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The foot diagram has a complex structure made up of bones, ligaments, muscles, and tendons. Understanding the structure of the foot is best done by looking at a foot diagram where the anatomy has been labeled.
If you would like to learn all the parts of the foot structure, you have come to the right place. In this article, we will look at all the different foot components in great detail.
It makes sense to start by looking at the different bones in the foot. And the first thing that you would need to know about foot bones is that they can be divided into different regions: anterior, posterior, dorsal, plantar, distal, proximal, medial, and lateral.
The human foot is a masterpiece of engineering and a work of art. – Leonardo da Vinci.
Another way of talking about foot bones is by dividing them into tarsal bones, metatarsal bones, and phalanges. In this article, we will use this classification for the sake of clarity and simplicity.
There are 33 different joints in the foot. The joints are made up of two bones coming together but they also involve tendons, ligaments, and muscles.
There are 28 different bones and more 100 tendons in the foot.
The tarsal bones are those that are located among the metatarsal bones, the tibia, and the fibula.
The calcaneus or calcaneum is the heel bone, located between the cuboid and the talus.
The talus is between the calcaneus (below), the tibia (top), and the fibula (sides).
The navicular gets its name for its boat-like shape. The navicular is surrounded by the cuneiform bones and the talus.
The medial cuneiform is roughly in the middle of the foot, at least, if we look at the foot from above.
The intermediate cuneiform is located between the medial cuneiform and the lateral cuneiform bones.
The lateral cuneiform (also known as the external cuneiform) is in the front row of all the tarsal bones.
The cuboid gets its name from looking like a cube. It is surrounded by the calcaneus or calcaneum, the navicular and the metatarsal bones.
The first metatarsal bone is the thickest and shortest of all the metatarsals, while the second metatarsal bone is the longest of them all.
Athletes are particularly susceptible to suffer from injuries in the second and fifth metatarsal.
The final group of foot bones is the phalanges. Each foot has 14 different phalanges. The big toe has two phalanges: the proximal phalanx and the distal phalanx. Each of the other toes has the exact same three phalanges: the proximal phalanx, the middle phalanx, and the distal phalanx.
The proximal phalanx is the phalanx that it is closer to the rest of the foot. Its close proximity to the rest of the foot is where it gets its name.
The distal phalanx is the phalanx that is further away from the rest of the foot. Toenails are located in the distal phalanges.
The middle phalanx is between the proximal and the distal phalanges in all toes with the exception of the toe.
There are other helpful ways to look at the foot bones. Another way of doing this is by dividing the foot into the forefoot, the midfoot, and the hindfoot.
The forefoot is where the five toes, also known as phalanges, are but it is also where the metatarsals are located.
The midfoot is where all three cuneiform bones (the medial, the intermediate, and the lateral cuneiform bones). This part of the foot has a rough pyramidal shape which creates the arches.
Finally, the hindfoot is the area occupied by the heel and the ankle. The talus bone supports the tibia and the fibula. The heel bone (known as calcaneus or calcaneum) is the biggest bone in the foot.
Then many tendons, muscles, and ligaments are in place to allow all the necessary movements that we need for both balance and motion. Perhaps, the most famous tendon of the all is the so-called Achilles tendon that joins the
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VOD News
Judi Love joins cast of Noughts + Crosses Season 2
James R | On 17, Apr 2022
Judi Love has joined the cast of Noughts + Crosses for its second season, along with Michael Dapaah.
Based on Malorie Blackman's award-winning book series, the drama takes place in a dangerous, alternate world where racism divides society. Written by Toby Whithouse (Being Human), Lydia Adetunji (Riviera), Nathaniel Price (Tin Star) and Rachel De-Lahay (Kiri), it follows two young people Sephy and Callum, who are divided by their colour but united by love. Sephy is a 'Cross', a member of the Black ruling class and daughter of a prominent politician. Callum is a 'Nought', a white member of the underclass. The two have been friends since early childhood but their relationship grows ever more complicated as they come of age.
Season 2 promises to bring the iconic, forbidden love story between Sephy (Masali Baduza) and Callum (Jack Rowan) to its conclusion. Joining them will be actor, rapper and comedian Michael Dapaah as Mensah, a powerful and well-known TV personality whose influence stretches far across Albion. Mensah has a fractious relationship with his onscreen co-host, Chidi Abara, who will be played by comedian, presenter and Strictly Come Dancing star Judi Love.
Michael Dapaah says: "Joining the series was a honour, especially because of how renowned Malorie Blackman's novels are and what they represent. I enjoyed watching Season 1 and I'm a fan of director Koby Adom's previous work. For me it was time to properly enter the world of acting and this was a great introduction for me. I wanted to show people and myself that I can play a role which isn't so heavily comedic and can do so much more, and I found this character Mensah really entertaining, which is always a bonus."
Michael and Judi join returning cast members Masali Baduza, Jack Rowan, Helen Baxendale, Paterson Joseph, Bonnie Mbuli, Jonathan Ajayi, Josh Dylan and Kiké Brimah, plus Noughts + Crosses newcomer Jasmine Jobson (Top Boy) as Cara. Also joining the cast for Season 2 are Mayuri Naidu (High Rollers, Muvhango) as Shashi Bandara MP, Morgan Watkins (A Very English Scandal, King Gary) and Iretiola Doyle (Tinsel, Madam President) as the Empress of Aprica.
The four-part second season is written by Lydia Adetunji and Jerome Bucchan-Nelson, directed by Koby Adom and produced by Sarah Lewis. Executive Producers are James Gandhi, Preethi Mavahalli and Damien Timmer for Mammoth Screen in association with ITV Studios, Ben Irving for the BBC, Miura Kite and Jeff Skoll for Participant Media, Lydia Adetunji, Malorie Blackman and Kibwe Tavares.
BBC One renews Noughts + Crosses for Season 2
Noughts + Crosses will return for a second season, BBC One has announce.
Season 1 premiered last March, with our review describing it as "searingly timely" and a "riveting, thought-provoking watch".
Produced by Mammoth Screen for the BBC, Season 2 will dive viewers straight back into the dangerous, alternate world of Blackman's novels and the love story at its heart.
Jack Rowan and Masali Baduza will return as Callum and Sephy, now attempting to flee Albion in search of a new life together, while the city they left behind ignites in the wake of Season 1's events. Paterson Joseph, Helen Baxendale, Bonnie Mbuli, Jonathan Ajayi, Josh Dylan and Kiké Brimah will all reprise their roles from the first season.
Joining them will be Jasmine Jobson (Top Boy, Surge) as Cara, an enigmatic new figure in Jude's life, and Robert Hands (Endeavour, Jonathan Strange & Mr Norrell) as Clem. Further casting and characters for Season 2 will be announced in due course.
Malorie Blackman, author of
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CommonCrawl
| 0.764248 | -0.433628 | 0.417042 | -0.31331 |
the Noughts & Crosses novels, says: "I am delighted that Noughts + Crosses is returning for a second season. So many people have asked me, 'So what happens next?'. Now they will find out! Having read the scripts, I think I can safely say that even those familiar with the Noughts & Crosses series of books will find surprises, suspense and so much to savour."
Season 2 will be written by Lydia Adetunji and Jerome Bucchan-Nelson, directed by Koby Adom and produced by Sarah Lewis. Executive Producers are Preethi Mavahalli, Damien Timmer and James Gandhi for Mammoth Screen in association with ITV Studios, Ben Irving for BBC One, Malorie Blackman, Lydia Adetunji and Kibwe Tavares.
Filming will begin next month in South Africa, and the season will air on BBC One and BBC iPlayer.
Trailer: BBC One's Noughts + Crosses arrives this March
Noughts + Crosses, a new series based on Malorie Blackman's award-winning book series, arrives on BBC One this March.
The six-part story of first love takes place in a dangerous, alternate world where racism divides society. Written by Toby Whithouse (Being Human), Lydia Adetunji (Riviera), Nathaniel Price (Tin Star) and Rachel De-Lahay (Kiri), it follows two young people Sephy and Callum, who are divided by their colour but united by love. Sephy is a 'Cross', a member of the Black ruling class and daughter of a prominent politician. Callum is a 'Nought', a white member of the underclass. The two have been friends since early childhood but their relationship grows ever more complicated as they come of age. It's the story of two families separated by power and prejudice but forever entwined by fate.
Jack Rowan (Peaky Blinders, Born to Kill) plays Callum and newcomer Masali Baduza plays Sephy. They are joined by Paterson Joseph (Timeless, Peep Show) as Sephy's father, the Home Secretary Kamal Hadley, Bonnie Mbuli (Invictus, Wallander) as her mother, Jasmine, and Kike Brimah (Love Type D) as her sister, Minerva.
Helen Baxendale (Cold Feet, Cuckoo) and Ian Hart (The Last Kingdom, The Secret Agent) play Callum's parents, Meggie and Ryan, and Josh Dylan (Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, The Little Stranger) plays his older brother, Jude.
The series premieres at 9pm on BBC One on Thursday 5th March, with the whole box set arriving on BBC iPlayer at the same time.
Stormzy joins cast of BBC One's Noughts + Crosses
Stormzy has joined the cast of BBC One drama Noughts + Crosses.
The Mammoth Screen adaptation of Malorie Blackman's award-winning young adult books is a gripping story of first love in a dangerous, alternate world where racism divides society. It stars Bafta Cymru winner Jack Rowan (Peaky Blinders) as Callum McGregor and newcomer Masali Baduza as Sephy Hadley. Other cast include Helen Baxendale, Paterson Joseph and Ian Hart.
Now, they've been joined by another cast member of note: British musician Stormzy. He will play newspaper editor Kolawale, a character created for the TV series.
"As a diehard fan of Malorie's novels, being a part of this important show is a dream come true," he comments.
Blackman says: "The first time I met Stormzy he informed me he was a huge fan of my Noughts and Crosses series of books. I'm thrilled he will now be a part of the Noughts + Crosses TV production. It's so exciting!"
The series is currently being filmed in South Africa.
Production begins on BBC One's Noughts + Crosses
Production is now underway on Noughts + Crosses, BBC One's adaptation of Malorie Blackman's award-winning young adult book series.
Mammoth Screen is producing the story of first love in a dangerous, alternate world where racism divides society. It follows two young people: Sephy is a 'Cross', a member of the Black
|
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CommonCrawl
| 0.946291 | -0.509589 | 0.261032 | 0.028839 |
Post Office Bailout or Refund?
Javier Strauser
The U.S. Postal Service just may get a bail out it so desperately needs that is being offered up by Senators like Joe Liberman (Independent – Connecticut), Scott Brown (Republican – Massechusettes), Tom Carper (Democrat – Delware) and Susan Collins (Republican – Maine). Some people, especially the Postmaster General Patrick Donahoe are against this being labeled as a post office bailout.
The reason many feel this wouldn't be a bailout to help the in debt U.S. Post Office is that the Post Office is claiming it overpaid into a retirement fund called the Federal Employee Retirment System. In fact Joe Lieberman was quoted as saying this, "is not a bailout. It's the result of a legal analysis that everybody agrees with, that this was in fact an overpayment by the Postal Service."
The total amount that this bill would refund to the post offices operating capital would be around $7 billion dollars. While this amount of money could help postpone Saturday mail cancelations and laying off some employees it wouldn't make a dent in the reported loss of last year. Last year it is estimated the US Postal Service lost $10 billion. The post office has been trying to fight off this loss by closing 4,850 locations and laying off up to 220,000 employees and axing Saturday mail.
The new post office rescue plan would also reduce current payments the Postal Service has to pay to plan for future worker retirments. This would reduce a total payment of about $5.5 billion to a lot less while also allowing the post office to make new deals for health insurance with it's main unions. Currently the USPS is owing a payment for this future worker prefunding on November 18th, 2011 and officials are already wondering whether they'll get an extension. The current November 18th deadline was the result a previous extension.
One way the post office has been trying slow down the debt piling up around it's mal delivery is by raising postage for all it's classes of mail. The postal rates are to be raised in January 2012. A major ad campaign is also being directed towards businesses telling them that refrigerators and corkboards can't be hacked, unlike email and digital communications. The US Postal Service is trying to slow it's decline by at least 1% which would keep them from losing an estimated $300 million. The next couple weeks will show whether the post office gets the new bill passed in their favor and get their bailout or as some are calling it, refund.
Related Topics:Joe Liebermanpost office bailoutpost office billpost office refundsenators post office helpUnited States Postal Service
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hey, at least the mail i get to my door gets looked at,not deleted automatically.and i like these people who pay bills online for free.what, do you get free internet that i don`t know about?and yes,when you have paid more than your share in taxes,don`t you get a refund back?use your head, some of you people just have no common sense at all,or i should say a lot of you people.i think you all are just getting too much free money from the tea party people,whom i have yet to meet one,which i`m sure that reason is i don`t make enough money.you are a puppet, i can see the strings…..
Really? raising rates a penny is going to upset people makes me sick. peanut butter has been increased by 40% because of the summer heat. Milk is always high and getting even higher. Lets not talk about gas. AND people want to complain about a penny?!?! Why dont they get in their car and drive their letter from NC to CA for 45 cents. Or better yet anywhere in the USA to Europe for 98 cents. People need to get thier mind right.
RandyF
The overpayment was discovered by entities outside the Postal Service. If you overpaid your utility bill by $100, would you not expect a refund, or at least a credit on your bill?
I won't bother going in to anything else. It
|
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] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| -1.098298 | -1.107989 | -0.271556 | -0.879974 |
is not a bailout.
Clinical Pathology Laboratories blamed AMCA for not providing them enough information back in June.
Photo: Thirteen Of Clubs Follow | Flickr | CC BY-SA 2.0
A month after the medical collection portal owned by the American Medical Collection Agency (AMCA) fell victim to a data breach that has affected more than 20 million of their users from different blood testing laboratories and medical institutions around the country, a new AMCA partner lab came forward and said that their clients were also affected by the data breach.
According to Clinical Pathology Laboratories (CPL), 2.2 million clients may have had their names, addresses, phone numbers, dates of birth, dates of service, balance information, and treatment provider information stolen from the previously reported data breach involving AMCA.
Last month, data were stolen from users of the AMCA payment portal that was used to pay for laboratory fees by more than 20 million victims. These data include their names, phone numbers, dates of birth, home addresses, social security numbers, credit card numbers, and other bank details.
This time, Clinical Pathology Laboratories (CPL) says that an additional 2.2 million victims of the data breach come from their client list, and another 34,500 patients had their credit card or banking information compromised.
The company blamed the late announcement from CPL to AMCA for not providing them with enough information regarding the breach when it was first disclosed in June.
"At the time of AMCA's initial notification, AMCA did not provide CPL with enough information for CPL to identify potentially affected patients or confirm the nature of patient information potentially involved in the incident, and CPL's investigation is on-going," said the company in a statement.
As of today, it is still unclear whether AMCA nor its partner companies have reached out to their clients to personally notify them about the data breach. Back in June, AMCA first disclosed that only 200,000 clients had their data compromised. However, reports from its partners have confirmed that the victim tally reaches 20 million.
AMCA and partners were slapped with lawsuits
AMCA, Quest, and LabCorp in June were slapped with at least 19 lawsuits concerning the data leak. More than 19 class-suite actions have been filed against the three companies for their involvement in the breach and their inability to fulfill the promise of protecting their clients' sensitive information.
According to one of the lawyers in one of the lawsuits hurdled against the involved companies, healthcare providers are one of the most susceptible entities, but they have lackluster data protection systems.
Yanchunis said that these companies "know [that] they are at an increased risk and yet have not taken the proper steps to protect their patients' data."
AMCA filed for bankruptcy
Amid the data breach that centers the American Medical Collection Agency, the company has filed for bankruptcy and laid off more than 70% of its workforce, as cost in mitigating the impacts of the leak has to lead the company to lose a massive amount of money.
According to the company, the data breach "resulted in enormous expenses that were beyond the ability of the Debtor to bear."
"Almost immediately upon learning of the breach, LabCorp unqualifiedly and indefinitely terminated its relationship with the Debtor," the filing reads.
"Soon after, Quest Diagnostics, Conduent, Inc., and CareCentrix, Inc. which together with LabCorp were the Debtor's four largest clients, stopped sending new work to the Debtor, and all terminated or substantially curtailed their business relationships with the Debtor."
Cybersecurity experts have estimated that the company most likely to spend at least $400,000 for cyber forensics alone. Add to that the cost of IT support, severe restrictions that were put in place to protect AMCA's network from further intrusion, looming court cases, and the loss of valuable business partners; it is most likely that the company was driven to the abyss of bankruptcy by the data breach.
Of course, to cut cost, AMCA has also laid off employees and only retained those who are significant in the legal battles it faces, including the lawsuits and its request for bankruptcy. AMCA's current employee count is down from 113 to 25, which practically cut
|
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CommonCrawl
| -0.434868 | 0.164164 | 1.191715 | -0.267458 |
of 78% of its human resources. Fuchs has asked the court to consider a motion which will ensure the firm's remaining staff will be paid during the process.
Treasury Chief Says Crypto Is A "National Security Risk"
Secretary of the Treasury Steven Mnuchin | 7/25/17 (Official White House Photo by Ricky Harris)
A new jab was thrown against Bitcoin and cryptocurrencies from the US government after statements from the U.S. Treasury Secretary branded the industry as a "national security threat."
Facebook's announcement of Libra has brought crypto and blockchain technology in the center stage, as governments around the world have heightened their scrutiny on the alternative financial system that the industry is offering.
Government executives and high ranking officials have raised concerns on the volatility of the technology, and how it is being used by malicious actors to facilitate illegal transactions such as money laundering and illegal drugs.
Now, US Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin chimed in the conversation and echoed earlier apprehensions versus Bitcoin and cryptocurrencies. The Secretary warns that Bitcoin, as well as, Facebook's plans for Libra, pose a "national security issue" for the United States.
"This is indeed a national security issue," Mnuchin told reporters at a press conference yesterday. "Cryptocurrencies such as bitcoin have been exploited to support billions of dollars of illicit activity like cyber crime, tax evasion, extortion, ransomware, illicit drugs, and human trafficking," adding that Facebook's Libra "could be misused by money launderers and terrorist financiers."
Mnuchin echoed other politicians stance on Facebook's Libra venture and said that he was "not comfortable" by the idea of it.
Trump vs. Crypto
In a series of tweets on last week, the POTUS said that he is not a "fan" of cryptocurrencies, asserted that America has only one currency, criticized bitcoin, as well as told Facebook that they need a banking charter if they want to launch their newly announced crypto-based money called Libra.
Trump said cryptocurrencies are not money, and "Unregulated Crypto Assets can facilitate unlawful behavior, including drug trade and other illegal activity."
"If Facebook and other companies want to become a bank, they must seek a new Banking Charter and become subject to all Banking Regulations," said the president.
Related: Trump Vs. Crypto: Dollar Is The Only Currency Of The USA
According to the President, the dollar is the only currency in America, and Libra, among other cryptocurrencies, are not "real money."
"We have only one real currency in the USA, and it is stronger than ever, both dependable and reliable. It is by far the most dominant currency anywhere in the World, and it will always stay that way. It is called the United States Dollar!" Trump said in a tweet.
Trump's anti-crypto stand was agreed upon by Mnuchin saying that "the president does have concerns as it relates to bitcoin and cryptocurrencies—those are legitimate concerns that we have been working on for a long period of time."
Democrats vs. Crypto
Joining Trump's army against cryptocurrencies and Facebook's Libra plans are Democrats from the Senate who recently circulated a draft proposal that bans big tech companies from issuing digital money.
The bill, which was bluntly named as "Keep Big Tech Out Of Finance Act," circulates among Democrats majority that leads the U.S. House Financial Services Committee, proves that the US government is not joking about its position against Libra and other similar ventures in the future.
Read More: Democrats Move To Ban Big Techs From Issuing Digital Money
According to the proposed bill, no tech company should be allowed to issue any form of financial services. "A large platform utility may not establish, maintain, or operate a digital asset that is intended to be widely used as a medium of exchange, unit of account, store of value, or any other similar function, as defined by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System," reads a copy of the bill obtained by Z6Mag.
Furthermore, while the bill does not specify any company, it clearly refers to Facebook, and it's planned blockchain
|
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] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| -0.276387 | 0.091488 | 0.190199 | -0.641387 |
-based currency, Libra. The "large platform utility" is defined as a technology company with "[an] annual global revenue of $25,000,000,000 or more" and one that is "predominately engaged in the business of offering to the public an online marketplace, an exchange, or a platform for connecting third parties." This definition seems to be crafted to include Facebook rather than exclude other companies.
It is also worth noting that the proposed legislation also prohibits "large platform utilities" from affiliation with "persons who are a financial institution." This further includes Facebook's proactive workaround against possible future laws that may prohibit them from owning Libra.
Nonetheless, the bill is still in its earliest phase yet, and many could happen to move forward. For it to become a law, it still has to withstand the possible opposition by Republicans in both the House and the Senate.
Senator To Facebook's Libra: 'Can People Trust You?'
Photo: BTC Keychain | Flickr | CC BY 2.0
When it comes to Facebook's Libra, the US government has made one thing clear: they don't trust the tech giant and its plan to release an alternative financial system based on the highly debated blockchain technology.
In a Senate hearing today, a Facebook executive was grilled by lawmakers in the Senate Banking Committee over the plan to issue its digital currency and its possible effect on the global banking and financial ecosystem.
Facebook announced a month ago that it would roll out a new form of digital money, called Libra, which the tech superpower claims to be a stable coin. Unlike its predecessor, Bitcoin, the Silicon Valley giant claims that Libra is a cryptocurrency backed by real-world money and government certificates, and is also supported by a group of corporations such as Mastercard, Paypal, and VISA.
Libra is set to be available for circulation early next year, but a few weeks following Facebook's announcement, staunch government opposition has proved difficult for Libra to push through with its most ambitious plan.
"Facebook has said 'just trust us'" Senator Sherrod Brown, Democrat of Ohio, said at the hearing. "And every time Americans trust you, they seem to get burned."
Many governments around the world have echoed concerns on how Facebook will handle such an ambitious feat. Many claims that because of the company's reputation in data security, it is hard to trust Facebook in handling people's money.
"Trust is primordial"
"Do you really think people should trust Facebook with their hard-earned money?" Senator Brown asked Facebook's exec, David Marcus.
As a response, Marcus said that the company would do its best to protect people's money, as well as, prevent fraud and other illegal activities that malicious actors may carry out using Facebook's Libra.
One of the significant critiques against Facebook's digital money comes from the fact that cryptocurrencies are not well regulated and criminal element can leverage the technology and use Libra for money laundering and other forms of illegal payments.
"We've made mistakes in the past," Mr. Marcus said. "We have been working, and are working hard to get better."
"Trust is primordial," he added.
Keep Big Tech Out Of Finance Act
The Senate hearing comes a day after a copy of a draft proposal in the Senate penned by Democrat senators surfaced that practically bans major tech companies from issuing digital currencies.
Read: [Breaking] Democrats Move To Ban Big Techs From Issuing Digital Money
A new draft proposal for the bill, bluntly named as "Keep Big Tech Out Of Finance Act," that circulates among Democrats majority that leads the U.S. House Financial Services Committee, proves that the US government is serious about its position against Libra and other similar ventures in the future.
Global fiscal and legislative resistance vs. Libra
European officials have also expressed concern regarding Libra, citing that the system, if widely adopted, could shake the global economy and rival national banks. French Finance Minister Bruno Le Maire sent a letter to officials from the G7 and International Monetary Fund calling for a group to examine Libra's impact on the global financial system. Le Maire said that Libra must not become a "sovereign currency," while a German politician noted Facebook's potential to become a "shadow bank" to the global financial system.
Aside from European officials, Japanese lawm
|
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] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| 0.329518 | 0.652131 | 0.524636 | 0.264107 |
Kanawha Valley
Mountain_state_morning
Op-Ed Commentaries
Phil Kabler's Statehouse Beat
WVU Gameday
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The Food Guy
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Rick Steelhammer
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Vintage West Virginia
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TV Weekly
Charleston, WV (25301)
Light snow this morning will become a mixture of rain and snow this afternoon. Temps nearly steady in the mid to upper 30s. Winds SW at 10 to 15 mph. Chance of precip 60%..
Variable clouds with snow showers. Low 29F. Winds WSW at 5 to 10 mph. Chance of snow 40%.
How to Submit Tips
Winter Safety Quiz
Rick Ryan
Rick Ryan: There are ways to safely resume prep sports
By Rick Ryan Staff writer
Rick Ryan: Justice tends to see things differently
Rick Ryan: Coaches wondering why there's been another delay to winter sports
Rick Ryan: Prep sports notes -- Poca almost opted up to AAA
Rick Ryan: Retracing the steps of a season like no other, thanks to COVID-19
Rick Ryan: Mays, SC try to 'stay positive,' but 'it's tough'
Donnie Mays gave in a little bit last Friday and watched a live stream of the Spring Valley at Martinsburg football game.
Rick Ryan: 25 most memorable games in 25 years of prep football coverage
I've mentioned before that I began at the Gazette-Mail in 1994, but didn't start covering the high school football beat until the fall of 1996.
Rick Ryan: Is county-by-county COVID-o-meter fair or not?
John Kelley realizes he might be sitting on a powder keg — and it has nothing to do with his University High football team, even though the Hawks do expect to improve this season.
Rick Ryan: Five solid replacement games, five fine rivalries lost
When Gov. Jim Justice delayed the start of the school year until Sept. 8 because of COVID-19 and effectively wiped out the first week of the high school football season in West Virginia, it sent coaches and athletic directors across the state scurrying to find a 10th game for their teams.
Rick Ryan: How likely is another delay to prep football season?
Many years ago, a friend was dating a girl who knew nothing about football. She thought the object of the game was for all the players to run together in a big pile, which is the way many plays end.
Rick Ryan: Recounting, and counting down, some memorable quotes
Earlier in these days of coronavirus — certainly not to be confused with the days of wine and roses — I reflected on some of the most memorable games I've covered in 42 years as a sports reporter.
Rick Ryan: Barnstorming and bits and pieces of many, many memories
EDITOR'S NOTE: Tenth in a series. Staff writer Rick Ryan has seen a lot come and go in his newspaper career. Following are recollections from his days at the Wheeling Intelligencer (1978-90), Asheville (N.C.) Citizen-Times (1990-94) and Charleston Gazette-Mail (1994-2020).
Rick Ryan: Catching them before they were stars
EDITOR'S NOTE: Ninth in a series. Staff writer Rick Ryan has seen a lot come and go in his newspaper career. Following are recollections from his days at the Wheeling Intelligencer (1978-90), Asheville (N.C.) Citizen-Times (1990-94) and Charleston Gazette-Mail (1994-2020).
Rick Ryan: North-South football lucky it's still hoping to play
Certainly, some people were disappointed when the Friday Night Rivals North-South All-Star Football Classic
|
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] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| -0.796025 | -1.560592 | -0.925185 | -1.001403 |
announced Wednesday that it had to postpone the 67th installment of its game until July 10, pending approval from state and local authorities because of the coronavirus pandemic.
Rick Ryan: It's been a sad few months for South Charleston High School athletics
It's been a difficult few months for the athletics family at South Charleston High School.
Rick Ryan: Pair of Capital games ranks among most memorable
EDITOR'S NOTE: Eighth in a series. Staff writer Rick Ryan has seen a lot come and go in his newspaper career. Following are recollections from his days at the Wheeling Intelligencer (1978-90), Asheville (N.C.) Citizen-Times (1990-94) and Charleston Gazette-Mail (1994-2020).
Rick Ryan: Cal Bailey was more than just a coach
I ran into Calvin Bailey a lot in my days at the Gazette and the Gazette-Mail. Most of the time, it came when I was out covering a high school game.
Rick Ryan: Witnessing a miracle at the Parkersburg Fieldhouse in 1984
EDITOR'S NOTE: Seventh in a series. Staff writer Rick Ryan has seen a lot come and go in his newspaper career. Following are recollections from his days at the Wheeling Intelligencer (1978-90), Asheville (N.C.) Citizen-Times (1990-94) and Charleston Gazette-Mail (1994-2020).
Rick Ryan: Some games, there's a bit of panic in the air
EDITOR'S NOTE: Sixth in a series. Staff writer Rick Ryan has seen a lot come and go in his newspaper career. Following are recollections from his days at the Wheeling Intelligencer (1978-90), Asheville (N.C.) Citizen-Times (1990-94) and Charleston Gazette-Mail (1994-2020).
Rick Ryan: Going one on one with Moss, Nehlen, Shaq, Digger and Spud
EDITOR'S NOTE: Fifth in a series. Staff writer Rick Ryan has seen a lot come and go in his newspaper career. Following are recollections from his days at the Wheeling Intelligencer (1978-90), Asheville (N.C.) Citizen-Times (1990-94) and Charleston Gazette-Mail (1994-2020).
Rick Ryan: Going one-on-one for celebrity interviews
EDITOR'S NOTE: Fourth in a series. Staff writer Rick Ryan has seen a lot come and go in his newspaper career. Following are recollections from his days at the Wheeling Intelligencer (1978-90), Asheville (N.C.) Citizen-Times (1990-94) and Charleston Gazette-Mail (1994-2020).
Rick Ryan: Some coaches' comments stand the test of time
EDITOR'S NOTE: Third in a series. Staff writer Rick Ryan has seen a lot come and go in his newspaper career. Following are recollections from his days at the Wheeling Intelligencer (1978-90), Asheville (N.C.) Citizen-Times (1990-94) and Charleston Gazette-Mail (1994-2020).
Rick Ryan: WVU Tech's miracle comeback in 2001 was one for the ages
EDITOR'S NOTE: Second in a series. Staff writer Rick Ryan has seen a lot come and go in his newspaper career. Following are recollections from his days at the Wheeling Intelligencer (1978-90), Asheville (N.C.) Citizen-Times (1990-94) and Charleston Gazette-Mail (1994-2020).
Rick Ryan: From The Logo to Fritz, some memorable phone conversations
EDITOR'S NOTE: First of a series. Staff writer Rick Ryan has seen a lot come and go in his newspaper career. Following are recollections from his days at the Wheeling Intelligencer (1978-90), Asheville Citizen-Times, N.
|
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CommonCrawl
| -0.855121 | -1.76694 | -0.970913 | -1.392882 |
Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Organisations Cobar
Found 1 Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Organisations in Cobar, NSW
Cobar Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Organisations
Cobar Local Aboriginal Land Council
Phone: (02) 6836 1144 Address: 23 Railway Parade, Cobar, NSW | Website: http://www.alc.org.au/home.aspx
Haven't found what you are looking for? enter your search term below.
Find Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Organisations in other locations
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List your Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Organisations in Cobar
If you own a business in Cobar and would like to have your business listed here then add your business to the guide. You can get a Classic Listing where you will be able to feature your business including a photo, opening hours, specials and more in our Cobar Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Organisations directory.
Browse other businesses in Cobar
Roylances
Phone: 1300 659 693 | 29 Cornish Street, Cobar, NSW
Are you interested in industry-leading automotive, industrial, earthmoving, quarrying, and rigging equipment? The team at Roylances has access to a huge variety of products so you save time and money! For more info, call 1300 659 693.
Roylances not only provides leading automotive, industrial, mining, and rigging equipment, but we pride ourselves on safety by offering a huge range of safety products to meet all safety requirements. We are customer focused by offering the best advice to make your workplace safer, easier, and more cost-effective. Our mining and earthmoving specialists have been involved in background developments and work in leading mine sites on a first hand basis. For more information on our range of products....
Cobar Earth Moving Equipment
Workman.net.au
Phone: (02) 6836 4115 | 21 Barton Street, Cobar, NSW
Online computer support for rural and remote areas. Secure, proven remote access techniques give you the ability to connect to our quality technical support team from any remote or rural location. No need to leave your home.
Cobar Computer Service and RepairComputer Repairs Cobar Computers Cobar
Cobar Crossroads Motel
Phone: (02) 6836 2711 | Cobar, NSW
motel accommodation Cobar
Cobar Motels
Other categories under Cobar Organisations
Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Organisations in Cobar (1) Charities & Charitable Organisations in Cobar (1)
|
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] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| -1.518084 | -1.798086 | -0.649029 | -0.87618 |
Why I Am No Longer A Zionist
I'm a nice Jewish boy from North West London. I was brought up in a family that was never particularly religious – we belonged to a Reform synagogue, not an Orthodox one - but where my Jewish identity was considered extremely important, and where support for Israel was an absolute given. Not blanket, unquestioning support, but support nonetheless.
As a teenager I was heavily involved in RSY-Netzer, the Zionist Jewish youth movement affiliated with the Reform Synagogues of Great Britain. In 1987, at the age of 16, I spent a summer in Israel with RSY, and two years later took a gap-year there. Half that year was spent on Kibbutz Lotan, one of the two Reform Synagogue affiliated kibbutzim, and the other half was spent on a course known colloquially as 'Machon', at the Institute For Youth Leaders From Abroad in Jerusalem, run by an arm of the Israeli state known as the Jewish Agency. On Machon, along with dozens of other young Jews of my own age from a range of different Zionist youth movements, I received training in youth leadership skills, Jewish history, and what is known in Hebrew as 'hasbarah'. Hasbarah literally means 'explaining', but it has another meaning, which is essentially 'propaganda'.
RSY-Netzer was at that point one of the three most left-wing Zionist youth movements - the other two are the explicitly socialist Habonim-Dror and HaShomer HaTzair. We were encouraged – and at the age of 18 or 19 we needed no encouragement – to spend much time discussing and arguing the fine points of Zionist ideology and Israeli politics both among ourselves and with members of the other movements. The left-wingers among us were highly critical of many of Israel's actions from the War in Lebanon to the whole of the Occupation, and we all argued strenuously that it was a fundamental necessity for Israel to behave ethically at all times; moreover we left-wingers argued that it was of prime importance that we as Zionists stood up and criticised Israel when it did not do so.
However, none of that criticism was ever allowed to cross the red line of rejecting the idea of the Jewish State itself. We did not go so far as to accept the idea that Zionism was racism or that Israel ought not exist – indeed we had special sessions on Machon where we were explicitly taught strategies for arguing against these ideas. The concept of a democratic secular one-state solution for all inhabitants of the Holy Land, under which Jews and Palestinians would be equal citizens in the eyes of the law, was not at any point on the table.
Unlike most of my colleagues on the Machon course, I made a particular point of learning Hebrew, and while in Jerusalem I met and fell in love with Ayelet, an Israeli girl my own age. She was not long out of basic Army training and had taken up a post as a remedial Hebrew teacher at an Israeli Army school. We spoke only in Hebrew and were for a while very much in love, though she thought I was a complete lunatic not just for being a Zionist – among Israelis the word 'Zionist' means something somewhat different to its meaning in the wider Jewish community – but also for being on the Machon course at all and for seriously considering moving to Israel permanently: her ambition at the time was to move to New York. I remember joking then that the most potent form of Zionism was not Religious Zionism, Revisionist Zionism, Political Zionism, or Cultural Zionism, all of which we had been taught about in class at Machon, but was rather Sexual Zionism, which we had not been taught about even once. Looking back, I now understand why hardly anyone, Ayelet included, found my joke funny.
As a Jew, despite being born in London, I had and still have the right at any time to move to Israel and immediately take up Israeli citizenship under the Israeli Law of Return. The only reason that I did not do so straight away was that I had a place at Oxford for which, as a state-school applicant, I had worked very hard, and on which I had no intention of missing out. My plan at the time was to get my degree from Oxford and move to Israel afterwards.
Once back in the UK, my obsession with Zionism continued. At Oxford I changed my degree from Maths and Philosophy to Oriental Studies
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CommonCrawl
| 1.802165 | 1.142694 | 0.990874 | 1.539102 |
(Hebrew), a course comprising Hebrew literature and Jewish history; on the history side I made a special study of Zionism up to 1948. It astonished me at the time that my parents were implacably against the idea of me becoming an Israeli, but I was 19 and – like all 19 year olds – knew deeply that I was as right about everything as my parents were wrong about everything.
Life at university was something of a shock for two reasons. The first was that as a state-schooler at Oxford, surrounded by the products of public and private school educations, the trappings of extreme privilege to which most of my contemporaries were so effortlessly accustomed seemed enormously strange and discomforting to me. Despite this I largely fit in well at my college, Balliol, which had a reputation for being very left-wing. The second shock was that for the first time in my life I was meeting both Jewish and non-Jewish anti-Zionists.
All my Hasbarah training came out.
I became involved with both the Oxford Jewish Society and the Oxford Israel Society, and ended up spending a lot of time arguing with people about Israel on all sides. With those on my right, I was arguing that Israel was not and had not for some time been behaving ethically, and that it was the absolute duty of anyone who called themselves a Zionist or a supporter of Israel to stand up and call Israel out on these ethical transgressions. With those on my left I was arguing that while Israel might indeed be as ethically dubious a state as any other state on the planet, nothing that it did in any way impinged on its right to exist as a Jewish State.
Many of my left-wing friends at Balliol were utterly shocked to find that I was a Zionist, but I continued to argue passionately for a position on the extreme left of Zionism; I was critical of Israel's moral transgressions, critical of the Occupation, supportive of the putative Palestinian state, supportive of the idea that Jerusalem should be again partitioned de jure (as it already is de facto) so it could be both the capital of that Palestinian state as well as the capital of Israel, but at no point did I dare to cross the red line that questioned the legitimacy of the Jewish State itself.
While I was at Balliol, Ariel Sharon was invited to speak at the Oxford Union; this resulted in an extremely busy time for me. I was involved in organising the pro-Zionist counter-demonstration to the anti-Zionist demonstration outside the Union; as a Zionist critical of Israel, I was also involved in ensuring that strong criticisms of Israel in general and Sharon in particular were made during the debate. Later that evening, as a guest of the L'Chaim Society, an alternative Jewish student organisation then run by Rabbi Shmuley Boteach, I ended up having dinner with Sharon, along with thirty or forty other people, and was astonished at how charming he seemed in person, for all that I strongly disagreed with all aspects of his politics. I was also pleasantly shocked by Sharon's stories of how his closest friends were not other Israelis at all but were rather Palestinians living in the West Bank for whom – he explained - hospitality and personal relationships trumped any notion of tribal hostility.
By 1993, when I left Oxford, things in my personal life had changed. Ayelet, quite reasonably unwilling to spend three years of her early twenties in a long-distance relationship with a complete lunatic, had left me, and I was now romantically involved with Abigail, a rather posh Jewish girl from one of the old established Anglo-Jewish families from before the wave of immigration from Eastern Europe at the beginning of the 20th century that had brought my own great-grandparents to London. Abigail was about as likely to move to Israel as she was to grow feathers and a beak, and I found myself strongly reconsidering my decision to move there myself.
My political position, however, did not change. As a Zionist I felt passionately that it was of prime importance that Israel's moral transgressions – especially those in the Lebanon war of 1982 and the ongoing indefensible occupation of the West Bank and Gaza - be censured. I felt that the Occupation had to end, and end now, and that the Two State Solution was the only way forward. Since the idea of the right
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CommonCrawl
| 1.698917 | 1.064827 | 0.696785 | 1.05339 |
of national self-determination was at the core of my support for Zionism, I found it hard to understand how any Zionist could be against the two state solution. If the Jews should have self-determination in Israel, I argued, surely it is only logical that the Palestinians should also have self-determination in Palestine. I simply could not understand how those Zionists to my right – which was basically all of them – could not see this.
On Jerusalem, I also could not understand the mainstream Zionist position. Having lived there for some time, and being well aware that the city was effectively divided into Jewish West Jerusalem, where you could safely go, and Palestinian East Jerusalem, which was dangerous and to be avoided at all costs, I simply could not grasp any of the stuff about the 'unification' of Jerusalem that I had been taught. It might have been unified legally as far as a Zionist was concerned but it certainly wasn't unified in any way in practice, and it seemed to me only right that a repartitioned East Jerusalem should be the capital of the forthcoming Palestinian state just as much as West Jerusalem should remain the capital of the Israeli state. I was sure that Palestinians felt just as passionately about Jerusalem as I did myself, and repartition seemed to me to be the just and reasonable answer to this question.
In 1994/5 I spent a further year in Jerusalem on the One Year Graduate Program at the Hebrew University. This was supposed to be my year to 'check out' whether or not I really wanted to go and live in Israel, before I made a final decision. Jerusalem is and was a miserable and tedious place for a young secular man in his early twenties; it soon became clear to me that I did not wish to live there after all, and I began drinking heavily. Mostly this went on at a bar called 'Mike's Place' run by a burned out Canadian ex-photo-journalist called Mike, and populated almost exclusively by Israeli leftists and members of the international press corps who were old friends of Mike's. Abigail came to visit, and hated it all even more than I did. I began to make arrangements to go home early.
Before I left, however, I was befriended at Mike's Place by a member of the press corps, an American called Stefan Ellis, who considered his time in Jerusalem to be basically R&R away from the really hideous places in the world he had worked before, like Cambodia. Stefan was horrified by my youthful ideological support of Israel. Life as a photo-journalist specialising in war-zones had inoculated him against all forms of ideology. As far as he was concerned, all sides committing atrocities, everywhere, were all as bad as each other. It was his job as a journalist to get close to those atrocities in order to document them so that the rest of the world could see. Of course they wouldn't – he was all too aware of this - but it was his job nonetheless.
I did not, at the time, remotely understand him.
Fast-forward to 2008.
I'd long split up with Abigail. I was still in London. I'd had two failed careers, first as a freelance journalist, and then as a computer programmer. Both had gone wrong as I'd also been trying to pursue music in a serious way; there are only so many hours in a day and as a result of pursuing multiple career goals I'd made myself seriously ill twice and (just) survived a complete nervous breakdown. I was at last pursuing music full-time and, as part of this, had finally received my London Underground busking licence. I'd finally recorded and released an album of original music, not that anyone had noticed. At least, I felt, I was now on the right path.
My position on Israel had not changed.
I had by this time met Daphna Baram, an Israeli journalist and Guardian contributor effectively in exile in London for her anti-Zionist views. Despite our differences of opinion over Israel we had become close friends, and spent many nights staying up late arguing in a mixture of English and Hebrew over the fine points of whether or not Achad Ha-am, the founder of Cultural Zionism, would have supported the actions of the current Israeli state, or whether the 1947 position of the Zionist youth movement Hashomer HaTzair, that British Mandate Palestine should be formed into a bi-national state for both Jews and
|
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CommonCrawl
| 1.40004 | 0.64694 | 0.322001 | 0.264107 |
Palestinians, had any relevance today.
Daphna was the first to put to me directly the astonishing proposition that the best solution for the Israel-Palestine problem was a single genuinely democratic state in which all citizens were treated equally regardless of ethnic origin. Currently, that is not the case. While the state of Israel makes just as reasonable a claim to be a democracy as, say, Belarus or Russia, the fact is that Jewish and non-Jewish citizens are not treated equally. It is true that there are Israeli Arab Knesset members and that Israeli Arabs can vote, but it is also true that there are huge differences in the way that Israeli Arabs and Israeli Jews are treated by the state, ranging from whether or not they are required to join the army at the age of 18 to whether or not their home town or village gets a reasonable annual budget to cover municipal requirements. It is painfully obvious from available statistics that Israeli Arab areas get substantially less support from the Israeli state than equivalent size Jewish settlements, and that in general, while Israeli Arabs may not offically be second-class citizens of Israel, that is certainly what they are in practice.
Then, in late 2008, Operation Cast Lead began. Having previously largely withdrawn from Gaza in 2005 (though still keeping it surrounded and effectively cut off from the West Bank), Israel began in December 2008 to bombard it indiscriminately, in the name of ending rocket fire into Israel from within the Strip. For the life of me, I could not see how this was supposed to work. I could not see any way of defending this action. As the number of Palestinian casualties grew – far out of proportion to the number of casualties on the Israeli side - it just got worse and worse.
For the first time in my adult life I began wondering whether the Jewish State was actually worth defending at all on any level if this was the price. I was watching a blatant and brutal massacre of Palestinian civilians in Gaza, utterly disproportionate to the attacks that had provoked it, which had in turn been provoked by earlier Israeli incursions, in an endless back-and-forth cycle, in order to defend what? An Israeli State that would allow me – born in London – to become a citizen at a moment's notice, while Palestinian friends of friends actually born in the Holy Land itself could never become citizens of anything anywhere? Exactly what convoluted justification would stand that up?
I couldn't do it any more. On Machon, I'd had training in how to argue against the proposition that Zionism was racism, but no training in how to argue in defence of the indiscriminate massacre of civilian children. That one hadn't come up.
I began to consider the possibility that I'd been misled.
It looked terribly plausible. It was horribly embarrassing and deeply painful, but it began to seem to me an awful lot as if Achad Ha-am, founder of Cultural Zionism, and a somewhat flawed but deeply ethical character, would have himself been implacably against anything calling itself a Jewish State that behaved like this.
Around the same time, I took up the saxophone, as part of an effort to give up smoking, and had a one-off lesson with the best local saxophonist I could find, who happened to be another Israeli exile by the name of Gilad Atzmon. This was an incredible stroke of luck, as without exaggeration I can promise you that Gilad is one of the best saxophonists alive anywhere in the world; he is also a lovely guy in person and a fantastic music teacher. Additionally, he is highly politically active as an anti-Zionist, and is considered so extreme that most other anti-Zionists consider him totally beyond the pale; he is widely accused by both anti-Zionists and Zionists alike of actual anti-semitism.
This is of course utter rubbish. It was clear to Gilad from the second he met me that I was Jewish – we even discussed the fact during my first pre-lesson meeting - and had he been a real anti-semite he would never have agreed to teach a Jew to play the saxophone.
His views are, nonetheless, extreme; for example he is against the concept of secular Jewish anti-Zionist organisations, and believes them all, along with any concept of secular Jewish
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CommonCrawl
| 1.294075 | 0.94024 | 0.521946 | 0.455103 |
identity, to be a stalking horse for Zionism itself. This stems from his deeply philosophical approach to the whole Israel-Palestine question, and his view that any secular expression of Jewish identity is inherently somehow supremacist; this has led him – as I understand it - to hold that any kind of Jewish identity itself is deeply flawed outside of the religious context.
I do not agree with Gilad on that. I do believe that it is possible to be a secular Jew with a positive Jewish identity that does not in any way believe in Jewish supremacy. I do not even agree with his view that Zionism is inherently racist. For example, the pre-1948 position of the Zionist youth movement Hashomer HaTzair, which argued, as Zionists, for a secular binational state to be shared equally between Jews and Palestinians, puts paid to that. In the 1920s Martin Buber, a humanist philosopher who had absolutely no truck with racism, developed a branch of Zionism centered politically around the concept of a binational state, and sadly, like Hashomer HaTzair, got nowhere. Today it is clear that the racist branches of Zionism have prevailed. But it does not take much more than a cursory view of the history to see that those were not the only branches.
Nevertheless, post 1948, it is very hard to argue that Zionism has not behaved, since Independence, in a de facto racist way. On that at least, Gilad, Daphna and I can all agree. Right now in 2012 we are watching aghast at yet another massacre of Palestinian civilians in Gaza. Yet again this comes just before the Israeli elections; this time we are hearing Israeli ministers such as Eli Yishai assert that "the goal of the operation is to send Gaza back to the Middle Ages."
Not only can I no longer defend any of this, I can no longer defend Zionism at all, not even in an abstract philosophical sense outside of any context involving the actions of the Israeli state. The Law of Return, under which I - an occasional tourist who just happens to be Jewish – can claim Israeli citizenship at a moment's notice, while a Palestinian actually born in, say, Haifa, but subsequently exiled cannot – that is a racist law. The notion of a Jewish state? That is – as far as it has been put into practice since 1948 - a racist notion.
Is Zionism racism? It didn't have to be. There were historical strands within Zionism that were not racist. Martin Buber – Zionist founder, in 1925, of the Brit Shalom organisation advocating a binational state, was not a racist, and nor were the pre-1948 Hashomer Hatzair.
But right now?
It's really very hard indeed to argue otherwise.
And it's such a blessed relief to feel that I am no longer obligated to attempt to do so.
That relief does not, however, in any way reduce the anger I feel at the current massacre of civilians in Gaza.
Not. In. My. Name.
Posted by Wayne Myers at 5:49 AM 0 comments
The Mysterious Letter To @stephenfry
An hour ago or so, Stephen Fry posted this on Twitter (see above).
I bit, and hard. Not mirrored Hebrew, not Thai, not Mayalayam. Not anything else I could think of. Looks a bit like the Voynich manuscript text, but isn't that either. Hum.
Shortly afterward, he posted a suggestion that it might have been the Shavian alphabet.
Solution follows:
I enjoyed your series, especially last Thursday's program on the letter 'X'. Bearing in mind that we speak a language with forty-four phonemes (twenty-four consonants, twelve vowels and eight dipthongs) which we write with the twenty-six letter version of the Roman alphabet: we waste several letters. Mostly 'X' does the work of 'K' and 'S'. It could be used for a single sound. Iain Innes Burgess
I strongly suspect this guy, (scroll down for the letter from the guy of the same name) though I have no real basis for doing so.
That was a fun hour or so. I'd never heard of the Shavian alphabet before.
Of course
|
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CommonCrawl
| 0.935423 | 0.697554 | -0.055472 | 0.059829 |
, poor Mr Fry's @-reply stream is now full of what must seem like every single one of his 4.8 million followers working on their own translation.
This may be the biggest boost the Shavian alphabet has had in some time.
Tags: shavianalphabet , StephenFry
On Being A Male Rape Victim
Before writing a text that will contain an explicit description of a rape, it is only polite to include the phrase 'trigger warning' as early as possible, as there are those who will get to that phrase and decide that they do not wish to read further at this time. So. Trigger warning. You have been warned.
If that is enough to make you stop reading right here and now, please know that that's ok, and I hope that you will come back later on.
If you're still with me, you should be aware that anyone who is even remotely attempting to pay attention to What's Going On will have noticed that there has been a great deal of discussion of rape lately (August 2012 at time of writing, whenever you actually get around to reading this), what with the batshit insanity of Rep. Akin in the US claiming that 'legitimate rape' will not actually get a woman pregnant and, perhaps far worse, the ongoing morass of the Assange case, wherein whether or not the man is actually guilty of rape (something we cannot possibly know until the trial actually goes ahead, which thanks to Ecuador, Sweden, the US and the UK between them, may never happen), we are seeing all manner of unexpectedly backward views on the subject from people from whom one might have expected better – George Galloway, Tony Benn, Craig Murray and John Pilger just being the first four men who spring to mind in this context.
But that's not really what I'm writing about here.
There are many issues around rape that merit deeper examination than many people give it. One of these is its quite literal ubiquity. It's a lot more common than most people think. By 'most people' I of course mean 'most men', although there do exist some women who believe that outside the really rather rare context of stranger rape – where a woman gets jumped in an alley by a knife-wielding marauder – there isn't much to worry about. This is, sadly, not the case. While stranger rape does exist, the sordid truth of it is that very many rapes exist within the context of existing relationships – marriages even – and that a good bulk of them take place in a context where the woman and the man already know one another in some way.
If you're a guy, you probably know another guy who genuinely believes that if he buys a woman dinner and a few drinks it is somehow his right to have sex with her afterwards. I'm not saying that this guy you know is a rapist necessarily, but it isn't hard to see how a guy who thought that way might find himself raping someone at the end of a date, even if he didn't realise that 'rape' was what he was doing. That kind of thing probably accounts for a good bulk of rape.
If you're a guy, you might remember a time – perhaps when you were younger – when your partner didn't seem to want sex even though you did, and you managed to 'talk them into it', or just went ahead anyway. Perhaps you split up soon after that. I'll leave the analysis of that one to you and your conscience – I'm not saying anything either way. What I will say, though, is that it is clear from any reasonable amount of reading about rape that there is a substantial constituency of rapists who genuinely have no idea that they are rapists and would be horrified to realise that this is in fact the case.
As an example, please read Laurie Penny's incredibly brave account of her own rape, linked here. It is quite possible that the guy involved genuinely thought 'after the party she took her clothes off and got into my bed, so clearly that means it was ok to have sex with her'. Which he did, even though she didn't want him to. Manifestly, here it wasn't the case that it was ok to have sex with her, but in the context, what the hell else can he have possibly been thinking? May he rot, by the way.
However, actually, that isn't what I wanted to write about here either.
In many internet discussions of rape, there are (almost
|
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CommonCrawl
| 0.28129 | 0.122635 | -0.2599 | -0.488495 |
always male) trolls who pop up and point out that it is quite possible for men to be raped too. The annoying thing about this kind of troll is that while they are not actually wrong, their point usually has very little to do with the discussion in hand. There is a general problem with human beings raping other human beings, for sure, but in the vast bulk of cases we are talking about men raping women. Certainly there are other cases, some involving men raping other men and a very few involving women raping men, but these cases are very much in the minority.
If there's one thing that everyone ought to be able to agree on, it's that anyone raping anyone is a bad thing and that it should be stopped. Not only that, but if it turned out to be the case that people were generally given to make light of rape in such a way as to make it easier for those who perpetrated the crime to get away with it. it would seem not unreasonable for that kind of behaviour to be given a description, such as 'rape culture', in order to make it easier for people to identify and then attempt to eradicate such behaviour.
Of course, this is not a subject that everyone can agree on. This is a problem. Hordes of guys line up to deny the existence of 'rape culture' every time it gets brought up. This is mainly to do with them not wishing to confront the reality of it and also to do with them believing that there is no reason for them to confront the reality of it. After all, the vast bulk of rape victims are women. Why should a man worry about this?
I am a man who has been raped by a woman and I am telling you that this is something that everyone, male or female, should worry about.
You can stop laughing now. Don't try and claim you weren't – the vast bulk of people that I have attempted to speak to about my experience have found it completely hilarious that I – as a man – should have been raped by a woman. I am used to this response, from men and women alike. But please do keep reading. I'm going to tell you about it in some detail.
Again, and this is perhaps the opposite of the trigger warning above – if you don't give a fuck about this kind of thing – please stop reading now and piss off. That could save us both a great deal of time.
Anyway. It was about eight years ago. I wasn't in a great way. I'd been recovering from a nervous breakdown brought on by overwork in IT and triggered by a particularly unpleasant breakup with a girlfriend. I was unemployed and living in a dodgy shared house not far from Camden. I was trying to put my life back together, and this time, to involve more music, being as I am a musician and all.
I'd met this woman, some years older than me, who we will call R., who ran a music studio in Camden. She would regularly turn up at open mic nights and jam sessions and invite people back to the studio for an after-hours jam. I wasn't remotely attracted to her, but I enjoyed the jam sessions and it was always good to meet and play with the random group of other musicians back at the studio. At least one of the people I met through her is someone I am playing with regularly to this day.
R. was aware that I was earning very little money at that point, and after some time became aware that I am technically adept enough to know my way around a studio to some extent. Eventually she asked me if I wanted to come and work at the studio as an assistant. I was delighted and accepted. We went out for a drink to celebrate.
We both got quite drunk. We ended up back at my place. I was extremely tired and just wanted to sleep. I told her she could sleep where she liked or just go home but I really needed to sleep; I took my clothes off and got into bed.
I wasn't bothered when she got into bed with me – I have shared a bed with female friends many times over the years without sex being involved - but I really really really did not expect her to grab my cock and force it into her. I was too tired and drunk to get a proper erection, to say nothing of the fact that I really didn't want sex with her in the first place, but it had been a long time since I had fucked anyone and my body started responding in a way that my mind was not in control of.
I came very quickly.
"You bast
|
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CommonCrawl
| 0.039132 | -0.517173 | -0.970016 | -0.860369 |
ard," she said. "You came."
Eww, I thought. Also, have you not heard of condoms? What the fuck are you doing?
I dozed for a bit, and woke to find her forcing herself on me again. This time there was no question of ejaculation, and perhaps if I had been sober and more awake I could have simply forced her back off me, but such as it was, I just lay there underneath her watching her face contorting and grimacing until she was sexually satisfied herself. It was horrible. It was the opposite of sex. I don't know what it was.
I didn't come that time.
Afterwards I got out of the bed, put my dressing gown on and went to sit at the far side of the room feeling more like shit than I have ever felt in my life. I stared at her, not knowing what to say. She lay on the bed for a while, then announced that she was going home, and that I should call her to discuss when exactly I should start work at the studio.
I didn't call.
At first I thought I'd simply had the worst sex ever. It took me about six months to realise that what had happened to me was rape. I hadn't wanted sex with her but she'd forced herself on me. That's sex without consent. That's rape. The vast bulk of rapes are men raping women, but very occasionally, it's the other way around. That's what happened to me. I still think it's probably worse for female rape victims but I can tell you it's no fun for anyone.
I spent most of the next year drinking and smoking weed in enormous quantities without particularly enjoying it; in the meantime the shared house fell apart and, being incredibly lucky to have a supportive family, I ended up back living with my parents for a while and have been trying to put myself back together ever since.
At points, I attempted to tell a few friends about the experience, and they all laughed at me. Every one. I stopped trying to tell friends about it.
I tried to look for support online, but I couldn't find any Rape Crisis centre that dealt with male victims of rape. They might exist now, but eight years ago, they did not.
I went through some pretty bad years, mainly dulled by alcohol. I seem to remember coining the phrase 'the seven bottles of wine a week diet' in one of my cartoons. I am not proud of this. I am still trying to kick myself of that habit.
I have also met a lovely woman to whom I am now engaged and who I love very much. I've built up my business as a musician and I'm doing ok. I'm trying to drink less. I'm not smoking weed any more.
Lucky me.
That's not really the point of my story.
The point of my story is this: those of you reading this who think that rape is some abstract quantity or some rare event are wrong. Read around the statistics – the results are all too clear. The proportion of people who have been sexually assaulted or raped is alarmingly high, and the fact is that the vast bulk of victims are women.
Yes there are occasional men, like me, who are also victims. I wonder to this day whether perhaps my rapist had earlier been raped herself at some point; maybe she lived in a world where forcing yourself on someone else sexually was something that she had been taught personally, something that seemed unremarkable and normal. It seems plausible.
But the truth is clear – rape is a massive problem, and the vast bulk of victims are women, and the vast bulk of rapists are men. This has to stop and this has to stop now. It's fabulous that women are tending to organise through this or that branch of feminism in order to do what they can to make it stop, but it's incredibly important that men also join in the fight against rape.
Simply 'not raping anyone' isn't enough. Not letting your mate get away with dodgy rape jokes is also part of it. Finding out what rape culture is – it's a just a Google search away you know - and working to make sure that you don't yourself perpetuate any of that shit is a great deal of it.
And if in the end, you think – as a bloke – that rape isn't something you need to worry about yourself, you may perhaps have statistics on your side, but
|
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CommonCrawl
| 0.461975 | -0.251776 | -0.59781 | -0.549209 |
statistics mean fuck all when it actually happens to you.
I'm still sure it's much worse to be a female rape victim – I wasn't physically damaged and I didn't have a risk of pregnancy. But the STD test was no fun and the psychological fallout even less fun. I'm supposed to be a guy, whatever the hell that means. And to this day sometimes I still think, well, rape? Really? Maybe it was just really bad sex.
Really bad sex? Isn't that just another way of describing rape?
Crazy 'Bout You Baby
One of my all-time favourite albums is the Christine Perfect album. It was released in 1970, just after she left Chicken Shack and just before she joined Fleetwood Mac as Christine McVie; this was also the year before I was born. When I was eighteen or so, I pretty much had it on repeat play for several months, so it's only natural there are a couple of tunes from the album that I've learned to play myself.
I haven't performed any of them in public for a long while, but when I was asked to play a short impromptu solo set at Bluepeace last weekend, I ended up doing both No Road Is The Right Road and Crazy Bout You Baby. Unknown to me, it turns out the performance was recorded, and I'm in the process of figuring out whether it's ok to upload cover versions to Soundcloud or not - seems that the answer is 'no, not without permission, but actually lots of people do anyway, so go figure.'
No Road Is The Right Road is an original Christine Perfect number, and I had always thought that Crazy 'Bout You Baby was too, but it turns out not to be. However, working out the actual authorship of the version of Crazy 'Bout You Baby recorded by Christine Perfect turns out to be something of a conundrum.
The Wikipedia page for the album credits Little Walter with writing the song. However, the fleetwoodmac.net page for the song claims that this credit was a mistake, that it in any case applied to a different recording of the tune by Perfect, and that it was actually written by Sonny Boy Williamson.
You can hear Sonny Boy Williamson's version here on Youtube. It's more or less clear after several listens that Perfect's version, quite apart from changing the tempo and feel of the tune, doesn't use any of the original lyrics except the chorus - 'crazy bout you baby but you don't care nothing in this world for me'.
Perfect's first verse ("can't sleep at night, catnap through the day...") turns out to be taken from the third verse of Walking Dr Bill, by Doctor Clayton, covered by BB King. I cannot find any reference to her second and third verses except in lyrics sites that list the Christine Perfect lyrics.
Clearly I'm not looking hard enough though, as according to the liner notes, the song was chosen via Ike and Tina Turner's version. Sure enough, Perfect is singing substantially the same lyrics as Tina Turner does, though the writing credit there, according to discogs.com, is still Williamson.
The plot thickens further when you realise that - according to Wikipedia at least - Little Walter played with Sonny Boy Williamson at some stage, though if he recorded a version of the song I can't find any reference to it. So it's quite possible that the Little Walter credit is actually at least partly correct - maybe the altered lyrics sung by Tina Turner and repeated by Christine Perfect originated with him.
Alternatively, perhaps there is an alternate Williamson version with different lyrics. Getting to the bottom of it will require more than just sitting here at home and Googling - the next stage would probably involve attempting to get in touch with Tina Turner and asking what she can remember about the song, as sadly neither Little Walter nor Sonny Boy Williamson are around to settle the matter once and for all.
I might have a crack at that, but in the meantime, I've realised that the more I look into this, the more I simply don't know who wrote this tune. In any case, I mostly screwed up the lyrics myself when performing it and have no idea what I actually ended up singing - it was one of those 'this is as much as I can remember of the lyrics' performances, so my silly little version, for what it's worth, is different again.
|
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] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| 0.328159 | -0.597635 | -0.08506 | -1.065279 |
So how do you go about asking permission for that?
Maybe I should just go ahead and upload anyway, for what it's worth.
Pro-SOPA Soundtrack
(Previously posted to Google+, posted here on request.)
So here's a couple of links that have been bothering me today.
First up, pro-SOPA (and award-winning, apparently) songwriter Helienne Lindvall's mindblowing article in The Guardian explaining why it's worth shutting down the internet in order to preserve the business model of major music labels: http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/musicblog/2012/jan/19/behind-music-anti-piracy-legislation
But that article has a soundtrack. It's this song, co-written by one H. Lindvall: Daniel Lindström - Got to be you.
Not sure if that's the one that won an award. I'll say this though - if you can make it both to the end of the song and the end of the article, you deserve an award yourself. (Comments on the article are worth reading also, except mine.)
Tags: filesharing , music , piracy , SOPA
This Again - A Response To My Friend Who Was Concerned About Illegal Downloads Of His Music
(Over on Facebook, I got into discussion my friend David Goo, an excellent musician and songwriter, over SOPA and the piracy issue. After he posted to the effect that pointed out that if he had received 50p for each of the 30,000 downloads of one of his songs, he'd be able to make a whole new album, my response got a bit long, so I thought I'd reproduce it here.)
David, I too am a copyright owner and content creator, and I too have had my music downloaded thousands of times over the last few years. That doesn't make me angry at all. It makes me happy. Very very dancing off the walls happy.
So happy, in fact, that my response is to accept it, to work with it, and to deliberately make my music available for free download via Bandcamp over on music.conniptions.org together with an option to pay. This model is working pretty well for me, and here's why.
First, some basic economics. When the marginal cost of reproducing a thing drops to zero, the intrinsic value of the thing also drops to zero. Period.
Recording "Wayne's Awesome Song" might have cost me years of blood and sweat and broken strings and sleepless nights and studio time and arguments with myself and musicians about arrangements and production and all of that malarkey, but in the end, none of that changes the fact that the file WaynesAwesomeSong.mp3 is now just a string of bits that can be reproduced at no cost and its intrinsic value is £0.
Everything is now both digital and networked. There is no more scarcity of digital media. There is no technological solution this without breaking the network, and it's not at all clear that that's even possible. Before the internet, yes, you needed a physical copy. Taking one was stealing. Now you don't. If you have a copy of my latest album it costs you nothing to make a copy for a friend. That's not stealing. At worst that's copyright infringement, but actually, I don't see it as a bad thing at all.
In fact, if you do have my latest album, let me urge now you to make a copy for a friend, preferably one who might like it. Seriously. Do it.
What the hell am I saying? Have I lost my tiny mind? Do I want to die starving and penniless?
No. I'm very clear about why I'm doing it this way and why it works. It's like this:
If you've never heard of me or my music (that goes for pretty much all of you), and you download WaynesAwesomeSong.mp3 on spec, one of two things will happen. Either you love it or you don't. If you don't, that's fair enough. Not everyone loves my music. You wouldn't have bought it anyway, and I have lost nothing.
But you might love it.
Now everything changes. You're in love with WaynesAwesomeSong.mp3, you think it's fucking great, and you're really excited to discover that
|
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] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| 0.352613 | -0.795548 | -0.58537 | -0.348094 |
I've got a website containing not just WaynesOtherAwesomeSong.mp3 but - oh my god - WaynesGreatAlbum. You can still download all of that for free if you want, but you'll have to type in £0 in order to do so. Chances are - you're an honest character - you find yourself paying £5 or £10 for the 'free' download.
Why? Because now there is value to you. The intrinsic value of the bits are still £0, but it's not just any mp3 we'e talking about here, it's one of Wayne's. You have a relationship with my music now and you're prepared to pay for it. (You're not an honest character? Fine. Then you wouldn't have bought it anyway and I've still lost nothing. Oh, and screw you, dishonest character.)
This happens on my Bandcamp site all the time. Payment is optional, and loads of people choose to pay. They're the ones who actually like my music and want to support me to make sure I make more of it. The others? They're downloading on spec. They don't know me from Adam and if they had to pay, they wouldn't bother.
Those free downloads aren't lost sales and they cost me nothing. Some of those downloads will lead to sales in the future - the ones who actually like it. Others don't. I guess they just weren't that into me. But I don't care because it didn't cost me anything.
It's a great time to be a musician. We have more access to more music and more recording facilities and more distribution channels than at any time in history. There's also rather a lot of us. That's ok, because there's even more music fans than ever before, and they're out looking for the stuff they love. There's a lot to sift through, and that's why they're downloading things for free, on spec.
Bluntly, if people aren't downloading your music for free, you've got a problem, and your problem is that the music isn't good enough. Go practice. (David, you do not have this problem.)
Now, my Pay-What-You-Want model doesn't work for everyone. I'm hearing from musicians who have grown their listenerships from the hundreds to the thousands and the tens of thousands that at a certain point you do want to charge for downloads again. Those people still stream everything for free, though, and they make damn sure that if Blogger A likes their new album, Blogger A can stream it from their own blog. This leads to new listeners and new sales.
I'm saying all this out of love, David, because I love you and your music and I want you to thrive. Unauthorised downloads are now a fact of life, like death and taxes. It seems pretty clear to me that unless you embrace this fact and work with it, you'll be in trouble.
In the old music industry, everything was based on scarcity. Studio time was scarce, vinyl was scarce, music magazines were scarce, radio - decent radio - was scarce. A very few people made an awful lot of money, but - it's not hard to find the stories - most of the musicians and content creators made fuck all. That old industry is basically dead now, though the zombie-like corpses are still bumbling around walking into things and trying to break stuff.
In the new industry everything is available. Too much, even. Tiny one woman music blogs with a readership of less than 500 have a backlog of new albums to review going back a year. If you make your album artificially scarce by refusing to let people even stream it, they'll just go 'meh', and move on to the next thing. If it's one click away from an email, they'll have a listen. They'll write about it. They'll stream it on the blog. People will discover your music who never heard it before.
It's all about discovery. That's the bottom line about free downloads - you lose nothing but you gain listeners In a world with ten thousand bands in every town, the question is not 'how can I get every single bugger who downloads my music to pay.' The question is - how can I get them to download my music at all.
And the answer is - by letting them.
Posted by Wayne Myers at 11:22 AM 0 comments
Tags: filesh
|
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CommonCrawl
| 0.389973 | -0.882499 | -0.584025 | -0.693405 |
Uncovering a Georgian chocolate kitchen
Charlotte Barker tells me how her research led to the discovery of a hidden Georgian chocolate kitchen at Hampton Court Palace.
A few weeks ago, I went to a storytelling workshop at the Tower of London. At the end of the day, we all had to tell a story relating to our work. Charlotte Barker, a curatorial assistant at the Historic Royal Palaces, stood up and told an extraordinary tale of how her research had uncovered a chocolate kitchen hidden away in the depths of Hampton Court Palace. Until recently, it had been disguised as a flower-arranging cupboard.
A visit to Hampton Court Palace
Keen to know more, last week I took the train to Hampton Court to meet Charlotte.
If you haven't been to Hampton Court, you really should. Set by the Thames a half hour train journey from Waterloo, it's a glorious mix of Tudor and Baroque palaces, surrounded by spectacular gardens. The Tudor part includes Henry VIII's jaw-dropping Great Hall, chapel and apartments, while the Baroque side features a vast sweep of apartments originally commissioned by King William III and Queen Mary II.
Charlotte Barker became skilled at spotting the word 'chocolate'
On the day of my visit, it had been raining hard and the moat was flooded, the lawn underneath transformed into temporary pondweed. As Charlotte and I walked across the Tudor Clock Court towards the Baroque apartments, we came across a group of schoolboys looking for Henry III. "He's usually around here somewhere," Charlotte assured them. "Have a look up in the Great Hall." The boys sped off on the trail of the monarch, a costumed actor supplied by Past Pleasures, the company that ran our storytelling workshop.
Fountain Court: spice, confectionery, chocolate
From a Tudor passageway, we emerged into Fountain Court, an internal courtyard created for William and Mary. "From her state apartments opposite, Queen Mary would have been able to watch servants in their blue uniforms dash from room to room here collecting spices and confectionery," Charlotte explained.
Fountain Court, home to the royal spicery, confectionery and chocolate rooms
"The main kitchens were at a distance from the living quarters to cut down the risk of fire. But in this series of rooms, they would have kept a huge stock of spices such as nutmeg, cardamom and cloves, and the cooks created elaborate confectionery for royal banquets."
And thanks to Charlotte's research, led by curator Polly Putnam, we now know that there were also two rooms dedicated to chocolate underneath these elegant stone archways: a kitchen and a preparation room.
Preparing the king's hot chocolate
In Georgian times, chocolate was an exotic luxury. George I had his own personal chocolatier, Thomas Tosier, who was in charge of preparing the royal cup of hot chocolate for the king's breakfast each day. This involved roasting the cocoa beans, then mixing them with spices such as chilli, aniseed and allspice, to create a rich, spicy concoction.
"Tosier was in a very privileged position," said Charlotte, "because he had the king's ear for a few minutes each day."
Chocolate cakes and sugar loafs: key ingredients for the king's hot chocolate
Chocolate's popularity was not limited to royal households. Although coffee and tea reigned supreme, chocolate houses also sprang up around London, catering to a clientele that could afford this luxurious new drink. Tosier owned The Chocolate House in Blackheath, run by his wife, Grace. A portrait of Mrs Tosier at Hampton Court shows quite a character, with a large-brimmed hat, fashionable ringlets and a posy of flowers at her bosom.
Hot chocolate remained a favourite with George I and George II, but by Victorian times, the monarchy was no longer staying at Hampton Court. So the rooms dedicated to chocolate making were given over to grace and favour residents.
Full immersion in dusty tomes
By the 21st century, there were rumours that a chocolate kitchen had once existed at Hampton Court
|
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CommonCrawl
| 2.117344 | 0.017515 | 2.102672 | 1.539102 |
Crise dos mísseis de Cuba, também conhecido como a Crise de Outubro (), Crise do Caribe () foi um confronto de 13 dias (16–28 outubro de 1962) entre os Estados Unidos e a União Soviética relacionado com a implantação de mísseis balísticos soviéticos em Cuba. Além de ter sido televisionada em todo o mundo, foi o mais próximo que se chegou ao início de uma guerra nuclear em grande escala durante a Guerra Fria.
Em resposta à fracassada Invasão da Baía dos Porcos de 1961 e a presença de mísseis balísticos estadunidenses PGM-19 Jupiter estacionados na Itália e na Turquia, o líder soviético Nikita Khrushchev decidiu concordar com o pedido de Cuba para colocar mísseis nucleares em seu território para deter uma futura invasão estadunidense. Um acordo foi alcançado durante uma reunião secreta entre Kruchev e Fidel Castro em julho e a construção de uma série de instalações de lançamento de mísseis começou depois do verão.
Uma eleição estava em curso nos Estados Unidos. A Casa Branca negou as acusações de que estava ignorando os mísseis soviéticos a 145 quilômetros do litoral da Flórida. Estas preparações de mísseis foram confirmadas quando um avião espião Lockheed U-2 da Força Aérea dos Estados Unidos produziu provas fotográficas claras de instalações de mísseis balísticos R-12 Dvina e R-14 Chusovaya. Os Estados Unidos estabeleceram um bloqueio militar para evitar que novos mísseis entrassem em Cuba e anunciou que não permitiria que armas ofensivas fossem entregues a Cuba, além de ter exigido que as armas já entregues fossem desmontadas e levadas de volta à URSS.
Depois de um longo período de tensas negociações, foi alcançado um acordo entre Kennedy e Kruschev. Publicamente, os soviéticos desmantelaram as suas armas em Cuba e as levaram de volta para a União Soviética, sob reserva de verificação das Nações Unidas, em troca de uma declaração pública dos Estados Unidos de nunca invadir Cuba sem provocação direta. Secretamente, os Estados Unidos também concordaram que iriam desmantelar toda a rede de mísseis Júpiter que foi implantada na Turquia e Itália contra a União Soviética, mas que não era conhecida pelo público. Quando todos os mísseis ofensivos e bombardeiros leves Ilyushin Il-28 foram retirados de Cuba, o bloqueio foi formalmente encerrado em 20 de novembro de 1962. As negociações entre os Estados Unidos e a União Soviética destacaram a necessidade de uma rápida, clara e direta linha de comunicação entre Washington, DC e Moscou. Uma série de acordos reduziu drasticamente as tensões EUA-União Soviética durante os anos seguintes.
Início
A crise começou quando os soviéticos, em resposta à instalação de mísseis nucleares na Turquia, Inglaterra e Itália em 1961 e à invasão de Cuba pelos Estados Unidos no mesmo ano, instalaram mísseis nucleares em Cuba. Em 14 de Outubro, os Estados Unidos divulgaram fotos de um voo secreto realizado sobre Cuba apontando cerca de quarenta silos para abrigar mísseis nucleares. Houve uma enorme tensão entre as duas superpotências pois uma guerra nuclear parecia mais próxima do que nunca. O governo de John F. Kennedy, apesar de suas ofensivas no ano anterior, encarou aquilo como um ato de guerra contra os Estados Unidos.
Nikita Kruschev, o Primeiro-ministro da URSS na época, afirmou que os mísseis nucleares eram apenas defensivos, e que tinham sido lá instalados para dissuadir out
|
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Wikipedia
| -0.081438 | 0.584647 | 0.494151 | -0.747479 |
ra tentativa de invasão da ilha (dezoito meses antes, em 17 de abril de 1961, o governo Kennedy já havia empreendido a desastrada invasão da Baía dos Porcos, usando um grupo paramilitar constituído por exilados cubanos, apoiados pela CIA e pelas forças armadas dos Estados Unidos, na tentativa de derrubar o governo socialista de Fidel Castro). A situação rapidamente evoluiu para um confronto aberto entre as duas potências.
Segundo o governo Kennedy, os Estados Unidos não poderiam admitir a existência de mísseis nucleares daquela dimensão a escassos 150 quilômetros do seu território. O presidente Kennedy avisou Khruschev de que os EUA não teriam dúvidas em usar armas nucleares contra Cuba, se os soviéticos não desativassem os silos e retirassem os mísseis da ilha.
A Formação e Deliberações do ExComm
Para contornar a crise e buscando a criação de soluções racionais, no dia 16 de outubro de 1962, um dia depois que surgiu a informação da inteligência acerca das construções de bases de mísseis soviéticos em Cuba, o Presidente Kennedy criou o ExComm (Comitê Executivo do Conselho de Segurança Nacional).
Na composição do Comitê havia várias pessoas ligadas a área executiva do Governo federal americano, todas em postos-chave e que detinham partes de informações, poder de decisão e dados sensíveis, que poderiam ser usados para fornecer uma resposta adequada à crise, dentre as quais o vice-presidente Lyndon B. Johnson, o secretário de Estado Dean Rusk, o secretário da Defesa Robert McNamara, o conselheiro de Segurança Nacional McGeorge Bundy, o Procurador-Geral Robert F. Kennedy, o General Maxwell Taylor, conselheiro militar de Kennedy, e diversas outras figuras. Membros do Poder Legislativo não participaram do referido comitê, sendo avisados das decisões tomadas apenas momentos antes do anúncio ao grande público.
O ExComm passou a se reunir intensamente durante a crise, buscando deliberar soluções, que variavam desde uma invasão à Cuba, um ataque cirúrgico às instalações dos mísseis, até uma solução unicamente diplomática. Inicialmente, McNamara defendia uma solução menos belicosa, tentando solucionar a crise apenas na área diplomática. A maior parte do Comitê, entretanto, advogava uma invasão ou ataque aéreo, isto é, uma solução que demonstrasse maior força por parte dos Estados Unidos.
No decorrer das conversações, no entanto, formou-se um bloco composto inicialmente por McNamara (que recrudesceu em sua resposta), Robert F. Kennedy e Sorosen, optando pelo bloqueio naval, solução que terminou por ser acatada pela maior parte do Comitê e agradou o Presidente Kennedy, que buscava evitar a guerra, assim como um confronto nuclear entre as potências, ao mesmo tempo em que queria demonstrar energicamente aos soviéticos que os Estados Unidos não permitiriam mísseis nucleares instalados tão próximos das suas fronteiras.
Soluções diplomáticas também foram efetivadas, como a aquisição de apoio dos países da OEA (Organização dos Estados Americanos), assim como o apoio da França, Alemanha e Inglaterra aos Estados Unidos, demonstrando uma coalização ocidental.
O Estado-Maior Conjunto, isto é, a linha dura das Forças Armadas dos Estados Unidos, preferia, no entanto, uma solução de maior força, consistente num ataque aéreo maciço contra Cuba, assim como a deposição de Castro. Do lado soviético, por sua vez, havia também generais que defendiam a não retirada dos mísseis e, se preciso fosse, um confronto entre as potências nucleares.
A solução encontrada pelo ExComm (o bloqueio
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Wikipedia
| 0.294875 | 0.732594 | 0.132368 | -0.371178 |
naval a Cuba), no entanto, após diversas conversações entre o Presidente Kennedy e o líder soviético Kruschev, os quais trocaram diversas cartas e pressionaram por várias condições e interesses de seus países, mostrou-se adequada e foi suficiente para arrefecer os ânimos e encerrar a crise de forma pacífica, evitando-se o desastre nuclear. Anote-se que ambos os líderes demonstraram grandeza afastando soluções belicosas sugeridas por importantes assessores militares.
Sábado Negro
O ponto culminante da crise foi o "sábado negro", 27 de outubro, quando um dos aviões espiões americano foi abatido sobre Cuba e seu piloto morreu. A guerra parecia cada vez mais iminente e as negociações se tornaram muito difíceis.
Foram treze dias de suspense mundial devido ao medo de uma possível guerra nuclear, até que, em 28 de Outubro, Kruschev, após conseguir secretamente uma futura retirada dos mísseis norte-americanos da Turquia e um acordo de que os EUA nunca invadiriam a ilha vizinha, concordou em remover os mísseis de Cuba.
Na televisão, todos os canais federais dos EUA interromperam os programas e transmitiram o comunicado urgente de Kruschev, que dizia:
"Nós concordamos em retirar de Cuba os meios que consideram ofensivos. Concordamos em fazer isto e declarar na ONU este compromisso. Seus representantes farão uma declaração de que os EUA, considerando a inquietação e preocupação do Estado soviético, retirarão seus meios análogos da Turquia".
Consequências
Na década de 1960, havia uma clara tendência à proliferação dos arsenais nucleares. Por esta razão, e ainda sob o impacto da crise dos mísseis de Cuba, os Estados Unidos, a União Soviética e a Inglaterra assinaram, em 1963, um acordo que proibia testes nucleares na atmosfera, em alto-mar e no espaço (assim, apenas testes subterrâneos poderiam ser legalmente realizados). Em 1968, as duas superpotências e outros 58 países aprovaram o Tratado de Não-Proliferação de Armas Nucleares. O objetivo desse acordo era tentar conter a corrida armamentista dentro de um certo limite. Com ele, os países que já possuíam armamento nuclear comprometiam-se a limitar seus arsenais e os países que não os tinham ficavam proibidos de desenvolvê-los, mas poderiam requisitar dos primeiros tecnologia nuclear para fins pacíficos.
Participação Brasileira
Segundo documentos revelados pelo National Security Archive em 2012, o Brasil participou secretamente das negociações durante a crise, ajudando a conter "o momento mais perigoso da história da humanidade", chegando a enviar um representante a Havana em 19 de outubro de 1962. Antes, o Departamento Americano solicitou uma aproximação com Castro, mediante intercessão brasileira.
Após receber uma carta impessoal do presidente Kennedy conclamando que os chefes de estado da América Latina se juntassem aos Estados Unidos num eventual desenrolar militar em Cuba, o então presidente João Goulart, em carta redigida por San Tiago Dantas após longa reunião, se mostra contra uma invasão em Cuba, fica em favor dos princípios de autodeterminação dos povos e ainda declara a colaboração sincera do povo e governo Brasileiro em um esforço pela preservação da paz, sem quebra do respeito à soberania dos povos.
Ver também
Guerra Fria
Invasão da Baía dos Porcos
John F. Kennedy
Relógio do Juízo Final
Submarino Soviético B-59
Terceira Guerra Mundial
Thirteen Days
Tratado de Não
|
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] | 1,024 |
Wikipedia
| 0.164117 | 0.415935 | 0.207683 | -0.366395 |
An intriguing, some would say idiosyncratic, some might say something else, analysis of the UK election December 16, 2019
Posted by guestposter in Uncategorized.
THE UK ELECTION RESULT
The Conservative win in the UK general election is a great victory for national democracy in these islands and for genuine internationalism against EU supranationalism.
It means that the UK will legally leave the EU at the end of next month, taking Northern Ireland with it. This puts "Irexit" (Ireland Exit) firmly on the Irish historical agenda, as the coming years will undoubtedly show.
For unless Dublin pulls back from its current love-affair with the EU, it will effectively be cooperating in a new Partition of Ireland into the longterm future.
The British Labour Party, which promised to implement Brexit in the 2016 referendum and in its 2017 election manifesto and then spent the past three and a half years trying to frustrate it in the House of Commons, deservedly got its comeuppance in this election.
The Conservative victory shows the relevance of the insight of the leftwing historian, the late C. Desmond Greaves (1913-1988), who once remarked that all the big policy debates in British politics take place inside the Tory Party, with everyone else having at most bit parts.
This was so with the Corn Laws and Imperial Preference in the 19th century, with the policy of appeasement of Nazi Germany in the 1930s and with the UK's relations with the European Community/Union since the 1960s. It was the Tory Party under Edward Heath that took the UK into the then EEC in 1973, with Enoch Powell opposing him, and it is the Tory Party under Boris Johnson that is now taking the UK out.
Contrary to the superficial views that are widely put around, the Brexiteers constitute the Left of the Tory Party, not its Right. The Tory Right consists of the key representatives of British High Finance
and Big Capital as represented by the likes of the CBI, the City of London , Goldman Sachs, the globalisers and the Euro-fanatics, whose spokesmen inside the Tory Party were the likes of Philip Hammond, Dominic Grieve and David Gauke. The latter two lost their seats in the election.
Losing Britain as an EU Member, one of the largest national economies in the world, will be a savage blow to the EU.
It will encourage the democratic forces in every EU country that want to leave this anti-democratic supranational entity, get back their national democracy and independence and hasten the EU's inevitable dissolution.
Democrats across these islands will rejoice today that the so-called "People's Vote" campaign, led by Alastair Campbell, Peter Mandelson, Tony Blair and others, who shamefully sought a second referendum
because they did not like the result of the first, has been decisively repudiated.
In Ireland democrats will rejoice that the editorial writers of the "Irish Times", who propagandized for a second UK referendum and whose eurofanaticism has destroyed the reputation for objectivity and balance of a once great newspaper, have also been effectively repudiated.
Britain's political elite showed more self-respect and respect for its fellow citizens than its equivalent in Ireland, who shamefully made the Irish people vote a second time in the second Nice Treaty referendum in 2001 and the second Lisbon Treaty referendum in 2009, without the slightest change being made in either of these treaties.
In Ireland the Mary Lou McDonald leadership of Sinn Fein abandoned Republicanism by embracing Euro-unionism when they opposed Brexit in the 2016 referendum, thinking that "Remain" was going to win and that there would be egg on the faces of their local DUP opponents.
If the Sinn Fein leaders had stuck by their traditional EU-critical principles and continued to stand for Irish national independence vis-à-vis the EU, there would probably have been a Northern majorit for Brexit in that referendum. In those circumstances there would have been a whole new progressive dynamic between Sinn Fein and the DUP, for they would each have been campaigning on the same side against the policy of the then Camer
|
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| 0.663716 | 0.423721 | 0.146265 | -0.387305 |
Canada Tibetan Committe/TibetPress/2011. december 27.
For half a millennium, since the Mongol ruler Altan Khan, descendant of Genghis and Kublai Khan, bestowed the title of Dalai Lama on the first ruler of the Yellow Hat Buddhists, the Dalai Lama has represented the spiritual and temporal states of the Buddhist nation that dominates Tibet and Mongolia. This summer, the 14th Dalai Lama stepped down from his role as secular ruler to focus on his functions as religious leader. For the first time, Tibetan Buddhists in Asia and around the world have a new political leader—the Kalon Tripa, or prime minister, who hopes one day to be able to return to rule the nation of Tibet, now firmly under Chinese control. Lobsang Sangay was chosen last summer—elected by all Buddhists able to cast ballots (largely outside of tightly-controlled Tibet itself). From his headquarters in Dharamsala, India, he spoke with World Policy Journal editor David A. Andelman and managing editor Christopher Shay.
World Policy Journal: We are especially interested in the nexus of religion and politics. Tibet and the Dalai Lama are uniquely positioned in that respect. So perhaps, you could start out by helping us understand where the spiritual and the secular converge or diverge in your view.
Lobsang Sangay: In 1642, the fifth Dalai Lama took over the political leadership of Tibet. Since then, both the spiritual and political leadership have been united in the institution of the Dalai Lama. On March 10 of this year, the current Dalai Lama transferred his political power to an elected leader. On August 8, the day of my inauguration, he said that had been his long, cherished goal. And this is very important, because some people call it the end of one chapter and the beginning of a new chapter, but his statement makes it very clear it is simply a continuation of the same chapter. Now we have, constitutionally and institutionally, separated the spiritual from the political leadership of the institution of the Dalai Lama. We have done that by amending the constitution and various legal provisions where His Holiness had political or administrative authority. In the long-term interest of Tibet and the Tibetan people, it is best that the Tibetan people stand on their own feet and run the Tibetan movement themselves, rather than lean on one person. His Holiness did it in the interests of Tibet and the Tibetan people, because he thought it undemocratic to have one leader with both spiritual and political leadership. I think this will withstand and sustain the movement for a long period of time.
WPJ: Effectively, the Tibetan nation is really just one subset of the spiritual world that the Dalai Lama rules. Therefore, by separating his secular and religious authority, can he not look to a much larger following beyond simply Tibet?
Lobsang Sangay: All along he's said that he has three main interests: promoting the human values of compassion, nonviolence, and peace; encouraging interfaith dialogue and assuring the well-being of Tibet; and the Tibetan people. So, he will continue to promote the first two goals and as a Tibetan citizen he will continue to speak for the Tibetan people.
WPJ: What has been most difficult about taking on the political role of the Dalai Lama?
Lobsang Sangay: Difficulty is a part of my job description. I'm not trying to fill the shoes of the Dalai Lama, because it's not possible. Rather, my responsibility is to fulfill his vision of a secular, democratic Tibetan society and to live up to his expectation that Tibetan people stand on their own feet and lead the Tibetan movement forward on their own. I'm determined to fulfill those visions and expectations and also live up to the aspiration of Tibetans inside Tibet—to restore freedom in Tibet and the return of His Holiness the Dalai Lama to the capital city of Tibet.
WPJ: We would assume that no Tibetan in Tibet itself was really able to join in the electoral process?
Lobsang Sangay: Tibetans are scattered in 30 countries and all of them, or rather all of those who could, participated on election day. Some participated in 40 degree below zero temperatures in mountains near Tibet. Indeed, Tibetans from Alaska to Australia participated
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C4
| 1.068559 | 0.73519 | 0.601744 | 0.931961 |
. Unfortunately, Tibetans inside Tibet, where the majority are, could not join in the election, because the Chinese government prevents them from doing so. But they participated indirectly. On the day of the election's preliminary round and in the final round, we have reports that many Tibetans went to the monasteries to pray for the success of the election. And in the final round, some artists composed songs and put them on YouTube, praying for the success of those who were elected. This is the first time we have had debates, campaign posters, and leaflets—all new in the Tibetan world.
WPJ: What is it about the nature of the Buddhist religion that seems to have brought it into such conflict with China? Is it more a question of fear, that Tibet could generate sufficient centrifugal forces to spin off from China, touching off rebellion in other fringe locations? In other words, a political issue. Or is there something deep within the Buddhist religion, which would seem to be a very non-confrontational religion?
Lobsang Sangay: As far as our conflict with China, it's the Red Army which invaded and occupied Tibet and that led to the conflict. From our side, we have maintained and continued to maintain non-violence and dialogue as a means to solve the issue of Tibet. Fundamentally as a Buddhist, showing compassion to your enemy is the ultimate ideal. Even if you cannot show compassion to your enemy, at least one should not resort to violence and try to resolve this peacefully. We have heard reports about some monks and some youths immolating themselves, pouring kerosene on their bodies and setting themselves on fire as a form of protest over the Chinese occupation of Tibet. Rather than harming others, one is harming oneself. That reflects one element of Buddhism—do no harm to others, but instead harm oneself to reflect the true sufferings of Tibetans inside Tibet. His Holiness always preaches that nonviolence and compassion in a peaceful way should be our fundamental philosophy and strategy in dealing with the Chinese government. In the last 60 years, we have invested our energy and time in the democratization of Tibetan society—not on guns and violence. That also shows our commitment to nonviolence is sincere and real. And it will remain so.
WPJ: Do you feel there is a generation gap between younger Tibetans and older Tibetans, with the younger generation perhaps being more militant?
Lobsang Sangay: When I ran for election I advocated the "middle way" policy, which is the stance of His Holiness the Dalai Lama as well as the stated policy of the Tibetan administration. I also advocated nonviolence and a peaceful way of dealing with the Chinese government. And I won majority support. So I know that the majority of the Tibetans support such ways of dealing with the Chinese government. There might be a few individuals who are more vocal in expressing their individual views, but there is no organized group that advocates a violent or military way of dealing with the Chinese government.
WPJ: If the Chinese government continues its tough crackdown, young people could become increasingly frustrated. Or, by contrast, China could move towards a more democratic system, with the rise of capitalism and its spread into the interior, so future generations could find repression counter-productive. Which direction do you see this going?
Lobsang Sangay: I do think the majority of Tibetans really will stick to nonviolent methods. As for China, whether it becomes fully democratic remains to be seen. But an argument could be made that, just because China becomes democratic, does not necessarily mean it will solve the issue of Tibet. But Tibet could be a catalyst for moderation, humanization, and the eventual democratization of China. I say this for the following reasons. China has a 92 percent Han Chinese population. It is a monolithic country, and nationalism is on the rise at the moment.
The Tibetan issue is not a constitutional problem, an institutional problem, or even a political problem. Article 31 of the Chinese constitution granted a "one country, two systems" rule to Hong Kong. They have granted "one country, two systems" to Macau. They made the argument that Hong Kong was granted a separate system, because there was a rule of law, and there was a commercial system. But then Macau did not have a rule of law, or a commercial system. In fact, it was a crime-infested island. Many criminals and
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] | 1,024 |
C4
| 0.940857 | 0.543118 | 0.583812 | 1.088806 |
fugitives from China lived in Macau. Finally, Tibet is not a political problem in any real sense. They have the political will to grant more autonomy, and they have granted autonomy to Hong Kong and Macau. Why did the Chinese government do this for these other examples and why are they not doing it for Tibet? This is a very important question.
WPJ: What if, in the future, China decided that people can worship freely? Tibetans could openly practice Buddhism, come to the monasteries, and pray with the lamas. At the same time, Tibet would remain administratively and politically part of China. It would not become an independent country with its own army or police force. What if China simply allowed Tibetans to practice their religion freely, as is possible in Hong Kong? Would that be sufficient for you?
Lobsang Sangay: If the Chinese government grants us something like Hong Kong for our status, we'll take it. That is the definition of autonomy. With the "middle-way policy," what we want is genuine autonomy within China. The Chinese government has granted such a system to Hong Kong and Macau, and they are willing to do it to Taiwan, but not for us. Why? Because we are Tibetan. We are not Han Chinese, while Hong Kong and Macau are Han Chinese. We are racially different, so they treat us differently by not granting us autonomy.
WPJ: When you were young you were president of a chapter of the Tibetan Youth Congress. Its official position is that Tibet should be independent from China. How and when did you shift from advocating independence from China to this "middle-way policy"?
WPJ: What is your vision for Tibet's future? Where do you see Tibet a generation from now?
Lobsang Sangay: Our ultimate vision is obviously freedom in Tibet and the return of His Holiness the Dalai Lama to his rightful place in Lhasa. And that will happen. In 1910, the Chinese army invaded Tibet and His Holiness the Dalai Lama—the 13th Dalai Lama—fled to India. In 1913, His Holiness returned to Lhasa, to a free Tibet. We have done that before, we will do so this time. And that is the reason I left my job at Harvard, and for the time being my family, to be here to devote myself to a cause—our vision, our dream of a free Tibet.
WPJ: How have you been inspired by the Arab Spring uprisings? Are there lessons that Tibetans can draw from this movement?
Lobsang Sangay: You can't simply isolate one peaceful democratic revolution as the only source of inspiration. What happened in the Arab revolution is what has happened in the world for centuries—respect for universal freedom. It happened this time with the Arab Spring. It happened during the color revolutions in Eastern Europe. It happened during the Berlin Wall collapse and the Soviet Union, and it happened during the anti-apartheid regime, during the nonviolent movement led by Mahatma Gandhi in India, and when Martin Luther King led the civil rights movement in America. All these are sources of inspiration for Tibetans, but ultimately, the Tibetan spirit is the foundation on which we have built our movement—based on 2,500-plus years of Buddhism compared to communism, which is 100-plus years old. We do believe time is on our side.
WPJ: You mentioned that time is on your side, but are you worried that now, with more Han Chinese in Tibet than Tibetans, over time aspects of Tibetan culture might be assimilated into mainstream culture?
Lobsang Sangay: The ultimate goal of the Chinese government is to assimilate Tibet and the Tibetan people into China. Having said that, Tibetans are still a majority in inner Tibetan areas. The Chinese are increasing their presence in the border areas and in the urban areas. In some cities and towns Chinese are majority. But in inner Tibet, which constitutes 80 percent of the area and where 80 percent of the Tibetan people live, Tibetans are still the majority. The high altitude of Tibet is preventing the migration and settlement of Chinese populations. At the moment, time is on our side. For the Chinese to settle permanently in Tibet, they need genetic adaptation, because they are low-land people, and Tibet is a country with high altitudes.
WPJ: Are you at all concerned that there could be some kind of a rapp
|
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C4
| 1.068559 | 0.683278 | 0.687819 | 1.265889 |
LIVE-STREAMING EVENTS
Interfaith Alliance
Live Ministry
Facebook Live for Churches
Marry Me Live
Live Beach Weddings
Live Video Drone
Live Funerals
Cloud Video for Business
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Your Church ✞ Now Open to The World
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Built For Beginners
Our Mission & Objectives
Concierge Customer Care
Live Stream & They Will Come!
Our cloud streaming services were designed to accommodate anyone who's unable to attend your worship service due to poor health, distance, cost or work. Members encumbered by failing health, mobility or cost constraints can now view your sermon (LIVE) from the comfort of their home.
Home participants can view your worship service LIVE from their home on their computer, tablet or smartphone. From start to finish, OnLivestreams will take care of the details. Call us today for more information: 484-324-8890.
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Broadcast Your Sermon Live with an Inexpensive Smartphone e.g., iPhone / Android
OnLive Streams is a live streaming service provider that specializes in working with small to medium sized religious organizations and churches. that do not possess the expertise, equipment and/or staff to harness the full potential & power of live streaming, also referred to as Webcasting.
OnLive Streams is the easiest way to broadcast your event live. Today, a home computer, smartphone (iPhone / smartphone) iPad, Android tablet can deliver & receive h quality HD video, allowing content to be created and viewed without expensive video equipment.
We're experts in membership expansion & retention, and know how to ignite the growth of your membership.
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Our mission is to help you Harness the Power of Live Streaming technologies to ignite accelerated growth of your membership well beyond the boundaries of a traditional brick-and-mortar house of worship -- enabling church goers to watch their own faith community sermons and events anywhere in the the world, live in real-time.
Our mission is to help you Harness the Power of Live Streaming technologies to ignite accelerated growth of your membership well beyond the boundaries of a traditional brick-and-mortar house of worship -- enabling church goers to watch their own faith community sermons and events anywhere in the the world, live in real-time from the comfort of their home.
Expand Your Membership!
The reasons why you'd choose to broadcast could be that you want to reach those followers who are sick or injured, too old to make it in person or people traveling who want to continue to participate in their own faith community.
Our mission is to help you Harness the Power of Live Streaming technologies to ignite accelerated growth of your membership well beyond the boundaries of a traditional brick-and-mortar house of worship -- enabling church goers to watch their own faith community sermons and events anywhere in the the world, live in real-time.
As more and more churches move into the 21st century, they are adopting affordable live streaming services to reach a broader audience. With live streaming, you can Build & Expand Your Ministry With No Geographical Boundaries -- Imagine The Possibilities!
You can increase the number of active participants in the church community, and possibly even the attendance of the church by allowing uniquely private worshipers and members who rarely attend church ,watch, the services from the safe feelings that come from being at home.
Stretch your reach to current and prospective congregants who cannot attend due to difficulty or distance with live streaming to any Internet-connected device. Streaming is also a great solution for simulcasting to overflow, annex locations, undercrofts and outreach to those in hospitals, nursing homes, or out of town family, "snowbirds," friends and those serving abroad.
When it comes
|
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CommonCrawl
| -0.221706 | -0.848108 | -0.893804 | -0.16026 |
Home Insurance Claims Pennsylvania Beaver County
Beaver County Insurance Claims Lawyers
Find Beaver County Insurance Claims Attorneys by City
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Henry M Sneath
Allegheny County, PA Insurance Claims Attorney with 38 years of experience
(412) 288-4013 401 Liberty Avenue
Pittsburgh, PA 15222
Free ConsultationInsurance Claims, IP, Insurance Defense and Legal Malpractice
Mr. Sneath is a Shareholder and Director at Pittsburgh's Houston Harbaugh, P.C. law firm. He is a business litigation, IP and tort trial lawyer who has tried over 95 cases to verdict and specializes in business and commercial litigation, intellectual property, patent, trademark and copyright infringement, cybersecurity and data breach, employment litigation, products liability, industrial accidents, toxic torts and insurance coverage bad faith litigation. He is a Certified Mediator and Arbitrator and is currently serving as a Federal Court Special Master in patent infringement and complex matters. He received his J.D. degree in 1983 from Duquesne University School of Law...
Aubrey T. Hiskey
Allegheny County, PA Insurance Claims Lawyer
(412) 926-1800 20 Stanwix St
Insurance Claims, Business and Construction
Duquesne University School of Law
Victor Abraham Delnore
Allegheny County, PA Insurance Claims Lawyer with 12 years of experience
University of Alabama School of Law
Carl J. Spindler
Allegheny County, PA Insurance Claims Attorney
Insurance Claims, Arbitration & Mediation and Construction
Michael Joseph Laffey
(800) 827-8276 415 Chartiers ave
Insurance Claims, Health Care and Personal Injury
Mike established the firm in 2002 after 15 years in the field of Health Care and Insurance law.
As former Special Counsel at Tucker Arensberg.P.C., Now principal of Laffey & Associates and Other Party Liability Inc. Mike has established one of the premier law firm subrogation departments in the country dedicated to serving Employee Benefit Plans subrogation interests. As former in-house counsel for Highmark Blue Cross Blue Shield, Mike has assisted in the design and delivery of several managed health care systems from design of the benefit package, through contracting, regulatory approval, and the marketing of the new programs. Mike...
Michael John Pisanchyn Esquire
241 Fourth Ave
Insurance Claims, Criminal Defense, Personal Injury and Products Liability
As founder and owner of the Pisanchyn Law Firm, Attorney Michael Pisanchyn started his working life at a chrome-plating company, and not as an attorney. Through that experience, namely a former co-worker he befriended who lost their life due to poor working conditions, he came to know what he wanted in life, and that was to give a voice to those that have been injured. Attorney Michael Pisanchyn has gone up against some of the biggest corporations, and shown those corporations the law is not just reserved for rich. It is something that can mean the difference between life and death...
Katherine C. Dempsey
(412) 288-4003 444 Liberty Avenue, Suite 1105
Four Gateway Center
Insurance Claims, Business and Insurance Defense
Elizabeth Tarasi
Free ConsultationInsurance Claims, Construction, Personal Injury and Real Estate
I have been helping people with the legal issues and claims for 28 years. Injuries, auto accidents, wrongful death, slips & falls, real estate & property issues, condemnation, legal malpractice, business issues, insurance claims, wills & probate, contract disputes, construction claims, real estate developer issues. I want to help. No issue is to big or too small. Call me first. 412
|
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] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| -0.790591 | -0.60088 | -0.832834 | -0.916814 |
-391-7135. I will answer your call.
Michael Joseph Colarusso
(412) 261-1380 428 Boulevard of the Allies
Free ConsultationInsurance Claims, Medical Malpractice, Personal Injury and Products Liability
Mike Colarusso received his Bachelor of Science degree in Finance and Economics from the Pennsylvania State University in 1982, and he received his Juris Doctor degree from the University of Pittsburgh in 1985. Mr. Colarusso served as a judicial clerk for one year and then joined the law firm in 1986. Since that time, Mr. Colarusso has represented individuals injured in construction accidents, in automobile accidents, by defective products, and by negligent doctors and hospitals. He is a civil trial lawyer, admitted to practice in the Federal and State courts of Pennsylvania, and he is a member of...
Stephen Patrick Moschetta Esq
Washington County, PA Insurance Claims Attorney with 23 years of experience
(724) 225-3060 28 W Cherry Ave
Washington, PA 15301
Free ConsultationInsurance Claims, Asbestos, Maritime and Personal Injury
I specialize in representing injured maritime workers and passengers in personal injury and death cases in Admiralty & Maritime claims, which includes: - Jones Act Seamen - Pleasure boat passengers - Cruise Ship Passengers - Longshore & Harbor Workers' Compensation claims - Defense Base Act Claims I also represent consumers injured in the following types of cases: - Automobile Accidents - Truck Accidents - Faulty Products and Drug Products Liability - Pennsylvania Workers' Compensation - Legal and Medical Malpractice - Premises Liability
Joseph Gaydos
(412) 678-7900 1223 long Run Rd.
White Oak, PA 15131
Insurance Claims, Business, Divorce and Family
I have practiced Personal Injury Law since 1987. My firm has had thousands of clients who have had successful outcomes to their cases. GG&A also represents clients who have issues with Family Law, Gaurdianships, Criminal and Business Law. We have served as solicitors in South Park Twp., Bethel Park, North Versailles Twp. and Allegheny County.
Thomas Dominick Berret
(800) 350-4259 1326 Freeport Road, Suite 100
Free ConsultationInsurance Claims, Medical Malpractice and Personal Injury
University of Akron School of Law
Thomas D. Berret was raised in Pittsburgh, where he attended Central Catholic High School and the University of Pittsburgh, where he was a member of the varsity wrestling team and graduated with a Bachelor's of Science degree in Psychology.
Attorney Berret graduated from the University of Akron School of Law in 1995, and returned to Pittsburgh to practice law. He began his practice with a small law firm, and thereafter served as the law clerk to the Honorable Charles Alexander, President Judge of the Court of Common Pleas of Clarion County.
Tom joined Hal K. Waldman and Associates in 1997, and...
Herbert Cohen
Free ConsultationInsurance Claims, Medical Malpractice, Personal Injury and Workers' Comp
Herbert B. Cohen, Esquire Herb Cohen concentrates his practice in workers' compensation and personal injury cases involving premises liability, motor vehicle accidents, products liability, and construction accidents. He also maintains an active practice in the areas of Heart and Lung Act, Social Security disability and professional negligence. Mr. Cohen received his Bachelor of Science degree from George Washington University in Washington, D.C. in 1986 and his Juris Doctor degree from the University of Pittsburgh School of Law in 1990. Mr. Cohen is a member of the American, Pennsylvania, and Allegheny County Bar Associations, as well as the Pennsylvania...
Richard Ernsberger
(412) 391-2515 355 Fifth Avenue, 12th Floor
Insurance Claims, IP and Personal Injury
|
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CommonCrawl
| -0.799421 | -0.817934 | -1.076713 | -0.845823 |
Richard Ernsberger's practice focuses on litigation in state court on insurance and investment sales practice and contractual disputes. He has a broad range of experience, including drafting motions, conducting legal research and analysis, and arbitration practice. Richard is a graduate of the Ohio Northern School of Law and he earned a Bachelors of Science from the George Washington University in Economics. Richard was an intern for the Honorable Congressman William Coyne as an undergrad and was employed by the Federal Reserve Board in Washington, D.C. following graduation from George Washington. Richard attended the Ohio Northern University School of...
Matthew Thomas Logue Esq
(412) 456-0600 500 Grant Street
Pittsburgh, PA 15219-2502
Insurance Claims, Business, Personal Injury and Stockbroker Fraud
Matt Logue is the founder of Logue Law Firm LLC, with offices in Pennsylvania and West Virginia. Focusing his practice on litigation, he represents clients in civil matters, including business disputes, medical malpractice, wrongful death, motor vehicle accidents and other personal injury litigation. Mr. Logue also provides criminal defense counsel to those who have been charged with felonies or misdemeanors, including driving under the influence and white collar crimes. In addition to his civil and criminal trial practice, he has represented clients in hearings before state and federal agencies, including the United States Merit Systems Protection Board, the United States...
David Mark Landay
(800) 216-6718 1420 Grant Building
310 Grant St
Insurance Claims, Asbestos, Medical Malpractice and Personal Injury
James Richard Moyles Esq
(412) 281-1055 310 Grant St
Insurance Claims, Asbestos, Business and Personal Injury
Domenic Bellisario
(412) 471-6463 310 Grant Street, Suite 1302
Insurance Claims, Asbestos, Employment and Personal Injury
David Harry Patterson Esquire
(412) 767-9737 U S Steel Tower, Suite 660
Insurance Claims, Civil Rights, Insurance Defense and Products Liability
Michael DeMatt
Westmoreland County, PA Insurance Claims Lawyer
(724) 838-1400 115 N Main St
Greensburg, PA 15601
Free ConsultationCriminal Defense and Traffic Tickets
My practice is concentrated in criminal defense and personal injury litigation — including wrongful death, auto accidents, fall downs and other personal injury actions. I also handle general civil litigation matters, such as contract and landlord/tenant disputes. I've litigated scores of civil and criminal matters, including approximately 40 jury trials as of 2021. I've successfully litigated such trials in both federal and state court. Over a four year span, I was able to obtain total acquittals in six out of nine trials during this time period. I've had the chance to handle several high profile criminal cases, such as: a...
Alexander J Jamiolkowski
(412) 765-2120 1801 Lawyers Building
428 Forbes Avenue
Insurance Claims and Personal Injury
444 Liberty Ave., Suite 1105
Insurance Claims, Business, IP and Patents
Andrew J Kennedy
Indiana County, PA Insurance Claims Lawyer with 24 years of experience
(724) 463-3570 682 Philadelphia Street
Indiana, PA 15701
Insurance Claims, Appeals, Business and Employment
Gabriel Zalman Levin
Philadelphia County, PA Insurance Claims Lawyer with 20 years of experience
(215) 825-5183 1500 John F. Kennedy Blvd
Philadelphia, PA 19102
Free ConsultationInsurance Claims, Medical Malpractice, Nursing Home and
|
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CommonCrawl
| -0.814365 | -0.463315 | -0.866009 | -0.89792 |
Personal Injury
Attorney Gabriel Levin is known as a tenacious fighter who protects his client's interests as though they were his own; he has tried hundreds of cases and handled all types of personal injury matters and prides himself on helping victims. Every case is meticulously prepared for trial. Trying cases to juries is what Mr. Levin enjoys the most. Clients know that Gabriel Levin is a very responsive attorney, keeps client fully informed, and always gets back to them in a timely manner. Mr. Levin has continuously been named as a Super Lawyer and was also named to the...
Edward T. Kang
Philadelphia County, PA Insurance Claims Attorney with 20 years of experience
(215) 525-5850 123 S Broad St
Free ConsultationInsurance Claims
Edward T. Kang is the managing member of Kang Haggerty & Fetbroyt LLC, and devotes his practice to business litigation and other litigation involving business entities or business matters. Edward is a trial lawyer. Unlike many litigation attorneys who never, or rarely, try a case in court, Edward regularly tries cases, including jury trials. As part of his business litigation practice, Edward carries expertise in a variety of areas, including contract disputes, business torts (such as fraud or tortious interference), civil RICO, and breach of fiduciary duty. In particular, Edward focuses on "business divorce," such as shareholder...
Gary Heslin
(215) 332-0300 2834 Cottman Avenue
Free ConsultationInsurance Claims, Personal Injury and Workers' Comp
Gary Heslin was born and raised in the City of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He graduated from Northeast Catholic High School and recieved his bachelor's degree from LaSalle University. After recieving his law degree from Loyola University in 1977, Gary worked for Judge William Lederer of the Philadelphia Court of Common Pleas and then moved on to practice law in a small general practice law firm in the city of Philadelphia where he concentrated in personal injury law. In 1986, he started a law firm with a law school classmate handling exclusively personal injury, workers compensation and medical malpractice cases. In 1997,...
Jonathan Ostroff
Montgomery County, PA Insurance Claims Attorney with 31 years of experience
(484) 804-4215 518 E. Township Line Road, Suite 100
Blue Bell, PA 19422
Widener University Commonwealth Law School
When you are injured, the lawyer or law firm you select is a very important decision. Your lawyer will effect how long you have wait to get money and how much you get! Your decision on which lawyer to hire is more important than buying a car, even more important than buying a house. Accident victims don't always ask the right questions to make sure the lawyer they select will aggressively represent them and get them top dollar for their personal injury case. At Ostroff Injury law, we build strong relationships with or clients and work to fully understand their needs so...
Jeffrey Reiff
Nationally recognized Philadelphia Trial Lawyer committed to achieving Justice for over 38 years with acclaimed results. Over 300 million dollars recovered for clients.
There is one way in this country in which all men are created equal - there is one human institution that makes the pauper the equal of a Rockefeller, the stupid man the equal of an Einstein, and the ignorant man the equal of any college president - that institution is the courtroom.
Consistently rated as a Pennsylvania Super Lawyer 2005-2018,Best Lawyers in America 2016-2018; Top 100 Philadelphia Super Lawyers, 2012;Rated Superb,10/10 ( peer and client endorsements) by...
Howard Glenn Silverman
(215) 232-1000 2401 Pennsylvania Ave., Suite #1a5
Dickinson School of Law
Philadelphia Personal Injury lawyer at Kane & Silverman P.C., representing clients in New Jersey and Pennsylvania. I have won several multi-million doll
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CommonCrawl
| -0.313746 | -0.668121 | -0.920702 | -0.590634 |
ar cases and believe in leveling the playing field by delivering high quality legal representation to all of my clients. Some of my accomplishments include being recognized as one of the Top 100 Trial Lawyers in the nation, a Pennsylvania Super Lawyer and a member of the Martindale-Hubble Bar Register of Preeminent Lawyers.
Leonard Keith Hill
(215) 567-7600 123 S. Broad St #1100
Free ConsultationInsurance Claims, Animal, Medical Malpractice and Personal Injury
For a complete an up-to-date bio, please visit my profile page - https://www.hilljustice.com/attorneys/leonard-k-hill/
Ryan Scott Zavodnick
(215) 875-7030 123 S Broad St #1220
Free ConsultationInsurance Claims, Nursing Home, Personal Injury and Workers' Comp
Temple University Beasley School of Law
Ryan Zavodnick is an experienced personal injury attorney who has handled a wide variety of personal injury matters in Philadelphia, PA and the surrounding counties, including, slip and fall accidents, motor vehicle accidents, products liability accidents and workers' compensation claims resulting from work-related injuries. Mr. Zavodnick is an aggressive and creative attorney who prides himself on going the extra mile for his clients. He is a hands-on attorney who will handle your case personally from start to finish. Mr. Zavodnick earned his Juris Doctorate from Temple University School of Law in 2003 and his undergraduate degree from Pennsylvania State...
Mark Scoblionko
Lehigh County, PA Insurance Claims Lawyer with 53 years of experience
(610) 434-7138 2030 W. Tilghman St.
Allentown, PA 18104
Free ConsultationInsurance Claims, Business, Health Care and Personal Injury
Native of the Lehigh Valley. Has been the President of Scoblionko, Scoblionko, Muir & Melman since 1975. Married to Deena since 1964; two children, three grandchildren. 2012 recipient of the Lifetime Service Award from Jewish Federation of the Lehigh Valley. Certified as "Civil Trial Advocate" by National Board of Trial Advocacy. Focuses on civil personal injury and commercial litigation, business and corporate law, real estate.
John Mulcahey
Lackawanna County, PA Insurance Claims Lawyer with 28 years of experience
(844) 969-7243 227 Penn Avenue
Scranton, PA 18503
Free ConsultationInsurance Claims and Personal Injury
I have represented individuals and their families in personal injury cases for 20 years. If you want an attorney who will stand with you and fight for you, call me today for a consultation.
Brian Scott Chacker
(877) 577-5796 1731 Spring Garden St.
Free ConsultationInsurance Claims, Civil Rights, Medical Malpractice and Personal Injury
Brian S. Chacker concentrates his practice in the areas of personal injury, premises liability and medical malpractice litigation, as well as all aspects of police brutality, civil right claims and prisoner injury law. He received his Juris Doctor from Villanova University School of Law and his Bachelor of Arts from the University of Pennsylvania. Mr. Chacker was listed as a Rising Star in the December, 2005 issue of Philadelphia Magazine. Mr. Chacker is admitted to practice in Pennsylvania and New Jersey.
Douglas V. Stoehr
Blair County, PA Insurance Claims Attorney
(814) 946-4100 3600 5th Avenue
Altoona, PA 16602
Insurance Claims, Nursing Home and Personal Injury
Attorney Stoehr operates a solo law practice in Altoona, Pennsylvania, with 21 years of experience. After working at a larger law firm where he became a partner, Attorney Stoehr decided to become a solo practitioner in 2
|
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CommonCrawl
| -0.660851 | -0.914944 | -0.938635 | -0.926142 |
My Ecuadorian Escapade
Cathy Greenway
SFU Co-op Student
Science › Biomedical Physiology + Kinesiology
Submitted by OLC Editor on 25 October 2010
This opportunity helped me to develop the ability to seize an opportunity when it arises rather than let me pass it by.
There are few experiences in one's life that do not just provide you with new skills, but teach you a new way of perceiving the world around you. This past summer I had one of these experiences when I travelled to Ecuador with the Help, Learn, Discover program as a Rural Development Volunteer. It is a three-part program run by the company Ecuaexperience. What began as an inclination to help those in need became a love affair with a country.
Prior to our departure, we got together as group to raise money for the homes that we would be building in Ecuador. We set ourselves a goal of $30,000, which averaged out to be about $1000 per person to raise over a three month period. Our fundraising efforts included pub nights, club nights, weekly car washes, donut sales, comedy nights, and company donations. By August we were able to raise around $20,000 as a group. This required enormous dedication and perseverance as a group, but it was all worth it when we saw the faces of the children and families we helped.
The quintessential aspect of this program is the time spent volunteering in the community of Chunchi. Over four months the goal was to build 20 homes that would be given to families within the town. The work starts out in May with digging the foundation from the side of a hill. In June the foundation is laid, in July the walls begin to go up and in August we continued on the previous work and began finishing some of the homes. Unlike what we might see here in Canada, the foundation was made of dirt, topped with boulders, sand, and a layer of concrete. There were no machines to move materials or mix cement; it was all done by hand. When materials needed to be moved, we formed a human chain, and concrete was mixed on the ground then transferred into a wheelbarrow.
More important than just building the homes, we helped to give the community the tools and skills in order to continue the work in our absence. Unfortunately, we were unable to finish all the homes while we were there, but I look forward to their completion this upcoming May.
We arrived in Quito, the "Heart of the Andes", a bustling city that reaches as far as the eye can see. While in Quito, we volunteered in local hospitals shadowing doctors. Over a two-week period we worked in several departments in the hospitals including Internal Medicine, Surgery, Rehabilitation, Radiology and the Emergency Medicine. In addition, we spent time at Camp Hope, a care centre for children living with cerebral palsy.
One of the most interesting aspects was that we were able to visit both private and public hospitals. The public hospitals were much like we expected with large crowds, long wait times, and little space to move or work appropriately. However, the private hospitals were unlike any building I had seen before. When we first walked in it was so pristine that it looked like a five star hotel. After our rotations, we would attend conferences on various subjects including how to take a thorough history and lessons in performing stitches. Our spare time was spent working on case studies that were to be presented at the end. This helped to give us a small insight into what medical school is like. It also provided us with valuable hands on experience that cannot be gained through education alone. Despite everything that I saw and learned about medicine during my rotations I found the advice I learned from the local doctors to be most useful.
When we were not working, we made the most of our time traveling to various cities. Our first getaway was to Baños, which is surrounded by mountains. This is where the fun began by going bungee swinging, white water rafting, zip-lining, and standing directly behind a waterfall until we were soaked through. We escaped Quito to go to Papallacta where we indulged in the natural thermal hot springs.
After our work in Chunchi we relaxed at an all-inclusive resort in Salinas where we took Salsa dancing lessons and went jet skiing. Other towns included Otavalo, which has the world famous
|
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CommonCrawl
| 1.41906 | -0.580115 | 0.770307 | 1.594757 |
La viticulture en Argentine est originaire d'Espagne. En 1557, pendant la colonisation des Amériques, un certain Juan Cedrón (ou Cidrón) apporta les premiers ceps de vigne à Santiago del Estero, et la culture du raisin ainsi que la production de vin commença dans les environs, puis s'étendit progressivement à d'autres régions du pays.
Comme dans beaucoup de pays d'Amérique, elle fut d'abord tentée par des cépages locaux (Vitis labrusca, Vitis rupestris...) qui ne sont pas de la même souche que les cépages européens (Vitis vinifera). Ces cépages locaux donnent au vin un goût foxé (très rude et acide), qui n'est généralement pas très apprécié. Mais, rapidement, les moines franciscains firent venir d'Europe les meilleurs cépages.
Déjà vers le milieu du , le vignoble était important et il n'a cessé de se développer, même si, de nos jours, les surfaces exploitées sont inférieures à celles des années 1970. Cette diminution est largement compensée par l'augmentation des rendements.
Historique
Les vignes en hautains, sur espaliers ou en gobelets furent les trois méthodes les plus utilisées en viticulture à Mendoza et à San Juan, dès 1561, date de leurs fondations par les conquérants espagnols, et jusqu'à la modernisation de la viticulture argentine, dans les années 1870. L'étude menée par Pablo Lacoste a révélé que 97 % des ceps ont été cultivés en vignes basses et seulement 3 % en vignes hautes. Dans le premier cas, les trois-quarts étaient conduits en gobelet, pour le quart restant les sarments étaient liés à des tiges de saule et peuplier. Habituellement les cépages noirs étaient conduits en gobelets et les muscats blancs sur espaliers ou sur hautains.
Dans les années 1950, le comte français Robert-Jean de Vogüé, président de Moët & Chandon, souhaite développer d'autres activités que le champagne, tout en tirant profit du savoir-faire de la maison. Conscient qu'aucune extension du vignoble n'est possible autour de Reims et Épernay, il se tourne donc vers l'Amérique du Sud. Moët & Chandon choisit l'Argentine, qui possède une tradition viticole, ce qui n'est pas le cas d'autres pays du sous-continent. Invité à Buenos Aires par son neveu, le baron Bertrand de Ladoucette, il remarque que les Argentins des bars populaires boivent du vin blanc, agrémenté d'eau gazeuse et de glaçons. L'entreprise crée alors un mousseux, qui doit à terme concurrencer le champagne. Il ne s'agit pas seulement d'en faire un produit destiné aux célébrations familiales. Le mousseux Moët & Chandon s'immisce ainsi dans le quotidien des Argentins urbains, remplaçant le whisky. Plusieurs déclinaisons du produit sont lancées. En 2021, l'entreprise exploite plus de 500 ha en Argentine.
Production
De culture européenne, les Argentins sont des consommateurs de vin. Ils en consomment environ par an et par personne. Ils ont réussi l'exploit de se hisser au mondial des producteurs de vins. Néanmoins, ils n'exportent qu'une petite quantité de leurs vins (à peine 5 %).
Traditionnellement les viticulteurs argentins ont toujours privilégié la quantité plutôt que la qualité, et le pays consomme près de 90 % de sa propre production. Mais le besoin et le désir d'accroître les exportations ont été à la base d'une augmentation significative de la qualité, et les vins argentins ont commencé à s'exporter dès les années 1980 et surtout 19
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Wikipedia
| 0.704472 | 0.230351 | 0.276274 | -0.215756 |
90. Leur renommée se développe fortement.
Actuellement, l'Argentine est le premier producteur sud-américain et le cinquième au niveau mondial, avec plus ou moins 12 millions d'hectolitres produits en 2003. Elle est le treizième exportateur mondial (en 2005) pour un montant de 431 millions de dollars (USD).
Il y a actuellement environ plantés en vigne en Argentine, dont utilisés en raisin de table et raisins secs. Grâce à la faible humidité de la plupart des régions où pousse la vigne, grâce aussi à sa culture en des vallées élevées, celle-ci est rarement attaquée par des insectes ou champignons ou autres maladies de la vigne, comme c'est le cas en d'autres régions du monde. Donc, peu ou pas d'emploi de pesticides, ce qui permet d'obtenir des vins de haute qualité biologique, de plus en plus demandés par les consommateurs.
Régions productrices
C'est surtout au pied des Andes, à une altitude comprise entre , que se trouvent les vignobles (bien qu'on en trouve jusqu'à ).
Un ingénieux système d'irrigation composé de canaux et de bassins permet aux vignerons d'irriguer ces plantations.
Les plus importantes régions viticoles se trouvent dans les provinces de Mendoza et San Juan encore dénommées région du Cuyo, ainsi que dans celle de La Rioja.
Les provinces de Salta, Jujuy, Catamarca, Río Negro, Neuquén et Buenos Aires produisent également des raisins et du vin.
La province de Mendoza représente plus de 60 % de la production de vins argentins et est à l'origine de 84 % de leur valeur (pendant le premier trimestre 2006).
Province de Mendoza : régions de Valle Central, de Mendoza, de Valle de Uco, et de San Rafael.
Province de San Juan : San Juan, Valle del Tulum, Valle de Tullum, Pedernal.
Province de Salta : les vallées Calchaquíes, El Arenal, Molinos, Cafayate, Amaicha.
Province de La Rioja : Valle de Famatina, Villa Union, San José de Jachal, Villa San José de Vinchina, Aimogasta.
Province de Catamarca : Valle de Tinogasta, Andalgala, Fiambala, Aimogasta, Anillaco.
Province de Río Negro (province patagonienne) : haute vallée du Río Negro.
Province de Jujuy : dans la région de San Salvador de Jujuy (C'est l'endroit où on a produit des vins à une altitude maximale).
Province de Neuquén (province patagonienne) : région de San Patricio del Chañar, Alto Valle del Rio Colorado.
Province de Buenos Aires : région de Médanos.
À noter que depuis le début des années 2000, on produit des vins blancs fins dans la province de Chubut, ce qui fait de cette dernière la région possédant les vignobles les plus méridionaux du monde.
Cépages
Blancs
Les vins blancs en général sont chardonnay, torrontés, sauvignon, chenin, viognier et sémillon.
Le vin du cépage Torrontés peut être du Torrontés Riojano, Torrontés Mendocino et Torrontés Sanjuanino. Le Torrontés, d'origine espagnole, produit des vins très rafraîchissants, aux arômes muscatés, épicés et d'agrumes rappelant parfois un peu le gewurztraminer.
Les vins basés sur le cépage pedro ximénez sont produits à Mendoza et à La Rioja.
Rouges
Les cépages malbec, bonarda, tempranillo et cabernet sauvignon (en moindre quantité) sont utilisés pour les vins rouges "premium" à Mendoza, ce qui représente
|
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] | 1,024 |
Wikipedia
| -0.063777 | -0.10837 | 0.651954 | -0.408175 |
Best Large Suv For Families
Best Large Suv For Families - To continually determine how satisfied each vehicle is with its owners, J.D. Power asks thousands of verified owners to describe in detail how their cars, trucks and SUVs perform. Information provided by vehicle owners reflects the first 90 days of vehicle ownership and forms the basis for three industry benchmark studies. Per year
Information collected from vehicle owners about each model is aggregated and analyzed to create an index that ranks each vehicle for which there is a sufficient voting sample. exist
, the higher the index, the more the vehicle can meet the needs of the owner. The top five positions in the APEAL index indicate that the vehicle does a good job of meeting the needs of its owners on several important factors.
Gmc Yukon Named Best Large Suv For Families
In this article, five large SUVs with the highest customer satisfaction for 2020 were identified and ranked based on information provided by customers who own those models. Models are listed in order of ranking of the most desirable vehicle, followed by other vehicles, in descending order. The average index score for this segment is 862.
1. 2020 Nissan Armada – Top Customer Satisfaction SUV! - Find the best Nissan deals!
The 2020 Nissan Armada is a large 3-row SUV with seating for eight. It comes in four trim levels—SV, SL, Platinum, and Platinum Reserve—and each trim level is offered with either rear-wheel drive or four-wheel drive. The standard engine is a 390-horsepower 5.6-liter V-8 mated to a seven-speed automatic transmission. The Nissan is little changed for the 2020 model year, with the option for new 22-inch alloy wheels and standard heated exterior mirrors being the most notable changes. The truck-based SUV has a maximum towing capacity of 8,500 pounds.
With an APEAL index score of 887, the 2020 Nissan Armada earns the APEAL award in the large SUV segment.
Best 2021 Large Luxuy Suv Models Worth Waiting For
The GMC Yukon and long-wheelbase Yukon XL are very similar to the Chevrolet, Chevrolet Tahoe, and Chevrolet Suburban's large SUV offerings. Based on a full-size General Motors pickup truck chassis, the GMC is a self-contained body-on-frame vehicle that allows for road separation and a comfortable ride. These two versions of the Yukon, typically used as tractors, were powered by a choice of two engines—a 355-hp 5.3-liter V-8 and a 420-hp 6.2-liter V-8. Available in three trim levels with rear-wheel drive or 4-wheel drive, the Yukon is rated to tow up to 8,400 pounds.
The 2020 Chevrolet Tahoe is a 3-row, 9-passenger SUV. Engine choices mimic those available in the GMC Yukon, including a 355-hp 5.3-liter V-8 or a 420-hp 6.2-liter V-8. Both engines offer cylinder deactivation technology to save fuel. Chevrolet offers the Tahoe in both rear-wheel-drive and four-wheel-drive -- and three trim levels: LS, LT, and Premier. Redesigned versions of the GMC Yukon and Chevrolet Tahoe are due for the 2021 model year.
The 2020 Chevrolet Suburban is similar to the Chevrolet Tahoe and nearly identical to the GMC Yukon XL. Its main differences from the Chevrolet Tahoe are its longer wheelbase and longer overall length, allowing for better third-row room and a larger cargo area. It offers the same engine and transmission options as its Tahoe and Yukon siblings. Like the Tahoe, it's available in rear-wheel-drive and four-wheel-drive configurations on its three trim levels. Like the Tahoe and Yukon, the redesigned Suburban arrives in 2021.
How
|
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] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| -0.354163 | -0.867656 | -0.086854 | -0.215914 |
To Finance A Car Reddit
Lowest Car Insurance In Florida
Average Cost Of Liability Insurance For Contractors
Unsecured Personal Loans For Veterans
Available in standard and extended-wheelbase (MAX) form, the Ford Expedition is a direct competitor to the Chevrolet Tahoe and Suburban, as well as the GMC Yukon. The aluminum-bodied Ford SUV seats eight in three rows and is powered by a twin-turbocharged 3.5-liter V-6 that produces 375 or 400 horsepower, depending on the application. The V-6 is mated to a 10-speed automatic transmission and is available in rear- and four-wheel-drive models. Four trim levels are offered - XLT, Limited, King Ranch and Platinum.
Three Reasons The 2021 Dodge Durango Just Won An Award As Best Large Suv Value In America
The 2020 Ford Expedition's APEAL Index score is tied with the Chevrolet Suburban at 856.
The 2020 Toyota Sequoia, a traditional truck-based large SUV with seating for eight in three rows, received some updates for the 2020 model year. A newly redesigned touchscreen infotainment system includes Apple CarPlay and Android Auto integration, and push-button start has been added to the list of standard equipment. The Toyota SUV is powered by a 381-horsepower 5.7-liter V-8 and a 6-speed automatic transmission. It comes in five trim levels, each with rear-wheel-drive and four-wheel-drive versions, except for the TRD Pro, which only has four-wheel drive.
Want to take action? Want to take action? Buy Cars For Sale Online Want to Learn More? Want to go deeper? Compare Cars Online Want to increase your buying power? Want to increase your purchasing power? Find local incentives and discounts on new cars
F-Series Super Duty Trucks got what they wanted for the 2023 model year. Ford has announced a more powerful line of heavy-duty trucks, featuring new technology as it becomes available, superior standard safety features and unique fitments that make the trucks more industry-specific.
Top 5 Best Large Suvs Over $45k
The fourth-generation 2023 Honda Pilot is on the way, and Honda has significantly updated the popular third-generation model it replaces. Honda will redesign the 2023 Pilot in December 2022 in Sport, EX-L, Trailsport, Touring and Elite trim levels.
Ram is showing off its new 2500 Heavy Duty Rebel at the 2022 Texas State Fair, a tough off-road truck that retains its work truck capabilities. It brings hardcore off-road upgrades like an electronic locking rear differential and a rear limited-slip differential. As automakers scramble to cram plug-in hybrid powertrains into more models -- and plan for an electric future -- the full-size SUV class continues to use mostly conventional powertrains. The most advanced engine offerings in the segment for 2022 are the twin-turbo V-6 and turbodiesel, although the redesigned Sequoia will add a hybrid powertrain later this year. These heavy beasts need power, because all that weight requires some serious grunt. And you also have to consider towing capacity. Changes to the big guys include new independent rear suspension, an improved infotainment display and more standard driver assistance features. These machines excel at transporting large numbers of people and their belongings over a variety of terrains.
The 2022 Toyota Sequoia has some new color options, but the completely redesigned 2023 Sequoia will go on sale in summer 2022. Until then, thrust came from a 5.7-liter V-8 that added 381 horsepower. An outdated but proven six-speed automatic transmission. Rear-wheel drive is standard, while four-wheel drive is an option we recommend. The Sequoia is available in six different trim levels, with prices ranging from $51,995 for the
|
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] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| -0.506318 | -0.877632 | -0.027677 | -0.691192 |
SR5 to $68,045 for the svelte Platinum model. We think the SR5 is the smartest buy. With a towing weight of 7,400 pounds, the Sequoia can carry eight passengers thanks to the third row of seats. The interior is relatively bare-bones, with nothing to hide the truck's 16-year-old design. Still, basic conveniences like Apple CarPlay and Android Auto, as well as Wi-Fi hotspot functionality, remain available.
Spacious 2022 Ford Expedition Max (with standard Expedition) If GM is to successfully shake off its title as king of the full-size SUV hip, it needs to step up its game. The Ford is certainly big - and a joy to drive. The twin-turbocharged 3.5-liter V-6 has excellent EPA numbers here, but fuel economy was disappointing in our real-world testing. Depending on engine trim, it can make 380 or 400 horsepower. The Timberline and Limited can be upgraded to the Stealth Performance Package, which increases output to 440 horsepower and 510 pound-feet of torque. Towing capacity is 9000 or 9300 pounds, depending on configuration. New for 2022 is a standard 12.0-inch touchscreen or an optional 15.5-inch unit. The base Expedition XL starts at $53,775 with just two rows of seats and standard rear-wheel drive. At the top end, the long-wheelbase Expedition Max Platinum starts at $82,105. Instead, we have to look at some of the luxury competition in Europe.
Best Large Suvs 2022
Reshaped sheetmetal and a revised interior bring the aging but still impressive Nissan Armada to 2022. Power is provided by a 400-horsepower 5.6-liter V-8, which can tow up to 8,500 pounds. Inside, a new 12.3-inch infotainment display is standard, offering Android Auto, Apple CarPlay and the ability to set up a Wi-Fi hotspot. There's also a new entry-level S trim with a base price of $50,745. In addition, every 2022 Armada is equipped with a host of safety features, including forward collision warning, adaptive cruise control, blind spot warning and driver attention alert. .
Old names like Bronco, Integra, and Jeep Wagoneer have been revived recently. True to its roots, the Wagoneer is a body-on-frame SUV that uses the same underpinnings as the Ram 1500 pickup. The 5.7-liter 392-horsepower V-8 is the only
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] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| -0.476091 | -1.077491 | -0.406047 | -0.946934 |
Mở tài khoản ngay lập tức
Tải nền tảng giao dịch Metatrader
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InstaForex - Đối tác chính thức của Dragon Racing
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Kênh TV Ngoại hối
Mở tài khoản Demo
Những câu hỏi thường gặp (FAQ)
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Ngoại hối (Forex) là gì
Bảng thuật ngữ Forex
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7 000 000 Khách hàng
Chúng tôi ở trong mạng xã hội
Cổng thông tin ngoại hối
Các ngôi sao InstaForex
InstaForex Ngoại tuyến
Giao dịch các sản phẩm đòn bẩy như ngoại hối và CFD mang đến mức độ rủi ro cao và có thể không phù hợp với tất cả các nhà đầu tư. Có khả năng là sẽ mất tất cả số tiền vốn ban đầu. Trước khi giao dịch, bạn phải hiểu rõ khả năng rủi ro thua lỗ và mức độ kinh nghiệm của bạn.
Tin tức hình ảnh: Most popular ski resorts in CIS in 2020
With every year, more and more tourists choose countries of the former Soviet Union for winter and summer holidays.
Tourist analytic agency "Turstat" has made a rating of the best ski resorts in the CIS countries in the period from January until February 2020. These countries have much to offer for winter sports enthusiasts: there are many tracks for freeride fans as well as those who prefer to ride on well-maintained ski tracks.
Tin tức hình ả
|
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CommonCrawl
| -1.800658 | -1.567081 | -1.978704 | -1.701512 |
nh
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Mở tài khoản giao dịch
06:57 2020-02-26 421 10
06:57 2020-02-26 Shymbulak, Kazakhstan Shymbulak Mountain Resort is located near Almaty on the Zailiysky Alatau ridge, a little higher than the famous high-mountain skating rink Medeo. The winter season runs here from mid-November till early April with an average daily temperature of -7°C. The snow cover reaches 1.8 m and the maximum ski slope is 45°. The total length of all eight skiing tracks is 3,600 m, including 3 highly difficult tracks. The cable car lifts guests to the highest point of the resort - Talgar Pass. The bottom of the cabin is glassed, so tourists can truly enjoy a magnificent view of the ski area from different angles.
Shymbulak, Kazakhstan
Shymbulak Mountain Resort is located near Almaty on the Zailiysky Alatau ridge, a little higher than the famous high-mountain skating rink Medeo. The winter season runs here from mid-November till early April with an average daily temperature of -7°C. The snow cover reaches 1.8 m and the maximum ski slope is 45°.
The total length of all eight skiing tracks is 3,600 m, including 3 highly difficult tracks. The cable car lifts guests to the highest point of the resort - Talgar Pass. The bottom of the cabin is glassed, so tourists can truly enjoy a magnificent view of the ski area from different angles.
06:57 2020-02-26 The Altaic Alps, Kazakhstan Altaic Alps ski resort is located in Eastern Kazakhstan on the Ulbinsk ridge of the Mountain Ulbinka. Mountains and mixed forests serve as a natural protection for the ski resort from the winds of the harsh continental climate. The Altaic Alps is situated at an altitude of 660. Amongst the advantages of the resort, tourist note a comfortable dry frosty winter with an average daily temperature of -20°C. The ski season lasts from November till mid-late April. During this period of time, the snow cover reaches 1.5 m. What is more, the resort is famous for its impeccable service, modern cable cars, close proximity to the city, and convenient transport links. The Altaic Alps ski resort often hosts the ski championships and competitions.
The Altaic Alps, Kazakhstan
Altaic Alps ski resort is located in Eastern Kazakhstan on the Ulbinsk ridge of the Mountain Ulbinka. Mountains and mixed forests serve as a natural protection for the ski resort from the winds of the harsh continental climate. The Altaic Alps is situated at an altitude of 660. Amongst the advantages of the resort, tourist note a comfortable dry frosty winter with an average daily temperature of -20°C. The ski season lasts from November till mid-late April. During this period of time, the snow cover reaches 1.5 m.
What is more, the resort is famous for its impeccable service, modern cable cars, close proximity to the city, and convenient transport links. The Altaic Alps ski resort often hosts the ski championships and competitions.
06:57 2020-02-26 Nurtau, Kazakhstan The picturesque Nurtau ski resort (formerly known as Knyazhye Gory) is designed for year-round recreation for guests of all ages. It is located in the mountains, 35 km from Ust-Kamenogorsk which makes it less vulnerable to strong winds. The ski resort also offers a high-security level with round-the-clock surveillance of the parking zone. The winter season starts in December and lasts until the beginning of April. Notably, preparations for the winter season begin in the summer by cutting small shrubs and grass. Riding down from the mountains, you can easily get off before the terminal point, unhooking from the bugle.
Nurtau, Kazakhstan
The picturesque Nurtau ski resort (formerly known as Knyazhye Gory) is designed for year-round recreation for guests of all
|
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CommonCrawl
| -0.232914 | -1.286759 | -0.233898 | -0.87618 |
ages. It is located in the mountains, 35 km from Ust-Kamenogorsk which makes it less vulnerable to strong winds. The ski resort also offers a high-security level with round-the-clock surveillance of the parking zone.
The winter season starts in December and lasts until the beginning of April. Notably, preparations for the winter season begin in the summer by cutting small shrubs and grass. Riding down from the mountains, you can easily get off before the terminal point, unhooking from the bugle.
06:57 2020-02-26 Logoisk, Belarus Logoisk ski resort is located not far from Minsk and in terms of service, it is as good as the best European ski resorts. Guests can rent sports equipment. What is more, there is a wide range of activities here apart from skiing, including a Russian bath, sauna, gazebo with barbecue, gym, billiards, and shooting range. What is more, visitors can enjoy skiing in the night and take part in folk festivals. Quite often the resort opens its doors to numerous sports competitions. The Logoisk ski resort stands out from others by its original design of the guest houses. They are built in the Scandinavian style and well-equipped. All 5 tracks are well-maintained and lit around the clock. Visitors can use a cable car to get to any track. On the training slope, everyone can also practice skiing with professional instructors.
Logoisk, Belarus
Logoisk ski resort is located not far from Minsk and in terms of service, it is as good as the best European ski resorts. Guests can rent sports equipment. What is more, there is a wide range of activities here apart from skiing, including a Russian bath, sauna, gazebo with barbecue, gym, billiards, and shooting range. What is more, visitors can enjoy skiing in the night and take part in folk festivals. Quite often the resort opens its doors to numerous sports competitions. The Logoisk ski resort stands out from others by its original design of the guest houses. They are built in the Scandinavian style and well-equipped.
All 5 tracks are well-maintained and lit around the clock. Visitors can use a cable car to get to any track. On the training slope, everyone can also practice skiing with professional instructors.
06:57 2020-02-26 Silichi, Belarus Silichi ski resort in Belarus is open all year round. Ten ski tracks run along the slopes among the forest thickets and have different levels of difficulty due to the different altitudes. Visitors can reach any height with the help of cable cars. Visitors who have little or no experience in skiing or snowboarding can get lessons from professional instructors. There is a great choice of other facilities that the resort can boast of such as snow park, outdoor and indoor ice rinks, various hotels, restaurants, and the famous wood-burning baths.
Silichi, Belarus
Silichi ski resort in Belarus is open all year round. Ten ski tracks run along the slopes among the forest thickets and have different levels of difficulty due to the different altitudes. Visitors can reach any height with the help of cable cars. Visitors who have little or no experience in skiing or snowboarding can get lessons from professional instructors.
There is a great choice of other facilities that the resort can boast of such as snow park, outdoor and indoor ice rinks, various hotels, restaurants, and the famous wood-burning baths.
06:57 2020-02-26 Shahdag, Azerbaijan Shahdag Mountain resort is located at an altitude of 2,500 m above sea level at the foot of Shahdag Mountain near the Shahdag national park. This is one of the most beautiful places in Azerbaijan abounding in canyons, gorges, and lakes. There are also waterfalls surrounded by high, awe-inspiring mountains covered with glaciers. The resort is equipped with an artificial snow system that allows to maintain slopes in excellent condition and extends the skiing season considerably. The ski resort and all its facilities were put into operation in 2014.
Shahdag, Azerbaijan
Shahdag Mountain resort is located at an altitude of 2,500 m above sea level at the foot of Shahdag Mountain near the Shahdag national park
|
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CommonCrawl
| -0.121854 | -1.288057 | -0.077439 | -0.573874 |
. This is one of the most beautiful places in Azerbaijan abounding in canyons, gorges, and lakes. There are also waterfalls surrounded by high, awe-inspiring mountains covered with glaciers.
The resort is equipped with an artificial snow system that allows to maintain slopes in excellent condition and extends the skiing season considerably. The ski resort and all its facilities were put into operation in 2014.
06:57 2020-02-26 Tufandag, Azerbaijan Tufandag ski resort was opened in 2014 near Gabala, one of the most tourist-visited places in Azerbaijan. It has a well-developed ski infrastructure that exceeds the service of another Azerbaijan ski resort – Shahdag. Tufandag ski resort has its own ski school. Tufandag resort is located at an altitude of 960-1,920 m above sea level. The slopes are steep and covered with forests. Therefore, the ski tracks (3 blue, 3 red, and 4 black) are quite wide. The ski season starts in mid-December and ends at the end of March but tourists come here at any time of the year.
Tufandag, Azerbaijan
Tufandag ski resort was opened in 2014 near Gabala, one of the most tourist-visited places in Azerbaijan. It has a well-developed ski infrastructure that exceeds the service of another Azerbaijan ski resort – Shahdag. Tufandag ski resort has its own ski school.
Tufandag resort is located at an altitude of 960-1,920 m above sea level. The slopes are steep and covered with forests. Therefore, the ski tracks (3 blue, 3 red, and 4 black) are quite wide.
The ski season starts in mid-December and ends at the end of March but tourists come here at any time of the year.
06:57 2020-02-26 Karakol, Kyrgyz Republic Karakol ski resort is located in the gorge at an altitude of 2,300 m above sea level on the slopes of the Tien Shan. It is surrounded by majestic 5,000-meter mountains, coniferous forest, and high-altitude lake Issyk-Kul. The thickness of the snow cover varies from 1.5 to 2.5 m. In winter, the temperature rarely falls below -5°C. The ski season begins in November and lasts until April. This place is loved by many sportsmen and those who prefer outdoor kinds of vacation for its mild climate and a large number of sunny days. In 2004, the ski resort, being long ago the former training ground for the Soviet Olympic team, was completely modernized.
Karakol, Kyrgyz Republic
Karakol ski resort is located in the gorge at an altitude of 2,300 m above sea level on the slopes of the Tien Shan. It is surrounded by majestic 5,000-meter mountains, coniferous forest, and high-altitude lake Issyk-Kul.
The thickness of the snow cover varies from 1.5 to 2.5 m. In winter, the temperature rarely falls below -5°C. The ski season begins in November and lasts until April.
This place is loved by many sportsmen and those who prefer outdoor kinds of vacation for its mild climate and a large number of sunny days. In 2004, the ski resort, being long ago the former training ground for the Soviet Olympic team, was completely modernized.
06:57 2020-02-26 Chimgan, Uzbekistan The popular recreation area and ski resort Chimgan is located 60 km from Tashkent in the Chimgan mountains which are the spurs of the Tien Shan mountains. Chimgan is praised for its unique natural landscapes and pleasant environment. People call this place Uzbek Switzerland. The ski tracks are open from December to March. They are located at an altitude of 1,200-1,600 m above sea level and surrounded by relict juniper forests. Ski fans choose this place due to its mild climate and a great variety of tracks.
Chimgan
|
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CommonCrawl
| 0.279252 | -0.884121 | 0.506703 | -0.497982 |
, Uzbekistan
The popular recreation area and ski resort Chimgan is located 60 km from Tashkent in the Chimgan mountains which are the spurs of the Tien Shan mountains. Chimgan is praised for its unique natural landscapes and pleasant environment. People call this place Uzbek Switzerland.
The ski tracks are open from December to March. They are located at an altitude of 1,200-1,600 m above sea level and surrounded by relict juniper forests. Ski fans choose this place due to its mild climate and a great variety of tracks.
06:57 2020-02-26 Tsakhkadzor, Armenia Tsakhkadzor is the most famous ski resort in Armenia. The ski resort is located in a picturesque valley at the foot of Mount Teghenis. Thanks to the resort's convenient location, there are no avalanches and queues for the cable car even during the New Year holidays. For this reason, this ski resort attracts many experienced and novice skiers as well as Russian Olympic medalists and sports champions from other CIS countries. The scenic Tsakhkadzor valley is located at an altitude of about 1,800 m above sea level near the Ararat massif and lake Sevan. The ski resort is also well-known for its fresh air and pristine nature: thanks to the local environment, the level of hemoglobin in the blood surges up thereby producing a positive effect on health.
Tsakhkadzor, Armenia
Tsakhkadzor is the most famous ski resort in Armenia. The ski resort is located in a picturesque valley at the foot of Mount Teghenis. Thanks to the resort's convenient location, there are no avalanches and queues for the cable car even during the New Year holidays. For this reason, this ski resort attracts many experienced and novice skiers as well as Russian Olympic medalists and sports champions from other CIS countries.
The scenic Tsakhkadzor valley is located at an altitude of about 1,800 m above sea level near the Ararat massif and lake Sevan. The ski resort is also well-known for its fresh air and pristine nature: thanks to the local environment, the level of hemoglobin in the blood surges up thereby producing a positive effect on health.
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|
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CommonCrawl
| -0.360616 | -1.358137 | -0.371976 | -0.841396 |
I'll use two general categories here. People who are partially sighted and need help seeing / deciphering / following the text and those who are unable to use any visual interface whatsoever.
There are many different problems here. Often magnification can be helpful, but that's not the full story. Sometimes people can't track motion, sometimes people can't find the cursor unless it moves. This calls for a range of techniques, the majority of which are only just being added to X.
This program is useful for improving the visibility of the normal text screen that Linux provides. The normal screen that Linux provides shows 80 characters across by 25 vertically. This can be changed (and the quality of those characters improved) using SVGATextMode. The program allows full access to the possible modes of an SVGA graphics card. For example, the text can be made larger so that only 50 by 15 characters appear on the screen. There isn't any easy way to zoom in on sections of a screen, but you can resize when needed.
For people who can see the screen there are a large number of ways of improving X. They don't add up to a coherent set of features yet, but if set up correctly could solve many problems.
The X server can be set up with many different resolutions. A single key press can then change between them allowing difficult to read text to be seen.
Modes "1280x1024" "1024x768" "800x600" "640x480" "320x240"
Moving the mouse around the screen will scroll you to different parts of the screen. For more details on how to set this up you should see the documentation which comes with the XFree86 X server.
There are several known screen magnification programs, xmag which will magnify a portion of the screen as much as needed but is very primitive. Another one is xzoom. Previously I said that there had to be something better than xmag, well this is it. See section xzoom.
Another program which is available is puff. This is specifically oriented towards visually impaired users. It provides such features as a box around the pointer which makes it easier to locate. Other interesting features of puff are that, if correctly set up, it is able to select and magnify portions of the screen as they are updated. However, there seem to be interacations between xpuff and the window manager which could make it difficult to use. When used with my fvwm setup, it didn't respond at all to key presses. However using twm improved the situation.
The final program which I have seen working is dynamag. This again has some specific advantages such as the ability to select a specific area of the screen and monitor it, refreshing the magnified display at regular intervals between a few tenths of a second at twenty seconds. dynamag is part of the UnWindows distribution. See UnWindows for more details.
To see what fonts are available, use the program xfontsel under X.
There should be some way of changing things at a more fundamental level so that everything comes out with a magnified font. This could be done by renaming fonts, and by telling telling font generating programs to use a different level of scaling. If someone gets this to work properly, please send me the details of how you did it.
No software I know of specifically provides a cross hair cursor. puff, mentioned in the previous section does however provide a flashing box around the cursor which can make it considerably easier to locate.
actually, if you understand masks, then the black-file doesn't have to be completely black, but start with it like that. The .Xdefaults file controls cursors used by actual applications. For much more information, please see the X Big Cursor mini-HOWTO, by Joerg Schneider <schneid@ira.uka.de>.
Provided that the user can hear, audio input can be very useful for making a more friendly and communicative computing environment. For a person with low vision, audio clues can be used to help locate the pointer (see UnWindows). For a console mode user using Emacspeak (see Emacspeak), the audio icons available will provide very many useful facilities.
Setting up Linux audio is covered in the Linux Sound HOWTO (see Linux Documentation). Once sound is set up, sounds can be played with the play command which is included with most versions of Linux. This is the way to use my version of UnWindows.
Using large print with Linux is quite easy. There are several techniques.
LaTeX
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] | 1,024 |
C4
| -0.185365 | 0.210885 | 0.236823 | 0.868718 |
is an extremely powerful document preparation system. It may be used to produce large print documents of almost any nature. Though somewhat complicated to learn, many documents are produced using LaTeX or the underlying typesetting program, TeX.
For more details, see the LaTeX book which is available in any computer book shop. There are also a large number of introductions available on the internet.
Almost all Linux printing uses postscript, and Linux can drive almost any printer using it. I output large text teaching materials using a standard Epson dot matrix printer.
For users of X, there are various tools available which can produce large Text. These include LyX, and many commercial word processors.
For someone who is completely unable to use a normal screen there are two alternatives Braille and Speech. Obviously for people who also have hearing loss, speech isn't always useful, so Braille will always be important.
If you can choose, which should you choose? This is a matter of `vigorous' debate. Speech is rapid to use, reasonably cheap and especially good for textual applications (e.g. reading a long document like this one). Problems include needing a quiet environment, possibly needing headphones to work without disturbing others and avoid being listened in on by them (not available for all speech synthesisers).
Braille is better for applications where precise layout is important (e.g. spreadsheets). Also can be somewhat more convenient if you want to check the beginning of a sentence when you get to the end. Braille is, however, much more expensive and slower for reading text. Obviously, the more you use Braille, the faster you get. Grade II Braille is difficult to learn, but is almost certainly worth it since it is much faster. This means that if you don't use Braille for a fair while you can never discover its full potential and decide for yourself. Anyway, enough said on this somewhat controversial topic.
The first kind works only when the computer is in text mode and reads the screen memory directly. See section hardware driven Braille terminals.
The second kind of Braille terminal is similar, in many ways, to a normal terminal screen of the kind Linux supports automatically. Unfortunately, they need special software to make them usable.
There are two packages which help with these. The first, BRLTTY, works with several Braille display types and the authors are keen to support more as information becomes available. Currently BRLTTY supports Tieman B.V.'s CombiBraille series, Alva B.V.'s ABT3 series and Telesensory Systems Inc.'s PowerBraille and Navigator series displays. The use of Blazie Engineering's Braille Lite as a Braille display is discouraged, but support may be renewed on demand. See section Software Braille Terminals.
The other package I am aware of is Braille Enhanced Screen. This is designed to work on other UNIX systems as well as Linux. This should allow user access to a Braille terminal with many useful features such as the ability to run different programs in different `virtual terminals' at the same time.
Speech Synthesisers take (normally) ASCII text and convert it into actual spoken output. It is possible to have these implemented as either hardware or software. Unfortunately, the free Linux speech synthesisers are, reportedly, not good enough to use as a sole means of output.
Hardware speech synthesisers are the alternative. The main one that I know of that works is DECtalk from Digital, driven by emacspeak. However, at this time (March 1997) a driver for the Doubletalk synthesiser has been announced. Using emacspeak full access to all of the facilities of Linux is fairly easy. This includes the normal use of the shell, a world wide web browser and many other similar features, such as email. Although, it only acts as a plain text reader (similar to IBM's one for the PC) when controling programs it doesn't understand, with those that it does, it can provide much more sophisticated control. See section Emacspeak for more information about emacspeak.
When it starts up, Linux at present puts all of its messages straight to the normal (visual) screen. This could be changed if anyone with a basic level of kernel programming ability wants to do it. This means that it is impossible for most Braille devices to get information about what Linux is doing before the operating system is completely working.
It is only at that stage that you can start the program that you need for access. If the BRLTTY program is used and run very early in the boot process, then from this stage on the messages on the screen can be read. Most hardware and software
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kokroko
kokroko has 19 articles published.
Published on April 30, 2019 in Entertainment/Event/Music by kokroko
From 28 June to 13 July 2019, the Montreux Jazz Festival will explore current sounds and celebrate timeless music. The 53rd edition features new trends, striking individuals, and absolute legends from African-American and British music.
Gyedu-Blay Ambolley plays Montreux Jazz Festival on the 8th of July.
On Monday 8th July, at the Montreux Jazz Club , Gyedu-Blay Ambolleyand his Sekondi Band from from Ghana is expected to perform. Also peforming that same evening is AMADOU + MARIAM, and The BLIND BOYS OF ALABAMA.
Tickets can be purchased here.
Published on January 29, 2019 in Art/Fashion by kokroko
KM: In what manner do you incorporate "Africa" in your brand presentation
Shaka: When we first started there was a conscious decision on our part to not follow the traditional mainstream method of using African fabric and kente in our designs. We wanted to tell people that there is a certain richness to African fashion that goes beyond the fabric print. You can have the silhouette, the texture, the detail and the finesse that is definitively African. Our first collection was inspired by traditional Malian and Senegalese fashion and we actually did spend some time in Senegal to experience it firsthand.
Shaka Maidoh (Right) and his "Art Comes First" partner Sam
Growing up in Africa I used to see how school uniforms were tailored, how people will dress to go to church, how our military and police would dress up. There was always a utilitarian approach to design. There was a purpose for the elements sewn into the attire. The pocket was there for a reason, to house your pen, your diary or your bible, so the position and placement had to be exact.
There was a method of dyeing that was used for African fabric, there was a certain type of texture that was peculiar to African design as well as the method of weaving our textiles. You can particularly observe that characteristic black and the grayscale colour scheme in our work.
KM: Whats the reason for your emphasis on the high level of "Tailor-Ship" in your craft
Shaka: We are self taught, none of us went to fashion school. In Ghana when anyone wanted a suit, the person would go to the tailor. Tailoring was common place, customised and made to fit. Tailoring was not for the elite per se. My business partner Sam was taught by his father, who was a tailor, and Sam in turn taught me to stitch and sew so that we could refine our silhouettes the way we wanted it to be, thereby creating our "Punk Tailoring" kind of style. Further down the line with Ozwald Boateng for 5 years, we learnt the Savile Row tradition. We indeed were able to blend a fusion of both traditions of expression.
Shaka, Sam and Ozwald Boateng. Savile Row.
KM: Is there a future for Ghana in Tailoring Craftsmanship
Shaka: Whilst we were up and coming, everyone around wanted to be a designer or model in the fashion industry. We knew however that the tailor behind the scenes, the weavers and the stitchers were also an important piece of the picture that no one gets to see. They do not have time to come out and shake hands with the audience because they are always busy. It's a dying profession and it is not valued. In Ghana we really want to help resuscitate this craft of fabric weaving and manufacturing as well as tailoring.
KM: Apparently you DJ sometimes. How does your fashion sense affect your choice of music?
Shaka: Music is the soundtrack to your life. It is said that the designer is always a "Frustrated Rockstar". There can be no clothing without music.
Shaka Maidoh on Decks- Republic Bar, Accra. New Years Day, 2019.
For us, growing up in London and Ghana, music has always influenced and inspired our style. Our approach to design has not only been from the stylistic point of view, music draws everyone together, different sub-cultures and flavours. Our first love was music, we
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CommonCrawl
| 0.713982 | -0.655387 | 0.078123 | -0.157097 |
had producers we toured Europe and other places. Many of my friends have been in music for years and have been very successful.
KM: You must then know the famed British/Ghanaian Music Producer/Dj Peter Adarkwah
Shaka: Oh you mean Pete!!! When we were students, Pete had this club in London called Barumber. We used to dress-up and go there religiously every Sunday, but they wouldn't let us in most of the time, but if Pete was around , we were in. So forward 20 years later, Pete sees what we are doing and he expressed interest in working with us. We were like "Nah mate" you have been a big inspiration to everything we have done. His massive influence and and entrepreneurship is astounding and off course, being a Ghanaian, he was also quite very humble. Pete a few years ago actually motivated me to explore more of Ghana, and i'm glad.
KM: Any ideas to Collaborate with local Ghanaian brands in your endeavours?
Shaka: There has already been in existence some synergies between players based in Ghana and the Diaspora. Before I arrived though, I was already in touch with "Afro-District" based here in Ghana. In South Africa I was exposed to "I see a different You", in Kenya it was "Too Many Siblings".
Shaka and Sam with some members of Afro-District at The Republic Bar, Accra in February 2018.
Coming here has exposed me to so much talent and vision of certain local brands. There is no nomenclature to capture how Africa has inspired many things around the world overtime. But I believe we have to build and enhance our capacity to style, produce and make Africa have better access to markets around the world, and also make Africa itself be a consume for her own work.
KM: In a world that can pose challenges to some Creatives that are of ethnic minority backgrounds, what have been some of your challenges in your work, so far.
Shaka: When we first started there was a certain biased expectation of our work. People were expecting us to use and apply the usual Kente and Ankara on all of our works. We had to inform, repeatedly, that we are not just designers but we are also cultural creatives. That's why we design for the aviation industry, we design bicycles etc.
It is common for some people to try and define for themselves an interpretation of you, without taking the time to fully understand the depth of your cultural and creative involvement. Sometimes you can be deemed as being "not British enough" or "African enough", however right there is also a certain kind of motivation. This motivates you to tell your story of Africa and build your narrative. Africa is diverse in its fashion orientation, the body tatoos we wear can also be found in Ghana, Ethiopia etc. So we are glad to also help change the common perception of Africa in some minds.
KM: How has coming back to Ghana been like after 16 years in Europe?
Shaka: Obviously the western media stereotypes of hunger and famine have been proven wrong. I fortunately had a very strong father that provided me a strong Ghanaian foundation, but I must say it was however impressive to see the extent of this Neo-African explosion. Africa is bubbling now. I was in Sweden the other day, and I was shocked to see Swedish blonde girls singing our Afro-Beat in our language at the same time.
How beautiful is that!!! They were singing in Yoruba and Twi and they were dancing. We had this, all this while. Our Art is only now coming to the forefront and we are now beginning to realise our value. That's why our Art Comes First.
KM: What personal plans do you have yourself in this NewYear 2019 Ghana Trip
Shaka: I do want to perfect my native language, indulge and explore better some vegetarian food options.
I also want to spend more time with my Family. My little cousins and brothers are really showing me around Ghana. Ghana is definitely not what you see on foreign TV.
KM: Any words to the audience out there?
Shaka: If you are from Ghana and you are out there, come back home and reconnect. If you are not from Ghana, come and checkout Ghana.
Published on January 28, 2019 in Poetry/
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CommonCrawl
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Theater by kokroko
The King of Hearts spoken word session had its introductory segment kicked off by Elikplim Akorli @thegodofpoetry who's authored two poetry anthologies, the most recent being Purple Harmattan poetry anthology. He took the audience to a thrill, performing with the quartet of the National Symphony Orchestra.
The third and last segment of the show saw an awe-inspiring moment when Elikplim came back onto the stage, this time having with him Nela @teochronic interpreting poetry in a dance form as he delivered his piece Bubble from The Deep.
A session of the audience:
Paul Boachie-Ansah who goes the stage name Paul God (@therealpaulgod), rapper and producer who's produced on Guillotine Bars, Paranormal, John Figs, The Soloist, The Klinik (Sean Simpson), Crzstl of Venezuela, Intel of Hip Hop legendary group Wu Tang Clan. With the poetry band churning out, he performed live, stepping up to Hip Hop to have the audience entertained.
The future looks very promising for the collaboration between Paul Boachie-Ansah and Elikplim Akorli considering that their style and kind of branding is very unique on the Ghanaian creative and entertainment scene.
Published on January 10, 2019 in Entertainment/Music by kokroko
This holiday season many stars and personalities from all over the world have visited Republic Bar and Grill as part of their planned itinerary.
It is not very unusual for Mr. Eazi to be seen at Republic, as he normally prefers to go off the beaten track and immerse himself amongst his Ghanaian folk as best as he can. However it was very much a noticeable sight when his entire crew of friends showed up and it was nothing but love! Medikal, Kidi, Raye (A popular musician and friend of Mr. Eazi from the U.K.) and DarkoVibez, were certainly manifesting a special bond amongst themselves yet maintaining a dialogue and interaction with their fanbase and crowd. Nothing short of very cool.
Their soiree was not a touch and go affair. They certainly felt at home and toasted their New Years trajectory with Republic Bars' famous "GinJah" (Akpeteshie Cane Spirit Ginger Shot) and granted photo opportunities to some of their fans.
Published on January 10, 2019 in Entertainment/Events/Music by kokroko
"MEET ME THERE- Weekender" is an intimate not-for-profit music and arts festival held at Meet Me There African Home Lodge; an eco-retreat in the Volta region of Ghana. Fringed by wild beaches, colourful fishing villages and lush mangrove forests, this secluded stretch of coastline is worlds apart from your usual festival setting. Here, nestled at the edge of a saltwater lagoon, their little oasis awaits you.
Bringing like-minded individuals together for a unique celebration of Ghanaian culture, MMT Weekender offers a festival experience like no other. Their four-day programme is designed to open your eyes to the magic of Ghana through a carefully-curated display of Music, Arts and Culture.
This years' music program sees a huge range of live acts and DJs performing. Ranging from highlife legend Ebo Taylor, vibrant band Kyekyeku to Ewe rappers such as Worlasi and Agbeshie, DJ performances from rising stars Gafacci, DJ Pherry, Zongo Abongo's Busy Twist. Plus South Africas' SNO and UKs Tash LC are sure to be some of the many highlights from across the weekend! Please see the Full musical Lineup here: Adomaa, Agbeshie, Bessa Simons, Bood'nBone, Borborbor Drummers, Bessa Simons, Costiro, DJ Pherry, Ebo Taylor, Evergreen Dance Band, Fred Robarts, Gafacci, Jay Carder, Kakatsitsi Drummers, Kyekyeku, Latino, Mprez Ody, Shieshie Nitan, SNO, Tash LC, Worlasi, Zipporah, Zongo Abongo & The Busy Twist, 4TotheFloor – It's fair to say the lineup really does cater for all t
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CommonCrawl
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astes!
But MMT Weekender is not just about the music. They also offer free workshops and activities for all ticket holders throughout the weekend. Whether it's trying your hand at drumming or dancing, getting stuck into a beach football tournament or joining a boat trip down the Volta River, there's something for everyone.
Meet Me There is a truly special place that will have you returning to reality re-fuelled, revitalised and full of love!
Ghana Residents tickets are available via Whatsapp: +233545547942
International tickets via: bit.ly/mmt2019
Their Ethos:
The festival is not-for-profit supporting Dream Big Ghana NGO. DBG are dedicated to providing safe sanitation and educational opportunities to the communities of Dzita -Abledomi.
Leave no trace: Here at MMT they are committed to being as eco-friendly as possible. As well as planting a tree for every festival ticket bought (their way of offsetting your carbon footprint), the site is proudly portaloo-free thanks to their lovely smelling compost toilets and they have swapped plastic for biodegradable products wherever they can.
Asεsεgua and the pillars of a free republic
Published on December 24, 2018 in History by kokroko
Osagyefo Dr Kwame Nkrumah, as the Chief Architect of the 1st Republic, established the Asεsεgua (Stool) /Office of the President as an efficient instrument for use by the senior-most citizen in his/her agenda of building the Republic and elevating the quality of life for Ghanaian households to a standard of perfection. His legacy continues to transcend the conscience of nation builders and serves as a reminder that statesmanship is a noble and worthwhile pursuit where it is possible to realise one's higher-self by virtue of servitude to humanity.
The birth of a Free Republic was a symbolic manifestation of Ghanaian advancement, as the Third Parliament, exalted to an eminent degree of autonomy, was now governed by the Asεsεgua upon the departure of the erstwhile colonial Governor-General, the Earl of Listowell. This had been as a result of a plebiscite held in April 1960. An emblem of Ghanaian Sovereignty, the Asεsεgua represents a connexion between the sacrifice of our forbearers and the citizenry. Through the observation of traditional etiquette, the esoteric rite of the President's installation expresses reverence for the Supreme Being and acknowledges dependence on our ancestors, without whose divine intercession, our political misfortunes would have prolonged.
As the grip of poverty can only be loosened and eventually eradicated by quality public administration, the Senior-most public servant, propelled to the Asεsεgua by the hand of the Citizenry, appoints and advances fellow citizens/stool-carriers to participation in the same noble profession to enhance the welfare of the Republic. On the 2 July 1960, the 1st Parliament of the Republic assembled to elect a Speaker and Deputy Speaker by Presidential proclamation. Later that day, Osagyefo assumed the office of Commander-In-Chief of the armed forces. On 4 July, however, in a classic demonstration of aesthetic African pomp and pageantry, Osagyefo was welcomed by traditional Talking drums and a 21-gun salute by the Ghana Reconnaissance Squadron, after which he inspected the Third Battalion of the Ghana Regiment. He was escorted to the House by eight linguists drawn from the various provinces, a State Sword Bearer and the Mace Bearer. Horns sounded from the Juaben State Nhatera before he assumed the Asεsεgua. As the sun set on Accra, Osagyefo set ablaze the flame of African freedom and proclaimed the Republic of Ghana.
The Asεsεgua regulates the President's prescribed modes of action, amidst a multiplicity of options, by the laws that govern Asase Yaa (Earth) and the omnipresence of Nyigbla or Twereduampon (Supreme Being), which reminds the operating elements of the Stool that account will be given for service to fellow citizens
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] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| 0.987047 | -0.267998 | 0.282102 | 0.009866 |
through this transitory sojourn of life. As the axis of political relations, it must remain the principal unifying element of all the Provinces that constitute the Republic. The might of the Afesa-nta (State Sword) should purposefully foster a cultural, political and economic interdependence amongst the various Provinces, through equity in the distribution of resources across the Republic — each Province serving as a unique Pillar of the Free Republic.
Source: Vincent Letsa Kobla Djokoto
LOKKO HOUSE 1O YEAR ANNIVERSARY CELEBRATION
Published on December 20, 2018 in Art/Entertainment/Events/Fashion by kokroko
Lokko House is proud to announce that they have made it to the 10 year mark! During this decade, they have been able to provide products, services and experiences as well as play a central part in the creative community that has been growing here in Ghana.
They acknowledge your love and support during the years and they have put together the most amazing experience to say the biggest thank you to each and every one of you.
Est.2008 | an art exhibition. 6pm, The Container Accra
Lokkofied | a house party. 10am to 10pm. Lokko House*
TWC + Friends | Rave. 10pm. The Warehouse, Lokko House *
*On December 22nd, 2018 through to December 23rd, 2018 all events will take place at the Lokko House. These will include a Lokko House Market, Lokko Food Court, Lokko Live Music, Lokko Workshops, Lokko Games and Lokko Entertainment for the entire family. More details on the events of the day will be published on our website so come back to check!
Colossium entertainment and digital magazine releases December issue
Published on December 20, 2018 in Activism/Entertainment/Film & TV/Music/Writing by kokroko
Friday, 14 December 2018 — Accra, Ghana — Colossium Magazine, a youth focused Ghanaian lifestyle and entertainment digital magazine released its December issue.
The December issue which features two of Ghana's top music artistes M.anifest and Adina also has contents from the areas of Fashion, Film, History and more.
The digital magazine company founded in January 2018 by Ghanaian tech entrepreneur and graphic designer, Eugene Ossei, successfully launched its 4th issue with the debut streaming of the cover interview of the December issue on Facebook on December 14, 2018 at 20:00GMT. The issue since going live has received many accolades from a cross-section of Ghanaians and personalities across the continent.
―I find it easy to read and carry around. Having my magazine on my phone is all I need‖ – Rosemary, Colossium Magazine subscriber.
―Beautiful work‖ – Emilio, Absolut Vodka.
―I just had my first read of the issue. I must say, I'm impressed with it especially the interviews‖ – Julius Jules Banda, Malawi.
Colossium Maagazine's December issue was co-produced by Lucent Brothers Ltd, a production company headed by Franklin Gyan with support from Da Viva and la Maison (a lifestyle gallery at Osu).
The magazine is available online via this link:
https://files.acrobat.com/a/preview/acf7f734-08d7-4bbe-9c70-019d691bbeab
Intro to SAMINI's 7th studio album "UNTAMED" released
Published on December 20, 2018 in Music by kokroko
un·tamed | \ˌən-ˈtāmd \
Definition of untamed
-not made less wild or less difficult to control :
natural, uncultivated, virgin, wild
Catch this powerful Intro to SAMINI's 7th studio album UNTAMED
Full album avail for download from December 22nd, 2018
#pibiliinaa #legendary #untamed #reggaedancehall #artistry #samini #ghana #akyesaa #defined #
|
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Both my novels have been (okay, in the case of Unleavened Dead, is about to be) published by small presses. The two I have been associated with, Swimming Kangaroo Press and Oak Tree Press, operate on the same principles as a large publisher: editing, book cover design, formatting for both the hard copies and e-books, press releases, review copies, distribution deals with all the major companies are provided by the publisher, at no cost to the writer. They pay royalties – at a slightly higher rate, I have found, than the standard offered by the large publishers – but there was no advance. They also print on demand, meaning instead of risking that 10,000 copies of an unsold book will wind up in a landfill, they print the number of books that have been ordered by the distributors, as needed. It's a very green alternative to the traditional print run.
Oh, and unlike the Big Six (although the number of large publishing houses may be even less by the time you read this), small presses do not require submissions by agents only, and are willing to take a chance on new authors.
Best of all, with a small house, you're not just one of the herd. You're an individual. Your emails are answered. You receive attention and care.
There's another difference between large vs. small publishers. A large publisher will pay for a book tour.
Ha! That was a joke.
Unless you're an author whose name on the cover guarantees a spot at the top of best seller lists pre-publication, you will be doing your own marketing even if you're with one of the Big Six. In a small press, you will be doing it on your own even if you are their top seller. I'm not saying there's no support from a small press – they will send out review copies and press releases – but a lot of the networking is author-driven, as are any book tours.
On the other hand, there are stories that non-bestselling authors love to tell (I'm among them) about authors who receive seven-figure advances on multi-book deals. Book one is a big hit. Book two falls prey to the dreaded second book curse that guarantees critics will compare it unfavorably with the first. The third book barely sells. By the fourth book, the author is flying coach to do signings in small towns – and having to schedule the appearances and pay his or her own expenses. The author has spent all the money received in the advance, and royalty checks are few and far between.
A cautionary tale for us all.
My point being, don't think finding an agent with access to a large publishing house will guarantee sales or publicity. Good writing is only a small part of becoming successful in this business. And it may be art or a calling or an obsession to you, the writer, but to the publishers, big or small, and to the agents, writing is a business.
BOOK LAUNCH PARTY – SAVE THE DATE!
This is a very well written Blog. I'm a newbie and you laid out great information that was interesting and useful. That's hard to do. Thanks for your insight!
Thanks, Chris. It's hard to get started in this business, and I'm glad to help out.
Lots of good points, Ilene. Sans a huge advance (which I also haven't been offered), I find the personal attention of a small publisher a big plus, an advantage even many of those big sellers don't have with their houses.
Thanks. And same to you!
This was very well written. I recently signed a contract with a small press. I also publish books for other authors, and notice that eBooks are outselling print. Thank you for a great post.
A lot of authors find that e-books sell better than print ones. I know I check the Kindle store for the availability of books I want to read, and haven't bought a hard copy in ages. But I want it both ways – I wish Border's were still around!
I agree, Illene. Agents and big publishers would not even read my work because I was an "unpublished" author. Oak Tree Press took a chance on me and my book was nominated for an award! Many small presses have grown into "mid-size" presses and will soon be the dominate force in the industry, not the big six who will diminish in importance as their best-sellers retire/die off and the presses have not groomed new writers to replace
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C4
| 1.144636 | -0.36079 | 0.069605 | 0.395654 |
Grand Isle LA 15 Yard Dumpster | Dumpster Infinite!
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C4
| -1.363211 | -1.977181 | -1.863938 | -1.429563 |
working setting.
The average tariff of a 15 Yard Dumpster in Grand Isle is about $500. The maximum expense is generally about $1,200, while on the low conclude, it could run around $100. Local, home-owner projects will most likely need a dumpster throughout the $500 size, while larger industrial companies will probably need the higher priced model. You will likely want to phone around to a number of companies to obtain price prices before you make one last selections. Most companies will also have various sizes they can supply you with as well, dependant upon your needs. If you are unsure how big you will need, tell the company and so they can help you reduce your options on the size you would like.
Large jobs that make huge a great deal of waste produce 15 Yard Dumpster in Grand Isle inevitable. Persons dare not necessarily step forward for just a 15 Yard Dumpster in Grand Isle to home the trash to the fear of high costs. They might have already invested a large sum of money to the completion of the work. They cannot think of paying off the trash about self as it involves huge risk when it comes to health and acquisition of terms of money and time. They look out and about for a way to choose the dumpster at lower price.
When you embark on a serious cleaning, building, or restoration project, the final thing you want to bother about is getting rid of the ending debris. Doing the work is hard ample. There's no good reason that you should be burdened with luggage and heaps of garbage afterward. To as clutter increase property, which will directly negates the goal of doing the work to start with and can need special outings to the dump or other removal facility afterwards. Instead of taking on your garbage removal in the piecemeal way, it might be worth your while to check out renting a dumpster. While sporting a dumpster on your property may seem like a measure backwards, this task simplifies the particular cleanup process. You can rent any dumpster for as long as you'll need, you can put all of your trash in addition to debris from it, and then you can get rid of things one fell swoop if you're done. If you are doing a residence clean-out, construction cleaning, or other do-it-yourself or restoration projects, renting any dumpster can be a wonderful option.
If you have a major remodel or restoration project, obtaining one huge dumpster means you merely have one way of removing the throw away. Forget about a number of trips on the landfill plus the fees they demand. Have a 15 Yard Dumpster in Grand Isle organization drop off any dumpster in your front yard and fill it up. You save funds by cutting back on gas, unnecessary trips on the landfill, in addition to handling the material. Plus they will pick in addition to dispose of your own debris to suit your needs. The next time you've got a renovation project, be sure to phone a 15 Yard Dumpster in Grand Isle organization to help keep your own waste low.
If you prefer a dumpster permanently, you can aquire is from the organization. A similar choice for this is to hire the dumpster for just a certain amount of years, which can be close to only buying the dumpster. Many needs can be accommodated regarding.
With spring arriving, many of our minds turn to cleaning out our homes in addition to selling the points we will no longer need in our lives. Some sort of yard sale is a good thing on its own, but when you get the whole area in about it, your capabilities can incorporate to make a actually fun affair for your loved ones, your neighbors, in addition to anyone who prevents by to get your goods. This is how you can get your area together for just a community garage sale.
To choose the right measured container for your needs, you will need to decide the size of the task. Most people usually tend to overestimate their needs in addition to, in this particular scenario, it would be a sensible thing to do. You do not want to get to pay anymore than necessary, but the impose a fee would acquire for overfilling the particular container would possibly be much a lot more than it would cost to rent a larger jar.
Have you looked over your car port or downstairs room lately? Most of us use these areas as long home hard drive for items we think we would eventually utilize. But there will always be more items we could perhaps need later on, and these spots fill up
|
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C4
| -1.0589 | -1.686477 | -1.33673 | -0.92804 |
Charlton's Baseball Chronology
A DAY BY DAY HISTORY OF THE MOST IMPORTANT EVENTS IN THE GAME OF BASEBALL FROM 1791 TO 2019
1st Roger Maris' torturous, season-long race against Babe Ruth ends in a dramatic at bat against Boston's Tracy Stallard. Maris' classic lefthanded swing sends home run number 61 into the RF stands in "The House That Ruth Built." (Sal Durante, one of 23,154 fans in attendance, grabs the historic HR ball which he sells for $5,000). New York's 1–0 win gives the Yanks 109 wins, one short of the club's 1927 record. It is New York's ML record 240th homer of the year.
Setting another ML record, the Cubs and Dodgers use 11 pinch hitters in one 9-inning game, seven of which are sent up by the Cubs. Stan Williams continues his Wrigley dominance, winning 8–2, with 9 strikeouts. Williams has 207 K's, 2nd to Koufax in the NL. He also has 3 of the Dodgers' 15 hits.
In Los Angeles, Cleveland wins the final major league game played at Wrigley Field, 8-5, before 9,868. Appropriately, it is Steve Bilko who hits the last home in Wrigley, a pinch-hit smash over the left field wall with two out in the ninth inning. Walter Bond has 2 singles, a triple and a grand slam for the Tribe. It is the 48th grand slam hit in the AL this season, a league record that won't be topped this century even with more teams.
4th Whitey Ford's 3rd straight WS shutout, with HRs by Elston Howard and Bill Skowron, gives New York a 2–0 win in the opener against Cincinnati at Yankee Stadium.
5th Joey Jay's 4-hitter, Gordy Coleman's 2-run HR, and 2 RBI hits by Johnny Edwards lead Cincinnati to a 6–2 win and even the WS.
The Indians trade CF Jim Piersall to Washington for P Dick Donovan, OF Gene Green, and IF Jim Mahoney. Donovan will respond will 20 wins and lead the AL in shutouts with 5.
6th In a Mexico-Northern Autumn League at Reynosa, Reynosa's Luis Tiant strikes out 20 Montemorelos Blues batters in a 6-3 win.
7th John Blanchard's pinch-hit HR ties the game in the 8th, and Roger Maris' 9th-inning HR off Bob Purkey is the difference in a 3–2 New York win for Luis Arroyo in game 3 of the WS.
8th Five more scoreless innings by Whitey Ford and 4 by Jim Coates silence the Reds. Hector Lopez and Clete Boyer each drive in 2 runs for a 7–0 win. Ford breaks Babe Ruth's WS record of 292⁄3consecutive scoreless innings, running his streak to 32.
9th Super-subs Johnny Blanchard and Hector Lopez spark a 5-run first inning and 13–5 win for New York. Both hit HRs, and Lopez drives in 5 runs. Bud Daley's long relief effort wraps up the Series, as Ralph Houk becomes the 3rd rookie pilot to guide a WS winner.
10th An expansion draft to stock the new NL clubs takes place in Cincinnati. Selecting 1st, Houston takes Giants SS Eddie Bressoud; the Mets take 31-year-old Giant C Hobie Landrith. Second choices are Bob Aspromonte (45s) and Elio Chacon. Other Houston selections include Bobby Shantz, Ken Johnson, Dick Farrell, and Bob Lillis. New York takes Roger Craig, Gil Hodges, Don Zimmer, Gus Bell, Jay Hook, among others. Also, Cards C Chris Cannizzaro, out much of this year due to an appendect
|
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CommonCrawl
| -0.320539 | -0.471101 | 2.281994 | -0.371494 |
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More than 51,000 students are enrolled in Kentucky's private colleges, and another 213
|
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CommonCrawl
| -1.048032 | -0.6695 | -0.496157 | 0.580326 |
,000 in Kentucky's many state and public institutions. To support an even broader range of students, some schools are getting creative to bolster enrollment, including favoring need-based financial aid packages and growing online education offerings, meaning increased higher education accessibility to students around the nation. So which of Kentucky's online colleges and universities offer a best-in-class experience for online students? Find the answer to this and other frequently asked questions about earning a college degree online in Kentucky below.
What's on This Page?
Best Online Colleges in Kentucky
How Much More Do College Grads Make?
The Impact of Accreditation for Online Colleges and Universities
Paying for Online College in Kentucky
Online College & Adult Education in Kentucky
Search All Accredited Colleges & Universities
2-Year Colleges
For this year's college rankings, our analysts carefully reviewed statistical data from multiple sources for more than 7,500 postsecondary institutions so that you could easily evaluate schools based on what matters most to you. For each school, we applied the eligibility criteria outlined below, then ranked schools and programs based on four ranking factors.
Eligibility Criteria for All Postsecondary Institutions:
Must be a not-for-profit institution
Must be regionally or nationally accredited
Must offer at least one online program1
Must be located in a state (schools in US territories and Washington DC were not considered)
Ranking Factors:
Dozens of data points were used to calculate a weighted score for four ranking factors: quality, affordability, flexibility and program (in order of significance). To determine quality, which was the most important consideration for all AS Online rankings, the most impactful data points were acceptance and graduation rates; for affordability, tuition2 and grants; for flexibility, part-time enrollment offerings; and for program, degrees conferred in that program area.
All rankings used data from the National Center for Education Statistics' Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS)
Accreditation information was from ABET and the US Department of Education's Office of Postsecondary Education
The Best Online MBA Programs rankings included data on GMAT scores from the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB)
Rankings for nursing bridge programs included data from the American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN) and DiscoverNursing.com
Some of our nursing program rankings used exam pass rates from NCLEX
How to Read Our Rankings Tool:
A dash indicates IPEDS data was not available
Annual in-state tuition is displayed unless stated otherwise
1 Our Best Vocational Programs rankings included data for both online and campus programs.
2 Both annual in-state and out-of-state tuition rates were used in our methodology; however, our Rankings Tool currently only displays annual in-state rates.
Colleges in Kentucky offer a wide range of amenities designed to improve the online college experience. But every student is different—for instance, some might want to find a school that offers interactive video conference classes to help them feel more connected to their peers and professors. Meanwhile, other students may want a college that provides mentors specifically for online students. But before looking for these specific amenities, you also want the peace of mind that a college is meeting certain quality standards to count themselves among the best places for earning an online degree in Kentucky. The following list highlights these top schools:
University Logo
University Title
# of Online Programs
Credit for Experience
University Description
1 Bluegrass Community and Technical College $3,744 19 18% 2% Yes Yes Yes Tweet Share School website
2 Jefferson Community and Technical College $3,744 17 13% 1% Yes No Yes Tweet Share School website
3 Elizabethtown Community and Technical College $3,744 18 30% 4% Yes Yes Yes Tweet Share School website
4 Somerset Community College $3,744 18 25% 11% Yes Yes Yes Tweet Share School website
5 Big Sandy Community and Technical College $3,744 17 22% 18% Yes Yes Yes Tweet Share School website
6 West Kentucky Community and Technical College $3,744 19 42% 1% Yes Yes Yes Tweet Share School website
7 Gateway Community
|
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CommonCrawl
| -0.175176 | -0.312772 | 0.513876 | 1.417674 |
and Technical College $3,744 17 30% 3% Yes Yes Yes Tweet Share School website
8 Southcentral Kentucky Community and Technical College $3,744 9 28% 1% Yes Yes Yes Tweet Share School website
9 Ashland Community and Technical College $3,744 16 21% 5% Yes Yes Yes Tweet Share School website
10 Owensboro Community and Technical College $3,744 13 31% 8% Yes No Yes Tweet Share School website
11 Southeast Kentucky Community and Technical College $3,744 10 30% 14% Yes Yes Yes Tweet Share School website
12 Hazard Community and Technical College $3,744 11 29% 15% Yes No Yes Tweet Share School website
13 Henderson Community College $3,744 7 23% 29% Yes Yes Yes Tweet Share School website
14 Hopkinsville Community College $3,744 5 22% 10% Yes Yes Yes Tweet Share School website
15 Madisonville Community College $3,744 5 44% 24% Yes Yes Yes Tweet Share School website
16 Maysville Community and Technical College $3,744 8 33% 6% Yes Yes Yes Tweet Share School website
1 University of Kentucky $10,173 6 91% 63% 67% Yes Yes Yes
The University of Kentucky is the state's largest university and the flagship of its public university system. UK offers a substantial number of fully online and hybrid degrees and certificates through its UK Online program. Fields of study include agriculture, communications, education, engineering, fine arts, nursing, physical therapy and social work, among many others. Students can also find 17 graduate-level certificate programs offered. Non-resident students taking only online courses during the spring and fall semesters pay the same tuition rates as Kentucky residents.
Tweet Share School website
2 Morehead State University $8,496 16 86% 49% 67% Yes Yes Yes
Nearly 40 degrees and certificates can be earned through distance learning at Morehead State University. A wide range of study fields is offered, including education, business administration and health care. Rank 1 programs in career & technical education and educational technology are also available. Programs of note include a Master of Arts in sport management and a nursing BSN post-licensure program. Most MSU distance-learning programs can be completed fully online, although some bachelor's degree programs are presented in a 2+2 degree-completion format requiring students to have completed their non-major coursework prior to beginning their online studies.
3 Murray State University $7,296 18 85% 53% 71% Yes Yes Yes
Murray State University offers a wide range of online learning options, including 8 bachelor's degrees, 15 master's degrees, 2 certificates and 3 teaching endorsements. 2 doctoral degrees and a general studies associate degree are also available. Fields of study include agriculture, business administration, education, information systems, nursing, public administration and many others. Degree and certificate completion times vary by program, but students should expect to devote a minimum of 6 to 8 hours per week participating in the online learning environment.
4 University of Louisville $11,068 7 73% 57% 59% Yes Yes Yes
The University of Louisville's Online Learning program offers 9 bachelor's and 10 master's degrees, as well as 6 certificates and 3 teaching endorsements, all of which feature coursework that can be completed 100% online. Fields of study include communications, computer science, criminal justice, education, engineering, social work and many more. Length of time required to complete a UL online degree, certificate or endorsement varies by program, but many bachelor's degrees can be completed in as little as 2 years, and some master's programs require as little as 3 semesters. Active-duty military are eligible for tuition discount rates, and tuition assistance is available for both active military and veterans.
5 Bellarmine University $37,850 3 82%
|
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CommonCrawl
| -0.784647 | -1.022335 | -0.00784 | 0.494314 |
68% 100% Yes Yes Yes
Bellarmine University offers online master's programs in Education, Higher Education Leadership and Social Justice, and Health Science (Health Promotion and Social Change track or the Healthcare Leadership track). Educators can also choose Rank 1 post-master's programs to enhance their career prospects. Students complete courses in Moodle and follow the typical semester schedule. Small classes of no more than 25 students highlight the interaction among peers and professors. Online student services include academic and tech support, library and learning resources, and any other services available to on-campus students.
6 Northern Kentucky University $9,000 25 91% 40% 61% Yes Yes Yes
Online options abound at Northern Kentucky University, including programs in business, healthcare, nursing and sociology. Full bachelor's degrees require 120 hours, but might be completed in less than four years, depending upon a student's chosen schedule. Many master's programs require between 30 and 38 credit hours, leading to completion in as little as one year. Multiple start dates and 7-week terms add even more flexibility. Student services offer assistance with advising, tutoring and more, and the Veterans Resource Station helps ensure those who have served can enjoy a streamlined online experience.
7 Eastern Kentucky University $8,568 31 86% 45% 51% No Yes Yes
Students at Eastern Kentucky University can choose from online degrees in dozens of fields, including some more unique options, such as those in police studies, social intelligence, veterans studies and fire science. Six start dates throughout the year allow for more flexibility, while eight-week courses through the Blackboard learning platform help build a quick, solid educational foundation. Online tutoring and robust resources, as well as dedicated student advisors, round out the assistance offered to distance learners.
8 Western Kentucky University $9,912 28 94% 54% 41% No Yes Yes
With over 100 online degree options, Western Kentucky University covers almost every academic field at the bachelor's and master's degree levels, as well as both undergraduate and graduate certificates. Award-winning online support includes online math and writing labs, tutoring, presentation and success coaching, and much more. This robust support helps students through the rigorous accelerated courses that allow for scheduling flexibility and completion of degree programs in anywhere from two to three years, depending upon the degree level and previous credits brought to WKU.
9 Asbury University $28,432 16 70% 67% 90% No Yes Yes
Through the Office of Adult and Professional Studies at Ashbury University, students can complete their bachelor's degree in education, business, ministry or social work. The fully online programs offer start dates in August, October, January or March. Courses are delivered in an eight-week accelerated format. A generous transfer credit policy helps ensure prior learning is applied to the degree completion, helping students complete their program in two years or less. Set tuition rates plus many scholarship options help bring college within reach for online learners.
10 Lindsey Wilson College $23,520 7 - 35% 97% No Yes Yes
Undergraduate students at Lindsey Wilson College can opt for online degrees in business administration, criminal justice, human services and counseling, and nursing (RN to BSN), while graduate students can choose the MBA, counseling and human development or Teacher as Leader programs. Accelerated, eight-week courses allow for flexibility, and the time to completion can be shortened with the application of generous prior learning credits. LWC Online is one of the many reasons Lindsey Wilson College is considered a military-friendly school.
11 Midway University $23,100 26 60% 29% 74% Yes Yes Yes Tweet Share School website
12 Campbellsville University $24,096 20 70% 40% 89% No Yes Yes Tweet Share School website
13 Brescia University $20,500 13 47% 27% 94% No Yes Yes Tweet Share School website
14 University of the Cumberlands $22,640 30 71% 36% 100% No No Yes
|
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CommonCrawl
| -0.131533 | -0.402319 | 0.026007 | 1.164699 |
Tweet Share School website
15 Union College $23,640 14 67% 35% 100% No Yes Yes Tweet Share School website
16 Kentucky Christian University $18,150 6 39% 34% 97% No No Yes Tweet Share School website
VIEW A CITY FROM KENTUCKY
How can I find which online colleges offer the degree I'm looking for in Kentucky?
If you already know your area of focus, the best way to check which colleges offer your desired program is to get online. The Kentucky Council on Postsecondary Education offers an academic program inventory that displays which licensed and accredited programs students can enter. Many institutions also list their programs online, such as Northern Kentucky University.
If you're not sure what you'd like to study, many online colleges in Kentucky offer a broad selection of bachelor's, master's, post-master's and certificate program options online, including Western Kentucky University. Colleges and universities with a wide array of programs may be ideal for students who do not yet know which major to pursue.
Search All Accredited Schools in Kentucky
Explore online degree programs Search Programs
Which online schools in Kentucky will accept my transfer credits or work/life experience?
Accredited colleges and universities in Kentucky generally allow students to transfer credits. However, some courses that transfer to one institution might not transfer to another, so you should contact the school that interests you to find out exactly which credits are accepted, and what the regulations on those credits may be.
EXAMPLE: The University of the Cumberlands lets you transfer credits earned at most regionally accredited colleges within the past five years, however, these credits cannot count toward your grade point average.
The Kentucky Community and Technical College System allows students to see how the credits they earn at any of the system's ten institutions will transfer to any of the state's public universities through the KnowHow2Transfer database.
In addition, some schools award students course credit for their professional, life, and work experiences. This can be done through a portfolio assessment and various knowledge tests and exams.
EXAMPLE: if you attend the University of Louisville's competency-based education program, you may earn as many as 48 credits for professional development, work experience, or military service to use towards a full degree.
How Much More Do College Grads in Kentucky Make?
Earning a college degree takes a lot of time and money, and many Kentucky students may wonder if an online education is worth the investment. By the numbers from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, yes—careers that require higher levels of education, on average, do pay more than those that require less than a college degree. The table below outlines the average pay that workers in Kentucky earn for careers requiring the following minimum degree levels:
No Formal
$30,206 $40,310 $51,194 $67,626 $68,082 $103,469
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2017
Kentucky residents who take on roles requiring a master's degree could earn $38,000 more each year than their counterparts without a formal education. Positions for doctoral degree holders pay $73,000 more per year, which is 2.5 times more than jobs that require only a high school diploma. With every level up in education, careers in Kentucky pay more.
Kentucky's College Education & Career Trends
Kentucky's Education and Workforce Development Cabinet released a report projecting growingly grim job prospects for non-college-degree earners in coming years. A recent economic impact reports shows 20 degree-required occupations are projected to provide more than 70 percent of the state's job openings through 2020:
Ranked by the number of job openings in Kentucky per year, highest to lowest:
Education Administrators, Elementary & Secondary School
Educational, Vocational and School Counselors
Clinical, Counseling and School Psychologists
Health Specialties Teachers, Postsecondary
Instructional Coordinators
Medical and Public Health Social Workers
Education Administrators, Postsecondary
Family & General Practitioners
The Impact of Accreditation for Online Colleges and Universities in Kentucky
Students in Kentucky continue to
|
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CommonCrawl
| -0.31918 | -0.444497 | 0.697682 | 1.442972 |
look for more flexible methods of earning their college education, and as online universities offer more programs to meet the demand, it's fair to wonder how well educational quality standards are maintained. It's true, not all online schools in Kentucky offer the same level of quality curriculum and student support. This is why looking for colleges with accreditation is important.
Learn More: How Accreditation Works
Regional Accreditation in Kentucky
The Southern Association of Colleges and Schools is the regional accrediting body for Kentucky's online colleges. Regulations are based on six core values: educational integrity, continuous quality improvement, peer review, accountability, student learning and transparency. Schools who do not meet their standards on each value will not have their accreditation status renewed.
Subject-Specific & Specialized Accreditation
Besides holding regional accreditation, many online schools in Kentucky also choose to hold accreditation for specific programs that they offer. For example, Northern Kentucky University's business college holds accreditation from the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business. The business school offers an online business administration bachelor's degree program with various concentration options.
Paying for Online College in Kentucky: Tuition & Financial Aid
We've shown that college-bound students in Kentucky are giving themselves to best opportunity to claim some of the top jobs in the state. But the financial investment of earning a college degree is still a very real hurdle for students. Fortunately, providing adequate financial aid options is becoming a priority, and colleges in Kentucky are getting more creative when it comes to financially supporting students. Here's a look at average tuition rates in Kentucky:
In-State Tuition, Public Colleges & Universities: $9,490
Change from 2015 $301
National Average:$8,778
In-State Tuition, Private Colleges & Universities: $24,258
Change from 2015 $1,219
National Average:$27,951
Source: National Center for Education Statistics, 2016
Some online colleges in Kentucky may charge online students the same rate as their in-state students, while others reserve more expensive rates for out-of-state students, both online or on-campus. To counter hefty tuition costs for non-residents, check out the Academic Common Market, where students can pay discounted tuition rates at particular schools in Kentucky and 14 other member states. If you are a resident of these member states, it makes tuition more affordable at more than 1,900 undergraduate or graduate programs, many of which are offered online.
What are Kentucky's requirements to qualify for in-state university tuition?
In Kentucky, students generally need to live in the state for a year before they qualify for in-state tuition. In addition, they must demonstrate that they intend to remain in the state permanently. However, students may appeal to the council responsible for final residency decisions for universities and colleges: the Council on Postsecondary Education.
Are online credits more affordable in Kentucky than other places?
Your state of residency could make a major difference when answering this question. For example at the University of Louisville, in-state students pay $11,000 and out-of-state students pay $26,000 for tuition and fees. This is below average for in-state tuition costs at public universities, but much higher than average for out-of-state students.
For undergraduate students in Kentucky versus other nearby states, here are current tuition costs per credit for 2018-2019 distance learning programs. Keep in mind, this does not include additional fees, which vary from school to school.
$378 to $1,022 per credit hour
$530 per credit hour
Liberty University (Virginia)
$314 to $985 per credit hour
Ball State University (Indiana)
Bluefield State College (West Virginia)
$365 per online credit hour
How can I get help paying for online college in Kentucky?
Students who plan to attend college in Kentucky might need assistance beyond the federal aid assessed by their FAFSA. While there are loans offered by the federal government, you can also take advantage of scholarship and grant opportunities available to learners studying online in Kentucky.
Gill-Elliott Scholarship: Students graduating from Highlands High School who plan to
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Exhibits - Events - Galleries, Free stuff elsewhere not London, Palestine - contemporary art and culture, Volunteering
Palestine Marathon 2015 'tells a different story' about human rights to freedom of movement – Bethlehem, Palestine (Occupied Territories)
Runner participating in the Palestine Marathon 2015, Bethlehem, Palestine (Occupied Territories). Photo credit Kelise Franclemont.
Date: 03/04/2015Author: kelise72 1 Comment
On 27 March 2015, over 3,000 runners from more than 50 countries participated in the 3rd annual Palestine Marathon event, completing 10 km, 21.1 km, or 42.2 km to demonstrate Article 13 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights: the Right to Freedom of Movement.
A story about human rights with running shoes
A full marathon course can not be laid out within the boundaries of the Separation Barrier/Wall that encircles Bethlehem, so runners must complete the length of a 10.25 km stretch of road four times in order to make the full distance of the Palestine Marathon. Some participants opted for a shorter race, competing in the 10 km or, like I did, chose the half-marathon event instead. In the case of the 10 or 21 km, competitors passed along this section of wall under the watchful eye of the Israeli Defence Force [IDF] only twice, instead of four laps as in the full marathon.
Map of the course, Palestine Marathon 2015, Bethlehem, Palestine (Occupied Territories). Image courtesy Palestine Marathon and Right to Movement.
The Apartheid Wall and watchtower along the course of the Palestine Marathon 2015, Bethlehem, Palestine (Occupied Territories). Image courtesy Nike+ and Kelise Franclemont.
And that's what the Palestine Marathon is about – a non-political, non-religious, non-violent resistance to the occupation, which is also about reclaiming one of the 30 basic human rights set out by the UN following World War II: the Right to the Freedom of Movement. Because this right is (and many others are) severely restricted for Palestinians, the Palestine Marathon gives people in the West Bank or Gaza the opportunity to put on a pair of trainers and claim back the right to movement for themselves.
Nader al-Masri from Gaza wins the Palestine Marathon with a time of 2:57, Bethlehem, Palestine (Occupied Territories), 27 March 2015. Photo courtesy EPA/JIM HOLLANDER.
The winner of this year's [2015] 42.2 km race is 2008 Beijing Olympian Nader al-Masri from Gaza, who finished first in 2 hours 57 minutes. al-Masri's story is especially important here because he competed for the first time in Palestine, thanks to receiving the necessary permits from the Israeli government to travel from Gaza City to Bethlehem the day before the race – demonstrating another aspect of what this event is about, that is, not just physical but systemised restrictions on movement as well.
Lest you think the Palestine Marathon is all about checkpoints and 10-metre [26-feet] high concrete walls guarded by soldiers with machine guns, we were also treated to views of hills around Bethlehem, like the photo below, showing red-roofed white stucco settlements with mansion blocks in neat concentric rings, always on top of the hill, always on the look-out towards the Palestinian towns:
View of Bethlehem and settlement of Homat Schmuel (centre left), taken from Bethlehem-Beit Sahour Road, Palestine Marathon 2015, Bethlehem, Palestine (Occupied Territories). Photo credit Kelise Franclemont.
On that note, a highly recommended read to learn more about settlements and other features of the occupation is the book "Hollow Land" by Eyal Weizman. But I digress…
"Trouble shared is a trouble halved"
What I really wanted to share about this event, and my participation in it, is
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firstly the importance of why people came from all over the world to join Palestinian runners in celebrating and increasing awareness of a basic human right many of us may take for granted, as stated in Article 13 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, ratified 10 December 1948:
(1) Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence within the borders of each state.
(2) Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his country.
Let me put it this way – thanks to nearly a century of religious and political finagling, so many Palestinian people do not enjoy the human right to move freely around in the nation of their birth (just two examples include not being allowed to access family farms or workplaces to prohibiting Palestinians from visiting relatives in town where they grew up, and the list goes on).
The second aspect of the Palestine Marathon, which starts in Bethlehem's Manger Square adjacent to the Church of the Nativity, seeks to change these restrictions of movement, one step at a time.
The starting line, the Palestine Marathon 2015, Bethlehem, Palestine (Occupied Territories). Photo credit Kelise Franclemont.
Sure, it was a difficult and technical course with quite a few hilly sections, and it was 25*C [nearly 80*F] besides. Added to the heat was the emotional response on the first encounter of the insidious grey barrier that grips Bethlehem on three sides – I felt like I'd been punched in the chest, and I was suffocated by anger, frustration, and sorrow all at once. The Wall felt so close I could hardly breathe, the thudding of my heart in my ears not quite drowning out the noise of the F-16 jet overhead.
Detailed view of graffiti on the apartheid wall on the course, Palestine Marathon 2015, Bethlehem, Palestine (Occupied Territories). Photo credit Kelise Franclemont.
The second run-by of the wall was easier than the first, I'm almost ashamed to say, one, because it takes an astonishingly short time to "normalise" the presence of occupation when it feels that nothing can be done about it, and two, I remembered that because I'm not Palestinian, I have the freedom to pass through the wall at any time I like, unhindered (if I don't mind the endless interrogation at the checkpoint because I might have met some Arab people, that is…) Three, the F-16 was gone and just about forgotten, after having twice-made the point that our event was noted by the Israeli military.
As I kept running, the course became almost effortless with so many friendly people who cheered and encouraged us to push on, despite the wall, despite the heat. Of course, there were scores of kids eager to give each runner a boost with a high-five, a cup of water, and a few sections of giant, luscious orange from some orchard nearby.
Runner receiving encouragement from a spectator in the Palestine Marathon, 2015, Bethlehem, Palestine (Occupied Territories). Photo courtesy Uriel Sinai for New York Times
There's much more to say yet I'm finding it hard to convey in just a few sentences my experience of this marathon. I mean, I've done other half-marathon events before, and this was by far the most difficult and meaningful of all: running here in this beautiful country enabled me to share an experience with an international running community, express my solidarity with Palestinian people, and bring back home "a different story" about Palestine.
The Bethlehem Museum, Palestine Marathon 2015, Bethlehem, Palestine (Occupied Territories). Photo credit Kelise Franclemont.
Runners and/or spectators, I can HIGHLY recommend this sporting event next year, especially if you're looking for something a bit alternative… but sign up as soon as it goes online, because places sell out quickly! And last but not least, runners earn a unique finishing medal to be treasured, handcrafted by local artisans of olive wood and inlaid with mother-of-pearl.
Have trainers, will travel… I am looking forward to next year!
p.s., no matter what anyone tells you, Afteem's is the
|
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] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
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C4
| -1.113242 | -1.681286 | -1.048021 | -1.640798 |
Written by Chuncheng Liu, University of California San Diego
Grim depictions of China's social credit systems (SCSs) have raised grave concerns. Some prominent politicians have described it as Orwellian, while others have downplayed its significance, calling it downright boring. What's clear is that Chinese SCSs are more ambitious than FICO and other financial credit systems and extend their purpose. But what do Chinese citizens think of these systems, with their potential to reach far into the daily lives of citizens? What aspects of SCSs receive broad support, and where is support more limited? Who supports broad punishment measures from SCSs, and who is reluctant to see the state endowed with that kind of reach?
Chinese Citizens are OK with Some Kinds of Surveillance
To examine Chinese public opinion on state-centered SCSs, we at China Data Lab administered an online survey of Mainland Chinese urban adult residents between January and April 2020.
We looked at public views of both surveillance and subsequent punishment. First, we measured respondents' opinions on state-centered SCSs' surveillance by taking the mean value of responses to eight questions. Each question started with "The following options have been included in the SCS in different localities. To what extent do you support these options being part of the SCS?" and then offered the name of the option, such as "misbehavior on the subway."
We then measured opinions on state-centered SCSs' punishment by the same approach, using the mean value of a set of responses to seven questions. All the surveillance and punishment options were selected from existing or proposed state-centered SCSs.
Respondents, in general, weren't particularly hostile to SCS surveillance by the state. The mean overall opinion score for state-centered SCS surveillance was 3.60 (Figure 1), which is above "neutral" and slightly under "somewhat support." "Switching jobs," which was proposed by one Zhejiang official as a data point to be included in one's SCS records, was the least popular criteria (mean = 2.75) for inclusion in an SCS; it was also the only option that had a mean score lower than 3. People also have mixed feelings about placing protests and petitions within the scope of SCS surveillance.
On the other hand, people are favorably predisposed to placing "uncivilized behaviors" under state surveillance. A majority of respondents, for example, favored including misbehavior on the train or the subway and domestic violence in SCS. Notably, a significant proportion of respondents, over 40%, favored including individuals who "spread rumors online" in the SCS.
Figure 1. How Much Does the Chinese Public Support Including the Following Behaviors in SCSs
Now we know that Chinese citizens favor including certain offenses in SCSs. What, then, do they think about punishments stemming from this inclusion?
Chinese Citizens Don't Favor Harsh Punishments from Social Credit
In general, the more damage or social impact a particular punishment had, the less supportive people were of that punishment. People were generally in favor of more mild punishments. The mean overall opinion score for state-centered SCS punishment was also 3.60 (Figure 2). Even for punishments which shared a fundamentally similar mode of action — publicizing blacklisted people's personal information — the public was less supportive of exposure that might directly impact one's immediate social network (e.g. exposure in their residential community) than publicizing the same information through the national credit platform. The least favored option was "restriction of children's entry into private schools," a punishment for people in the DSEL, one of China's most prominent SCSs. This low level of support may have its roots in the fear of collective punishment (lianzuo) that has been historically common in China. Interestingly, the most favored option was to use a low SCS score to disqualify individuals for civil service, indicating people's high expectations for public servants.
Figure 2. How Much Does the Chinese Public Support Including the Following Behaviors in Punishment Stemming from SCSs?
Now we know what people support insofar as what gets included in a SCS and what punishments should come from inclusion in an SCS. What, then, do we know about
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CommonCrawl
| 0.474201 | 0.644345 | 0.890453 | 1.189996 |
Corporate Finance reviews the principles used by corporations when assessing their financial decisions and selecting their short and long-term investments. Each module explains the most important concepts you should learn about corporate finance and helps you assess your knowledge through interactive quizzes.
Effective corporate governance is an essential element in the safe and sound functioning of corporations. Think of it as an oversight mechanism which includes the process, structures, and information used for directing and overseeing the management of a company in order to ensure that the shareholders' interests are always the number one priority. It encompasses the means by which members of the board of directors and senior management are held accountable for their actions in relation to shareholders' interests. This module focuses on how and why managers, boards of directors and shareholders carry out their functions in order to achieve the number one priority for all business: increasing the overall value of the firm.
"The goal of effective working capital management is to ensure that a company has adequate ready access to the funds necessary for day-to-day operating expenses, while at the same time making sure that the company's assets are invested in the most productive way." (Source: CFA). This module explains how to evaluate a firm's financial health when it comes to managing short-term assets and liabilities, which allows it to operate.
"The cost of capital is an important ingredient in both investment decision-making by the company's management and the valuation of the company by investors. If a company invests in projects that produce a return in excess of the cost of capital, the company has created value; in contrast, if the company invests in projects whose returns are less than the cost of capital, the company has actually destroyed value." (Source: CFA). This module explains step by step how financial analysts calculate a firm's cost of capital and how that calculation is applied in the business world.
"Capital budgeting is the process that companies use for decision making on capital projects–those projects with a life of a year or more." (Source: CFA). The fundamental financial objective of a firm is to maximize the value of the cash invested in the firm by stakeholders; therefore the importance of project selection is paramount. There are numerous ways that a project's potential can be evaluated and each method has its merits. This module describes various capital budgeting methods and details how a firm should invest its capital in order to provide its owners and creditors with added value.
"The financial analysis of a company is a process of selecting, evaluating, and interpreting financial data, along with other pertinent information, in order to formulate an assessment of the company's present and future financial condition and performance." (Source: CFA). The pro forma statement is prepared based on assumed events and transactions that have not yet occurred. They are similar to historical financial statements, but they focus on the future rather than the past. This module demonstrates the creation and use of pro forma financial statements when a firm is considering a step that could have a significant financial impact.
"Leverage is the use of fixed costs in a company's cost structure. Fixed costs that are operating costs (such as depreciation or rent) create operating leverage. Fixed costs that are financial costs (such as interest expense) create financial leverage." (Source: CFA). Deciding on the capital to raise and in what form is very important. If it is not done properly, it can mean paying too much to raise capital thereby reducing the return for shareholders. This module addresses how a firm decides on its optimal capital structure so that shareholders' wealth is maximized.
"Dividends and share repurchases are two ways a company can distribute cash to its shareholders. (…) Dividends and share repurchases concern analysts because, as distributions to shareholders, they affect investment returns and financial ratios. (Source: CFA). This module will help you understand how and why a firm's dividend policy is established and maintained in keeping with shareholders' interests.
Reena Atanasiadis obtained her MBA (with Honours) from the John Molson School of Business in 1995 and brings over 2 decades of experience in wealth management to her lectures. She has held multi-provincial licenses as Investment Counsel/Portfolio Manager and handled on a discretionary basis global assets valued at several hundred million dollars.
Her thorough understanding of investment management and market intermediary activities led her to start up the Wealth Management division of the largest independent accounting firm in Canada. She designed
|
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C4
| 0.89195 | 1.147885 | 0.754168 | 2.576301 |
Morocco into the World Cup semi-finals as the Atlas Lions make history against Portugal
December 14, 2022 by Kelan Sarson
When the final whistle was blown on Saturday, the all of Morocco couldn't believe their eyes – the Atlas Lions into a World Cup semi final, an unprecedented spot for an African side to hold.
The North African nation have only conceded one goal in the entire tournament so far, going toe-to-toe with the likes of Belgium, Spain and Portugal and ultimately reigning supreme. The next task of France in the semi-final might well be one hurdle too many, but with players such as Achraf Hakimi and Hakim Ziyech standing out and deemed 'elite' by Morocco head coach Walid Regragui, Les Bleus could well be unsettled in a contest that will be anything but a foregone conclusion.
This isn't the first time an African nation has taken a World Cup by storm, Ghana in 2010 were spearheaded by an in-prime Asamoah Gyan and featured names such as Kevin-Prince Boateng. They made the World Cup Quarter Finals in South Africa, Luis Suarez's cruel handball off the line turning the tie in Uruguay's favour who eventually went through on penalties. Cameroon have also looked confident on the International Stage in the past, making it all the way to Quarter Finals at Italia 1990 before England secured a narrow 3-2 win courtesy of two Gary Lineker spot-kicks.
Morocco have defied the usual stumbling for African sides on the biggest stage therefore, overcoming the heavily-fancied Portugal means all of Regragui's men are history-makers. They haven't lucked out either, they warrant the opportunity to make it to a World Cup final.
Qatar 2022 has thrown up a whole host of surprise results and nations unsettling the status quo, the biggest example of this came in one of the opening matches in Group C – Saudi Arabia pulling off an almighty shock in beating a Lionel Messi led Argentina 2-1. Canada showed off the potential of the underdog throughout their short stay in Qatar too, featuring in Morocco's group and making it tricky for Belgium, Croatia and the aforementioned Atlas Lions.
The Atlas Lions might well have even taken inspiration from Japan's exploits in the Middle East, a quick-fire double from Ritsu Doan and Ao Tanaka giving the Samurai Blue a famous 2-1 win over Spain. That victory was secured despite Japan only managing 228 passes all game to Spain's 1058, The Samurai Blue lethal against Luis Enquire's pass-heavy Spaniards.
Less about the other underdogs in Qatar, Morocco's journey to an unprecedented semi-final is the most impressive success story from a World Cup originally dismissed by the neutral. Now, even with the contentious decision to host the World Cup in a morally dubious nation lingering, success stories like Morocco's remind us of the joy of football.
The Atlas Lions had a tough task on paper to get out of their group, Belgium and Croatia expected to stroll into the Last 16. Morocco's defensive resilience ensured their opener against Croatia was fiercely competitive if a little drab, a 0-0 draw favouring the North African underdogs more than the Croats on the day. Yassine Bonou was crucial in the Qatar sunshine during that Group F opener, stretching a leg out to deny former Everton man Nikola Vlasic among many other interventions.
That goalless draw gave Morocco a solid foundation for their pivotal second group game against Belgium, the game that saw Morocco announce themselves as a threat in Qatar. The solid defensive show returned, but this time, the firepower up top was apparent. Wearing their changed strip of all-white at the Al Thumama Stadium, the match was hanging in the balance – Eden Hazard coming close for the Red Devils, Soufane Boufal equally testing Courtois in the Belgium net but the Angers man curled wide. It looked to be another stalemate, a commendable result and performance against a Nation boasting the likes of Kevin De Bru
|
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Batavian Rich Wagner shares USBC national high series award for his 899 on Feb. 11 at Mancuso's
posted by Mike Pettinella in Bowling, sports, United States Bowling Congress, Rich Wagner.
ARLINGTON, Texas – Lifelong Batavian Rich Wagner will share the men's National High Series Award for the 2019-20 season by virtue of the 899 series he recorded on Feb. 11 of this year in the Toyota of Batavia 5-Man League at Mancuso Bowling Center.
The United States Bowling Congress issued a press release today to announce award winners in the various categories.
Wagner, a 38-year-old left-hander, and Brent Bowers of Bel Aire, Kansas, each posted 899 series last season.
Bowers, 33, rolled his on Oct. 6, 2020 in the Bud Light Invite League at Northrock Lanes in Wichita, Kan. His games were 299-300-300 and his series is a state record.
Wagner registered 35 consecutive strikes on lanes 23-24 before leaving the 6-pin on his final delivery.
All national leaders will receive an award from the USBC.
In other categories:
Charles Easton of Sylvania, Ohio, has earned the men's USBC National High Average Award for a second consecutive season after putting together a near-record effort during the 2020-2021 season.
Easton, 30, posted the second-highest average in USBC history in the Toledo New Bath/Sparks Concrete league at Jug's Bowling Center in Toledo, Ohio, finishing with a 259.56 average for 75 games.
Jeff Carter of Springfield, Illinois, holds the record with a 261.7 average during the 2000-2001 season.
Easton earned the award during the 2019-2020 season after averaging 256.5 in the Oakie Schroyer III Memorial league, also held at Jug's Bowling Center. His performance during the 2019-2020 season ranked fourth on the all-time list at the time.
Easton averaged 251.48 for 93 games last season in the Oakie Schroyer/Generations Pro Shop league.
Team USA member Jordan Richard of Maumee, Ohio, was the women's high average winner for the 2020-2021 season, also competing at Jug's Bowling Center. The two-time Professional Women's Bowling Association Tour champion averaged 242.02 for 69 games in the Florian Insurance Classic league.
Richard, 25, recently helped Team USA win the gold medal in team competition at the International Bowling Federation Super World Championships in Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
Junior Team USA member Spencer Robarge of Springfield, Missouri, and Cassidy Potter of the Rochester suburb of Webster, have earned USBC National High Average Awards in the Youth Male and Youth Female divisions, respectively.
Robarge, 19, recorded a 250.67 average for 78 games in the Junior/Majors league at Springfield's Sunshine Lanes.
Robarge, the 2015 U12 Junior Gold Championships winner, made headlines earlier in 2021 after advancing to the stepladder finals at the USBC Masters in April, finishing in third place.
Potter, 18, earned her award by averaging 222.06 for 78 games in the Fairview Fri Juniors league at AMF Fairview Lanes in Fairport.
The women's USBC National High Series Award will go to Brandi Kordelewski of Belleville, Illinois, after she set the women's state record in Illinois with an 868 series on Nov. 18, 2020.
Kordelewski, 31, was competing in the Wednesday Night Ball league at Belleville's Bel-Air Bowl when she rolled games of 290, 279 and 299
Jacob Hartman of Camanche, Iowa, and Mikayla Blair of Springfield, Ohio, will
|
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CommonCrawl
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Policy Forum Policy Forum articles provide a platform for health policy makers from around the world to discuss the challenges and opportunities in improving health care to their constituencies.
Guidance for Evidence-Informed Policies about Health Systems: Assessing How Much Confidence to Place in the Research Evidence
Simon Lewin ,
* E-mail: simon.lewin@nokc.no
Affiliation Norwegian Knowledge Centre for the Health Services, Oslo, Norway, and Health Systems Research Unit, Medical Research Council of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
Xavier Bosch-Capblanch,
Affiliation Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Sandy Oliver,
Affiliation EPPI-Centre, Social Science Research Unit, Institute of Education, London, United Kingdom
Elie A. Akl,
Affiliation Department of Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America, and Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
Gunn E. Vist,
Affiliation Norwegian Knowledge Centre for the Health Services, Oslo, Norway
John N. Lavis,
Affiliation McMaster Health Forum, Centre for Health Economics and Policy Analysis, Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and Department of Political Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
Davina Ghersi,
Affiliation Department of Research Policy and Cooperation, Information, Evidence and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
John-Arne Røttingen,
Peter Steinmann,
Affiliation Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
Metin Gulmezoglu,
Affiliation UNDP/UNFPA/WHO/World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction, World Health Organization, Switzerland
Peter Tugwell,
Affiliation Department of Medicine, Institute of Population Health, and Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
Fadi El-Jardali,
Affiliation Department of Health Policy and Management, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon, and McMaster Health Forum, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
Affiliation Departments of Social and Environmental Health Research and of Nutrition and Public Health Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
Simon Lewin,
Metin Gulmezoglu
Simon Lewin Xavier Bosch-Capblanch ... Andy Haines
Citation: Lewin S, Bosch-Capblanch X, Oliver S, Akl EA, Vist GE, Lavis JN, et al. (2012) Guidance for Evidence-Informed Policies about Health Systems: Assessing How Much Confidence to Place in the Research Evidence. PLoS Med 9(3): e1001187. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001187
Copyright: © 2012 Lewin et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: The development of the Handbook was supported by a grant to the WHO by the Rockefeller Foundation, which had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The paper represents the views of the authors and neither WHO nor the Rockefeller Foundation.
Competing interests: The Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the Norwegian Knowledge Centre for the Health Services received funds from the WHO for the contributions of DD, PS, LB, SL, and XBC to developing a Handbook to produce health systems guidance, and some of this work is reported in this article. DG is a member of the PLoS Medicine Editorial Board. EAA and GEV are members of the GRADE Working Group. All other authors declare no competing interests.
Abbreviations: GRADE, Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation; WHO, World Health Organization
Provenance: Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Assessing how much confidence to place in different types of research evidence is
|
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key to informing judgements regarding policy options to address health systems problems.
Systematic and transparent approaches to such assessments are particularly important given the complexity of many health systems interventions.
Useful tools are available to assess how much confidence to place in the different types of research evidence needed to support different steps in the policy-making process; those for assessing evidence of effectiveness are most developed.
Tools need to be developed to assist judgements regarding evidence from systematic reviews on other key factors such as the acceptability of policy options to stakeholders, implementation feasibility, and equity.
Research is also needed on ways to develop, structure, and present policy options within global health systems guidance.
This is the third paper in a three-part series in PLoS Medicine on health systems guidance.
This is one paper in a three-part series that sets out how evidence should be translated into guidance to inform policies on health systems and improve the delivery of clinical and public health interventions.
Health systems interventions establish or modify governance (e.g., licensing of professionals), financial (e.g., health insurance mechanisms) and delivery (e.g., by whom care is provided) arrangements, and implementation strategies (e.g., strategies to change health provider behaviours) within health systems (which consist of "all organisations, people and actions whose primary intent is to promote, restore or maintain health"; see Box S1 for definitions of the terms used in this article). The focus of these interventions is to strengthen health systems in their own right or to get cost-effective programmes and technologies (e.g., drugs and vaccines) to those who need them. Decisions regarding health systems strengthening, including the development of recommendations by policy makers, require evidence on the effectiveness of these interventions, as well as many other forms of evidence. For example, in assessing potential policy options, reviews of economic evaluations and of qualitative studies of stakeholders' views regarding these options might be important (Table S1). Such evidence helps to address questions such as the cost-effectiveness of these options and which options are seen as appropriate by stakeholders.
Assessing how much confidence to place in the types of evidence available on health systems interventions is a key component in informing judgements regarding the use of such interventions for health systems strengthening (Box 1). This paper, which is the third of a three-part series on health systems guidance [1],[2], aims to:
Illustrate a range of tools available to assess the different types of evidence needed to support different steps in the policy-making process;
Discuss the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) approach to assessing confidence in estimates of effects ("quality of evidence") and to grading the strength of recommendations on policy options for health systems interventions;
Discuss factors that are important when developing recommendations on policy options regarding health systems interventions.
Box 1. Reasons Why It Is Important to Assess How Much Confidence Can Be Placed in Evidence to Guide Decisions on Health Systems Strengthening
Users of such evidence almost always draw implicit or explicit conclusions regarding how much confidence to place in evidence
Such evidence may inform judgements regarding recommendations, including the strength of such recommendations
Systematic and explicit approaches can be useful in:
facilitating critical appraisal of evidence
protecting against bias
clarifying implementation issues
resolving disagreements among stakeholders
communicating information regarding the evidence, the judgements made, and recommendations drawn from it
Systematic and explicit approaches are particularly important given the complexity of many health systems interventions. These interventions may be complex in terms of the number of discrete, active components and the interactions between them; the number of behaviours to which the intervention is directed; the number of organisational levels targeted by the intervention; the degree of flexibility or tailoring permitted in intervention implementation; the level of skill required by those delivering the intervention; and the extent of context dependency [48],[49]. Given the complexity of these interventions, deciding on the contextual relevance of evidence is a crucial component.
Source: adapted from [30].
The first paper in this series makes a case for developing guidance to inform decisions on health systems questions and explores challenges in producing such guidance and how these might be addressed [1]. The second paper explores the links between guidance development and policy development at global and national levels, and examines the range of factors that can influence policy development [2].
In this paper,
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which like the other two papers is based on discussions of the Task Force on Developing Health Systems Guidance (Box 2; [1],[2]), we focus particularly on the GRADE approach, which provides a transparent and systematic approach to rating the quality of evidence and grading the strength of recommendations [3].
Box 2. The Task Force on Developing Health Systems Guidance
The Task Force on Developing Health Systems Guidance was established in 2009 by the World Health Organization (WHO) to improve its response to requests for guidance on health systems.
The Task Force consisted of 20 members selected by WHO for their expertise in the field of health systems research and implementation.
Through a series of face-to-face and virtual meetings, the Task Force provided input to and oversight of the development of a Handbook for Developing Health Systems Guidance and to the identification of broader issues that warranted further dialogue and debate [39].
As part of this process, the Task Force and the Handbook developers reviewed approaches to developing clinical guidelines and the instruments used for clinical guideline development.
The Task Force suggested ways in which some of these approaches and instruments could be adapted for use in the development of health systems guidance and indicated where there were important differences between these approaches.
The writing group for this paper further considered the issues raised in these discussions and produced a first draft of the manuscript for comment by the Task Force.
This paper, and the other two in the series [1],[2], were finalised after several iterations of comments by the Task Force and external reviewers.
Tools to Assess the Evidence Needed to Support the Policy-Making Process for Health Systems Strengthening
Well-conducted systematic reviews [4] can be used to identify the best available evidence to inform judgements about the effects of policy options and to inform other key steps within the policy-making process (Table S1). As discussed in the second paper of this series [2], users need to be able to assess the quality of evidence presented in such reviews in relation to each step of the policy-making process. For example, when defining the problem and the need for intervention, tools are required to assess the confidence we can place in evidence from reviews of studies highlighting different ways of conceptualising the problem (e.g., reviews of studies of people's experiences of the problem) [5]. When assessing potential policy options, tools are needed to assess the confidence that can be placed in, for example, studies assessing impact (e.g., reviews of effectiveness studies). Similarly, when identifying implementation considerations, tools are required to assess the confidence that can be placed in reviews of factors affecting implementation.
Many tools are available to assess the risk of bias in individual studies of the effects of interventions [6] and to appraise individual qualitative studies [7]. Tools are also available to assess the quality of evidence synthesised in systematic reviews [6]. Such tools need to be appropriate to the types of studies included in the review and generic enough to be applicable across a range of questions, and must allow meaningful conclusions to be drawn regarding the quality of the included evidence. Judgements on how much confidence can be placed in the evidence from a review need to be distinguished from judgements about how well the review was conducted (i.e., its reliability). Tools have been developed to assess the reporting of systematic reviews and meta-analyses (e.g., the PRISMA checklist [8]) and to assess their methodological quality or reliability (e.g., the SUPPORT tools [9] and AMSTAR [10]) (Table 1). However, we focus here on tools to assess how much confidence can be placed in the evidence identified and presented in those reviews.
Table 1. Commonly used tools to assess systematic reviews and their findings and to assess clinical guidelines.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001187.t001
Assessing How Much Confidence to Place in the Findings of Reviews of the Effects of Policy Options
Tools to assess how much confidence to place in review findings are most developed for systematic reviews of evidence on effectiveness. The GRADE approach is one such tool, but many others are available [11]. Within GRADE, the quality of evidence derived from a systematic review is related to the quality of the included studies and to a range of other factors (Table S2). This approach has many strengths (Table S3) and is now used increasingly by international organizations, including the World Health Organization (WHO), the C
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ochrane Collaboration, and several agencies developing guidelines [3]. (Also see http://www.gradeworkinggroup.org.) We will discuss the application of the GRADE approach to assess the quality of evidence and the strength of recommendations for health systems interventions later.
Assessing How Much Confidence to Place in the Findings of Reviews of Questions Other Than Effects
Tools to assist judgements on how much confidence to place in the findings of reviews of questions other than effects that are relevant to the policy-making process are at an early stage of development. Such questions include stakeholders' values and preferences and the feasibility of interventions (Table S1). For some of these issues, judgements might be informed by systematic reviews of qualitative studies, together with local evidence [12]. Where reviews seek a qualitative answer to understand the nature of a problem, quality appraisal aims to assess the coherence of the resulting explanation, possibly across different contexts. Although quality criteria for individual qualitative research studies commonly consider the methods of each study and the credibility and richness of their findings [7],[13],[14], thus far tools for assessing the quality of systematic reviews of qualitative research have not considered the credibility and richness of findings. A potential tool for doing this is proposed in Table S4.
Reviews exploring factors affecting the implementation of options might employ mixed methods syntheses (i.e., syntheses of both qualitative and quantitative evidence) such as realist synthesis [15], which explores the explanatory theories implicit in existing programmes or policies, or framework synthesis, which provides a highly structured, deductive approach to data analysis drawing on an existing model or framework (for example, [16]–[18]). Quality appraisal then focuses on the confidence that can be placed in each conclusion drawn from individual studies [19]. Grading the evidence as a whole can take into account the number and context of the studies contributing to each conclusion, and the appropriateness of their methods for drawing that conclusion (for illustration, see [16]). A single study might refute or qualify a theory, but multiple studies together contribute to strengthening a theory. As yet, there are no tools for appraising how well mixed methods reviews have synthesised studies to draw conclusions about the advantages or disadvantages of policy options.
Resource use is another key issue, and tools are available to assess the reliability of reviews of economic studies [20]. In addition, GRADE provides guidance on how to incorporate considerations of resource use into recommendations [21].
The GRADE Approach to Assessing Confidence in the Estimates of Effects for Health Systems Interventions
The GRADE approach clearly separates two issues: the quality of the evidence and the strength of recommendations. Quality of evidence is only one of several factors considered when assessing the strength of recommendations.
Within the context of a systematic review, GRADE defines the quality of evidence as the extent to which one can be confident in the estimate of effect. Within the context of guidelines or guidance, GRADE defines the quality of evidence as the confidence that the effect estimate supports a particular recommendation. The degree of confidence is a continuum but, for practical purposes, it is categorised into high, moderate, low, and very low quality (Table S5).
Evidence on the effectiveness of health systems interventions raises a number of challenges that may, in turn, influence assessments of the quality of this evidence and the development of recommendations using the GRADE approach. Firstly, while experimental studies (including pragmatic randomised trials [22]) are feasible for some health systems interventions, for others (particularly those related to governance and financial arrangements), evidence may come mainly from observational studies, including evaluations of national or state-wide programmes [23],[24]. Secondly, evaluations of health systems interventions often use clustered designs and these are frequently poorly conducted, analysed, and reported [25],[26]. Thirdly, health systems interventions tend to measure proxy outcomes, such as the use of services or the uptake of an incentive. Evidence users need to decide whether there is sufficiently strong evidence of a relationship between the proxy outcome and the desired health outcome. The development of an outcomes framework to assist in assessing interventions (for an example, see [27],[28]) may help those developing guidance decide whether proxy outcomes are sufficient. Finally, poorly described health systems and political systems factors and implementation considerations may make it difficult
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CommonCrawl
| 0.602583 | 1.708528 | 0.755961 | 2.707848 |
to develop contextualised recommendations on policy options [29]. GRADE attempts to make the judgements regarding these issues systematic and transparent.
Developing Recommendations on Policy Options for Consideration Regarding Health Systems Interventions
Moving from evidence to recommendations on options for consideration often necessitates the interpretation of factors other than evidence. In most cases, these interpretations require judgments, making it important to be transparent, particularly given that recommendations will sometimes need to consider multiple complex health systems interventions, each with its own assessment of quality of evidence. Another challenge is the additional complexity of assessing the wide range of health system and political system factors that will influence the choice and implementation of options for addressing a health system problem in different settings (see the other papers in this series [1],[2]). For example, a health systems problem may involve a wide range of stakeholders, each with views regarding the available options. In addition, health systems interventions may have system-wide effects that vary across settings. Consequently, rather than making a single recommendation as in clinical guidelines, it may be more useful for health systems guidance to set out the evidence and outline a range of options, appropriate to different settings, to address a given health systems problem. These options may, in turn, feed into deliberative or decision-making processes at national or sub-national levels, as discussed later and elsewhere in this series [2].
Tools such as GRADE assist in grading the strength of a recommendation regarding options [30],[31] and can be applied to health systems interventions, but may benefit from explicitly including some additional factors (Box 3). Further research is needed to explore the usefulness of these additional factors but, in general, any tool used to guide the development of recommendations should aim to improve transparency by explicitly describing the factors, and their interpretation, that contributed to the development of recommendations.
Box 3. Factors That May Inform Decisions about the Strength of Recommendations Regarding Policy Options
GRADE factors (adapted from [30] ):
Whether there is uncertainty about the balance of benefits versus harms and burdens
The quality of the evidence from the systematic review (very low, low, moderate, high)
Whether there is uncertainty or variability in values and preferences among stakeholders
Whether there is uncertainty about whether the net benefits are worth the costs or about resource use
Whether there is uncertainty about the feasibility of the intervention (or about local factors that influence the translation of evidence into practice, including equity issues)
Additional factors that it may be useful to consider for health systems interventions:
Ease of implementation at the systems level, including governance arrangements (e.g., changes needed in regulations), financial arrangements (e.g., the extent to which the options fit with financing models within settings), and implementation strategies (e.g., how to provide the skills and experience needed among implementers or facilitators)
Socio-political considerations, e.g., how the proposed options relate to existing policies, values within the political system in relation to issues such as equity or privatisation, and economic changes
Within the GRADE approach, recommendations reflect the degree of confidence that the desirable effects of applying a recommendation outweigh the undesirable effects. Specifically, a strong recommendation implies confidence that the desirable effects of applying a recommendation outweigh the undesirable effects, whereas a conditional/qualified/weak recommendation suggests that the desirable effects of applying a recommendation probably outweigh the undesirable effects, but there is uncertainty.
GRADE attempts to make all judgments regarding the factors that are considered in developing recommendations transparent (by documenting these judgments) and systematic (by using the same approach across all the questions being considered by the guideline). Tables 2, S6, and S7 provide illustrations of the application of the GRADE approach to health systems interventions involving delivery and financial arrangements and implementation strategies, respectively, and show how guidance on health systems interventions might outline a range of options appropriate to different settings—an approach on which further research is needed. In common with other grading systems, GRADE does not yet provide guidance on how to assess the level of confidence that can be placed in evidence on "acceptability" or "feasibility". Conventionally, these judgements have been made by consensus among the guideline panel, which needs to include individuals with expertise and experience relevant to the guideline questions. Further work is needed to develop a formal way of assessing the quality of such evidence.
Table 2. Example of factors affecting decisions about strength of recommendations—L
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CommonCrawl
| 0.784626 | 1.85388 | 0.700371 | 2.879872 |
ay or community health workers to reduce childhood mortality.
Challenges in Moving from an Assessment of the Quality of Evidence to Making Recommendations on Policy Options
The move from an assessment of the quality of evidence to making recommendations on policy options involves a number of challenges. Firstly, assessments of the strength of a recommendation may require a detailed understanding of the evidence creation and evaluation process that is not always available. Secondly, categorising recommendations as "strong" and "weak" can raise difficulties. Panels developing global guidance may, for example, be reluctant to make "weak" recommendations in case policy makers fail to respond to such recommendations because they assume they are equivalent to "no recommendation". Thirdly, the quality of evidence is typically assessed for two alternative policy options in tools such as GRADE, while many health system (and, indeed, many clinical decisions) involve multiple interventions, which adds to the complexity of interpretation and decision-making and makes it even more important to be transparent.
How might some of these challenges be addressed? Methodological expertise is needed to conduct and interpret systematic reviews and perform assessments using tools such as GRADE. Health systems guidance panels therefore need to be supported by methodology experts. Moreover, the outputs of these tools need to be "translated" into appropriate language and formats to ensure that they can be interpreted and used correctly by the panel. Research is under way within initiatives such as the DECIDE (Developing and Evaluating Communication strategies to support Informed Decisions and practice based on Evidence; http://www.decide-collaboration.eu) collaboration on ways of presenting information on GRADE assessments and policy options to policy makers.
Additional Challenges
There are other wider challenges involved in making recommendations on policy options regarding health systems interventions. Firstly, the tools used to assess the quality of evidence and develop recommendations need to be able to accommodate the wide range of study designs that is used to assess the effectiveness of health system interventions. This is possible within GRADE. Secondly, tools need to be developed to inform judgements on how much confidence to place in the other forms of evidence (e.g., evidence on acceptability) that are needed to develop recommendations regarding health systems interventions [32].
Finally, international standard-setting organisations, such as WHO, have to formulate recommendations that are applicable at a global level. However, as noted earlier, creating global recommendations on health systems questions can be difficult because of important variations in context-specific factors that influence the applicability of interventions at national and sub-national levels [2],[33]. An approach that should help to link guidance development at the global level with policy development at the national level is outlined in the second paper of this series [2].
Where it is useful to make recommendations at the global level, those developing guidance may choose to outline policy options rather than a single recommendation. Such options may encompass one or more questions and may be based on the range of interventions considered in relation to these questions. Health and political systems factors could be taken into account by linking specific options to these factors. For example, the options may describe variations in the intervention content and method of implementation, based on the evaluations that have been conducted in different settings. Further work is needed to explore how policy makers might interpret and select policy options outlined in global guidance. However, one useful approach might be to provide national decision makers with tools to assist them in making recommendations appropriate to their setting. Several such tools are available [33],[34] or in development (see http://www.decide-collaboration.eu/work-packages-strategies). Importantly, global guidance should always indicate the factors that should be considered to assess the implications of variations in intervention, context, and other conditions. Decision models may be useful in exploring the effects of these variations (for example, [35],[36]). Given the often low quality evidence available regarding policy options for health systems problems, it is also likely that in many cases the recommended option(s) will need to be evaluated.
Presenting Evidence Regarding Contextual and Implementation Issues to Guidance Panels and Policy Makers
The best way to communicate evidence on contextual and implementation issues related to health systems and political systems to guidance panels and policy makers to inform their judgements about the strength of recommended options is currently unclear. Related work on summary of findings tables for systematic reviews of effects and evidence summaries for policy makers has illustrated the importance of paying attention to both format and content in developing useful and understandable presentation approaches [3
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CommonCrawl
| 0.815872 | 1.583941 | 0.51029 | 2.505468 |
7],[38]. The Handbook for Developing Health Systems Guidance sets out an approach for presenting this type of evidence to stakeholders in a user-friendly evidence profile [39]. Similarly, the second paper in this series describes the wider features of health and political systems that may need to be assessed to inform decision-making [2].
If we want to ensure that guidance panels and policy makers use evidence to inform judgements about the strength of recommended options, more research is needed to develop and test approaches (including visual formats) for presenting the available evidence to such groups. In addition, efforts are needed to build the capacity of policy makers to use evidence to inform their decisions [2],[12],[40].
Useful tools are available for grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations on policy options regarding health systems interventions, but several challenges need to be addressed. Firstly, these tools involve judgements, and these need to be made systematically and transparently. Secondly, for many health systems questions, evidence is still likely to be of low quality. Better quality research in these areas is needed and would allow guidance panels to have more confidence in the evidence and to issue stronger recommendations. Thirdly, research is needed on ways to develop, structure, and present policy options for consideration within global health systems guidance. These options need to include evidence on health and political system factors and implementation considerations, and tools to assess such evidence need to be refined. Finally, greater attention needs to be given to how guidance on health systems interventions may be implemented at the local level.
Alternative Language Summary Points S1.
Translation of the Summary Points into Spanish by Xavier Bosch-Capblanch
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001187.s001
Translation of the Summary Points into French by Bruno Clary, William Lenoir, and Lise Beck
Translation of the Summary Points into Portuguese by Bruno Viana
Translation of the Summary Points into Arabic by Fadi El-Jardali
Box S1.
Definitions of terms used in this paper
Table S1.
Types of systematic reviews needed for different steps in the policy-making process and the availability of tools to assess how much confidence can be placed in the evidence presented in these reviews
GRADE criteria for assessing the quality of evidence for each important outcome assessed in a systematic review of effects
Strengths of the GRADE approach
Assessing how much confidence can be placed in the findings of systematic reviews of qualitative studies
Definitions of the quality of evidence categories within GRADE
Example of factors affecting decisions about strength of recommendations—Changes in user fees in low- and middle-income countries
Example of factors affecting decisions about strength of recommendations—Continuing education programmes for rural health workers to support their retention
We acknowledge other members of the Task Force on Developing Health Systems Guidance, who include (with their affiliations at the time when the Task Force was initiated): Edgardo Abalos, Centro Rosarino de Estudios Perinatales (Argentina); Abdul Ghaffar, Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research, World Health Organization (Switzerland); Timothy Evans, Assistant Director-General, Information, Evidence and Research, World Health Organization (Switzerland); Regina Kulier, Department of Research Policy and Cooperation, Information, Evidence and Research, World Health Organization (Switzerland); Pierre Ongolo-Zogo, Centre for the Development of Best Practices in Health, Yaoundé Central Hospital, and University of Yaoundé, Yaoundé (Cameroon); Tikki Pang, Department of Research Policy and Cooperation, Information, Evidence and Research, World Health Organization (Switzerland); Ulysses Panisset, Department of Research Policy and Cooperation, Information, Evidence and Research, World Health Organization (Switzerland).
Thanks also to the following for their thoughtful input: Claire Glenton and Andy Oxman, Norwegian Knowledge Centre for the Health Services (Norway).
Conceived and designed the experiments: SL XBC SO EAA GEV JL DG JAR PS MG PT FEJ AH. Wrote the first draft of the manuscript: SL. Contributed to the writing of the manuscript: XBC SO EAA GEV JL DG JAR PS MG PT FEJ AH. ICMJE criteria for authorship read and met: SL XBC SO EAA GEV
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JL DG JAR PS MG PT FEJ AH. Agree with manuscript results and conclusions: SL XBC SO EAA GEV JL DG JAR PS MG PT FEJ AH.
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evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ 336: 924–926.
31. Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Schunemann HJ, Tugwell P, Knottnerus A (2011) GRADE guidelines: a new series of articles in the Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. J Clin Epidemiol 64: 380–382.
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33. Lavis JN, Oxman AD, Souza NM, Lewin S, Gruen RL, et al. (2009) SUPPORT tools for evidence-informed health policymaking (STP) 9: assessing the applicability of the findings of a systematic review. Health Res Policy Syst 7: Suppl 1S9.
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44. Glenton C,
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(Redirected from Fallout: A Post Nuclear Role-Playing Game)
This page is about the game itself. For an overview of our Fallout-related articles, see Portal:Fallout.
A Post Nuclear Role Playing Game
Developer Interplay Entertainment
The Omni Group (Mac release)
Publisher Interplay Entertainment (1997-2013)
Bethesda Softworks (2014-current)
Edusoft (ARG)
MacPlay (Mac release)
Genre Role playing game (RPG)
Modes Single player
Platforms DOS, Microsoft Windows, Macintosh (separate OS X & classic releases)
Media 1 CD
System Requirements PC:
Intel Pentium 90 CPU; Microsoft Windows 95 or higher, or DOS 5.0 or higher; 16MB RAM; 2x CD-ROM drive; DirectX 3.0a (if playing on Windows); 1 MB VESA-compliant SVGA graphics card; Sound Blaster compatible sound card
80MHz or faster Power Macintosh (G3-233MHz for OS X); 2X or faster CD-ROM drive; 640x480 capable color monitor; 95MB free hard disk space (600MB for OS X); 16 MB free memory (with Virtual Memory turned off) (128MB of RAM for OS X); Mac OS 7.5 or greater (Mac OS X 10.1.4 for OS X); Display Library (version 1.0 or greater) required for System 7.5 to System 7.5.2; Display Enabler (version 2.0 or greater) required for System 7.5 to System 7.5.1; DrawSprocket 1.1.2 or later is required for all (classic) system software
The Vault has media related to this article.
The Vault has documentation related to this article.
Fallout: A Post Nuclear Role Playing Game, developed and published by Interplay on September 30, 1997, is the first game in the Fallout series. The game was initially intended to use Steve Jackson Games' GURPS system, but when Interplay made the decision to drop GURPS on February 12, 1997, Interplay created its own system, S.P.E.C.I.A.L..[1] The estimated sales figures for Fallout between 1997 and 2000 are 144,000 copies sold.[2]
Fallout is seen as the "spiritual successor" to Interplay's classic 1987 CRPG Wasteland.[3]
1 Gameplay
1.1 Character attributes
1.3 Traits and Perks
2.1 Setting
2.3 Characters
2.3.1 Protagonist
2.3.2 Recruitable non-player characters
3.1 Developers
3.3 International versions
4 Current availability
5 Film adaptation
Fallout is an RPG or role-playing game with turn-based combat and a pseudo-isometric view.
Main article: Fallout primary statistics
Fallout uses a character creation system called SPECIAL. SPECIAL is an acronym of Strength, Perception, Endurance, Charisma, Intelligence, Agility, and Luck. These are the seven basic attributes of every character in the game. They are used to determine the skills and perks of the given character. The developers originally intended to use the GURPS [1] system, but late in the development process they moved to the new SPECIAL system.
Main article: Fallout skills
There are 18 different skills in the game. They are ranked from 0% to 200%. The starting values for those skills at Level 1 are determined by the player's 7 basic attributes or SPECIAL, but most of those skills would fall between 0% and 50%. Every time the player gains a level, he/she will be awarded skill points to be used to improve their skills, equal to 5 points + twice their Intelligence. The player may choose to "Tag" 3 of the 18 skills. A tagged skill will improve at twice the normal rate.
6 combat skills: Small Guns, Big Guns, Energy Weapons, Unarmed, Melee Weapons, Throwing
8 active skills: First
|
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CommonCrawl
| -0.838818 | 0.036981 | 1.292135 | 0.491784 |
Aid, Doctor, Sneak, Lockpick, Steal, Traps, Science, Repair
4 passive skills: Speech, Barter, Gambling, Outdoorsman
Skill books found throughout the game world can also improve some of those skills permanently, although books are scarce early in the game. However, after a skill reaches a certain level, books no longer have any impact on that skill. Some non-player characters can also improve Skills via training. How high a Skill can be developed is affected by the character's Attributes - a character with a low Intelligence will not be able to boost their Science rating as high as a character with high Intelligence, for example.
Some skills can also be improved while having certain items equipped. (E.g. equipping a lockpick would improve lockpicking skills.) Chems can also temporarily boost player's skills; however, they often have adverse effects such as addiction and withdrawal. As skills grow higher in rating, they begin to cost more skill points to increase.
Traits and Perks
Main articles: Fallout traits, Fallout perks
At character creation, the player may choose up to two different traits and perks for their character. Traits are special character backgrounds. Most traits have profound effects on game play. A trait normally contains one beneficial effect and one detrimental effect. They are listed under perks in the character interface. Once a Trait is chosen, it is impossible to change, except by using the "Mutate" Perk that lets them change one trait, one time.
Perks in the game are special elements of the level up system. Every three levels (or every four if the player chose the "Skilled" Trait), the player is granted a perk of their choosing. Perks grant special effects, most of which are not obtainable via normal level up in the game, such as letting the player have more actions per turn. Unlike traits, most perks are purely beneficial – they are usually offset only by the infrequency of acquiring them.
Main article: Fallout world
The game is set in a post-apocalyptic world following the Great War, a nuclear war that occurred on October 23, 2077 and lasted less than two hours but caused immense damage and destruction. Before the Great War came the Resource Wars, during which the United Nations was disbanded, a plague rendered the United States paranoid, and Canada was annexed.
The game takes place in 2161 in Southern California and begins in Vault 13, the protagonist's home. Vault 13's water chip, a computer chip responsible for the water recycling and pumping machinery, has broken and Vault 13's Overseer tasks the protagonist, dubbed the "Vault Dweller," with finding a replacement. They are given a portable device called the "Pip-Boy 2000" which keeps track of mapmaking, quest objectives, and various bookkeeping aspects. Armed with the Pip-Boy and meager equipment, the Vault Dweller is sent out into the remains of California to find another water chip.
The player initially has 150 days before the Vault's water supply runs out. This time limit can be extended by 100 days if he/she commissions merchants in the Hub to send water caravans to Vault 13. Upon returning the chip, the Vault Dweller is then tasked with destroying a mutant army that threatens humanity. A mutant known as "The Master" has begun using a pre-War, genetically engineered virus called Forced Evolutionary Virus to convert humanity into a race of "super mutants", and bring them together in the Unity, his plan for a perfect world. The player is to kill him and destroy the Mariposa Military Base housing the supply of FEV, thus halting the invasion before it can start.
If the player does not complete both objectives within 500 game days, the mutant army will discover Vault 13 and invade it, bringing an end to the game. This time limit is shortened to 400 days if the player divulged Vault 13's location to the water merchants. A cinematic cut-scene of mutants overrunning the vault is shown if the player fails to stop the mutant army within this time frame, indicating the player has lost the game. If the player agrees to join the mutant army, the same cinematic is shown.
In version
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CommonCrawl
| -0.160402 | 0.439295 | 1.496563 | 0.782706 |
1.1 of the game, the time limit for the mutant attack on Vault 13 is eliminated, allowing players to explore the game world at their leisure.
The player can defeat the Master and destroy the super mutants' military base in either order. When both threats are eliminated, a cut-scene ensues in which the player automatically returns to Vault 13. There they are told that they have done great things for the vault and all of humanity but if they came back everyone would want to leave the Vault and that the Vault Dweller must leave for the good of the Vault. Thus they are rewarded with exile into the desert, for, in the Overseer's eyes, the good of the vault. There is an alternate, non-canonical ending (available if the player has the "Bloody Mess" trait, has accrued significant negative karma throughout the game, or performs the action manually) in which the Vault Dweller draws a handgun and shoots the Overseer after they are told to go into exile.
Main article: Fallout characters
The player or protagonist of Fallout is an inhabitant of one of the government-contracted fallout shelters known as Vaults. In subsequent Fallout games, he/she is referred to as the "Vault Dweller".
The protagonist is governed by the SPECIAL character system, which was designed specifically for Fallout and is used in the other games in the series.
At the end of the game, the Vault Dweller would be exiled from Vault 13 and would eventually found Arroyo, the starting point for Fallout 2. The Chosen One, the protagonist in Fallout 2, is the descendant of the Vault Dweller.
Recruitable non-player characters
A diverse selection of various recruitable non-player characters can be found to aid the player in the post-apocalyptic wasteland. Unlike in Fallout 2, there is no limit to the number of non-player characters that the player may recruit in Fallout. Non-player characters' statistics and armor remain unchanged through the entire game; only their weapons may be upgraded.
Ian can be found in Shady Sands and is the first recruitable non-player character that the player meets. He is an experienced traveler and gunman. Ian can equip any pistol or SMG, and wears a leather jacket.
Dogmeat is the only nonhuman non-player character that the player may recruit. Dogmeat can be found in Junktown, outside of Phil's house, preventing him from entering his house. The player may attract Dogmeat by either wearing a leather jacket or feeding the dog an iguana-on-a-stick. After that, Dogmeat will follow the player.
Tycho is a former Desert Ranger, now living in Junktown. He can wield rifles, shotguns, and spears.
Katja may be recruited in the library in the Los Angeles Boneyard. She can fight unarmed and wield pistols and SMGs.
The Fallout developer team had nearly 100 members (mostly artists). Although most of the team dissolved after Fallout was released, about one third of them formed Interplay's Black Isle division that was responsible for Fallout 2. Some went on to work in future projects, and several key players left Interplay altogether to form Troika Games.
Main article: Fallout soundtrack
The game soundtrack for Fallout was composed by Mark Morgan.
International versions
The game underwent censorship in certain international versions, including the removal of all children from the game in some of the European versions (e.g. British and German ones). This censorship was apparently imposed because the game included the possibility of killing children, although this was in no way promoted (on the contrary, the game actively discourages this act, though it remains possible as part of the player's free will). Among its consequences are unfriendly responses from non-player characters, bounty hunters regularly and repeatedly attacking the player, and various non-player characters refusing to join the player's party. In addition to being frustrating for many of the game's players, the removal of children from the game is known to have produced a number of bugs in it. A fan-made patch that returned the children to the game eliminated both the censorship and the bugs.
New boxed editions of the game are published from time
|
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] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| -0.35654 | 0.082404 | 1.715336 | 0.142678 |
Borrachera de poder (en francés L'ivresse du pouvoir) es una película francesa dirigida por Claude Chabrol, estrenada en el Festival de Cine de Berlín el 16 de febrero de 2006, y comercialmente el 22 del mismo mes. En España su estreno comercial fue el 11 de mayo de 2007.
Aunque la película comienza irónicamente con un aviso de que todo lo que el espectador está a punto de contemplar es producto de la imaginación del director, y que cualquier parecido con la realidad es casual, Chabrol se inspiró en el escándalo político y financiero que protagonizó a mediados de los 90 la petrolera francesa Elf Aquitaine, y en la figura de Eva Joly, magistrada encargada del caso.
Sobre la película
La juez de instrucción Jeanne Charmant-Killman (Huppert) es encargada de investigar la trama de malversación de fondos de un grupo empresarial cuyo director es Michel Humeau (Berléand), al que decide encarcelar, mientras comienzan a desfilar por su despacho toda una serie de personajes relacionados con la trama, a los que interroga casi sádicamente.
Pero a la vez que las investigaciones judiciales avanzan, su poder aumenta, y la vida personal de Jeanne se resiente. Su marido Philippe (Renucci), herido en su orgullo masculino, se aparta poco a poco de ella. Sólo Félix (Thomas Chabrol), el sobrino de Philippe se mantiene a su lado, y es el único hombre que durante el film es capaz de manter una conversación normal con ella.
Como en casi todas las películas de Chabrol, la mujer es la que tiene el rol dominante, dominante además desde su propio apellido, Charmant-Killman, mezcla de francés e inglés que se podría traducir como "encantadora mata hombres". Y mientras Jeanne domina a todos los roles masculinos de la película, desde su apocado marido pasando por un jefe de policía o por el mismísimo todopoderoso director de una empresa, el poder comienza a dominarla a ella, sin saber que su ambición está avivada precisamente por aquellos a los que persigue, para intentar comprarla; un grupo de hombres que está detrás de toda la trama financiera, pero tranquilamente protegidos por su dinero.
Los fracasos familiares de Jeanne se ven resarcidos con el poder del que goza en su vida laboral, donde somete a su voluntad a los hombres. El machismo le sierve como excusa a Chabrol para ejectuar un magistral traspaso de poderes, donde la mujer no domina al hombre, sino que se convierte en él. Jeanne fuma cigarro tras cigarro, siempre acompañada de sus guantes rojos, y sin importarle exprimir al máximo a sus colaboradores, tan sumisos como los hombres a los que ha despojado de su poder y su dinero.
El poder pone a Jeanne al límite, hace que se asome a un precipicio donde se da cuenta de que la Justicia a veces no es tal para todos, y que hay un poder más grande al que no puede hacer frente, un poder más grande que cualquier juez y que cualquier código penal: el dinero.
Reparto
Isabelle Huppert (Jeanne Charmant-Killman)
François Berléand (Michel Humeau)
Patrick Bruel (Jacques Sibaud)
Marilyne Canto (Erika)
Robin Renucci (Philippe)
Thomas Chabrol (Félix)
Jean-François Balmer (Boldi)
Pierre Vernier (Presidente Martino)
Jacques Boudet (Descarts)
Philippe Duclos (Jean-Baptiste Holéo)
Jean-Christophe Bouvet (Parlebas)
Michelle Goddet (Nicole Humeau)
Yves Verhoeven (Benoît)
Pierre-François Dumeniaud (Leblanc)
Véase también
Filmografía de Isabelle Huppert
Enlaces externos
Películas de 2006
Películas
|
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Wikipedia
| 0.504768 | -0.242042 | -1.356456 | -1.580084 |
9 Lessons Romantic Comedies Taught You That Totally Aren't True
If only life were like a romantic comedy. You'd know that no matter what kind of trials and tribulations you faced, everything would come together. Sure, you might have to deal with heartbreak, but your love life would be patched up and topped off with a pretty bow after! Plus, you'd probably get to participate in a really fun dance montage in a dressing room at some point. But since that's unfortunately not how the real world works, here a few love-life lessons romantic comedies teach that usually aren't true. The douchebag playboy is actually a sweetheart. And he is going to fall madly in love with you, possessor of a magical vagina that makes him see the one-woman light! *As seen in: Basically just look up Gerard Butler and you'll find every example of this. If that's not enough, Sex and the City, and Crazy, Stupid, Love. Kooky best friends/sidekicks never have their own lives. Hey, romantic-comedy heroines, your friend's life deserves some attention too! Have you ever asked her how her job's going? Helped her spruce up her Tinder profile? No? Shame on you. *As seen in: anything Judy Greer's ever been in. Women bond over sharing the
By Zahra Barnes
If only life were like a romantic comedy. You'd know that no matter what kind of trials and tribulations you faced, everything would come together. Sure, you might have to deal with heartbreak, but your love life would be patched up and topped off with a pretty bow after! Plus, you'd probably get to participate in a really fun dance montage in a dressing room at some point. But since that's unfortunately not how the real world works, here a few love-life lessons romantic comedies teach that usually aren't true.
__The douchebag playboy is actually a sweetheart. __ And he is going to fall madly in love with you, possessor of a magical vagina that makes him see the one-woman light! *As seen in: Basically just look up Gerard Butler and you'll find every example of this. If that's not enough, Sex and the City, and *Crazy, Stupid, Love.*1. Kooky best friends/sidekicks never have their own lives. Hey, romantic-comedy heroines, your friend's life deserves some attention too! Have you ever asked her how her job's going? Helped her spruce up her Tinder profile? No? Shame on you. *As seen in: anything Judy Greer's ever been in.
Women bond over sharing the same guy. I wish this were true and women teamed up to create a task force that spiked the cheater's drinks with estrogen. Sadly, the guy usually makes it out much easier in real life. Sometimes even with one of the women by his side instead of rightly nestled into the sisterhood, where she should be. *As seen in: John Tucker Must Die and its grown-up sibling The Other Woman.
You are Cinderella and you will meet your prince. Like, a real prince. Or a politician, or some other person who lives a very charmed life. You won't realize who he is, and he'll fall for you because you don't take his crap like everyone else who can guess how many zeros are in his bank account. *As seen in: Maid in Manhattan, The Prince and Me.
Your grand gesture is on its way.The guy's screwed up, you're ignoring his calls, and he's determined to get you back. He might even crash your date with a perfectly nice, deathly boring man to do so.
*As seen in: The Break-Up, Say Anything, Love Actually.
A wedding is the perfect time to reveal secrets and make declarations. Instead of, you know, wishing happiness upon the two people who are getting married. Oh, and one of them might be you. *As seen in: Wedding Crashers, Jumping the Broom, My Best Friend's Wedding.
You'll orgasm without a problem. Much like a good game of football, in many romantic comedy sex scenes, there are no fumbles. You will both get off and look model-esque doing it. Unless you do
|
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CommonCrawl
| -0.050191 | -1.468449 | -1.329557 | -1.381498 |
Employee Reviews
's Reviews
Jennings Heating Company | 1671 E Market St | Akron, OH 44305
* Total number of reviews and star-ratings are based on data collected during the time period Jennings Heating Company has been using the ReviewBuzz system and may not directly match the data found on each public review site.
By Nancy P. on 07/15/19
Hi, Sean is a five star employee of Jennings. He does his work professionally and efficiently. He also gives the explanation of work. And also pleasant natured.Pls send back for fall work on furnaces. Thanks Sean.
By Michael M. on 07/14/19
Sean provided the best customer service I've ever had. He was very personable and explained everything in an easy to follow way. Sean has earned my business and trust in Jennings Heating and Cooling. Thank you so much! I would highly recommend!
By Eddie on 07/12/19
My service tech Ben Wilson was great. When another company I called kept telling me day after day after scheduling me that they weren't able to come to my house Jennings came out right away! Even though it was a little later in evening then anticipated (Blaming the...
(View More)
My service tech Ben Wilson was great. When another company I called kept telling me day after day after scheduling me that they weren't able to come to my house Jennings came out right away! Even though it was a little later in evening then anticipated (Blaming the hot season we have this year and everyone needing to get their a/c serviced) Ben was very professional and friendly and diagnosed my a/c unit right away. Cost was very reasonable for the issue I had and am very pleased with the work and customer service that was provided to me and my family.
(View Less)
By DAVID H. on 07/11/19
Very efficient - Alexander was very helpful and did a comprehensive review of our HVAC system,
By Debbie P. on 07/11/19
Alex is the most professional, personable, caring expert service technician we have ever encountered. He always knows exactly what to do in case of any issues & has enlightened us to several aspects of our h vac system so that we can pre-emptively operate our syste...
Alex is the most professional, personable, caring expert service technician we have ever encountered. He always knows exactly what to do in case of any issues & has enlightened us to several aspects of our h vac system so that we can pre-emptively operate our system in the most efficient & successful way. We appreciate his personal concern for us & our property & recommend him with the highest regard. Thank you. Debbie Petersilge
By Ingrid K. on 07/11/19
By David M. on 07/11/19
Robert was an awesome technician. Very knowledgeable and polite. Jennings heating and cooling is an amazing business. Would recommend to everyone!
By Al N. on 07/11/19
I feel they grossly overcharged us for service work on our AC unit in an attempt to lock us in to buying a new unit (both air and heat). The service work charge can be applied toward the purchase of a new unit if we act within 10 days. I feel this is an over aggr...
I feel they grossly overcharged us for service work on our AC unit in an attempt to lock us in to buying a new unit (both air and heat). The service work charge can be applied toward the purchase of a new unit if we act within 10 days. I feel this is an over aggressive attempt to get us to buy a new unit. This is not what I was looking for and feel as if I was taken advantage of. I will not be using this company in the future. The service person was polite and professional, I am just bothered by their business practice of forcing people into buying new units. I'd like to post my response to Don Truex' response to my above review. Dear Don, Thank you for your response regarding my complaint. The technician certainly did provide an estimate of the services he performed prior to doing so, and there was no surprises that day. However, I am far from an expert when it comes to AC repairs and I was under the impression that these services were 100% necessary for our current unit. After the services were performed he
|
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CommonCrawl
| -0.84697 | -1.9071 | -1.731239 | -0.932467 |
notified me that the current unit probably will not last much longer and that he quoted several options for both an AC and heating unit (not just an AC unit). Most problematic is that after showing the invoice to a contractor friend who showed his heating and cooling service provider, we were told that we paid $1,100 of around $400 worth of services. The constant implication from the technician was that we should view this more as a 'down payment' for a future unit rather than repairs to our current one. That is not what I signed up for. Again, thank you for the response. I will take my losses and move on.
By Mary H. on 07/10/19
I am a long-time customer and I highly recommend Jennings. They are prompt for appointment times and the technicians are competent and professional. I like the safety check that is included with routine maintenance service calls. The scheduler, Holly, is efficient and friendly.
By Paula on 07/10/19
Matt was friendly, knowledgeable, efficient and tidy in diagnosing and replacing our hot water tank. We have confidence in Jennings' quick, reliable service.
By Dennis and Julie L. on 07/09/19
Dave always is efficient and reliable, appreciate the good service from Jennings!
By William S. on 07/09/19
Sean was very concerned for our situation and worked hard to get the system working. While not impressed with the office help, Sean explained that they had been swamped with A/C service calls and were stretched thin in the office.
By Chip m. on 07/09/19
Matt, did a great job explaining what needed done and performing the work.
By Robert J. on 07/08/19
Geo unit froze up on July 3 (naturally) so called on July 5 (late in the day) and got an appointment for the following Monday. Brian came out and looked over the unit. I was of course expecting the long face and "It really needs to be replaced" but happily he told ...
Geo unit froze up on July 3 (naturally) so called on July 5 (late in the day) and got an appointment for the following Monday. Brian came out and looked over the unit. I was of course expecting the long face and "It really needs to be replaced" but happily he told me it was fine - just a blocked up filter (my bad). I'd already put in clean filters (close the barn door after the horses are out, that's me) but when I'd turned it on had water all over the floor. Brian cleaned out the drain and all was well. Quick, easy, friendly service with no attempt to drain my wallet.
By Judith L. on 07/08/19
I highly recommend Dave Braun at Jennings Heating & Cooling for any service needs. Dave was prompt, professional and friendly. He very thoroughly inspected every aspect of my eighteen year old air conditioning unit and the air handler. Dave provided information reg...
I highly recommend Dave Braun at Jennings Heating & Cooling for any service needs. Dave was prompt, professional and friendly. He very thoroughly inspected every aspect of my eighteen year old air conditioning unit and the air handler. Dave provided information regarding homeowner maintenance steps to keep the unit working as long as possible. In addition, he was observed that an incorrect part, which was failing, had previously been installed in the unit. He took the extra step to contact the manufacturer to confirm that the new replacement part was correct. He also helped me complete a First Energy rebate form to take advantage of a $50 tune up rebate offer. I look forward to continuing to work with Dave and Jennings for my air conditioning service needs in the years to come! Thank you!
By GWENDOLYN B. on 07/04/19
Excellent very thorough and neat and friendly.
I feel they grossly overcharged us for service work on our AC unit in an attempt to lock us in to buying a new unit (both air and heat). The service work charge can be applied toward the purchase of a new unit if we act within 10 days. I feel this is an over aggressive attempt to get us to buy a new unit. This is not what I was looking for and feel as if I was taken advantage of. I will not be using this company in the future. The service person was polite and professional, I am just bothered by their business
|
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] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| -0.489676 | -1.712433 | -1.437151 | -0.740522 |
Romulus, My Father: a compassionate film about immigrant life in Australia
By Gabriela Zabala-Notaras and Ismet Redzovic
Romulus, My Father is based on the 1998 biographical memoir of the same name by philosopher Raimond Gaita. It is the directorial debut of Australian actor Richard Roxburgh, whose acting credits include, Oscar and Lucinda (1996), Passion: The Story of Percy Grainger (1999), Moulin Rouge! (2001), League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) and Like Minds (2006).
Roxburgh's first film is an honest and heartfelt work about the personal hardships and tragedies endured by Romulus Gaita's immigrant family, one of the tens of thousands that settled in Australia in the early 1950s.
With almost 25 percent of Australia's current population born outside the country, local movies about this subject are numerous, almost constituting a specific genre. Some in the last decade include, The Sound of One Hand Clapping, Looking for Alibrandi, Floating Life, Marking Time and Molly and Mubarak. This year alone has seen the release of three other features—Lucky Miles, The Home Song Stories, which has a number of similarities to Roxburgh's movie, and The Jammed. These constitute a healthy, almost subliminal, reaction against the anti-immigrant rhetoric of Australian talkback radio and the tabloid press.
Romulus, My Father continues this tradition, with the story seen through the eyes of Romulus's 10-year-old son Raimond (Kodi Smit-McPhee).
Romanian-born Romulus (Eric Bana) and his beautiful but psychologically troubled German wife Christina (Franka Potente) have immigrated to Australia from Yugoslavia and are living in the rural town of Maryborough, about 107 kilometres northwest of Melbourne. Romulus is a skilled ironworker and, under the terms of his immigration passage, he must be prepared to work in any industry anywhere in Australia for the first two years.
Christina yearns for cosmopolitan Europe, finding it impossible to settle into the small, dry and dusty settlement. She has several love affairs and flits in and out of the family home before finally leaving Romulus for his friend Mitru (Russell Dykstra).
Romulus tolerates Christina's behaviour despite the insistence of Hora (Martin Csokas)—his closest friend and Mitru's brother—that he should leave her. Hora is a highly principled man and, like Romulus, instills in Raimond the importance of education and cultured human relations. He becomes a kind of mentor in the young boy's life.
Christina and Mitru have a baby and move to Melbourne. Christina's deteriorating mental health and their miserable existence in a poverty-stricken inner-city boarding house eventually overwhelm Mitru and he commits suicide. Tragically, Christina, who is forced to put the baby in foster care and work in a shoe factory, eventually also takes her life.
For Romulus, there is the possibility of a new relationship with a woman still living in Yugoslavia. After sending money to help her immigrate, he discovers that she is already married and has used the money to assist her own family.
Romulus, however, seems to be an indomitable force throughout—generous, trusting and always optimistic—and able to impart to his son the necessity for humanity and kindness under all circumstances. But the almost endless obstacles to establishing financial and emotional stability become too much. Romulus has a nervous breakdown and admits himself to a sanatorium, where he spends several years.
Romulus, My Father has moments of deeply-felt tragedy and touches on issues—mental breakdown, suicide—that were not well understood in Australia in the early 1950s. Nevertheless, it is not a pessimistic work. Like Gaita's best-selling book, it is brutally honest and has some genuinely uplifting moments, expressed in the enduring love between father and son.
All the actors are convincing, particularly the young Smit-Macphee as Raimond, and there is a genuine, unforced affinity between the
|
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CommonCrawl
| 1.693483 | 0.039577 | 0.62147 | 0.911723 |
Ветторе Каппелло (, ок. 1400, Венеция — , Негропонте) — венецианский торговец, государственный и военный деятель, занимавший должность главнокомандующего венецианским флотом в начале Первой турецко-венецианской войны (1463—1479).
Ранние годы
Ветторе Каппелло родился в семье Джорджио Капелло и Коронеи Ландо. Точная дата его рождения неизвестна, но, согласно эпитафии, он скончался в возрасте 63 лет, а на службу в Балла де Оро (младшее подразделение венецианского флота) поступил в 1420 году в возрасте 20 лет. Его семья активно занималась торговлей, и Ветторе, вероятно, принимал активное участие в продвижении коммерческих интересов своей семьи: вместе с братьями он имел торговых агентов в Брюгге и Лондоне в течение десяти лет начиная с 1431 года и являлся патроном (ответственным за оснащение и комплектацию торговой галеры) в муде, ежегодном торговом конвое во Фландрию в 1428, 1438 и 1441 годах.
Политическая и военная карьера
Каппелло начал свою политическую карьеру в октябре 1439 года, когда он был избран комиссаром во морским делам Венецианской республики. Его срок продолжался до марта 1440 года, а в октябре Ветторе был избран повторно. В 1443 году он занимал должность в канцелярии и капитана торгового судна в Романию (Константинополь и Чёрное море). Помимо этого в 1442—1443 годах он занимал несколько других должностей: капитан конвоя в Модон и на Варварийский берег, в сторожевом флоте Залива в Адриатике. Весной 1444 года Ветторе командовал двумя галерами, которые доставляли в Венецию , в дальнейшем невесту Лионелло д'Эсте, маркиза Феррары. В августе того же года он был избран в , а в 1447 году в Совет десяти. В сентябре следующего года Каппелло избрали в чрезвычайную комиссию при Сенате, где он служил вплоть до марта 1449 года после чего был избран «Капитаном залива».
Капитан залива
7 апреля 1449 года Ветторе получил свои приказы, которые первоначально включали лишь обычные задачи по патрулированию Адриатики. Однако произошедшие в других местах Средиземноморья события вскоре изменили его миссию. 26 апреля он получил новые инструкции, согласно которым должен был приступить к аннексии графства Кефалонии и Закинфа, переговоры о передаче которых с правящей семьёй Токко уже были в самом разгаре. Но после прибытия Каппелло на Корфу правление республики изменила свой курс и, опасаясь длительных войн с Османской империей, решило лишь установить протекторат над этими землями, а не включать их в состав государства. Представитель Токко, Джакомо Россо, неоднократно просил помощи со стороны венецианского флота в борьбе против турок, но каждый раз получал отказ отчасти потому, что в июне флот Каппелло был вовлечён в короткий в конфликт между Венецианской республикой и королём Неаполя Альфонсо Арагонским.
|
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Wikipedia
| -0.383031 | 0.079808 | -0.369805 | -1.072236 |
The role of asymptomatic bacteriuria in young women with recurrent urinary tract infections: to treat or not to treat?
Clin Infect Dis. 2012 Sep;55(6):771-7.
Cai T, Mazzoli S, Mondaini N, Meacci F, Nesi G, D'Elia C, Malossini G, Boddi V, Bartoletti R.
Little is known about the role of asymptomatic bacteriuria (AB) treatment in young women affected by recurrent urinary tract infection (UTI). We aimed to evaluate the impact of AB treatment on the recurrence rate among young women affected by recurrent UTI. A total of 673 consecutive asymptomatic young women with demonstrated bacteriuria from January 2005 to December 2009 were prospectively enrolled. Patients were split into 2 groups: not treated (group A, n = 312) and treated (group B, n = 361). Microbiological and clinical evaluations were performed at 3, 6, and 12 months. Quality of life was also measured. Recurrence-free rate at the end of the entire study period was the main outcome measure. At baseline, the 2 most commonly isolated pathogens were Escherichia coli (group A, 38.4%; group B, 39.3%) and Enterococcus faecalis (group A, 32.7%; group B, 33.2%). At the first follow-up visit, there was no difference between the 2 groups (relative risk [RR], 1.05; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01-1.10), whereas after 6 months, 23 (7.6%) in group A and 98 (29.7%) in group B showed recurrence with a statistically significant difference (RR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.21-1.42; P < .0001). At the last follow-up, 41 (13.1%) in group A and 169 (46.8%) in group B showed recurrence (RR, 3.17; 95% CI, 2.55-3.90; P < .0001). One patient in group A and 2 patients in group B were found to have pyelonephritis. This study shows that AB should not be treated in young women affected by UTI, suggesting it may play a protective role in preventing symptomatic recurrence.
PMID:22677710 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cis534
Asymptomatic bacteriuria (ABU), defined as the presence of bacteria in the urine of an individual without signs or symptoms of a urinary tract infection, is generally present in 3% to 5% of young healthy women and is more common in patients with diabetes and elderly persons1,2. Initially, it was assumed to be a strong relationship between bacteriuria and pyelonephritis because the ABU has been previously frequently found in subjects with high prevalence of pyelonephritis episodes3. However, several randomized clinical studies consistently documented that the treatment of bacteriuria in asymptomatic patients does not provide any benefit for the patient in term of risk of recurrence 4,5. Despite these merging evidences, ABU is often treated by repeated antibiotic treatment cycles without significant results and occasionally induces the development of selection of multidrug resistant bacteria6. In particular recurrent UTI in premenopausal young sexually active women are often treated by repeated cycles of empirical antibiotic therapy, thus inducing asymptomatic short periods of wellness and sterile urine but followed by other episodes of asymptomatic bacteriuria7. Cai et al. recently investigated the impact of antibiotic treatment on recurrence rate of young women affected by recurrent UTI and asymptomatic bacteriuria 7. They demonstrated that 7.6% of non-treated but 29.7% of treated patients showed new infections with a statistically significant difference in terms of recurrence rate after 6 months (RR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.21-1.42; P <.00
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CommonCrawl
| -0.374201 | 0.807866 | 0.252962 | 0.689105 |
01). Moreover, at 12 months follow-up, 13.1% of treated and 46.8% of untreated subjects showed infection recurrence respectively (RR, 3.17; 95% CI, 2.55-3.90; P <.0001) 7. Furthermore, the same study highlighted that the majority of patients who were recurrence free were found to have ABU caused by E. faecalis at the second and third follow-up evaluations. This may lead to the question whether specific strains of E. faecalis, able to adhere to the bladder mucosa but not virulent enough to produce symptomatic UTI, may be even better suited for study of bacterial interference than E. coli strains3. The results of this study provided a clear answer: the antibiotic treatment of ABU in young women with recurrent UTI is not only unnecessary, but harmful. In the specific case ABU should be considered as a generally benign and sometimes even protective condition. Not to treat ABU in general (except during pregnancy and before invasive intervention of the urinary tract), and especially not in young women with recurrent UTI, is highly recommended and should become the standard of care7. Unnecessary laboratory and clinical investigations currently used in the diagnosis of ABU and antibiotic consumption could be easily avoided by inducing not only a sensible money saving but also a relevant reduction of either the antimicrobial selection pressure in the community or the emergence of antibiotic resistance in everyday clinical practice3. Recently, Beerepoot et al. reported a prevalence of 23.7% and 28.1% asymptomatic bacteriuria from E. faecalis and E. coli respectively, in a group of pre-menopausal women affected by recurrent urinary tract infections8. Moreover, they demonstrated increased resistance rates for trimethoprim, amoxicillin, and ciprofloxacin in these E. coli isolates after 1 month in the trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole group, but not in the control group, highlighting the risk of emergence of antibiotic resistance in case of ABU treatment due to ecological disturbances in the normal intestinal microflora by promoting the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant strains9. Herr et al. demonstrated that antibacterial therapy before outpatient flexible cystoscopy does not appear necessary in bladder tumor patients who have no clinical signs or symptoms of acute UTI, including ABU, underlining that antibiotic stewardship is the responsibility of all urologists11. On the other hand, despite ample evidence for, and broad consensus on, the futility of antibiotic therapy for ABU in patients with indwelling catheter, physicians tend to prescribe antibiotics for ASB because of lack of knowledge and misconceptions12. The ABU treatment in patients with indwelling catheter and antibiotics used for UTIs (quinolones, third-generation cephalosporins, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole) are risk factors for infection with, and carriage of, Enterobacteriaceae producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL), an increasing concern in European hospitals12. The case for non-treatment of catheter-associated bacteriuria is particularly strong in persons who require long-term indwelling urinary catheters, because nearly all such individuals are infected with multiple species13. Moreover, avoidance of unnecessary antibiotic use in the hospital setting is particularly relevant given the current epidemic of nosocomially acquired Clostridium difficile colitis14. Biofilm formation plays an important role in the field of urology, due to its development on the inner and outer surfaces of indwelling urinary catheters and ureteral stents. This phenomenon may be the reason for perpetuation the bacterial presence in the urinary tract15-16; considering that resistance to antibiotics is increasing, there is a growing need to develop and test novel alternative strategies to reduce catheter bacterial colonization17-18. In conclusion, we would like to remember to all that Clinical Infectious Diseases journal published a call for national performance measures to encou
|
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] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| 0.086723 | 1.583941 | 0.980114 | 0.856069 |
rage non-treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria19. This goal has been reaffirmed by the US Preventive Services Task Force in a recent publication stating that men and non-pregnant women should not be screened for asymptomatic bacteriuria20. Moreover, the ESIU board members highlighted that increasing antibiotic resistance and lack of new antibiotics in the near future calls for a variety of coordinated strategies called "Antibiotic stewardship", to improve antibiotic use with the goal of enhancing patient health outcomes and reducing emergence of resistance to antibiotics21. In particular, the urologic community can fight resistance development by ensuring the appropriate use of antibiotic prophylaxis and treatment by following the European Association of Urology guidelines22, insisting on there being regular local surveillance of isolates from both community and hospital episodes of UTI.
1. Hooton TM, Scholes D, Stapleton AE, Roberts PL, Winter C, Gupta K, Samadpour M, Stamm WE. A prospective study of asymptomatic bacteriuria in sexually active young women. N Engl J Med. 2000;343(14):992-7.
2. Raz R. Asymptomatic bacteriuria: clinical significance and management. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2003;22(Suppl. 2):45–47.
3. Wagenlehner FME and Naber KG. Editorial Commentary: Asymptomatic Bacteriuria—Shift of Paradigm. Clin Infect Dis. (2012) 55 (6): 778-780.
4. Nicolle LE, Bradley S, Colgan R, Rice JC, Schaeffer A, Hooton TM. Infectious Diseases Society of America guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria in adults. Clin Infect Dis 2005;40:643-54.
5. Beerepoot MA, den Heijer CD, Penders J., Prins JM, Stobberingh EE, Geerlings SE: Predictive value of Escherichia coli susceptibility in strains causing asymptomatic bacteriuria for women with recurrent symptomatic urinary tract infections receiving prophylaxis. Clin. Microbiol. Infct. 2012; 18:E84-90
5. French GL. The continuing crisis in antibiotic resistance. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2010;36 Suppl 3:S3-7.
6. Cai T, Mazzoli S, Mondaini N, Meacci F, Nesi G, dÉlia C, Malossini G, Boddi V, Bartoletti R The Role of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria in Young Women With Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections: To Treat or Not to Treat?" – Clin Infect Dis. (2012) 55 (6): 771-777.
7. Beerepoot MA, Ter Riet G, Nys S, van der Wal WM, de Borgie CA, de Reijke TM, Prins JM, Koeijers J, Verbon A, Stobberingh E, Geerlings SE. Cranberries vs Antibiotics to Prevent Urinary Tract Infections: A Randomized Double-blind Noninferiority Trial in Premenopausal Women. Arch Intern Med. 2011;171(14):1270-8.
8. Edlund C, Nord CE. Effect on the human normal microflora of oral antibiotics for treatment of urinary tract infections. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2000;46 Suppl 1:41-8; discussion 63-5.
9. Herr HW. Should Antibiotics Be Given Prior to Outpatient Cystoscopy? A Plea to Urologists to Practice Antibiotic Stewardship. Eur Urol. 2013 doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2013.
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CommonCrawl
| -0.298123 | 1.018107 | 0.513876 | 0.964848 |
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CommonCrawl
| -0.910821 | 0.639154 | 0.40449 | 0.410832 |
Is It Time For Canelo To Part Ways With Golden Boy?
The best pound for pound fighter in boxing is unequivocally Canelo Alvarez. Canelo has had his chance at big fights, and had a few. But in recent weeks, Canelo has had trouble setting up a fight for his May 2nd fight date. Has Canelo out grown Oscar De La Hoya and Golden Boy Promotions it have the suits simply overstayed their time at Canelo's side?
Canelo's Would-Be Fights
Canelo is going to his fourth option for his fight in May: Caleb Plant. While Plant is a great boxer, it's not exactly the market Canelo is going for. Canelo wants to turbo over seas. First, Japan was the destinatuon. The first fight targeted was a date with Ryoto Murata. According to Dan Rafael of ESPN, those talks "cratered" and no other reason was given. This would become a theme of this circus of a fight date for Canelo.
The second two options were Callum Smith and Billy Joe Saunders, two UK products. While talks seemed to be finished with Smith, boxing fans were blindsided with news that Smith had turned down an offer from Golden Boy promotions due to a hydration test. Eyes turned to Saunders who quickly let everyone know he, too, had turned down an offer.
While Smith was stated that he turned down the fight due to a rehydration test in the contract, everyone knows what this is really about: money.
De La Hyoya's Negoating Ineptitude
It seems like Oscar De La Hoya has lost his ability to negotiate a fight completely. De La Hoya gave Danny Jacobs and Sergey Kovalev over $12 million. While they are excellent boxers, Jacobs and Kovalev do not bring $12 million worth of value in a fight with Canelo. Canelo is the A side.
Jacobs earned $2.5 million in his fight with Alvarez with another $10 million from DAZN. Kovalev was similarly clocked in at making $3 million and an estimated $9 million from DAZN.
The market is simple. Both Smith and Saunders know they bring more to the table than Kovalev and Jacobs, perhaps even combined. Their purse should reflect that. The issue is this: Oscar De La Hoya priced himself out of the market. He essentially bought a Honda Civic with 150 thousand miles for $12,000, a bad deal. Now he is paying the price.
Smith and Saunders are likely worth more than $12 million, but not by much. But because they feel they're worth so much more than Jacobs or Kovalev, they're asking for a lot of money. Oscar De La Hoya is suffering the consequences of his past actions now, and it is hurting Canelo.
Canelo In The Past
Canelo Alvarez is no stranger to big fights. He's had boxing bouts with Floyd Mayweather, Miguel Cotto, Amir Khan, and GGG twice. He lives up to the hype and rises to the occasion sans Mayweather.
https://media3.giphy.com/media/IesMLTbeNCIc8/giphy.gif?cid=4d1e4f297aba9952dbb34f7ea8f715104e2f76a8b9f440b9&rid=giphy.gif
But Canelo is in his prime and this is where he establishes himself as the greatest boxer in his era. It's mind blowing that Canelo has not fought Jermall Charlo, Demetrius Andrade, Sergiy Derevyanchenko, Chris Eubank or Jarret Hurd. Those are just a few names among many others that could match up and establish if Canelo is truly the best of a generation.
Perhaps the most baffling is the fact that Canelo and Manny Pacquiao have yet to fight, and it's unlikely they ever will now. While Pacquiao isn't what he once was, the star power alone is what will make this fight. Fighting Pacquiao in Manila, Philippines on Cinco de Mayo would be one of the biggest fights ever. Hands down.
Instead, we have Canelo versus Rocky Felding. De La Hoya seems to
|
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CommonCrawl
| -0.120495 | -0.386745 | -0.050093 | -1.064014 |
\section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
\par Testing COP for binary matrices is a classical algorithmic problem. COP testing has applications in physical mapping of DNA \cite{ABH98} and in recognizing interval graphs, planar graphs and Hamiltonian cubic graphs \cite{BL76,WLZ07}. There are many linear-time algorithms known in the literature for COP testing \cite{BL76,HMPV00,Hsu02,Hsu_Mc,MPT98,TM05}. There are many combinatorial properties of matrices with COP. They are known to be totally unimodular, and there are results connecting matrices with COP and Intersection Cardinality Preserving Interval assignments \cite{FG65,NS09}. Further, the classical NP-hard problems, integer linear programming (ILP) and set cover, are polynomial-time solvable, when the associated binary matrix has COP \cite{MD08}.
\noindent
In this paper our focus is on matrices that do not have COP, and we address the natural optimization problem to find a minimum set of rows whose deletion results in a submatrix with COP. The corresponding decision problem, referred to as $d$-COS-R, is known to be NP-complete \cite{GJ79} and is well-studied in the parameterized complexity framework \cite{DGN10}. A parameterized problem is said to be fixed-parameter tractable (FPT) with respect to $d$ as the parameter if there is an algorithm with run-time $O^*(f(d))$, where $f$ is a computable function depending only on $d$ \footnote{$O^*$ notation ignores polynomial terms.}. For details on parameterized complexity, we refer the reader to \cite{DowneyF99,Nie2006}. In this paper, we consider the parameterized complexity of $d$-COS-R defined as follows: \\
\vspace{-.25cm}
\noindent \fbox{
\parbox{16cm}{
\hspace{7cm}{\bf $d$-COS-R} \\
\textit{\textbf{Instance:}} $(M,d)$ - A binary matrix $M_{m \times n}$ and an integer $d \ge 1$. \\
\textit{\textbf{Parameter:}} $d$ \\
\textit{\textbf{Question:}} Does there exist a set of at most $d$ rows of $M$ whose deletion results in a matrix with COP?
}
} \\
\noindent
The problems of deleting a minimum number of rows or columns to transform a given matrix into a matrix with COP are called Min-COS-R and Min-COS-C, respectively. These two problems are known to be NP-hard even on very sparse matrices, containing only two 1-entries per row and at most three 1-entries per column \cite{TZ07}. These minimization and the corresponding maximization versions have been studied \cite{DGN10}. Min-COS-R and Min-COS-C are fixed-parameter tractable on matrices that have only two ones either per row or per column. In this work we focus only on the decision version of Min-COS-R which is the $d$-COS-R problem. On restricted classes of matrices, $d$-COS-R is known to be FPT \cite{DGN10}.
These FPT algorithms are based on a refinement of the forbidden submatrix characterization of matrices with COP \cite{AT72}. To the best of our knowledge, the parameterized complexity of $d$-COS-R on general binary matrices is still open. In this work, we show that $d$-COS-R admits an algorithm with run-time $O^*(10^d)$. Our result is obtained by a recursive branching algorithm in which the leaf instances are that of Interval-Deletion (defined below). Then, we employ the recent $O^*(10^d)$ algorithm for Interval Deletion \cite{CM12} to solve $d$-COS-R. Thus, we answer the natural open question on the parameterized complexity of $d$-COS-R by showing that it is FPT on all binary matrices. This is a significant advancement over the current knowledge on this problem, where current FPT results \cite{DGN10} are known only when there are bounds on the number of
|
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ArXiv
| 0.387935 | 2.248407 | 1.015979 | 1.731364 |
1s in the rows or columns.
\noindent \fbox{
\parbox{16cm}{
\hspace{7cm}{\bf Interval Deletion} \\
\textit{\textbf{Instance:}} $(G,d)$ - A graph $G$ and an integer $d \ge 1$. \\
\textit{\textbf{Parameter:}} $d$ \\
\textit{\textbf{Question:}} Does $G$ have a set $V'$ of at most $d$ vertices such that $G \setminus V'$ is an interval graph?
}
} \\ \\
\noindent
{\bf Our Approach:} A natural approach towards obtaining submatrices with COP is to identify the known classes of forbidden configurations \cite{AT72}, and to remove them by eliminating appropriate rows. While this is the broad approach in \cite{DGN10}, we look at the well known fact that a graph is an interval graph if and only if its {\em clique matrix} (formally defined later) has COP \cite{FG65,Gol04}. We consider the question of how to convert a given 0-1 matrix into the clique matrix of some graph, and then attempt an interval deletion on that graph. From \cite{Gol04}, a natural graph that can be associated with a binary matrix is a {\em derived graph}. Informally, the columns of the matrix correspond to cliques in the derived graph. However, a derived graph may have many other {\em spurious} cliques, and these cliques are the hinderances towards getting a clique matrix. Our first branching rule motivated by the Helly property, that must be satisfied by any set of intervals, ensures that these spurious cliques are localized to the derived graph associated with a pair of columns in the given matrix. We then design a second branching rule, based on induced 4-cycles, to ensure that the number of these spurious cliques is a polynomial in the input size, and they can be enumerated in polynomial time. Then with a third set of branching rules we eliminate these spurious cliques, the result being a matrix in which the maximal cliques of the derived graph are associated with some column of the matrix. We then consider an {\em augmented matrix} which becomes the clique matrix of a graph. We then show that Interval Deletion on this graph ensures that the augmented matrix has COP, which directly gives a submatrix with COP for the given matrix. All these branching rules, along with the recent FPT algorithm \cite{CM12} for Interval Deletion are shown to solve the $d$-COS-R problem in FPT time.
\section{COP, Intervals, and Clique-Matrices} \label{sec:climat}
In this section, we present the necessary structural results to describe our algorithm and the proofs of correctnesses. Some of the lemmas are cited from the appropriate papers, and some are proved by us. Graph theoretic definitions and notations are as per \cite{WDB01,Gol04}.
\noindent Throughout this paper we consider only binary matrices. For an $m \times n$ matrix $M$, let ${\cal R}(M)=\{r_1,\ldots,r_m\}$ and ${\cal C}(M)=\{c_1,\ldots,c_n\}$ denote the sets of rows and columns, respectively. The $(i,j)^{th}$ entry in $M$ is denoted as $M_{ij}$. For a subset ${\cal D} \subseteq {\cal R}(M)$ of rows, the submatrix induced on $\cal D$ and ${\cal R}(M) \setminus {\cal D}$ are denoted by $M[{\cal D}]$ and $M \setminus {\cal D}$, respectively.
\noindent
The {\em derived graph} associated with a 0-1 matrix $M$, defined in \cite{Gol04}, is $G(M)=(V,E)$ is defined as $V=\{v_i \mid r_i \in {\cal R}(M)\}$ and $E=\{\{v_i,v_j\} \mid \exists c_k\in{\cal C}(M), ~ M_{ik}=M_{jk}=1\}$. In other words, $G(M)$ is obtained from $M$ by visualizing each column as a clique involving the vertices (corresponding to rows) which have a 1 entry in that column. For a column $c
|
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] | 1,024 |
ArXiv
| 0.079888 | 1.962894 | 0.064225 | 1.25577 |
_k$ in $M$, the support of $c_k$, denoted by $supp(c_k)$, is defined as the set $\{r_i \in {\cal R}(M) \mid M_{ik}=1\}$. Also, for $c_k$, the set of vertices in $G(M)$ corresponding to the rows in $supp(c_k)$ is defined as $vert(c_k)=\{v_i \mid r_i \in supp(c_k)\}$.
\subsection{Matrices with COP, Interval Assignments, and Interval Graphs}
A graph is called an interval graph if its vertices can be assigned intervals such that two vertices are adjacent if and only if their corresponding intervals have nonempty intersection. Let $G$ be a graph on the vertex set $\{v_1,\cdots,v_n\}$ and let $\{Q_1,\cdots,Q_l\}$ be the set of maximal cliques in $G$. The {\em clique matrix} $M$ of $G$ is the matrix whose rows and columns correspond to the vertices and the maximal cliques, respectively, in $G$. The entry $M_{ij}=1$ if the vertex $v_i$ is in the clique $Q_j$ and it is 0 otherwise.
The following characterization relates COP and interval graphs.
\begin{theorem}
\label{FG}
{\em \cite{FG65}} A graph is an {\em interval graph} if and only if its clique matrix has COP.
\end{theorem}
\begin{theorem}
\label{char-int}
{\em \cite{Gol04}} A graph $G$ is an {\em interval graph} if and only if $G$ has no induced cycle of length 4 and $\overline{G}$ is a comparability graph.
\end{theorem}
Here we set up the framework to argue the correctness of our branching rules.
An $m \times n$ matrix $M$ can be represented as a set system ($U,{\cal S}(M)$) with ${\cal S}(M)$= $\{S_1,\ldots,S_m\}$ being a collection of subsets of $U=\{1,\ldots,n\}$ where $S_i=\{j \mid M_{ij}=1\}$. A family of subsets is said to have the {\em Helly property} if every subfamily of it, formed by pairwise intersecting subsets, contains a common element \cite{DPS09}. An interval $J$, denoted by $[i,k]$, is the ordered set of consecutive integers from $i$ to $k$. An interval assignment ${\cal I}$ to a set system ($U,{\cal S}$) is an assignment of an interval $I_i$ to each $S_i \in {\cal S}$. An Intersection Cardinality Preserving Interval Assignment (ICPIA) to ${\cal S}$ is an interval assignment ${\cal I}$ that satisfies $|S_{i} \cap S_{j}|=|I_{i} \cap I_{j}|$ for every pair $S_i$ and $S_j$ of elements in ${\cal S}$. A main property of the ICPIA, shown in \cite{FG65,NS09} is that for any collection of sets $\{S_{i_1}, \ldots, S_{i_r}\}$, $\displaystyle |\bigcap_{j=1}^r S_{i_j}| = |\bigcap_{j=1}^r I_{i_j}|$.
\begin{theorem}
\label{NS}
{\em \cite{FG65,NS09}} A matrix $M$ has COP if and only if ${\cal S}(M)$ has an ICPIA. Further, if $\cal I$ is an ICPIA for ${\cal S}(M)$, then
for any collection of sets $\{S_{i_1}, \ldots, S_{i_r}\} \subseteq {\cal S}(M)$, $\displaystyle |\bigcap_{j=1}^r S_{i_j}| = |\bigcap_{j=1}^r I_{i_j}|$.
\end{theorem}
We prove a key lemma that is necessary for the first rule in our branching algorithm.
\begin{lemma}
\label{lem-helly}
If $M$ has COP then ${\cal S}(M)$ satisfies the Helly Property. Further, for every triple of pairwise intersecting sets in ${\cal S}(M)$, one of the sets is contained in the union of the other two.
\end{
|
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] | 1,024 |
ArXiv
| -0.1351 | 2.258789 | 0.042258 | 1.230472 |
lemma}
\begin{proof}
Since $M$ has COP, let $M'$ be the column permuted matrix obtained from $M$ which has consecutive ones in the rows. For each $1 \leq i \leq m$, let $I_i$ be the natural interval assigned to $S_i$, obtained from $M'$. Let ${\cal I} = \{I_1, \ldots, I_m\}$ be this interval assignment. From Theorem \ref{NS}, $\cal I$ is an ICPIA for ${\cal S}(M)$. Therefore, if there exists three sets $S_1, S_2, S_3$ that violate the Helly property- we first observe that for each pair of them, say $S_i$ and $S_j$, $|S_i \cap S_j| = |I_i \cap I_j| > 0$. Since intervals satisfy the Helly property, it follows that the 3 intervals have a common point. We now conclude that $0 = |S_1 \cap S_2 \cap S_3| = |I_1 \cap I_2 \cap I_3| > 0$. The first equality comes from our hypothesis that the 3 sets violate Helly property, the second equality follows from Theorem \ref{NS}, and the third inequality follows from the fact that the 3 intervals share a common point, as
intervals respect Helly Property. This is a contradiction to our premise that $S_1, S_2, S_3$ violate the Helly Property, which is now shown to be false. To prove the second part of the lemma, let $S_1, S_2, S_3$ be pairwise intersection sets. Then, we know that in
the corresponding intervals $I_1, I_2, I_3$, one of them is contained in the union of the other two, say $I_3$ is contained in $I_1 \cup I_2$. Since $I$ is
an ICPIA, it follows that $S_3 \subseteq S_1 \cup S_2$. Hence the lemma.\qed
\end{proof}
\subsection{Matrices with COP and Clique-Matrices of Derived Graphs}
For $M$, the $(n+m) \times n$ matrix $\oset{$\thicksim$}M$ is defined as $\left(\smallmatrix I \\ M \endsmallmatrix \right)$ where $I$ is the $n \times n$ identity matrix. The main reason for considering $\oset{$\thicksim$}M$ is that in $G(\oset{$\thicksim$}M)$, each column corresponds to a maximal clique. This may not necessarily be the case in $G(M)$. We first observe that $M$ and $\oset{$\thicksim$}M$ behave the same with respect to COP, and the proof of this observation is very easy based on the fact that $\oset{$\thicksim$}M$ is obtained from $M$ by {\em padding} an identity matrix.
\begin{obs}
\label{COP}
$\oset{$\thicksim$}M$ has COP if and only if $M$ has COP.
\end{obs}
\begin{corollary}
\label{corr-cop}
Let ${\cal D} \subseteq {\cal R}(M)$. Then, $M \setminus {\cal D}$ has COP if and only if $\oset{$\thicksim$}M \setminus {\cal D}$ has COP.
\end{corollary}
\begin{lemma}
\label{cop-ig}
If $M$ has COP, then $G(M)$ is an interval graph. Further, for every maximal clique $Q$ in $G(M)$ there exists a column $c_k$ in $M$ such that $vert(c_k)=Q$.
\end{lemma}
\begin{proof}
Consider the columns of $M$ in the order of a permutation $\sigma$ that results in COP. Now, for every vertex $v_i$ in $G(M)$ assign the interval $I_i=[j,k]$ where $j$ and $k$ are the minimum and maximum column indices, respectively, with $M_{ij}=M_{ik}=1$. Consider two vertices $v_a$ and $v_b$ in $G(M)$. Let $I_a=[j_1,k_1]$ and $I_b=[j_2,k_2]$ be
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] | 1,024 |
ArXiv
| -0.09981 | 2.014806 | -0.38677 | 0.815593 |
the intervals assigned to $v_a$ and $v_b$ respectively. Now, by the definition of derived graphs, $v_a$ and $v_b$ are adjacent if and only if there is a column $c_r$ ($\mbox{min }\{j_1,j_2\} \leq r \leq \mbox{min }\{k_1,k_2\}$) in $M$ with $M_{ar}=M_{br}=1$. The existence of such a column $c_r$ is well-defined if and only if $I_a \cap I_b \neq \emptyset$. Therefore, $v_a$ and $v_b$ are adjacent in $G(M)$ if and only if $I_a \cap I_b \neq \emptyset$. Thus, $G(M)$ is an interval graph.
\noindent
We now prove the second part of the lemma. Let $Q=\{v_1,\cdots,v_q\}$ be a maximal clique in $G(M)$. Consider the submatrix $M'$ with ${\cal R}(M')=\{r_i \in {\cal R}(M) \mid v_i \in Q\}$. Recall that ${\cal S}(M') = \{S_i \mid r_i \in {\cal R}(M')\}$. Any two $S_i, S_j \in {\cal S}(M')$ have a non-empty intersection, and therefore, from Lemma \ref{lem-helly} , if follows that $\displaystyle |\bigcap_{i=1}^q S_i | > 0$. Let $k$ be an element in $\bigcap_{i=1}^q S_i$, then it follows that $vert(c_k) = Q$. Note that $vert(c_k) = Q$ because $Q$ is a maximal clique. Hence the lemma. \qed
\end{proof}
\begin{corollary}
\label{IG-1}
If $M$ has COP, then $G(\oset{$\thicksim$}M)$ is an interval graph, and $\oset{$\thicksim$}M$ is the clique matrix of $G(\oset{$\thicksim$}M)$.
\end{corollary}
\begin{proof}
From Observation \ref{COP}, $M$ has COP implies that $\oset{$\thicksim$}M$ has COP, and from Lemma \ref{cop-ig} it follows that $G(\oset{$\thicksim$}M)$ is an interval graph, and that each maximal clique corresponds to a column in $\oset{$\thicksim$}M$. Now in $\oset{$\thicksim$}M$, each column has a
{\em distinguishing} entry where there is a 1, and all other entries in that row are zero. This shows that
each column corresponds to a maximal clique in $G(\oset{$\thicksim$}M)$. Therefore, $\oset{$\thicksim$}M$ is the clique matrix of $G(\oset{$\thicksim$}M)$. \qed
\end{proof}
\section{$d$-COS-R via Interval Deletion}
\label{our-algo}
The basic idea in this algorithm is that we transform the given instance $(M,d)$ of $d$-COS-R to an instance $(M',d')$ where $M'$ has the additional property that $\oset{$\thicksim$}M'$ is the clique matrix of a graph $G(\oset{$\thicksim$}M')$. Our recursive algorithm explores a recursion tree in which each leaf corresponds to an interval deletion problem.\\
\noindent \fbox{
\parbox{16cm}{
{\bf Algorithm COS-R($M,{\cal D},d$)}\\
Input: An instance ${\cal I}= ( M_{m \times n},d ) $ where $M$ is a binary matrix and $d \ge 1$. \\
Output: Return a set $\cal D$ of at most $d$ rows (if one exists) such that $M \setminus {\cal D}$ has COP.\\
{\bf (Step 0)} If $M$ has COP and $d \geq 0$ then Return ${\cal D}$.\\
{\bf (Step 1)} If $d < 0$ then Return 'NO'/* parameter budget exhausted */ \\
{\bf (Step 2)}(Branching Rule 1) If there exists three pairwise intersecting sets $S_1,S_2,S_3 \in {\cal S}(M)$
|
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ArXiv
| -0.305256 | 1.879836 | -0.418264 | 0.820652 |