battery. On August 15, 2018, the Santa Clara County District Attorney's Office announced that Caserta would not face any charges, stating “After a thorough review and legal analysis of Dominic Caserta’s behavior...our office has concluded that there is insufficient evidence to file criminal charges”.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic%20Caserta
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Dominic Caserta
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Dominic Caserta.
On May 15, 2018, Caserta resigned from the Santa Clara City Council and ended his campaign for Santa Clara County Supervisor.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic%20Caserta
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Dominic Caserta
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Dominic Caserta.
On January 21, 2019, Caserta voluntarily participated in a polygraph examination "in an attempt to dispel all duplicitous accusations” made against him from Jungkind. On the examination he was reported to have scored 99.9 percent.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic%20Caserta
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Dominic Caserta
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Dominic Caserta.
On May 1, 2019 it was reported that Caserta had filed a lawsuit against the Santa Clara Unified School District over the damage caused from accidentally sending an email to all district employees containing his personnel file. Caserta requested an unspecified amount in punitive monetary damages from the court.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic%20Caserta
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Dominic Caserta
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Dominic Caserta. Notable initiatives
Caserta successfully led the effort to enact a $15 minimum wage by 2019, three years before a minimum wage increase will be mandated by the State of California.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic%20Caserta
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Dominic Caserta
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Dominic Caserta.
In 2017, Caserta successfully championed a worker retention ordinance for Silicon Valley. The ordinance, first of its kind, received unanimous support from the Santa Clara City Council and will provide job security for food and building service workers in Santa Clara.
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54803412
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981%20Avon%20Championships%20of%20Kansas
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1981 Avon Championships of Kansas
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1981 Avon Championships of Kansas.
The 1981 Avon Championships of Kansas was a women's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Municipal Auditorium in Kansas City, Missouri in the United States that was part of the 1981 Virginia Slims World Championship Series. It was the third edition of the tournament and was held from January 12 through January 18, 1981. Second-seeded Andrea Jaeger won the singles title and earned $30,000 first-prize money.
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54803412
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981%20Avon%20Championships%20of%20Kansas
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1981 Avon Championships of Kansas
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1981 Avon Championships of Kansas. Singles
Andrea Jaeger defeated Martina Navratilova 3–6, 6–3, 7–5
It was Jaeger's 1st singles title of the year and the 5th of her career.
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54803412
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981%20Avon%20Championships%20of%20Kansas
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1981 Avon Championships of Kansas
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1981 Avon Championships of Kansas. Doubles
Barbara Potter / Sharon Walsh defeated Rosemary Casals / Wendy Turnbull 6–2, 7–6(7–4)
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54803484_0_0
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54803484
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veronica%20Wall
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Veronica Wall
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Veronica Wall.
Veronica Wall (born 4 January 2000) is a junior New Zealand rower. She participated in the 2016 and the 2017 World Rowing Junior Championships. In 2019/20, she studied at and rowed for Yale University but had to return home to Ashburton shortly before she finished her first academic year because of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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54803492
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th%20Motorized%20Infantry%20Division%20%28People%27s%20Republic%20of%20China%29
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11th Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)
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11th Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China).
The 11th Division () was created in February 1949 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 3rd Security Brigade, 4th Column of the PLA Northwest Field Army. Its composition can be traced to 84th Division of 27th Corps, Military Division of Shaanxi-Gansu, 29th Corps, Independent Division of Shanganning, 2nd Regiment of Shanganning, 1st Independent Division of Northern Shaanxi and Headquarters, 4th Corps, all parts of Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army.
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54803492
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th%20Motorized%20Infantry%20Division%20%28People%27s%20Republic%20of%20China%29
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11th Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)
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11th Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China).
The division was composed of 31st, 32nd, and 33rd Regiments. Under the command of 4th Corps, it took part in the Chinese Civil War. including the Battle of Yan'an and Lanzhou Campaign. After the foundation of the People's Republic of China, the division took part in the Campaign to Suppress Bandits in Northwestern China and the suppression of 1959 Tibetan uprising.
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54803492
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th%20Motorized%20Infantry%20Division%20%28People%27s%20Republic%20of%20China%29
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11th Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)
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11th Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China).
In June 1952 the division was renamed as 11th Infantry Division. 33rd Infantry Regiment was disbanded and absorbed into 31st and 32nd Regiments, while 30th Infantry Regiment, 10th Division was attached to the division as 30th Infantry Regiment, 11th Infantry Division. Artillery Training Regiment, 4th Corps was attached to the division as Artillery Regiment, 11th Infantry Division.
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54803492
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th%20Motorized%20Infantry%20Division%20%28People%27s%20Republic%20of%20China%29
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11th Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)
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11th Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China).
In April-June 1953, all regiments of the division were renamed as:
31st Infantry Regiment (former 30th);
32nd Infantry Regiment (former 31st);
33rd Infantry Regiment (former 32nd);
305th Artillery Regiment (former Artillery).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th%20Motorized%20Infantry%20Division%20%28People%27s%20Republic%20of%20China%29
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11th Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)
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11th Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China).
From October 1960 the division was renamed as 11th Army Division (). The division was then stationed in Shigatse, Tibet.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th%20Motorized%20Infantry%20Division%20%28People%27s%20Republic%20of%20China%29
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11th Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)
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11th Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China).
In October 1962 the division took part in Sino-Indian War. During the campaign, the division allegedly neutralized 2,000 Indian soldiers, captured 9 tanks and over 300 trucks. From 1962 the division maintained as a category A unit.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th%20Motorized%20Infantry%20Division%20%28People%27s%20Republic%20of%20China%29
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11th Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)
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11th Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China).
In 1965, in order to distract the Indian Army and support Pakistan in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, the division conducted two camouflage maneuvers alongside the border.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th%20Motorized%20Infantry%20Division%20%28People%27s%20Republic%20of%20China%29
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11th Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)
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11th Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China).
In 1967 the division took part in Nathu La and Cho La clashes.
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54803492
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th%20Motorized%20Infantry%20Division%20%28People%27s%20Republic%20of%20China%29
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11th Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)
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11th Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China).
In June 1969, 305th Artillery Regiment was renamed as Artillery Regiment, 11th Army Division.
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54803492
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th%20Motorized%20Infantry%20Division%20%28People%27s%20Republic%20of%20China%29
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11th Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)
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11th Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China). From 1983 the division was reduced to a category B unit.
In 1985 the division was renamed as 11th Motorized Infantry Division (), as a northern motorized infantry division, category A unit. By then the division was composed of:
31st Infantry Regiment;
32nd Infantry Regiment;
33rd Infantry Regiment;
Tank Regiment (former Independent Tank Regiment of Urumqi Military Region);
Artillery Regiment;
Anti-Aircraft Artillery Regiment (former 662nd Anti-Aircraft Artillery Regiment of 73rd Artillery Division).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th%20Motorized%20Infantry%20Division%20%28People%27s%20Republic%20of%20China%29
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11th Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)
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11th Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China). From 1983 the division was reduced to a category B unit.
From September 1985 to September 1986, Reconnaissance Company, 11th Infantry Division participated in the Sino-Vietnamese War subordinated to the 8th Reconnaissance Group, Lanzhou Military Region. During its deployment, the company was engaged in 27 engagement and recon missions, killed 50, and captured 2 confronting PAVN soldiers. The company suffered 0 killed, 3 heavily wounded, and 2 lightly wounded.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th%20Motorized%20Infantry%20Division%20%28People%27s%20Republic%20of%20China%29
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11th Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)
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11th Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China). From 1983 the division was reduced to a category B unit.
In 1988, the 11th Motorized Infantry Division was decorated as a Red Army Division, with all three infantry regiments as Red Army Regiments.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th%20Motorized%20Infantry%20Division%20%28People%27s%20Republic%20of%20China%29
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11th Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)
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11th Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China). From 1983 the division was reduced to a category B unit.
In 1998, 33rd Infantry Regiment was disbanded. Tank Regiment, 11th Motorized Infantry Division was renamed as Armored Regiment, 11th Motorized Infantry Division. Since then the division was composed of:
31st Infantry Regiment;
32nd Infantry Regiment;
Armored Regiment;
Artillery Regiment;
Anti-Aircraft Regiment.
The division is now a maneuver unit of Xinjiang Military Region and one of few divisions left in the Ground Force of People's Liberation Army.
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54803520
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.%20Josephine%20Stevenson
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F. Josephine Stevenson
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F. Josephine Stevenson.
F. Josephine Stevenson was an early 20th century female attorney and State Chairman of Uniform Laws of the National League of Women Voters (1920–21)
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54803520
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.%20Josephine%20Stevenson
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F. Josephine Stevenson
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F. Josephine Stevenson. Early life
F. Josephine Stevenson was born in Oil City, Pennsylvania, daughter of Walter R. Stevenson and Mary E. Hunt.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.%20Josephine%20Stevenson
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F. Josephine Stevenson
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F. Josephine Stevenson.
She attended Oil City High School and then the College of Law, University of Southern California, graduating in June 1918. The Legal Lights, a women’s law organization at USC, was founded in 1911. It became Phi Delta Delta (merged to Phi Alpha Delta in 1972), the first women’s law sorority in the U.S. In 1918 two of USC’s five post-graduate law students were women, F. Josephine Stevenson one of the two.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.%20Josephine%20Stevenson
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F. Josephine Stevenson
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F. Josephine Stevenson. Career
F. Josephine Stevenson was admitted to the Bar in 1918; she was an attorney-at-law and specialized in probate work.
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F. Josephine Stevenson
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F. Josephine Stevenson.
Stevenson served one year as president of the Women Lawyers' Club, and four years as corresponding secretary.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.%20Josephine%20Stevenson
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F. Josephine Stevenson
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F. Josephine Stevenson.
Stevenson was State Chairman of Uniform Laws of the National League of Women Voters (1920–21).
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F. Josephine Stevenson
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F. Josephine Stevenson.
Stevenson was former president of Pasadena Business and Professional Women's Club; for one year, she was state organization chairman of the State Federation of Business and Professional Women's Clubs.
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F. Josephine Stevenson
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F. Josephine Stevenson.
Stevenson was a member of the State and County Bar Associations, the Kappa Beta Phi (national legal sorority) and the Woman's Civic League of Pasadena.
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F. Josephine Stevenson
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F. Josephine Stevenson.
In 1922 Stevenson published Legal Status of Women (California Civic League of Women Voters): a study of the legal status of women in California and presenting to women a plain exposition of the laws effecting their rights. Sixteen pages written in simple English dealing with separate and community property rights; obligation of parents to children; marriage and divorce laws; family support; testimony and contracts; public education; office holding; jury service; legal disability and protective legislation.
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F. Josephine Stevenson
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F. Josephine Stevenson. Personal life
Stevenson moved to California in 1894. In 1922 she lived at 43 North El Molino Avenue and in 1928 at 3817 E. California St., Pasadena, California.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm%20von%20Schantz
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Malcolm von Schantz
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Malcolm von Schantz.
Malcolm von Schantz FLS (born May 1966) is a professor of chronobiology at the University of Surrey. His research relates to circadian rhythms and sleep in human beings and its molecular determinants. He is a Special Visiting Scientist at the University of São Paulo School of Medicine and a fellow of the Linnean Society. He is part of the international team that determined that urbanisation and electricity are not to blame for sleep loss.
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Malcolm von Schantz
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Malcolm von Schantz. Selected publications
From Genes to Genomes: Concepts and Applications of DNA Technology. Wiley-Blackwell, 2007. (With Jeremy W. Dale)
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Malcolm von Schantz
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Malcolm von Schantz. Living people
Academics of the University of Surrey
Fellows of the Linnean Society of London
1966 births
Swedish scientists
Lund University alumni
Sleep researchers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifa%20%28United%20States%29
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Antifa (United States)
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Antifa (United States).
Antifa () is a left-wing anti-fascist and anti-racist political movement in the United States. As a highly decentralized array of autonomous groups, antifa uses both nonviolent and violent direct action to achieve its aims. Much of antifa political activism is nonviolent, involving poster and flyer campaigns, mutual aid, speeches, protest marches, and community organizing. Some who identify as antifa also combat far right extremists (such as neo-Nazis and white supremacists) and, at times, law enforcement, with tactics including digital activism, doxing, harassment, physical violence, and property damage.
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Antifa (United States)
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Antifa (United States).
Individuals involved in the movement tend to hold anti-authoritarian, anti-capitalist, and anti-state views, subscribing to a range of left-wing ideologies. A majority of individuals involved are anarchists, communists, and socialists who describe themselves as revolutionaries, and have little allegiance to liberal democracy, although some social democrats also adhere to the antifa movement. The name antifa and the logo with two flags representing anarchism and communism are derived from the German antifa movement.
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Antifa (United States)
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Antifa (United States).
The American antifa movement grew after the 2016 United States presidential election of Donald Trump. Antifa activists' actions have received support and criticism from various organizations and pundits. Some on the left criticize antifa's willingness to adopt violent tactics, which they describe as counterproductive, emboldening the right and their allies. Many right-wing politicians and groups characterize it as a domestic terrorist organization or use antifa as a catch-all term for any left-leaning or liberal protest actions. Some scholars argue that antifa is a legitimate response to the rise of the far-right and that antifa's violence is not equivalent to right-wing violence. Scholars tend to reject the equivalence between antifa and white supremacy.
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Antifa (United States)
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Antifa (United States).
There have been numerous efforts to discredit antifa by various right-wing groups and individuals. Some have been done via hoaxes on social media, many of them false flag attacks originating from alt-right and 4chan users posing as antifa backers on Twitter; some hoaxes have been picked up and portrayed as fact by right-leaning media and politicians. While the Trump administration blamed antifa for orchestrating the George Floyd protests of mid-2020, analysis of federal arrests found no link. There were repeated calls by Donald Trump and William Barr to designate antifa as a terrorist organization despite the fact that it is not an organization. Academics, legal experts, and others have argued such an action would exceed the authority of the presidency and violate the First Amendment. Several analyses, reports, and studies have concluded that antifa is not a major domestic terrorism risk.
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Antifa (United States)
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Antifa (United States). Definition
The English word antifa is a loanword from the German Antifa, where it is a shortened form of the word antifaschistisch ("anti-fascist") and a nickname of Antifaschistische Aktion (1932–1933), a short-lived group which inspired the wider antifa movement in Germany. The German word Antifa itself first appeared in 1930 and the long form antifaschistisch was borrowed from the original Italian anti-Fascisti ("anti-fascists"). Oxford Dictionaries placed antifa on its shortlist for word of the year in 2017 and stated the word "emerged from relative obscurity to become an established part of the English lexicon over the course of 2017."
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Antifa (United States)
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Antifa (United States). Definition
The pronunciation of the word in English is not settled as it may be stressed on either the first or the second syllable.
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Antifa (United States)
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Antifa (United States). Definition
The Anti-Defamation League (ADL) recommends that the label antifa should be limited to "those who proactively seek physical confrontations with their perceived fascist adversaries" and not be misapplied to include all anti-fascist counter-protesters. Journalist Conor Friedersdorf makes a distinction between "self-described members of the group" and "anyone who shows up in the streets to protest against fascists", arguing that "Antifa and antifascism are no more synonymous than being a member of Black Lives Matter and believing that black lives matter."
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Antifa (United States)
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Antifa (United States). Definition
During the Trump administration, the term antifa became "a conservative catch-all" term as Donald Trump, administration officials, Trump base supporters, and right-wing commentators applied the label to all sorts of left-leaning or liberal protest actions. Conservative writers such as L. Brent Bozell III labeled Black Lives Matter as "antifa". Politico reported that "the term [antifa] is a potent one for conservatives" because "[i]t's the violent distillation of everything they fear could come to pass in an all-out culture war. And it's a quick way to brand part of the opposition." Alexander Reid Ross, who teaches at Portland State University, argues that the popularization of the term antifa was a reaction to the popularization of the term alt-right, "to the point where [antifa] simply describes people who are anti-fascist or people who are against racism and are willing to protest against it."
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Antifa (United States)
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Antifa (United States). Movement structure and ideology
Antifa is not a unified organization but rather a movement without a hierarchical leadership structure, comprising multiple autonomous groups and individuals. The movement is loosely affiliated and has no chain of command, with antifa groups instead sharing "resources and information about far-right activity across regional and national borders through loosely knit networks and informal relationships of trust and solidarity." According to Mark Bray, "members hide their political activities from law enforcement and the far right" and "concerns about infiltration and high expectations of commitment keep the sizes of groups rather small." Bray adds that "[i]t's important to understand that antifa politics, and antifa's methods, are designed to stop white supremacists, fascists, and neo-Nazis as easily as possible." For Bray, "[t]he vast majority of their activities are nonviolent. They function in some ways like private investigators; they track neo-Nazi organizing across multiple social-media platforms." In regard to doxing, Bray says that it is about "telling people that they have a Nazi living down the street, or telling employers that they're employing white supremacists", adding that "after Charlottesville, a lot of the repercussions that these khaki-wearing, tiki-torch white supremacists faced were their employers firing them and their families repudiating what they do."
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Antifa (United States)
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Antifa (United States). Movement structure and ideology
Activists typically organize protests via social media and through websites. Some activists have built peer-to-peer networks, or use encrypted-texting services like Signal. Chauncey Devega of Salon described antifa as an organizing strategy, not a group of people. According to one group member, antifa's identification research on whether an individual or group is "fascist, Alt Right, White Nationalist, etc." is "based on which groups they are a part of and endorse." While noting that "Nazis, fascists, white nationalists, anti-Semites and Islamophobes" are specific overlapping categories, the main focus is "on groups and individuals which endorse, or work directly in alliance with, white supremacists and white separatists. We try to be very clear and precise with how we use these terms." According to Colin Clarke and Michael Kenney, direct actions such as anti-Trump protests, demonstrations against the alt-right provocateur Milo Yiannopoulos and the clash with neo-Nazis and white supremacists at the Unite the Right rally "reflects many Antifa supporters' belief that Trump is a fascist demagogue who threatens the existence of America's pluralistic, multi-racial democracy. This factor helps explain why such Antifa supporters are so quick to label the president's 'Make America Great Again' supporters as fascists — and why Trump is so quick to label Antifa as a terrorist organization."
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Antifa (United States)
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Antifa (United States). Movement structure and ideology
The antifa movement grew after the 2016 United States presidential election. As of August 2017, approximately 200 groups existed, of varying sizes and levels of activity. It is particularly present in the Pacific Northwest, such as in Portland, Oregon.
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Antifa (United States)
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Antifa (United States). Movement structure and ideology
Individuals involved in the antifa movement tend to hold anti-authoritarian, anti-capitalist, anti-fascist, and anti-state views, subscribing to a varied range of left-wing ideologies. A majority of adherents are anarchists, communists, and other socialists who describe themselves as revolutionaries, although some social democrats and others on the American Left, among them environmentalists, LGBT and indigenous rights advocates, also adhere to the antifa movement. According to professor of journalism and political science at the Craig Newmark Graduate School of Journalism at the City University of New York, Peter Beinart, "antifa is heavily composed of anarchists" and "its activists place little faith in the state, which they consider complicit in fascism and racism." Antifa activists' ideologies, as well as their involvement in violent actions against far-right opponents and the police has led some scholars and news media to characterize the movement as far-left and militant.
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Antifa (United States)
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Antifa (United States). Movement structure and ideology
In his article "The Rise of the Violent Left" for The Atlantic, Beinart writes that antifa activists "prefer direct action: They pressure venues to deny white supremacists space to meet. They pressure employers to fire them and landlords to evict them. And when people they deem racists and fascists manage to assemble, antifa's partisans try to break up their gatherings, including by force." According to historian Mark Bray, an expert on the movement, the "vast majority of anti-fascist organizing is nonviolent. But their willingness to physically defend themselves and others from white supremacist violence and preemptively shut down fascist organizing efforts before they turn deadly distinguishes them from liberal anti-racists."
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Antifa (United States)
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Antifa (United States). Movement structure and ideology
Described as a pan-leftist and non-hierarchical movement, antifa is united by opposition to right-wing extremism and white supremacy. Antifa activists reject both conservative and liberal anti-fascism. The antifa movement generally eschews mainstream liberal democracy, having "an illiberal disdain for the confines of mainstream politics", and favoring direct action over electoral politics. Bray states that "[t]he vast majority of antifa militants are radical anti-capitalists who oppose the Democratic Party" and that Democratic Party leaders, including Nancy Pelosi and Joe Biden, have condemned antifa and political violence more broadly. Despite antifa's opposition to the Democratic Party and liberalism, some right-wing commentators have accused their adherents of being aided by "liberal sympathizers" and "affiliated with the Democratic Party" as well as being "a single organization", "funded by liberal financiers like George Soros", "mastermind[ing] violence at Black Lives Matter protests", and that "Antifascists are the 'real fascists'", with Bray citing these as examples of five myths about antifa.
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Antifa (United States)
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Antifa (United States). Movement structure and ideology
The ADL states that "[m]ost antifa come from the anarchist movement or from the far left, though since the 2016 presidential election, some people with more mainstream political backgrounds have also joined their ranks." Similarly, Bray argues that "[i]t's also important to remember that these are self-described revolutionaries. They're anarchists and communists who are way outside the traditional conservative-liberal spectrum." ABC News notes that "[w]hile antifa's political leanings are often described as 'far-left,' experts say members' radical views vary and can intersect with communism, socialism and anarchism." According to CNN, "Antifa is short for anti-fascists. The term is used to define a broad group of people whose political beliefs lean toward the left -- often the far left -- but do not conform with the Democratic Party platform." The BBC notes that, "as their name indicates, Antifa focuses more on fighting far-right ideology than encouraging pro-left policy." Beinart argues that the election of Donald Trump vitalized the antifa movement and some on the mainstream left were more willing to support them as a tactical opposition.
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Antifa (United States)
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Antifa (United States). Background
When Italian dictator Benito Mussolini consolidated power under his National Fascist Party in the mid-1920s, an oppositional anti-fascist movement surfaced both in Italy and countries such as the United States. Many anti-fascist leaders in the United States were anarchist, socialist, and syndicalist émigrés from Italy with experience in labor organizing and militancy. Ideologically, antifa in the United States sees itself as the successor to anti-Nazi activists of the 1930s. European activist groups that originally organized to oppose World War II-era fascist dictatorships re-emerged in the 1970s and 1980s to oppose white supremacy and skinheads, eventually spreading to the United States.
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Antifa (United States)
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Antifa (United States). Background
Modern antifa politics can be traced to opposition to the infiltration of Britain's punk scene by white power skinheads in the 1970s and 1980s, and the emergence of neo-Nazism in Germany following the fall of the Berlin Wall. In Germany, young leftists, including anarchists and punk fans, renewed the practice of street-level anti-fascism. Peter Beinart writes that "[i]n the late '80s, left-wing punk fans in the United States began following suit, though they initially called their groups Anti-Racist Action, on the theory that Americans would be more familiar with fighting racism than they would be with fighting fascism."
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Antifa (United States)
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Antifa (United States). Background
Dartmouth College historian Mark Bray, author of Antifa: The Anti-Fascist Handbook, credits Anti-Racist Action (ARA) as the precursor of modern antifa groups in the United States. In the late 1980s and 1990s, ARA activists toured with popular punk rock and skinhead bands in order to prevent Klansmen, neo-Nazis and other assorted white supremacists from recruiting. Their motto was "We go where they go" by which they meant that they would confront far-right activists in concerts and actively remove their materials from public places. In 2002, ARA disrupted a speech in Pennsylvania by Matthew F. Hale, the head of the white supremacist group World Church of the Creator, resulting in a fight and 25 arrests.
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Antifa (United States)
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Antifa (United States). Background
In 2007, Rose City Antifa, likely the first group to utilize the name antifa, was formed in Portland, Oregon by former ARA members. Other antifa groups in the United States have other genealogies. In Minneapolis, Minnesota, a group called the Baldies was formed in 1987 with the intent to fight neo-Nazi groups directly. In 2013, the "most radical" chapters of ARA formed the Torch Antifa Network which has chapters throughout the United States. Other antifa groups are a part of different associations such as NYC Antifa or operate independently.
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Antifa (United States)
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Antifa (United States). Activities
According to Brian Levin, director of the Center for the Study of Hate and Extremism at the California State University, San Bernardino, antifa activists feel the need to participate in violent actions because "they believe that elites are controlling the government and the media. So they need to make a statement head-on against the people who they regard as racist." Historian Mark Bray wrote that the adherents "reject turning to the police or the state to halt the advance of white supremacy. Instead they advocate popular opposition to fascism as we witnessed in Charlottesville." The idea of direct action is central to the antifa movement. Former antifa organizer Scott Crow told an interviewer:
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Antifa (United States)
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Antifa (United States). Background
A manual posted on It's Going Down, an anarchist website, warns against accepting "people who just want to fight". Furthermore, the website notes that "physically confronting and defending against fascists is a necessary part of anti-fascist work, but is not the only or even necessarily the most important part."
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Antifa (United States)
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Antifa (United States). Background
According to Beinart, antifa activists "try to publicly identify white supremacists and get them fired from their jobs and evicted from their apartments" and also "disrupt white-supremacist rallies, including by force." A book review in The Washington Post reported that "Antifa tactics include 'no platforming,' i.e. denying their targets the opportunity to speak out in public; obstructing their events and defacing their propaganda; and, when antifa activists deem it necessary, deploying violence to deter them." According to National Public Radio, antifa's "approach is confrontational" and "people who speak for the Antifa movement acknowledge they sometimes carry clubs and sticks." CNN describes antifa as "known for causing damage to property during protests." Scott Crow says that antifa adherents believe that property destruction does not "equate to violence". According to the Los Angeles Times, antifa protesters have engaged in "mob violence, attacking a small showing of supporters of President Trump and others they accused, sometimes inaccurately, of being white supremacists or Nazis." Antifa activists also used clubs and dyed liquids against white supremacists in Charlottesville. Media have reported on specific instances of antifa protesters harassing or attacking journalists or causing damage to their equipment, while they were documenting protests — namely reporters of The Washington Post, a contributor to VICE and Reuters, and others. According to The Kansas City Star, police asked persons carrying firearms (including both antifa members and members of the far-right militia movement group Three Percenters) at a September 2017 rally in Kansas City to remove ammunition from their weapons.
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Antifa (United States). Background
Apart from the other activities, antifa activists engage in mutual aid such as disaster response in the case of Hurricane Harvey. According to Natasha Lennard in The Nation, antifa groups as of January 2017 were working with interfaith groups and churches "to create a New Sanctuary Movement, continuing and expanding a 40-year-old practice of providing spaces for refugees and immigrants." Antifa activists also conduct research to monitor far-right activity, hold conferences and workshops on anti-fascist activism, distribute literature at book fairs and film festivals as well as advocating ways of "fostering sustainable, peaceful communities" such as working in community gardens.
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Antifa (United States)
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Antifa (United States). Background
Antifa activists often use the black bloc tactic in which people dress in black and cover their faces in order to thwart surveillance and create a sense of equality and solidarity among participants. Antifa activists wear masks to hide their "identity from protestors on the other side (who might dox people they disagree with) or from police and cameras" and for philosophical reasons such as the beliefs that "hierarchies are bad and that remaining anonymous helps keep one's ego in check." Joseph Bernstein from BuzzFeed News says that antifa activists also wear masks because "they fear retribution from the far right and the cops, whom they believe are sympathetic if not outright supportive to fascists."
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Antifa (United States)
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Antifa (United States). Background
When antifa became prominent in the news during the George Floyd protests and was under attack for being responsible for much, if not most of the violence, a report in Vox stated that "[m]embers of antifa groups do more conventional activism, flyer campaigns, and community organizing, on behalf of anti-racist and anti-white nationalist causes", quoting Mark Bray as saying that this was the "vast majority" of what they did. In July 2020, The Guardian reported that "a California-based organizer and anti-fascist activist" stated she saw "Trump's claims about antifa violence, particularly during the George Floyd protests, as a message to his 'hardcore' supporters that it was appropriate to attack people who came out to protest." In August 2020, many small business owners interviewed by The New York Times in what was the Capitol Hill Autonomous Zone in Seattle blamed people they identified as antifa for much of the violence and intimidation of their patrons while distinguishing antifa from Black Lives Matter. In September 2020, Scott Crow criticized a report for "equating the murder of human beings by the Boogaloo and neo-Nazis with property destruction because people are sick of having boots on their neck."
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Antifa (United States). Notable actions
Along with black bloc activists, antifa groups were among those who protested the 2016 election of Donald Trump. Antifa activists also participated in the February 2017 Berkeley protests against alt-right provocateur speaker Milo Yiannopoulos, where antifa gained mainstream attention, with media reporting antifa protesters "throwing Molotov cocktails and smashing windows" and causing $100,000 worth of damage.
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Antifa (United States). Notable actions
In April 2017, the Direct Action Alliance and the Oregon Students Empowered, described as "two self-described antifascist groups", threatened to disrupt the 82nd Avenue of Roses Parade in Portland, Oregon after hearing that the Multnomah County Republican Party would participate. The parade organizers also received an anonymous email, reading: "You have seen how much power we have downtown and that the police cannot stop us from shutting down roads so please consider your decision wisely." The two groups denied having anything to do with the email. The parade was ultimately canceled by the organizers due to safety concerns.
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Antifa (United States). Notable actions
In August 2017, antifa counter-protesters at the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, reported The New York Times, "used clubs and dyed liquids against the white supremacists." Journalist Adele Stan interviewed an antifa protester at the rally who said the sticks carried by the protesters were a justifiable countermeasure to the fact that "the right has a goon squad". Some antifa participants at the Charlottesville rally chanted that counter-protesters should "punch a Nazi in the mouth". Antifa participants also protected Cornel West and various clergy from attack by white supremacists, with West stating he felt that antifa had "saved his life". Antifa activists also defended the First United Methodist Church, where the Charlottesville Clergy Collective provided refreshments, music and training to the counter-protesters. According to a local rabbi, antifa counter-protesters "chased [the white supremacists] off with sticks."
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Antifa (United States). Notable actions
Groups that had been preparing to protest the Boston Free Speech Rally saw their plans become viral following the violence in Charlottesville. The event drew a largely peaceful crowd of 40,000 counter-protesters. In The Atlantic, McKay Coppins stated that the 33 people arrested for violent incidents were "mostly egged on by the minority of 'Antifa' agitators in the crowd." President Trump described the protesters outside his August 2017 rally in Phoenix, Arizona as "antifa".
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Antifa (United States). Notable actions
During the Berkeley protests on August 27, 2017, an estimated one hundred antifa protesters joined a crowd of 2,000–4,000 other protesters to confront alt-right demonstrators and Trump supporters who showed up for a "Say No to Marxism" rally that had been cancelled by organizers due to security concerns. Protestors threatened to smash the cameras of anyone who filmed them. Jesse Arreguin, the mayor of Berkeley, suggested classifying the city's antifa as a gang. The far-right group Patriot Prayer cancelled an event in San Francisco the same day following counter protests. Joey Gibson, the founder of Patriot Prayer, blamed antifa, along with BAMN, for breaking up the event.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifa%20%28United%20States%29
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Antifa (United States)
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Antifa (United States). Notable actions
In June 2018, a Nebraska antifa group published a list of names and photographs of 1,595 Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) officials, drawn from LinkedIn profiles.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifa%20%28United%20States%29
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Antifa (United States)
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Antifa (United States). Notable actions
In November 2018, police investigated the antifa group Smash Racism D.C. following a protest outside the home of The Daily Caller founder Tucker Carlson, who has been described by the Associated Press as "a major supporter of President Donald Trump and his policies". Activists of the group said through a bullhorn that Carlson was promoting hate and chanted "We will fight, we know where you sleep at night!" and defaced the driveway of Carlson's property by spray-painting an anarchist symbol on it. Twitter suspended the group's account for violation of Twitter rules by posting Carlson's home address. The group also posted addresses of Carlson's brother and a friend who co-founded The Daily Caller.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifa%20%28United%20States%29
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Antifa (United States)
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Antifa (United States). Notable actions
In February 2019, anti-fascist activists marched in celebration through Stone Mountain, Georgia as a white supremacist, neo-Confederate rally planned to be held at the adjacent Stone Mountain Park was cancelled due to infighting and fear of personal safety. White supremacist groups originally sought to attract attention by marching at the Stone Mountain, a Confederate landmark carving, during Super Bowl weekend. The groups ignored the park's denial of permit due to "clear and present danger to the public health or safety", but this was thwarted when Facebook and Twitter terminated their organizing accounts and pages, and by one group leader's retreat due to "fears of violence from counter-protesters". In their absence, more than 100 antifa activists marched peacefully through the adjacent village, burned a Klansman effigy and chanted slogans such as "Good night, alt-right" and "Death to the Klan", before joining another civil rights rally at Piedmont Park held by the NAACP and the SPLC.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifa%20%28United%20States%29
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Antifa (United States)
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Antifa (United States). Academics and scholars
Historian Mark Bray, who has studied the antifa movement, stated that "[g]iven the historical and current threat that white supremacist and fascist groups pose, it's clear to me that organized, collective self-defense is not only a legitimate response, but lamentably an all-too-necessary response to this threat on too many occasions." Alexander Reid Ross, a lecturer in geography and an author on the contemporary right, has argued that antifa groups represented "one of the best models for channeling the popular reflexes and spontaneous movements towards confronting fascism in organized and focused ways."
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifa%20%28United%20States%29
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Antifa (United States)
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Antifa (United States). Public reactions
Historian and Dissent magazine editor Michael Kazin wrote that "[n]on-leftists often see the left as a disruptive, lawless force. Violence tends to confirm that view." Historian Ruth Ben-Ghiat was "worried that antifa's methods could feed into what she said were false equivalencies that seek to lump violence on the left with attacks by the right." Ben-Ghiat argued that "[t]hrowing a milkshake is not equivalent to killing someone, but because the people in power are allied with the right, any provocation, any dissent against right-wing violence, backfires", with the effect that "[m]ilitancy on the left" can "become a justification for those in power and allies on the right to crack down" on the left.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifa%20%28United%20States%29
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Antifa (United States)
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Antifa (United States). Public reactions
Peter Beinart, a professor of journalism and political science, wrote that "[a]ntifa believes it is pursuing the opposite of authoritarianism. Many of its activists oppose the very notion of a centralized state. But in the name of protecting the vulnerable, antifascists have granted themselves the authority to decide which Americans may publicly assemble and which may not. That authority rests on no democratic foundation. [...] The people preventing Republicans from safely assembling on the streets of Portland may consider themselves fierce opponents of the authoritarianism growing on the American right. In truth, however, they are its unlikeliest allies."
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