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Posts in Palestine
La Danza Poetica #63 Rim Banna : Voice of Resistance
A special edition of La Danza Poetica dedicated to the life and work of Rim Banna, the poet, singer, and activist who left this world in March. A tribute to her extraordinary example, and to the power of poetry and music to amplify the stories and the struggle of Palestine to the world. I talk with with ScMoCha of Checkpoint 303 about working on Rim's final album, her final creative act of resistance in the face of injustice and occupation in all their forms. Also featuring poetry from sons and daughters of Palestine, plus a recent collaboration between Brian Eno and Samir Joubran.
La Danza Poetica, La Danza Poetica podcast, Poetry, poetry, Radio & Podcasts, Radio + podcasts, Radio Shows, Spoken Word, Poetry, Spoken Word, Electronic, English, Global Bass Music, Arabic, Middle East, Palestine, LDP 2018LAPKAT 14 May 2018 Spoken Word, Poetry, Arabic, Middle East, Tunisia, Rim Banna, Checkpoint 303, Palestine, Suheir Hammad, Mahmoud Darwish, Le Trio Joubran, Rafeef Ziadah, Brian Eno, Wardeh SbeitComment
La Danza Poetica #40 The Silent Poet
In February La Danza Poetica crosses lines and walls, real and imagined, through the eastern Mediterranean and Levant, from Persia to Palestine, from ancient to modern. Rafeef Ziadah, Milagro Acustico Ensemble, Fawda, Abdalak, Katibeh Khamseh, A-Wa, La Mirza & Rayess Bek, Suheir Hammed, and readings of the poetry of Ashram Fayadh, on death row in Saudi Arabia over charges of apostasy. Dedicated to the silent poet.
Arabic, Balkan, Electronic, English, Global Bass Music, Hip Hop, Italy, Middle East, Palestine, Persian, Turkey, LDP 2016, La Danza Poetica, Poetry, Radio + podcasts, Spoken WordLAPKAT 4 February 2016 Palestine, Suheir Hammad, Persia, Rafeef Ziadah, Milagro Acustico, Abdalak, A-Wa, Rayess Bek, Ashram Fayadh, PEN, Fadhil al Azzawi, Fawda TrioComment
Pausing for reflection in January 2016, a mix of tracks that I couldn't include in the feature shows of '15, that are still on high rotation in my mind.
Arabic, Australia, Balkan, Brazil, Canada, Electronic, Electronic, English, Folk Music, France, Global Bass Music, Greece, Greek, Indonesia, Northern Europe, Palestine, Poetry, LDP 2016, La Danza Poetica, Radio + podcasts, Spoken WordLAPKAT 9 January 2016 Arabic, Australia, Balkan, Brazil, Canada, Electronic music, featured, France, Greece, Groovalización, Hungary, Melbourne, Middle East, Palestine, Poetry, Spoken Word, Chimeres RadioComment
La Danza Poetica #35 La Poésie Chantée
Sung poetry, the oral tradition, passed down from generation to generation, continuing today, no break in the chain…
Arabic, Dub, Egypt, Electronic, Folk Music, France, Global Bass Music, Hip Hop, Middle East, Palestine, Persian, Syria, Turkey, LDP 2015, Poetry, Spoken WordLAPKAT 9 September 2015 Abdellah M- Hassak, AboJar, Alsarah & The Nubatones, Arabic, Dub, Dubosmium, Egypt, El Far3i, Electronic music, Fawda Trio, Folk, Ghalia Benali, ghazal, Groovalización, Hip hop, Hossein Ghavami, Khan El Rouh, Lebanon, Middle East, Morocco, Moseqar, N3rdistan, North Africa, Om Kalthoum, Palestine, Poetry, pop, Sa'adi, Shadia Mansour
|
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CommonCrawl
| 0.517674 | -0.456177 | -0.274694 | -0.560593 |
Forums - Movies Discussion - Black Panther Currently @ $700M+ DBO, $1.34B+ WW
< Prev1 23456 22Next >
Chris Hu
Lost Odyssey (X360)
Forza Motorsport 3: Ultimate Collection (X360)
Blue Dragon (X360)
Forza Motorsport 2 (X360)
Chris Hu on 13 March 2018
It already made more money on it opening weekend in China (almost $65 million) then The Last Jedi made in its entire run in China ($42 million). Its pretty much guaranteed to make over $1.3 billion world wide already.
thismeintiel
thismeintiel on 14 March 2018
Chris Hu said:
That's a little more than Thor made. So, if sales continue like that film, I'm guessing we should see ~$150M from China.
thismeintiel said:
If it does $150 million in China I'm guessing it will make a bit over $1.4 million world wide.
VGPolyglot
I'm Special VGChartz staff member.
VGC Designer For those who create a badge that gets adopted.
Mr. Punctual 10 game release dates added to the VGChartz database.
VGPolyglot on 14 March 2018
Darc Requiem said:
Hmm....I don't know. It's far exceeded anything I expected. I think it, depending on China, has a shot to catch the TLJ.
I think it's almost guaranteed to pass TLJ at the DBO at this point. FBO is going to be a tall order, though, the DBO might be enough to make up for it. Either way, it's still probably going to end up only ~$100M or so behind, which is pretty bad for TLJ considering it's part of largest film franchise ever and what it should have done (~$750M+ DBO and ~$1.7B+ WW).
Insidb said:
So...Rian Johnson is getting fired?
Lol. Seriously, he should be. I mean if BP, a standalone Marvel film, can get within striking distance to it WW, even passing it at the DBO, and Avengers:IW and JW2 end up passing it, obviously he failed to make a movie that pleased fans. To give him free reign over the future of the franchise would be insanity in my opinion.
I knew I'd see you talking about TLJ here.
Genocide 5,000 posts on the gamrConnect forums.
Black Panther has just passed $570M ($570.9M) at the DBO and $1.1B WW. It is currently $52.5M away from entering the Top 5 for the DBO. And $170M away from entering the Top 10 for WW.
I don't know. I think $1.4B (Don't worry, I know that's what you meant. ) is going to be a little out of reach. Currently, it is outpacing Avengers by 8.3% at the DBO. If that holds to the end of its run, it'll end at $675.1M. Right now, FBO represents 48.4% of its WW take. Even if that increases to 50%, WW would be $1.35B. I think that's the best case scenario. Though, the FBO legs may surprise me.
VGPolyglot said:
Darc Requiem
Quite a Collection of Parts Add a total of 250 games to your collection.
Saints Row: The Third (PC)
Resident Evil: Revelations (WiiU)
Tales of Xillia (PS3)
New Super Mario Bros. U (WiiU)
Darc Requiem on 14 March 2018
Black Panther is only 230 million behind TLJ. It really may catch it.
Simpleton
Thumbs Up Receive an Upvote on One of Your User Reviews.
Super Mario Odyssey (NS)
Xenoblade Chronicles 2 (NS)
Simpleton on
|
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CommonCrawl
| -1.368645 | -1.293248 | -0.423531 | -1.744518 |
Banja Luka may be less historic than other entries on this list, but it is nonetheless a beautiful place to visit. It has benefited greatly from investment and rebuilding since the civil war, and is a modern and stylish city. It is Bosnia's second largest city, and is the capital of the ethnically Serb part of the country. Consequently, it has plenty of Orthodox churches with exquisite roofs and gold details inside. It has a considerably European feel to it, more so than other towns in Bosnia, even more so than Sarajevo. It has several museums, and is also home of a National Theater. Banja Luka is a great example of Bosnia's future potential as a modern and cultural European hub.
Jajce is well-known for its unusual and unique feature of a waterfall right in the heart of the town center.
The town was first built in the 14th century and served as the capital of the independent Kingdom of Bosnia during its time. During the WWII, Jajce gained importance, when on 29 November 1943 it hosted the second convention of the Anti-Fascist Council of National Liberation of Yugoslavia (AVNOJ). During the civil war, much of the town was destroyed, but recently UNESCO has been investing in renovating the historical parts of the city, notably around the waterfall, which makes Jajce an increasingly attractive place to visit. Near Jajce are lakes, which are popular for swimming, as well as some stunning surrounding scenery, perfect for walks.
One of Bosnia's well-known towns, the home of the world-famous UNESCO site the Stari Most bridge, is Mostar. The city is located in the south-west of the country, close to the Croatian border, and takes its name from the bridge-keepers, or 'mostari', who used to watch over the Stari Most (The Old Bridge). The town straddles the Neretva River and is nestled in a lush green valley, with the town's terracotta roofs dotted around the valley walls. The bridge was built by the Ottomans in the 16th century and is exemplary of typical Islamic architecture.Thousands visit Mostar each year just to see it, and a common site is bungee-jumpers launching themselves from the top. It has a quaint Old Town quarter to explore, along with many old churches and mosques.
Neum is a resort town in Bosnia and Herzegovina, located on the shore, only 20 km long,on the Bosnian Adriatic coastline. Neum is only 60 kilometers (37 mi) away from Dubrovnik (80 km or 50 mi from the Dubrovnik Airport), 70 km (43 mi) from Mostar and Međugorje and 30 km (19 mi) from Ploče and Metković. So if you decide to cross in and out of Croatia, the border formalities are relaxed at peak times. Around 92% of the population in Neum is ethnically Croatian. Tourism in Neum is active only in the coastal region. The inland area behind Neum has a rich archaeological history and untouched wilderness and agricultural tourism is starting to develop there.
Sarajevo is Bosnia's capital and also its largest city. It is surrounded by mountains on all sides (which when climbed give outstanding views of the city), and has been a tactical stronghold since before the Ottoman conquest of the 1400 s. It is rich with culture, from its medieval Old Town quarter to its modern and up-and-coming financial district, and is likely to become even more of an attractive destination, as the post-civil war restoration continues. It is also the religious center of the country, with plenty of mosques and churches to visit, that exemplify the city's architectural mix of Ottoman and Austrio-Hungarian design. It is one of the best places to discover Bosnia's history; given that it was here that Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated, sparking the WWI. The city, like many others in the Ex-Yugoslav territories, is still full of reminders of the former federation.
Bosnia's third largest city is Tuzla. Located in northeastern Bosnia and Herzegovina, Tuzla has long been associated with local deposits of rock salt. In the 10th century it was
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C4
| 1.216638 | -0.236202 | 1.403315 | 0.299523 |
Intro | Search taxa | Browse taxa | Distributions | Terminology | References | Statistics | Online sources | Tutorial | Log in
From MarineSpecies Introduced Traits Wiki
Article reviewed by
Job DronkersSee the discussion page
Biological diversity - or biodiversity - is the term given to the variety of life on Earth and the natural patterns it forms. Biodiversity is the fruit of billions of years of evolution, shaped by natural processes and, increasingly, by the influence of humans. It forms the web of life of which we are an integral part and upon which we so fully depend.
2 The Convention on Biological Diversity
3 Links between biodiversity and climate change
Diversity is often understood in terms of the wide variety of plants, animals and microorganisms. So far, about 1.75 million species have been identified, mostly small creatures such as insects. Scientists believe that there are actually about 13 million species, though estimates range from 3 to 100 million. Biodiversity also includes genetic differences within each species - for example, between varieties of crops and breeds of livestock. Chromosomes, genes, and DNA-the building blocks of life-determine the uniqueness of each individual and each species.
Yet another aspect of biodiversity is the variety of ecosystems such as those that occur in deserts, forests, wetlands, mountains, lakes, rivers, and agricultural landscapes. In each ecosystem, living creatures, including humans, form a community, interacting with one another and with the air, water, and soil around them. It is the combination of life forms and their interactions with each other and with the rest of the environment that has made Earth a uniquely habitable place for humans. Biodiversity provides ecosystem goods and services that sustain our lives.
The Convention on Biological Diversity
The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) was signed by 150 government leaders at the 1992 Rio Earth Summit, and is dedicated to promoting sustainable development. The CBD was conceived as a practical tool for implementing the principles of Agenda 21. Biological diversity is defined as more than plants, animals and micro organisms and their ecosystems. It also is about people and their need for food security, medicines, fresh air and water, shelter, and a clean and healthy environment. This is also referred to as ecosystem goods and services.
At the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, world leaders agreed on a comprehensive strategy for "sustainable development" -- meeting human needs while ensuring a healthy and viable world for future generations. One of the key agreements adopted at Rio was the Convention on Biological Diversity. This pact among the vast majority of the world's governments sets out commitments for maintaining the world's ecological underpinnings as we go about the business of economic development. The Convention establishes three main goals:
the conservation of biological diversity,
the sustainable use of its components, and
the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits from the use of genetic resources.
Links between biodiversity and climate change
More recently, the CBD focuses on links between biodiversity and climate change, including Report on the Interlinkages Between Biological Diversity and Climate Change. Biological diversity includes all plants, animals, micro-organisms, the ecosystems of which they are part, and the diversity within species, between species, and of ecosystems. Biodiversity underlies the goods and services provided by ecosystems that are crucial for human survival and well being. Ecosystem goods and services have significant economic value, even if some of these goods and most of the services are not traded in the market and thus are not priced to inform society to changes in their supply or in the condition of their ecosystems.
Past changes in climate resulted in major shifts in species ranges and marked changes in biological communities, landscapes, and biomes. The current levels of human impact on biodiversity are unprecedented, and causing large-scale loss of biodiversity. For a given ecosystem, functionally diverse communities are more likely to adapt to climate change and climate variability than impoverished ones.
Extensive work has been completed at regional levels on impacts of climate change on biodiversity. For example, Chapter 10, Principles of Conserving the Arctic's Biodiversity, the Arctic Climate Impact
|
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CommonCrawl
| 0.951725 | 1.031085 | 1.952041 | 2.809039 |
Ethniche
Khazana Indian Restaurant Focuses on Tamil Cuisine
Mark Antonation September 2, 2014 8:45AM
A drive into the southern suburbs on a weekend can feel like you're entering a deserted city. Traffic after rush hour is light, and once the sun begins to set, people seem to clear out like they're expecting the vampires to come out. Places that normally do a brisk lunch business -- like Khazana, with its buffet full of pans of familiar-looking food -- are all but empty, despite being surrounded by housing developments and apartment complexes in various shades of tan. Tuesday night may be industry night downtown, keeping the flow of tip money in circulation among cooks and waitstaff heading out on their nights off, but in Lone Tree, I had Khazana almost to myself for my first selection for a month of Indian cuisine, except for a small table of Indian businessmen and one or two takeout customers.
See also: Namaste India Gets Mild Applause for Its Solid but Stolid Fare
I would generally be a little worried about freshness and quality at an almost-empty restaurant, but Khazana does enough business during the day to keep the inventory rotating and the kitchen staff in practice. And I'd rather be in an empty dining room in the evening with a chance to order from the full menu than in front of the typical feeding trough atmosphere of most lunch buffets. Indian buffets are typically better than other all-you-can-eat spreads, but the food is still cooked in bulk and held at temperature on steam tables -- not exactly the best way to experience the cuisine of a country as rich and varied as India.
That variety can be the downfall of an Indian restaurant; kitchens try to span too much territory, with too many different cultural influences, and everything just comes out muddy and lacking individuality (a trait amplified by a buffet setup). Denver's Indian-restaurant scene tends toward a familiar litany of dishes, with a decided emphasis on lunch buffets. Khazana may span an even greater geographical distance, offering a few familiar dishes popular throughout India (and in the majority of Indian restaurants in the U.S.), but the house specials stick to southern regions, from Sri Lankan curries to seafood and street-style offerings from the southern Tamil Nadu region of India -- with stops in Chennai, Kerala and Madurai -- and up the east coast to Andhra Pradesh. While thick, multi-spiced sauces coating slow-cooked meats appear along with kabobs and vegetarian dishes featuring eggplant and cauliflower, the spice blends seem bright and new compared to typical vindaloos, masalas and kormas.
At the time, I didn't realize that many of the dishes were named for the towns or cultures from which they originated. Rather than attempting any systematic approach to a cohesive meal, I just went with what sounded unique. From the tiffin (appetizer) menu, I ordered a plate of the little lentil doughnuts called vada topped with a thin and tangy sambar sauce. Served this way (you can also order them plain), the vada lose their deep-fried, crispy exterior as they soak up the tamarind-based sauce, but whatever is lost in texture is made up for with the sambar, which had the consistency of a thick vegetable soup.
We also ordered a dosa, thinking it would be another appetizer, but when the waiter brought out the rolled lentil crepe, I realized that we weren't going to need any more food. The plate it came on was a standard sized dinner plate, but it looked like a tea saucer in comparison to the arm-length dosa. It's available in several styles; we ordered ours with Ceylon goat curry. A small mound of sauce-drenched meat hid in the enormous dosa roll, and an extra side of curry sauce was provided for dipping. Tearing off bite after bite of the thin and crispy crepe hardly made a dent in its size, but the addictive flavors of butter, cilantro and slightly chewy lentil batter, combined with the rich and chile-spiked curry, almost made me forget about the Madras fish curry
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CommonCrawl
| 1.201695 | -0.728712 | 0.096055 | -0.1318 |
Home Wonkette Steve Bannon's Florida Porn / Meth Palace Probably Not Your Top AirBnB Choice
Steve Bannon's Florida Porn / Meth Palace Probably Not Your Top AirBnB Choice
Oh sure, you have just ONE hot tub full of acid…
Back in March we told you about the curious mystery of the crazy party people, porn debauches, and acid-filled bathtub at the Florida house rented by Steve Bannon and his former (and third) wife, Diane Clohesy. By the time Bannon was no longer renting the place, it was quite the fixer-upper, what with padlocks on all the inside doors, the constant parties, and frequent police visits to the house, located among the McMansions of Miami's Coconut Grove neighborhood. Those weird goings-on were initially reported by the Washington Post in a story about whether Bannon actually lived there: He was registered to vote at that address, but lived in Hollywood at the time. Now, ShareBlue has an update on the Bannon Meth Mansion of Mystery and the headaches — literally — that the next tenant had to deal with thanks to the previous tenants.
First off, one mystery cleared up: Miami-Dade law enforcement concluded that while Bannon never actually resided in the county, there wasn't sufficient evidence to suggest he'd intentionally committed voter fraud by having registered to vote there. So Steve Bannon is not a vote frauder, what a relief.
The ShareBlue piece does flesh out some of the tales of debauchery and mayhem that the earlier Washington Post story only hinted at, mostly from the perspective of Lawrence Curtis, the poor unfortunate bastard who rented the house after the former Mrs. Bannon and her crew left. Curtis is an underwater cinematographer who was often away shooting movies, but while he lived there, the house was so full of chemical nastiness left over from the previous occupants that it literally made him sick. You'll want to go read the whole thing, because there's a bunch of debauchery, but we'll give you a few highlights.
For one thing, there's that hot tub, which was described only as "full of acid" in the earlier story. By the time Curtis took possession of the house, the oozy Jacuzzi had been cleaned up, sort of, but not really:
Carlos Herrera, who owned the house with with his wife, Andreina Morales, painted a picture of what initially seemed to be a normal tenancy but soon evolved into an almost daily parade of debauchery and drug use, including run-ins with the police.
"The conclusion is she was probably cooking meth in here," Herrera said of Bannon's ex-wife. That would have explained the damage done to the bathtub and kitchen sink.
Curtis even took pics of the luxury accommodations:
Curtis also heard all sorts of stories from five people who had seen what all went on in the Party Casa — apparently not while Bannon was there; he was apparently just paying his ex's rent while she lived it up, because he's just that kind of guy. A handyman who worked at the property told Curtis of having seen porn being filmed there, although in a shocking disappointment, we don't know what the titles were. Investigative journalism, my eye. The handyman, Felix, said he'd "witnessed women and men being filmed in the act" and added that he'd had to remove lots of trash, rags, and buckets full of chemicals. Poor Felix also had the task of trying to scrub that tub, which appears to have been both thankless and futile. He too was sure it was used for making drugs.
Then there was the pest control dude who enjoyed telling Curtis — a little too enthusiastically, he thought — about all the drugs and sex and naked people, including
An unnamed male tenant, he said, who was "a heavy set man," offered him "girls for sex and/or drugs in lieu of payment," but he never accepted because he could lose his job.
Prolly not Bannon, though, because "heavy set" describes the bulk of Florida guys, except maybe the wiry ones all hopped up on bath salts and eating people's faces.
Another repair guy Curtis called when he needed the kitchen range fixed initially refused to come to the house until he was sufficiently reassured that Curtis wasn't the previous tenant. He
|
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CommonCrawl
| -0.474732 | -0.591795 | 0.750582 | -1.494072 |
2007.10 EGANAGOLDPFEIL
Company Name: EGANAGOLDPFEIL (Holdings) Limited
Stock Code: 48
Year end: May 31, 2007
Basis of disclaimer of opinion
1. Scope limitation – material sales transactions and receivable provision
Included in consolidated turnover of $7,025,459,000 were recorded sales of $1,816,741,000 to several customers during the year ended 31st May, 2007. The recorded gross profit arising on these transactions in the amount of $448,040,000 has been included in determining the Group's gross profit of $2,573,373,000. The consolidated net loss to the equity holders of the Company for the year of $1,959,408,000 includes a full provision of $548,646,000 against the year end outstanding balances due from these same customers. We were unable to obtain reasonable representations and assurances from management that these sales transactions represented genuine sales to independent third party customers. Accordingly, we were unable to satisfy ourselves as to the original sales, the related costs thereof, the gross profit so arising, or the appropriateness of the provision made in respect of the outstanding balances.
2. Fundamental uncertainty relating to the going concern basis
As explained in (note 2) to the accounts, that the Group incurred a consolidated net loss to the equity holders of the Company of $1,959,408,000 for the year ended 31st May 2007 and had consolidated net current liabilities of $17,703,000 at 31st May 2007. The accounts have been prepared on a going concern basis, the validity of which is dependent on the successful outcome of the proposed acquisition of a controlling interest in the Company, and related proposed funding, by a prospective investor, and the Group's current negotiations with its principal bankers regarding a rescheduling of the Group's bank borrowings. The accounts do not include any adjustments that would result from a failure to obtain such funding support. We consider that appropriate disclosures have been made. However, the uncertainty surrounding the outcome of this proposed acquisition and funding by a prospective investor and negotiations with the principal bankers raises a significant doubt regarding the Group's ability to continue as a going concern.
Disclaimer of opinion: disclaimer on view given by the accounts
Because of the significance of the matters described in the basis for disclaimer of opinion paragraph, we do not express an opinion as to whether the accounts give a true and fair view of the state of affairs of the Company and of the Group as at 31st May, 2007 and of the Group's loss and cash flows for the year then ended in accordance with Hong Kong Financial Reporting Standards. In all other respects, in our opinion, the accounts have been properly prepared in accordance with disclosure requirements of the Hong Kong Companies Ordinance.
2007.10 SMART RICH
Company Name: Smart Rich Energy Finance (Holdings) Limited
Stock Code: 1051
Year end: June 30, 2007
Included in the consolidated balance sheet at 30 June 2007 was an available-for-sale investment stated at cost of HK$140,020,000 in respect of the 21% equity interest in Madagascar Petroleum International Limited ("MPIL"). As disclosed in note 16 to the consolidated financial statements, MPIL is directly held by two subsidiaries, Hopestar Group Limited ("Hopestar") and Dorson Group Limited ("Dorson"). MPIL is an investment holding company and entered into the oil and gas product sharing agreement with The National Office for Mining and Strategic Industries of the Republic of Madagascar in respect of an onshore block of land ("Block 2104") in the Republic of Madagascar for oil and gas exploitation and operation. MPIL is eligible to obtain the mining titles required for exploration, exploitation and transportation for the available crude oil and available associated natural gas on Block 2
|
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CommonCrawl
| -1.12411 | 0.174547 | -0.783521 | -1.230978 |
As Amazon Associates we earn from qualifying purchases. Thank You for Your support!
You're Never Weird on the Internet (Almost) Book Review (2021)
This book is the memoir of internet celebrity and successful entrepreneur Felicia Day as she writes about her journey to success and fame.
She writes over 250 pages of content that describe everything she had to do to gain her internet fame as a compulsive gamer, internet entrepreneur, violinist, filmmaker, and hoagie specialist.
You're Never Weird on the Internet Book
You're Never Weird on the Internet 9.02/10 272 Pages Check Price On Amazon
Lonely Child
She describes her story as a lonely and isolated homeschooled child that had to live this way due to hippie reasons her parents had. You are about to see what this book holds about the life and success story of internet star Felicia Day from this book review of You're Never Weird on the Internet.
The book begins as Felicia tells you about her childhood that she spent mostly in her home as a homeschooled child and was constantly alone with her dreams of becoming an actress.
These dreams never faded as when Felicia grew up, she immediately went to Hollywood and was struck by good luck. She instantly got a part as a crazy cat lady secretary. Although this was an amazing experience for Felicia which she mentions that she will never forget about, she wanted to do a lot more for herself and be her own boss. So, she starts exploring the wondrous opportunities of the internet as she starts producing her own web series while she was still in Hollywood.
According to Plan
Things just seem to go exactly as planned for Felicia from what you see in this book review of You're Never Weird on the Internet as her own web series lead to her forming her own production company and making her an internet star.
All of the things she mentions in this book are facts that simply anyone can make it in this world in anything that they can dream about. After achieving her goals of gaining fame and fortune, Felicia spends her days free to do whatever she likes as she posts videos of her gaming and doing quirky challenges. She constantly comes up with new and creative ways to keep her fans entertained.
Inspiration for Everyone
This memoir of Felicia Day's life and success should definitely be an inspiration for everyone that finds what she has managed to achieve amusing. You will also find that she has a natural talent for this stuff as she manages to make even her own memoir a fun and entertaining story to read about as she is a person that wants to make people feel good and excited about every new thing that she releases into the public.
There's Much More
If you want to know more about Felicia and her achievements, then you can go beyond this You're Never Weird on the Internet book review and even the book itself and just watch her many entertaining videos and movies that you will easily find on the internet if you only search the words Felicia Day.
Robert Hazley
Robert is a science fiction and fantasy geek. (He is also the best looking Ereads writer!) Besides reading and writing, he enjoys sports, cosplay, and good food (don't we all?). Currently works as an accountant (would you believe that?)
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Madame Blavatsky Book Review (2021) – The Woman Behind the Myth
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CommonCrawl
| 0.118266 | -1.535934 | -0.696101 | -0.406752 |
Dan Crenshaw Fires Back After Left-Wing Commentator Hasan Piker's Vulgar Attack
By Joe Setyon
Published August 22, 2019 at 1:57pm
Texas Republican Rep. Dan Crenshaw is taking things in stride after being the victim of a vile attack from a far-left political commentator.
Hasan Piker, a commentator on The Young Turks Network, was responding to Crenshaw's appearance this week on "The Joe Rogan Experience" podcast.
WARNING: The following tweets and videos contain profane language that some viewers may find offensive.
"This guy has the understanding of foreign policy of, like, a 12-year-old. What the f—. What the f— is wrong with this dude?" Piker said in a video.
I'm furious.
An employee of one of the largest news sites in the country @TheYoungTurks says that a "brave fucking" terrorist "fucked the eye hole" out of Dan Crenshaw.
This bastard's name is Hasan Piker.
He needs to be fired
Help me make this go viral
RT:pic.twitter.com/GnrwzSVLhW
— Benny (@bennyjohnson) August 22, 2019
"Didn't he go to war and like literally lose his eye because some mujahideen — a brave f—ing soldier — f—ed his eye hole with their d—?" Piker added.
"Isn't that how he lost his f—ing dumba– eye, because he got his f—ing eye hole f—ed, by a brave soldier?"
Do you think Hasan Piker owes Crenshaw an apology?
100% (2671 Votes)
In fact, Crenshaw, a former Navy SEAL, lost his eye in 2012 during a deployment to Afghanistan when an improvised explosive device went off.
"Dan was hit by an IED blast during a mission in Helmand province, Afghanistan," Crenshaw's campaign website reads.
"He was evacuated and awoke from his medically induced coma learning that his right eye had been destroyed in the blast and his left eye was still present, but badly damaged."
Instead of responding in kind to Piker's vile rant, Crenshaw took it in stride.
Piker "seems to confuse 'Improvised Explosive Device' with some weird terrorist fantasy," Crenshaw tweeted.
.@hasanthehun seems to confuse "Improvised Explosive Device" with some weird terrorist fantasy.
Lol sorry for triggering you Hasan. You're no Pete Davidson, stop trying so hard. https://t.co/0w2Cp95ctt
— Dan Crenshaw (@DanCrenshawTX) August 22, 2019
RELATED: Trump to Iran: We've Picked Out 52 Targets To Hit, 1 for Each Hostage You Took in 1979
"Lol sorry for triggering you Hasan. You're no Pete Davidson, stop trying so hard," he added, referring to the "Saturday Night Live" cast member who mocked Crenshaw's injury last year.
Davidson quickly said he was sorry, and the Crenshaw even appeared on "SNL" to accept his apology.
Not content with mocking Crenshaw for his injury, Piker, meanwhile, also claimed America deserved the Sept. 11, 2001 terrorist attacks.
"America deserved 9/11, dude. F— it, I'm saying it," he said.
This piece of scum Hasan Piker also said that "America deserved 9/11."
Watch him say 3K Americans deserved to die: "America deserved 9/11, dude. Fuck it I'm saying it."
Piker works for the @TheYoungTurks. @YouTube sponsors them & pays for this content: pic.twitter.com/vCNjQxc3Sg
While his remarks have sparked considerable controversy, Piker has yet to back down.
"You literally don't need two eyes to see
|
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] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| -0.909462 | -0.891259 | -0.730621 | -1.655976 |
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Threading;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace System.Net.WebSockets
{
public sealed partial class ClientWebSocket : WebSocket
{
private enum InternalState
{
Created = 0,
Connecting = 1,
Connected = 2,
Disposed = 3
}
private readonly ClientWebSocketOptions _options;
private WebSocketHandle _innerWebSocket; // mutable struct; do not make readonly
// NOTE: this is really an InternalState value, but Interlocked doesn't support
// operations on values of enum types.
private int _state;
public ClientWebSocket()
{
if (NetEventSource.Log.IsEnabled())
{
NetEventSource.Enter(NetEventSource.ComponentType.WebSocket, this, ".ctor", null);
}
WebSocketHandle.CheckPlatformSupport();
_state = (int)InternalState.Created;
_options = new ClientWebSocketOptions();
if (NetEventSource.Log.IsEnabled())
{
NetEventSource.Exit(NetEventSource.ComponentType.WebSocket, this, ".ctor", null);
}
}
#region Properties
public ClientWebSocketOptions Options
{
get
{
return _options;
}
}
public override WebSocketCloseStatus? CloseStatus
{
get
{
if (_innerWebSocket.IsValid)
{
return _innerWebSocket.CloseStatus;
}
return null;
}
}
public override string CloseStatusDescription
{
get
{
if (_innerWebSocket.IsValid)
{
return _innerWebSocket.CloseStatusDescription;
}
return null;
}
}
public override string SubProtocol
{
get
{
if (_innerWebSocket.IsValid)
{
return _innerWebSocket.SubProtocol;
}
return null;
}
}
public override WebSocketState State
{
get
{
// state == Connected or Disposed
if (_innerWebSocket.IsValid)
{
return _innerWebSocket.State;
}
switch ((InternalState)_state)
{
case InternalState.Created:
return WebSocketState.None;
case InternalState.Connecting:
return WebSocketState.Connecting;
default: // We only get here if disposed before connecting
Debug.Assert((InternalState)_state == InternalState.Disposed);
return WebSocketState.Closed;
}
}
}
#endregion Properties
public Task ConnectAsync(Uri uri, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
{
if (uri == null)
{
throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(uri));
}
if (!uri.IsAbsoluteUri)
{
throw new ArgumentException(SR.net_uri_NotAbsolute, nameof(uri));
}
if (uri.Scheme != UriScheme.Ws && uri.Scheme != UriScheme.Wss)
{
throw new ArgumentException(SR.net_WebSockets_Scheme, nameof(uri));
}
// Check that we have not started already
var priorState = (InternalState)Interlocked.CompareExchange(ref _state, (int)InternalState.Connecting, (int)InternalState.Created);
if (priorState == InternalState.Disposed)
{
throw new ObjectDisposedException(GetType().FullName);
}
else if (priorState != InternalState.Created)
{
throw new InvalidOperationException(SR.net_WebSockets_AlreadyStarted);
}
_options.SetToReadOnly();
return ConnectAsyncCore(uri, cancellationToken);
}
private async Task ConnectAsyncCore(Uri uri, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
{
_innerWebSocket = Web
|
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Github
| -1.230075 | 0.405552 | -1.512466 | -0.613085 |
SocketHandle.Create();
try
{
// Change internal state to 'connected' to enable the other methods
if ((InternalState)Interlocked.CompareExchange(ref _state, (int)InternalState.Connected, (int)InternalState.Connecting) != InternalState.Connecting)
{
// Aborted/Disposed during connect.
throw new ObjectDisposedException(GetType().FullName);
}
await _innerWebSocket.ConnectAsyncCore(uri, cancellationToken, _options).ConfigureAwait(false);
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
if (NetEventSource.Log.IsEnabled())
{
NetEventSource.Exception(NetEventSource.ComponentType.WebSocket, this, nameof(ConnectAsync), ex);
}
throw;
}
}
public override Task SendAsync(ArraySegment<byte> buffer, WebSocketMessageType messageType, bool endOfMessage,
CancellationToken cancellationToken)
{
ThrowIfNotConnected();
if (!((messageType == WebSocketMessageType.Text) || (messageType == WebSocketMessageType.Binary)))
{
string errorMessage = SR.Format(
SR.net_WebSockets_Argument_InvalidMessageType,
nameof(WebSocketMessageType.Close),
nameof(SendAsync),
nameof(WebSocketMessageType.Binary),
nameof(WebSocketMessageType.Text),
nameof(CloseOutputAsync));
throw new ArgumentException(errorMessage, nameof(messageType));
}
WebSocketValidate.ValidateArraySegment<byte>(buffer, nameof(buffer));
return _innerWebSocket.SendAsync(buffer, messageType, endOfMessage, cancellationToken);
}
public override Task<WebSocketReceiveResult> ReceiveAsync(ArraySegment<byte> buffer,
CancellationToken cancellationToken)
{
ThrowIfNotConnected();
WebSocketValidate.ValidateArraySegment<byte>(buffer, nameof(buffer));
return _innerWebSocket.ReceiveAsync(buffer, cancellationToken);
}
public override Task CloseAsync(WebSocketCloseStatus closeStatus, string statusDescription,
CancellationToken cancellationToken)
{
ThrowIfNotConnected();
WebSocketValidate.ValidateCloseStatus(closeStatus, statusDescription);
return _innerWebSocket.CloseAsync(closeStatus, statusDescription, cancellationToken);
}
public override Task CloseOutputAsync(WebSocketCloseStatus closeStatus, string statusDescription,
CancellationToken cancellationToken)
{
ThrowIfNotConnected();
WebSocketValidate.ValidateCloseStatus(closeStatus, statusDescription);
return _innerWebSocket.CloseOutputAsync(closeStatus, statusDescription, cancellationToken);
}
public override void Abort()
{
if ((InternalState)_state == InternalState.Disposed)
{
return;
}
if (_innerWebSocket.IsValid)
{
_innerWebSocket.Abort();
}
Dispose();
}
public override void Dispose()
{
var priorState = (InternalState)Interlocked.Exchange(ref _state, (int)InternalState.Disposed);
if (priorState == InternalState.Disposed)
{
// No cleanup required.
return;
}
if (_innerWebSocket.IsValid)
{
_innerWebSocket.Dispose();
}
}
private void ThrowIfNotConnected()
{
if ((InternalState)_state == InternalState.Disposed)
{
throw new ObjectDisposedException(GetType().FullName);
}
else if ((InternalState)_state != InternalState.Connected)
{
throw new InvalidOperationException(SR.net_WebSockets_NotConnected);
}
}
internal static void ThrowIfInvalidState(WebSocketState currentState, bool isDisposed, WebSocketState[] validStates)
{
string validStatesText = string.Empty;
if
|
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] | 1,024 |
Github
| -1.346909 | 0.496397 | -1.541158 | -0.76993 |
I have lately read a lot of comments about Iceland being boring and calm. In reality nothing could be more wrong, Iceland is brimming with activity. So, let us take a quick look at some interesting volcanoes before we go to the namesake of this article.
If we start in the far north there has been a persistant swarm with a few M3+ earthquakes located at a volcano to the east of Grímsey. The volcano in question is badly studied, but it is known to contain at least one highly active hydrothermal field. If one play around a bit with the earthquakes larger than M1.5 a pattern emerges that form a stack rising from 14km depth up to around 10 km depth. This is normally a sign of rising magma in Iceland. It is though a good idea to remember that this area is well known for its numerous intrusions and intense episodes of seismic unrest, so this may lead to nothing. Or, if we are really lucky it could lead to an eruption with an island formation.
Bárðarbungas seismic unrest is slowly abating after the Holuhraun eruption. In the aftermath the level of seismic activity has been one of the highest recorded in human history. The reason for this is that the bottom of the caldera has continued to subside as a whole plug downwards due to loss of pressure during the eruption. This function has been the primary source for the earthquakes. After all, the caldera "plug" is basically a stone that is 339 cubic kilometer large and weighs 950 000 000 000 tons. Dropping a stone that size about 100 meters is indeed a noisy business.
The loss of pressure has also caused deeper and smaller earthquakes that are signs of fresh magma rising up from the depth and confusingly enough these earthquakes are caused by increased pressure. For now these earthquakes will not cause an eruption since it will take quite some time to rebuild enough pressure for an eruption to be possible.
In the end Bárðarbunga is far less interesting than it seems for a casual observer. So, without much further a due let us leave this particular giant and move on south.
Lately there has been a lot of talk about Katla and the ongoing seismic unrest. Only problem is that the bulk of the earthquakes belong to the Gódabunga system and not to Katla in and of itself. Gódabunga is a nascent magma reservoir emplaced at 4km depth and may form a future volcanic centre in between Katla and Eyjafjallajökull. The seismic unrest has been shallow and may have caused an increase in hydrothermal activity. Nothing points towards an upcoming eruption at Katla at this point, but that might change with time.
Now it is time to turn to the two likely volcanoes to erupt soon in Iceland.
The highly enigmatic volcano of Hekla is known to be a very quiet volcano between eruptions with perhaps one or two recorded earthquakes every year between eruptions.
As an eruption starts you get between 90 minutes and 32 minutes of minor earthquake activity prior to the highly explosive onset of eruption.
During the last 5 months there have been weekly earthquakes and sometimes even daily earthquakes directly under the volcano ranging from 7km depth to 0.1km depth. The magnitude of the earthquakes has been minor ranging between M0.1 to M1.5.
To be quite clear, no period like this has ever been recorded at Hekla. But, before you go off screaming wolf there is a factor we need to look at and that is that the seismograph network around Hekla has been extremely upgraded in the years after the last eruption in 2000. The individual seismographs are now between 10 and 100 times more sensitive, and there are quite a lot more of them now. If you look at the system as a whole it is about 1 000 times more sensitive than before the last eruption. So, it may be that Hekla has had episodes like this before the last eruptions and that we could not see it. This is called technological skew and it can cause over-interpretation of data.
But, if we look at the data that we do have
|
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] | 1,024 |
C4
| 0.590356 | 0.384788 | 1.837275 | 0.582856 |
in the last few years since the last large upgrade we see that there has been no such episode. The million dollar question is if Hekla will erupt soon. I would say that it might do that, but that we will not know until a few minutes before the eruption starts when a brief smattering of between 10 and 50 earthquakes happens in a very short time frame. Let us just say that Hekla is not a good spot to hike on right now.
Satellite image from May 11 / 2011. Source: JPL/NASA.
If Hekla is enigmatic and unpredictable Grímsvötn is the opposite. Prior to the 2011 eruption I developed a predictive model for Grímsvötn that accurately predicted the upcoming eruption 6 months before it actually happened, as such it is probably the earliest predicted volcanic eruption that actually happened when it was predicted to happen.
If you have a fine enough set of data you could for all point and purposes exactly predict any volcano like Grímsvötn years in advance using finite element breaking point threshold analysis. Sadly there is no such data on Grímsvötn. But, we roughly know the location and distribution of the magma reservoirs under the volcano, and there is a bit of data from other large caldera volcanoes in Iceland that I used as approximations for Grímsvötn.
Another thing we know is that Grímsvötn is a very steady erupter and that is pointing to the volcano having a fairly steady influx of magma from depth via open conduits. The open conduits are deduced from the fact that we do not see earthquake stacks forming as the magma move upwards into the upper magma reservoirs.
So, if magma influx is a steady number we should get an inverted logarithmic build up of the strain. And that strain build up should be evidenced in a logarithmic curve of cumulative seismic moment.
And to finish the predictive model off we find that the finite element modeling points towards there being a fairly stable point where one of the reservoirs ruptures.
Now I am done with the highly simplified technical mumbojumbo and we are ready to go on to actual data. But, before that I need to point out that to do modeling like this you need to rely on a lot of data that requires a tremendous amount of research that was done by a lot of good scientists at the University of Iceland and the Icelandic Met Office. Secondly you need data from quite a few eruptions to check your model against, and it is pretty much only Grimsvötn that this is possible at due to the good work of the University of Iceland and the Icelandic Met Office.
Now time to leave the mathematical modeling and look at real world data. In that real world data we indeed find a breaking point where the pressure exceeds what a reservoir at Grímsvötn can hold, and it is possible to easily follow that on a graph representing the energy released from Grímsvötn earthquakes equal and larger than M1.
The graph below shows curves with starting points set to the day after the previous eruption and that run up to the moment the eruption starts. Then the graph is reset. For some reason this graph only show the two previous eruptions and the current graph running up towards the next eruption. It is though good to know that the time between the 1996 Gjálp eruption and the 1998 eruption looked pretty much the same as the other two with the 1998 eruption breaking point being slap bang in between the 2004 and 2011 breaking points.
The Cumulative Seismic Moment page at Vöktun Vatnajökuls. Source: Icelandic Met Office.
Here is a neat thing. You do not need a higher degree in physics and pages of weird mathematic symbols to predict Grimsvötn like I did. I just did it to prove a theory, in the real world you just need to keep an eye on the graph and watch what the cumulative seismic moment is and you can predict the time of eruption as well as I can.
Currently a temporal volcanic forecast for Grimsvötn would say that it will erupt at any time between 100 days and 3 years depending on the rate of
|
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| 0.334952 | 0.935049 | 1.435593 | 0.747289 |
cumulative seismic moment increase, and that as we draw closer that prediction would grow far more exact. If you wish you can do statistical modeling over what curve would be most likely and you would come up with 2 years as the most likely time for the next eruption unless something changes in the system.
Another thing that the finite element theory tells us is that the eruptive loci will change from eruption to eruption since there is more than one magma reservoir. The logic behind this is that the pressure will always be to lower in the reservoir that just erupted compared to the others.
1996 the eruption was a rift eruption emanating out of the northern reservoir, in 1998 the eruption came from the southern caldera wall, in 2004 the eruption came from the eastern side of the caldera; in 2011 it was once more from the southern side of the caldera.
If we now look at the location of the earthquakes that has happened in the last six months we find that the earthquakes once more follow the predictive modeling with the second largest release of seismic energy being towards the Gjálp fissure and the largest being towards the east with very little energy being released at the southern caldera wall.
So, we can even limit the location of the upcoming eruption to either the NE caldera wall or the E caldera wall. The eastern earthquakes have been forming lineaments due east towards Hamarínn Volcano indicating that the next eruption may be a radial fissure eruption like the 1996 Gjálp eruption. The large jump in the Cumulative Seismic Moment graph was a M3+ earthquake that happened 1/3rd of the way towards Hamarínn smack bang on the indicated radial fissure and could indicate a future eruption site.
3 episodes of unrest, so far the third is the largest. Source: Icelandic Met Office.
So, as you can see forecasting volcanoes does not involve watching the moon, reading tarot-cards, tea-leaves or raccoon gizzards. Instead it involves logic, research, mathematical modeling, nice visual graphs and foremost a lot of empirical data. Then you test your model, improve it with new data and see if it works once more.
Drumplot showing the last two episodes of unrest. Source: Icelandic Met Office.
Before I leave you to watch a very slowly changing graph at the excellent IMO page called Vöktun Vatnajökuls I want to once more say that this particular way of predicting an eruption only works for Grimsvötn so far. It may in the end be possible to extend it to all Icelandic main type volcanoes, but that will take a lot of time and way more data than we currently have at this point. And before anyone ask. I used a completely different model to predict Bárðarbungas 2014-2015 eruption, but I will get back to how on earth I pulled that one off sometime in the future (hint, it did not involve reading badger gizzards).
As some have noticed Grimsvötn has suffered from a minor Jökulhlaup in the last few days. That one may have been caused by what are 3 episodes of hydrothermal unrest. Hydrothermal activity in Grimsvötn is known to increase as we near an eruption.
I always love to read about the volcanoes in Iceland.
Thank you, it will be interesting to follow the activity during the run up.
That's a big quake for Grimsvotn – odd timing with this post too. It still hasn't shown up on the drum plot (lag), but looks to be very shallow.
Looking at the cumulative seismic moment graph, M3+ must be fairly rare at Grimsvotn?
Grimsvotn is almost as quiet as Hekla. Really odd that a 3.6 happened right after this article was published.
The M3.6 today is an error in the automatic system.
The M3.6 referenced in the article above is as far as I know the largest recorded at Grimsvötn.
Another awesome article from Carl!
Please note that today's M 3.6 is of very low quality (Quality 50.5), shows up on the GRF drum as a s
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C4
| 0.375708 | 0.701447 | 1.37821 | 0.64357 |
meared/wet M 0.8 and – most important of all – has not yet been checked by a seismologist.
For those of you who have seen the drone footage of Amatrice following the large quake that hit the region…. Amatrice falls midway between the MMI-VII and MMI-VIII intensity contour curves. According to my calcs, the ground there had a velocity of between 23 and 43 cm/s and an acceleration of between 24.1% g to 48.3% g.
Keep that in mind when you see damage estimates for potential quakes and you can better visualize what can happen. Amatrice is living through the aftermath of that horror right now.
Looking at the scene, it's almost difficult to comprehend that the quake was only a 6.2, it looks somewhat similar to Kathmandu last year. Obviously it's an old settlement with weak buildings. Not a good sort of area to live in considering how notorious that area is for strong quakes.
After Aquila they* got away by falsely accusing the scientists. You cannot help but wonder how they* will try to avoid exposure this time and if the general public is stupid enough to believe them yet again. I am sorry if this offends anyone, but there is no such thing as a disinterested politician even if we'd like to believe there are. Generally, I would stick to volcanic comments but with such a horrendous tragedy as this, it is impossible not to speak out.
* They = construction firms + politicians who take kick-backs in order to grant permits for clearly sub-standard building projects.
Thank you for that. I have a similar opinion but didn't feel it was my place to state such out here in the open. You echo my sentiments exactly. To Second your thought, isn't it amazing how urgently they worked to mitigate the threats following that other disaster?
Redacted since Albert has advised otherwise. In my defense, I haven't been in Italy for years… and never in that vicinity, but Naples was a hoot… as was Catania.
That is not clear to me. In the main affected town (Amatrice), the town centre is worst damaged and those will have been the older buildings. On the images, newer buildings look badly damaged but are still standing – for now. The older houses are brick and wood construction and those were not able to deal with the shaking. Another village was build on a slope and seems to have been taken out in part by rubble slides. The old part was on the slope and is gone. The newer houses near the top survive. So you may be right but I will withhold judgement for now. There was a requirement to renovate old houses to earthquake standards but this only came into force a few years ago (well after the Aquila quake) and such a process takes decades. Italy has many faults but this was not maffia country.
On Swedish television, the news this evening is that an Italian prosecutor has begun investigations into why recently renovated buildings have collapsed while older structures still stand. Apparently, almost the entire town of Amatrice had been renovated recently and only last year it was voted the best town in Italy.
But as you point out, we do not have the full picture yet.
Here an article about the 'mistakes' they made in improving the buildings and the pending investigation. It's in german language, but google translate should help. They used more sand than required to save money – the walls got pulverized during the quake.
And yes it is mafia country as well.
I attribute the extensive damage to unreinforced masonry construction. The Charleston SC M7.0 quake in 1886 also did a lot of damage, and in the aftermath, they at least tried to reinforce the remaining masonry/brickwork. The nasty part of masonry is increased lateral loading that the structure wasn't made to deal with. The midpoint of a stone wall has to deal with the inertia of it's material. Beyond a certain point, the stack of bricks essentially becomes unstacked, and fall over. Whatever mass the wall was supporting looses footing and comes down as well. The issue is that buttressing everything gets pricey, and you soon run out of places to walk/drive as the roads become congested with buttressing for all the building walls.
Years ago, I was stationed in San Diego. We had
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] | 1,024 |
C4
| 0.125738 | 0.369214 | 0.976528 | -0.071086 |
an out of the blue small quake in San Diego bay on a fault line that no one knew about at the time. What got my attention was the motion of the apartment building where I lived. I did not like hearing the various truss joints creaking. I live in Florida now.
Back in my years in Coos Bay Or. I was in Real Estate.
I went back to Aviation-it's less expensive.
commercial building. He and I discovered two things.
We both did-he to Vegas me to NE Oregon.
Living outside of Charleston, it is interesting to walk around East Bay, Market, King, Queen, & Broad Streets and see how many of the old buildings (churches, warehouses, etc) have the bolts in them. Everything East/North of East Bay St (including the shipping terminals) was once marshy pluff-mud and the side-streets themselves used to be the 18th century wharfs and piers and are named after them.
Many businesses today occupy buildings that were erected prior to the Great Quake. Considering that much of downtown now is at or below sea level, sits on reclaimed marsh, and most older homes are at least 3 stories tall (tangent: the older and/or historic structures have very narrow frontage – homes are narrow [25-30 ft], long [60-70 ft] and tall [3-4 stories] and commercial buildings can be even longer, taller, and narrower – due to how taxes were assessed way-back), it would not take much to set them off like so many dominoes.
Dodging sinkholes isn't that hard. They tend to occur in areas where the ancient transform faults from the opening of the Gulf of Mexico have fractured the limestone bedding that underlies the area. The closest one to here passes under panama city and northward through the Defuniak Springs area. The Port St Joe fault. All along that trend you find sinkhole initiated lakes and ponds.
The eq was in the accretionary zone between the two plates, which might have made the impact worse.
Which is the odd thing about it. Per the USGS comments, it was normal mode faulting on a shallow dip. Acretionary systems typically have thrust mode quakes.
USGS also say that the normal faulting here is as a result of the widening of the Tyrrhenian basin to the west. The Adriatic Plate is rotating in an anti-clockwise direction; not clear how this impacts the region around Norcia.
But the area is having a rough time of it: a 5.5 shortly after the initial quake and some 4s.
"The eastern earthquakes have been forming lineaments due EAST towards Hamarínn".
Isn't Hamarinn to the west of that area? On another note, how explosive is the next eruption likely to be compared to 2011 (if there's a way to tell at this point)?
Part of this is likely due to the spelling. We tend to anglicize the word into Godabunga, which is properly spelled "Góðabunga". If you google Góðabunga, you will get different search results, and this will change even more if you use different versions of google (for example, using google.se for the swedish google will be different).
Pretty close, but the Icelandic spelling is actually Goðabunga… You can look at my comment higher up on the page where I explain the difference between the two.
It is a mountain, hence Fjalla (= mountain in Icelandic, again genitive form) In the UK, Scotland predominantly, there's "Fell" which shares a common Norse or Scandinavian origin with Fjall.
It is topped by a glacier, "Jökull" in Icelandic.
In contrast to English – which is a pigswill brew of Celtic, Latin, Germanic, Norse and French (another hodge-podge of a language) – Icelandic is a very much a pure and unadulterated language.
How does that square with Uptyppingar?
Yeah, I asked that. Someone had to. If you wish to answer via email or another method, that's fine.
Thank you, but I will leave Uptyppingar to the locals as well as Geirvörtur.
|
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I second Bjarki, you did pretty good.
The site might once more become a little more unstable for the next while, whilst I try and get our plugin working once more.
Full functionality should be restored, please let me know of any issues that crop up.
I think that's related to the issue. I've stopped recieving comment emails also.
If you don't get notified when the next one is published, it might be worth unsubscribing and resubscribing to see if refreshing the subscription helps.
That is quite a large area (as well as not very well studied). Were there any particular volcanoes or area that you had in mind?
Erte ale, oldoinyo lengai, Kilimanjaro, nyamuragira, nyiragongo……among others.
I know that we have covered some of the African volcanoes in the past, the only problem being that those articles are in the archives of the old, hijacked site. That said, it's always nice to learn what our readers are interested in and would like to read about!
African Volcanoes are generally very-under studied with the exception of the few that are in a constant state of eruption.
You can go up through the entire rift valley, and there are tons of active volcanoes that we know next to nothing about. I've tried doing more research on these volcanoes through google scholar, but it's simply too hard to find any good sources of information to get a better view of their behavior. Lots of stuff behind pay-walls as well (and I'm pretty good at finding alternative sources).
I'd like to know about dubbi (the one they thought had erupted when it was actually nabro) but it's in eritrea so odds a low on finding out much beyond the wikipedia article I guess.
Thank you! That is an extremely useful tool for visualising the tectonic setting, esp if you zoom out.
That being said, I really love these maps of yours.
Thought as much, it's just nice with a clear sign of what units we are supposed to read various numbers in.
Not sure that even Ian can measure them that accurately!
Literally behind my house up on the Flat of Morgan lake above.
Turkey Fryer, don't think it was those people.
A swarm that is building a stack started in Bardarbunga. Looks interesting on 3dbulge!
South flank fault slip or volcanic?
Volcanic: it is on the magma path.
So I noticed something that I think looks a little interesting on the USGS earthquake map… I see there's been a series of shallow earthquakes right around an old cinder cone Just south of the owens valley. I drive past it every time I drive from San Diego to Bishop – the road runs _right_ next to it. Would anybody care to comment about whether the quakes would seem to be caused by anything volcanic here? Or is this more due to things shifting around on the owens valley fault?
Hm – I see no-one replied. Well, as a complete thicko, my best guess is due to the shallow depth it is likely to be old faulting shifting about. But, that said, always worth watching!
Sorry. Owens valley is generally part of the walker lane stuff. It's generally thought that walker lane us slowly taking over as the principle area dealing with pacific plate north American plate relative motion. The last I saw, 15% or so of the motion was taken up there.
If we're setting up a pool for when Grimsvötn erupts, I dibs 30 February 2017.
Hehe, you guessing a date that does not exist on the calender?
I personally doubt it. Bardarbunga is still in recovery mode from the last eruption. I'm not ruling it out, but I would be very surprised if Bardarbunga erupted in the two years.
Fighting wildfire with a 155mm howitzer..
Nice read Carl, She is getting noisy, isnt she?
Small earthquake swarm has started in TFZ.
It's a long time since I poked my head outta da shell.
My thoughts are with all those in Italy and beyond who hare struggling with the aftermath of the quake.Let's hope the blame for the horrendous death toll is not
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C4
| -0.724702 | -0.705676 | 0.349348 | -0.544466 |
laid at the feet of scientists who" failed to accurately predict" this event.
Carl another great post. (I have been Lurking….NO not that Lurking but lurking lurking,Lurking is Lurking and nobody could ever emulate him).
My take on the situation in Iceland is that Lady Hekla is being her usual prissy self, Madam Hekla is way behind schedule and sulking… She never forgave Miss Eyaf for upstaging her and Baaa…dy..has to get his breath back…( I always consider Baaaardy as sheepishly male.) Therefore it is up to Grimsvoten to fill the space that all Volcanoholics are watching.
Hugs to all and thanks to those who have messaged me over the last few months. I really haven't forsaken VC….Just a nasty twist of fate and a rear attack. The floor attacked my rear and left me somewhat legless. Well! My legs are actually here but didn't work well. Couldn't climb our steep stairs and my PC is up here in my "Office". My Kindle is useless for writing ruminations and anyway I forget to charge it and by the time it's charged I have forgotten what I want to write.
I'm glad you're doing better now. Usually when one has been rear ended by a car, that person is at fault. So you're quite right in blaming the floor. 😀 I hope you're doing much better now.
Hi Diane, glad to hear from you. I always enjoy your contributions but do lurk (leaving Lurking to Lurk) if that helps you most!
Hi Diana! Nice to hear from you.
Good to have you baaack….
Sorry to hear about your troubles, Diana. Hope it all mends properly.
looks like magma moving at Hekla?
Why were we reading about the Cascades, and within one hour, Iceland came up again? Lets have some articles about volcanoes other then Iceland!! There is currently nothing happening over there, so give other volcanoes, active and sleeping, a chance!
Iceland volcanoes are the easiest to monitor and see stuff going on, so this lends itself to more discussion around them. Also, they're relevant, highly active, and there is almost always something to talk about.
I don't think people are against discussing other volcanoes, I certainly am not. If you want to talk about any other areas, I would suggest trying to start the discussion yourself, even if it's just a question on some remote volcano.
Request noted. We'll see what we can do!
The point of the article was that there are things going on there.
In this case we published the article to mark the point of no return for the next eruption of Grimsvötn.
Do not worry, there will be other articles about other volcanoes as we find the time to write them.
And a small point here, we write articles according to our knowledge and personal interest and for our own fun. It is not like we are getting paid to write editorial material. That being said we always like suggestions about what to write about.
The beach ball. Gurgle Urt doesn't show a particular fault line for the quake location in their Quaternary KMZ files.
This is a good 40km or so south of Yellowstone, and not at all related to the volcano. It's an interesting quake, but large earthquakes happen near big volcanoes all the time, this is nothing volcanic.
As CBUS points out, Yellowstone has a lot of faults that causes earthquakes. Some of them are far larger than this earthquake. Hebgen for instance. As pointed out, these earthquakes has nothing to do with the volcano itself or it's ability to erupt.
Could this have anything to do with the recent earthquake in Wyoming this happened two weeks ago ?
It was reported on the 22nd August just thought it could have been poisonous gas although they are reporting it is a parasite.
It s caused by Tetracalsula bryosalmonae (a microscopic relative of the jellyfish) which does not infect mammals but is deadly to fish. It attacks the kidneys and for freshwater fish, kidneys are essential. They continuously take in water through their skin, and get rid of it through the kidneys. Anything
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C4
| -0.531111 | -1.151465 | -0.314593 | -0.676962 |
Playing at the old pier posts, unaware of their grand story
They are a place to play today, but the lonely pier posts at the Wye River beach are witness to twenty turbulent years of timber milling at Wye River and Separation Creek a hundred years ago. It is a story of grand plans, grand implementation and dashed hopes that culminated in an explosive end.
Wye River was cut off from the world until the enterprising Harrington brothers, who arrived just five years earlier, built a jetty in Wye at around 1900. They didn't question the government drawings, so it was a bad start. Their first jetty was too short and shallow to be usable!
The second jetty built across the rocks soon after was more substantial, enough for sawmilling to start up, although just remnants are visible today.
Remnants of the second Wye pier
Soon the first mill was opened in 1904 at Separation Creek by Charles Scully, fed with logs via a tramway up the creek. Another tramway took timber from Sep to the pier at Wye, on what is now Paddy's Path.
However in a foreboding of the future, shipping access was problematic, with boats having to wait for weeks for smooth conditions to land, and the first mill closed in 1912. New optimistic owners restarted the mill soon after, until they too went broke in 1918!
It was time for men of vision to change things. Henry Jones of IXL jam fame opened a new major mill complex at Wye with his partner John Hay in 1919.
They made a huge 30,000 pound investment in the milling at Wye. It included the latest two storey mill, 20 houses, a shop and even their own ship 'Gundiah'. It was the largest mill in the Otways and included the reopened Separation Creek mill at Scullys. A local school even opened for the town's many children, including the young local identity Pat Harrington. Read his story here.
New timber tramlines were built deep into Wye Valley to haul the huge Blue Gum logs to the mill.
An immense new bridge for the tramlines crossed Wye River and dominated the town.
Timber tramway bridge spanning the Wye Valley. From Sawdust and Steam, N Houghton
The Wye River Milling Heyday
In 1920 the huge new mill was supplying Blue Gum to South Wharf in Melbourne. This was its heyday and milling at its peak, although no one knew it at the time.
In 1921, again shipping troubles and escalating costs caused the mills to close. It was to be temporary until conditions improved – but nature intervened as we know it does along this wild coast.
In 1923 a raging flood destroyed the tramway bridge across Wye River and a storm washed away most of the jetty. The mills were stranded, never to open again.
The huge stockpile of milled wood at the destroyed pier at Wye never went to market. A lot of the wood was given away to local settlers, including Pat Harrington who used it to build local houses.
The original mill manager's house still survives and is in use, not far from the existing pub. I was delighted to see inside it on an open day around a decade ago. The lino is still laid on bare earth as it was a hundred years ago.
The old abandoned mill was intact and unused until the arrival of the road in 1932, and scrap merchants soon dismantled much of it.
It came to a spectacular end years later when its reluctant owner, the Country Roads Board, decided the cheapest way to demolish it was with dynamite in one huge explosion.
This was not to be the entire end of local sawmilling. Another mill started nearby at Kennett River in 1939, seven years after the Great Ocean Road opened. It continued operating near the edge of the sea till 1967. You can still see a pile of decaying black sawdust on the beach at Kennett, not far from Cassidy Drive.
Apart from the remnants of the Wye River pier posts, if you look carefully on the rocks you will see twisted old rusting rails, and in the scrub the remnants of an old winch.
Rusting rail sep ck rocks
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CommonCrawl
| 0.940857 | -0.283571 | 1.794238 | 0.603094 |
Matthew Shepard portrait dedicated at National Cathedral
Gay Wyoming student killed in 1998 hate crime honored in daylong ceremony
Lou Chibbaro Jr.
Judy and Dennis Shepard stand in front of a portrait of their son, Matthew. Matthew Shepard was honored at a ceremony on Dec. 1, at Washington National Cathedral. (Washington Blade photo by Lou Chibbaro, Jr.)
Matthew Shepard, the gay University of Wyoming student who was murdered in a 1998 anti-gay hate crime while tied to a fence outside Laramie, Wyo., was honored at a ceremony on Thursday, Dec. 1, at Washington National Cathedral dedicating a newly commissioned portrait of Shepard.
Officials at the cathedral said the portrait by artist Kelly Latimore and commissioned by LGBTQ members of the Cathedral staff, is the only artistic image of Matthew Shepard created in collaboration with Shepard's parents, Dennis and Judy Shepard, who were present during the ceremony.
Matthew Shepard's ashes were interred at the Washington National Cathedral in 2018, 20 years after his death. The Cathedral announced in a statement this week that the Dec. 1 dedication of the Shepard portrait would also take place on what would have been Shepard's 46th birthday.
A Thanksgiving and Celebration of Matthew Shepard service was held on October 26, 2018 at the Washington National Cathedral. (Washington Blade file photo by Michael Key)
"The horrific murders at Club Q in Colorado Springs are a tragic reminder that our LGBTQ friends and family continue to be targeted for who they love, and Matthew Shepard's legacy reminds us of the urgency to confront bigotry and embrace people of all backgrounds, gender identities and sexual orientations," said The Very Rev. Randolph Marshall Hollerith, dean of Washington National Cathedral, in a statement.
Events surrounding the portrait dedication began with a 7 a.m. online prayer service "to celebrate and recall Matthew Shepard's life," the statement released by the Cathedral says. The service was led by Right Rev. V. Gene Robinson, the first openly gay priest to be consecrated as a bishop in the Episcopal Church.
The Cathedral next hosted a preview of the portrait for the news media at 10:30 a.m., where Dennis and Judy Shepard talked about the portrait and their son's life and the impact his death had on the nation's understanding of hate crimes.
"It's amazing how similar and what a great job that Kelly [Latimore] has done to make it look like Matt and showing the essence of Matt," Dennis Shepard told the Washington Blade while viewing the portrait in the Cathedral's St. Joseph's Chapel, where the portrait was on display.
Artist Latimore, who also spoke to reporters during the morning briefing at the chapel, said he was moved in his discussions with Judy and Dennis Shepard while getting ready to begin work on the painting by copies of dozens of letters they sent him that had been sent to the Shepards by people across the country after their son's death.
Latimore included written excerpts from dozens of those letters as the background to his portrait of Matthew Shepard, which can be seen and read when standing close to the portrait.
Artist Kelly Latimore (Washington Blade photo by Lou Chibbaro, Jr.)
"Matthew will not be forgotten," an excerpt from one of the letters on the portrait says.
Dennis and Judy Shepard created the Matthew Shepard Foundation shortly after Matthew's death, which has been credited with playing a lead role in advocating for the passage by Congress in 2009 of the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act. The measure was the first federal hate crime statute that expanded the coverage of the federal hate crimes law to include a victim's sexual orientation and gender identity as a protected class.
President Barack Obama signed the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act on Oct. 22, 2009. (Washington Blade archive photo by Michael Key)
The Cathedral was to open its St. Joseph's Chapel from 2-5 p.m. on
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CommonCrawl
| 1.166373 | -0.313015 | 0.911972 | 0.370356 |
Thursday to visitors where the Matthew Shepard portrait was on display. Dennis and Judy Shepard were scheduled to be present to greet visitors.
According to the statement released by the Cathedral, later in the evening at 7 p.m., the portrait was to be officially dedicated in a private service in the Cathedral's crypt near the site where Shepard's ashes were interred.
"A longtime supporter of the full inclusion of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people in the life of the church, the Cathedral considers LGBTQ equality one of the great civil rights issues of the 21st century," the statement released by the Cathedral says.
One of the two men charged with Matthew Shepard's murder, Russell Henderson, pleaded guilty to a murder charge in exchange for an agreement by prosecutors not to seek a death sentence. He was sentenced to life in prison.
The other man charged in the murder, Aaron McKinney, pleaded not guilty and went to trial, where he was convicted of murder by a jury. In a dramatic statement before the judge at the conclusion of the trial, Dennis Shepard announced he and his wife had asked prosecutors and the judge to spare McKinney from being sentenced to death, something he said McKinney did not do while fatally striking his son in the head multiple times with the barrel of a gun after the two men tied him to a fence post in a remote field outside Laramie.
The judge sentenced McKinney to two consecutive life terms in prison without the possibility of parole.
Related Topics:Aaron McKinneyDennis ShepardEpiscopal Churchfeaturedgayhate crimeJudy ShepardKelly LatimoreLaramieMatthew ShepardRandolph Marshall HollerithUniversity of WyomingV. Gene RobinsonWashington National CathedralWyoming
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Rainbow History Project holds first panel for city-funded Trans History Initiative
Seated from left panelists Earline Budd, Rayceen Pendarvis, and Gabrielle 'Gibby' Thomas are joined by Rainbow History Project officials and supporters. (Washington Blade photo by Lou Chibbaro, Jr.)
Longtime D.C. transgender rights advocates Earline Budd and Gabrielle 'Gibby' Thomas gave personal accounts of their transition as transgender women and their work as trans rights advocates Tuesday night, Jan. 24, at a "Talking Trans History" panel discussion organized by D.C.'s Rainbow History Project.
Joining them as a panelist was Rayceen Pendarvis, the acclaimed local event host, public speaker, and LGBTQ community advocate. Pendarvis, among other things, told of being nurtured and taught by dynamic transgender women who proudly affirmed their identity not only as trans people but productive citizens in the community at large.
Vincent Slatt, Rainbow History Project's director of archiving, served as moderator of the panel discussion. He told the audience of about 25 people who gathered at the Southwest Branch of the D.C. Public Library that the event was the first of many such panels planned by the project's recently launched Trans History Initiative.
Slatt noted that Rainbow History Project received a $15,000 grant for fiscal year 2023 from the Mayor's Office of LGBTQ Affairs to conduct the Trans History Initiative. The initiative plans to "better integrate the often-under-represented histories of trans people into our programming," according to a RHP statement.
Budd, 64, who has been a trans-identified activist since the 1970s, became involved in the 1980s with supporting people with HIV/AIDS before founding the D.C. organizations Trans Health Empowerment and Empowering the Transgender Community (ETC), for which she currently serves as executive director. She has received numerous awards for her work in support of the trans community and her self-proclaimed role as "the advocate" for the trans and LGBTQ community.
In
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CommonCrawl
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her remarks at the panel discussion, Budd told of her childhood upbringing in a religious family where, like many trans people, her parents didn't approve of her early identity as a girl.
"I want to say that around eight or nine my mother found me to be different," Budd said. "The difference was she would lay my clothes out, my sister's clothes and my clothes for us to go to school. And when I would come downstairs, I would always have on my sister's clothes," Budd told the gathering.
"And she would say why do you have on your sister's clothes?" Budd continued. "I said mommy, it fits. No, it does not, you're a boy," Budd quoted her mother as responding. "And let me tell you, that went on and on and on," said Budd, who told how she eventually parted ways with her parents and left the house to embark on her role as one of D.C.'s leading trans advocates.
Among her many endeavors was successful discrimination complaints, including one against a D.C. skating rink and another against the D.C. Jail for discrimination based on gender identity. Budd told how she won in both cases, with strong backing from the D.C. Office of Human Rights.
Pendarvis, among other things, spoke about how an association with trans women as a young adult helped to shape Pendarvis's longstanding and award-winning role as co-founder of Team Rayceen Productions, including 10 years as leading host of "The Ask Rayceen Show," which highlighted topics promoting the LGBTQ and trans community in D.C.
Similar to Budd, Pendarvis has received numerous awards and honors, including recognition from the D.C. City Council, for work as a host and speaker at LGBTQ-related festivals, fundraisers and other events.
"As an activist and host, I have been blessed to do many things," Pendarvis told the panel discussion gathering. "For many who do not quite know how to identify or ask me to identify, first of all, I'm a human being," Pendarvis said. "I am a father of five and a mother of many."
Pendarvis added, "I'm a human being first and foremost, a child of God. And my trans sisters uplifted me first, embraced me first. I came out in a community where our transgender sisters were always on the front line."
Thomas, 65, told the panel session she is a native of North Brentwood, Md., located just outside D.C., but D.C. became her home since shortly after finishing high school. She began her work in the LGBTQ community in 1989 as a caregiver for people with HIV. She has since worked for the local organizations Us Helping Us, Transgender Health Empowerment, and Terrific, Inc. She currently works for Damien Ministries and its "Trans Specific" programming called Shugg's Place that, among other things, focuses on providing services for transgender older adults.
She told of her growing up as one of seven children in a family whose mother and father, she said 'were very loving." But like other trans kids, Thomas said her parents were uncomfortable over her desire to identify as a girl. A more understanding next door neighbor allowed Thomas to spend time in her house as Thomas helped with household errands.
"I would go to the store and things like that for her," Thomas said. "But what's most important, I could dress as I wanted to in her house. She would give me dresses that I could wear. And I could go up there and put on my dresses and watch TV," Thomas continued. "And then I would get to take my dress off and go home because mom and daddy wasn't standing for that."
At around the age of 10, Thomas said, she was aware of current events and observed that her father was a strong supporter and admirer of Martin Luther King Jr. and his civil rights leadership. "I said you can march with Martin Luther King for everybody else's rights but you are going to deny me mine," she recalled telling her father.
Thomas said she initially began patronizing D.C. gay bars after befriending gay men from her high school. A short time later, after realizing that the gay scene was not who she was, she discovered the then D.C. gay drag bars Louis' and The Rogue and had a chance to meet
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CommonCrawl
| 1.006066 | 0.042173 | 0.519256 | 0.653689 |
"people like me." But she said someone she met at one of those two bars introduced her to the then D.C. Black gay bar called the Brass Rail, where transgender women hung out.
"And I said, oh my God, I am home. This is heaven," Thomas told the panel gathering. "When I came to the Brass Rail I felt like I was home" as a trans person, Thomas said. "I met so many terrific people."
She went on to tell about the trials and tribulations of fully transitioning as a trans woman and her growth as a transgender activist with a career dedicated to supporting the trans and LGBTQ community.
Japer Bowles, director of the Mayor's Office of LGBTQ Affairs, spoke briefly at the start of the Talking Trans History panel discussion. He said the mayor's office was excited to be supporting the Rainbow History Project's newly launched Trans History Initiative.
"I'm really, really excited to work for a mayor who not only is fighting for things for our community, but truly funding these opportunities," Bowles said. "This is about you and our trans communities. So, I'm here to listen."
Slatt also announced at the panel session that Rainbow History Project has a paid job opening for one or more positions to help run the city funded Trans History Initiative. He said information about the job opening for people interested in applying can be obtained through RHP's website. He said a video recording of the panel session would be posted on the website in a week or two.
Annual event benefits housing, mental health programs
Winter Hawk
A previous SMYAL fundraising event was held at Red Bear Brewing. (Washington Blade file photo by Michael Key)
SMYAL (Supporting and Mentoring Youth Advocates and Leaders) is hosting its annual SMYAL for the New Year fundraising event on Thursday at Red Bear Brewing Co. The event will kick off a series of fundraisers supporting the non-profit's new street outreach and mental health programs.
"SMYAL for the New Year serves a dual purpose," said Hancie Stokes, director of communications for SMYAL. "One is to fundraise for the organization and the programs and services that we provide for LGBTQ youth, but the other is also to be an introductory event for folks in the community."
For more than five years, the Young Donors Committee and SMYAL Champions have held SMYAL for the New Year to engage young professionals in philanthropy. The Young Donors Committee is comprised of new philanthropists between 20 and 30 years old and operates under the larger SMYAL Champions network of donors who give roughly $10 to $35 a month.
This year, SMYAL is directing those funds to a new bilingual street outreach program aimed at connecting LGBTQ youth to services such as legal aid, healthcare, hormone replacement therapy, and housing. The non-profit is also fundraising for its free mental health counseling program, which opened last year.
SMYAL's commitment to assisting and empowering LGBTQ+ youth in Washington D.C. dates back to 1984, but the non-profit recently underwent programming changes. In March 2020 when COVID-19 hit, most of SMYAL's programming went online, connecting members on Discord and Zoom.
While SMYAL aims to engage those in D.C., Maryland, and Virginia, the virtual platform allowed the organization to reach youth in Texas, California, and Florida who are unable to access local centers like SMYAL.
"We did about two years of virtual events and we had folks still showing up and listening to what our programmatic updates were," Stokes said. "But it is really nice to be able to share physical space with folks again."
SMYAL continues to offer two virtual events a week alongside two in-person events, however, many of the larger fundraising events are back to fully in-person.
Last year, SMYAL's new year event centered around two housing programs, which opened in spring 2022 and has since made the non-profit the largest LGBTQ youth housing provider in the region. But since Casa Ruby – an LGBTQ community center and housing provider – closed last September, more youth are in need of housing.
"One of our main goals as we head into 2023 is to really grow that program
|
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| 0.712624 | -0.414404 | 0.356073 | 0.729581 |
Do you have oil and metal flowing through your veins? Nothing revs your engine the way working on cars can? The mechanic industry provides a variety of opportunities for career success. Technology is constantly evolving and changing, opening up new avenues for career choices. A career as a mechanic requires a high level of technical skill and customer service which are the primary ingredients for success. If your biggest motivation is to get down and dirty with your hands while using your mechanical and technical skills, a career as a mechanic may be the perfect fit for you. What you'll find in this article is a massive amount of information, from choosing a mechanic school to taking that important licensing exam, which will help you in determining whether a career as an auto mechanic is right for you.
If you're interested in motorcycle mechanics, check out this career guide.
A career as an auto mechanic isn't for everyone. It takes a certain kind of person, one who likes to work with people as much as they do on those vehicles. Because with every sick vehicle comes an owner who is worried sick about it. If you're good with this fact and you have the people skills, problem-solving prowess, and the much needed mechanical skills then you probably have what it takes to head to auto mechanic school.
To be a great mechanic, you should possess superb communication skills. Because you'll be working in a customer service-based industry, the better people-person you are, the better chance of repeat customers and referral-based customers you'll have. If people like you and you're excellent at what you do, then that's winning way more than half the battle of the industry.
You should also have a solid work-ethic, have above-average problem solving and diagnostic skills, and a superior technical aptitude.
If you're still in high school, take auto repair, electronics, and math to prepare.
Go to a trade school or community college and enroll in their mechanics program.
Get that diploma or degree to become fully qualified as an auto mechanic.
*Potential employers prefer their mechanics to have had a higher level of training from a trade school or community college.
Diesel Mechanics work on vehicles powered by diesel fuel such as buses, trucks, and some cars.
Aircraft Mechanics repair airplanes, jets, helicopters and any other machine that flies.
Motorboat or Marine Mechanics deal with inboard and outboard boat engines.
Motorcycle Mechanics spend their time repairing motorcycles, scooters, and mopeds.
Farm Equipment Mechanics repair agricultural machinery such as tractors and harvesters.
Mobile Heavy Equipment Mechanics are the ones who maintain and repair construction machines such as bulldozers and cranes.
There are also areas to specialize in within each niche. Auto mechanics can choose to focus on transmissions, tune ups, front-end, brake, and air-conditioning. The more you specialize and focus on one area of mechanics, the more you can pave the way for yourself.
With so many schools offering similar programs, it's important to be armed with information so you can make the right choice. There are some main elements to look for when choosing a mechanic school.
Certified: It is important to attend a school certified by the National Automotive Technicians Education Foundation (NATEF). The NATEF certification proves that the school is exceptionally equipped to prepare their students for all aspects of the mechanic job.
Practical Learning: Auto mechanics need hands-on training alongside their coursework. Make sure the school you're thinking about attending provides both classroom and practical, meaning they teach their students to work on an actual vehicle and its parts.
Curriculum: Is the school you're thinking about staying ahead of the curve? Do they provide their students with bumper-to-bumper instruction? Also, are they up with all the latest technology most automobiles come equipped with and are they able to teach their students how to maintain them?
Connections: Is your school well-connected and are they able to offer job placement for their graduate students? What's their graduation rate and do they have proof their graduates have secured jobs once they went out into the real world?
To receive the right kind of training, the kind of stuff that makes you stand out to potential employers, you need to attend an auto mechanic school, whether it's online, through a certificate program or an associate's degree program. But
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C4
| -0.06038 | -0.221278 | 0.429595 | 1.620054 |
, what can you expect from auto mechanic programs? Well, some of that depends on where you go but most programs have the same basic idea of what the curriculum should look like. They should all teach their students about the systems and parts that make up automobiles, how to maintain them and how to fix them. Also, the students will learn what the tools of the trade are and how to use them in their daily job life.
Certificate programs will focus on career-specific courses and will not include any general education classes. The benefit of a certificate program is that it is a shorter program than the associate's degree which allows the student to get out into the workforce quicker. However, the program isn't as well-rounded, but to many, that isn't an important aspect. In a certificate program, the student will learn how to take care of vehicles, everything from routine diagnosis and maintenance to large-scale repairs. There are some specialized areas a student can focus on like certain types of engines and specific types of vehicles and their parts. The student may also choose to focus on diesel mechanics and only work with diesel parts. Check with your program to see what specialties they offer if you're interested in that. Examples of common courses found in certificate programs are an intro to auto technology, diesel service techniques, auto electrical, fuel and emissions systems.
Associate's Degree Programs are considered to be well-rounded and will prepare students if they decide to do so, continue on for a bachelor's degree. However, receiving an associate's degree prepares the student to join the workforce, similar to the certificate program immediately. It does take a bit longer to complete at two years if you are a full-time student. This may make it harder for some students to work while getting their degree because of the intensity of the coursework. An associate's degree in automotive service technology will not only include career-specific courses, but it will also have general education requirements. The student will also take business management classes which are important, particularly to those who want to work on their own once they graduate. Some common courses you can expect in the associate's degree program are advanced transmission diagnostics, auto mechanics technology, service management, and alternatively fueled and hybrid vehicles.
The licensing for auto mechanics varies by state. Texas, New Jersey, and Florida are the exceptions and do not require their auto mechanics to be licensed. The benefit of getting licensed it that it reinforces the fact that you're highly qualified and not only deserve the job you're applying for but that the shop is lucky to have you. It also gives peace of mind to vehicle owners knowing that are in capable hands.
The first license an auto mechanic needs is either their diploma or degree which proves they received their education from a school. After that, there are quite a few licensing options to choose from.
The ASE or Automotive Service Excellence exam is the industry standard which determines the skill of the auto mechanic. The exam is computer-based and monitored, and it is given at specified locations which vary by state. Within the ASE, it is divided into vehicle types and their systems. Within each section: buses, cars, and trucks, these are further divided into eight core certifications per vehicle type. The certifications cover engine repair, automatic transmission and axle, manual drive train and axles, suspension and steering, brakes, electrical and electronic systems, heating and air, and engine performance. Try our ASE mechanic practice tests.
ASE Master Certification: One all the sections of the ASE are passed, you will then have the opportunity to take the Master Certification exam. This exam is divided into series which include cars, medium to large trucks, and transit buses. Once all the series are passed, Master Mechanic status is achieved. However, this is not a life-time certification and must retake every five years, or you'll lose your master standing.
Manufacturer Certification: If you wish to be the cream of the crop, then it's a good idea to consider improving your technical skills. This can be done through the certifications many manufacturers offer. There may be extra required courses and hands-on learning, but this varies by manufacturer.
Ford FACT: The Ford Accelerated Credential Training program provides mechanics with Ford-specific training, making them an asset to dealerships. It is a one-year program with a 15-week capstone course in Service Technician Specialty Training (STST) Ford curriculum. Students are trained at a Ford sponsored facility by certified
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C4
| -0.287255 | 0.027897 | 0.497737 | 1.731364 |
This site is now archived.
This site is now a static reference resource maintained by the Development Education Research Centre, based at the UCL Institute of Education.
Start the Change update
There has been a lot going on with our Start the Change project over the last few months and there is still lots to do to ensure that projects like this make an impact in the education sector. Here's a round-up of our recent work.
Thinking about critical thinking
John Hopkin, Head of Accreditation at the Geographical Association (GA), discusses the importance of critical thinking, what it means and the best way to approach it in the classroom.
Faaria Ahmad, Programme Manager at Think Global, reflects on the rise of small companies and entrepreneurs branding themselves as ethical and environmentally-friendly, and targeting conscious consumers.
How do we teach children about Trump?
Teach First participant and Primary School teacher, Phoebe Rudgard, discusses the importance of tackling controversial topics in the classroom and ways in which we can help children better understand these issues.
Q&A with our GEYA 2018 finalist, Thandiwe Banda
This month we feature our Q&A with Global Educator of the Year 2018 finalists, Thandiwe Banda. In her Q&A, Thandiwe chatted to us about the importance of global learning, and challenges she has faced, integrating it into the curriculum.
Think Global is a UK based education charity
We help people to understand and act on global issues. We believe in a world that is just and sustainable for everyone. Our mission is to enable people to understand and think critically about global issues, motivating and encouraging us all to act for a more just and sustainable world.
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Global Learning Programme Update
The DfID funded UK wide Global Learning Programme (GLP) came to an end on 31 July. A new programme, the Connecting Classrooms through Global Learning (CCGL) programme is being launched in September.
A global approach to education is critical to delivering on the SDG's
On 4 July the UKSSD published their milestone report 'Measuring Up: How the UK is performing on the Sustainable Development Goals', showing how the UK is performing on the SDGs.
Think Global's 2018 Global Educator of the Year announced: Samantha Olubodun!
We are delighted to announce the winner of the 2018 Global Educator of the Year Award - Samantha Olubodun. The Award was celebrated at a special event in City Hall, London: recognising the incredible work of educators who are integrating global learning in their lessons.
Meet the 2018 finalists of our Global Educator of the Year Awards
We are delighted to announce the three finalists for our Global Educator of the Year Award 2018. We will be announcing the winner at a special event on Friday 13 July at City Hall.
Tweets by thinkglobaluk
Each month we are shining a spotlight on the work of one of our member organisations.
This month's spotlight is on The Geographical Association (GA), the leading subject association for teachers of geography.
The GA support teachers' professional needs through their journals, publications, training courses, Annual Conference, Quality Marks, teaching resources, social media activity and a variety of local and national network activities. They have several thousand members including primary and secondary teachers, through to academics and businesses. If you or your organisation is interested in becoming a member you can join the GA here.
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Read all blog posts
Q&A with our GEYA 2018 winner, Samantha Olubodun.
In the first of our Q&A's with our Global Educator of the Year 2018 finalists, GEYA winner Samantha Olubodun shares with us the importance of, and challenges she has faced, integrating global learning in to the curriculum.
Words from our supporters
"Think Global was one of the first charities I engaged with
|
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CommonCrawl
| 0.427332 | -0.87601 | -0.132693 | 1.584638 |
Q: How viable is it to just use 1% resistors and calibrate out the error? At the moment, I use 0.1% resistors to get accurate voltage measurement through a voltage divider. However, the cost is high, so I was thinking of using 0.5% or 1% resistors and calibrating out the error in software by using a precision voltage reference during production. Has anyone done this successfully? What pitfalls might I encounter?
A: So you've got:
R_x R_fixed
Vcc -----^v^v^----+----^v^v^------- Gnd
|
|
+--- V_sensed --- ADC input
Rx is some unknown resistance (probably a sensor of some kind). And you're using R_fixed at 0.1% right now in order to effectively calculate R_x, but you want to use a cheaper fixed resistor with a lower tolerance of perhaps 1%. In doing so you want to perform some kind of calibration during production to correct for the increased error, is that right?
The way you end up doing this is putting an byte in EEPROM (or some other non-volatile memory) that acts as an "offset" in your calculation, and it's a perfectly viable thing to do. The thing is it's going to cost you some time during production to do the calibration activity. In order to do the calibration, you'll need one of those 0.1% resistors (call it R_cal) of nominally comparable value to your 1% resistor to substitute into the circuit for R_x. Measuring V_sensed, you can infer more precisely the value of R_fixed (i.e. to something like 0.2%).
If R_cal and R_fixed are nominally the same value, you would expect V_sensed to be equal to Vcc / 2. You would store the measured deviation from Vcc / 2 as a calibration offset byte, and always add it to V_sensed as perceived by your ADC.
The pitfall, as I see it, is that there is a bunch of work involved in doing the measurement and subsequently in storing the value. Another thing to consider as a pitfall is that temperature can play a role in causing a resistance to deviate from it's nominal value, so you'll want a reasonably well temperature controlled calibration environment. Finally don't forget to use calibrated measurement equipment, as that's another potential source of additive error. One last pitfall I can think of is that the calibration byte should be stored in units of the lsb of your ADC (so if you have a 12-bit ADC, units of calibration offset byte should be "Vcc/2^12 Volts").
Edit
If you are using two fixed resistors to divide a large voltage down to a lower scale as follows:
R1_fixed R2_fixed
V_in -----^v^v^----+----^v^v^------- Gnd
|
|
+--- V_sensed --- ADC input
Re-edited Section
So now you want to use a precision voltage reference (call it V_cal) to stimulate V_in during a calibration step in production. What you've got there is in theory:
V_sensed = V_predicted = V_cal * R2_fixed / (R1_fixed + R2_fixed) = V_cal * slope_fixed
But what you've got in reality is:
V_sensed = V_measured = V_cal * R2_actual / (R1_actual + R2_actual) = V_cal * slope_actual
In effect you have a different transfer function slope in reality than what you would predict from the resistor values. The deviation from the predicted divider transfer function will be linear with respect to the input voltage, and you can safely assume that 0V in will give you 0V out, so making one precision voltage reference measurement should give you enough information to characterize this linear scale factor. Namely:
V_measured / V_predicted = slope_fixed / slope_actual
slope_actual = slope_fixed * V_measured / V_predicted
And you would use slope_actual as your calibrated value to determine the voltage in as a function of the voltage measured.
below courtesy of @markrages
To get the actual slope sensitivity to res
|
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StackExchange
| -0.37488 | 0.859777 | -0.183688 | 1.000265 |
Canada and the U.S. Working Together to Keep North America Safe
As 2021 comes to a close and we take stock of the Canada-U.S. relationship, we are reminded that our friendship, partnership, and alliance remain grounded in the people to people connections and our shared experiences. We have each other's backs in the darkest of times. We listen and have frank conversations about complicated issues, always with the goal of taking the best care of Canadians and Americans while building a better world for all. And we are acutely aware that the world is watching how we are take care of our North American neighborhood and how we treat each other as global leaders.
In the long list of peacekeeping operations identified by the United Nations and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), Canadians and Americans, as distinguished allies, are there to help war-torn countries be stable and self sufficient. On the other side of the globe, Canada and the United States work strategically in the region toward our mutual goal of a Free and Open Indo Pacific. Our militaries, who have fought together as far back as World War I, are today also helping communities rebuild after massive floods, tornadoes and devastating forest fires. A military uniform is also one of the many helping hands extended to Afghan refugees who have seen their lives uprooted by war and who seek safety in communities across Canada and the United States.
Closer to home, on military bases across North America and worldwide, our men and women in uniform are embedded in each other's commands. We share the same mandate. In Colorado Springs, Canadians and Americans are one as North American Aerospace Defence Command (NORAD) – watching, warning and protecting against attacks. No matter the shift, Royal Canadian and United States Air Force personnel are on duty.
Every year, our governments, academics, and business leaders gather in Nova Scotia for the Halifax International Security Forum to discuss threats to our democracies, both external and home-grown. At this year's Forum, Ambassador Hillman and members of Congress carved out time to re-focus on the Canada-U.S. partnership. We are working together and around the world, to help the devastating effects of the pandemic. The reality is that we depend on each other for so much – and we are stronger when we work together.
As Arctic neighbours, Canada and the United States work closely on search and rescue, disaster preparedness and response, safety and security, scientific research and environmental protection, while addressing challenges impacting Indigenous peoples and Northerners such as climate change. Through the expanded Canada-U.S. Arctic Dialogue, our two countries have the opportunity to discuss these shared priorities in the Arctic, and to identify areas for enhanced cooperation.
In Nova Scotia's shipyards, next generation Arctic and Offshore Patrol Ships are being built. The HMCS Harry DeWolf and its 68-member crew trained and sailed from Halifax through the Northwest Passage to Vancouver, British Columbia with a final stop this month in Norfolk, Virginia. The ship is versatile — from icebreaking and search and rescue, to law enforcement and drug interdiction, often in collaboration with our American partners such as the U.S. Coast Guard.
This past summer, Canada invoked the Arctic Cooperation Agreement to authorize the U.S. Coast Guard icebreaker Healy to navigate in the waters of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Canada also authorized the Healy to undertake Marine Scientific Research in waters under Canadian jurisdiction and sovereignty, including the Northwest Passage. The cooperative presence of the Healy in Canadian waters was evidenced in the organization of a joint Search and Rescue Exercise between the U.S. Coast Guard represented by the Healy and the Canadian Coast Guard, near Resolute, Nunavut.
Everyday, there are hundreds of real life situations where Canadians and Americans are working together and living in an unpredictable world and managing a constantly evolving threat environment. We have the most integrated defence supply chain in the world – a flow that is critical to our defence industrial base. Beyond that, no two nations depend more on each other for their mutual security and prosperity. Conversations between Capitals are the norm. Canada's newly named Defense Minister, Anita Anand, spoke this month with U.S. Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin about our shared agenda, and priority threats at home and abroad — Arctic. NORAD Modernization. Ukraine. Russia
|
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CommonCrawl
| 1.633707 | 0.188822 | 1.075155 | 1.083747 |
CINX's new extension will promote competition among the existing data centre operators.
Internet exchange point operator, INX-ZA, has extended Cape Town's Internet Exchange (CINX) to a third location, in a move to boost Internet connectivity in the mother city.
According to the company, the new INX facility, situated in Diep Rivier, is positioned close to the many Internet service providers (ISPs) and others that interconnect at CINX in order to route Internet traffic locally to save costs.
INX-ZA began operating as a project of the Internet Service Providers' Association (ISPA) in 1996, with the establishment of the Johannesburg Internet exchange (JINX). Additional exchanges in Cape Town and Durban (DINX) were established over time. Today, the JINX connects more than 100 networks on the African continent.
Malcolm Siegel, board member of ISPA and INX-ZA committee member, made the announcement at iWeek 2018 this week: "The good news for the Cape's online community is rolling in thick and fast. Not only did Cape Town's INX recently become a multisite, but we now have three INX locations up and running. INXs help ISPs route traffic locally, helping to contain costs in a tight economy, while users benefit from reduced latencies."
While the INX-ZA exchange points were established primarily to support ISPA members, since 2008 the exchanges have been open to participation from any organisation.
Last year, INX-ZA announced the JINX had added a fourth data centre node and the CINX would be extended to become its third multi-site exchange point in Africa. The expansion announcements followed an agreement between INX-ZA and Liquid Telecom SA.
The JINX data centres include Teraco in Isando, Liquid Telecom in Midrand, Hetzner in Samrand and the original site in IS Parklands.
Nishal Goburdhan, manager at INX-ZA, says Diep Rivier was a natural fit for the CINX and will promote competition among the existing data centre operators, which would now be forced to compete aggressively.
"Diep Rivier is the Cape Town location for Liquid Telecom's SA data centre, a carrier-neutral data centre. Extensions to the CINX fabric provide freedom of choice, for Internet businesses, in choosing which data centre they would prefer to host their infrastructure at. Cape Town businesses are free to choose a data centre that best suits their purposes and budgets, and still be in a position to get access to the peers (networks) that are available at other data centres that are supported by the IXP," explains Goburdhan.
Networks at the new site will have the same peering experience and will be able to be directly linked to all existing and future CINX peers, with no additional complexity, he adds.
SA's Internet community has been investing in INXs for the better part of two decades and continues to do so as economies globally look to the Web to power growth.
Internet exchanges in SA have historically been limited to a single location requiring network operators using the exchange to invest in infrastructure connecting to that location.
According to non-profit organisation, the Internet Society, Internet exchange points play a significant role in creating Internet capacity and bringing autonomy to developing nations such as SA. However, they are plagued by many challenges, such as unsupportive regulatory framework, cost of network infrastructure and lack of trust between service providers.
"The absence of reliable and affordable local infrastructure can reduce the incentive and justification for operators to develop and connect to an IXP. In many African countries, purchasing a domestic leased-line across a city or region to connect to an IXP can be as, or more, expensive than sending traffic through an international link.
"Furthermore, the cost of operating IXP infrastructure in a neutral facility can present challenges. In many countries, costs associated with leasing space, ensuring reliable power supply, providing adequate air-conditioning, security and hiring IXP maintenance staff can outweigh the savings that participants might realise from its operation," adds the Internet Society.
Once these challenges are taken care of, IXPs can provide a more efficient exchange of local traffic and improve the quality of Internet services. Network operators can also benefit from lower costs, resulting in more affordable bandwidth which is crucial for accessibility of the Internet, adds the
|
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Blogging, Business, Content, Internet, Web
The Blogger's Guide to Copyright and Trademark Law
Businesspeople, lawyers, artists, and authors may all seem like pretty different people with different ideas, focuses, and goals in life. If there's...
Written by Lori Wade Mar 31, 2020 · 4 min read >
Businesspeople, lawyers, artists, and authors may all seem like pretty different people with different ideas, focuses, and goals in life. If there's one thing that has the power to bring them all together, however, it's a copyright case. No one wants to wind up on the wrong side of a copyright infringement lawsuit, nor do creators and businesses want to see their hard-won copyright flouted and infringed upon by others.
Unfortunately, copyright law has a reputation for appearing opaque and incomprehensible to outsiders.
Fortunately, this guide will help you understand the basics of copyright and trademark law.
Trademark 101
What about copyright?
The Requirements for Registering a Trademark in the United States
Making Your Mark
Difference Between Trademarks, Copyrights, and Patents?
Copyright Infringement Suits
Let's start at the very beginning – what is a trademark?
As defined by the United States Patent and Trademark Office, a trademark is a symbol, word, phrase, or design that serves to identify and distinguish the goods and services of one party from another. A "service mark" is something that is the actual mark that serves as a stand-in for the company – think the Golden "M" for McDonald's or the "swoosh checkmark shape" for Nike. That said, "trademark" is often used to collectively refer to the company, goods, services, and marks.
Where a trademark typically refers to a company, copyright typically refers to media and art. Books, films, plays, video games, songs – when produced by professional commercial artists, these can all be covered by copyright.
If you have read all of that and think you're ready to file a trademark, you may want to hold that thought – there's a lot more to it than that.
For one thing, if you are "a foreign-domiciled applicant," you need to make sure you go through the application process in the United States. While the United States, United Kingdom, European Union, and other countries and political blocs are signatories to The Paris Convention, copyright and trademarks that exist in one country do not immediately transfer over to the US system. Moreover, a UK or EU solicitor may not be able to file on your behalf, as you will need to have a US-licensed attorney represent your trademark filing when sending in your application to the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO).
That requirement does not extend to US citizens, though it is highly advisable to hire someone who is a specialist in US trademark law.
For both the United States and foreign-domiciled applicants, neither foreign attorneys nor non-attorneys are allowed to provide legal advice pertaining to the application process. In addition, they may not help you fill out the form, sign the documents for you, or otherwise act on your behalf. Doing any of this could result in your application being delayed, jeopardized, or ruled invalid.
There are many additional legal guidelines and requirements you'll have to meet before you can apply for a trademark, including:
Is the trademark federally registerable? You'll need to check the rules for what can and cannot be trademarked. While this is somewhat subjective, as a general rule, the more unique and distinctive a mark, design, or slogan is, the better your chances of it being ruled as federally registerable as a trademark. For example, "We provide great service" is obviously far too generalized to be trademarked – that's a common phrase many businesses and people use. On the other hand, the McDonalds symbol is distinctly and unmistakably for McDonald's and only McDonalds, and is thus federally registered and protected as a trademark.
Identifiable Goods or Services? What exactly does your service or company "offer"? What does your product "do"? Questions such as these are necessary for making sure that commercial trademarks are only given to active
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CommonCrawl
| 0.567261 | 0.521055 | 0.669887 | 1.650412 |
companies offering real, legal goods and services. The more distinctly you can answer these questions, the better your chances.
Proper Filing? You must make sure that you have gone through the application process step by step, and have filed the right type of paperwork for the right type of trademark, patent, or copyright. There are differences between those last three, as explained below, so make sure you are applying for the specific type of Intellectual Property protection you need.
Suggested:
What You, As A Business Owner, Should Know About Copyright?
7 Proven Ways To Protect Your Content From Plagiarism
If you look at antique books or pieces of porcelain, you'll often find they have identifying markings that show where they were manufactured and by which company. That practice obviously continues today with trademarking. With the advent of different forms of media, the concept of a defining "mark" has been expanded to include other forms of product and service identification.
To be trademarked, your product will need to make use of at least one of these three types of identifying marks:
● Standard Character Format: This pertains to the use of standard letters, numbers, words, or combinations. For example, eBay, AT&T, and 21st Century Fox are all examples of trademarked company names protected by trademark law.
● Special Character Format: This pertains to special unique designs or stylized elements. The spherical logo for AT&T, for example, as well as the stylized font in the spelling of "eBay", fits into this category.
● Sound Mark: This pertains to copyrighted musical or tonal pieces. The iconic drum and fanfare at the beginning of a 21st Century Fox film is a perfect example.
One major difference between trademarks and copyrights (and patents) is that the latter can expire while the former does not. Something that is trademarked can remain that way forever, as long as the mark remains in use in a commercial way that serves to distinguish your goods and services from another. Trademark registration can also last forever, as long as you continue to file the required documents and pay fees at the required intervals.
Copyright, on the other hand, can expire, though it now applies for longer than ever before. For works created by individual creators, copyright protection in the United States extends for the life of the creator plus 70 years. For works created under a pseudonym, anonymously, or for hire (such as part of a corporation like Disney) copyright extends until 95 years after the date of publication or 120 years after the date of creation, whichever is shorter.
Finally, patents pertain to inventions. These can include new or improved upon machines, manufactured items, chemical compositions, and manufacturing processes. The protections for patents are far more limited, with a design patent only lasting 15 years from issuance (14 if filed before May 13, 2015) or 20 years in the case of utility and plant patents.
Finally, what about copyright infringement?
This is the unauthorized use of any of the trademarked elements listed above. To constitute copyright infringement, the similarity has to be such that a consumer would be confused, deceived, or given to mistake one product for the other.
Suits for trademark and copyright infringement often wind up in federal court. The burden of proof is on the copyright holder making the claim that the offending product or service has infringed upon their copyright. If they are successful in making this claim, penalties for the guilty party can range from injunctions and cease and desist orders to the destruction of products bearing the infringed upon mark to monetary compensation.
Just like trademarks themselves, every copyright and trademark infringement case is different, you'll want to consult with a lawyer about the particulars of your case.
With this introductory guide, you should be better equipped to navigate the world of trademark and copyright law.
blog bloggers blogging copyright Guide Law trademark
Written by Lori Wade
Lori Wade is a journalist from Louisville. She is a content writer who has experience in small editions, Lori is now engaged in news and conceptual articles on the topic of business. If you are interested in an entrepreneur or lifestyle, you can find her on LinkedIn
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2 Replies to "The Blogger's Guide to Copyright and Trademark Law"
Ryan K Biddulph says:
All good to know Lori. We want to cover ourselves to ensure we are on the up and up, staying within the bounds of the law. Especially in the litigious USA.
Vishwajeet Kumar says:
Hello Lori,
Great Post. Stealing content is a big challenge for bloggers. Everyday bloggers suffer from content-stealing and dealing with it a time taking job and it definitely hurts your blog. You have shared some great tips here.
Vishwajeet Kumar
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CommonCrawl
| -1.205622 | -1.433409 | -0.950291 | -0.207683 |
November 25, 1998 -- When all is said and done, business travelers live lives of incredible privilege.
Even when our lives on the road stink, in the totality of things, our complaints are astoundingly trivial. The airlines charge too much. The security lines are too long. The flight is late or the in-flight meal has disappeared. The damn hotel is too far away from our appointment or the limo driver was late.
When all is said and done, business travelers also live lives of denial.
We have mastered the art of looking away when we see homeless people camped out at an airport terminal because that's where they can find a few hours of warmth. We can drive through a slum en route to our business appointments and never think twice about the kids who are ill-fed. We can even turn a blind eye to the street person sleeping on a bed of cardboard in the doorway across the street from the lobby of our $200 a night hotel.
Our ability to deny is sometimes so complete that we need to have it thrust back in our faces before we can regain a sense of reality.
Years ago, when I was shuttling frequently to Honolulu, I used to ask friends how there could be homeless people on Waikiki Beach in the midst of so much glamour, plenty, and tourist opulence.
"There aren't really any homeless people in Hawaii," I remember one earnest woman telling me over drinks.
"What are you talking about?" I replied. "I see them every day as I walk along Kalakaua Avenue. They live right on the beach."
"They aren't really from Hawaii," she said. "Other states send them over here. The mainland gets rid of their homeless people by giving them plane tickets and sending them here."
I stared at this woman and I realized she wasn't kidding. She honestly and truly believed what she had just said. But I was so stunned, so angry, that the sarcasm came tumbling out of my mouth before I could edit my thinking.
"Oh, yeah," I heard myself saying. "I see homeless people on my flights all the time. They stuff their garbage bags of possessions in the overhead bins and they sit in coach wearing their rags and it's hilarious to watch the flight attendants come up to them and say, 'Oh, hello, homeless person, will you be having the chicken or the beef today?'"
Before I could even apologize for my crudeness, the woman was talking again.
"You know," she said, "I just never thought of it that way. It is ridiculous, isn't it? These homeless people can't really be from the mainland, can they? I guess I just didn't realize that we … "
Her voice trailed off and the other folks at the table quickly changed the conversation. But I watched her for the rest of the evening and I could tell she was getting beyond her denial. I have never forgiven myself for my nasty and absurd remarks, but I am at least comforted by the fact that one smart human being is no longer in denial.
So how are you going to get beyond your denial? As you sit there, in the midst of another holiday season, staring at these words on the screen of a costly computer, I ask this one simple question: What are you doing to help?
It's not my place to preach. You don't come here to be lectured. And, God knows, I have no right. I live my life on the road in the same haze of denial as most business travelers do.
But I do know the reason for this season. It isn't the presents we are giving, it's about the life we are leading.
We business travelers lead lives of privilege. And even if we live the rest of the year in denial, we shouldn't let the holiday season pass without giving something back.
Give back love. Give back cash. For that matter, give back miles.
Every airline frequent-flyer program has a mileage-donation program. The premise is simple enough: You donate miles out of your frequent-travel account, then the sponsor takes those miles, bundles them with donations from other business travelers, and gives the miles to worthy charitable organizations.
It isn't hard, either. Just call your frequent-flyer service center and ask how to do it and which organizations they spons
|
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C4
| 0.978896 | -0.642084 | -0.23995 | -0.076462 |
Spatial structure in migration routes maintained despite regional convergence among eastern populations of Swainson's Thrushes
Camille Bégin-Marchand ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-0427-356X1,
André Desrochers2,
Philip D. Taylor3,4,
Junior A. Tremblay1,2,
Lucas Berrigan4,
Barbara Frei5,6,
Ana Morales7 &
Greg W. Mitchell8,9
Migratory connectivity links the different populations across the full cycle and across the species range and may lead to differences in survival among populations. Studies on spatial and temporal migratory connectivity along migration routes are rare, especially for small migratory animals.
We used an automated radio-telemetry array to assess migratory connectivity en route and between early and later stages of the fall migration of the eastern populations of Swainson's Thrush, and to assess the variation of migration pace between consecutive detection from the different receiving stations along the migratory journey. We tracked 241 individuals from across eastern Canada to determine if populations were mixing around the Gulf of Mexico. We also tested the influence of tagging longitude, latitude and age on migration pace.
Migration routes varied and converged towards the northeast coast of the Gulf of Mexico, but in this region, populations maintained finer-scale spatial structure. Migration pace increased as birds progressed south, independent of age and tagging site.
We showed that for songbirds, migratory connectivity can be maintained at fine spatial scales despite the regional convergence of populations, highlighting the importance of detailed spatial tracking for identification of population specific migration routes. Overall, our study provides a portrait of migratory movements of eastern Swainson's Thrush and a framework for understanding spatial structure in migration routes for other species.
Migratory connectivity describes the movements and locations of migratory birds across seasons. More precisely, it describes where and when different populations of a species do or do not converge during the full annual cycle [55]. Research on migratory connectivity often limits its scope to the breeding and wintering periods [14]. Studies linking breeding populations to specific geographic locations along migration routes are rarer [29, 50], particularly for small migratory animals. The strength of migratory connectivity between the breeding grounds and along migration routes is likely driven by both proximate and ultimate drivers, including geographic breeding origin, age, sex, body condition and evolutionary history [44, 47, 8, 50]. Although individuals from populations with broad longitudinal breeding distributions have different migration routes, at least initially, they might converge regionally at important refuelling or resting areas [4, 21, 37]. Importantly, it is unclear whether birds maintain their original population spatial structure at finer spatial scales within regions when they aggregate in specific migratory routes or stopover sites. Furthermore, another important aspect of migratory connectivity that is currently understudied is the temporal linkage of individuals, i.e. whether the individuals of the same species are found at a specific stopover site during the same period of time. Understanding the spatial and temporal migratory connectivity of populations during migration can help identify "bottlenecks" that are most likely to affect the survival of entire breeding populations, or alternatively, sub-populations [20, 29, 37, 55].
The Swainson's Thrush (Catharus ustulatus) is a long-distance migrant whose breeding range extends from western to eastern Canada and portions of the northern United States [33, 51]. Migratory connectivity has been shown to be very strong with respect to migration routes for western populations of inland (C. u. ustulatus) and coastal (C. u. swainsoni) Swainson's thrush [16, 28, 47]. However, differences among eastern populations with respect to migration routes are less clear [5, 30]. Banding data [8], stable isotope analysis [8], genetic markers [47, 8] and citizen scientist observations [30, 51] all suggest that eastern populations of Neotropical migrants, including Swainson's Thrush, overwinter in Central America and northern South America, and likely migrate along an eastern migration route converging in the southeastern states, north of the Gulf of Mexico
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CommonCrawl
| 0.796852 | 1.360722 | 1.607742 | 1.589697 |
. However, the accuracy of the migratory movements currently described are not sufficient to assess migratory connectivity at finer spatial scales during the migration period.
The miniaturization of tracking devices and the development of automated telemetry networks is now allowing researchers to track migratory movements of small animals at both broad and fine spatial scales [35, 36, 45, 52]. The Motus network is a collaborative radio-telemetry array distributed mainly across the American continent, and mostly in eastern North America [52]. In the last decade, Motus has been used to study movement behavior at regional and continental scales [3, 5, 10, 27, 48]. While geolocators and other archival tags have revolutionized our understanding of migration routes and timing, unfortunately, they only provide information on individuals that survived their entire migration, potentially biasing our understanding of migration routes to highly philopatric and high quality individuals or individuals that took the safest/best migration routes. Automated telemetry networks on the other hand, such as Motus, provide at least some tracking information on almost all individuals tagged and currently offers finer-scale spatial tracking information.
Our overall objective was to evaluate the spatial and temporal components of migratory connectivity during the migration period for eastern populations of Swainson's thrushes and evaluate whether the individuals maintained their original population structure throughout their migration routes. Based on other studies using various intrinsic and extrinsic markers or citizen science (described above), we expected that migratory connectivity would decrease as the birds approach the Gulf of Mexico, i.e. that migration routes would initially differ along a longitudinal gradient and later converge near the Florida peninsula [30, 37]. We also expected that migration pace would slow as birds approached the Gulf of Mexico in the southern United States as they potentially stopover for longer periods to fuel in preparation to undertake an overwater flight to reach their wintering grounds [4, 5, 37]. We also predicted that, regardless of tagging site, adult birds would migrate at a faster pace than juvenile birds given previous knowledge of migration routes and a propensity for adults to have a better foraging proficiency [59] and to select more favorable weather conditions for migration relative to juvenile birds [15, 39, 58].
Study sites and radio-telemetry array
We gathered data on 392 individuals from six bird observatories and research stations distributed within the northeastern range of Swainson's Thrush that were fitted with Motus tags between 2014 and 2018. Data from the eastern Great Lakes (Bruce Peninsula Bird Observatory, hereafter 'BPBO': 45.25, − 81.30), southwestern Quebec (McGill Bird Observatory, hereafter 'MBO': 45.43, − 73.94), southeastern Quebec (Parc national des Monts-Valin, hereafter 'MV', 48.61, − 70.83 and Forêt Montmorency, hereafter 'FM', 47.37, − 71.10), the Quebec-Labrador peninsula (Observatoire d'Oiseaux de Tadoussac, hereafter 'OOT', 48.16, − 70.83) and the Maritimes (Atlantic Bird Observatory, hereafter 'ABO', 43.45, − 65.82) were included in the analysis. Individuals were captured during fall migration (BPBO, MBO, OOT) or directly on their breeding site (FM, MV, ABO). We used different Lotek Avian nanotag models (Lotek, Newmarket, ON) with distinct burst intervals and estimated lifespan across years and sites of capture (see Supplementary material: Table S2). Together, the nanotag and harness weighed less than 4% of the mean body mass of all captured individuals. This mass has been shown not to affect the migration behavior of other Catharus species [43, 54]. We removed false detections due to random noise or static near receiving stations within the radio-telemetry array, following the method of Crewe et al. [60]. We retained detections from the beginning of August to the end of November, between the tagging site and the tip of the Florida peninsula, and excluded detections within 10
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] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| 0.395407 | 1.166054 | 1.654366 | 1.319014 |
0 km from the tagging site to test for fall migratory movements. Birds captured on their breeding site at the ABO were surrounded by a high concentration of receiving stations and Swainson's Thrush are known to engage in extensive post-breeding movements in this area [6], thus we removed detections within 300 km of the tagging site to exclude post-breeding movements [6].
Differences in migration routes
We estimated (1) spatial migratory connectivity between early and later stages of migration and (2) spatial migratory connectivity en route, as well as (3) temporal migratory connectivity en route. Migratory connectivity can be estimated by performing a Mantel test [1, 14, 31], which consists of testing the correlation between distance matrices from individuals at the origin site to the final destination. The resulting Rm varies between 0 (absence of migratory connectivity among populations) and 1 (strong migratory connectivity, i.e. complete spatial segregation of the different populations).
To compare spatial migratory connectivity between the early and later stages of migration in Canada and the U.S., we calculated the geographic distance between individuals at their tagging location (i.e. near or on their breeding site) and the geographic distance between individuals at their last detection [1, 14]. Only individuals with at least one detection south of 30°N (south of northern Florida) were included in this analysis. We tested the correlation between distances and performed a Mantel test using 10,000 permutations to determine whether distance between individuals at tagging locations were correlated with distances between individuals near the Florida peninsula. Analysis were performed with the R package MigConnectivity [14].
In addition to evaluating migratory connectivity between the early and later stages of migration, we also evaluated migratory connectivity en route using a different approach than that described above (see [5]). Importantly, while the method described above evaluates connectivity based on correlations of distances between populations at two points in time, the method described below accounts for where animals are located geographically in space during migration. This is important, because despite a potential lack of correlation in distances between individuals from different populations, there still may be spatial structure present. Consider two examples. First, there could be situation where migratory connectivity is maintained longitudinally, but differences in location latitude at final locations mask this spatial structure when only evaluated using a distance approach. Second, there could be a situation where migration routes cross each other, but where longitudinal spatial structure (migratory connectivity) is maintained. Again, a distance based approach for derivation connectivity may mask this spatial structure.
To evaluate migratory connectivity en route, we aggregated receiving stations into latitude-longitude cells at 3 different degree scales (0.01 × 0.01, 0.1 × 0.1 and 1 × 1 degree) and noted the presence/absence of every individual for every cell [5]. We built a matrix (individual x individual) to calculate a Bray-Curtis dissimilarity index (0 = individuals are detected at the same cells, 1 = individuals are detected at a completely different set of cells) [23] with the R package vegan [42]. For this analysis, we performed the partial Mantel test [31, 32, 49] to determine the correlation between the individual matrix and the tagging location, and to control for year of capture, as the number and position of receiving stations varied between 2014 and 2018. To estimate the variation of migratory connectivity en route, i.e. at different stages during the migratory journey between tagging location and southeastern U.S, we reproduced the analysis for 16 intervals of 5°latitude between 45°N and 25°N, shifted by one degree at each interval (e.g.45–31°N, 44–30°N, 43–29°N, …, 29–25.). We performed 10,000 permutations for each partial Mantel test [31] and calculated a 95% confidence interval based on 100 bootstrap samples (see Supplementary material: Table S1 for more information on the result of each interval). To evaluate the temporal migratory connectivity, we used the same method described above used for spatial migratory connectivity en route but we used the Julian dates of detection within the latitude interval in
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CommonCrawl
| -0.084834 | 1.537221 | 0.946043 | 1.114104 |
of latitude-longitude cells [29].
Last, to further evaluate the spatial structure of the last detections in northern Florida and provide more spatial context to our results from above, we also fitted a multivariate multiple regression model of the last detection latitude and longitude as a function of tagging longitude and year of capture.
Differences in migration pace
The radio-telemetry receiving array did not allow us to calculate exact in flight ground speeds because detection range and distance between receiving stations were variable. In addition, we cannot assume that movements between receiving stations were linear. The farther apart the receiving stations are from one another, the less we can infer the bird's behavior between them (stopover duration and number, average flight speed, distance travelled, etc.). Thus, we calculated, based on sequential detections between two receiving stations (hereafter 'segments'), a migration pace (km/h) using the distance between receiving stations and the time elapsed between the reception of the strongest signal at each receiving station within an hour [5, 27]. Thus, we limited the underestimation of the distance travelled due to the variation of the detection range among the different receiving stations [52]. To exclude local movements during stopover [38, 53] and simultaneous detections that result in unrealistically high migration pace measures, we calculated migration pace between detections a minimum of 30 min apart and from two different receiving stations located a minimum of 30 km apart. For each segment, we calculated the midpoint between both receiving stations to assess the detection latitude and longitude for each segment. Given that density of the telemetry network is highly variable among regions, bias might be introduced into our measurement of migration pace. For example, stationary periods like resting or stopover will lower migration pace to a greater extent when receiving stations are nearby [5]. To illustrate this, consider one hypothetical bird flying at a constant ground speed of 50 km/h which makes an 8-h stop along a 100 km segment between two stations, yielding a migration pace of 10 km/h. Now consider another bird with the same ground speed making a 30-h stop along a 1000 km segment, yielding at a migration pace 20 km/h. The latter pace is twice as high, despite a stopover lasting more than three times that of the first bird. Thus, the interpretation of the migration pace to determine stopover or stationary periods depends on the distance travelled and not only on the resulting migration pace itself as a 8-h stopover period likely has a different ecological function than a staging period > 24-h [4, 37]. Furthermore, birds are more likely to exhibit stationary periods as the distance travelled increases, which would have the effect of decreasing migration pace. Considering those two biases, we included the distance between receiving stations as a covariate.
To analyze migration pace data we built four GAMMs with the R package mgcv [56] to test which variables, including detection latitude (midpoint), tagging longitude, age (juveniles vs adults) and the interaction between age and latitude had an effect on migration pace (log) (see Table 1 for details on model specification). We included year of capture (2014 to 2018) and bird ID as random effects. We compared each of the four models using second-order Akaike's Information Criterion adjusted for small sample sizes (AICc )[26]. AICc is a measure of model performance, which compares the maximum likelihood estimates of the models, while penalizing for increasing complexity. Models were ranked according to the strength of support for each model, using measures of the difference between each candidate model and the most informative model (with the lowest AICc) [2]. AICc values were derived using the MuMIn package [61]. As with our model of migration longitude, we visually assessed residuals plot of the global model and our best-fitting model (lowest AICc) to assess model fit. We performed model averaging on all four models to test for the influence of each variable included in our competing models on migration pace.
Table 1 Selection of 4 generalized additive models (GAMs) to describe the influence of latitude, tagging longitude, age and the interaction between age and latitude on migration pace (log) and their relative weight according to Akaike's criterion. Bird ID and year of capture were random effects (re) and distance between receiving stations was included as a covariate. The strongest model (bold) is the full model and the fourth is
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CommonCrawl
| 0.03685 | 1.345149 | 0.793619 | 1.068568 |
the null model
Migration routes of eastern Swainson's Thrush
Of 391 Swainson's Thrushes tagged in eastern Canada between 2014 and 2018, we obtained 567 detections (n) for 241 individuals during their fall migration (detected/tagged): eastern Great Lakes (BPBO, 46/49 individuals), southwestern Quebec (MBO: 55/76 individuals), southeastern Quebec (MV: 8/8 individuals, and FM: 7/49 individuals), the Quebec-Labrador peninsula (OOT:, 67/102 individuals) and the Maritimes (ABO: 58/108 individuals). The remaining 151 individuals were not detected beyond 100 km from their tagging site (300 km for ABO individuals) and were removed from further analysis. Individuals exhibited a longitudinal gradient divided into different migration routes between the Appalachian Highlands and the Atlantic plains (Fig. 1). More specifically, individuals tagged at both extremes (west: Great Lakes i.e. BPBO, east: Atlantic Canada i.e. ABO) were detected by a completely different set of receiving stations before reaching southerner states.
Number of birds detected in the Motus network from different tagging locations (solid black circles). Receiving stations were aggregated in cells of 1 × 1 degree. Every individual was counted only once per receiving station. Empty cells are receiving stations with no detections and colored cells represent the number of individuals detected per cell
Migratory connectivity
Our migratory connectivity analysis based on distances between tagging locations and distances between final detection locations around Florida was not significant (rM = 0.04 ± 0.04, 95% CI = [− 0.02, 0.12]). This suggests that migrating Swainson's Thrushes spatially converged around the Florida peninsula, but that distances between detections at receiving stations around Florida was not dependent of the distances between birds at the beginning of their tracking. Similarly, our assessment of spatial migratory connectivity en route, accounting for spatial locations of detections, suggests that migratory connectivity decreased swiftly as individuals progressed south, and stabilized around 33°N, i.e. roughly near Georgia and South Carolina (Fig. 2). However, different from our connectivity analysis based on distance, our assessment of migratory connectivity en route also suggested that spatial structure in migration routes was maintained around the Florida peninsula as indicated by a statistically significant dissimilarity index near the Florida peninsula (e.g. Figure 2, latitude interval: [32,27[, rM = 0.17, 95% CI = [0.08, 0.25]). Observations roughly between southern Virginia and northern Florida did not include enough receiving stations for a robust statistical interpretation, as expressed by the large 95% confidence intervals (Fig. 2). The size of the latitude-longitude squares (0.01, 0.1 and 1 degree) did not change the variation of migratory connectivity along latitude, so we only retained the results for squares of size 1 × 1 degree. More information regarding the number of individuals and detections included in every test (interval) is available in Supplementary material (Table S1).
Variation of the spatial (continuous line) and temporal (hatched line) migratory connectivity (Mantel Rm statistic) en route between tagging sites along a latitudinal gradient of cells of 1 × 1 degree (values close to 0 = weak migratory connectivity, values close to 1 = strong migratory connectivity). Populations converged near the Florida peninsula but maintained a finer scale spatial structure (continuous line). We calculated the median latitude of the 16 intervals of 5°N tested. Observations between 37 and 33 °N did not include enough receiving stations for a robust statistical interpretation. Populations maintained a temporal segregation (hatched line) in the early stages of migration, but no differences associated to the origin was found south of 38°N, despite a slight increase, but weak connectivity, in the last detections south of 30°N. Vertical bars represent 95% confidence limits based on 100 bootstrap
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] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| -0.161251 | 0.950622 | 1.102053 | 0.618272 |
samples. The read horizontal line represents the y-intercept = 0
Our multivariate multiple regression supported the finding from our en route analysis, where we found a significant correlation between final detection latitude and tagging location (adjusted R2 = 0.18, p = 0.04), however, we did not find a relationship between the detection longitude and tagging location (adjusted R2 = − 0.01, p = 0.5, n = 32). Specifically, birds tagged at more western locations (BPBO) were detected in southern Florida more so than birds from more eastern locations (ABO, (β = 0.1 ± 0.04, p = 0.02).
Our assessment of temporal migratory connectivity suggests that migratory connectivity was significant, but weak and stable until the birds reached North Carolina (median = 38°N, Fig. 2). Migratory connectivity was not significant during the subsequent migration route, suggesting no differences in the timing of the different populations, but it did increase slightly at more southern latitudes near the Florida peninsula. Overall, are temporal connectivity analysis suggests that the different populations had a different migration timing at the beginning of their route and again, just before crossing or circumventing the Gulf of Mexico.
Migration pace along a latitudinal gradient
Of the 241 individuals detected during fall migration, 5 individuals had segments < 30 km and/or < 30 min and were removed from the migration pace analysis. Hence, the radio-telemetry network recorded 552 segments (i.e. sequential detections between two receiving stations located a minimum of 30 km and 30 min apart) from 236 individuals, including 107 juveniles and 129 adult Swainson's Thrushes. Migration pace ranged between 0.13 and 146.2 km/h (23 ± 24.4 km/h [Mean ± SD]). We detected 209 segments occurring on the same day (Fig. 3a), including one daytime segment (mean = 53.3 km/h, range = 10.7–146.2 km/h); and 343 segments more than one day apart (Fig. 3b, mean = 6 km/h, range = 0.13–62.6 km/h).
Time (a: hours, b: days) between successive detections in relation to distance between stations (km)) and migration pace (km/h) of 553 segments from 236 Swainson's Thrushes for segments within the same day (a) and > 1 day (b). Migration pace is the result of the distance and the time elapsed between two receiving stations. The migration pace does not indicate the ground speed of the birds as the distance between receiving stations is not representative of the distance traveled by the bird
We evaluated four generalized additive mixed models (GAMM) to test the influence of tagging longitude, age and the interaction between age and latitude on migration pace (log), including distance between receiving stations as a covariate and year and bird ID as random effects (n = 552). The full model explained 25.4% of the deviance (R2 adjusted = 0.24). After performing multi-model inference on all models, age, the interaction between age and latitude, and tagging longitude had no significant effect on migration pace. Migration pace decreased swiftly with increasing distance between receiving stations for short segments distances (< 1000 km) and leveled off for longer segments distances (− 1.26 ± 0.5, p = 0.02, Fig. 4), suggesting a lack of variation of migration pace for longer segments. Opposite to our prediction, when controlling for the distance between receiving stations, birds migrated more slowly at more northern latitudes, i.e. closer to their breeding range (− 0.21 ± 0.1, p = 0.03, Fig. 4).
Fitted splines for a generalized additive model of the relationship between distance between receiving stations and latitude (smooth terms) on migration pace (log). Distance between receiving stations (left) suggest a lack of variation of the migration pace for longer segments. Birds have
|
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] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| -0.521602 | 0.826035 | 0.630436 | 0.491784 |
a slower migration pace in northern latitude, closer to their breeding origin (right). Migration paces were slower and more variable in northern latitudes suggesting more stopover closer to the breeding grounds
Despite converging through the same area north of the Gulf of Mexico, Swainson's thrush populations from across eastern Canada tended to maintain population specific migration routes. While we expected a decrease of migratory connectivity due to a general convergence of birds north of the Gulf of Mexico given presumed migration routes, we did not expect to find local spatial structure within migration routes in and around Florida. This finding is important, as it provides evidence for a certain degree of local spatial structure despite regional convergence in migratory songbird sub-populations.
Broadly, the birds from the easternmost tagging site (ABO) migrated along the Atlantic coast while the westernmost individuals (BPBO) adopted an inland route and were not detected near coastal receiving stations. Interestingly, given the absence of detections along the coast of Texas and Louisiana, most birds likely undertook an overwater flight toward the Yucatán peninsula or the Caribbean rather than a route following the west coast of the Gulf of Mexico as observed in western populations [16, 46, 47]. Unfortunately, the Motus network array did not cover the coast of Georgia and Alabama and thus, we do not know whether some birds crossed the Gulf of Mexico further west.
We found evidence that migrating Swainson's thrushes maintained population spatial structure near the Florida Peninsula, however, evidence for this structure varied depending on the connectivity analysis carried out. The connectivity analysis based on distances between locations (e.g., [14, 29, 50]) suggested a lack of spatial structure, whereas our analysis of migratory connectivity en route (e.g., [5]) provides evidence of spatial structure. The latter results was also supported by our multivariate analysis, which showed finer scale spatial structure along latitude but not longitude around the Florida Peninsula. Had we focused our analysis on a distance based measure of migratory connectivity only, we would have missed the latitudinal structure observed around Florida. We suggest that the suite of methods that we used in this study to assess connectivity are complimentary and help paint a more complete picture of how migratory connectivity can vary along migration routes.
While we found evidence for spatial and temporal migratory connectivity around the Florida Peninsula, despite regional convergence, we did not investigate the drivers of the local-scale spatial and temporal segregation that we observed. Differences in migratory spatial and temporal migratory connectivity may be driven by both intrinsic differences among populations in the timing of migration and migration routes as well as by differences in extrinsic weather conditions experienced along the migration route. For example, wind conditions aloft can drive the pace of migration [39] and stopover durations, particularly at ecological barriers [18]. Winds can also influence migration tracks and thus routes [25]. Differences in migration routes could also be driven by the age structure of the populations being tagged [6, 15]. For example, juveniles can have different intrinsic migration routes or respond differently to wind conditions aloft [39], which would likely decrease the strength of migratory connectivity. We suggest examining the relative importance of intrinsic and extrinsic drivers of migratory connectivity is an important area of future research. An important caveat of our results is that in our study, except for individuals captured directly on their breeding site (ABO, FM, MV), the breeding origin of tagged birds could not be established. However, we believe that breeding origin had little impact on migratory connectivity between early and later stages of the migration journey.
Migration paces for individuals were slower at more northern latitudes. Birds likely stayed stationary or made non linear displacements between receiving stations, such as landscape-scale movements within stopovers (e.g. foraging or exploratory movements) [38, 53]. The Great Lakes basin, the Gulf of Maine and the Atlantic Coast areas are all known to concentrate migratory songbirds during migration, and stopovers are known to occur in these regions, as birds determine how to navigate these potential ecological barriers [7, 34, 41]. Therefore, the slow migration pace exhibited in these areas likely reflect stopover activity. Alternatively, the slower migration paces observed at more northern latitudes might represent a gradual transition and increase in movement as birds transition from post-fledging movement and activities to full migratory movements. Swainson'
|
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] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| 0.643339 | 1.251708 | 1.288549 | 1.316484 |
s Thrushes perform longer or more frequent stopovers in the southern part of their migration route [5]. In our study, we included distance as a covariate to limit potential biases, yet the density of the radio-telemetry network still had a strong influence on the accuracy of the calculated migration pace. A denser radio-telemetry array enables researchers to distinguish between sustained flights and extended resting periods more readily. In other words, the longer distances between receiving stations reduced our ability to estimate migration pace and detect stopovers with confidence. We highlight an important gap in the Motus network between southern Virginia and northern Florida, which did not allow us to determine stopover activity. Western "inland" Swainson's Thrushes monitored with geolocators refueled north of the Gulf of Mexico before crossing the Gulf of Mexico [16]. In our study, most birds detected near the Florida peninsula exhibited a clear flight pattern with high migration pace suggesting that there were flying by, or that unlike the Western "inland" population of Swainson's Thrushes, they might not stop north of the Gulf.
We found no evidence for a relationship between age and migration pace, although other studies found differences in migration pace between adults and juveniles closer to the breeding sites [6, 39]. Our study captured migratory movements away from the breeding sites and it is likely that age differences are less important as birds progress south and gain experience. Age related differences may also vary between species given different selection pressures on the pace of migration. Similar to age, we found that tagging longitude did not influence migration pace. Although they were captured en route, individuals tagged at OOT likely originated from the Quebec-Labrador peninsula [19], but individuals captured at more southern migratory sites, like BPBO or MBO, may have originated from a wider region [24]. Other factors including moult status, sex, body condition, wing morphology might have influenced the migration pace [9, 17, 40], but they were not further investigated in this study.
The objective of our study was not to estimate the migration ground speed of Swainson's Thrushes. However, we noted a considerable proportion of migration paces calculated for segments occurring on the same day were > 43 km/h (75 p.c. = 43.12 km/h). The high migration paces calculated for segments occurring on the same day might result from an overestimation of the distance between detection due to the detection range of the receiving stations, the presence of strong winds or tropospheric propagation [12]. Nevertheless, the high migration paces calculated for segments occurring on the same day are similar to the maximum ~ 80 km/h previously estimated for migrating Swainson's Thrushes with manual radio-telemetry [13]. We recognize that the radio-telemetry array had temporal and spatial gaps between receiving stations. Nevertheless, the migration paces calculated from the raw data suggest that migrating Swainson's Thrushes have the capacity to travel much more than 100 km/day, contrarily to what was suggested by previous studies for fall migration (i.e. 100–120 km/day) [57]. Yet, one individual Swainson's Thrush previously monitored in spring with radio-telemetry traveled up to 375 km/night [13]. Moreover, Gómez et al. [22] estimated the flight range of Swainson's Thrush to be approximately 680–800 km after a fall stopover in Colombia based on fat deposition and fuel load, although this does not account for headwinds that could be encountered during flight. None the less, the large migration distances observed and the high migration paces observed do suggest that Swainson's Thrushes rely on fewer resting and stopover areas than previously expected to complete their fall migration. It is therefore important to identify the exact locations of stopover sites to evaluate the habitat used like conifer or deciduous forest patches [33] and needed during migration and to gain a better understanding of the time required to refuel to understand the migratory strategy of Swainson's Thrush.
The Motus Wildlife tracking system is an accessible and effective technology to gather data across a species breeding range. The receiving array covered adequately the northern part of the coastal plains (Embayed section) and allowed for more accurate tracking of coastal populations like the birds originating from the Maritimes
|
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CommonCrawl
| 0.408313 | 1.137503 | 1.424834 | 1.012914 |
. The southern part of regions including Piedmont, Blue Ridge and the Appalachian Plateaus, and East Gulf coastal plains would require supplementary receiving stations to track more inland migration routes. Reducing distance between receiving stations by developing of more receiving stations within the radio-telemetry array would reduce the bias of distance and enhance the accurate estimation of the migration pace.
In summary, our study used birds tagged across the eastern breeding / migration range (a 1200 km gradient) and provided the first assessment of migratory connectivity during the fall migration period for the eastern populations of Swainson's thrush. Importantly, we found that at a broad scale, migratory connectivity decreased and birds converged geographically as they migrated south. However, despite a weaker connectivity, we show for the first time that a population of migratory birds still appeared to maintain finer-scale spatial structure in their migration routes in a zone of convergence, suggesting that conservation strategies for different breeding populations of migratory birds may need to consider fine-scale migration routes in the convergence zone. Our approach provides a framework for understanding differences in migration routes among populations based on detections in the Motus Wildlife Tracking System and will ultimately allow for an improved understanding the factors driving migration patterns in Swainson's Thrush and other species. We hope that our results will encourage additional deployments of receiving stations in the Motus radio-telemetry network to fill important geographic gaps and more collaboration among the different research projects to achieve a more complete portrait of the migration phenomenon.
The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Boulet M, Gibbs HL, Hobson KA. Integrated analysis of genetic, stable isotope, and banding data reveal
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CommonCrawl
| 0.015697 | 1.101165 | 1.518081 | 1.144461 |
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CommonCrawl
| -0.732853 | 0.755954 | 1.231165 | 0.524671 |
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CommonCrawl
| -0.510054 | 0.924666 | 1.349518 | 0.754879 |
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CommonCrawl
| -0.234272 | 0.857181 | 1.65078 | 1.068568 |
8.
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] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| -0.569829 | 0.517162 | 1.119986 | 0.689105 |
.5751/ACE-00953-120108.
Taylor PD, Mackenzie SA, Thurber BG, Calvert AM, Mills AM, McGuire LP, et al. Landscape movements of migratory birds and bats reveal an expanded scale of stopover. PLoS ONE. 2011;6:e27054. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0027054.
Townsend JM, Rimmer CC, McFarland KP. Radio-transmitters do not affect seasonal mass change or annual survival of wintering Bicknell's thrushes. J Field Ornithol. 2012;83(3):295–301. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1557-9263.2012.00378.x.
Webster MS, Marra PP, Haig SM, Bensch S, Holmes RT. Links between worlds: unraveling migratory connectivity. Trends Ecol Evol. 2002;17(2):76–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5347(01)02380-1.
Wood S. Generalized additive models: an introduction with R, second edition; 2019. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315370279.
Woodrey MS, Chandler CR. Age-related timing of migration: geographic and interspecific patterns. Wilson Bull. 1997;109(1):52–67.
Woodrey MS, Moore FR. Age-related differences in the stopover of fall landbird migrants on the coast of Alabama. Auk. 1997;114(4):695–707. https://doi.org/10.2307/4089289.
Wunderle JM. Age-specific foraging proficiency in birds. Curr Ornithol. 1991;8:273–324.
Crewe TL, Deakin JE, Beauchamp AT, Morbey YE. Detection range of songbirds using a stopover site by automated radio-telemetry. J Field Ornithol. 2019;90(2):176–89. https://doi.org/10.1111/jofo.12291.
Barton K. MuMIn: multi-model inference. R package version 1.0.0. 2009. http://r-forge.r-project.org/projects/mumin/.
The data were acquired thanks to the Bruce Peninsula Bird Observatory, the McGill Bird Observatory, the Observatoire d'Oiseaux de Tadoussac and the Atlantic Bird Observatory. Tags were deployed by Stéphane Menu at Bruce Peninsula Birds Observatory. We would like to thank the Forêt Montmorency and the Parc national des Monts-Valin for their support as well as the field assistants and volunteers for collecting data. We thank the Motus Wildlife tracking system for the realisation of this study and the Motus programmers who brought technical support. Last, we thank Dr. Kyle Elliott (McGill University) for comments on earlier drafts.
The different research projects were funded by Environment and Climate Change Canada, Université Laval, McGill University, Acadia University, Bird Protection Quebec, and the Kenneth M. Molson Foundation.
Wildlife Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 1550 d'Estimauville, Québec, QC, G1J 0C3, Canada
Camille Bégin-Marchand & Junior A. Tremblay
Université Laval, 2325 Rue de l'Université, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
André Desrochers & Junior A. Tremblay
Acadia University, 33 Westwood Avenue, Wolfville, NS, B4P 2R6,
|
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CommonCrawl
| -0.24582 | 0.657323 | 1.449939 | 0.866188 |
The zany world of Troma's founder: An Interview With Lloyd Kaufman
By Brandon Kosters February 19, 2009 Uncategorized
By Brandon Kosters
Gregarious, good-natured, and with his characteristic bawdy sense of humor, Lloyd Kaufman behaves precisely as you'd expect him to, if you have seen any of his work. Troma Entertainment, the film production/distribution company that he founded in the 1970s with business partner Michael Herz, has been producing and distributing low budget, transgressive cinema for 35 years. Troma is responsible for The Toxic Avenger (1984), Class of Nuke 'Em High (1986), Tromeo and Juliet (1996) and, more recently, Poultrygeist: Night of the Chicken Dead (2006).
"I went to Yale University in the '60s and I was going to be a teacher, or a social worker, and make the world a better place. Teach people with hooks for hands how to finger-paint. Teach bums how to paint happy faces on beads and string the beads together. But God placed me in a room with the guy who ran the Yale film society during my freshman year. It fucked my life. I kept drifting into screenings, and getting my mind blown by John Ford, Howard Hawks, Charlie Chaplin, Buster Keaton and Stan Brakhage (the greatest visual artist of my lifetime)."
It was at a screening of Ernst Lubitch's To Be or Not to Be that Kaufman decided to make movies: "I would give what I had to give to the movie going world."
Kaufman worked on a few major productions in the 1970s, before becoming disenchanted by mainstream cinema. He founded Troma with Michael Herz in 1974. "All of the major studios started to rip us off, so we had to switch to a different tack," Kaufman says. "We read one day in Variety that horror films were dead: they were no longer viable economically. So Michael Herz and I said, 'Aha!" Kaufman decided to fuse his love of comedy and satire with gore. While the work he went on to produce was unquestionably influenced by the horror genre, Kaufman insists that simply calling his films horror movies is "100% incorrect."
"My movies, at least the movies I write and direct, are satires. They are quizinart genres. They combine sex, horror, science fiction, Shakespeare, musical, and if you've seen Poultrygeist: Night of the Chicken Dead, nobody is horrified by that movie. Disgusted perhaps…but they are not terrified."
He says that Troma is a "genre bender," citing The Toxic Avenger as the prime example of what Troma strives to create. It has become so much a part of the American lexicon that it has been turned into an Off-Broadway musical, which opens in New York this April.
Kaufman went on to speak about the conception of the The Toxic Avenger. "I was at the Cannes Film Festival in 1982, and I had one of those sort of 'Eureka!' moments, when I realized, 'Aha! We'll make the monster the hero!' So we had the first hideously deformed creature of super–human strength from New Jersey (New Jersey, because I'm always in favor of the underdog)."
The fact that Troma is still in existence is something Kaufman attributes largely to the loyalty of their fan base. "I have felt that every movie that Michael Herz and I have directed has been a seminal piece," Kaufman said. "The problem is that we are an independent, small company and the major media ignores us because the media is controlled by five or six devil-worshipping international media conglomerates, and we don't exist."
In addition to working in the film industry, Kaufman has also published a number of books, including Make Your Own Damn Movie! and All I Need to Know About Filmmaking I Learned from "The Toxic Avenger" (with Troma alumnus James Gunn), as well as his most recent: Direct Your Own Damn Movie!
Kaufman was also recently elected chairman of the Independent Film and Television Alliance (IFTA). "The IFTA is a trade association for the independent film community…about 20
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CommonCrawl
| 0.813155 | -0.15282 | 0.920938 | -0.201052 |
Home » Sher Singh, Giani
Sher Singh, Giani
All About Sikhs: 1900
Political Leader, Orator and Newspaper Editor (1890-1944)
Was born the son of Varyam Singh and Nand Kaur at the village of Thikrivala, now in Sangrur district of the Punjab, in January 1890. An attack of smallpox when he was barely two years old left him totally blind. Yet he educated himself, first receiving instruction at the hands of two Sikh schoolmen, Sant Javala Das and Sant Bhola Singh, and then attending for nearly five years an institute for the blind children at Daudhar. He gained good command of Sikh theology and scriptures and came to be known as a Giani. Early in his life he took to preaching. The first centre he chose was Peshawar where he remained from 1911 to 1915, thereafter shifting to Rawalpindi, his host in that town being Nanak Singh, then a rising poet, who later became famous as a Punjabi novelist. From Rawalpindi, Giani Sher Singh started a series of Punjabi tracts and books, Gurmat Parchar Lari, to which he contributed the lives of Guru Hargobind, Guru Har Rai, Guru Har Krishan and Guru Gobind Singh. The Nitnem Satik, Guru Sahib to Ved, Guru Granth to Panth and Ragmala Darpan are some of his other betterknown works.
Transferring himself to Amritsar, he edited successively the Pardesi Khalsa, the daily Qaumi Dard, Asli Qaumi Dard, the Sikh Sevak and the Khalssa Sevak. His last newspaper was the weekly Punjab which he launched in 1938, after severing connection with the Khalsa Sevak. As a newspaper editor, Giani Sher Singh enjoyed great influence. His editorials were marked by forthrightness, a flair for polemics and argument and remarkable political acumen, and he was known for his strong advocacy of Sikh rights and interests. Besides his journalism, Giani Sher Singh also took active part in politics. He made powerful speeches from the Congress platform and was taken into custody for one of these and confined in jail from 23 June 1922 to 30 June 1923.
He was again arrested in October 1923 when the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee of which he was a member was declared to be an unlawful organization. He was released from Lahore Fort towards the end of January 1926 along with 19 other Akaf leaders who agreed to give an undertaking to work by the newly passed Sikh Gurdwaras Act. The other section of the Akalis, led by Teja Singh Samundri and Master Tara Singh, refused to give any such undertaking and continued in confinement. This was the beginning of a schism in the Akali ranks which resulted in the formation of two separate parties – Shiromani Akali Dal and the Central Akali Dal. Giani Sher Singh was a leading figure in the latter. Giani Sher Singh served another term in jail from 16 November 1931 to 17 May 1932 for participation in the Akali morcha at Daska.
In the first elections held under the Sikh Gurdwaras Act in the summer of 1926, Giani Sher singh was elected unopposed to the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee. In the committee his role was that of the leader of the opposition who for many a long year gave the ruling party led by Master Tara Singh a stubborn fight. Giani Sher Singh, who was vice-president of the Central Sikh League, represented the Sikhs in All-India forums such as the All Parties Conference held at Lucknow in August 1928 and the Unity Conference convened by Madan Mohan Malaviya and Shaukat Ali at Allahabad in November 1932. In the elections to the provincial assemblies held in the winter of 1936-37 under the Government of India Act of 1935, Giani Sher Singh lent powerful support to the Khalsa National Party sponsored by Sir Sundar Singh Majithia and Sir Jogendra Singh and played
|
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CommonCrawl
| 0.278573 | 0.330281 | 1.209647 | 0.448779 |
/apps/enel-x-digital-ecosystem/templates/page-content
Asian Pacific American Community
Browse by sector...
Unlocking the Financial Value of Behind-the-Meter Energy Storage
While many commercial and industrial (C&I) enterprises are drawn to the sustainability and resilience advantages of energy storage, the technology is becoming increasingly valuable for its ability to support multiple demand-side management strategies.
One of the most important benefits of a well-designed and optimized energy storage system (ESS) is the opportunity for "stacking services," i.e. leveraging the same equipment, system, or process to deliver multiple benefits that maximize the financial impact. Some examples of these services include:
Demand response: Businesses can leverage an ESS to create revenue by participating in demand response programs, while minimizing energy curtailment required at the site level.
Time-of-use charge management: An ESS can enable businesses to avoid daily peak prices by reducing grid demand in line with energy providers' time-of-use periods.
Demand charge management: With an ESS, businesses can reduce costly demand charges that account for a significant amount of annual energy costs by reducing demand at the right time.
Value stacking means not only leveraging these kinds of services, but optimizing the deployment of an ESS to get the most possible value out of them. While these are just a few examples of services that businesses can leverage, they can enable some organizations to create hundreds of thousands of dollars in value every year—if they are managed properly.
Understanding the Challenges of Value Stacking
Traditionally, ESS controllers have implemented these demand-side management strategies on an individual basis. To date, the obstacle to stacking multiple value streams has been compatibility. According to the Energy Storage Association:
"Benefits must be both technically and operationally compatible if they are to be stacked. A combination of benefits is technically compatible if the storage system has all technical characteristics necessary to perform as needed when used for all targeted benefits. Benefits are operationally compatible if no operational conflicts arise when used for the respective benefits."
For example, on a given day, an ESS may be able to perform renewable energy firming while also helping to manage time-of-use charges and participate in demand response programs, but the amount and timing of each maneuver would depend on cloud cover, the building's operational schedules and load requirements, and other factors on that specific day. Without an intelligently optimized approach, this could result in missed financial opportunities and negative impacts on battery performance or operating life.
If this sounds complicated, that's because it is. A good analogy is determining the best altitude to fly a passenger jet from Seattle to New York, which requires balancing considerations like passenger ride quality, fuel consumption, safety, and time of arrival. At the same time, the calculation must also account for how the winds change throughout the flight path and react while maintaining the balance of the other considerations.
In the same way, buildings need to leverage all available demand-side value streams while accounting for other variable factors, such as changing electrical loads and battery degradation, in order to optimize the value of their ESS assets.
The Key to Value Stacking: Real-Time Optimal Control
An ESS platform with real-time optimal control is capable of continually balancing participation in multiple value streams simultaneously—especially when they may compete with one another—while also considering the impact on battery degradation.
A real-time optimal control system analyzes information on all aspects of the building's energy situation—tariffs, incentives, demand response programs, battery chemistry and sizing, etc.—while also learning the building's energy consumption patterns. Armed with this data, the system plans and automatically executes a control strategy that deploys the ESS to deliver the maximum total economic value from all available value streams and extend battery life. As a result, businesses maximize the return on an investment in an ESS, while also capitalizing on sustainability and resilience benefits.
The days of deploying energy storage systems for only one purpose are ending. With today's evolving rate structures, market demands, and incentive programs, system ROI has become a more complex and economically beneficial calculation, based on the value of stacked services.
Explore other recent stories within this category.
Energy Market Insights for January 2023
Find out more about the big stories in regional energy markets.
Energy Markets
Energy Market Insights for December 2
|
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CommonCrawl
| 0.936781 | 0.997342 | 0.807965 | 1.554281 |
\section{Introduction}
The notion of \textit{edge intersection graphs of paths on a grid} (EPG graphs) was first introduced by Golumbic, Lipshteyn and Stern~\cite{Golumbic}. A graph $G$ is said to be an EPG graph if its vertices can be mapped to paths in a grid graph (a graph with vertex set $\{(x,y)\colon x,y\in\mathbb{N}\}$ and edge set $\{(x,y)(x',y')\colon |x-x'|+|y-y'|=1\}$) in such a way that two vertices in $G$ are adjacent if and only if the paths corresponding to them share an edge of the grid graph. If in addition, none of the paths used have more than $k$ bends (90-degree turns), then $G$ is said to be a $B_k$-EPG graph. We could also think of the paths on the grid graph to be just piecewise linear curves on the plane and this gives rise to the following equivalent definition for EPG graphs. A \emph{$k$-bend path} is piecewise linear curve made up of $k+1$ horizontal and vertical line segments in the plane such that any two consecutive line segments of the curve are of different orientation. A graph $G = (V, E)$ is a $B_k$-EPG graph if there exists a $k$-bend path $P_u$ corresponding to each vertex $u\in V(G)$ such that any two paths $P_u$ and $P_v$ have a horizontal or vertical line segment of non-zero length in common if and only if $uv \in E(G)$. The collection of $k$-bend paths $\{P_u\}_{u\in V(G)}$ is said to be a \emph{$B_k$-EPG representation} of $G$. The \emph{EPG bend-number} $b_e(G)$ of a graph $G$ is the minimum $k$ such that $G$ has a $B_k$-EPG representation. Clearly, $B_0$-EPG graphs are the well known class of interval graphs. Several papers have explored the EPG bend-number of different classes of graphs. The EPG bend-number of trees and cycles have been determined in~\cite{Golumbic}. Bounds on the the EPG bend-number of planar graphs, outerplanar graphs and complete bipartite graphs have been determined in~\cite{HeldtP} and~\cite{Heldt}.
Later in 2012, Asinowski et al.~\cite{AsinG, Asin} introduced the study of \textit{vertex intersection graphs of paths on a grid} (VPG graphs). For defining VPG graphs, we will as before talk about $k$-bend paths in the plane, instead of dealing with paths on a grid graph. A collection of $k$-bend paths $\{P_u\}_{u\in V(G)}$ is said to be a $B_k$-VPG representation of a graph $G$, if for $u,v\in V(G)$, we have $uv\in E(G)$ if and only if $P_u$ and $P_v$ have at least one point in common. A graph is said to be simply a VPG graph if it is a $B_k$-VPG graph for some $k$. Several relationships between VPG graphs and other known graph classes have been studied in~\cite{AsinG}. VPG graphs are known to be equivalent to the known class of string graphs, which are the intersection graphs of simple curves in the plane~\cite{Asin}. $B_0$-VPG graphs are a special case of segment graphs (intersection graphs of line segments in the plane), which are known as $2$-DIR graphs. L-VPG graphs are intersection graphs of L-shaped paths, which is clearly a subclass of $B_1$-VPG graphs. The subclass of L-VPG graphs which have L-VPG representations in which no two paths cross (have a common internal point) are called L-contact graphs~\cite{ChapKU}. More results and a literature survey of graph classes that admit contact VPG representations can be found in~\cite{Aerts}.
A \emph{tree-union-cycle graph} is formed by taking a tree and then connecting its leaves to form a cycle in such a way that the graph has a planar embedding. A \emph{Halin graph} is a tree-union-cycle graph with no degree 2 vertices. These graphs were first introduced by Rudolf Halin
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ArXiv
| 0.4382 | 2.196495 | 1.675885 | 1.675709 |
in his study of minimally $3$-connected graphs \cite{Halin}.
In this paper we show that Halin graphs are $B_1$-VPG graphs as well as $B_2$-EPG graphs. In fact, we show the stronger results that any tree-union-cycle graph has a L-VPG representation and a $B_2$-EPG representation with one type of 2-bend paths. We also demonstrate Halin graphs that are not $B_0$-VPG graphs and Halin graphs that are not $B_1$-EPG graphs. Note that L-contact graphs are subclass of $2$-degenerate graphs \citep{ChapKU}. As Halin graphs have minimum degree three, it is not possible to obtain a L-contact representation for Halin graphs.
$B_1$-VPG representation of Halin graphs and IO-graphs (2-connected planar graphs in which the interior vertices form a (possibly empty) independent set) was studied in~\cite{Derka}. It was shown in that paper that all IO-graphs are in L-VPG and that all Halin graphs have a $B_1$-VPG representation in which every vertex other than one is represented using an L-shaped path and one vertex is represented using a \rotatebox[origin=c]{180}{L}-shaped path. As any IO-graph can be easily seen to be an induced subgraph of some tree union cycle graph, our results show that both these graph classes are subclasses of L-VPG.
\section{Preliminaries}
A simple graph $G = T \cup C$, where $T$ is a tree and $C$ is a simple cycle induced by all the leaves of the tree $T$ such that $G$ is planar, is called a {\it tree-union-cycle graph}. A {\it Halin graph} is a tree-union-cycle graph with no degree $2$ vertex.
Let us consider a tree-union-cycle graph $G = T \cup C$, where the cycle $C$ is of length $k$. Let $C$ be $c_0c_1\dots c_{k-1}c_0$. Let $S = V(G) \setminus V(C)$ be the set of internal vertices of the tree $T$. Let us also assume the set $S$ is not a singleton set, i.e. the graph $G$ is not a wheel graph. Designate an internal vertex $r$ of $T$, to be the root of the tree $T$. Once a root is fixed, we define the following notations.
\begin{enumerate}
\item For any two vertices $u, v \in T$, $u$ is said to be an ancestor of $v$ if $u$ lies on the path $rTv$. On the other hand if $v$ lies on the path $rTu$ then $u$ is called a descendant of $v$. If $uv \in T$ and $v$ is a descendant of $u$ then we often call $v$ is a child of $u$ and $u$ is the parent of $v$.
\item For any vertex $u \in T$, let $L^r(u)$ be the set of all leaves that are descendants of $u$. If $u$ is a leaf then define $L^r(u) = \{ u\}$. Clearly if $u$ is a descendant of $v$ then $L^r(u) \subseteq L^r(v)$.
\item For each vertex $u \in T$, define the height of the vertex $h^r(u)$ as the length of the path $rTu$. Let $hca(u, v) = \min\{ h^r(x) \colon x \in uTv\}$.
\end{enumerate}
\begin{lemma}
\label{lem: ancdec}
Let $u, v \in S$, then $u$ is an ancestor of $v$ or $v$ is an ancestor of $u$ if and only if $L^r(u) \cap L^r(v) \neq \emptyset$.
\end{lemma}
\begin{proof}
Let $u$ is an ancestor of $v$. Clearly $L^r(v) \subseteq L^r(u)$. Hence $L^r(u) \cap L^r(v) \neq \emptyset$. Similarly it can be shown if $v$ is an ancestor of $u$ then $L^r(u) \cap L^r(v) \
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] | 1,024 |
ArXiv
| 0.069869 | 2.113437 | 0.598438 | 1.46321 |
neq \emptyset$. Conversely, let $L^r(u) \cap L^r(v) \neq \emptyset$. Hence there exists $c_i \in L^r(u) \cap L^r(v)$. This implies that $u$ and $v$ both are on the path $c_iTr$. Hence one of them is an ancestor of the other. This completes the proof.
\end{proof}
\begin{obs}
For any $u\ (\neq r) \in S$, $L^r(u)$ does not contain all the leaves of $T$.
\end{obs}
\begin{proof}
For the sake of contradiction, assume if $L^r(u) = L^r(r) = V(C)$. Then it implies that the degree of $r$ is one, which contradicts the fact that $r$ is an internal vertex.
\end{proof}
The following lemma can be easily seen.
\begin{lemma}
\label{lem: cyc}
Fix a vertex $r \in S$, as the root of the tree $T$. Then the vertices in $L^r(u)$ appear consecutively in the cyclic ordering $c_0, c_1, \dots ,c_{k-1}, c_0$.
\end{lemma}
\begin{lemma}
\label{lem: lin}
Let $c_i, c_{i+1}$ be two leaves and $r$ be an internal vertex on the path $c_iTc_{i+1}$. If we fix root as $r$, then for any $u \in S$, the vertices in $L^r(u)$ appear consecutively in the linear ordering $c_{i+1}, c_{i+2}, \dots,$ $ c_{k-1}, c_0, c_1, \dots , c_i$.
\end{lemma}
\begin{proof}
Suppose there exists a vertex $u\in S$ such that the vertices in $L^r(u)$ do not appear consecutively in the linear ordering $c_{i+1}, c_{i+2}, \dots, c_{k-1}, c_0, c_1, \dots , c_i$. Then it follows from Lemma~\ref{lem: cyc} that $c_{i},c_{i+1}\in L^r(u)$. If $u = r$, then all leaves are descendant of $u$. Hence $u \neq r$. If $v$ is a vertex such that $c_{i+1}\in L^r(v)$, then $v$ is on the path $c_{i+1}Tr$. Similarly, if $w$ is a vertex such that $c_i\in L^r(w)$, then $w$ is on the path $c_iTr$. Therefore, $u$ is an internal vertex of both $c_{i+1}Tr$ and $c_iTr$.
Since $r \in c_iTc_{i+1}$, $c_iTr$ and $c_{i+1}Tr$ have no internal vertex in common. This implies that such a $u$ cannot exist.
\end{proof}
Now we prove the following lemma which is used to define a linear ordering of the vertices on the cycle.
\begin{lemma}
\label{lem: path}
Fix a vertex $r \in S$ as the root of $T$. Then there exists an index $i$, such that all the internal vertices except one on the path $c_iTc_{i+1}$ are of degree two.
\end{lemma}
\begin{proof}
Let us consider two consecutive leaves $c_i$ and $c_{i+1}$ of $T$ such that $h^r(hca(c_i, c_{i+1}))$ is maximum. We claim that this pair of leaves $c_i$ and $c_{i+1}$ satisfy the statement of the lemma. Let $u = hca(c_i, c_{i+1})$. If $u$ is the common parent of $c_i$ and $c_{i+1}$, then our claim holds trivially.
For the sake of contradiction, assume $u$ is not the common parent of $c_i$ and $c_{i+1}$ and at least one of the paths from $uTc_i$ and $uTc_{i+1}$ has an internal vertex of degree at least three. Let that
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] | 1,024 |
ArXiv
| -0.321261 | 1.687764 | -0.745863 | 0.661278 |
vertex be $v$, lying on the path $uTc_i$. Consider $L^r(v)$. Clearly $c_i$ is in $L^r(v)$. We know that the degree of $v$ is at least three. So $v$ has at least one leaf other than $c_i$ as its descendant. From Lemma~\ref{lem: cyc}, we know that the vertices in $L^r(v)$ appear consecutively in the cyclic ordering of leaves. So either of $c_{i-1}$ or $c_{i+1}$ is in $L^r(v)$. We have $c_{i+1} \notin L^r(v)$. Otherwise, $v$ is a common ancestor of both $c_i$ and $c_{i+1}$ with $h^r(v) > h^r(u)$, which contradicts the fact that $u = hca(c_i, c_{i+1})$. So $c_{i+1} \notin L^r(v)$. Therefore, we can conclude that $c_{i-1} \in L^r(v)$. But then we have found a pair of leaves $c_{i-1}$ and $c_i$ such that $h^r(hca(c_{i-1}, c_i)) \geq h^r(v) > h^r(u)$. This contradicts our initial choice of the pair of leaves $c_i, c_{i+1}$. So there is no internal vertex with degree more than two on the path $uTc_i$. With a similar argument we can conclude that there is no internal vertex with degree more than two on the path $uTc_{i+1}$. This concludes the proof.
\end{proof}
\section{Halin graphs are L-VPG graphs}
Let $c_i, c_{i+1}$ be two leaves satisfying Lemma~\ref{lem: path}. Define, $b_j = c_{(i+j)\mod k}$, for $0 \leq j \leq k-1$. Fix $r^\prime = hca(c_i, c_{i+1})$ to be the new root of $T$.
The following observations are easy consequences of our choice of root and Lemma~\ref{lem: lin}.
\begin{obs}
\label{obs:oneleaf}
Every internal vertex of both the paths $b_0Tr^\prime$ and $b_1Tr^\prime$ has exactly one descendant leaf.
\end{obs}
\begin{obs}
\label{obs:lin}
For any $u \in S$, the vertices in $L^{r^\prime}(u)$ appear consecutively in the linear ordering $b_0, b_1, \dots,$ $ b_{k-1}$.
\end{obs}
Let us define an L-shaped curve on the plane as the set of points given by $\mathcal{L}([x_1, x_2], [y_1, y_2]) = \{(x, y) \vert x = x_1\ \mbox{and}\ y \in [y_1, y_2]\ \mbox{or}\ y = y_1\ \mbox{and}\ x \in [x_1, x_2]\}$. By definition, a graph is an L-VPG graph if one can associate an L-shaped curve $\mathcal{L}_u$ to each vertex $u$ of the graph such that $uv$ is an edge of the graph if and only if $\mathcal{L}_u \cap \mathcal{L}_v \neq \emptyset$. Now we show that $G$ is an L-VPG graph by defining the L-shaped curve $\mathcal{L}_u$ to be associated with each vertex $u \in V(G)$. For any vertex $u\in V(G)$ with $\mathcal{L}_u=\mathcal{L}([x_1,x_2],[y_1,y_2])$, we define $l_x(u)=x_1$, $r_x(u)=x_2$, $l_y(u)=y_1$ and $r_y(u)=y_2$. Define $h = \max \{ h^{r^\prime}(u) \vert u \in V(G)\}$.
Define $\mathcal{L}_{b_0} = \mathcal{L}([1.5, k-1], [0, h-h^{r^\prime}(b_0) + 2])$.
Define $\
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] | 1,024 |
ArXiv
| -0.171101 | 1.76044 | -0.378701 | 0.757409 |
mathcal{L}_{b_1} = \mathcal{L}([1, 2], [1, h-h^{r^\prime}(b_1) + 2])$.
Define $\mathcal{L}_{b_{k-1}} = \mathcal{L}([k-1, k], [0, h-h^{r^\prime}(b_{k-1}) + 2])$.
For every leaf $b_i$ other than $b_0, b_1$ or $b_{k-1}$, define $\mathcal{L}_{b_i} = \mathcal{L}([i, i+1], [1, h - h^{r^\prime}(b_i)+2])$.
For every internal vertex $v$, define $\mathcal{L}_v=([\min\{l_x(w)~\vert~w \in L^{r^\prime}(v)\},\max\{l_x(w)~\vert~w \in L^{r^\prime}(v)\}],[h-h^{r^\prime}(v)+1, h-h^{r^\prime}(v)+2])$.
Now we prove that the collection of L-shapes $\{\mathcal{L}_u\}_{u\in V(G)}$ forms a valid one bend $VPG$ representation of $G$.
We first state some observations that will be needed.
\begin{obs}
\label{obs: order}
For any $u \in S$ and leaves $b_i,b_j,b_k$, if $l_x(b_i) < l_x(b_j) < l_x(b_k)$ and $b_i, b_k \in L^{r^\prime}(u)$ then $b_j\in L^{r^\prime}(u)$.
\end{obs}
\begin{proof}
Suppose for the sake of contradiction that there exist $u\in S$ and leaves $b_i,b_j,b_k$ with $l_x(b_i)<l_x(b_j)<l_x(b_k)$ such that $b_i,b_k\in L^{r^\prime}(u)$ and $b_j\notin L^{r^\prime}(u)$. Clearly, this cannot be true if $u=r^\prime$ as $b_j\in L^{r^\prime}(r^\prime)$. Therefore, it must be the case that $u\neq r^\prime$.
If $u$ is an ancestor of $b_0$, then from Observation~\ref{obs:oneleaf}, we know that $|L^{r^\prime}(u)|=1$, which contradicts the fact that $b_i,b_k\in L^{r^\prime}(u)$. Therefore, $u$ cannot be an ancestor of $b_0$. For the same reason, $u$ also cannot be an ancestor of $b_1$. This means that $i\notin \{0,1\}$.
From our construction, we have $l_x(b_2) < l_x(b_3) < \dots < l_x(b_{k-1})$. Since $i\geq 2$ and $l_x(b_i)<l_x(b_j)<l_x(b_k)$, we have $i<j<k$. This implies we have three leaves $b_i,b_j,b_k$ with $i<j<k$ such that $b_i,b_k\in L^{r^\prime}(u)$ and $b_j\notin L^{r^\prime}(u)$. This contradicts Observation~\ref{obs:lin}.
\end{proof}
\begin{obs}
\label{obs:comparable}
Let $u,v\in V(G)$ be distinct vertices such that $u$ is an ancestor of $v$. Then,
\begin{enumerate}[(a)]
\item $l_y(v)\notin [l_y(u),r_y(u)]$,
\item $l_x(v)\in [l_x(u),r_x(u)]$, and
\item $l_y(u)\in [l_y(v),r_y(v)]$ if and only if $u$ is the parent of $v$.
\end{enumerate}
\end{obs}
\begin{proof}
According to our construction, for any internal vertex $w$, $l_y
|
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ArXiv
| -0.424467 | 1.94213 | -0.85256 | 0.557558 |
(w) = h - h^{r^\prime}(w) + 1$. When $u$ is an ancestor of $v$ clearly $u$ is an internal vertex. Suppose first that $v$ is a leaf. Clearly, $l_y(v) =0\ \mbox{or}\ 1$. But $h^{r^\prime}(u)$ can be at most $h-1$ and therefore $l_y(u) \geq 2$. Hence $l_y(v) \notin [l_y(u),r_y(u)]$. If $v$ is an internal vertex then $h^{r^\prime}(u) < h^{r^\prime}(v)$. Hence $l_y(v) < l_y(u)$, implies $l_y(v) \notin [l_y(u),r_y(u)]$. This completes the proof of (a). Now, we prove the Observation~\ref{obs:comparable}(b). Since $u$ is an ancestor of $v$, we have $L^{r^\prime}(v) \subseteq L^{r^\prime}(u)$. From our construction, $l_x(u)=\min\{l_x(w)~\vert~w\in L^{r^\prime}(u)\}\leq l_x(v)$ and $r_x(u)=\max\{l_x(w)~\vert~w\in L^{r^\prime}(u)\}\geq l_x(v)$. So we have $l_x(v)\in [l_x(u),r_x(u)]$. This proves (b). In order to prove (c), first assume $u$ to be the parent of $v$. Then $u$ is always an internal vertex. From our construction we have $l_y(u) = r_y(v)$. This implies $l_y(u) \in [l_y(v), r_y(v)]$. Conversely, let $l_y(u) \in [l_y(v), r_y(v)]$. From our construction we have $r_y(v) = h-h^{r^\prime}(v)+2$. Since $u$ is an ancestor of $v$, we have $h^{r^\prime}(u)\leq h^{r^\prime}(v)-1$. If $h^{r^\prime}(u)< h^{r^\prime}(v)-1$, then we have $r_y(v) < l_y(u)$. But this contradicts the fact that $l_y(u) \in [l_y(v), r_y(v)]$. We can thus conclude that $h^{r^\prime}(u)=h^{r^\prime}(v)-1$, implying that $u$ is the parent of $v$. This completes the proof of (c).
\end{proof}
\begin{obs}
\label{obs:intleaf}
Let $u,v\in V(G)$ such that $u$ is an internal vertex and $v$ is a leaf. Then,
\begin{enumerate}[(a)]
\item $l_y(v)\notin [l_y(u),r_y(u)]$, and
\item $l_x(v)\in [l_x(u),r_x(u)]$ if and only if $u$ is an ancestor of $v$.
\end{enumerate}
\end{obs}
\begin{proof}
According to our construction, $l_y(u) = h - h^{r^\prime}(u) + 1$. For any leaf $v$, $l_y(v) =0\ \mbox{or}\ 1$. Also we know, $h^{r^\prime}(u) \leq h-1$. Hence $l_y(v) < l_y(u)$. This proves (a). In order to prove (b), first assume that $u$ is an ancestor of $v$. From Observation~\ref{obs:comparable}(b), we have $l_x(v) \in [l_x(u), r_x(u)]$. Conversely, assume $l_x(v) \in [l_x(u), r_x(u)]$. Suppose that $u$ is not an ancestor of $v$. Then $v \notin L^{r^\prime}(u)$. (Note that this means that $u\neq r^{\prime}$.) From our construction, $l_x(u) = \min\{l_
|
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] | 1,024 |
ArXiv
| -0.724702 | 1.62547 | -1.134096 | 0.352648 |
x(w)~\vert~w \in L^{r^\prime}(u)\}$ and $r_x(u) = \max\{l_x(w)~\vert~w \in L^{r^\prime}(u)\}$. Let $b_i\in L^{r^\prime}(u)$ be such that $l_x(u)=l_x(b_i)$ and let $b_j\in L^{r^\prime}(u)$ be such that $r_x(u)=l_x(b_j)$. So we have found three leaves $b_i, v$ and $b_j$ such that $l_x(b_i) \leq l_x(v) \leq l_x(b_j)$. Note that from our construction, for any two leaves $w,w'$, we have $l_x(w)=l_x(w')$ if and only if $w=w'$. Since $b_i, b_j \in L^{r^\prime}(u)$ and $v \notin L^{r^\prime}(u)$, we can conclude that the vertices $b_i,b_j$ are distinct from $v$. Therefore, we have $l_x(b_i) < l_x(v) < l_x(b_j)$. This contradicts Observation~\ref{obs: order}. Hence $u$ is an ancestor of $v$. This completes the proof.
\end{proof}
\begin{obs}
\label{obs:bothint}
Let $u$ and $v$ be both internal vertices. If $u$ is not an ancestor of $v$, or $v$ is not an ancestor of $u$, then $[l_x(v),r_x(v)]\cap [l_x(u),r_x(u)]=\emptyset$.
\end{obs}
\begin{proof}
Let $u$ and $v$ be internal vertices such that neither of them is an ancestor of the other. Hence from the Lemma~\ref{lem: ancdec}, we have $L^{r^\prime}(u) \cap L^{r^\prime}(v) = \emptyset$. For the sake of contradiction, assume $[l_x(v),r_x(v)]\cap [l_x(u),r_x(u)]\neq\emptyset$. Then either $l_x(u) \in [l_x(v),r_x(v)]$ or $l_x(v) \in [l_x(u),r_x(u)]$. Let us consider the case when $l_x(u) \in [l_x(v),r_x(v)]$. From our construction, $l_x(u) = \min\{l_x(w)~\vert~w \in L^{r^\prime}(u)\}$, $l_x(v)=\min\{l_x(w)~\vert~w \in L^{r^\prime}(v)\}$ and $r_x(v) = \max\{l_x(w)~\vert~w \in L^{r^\prime}(v)\}$. Let $b_i,b_j$ and $b_k$ be leaves such that $l_x(b_i) = l_x(v)$, $l_x(b_j) = l_x(u)$ and $l_x(b_k) = r_x(v)$. Clearly, $b_i, b_k \in L^{r^\prime}(v)$ and $b_j \in L^{r^\prime}(u)$. Since $L^{r^\prime}(u)\cap L^{r^\prime}(v)=\emptyset$, we know that $b_j\notin L^{r^\prime}(v)$. This implies that $b_j$ is distinct from both $b_i$ and $b_k$. Since $l_x(v)\leq l_x(u)\leq r_x(v)$, we have $l_x(b_i) \leq l_x(b_j) \leq l_x(b_k)$. From our construction, it is clear that for any two leaves $w,w'$, we have $l_x(w)=l_x(w')$ if and only if $w=w'$. Therefore, since $b_j$ is distinct from $b_i,b_k$, we have $l_x(b_i) < l_x(b_j) < l_x(b_k)$. Since we also have $b
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] | 1,024 |
ArXiv
| -0.739646 | 1.692955 | -1.523225 | 0.057932 |
_i, b_k \in L^{r^\prime}(v)$ and $b_j \notin L^{r^\prime}(v)$, we have a contradiction to Observation~\ref{obs: order}. The proof for the case when $l_x(v) \in [l_x(u),r_x(u)]$ is similar.
\end{proof}
\begin{obs}
\label{obs:bothleaf}
Let $u$ and $v$ be both leaves. Then $u$ and $v$ are consecutive leaves if and only if either:
\begin{enumerate}[(a)]
\item $l_x(u) \in [l_x(v), r_x(v)]$ and $l_y(v) \in [l_y(u), r_y(u)]$, or
\item $l_x(v) \in [l_x(u), r_x(u)]$ and $l_y(u) \in [l_y(v), r_y(v)]$.
\end{enumerate}
\end{obs}
\begin{proof}
Suppose that $u=b_i$ and $v=b_j$ are consecutive leaves. Without loss of generality we assume that $i<j$. Clearly, $i<k-1$. First, consider the case when $i>0$. Then, we have $j>1$. From the construction, it is clear that $l_x(v)=r_x(u)$ and $l_y(u) \in [l_y(v), r_y(v)]$. Hence it satisfies (b). If $i=0$ (that is $u=b_0$), either $v=b_1$ or $v=b_{k-1}$. If $u = b_0$ and $v = b_1$, then $l_x(u) \in [l_x(v), r_x(v)]$ and $l_y(v) \in [l_y(u), r_y(u)]$. Hence it satisfies (a). If $u = b_0$ and $v=b_{k-1}$, then $l_x(v) = r_x(u)$ and $l_y(u) = l_y(v)$. In this case, (b) is satisfied. So at least one of (a) or (b) is true when $u$ and $v$ are consecutive leaves. Conversely, let us assume $u = b_i$ and $v = b_j$ are not consecutive leaves. Again, we assume without loss of generality that $i<j$. First consider the case when $i>0$. From the construction, it is clear that if $j >i+1$, then $[l_x(u), r_x(u)] \cap [l_x(v), r_x(v)] = \emptyset$. This implies that neither of (a) or (b) is satisfied. Now consider the case when $u = b_0$ and $v \neq b_1~\mbox{or}~k-1$. In this case, $l_y(u) \notin [l_y(v), r_y(v)]$ and $l_x(u) \notin [l_x(v), r_x(v)]$. Hence neither of (a) or (b) is satisfied. This concludes the proof.
\end{proof}
Now we are ready to show the main result of this section.
\begin{clm}
\label{clm:halin1vpg}
The collection of L-shapes $\{\mathcal{L}_u\}_{u\in V(G)}$ forms a valid one bend VPG representation of $G$.
\end{clm}
\begin{proof}
We prove that for distinct $u, v \in V(G)$, $uv \in E(G)$ if and only if $\mathcal{L}_u \cap \mathcal{L}_v \neq \emptyset$.
It is easy to see that $\mathcal{L}_u\cap\mathcal{L}_v\neq\emptyset$ if and only if $\mathcal{L}_u,\mathcal{L}_v$ satisfy at least one of the following two conditions:
\begin{enumerate}
\renewcommand{\theenumi}{(\arabic{enumi})}
\renewcommand{\labelenumi}{(\arabic{enumi})}
\item\label{cons:uv}
|
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ArXiv
| -0.586132 | 1.433398 | -1.476602 | 0.246398 |
$l_x(u) \in [l_x(v), r_x(v)]$ and $l_y(v) \in [l_y(u), r_y(u)]$, or
\item\label{cons:vu} $l_x(v) \in [l_x(u), r_x(u)]$ and $l_y(u) \in [l_y(v), r_y(v)]$.
\end{enumerate}
Therefore, we only need to show that for distinct $u,v\in V(G)$, $uv\in E(G)$ if and only if $\mathcal{L}_u,\mathcal{L}_v$ satisfy either condition~\ref{cons:uv} or condition~\ref{cons:vu}. Note that we will be done if we show that $\mathcal{L}_u,\mathcal{L}_v$ satisfy either condition~\ref{cons:uv} or condition~\ref{cons:vu} if and only if $u$ is a parent of $v$, $v$ is a parent of $u$, or $u, v$ are consecutive leaves.
Let $u$ be the parent of $v$. From Observation~\ref{obs:comparable}(c), we have $l_y(u) \in [l_y(v), r_y(v)]$. Also, from Observation~\ref{obs:comparable}(b), we have $l_x(v) \in [l_x(u), r_x(u)]$. Therefore, $\mathcal{L}_u,\mathcal{L}_v$ satisfy condition~\ref{cons:vu}. Similarly, it can be shown that when $v$ is the parent of $u$, $\mathcal{L}_u,\mathcal{L}_v$ satisfy the condition~\ref{cons:uv}. When $u, v$ are consecutive leaves, from Observation~\ref{obs:bothleaf}, we have that $\mathcal{L}_u,\mathcal{L}_v$ satisfy either condition~\ref{cons:uv} or condition~\ref{cons:vu}.
Conversely, we show that if $u$ is not a parent of $v$, $v$ is not a parent of $u$ and $u, v$ are not two consecutive leaves, then $\mathcal{L}_u,\mathcal{L}_v$ do not satisfy either condition~\ref{cons:uv} or condition~\ref{cons:vu}. Suppose first that neither of $u, v$ is an ancestor of the other. If $u$ is an internal vertex and $v$ is a leaf, then by Observation~\ref{obs:intleaf}(a), we have $l_y(v)\notin [l_y(u),l_y(u)]$, implying that $\mathcal{L}_u,\mathcal{L}_v$ do not satisfy condition~\ref{cons:uv}. By Observation~\ref{obs:intleaf}(b), we have $l_x(v)\notin [l_x(u),r_x(u)]$, implying that $\mathcal{L}_u,\mathcal{L}_v$ do not satisfy condition~\ref{cons:vu} either. Similarly, it can be shown that when $v$ is an internal vertex and $u$ is a leaf, $\mathcal{L}_u,\mathcal{L}_v$ do not satisfy either condition~\ref{cons:uv} or condition~\ref{cons:vu}.
Let $u$ and $v$ both be internal vertices. Then, by Observation~\ref{obs:bothint}, we have $l_x(u) \notin [l_x(v), r_x(v)]$ and $l_x(v) \notin [l_x(u), r_x(u)]$. Therefore, $\mathcal{L}_u,\mathcal{L}_v$ do not satisfy either condition~\ref{cons:uv} or condition~\ref{cons:vu}. Let us now look at the case when $u$ and $v$ are both leaves. Then, Observation~\ref{obs:bothleaf} implies that $\mathcal{L}_u,\mathcal{L}_v$ do not satisfy either condition~\ref{cons:uv} or condition~\ref{cons:vu}.
Suppose that $u$ is an ancestor of $v$. Then, by Observation~\ref{obs:comparable}(a), we know that $\mathcal{L}_u,\mathcal{L}_v$ do not satisfy condition~\ref{cons:uv}. Also, since $u$ is not the parent of $v$, we know
|
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] | 1,024 |
ArXiv
| -0.405787 | 1.76044 | -1.376181 | 0.628391 |
by Observation~\ref{obs:comparable}(c) that $\mathcal{L}_u,\mathcal{L}_v$ do not satisfy condition~\ref{cons:vu} either. If $v$ is an ancestor of $u$, then the same line of reasoning shows that $\mathcal{L}_u,\mathcal{L}_v$ do not satisfy either condition~\ref{cons:uv} or condition~\ref{cons:vu}.
This completes the proof of Claim~\ref{clm:halin1vpg}.
\end{proof}
We now show that there are Halin graphs that have VPG bend-number more than 0.
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\scalebox{0.8}
{
\begin{pspicture}(0,-1.558125)(4.0028124,1.558125)
\psline[linewidth=0.02cm,dotsize=0.07055555cm 2.0]{*-}(2.1809375,-0.0403125)(1.0809375,-0.0403125)
\psline[linewidth=0.02cm,dotsize=0.07055555cm 2.0]{*-}(1.0809375,-0.0403125)(0.0809375,-1.2403125)
\psline[linewidth=0.02cm,dotsize=0.07055555cm 2.0]{*-}(0.0809375,1.1596875)(1.0809375,-0.0403125)
\psline[linewidth=0.02cm,dotsize=0.07055555cm 2.0]{*-}(3.1809375,-1.2403125)(2.1809375,-0.0403125)
\psline[linewidth=0.02cm,dotsize=0.07055555cm 2.0]{*-}(3.1809375,1.1596875)(2.1809375,-0.0403125)
\psline[linewidth=0.02cm,dotsize=0.07055555cm 2.0]{*-}(0.0809375,-1.2403125)(3.1809375,-1.2403125)
\psline[linewidth=0.02cm](3.1809375,1.1596875)(3.1809375,-1.2403125)
\psline[linewidth=0.02cm](3.1809375,1.1596875)(0.0809375,1.1596875)
\psline[linewidth=0.02cm](0.0809375,1.1596875)(0.0809375,-1.2403125)
\rput(1.3023437,-0.2353125){$v_1$}
\rput(2.0523438,-0.2353125){$v_2$}
\rput(3.4623436,-1.4353126){$v_3$}
\rput(3.4623436,1.3546875){$v_4$}
\rput(0.30234374,1.3546875){$v_5$}
\rput(0.30234374,-1.4353126){$v_6$}
\end{pspicture}
}
\caption{A Halin graph which has no $B_0$-
|
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] | 1,024 |
ArXiv
| -1.197471 | -0.013632 | -1.516052 | -1.170264 |
VPG representation.}
\label{fig: fig01}
\end{figure}
\begin{clm}\label{clm:halinnotb0vpg}
There exists a Halin graph that is not $B_0$-VPG.
\end{clm}
\begin{proof}
Consider the Halin graph with six vertices and nine edges, shown in Figure~\ref{fig: fig01}. For the sake of contradiction, assume that this graph is in $B_0$-VPG. Then it has a VPG representation in which each vertex $v$ is represented by a horizontal or vertical line segment, which we denote by $\mathcal{S}_v$. If $(x_1,y_1)$ and $(x_2,y_2)$ are the two endpoints of a segment $\mathcal{S}_v$ in this representation, we define $l_x(v)=\min\{x_1,x_2\}$, $r_x(v)=\max\{x_1,x_2\}$, $l_y(v)=\min\{y_1,y_2\}$ and $r_y(v)=\{y_1,y_2\}$. Clearly, if $\mathcal{S}_v$ is a horizontal segment, we have $l_y(v)=r_y(v)$ and if it is a vertical segment, we have $l_x(v)=r_x(v)$.
Notice that $v_1, v_5, v_6$ induce a $K_3$ in the graph. Clearly, some two among $\mathcal{S}_{v_5}$, $\mathcal{S}_{v_6}$ and $\mathcal{S}_{v_1}$ have the same orientation, i.e., either horizontal or vertical. Because the vertices are all symmetric to each other, we can assume without loss of generality that $\mathcal{S}_{v_5}$ and $\mathcal{S}_{v_6}$ are both horizontal. (We can argue in a similar fashion if they are both vertical segments.) As they intersect, we have $l_y(v_5) = l_y(v_6)$ and $[l_x(v_5), r_x(v_5)] \cap [l_x(v_6), r_x(v_6)] \neq \emptyset$. Let $[l_x(v_5), r_x(v_5)] \cap [l_x(v_6), r_x(v_6)] = [a, b]$. Again by symmetry between $v_5$ and $v_6$, we can assume without loss of generality that $l_x(v_5)\leq l_x(v_6)$.
Note that $v_5$ has one neighbour $v_4$, which has no adjacency with $v_6$ and $v_6$ has one neighbour $v_3$, which has no adjacency with $v_5$. This implies that $l_x(v_6) = a$ and $r_x(v_5) = b$ and also that there exists a point $(e,l_y(v_5))\in\mathcal{S}_{v_4}$ with $l_x(v_5)\leq e<a$. If $\mathcal{S}_{v_4}$ is a vertical line segment, then this means that $r_x(v_4)=l_x(v_4)=e<a$. Suppose that $\mathcal{S}_{v_4}$ is a horizontal line segment. Then $l_y(v_4)=r_y(v_4)=l_y(v_5)$. Since $\mathcal{S}_{v_4}$ contains the point $(e,l_y(v_5))$, it cannot be the case that $r_x(v_4)\geq a$ as that would imply that the point $(a,l_y(v_5))\in\mathcal{S}_{v_4}$ which would be a contradiction to the fact that $\mathcal{S}_{v_4}\cap\mathcal{S}_{v_6}=\emptyset$. Therefore, we can conclude that $r_x(v_4)<a$. Therefore, irrespective of whether $\mathcal{S}_{v_4}$ is horizontal or vertical, we have $r_x(v_4)<a$. Arguing very similarly, we can also conclude that $l_x(v_3)>b$. So, we have $r_x(v_4)<a\leq b<l_x(v_3)$ and therefore, $\mathcal{S}_{
|
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ArXiv
| -0.815723 | 1.16865 | -1.053401 | -0.173541 |
v_4}\cap\mathcal{S}_{v_3}=\emptyset$. But this contradicts the fact that $v_4$ and $v_3$ are adjacent in the graph.
\end{proof}
\begin{thm}
Tree-union-cycle graphs are in $B_1$-VPG but there is even a Halin graph that is not in $B_0$-VPG.
\end{thm}
\begin{proof}
The proof follows directly from Claims~\ref{clm:halin1vpg} and~\ref{clm:halinnotb0vpg}.
\end{proof}
\begin{cor}
If $H$ is any Halin graph, then $b_v(H)\leq 1$. This bound is tight.
\end{cor}
\section{Halin graphs are \texorpdfstring{$B_2$}{B2}-EPG graphs}
\label{sec: b2}
We relabel the vertices in $C$ as $a_0,a_1,\dots,a_{k-1}$ and reassign the root of the tree $T$ at a new internal vertex. Recall that every internal vertex in the path $b_0Tb_1$ except one has degree two. Let $b'_0$ be the internal vertex of $T$ adjacent to $b_0$ and let $b'_1$ be the internal vertex of $T$ that is adjacent to $b_1$ (note that it is possible to have $b'_0=b'_1$). If $b'_0$ has degree two, then define $a_j=b_{(j+1)\mod k}$, for $0\leq j\leq k-1$, and define $r=b'_1$. If $b'_0$ has degree more than two, then we define $a_j=b_{(k-j)\mod k}$, for $0\leq j\leq k-1$, and define $r=b'_0$. For the rest of the section, wherever we use $r$ it will mean our new choice of the root. The ancestor-descendant relationship and height is also defined with respect to this new root.
The following is an easy consequence of our choice of root and Lemma~\ref{lem: lin}.
\begin{obs}
\label{obs:newlin}
For any vertex $u\in S$, the vertices in $L^r(u)$ appear consecutively in $a_0, a_1,\dots, a_{k-1}$.
\end{obs}
\begin{obs}
\label{obs:parentroot}
$r$ is the parent of $a_0$.
\end{obs}
Denote by $a'$ the parent of $a_{k-1}$.
\begin{obs}
\label{obs:lastaparent}
Either $a'$ has degree two or $a'=r$.
\end{obs}
\begin{proof}
If $r=b'_1$, from our labelling, we have $a_{k-1} = b_0$. Clearly $b'_1$ has been chosen as a root because degree of $b'_0$ is two. Hence in this case $a'$ has degree two. If $r=b'_0$, from our labelling, we have $a_{k-1} = b_1$. In this case we know that $b'_0$ has degree more than two. Since exactly one vertex of the path $b'_0Tb'_1$ has degree other than two in $T$, we must either have $b'_0\neq b'_1$, in which case $b'_1=a'$ has degree $2$, or $b'_0=b'_1$, in which case $a'=r$. This completes the proof.
\end{proof}
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] | 1,024 |
ArXiv
| -2.175613 | -1.663117 | -2.495152 | -2.604634 |
In a $B_2$-EPG representation of a graph, each vertex is represented by a piecewise linear curve in the plane made up of three line segments each of which is horizontal or vertical with consecutive segments being of different orientation. It is not hard to see that such a curve can have any of eight different shapes---i.e., it can be a C-shaped curve and its rotations, or an S-shaped curve and its rotations and reflections (see Figure~\ref{fig: fig03}). We show that $G$ has an EPG representation using C-shaped curves of one type. Later, we show that $G$ also has an EPG representation using S-shaped curves.
A C-shaped curve is defined as a set of points given by $\mathcal{C}(x_1, x_2, x_3, y_1, y_2) = \{(x, y)~\vert~x = x_1\ \mbox{and}\ y \in [y_1, y_2]\} \cup \{ (x, y)~\vert~ y = y_1\ \mbox{and}\ x \in [x_1, x_2]\} \cup \{(x, y)~\vert~ y = y_2\ \mbox{and}\ x \in [x_1, x_3]\}$. Our aim is to associate a C-shaped curve $\mathcal{C}_u$ to each vertex $u\in V(G)$ such that $uv\in E(G)$ if and only if $\mathcal{C}_u\cap \mathcal{C}_v$ contains at least a horizontal or a vertical line segment of non-zero length. For any vertex $u \in V(G)$ with $\mathcal{C}_u = \mathcal{C}(x_1,x_2,x_3,y_1,y_2)$, define $l_x(u)=x_1, p_x(u)=x_2, q_x(u) = x_3, l_y(u)=y_1$ and $r_y(u)=y_2$. Define $h = \max \{ h^{r}(u)~|~u \in V(G)\}$. Let $\epsilon = 1/4$.
\medskip
For every leaf $a_i$ other than $a_0$ and $a_{k-1}$, define $\mathcal{C}_{a_i} = \mathcal{C}(i, i+1+\epsilon, i+3\epsilon, 0, h - h^{r}(a_i)+1)$.
Define $\mathcal{C}_{a_0} = \mathcal{C}(0, 1+\epsilon, k-1+\epsilon, 0, h+1)$.
Define $\mathcal{C}_{a_{k-1}} = \mathcal{C}(k-1, k+\epsilon, k-1+\epsilon, 0, h+1)$.
For every internal vertex $v$ other than $r$ and $a'$, define $\mathcal{C}_v = \mathcal{C}(\min\{i+2\epsilon ~\vert~ a_i \in L^{r}(v)\}, \max\{i+3\epsilon~\vert~ a_i \in L^{r}(v)\},\min\{i+3\epsilon~\vert~ a_i \in L^{r}(v)\}, h-h^{r}(v), h-h^{r}(v)+1)$.
If $a'\neq r$, define $\mathcal{C}_{a'} = \mathcal{C}(k-1+2\epsilon, k-1+3\epsilon, k-1+3\epsilon, 0, h - h^{r}(a')+1)$ and define $\mathcal{C}_r=\mathcal{C}(2\epsilon,k-1+3\epsilon,1,h,h+1)$.
If $a'=r$, define $\mathcal{C}_r=\mathcal{C}(2\epsilon,k-1+3\epsilon,k-1+\epsilon,h,h+1)$. (Note that we can get a valid representation of $G$ in which no two curves cross more than once by setting $p_x(a')=k-2+3\epsilon$. But here, we are using $p_x(a')=k-1+3\epsilon$ so that the proof becomes a little bit simpler.)
Our aim is now to prove that $\{\mathcal{C}_u\}_{u\in V(G)}$ forms a valid $B_2$-EP
|
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] | 1,024 |
ArXiv
| 0.006188 | 2.092673 | -0.110165 | 0.904134 |
G representation of $G$.
We first make some observations.
\begin{obs}
\label{obs: comp}
Let $u$ be the parent of $v$.
\begin{enumerate}[(a)]
\item If $v \notin \{a_0, a_{k-1}\}$, then $l_y(u) = r_y(v)$ and $|[l_x(u), p_x(u)] \cap [l_x(v), q_x(v)]| > 1$,
\item If $v \in \{a_0, a_{k-1}\}$ and $u= r$, then $r_y(u) = r_y(v)$ and $\vert[l_x(u), q_x(u)] \cap [l_x(v), q_x(v)]| > 1$, and
\item If $v = a_{k-1}$ and $u \neq r$, then $l_y(u) = l_y(v)$ and $\vert[l_x(u), p_x(u)] \cap [l_x(v), p_x(v)]| > 1$.
\end{enumerate}
\end{obs}
\begin{proof}
If $v \notin \{a_0, a_{k-1}\}$, we cannot have $u = a'$ and $a' \neq r$. Therefore, from the construction, we have $l_y(u) = h - h^r(u)$ and $r_y(v) = h - h^r(v) +1$. Clearly, since $u$ is the parent of $v$ we have $h^r(v) = h^r(u)+1$. This implies $l_y(u) = r_y(v)$. First, let us consider the case when $v$ is an internal vertex. Since $u$ is the parent of $v$, $L^r(v) \subseteq L^r(u)$. From the construction, we have $l_x(u) = \min\{i+2\epsilon ~\vert~ a_i \in L^{r}(u)\} \leq \min\{i+2\epsilon ~\vert~ a_i \in L^{r}(v)\} = l_x(v)$ and $q_x(v) = \min\{i+3\epsilon~\vert~ a_i \in L^{r}(v)\} \leq \max\{i+3\epsilon~\vert~ a_i \in L^{r}(u)\} = p_x(u)$. (Note that this holds also when $v = a^\prime$, since in that case $a' \neq r$, and therefore $L^r(a^\prime) = \{a_{k-1}\}$. Also note that it is possible that $u = r$.) Clearly from our construction we have $l_x(u) < p_x(u)$ and $l_x(v) < q_x(v)$. Since we have $l_x(u) \leq l_x(v) < q_x(v) \leq p_x(u)$, we conclude that $|[l_x(u), p_x(u)] \cap [l_x(v), q_x(v)]| > 1$. Let us consider the case when $v=a_j$ is a leaf. Clearly, we have $v\in L^r(u)$. Then from the construction, we have $l_x(u) = \min\{i+2\epsilon ~\vert~ a_i \in L^{r}(u)\}$, $p_x(u)=\max\{i+3\epsilon~|~a_i\in L^r(u)\}$, $l_x(v) = j$ and $q_x(v) = j+3\epsilon$. Since $v \in L^r(u)$, it implies that $l_x(u) \leq j+2\epsilon$ and $p_x(u) \geq j+3\epsilon$. Hence $[l_x(u), p_x(u)] \cap [l_x(v), q_x(v)]$ contains the interval $[j+2\epsilon, j+3\epsilon]$. This implies that $|[l_x(u), p_x(u)] \cap [l_x(v), q_x(v)]| > 1$. This completes the proof of (a).
If $u =
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] | 1,024 |
ArXiv
| -0.48628 | 1.656617 | -1.173547 | 0.286874 |
r$ and $v = a_0$, from the construction we have $r_y(u) = h+1 = r_y(v)$. Again from the construction we have $[l_x(u), q_x(u)] = [2\epsilon, k-1+\epsilon]$ if $u = r = a^\prime$ and $[l_x(u), q_x(u)] = [2\epsilon, 1]$ if $u = r \neq a^\prime$. Also we have $[l_x(v), q_x(v)] = [0, k-1+\epsilon]$. Hence $[2\epsilon, 1] \subset [l_x(u), q_x(u)] \cap [l_x(v), q_x(v)]$, which implies $\vert[l_x(u), q_x(u)] \cap [l_x(v), q_x(v)]\vert > 1$. Now consider the case $u = r$ and $v = a_{k-1}$. As $u$ is the parent of $v$, we have $u = r = a^\prime$. From the construction we have $r_y(u) = h+1 = r_y(v)$, $[l_x(u), q_x(u)] = [2\epsilon, k-1+\epsilon]$ and $[l_x(v), q_x(v)] = [k-1, k-1+\epsilon]$. As $[l_x(u),q_x(u)] \cap [l_x(v),q_x(v)] = [k-1,k-1+\epsilon]$, we have $|[l_x(u),q_x(u)] \cap [l_x(v),q_x(v)]| > 1$. This completes the proof of (b).
If $v= a_{k-1}$ and $u\neq r$, then from the construction we have $l_y(v) = 0$ and $l_y(u) = 0$. From the construction $[l_x(u), p_x(u)] = [k-1+2\epsilon, k-1+3\epsilon]$ and $[l_x(v), p_x(v)] =[k-1, k+\epsilon]$. This implies that $[l_x(u), p_x(u)] \cap [l_x(v), p_x(v)]=[k-1 +2\epsilon , k-1 +3\epsilon]$. Hence $\vert[l_x(u), p_x(u)] \cap [l_x(v), p_x(v)]| > 1$. This completes proof of (c).
\end{proof}
\begin{obs}
\label{obs: inc}
Let $u$ and $v$ be two vertices such that neither of them is an ancestor of the other. Furthermore, let $u$ be an internal vertex. Then,
\begin{enumerate}[(a)]
\item $[l_x(u),p_x(u)] \cap [l_x(v),p_x(v)] = \emptyset$, and
\item If $v \neq a_0$, then $[l_x(u),\max\{p_x(u),q_x(u)\}] \cap [l_x(v),\max\{p_x(v),q_x(v)\}] = \emptyset$.
\end{enumerate}
\end{obs}
\begin{proof}
Let us first prove (a). From Lemma~\ref{lem: ancdec}, we have $L^{r}(u) \cap L^{r}(v) = \emptyset$. First we consider the case when both $u$ and $v$ are internal vertices. Let us define $l_{\min}(u)=\min\{i~|~a_i \in L^r(u)\}$ and $l_{\max}(u)=\max \{i~|~a_i \in L^r(u)\}$. From Observation~\ref{obs:newlin} and $L^{r}(u) \cap L^{r}(v) = \emptyset$, we conclude $[l_{\min}(u),l_{\max}(u)] \cap [l_{\min}(v),l_{\max}(v)] = \emptyset$. Again from our construction, we have $[l_x(w), p_x(w)] = [l_{\min}(w) + 2\epsilon, l_{\max}(w) + 3\epsilon]$, when $w \in S
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] | 1,024 |
ArXiv
| -0.860555 | 1.448971 | -1.422805 | -0.156465 |
$. Hence we conclude $[l_x(u),p_x(u)] \cap [l_x(v),p_x(v)] = \emptyset$ (note that $\epsilon = 1/4$ implies $3\epsilon < 1$). Let us consider the case when $v = a_j$ is a leaf. As $v$ is not a descendant of $u$, we have $v \notin L^r(u)$. Following Observation~\ref{obs:newlin} this implies that $j \notin [l_{\min}(u),l_{\max}(u)]$. From the construction we have $[l_x(v),p_x(v)] = [j, j+1+\epsilon]$. Again, from the construction we have $[l_x(u),p_x(u)] = [l_{\min}(u)+2\epsilon, l_{\max}(u)+3\epsilon]$. Hence $[l_x(u),p_x(u)] \cap [l_x(v),p_x(v)] = \emptyset$ as $\epsilon = 1/4$. This completes the proof of (a).
Let us now prove (b). Clearly, $u \neq r$ and $v \neq r$, because neither of $u$ or $v$ is a descendant of the other. This tells us that $u,v \notin \{a_0,r\}$. From the construction, we know that for every vertex $w \notin \{a_0,r\}$, $\max\{p_x(w), q_x(w)\} = p_x(w)$. So it is sufficient to show that, $[l_x(u),p_x(u)] \cap [l_x(v),p_x(v)] = \emptyset$. This follows from (a).
\end{proof}
\begin{obs}
\label{obs: leaves}
Let $u$ and $v$ be both leaves. If $u$ and $v$ are consecutive leaves then either:
\begin{enumerate}[(a)]
\item $l_y(u) = l_y(v)$ and $\vert[l_x(u), p_x(u)] \cap [l_x(v), p_x(v)]\vert > 1$, or
\item $r_y(u) = r_y(v)$ and $\vert[l_x(u), q_x(u)] \cap [l_x(v), q_x(v)]\vert > 1$.
\end{enumerate}
\end{obs}
\begin{proof}
Suppose $u = a_i$ and $v = a_{i+1}$ are consecutive leaves where $0 \leq i \leq k-2$. From the construction it is clear that $l_y(u) = l_y(v) = 0$ for all $i$. Again from the construction we have $[l_x(u), p_x(u)] \cap [l_x(v), p_x(v)] = [i+1, i+1+\epsilon]$. Hence they satisfy (a). When $u = a_0$ and $v = a_{k-1}$, from the construction it is clear that $r_y(u) = r_y(v) = h+1$. Then $[l_x(u), q_x(u)] \cap [l_x(v), q_x(v)] = [k-1, k-1+\epsilon]$. Hence they satisfy (b).
\end{proof}
We are now ready to prove that $\{\mathcal{C}_u\}_{u\in V(G)}$ forms a valid $B_2$-EPG representation of $G$.
\begin{clm}
\label{clm: halin2epg}
For distinct $u,v\in V(G)$, $uv\in E(G)$ if and only if $\mathcal{C}_u\cap\mathcal{C}_v$ contains a horizontal or a vertical line segment of non-zero length.
\end{clm}
\begin{proof}
It is easy to see that $\mathcal{C}_u \cap \mathcal{C}_v$ contains a horizontal or a vertical line segment of non-zero length if and only if $\mathcal{C}_u, \mathcal{C}_v$ satisfies at least one of the following.
\begin{enumerate}
\renewcommand{\theenumi}{(\arabic{enumi})}
\renewcommand{\labelenumi}{
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] | 1,024 |
ArXiv
| -0.510563 | 1.381487 | -1.168167 | 0.141414 |
(\arabic{enumi})}
\item\label{cons:lyly} $l_y(u) = l_y(v)$ and $\vert[l_x(u), p_x(u)] \cap [l_x(v), p_x(v)]\vert > 1$, or
\item\label{cons:ryry} $r_y(u) = r_y(v)$ and $\vert[l_x(u), q_x(u)] \cap [l_x(v), q_x(v)]\vert > 1$, or
\item\label{cons:lyry} $l_y(u) = r_y(v)$ and $\vert[l_x(u), p_x(u)] \cap [l_x(v), q_x(v)]\vert > 1$, or
\item\label{cons:ryly} $l_y(v) = r_y(u)$ and $\vert[l_x(v), p_x(v)] \cap [l_x(u), q_x(u)]\vert > 1$, or
\item\label{cons:lxlx} $l_x(u) = l_x(v)$ and $\vert[l_y(u), r_y(u)] \cap [l_y(v), r_y(v)]\vert > 1$
\end{enumerate}
We show that for distinct $u, v \in V(G)$, $uv \in E(G)$ if and only if $\mathcal{C}_u, \mathcal{C}_v$ satisfy any one of the conditions~\ref{cons:lyly} to~\ref{cons:lxlx}, thereby completing the proof.
Note that we only need to prove that $\mathcal{C}_u, \mathcal{C}_v$ satisfy any of the conditions~\ref{cons:lyly} to~\ref{cons:lxlx} if and only if $u$ is the parent of $v$, or $v$ is the parent of $u$, or $u, v$ are consecutive leaves.
If $u$ is the parent of $v$, then from Observation~\ref{obs: comp}, $\mathcal{C}_u$ and $\mathcal{C}_v$ satisfy at least one of the conditions~\ref{cons:lyly}, \ref{cons:ryry} or \ref{cons:lyry}. When $u, v$ are consecutive leaves, from Observation~\ref{obs: leaves} we have that $\mathcal{C}_u, \mathcal{C}_v$ satisfy condition~\ref{cons:lyly} or~\ref{cons:ryry}.
Conversely, we show that if $u$ is not a parent of $v$, $v$ is not a parent of $u$ and $u, v$ are not two consecutive leaves, then $\mathcal{C}_u,\mathcal{C}_v$ do not satisfy any one of the conditions~\ref{cons:lyly} to~\ref{cons:lxlx}.
Suppose first that one of $u,v$ is an internal vertex. Without loss of generality assume that $u$ is an internal vertex.
Suppose further that neither of $u,v$ is an ancestor of the other. Clearly, in this case neither $u$ nor $v$ is $r$. By Observation~\ref{obs: inc}(a), we know that $\mathcal{C}_u, \mathcal{C}_v$ do not satisfy condition~\ref{cons:lyly}. Observation~\ref{obs: inc}(a) also tells us that $l_x(u) \neq l_x(v)$ and therefore $\mathcal{C}_u, \mathcal{C}_v$ do not satisfy condition~\ref{cons:lxlx}. If $v \neq a_0$, then by Observation~\ref{obs: inc}(b), $\mathcal{C}_u, \mathcal{C}_v$ do not satisfy any of the conditions \ref{cons:ryry}, \ref{cons:lyry} and \ref{cons:ryly}. Let us suppose that $v = a_0$. Then $r_y(v)=h+1$. It is clear from our construction that since $u$ is an internal vertex other than $r$, $r_y(u) \neq h+1$ and therefore, $r_y(u) \neq r_y(v)$. This implies $\mathcal{C}_u, \mathcal
|
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] | 1,024 |
ArXiv
| -0.644549 | 1.615088 | -1.282933 | 0.307112 |
{C}_v$ do not satisfy condition~\ref{cons:ryry}. Also, from our construction, there is no vertex $w$ such that $l_y(w)=h+1$, and therefore $\mathcal{C}_u, \mathcal{C}_v$ do not satisfy condition~\ref{cons:lyry}. Again, we have $l_y(v)=0$ and no vertex $w$ such that $r_y(w)=0$. Therefore $\mathcal{C}_u, \mathcal{C}_v$ do not satisfy condition~\ref{cons:ryly}.
Suppose that one of $u,v$ is an ancestor of the other. Without loss of generality assume that $u$ is an ancestor of $v$, but not the parent. Note that in this case, $u \neq a'$ and $v \neq a_0$. Clearly, $h^r(v) \geq h^r(u)+2$. Let $v \neq a_{k-1}$. From the construction it is clear that $r_y(v) = h-h^r(v)+1 < h-h^r(u) = l_y(u)$ and therefore, we have $[l_y(u), r_y(u)] \cap [l_y(v), r_y(v)] = \emptyset$. It follows that $\mathcal{C}_u, \mathcal{C}_v$ do not satisfy conditions~\ref{cons:lyly} to~\ref{cons:lxlx}. Let us consider the case when $v = a_{k-1}$. Suppose $u \neq r$. From the construction it is clear that $l_y(v) \neq l_y(u)$, $r_y(v) \neq r_y(u)$, $l_y(v) \neq r_y(u)$ and $r_y(v) \neq l_y(u)$. Also from the construction it is clear that $l_x(v) \neq l_x(u)$. Hence $\mathcal{C}_u, \mathcal{C}_v$ do not satisfy conditions~\ref{cons:lyly} to~\ref{cons:lxlx}. Suppose that $u = r$ and $v = a_{k-1}$. Then we have $l_x(u) \neq l_x(v)$, $l_y(u) \neq l_y(v)$, $l_y(u) \neq r_y(v)$ and $l_y(v) \neq r_y(u)$. Therefore, $\mathcal{C}_u$ and $\mathcal{C}_v$ do not satisfy conditions~\ref{cons:lyly}, \ref{cons:lyry}, \ref{cons:ryly} or \ref{cons:lxlx}. Also, since $q_x(u) = 1 < k-1 = l_x(v)$ (recall that that $r = u \neq a'$), we have $[l_x(u),q_x(u)] \cap [l_x(v),q_x(v)] = \emptyset$, implying that $\mathcal{C}_u$ and $\mathcal{C}_v$ do not satisfy condition~\ref{cons:ryry}.
Suppose $u$ and $v$ are two nonadjacent leaves. Then $l_x(u) \neq l_x(v)$. This implies $\mathcal{C}_u, \mathcal{C}_v$ do not satisfy condition~\ref{cons:lxlx}. Again $l_y(u) = 0$ and $l_y(v) = 0$. Hence, $l_y(u) \neq r_y(v)$ and $l_y(v) \neq r_y(u)$. This implies $\mathcal{C}_u, \mathcal{C}_v$ do not satisfy conditions~\ref{cons:lyry} and~\ref{cons:ryly}. As $u, v$ are nonadjacent leaves, from the construction we have $[l_x(u), p_x(u)] \cap [l_x(v), p_x(v)] \neq \emptyset$. This implies $\mathcal{C}_u, \mathcal{C}_v$ do not satisfy condition~\ref{cons:lyly}. If $u, v \notin \{a_0, a_{k-1}\}$, from the construction we have $[l_x(u), q_x(u)] \cap [l_x(v), q_x(v)] \neq \emptyset$. If either of $u
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ArXiv
| -1.096939 | 1.53203 | -1.50888 | -0.326591 |
$ or $v$ belongs to $\{a_0, a_{k-1}\}$ then $r_y(u) \neq r_y(v)$. This implies $\mathcal{C}_u, \mathcal{C}_v$ do not satisfy condition~\ref{cons:ryry}.
This completes the proof of Claim~\ref{clm: halin2epg}.
\end{proof}
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] | 1,024 |
ArXiv
| -2.235388 | -1.694264 | -2.602746 | -2.761479 |
[linewidth=0.02cm](4.8,-1.6625)(5.3,-1.0625)
\psline[linewidth=0.02cm](2.4,3.0375)(3.2,3.0375)
\psline[linewidth=0.02cm](3.2,3.0375)(3.9,2.9375)
\psline[linewidth=0.02cm](5.5,0.7375)(5.6,0.0375)
\psline[linewidth=0.02cm](5.6,0.0375)(5.3,-1.0625)
\psline[linewidth=0.02cm](0.8,-1.6625)(1.6,-2.3625)
\psline[linewidth=0.02cm](0.3,-1.0625)(0.8,-1.6625)
\psline[linewidth=0.02cm](0.1,0.7375)(0.0,0.0375)
\psline[linewidth=0.02cm](0.0,0.0375)(0.3,-1.0625)
\psline[linewidth=0.02cm](3.3,-2.6625)(4.0,-2.3625)
\psline[linewidth=0.02cm](1.6,-2.3625)(2.3,-2.6625)
\psline[linewidth=0.02cm](2.3,-2.6625)(3.3,-2.6625)
\psline[linewidth=0.02cm](4.7,2.3375)(5.1,1.7375)
\psline[linewidth=0.02cm](5.1,1.7375)(5.5,0.7375)
\psline[linewidth=0.02cm](0.9,2.3375)(0.5,1.7375)
\psline[linewidth=0.02cm](0.5,1.7375)(0.1,0.7375)
\rput(3.0545313,-0.2475){$v_0$}
\rput(3.05045313,-0.8475){$v_1$}
\rput(3.6045313,0.0525){$v_2$}
\rput(3.6045313,0.8525){$v_3$}
\rput(2.5045312,0.9525){$v_4$}
\rput(1.9545311,0.0525){$v_5$}
\rput(3.0545313,-1.8475){$v_7$}
\rput(1.6045312,-2.5475){$v_8$}
\rput(2.5045313,-2.8475){$v_9$}
\rput(3.5345312,-2.8475){$v_{10}$}
\rput(4.234531,-2.5475){$v_{11}$}
\end{pspicture}
}
\caption{A Halin graph which has no $B_1$-EPG representation.}
\label{fig: fig02}
\end{figure}
Now, we prove that there are Halin graphs that do not have $B_1$-EPG representations.
In a $B_1$-EPG representation, a one bend curve looks either like an L-shaped curve, or its rotations. Let us denote a one bend curve as $\mathcal{L}'(x_1, x_2, y_1, y_2, (x_i, y_j)) = \{(x,y)~|~y = y_j~\mbox{and}~x \
|
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] | 1,024 |
ArXiv
| -1.898472 | -1.053482 | -2.179545 | -2.005082 |
in [x_1, x_2]\}\cup\{(x,y)~|~x=x_i~\mbox{and}~y\in [y_1,y_2]\}$, where $i, j\in \{1,2\}$. Clearly an L-shaped curve is $\mathcal{L}'(x_1, x_2, y_1, y_2, (x_1, y_1))$. Suppose that there is a $B_1$-EPG representation for a graph $H$ in which each vertex $u\in V(H)$ is represented by a one-bend curve $L'_u$. With respect to this representation, for any vertex $u\in V(H)$ define $\mathcal{L}'_u = \mathcal{L}'(x_1, x_2, y_1, y_2, (x_i, y_j))$, where $i, j \in \{1,2\}$. Also define $l_x(u)=x_1, r_x(u) = x_2, l_y(u)=y_1$ and $r_y(u)=y_2$. Let us denote the bend point $(x_i, y_j)$ by $\mathtt{b}_u$. Let us also denote the $x$-coordinate of $\mathtt{b}_u$ by $x(\mathtt{b}_u)$ and $y$-coordinate of $\mathtt{b}_u$ by $y(\mathtt{b}_u)$. It is easy to see that $\mathcal{L}'_u \cap \mathcal{L}'_v$ contains a horizontal or a vertical line segment of non-zero length if and only if $\mathcal{L}'_u, \mathcal{L}'_v$ satisfy at least one of the following conditions.
\begin{enumerate}
\renewcommand{\theenumi}{(\arabic{enumi})}
\renewcommand{\labelenumi}{(\arabic{enumi})}
\item\label{cons:xx} $x(\mathtt{b}_u) = x(\mathtt{b}_v)$ and $\vert[l_y(u), r_y(u)] \cap [l_y(v), r_y(v)]\vert > 1$, or
\item\label{cons:yy} $y(\mathtt{b}_u) = y(\mathtt{b}_v)$ and $\vert[l_x(u), r_x(u)] \cap [l_x(v), r_x(v)]\vert > 1$
\end{enumerate}
Since the curves $\{\mathcal{L}'_u\}_{u\in V(H)}$ form a valid $B_1$-EPG representation of the graph $H$, for every $u, v \in V(H)$, $uv \in E(H)$ if and only if $\mathcal{L}'_u, \mathcal{L}'_v$ satisfy at least one of the conditions~\ref{cons:xx} or \ref{cons:yy}.
First we prove the following observation for later use.
\begin{obs}
\label{obs:cont}
Suppose that the curves $\{\mathcal{L}'_{u_i}\}_{i\in \{1,2,3,4\}}$ form a $B_1$-EPG representation of the chordless cycle on four vertices denoted by $u_1u_2u_3u_4u_1$. If $\mathcal{L}'_{u_1}, \mathcal{L}'_{u_2}$ and $\mathcal{L}'_{u_1},\mathcal{L}'_{u_4}$ both satisfy condition~\ref{cons:xx} or both satisfy condition~\ref{cons:yy}, then $\mathtt{b}_{u_2}= \mathtt{b}_{u_4}$.
\end{obs}
\begin{proof}
Let us first consider the case when $\mathcal{L}'_{u_1}, \mathcal{L}'_{u_2}$ and $\mathcal{L}'_{u_1},\mathcal{L}'_{u_4}$ both satisfy condition~\ref{cons:xx}. In this case, we have $x(\mathtt{b}_{u_1})=x(\mathtt{b}_{u_2})=x(\mathtt{b}_{u_4})$. As $u_2$ and $u_4$ are nonadjacent, $\mathcal{L}'_{u_2}$ and $\mathcal{L}'_{u_4}$ do not satisfy condition
|
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ArXiv
| -0.546734 | 1.718911 | -1.010364 | 0.173035 |
~\ref{cons:xx}, which implies that $|[l_y(u_2),r_y(u_2)]\cap [l_y(u_4),r_y(u_4]|\leq 1$. Therefore, we have either $r_y(u_2)\leq l_y(u_4)$ or $r_y(u_4)\leq l_y(u_2)$. We can assume without loss of generality that $r_y(u_2)\leq l_y(u_4)$ (as the cycle can be relabeled to make this true if it is not already the case). Clearly, this implies $l_y(u_1)<r_y(u_2)\leq l_y(u_4)<r_y(u_1)$. Now suppose that $x(\mathtt{b}_{u_3}) = x(\mathtt{b}_{u_1})$ ( $= x(\mathtt{b}_{u_2}) = x(\mathtt{b}_{u_4})$). As $u_1$ and $u_3$ are nonadjacent, $\mathcal{L}'_{u_1}$ and $\mathcal{L}'_{u_3}$ should not satisfy condition~\ref{cons:xx}, implying that either $r_y(u_3)\leq l_y(u_1)$ or $r_y(u_1)\leq l_y(u_3)$. If $r_y(u_3)\leq l_y(u_1)$, we have by our previous observation that $r_y(u_3) < l_y(u_4)$. But this would imply that $\mathcal{L}'_{u_3}, \mathcal{L}'_{u_4}$ do not satisfy either condition~\ref{cons:xx} or condition~\ref{cons:yy}, which contradicts the fact that $u_3$ and $u_4$ are adjacent. Similarly, if $r_y(u_1)\leq l_y(u_3)$, we have $r_y(u_2) < l_y(u_3)$, which means that $\mathcal{L}'_{u_2}, \mathcal{L}'_{u_3}$ will not satisfy either condition~\ref{cons:xx} or condition~\ref{cons:yy}, which is a contradiction as $u_2$ and $u_3$ are adjacent. Therefore, we can conclude that $x(\mathtt{b}_{u_3}) \neq x(\mathtt{b}_{u_1})$. Since this means that $x(\mathtt{b}_{u_3}) \neq x(\mathtt{b}_{u_2})$ and $x(\mathtt{b}_{u_3})\neq x(\mathtt{b}_{u_4})$, it must be the case that both $\mathcal{L}'_{u_3}, \mathcal{L}'_{u_2}$ and $\mathcal{L}'_{u_3}, \mathcal{L}'_{u_4}$ satisfy condition~\ref{cons:yy}. Then $y(\mathtt{b}_{u_3}) = y(\mathtt{b}_{u_2})$ and $y(\mathtt{b}_{u_3}) = y(\mathtt{b}_{u_4})$ together implies $y(\mathtt{b}_{u_2}) = y(\mathtt{b}_{u_4})$. As $x(\mathtt{b}_{u_2}) = x(\mathtt{b}_{u_4})$ we conclude that $\mathtt{b}_{u_2} = \mathtt{b}_{u_4}$.
We can argue similarly for the case when $\mathcal{L}'_{u_1}, \mathcal{L}'_{u_2}$ and $\mathcal{L}'_{u_1}, \mathcal{L}'_{u_4}$ both satisfy condition~\ref{cons:yy}.
\end{proof}
We consider $H$ to be the Halin graph with thirty one vertices and fifty edges, shown in the Figure~\ref{fig: fig02}. We show that this graph has no $B_1$-EPG representation, thereby completing the proof the Claim~\ref{clm: halinb1}.
\begin{clm}
\label{clm: halinb1}
There exists a Halin graph that cannot be represented as an edge intersection graph of paths on a grid such that each path has at most one bend.
\end{clm}
\begin{proof}
For the sake of contradiction assume that $H$ has a $B
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] | 1,024 |
ArXiv
| -0.743721 | 1.360722 | -1.3977 | -0.074248 |
_1$-EPG representation. This implies, with every vertex $v\in V(G)$, we can associate a one bend curve $\mathcal{L}'_v$, such that $uv \in E(G)$ if and only if $\mathcal{L}'_u, \mathcal{L}'_v$ satisfy at least one of the conditions~\ref{cons:xx} or \ref{cons:yy}. Note that the vertex $v_0$ has five neighbours $v_1, v_2, \dots , v_5$. Clearly, each pair of curves $\mathcal{L}'_{v_0}, \mathcal{L}'_{v_i}$ satisfies at least one of the conditions~\ref{cons:xx} or \ref{cons:yy} for each value of $i\in\{1,2,\dots,5\}$. Note that we can assume that a majority of these pairs of curves satisfy condition~\ref{cons:yy} (as if that is not the case we can reflect the whole collection of curves along the line $x=y$ to obtain another valid representation of the graph in which this is true). So we assume without loss of generality that each pair $\mathcal{L}'_{v_0}, \mathcal{L}'_{v_i}$, for $1\leq i\leq 3$ satisfies condition~\ref{cons:yy}. That is, $y(\mathtt{b}_{v_0})=y(\mathtt{b}_{v_i})$ and $|[l_x(v_0),r_x(v_0)]\cap [l_x(v_i),r_x(v_i)]| > 1$, for each $i\in\{1,2,3\}$. As $\{v_1,v_2,v_3\}$ form an independent set in the graph, there exists a vertex, say $v_1$, such that $[l_x(v_1), r_x(v_1)] \subsetneq [l_x(v_0), r_x(v_0)]$. This means that if any pair of curves $\mathcal{L}'_{v_1}, \mathcal{L}'_{v_i}$, where $i\in\{7,8,11\}$, satisfy condition~\ref{cons:yy}, then $\mathcal{L}'_{v_0}, \mathcal{L}'_{v_i}$ also satisfy condition~\ref{cons:yy}, which is a contradiction as none of the vertices $v_7,v_8$ or $v_{11}$ are adjacent to $v_0$. Therefore, for each $i\in\{7,8,11\}$, the curves $\mathcal{L}'_{v_1}, \mathcal{L}'_{v_i}$ must satisfy the condition~\ref{cons:xx}. Consider the cycle $v_1v_8v_9v_7v_1$. Then from the Observation~\ref{obs:cont} we have $\mathtt{b}_{v_7} = \mathtt{b}_{v_8}$. Also $v_1v_7v_{10}v_{11}v_1$ form a cycle. Again applying Observation~\ref{obs:cont} we have $\mathtt{b}_{v_7} = \mathtt{b}_{v_{11}}$. This implies that $|[l_y(v_i),r_y(v_i)] \cap [l_y(v_j),r_y(v_j)]| > 1$ for some distinct $i,j \in \{7,8,11\}$. As we have $x(\mathtt{b}_{v_1})=x(\mathtt{b}_{v_7})=x(\mathtt{b}_{v_8})=x(\mathtt{b}_{v_{11}})$, this means that $\mathcal{L}'_{v_i}, \mathcal{L}'_{v_j}$ satisfy condition~\ref{cons:xx}, which is a contradiction to the fact that $\{v_7,v_8,v_{11}\}$ form an independent set in the graph.
Hence the proof.
\end{proof}
\begin{thm}
Tree-union-cycle graphs are in $B_2$-EPG. There are Halin graphs that are not in $B_1$-EPG.
\end{thm}
\begin{proof}
The proof follows directly from Claims~\ref{clm: halin2epg} and~\ref{clm: halinb1}.
\end{proof}
\begin{cor}
If $H$
|
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] | 1,024 |
ArXiv
| -0.25758 | 1.801969 | -0.590749 | 0.506963 |
is any Halin graph, then $b_e(H)\leq 2$. This bound is tight.
\end{cor}
\section{Concluding remarks}
We showed that the tree-union-cycle graph $G$ has a $B_2$-EPG representation using C-shaped curves. It can be seen that $G$ has a $B_2$-EPG representation using S-shaped curves too.
An S-shaped curve is defined as a set of points given by $\mathcal{S}(x_1, x_2, x_3, y_1, y_2) = \{(x, y)~\vert~x = x_2\ \mbox{and}\ y \in [y_1, y_2]\} \cup \{ (x, y)~\vert~ y = y_1\ \mbox{and}\ x \in [x_1, x_2]\} \cup \{(x, y)~\vert~ y = y_2\ \mbox{and}\ x \in [x_2, x_3]\}$. Our aim is to associate an S-shaped curve $\mathcal{S}_u$ to each vertex $u\in V(G)$ such that $uv\in E(G)$ if and only if $\mathcal{S}_u\cap \mathcal{S}_v$ contains at least a horizontal or a vertical line segment of non-zero length. For any vertex $u \in V(G)$ with $\mathcal{S}_u = \mathcal{S}(x_1,x_2,x_3,y_1,y_2)$, define $l_x(u)=x_1, m_x(u)=x_2, r_x(u) = x_3, l_y(u)=y_1$ and $r_y(u)=y_2$.
We choose the root $r$ and label the leaves $a_0,a_1,\ldots,a_{k-1}$ as described in the previous section. Define $h = \max \{ h^{r}(u)~|~u \in V(G)\}$. Let $\epsilon = 1/2h$.
\medskip
For every leaf $a_i$ other than $a_0$ or $a_{k-1}$, define $\mathcal{S}_{a_i} = \mathcal{S}(i-1-\epsilon, i, i+1 - \epsilon, 0, h - h^{r}(a_i)+1)$.
Define $\mathcal{S}_{a_0} = \mathcal{S}(-\epsilon, 0, k-1 + 3\epsilon, 0, h+1)$.
Define $\mathcal{S}_{a_{k-1}} = \mathcal{S}(k-2-\epsilon, k-1, k-1+\epsilon, 0, h+1)$.
For every internal vertex $v$ other than $r$ and $a'$, define $\mathcal{S}_v = \mathcal{S}(\min\{i~\vert~ a_i \in L^{r}(v)\}, \max\{i+(h-h^{r}(v))\epsilon \vert~ a_i \in L^{r}(v)\},\max\{i+1-\epsilon~\vert~ a_i \in L^{r}(v)\}, h-h^{r}(v), h-h^{r}(v)+1)$.
If $a'\neq r$, define $\mathcal{S}_{a'} = \mathcal{S}(k-1-\epsilon, k-1+\epsilon, k-1+2\epsilon, 0, h - h^{r}(a')+1)$ and define $\mathcal{S}_r=\mathcal{S}(\epsilon,k-1+2\epsilon,k-1+3\epsilon,h,h+1)$.
If $a'=r$, define $\mathcal{S}_r=\mathcal{S}(\epsilon,k-1-\epsilon,k-1+\epsilon,h,h+1)$.
It is easy to see that $\mathcal{S}_u \cap \mathcal{S}_v$ contains a horizontal or a vertical line segment of non-zero length if and only if $\mathcal{S}_u, \mathcal{S}_v$ satisfies at least one of the following.
\begin{enumerate}
\renewcommand{\theenumi}{(\arabic{enumi})}
\renewcommand{\labelenumi}{(\arabic{enumi})}
\item\label{cons:slyly} $l_y(u) = l
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] | 1,024 |
ArXiv
| -0.551489 | 1.573559 | -0.728827 | 0.227425 |
(Search results - 12)
World Cup 2019: Shakib Al Hasan speaks on 'very important game' against India
In that famous win at 2007 World Cup, Shakib Al Hasan, opener Tamim Iqbal and Mushfiqur Rahim had struck half centuries while the current captain Mashrafe Mortaza had scalped four. All the four are set to play again in this edition
CricketJun 3, 2019, 3:25 PM IST
World Cup 2019: Mashrafe Mortaza speaks on Bangladesh's shock win over South Africa
London: Bangladesh stunned South Africa by 21 runs in the ICC World Cup 2019 on Sunday (June 2). After the win, Bangladesh captain Mashrafe Mortaza spoke to the media and shared his thoughts. Shakib Al Hasan and Mushfiqur Rahim were the stars as Bangladesh posted 330/6. In reply, South Africa managed 309/8.
CricketJun 3, 2019, 10:46 AM IST
World Cup 2019: Meet the stars of Week 1 (May 30 to June 2)
ICC World Cup 2019 has completed its first week. And, we must say that it was a disappointing week (May 30 to June 2) with regard to the five contests on offer. All of the matches were one-sided with New Zealand registering the biggest win of the week as they thrashed Sri Lanka by 10 wickets. India, one of the favourites to win the trophy, are yet to play and will only take the field on June 5. Looking back, here are the stars of Week 1 of World Cup 2019.
CricketJun 2, 2019, 11:27 PM IST
World Cup 2019: Brilliant Bangladesh stun South Africa after posting record total
After posting a record 330/6 in 50 overs, Bangladesh bowlers bowled brilliantly as they kept the Proteas to 309/8 in 50 overs. This was second successive defeat for South Africa in the ICC World Cup 2019 after losing their opening game to hosts England
CricketSep 29, 2018, 6:02 PM IST
Asia Cup 2018: Mashrafe Mortaza rues failure to capitalise on good start in final
'To be honest, we wanted a partnership when (Mahmudullah) Riyad and Mushfiq (Mushfiqur Rahim) were batting. We were 120 in the 21st over. If we had scored low-risk cricket for the next 14-15 overs, we could have added 60-70 runs for the loss of one wicket,' Mashrafe Mortaza said
Asia Cup 2018 Final: India favourites, but don't underestimate Bangladesh, says MyNation
CricketSep 28, 2018, 10:21 AM IST
Asia Cup 2018 Final: Bangladesh captain Mashrafe Mortaza says he has already won title
Asia Cup 2018: Mushfiqur Rahim says Bangladesh want to put 'outstanding' India under pressure in final (Video)
Abu Dhabi: After knocking out Pakistan from the Asia Cup 2018, Bangladesh will face India on Friday. Wicketkeeper-batsman Mushfiqur Rahim, who starred with the bat with 99, said the team was confident going into the summit clash and wants to put pressure on India, who according to him, are playing "outstanding" cricket. Also, Rahim rated his knock as one of the top-five in his career.
Asia Cup 2018 Final: Unbeaten India eye record 7th title against injury-hit Bangladesh
CricketSep 27, 2018, 9:26 AM IST
Asia Cup 2018: All-round Bangladesh upset Pakistan, to face India in final
Asia Cup 2018: Injured Tamim I
|
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] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| -0.808931 | -1.320502 | -0.294867 | -1.05516 |
<?php
namespace Application\Console\Lib;
use Application\Console\Console;
class BaseTestingRoutine extends Console{
private static
$passed,
$failed,
$assertions,
$method,
$rustart,
$start_microtime,
$coverage;
protected static
$tests,
$testClass;
public function __construct()
{
self::$start_microtime = microtime(true);
self::$rustart = getrusage();
if(self::$passed == null)
self::$passed = self::$failed = self::$assertions = self::$tests = self::$coverage = self::$method = 0;
}
/**
*
* @param type $message
* @param type $info
*/
protected static function RegisterPass($message = null, $info = null)
{
self::$assertions += 1;
self::$passed += 1;
$console = new Console();
if($message)
echo $console->linebreak(1), $console->green ($console->space (4).'- '.$message);
if($info)
echo $console->linebreak(1), $console->space (6), '- ', $console->blue($info);
return true;
}
/**
*
* @param type $message
* @param type $info
*/
protected static function RegisterFail($message = null, $info = null)
{
self::$assertions += 1;
self::$failed += 1;
$console = new Console();
if($message)
echo $console->linebreak(1), $console->red ($console->space (4) . '- '.$message);
if($info)
echo $console->linebreak(1), $console->space (6), '- ', $console->blue($info);
return false;
}
// Private Methods //
private function checkMethodExistance($method)
{
self::$method = $method;
return method_exists(self::$testClass, $method);
}
// Protected Methods //
protected function rutime($ru, $rus, $index)
{
return ($ru["ru_$index.tv_sec"]*1000 + intval($ru["ru_$index.tv_usec"]/1000)) - ($rus["ru_$index.tv_sec"]*1000 + intval($rus["ru_$index.tv_usec"]/1000));
}
// Public Methods //
public function ClearResults()
{
self::$assertions = 0;
self::$failed = 0;
self::$method = '';
self::$passed = 0;
self::$rustart = 0;
self::$start_microtime = 0;
self::$tests = 0;
}
public function AssertGreaterThan($val1, $val2)
{
$passed = __FUNCTION__ . '(); '. $val1. ' is greater than '.$val2;
$failed = __FUNCTION__ . '(); '. $val1. ' is not greater than '.$val2.', failed in class '. get_called_class();
if($val1 > $val2)
{
self::RegisterPass($passed);
}
else
{
self::RegisterFail($failed);
}
}
public function AssertLessThan($val1, $val2)
{
$passed = $this->green(__FUNCTION__ . '(); '. $val1. ' is less than '.$val2);
$failed = $this->red(__FUNCTION__ . '(); '. $val1. ' is not less than '.$val2.', failed in class '. get_called_class());
if($val1 < $val2)
{
self::RegisterPass($passed);
}
else
{
|
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] | 1,024 |
Github
| -1.887604 | 0.094084 | -1.519639 | -1.065279 |
self::RegisterFail($failed);
}
}
public function AssertNumberOfMethodArguments($method, $numberOfParameters)
{
if(!$this -> checkMethodExistance($method))
{
self::RegisterFail($this->red(__FUNCTION__ . '(); Method ' . $method . ' for object ' . get_class(self::$testClass) . ' was not found, test failed'));
return false;
}
$passed = $this->green(__FUNCTION__ . '(); '. get_class(self::$testClass). '() -> '.$method.' has '.$numberOfParameters.' of arguments');
$failed = $this->red(__FUNCTION__ . '(); '. get_class(self::$testClass). '() -> '.$method.' does not have '.$numberOfParameters.' of arguments, failed in class '. get_called_class());
$classMethod = new \ReflectionMethod(self::$testClass, $method);
$argumentCount = count($classMethod->getParameters());
if($argumentCount == $numberOfParameters)
{
self::RegisterPass($passed);
}
else
{
self::RegisterFail($failed);
}
}
public function AssertArgumentParameterForMethod($method, $argument)
{
if(!$this -> checkMethodExistance($method))
{
self::RegisterFail($this->red(__FUNCTION__ . '(); Method ' . $method . ' for object ' . get_class(self::$testClass) . ' was not found, test failed'));
return false;
}
$passed = $this->green(__FUNCTION__ . '(); '. get_class(self::$testClass). '() -> '.$method .' has an argument named '.$argument);
$failed = $this->red(__FUNCTION__ . '(); '. get_class(self::$testClass). '() -> '.$method .' does not have an argument named '.$argument.', failed in class '. get_called_class());
$classMethod = new \ReflectionMethod(self::$testClass, $method);
$params = $classMethod->getParameters();
$pass = 0;
foreach($params as $obj)
{
if($argument == $obj -> name)
{
$pass = 1;
}
}
if($pass)
{
self::RegisterPass($passed);
}
else
{
self::RegisterFail($failed);
}
}
public function AssertArrayHasKey($array, $key)
{
$passed = $this->green(__FUNCTION__ . '(); Array has key [ '.$key .' ]');
$failed = $this->red(__FUNCTION__ . '(); Array does not contain [ '.$key .' ], failed in class '. get_called_class());
if(array_key_exists($key, $array))
{
self::RegisterPass($passed);
}
else
{
self::RegisterFail($failed);
}
}
public function AssertNotEmpty($variable)
{
$passed = $this->green(__FUNCTION__ . '(); Variable passed is not empty');
$failed = $this->red(__FUNCTION__ . '(); Variable passed is '. $variable .', failed in class '. get_called_class());
if($variable)
{
self::RegisterPass($passed);
}
else
{
self::RegisterFail($failed);
}
}
public function AssertIsNumber($variable)
{
$passed = $this->green(__FUNCTION__ . '(); Variable passed is a number');
$failed = $this->red(__FUNCTION__ . '(); Variable '. $variable .' is not a number, failed in class '. get_called_class());
if(is_numeric($variable))
{
self::RegisterPass($passed);
}
else
{
self::RegisterFail($failed);
}
}
public function AssertIsArray($variable)
{
$passed = $this->green(__FUNCTION__ . '(); Variable passed is an array');
|
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] | 1,024 |
Github
| -1.88217 | 0.061639 | -1.259622 | -0.355683 |
$failed = $this->red(__FUNCTION__ . '(); Variable passed is not an array, failed in class '. get_called_class());
if(is_array($variable))
{
self::RegisterPass($passed);
}
else
{
self::RegisterFail($failed);
}
}
public function AssertIsObject($variable)
{
$passed = $this->green(__FUNCTION__ . '(); Variable passed is an object');
$failed = $this->red(__FUNCTION__ . '(); Variable passed '. $variable .' is not an object, failed in class '. get_called_class());
if(is_array($variable))
{
self::RegisterPass($passed);
}
else
{
self::RegisterFail($failed);
}
}
public function AssertClassHasParent($class, $parent)
{
$passed = $this->green(__FUNCTION__ . '(); '. get_class($class).'() has parent '.$parent);
$failed = $this->red(__FUNCTION__ . '(); '. get_class($class) .' does not have a parent class '.$parent.', failed in class '. get_called_class());
if(is_subclass_of($class, $parent))
{
self::RegisterPass($passed);
}
else
{
self::RegisterFail($failed);
}
}
public function AssertClassHasChild($class, $child)
{
$passed = $this->green(__FUNCTION__ . '(); '. get_class($class) .'() has child class '.$child);
$failed = $this->red(__FUNCTION__ . '(); '. get_class($class) .' does not have class, failed in class '. get_called_class());
if(is_subclass_of($child, $class))
{
self::RegisterPass($passed);
}
else
{
self::RegisterFail($failed);
}
}
public function AssertClassHasProperty($class, $property)
{
$passed = $this->green(__FUNCTION__ . '(); '. get_class($class) .'() has property \''.$property.'\'');
$failed = $this->red(__FUNCTION__ . '(); '. get_class($class) .'() does not have property \''.$property.'\', failed in class '. get_called_class());
if(property_exists($class, $property))
{
self::RegisterPass($passed);
}
else
{
self::RegisterFail($failed);
}
}
public function AssertIsFloat($variable)
{
$passed = $this->green(__FUNCTION__ . '(); Variable '. $variable .' is float');
$failed = $this->red(__FUNCTION__ . '(); Variable '. $variable .' is not float, failed in class '. get_called_class());
if(is_float($variable))
{
self::RegisterPass($passed);
}
else
{
self::RegisterFail($failed);
}
}
public function AssertIsString($variable)
{
$passed = $this->green(__FUNCTION__ . '(); Variable \''. $variable .'\' is string');
$failed = $this->red(__FUNCTION__ . '(); Variable \''. $variable .'\' is not a string, failed in class '. get_called_class());
if(is_string($variable))
{
self::RegisterPass($passed);
}
else
{
self::RegisterFail($failed);
}
}
public function AssertIsJSON($variable)
{
$passed = $this->green(__FUNCTION__ . '(); Variable \''. $variable .'\' is JSON object');
$failed = $this->red(__FUNCTION__ . '(); Variable \''. $variable .'\' is not a JSON object, failed in class '. get_called_class());
if(json_decode($variable))
{
self::RegisterPass($passed);
}
else
{
|
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] | 1,024 |
Github
| -1.903907 | 0.218671 | -1.358249 | -0.557431 |
self::RegisterFail($failed);
}
}
public function AssertIsBoolean($variable)
{
$passed = $this->green(__FUNCTION__ . '(); Variable '. $variable .' is a boolean');
$failed = $this->red(__FUNCTION__ . '(); Variable '. $variable .' is not a boolean, failed in class '. get_called_class());
if(is_bool($variable))
{
self::RegisterPass($passed);
}
else
{
self::RegisterFail($failed);
}
}
/**
*
* @param type $param
* @param type $params['expected']
* @param type $params['case']
*
* string
* integer
* array
* object
* url
* char
* chars
* float
*
* cases: 3 cases: equals, contains, type
* assert with multiple
*/
public function AssertTrue($method, array $params)
{
if(!$this -> checkMethodExistance($method))
{
self::RegisterFail($this->red(__FUNCTION__ . '(); Method ' . $method . ' for object ' . get_class(self::$testClass) . ' was not found, test failed'));
return false;
}
$passed = $this->green(__FUNCTION__ . '(); Test on '. @$params['expected']. ' type '.$params['case'].' passed');
$failed = $this->red(__FUNCTION__ . '(); Test on '. @$params['expected']. ' type '.$params['case'].' failed in class '. get_called_class().' run on '.get_class(self::$testClass).'() -> '.$method.'();');
ob_start();
if(isset($params['parameters']))
{
$param = call_user_func_array (array(self::$testClass, $method), $params['parameters']);
}
else
{
$param = self::$testClass->$method();
}
$output = ob_get_clean();
if(empty($param))
$param = $output;
if(isset($params['expected']))
{
if(strtolower($params['case']) == 'contains')
{
if(is_int(strpos($param, $params['expected'])) and strpos($param, $params['expected'])>=0)
{
self::RegisterPass($passed);
return true;
}
else
{
self::RegisterFail($failed);
return false;
}
}
else if(strtolower($params['case']) == 'equals')
{
if($param == $params['expected'])
{
self::RegisterPass($passed);
return true;
}
else
{
self::RegisterFail($failed);
return false;
}
}
}
else
{
$pass = $this->CheckType($param, $params['case']);
if($pass)
{
self::RegisterPass($passed);
return true;
}
else
{
self::RegisterFail($failed);
return false;
}
}
return $this;
}
public function AssertFalse($method, array $params)
{
if(!$this -> checkMethodExistance($method))
{
self::RegisterFail($this->red(__FUNCTION__ . '(); Method ' . $method . ' for object ' . get_class(self::$testClass) . ' was not found, test failed'));
return false;
}
$passed = $this->green(__FUNCTION__ . '(); Test on '. @$params['expected']. ' type '.$params['case'].' passed');
$failed = $this->red(__FUNCTION__ . '(); Test on '. @$params['expected']. ' type '.$params['case'].' failed in class '. get_called_class());
ob_start();
if(isset($params['parameters']))
$param = call_user_func
|
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Github
| -1.833263 | 0.024004 | -1.587781 | -0.720916 |
_array (self::$testClass->$method(), $params['parameters']);
else
$param = self::$testClass->$method();
if(!$param)
$param = ob_get_clean();
if($params['expected'])
{
if(strtolower($params['case']) == 'contains')
{
if(strpos($param, $params['expected']) === false)
{
self::RegisterPass($passed);
return true;
}
else
{
self::RegisterFail($failed);
return false;
}
}
else if(strtolower($params['case']) == 'equals')
{
if($param != $params['expected'])
{
self::RegisterPass($passed);
return true;
}
else
{
self::RegisterFail($failed);
return false;
}
}
}
else
{
if($this->CheckType($param, $params['case']))
{
self::RegisterFail($failed);
return false;
}
else
{
self::RegisterPass($passed);
return true;
}
}
return $this;
}
public function AssertMultipleTrue($method, array $params)
{
foreach($params as $array)
$this ->AssertTrue ($method, $array);
}
public function AssertMultipleFalse($method, array $params)
{
foreach($params as $array)
$this ->AssertFalse ($method, $array);
}
public function AssertContains($data, $expected)
{
if(strpos($data, $expected) >=0 and $data != false)
{
self::RegisterPass($this -> green(__FUNCTION__ . '(); Data contains ' . ($expected) . ' passed contains'));
}
else
{
self::RegisterFail($this -> red(__FUNCTION__ . '(); Data: ' . $expected . ' does not contain '.$expected.' failed contains test in'. get_called_class()));
}
}
public function AssertEquals($data, $expected)
{
if($data === $expected)
{
self::RegisterPass($this -> green(__FUNCTION__ . '(); Data: ' . $data . ' is equal to '.$expected));
}
else
{
self::RegisterFail($this -> red(__FUNCTION__ . '(); Got: ' . $data . ', Expected: '.$expected.', failed equals test in '. get_called_class()));
}
}
public function ShowResults() {
$ru = getrusage();
echo $this ->linebreak(2);
if(self::$failed == 0)
echo $this ->greenOnRed (' Tests: '. $this -> blue(self::$tests) . ', Assertions Passed: ' . $this ->green(self::$passed) . ', Assertions Failed: ' . $this -> red(self::$failed) . ', Total Assertions: '. $this -> blue(self::$assertions) . ', Coverage: ' . self::$coverage . ' ');
else
echo $this ->blackOnRed (' Tests: '. $this -> blue(self::$tests) . ', Assertions Passed: ' . $this ->green(self::$passed) . ', Assertions Failed: ' . $this -> red(self::$failed) . ', Total Assertions: '. $this -> blue(self::$assertions) . ', Coverage: ' . self::$coverage . ' ');
echo $this ->linebreak(2) . $this -> blue("This process used "
. $this -> rutime($ru, self::$rustart, "utime")
. " ms for its computations, ") ;
echo $this -> blue("it spent "
. $this -> rutime($ru, self::$rustart, "stime")
. " ms in system calls.") ;
echo $this->linebreak(1) . $this->blue('Execution took ' . round((microtime(true) - self::$
|
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Github
| -1.97455 | -0.175206 | -1.465842 | -1.034922 |
Republicans would be well-advised to regroup and figure out how to adjust their platform within their own ranks, said former NRCC Chairman Tom Davis, before Democrats make them pay a steeper political price.
The president's party, meanwhile, has no intention of easing up on a GOP they believe is in serious disarray. And while Republicans take heart from the hope that they'll have more leverage in the next showdown, emboldened Democrats say the demand for "balanced" deficit reduction — meaning both spending cuts and new taxes — remains a challenge for their foes.
Democratic pollster Geoff Garin, who advised the pro-Obama super PAC Priorities USA, called the fiscal cliff deal "a band-aid on a serious wound" for Republicans.
Nathan Daschle, former executive director of the Democratic Governors Association, suggested Republicans would take relatively little damage from the fiscal cliff deal — no thanks to the efforts of the House GOP.
151 republicans voted against cutting taxes for 98% of us. How will they spin that in 2014?
The GOP were still able to protect the middle class from Obama raising their taxes, even with the cards they were given. The hidden Obamacare tax shock is pending.
Maybe the Bernanke characterization of "cliff" was overstated, but two slippery slopes did get started down in just one vote. The Norquist pledge got slid over, as did GOP/T SOP of not permitting a likely affirmative vote unless there was majority GOP/T support. Feel secure, Mr. Maybe-Soon-to-Be-Former Speaker? Some Young Guns seem to have sided against you.
AngelEyez- Concerning your #2, as well as numerous others, it might be good to call the washing-machine tech. You do seem to be stuck on spin.
anothermick- You are funny. In your opinion, how badly will Obama's 41:1 ratio of tax increases to spending cuts continue to harm the economy? . . . . . . . . . . " When the Dems wake up they will realize they just made most of the Bush tax cuts permanent and lost their leverage for the next for years. ", championed Norquist as he explained how the Republicans and the middle class actually won the Obama cliff drama even with the cards that they were dealt.
for answers to this seeming mystery.
In truth, economic growth is easy.
we must stimulate the supply side of the economy.
trade, and monetary barriers to productivity.
a price we place on productivity.
stimulate as much economic effort as possible.
a zero rate of taxation on capital gains?
clothing and cars we don't produce.
they are buying future dollar income streams.
Obama knows how to REDISTRIBUTE the Economic Pie.
EXPAND ( Grow the Economy ) the Economic Pie.
to the national SUBPRIME real estate bubble.
derivatives market could take down the entire financial system.
the repug party was perfectly willing to raise the rates on 98% of lower tier wage earners.
Obie DID throw the screws to the top 2% to make them pay their fair share.
roosterpack- reread comment # 5. . . . . . . . . " When the Dems wake up they will realize they just made most of the Bush tax cuts permanent and lost their leverage for the next 4 years. ", championed Norquist as he explained how the Republicans and the middle class actually won the Obama cliff drama even with the cards they were dealt.
I had threatened to fire all republicans in 2014. That's why they caved-in on Democrats' demands. Republicans are so glued for more money that they forget their obligation to the nation. Look, they are responsible for the shortages of professionals: doctors, nurses, engineers. Republicans would not give loans to poor students to pursue those professions. So only kids of the few richest went to college resulting shortages. This country, with so many smart kids, had to borrow computer programmers from foreign countries. Shame on Republicans! Remember how GM was making cars before Obama stepped in? Terrible cars - not even Americans wanted GM cars. Then Obama came in with
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| -0.655926 | -0.140815 | -0.641856 | -1.026068 |
a Big Stick. Now GM is doing better than Toyota. We have to vote out republicans in 2014. That will make it easier for the country to move forward.
Boehner needs to drop this ridiculous "we were elected as a majority in the House, so we have a say" argument. The only reason Republicans have a majority in the House is because of their gerrymandering of districts over the years. A majority of votes were cast for Democratic congressional candidates - a majority of the country wants a Democratic House. We have a Democratic Senate and a Democratic White House. Oh, and in the next Congress, the House and the Senate will be MORE Democratic. Give it up Republicans. You lost. And you keep losing every time you have these silly, adolescent temper tantrums.
Last night was the first truly bipartisan victory in a long time and it was won with primarily Democratic support, so thanks to the Speaker for seeing the light on that one. Hopefully that's how things go in the 113th Congress and theres no more Republican-hostage taking of the country.
Now we can bury the phrase "Bush tax cuts," for there are no longer those tax cuts. They expired January 1, 2013. Now we have Clinton tax rates, when job creation was booming and we were delivered not only a balanced budget but a surplus-heavy budget. What we will have when President Obama signs the new tax deal will be the Obama tax cuts and tax hikes.
Mr. Burns and Ms. Haberman write of "a presidential cycle in which the party found itself caricatured as the puppets of the rich and powerful." They are referring, of course, to the Republican Party. I would argue Republicans weren't caricaturized: they ARE the puppets of the rich and powerful. Look at this most recent slapdash deal. Did Republicans fight tax raises on all Americans in the payroll tax rates? No. Indeed, they were on the other side of the negotiation table, fighting to raise those taxes on all Americans. No anti-tax principle got in their way. The Republicans fought for only the rich: on estate tax thresholds and rates, on marginal tax rates, and on capital gains tax rate.
Now watch Republicans resist eliminating tax loopholes for the richest, those who should be better equipped than any of us to get by nicely in life without any tax-dollar assistance. Republicans will fight for billion-dollar corporate welfare checks and tax breaks for yacht buyers and purchasers of private jets. They always have and the majority of them will this time around too. They will fight to take food out of the mouths of poor, hungry children. They will fight to slash education budgets, like their Republican gubernatorial brethren at the state level. They will fight to slash budgets to the poor, to the nursing-home elderly. They will fight against aiding the unemployed (something they did in this pending deal). They will fight for their trickle down theory, that millionaires (not consumer wealth and demand) create jobs. Why? Because they are puppets of the rich and powerful.
To John Boehner and EVERY Republican who voted for this TERRIBLE bill, enjoy your remaining time in DC, because it's coming to an end soon!!!!!!!!! We expect the Democrats to be irresponsible with taxpayer money. Spending other people's money is their sole grip on power.
We elect Republicans to be responsible and principled--you FAILED!!
It will be fun if Republicans run from their puppets-of-the-rich-and-powerful image in the tax reform debates. How will they explain their flip-flop on all their years of effort to protect government welfare for the rich? They have to come up with a new story. I'll help. The new Republican story to explain their flip-flop on coddling the rich and giving them truckloads of our tax dollars annually must abandon the job creator nonsense. Republicans need to go Keynesian on this one and recognize jobs are created by consumer demand and wealth ("Wealth" because consumers won't demand without the money to buy.) Republicans should fight to rake back all government help to the richest on the grounds that the richest should embody and exhibit all the values Republicans believe in: independence, self-reliance, taking personal responsibility to meet one's own life needs without government help. If the Republican Party
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C4
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Did Blondie Singer Debbie Harry Ever Get Married? She Dated Her Bandmate for Decades
Shaped in 1974 by lead singer Debbie Harry and guitar participant Chris Stein, Blondie revolutionized punk music and gave the world hits together with "The Tide Is Excessive," "One Approach or One other," "Maria," and "Name Me."
The group turned uber-successful in the USA in 1979, however the members handled inter-band hardships, they usually have been damaged up from 1982 to 1997.
Chris and Debbie had a romantic relationship for many years, and the 2 continued to work collectively after Blondie went by means of turmoil. Debbie, specifically, turned a music icon, and she or he was the face of the band. The singer is celebrating her 75th birthday on July 1, and she or he's nonetheless performing, recording, appearing, and dealing as a political advocate.
Does Debbie Harry have a husband? Learn on to seek out out if she ever married, and for additional particulars on her relationship with Chris.
Does Debbie Harry have a husband?
The songstress has by no means gotten married earlier than, and she or he doesn't have youngsters.
"It simply didn't work out that manner," she stated about having a household life to The Day by day Mail in 2014. "I did not assume I'd be significantly good at it. All of it appeared very horrifying to me."
Debbie met Chris Stein in 1974 when she employed him to affix her band on the time, The Stilettos.
The 2 finally left the band and fashioned Angel and the Snake. Shortly thereafter, they created Blondie, which was impressed by the nickname truck drivers gave to Debbie after they handed her.
The group's first two albums have been reasonably well-liked, however it was 1978's Parallel Strains that gave Blondie mainstream success. After they disbanded for a interval starting in 1982, Debbie labored on each her appearing and solo profession.
When Chris received sick with the autoimmune pores and skin illness pemphigus vulgaris in 1983, Debbie took a while off to assist look after him.
Supply: Instagram
Chris and Debbie in 2014.
She later confirmed in her 2019 memoir Face It that she and Chris had been closely hooked on heroin throughout their relationship. Debbie confirmed that they each frolicked in rehab, and that it allowed them to get clear.
Although they broke up in 1989, Debbie and Chris remained on good phrases. She is the godmother to his two daughters, Akira and Valentine, who he shares with spouse Barbara Sicuranza. The pair additionally continues to carry out collectively.
"I simply love Chris very, very a lot," she instructed The Unbiased in 2006 about their long-lasting friendship. "He is received a terrific humorousness, a terrific expertise. I feel we have been actually fortunate to fulfill one another and have this nice journey. We have definitely had lots of assist from different individuals. However mainly we have caught it out."
Debbie Harry was romantically linked to a number of prime entertainers.
Following her cut up from Chris, Debbie dated a number of different high-profile figures within the leisure business. She was in a relationship with magician (and one half of Penn and Teller) Penn Jillette from 1995 to 1996.
She was rumored to be courting the late singer Joey Ramone, of The Ramones, within the '80s as properly.
Supply: Getty
Debbie and Joey Ramone
It was additionally speculated that Debbie had a relationship with journalist
|
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Home » Glass packaging newcomer plans second production shop
Glass packaging newcomer plans second production shop
In April 2018, the Bastürk Group started up a greenfield glass container manufacturing operation in eastern Turkey. Thirteen months later, Muhammed Yalcınkaya, General Manager explains how the fledgling Bastürk Cam operation has performed since production began at Malatya, as well as the company's second phase expansion plans. The full version of this article appears in the May/June issue *.
Having worked in the Turkish glass container industry for almost three decades, Muhammed Yalcinkaya was recruited in 2016 to create, construct and operate the country's latest independent glassmaking enterprise. Together with an experienced management team, the Bastürk Cam General Manager has successfully negotiated the company's first 12 months and is now looking forward to increasing production capacity via the introduction of a second melting furnace.
Success has already been achieved in a highly competitive marketplace and according to Mr Yalcinkaya, any customer reservations about the project have been overcome. "We are a new player in the Turkish glass market but our location in the east of the country and our quality products have worked to our advantage. Every year, market demand is increasing in Turkey and our success gives us the confidence to increase our capacity."
International standards focus
Part of the successful Bastürkler Sirketler Group of Companies, Bastürk Cam is located at the heart of the Malatya agricultural region of Eastern Anatolia. It is one of the strongest industrial establishments in the area and has been created first and foremost to meet growing local glass packaging demand. Since its establishment in 1975, the group has developed a series of enterprises in Turkey and Senegal, its interests embracing flour, feed and vegetable oil production, as well as synthetic bag manufacture. The decision to enter the glass container production business came as a direct result of growing demand for sustainable and healthy food packaging.
When planning its ambitious greenfield glassworks, leading international suppliers with proven glass industry reputations were selected. Commissioned in April 2018, the first phase features a 270 tonnes/day SORG glass melting furnace, working end and forehearths, serving three Heye International 10-section SpeedLine IS machines, as well as the German contractor's specialist hot glass handling systems. Two of the advanced, high speed IS machines have been designed for 6 1/4in double gob operation, while the third is a 4 1/4in triple gob installation. All three lines were set up initially to make white flint food jars.
The fully automatic batch plant was supplied by SORG Group company EME Maschinenfabrik Clasen, while specialist furnace refractories were sourced from such leading international suppliers as MOTIM Fused Cast Refractories and RHI Magnesita.
At the cold end, Heye International co-operated with IRIS Inspection machines to deliver a combination of Heye SmartLine and IRIS Evolution 12 quality control equipment solutions. Other leading international suppliers involved in the project include OMCO (mould equipment), Antonini (annealing lehrs) and MSK Packaging Systems (cold end handling and packaging equipment). In addition, critical laboratory support technology has been provided by Agr International, Malvern Panalytical and PerkinElmer.
"We have combined the best engineering and manufacturing features to meet our customers' highest quality needs" Muhammed Yalcinkaya confirms. "Focusing on harmonising with international standards and continuous improvement in all of our activities, the glassworks project aims to capture the success achieved by the Bastürkler Sirketler Group elsewhere around the world."
A strong start
In total, 300 people are currently employed at the Bastürk glassworks, approximately 70% of whom had no previous glass industry experience. "We started with a combination of experienced managers/technicians, newly graduated engineers and some inexperienced personnel, so the provision of continuous training support has been important" Mr Yalcinkaya explains. "We also plan to start Lean 6 Sigma training projects during the second half of 2019."
Since commissioning phase one of the Malatya project last April, competitive performance levels have been reached, providing the management team with sufficient confidence to plan for a more diversified product range in the near future. "Although customers always have doub
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Bringing Home The Importance of the Parent-Child Home Program
"Education is not preparation for life; education is life itself" -- John Dewey
As a former preschool teacher and parent, there is one truth that no one will ever change my mind on. Hope and progress is found in every educated child. The reverse is true as well, mind you. I'm not quite sure how this point can be argued or by whom. And yet, we are looking at millions of dollars being cut from our national education budget in 2018. Along with that a ton of security and opportunity.
249.5 million of that will come from the elimination of Preschool Development Grants. This means that at a point in children's lives when they are most apt to develop a love for learning, we are going to pull the rug out from under them and in that, our future.
Does this confuse or horrify anyone else but me or Sarah Walzer, CEO of the Parent-Child Home Program, an organization working their tails off to mentor a love and commitment for learning at the optimal time in children's lives?
No, I'm not daft to think that cuts don't need to be made. But do we need to make them to the one line item on the ledger that translates to the ultimate survival and success of the United States of America?
Needless-to-say, my concern continues to grow with regards to the health and welfare of our education systems and our young learners, also known as "the innocent". And so does Sarah Walzer's as shared with you in her interview below.
Share your name and title.
Sarah Walzer, CEO
What is PCHP's mission statement?
The Parent-Child Home Program's (PCHP) nationwide network of program sites provides low-income families with the necessary skills and tools to ensure their children achieve their greatest potential in school and in life. The National Center assists underserved communities in replicating and expanding PCHP's proven school readiness program that builds language, literacy, and learning-rich home environments. Together we are strengthening families and communities, and preparing the workforce of the future.
Explain the necessity behind the launch of PCHP.
The preparation gap is the critical gap in school readiness skills that exists long before a low-income child enters a classroom. At as young as 18 months, low-income children are behind their peers in language development and the development of the social-emotional and cognitive skills that children need to be successful in the classroom. This preparation gap leads to the achievement gap that we have struggled to shrink in the US; the cure for the achievement gap is to get rid of it by preventing the preparation gap. We know that 61% of low-income children have no children's books, that low-income children hear 30 million fewer words before kindergarten than their more affluent peers, and that a child's vocabulary at age 3 can predict third grade reading achievement. We also know that there is a straightforward, effective way to address the preparation gap – providing parents with the knowledge, skills, and materials (books and educational toys) to prepare their children for school success ensures that low-income children can enter classrooms having read books, heard millions of words, with the cognitive and social-emotional skills they need to be performing on grade level in third grade and to go to graduate from high school.
Share a bit of the history behind PCHP.
The PCHP model was developed in 1965 by Dr. Phyllis Levenstein, an educational psychologist, who was asked to develop a program for families that would reduce the growing number of high school dropouts. After extensive research, she concluded that the most effective intervention would be to read out to families before their children entered school. In fact, she determined, well before it was a broadly acknowledged position, that dropout prevention efforts would be most effective if they began families at home before their children entered school. She developed and tested the key elements of the model – twice weekly home visits during which the Early Learning Specialist models for the parent and child together reading, conversation, and play activities that build language, literacy, numeracy, and social emotional skills, supporting parents in building learning-rich home environments and preparing children for school success.
The PCHP National Center was established in 1979 to support the replication of PCHP in underserved and under-resourced
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CommonCrawl
| 1.304943 | 0.626176 | 1.225786 | 2.859634 |
communities around the country. We work with our nationwide network of program sites to reach under-resourced, hard to reach families in urban, suburban, and real communities, and partner with local agencies interested in bringing the Program to their communities. PCHP has reached over 70,000 families since it began to expand.
Describe the families you serve.
PCHP is unique in its ability to provide low-income, hard to reach families such as immigrants, homeless, those isolated by poverty, with the tools, skills, and encouragement they need to prepare their children for school and to ensure that their children go on to graduate from high school at the same rate as middle-income students. Sixty-three percent of participating families were born outside of the United States and at least thirty-two primary home languages are spoken in any given Program year. PCHP families are challenged by language and literacy barriers, lack transportation to access community and center-based programming, over 80% of them have no other access to early childhood education. They are two-parent homes, single parents, and grandparents raising grandchildren
How do you believe you program helps?
PCHP works because we work with families at a critical point in children's development. We are reaching families just as their children are turning two, a critical time in brain development, and are working with them in their homes to build the critical parent-child interaction that children need to thrive. By entering the home twice a week for two years, we are not only having an impact on the developing child, we are also having an impact on the family, benefitting older children and children to come. Parents learn ways to interact and converse with their child, see the impact of the time they spend reading and playing with their child, become their child's first and most important teacher. They are also preparing to be their child's educational advocate and academic support. They begin to plan for their children's future – envisioning school and life success. And at the same time, children are learning literacy skills, motor skills, social-emotional skills, and so much more. Research demonstrates that PCHP children are ready for kindergarten, performing on grade level in third grade and graduating from high school at the rates of middle-class students nationally. Kindergarten teachers report they can tell who the PCHP children are from day one.
What defines PCHP away from other programs similar in nature?
PCHP is uniquely successful at reaching very difficult to reach families – homeless families, families isolated by literacy and language barriers, rural, urban and suburban families because our local Early Learning Specialists are from the communities where they work, share language and cultural backgrounds with the families they are visiting. Twenty-five percent of PCHP Early Learning Specialists are parent participants who graduate from the Program and are then hired to work with other families in their communities. Its gentle touch and one-on-one approach help support families experiencing many challenges to read, talk, and play with their children and set them on the path to success.
How many people work/volunteer for PCHP?
Currently in 14 states across the US, approximately 600 people work at local PCHP sites as site coordinators and early learning specialists. The National Center has 14 staff members and 4 state directors who work in the MA, NY, PA, and WA.
How far reaching are you?
PCHP reaches approximately 7,200 families annually, in 14 states through 114 local agency partners reaching families in 400 communities. We also have sites in Canada, Ireland, Bermuda, and Chile.
How are you funded? And how much does it cost each year to operate? Where have you experienced the majority of increases?
PCHP is funded by a diverse array of funding – state and local government funds, school district funds, United Way, foundation and corporate grants, and individual donations. Approximately $25 million annually enables the program to work with over 7,000 families. Recently the program has expanded significantly in WA, NY, MA, MN, and PA.
What is the impact on PCHP under the change in political administrations from President Obama to President Trump?
We are very concerned about proposed cuts in federal education funding that could reduce the funds states and school districts have available to support early childhood programming, thereby reducing the number of children who are ready for school. Because many of the families we work with are immigrants, refugees, and English-language learners, we are
|
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] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| 0.813155 | 0.171951 | 1.195301 | 2.444754 |
Efficacy of DMARDs Studied to Inform 2022 EULAR Recommendations for RA Management
Emily Pond
The efficacy of bDMARDs and tsDMARDs were studied to inform the 2022 update of the EULAR recommendations for the management of RA.
The efficacy of conventional synthetic (cs), biologic (b), and targeted synthetic (ts) disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) were determined for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in a review paper published in Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. The review informed the 2022 update of the European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology (EULAR) recommendations for the management of RA.
The Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane CENTRAL, and Web of Science databases were searched for relevant articles published in 2019 through January 14, 2022. Eligible studies had a randomized controlled trial design and investigated the efficacy of at least 1 csDMARD, bDMARD, or tsDMARD in adult patients with RA. Variables of interest included outcomes on the symptoms of RA, measures of physical functioning, patient-reported outcomes, and structural damage. Due to the heterogeneity of available study data, no meta-analysis was conducted.
Of 8969 search results, a total of 47 articles describing 38 unique trials underwent fulltext review. Studied drugs included csDMARDs such as methotrexate (MTX), leflunomide, sulfasalazine, hydroxychloroquine; bDMARDs such as abatacept, adalimumab, certolizumab-pegol, denosumab, etanercept, infliximab, levilimab, olokizumab, opineracept, rituximab, sarilumab, and tocilizumab; and tsDMARDs such as baricitinib, filgotinib, tofacitinib, and upadacitinib. Trials assessing MTX confirmed its efficacy for high-risk populations, particularly when combined with glucocorticoids. Four trials described the efficacy of olokizumab and levilimab, which are bDMARDs targeting the interleukin (IL)-6 pathway. Each of these trials demonstrated drug superiority to placebo. In patients with early RA, bDMARDs combined with MTX had comparable efficacy to csDMARDs combined with glucocorticoids.
The results of this SLR, together with one SLR on the safety of DMARDs and one on glucocorticoids, informed the taskforce of the 2022 update of the EULAR recommendations for pharmacological management of RA.
Treatment with tsDMARDs was found to be effective in multiple studies, supporting the efficacy of Janus kinase (JAK) inhibition. Patients with insufficient response to tsDMARDs responded to tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFi), according to results from multiple trials. Similarly, patients with an inadequate response to upadacitinib responded to TNFi treatment if immediately switched to adalimumab. Tapering of DMARDs was feasible for some patients, who maintained low disease activity or remission while tapering therapy. Disease activity-guided tapering was recommended. Trial data did not support the use of biopsy-driven treatment allocation to tocilizumab or rituximab treatment; no clear benefit was observed over standard treatment.
"This work, together with [2] further [reviews], [1] on safety and [1] on glucocorticoid treatment informed the 2022 EULAR RA management recommendations task force with the available evidence published since 2019," the authors of the review noted.
Disclosure: Several study authors declared affiliations with biotech, pharmaceutical, and/or device companies. Please see the original reference for a full list of authors' disclosures.
Kerschbaumer A, Sepriano A, Bergstra SA, et al. Efficacy of synthetic and biological
|
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CommonCrawl
| 0.206911 | 1.506074 | 1.109226 | 1.513805 |
Chris Stowers via ZUMA Wire
Taiwan's New Balancer-in-Chief
Jan 29, 2016 Yuriko Koike
Even as many of the world's electorates are tilting toward the extremes, voters in Taiwan have bucked the trend and chosen the middle road. The election of Tsai Ing-wen as President is a signal that, while voters may be hesitant to enter into a deeper embrace with China, they also want to avoid a rupture in the relationship.
TOKYO – Even as many of the world's electorates – most notably in the United States – are tilting toward the extremes, voters in Taiwan have bucked the trend and chosen the middle road. The election on January 16 of Tsai Ing-wen, Chair of the Democratic Progressive Party, as President is a signal that, however hesitant Taiwanese voters may be about entering into a deeper embrace with China, they also want to avoid a rupture in the relationship with their powerful neighbor and former antagonist.
Tsai, who will be Taiwan's first female president, is said to have once supported Taiwanese independence, but she avoided expressing similar sentiments during the campaign, pledging instead to maintain the status quo. Indeed, she was careful to distance herself from her mentor, former President Lee Teng-hui, an outspoken supporter of a clear break with China.
Tsai's victory over the China-friendly Kuomintang implies that relations with the mainland – which regards Taiwan as a breakaway province that it will eventually reclaim – will be considerably more measured. Moreover, as a former law professor, she is likely to be a stickler for details in any negotiations with China.
Yuriko Koike
Yuriko Koike, Governor of Tokyo, has been Japan's defense minister, national security adviser, and a member of the National Diet.
j. von Hettlingen Feb 3, 2016
Yuriko Koike is full of praise for Taiwan's president-elect, Tsai Ing-wen, who has become, like Margaret Thatcher and Angela Merkel, their countries first female head-of-state. Japan's Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, Koike's former boss also congratulated Tsai on her victory, calling Taiwan "an old friend". The new president may remain unknown to the wider public in the West, because most countries in the world do not recognise Taiwan diplomatically, but she will be the most powerful woman in the Chinese-speaking world, even in mainland China, which sees the self-ruled island as a breakaway province, and wouldn't hesitate to retake it, even by force if necessary. What impact would Tsai's election have on Chinese politics?
An incident had boosted the voter turnout. Chou Tzuyu, the 16-year-old Taiwanese singer and dancer in the Korean girl group Twice, enraged Beijing not long ago, when she innocently showed the flag of the Republic of China - Taiwan's official name - along with the Korean flag, in a variety show. That led to the cancellation of a scheduled performance by Twice on a widely watched and money-earning Chinese New Year's Eve programme. Afraid of losing more contracts, the talent agency and music production company Chou had signed with, cancelled her appearances in China. She was later forced to appear on TV, looking meek, bowing deeply, apologising repeatedly and telling the public that there was only one China, and the two sides of the Taiwan Strait were one.
This humiliation helped Tsai win the election, which must also have been a repudiation of Ma Ying-jeou's two terms, whose Kuomintang party embraced unprecedented rapprochement with China. He had a historic summit in Singapore last November with China's president, Xi Jinping. But the closer ties had not delivered much economic benefits to his disaffected voters. Taiwanese, who are used to self determination since Mao Zedong's troops took Beijing and forced Chiang Kai-shek's Kuomingtang nationalists to flee to Taiwan, accepted Ma's closer relationship with Beijing, despite wariness of its intention. As Tsai is preparing to be sworn into office, Chinese media continue to admonish her and her DPP party, warning against any move towards independence.
Tsai may still support a "Tai
|
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] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| 1.294075 | 0.334174 | 0.6663 | 0.345059 |
Nick Robinson stars as a rehab resident in Rob Reiner's latest, scripted by the director's own son Nick Reiner and Matt Elisofon.
Nick Robinson(Jurassic World) plays a young man from a wealthy, film-industry family struggling with drug addiction and profound daddy issues in Being Charlie, a comedy-drama that's neither especially funny nor moving. The movie's unique selling point is that it marks a collaboration between real-life father and son team Rob and Nick Reiner, director and co-screenwriter respectively, who clearly used this as a way to work through how 22-year-old Nick Reiner's own drug problems affected their family. But however much one might applaud the Reiner family for sharing like this, honesty and good intentions don't compensate for the mediocrity of the work, sadly making it but the latest in a growing line of duds (see And So It Goes, Rumor Has It, etc.) from Reiner Sr. Still unsold to a US distributor by the time it premiered in Toronto, Being Charlie looks destined for VOD lockdown.
The film's production notes layout with admirable frankness how Nick Reiner and co-screenwriter Matt Elisofon met at rehab facility some four odd years ago, and started working on this project with an eye towards creating a TV series based on the people and events they witnessed in recovery. Unfortunately, the early drafts were, per Elisofon, "pretty bad." Presumably they've had enough advice, guidance and input along the way to produce this, a shooting script that's not by any means a total shocker. Nevertheless, the edges are still plenty rough, with only half-developed characters floating about, thick chunks of dialog that sound like boilerplate drama-therapy exercises, and a lead protagonist who's not nearly as sympathetic or interesting as the filmmakers seemingly think he is.
First met dourly celebrating his eighteenth birthday in a Utah rehab facility, Charlie Mills (Robinson) is the son of David Mills (Cary Elwes, from Reiner's The Princess Bride), a Hollywood star famous for his role in a long-running, unnamed pirate-themed franchise, who's now running for governor of California. Having reached the age of majority, Charlie's first move is to bust out and head back to Los Angeles, calling his best friend and favorite drug buddy Adam (Devon Bostick, giving an MVP performance) to come pick him up in Barstow.
Once he arrives as the family's Bel-Air mansion, however, David's mother Liseanne (Susan Misner) and his father are already waiting with another drug counselor, ready to send him straight away to yet another facility. It's obvious David is motivated not purely by paternal concern but also by the need to minimize Charlie's scandal-creating potential during the campaign; Liseanne's love for her son is less conditional although, as a late, frustratingly sketchy scene suggests, she may have her own problems with addiction.
The middle act rings with the most lived-in authenticity as Charlie begrudgingly slogs his way through AA meetings and endless rounds of group, equine, and yoga therapy, surrounded by a colorful but plausible gallery of fellow addicts. Foremost among them is Eva (Morgan Saylor, the sulky daughter from Homeland), a spiky teen alcoholic with whom Charlie sparks romantically. Their ill-fated relationship serves as a primer showing why affairs between recovering addicts are so often discouraged by counselors. But, once again, the film misses a trick when it fails to resolve what happens to her character by the end, as if it just wants to get the whole thing over and done with.
In the end, Being Charlie biggest problem is tonality, and it's all-too tempting to read into it two warring agendas, aligned neatly with the father and son positions expressed therein. The son/addict side wants to skewer some of the pieties of the rehab orthodoxy, sometimes with callow cynicism, and to point out that recovery is a long, grinding process that never magically ends. The dad viewpoint, on the other hand, is all about seeking closure, making everything all better and moving on to some elusive next stage where life can resume as normal once a handily cathartic rock
|
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Max Planck Biography
Max Plank was a German physicist who gave the quantum theory of physics. Check out this biography to know about his childhood, life, achievements, works & timeline.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck
https://quotesgram.com/max-planck-quotes/
http://kids.britannica.com/comptons/art-155344/Max-Planck-originated-quantum-theory
Famous: Quotes By Max Planck Physicists
Died At Age: 89
Sun Sign: Taurus
Also Known As: Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck, FRS
Born in: Kiel
Famous as: Physicist
Spouse/Ex-: Marga von Hoesslin, Marie Merck
father: Johann Julius Wilhelm Planck
mother: Emma Patzig
children: Emma Planck, Erwin Planck, Grete Planck, Hermann Planck, Karl Planck
Died on: October 4, 1947
place of death: Göttingen
City: Kiel, Germany
education: Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Humboldt University of Berlin
awards: Nobel Prize in Physics - 1918
Max Planck Medal - 1929
Pour le Mérite - 1915
Copley Medal - 1929
Lorentz Medal - 1927
Franklin Medal - 1927
Goethe Prize - 1945
Adlerschild des Deutschen Reiches - 1928
Philipp Lenard
Walther Nernst
Gerd Binnig
» PLAY
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Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck or simply Max Planck was a German scientist and theoretical physicist who brought about a paradigm shift in the study of physics in the late 19th century with his quantum theory of physics. When he was a student in school, Planck displayed a great talent in music and could have studied music; however, he changed his mind later on and decided to study physics. Planck held positions at the University of Munich, University of Berlin and the University of Kiel during his illustrious career and also collaborated with some of the leading scientist of his day. Planck's greatest contribution in physics was the introduction of quantum physics as a distinct branch of physics in the late 19th century; he won a Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918 for his quantum theory. Planck was also pivotal in bringing together all the different physics societies in Germany under one roof with the establishment of the Physical Societies of Germany that led to greater collaboration between physicists in the country.
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Childhood & Early Life
Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck was born on 23 April 1858 in Kiel, Duchy of Holstein. His father, Johann Julius Wilhelm Planck, was a professor in law, and his mother, Emma Patzig, was his father's second wife.
Planck's family of eight including Max Planck's five other siblings settled down in Munich, in 1867. In Munich, Planck took admission in the Maximilians Gymnasium School where he was tutored in mathematics, astronomy and physics by a mathematician named Hermann Muller. He graduated from school when he was 17.
Although Planck was a gifted musician and held a keen interest in it throughout his life; he decided against pursuing a career in music since he realised that he was equally fascinated with the subject of physics. In 1874, Max Planck took admission in the University of Munich in order to study physics.
Planck spent a year at the University of Berlin in 1877 since the university was known to be the stomping ground of the eminent physicists like Hermann von Helmholtz and Gustav Kirchoff. But he was not impressed by what he saw. He returned to Munich the following year and in 1879, when he was only 21, he was awarded his doctoral degree for the thesis related to the second law of thermodynamics.
Male Physicists
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Max Planck submitted his habilitation thesis at the University of Munich in the year 1880 and
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CommonCrawl
| 0.221515 | 0.208289 | 1.442766 | 1.291187 |
Sandable Hard Gesso is formulated with 100% acrylic polymer emulsion and can be sanded to provide surfaces that are smoother and more even than those created using regular gesso.
BASICS® Gesso is a value acrylic gesso used to prepare painting surfaces for acrylic and oil paint. Non-yellowing. Thick texture that levels evenly. Flexible and non-cracking. Good quality base coat primer. One coat is usually all that is required.
Liquitex Gesso is a premium acrylic gesso used to prepare painting surfaces for acrylic and oil paint. Non-yellowing. Flexible and non-cracking. Provides the perfect "tooth" and adhesion to a wide variety of surfaces such as canvas, paper and wood. Excellent base coat primer for many applications for example murals. One coat is usually all that is required. Available in White, Clear and Black.
Glazing Medium For creating brilliant jewel like glazes with acrylic artist colors. Excellent brushing and leveling qualities. Dries quickly for rapid layering. Mix with any amount of acrylic color. Small quantities of color provide the most transparency. Works best with transparent or translucent colors. Flexible, non-yellowing and water resistant when dry.
GAC 400: Fabric Stiffener / Rabbit skin Glue Alternative. Dries to a very hard and stiff film. Most useful for priming fabrics (cotton, linen, silk, etc.) when stiffness is desired. Used as a rabbit skin glue alternative when applied directly to raw canvas or linen. Allows sculpting and shaping of draped fabrics. Traditionally, rabbit skin glue (also known as hide glue) was used to reduce the flexibility of canvas before painting. Although the rabbit skin glue does reduce flexibility, it is extremely brittle. It is hygroscopic, which means that it will always be water-soluble. Even when the glue is completely dry, high humidity will re-introduce water into the film, causing it to soften or swell up. Over time, this constant swelling and drying of the film can cause severe paint-film cracking and delamination. GAC 400 can be used in a similar fashion for stiffening canvas. Apply directly to the front of the raw canvas for maximum stiffness. It is imperative that it be applied directly to the raw canvas. It is ineffective over any other medium, and most likely will flake off and cause delamination of subsequent paint layers. Since GAC 400 is not effective against oil penetration, the use of GAC 100 over GAC 400 is recommended for oil painters Note: Since GAC 400 is brittle, it is important that it not be rolled tightly, or bent back upon itself. This will cause cracking of the polymer film and may transfer cracks into additional paint layers. This is especially a risk with cured oil paints.
GAC 500: Self Leveling Applications / Hard Yet Flexible / Best Isolation Coat Medium for Spray-Application. Unique balance of film hardness and flexibility. Mix 2 parts GAC 500 to 1 part Airbrush Transparent Extender to produce a good spraying, fast- drying isolation coat. Beneficial as an additive for acrylic paints for increasing mar resistance and decreasing dry film tack, without disturbing the balance between hardness and flexibility. Useful when working on flexible or rigid supports. Offers a self leveling working quality. Dries to high gloss film with good clarity/transparency. Useful to hard-edge painters to seal masking tape for cleaner edges. Apply over masking tape. Let dry before applying additional paint layer.
GAC 900: Increases Launderability of Acrylic Paint. Designed to be used as a modifier for acrylic paints for painting on clothing. See the GOLDEN Acrylics on Fabric Application Information Sheet for more extensive information. Offers a soft, pliable feel and when properly heat-set, provides excellent laundering stability. Blend with GOLDEN Heavy Body, Matte or Fluid Acrylics for brush or screen application. Mix with GOLDEN Airbrush Colors for "Tie-Dye" effects. Note: The
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C4
| -0.1351 | 0.106413 | -0.252727 | 0.259047 |
heat-setting process will release low levels of formaldehyde; therefore it is imperative that adequate ventilation be provided.
GOLDEN Silverpoint / Drawing Ground is formulated with 100% acrylic polymer emulsion. It is a low viscosity fluid that contains high levels of titanium dioxide and prepares surfaces to readily accept marks from a metal stylus. PRODUCT APPLICATIONS GOLDEN Silverpoint / Drawing Ground is designed for thin applications only. When applied too thickly the film may crack upon curing. A single thin coat is typically sufficient. It can be brush or spray applied to paper, primed canvas, wood or any surface that will accept a water-based coating. The most common substrate for metal point drawing is heavy weight hot pressed watercolor paper. Note: Because lower weight papers are susceptible to buckling from the moisture in the Silverpoint / Drawing Ground, some artists may find taping the edges down will help prevent extensive warping.
GOLDEN Acrylic Ground for Pastels is a 100% acrylic medium designed to prepare surfaces for the application of pastels, charcoal and other art media where a coarse tooth is desired. It contains finely ground sand (silica) in a pure acrylic emulsion. Acrylic Ground for Pastels can be applied to paper, canvas, wood or any primed support. This allows almost limitless applications for media typically confined to standard papers. PRODUCT APPLICATION Thinning: Due to the weight of the solids in Acrylic Ground for Pastels, it is produced very thick, and does not come ready to brush-apply. Thin 20-40% with water to desired consistency. Application: Apply with brush, paint-roller, spray equipment, squeegee or palette knife. Mix up only as much as is needed for one day's work, as the solids will settle rapidly and be extremely difficult to mix back into suspension.
Gloss Gel Dries to a gloss finish. Viscosity and body similar to Liquitex Heavy Body Artist Color. Dries clear to translucent depending on thickness of application. Ideal medium to mix with Liquitex Heavy Body Acrylic Color to extend paint, increase the brilliance and transparency of color, without changing the thickness of the paint. Mix with Liquitex Heavy Body Artist Color to obtain paint similar in color depth to oil paint.
Gloss Super Heavy Gel Medium Extremely thick, extra heavy body. The thickest "clear" gel. Very dense, with high surface drag for a stiff "oil-like" feel. Dries clear to translucent depending on thickness of the application. Very little shrinkage during drying time. Excellent adhesion for collage and mixed media. Extends paint, increases brilliance and transparency. Keeps paint working longer than other gel mediums. Flexible, non- yellowing and water resistant when dry.
Matte Gel Dries translucent with a satin/matte finish. Viscosity and body similar to Liquitex Heavy Body Artist Color. Liquitex Matte Gel Medium has greater adhesion than Liquitex Gloss Gel Medium and Liquitex Gloss Heavy Gel Medium. Translucent when wet, transparent when dry. Thicker applications result in less transparent dry medium films. Mix with Liquitex Heavy Body Artist Color to obtain paint similar in color depth to oil paint. Color mix will dry to a satin sheen.
Matte Super Heavy Gel Medium Extremely thick, extra Heavy Body. Heavy bodied, very dense, with high surface drag for a stiff "oil-like" feel. Dries to a translucent matte finish depending on thickness of the application. Very little shrinkage during drying time. Excellent adhesion for collage and mixed media. Extends paint. Keeps paint working longer than other gel mediums. Flexible, non-yellowing and water resistant when dry.
Ultra Matte Gel Heavy Body. A translucent white gel of high density and high solids, that economically extends the volume of Heavy Body Artist Color without changing its heavy body Add up to 50% by volume, to double amount of paint and retain color position. If more than 50% is added, it acts as a very weak tinting white. Maintains the opacity
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] | 1,024 |
C4
| 0.13321 | -0.018823 | -0.690273 | -0.060334 |
of the color better than using a clear gel medium. Dries to a matte finish, giving colors a matte sheen and gouache look.
Slow-Dri Blending Gel A unique formulation for superior surface blending with acrylic paints. Extends drying time up to 40% for superior surface blending with acrylic paints. Similar in body to Liquitex Heavy Body Professional Artist Color. Mix any amount into color to enhance the depth of color intensity, increase transparency, gloss, and add flexibility and adhesion to paint film. Dries clear to reveal full, rich color. Unlike retarding additives, any quantity may be added to color without jeopardizing the strength of the paint film. Translucent when wet, transparent when dry. Flexible, non- yellowing and water resistant when dry.
Light Modeling Paste A lightweight, airy, flexible, thick, sculptural gel specifically formulated to be used in thick applications where weight is a factor. Will not exhibit "mud cracking". Used alone, will dry to a matte opaque white that readily accepts staining if desired.
Flexible Modeling Paste 100% polymer emulsion that dries more slowly than other modeling pastes to a hard yet flexible surface. Used to build three- dimensional forms and heavy textures on supports that may be subject to flexing or movement. Adheres to any non-oily, absorbent surface. When mixed with acrylic colors will act as a weak tinting white, while increasing thickness and rigidity.
Modeling Paste Extra heavy body and very opaque. A marble paste made of marble dust and 100% polymer emulsion. Used to build heavy textures on rigid supports and create three-dimensional forms. Dries to the hardness of stone. It can be sanded or carved when thoroughly dry. Can be handled like clay if the top of the container is removed and some of the water is allowed to slowly evaporate until it reaches a clay-like consistency. Adheres to any non-oily, absorbent surface. Drying too quickly causes mud cracking that is usually cosmetic, not structural. When mixed with acrylic colors will act as a weak tinting white, while increasing thickness and rigidity. Excellent substrate for acrylic paint, oil paint, oil pastel, oil bars, watercolor, graphite or dry pastel.
Fabric Medium Enhances the workability of acrylic paint on fabric. Controls bleeding of colors thinned with water. Provides a smooth, consistent flow when added to Liquitex Soft Body Artist Color. Prevents uneven application of paint to rough textured fabrics. Reduces stiffness of dried acrylic paint on fabric. Eliminates the need to scrub or abrade rough textured fabrics to enable paint to adhere or penetrate surface. Does not require heat setting.
Iridescent Medium Produces a range of iridescent or metallic colors when mixed into acrylic colors. Opaque when wet, transparent to translucent when dry. Will not oxidize. Application: Mix with small amounts of color, gradually adding more color until desired iridescent quality and transparency is achieved. Transparent and translucent colors work best however opaque colors can also be used. Color will become more transparent as percentage of medium increases. Colors increase in their iridescent quality and become much more reflective upon drying. For mother of pearl color, use directly from container. For use on fabric, thin 50% with water.
Airbrush Medium Low viscosity. Ready to use pre-filtered and pre- reduced to the required consistency for airbrush techniques, add as much or as little as desired. Formulated for thinning acrylic colors for airbrush application. Ensures colors do not lose flexibility, durability and adhesion. Easily thins acrylic color or any water-soluble paints to a spray-able consistency. Allows thinned acrylic paint to be sprayed efficiently and retain paint film integrity. Airbrush Medium mixes easily with all Liquitex Soft Body Artist Colors to produce airbrush paint with the proper viscosity for airbrushing. Can also be mixed with Liquitex Heavy Body Artist Colors. Can be mixed with all Liquitex paint, mediums and gesso.
String Gel A self-leveling
|
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C4
| 0.160381 | -0.070735 | -0.335943 | -0.019226 |
Today we welcome author A.L. Waddington to the group/blog!
Welcome, so great to have you here!
~Yes, ever since I was young I had always wanted to be a writer. I have always had an imagination that worked on overdrive and I always loved to get lost in my own little world. As a child and adolescent I wrote poems and short stories. In junior high I worked on the school newspaper. I wrote my first novel when I was 20 and my second at 27. I returned to college when I was 31 and got my BS in psychology with a dual concentration in the psychobiology of addictions and clinical rehabilitation. Upon graduation I began writing full time.
~Many factors play into that. The shortest time it has taken me to complete a MS from start to finish was 78 days, What I Really Learned in College, Book 1, With Honors series. The longest was nine months and counting, the fourth book in my EVE series.
~The premise for the EVE series was born out of a very odd dream I had about having the gift of EVE (Essence Voyager Era). When I woke up, I jotted it down, played with it a bit and it grew from there. The premise for the With Honors series began as a humorous antidote between my husband and me from the days when I was in college in my early thirties.
~No, not really. But I do a large majority of my writing at night once everyone has retired for the evening and the house in finally silent.
~Sometimes it's not easy. At times it's downright difficult. It's become a running joke in our home. So much so that when I disappear into my work for hours upon end my husband and children just reply when someone inquires that I'm lost in Denialville.
~I believe strong characters, an intriguing premise, a sense of humor, and witty sidekicks are essential when creating fiction.
~I think the hardest thing about writing a book is discipline. Sitting down and actually doing the work. Putting in the hours, the research required for your characters, your settings, your backdrop, all of it. You have to be well disciplined to devote so much of your time, life, and energy to something you feel so passionate about.
~So far I have completed five novels and almost half of the sixth and three quarters of the seventh. I guess my favorite out of them will always be Essence, Book 1, EVE series because it was the first novel I got accepted for publication. That will always make it near and dear to my heart.
~Jocelyn Timmons, the MC from my EVE series is my favorite simply because she was based off my daughter with her adventurous spirit, thirst for knowledge and willingness to fight for what she believes in.
~Despite the fact that I have an office in my home, I do a great deal of my writing in the family room curled up on the couch under my favorite Colts blanket, with a bag of gummy bears, and my oversized mug of coffee.
~I initially started with a very small publisher where the first edition of Essence was published. Then, luckily I was picked up by a much bigger and better publisher, Booktrope Publishing. They rereleased Essence in January of this year, Enlightened, Book 2, EVE series in April and launched my With Honors series (with me writing as Addison Winters) in July. The third book, Perception in my EVE series is set to release on October 21 and the second book, Making the Dean's List, in my With Honors series will release on December 6th. I am very excited to be a part of the Booktrope family and have really enjoyed working with everyone there.
~My family loves the EVE series, especially since so many of them have made special appearances throughout the series. My husband, Ty and extended family have really enjoyed What I Really Learned in College, but none of my children have read it. Despite them all being 'old enough' too, it would just be too weird.
~When I'm not writing or doing research, I spend a great deal of time reading. I enjoy reading anything that peaks my interest regardless of the genre. I spend a great deal of time in my gardens, and I love to hike, play basketball, tennis and softball with my family.
~Be yourself. Don't worry about what others will think. Write what you
|
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] | 1,024 |
C4
| 0.905535 | -1.151789 | -0.544125 | 0.276755 |
Social Statuses of Early Modern England
Welcome to our new categorisation of the social status of early modern England, which is tied to our Social Status Calculator and its assigned outcomes. Click on one of the categories below to read more about its definitions in our schema. To discover some real individuals who fall into each category, visit our examples pages by following the links in each category below. These examples compile some brief biographies, images, and probate inventories (lists of possessions taken at an individual's death) for early modern men and women.
New Gentry
Elite Middling
Upper Middling
"Profession-al" Middling
Solid/Accumulative Middling
Precarious Emergent/Latent Middling
Precarious Household Middling
Dependent/Contingent Middling
Wage Labourer
Dependent Poor
Category STATUS
Gentry Established Gentry.
You are of established gentry status! This means that you had a title like Sir, Lady, earl, or duke, or often "gentleman" or "gentlewoman," and that you have possessed a coat of arms since birth.
Established gentry sorts were often very wealthy and frequently had landed estates which were made up of ancestral land and properties passed through generations. They were rich enough that they often did not have to work in order to survive and could employ lots of servants for their houses and wage labourers on their land in order to generate an income. Ideologically, they tended to understand honour as being inherited and expressed through militaristic values (like knightly combat and tournaments), and believed in their inherited right to govern over those of lower status. This is in opposition to new humanist ideas developing during this period, which understood honour as being expressed through behaviour and learnt during someone's education. As such, although some of these families were much poorer than new gentry and upper middling individuals, idealistically they aligned themselves with ancestral values which place them behaviourally within this group. Literacy among men and women of this group was high, with many being educated domestically by tutors. For example, Anne Clifford and Margaret Hoby, two women whose extensive writing about their lives survives, were of established gentry status. This was, however, a diverse status group which could move between those like William Cecil and Thomas Egerton, who were tremendously wealthy, inherited status and power, who had numerous estates and took on royal and high government offices, to those like Walter Yonge of Colyton in Devon, who was first generation established gentry (his father gained a title), who gained a legal education, and took on offices like MP whilst maintaining work as a merchant. Walter Yonge blurs the boundary between the established gentry and New Gentry, as it is clear he needed to work to maintain his modest properties, and idealistically he gains a humanist education and supports parliament over the King during the civil war.
Lionel Cranfield's Inventory (1622)
Elite Middling Elite Middling/New Gentry.
You are of new gentry status! This means that you were born to a middling family, but you may have been granted a coat of arms in your lifetime, and that you became extraordinarily wealthy.
New gentry individuals were very successful in their careers, most often as merchants, where they became extremely rich. This wealth gave them access to powerful positions such as mayor, MP, or even Lord Chancellor (in the case of Lionel Cranfield, for example). They sometimes gained titles like Earl, or Duke. These individuals would act more like the landed gentry; they would buy up large estates and properties, often move between homes in cities and the provinces, and have lots of servants. They would seek to marry daughters of established high gentry families, and would often buy their property from decaying gentry families who could no longer afford their ancestral home. New gentry sorts would shore up capital, status and power for their families and descendants. They would also facilitate good marriages and excellent education for their children. Often they sought to leave lasting legacies to their locales through large benefactions which were celebrated long after their death. Examples include well known individuals like Edward Alleyn, after he accumulated lots of property and a coat of arms in 1619. This group also included less famous examples, like Thomas and Katherine Throppe of Chester. Thomas was a vintner and alderman of the city who became tremendously wealthy compared to his peers, with a fortune
|
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] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| 1.016934 | 0.872755 | 1.076948 | 1.427793 |
amounting to almost £2500. He then appeared as first-generation gentry in the 1613 visitation of Chester, suggesting that he was perceived as a 'gentleman' by those around him. Very few people would manage this meteoric rise in status!
Thomasine Harrington
Edward Alleyn (as bearward and benefactor)
Inventory: Thomas Thropp (1621; extract "Street Chamber")
Upper Middling Upper Middling. You are of Upper Middling status! This means you are approaching elite status through significant political office or influence, land, and wealth. However, although you may be able to gain a coat-of-arms towards the end of your life,, you have not necessarily inherited status, power or capital to pass onto descendants.
Upper Middling status individuals tend to be very well documented because they often take on positions of office within their locales, becoming powerful figures at parish or civic levels. If they do not gain influence through officeholding, then they might hold power in other sectors, by being very wealthy merchants able to buy lots of land or by leaving a lasting legacy in the arts or literature. In rural settings, they may be well known as a substantial yeoman. Individuals of this status often had at least a grammar school education, and would often seek to send their children to universities or the Inns of Court in order to continue their families' opportunities to maintain or enhance their social status. For example, William Shakespeare, who did gain a coat of arms in his lifetime, might be considered in later stages of life as being of this status because he was very wealthy in comparison to his Stratford upon Avon peers, but did not have lots of shored up wealth to pass onto his descendants. Individuals at this social level often see themselves as being responsible for those at the bottom of the social scale (the JAMs and the dependant poor) and often help them through charity. For example, they might take on the office of churchwarden, or overseer of the poor, they might give large amounts of money or land in their wills, or they might employ poor children in their businesses or households. Women at this level might adopt poor children or orphans or make clothing for the poor. Often, these individuals hold high social credit, which mean that they are very well regarded by their peers and deemed responsible and wealthy enough to be placed in positions of power within their communities. In rural areas, they might also include individuals considered "substantial yeoman." Men and women in this category also tend to support charitable institutions such as almshouses, hospitals and spittle houses, though on rare occasions also end up in need of their help at the end of their lives if they became too sick to continue working or suffered economic misfortune. As such, they are a mobile group who understand how their wealth or influence could be subject to change over time and seek to maintain their status during their lifetimes.
James Wathen
Jane Ratcliffe
"The Turkey-Merchant's Daughter" (Joan Staper)
Inventory: Edward Kitchen (Chester, 1619)
Middle "Profession-al" Middling. You are of professional middling status! You are likely to be a doctor, lawyer, member of the clergy, scrivener, or playwright, and so you are defined by your high level of literacy.
Those of professional middling status might be styled 'gentlemen' or 'gentlewomen' and would have claim to this title if they attended university or the inns of court. However, despite this claim to gentility, these (often urbanised and educated) middling individuals have particular lifestyle markers, working practices, networks, and outlooks that make them distinct from the landed gentry: they rely on the income gained from their profession to survive, they often seek to achieve local positions of office like town clerk, they have no gentry lineage or coats of arms; are without country estates; and are sometimes not very wealthy at all. In fact, wealth is not a significant indicator of status in this category. There are many 'poor scholars' in receipt of charity during this period, and Thomas Greene of Warwickshire, who was town clerk of Stratford Upon Avon for a time, died very modestly in Bristol, despite his education at the Middle Temple. Younger sons of gentry families often end up in this status group, due to their lack of access to the inheritance their elder brothers have priority over, and so household
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] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| 0.791418 | 0.486015 | 0.718304 | 0.603094 |
stewards, tutors, and secretaries, could also, in some instances be considered to sit in this status category. Mobility is a key theme within this category, because literate individuals with a knowledge of the law are often required to travel between London and the provinces, or between locations as part of their job. Reputation is also essential for these individuals, whose success relies on the strength of their social networks with the landed gentry, urban gentry, and middling officeholders, through which they gained much of their work. Arts professionals such as playwrights, musicians, poets, antiquarians, and artists (as opposed to artisans) could also, in many cases, be considered part of this category, due to their reliance on a good reputation and patronage. It is also important to note that professional middling individuals' education could also be gained in service to a town clerk, attorney, or antiquarian, rather than formally. Administrative roles become more and more prevalent through the late sixteenth and into the seventeenth centuries, so many people hold these kinds of jobs by the 1620s. However, this is by no means a large social group, and makes up a tiny percentage of society. Despite this, due to high literacy levels, it is well represented in textual culture, as these people were central to the production of records and published works of this period.
Randle Holme
Amelia Lanyer
"A She-Jesuit in Spitalfields" (Luisa de Carvajal)
"An Englishman in Italian" (John Florio)
Inventory: Thomas Langlie, scrivener (Bristol, 1624)
Middle Solid/Accumulative Middling. This group (often in the middle stages of life between youth and older age) have some claim on property, often hold minor public office roles, and are doing well in their profession/s. Many also actively seek to increase their cultural capital (through leisure activities, furnishings, household items, and social networks) and to shore up this status for their families and children. They have strong networks and social connections with those of both high and low status.
Many of this group are prosperous tradesmen, shopkeepers, and artisans—both men and women, from England and abroad. They also include moderately wealthy widows, who have some independent means and often own property and exert influence and hold standing within their immediate communities; some in this category may also be termed "yeoman" in both rural and urban settings.
Individuals within this group often occupy a range of public office roles: these can include churchwardenship (a leading role within the parish), or extend to civic or town duties in the form of clerkship, constables, beadles, or the ceremonial post of swordbearer. Some might even occupy roles on a city or town council as an alderman or equivalent post. Such roles confer a civic standing upon individuals, bolstering their professional identities with important moral, religious, and social responsibilities to their communities. These roles therefore typically require (in ideal terms) social and godly respectability. As such, they not only extend the social networks of these individuals (allowing access to the mayor or to MPs and local and visiting noblemen), they also suggest a creditworthiness useful for economic advancement or survival. Likewise, such posts can offer profitable forms of business networking, allowing the chance to engage with wealthier members of society such as merchants, mercers, or successful clothiers.
For women, this can sometimes mean inheriting property, in particular inns or taverns that act as community hubs. This role puts such landladies at the centre of their parishes and suggests an equivalent unofficial "office." Other women in this category include skilled workers and property landladies, whose rental income can help support their families and who at their death can put money and goods aside for their children.
Saving financial and material assets and accruing and passing on cultural capital to children is of interest to many in this group (unlike, broadly speaking, those in the JAMs). This allows for social mobility not only by passing on material assets but by educating children, passing on musical instruments and making provision for various forms of learning—apprenticeships, school, tutoring, music lessons, and questions of appearance and clothing. Such provisions, however—as with all other categories—are heavily dependent upon region and profession.
Humphrey Beckham
Nicholas and/or Margaret Woolfe
Inventory: Michael Threlkell
|
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] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| 1.258753 | 0.961004 | 1.134331 | 1.286127 |
, hosier, Bristol (1623)
JAM (Just About Middling) Precarious Emergent/Latent Middling. You are precarious emergent middling! This group represents individuals in early adulthood who are studying for middling professions either through apprenticeships, or at university and at the Inns of Court. These individuals are not yet wealthy but have lots of potential to become influential members of middling society over the course of their lives.
This youthful group are well-placed for social advancement, with potential opportunities ahead of them. Yet in their present situation they have few assets and little money—sometimes even dependent on others for sponsorship. James Leamen of Ipswich, for instance, was loaned £5 from the town in 1578, who described him as "A poore young man borne in [Ipswich] […] come into debt at Cambridge." They include male students at the universities and men training at the Inns of Court. Many such individuals did not have family wealth, in particular "sizars"—those who went to university and occupied service or menial roles beneath fully-paying students. Yet through their education they gain access to humanistic learning useful in the busy literate institutions of early modern England from the court to the noble family house, and they make connections with wealthy and influential figures of the future. Such experience also has broader cultural significance; Thomas Nashe, for instance, likely met Christopher Marlowe and Robert Greene when he was a sizar at Cambridge, and the three went on to have a major impact on the London literary scene in the 1590s (sometimes known as the "University wits").
Other forms of learning and training also set men up for future financial and cultural gain. Successful apprentices—in particular in wealthier trades such as merchants, mercers, clothiers, haberdashers, drapers—would have the means and connections to make a prosperous living. Indeed, studies have discouraged us from seeing apprentices as a unified mass; too many differentiations exist. As such, we might think of certain (possibly lucky) apprentices within this group; the position and influence of one's father, the amount of money a family has to "place" an apprentice, and the nature of the work all impact significantly upon the extent of that latent social mobility. Nonetheless, even those not from significantly well-off backgrounds had the potential to develop skills that would help them form a secure household in the future. Although apprentices are in a position of dependence—on the household and teaching of their master—they possess, like students, a latent capital. As with other categories here, there was also a spiritual and moral association with their good conduct that was designed to inculcate them into society as godly and disciplined individuals, something enshrined in apprenticeship indentures (which usually lasted from one's mid-teens for approximately 7 years). Specific advice manuals were also printed for young men and women, including apprentices and servants. Women in this category can have a similar "apprenticeship," albeit usually informally, in a number of ways, which would set them up well for marriage. In this stage, their mobility is also latent. Others might have spent years in service, bringing with them into a marriage many skills and the experience of moving between environments and negotiating between high and low social networks—especially if they themselves worked in middling households. In Bristol in particular, women appear as apprentices as in major guilds meaning that they themselves would also have occupied positions similar to the young men above, giving them the opportunity to earn their own living in the future either related to or separate from marriage (though it is doubtful they would ever build up equivalent wealth to men in this manner). Some women in this group would also be well-placed for marriage thanks to a large "portion" to bring into marriage from their family. This group of individuals are often obscured in historical records, at least at this stage of their life, as their minority places them outside of much official documentation.
Edward Alleyn (as young man, apprentice, and player)
James Leaman
JAM Precarious Household Middling. You are in the Precarious Household Middling. This category broadly represents households (though sometimes individuals) who are of some independent means, run their house, and have some skilled trade but whose financial status is not stable. They can therefore be forced to rely on charitable support and are highly liable to
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] | 1,024 |
CommonCrawl
| 0.889233 | 0.737785 | 0.703958 | 1.200115 |