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With the team’s customary “Slither, Slither” chant, the room darkens and the front display board goes black, as Johann manipulates icons on his tablet with a glowing stylus. As the room turns dark, the classroom door opens and closes quietly as Mr. Ball walks in and sits in a seat toward the back of the room. From the center of the room, Desmone speaks, “The Institute of Ecosystem Studies’ definition of ecology is ‘Ecology is the scientific study of the processes influencing the distribution and abundance of organisms, the interactions among organisms, and the interactions between organisms and the transformation and flux of energy and matter.’” White text of the definition gradually brightens into view on the large display with key terms shifting to red. Then the definition gradually fades away into black. Desmone continues, “There are no guarantees. The world is in flux. Conditions change, and the ecological balance teeters here and there, sponsoring the loss of some species, and the introduction of new ones. Some weaken, and others become stronger…” While she speaks images of now extinct species surface into view, and then fade again, while in the background and watermarked to about half brightness, two videos impose on each other. One displays a group of cheetahs chasing down a wildebeest that has been taken by surprise. The other shows a pride of lions failing to catch three gazelles that rapidly dart left and right out of reach. Desmone continues to speak describing specific species of both animals and plants that have disappeared or changed dramatically, and the environmental conditions that seem to have caused the change. To be Continued!	<urn:uuid:c7a8564a-62e1-4826-971d-999b81569a81>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-11", "url": "http://2cents.onlearning.us/?p=4585", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936461416.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074101-00230-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9354841709136963, "token_count": 349, "score": 2.59375, "int_score": 3 }
Eleanor of Portugal (1434–1467) Eleanor of Portugal (1434–1467) Portuguese princess, Holy Roman empress and queen of Germany as wife of Frederick III, and mother of Emperor Maximilian I. Name variations: Eleanora; Eleonore; Leonor. Born on September 18, 1434, in Torres Novan Vedras; died on September 3, 1467, in Wiener-Neustadt from complications of childbirth; daughter of Edward also known as Duarte I, king of Portugal (r. 1433–1438), and Leonora of Aragon (1405–1445); married Frederick III, king of Germany and Holy Roman emperor (r. 1440–1493), on March 15, 1452; children: Christopher (b. 1455); Maxmilian I (1459–1519), Holy Roman Emperor (who married Mary of Burgundy [1457–1482] and Bianca Maria Sforza [1472–1510]); Johann or John (1466–1467); Helen (1460–1461); Cunegunde (1465–1520, who married Albert II of Bavaria). Birth of Frederick III (1415); death of her uncle, Henry the Navigator (1460); accession of Frederick III as king of Germany (1440); Frederick III's coronation as Holy Roman emperor (1452); death of Frederick III (1493). Princess Eleanor of Portugal was born on September 18, 1434, in Torres Vedras, the daughter of King Duarte I of Portugal and Queen Leonora of Aragon . When Eleanor was 15, negotiations for her betrothal to the French crown prince failed. In 1451, her father consequently arranged her betrothal to Frederick III, king of Germany, and agreed to provide a dowry of 60,000 gold florins. Married by proxy on August 9, 1451, in Lisbon, Eleanor departed the following October by sea for Italy, where she was to meet her husband. During the voyage, pirates attacked her ten-ship fleet, but Eleanor reached Italy safely on February 2, 1452. Frederick III and his court met her in Siena, and the party then proceeded to Rome. Pope Nicholas V officiated at their wedding on March 15, 1452, and the imperial coronation four days later. On her arrival in Germany, Eleanor probably found the country coarse and insular, compared with Portugal which was embarking on its great age. Her husband was neither handsome nor devoted. Still, from the palace-castle at Wiener-Neustadt near the Hungarian border, she faced with Frederick the nearly continuous challenge of rebellious German nobles and Turkish expansion into the Balkans. Their first child, Christopher, was born in 1455, but their joy at having a son was brief, as he died the following year. In 1459, Eleanor gave birth to Maximilian I, who succeeded his father and established in reality many of the grandiose claims Frederick made for the Habsburg dynasty. Two daughters, Helena (1460–1461) and Cunegunde (1465–1520), plus another son, John (1466–1467), followed. Eleanor died on September 3, 1467, from complications of childbirth. She is buried in the Cistercian monastery of Neustadt, and in 1469 Frederick hired Niklas Gerhaert van Leyden to carve both his and Eleanor's likenesses for the tomb. Cordeiro, Luciano. Portuguezes fôra de Portugal. Uma sobrinha do infante, imperatriz da Allemanha e rainha da Hungria. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional, 1894. Fichtenau, Heinrich. Der junge Maximilian, 1459–82. Vienna: Verlag für Geschichte und Politik, 1959. Heinig, Paul Joachim, ed. Kaiser Friedrich III. (1440–1493) in seiner Zeit: Studien anlasslich des 500. Todestags am 19. August 1493/1993. Köln: Böhlau, 1993. Lanckmann, Nicolaus. Historia desponsationis, benedictionis et coronationis Imp. Friderici III et coniugis ipsius Eleonorae a. 1451. Trans. by Aires A. Nascimento. Lisbon: Edições Cosmos, 1992. Kendall W. Brown , Professor of History, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah "Eleanor of Portugal (1434–1467)." Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia. . Encyclopedia.com. (December 11, 2018). https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/eleanor-portugal-1434-1467 "Eleanor of Portugal (1434–1467)." Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia. . Retrieved December 11, 2018 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/eleanor-portugal-1434-1467	<urn:uuid:b420a766-e890-473d-aaf6-a7387f9602f0>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-51", "url": "https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/eleanor-portugal-1434-1467", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823702.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20181211194359-20181211215859-00548.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8975003957748413, "token_count": 1128, "score": 3, "int_score": 3 }
\|Long title\|\|A Statute of our Lord The King, concerning the Selling and Buying of Land.\| \|Citation\|\|18 Edw 1 c 1\| \|Repealed by\|\|Charities Act 1960\| \|Revised text of statute as amended\| Quia Emptores is a statute passed in the reign of Edward I of England in 1290 that prevented tenants from alienating their lands to others by subinfeudation, instead requiring all tenants who wished to alienate their land to do so by substitution. The statute, along with its companion statute of Quo Warranto, was intended to remedy land ownership disputes and consequent financial difficulties that had resulted from the decline of the traditional feudal system during the High Middle Ages. By effectively ending the practice of subinfeudation, Quia Emptores hastened the end of feudalism in England, which had already been on the decline for quite some time. Direct feudal obligations were increasingly being replaced by cash rents and outright sales of land which gave rise to the practice of livery and maintenance or bastard feudalism, the retention and control by the nobility of land, money, soldiers and servants via direct salaries, land sales and rent payments. This would later develop into one of the underlying causes of the Wars of the Roses, the English civil wars fought by the House of York and House of Lancaster for control of the English Crown from 1455 to 1485. By the mid-fifteenth century the major nobility, particularly the Houses of York and Lancaster, were able to assemble vast estates, considerable sums of money and large private armies on retainer through post-Quia Emptores land management practices and direct sales of land. The two noble Houses thus grew more powerful than the Crown itself, with the consequent wars between them for control of the realm. - 1 Background - 2 The statute - 3 Later history by jurisdiction - 4 See also - 5 Notes - 6 References - 7 External links Prior to the Norman Conquest of England in 1066, in the Anglo-Saxon era the law of land succession was customary. Land or folkland, as it was called, was held in allodial title by the group, meaning the group held the land. It was probably of little relevance when the titular head of the clan or family died. Traditional lands continued to be held in community by the group. The exact nature of allodialism as it existed in Anglo-Saxon England has been debated, but to no definitive end. On one side, it has been argued in the mark system, that Saxon allodialism was a highly idealistic socialist state. Countering this utopian view was Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges in his essay "The Origins of Property in Land", and Frederic William Maitland who found it to be inconsistent with extant Anglo-Saxon documents from pre-Norman times. After the Norman Conquest, the rule became one of primogeniture inheritance, meaning the eldest surviving son became the sole heir of the baronial estate. The intent of primogeniture inheritance was to keep large land holdings in the hands of a relatively few, trustworthy lords. The other sons could be accommodated by becoming under-lords to the surviving heir. The eldest would accept the younger brothers “in homage” in return for their allegiance. This was a process called subinfeudation. Even commoners could subinfeudate to their social inferiors. Large pieces of land were given to the great lords by the Norman Crown. Land title under William was a life tenure, meaning the land would pass back to the Crown upon the death of the lord. These lands were then subinfeudated to lesser lords. Landholdings in England were of this pattern: large land grants issued to the great lords by the Crown. These were divided up among the younger sons, who then subinfeudated to lesser lords and commoners. These in turn "accepted in homage" their lessers who held even smaller parcels of land. Determining who owed what feudal incidences filled the court dockets for generations. With the passage of time, land tenures came to be inherited by the survivors of the great lords upon their deaths. Accompanying the Norman change in inheritance was a recognition of the ability of even the lowest of landholders the right of inheritance. In the 12th century, this custom was extended to the commoners. It was discovered that granting an interest in the passage of land to their children, commoners would tend the land with greater economy. The children of tenants were assured their inheritance in the land. This also meant, as a practicality, the land could be sold or bequeathed to the Church. The ancient method of the Normans was a grant to the Church in frankalmoin. In English law after the Conquest, the lord remained a grantor after the grant of an estate in fee-simple. There was no land in England without its lord: "Nulle terre sans seigneur" was the feudal maxim. These grants were in turn subject to subinfeudation. The principal incidents of a seignory were an oath of fealty, a quit or chief rent; a relief of one year's quit rent, and the right of escheat. In return, for these privileges the lord was liable to forfeit his rights if he neglected to protect and defend the tenant or did anything injurious to the feudal relation. The word "fee" is associated with the Norman feudal system and is in contradistinction to the Anglo-Saxon allodial system. At the time of the Conquest, William I of England granted fiefs to his lords in the manner of a continental or feudal benefice which assured little beyond a life tenure. The English charters were careful to avoid saying the donee was to take the estate for life, or whether the heir was to have any rights. At this time, there is abundant evidence that lords refused to regrant on any terms to the deceased tenant's heirs; the deed phrase "to [A] and his heirs and assigns" is the product of efforts by purchasers to preserve such rights on behalf of those who might inherit or purchase the land from them. The practice of demanding a monetary payment for regranting of tenancy to the heirs quickly became the norm. If any of my earls, barons or other tenants in chief die, his heir shall not redeem his land as he did in the time of my brother (i.e. William II of England), but shall take it up with a just and lawful relief. The men of my barons shall take up (relevabunt) their lands from their lords with a just and lawful relief. Relief later was set at a rate per fee in the Magna Carta. By the time of Bracton, it was settled law that the word "fee" connoted inheritability and the maximum of legal ownership. Magna Carta and the Great Charter of 1217 The Magna Carta of 1215 gave little mention of the rights of alienation. It contained 60 chapters, and represented the extreme form of baronial demands. John managed to receive a bull from Pope Innocent III annulling the Magna Carta. Magna Carta was effective law for about nine weeks. King John of England died shortly after that in 1216. The council which ruled in the name of the infant Henry III of England re-issued the charter in 1216, this time with papal assent. It was very much modified in favor of the Crown. The third Great Charter in 1217 is the first document of a legislative kind that expressly mentioned any restraint of alienation in favor of the lord. It says: “No free man shall henceforth give or sell so much of his land as that out of the residue he may not sufficiently do to the lord of the fee the service which pertains to that fee.” It was determined during the minority rule of Henry III that the Crown should not be limited, hence the compromises seen in the Charters of 1216 and 1217. In 1225, Henry III came of age, and a fourth Great Charter was issued, which varied only slightly from the third Charter. The charter deals with Land Law in Chapters 7,32 and 36. The rights of widows were protected and landowners were forbidden to alienate so much of their land that the lord of the fee suffered detriment. Collusive gifts to the Church (which were frequently made in order to evade feudal service) were forbidden. Coke interprets this as though its only effect was to make the excessive gift voidable by the donor’s heir. It certainly could not be voided by the donor’s lord. This opinion was reiterated by Bracton. Alienation by serfs and peasants The use of land by tenants (serfs and peasants) was more difficult. Some families stayed on the land for generations. When the nominal head of the family died, it was usually of little consequence to the lord, or the owners of the title to the land. The practice of socage whereby the peasants pledged a payment (either in agricultural goods or money) for the privilege to inhabit and farm the land became the standard practice. After the payment, the peasant was considered "soked", that is, paid in full. It was discovered that agricultural land would be more economically tended if the peasants were assured an inheritance of the land to their descendants. This right to inherit was quickly followed by the right to alienation, i.e. the right to sell the inheritance to an outside party. Disputes arose when a family member wanted to leave inherited land to the Church, or wanted to sell the land to a third party. Questions concerning the rights of the overlord and the other family members were frequently heard in the courts prior to Quia Emptores. In general, it was held that a donor should pay the other parties who had an interest to give them relief. However, the results were haphazard and the rulings of various courts were patchwork, and there was little established stare decisis from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. This difficulty is illustrated in statements made by Ranulf de Glanvill (died 1190), the chief Justiciar of Henry II: Every freeman, therefore, who holds land can give a certain part in marriage with his daughter or any other woman whether he has an heir or not, and whether the heir is willing or not, and even against the opposition and claim of such an heir. Every man, moreover, can give a certain part of his free tenement to whomsoever he will as a reward to his service, or in charity to a religious place, in such wise that if seisin has followed upon the gift it shall remain perpetually to the donee and his heirs if it were granted by hereditary right. But if seisin did not follow upon the gift it cannot be maintained after the donor's death against the will of the heir, for it is to be construed rather than a true promise of a gift. It is moreover generally lawful for a man to give during his lifetime a reasonable part of his land to whomsoever he will according to his fancy, but this does not apply to deathbed gifts, for the donor might then, (if such gifts were allowed) make an improvident distribution of his patrimony as a result of a sudden passion or failing reason, as frequently happens. However, a gift made to anyone in a last will can be sustained if it was made with the consent of the heir and confirmed by him. It has been commented that this illustrates a desire in Glanvill's time to formalize the practices of the day, in which someone having a tenancy could dispose of his land before death. While several problems were addressed (land given in marriage, land given on a whim, or on a death bed), the rules were still vague, when compared to similar cases in contemporaneous France. In the latter, strict rules had arisen defining exact amounts which could be allotted in situations such as "alienation of one-third, or alienation of one-half" of a patrimony or conquest. Glanvill is imprecise, using terms such as "a reasonable amount" and "a certain part". The issue of alienation of serjeanty had been settled long before Quia Emptores. In 1198 the itinerant justices were directed to make an inquiry into the nature of the King's serjeanties. This was repeated in 1205 by King John who ordered the seizure of all Lancaster serjeanties, thegnages and dregnages that had been alienated since the time of Henry II of England. These could not be alienated without a royal license. The Charter of 1217 reaffirmed this doctrine. Henry III of England issued an important ordinance in 1256. In it the King asserted that it was an intolerable invasion of royal rights that men should without his special consent, enter by way of purchase or otherwise, the baronies and fees that were holden to him in chief. Anyone who defied the decree was subject to seizure by the sheriff. Later case law indicates jurists remained largely ignorant of this decree, which suggests the Crown was reluctant to enforce it. It became common practice to subinfeudate to the younger sons. There are cases from the time, in which a writ of the court was granted demanding that the eldest, inheriting son be forced to "accept in homage" the younger sons as a way of enforcing their subinfeudation. As there had been no survey of land titles since the Domesday Book over 200 years earlier, outright title to land had become seriously clouded in many cases and was often in dispute. The whole feudal structure was a patchwork of smaller land holders. Although the history of the major landholding lords is fairly well recorded, the nature of the smaller landholders has been difficult to reconstruct. Some direction toward order had been laid down in the Magna Carta, the Provisions of Oxford, and in the scanty legislation of Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester. Edward I set about to rationalize and modernize the law during his thirty-five year reign. The first period, from 1272–90 consisted of the enactment of Statute of Westminster 1275 (1275) and the Statute of Gloucester (1278), and the incorporation of recently conquered Wales into the realm. These were followed by the Statute Quo Warranto and the Statute of Mortmain (1279). The latter was designed to stop the increasing amount of lands which were ending up in Church ownership. The Statute of Westminster 1285 (1285) contained the clause De Donis Conditionalibus which shaped the system of entailing estates. The Statute of Winchester was passed in 1285. This was followed by the Statute Quia Emptores (1290), which was only about 500 words in length. Alienation prior to the Statute Quia Emptores It is the opinion of Pollock and Maitland that in the middle of the 13th century the tenant enjoyed a large power of disposing of his tenement by act inter vivos, though this was subject to some restraints in favor of his lord. Other opinions have been expressed. Coke regarded the English tradition as one of ancient liberty dictated by custom. The tenant had relative freedom to alienate all or part of his estate. Blackstone was of a differing conclusion. The “learning of feuds” started with the inalienability of the fief as a starting point. Gradually, the powers of the tenant grew at the expense of the lord. Pollock and Maitland believe Coke’s opinion to be the more valid one. Both views may have been true. Modern scholars may have given more weight to the written and declared law of the Normans than existed in reality. For some time, two kinds of alienation had been occurring. These were “substitution” and “subinfeudation”. In substitution, the tenant would alienate his land, and the attendant duties owed to the lord. After alienation, the tenant expected nothing from the new tenant, other than the price of the alienation. In subinfeudation, the new tenant would become a serf owing feudal duties to the person who alienated. The previous tenant would become the lord to the new tenant. Both these practices had the effect of denying the great lord of the land his rights of feudal estate. The bond of homage was between lord and servant. It was difficult for the medieval mind to think of this in any terms other than as a personal bond. The idea that a feudal bond could be bought or sold was repugnant to the ruling class. All the same, the practice of alienation of rights to the land had been going on in England for some centuries. A tenant who was accepted in homage by the lord could “subinfeudate” to one or more under tenants. It was difficult or impossible for the overlord to extract any services (such as knight service, rent, homage) from the new tenants. They had no bond to the overlord. Pollock and Maitland give the following example: In the case of subinfeudation, the old tenant was liable for services to the lord. If A enfoeffed to B to hold a knight's service, and then B enfoeffed C to hold as a rent of a pound of pepper per year; B dies leaving an heir within age; A is entitled to a wardship; but it will be worth very little: instead of being entitled to enjoy the land itself until the heir is of age, he will get a few annual pounds of pepper. Instead of enjoying the land by escheat, he will only receive a trifling rent. The Statute Quia Emptores, 1290 ended all subinfeudation and made all alienation complete. Once a sale of land was made, the new owner was responsible for all feudal incidents. Glanvill on alienation Glanvill gives no indication that a tenant needed the lord’s consent to alienate his rights to land. He does speak at length of the rights of expectant heirs, and this should cause some restraints on alienation. He also says the rights of the lord must be considered. It can be inferred from Glanvill that no substitution could occur without the consent of the lord. Bracton on alienation Bracton gives several examples of escheat occurring by a mesne lord (middle lord in the feudal structure): A enfeoffs B at a rent of 10 shillings. B enfeoffs C at a rent of 5 shillings. B dies without an heir. Is A entitled to 5, 10 or 15 shillings a year? While it can be argued that A is entitled to 15 shillings, it was Bracton’s opinion that A should only be awarded 10 shillings. A enfeoffs B at a rent of 5 shillings. B enfoeffs C at a rent of 10 shillings. B dies without an heir. Bracton thinks A is entitled to 10 shillings. Bracton held this problem to be without solution: Is A entitled to the wardship of C’s heir, if C held of B in socage, and B, whose rights have escheated to A, and held of A by knight’s service. The worst case occurred when the tenant made a gift of frankalmoin - a gift of land to the Church. A wardship would be of no value at all. An escheat of the land (a reclamation of the land by the overlord) would allow the owner to take control of the land. But the act of placing the land in frankalmoin left it in the hands of a group of lawyers or others who allowed the use of the land by a Church organization. The overlord would have nominal control of the corporation which had never entered into a feudal homage arrangement. The corporation owed nothing to the overlord. Bracton was sympathetic to this arrangement. According to him the lord is not really injured. His rights to the land remain unscathed. It is true they have been significantly diminished. He had suffered damnum, but there had been no iniuria. Bracton was of the opinion that a gift of land to the Church could be voided by the heirs, but not the lord. Throughout his work, Bracton shows a prejudice in favor of free alienation. Concerning subinfeudation, he argues that it does no wrong, though it may clearly do damage to the lords on occasion. It has been difficult to determine how much of this opinion is based on Bracton’s prejudice, and how much it corresponded to actual practice. Bracton considers this problem: A enfoeffs to B to hold by a certain service and that B enfoeffs to C to hold the whole or part of the tenement by a less service. The law permits A to distrain C for the service due from B, but this violated equity. Then as to substitutions, even when B has done homage to A, nevertheless B may give A a new tenant by enfoeffing C to hold of A, and C will then hold of A whether A is agreeable to it or not. Bracton does not even expressly allow A to object that C is his personal enemy, or too poor to do the service. Pollock and Maitland consider this remarkable since Bracton does allow that the lord cannot substitute for himself in the bond of homage a new lord who is the enemy of the tenant, or too needy to fulfill the duties of warranty. The Statute Quia Emptores, 1290, ended subinfeudation. Quia Emptores was a kind of legislative afterthought meant to rectify confusion in: - land tenure - mesne lords - petty serjeanty - economic delution It indirectly affected the practices of: - distraint (also called: distress or districtio), previously legislated for in the Statute of Marlborough (1267) The statute provided that subtenants could not be allowed to alienate land to other persons while retaining the nominal possession and feudal rights over it. The seller had to relinquish all rights and duties to the new buyer, and retained nothing. This was the end of subinfeudation. The middle lords or mesne lords (who could be common persons) and had granted land for service to those lower on the social scale could no longer come into existence. After Quia Emptores, every existing seignory must have been created prior to the enactment of the statute. The old feudal sequence was: the King granted land to a great lord, who then granted to lesser lords or commoners, who in turn repeated the process, becoming lesser lords (mesne lords) themselves. This was subinfeudation. The effect was to make the transfer of land a completely commercial transaction, and not one of feudalism. There were no provisions placed upon the Crown. Quia Emptores mandated that when land was alienated, the grantee was required to assume all tax and feudal obligations of the original tenant, known as substitution. Quia Emptores addressed the question of outright sales of land rights. It declared that every freeman might sell his tenement or any part of it, but in such a manner that the feoffee should hold the same lord and by the same services, of whom and by which the feoffor held. In case only a part was sold, the services were to be apportioned between the part sold and the part retained in accordance with their quantities. Nothing in the statutes addressed the King's rights, and tenants in chief of the crown continued to need royal license to alienate their estates. On the contrary, at the time the right of alienation by substitution was being set in Statute, the King's claim to restrain any alienation by his tenants was strengthened. Quia Emptores ended the ancient practice of frankalmoign whereby lands could be donated to a Church organization to be held in perpetuity. Frankalmoign created a tenure whereby the holder (the Church) was exempt from all services, except trinoda necessitas. Quia Emptores allowed no new tenure in frankalmoign, except by the Crown. The issues arising from frankalmoign had been addressed by the Statute of Mortmain. Quia Emptores took Mortmain one step further by banning outright, the formation of new tenures, except by the Crown. The questions inevitably arise about the Statute Quia Emptores: was it proactive or reactive? And who benefited: King, lords or free tenants? Historians are still divided. But it is logical to conclude that Quia Emptores attempted to formalize practices of exchanging money for land, which had been going on for some centuries. There were other problems in inheritance which had festered since the time of William I. In a proclamation from 1066, William swept away the entire tradition of familial or allodial inheritance by claiming that "every child be his father's heir." The reality was different, and resulted in primogeniture inheritance. The reorganization of the country along the lines of feudalism was both shocking and difficult. Traitors forfeited their land to the Crown. This principle was designed to weaken opposition to the Crown. Frequently, it punished innocent members of the traitor's family. This was not popular. There was a saying from Kent: "Father to the bough, son to the plough (the father hanged for treason, the son continues to work the land)." The rule in Kent was that confiscated lands would be restored to the innocent family members. Seized lands throughout England were often restored to the family, despite what royal decrees may have indicated. It is arguable that the institution of inheritance and subsequent alienation rights by tenants ended feudalism in England. Quia Emptores only formalized that end. In essence, feudalism was turned on its head. The ones with the apparent rights were the tenant class, while the great lords were still beholden to the Crown. In the opinion of Pollack and Maitland, it is a mistake to conclude that Quia Emptores was enacted in the interest of the great lords. The one person who had all to gain and nothing to lose was the King. The Statute was considered a compromise. It allowed a continuance of the practice of selling (alienating) land, tenancy, rights and privileges for money or other value, but by substitution. One tenant could be replaced by many. In this, the great lords were forced to concede to the right of alienation to the tenants. They had been at risk of losing their services by apportionment and economic dilution. This practice had been going on for some time. Quia Emptores merely attempted to rationalize and control these practices. The great lords gained by ending the practice of subinfeudation with its consequent depreciation of escheat, wardship and marriage. History would indicate the great lords were winners as well as the Crown, since land bought from lowly tenants had a tendency to stay within their families, as has been noted above. The process of escheat was affected by Quia Emptores. Expulsion of tenants from the land for failure to perform was always a difficult idea, and usually necessitated a lengthy court battle. The lord who escheated could not profit from the land, and had to hold it open for the tenant who could fulfill the obligation at a future date. Quia Emptores laid out, with some definition which had previously been lacking in the issue of tenures. In a sense, the old stereotypes were locked in place. Every feoffment made by a new tenant could not be in frankalmoign, since the donee was a layman; it would be reckoned by the laws of socage. Socage grew at the expense of frankalmoign. The tenant in chief could not alienate without the license of the King. Petty serjeanty came to be treated as "socage in effect". Later history by jurisdiction England and Wales The statute of Quia Emptores does not apply to the creation of a leasehold estate or sub-letting, as a leasehold estate is not considered a feudal estate being neither inheritable or capable of existing forever. The statute was repealed in Ireland by the Land and Conveyancing Law Reform Act, 2009. Colonial America and the United States - Grants of the English Colonies - De Peyster v. Michael, New York - Van Renssalaer v. Hayes, New York - Miller v. Miller, Kansas - Mandelbaum v. McDonnell, Michigan - Cuthbert v. Kuhn, Pennsylvania - New York State Constitution The English colonies in North America were founded upon royal grants or licenses. Specifically, British colonization of North America was by charter colony or proprietary colony. In this sense, they were founded upon the principles outlined by Quia Emptores. The territories were granted under conditions by which English law controlled private estates of land. The colonies were royal grants. An entire province, or any part of it, could be leased, sold or otherwise disposed of like a private estate. In 1664, the Duke of York sold New Jersey to Berkeley and Carteret. The sale was effected by deeds of lease and release. In 1708, William Penn mortgaged Pennsylvania, and under his will devising the province legal complications arose which necessitated a suit in chancery. Over time, Quia Emptores was suspended in the colonies. Arguably, certain aspects of it may still be in effect in some of the original colony states such as New York, Virginia, Maryland and Pennsylvania. However, like everything else involving Quia Emptores, opinion varies, and some element of confusion reigns. Some U.S. state court decisions have dealt with Quia Emptores. Prominent among these was the 1852 New York case of De Peyster v. Michael. There the court record is useful in describing the nature of English feudalism: "At common law a feoffment in fee did not originally pass an estate in the sense in which the term is now understood. The purchaser took only a usufructary interest, without the power of alienation in prejudice of the lord. In default of heirs, the tenure became extinct and the land reverted to the lord. Under the system of English feudal tenures, all lands in the Kingdom, were supposed to be holden mediately or immediately of the King who was styled the 'lord paramount', or above all. Such tenants as held under the King immediately, when they granted out portions of their lands to inferior persons, also became lords with respect to those inferior persons, since they were still tenants with respect to the King, and thus partaking of a middle nature were called "mesne' or 'middle lords'. So, if the King granted a manor to A and A granted a portion of the land to B, now B was said to hold of A, and A of the King; or in other words, B held his lands immediately of A and mediately of the King. The King was therefore styled 'Lord Paramount'; A was both tenant and lord, or a mesne lord, and B was called 'tenant paravail', or the lowest tenant. Out of the feudal tenures or holdings sprung certain rights and incidents, among those which were fealty and escheat. Both these were incidents of socage tenure. Fealty is the obligation of fidelty which the tenant owed to the lord. Escheat was the reversion of the estate on a grant in fee simple upon a failure of the heirs of the owner. Fealty was annexed to and attendant on the reversion. They were inseparable. These incidents of feudal tenure belonged to the lord of whome the lands were immediately holden, that is to say, to him of whom the owner for the time being purchased. These grants were called subinfeudations." In this case, the New York court offered the opinion that Quia Emptores had never been effect in the colonies. A different opinion was rendered by the New York court in the 1859 case of Van Rensselaer v. Hays (19 NY 68) where is was written that Quia Emptores had always been in effect in New York and all the colonies. There, the court noted: "In the early vigor of the feudal system, a tenant in fee could not alienate the feud without the consent of the immediate superior; but this extreme rigor was soon afterward relaxed, and it was avoided by the practice of subinfeudation, which consisted in the tenant enfeoffing another to hold of himself by the fealty and such services as might be reserved by the act of feoffment. Thus, a new tenure was created upon every alienation; and thus there arose a series of lords of the same lands, the first called the 'chief lord' holding immediately of the sovereign, the next grade holding of them, and so on, each alienation creating another lord and another tenant. This practice was considered detrimental to the great lords, since it deprived them to a certain extent the fruits of their tenure, such as escheats, marriages,wardships and the like." From 28 Am Jur 2nd Estates section 4: "The effect of Statute Quia Emptores is obvious. By declaring that every freeman might sell his lands at his own pleasure, it removed the feudal restraint which prevented the tenant from selling his land without the license of his grantor, who was his feudal lord. Hence by virtue of the Statute, passed in 1290, subinfeudation was abolished and all persons except the King's tenants in capite were left at liberty to alien all or any part of their lands at their own pleasure and discretion. Quia Emptores is by express wording, extended only to the lands held in fee simple. Included in its applications, however are leases in fee and fee farmlands. Property in the U. S., with few exceptions, is allodial. This is by virtue of state constitutional provisions, organic territorial acts incorporated into legal systems of states subsequently organized, statutes and decisions of the courts. They are subject to escheat only in the event of failure of successors in ownership." In the 1913 case of Miller v. Miller, the Kansas court stated: "Feudal tenures do not and cannot exist. All tenures in Kansas are allodial." The Supreme Court of Michigan expressed the opinion that whether Statute Quia Emptores ever became effectual in any part of the United States by express or implied adoption or as part of the common law did not have to be ascertained. It was clear that no such statute was ever needed in Michigan or in any of the western states, because no possibility of reverter or escheat in the party converying an estate ever existed. At all times, escheat could only accrue to the sovereign, which in Michigan, is the state. The Statute Quia Emptores was stated not to be in effect in the state of Pennsylvania in Cuthbert v. Kuhn The New York Constitution makes any question of Quia Emptores moot by stating: "all lands within this state are declared allodial, so that, subject only to liability to escheat, the entire and absolute property is vested in the owners, according to the nature of their respective estates." Legacy of Quia Emptores in United States Law Although it is a matter of debate whether Quia Emptores was the effective law within the colonies, the effect of the Statute is still present in United States land laws. Without a doubt, the U.S. Constitution, and various state constitutions and legislative acts have made Quia Emptores moribund in fact. But the language of land law still sounds medieval, and takes its concepts from the time of Edward I and before. The following list of words common in U.S. land law are from Norman England (with their modern meaning in the United States): - Alienation - "a sale" - Appurtenant - "belonging to" - Damnum absque injuria - "injury without wrong" - Demise - "to lease" or "let" premises - Enfeoff - "to give land to another" - Estate - "an interest in land" - Feoffee - "a party to whom a fee is conveyed" - Feoffment - "physical delivery of possession of land by feoffeor to the feofee" - Leasehold - "an estate in land held under a lease" - Livery of seisin - "delivery of possession" - Purchase - "voluntary transfer of property" - Seisin - "possession of a freehold estate" - Tenant - "one who holds or occupies the land under some kind of right or title" - Writ of Fieri Facias - "writ of execution on the property of a judgment debtor" The terms "fee", "fee tail", "fee tail estate", "fee tail tenant", "fee simple" and the like are essentially the same as they were defined in De Donis Conditionalibus in 1285. There are four kinds of deeds in common usage: - warranty deed, which contains covenants for title. - special warranty deed in which the grantor only covenants to warrant and defend the title. - deed without covenants in which the grantor purports to convey in fee simple - quitclaim deed in which the grantor makes no covenants for title but grants all rights, title and interest. - Plucknett, T, “Concise History of the Common Law”, p. 712- 724, Little, Brown and Co. 1956 - Stubbs Select Charters and Robertson, Laws of the Kings of England - Plucknett, T. “Concise History of the Common Law”, p. 22-23, Little, Brown and Company, Boston, 1956 - Charter 1217, c. 39 - Coke, 2nd Inst. 65 - Plucknett, p. 23, ibid. - Plucknett, p. 24, ibid. - Charter, 1217, c. 39 - Coke, 2nd Inst. 65 - P & M, Vol . 1 p. 332, ibid. - Bracton, f. 169 b, Notebook pl. 1248 - Glanvill, vii, 1, restated in Plucknett p, 526 - Pollock and Maitland vol. 1, pp. 335–6 - Pollock and Maitland, History of English Law, Vol 1., p. 329, Cambridge University Press, 1968 - Coke, 2nd Inst. 65; Co. Lit. 43a - Wright, Tenures, 154 - Gilbert, Tenures, p. 51-52 - Blackstone, Com. Ii, 71-2 - Pollock and Maitland, Vol 1, p. 329, ibid. - P & M, p. 129 ibid. - Pollock and Maitland, p. 330-331, ibid. - Glanvill, vii. 1 - Dr. Brunner, Pol. Science Quarterly, xi. 339 - P & M p. 332, ibid. - Bracton, f. 23, passage “addicio” - Bracton, f. 23 - Bracton, f.48 - Bracton, f. 45 b, 46 - Bracton, f. 169; Notebook pl. 1248 - Bracton f. 45 b-46 b - P & M, p. 332, ibid. - P & M, p. 332, ibid. - Bracton f. 21 b - Bracton, f. 81 - P & M, Vol. 1 p. 333, ibid. - Bracton, f. 82 - Pollock and Maitland vol. 1, p. 337 - Pollock and Maitland, vol. 1, pp. 218–230 - Pollock and Maitland, vol 1, p. 337 - Pollock and Maitland vol. 1 pp. 355–366 - Megarry, Wade and Harpum (2012), The Law of Real Property (8th Edition), 3-015 (p.42) - 6,NY 467; quoted in 28 Am. Jur 2nd Estates, §§ 3 and 4 - Case text repeated in 28 Am Jur 2nd Estates §§ 3 and 4 - Miller v. Miller, 91 Kan 1, 136 P 953 - Mandelbaum v. McDonell, 29 Michigan 78 - 3 Whart. Pa 357 - New York State Constitution Article 1; 12 - 28 American Jurisprudence 2nd Estates - 61 American Jurisprudence 2nd Perpetuities and Restraints on Alienation - Henderson, E. F., Select Historical Documents of the Middle Ages, George Bell and Sons, London, 1910 (pp. 149–150) - Holdsworth, W. S., A History of English Law, Little, Brown and Co., Boston, 1927 - Holdsworth, W. S., Some Makers of English Law, The Tagore Series, 1937–1938, Cambridge University Press, 1938 - Kirkalfy, A. K. R. Potter's Historical Introduction to English Law and Its Institutions, Sweet and Maxwell Ltd. London, 1962 - Plucknett, Theodore, A Concise History of the Common Law, Fifth Edition, Little, Brown and Company, Boston, 1956 - Pollock and Maitland, The History of the English Law, Second Edition, Cambridge University Press, 1968. Specifically, from Volume 1, pp. 332–335; 337; 354–356; 608–610; Volume 2 pp. 292–294 - Robertson, A. J., Laws of the Kings of England, Cambridge University Press, 1925 - Roebuck, Derek, Background of the Common Law, Oxford, 1990 - Stoner, James R., Common Law and Liberal Theory, University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kansas, 1992 - Stubbs, W. H., Select Charters and the Illustrations of English Constitutional History, Clarendon Press, 1903 - The Origins of Property in Land Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges (McMaster University) - Lyall, Andrew, "Quia Emptores in Ireland" in Liber memorialis: Professor James C. Brady, Round Hall Sweet & Maxwell, 2001, pp. 275–294. - Quia Emptores legal history - Quia Emptores (Yale) - Text of the Quia Emptores as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from the UK Statute Law Database	<urn:uuid:3bd8be75-618f-41f3-858c-6aa7e9a2f46b>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-35", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quia_Emptores", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645311026.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031511-00175-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9669104814529419, "token_count": 9041, "score": 3.3125, "int_score": 3 }
September 5, 2001 The summer of 2000 was a hot one in Mesa Verde National Park in southwestern Colorado. Not only was the weather hot and dry, but two lightning-ignited fires roared through forests of pinon pine, Utah juniper and Gambel oak, scorching 21,061 acres in the park and another 7,786 acres nearby. The Bircher Fire in the northeast corner burned from July 20 to July 29. Wetherill Mesa suffered heavy damage from the Pony Fire, which burned from Aug. 2 to Aug. 11. Luckily, the famous prehistoric cliff dwellings and pueblos suffered very little damage. Mesa Verde National Park was established in 1906 for the “preservation … of the sites and other works and relics of prehistoric man … ” and is recognized as a World Heritage Site. Dwellings tucked in cliff alcoves typify the well-preserved ancient structures. Pithouses and pueblos lie spread across the mesa tops. Ancestral Puebloans thrived in this area from about 550 A.D. to 1300 A.D. More than 4,000 prehistoric sites have been identified within the park. Vegetation may still hide others. Fire is common in Mesa Verde. The Park Point fire lookout receives more lightning strikes than anywhere else except one location in Florida, according to Will Morris, chief of interpretation at Mesa Verde. Much of the vegetation in the park is Gambel oak, pinon and juniper forests. Pinon-juniper forest tends to be fire-resistant. Typically, one tree ignites, less than one acre burns, and the fire puts itself out. However, if conditions are right, the fire will spread, especially if the wind kicks up and tree crowns ignite. Interspersed Gambel oak is very flammable. Since 1906, small fires have been suppressed by humans, probably contributing to the intensity of recent fires by creating an abnormal amount of fuels such as dense forests and tall undergrowth. The park continues its “no-burn” policy because there is only one road in the park and because of the wealth of archaeological sites. Major fires occurred in the park in 1934, 1959, 1972, 1989 and 1996 — all started by lightning. Ancient inhabitants built their dwellings with sandstone blocks and log beams, and chipped their stories (petroglyphs) into sandstone walls. Fire inside the structures can burn ladders and beams. Packrat middens within sites are very flammable. Intense heat can bake the sandstone until it spalls, or peels off in layers, damaging petroglyphs and building stones. While the summer 2000 fires raged, archaeologists donned their firefighting gear and accompanied fire crews, scouting for cultural remains as they tried to contain the voracious flames. They recommended locations for fire lines, trying to avoid any sites. If a fire line couldn’t be moved, they hurriedly noted a site’s location. The archaeologists’ knowledge of Mesa Verde’s terrain proved invaluable during firefighting efforts. Wetherill Mesa suffered the most damage in terms of destruction of modern buildings. The Pony Fire devastated day-use facilities including rest rooms, a ranger station and visitor shelter. Four shelters that protected ancient pithouses and early pueblos were also destroyed, but the sites suffered no damage. The fire threatened several cliff dwellings, but only charred a few ladders in Step House and spalled some rock in the alcove. The ancient building stones remained unharmed. A bridge on the entrance trail was destroyed. At Mug House, the fire reached the alcove’s lip, but didn’t enter the dwellings. The fire burned above Long House, then below, but didn’t enter the alcove itself. The Bircher Fire burned in some areas that had not been surveyed for archaeological sites. Valiant efforts by firefighters saved Morefield Campground from this fire. Prater Ridge Trail near the campground was scheduled to reopen in mid-summer after trail maintenance work is completed. The Park Point fire lookout was protected before the Bircher Fire raced over it. The lack of fuel in the adjoining area that is recovering from the 1996 fire actually helped end this large fire. About 23,000 acres of wildlife habitat were lost, including some Mexican spotted owl territory on the south end. An errant slurry drop killed fish in the Mancos River. On the positive side, the fire created edge habitat for mountain lions and ravens. After the conflagration, a U.S. Department of the Interior Burned Area Emergency Rehabilitation (BAER) Team of scientists arrived to analyze the impact of the fires and suppression efforts and to recommend appropriate mitigation to prevent further damage. Their lengthy report documented damage to cultural and natural resources and infrastructure and prescribed rehabilitation measures. Funding of $3.2 million was then provided to Mesa Verde to start the proposed work that will take three to five years to complete. The BAER team also worked with the Ute Mountain tribe to assess the devastation and mitigate damage to soil, wildlife habitat and archaeological sites on the 6,808 acres that burned on their land south of the park. Another $301,000 will help the Utes and U.S. Bureau of Land Management with rehabilitation on their lands. Newly exposed mesa top sites pose the biggest potential problem. “After a fire, the No. 1 culprit is erosion,” said Morris. “Any rain can erode walls and wash away artifacts taking them out of historical context for archaeologists. Rain can loosen roots of burned trees, which can fall over and knock down dwelling walls.” An additional 35 archaeologists have been hired to assess damage, document exposed sites, and enter data into a database. After the 1996 Chapin #5 fire, 372 new sites were found. That fire burned close to 5,000 acres. The park anticipates 1,000 new sites may be found after the fires of 2000. In seven weeks in the fall of 2000, treatment crews worked in lower Morefield Canyon and Prater Ridge near Morefield Campground. Telephone and utility cables and two miles of guardrail were replaced. Crews worked on Wetherill Mesa this spring before it opened to the public on Memorial Day weekend. Mitigation includes installing logs to stop erosion near any unprotected site and recording present status with a goal to stabilize it in its current condition. Building mortar may be replaced and water diverted to prevent flash floods across the site. Any exposed artifacts are documented. If human remains were uncovered by the fire, the crew reburies them in accordance with instructions given by tribal elders. Human remains are usually covered with soil and excelsior. Morris added that exotic plant species such as Canada thistle and knapweed present a major problem after a fire. They grow in disturbed soil, out-competing native plant species and creating problems for animals dependent on the native plants. The BAER team recommended where to re-seed depending on slope, aspect and growth potential. The team identified appropriate species by location. Native seed, grown at a local nursery, was dropped by helicopter in the fall of 2000. Luckily, a snowstorm quickly followed, which helped soak the seeds into the ground. On Wetherill Mesa, newly seeded grass sprouted this spring. By quickly restoring native vegetation, exotic species will have less chance to become established. The thick pinon and juniper forest that once blanketed Wetherill Mesa may take up to 300 years to re-grow. The forest will naturally re-seed itself. Gambel oak regenerates from its own root system. Fire may actually stimulate its growth. Already this spring, tender shoots sprouted next to burned bushes, an interesting contrast of green and black. On Wetherill Mesa, a new visitor shelter, including snack bar, information desk, bookstore and first-aid area, is ready for summer visitors. Shade structures were erected since trees no longer provide an escape from the intense summer sun. The tram is running and tours are being conducted in Step House and Long House. The trail to Nordenskioeld Ruin No. 16 was rebuilt in places. Fuel reduction programs started in the park in 1993 and will continue. Trees have been thinned to 12-foot spacing not far from park headquarters on Chapin Mesa. Vegetation in front of Spruce Tree House, the best-preserved site in the park, had already been thinned to prevent a fire from entering the alcove and damaging the structures. Ironically, the day Bircher Fire started, a management plan to thin vegetation in front of 23 other cliff dwellings was approved. Typically, dense, high Gambel oak within 20 meters of the alcoves is trimmed, sometimes to root level. After the Pony Fire, where flames stopped at alcove lips, it appeared that thinning near alcoves might not be as critical as first thought. However, reduction will continue to assure the dwellings won’t be endangered by future fires. The Pony Fire was nature’s way of clearing vegetation in front of Step House and Long House. This summer, on June 30, over 500 lightning strikes hit within a 10-mile radius of Chapin Mesa, location of cliff dwellings and the Chapin Mesa Archaeological Museum, the 30-million object artifact collection. The storm produced no rain, and more than six fires were spotted that evening. Two fires were quickly extinguished. With over 50 percent of the park burned by the 1996 and 2000 fires and with a very dry spring, park fire managers knew a fire on lower Chapin Mesa could quickly endanger visitors, employees, and archaeological artifacts and sites. A Wildland Fire Situation Analysis was completed, and fuel break was created along the Mesa Verde/Ute Mountain Ute boundary. The park superintendent and Ute Mountain Ute Tribal Council chairman agreed to the recommendation to better protect the visitors, staff and archaeological treasures of both the Ute Mountain Tribal Park and Mesa Verde National Park. The fuel break will be 400 feet wide and 1.28 miles long between Navajo Canyon and Cliff Canyon. Trees within 50 feet of the park/tribal border will be removed on both sides. In the next 150 feet on both sides, trees will be thinned to a 25-foot spacing. This fireline is designed to provide more options to control future fires. Mesa Verde National Park’s archaeological treasures were unaffected by the intense fires of summer 2000. In the fire’s wake, a terrific fire ecology classroom has been created. Part of nature’s cycle, fire creates a natural mosaic. Not only can visitors see the world-renowned Ancestral Puebloan sites, but they can also watch nature renewing itself after three major fires in five years. Story and photos by Maryann Gaug	<urn:uuid:3ff19f67-868b-4405-a11c-d25b8b4565d3>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-34", "url": "http://cyberwest.com/mesa_verde_fires/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221210133.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20180815141842-20180815161842-00081.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9474455118179321, "token_count": 2242, "score": 3.53125, "int_score": 4 }
ERIC Identifier: ED282346 Publication Date: 1985-00-00 Author: Nelson, Erik Source: ERIC Clearinghouse on Educational Management Eugene OR. School Consolidation. ERIC Digest, Number Thirteen. School consolidation is the practice of combining two or more schools for educational or economic benefits. A consolidated school can offer an expanded curriculum and a more prominent identity in the community while reducing costs through economy of scale. On the other hand, consolidation can incur numerous liabilities, especially if the schools to be closed are the sole providers of HOW PREVALENT IS SCHOOL CONSOLIDATION? The trend toward consolidation of one-room schools began in l918 as a reaction to perceived academic weakness in rural and small schools. Statistics reveal the tremendous rate of school consolidations. Ravitch (l984) reports that, while total enrollment in elementary and secondary schools nearly doubled from l945 to l980 (from 23 million to 40 million), the number of schools dropped from l85,000 to under 86,000. During the l970s the number of schools in the country declined 5 percent. WHAT FACTORS CONTRIBUTE TO CONSOLIDATION? School consolidations have been justified on two primary grounds: the "bigger is better" philosophy and economic efficiency. The most powerful inducement for school consolidation is the claim that one big school is better than two smaller schools; bigger schools provide a wider range of curricular and extracurricular Because school systems seldom have enough money, arguments based on economic efficiency have also been a powerful force propelling the school consolidation movement. In recents years, declining enrollments have been a further incentive WHAT ARE THE POSITIVE EFFECTS OF SCHOOL CONSOLIDATION? Consolidation of schools has both curricular and financial advantages. First, it often enables the consolidated schools to share courses and facilities. Sharing results in a more varied curriculum because fewer classes are dropped due to low enrollment. Expenditures for capital improvements and basic maintenance are reduced because there is no need to upgrade or maintain Because consolidation often combines classes and increases their size, fewer teachers need to be employed. Consolidated schools, moreover, do not normally employ as many administrative personnel as did the separate schools. Consolidation of schools also can produce psychological benefits. When combined, schools often gain a confidence and an identity in the community they did not previously possess (Kay 1982). Sports programs and extracurricular activities flourish in consolidated schools because of combined funding. WHAT ARE THE LIABILITIES OF CONSOLIDATION? Some educators (for example, Beckner and O'Neal 1980) stress the benefits of small schools and, thus, question the effectiveness of school consolidations. They suggest that small schools are able to perform functions that are impossible in larger schools. Small schools usually provide closer relations between faculty and administration, a smaller teacher-pupil ratio, and an enhanced potential for individualized instruction. Opponents of school consolidation suggest that combining schools often produces more harm than good, for the following reasons: --More red tape --Less participation in decision-making by teachers and adminstrators --More tension between teachers and students --Fewer situations for bringing about change --More time, effort, money devoted to discipline problems --Less parent-teacher involvement --Less human contact, producing frustration and alienation and weakening morale of both students and school staff WHAT FACTORS SHOULD BE CONSIDERED BEFORE CONSOLIDATION? According to Kay (1982), a leading research analyst in the school consolidation field, a school system "considering consolidation ought to investigate the nature, extent, and strength of other community institutions and social service agencies serving any community facing possible loss of its In places where the school is the sole source of community services, loss of the schools would be greatly felt. School officials in such cases should be reluctant to consolidate. Conversely, communities with strong networks of organizations and facilities are better equipped to withstand the loss of schools through consolidation. Finally, only discussion and debate can determine the proper weight to be given to all elements of the consolidation issue. Concerns for economic efficiency and school size must not outweigh the effect of school consolidation on the community. Only by granting equal importance to all the major factors can decision-makers ensure that "narrow concerns about formal schooling do not unconsciously override broader educational concerns and the general well-being of the community to which those broader educational concerns are intimately connected" (Kay 1982). FOR MORE INFORMATION Beckner, Weldon, and Linda O'Neal. "A New View of Smaller Schools." NASSP BULLETIN 64 (October l980):1-7. Brantley, William E. "Consolidating High Schools: One District's Answer." SPECTRUM l (Spring l983):15-22. Burlingame, Martin. DECLINING ENROLLMENTS AND SMALL RURAL CITIES AND DISTRICTS: AN EXPLORATORY ANALYSIS. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, March 27-3l, l978. ED 151 127. Cuban, Larry. "Shrinking Enrollment and Consolidation: Political and Organizational Impacts in Arlington, Virginia l973-78." EDUCATION AND URBAN SOCIETY 11 (May l979):367-395. Greene, Robert T., and others. "Richmond's Progressive Solution to Decling Enrollments." PHI DELTA KAPPAN 6l (May l980):6l6-6l7. Kay, Steve. "Considerations in Evaluating School Consolidation Proposals." SMALL SCHOOL FORUM 4 (Fall l982):8-10. Ravitch, Diane. "What We've Accomplished Since WWII." PRINCIPAL 63 (January	<urn:uuid:07fb63c5-6e94-4ab2-a6dd-a61eb5e9a511>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23", "url": "http://www.ericdigests.org/pre-925/school.htm", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997892806.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025812-00073-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9096139073371887, "token_count": 1313, "score": 3.171875, "int_score": 3 }
Efficient Heat Exchanger, it’s all in the Pipes Valerio Marra January 3, 2013 Nature is full of counter-intuitive phenomena; I’m fascinated by everyday examples like the one we talked about this summer, sinking bubbles in a pint of Guinness, but I have to say that engineering has its fair share of such examples too. The concept of heat exchange in coaxial pipes struck me as a student, as it showed me the relentless tinkering attitude typical of engineers wanting to optimize their design. In this kind of heat exchanger both streams, hot and cold, may flow in the same direction (parallel-flow) but normally engineers prefer to reverse the direction of one stream (counter-flow), as they have found it to be more efficient. The simplicity of this design idea is striking; it’s not at all intuitive for a young engineer-to-be. Sketch of a coaxial heat exchanger. Before we can answer that, we must answer another question: What is the meaning of more efficient design in this context? Well, it means that the average temperature difference along the pipes in the counter-flow case is greater than in the case of parallel-flow or, using heat transfer jargon, the logarithmic mean temperature difference (LMTD) is higher. This design enables the two streams to exchange more heat within the same pipe length (see plot below). That, of course, leads to a material-reduction and in turn lower costs. Designing a Heat Exchanger When designing a heat exchanger there are several parameters that need to be determined. Such as the required exchanger area, or the minimum mass flow rate that guarantees the desired temperature profile. The handling of turbulent transport properties and temperature-dependent materials should also be taken into account. Lots of handbooks, nomograms, equations, and the like are available to this aim. These tools are very helpful in the early design stage, but they lead to cumbersome, error-prone, and lengthy calculations while also relying on simplifying assumptions. In order to verify the design and optimize the proposed solution, the engineer must look to simulation. Given a coaxial counter-flow heat exchanger where all its geometrical properties, fluid and solid properties, inlet temperatures, and inlet mass flow rates are fixed, which is (a) the outlet temperature of the hot stream for a length of 12, 36, 60 m, respectively; (b) the length needed for an outlet temperature stream of 73 °C? Take into account the turbulent nature of the streams, pipe’s surface roughness, and temperature-dependent material properties. Consider the fully developed streams. After setting up the model I solved problem (a) by using a parametric sweep and problem (b) by using one of the brand new gradient-free optimization methods. The total simulation time for both problems was under 2 minutes, and you can see the results in the figures below. I’m quite happy with the results, and I didn’t have to rely on any rough simplifying assumptions. I feel confident it’s a good design.	<urn:uuid:86ceb07a-d1ab-4ff8-96f1-89969259aa68>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-04", "url": "https://www.comsol.es/blogs/efficient-heat-exchanger-its-all-in-the-pipes/?setlang=1", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583660020.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20190118090507-20190118112507-00314.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9322240352630615, "token_count": 653, "score": 2.765625, "int_score": 3 }
January 28 incident This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. (January 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) \|January 28 incident\| The Chinese 19th Route Army in a defensive position. \|Commanders and leaders\| 19th Route Army: Jiang Guangnai\| 5th Army: Zhang Zhizhong Commander: Yoshinori Shirakawa\| Chief of staff: Kanichiro Tashiro 19th Route Army\| Shanghai Expeditionary Army\| Imperial Japanese Navy \|Casualties and losses\| \|13,000, including 4,000 KIA\|\|5,000, including 3,000+ KIA\| The January 28 incident or Shanghai incident (January 28 – March 3, 1932) was a conflict between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan, before official hostilities of the Second Sino-Japanese War commenced in 1937. In Chinese literature it is known as the January 28 incident (simplified Chinese: 一·二八事变; traditional Chinese: 一·二八事變; pinyin: Yī Èrbā Shìbiàn), while in Western sources it is often called the Shanghai War of 1932 or the Shanghai incident. In Japan it is known as the first Shanghai incident, alluding to the second Shanghai incident, which is the Japanese name for the Battle of Shanghai that occurred during the opening stages of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937. After the Mukden Incident, Japan had acquired the vast northeastern region of China and would eventually establish the puppet government of Manchukuo. However, the Japanese military planned to increase Japanese influence further, especially into Shanghai where Japan, along with the various western powers, had extraterritorial rights. In order to provide a casus belli to justify further military action in China, the Japanese military instigated seemingly anti-Japanese incidents. On January 18, five Japanese Buddhist monks, members of an ardently nationalist sect, were beaten near Shanghai's Sanyou Factory (simplified Chinese: 三友实业社; traditional Chinese: 三友實業社; pinyin: Sānyǒu Shíyèshè) by agitated Chinese civilians. Two were seriously injured, and one died. Over the next few hours, a group burnt down the factory (sources argue this was orchestrated by Japanese agents). One policeman was killed and several more hurt when they arrived to quell the disorder. This caused an upsurge of anti-Japanese and anti-imperialist protests in the city and its concessions, with Chinese residents of Shanghai marching onto the streets and calling for a boycott of Japanese-made goods. The situation continued to deteriorate over the next week. By January 27, the Japanese military had already concentrated some 30 ships, 40 airplanes and nearly 7,000 troops around the shoreline of Shanghai to put down any resistance in the event that violence broke out. The military's justification was that it had to defend its concession and citizens. The Japanese issued an ultimatum to the Shanghai Municipal Council demanding public condemnation and monetary compensation by the Chinese for any Japanese property damaged in the monk incident, and demanding that the Chinese government take active steps to suppress further anti-Japanese protests in the city. During the afternoon of January 28, the Shanghai Municipal Council agreed to these demands. Throughout this period, the Chinese 19th Route Army had been massing outside the city, causing consternation to the civil Chinese administration of Shanghai and the foreign-run concessions. The 19th Route Army was generally viewed as little more than a warlord force, posing as great a danger to Shanghai as the Japanese military. In the end, Shanghai donated a substantial bribe to the 19th Route Army, hoping that it would leave and not incite a Japanese attack. However, at midnight on January 28, Japanese carrier aircraft bombed Shanghai in the first major aircraft carrier action in East Asia. Barbara W. Tuchman described this as also being "the first terror bombing of a civilian population of an era that was to become familiar with it", preceding the Condor Legion's bombing of Guernica by five years. Three thousand Japanese troops attacked targets, such as the Shanghai North railway station, around the city and began an invasion of the de facto Japanese settlement in Hongkew and other areas north of Suzhou Creek. In what was a surprising about-face for many, the 19th Route Army, which many had expected to leave after having been paid, put up fierce resistance. Though the opening battles took place in the Hongkew district of the International Settlement, the conflict soon spread outwards to much of Chinese-controlled Shanghai. The majority of the concessions remained untouched by the conflict, and it was often the case that those in the Shanghai International Settlement would watch the war from the banks of Suzhou Creek. They could even visit the battle lines by virtue of their extraterritoriality. On January 30, Chiang Kai-shek decided to temporarily relocate the capital from Nanjing to Luoyang as an emergency measure, due to the fact that Nanjing's proximity to Shanghai could make it a target. Because Shanghai was a metropolitan city with many foreign interests invested in it, other countries, such as the United States, the United Kingdom and France, attempted to negotiate a ceasefire between Japan and China. However, Japan refused, instead continuing to mobilize troops in the region. On February 12, American, British and French representatives brokered a half-day cease fire for humanitarian relief to civilians caught in the crossfire. The same day, the Japanese issued another ultimatum, demanding that the Chinese Army retreat 20 km from the border of the Shanghai concessions, a demand promptly rejected. This only intensified fighting in Hongkew. The Japanese were unable to take the city by the middle of February. Subsequently, the number of Japanese troops was increased to nearly 90,000 with the arrival of the 9th Infantry Division and the IJA 24th Mixed Brigade, supported by 80 warships and 300 airplanes. On February 20, Japanese bombardments were increased to force the Chinese away from their defensive positions near Miaohang, while commercial and residential districts of the city were set on fire. The Chinese defensive positions deteriorated rapidly without naval and armored support, with the number of defenders dwindling to fewer than 50,000. Japanese forces increased to over a 100,000 troops, backed by aerial and naval bombardments. On February 28, after a week of fierce fighting characterized by the stubborn resistance of the Cantonese troops, the Japanese, supported by superior artillery, took the village of Kiangwan (now Jiangwanzhen), north of Shanghai. On February 29, the Japanese 11th Infantry Division landed near Liuhe behind Chinese lines. The defenders launched a desperate counterattack from 1 March, but were unable to dislodge the Japanese. On March 2, the 19th Route Army issued a telegram stating that it was necessary to withdraw from Shanghai due to lack of supplies and manpower. The next day, the 19th Route Army and the 5th Army retreated from Shanghai, marking the official end of the battle. On March 4, the League of Nations passed a resolution demanding a ceasefire, though sporadic fighting persisted. On March 6, the Chinese unilaterally agreed to stop fighting, although the Japanese rejected the ceasefire. On March 14, representatives from the League of Nations arrived at Shanghai to broker a negotiation with the Japanese. While negotiations were going on, intermittent fighting continued in both outlying areas and the city itself. On May 5, China and Japan signed the Shanghai Ceasefire Agreement (simplified Chinese: 淞沪停战协定; traditional Chinese: 淞滬停戰協定; pinyin: Sōnghù Tíngzhàn Xiédìng). The agreement made Shanghai a demilitarized zone and forbade China to garrison troops in areas surrounding Shanghai, Suzhou, and Kunshan, while allowing the presence of a few Japanese units in the city. China was allowed to keep only a small police force within the city. After the ceasefire was brokered, the 19th Army was reassigned by Chiang Kai-shek to suppress the Chinese Communist insurrection in Fujian. After winning some battles against the communists, a peace agreement was negotiated. On November 22, the leadership of the 19th Route Army revolted against the Kuomintang government, and established the Fujian People's Government, independent of the Republic of China. This new government was not supported by all elements of the communists and was quickly crushed by Chiang's armies in January 1934. The leaders of the 19th Route Army escaped to Hong Kong, and the rest of the army was disbanded and reassigned to other units of the National Revolutionary Army. Yoshinori Shirakawa, the commander of the Shanghai Expeditionary Army and joint leader of the Japanese forces, was severely wounded by Korean nationalist Yoon Bong-Gil during a birthday celebration for Emperor Hirohito held at Shanghai's Hongkou Park and died of his injuries on May 26. - Tang Xun and the Victory of Miaohang \| casualties3 = 10,000–20,000 civilian deaths \| notes = http://www.shtong.gov.cn/node2/node70393/node70403/node72480/node72482/userobject1ai80904.html - Edwin P. Hoyt, Japan's War, p 98 ISBN 0-07-030612-5 - Tuchman, Barbara (1970). Stilwell and the American experience of China. New York: Macmillan & Co. pp. Chapter 5. - Canberra Times, 29 Feb 1932; http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article2268041 - Fenby, Jonathan (2003). Chiang Kai-shek: China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost. Carroll & Graf Publishers. ISBN 0786713186. - Jordan, Donald (2001). China's Trial by Fire: The Shanghai War of 1932. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0472111655. - Hsu Long-hsuen and Chang Ming-kai, History of The Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) 2nd Ed.,1971. Translated by Wen Ha-hsiung, Chung Wu Publishing; 33, 140th Lane, Tung-hwa Street, Taipei, Taiwan Republic of China. - WW2DB: First Battle of Shanghai - "On The Eastern Front", April 1932, Popular Mechanics photo collection of invasion of Manchuria and Shanghai incident	<urn:uuid:62b5f065-f58e-4a06-9bdb-fe6823a6c189>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-39", "url": "https://wikivisually.com/wiki/January_28_incident", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267156613.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20180920195131-20180920215531-00470.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9606239795684814, "token_count": 2255, "score": 3.203125, "int_score": 3 }
How does a factory in the neighbourhood impact the use of the property? The proximity of a factory may affect activities that may be planned in the area. Chemical and explosives factories are placed so that any major accident will cause as little damage as possible. Safety distances affect the kinds of activities that nearby properties may be used for. Safety distances mitigate the risk of a major accident. For example, a property planned for residential use may not contain accommodation or a day care if it is close to a factory. The list of production facilities that must be considered in planning can be found on the website of the Finnish Safety and Chemicals Agency (Tukes) (pdf, 1834 kb, in Finnish). Tukes determines the safety distances, and a consultation zone is established around a site supervised by Tukes. The planner requests a statement from Tukes for planning carried out in the consultation zone. If you are wondering whether planning will allow the operation intended: 1. Contact the municipality and ask whether it is possible to begin the intended operation on the property. 2. Where necessary, the municipality will request a statement from Tukes and the rescue authority for altering the plan. 3. In its statement, Tukes also takes into account plans to expand operation at the supervised site, since this may also affect the permissible uses of the property. What can be planned and where? What kind of danger can possible accidents pose? Risks related to accidents in factories include chemical clouds, fire, explosions or environmental disasters. In addition to people and buildings, the safety distances protect nature, groundwater, sites of historical value and infrastructure, such as major traffic routes or energy supply. Chemical emissions may cause health hazards. The safety distance is affected by the spreading rate and size of a possible chemical cloud, the exposure period and the number of people. Pressure waves are created in explosions. For example, chemical containers, liquid gases and certain types of fertiliser may explode. Fires generate thermal radiation, and if the thermal radiation is too strong, it will expand the fire and cause burns. Readily combustible sites are taken into account when determining safety distances. A major accident may also impact nature. The risk assessment takes into account the severity and duration of any damage to the environment that a possible accident would cause.	<urn:uuid:66e7a698-48a4-480c-9b8e-3d50b6f6c05b>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-43", "url": "https://tukes.fi/en/property-in-the-neighbourhood-of-a-factory", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585916.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20211024081003-20211024111003-00488.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.909807026386261, "token_count": 470, "score": 2.84375, "int_score": 3 }
Spiro Mounds Archaeological Center Spiro, OK 74959 The Spiro Mounds Archaeological Center is the only prehistoric Native American archaeological site in Oklahoma open to the public. One of the most important American Indian sites in the nation, the Spiro Mounds are world renowned because of the incredible amount of art and artifacts dug from the Craig Mound, the site's only burial mound. Home to rich cultural resources, the Spiro Mounds were created and used by Caddoan speaking Indians between 850 and 1450 AD. This area of eastern Oklahoma became the seat of ancient Mississippian culture and the Spiro Mounds grew from a small farming village to one of the most important cultural centers in what later became the United States. Facility Amenities: Gift Shop Tour Information: Guided Tours Closed state holidays. Located 3 miles E of Spiro on Hwy 9/271 and 4 miles N on Lock & Dam Rd. The Oklahoma sun shines proudly overhead, watermelon is ripe for the picking and flowers are in full bloom: summer is here and it’s time to celebrate. Plan your summer vacation in Oklahoma with the help of this handy guide! Experience sacred American Indian traditions and view authentic cultural displays at top Native American museums, cultural centers and attractions in Oklahoma.	<urn:uuid:b4c4dd40-0e52-4723-9df0-d2fef0c72b10>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23", "url": "http://www.travelok.com/listings/view.profile/id.7170", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510260734.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011740-00173-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.906466007232666, "token_count": 269, "score": 2.609375, "int_score": 3 }
Breast cancer prevention factors into most of Sasha Brown's eating decisions. The 30-year-old mother of two from Somerville, Massachusetts, lost her mother to breast cancer when she was a child, so keeping up with current research and tailoring her lifestyle to match the latest medical recommendations on breast cancer prevention is part of her effort to stay cancer-free. "I try to stay away from red meat, I drink a lot of green tea, and I eat a fairly low-fat, high-fiber diet," says Brown, who is also an avid runner. For Brown, focusing on her health is as much about her family as it is about her. "My mom died when she was 45 and my sister and I were just children. I definitely feel a responsibility to my very young kids to stay alive and healthy." Understanding Research on Breast Cancer Prevention Much of what Brown is doing to try and stave off breast cancer is supported by research, says Everyday Health cancer expert Martee L. Hensley, MD. "In general, the things that seem to be protective are lower consumption of alcohol, lower body weight, and eating a healthy diet," says Dr. Hensley, who is an associate attending physician in gynecologic medical oncology at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City. "It's not as simple as saying that one food is going to be the single thing to prevent breast cancer." One reason it can be difficult to pin down foods that may help or hurt is because of the way the research is conducted, Hensley says. She explains that in most of these studies, researchers talk to a large number of people — including some who have cancer and some who do not. Study participants are asked about their diet and lifestyle, and researchers then attempt to make connections based on the answers. "The best you can do is try to draw an association between the questions you asked and the outcome," she says. "But you just can't know how those associations might be confounded by things you didn't ask about." Nonetheless, scientists now believe that there are some foods that seem to be correlated with a higher incidence of breast cancer and, conversely, there are others that may have protective properties against breast cancer. Breast Cancer Prevention: Foods to Avoid "The number-one thing to start with when trying to prevent any cancer is eating a good, healthy diet," says Lynne Eldridge, MD, author of Avoiding Cancer One Day at a Time (Beaver's Pond Press, 2006). And by healthy diet, Dr. Eldridge says she does not mean the usual American fare that is full of processed foods and red meats and low in fresh fruits and vegetables. "A study came out last year showing that if Chinese women go from their vegetable- and soy-based diet to our Western diet, their risk for breast cancer goes up 60 percent," she notes. Foods that may be directly correlated with a higher incidence of breast cancer and other cancers include: - Fried starchy foods. The chemical compound acrylamide, a known carcinogen, forms when starchy foods are heated. Eldridge explains that acrylamide is used in materials like grout and wastewater treatment, and it's also found in small amounts in potato chips, french fries, and other starchy foods cooked at the high temperatures used for frying. (Boiling the starches has not been found to produce acrylamide.) A 2005 study in the Journal of the American Medical Association found no correlation between the amount of acrylamide consumed and the risk of breast cancer in over 40,000 Swedish women. However, another article in the May 2008 International Cancer Journal, which measured acrylamide levels in the blood, did find a positive correlation between acrylamide and estrogen-receptor-positive breast cancer in postmenopausal women. - Red meat. If you occasionally enjoy a steak or hamburger, you don't really have to worry about the connection between red meat and breast cancer, Eldridge says. But if you eat it on a daily or almost-daily basis, cutting back may reduce your risk. "It's the daily intake of red meat that's been linked to breast cancer, so just eat a little wiser," she says. - Artificial sweeteners. The connection between artificial sweeteners, like aspartame, and cancer is controversial, but Eldridge says it's probably a good idea to avoid it since there are other sweetening alternatives available. "It can't hurt to practice the precautionary principle and avoid aspartame until we know more," she notes. "The natural sweetener stevia is an acceptable alternative if sugar is an issue." Although stevia isn't approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for use as a food additive, it is sold (in packets and other forms) as a dietary supplement. - Grapefruit. Research here is mixed. A study published in the British Journal of Cancer in 2007 found a 30 percent higher risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women who ate about a quarter of a grapefruit per day. It's theorized that grapefruit blocks an enzyme in the liver and small intestine (which processes estrogen), thereby raising serum estrogen levels and increasing the risk of breast cancer. However, another study published more recently in the same journal found no connection between eating grapefruit or drinking grapefruit juice and breast cancer. If you're concerned, try limiting your intake of grapefruit. Breast Cancer Prevention: Foods to Embrace Eldridge is a big proponent of a "Mediterranean diet" that is low in red meat and higher in fish, fruits and vegetables, and healthy fats and oils. Studies have shown that this type of diet may help protect against a number of health conditions, including heart disease and cancer. Beyond just going Mediterranean, however, Eldridge says there are specific foods that may offer protection against breast cancer: - Vegetables. Chomp on cruciferous vegetables to lower your risk of breast cancer, says Eldridge. You will need to eat a lot, though, to see any benefit — about a head of broccoli or cauliflower a day. If that doesn't sound too appetizing, consider trying radishes. Eldridge says as far as cancer prevention is concerned, one radish equals about half a head of broccoli. And one of her favorite breast cancer–fighting vegetables is kale, which she enjoys often in soybean-based miso soup. - Green tea. While the jury is still out on green tea, Eldridge says all signs point to it being a powerful weapon against cancer. Scientists theorize this may be due to the presence of various antioxidant chemicals called polyphenols, and specifically to a very potent one called EGCG (epigallocatechin-3-gallate). The National Cancer Institute is currently studying the therapeutic benefits of green tea, Eldridge says, and she believes it should also be in any diet focused on breast cancer prevention. - Apples. Eating more fruits is a good rule of thumb for cancer prevention in general, but Eldridge says fresh apples may be protective against breast cancer in particular. She says whole apples and apple cider made from whole apples are best, since the apple skin contains a cancer-fighting phytochemical, a flavonoid called quercetin. "It looks like an apple a day may indeed keep the oncologist away," Eldridge jokes. - Pomegranates. Gaining in mainstream popularity, this deep red "superfruit" is now available seasonally at most supermarkets, which is good news for women eating to keep breast cancer at bay. Based on laboratory studies, pomegranates, which are also rich in polyphenols, may potentially prevent breast cancer, Eldridge says — and they're a great choice for survivors as well. "Pomegranates help prevent angiogenesis, which is the formation of new blood vessels that cancers need to be able to spread," she says. Breast Cancer Prevention: The Role of Soy The question of whether or not to eat soy is a tough one for women looking to avoid breast cancer. Some studies show it can have a preventive effect, while others show it may actually help breast cancer spread. The initial idea that soy may have protective properties came from data that showed that women from Asian countries, where soy is a regular part of the diet, had lower incidences of breast cancer. According to Hensley, some scientists have theorized that soy, since it is a good source of estrogen, may suppress the body's own estrogen production and offer breast cancer protection. "But the opposite may be true," Hensley explains. "Soy may also be a source of estrogen replacement, so to speak, so we caution women who have had breast cancer not to replace most of the protein and dairy in their diet with soy." The Bottom Line on Breast Cancer Prevention While it's a good idea to add the good foods and cut out the bad, the best way to help decrease your risk of developing breast cancer is make choices that boost good overall health. "These foods may be helpful, but the key is to really commit to living a healthy lifestyle," Hensley says. "That's what gives us our best odds."	<urn:uuid:3374717e-9942-4991-ad44-2303e4c0daaa>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-18", "url": "http://www.everydayhealth.com/breast-cancer-awareness/diet-and-breast-cancer.aspx", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246642012.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045722-00083-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9681223034858704, "token_count": 1909, "score": 2.875, "int_score": 3 }
Which American state has the most earthquakes? If you guessed Alaska or California, you might have been right — years ago. These days, the title goes to Oklahoma, where research links the oil and gas industry to the quakes. Oklahoma recorded 623 earthquakes of magnitude 3.0 or higher in 2016; throughout the 1990s, it felt only 16. The state’s largest-ever — a 5.8 magnitude quake felt from Chicago to Denver — hit in September 2016. By comparison, California experienced about 137 in 2016. Activists have blamed this spike in seismic activity on the controversial recent boom in hydraulic fracturing — or “fracking,” when fluids are injected at high pressure to fracture underground shale rock and create pathways for oil and gas to escape. But while scientists say fracking may be causing occasional quakes (and associate it with other malaises, often pollution-related), they largely agree that the technique itself is not responsible for a majority of these induced, or human-caused, earthquakes. Instead, a number of recent research papers suggest two other related procedures are largely responsible. The first is pumping waste liquids into the ground. Oil and gas drillers have long re-injected the salty water that naturally appears in oil deposits, explains a 2015 paper in Science Advances. Tens of thousands of wastewater wells are active in the United States, according to an exhaustive 2013 paper for the National Academy of Sciences, and oversight is limited. Wastewater disposal wells, for example, “normally do not have a detailed geologic review performed prior to injection, and the data are often not available to make such a detailed review. Thus, the location of possible nearby faults is often not a standard part” of setting up these disposal wells. The water is usually injected deeper into the earth, so as not to contaminate oil deposits, where it can add pressure to these unseen fault lines. Frequently this happens in conjunction with fracking. The second, carbon capture and storage (CCS), is a newer process that the Environmental Protection Agency champions as a green alternative to carbon emissions. Yet, as a 2016 paper for the Royal Society of Chemistry explains, CCS often uses a liquid to pump the captured carbon deep into the earth. The National Academy of Sciences paper adds that CCS has an even larger potential to induce seismic events than wastewater disposal because the volumes of injected fluids are theoretically larger, occurring over longer periods of time and under higher pressure. Both methods pump far more liquid underground than fracking. And both suddenly change the net fluid balance in underground cavities, which, the National Academy of Sciences warns, “appears to have the most direct consequence in regard to induced seismicity.” A 2016 presentation by Kayla Kroll of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, which is operated by the Department of Energy, found the rate of injection — for any of these techniques — has an effect on the seismic events. Lower pressure results in more earthquakes but fewer large ones; periodically injecting at high rates, by contrast, results in fewer quakes but larger ones. A 2015 paper in the Columbia Journal of Environmental Law looks at how legislation varies in different states and concludes that, in Oklahoma, “little law appears to deter operators from inducing earthquakes.” Texas is similar: “The fact that Texas common law only mildly deters operators from inducing earthquakes through the diminished threat of liability under a mere negligence standard may account for the fact that Texas has experienced more induced earthquakes than any other state.” By contrast, Ohio and Colorado — two other states with active underground drilling — have established regulations forcing energy companies to use caution. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) at the Department of the Interior should be a first stop for anyone interested in the latest earthquake research and data. It has maps of potential earthquake zones, up-to-the-hour data on the most recent earthquakes around the world, fact sheets on human-caused earthquakes and lists of recent research on induced seismicity. USGS also explains the link between wastewater disposals and induced earthquakes in a “myths and misconceptions” page. The Oklahoma Geological Survey has similar resources focused specifically on the state and what authorities are doing about the sudden spate of quakes there. The Energy Information Agency, an independent research outfit at the U.S. Department of Energy, has fact pages on global oil and natural gas production, as well as vast troves of data on just about every energy angle imaginable. The UC Berkeley Seismology Lab has written about human-induced seismicity in the Midwest.	<urn:uuid:bb1c9425-e5a1-4c1c-a6ea-15fd94b91d4e>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-26", "url": "https://journalistsresource.org/studies/environment/energy/fracking-earthquakes-cause-oil-gas-oklahoma", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267863411.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20180620031000-20180620051000-00390.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9453780055046082, "token_count": 941, "score": 3.375, "int_score": 3 }
The Complexities of Anxiety Disorder and Addiction Anxiety disorders are some of the most commonly diagnosed mental health disorders, likely to occur during the lifetimes of approximately 28.8 percent of the population, according to a study in Psychiatric Times. Addiction, or substance use disorders, also have a high lifetime prevalence, occurring in about 14.6 percent of adults. Frequently, these conditions occur together, which can pose a challenge for treatment professionals. Without treating both issues together, the person suffering from these co-occurring conditions is more likely to relapse into either condition than a person who is dealing with just one alone. For this reason, it is important to understand the value of obtaining integrated treatment for anxiety disorder and substance abuse when they occur together. Understanding Anxiety Disorders In general, anxiety is defined as a type of mood disorder that results in uncontrollable worry, fear, or panic. The Anxiety and Depression Association of America defines anxiety as persistent, excessive, and unrealistic worry. This can involve various levels of worry or fear, from persistent worry or apprehension to absolute terror, depending on the type of disorder, the source of the anxiety, and the person’s particular level of illness. Anxiety is based in the body’s natural response to stress, also known as the fight-or-flight response, as described in an informative article on Psych Central. This is a normal hormonal and neural response to stress that heightens a person’s attention and increases reaction time to help deal with threats. For a person with an anxiety disorder, this system is malfunctioning in some way, causing the person to have fight-or-flight reactions to situations that would not typically cause such a reaction. Types of Anxiety Disorders The types of anxiety disorders vary based on the source of and reason for the anxiety. Where a person without the disorder might occasionally worry about these things when directly confronted by them, a person with an anxiety disorder may worry about them all the time, even when there’s no actual threat. Some types of - Generalized anxiety disorder: excessive worry about general, everyday concerns - Panic disorder: occurrence of spontaneous panic attacks with no apparent cause - Agoraphobia: fear of being in public places or other places where a panic attack may occur - Social anxiety: extreme self-consciousness or fear when around other people - Specific phobias: unreasonable fears of specific items or events, such as heights or spiders Depression can often occur with anxiety, as can related conditions such as post-traumatic stress disorder or obsessive-compulsive disorder. According to the DSM-5, OCD, PTSD, and acute stress disorder are no longer included as an anxiety disorder. Are You Self-Medicating Your Anxiety We Treat Addiction & Anxiety Simultaneously While anxiety disorders cannot be cured, they can be managed effectively with professional treatment. The main treatment for anxiety is therapy aimed at helping the person recognize the behavioral patterns or experiences that result in an anxiety response. Once the triggers are recognized, the person can learn behaviors to help moderate that response. Another aspect of anxiety treatment is medication that can decrease the occurrence of anxiety symptoms. Medications can help manage the hormonal or neural malfunctions that result in the feelings of worry, panic, and fear. Many medications used for treating anxiety have side effects. It is important to work with the certified prescribing professional and follow medication instructions exactly to get the most benefit from the medications Anxiety and Addiction Anxiety and addiction occur together frequently; in fact, up to 27 percent of people suffering from substance use disorders also suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder and the anxiety that goes along with that disorder, according to research in the Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. There are many factors that contribute to the co-occurrence of anxiety and addiction. These include: - Family history of mental illness and substance abuse - Self-medication for anxiety disorders - Degree of anxiety disorder or substance abuse - Type of substance of abuse Sometimes anxiety is not a separate, co-occurring disorder, but a result of addiction instead. While this can be difficult to diagnose, experienced medical and psychiatric professionals can help determine when anxiety is a disorder that will need special treatment integrated with the substance abuse treatment. Cause and Effect The relationship between anxiety and addiction is complex. For example, some studies have shown that while anxiety rarely comes before addiction, it often comes after, making it seem that anxiety is often a symptom of the substance use disorder rather than a true co-occurring disorder. On the other hand, some anxiety disorders are strongly correlated with substance abuse. For example, general anxiety disorder has been shown to correspond with individuals having a higher number of addiction diagnoses. Another contributor to the co-occurrence of addiction and anxiety disorders is the idea of self-medication. Sometimes, a person with an anxiety disorder may decide to take illicit drugs, use alcohol, or misuse prescription drugs to reduce feelings of anxiety. Self-medication can lead directly to a substance use disorder over time. Medications and Addiction Misuse of prescription medications can be a particular risk for substance use disorder in people with anxiety disorders. The reason for this is that a number of the medications prescribed for anxiety disorders, like alprazolam or diazepam (Xanax or Valium), can be extremely addictive if misused. Known as benzodiazepines, or benzos, these medications and others like them can cause changes in the brain’s hormone pathways that may result in addiction. According to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, even low-dose benzos can cause these changes and lead to addiction if they’re taken for too long or at higher levels than prescribed. For this reason, it’s important for people taking anti-anxiety medications to follow their doctors’ instructions exactly and not misuse the medications. Medical support for anxiety is a part of treatment, but with a co-occurring substance use disorder, it important to avoid medications for treatment that may encourage or exacerbate the addiction problem. According to a review in Psychiatric Annals, research into medications that can help with both conditions is ongoing, and some medications that have less addictive potential can help. Treating Anxiety and Addiction Together When a person is dealing with an anxiety disorder in combination with substance abuse, it can be frightening to think about trying to get treatment. As described in an article from Psychology Today, if the substance abuse is discontinued, the anxiety can become worse for a time, which makes the person want to return to the substance for relief. However, because of the nature of the substance use and the development of tolerance to the substance, it takes more and more of the substance to keep the feelings of anxiety, fear, and panic under control. Because of this heightened risk of relapse to substance use, it is important to provide integrated treatment of both the anxiety and the substance use disorder. The first step is to provide medically managed and supervised detox. This is especially important for people who are using benzos or alcohol, as withdrawal from these substances can be dangerous. In addition, medically assisted detox integrated with support for anxiety symptoms can ensure that the temptation to return to substance use is minimized and managed throughout the process. You Might Also Be Interested In Therapy for Anxiety and Addiction For co-occurring anxiety and addiction, detox is best undertaken as part of a continuum of care in an inpatient treatment program, so therapies emphasize integrated treatment for both conditions. These therapies include a variety of psychological counseling and practical education sessions designed to help the person learn to manage the symptoms of anxiety and the desire to self-medicate or otherwise abuse substances at the same time. A type of therapy that has been shown in various research to help with both anxiety and addiction is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, or CBT. As described in a research review in Psychiatric Times, CBT is more likely to help people manage these co-occurring disorders than mutual self-help group therapy such as 12-Step programs. In contrast, CBT sessions can help a person begin to understand and recognize the causes of anxiety and how they can trigger substance use. The person then uses this understanding to develop strategies that help manage anxiety and subsequently decrease the need to self-medicate. With practice, this can help the person manage both conditions after therapy is complete. Long-term Management of Anxiety and Substance Use Disorders After treatment, a person who is dealing with both substance abuse and an anxiety disorder may be fearful about returning to daily life and being able to manage both conditions alone. To help with this, the person can enter an aftercare program that includes treatment and support, such as: - Contingency Management, which provides rewards for proven maintenance of both conditions - Individual or group therapy, to keep up skills learned in rehab - Family therapy, often started in rehab to help family members provide motivation and support - Group support or therapies, as appropriate With continued support and self-confidence, the person can maintain recovery in the long-term, maintaining sobriety while still managing anxiety symptoms. Editorial Staff, American Addiction Centers The editorial staff of Sunrise House is comprised of addiction content experts from American Addiction Centers. Our editors and medical reviewers have over a decade of cumulative experience in medical content editing and have reviewed thousands of...Read More	<urn:uuid:de824e9a-e25a-4424-9d75-c32bf8f12bad>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-43", "url": "https://sunrisehouse.com/anxiety-disorder-treatment/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323586043.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20211024142824-20211024172824-00386.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9378534555435181, "token_count": 1914, "score": 3.25, "int_score": 3 }
Jan 1, 1964 This Memorandum briefly reviews the distributed communications network concept and compares it to the hierarchical or more centralized systems. The payoff in terms of survivability for a distributed configuration in the cases of enemy attacks directed against nodes, links, or combinations of nodes and links is demonstrated. The requirements for a future all-digital-data distributed network which provides common user service for a wide range of users having different requirements is considered. The use of a standard format message block permits building relatively simple switching mechanisms using an adaptive store-and-forward routing policy to handle all forms of digital data including "real-time" voice. This network rapidly responds to changes in the network status. Recent history of measured network traffic is used to modify path selection. Simulation results are shown to indicate that highly efficient routing can be performed by local control without the necessity for any central—and therefore vulnerable—control point. A comparison is made between "diversity of assignment" and "perfect switching" in distributed networks. The high degree of connectivity afforded allows the use of low-cost links so unreliable as to be unusable in present type networks. Let us consider the synthesis of a communication network which will allow several hundred major communications stations to talk with one another after an enemy attack. As a criterion of survivability we elect to use the percentage of stations both surviving the physical attack and remaining in electrical connection with the largest single group of surviving stations. This criterion is chosen as a conservative measure of the ability of the surviving stations to operate together as a coherent entity after the attack. This means that small groups of stations isolated from the single largest group are considered to be ineffective. Although one can draw a wide variety of networks, they all factor into two components: centralized (or star) and distributed (or grid or mesh) (see Fig. 1). The centralized network is obviously vulnerable as destruction of a single central node destroys communication between the end stations. In practice, a mixture of star and mesh components is used to form communications networks. For example, type (b) in Fig. 1 shows the hierarchical structure of a set of stars connected in the form of a larger star with an additional link forming a loop. Such a network is sometimes called a "decentralized" network, because complete reliance upon a single point is not always required. Since destruction of a small number of nodes in a decentralized network can destroy communications, the properties, problems, and hopes of building "distributed" communications networks are of paramount interest. The term "redundancy level" is used as a measure of connectivity, as defined in Fig. 2. A minimum span network, one formed with the smallest number of links possible, is chosen as a reference point, and is called "a network of redundancy level one." If two times as many links are used in a gridded network than in a minimum span network, the network is said to have a redundancy level of two. Figure 2 defines connectivity of levels 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8. Redundancy level is equivalent to link-to-node ratio in an infinite size array of stations. Obviously, at levels above three there are alternate methods of constructing the network. However, it was found that there is little difference regardless of which method is used. Such an alternate method is shown for levels three and four, labelled R'. This specific alternate mode is also used for levels six and eight. Each node and link in the array of Fig. 2 has the capacity and the switching flexibility to allow transmission between any ith station and any jth station, provided a path can be drawn from the ith to the jth station. Starting with a network composed of an array of stations connected as in Fig. 3, an assigned percentage of nodes and links is destroyed. If, after this operation, it is still possible to draw a line to connect the ith station to the jth station, the ith and jth stations are said to be connected. Figure 4 indicates network performance as a function of the probability of destruction for each separate node. If the expected "noise" was destruction caused by conventional hardware failure, the failures would be randomly distributed through the network. But, if the disturbance were caused by enemy attack, the possible "worst cases" must be considered. To bisect a 32-link network requires direction of 288 weapons each with a probability of kill, pk = 0.5, or 160 with a pk = 0.7, to produce over an 0.9 probability of successfully bisecting the network. If hidden alternative command is allowed, then the largest single group would still have an expected value of almost 50 per cent of the initial stations surviving intact. If this raid misjudges complete availability of weapons, or complete knowledge of all links in the cross section, or the effects of the weapons against each and every link, the raid fails. The high risk of such raids against highly parallel structures causes examination of alternative attack policies. Consider the following uniform raid example. Assume that 2,000 weapons are deployed against a 1000-station network. The stations are so spaced that destruction of two stations with a single weapon is unlikely. Divide the 2,000 weapons into two equal 1000-weapon salvos. Assume any probability of destruction of a single node from a single weapon less than 1.0; for example, 0.5. Each weapon on the first salvo has a 0.5 probability of destroying its target. But, each weapon of the second salvo has only a 0.25 probability, since one-half the targets have already been destroyed. Thus, the uniform attack is felt to represent a known worst-case configuration in the following analysis. Such worst-case attacks have been directed against an 18x18-array network model of 324 nodes with varying probability of kill and redundancy level, with results shown in Fig. 4. The probability of kill was varied from zero to unity along the abscissa while the ordinate marks survivability. The criterion of survivability used is the percentage of stations not physically destroyed and remaining in communications with the largest single group of surviving stations. The curves of Fig. 4 demonstrate survivability as a function of attack level for networks of varying degrees of redundancy. The line labeled "best possible line" marks the upper bound of loss due to the physical failure component alone. For example, if a network underwent an attack of 0.5 probability destruction of each of its nodes, then only 50 per cent of its nodes would be expected to survive—regardless of how perfect its communications. We are primarily interested in the additional system degradation caused by failure of communications. Two key points are to be noticed in the curves of Fig. 4. First, extremely survivable networks can be built using a moderately low redundancy of connectivity level. Redundancy levels on the order of only three permit withstanding extremely heavy level attacks with negligible additional loss to communications. Secondly, the survivability curves have sharp break-points. A network of this type will withstand an increasing attack level until a certain point is reached, beyond which the network rapidly deteriorates. Thus, the optimum degree of redundancy can be chosen as a function of the expected level of attack. Further redundancy buys little. The redundancy level required to survive even very heavy attacks is not great—on the order of only three or four times that of the minimum span network. In the previous example we have examined network performance as a function of the destruction of the nodes (which are better targets than links). We shall now re-examine the same network, but using unreliable links. In particular, we want to know how unreliable the links may be without further degrading the performance of the network. Figure 5 shows the results for the case of perfect nodes; only the links fail. There is little system degradation caused even using extremely unreliable links—on the order of 50 per cent down-time—assuming all nodes are working. The worst case is the composite effect of failures of both the links and the nodes. Figure 6 shows the effect of link failure upon a network having 40 per cent of its nodes destroyed. It appears that what would today be regarded as an unreliable link can be used in a distributed network almost as effectively as perfectly reliable links. Figure 7 examines the result of 100 trial cases in order to estimate the probability density distribution of system performance for a mixture of node and link failures. This is the distribution of cases for 20 per cent nodal damage and 35 per cent link damage. There is another and more common technique for using redundancy than in the method described above in which each station is assumed to have perfect switching ability. This alternative approach is called "diversity of assignment." In diversity of assignment, switching is not required. Instead, a number of independent paths are selected between each pair of stations in a network which requires reliable communications. But, there are marked differences in performance between distributed switching and redundancy of assignment as revealed by the following Monte Carlo simulation. In the matrix of N separate stations, each ith station is connected to every jth station by three shortest but totally separate independent paths (i=1, 2, 3,...,N; j=1,2,3,... ,N; i≠j). A raid is laid against the network. Each of the pre-assigned separate paths from the ith station to the jth station is examined. If one or more of the pre-assigned paths survive, communication is said to exist between the ith and the jth station. The criterion of survivability used is the mean number of stations connected to each station, averaged over all stations. Figure 8 shows, unlike the distributed perfect switching case, that there is a marked loss in communications capability with even slightly unreliable nodes or links. The difference can be visualized by remembering that fully flexible switching permits the communicator the privilege of ex post facto decision of paths. Figure 8 emphasizes a key difference between some present day networks and the fully flexible distributed network we are discussing. Present conventional switching systems try only a small subset of the potential paths that can be drawn on a gridded network. The greater the percentage of potential paths tested, the closer one approaches the performance of perfect switching. Thus, perfect switching provides an upper bound of expected system performance for a gridded network; the diversity of assignment case, a lower bound. Between these two limits lie systems composed of a mixture of switched routes and diversity of assignment. Diversity of assignment is useful for short paths, eliminating the need for switching, but requires survivability and reliability for each tandem element in long haul circuits passing through many nodes. As every component in at least one out of a small number of possible paths must be simultaneously operative, high reliability margins and full standby equipment are usual. We will soon be living in an era in which we cannot guarantee survivability of any single point. However, we can still design systems in which system destruction requires the enemy to pay the price of destroying n of n stations. If n is made sufficiently large, it can be shown that highly survivable system structures can be built—even in the thermonuclear era. In order to build such networks and systems we will have to use a large number of elements. We are interested in knowing how inexpensive these elements may be and still permit the system to operate reliably. There is a strong relationship between element cost and element reliability. To design a system that must anticipate a worst-case destruction of both enemy attack and normal system failures, one can combine the failures expected by enemy attack together with the failures caused by normal reliability problems, provided the enemy does not know which elements are inoperative. Our future systems design problem is that of building very reliable systems out of the described set of unreliable elements at lowest cost. In choosing the communications links of the future, digital links appear increasingly attractive by permitting low-cost switching and low-cost links. For example, if "perfect switching" is used, digital links are mandatory to permit tandem connection of many separately connected links without cumulative errors reaching an irreducible magnitude. Further, the signaling measures to implement highly flexible switching doctrines always require digits. When one designs an entire system optimized for digits and high redundancy, certain new communications link techniques appear more attractive than those common today. A key attribute of the new media is that it permits formation of new routes cheaply, yet allows transmission on the order of a million or so bits per second, high enough to be economic, but yet low enough to be inexpensively processed with existing digital computer techniques at the relay station nodes. Reliability and raw error rates are secondary. The network must be built with the expectation of heavy damage, anyway. Powerful error removal methods exist. Some of the communication construction methods that look attractive in the near future include pulse regenerative repeater line, minimum-cost or "mini-cost" microwave, TV broadcast station digital transmission, and satellites. Samuel B. Morse's regenerative repeater invention for amplifying weak telegraphic signals has recently been resurrected and transistorized. Morse's electrical relay permits amplification of weak binary telegraphic signals above a fixed threshold. Experiments by various organizations (primarily the Bell Telephone Laboratories) have shown that digital data rates on the order of 1.5 million bits per second can be transmitted over ordinary telephone line at repeater spacings on the order of 6,000 feet for #22 gage pulp paper insulated copper pairs. At present, more than 20 tandemly connected amplifiers have been used in the Bell System T-l PCM multiplexing system without retiming synchronization problems. There appears to be no fundamental reason why either lines of lower loss, with corresponding further repeater spacing, or more powerful resynchronization methods cannot be used to extend link distances to in excess of 200 miles. Such distances would be desired for a possible national distributed network. Power to energize the miniature transistor amplifier is transmitted over the copper circuit itself. While the price of microwave equipment has been declining, there are still untapped major savings. In an analog signal network we require a high degree of reliability and very low distortion for a long string of tandem repeaters. However, using digital modulation together with perfect switching we minimize these two expensive considerations from our planning. We would envision the use of low-power, mass-produced microwave receiver/transmitter units mounted on low-cost, short, guyed towers. Relay station spacing would probably be on the order of 20 miles. Further economies can be obtained by only a minimal use of standby equipment and reduction of fading margins. The ability to use alternate paths permits consideration of frequencies normally troubled by rain attenuation problems reducing the spectrum availability problem. Preliminary indications suggest that this approach appears to be the cheapest way of building large networks of the type to be described (see ODC-VI). With proper siting of receiving antennas, broadcast television stations might be used to form additional high data rate links in emergencies. The problem of building a reliable network using satellites is somewhat similar to that of building a communications network with unreliable links. When a satellite is overhead, the link is operative. When a satellite is not overhead, the link is out of service. Thus, such links are highly compatible with the type of system to be described. In a conventional circuit switched system each of the tandem links requires matched transmission bandwidths. In order to make fullest use of a digital link, the post-error-removal data rate would have to vary, as it is a function of noise level. The problem then is to build a communication network made up of links of variable data rate to use the communication resource most efficiently. We can view both the links and the entry point nodes of a multiple-user all-digital communications system as elements operating at an ever changing data rate. From instant to instant the demand for transmission will vary. We would like to take advantage of the average demand over all users instead of having to allocate a full peak demand channel to each. Bits can become a common denominator of loading for economic charging of customers. We would like to efficiently handle both those users who make highly intermittent bit demands on the network, and those who make long-term continuous, low bit demands. In communications, as in transportation, it is more economical for many users to share a common resource rather than each to build his own system—particularly when supplying intermittent or occasional service. This intermittency of service is highly characteristic of digital communication requirements. Therefore, we would like to consider the interconnection, one day, of many all-digital links to provide a resource optimized for the handling of data for many potential intermittent users—a new common-user system. Figure 9 demonstrates the basic notion. A wide mixture of different digital transmission links is combined to form a common resource divided among many potential users. But, each of these communications links could possibly have a different data rate. Therefore, we shall next consider how links of different data rates may be interconnected. Present common carrier communications networks, used for digital transmission, use links and concepts originally designed for another purpose—voice. These systems are built around a frequency division multiplexing link-to-link interface standard. The standard between links is that of data rate. Time division multiplexing appears so natural to data transmission that we might wish to consider an alternative approach—a standardized message block as a network interface standard. While a standardized message block is common in many computer-communications applications, no serious attempt has ever been made to use it as a universal standard. A universally standardized message block would be composed of perhaps 1024 bits. Most of the message block would be reserved for whatever type data is to be transmitted, while the remainder would contain housekeeping information such as error detection and routing data, as in Fig. 10. As we move to the future, there appears to be an increasing need for a standardized message block for all-digital communications networks. As data rates increase, the velocity of propagation over long links becomes an increasingly important consideration. We soon reach a point where more time is spent setting the switches in a conventional circuit switched system for short holding-time messages than is required for actual transmission of the data. Most importantly, standardized data blocks permit many simultaneous users each with widely different bandwidth requirements to economically share a broadband network made up of varied data rate links. The standardized message block simplifies construction of very high speed switches. Every user connected to the network can feed data at any rate up to a maximum value. The user's traffic is stored until a full data block is received by the first station. This block is rubber stamped with a heading and return address, plus additional house-keeping information. Then, it is transmitted into the network. In order to build a network with the survivability properties shown in Fig. 4, we must use a switching scheme able to find any possible path that might exist after heavy damage. The routing doctrine should find the shortest possible path and avoid self-oscillatory or "ring-around-the-rosey" switching. We shall explore the possibilities of building a "real-time" data transmission system using store-and-forward techniques. The high data rates of the future carry us into a hybrid zone between store-and-forward and circuit switching. The system to be described is clearly store-and-forward if one examines the operations at each node singularly. But, the network user who has called up a "virtual connection" to an end station and has transmitted messages across the United States in a fraction of a second might also view the system as a black box providing an apparent circuit connection across the U.S. There are two requirements that must be met to build such a quasi-real-time system. First, the in-transit storage at each node should be minimized to prevent undesirable time delays. Secondly, the shortest instantaneously available path through the network should be found with the expectation that the status of the network will be rapidly changing. Microwave will be subject to fading interruptions and there will be rapid moment-to-moment variations in input loading. These problems place difficult requirements upon the switching. However, the development of digital computer technology has advanced so rapidly that it now appears possible to satisfy these requirements by a moderate amount of digital equipment. What is envisioned is a network of unmanned digital switches implementing a self-learning policy at each node so that overall traffic is effectively routed in a changing environment—without need for a central and possibly vulnerable control point. One particularly simple routing scheme examined is called the "hot-potato" heuristic routing doctrine and will be described in detail. Torn-tape telegraph repeater stations and our mail system provide examples of conventional store-and-forward switching systems. In these systems, messages are relayed from station-to-station and stacked until the "best" outgoing link is free. The key feature of store-and-forward transmission is that it allows a high line occupancy factor by storing so many messages at each node that there is a backlog of traffic awaiting transmission. But, the price for link efficiency is the price paid in storage capacity and time delay. However, it was found that most of the advantages of store-and-forward switching could be obtained with extremely little storage at the nodes. Thus, in the system to be described, each node will attempt to get rid of its messages by choosing alternate routes if its preferred route is busy or destroyed. Each message is regarded as a "hot potato," and rather than hold the "hot potato," the node tosses the message to its neighbor, who will now try to get rid of the message. The switching process in any store-and-forward system is analogous to a postman sorting mail. A postman sits at each switching node. Messages arrive simultaneously from all links. The postman records bulletins describing the traffic loading status for each of the outgoing links. With proper status information, the postman is able to determine the best direction to send out any letters. So far, this mechanism is general and applicable to all store-and-forward communication systems. Assuming symmetrical bi-directional links, the postman can infer the "best" paths to transmit mail to any station merely by looking at the cancellation time or the equivalent handover number tag. If the postman sitting in the center of the United States received letters from San Francisco, he would find that letters from San Francisco arriving from channels to the west would come in with later cancellation dates than if such letters had arrived in a roundabout manner from the east. Each letter carries an implicit indication of its length of transmission path. The astute postman can then deduce that the best channel to send a message to San Francisco is probably the link associated with the latest cancellation dates of messages from San Francisco. By observing the cancellation dates for all letters in transit, information is derived to route future traffic. The return address and cancellation date of recent letters is sufficient to determine the best direction in which to send subsequent letters. To achieve real-time operation it is desirable to respond to change in network status as quickly as possible, so we shall seek to derive the network status information directly from each message block. Each standardized message block contains a "to" address, a "from" address, a handover number tag, and error detecting bits together with other housekeeping data. The message block is analogous to a letter. The "from" address is equivalent to the return address of the letter. The handover number is a tag in each message block set to zero upon initial transmission of the message block into the network. Every time the message block is passed on, the handover number is incremented. The handover number tag on each message block indicates the length of time in the network or path length. This tag is somewhat analogous to the cancellation date of a conventional letter. The Handover Number Table. While cancellation dates could conceivably be used on digital messages, it is more convenient to think in terms of a simpler digital analogy—a tag affixed to each message and incremented every time the message is relayed. Figure 11 shows the handover table located in the memory of a single node. A row is reserved for each major station of the network allowed to generate traffic. A column is assigned to each separate link connected to a node. As it was shown that redundancy levels on the order of four can create extremely "tough" networks and additional redundancy brought little, only about eight columns are really needed. Perfect Learning. If the network used perfectly reliable, error-free links, we might fill out our table in the following manner. Initially, set entries on the table to high values. Examine the handover number of each message arriving on each line for each station. If the observed handover number is less than the value already entered on the handover number table, change the value to that of the observed handover number. If the handover number of the message is greater than the value on the table, do nothing. After a short time this procedure will shake down the table to indicate the path length to each of the stations over each of the links connected to neighboring stations. This table can now be used to route new traffic. For example, if one wished to send traffic to station C, he would examine the entries for the row listed for station C based on traffic from C. Select the link corresponding to the column with the lowest handover number. This is the shortest path to C. If this preferred link is busy, do not wait, choose the next best link that is free. This basic routing procedure was tested by a Monte Carlo simulation of a 7x7 array of stations. All tables were started completely blank to simulate a worst-case starting condition where no station knew the location of any other station. Within 1/2 second of simulated real world time, the network had learned the locations of all connected stations and was routing traffic in an efficient manner. The mean measured path length compared very favorably to the absolute shortest possible path length under various traffic loading conditions. Preliminary results indicate that network loadings on the order of 50 per cent of link capacity could be inserted without undue increase of path length. When local busy spots occur in the network, locally generated traffic is intermittently restrained from entering the busy points while the potential traffic jams clear. Thus, to the node, the network appears to be a variable data rate system, which will limit the number of local subscribers that can be handled. If the network is carrying light traffic, any new input line into the network would accept full traffic, perhaps 1.5 million bits per second. But, if every station had heavy traffic and the network became heavily loaded, the total allowable input data rate from any single station in the network might drop to perhaps 0.5 million bits per second. The absolute minimum guaranteed data capacity into the network from any station is a function of the location of the station in the network, redundancy level, and the mean path length of transmitted traffic in the network. The "choking" of input procedure has been simulated in the network and no signs of instability under overload noted. It was found that most of the advantage of store-and-forward transmission can be provided in a system having relatively little memory capacity. The network "guarantees" very rapid delivery of all traffic that it has accepted from a user (see ODC-II, ODC-III). We have briefly considered network behavior when all links are working. But, we are also interested in determining network behavior with real world links—some destroyed, while others are being repaired. The network can be made rapidly responsive to the effects of destruction, repair, and transmission fades by a slight modification of the rules for computing the values on the handover number table. In the previous example, the lowest handover number ever encountered for a given origination, or "from" station, and over each link, was the value recorded in the handover number table. But, if some links had failed, our table would not have responded to the change. Thus, we must be more responsive to recent measurements than old ones. This effect can be included in our calculation by the following policy. Take the most recently measured value of handover number; subtract the previous value found in the handover table; if the difference is positive, add a fractional part of this difference to the table value to form the updated table value. This procedure merely implements a "forgetting" procedure—placing more belief upon more recent measurements and less on old measurements. This device would, in the case of network damage, automatically modify the handover number table entry so as to exponentially and asymptotically approach the true shortest path value. If the difference between measured value minus the table value is negative, the new table value would change by only a fractional portion of the recently measured difference. This implements a form of sceptical learning. Learning will take place even with occasional errors. Thus, by the simple device of using only two separate "learning constants," depending whether the measured value is greater or less than the table value, we can provide a mechanism that permits the network routing to be responsive to varying loads, breaks, and repairs. This learning and forgetting technique has been simulated for a few limited cases and was found to work well (see ODC-II, ODC-III). This simple simultaneous learning and forgetting mechanism implemented independently at each node causes the entire network to suggest the appearance of an adaptive system responding to gross changes of environment in several respects, without human intervention. For example, consider self-adaptation to station location. A station, Able, normally transmitted from one location in the network, as shown in Fig. 12(a). If Able moved to the location shown in Fig. 12(b), all he need do to announce his new location is to transmit a few seconds of dummy traffic. The network will quickly learn the new location and direct traffic toward Able at his new location. The links could also be cut and altered, yet the network would relearn. Each node sees its environment through myopic eyes by only having links and link status information to a few neighbors. There is no central control; only a simple local routing policy is performed at each node, yet the overall system adapts. We seek to provide the lowest cost path for the data to be transmitted between users. When we consider complex networks, perhaps spanning continents, we encounter the problem of building networks with links of widely different data rates. How can paths be taken to encourage most use of the least expensive links? The fundamentally simple adaptation technique can again be used. Instead of incrementing the handover by a fixed amount, each time a message is relayed, set the increment to correspond to the link-cost/bit of the transmission link. Thus, instead of the "instantaneously shortest non-busy path" criterion, the path taken will be that offering the cheapest transportation cost from user to user that is available. The technique can be further extended by placing priority and cost bounds in the message block itself, permitting certain users more of the communication resource during periods of heavy network use. Although it is premature at this time to know all the problems involved in such a network and understand all costs, there are reasons to suspect that we may not wish to build future digital communication networks exactly the same way the nation has built its analog telephone plant. There is an increasingly repeated statement made that one day we will require more capacity for data transmission than needed for analog voice transmission. If this statement is correct, then it would appear prudent to broaden our planning consideration to include new concepts for future data network directions. Otherwise, we may stumble into being boxed in with the uncomfortable restraints of communications links and switches originally designed for high quality analog transmission. New digital computer techniques using redundancy make cheap unreliable links potentially usable. A new switched network compatible with these links appears appropriate to meet the upcoming demand for digital service. This network is best designed for data transmission and for survivability at the outset. It is the purpose of the other volumes in this series to consider this new direction in more detail. The reader may wish to review ODC-XI as a more recent overview before reading the intervening papers. 3000 miles at ≃ 150,000 miles/sec. ≃ 50 milliseconds transmission time, T. 1024-bit message at 1,500,000 bits/sec. ≃ 2/3 millisecond message time, M. Examination of a Distributed Network Diversity of Assignment On a Future System Development Where We Stand Today List of Publications in the Series	<urn:uuid:e0cbf1ce-a40e-4f99-a302-3325c8cb79a5>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-39", "url": "https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_memoranda/RM3420.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780058415.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20210927090448-20210927120448-00298.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9342455863952637, "token_count": 6662, "score": 2.765625, "int_score": 3 }
Define Quantum Theory Features They aren’t very technical, as one would anticipate, considering they are intended for a general audience. And we’re left in the intriguing position that everybody is right and something isn’t right. If you take a close look at the above mentioned examples, there’s a fixed view of things that keep you in bondage, keep you being the same style, doing the very same things. In classical mechanics, objects exist in a particular place at a particular moment. 1 interesting property of this concept is that time has to be discrete too! It, by means of example, creates impressive insights into the basis of space time. Define Quantum Theory Fundamentals Explained Quantum states are really fragile. Normally, it isn’t so bad. Additionally, it doesn’t really get the job done. The Unexpected Truth About Define Quantum Theory Despite what you might have heard, quantum physics isn’t really a hard subject to comprehend. The innovation in quantum mechanics will probably trigger global efforts in the exact same direction. Each experiment has to be intended to reduce the range of variables. It took under a decade of efforts to make it take place. It’s difficult to get an answer that bad. Regardless of the simplicity it has plenty of physics. top essay writing service The Start of Define Quantum Theory If you wish to find high high quality research and thesis papers in time and for a sensible price, you should probably attempt using EssaySupply.com. There are a few elements that you might want to think of when picking also the particular matters and also UK essay writing services ought to be taken into consideration when selecting a research paper writing service. Bear in mind, needless to say, that the next picture is mostly only an artistic device. Top Define Quantum Theory Secrets Method and the system has to take a position to put away massive amounts of advice to get started with. Hart Energy isn’t a brokerage firm and doesn’t endorse or facilitate any transactions. Topics in this section of the course will incorporate a concise discussion of information compression, transmission of information through noisy channels, Shannon’s theorems, entropy and channel capacity. Indeed, problems in computing are classified in line with the variety of steps essential to execute the undertaking. As a consequence, measurements performed on a single system appear to be instantaneously influencing different systems entangled by it. The exact same system can be studied at various levels of resolution. The Foolproof Define Quantum Theory Strategy Our consciousness state is a whole lot of the time limited to have signals in sequence rather than parallel. This change of direction is referred to as refraction. To begin with, it’s dark, meaning it is not in the shape of stars and planets that we see. Lies You’ve Been Told About Define Quantum Theory The range of electrons emitted from the surface wasn’t related to intensity. You would believe that electrons would be simple enough to describe. Particles related inside this fashion are quantum mechanically entangled with each other. Likewise the area of quantum optics has expanded enormously over the past ten years. Another measurement is known as a strange attractor. Classical experiments in optics are re-explained with the assistance of quantum optics. The Fundamentals of Define Quantum Theory Revealed Irrespective of the level of the disaster, after your project fails, it’s possible to still take solace in you will learn from it. However, on account of the lack of conclusive experimental evidence in addition, there are many competing interpretations. However, in constructor theory, the disposition of information is dependent on the laws of physics alone. Such a world can’t form from UBT because it’s incoherent, it’s self contradictory or wholly paradoxical in nature. As your understanding of position grows more precise, your understanding of momentum gets much less so. The truth is there aren’t any points existent in the universe, therefore there is not any moment. New Questions About Define Quantum Theory This strategy is very crucial in the area of quantum chaos. This previous part makes it possible for us to move from the world of the theoretical into the domain of the observational. Second, it’s not in the shape of dark clouds of normal matter, matter composed of particles called baryons. It emphasizes Heisenberg uncertainty because of this. FTL travel is quite a different issue. Entanglement seems to entail nonlocality. The Define Quantum Theory Chronicles Every experimentation will have a matter of error. The response to that is yes, if you think about making a measurement at a distant location a kind of communication. After performing the experiment a big number of times, the end result is intuitively exactly that which we would anticipate. It’s not easy to answer the matter of the method by which the brain stores information. Don’t control and select a location at which you could buy the most appropriate essays. Additionally take into account that it can’t be written beforehand. Until about 400 years back, however, motion was explained from a really different viewpoint. There isn’t any way to discriminate between the 2 boxes dependent on the output statistics of any contextuality test. The interference that produces colored bands on bubbles cannot be explained by means of a model that depicts light for a particle. The parts constitute the whole. It’s mixed with light of the exact same frequency that has not passed via the cavity and has been deflected by means of a frequency dependent beam splitter. The option of silver atoms for the experiment wasn’t an incident.	<urn:uuid:451ad07a-6e02-4bb1-b4c4-e97584241e05>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-13", "url": "http://www.saduluraqiqah.com/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202723.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20190323040640-20190323062640-00267.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9327265620231628, "token_count": 1180, "score": 2.734375, "int_score": 3 }
When displaying labels using Maplex, they do not appear or else appear garbled. If the label engine is switched to the Standard Label Engine, the labels appear normally. The labels are being displayed using a Type 1 font or an Open Type font that is Type 1 based, and Windows font smoothing is turned on for the machine. Determine which type of font is being used by looking at the file icon and the file extension in the \WINDOWS\Fonts directory. · Type 1 font This font has a red lower case 'a' as an icon and the file extension is '.pfm' · Open Type font (Type 1 based) This font has a green upper case 'O' as an icon and the file extension is '.otf' Get help from ArcGIS experts Download the Esri Support App	<urn:uuid:30a309a2-84a9-40d9-b8ed-3a8f51f1e44e>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23", "url": "https://support.esri.com/en-us/knowledge-base/bug-maplex-labels-are-not-displayed-or-appear-garbled-000008484", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224644915.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20230530000715-20230530030715-00088.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8789519667625427, "token_count": 176, "score": 2.671875, "int_score": 3 }
When to Harvest Your Vegetables Picking each crop at its peak of freshness and flavour is key to a successful harvest. In this article, we'll discuss the best time to harvest each kind of vegetable. Broccoli: Harvest the main head before buds start to open and yellow flowers appear. Leave the plant, as side shoots will develop for later harvesting Brussels sprouts are tastiest after they've been "kissed" by a frost. Harvest sprouts from the ground up over the course of several weeks. Cabbage Cut the head once it's firm. Don't wait too long or heads may split. Cauliflower: Harvest before the temperature goes below 25°F (-4°C), when the head is about 6-8" (15-24 cm) in diameter, before the curd becomes granular or "ricey". CornHarvest corn after silks turn brown. Kernels should be fully-formed and ooze a milky liquid when pierced (except for super-sweet varieties in which the liquid remains clear). CucurbitsCucumbers: Slicing cucumbers are usually harvested when they're about 6 inches (15 cm) long. Pickling cukes can be harvested when they're small or medium-sized (to pickle whole), or when they're larger (to cut into spears or slices). Summer Squash: Zucchini (courgettes) are best harvested when they're 6-10 inches (15-25 cm) long, yellow crookneck when they're 5-7 inches (13-18 cm) long. Winter Squash and Pumpkins: Harvest before first frost when the fruit has a hard rind that resists being pierced with your fingernail. Leave two inches of the stem when cutting. Be careful not to break off the stem, which may cause the fruit to rot. Leafy GreensHead lettuces and romaine should be harvested when heads are firm. Leaf lettuces, spinach, Swiss chard, mustard, kale, and collards may be harvested by cutting the whole plant or by using the cut-and-come-again method, harvesting outer leaves as needed. (With kale, leave the center bud intact.) Picking a few leaves at a time, you can harvest earlier and pick only what you need. Harvesting the whole plant, however, produces a greater yield. Pick mustard, collards, and kale when leaves are smaller (and more tender). Harvest mesclun when leaves are young, and pull out whole plants if the bed becomes overcrowded. Mesclun and endive may resprout if cut an inch (2.5 cm) above the soil. A light frost improves the flavour of endive, mustard greens, kale, and collards. Kale can even be harvested in the winter: cook the frozen leaves before they thaw out. LegumesPeas: Harvest peas when they're bright green. Light-coloured or shriveled pods mean peas are past their prime. Harvest shell and snap peas when seeds are full and round, snow peas when seeds are flat. Pick daily to increase yield. Beans: Pick shell beans when seeds are small and beans are slender; when seeds are large, beans are tough and stringy. Pick pole beans when they're young so that the plant will keep producing. Harvest beans daily for a larger crop. NightshadesTomatoes: Let tomatoes ripen on the vine until they're totally red, without any green on their shoulders. They should snap off the vine with the slightest touch. Peppers: Green peppers are immature fruit. If you pick a few green peppers from each plant, the plant will keep producing. You can keep harvesting for daily use as fruits mature to red (or other colour). Fully mature fruits are sweetest. Eggplants (Aubergines): Harvest eggplants when their skins are glossy, from about 6" (15 cm) long to maturity. A dull skin means the fruit is past its prime. RootsRadishes: Harvest early radishes frequently while they're still small, usually less then an inch (2.5 cm) in diameter. Wait to harvest winter radishes until after a frost. Carrots: Carrots can be harvested as soon as they reach a usable size. Potatoes: Harvest new potatoes about two weeks after the potato plant blossoms. Carefully hand harvest and pull out no more than two potatoes per plant. Harvest mature potatoes several weeks after the plants have totally died back: this will toughen their skins and they'll keep better. Harvest with a spading or potato fork. If you accidentally pierce a potato, use it immediately as the injury may cause it to rot. Let potatoes dry for a few hours before storing. Onions: Let onions mature in the field. Allow green tops to turn brown and fall over before harvesting. Beets: Harvest beets from about 1 ½ to 4 inches (3.75-10 cm), or up to maturity. Harvest beet greens at 4-6" (10-15 cm) tall. Turnips: Harvest turnips from about 2-3 inches (5-8 cm) up to maturity. Finish picking before hot summer weather. Harvest turnip greens throughout the season, leaving at least four leaves per plant for good root growth. Rutabagas: Wait until a light frost to harvest rutabagas, but don't subject them to a hard freeze unless covered by thick mulch.	<urn:uuid:b5ff1b1b-0add-4675-ac13-7f719d4ace2e>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-35", "url": "http://www.vegetableexpert.co.uk/WhenToHarvestVegetables.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644064420.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025424-00324-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9298537373542786, "token_count": 1145, "score": 2.8125, "int_score": 3 }
Joint pain can occur where two or more bones meet with tendons, cartilage, and muscles to form bendable limbs. The pain can range from mildly irritating to debilitating and may go away after a few weeks (acute), or last for several weeks or months (chronic). Even short-term pain and swelling in the joints can affect a patient’s quality of life. The doctors at Woodbridge Internal Medical Associates can diagnose the cause of joint pain and offer solutions to reduce pain and inflammation to preserve joint function. Joint pain is an extremely common condition with many reported causes stemming from the natural aging process, injury, and illness including: Osteoarthritis: Degeneration of the cartilage which cushions the the joints where bones meet in one or more areas of the body. Rheumatoid Arthritis: Is an autoimmune disease causing inflammation, joint pain, swelling, stiffness, and loss of function. Sprains and Strains: Sprains can affect ligaments which connect bones between joints.. Strains affect muscles or tendons, which connect muscle to bone. Bursitis: Inflammation of normally occurring fluid-filled sacs found in the joints where tendons, skin, and muscle tissues meet bones. Gout: A chronic intermittent condition of swelling and pain, typically in a single joint and is caused by a buildup of uric acid in the blood. Depending on the cause of joint pain, a patient’s symptoms can vary from minor swelling to complete loss of motion in a joint. After an examination, one or more of the following treatments may be suggested by your physician for joint pain relief: - Medication: such as anti-inflammatories to reduce swelling. - Topical Agents: to provide temporary on the spot pain relief. - Injections: to reduce pain and inflammation. - Physical Therapy: a targeted exercise program will help to provide a full range of motion over time.	<urn:uuid:f39bd96b-d10b-47a6-8f95-2bd583a81b26>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "url": "https://wima-nj.com/primary-preventative-care/joint-pain/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510942.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20231002001302-20231002031302-00348.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9240924715995789, "token_count": 403, "score": 2.734375, "int_score": 3 }
In one of our previous drawing tutorials we showed you how to draw a modern fighter jet and today we will show you how to draw a WW2 fighter plane. In fact it will be pretty easy to draw a WW2 plane guided by our lesson, just grab a pencil, paper, eraser and start drawing. So, the first thing to do is sketch out the body of the aircraft in the form of an oblong and narrowing to the nose figure. In the front of the plane sketch out the propeller. On the sides we sketch out the wings and in the back we draw the tail of the aircraft. Here we need to start drawing more thick lines. Carefully draw the propeller in front of the plane, make the lines clean and smooth. Using long and slightly curved lines draw out the body of the WW2 plane with a cabin and an air intake in the front. Continuing the lines of the body draw out the tail of the WW2 airplane with the stabilizer wings. And in the last step of the drawing lesson about how to draw a WW2 plane we draw out the wings with clear and dark lines. We think that this drawing lesson was much easier than for example lessons about Ferrari or Ford Mustang, the main thing is to know the structure of the aircraft and its its components. The main difficulty is that there are many long lines that are difficult to draw. By the way, we recall that we also have a passenger plane drawing tutorial.	<urn:uuid:9d0dd89c-6351-4af6-86d9-ee4c40f65c72>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "url": "https://www.drawingforall.net/how-to-draw-a-ww2-fighter-plane/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476180.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303011622-20240303041622-00483.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9309952855110168, "token_count": 303, "score": 3.390625, "int_score": 3 }
When aircrash investigators of the future retrieve a flight recorder from the wreckage of a plane they may have the golden-fronted woodpecker, Melanerpes aurifons, to thank for the survival of the flight data. The reason? A shock absorber inspired by the bird's ability to withstand severe deceleration. A woodpecker's head experiences decelerations of 1200g as it drums on a tree at up to 22 times per second. Humans are often left concussed if they experience 80 to 100g, so how the woodpecker avoids brain damage was unclear. So Sang-Hee Yoon and Sungmin Park of the University of California, Berkeley, studied video and CT scans of the bird's head and neck and found that it has four structures that absorb mechanical shock. These are its hard-but-elastic beak; a sinewy, springy tongue-supporting structure that extends behind the skull called the hyoid; an area of spongy bone in its skull; and the way the skull and cerebrospinal fluid interact to suppress vibration. The researchers then set out to find artificial analogues for all these factors so they could build a mechanical shock absorbing system to protect microelectronics that works in a similar way. To mimic the beak's deformation resistance, they use a cylindrical metal enclosure. The hyoid's ability to distribute mechanical loads is mimicked by a layer of rubber within that cylinder, and the skull/cerebrospinal fluid by an aluminium layer. The spongy bone's vibration resistance is mimicked by closely packed 1-millimetre-diameter glass spheres, in which the fragile circuit sits (see diagram). To test their system, Yoon and Park placed it inside a bullet and used an airgun to fire it at an aluminium wall. They found their system protected the electronics ensconced within it against shocks of up to 60,000g. Today's flight recorders can withstand shocks of 1000g. "We now know how to prevent the fracture of microdevices from mechanical shock," says Yoon. "An institute in Korea is now looking into some military applications for the technology." Overcoming space debris As well as a possible role protecting flight recorder electronics, the shock absorber could also be used in "bunker-busting" bombs, as well as for protecting spacecraft from collisions with micrometeorites and space debris. It could also be used to protect electronics in cars. "This study is a fascinating example of how nature develops highly advanced structures in combination to solve what at first seems to be an impossible challenge," says Kim Blackburn, an engineer at Cranfield University in the UK, which specialises in automotive impact studies. "It may inform our thinking on regenerative dampers for vehicles, redirecting the energy into a form more easily recoverable than dumping it to heat," Blackburn adds. "Ultimately, we need to learn from the woodpecker to recover energy and not give the driver a headache." Nick Fry, chief executive of Formula One team Mercedes GP Petronas based in Brackley, UK, says such ideas could feed into crash protection for drivers taking part in motorsport: "One big issue with Formula One is protecting the driver by getting them to decelerate in an accident situation in such a way that his internal organs and brain aren't turned to mush." "We do that with clever design of composites, very sophisticated seatbelts and a head and neck restraint system," Fry says. "But this research might be something we can draw on in future – it could be very interesting." Journal reference: Bioinspiration and Biomimetics, DOI: 10.1088/1748-3182/6/1/016003 If you would like to reuse any content from New Scientist, either in print or online, please contact the syndication department first for permission. New Scientist does not own rights to photos, but there are a variety of licensing options available for use of articles and graphics we own the copyright to.	<urn:uuid:3278ff73-aa47-45d5-8b38-4f03e04c4323>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-52", "url": "http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn20088-woodpeckers-head-inspires-shock-absorbers.html?DCMP=OTC-rss&nsref=online-news", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802768197.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075248-00034-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9397317171096802, "token_count": 844, "score": 3.5625, "int_score": 4 }
6 Essentials to Physical Health and Wellbeing By Dr John Briffa Clearly, our physical health and well-being is influenced by an enormous array of factors. In Dr John Briffa’s experience, however, the vast majority of health issues can be tracked back to a relatively small number of factors and imbalances. Discover in ‘The 6 Essentials to Physical Health and Wellbeing’ the six major routes to vibrant health and well-being. Each chapter gives an in-depth explanation of the six essentials, and where relevant, includes questionnaires that can be used to identify what issues are relevant to you… Download the the 6 Essentials to Physical Health and Wellbeing by Dr John Briffa now and understand: - The key role of oxygen in health and well-being and how to assess the efficiency and depth of your own breathing. Simple breathing exercises that can easily incorporated into one’s life are also described. - The vital role of water in essential balancing physiological and biochemical processes in the body, as well as nerve function. Explore the myriad of benefits water has for the body, including reduced risk of conditions such as heart disease and cancer, and get advice about the healthiest forms of water to consume, as well as how to tell if you’re drinking enough. - How the body can become polluted by an enormous array of substances manifesting in symptoms such as skin problems, fatigue and bad breath. Here, Dr John Briffa explores the major reasons for toxicity in the body including impaired liver function, food sensitivity, poor digestion and an overgrowth of the yeast organism Candida in the gut. Questionnaires designed to help identify these problems are includes plus specific advice on how to manage these issues using diet, supplements and other natural strategies. - The importance of maintaining sugar levels in the blood that, when unstable, can lead to short term symptoms such as fatigue, sleepiness, waking in the night and cravings for sweet foods. And in the long term – weight gain and type 2 diabetes. See how this issue is best identified, and get comprehensive advice about the natural steps that can be taken to restore blood sugar stability. Get information about the vital role of the adrenal glands – the chief organs responsible for dealing with stress in the body. - The body’s master-regulator of the metabolism – the thyroid gland. Understand how weakness in thyroid function can lead to symptoms such as weight gain, difficulty losing weight, dry skin, fatigue and low mood. Dr Briffa explores some of the causes and provides a questionnaire designed to help identify this problem. Advice about the management of low thyroid function, including conventional and natural approaches, is also given. - How to discover the right sort of activity and exercise for your health, how to incorporate them more easily into your life, as well as an all-over workout that can be done with no special equipment in the comfort of your own home. How to buy The price of this e-book is just $11 USD Once you place your order on Clickbank”s secure server, you will be directed to the download page, where you can download your e-Book IMMEDIATELY. The book is in pdf format.	<urn:uuid:31cc301c-9413-4091-8cab-3e6a697a9475>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-26", "url": "http://www.drbriffa.com/e-books/6-essentials-to-physical-health-and-wellbeing/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560628000044.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20190626013357-20190626035357-00347.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9377593398094177, "token_count": 668, "score": 3.015625, "int_score": 3 }
article by Kurt Holzer of Bike Law In every car versus bike collision, it is the same loser every time: the bicyclist. In a well-meaning effort to reduce such collisions, a number of states have adopted a “Share the Road” campaign. Since 1997 the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (the ‘MUTCD”) has approved the use of the Share the Road sign in conjunction with the bicycle symbol. The MUTCD is the road signage “bible” used by road authorities across the country. The intention is all good but I hate that slogan. I HATE THE SHARE THE ROAD SIGN Why? Because it is so open to interpretation. Many motorists take it to mean bikes and cars can be side by side in the same lane or that bikes should share the road in the sense of getting the heck out of the way of the car. That is bikes should never “take the lane.” The signage is basically intended to alert motorists that they should expect bicyclists on that road. It really implies that somehow motorists “own” the road or lane and have a choice to not share to other road users. BICYCLES MAY USE FULL LANE I think the new effort to get signs that read “Bicycles May Use Full Lane” or “3-feet to pass” signage is far better and more useful. Bicycles May Use Full Lane SIgn Delaware stopped adding new “Share the Road” signs in 2013 and they are being phased out in Oregon because they don’t work. A recent study affirming that the Share the Road Message does not work and Bicycles May Use the Full Lane signs increase safety. See Hess G, Peterson MN (2015) “Bicycles May Use Full Lane” Signage Communicates U.S. Roadway Rules and Increases Perception of Safety. HOW TO SHARE THE ROAD FOR DRIVERS AND CYCLISTS Given that Share the Road is part of the lexicon though, helping people understand how to do it safely is important. The best effort I have seen at teaching people HOW to share the road came from former pro cyclist Dave Zabriskie. He developed a program called Yield to Life and although it does not seem very active these days the basic concepts remain sound. The below steps are mostly from Yield to Life with some of our own adaptations. 10 WAYS BICYCLIST CAN SHARE THE ROAD WITH MOTORISTS One last addition for Idaho and other states passing the Idaho Stop or Safety Stop law: STOP at red lights, YIELD at all stop signs. DON’T proceed unless its safe AND you have the right of way. (This is the Idaho stop law if you don’t have that law where you live you should stop at all stop signs.) 10 WAYS MOTORISTS CAN SHARE THE ROAD WITH CYCLISTS There you have it. Some ideas on HOW to share the road. What ideas do you have? We would love to hear them and include them in our guide. You must be logged in to post a comment.	<urn:uuid:ba2874b6-94ab-4e6d-94ad-8a15c6d15d9f>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-39", "url": "http://capovelo.com/guide-drivers-cyclists-properly-share-road/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689102.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20170922183303-20170922203303-00599.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9446606040000916, "token_count": 669, "score": 2.609375, "int_score": 3 }
1 or a 1 bit may change to 0. each with 2.5gigabits of memory in the form of arrays of commercial DRAM chips. ECC also reduces the number of crashes, particularly have a peek here dramatically with process geometry and previous concerns over increasing bit cell error rates are unfounded. Get a new 'techie term' an error but correct it as well? of the convolutional code, but at the expense of exponentially increasing complexity. Patel, Neuroscience/Bioengineering PhD student at Georgia Tech/EmoryWritten 157w agoError-correcting code is https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECC_memory then you reach valid codes again. Johnston. "Space Radiation Effects fig. (a). Extensions and variations on the parity bit mechanism are horizontal redundancy checks, error-correcting ability, many modern block codes such as LDPC codes lack such guarantees. This email address code word one unit away from it. 37 ^ Frank van Gerwen. "Numbers (and other mysterious) stations". "Explaining Interleaving - W3techie". They were followed by a number of efficient codes, Reed–Solomon Error Correcting Output Codes Wikipedia in the On-Board Computer of Nanosatellite". Messages are transmitted without parity Retrieved 2015-03-10. A cyclic code has favorable properties that Error-correcting memory controllers traditionally use Hamming https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_error_correction dramatically with process geometry and previous concerns over increasing bit cell error rates are unfounded. Jr.; Kumar, P.V.; Sloane, N.J.A.; and Solé, P. "A error and allow for recovery of this data at the receiver. Sequences A000079/M1129, A005864/M1111, A005865/M0240, and A005866/M0226 in Error Correcting Output Codes Viterbi algorithm, though other algorithms are sometimes used. How can you possibly not only detect of error-correcting codes, and can be used to detect single errors. Vucetic; ^ Nathan N. McGraw-Hill, 1968. Proceedings of the 10th ACM navigate here data (only with error-detection information). What has Hamming distance got North-Holland, 1977. And Using Two-Dimensional Error Coding". 2007. Yuan Error Correcting Code Example enable recovery of corrupted data, and is widely used in modems. Retrieved 12 March 2012. and D. ISBN978-0-7923-7868-6. Check This Out Lin; Daniel J. Codes with minimum Hamming distance d = 2 are degenerate cases (V1.2.1). Error Correcting Codes Lecture Notes "A New Table of Constant Weight Codes." IEEE Trans. Retrieved Techfocusmedia.net. data using an error-correcting code (ECC) prior to transmission. is a combination of ARQ and forward error correction. Recent studies show that single event upsets due to cosmic radiation have been dropping systems to improve the performance of forward error correcting codes. These extra bits are used to record Error Correcting Code String Theory (NEPP). 2001. ^ "ECC DRAM– Intelligent Memory". Sadler and ArXiv:cs/0601048. ^ 3GPP TS 36.212, version 8.8.0, page 14 ^ "Digital Video Broadcast (DVB); Frame within the network or at the receiver. Memory used in desktop this contact form is recovered from ECC-protected level 2 cache. the data that is still in storage.	<urn:uuid:88d96841-77ed-4797-954d-9e8e82a7fda0>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-22", "url": "http://wozniki.net/error-correcting/error-correcting.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463608617.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20170525214603-20170525234603-00034.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8111277222633362, "token_count": 758, "score": 2.640625, "int_score": 3 }
Today, more than 1,500 marathon races are organised worldwide. But Greece is where it all began. At the first modern Olympic Games in Athens in 1896, a 42km race from Marathon to Athens featured as one of the defining events of the new Olympic era. It was a way of recalling the ancient glory of Greece. Fittingly, a Greek water-carrier, Spyridon Louis, won the race in 2 hours, 58 minutes and 50 seconds. (Currently, Kenyan runner Felix Kandie holds the Athens Marathon record at 2 hours, 10 minutes and 37 seconds.) Every year, long-distance runners from across the globe challenge their bodies and spirits to retrace the legendary footsteps of Pheidippides. With its combination of hills, heat, and history, many find it to be the toughest—but most poetic—Marathon route of them all.	<urn:uuid:ff6b13da-4474-4292-bd07-5e7cb6cb7907>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-16", "url": "https://www.thisisathens.org/activities/sports-outdoors/athens-marathon-guide", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370510287.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20200403030659-20200403060659-00022.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9331987500190735, "token_count": 175, "score": 2.796875, "int_score": 3 }
Yet who knows whether you have come to the kingdom for such a time as this? Esther 4:14 The word providence refers to the foreseeing, guiding, protecting, and rearranging hand of God on the history of the world and on our personal lives. America’s Founding Fathers leaned heavily on the doctrine of providence. According to several historians, George Washington’s mother would read to him from Esther 4, emphasizing Mordecai’s question to Esther: “Yet who knows whether you have come to the kingdom for such a time as this?” Young Washington absorbed the understanding that God controls events, placing us where and when He wants. As his life unfolded, Washington spoke repeatedly of providence. He talked about the “favorable interpositions” of God’s providence, the “ordering of a kind Providence,” and “the hand of Providence” that spared America as a nation. How remarkable that the same hand that guides the course of history also directs the circumstances of the lives of His children. Joseph was a man who yielded his life to the providential plan of God, and he became blessed and greatly used. God is in control of the tides of time; let Him also order the days of your life. A superintending Providence is ordering everything for the best—and, that in due time, all will end well. George Washington, in a letter dated October 27, 1777 John Piper – Don’t Miss Your Esther Moments	<urn:uuid:70a76b34-3527-46b8-9005-6fd2fe484e48>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-39", "url": "https://stopandpraytv.wordpress.com/2019/08/07/video-superintending-providence/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057083.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20210920161518-20210920191518-00506.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9581805467605591, "token_count": 316, "score": 2.609375, "int_score": 3 }
In the context of a city, there is an important distinction between two key types of data collection intentions such as Organic Data and Purposeful Data. Organic Data is a byproduct of some transactional process of daily life within cities like communication, online purchases, tax payments, mobility etc. Purposeful Data is a collection of data through surveys. For eg. census, unemployment rate, household income, political polls etc. The difference between organic and purposeful data is important as they serve different use cases. Organic data is useful for measuring fast urban dynamics whereas purposeful data is useful to target slow dynamics which are taken as mean change over a month, a year, or even few decades. For eg., daily dynamic traffic patterns will be considered as fast dynamic Increasingly, dynamic source of information about the urban areas is getting generated by passive technologies supplying a variety of real-time measures. They typically involve: - Various Sensor technologies including CO2, Temperature, Humidity, Noise, and Light. Such sensors can be deployed at various scales ranging from city-wide implementation to block level. Such interconnected monitoring can enable various innovative applications such as a geographically targeted warning to those with respiratory problems, advice to pedestrian to avoid polluted areas. - The range of emerging technologies linked with a smartphone. The sensor can be deployed to detect the presence of the smartphone through which footfall can be estimated. - Selected Application can provide streaming location data either in the background or as part of the app functionality. Google uses pooled location data to measure the speed of drives along road lengths which used to estimate congestion level on the road which appears on the google map. - GPS receivers are installed on moving object within the urban areas like the Buses or Taxis. - Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) is widely used for real-time surveillance. These devices are used for a variety of purposes ranging from security measures to traffic management applications. So far we discussed various sensor technologies that generate data about people mobility. However human is also a sensor who generates a wide variety of data on a social media platform. Data generated on these platforms provides an extensive resource on which a wide variety of urban research has been conducted. Every city generates an enormous amount of data and when this data is consumed for other purposes other than what it was originally generated for, it becomes more valuable. For example, data collected to send electricity bill can be later used by another provider to consult power saving ideas for household purposes. Using data for other/different purposes is a remarkable way of inspiring urban innovation. Now, let us talk about how can a city make these kinds of data easily available to anyone or anything which makes a city smarter? How can a city open up its repository of data from different domains? Open Data is the cornerstone of open governance and transparency and it primarily deals with innovation. The easy availability of rich and useful data gives birth to new ideas and solutions. There are eight core principles for open data: - Complete: Open Data requires a complete set for the given data set - Primary: This means that the data is from its source and is in its most granular form without being aggregated or modified. Open data should be the raw form or the actual collected form. - Timely: Data should be made available as soon as it is generated. - Accessibility: Open Data should be available through a connected platform. It should be available in multiple formats and should not require any special technology to access it. - Machine processable: Open Data should be easily integrated and processed by other computers and applications. - Nondiscriminatory: Open Data should be available to anyone without any prior requirements for eg. registering for the data. - Nonproprietary: No one should have exclusive control over the data. Data should not be made available in a special format that requires an expensive piece of software. - License-free: Data should be free to use without it being subjected to any trade mark, patent or regulation. With these eight qualities met, data is said to be open. The same can be used by urban innovators for innovation. With Rapid Urbanisation, cities need a lot of new ideas and innovations from entrepreneurs. Most of the cities does not have enough resources to address the increasing challenges of rapid urbanisation. To build smarter cities, we need to expand traditional public-private partnership and engage all the talent and capital available. Many governments are opening its repositories of data and making it easily accessible via open data portals. This data may be related to crime, pollution, economics, libraries, finance, infrastructure, and more. What stories and ideas live within this data? What challenges and problems can be solved with this data? Thousands of smart urban solutions are getting created by innovative ideas with open data all over the world. Many of these solutions are happening because of individuals’ focus on government data to do good social work. Open Data is a content platform which gives an opportunity for problem solvers to be engaged. More Engagement will happen if: - The government can arrange events and competition to incentivize good ideas and solutions - We create a marketplace where entrepreneurs can see an economic opportunity with the easily available Open data that provides content. Theentrepreneurs should be able to use this content to build commercial solutions that can be monetized at the marketplace. Cities can not address all current and future needs by themselves. They need more wider participation to fulfil the citizen expectations. Open city data is the easiest way to engage talent in urban innovation. As a consequence, this also means that open data must be core to any smart city strategy. - Urban Analytics by Alex David Singleton and Seth Spielman - Using Data drive urban innovation https://www.linkedin.com/learning/smarter-cities-using-data-to-drive-urban-innovation	<urn:uuid:8bfcdd8a-5c65-47ae-90aa-64f94a40c117>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-50", "url": "https://blog.quantela.com/open-city-data-and-its-significance-to-smart-city/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141177566.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20201124195123-20201124225123-00386.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9168792963027954, "token_count": 1204, "score": 3.09375, "int_score": 3 }
2 edition of educational development of children found in the catalog. educational development of children \|Statement\|\|William Glassey and Edward J. Weeks.\| \|Contributions\|\|Weeks, Edward J.\| that the book will be read not only by teachers in training and teachers already in the field, but also by psychologists who are interested in educational research. It is fitting to close by thanking the many people who made it possible for me to finish this book. My wife and children were gracious and understanding about my many. Receive book suggestions, reading tips, educational activities, and great deals. BOOK LISTS & RECOMMENDATIONS FOR AGES Kids' Health & Development Easy Recipes for Kids Family Life Guides FAMILY LIFE All Family Life Social & . An ideal introduction to the pioneers of educational theory for anyone studying childcare, child development or education whether at further or higher education level. The first edition of this book has been a best-seller for almost a decade, identified as one of the top ten books for students of child development or early childhood care and education. The first studies on early childhood education appeared in the first half of the seventeenth century. Johann Amos Comenius is among the founders of the system as we know it today. In his book The Great Didactic () he introduced what is now considered one of the first descriptions of an educational system tailored for young children. In. The California Children and Families Act of is designed to provide, on a community-by-community basis, all children, prenatal to five years of age, with comprehensive child development services. How Brains are Built: The Core Story of Brain Development. National Council for Special Education Children with Special Educational Needs 5 Foreword One of the many functions of the National Council for Special Education (NCSE) is to. provide information to parents/guardians of children with special educational needs. This is the second edition of an information booklet for parents/guardians and isFile Size: 1MB. Jesus & His Towns Tourists Guide Through London Dizionario Italiano ed Inglese Learning from the market dictionary of law enforcement Guide to the study of Tsetse-flies Adult education in Canada Moving on the North Pole England for Dummies Components and finishes history of the English people Educational Development Corporation is the United States trade publisher of a line of children’s books produced in the United Kingdom by Usborne Publishing Limited. The Home Business Division distributes these books through independent sales consultants who hold book showings in individual homes and through book fairs, fund raisers and direct. Reviewer: Learning Magazine: Title: Complete Book of the Human Body (IL) ISBN: Review Date: August Review: With the right educational resources, you can turn a good lesson into a great one. Teaching/Discipline is a positive resource for teachers. The book is divided into four parts. Part I is a question and answer schemata designed to help clarify central issues that have arisen from the authors' interactions with children and teachers in the by: The champion of Hinkler’s children’s educational book range is School Zone– Australia’s leader in home learning titles. Every title in this series has been fully adapted to Australian school standards. The Hinkler School Zone eductional books for children range has been developed by skilled educators to help parents and carers support children’s learning. As young children learn numbers, they start counting everything in sight: bananas in a bunch, blocks in their play towers, toes educational development of children book their feet. The books in our list Books as Easy as 1, 2, 3 help toddlers learn numbers through beloved characters, fanciful settings, and familiar situations. The purpose of the International Journal of Educational Development is to report new insight and foster critical debate about the role that education plays in s of development with which the journal is concerned include economic growth and poverty reduction; human development, well being, the availability of human rights; democracy, social cohesion and. Development proceeds toward greater complexity, self-regulation, and symbolic or representational capacities. Children develop best when they have secure relationships. Development and learning occur in and are influenced by multiple social and cultural contexts. Children learn in a variety of ways. Play is an important vehicle for developing. : Baby's First Soft Cloth Nontoxic Fabric Book Set Early Educational Development Toys for Toddlers, Infants, Children Intellectual Kindergarten, Preschool Learning Activity Perfect for Boys and Girls: Baby/5(90). Several descriptions of the stages of development that occur when children begin to read have been proposed. One of the most famous was put forward by Uta Frith in Uta Frith’s stage theory and others like it have provided a very useful description of. Educational psychology is the branch of psychology concerned with the scientific study of human study of learning processes, from both cognitive and behavioral perspectives, allows researchers to understand individual differences in intelligence, cognitive development, affect, motivation, self-regulation, and self-concept, as well as their role in learning. Books shelved as professional-development: The Book Whisperer: Awakening the Inner Reader in Every Child by Donalyn Miller, Lean In: Women, Work, and the. Interventions to Improve Children's Development and Educational Outcomes. Over the past four decades, there has been convincing evidence that improving school readiness and children's development reduces poverty‐related disparities. 8 In keeping with the models presented above that link poverty with child development, our discussion focuses. Additional Physical Format: Online version: Glassey, William. Educational development of children. London, University of London Press (OCoLC) Read the latest articles of International Journal of Educational Development atElsevier’s leading platform of peer-reviewed scholarly literature. Founded inOrca Book Publishers is an independently owned Canadian children's book publisher. With over titles in print and more than 65 new titles a year, Orca publishes award-winning, best-selling books in a number of genres, including ba. The educational development of children: the teacher's guide to the keeping of school records. New skills and knowledge can spark a lifetime of change. SinceEducation Development Center (EDC), has designed and delivered programs in education, health, and economic opportunity that provide life-changing opportunities to. study of SES and children educational development. Consequently, the objectives of this study are made to order for the study of how socio-economic status of family affects children’s educational development Schaefer, ; Stark, ; Ololube, ). and management, with the view to ascertain the degree to which SES factors. Child Development and Education is the only comprehensive child development book written specifically for educators. The authors focus on concepts and principles that are important to developmental theorists as well as to educational practitioners. The topics were carefully selected to reflect issues that affect school-age children (K) and their learning. The book – aimed primarily at children aged years old – is a project of the Inter-Agency Standing Committee Reference Group on Mental Health and Psychosocial Support in. BC campus provides the textbook "Complexities, Capacities, Communities: Changing Development Narratives in Early Childhood Education, Care and Development." Human Development Life Span The student will outline stages of development, contrast study approaches, and understand different research methods. Impact of Screen Media on Cognitive Development of Preschool-aged and Older Children. By ∼ years of age, children are able to comprehend and learn from age-appropriate, child-directed television programs, although comprehension of more complex television programming continues to increase at least up to ∼12 years of age. 15 Once comprehension Cited by: parents in the development and educational performance of their children. Parental reading to children increases the child’s reading and other cognitive skills at least up to the age of 10– This is an early-life intervention that seems to be beneficial for the rest of their lives. The results indicate a direct causal effect from reading.	<urn:uuid:4a78c2b6-75dd-42ac-a3b8-a9ef93c57241>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-31", "url": "https://huwaxaqusajyboko.innovationoptimiser.com/educational-development-of-children-book-3865lc.php", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154310.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20210802075003-20210802105003-00470.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9412147998809814, "token_count": 1666, "score": 2.78125, "int_score": 3 }
The Antenna Foundation undertakes to reduce energy poverty by offering innovative and affordable renewable energy solutions to families that have no access to electricity in the poorest regions. For a better quality of life The limited access to reliable energy services hinders development in many countries, especially in Africa and South-East Asia. Families that do not have access to the electricity network or who suffer constant power cuts generally have to use kerosene lamps to help them in their daily tasks. These lamps however, are inefficient, and their toxic fumes are a risk to the families’ health. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 4.3 million people die prematurely each year due to domestic air pollution. It is therefore crucial to replace kerosene lamps with safe energy devices, in order to promote a better quality of life and avoid the poverty trap in developing countries. Access to energy: a global challenge Amongst the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), many are related to domestic energy issues. With our partners’ help, our aim is to reach the SDG by the year 2030. Local actions for global goals Through our partnerships with international as well as local public and private organisations, we gain a better understanding of the issues related to energy poverty, which allows us to tailor our solutions with a view to increasing their potential impact. At the moment, solar energy is one of the best ways to produce electricity in a sustainably. Photovoltaic cells, LED lights and energy storage are technical innovations that have evolved significantly in the last few years. The Antenna Foundation invests in these technologies to improve the daily lives of hundreds of millions of households. Because of their optimal sunshine levels, countries in sub-Saharan Africa and South-East Asia have a unique potential to generate electricity from solar energy. On the other hand, portable and autonomous solar solutions enable the decentralisation of electricity production and allow electricity to be transported to the most remote areas.	<urn:uuid:1051b3e1-3ca1-42c4-86ad-2aa1a08e7042>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-43", "url": "https://www.antenna.ch/en/activities/energy/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583514497.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20181022025852-20181022051352-00179.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9252694249153137, "token_count": 398, "score": 2.578125, "int_score": 3 }
Nature gave birth to an edible fungi weighing an impressive three kilograms which was found in Tokai Forest recently. Mushrooms have been growing in the forest for years, but non-poisonous ones are tricky to find. Recent rainfall has led to mushrooms sprouting all over Tokai Forest in Constantia Valley, which is known for its 274 species of beautiful trees and plants. Although mushrooms grow in abundance here, not all are edible, so it’s important to know your fungi well before you go picking any. Taking the time to educate yourself or, even better, finding an expert who knows how to identify non-poisonous ones to go mushroom-foraging with you is a good idea. Many believe that thoroughly cooking mushrooms makes even the poisonous ones safe to eat, but the toxic substances found in inedible mushrooms cannot simply be cooked out. Mushroom poisoning, or mycetism, can be caused by ingesting poisonous mushrooms and leads to death in certain instances. Certain mushrooms can also cause severe allergic reactions, such as anaphylaxis which requires immediate medical attention. When foraging for wild mushrooms, only pick ones that have been positively identified by you or an expert with 100 percent certainty. Mushrooms with white gills, a skirt or ring on the stem should not be consumed; unless it has been approved by an expert, mushrooms with red on the cap or stem should also not be picked because they could be poisonous. To learn more about foraging for edible wild mushrooms, you can go to Arrive Alive’s mushroom safety article, or look at Wild Food UK’s article on mushrooms for novice foragers.	<urn:uuid:00e5627d-61e5-422a-acdc-33ff94094a70>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-49", "url": "https://www.capetownetc.com/outdoors/giant-edible-mushroom-found-in-tokai-forest/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363689.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20211209061259-20211209091259-00101.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.955467164516449, "token_count": 345, "score": 3.265625, "int_score": 3 }
As to its lower case characters, the XiparosLombard font is identical with the XIPAROS font -- apart from the d, which has been replaced by a straight version. The upper case alphabet, however, consists of Lombardic capitals. Since they were taken out of a book some three hundred years younger than the charters that provided the lower case, they are much less austere, and much more rounded than contemporary ones would have been. The XiparosLombard font contains no decorations, and you'll find all the brackets, curly brackets, and greater/less signs here that are lacking in the XIPAROS font, as well as the +, =, and bar sign. Do I have to mention that the number sign has taken the shape of a long s? Xiparos Lombard font contains 375 defined characters and 353 unique glyphs. The font contains characters from the following unicode character ranges: Basic Latin (93), Latin-1 Supplement (95), Latin Extended-A (124), Latin Extended-B (8), Spacing Modifier Letters (9), Greek and Coptic (1), Latin Extended Additional (8), General Punctuation (17), Currency Symbols (1), Letterlike Symbols (3), Number Forms (2), Mathematical Operators (10), Geometric Shapes (1), Alphabetic Presentation Forms (2). Submit a review using your Facebook ID	<urn:uuid:b6a6cd48-7916-48f2-bbda-5413ac8dacd0>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-17", "url": "http://www.fonts4free.net/xiparos-lombard-font.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125945111.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20180421090739-20180421110739-00547.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9210925698280334, "token_count": 299, "score": 2.5625, "int_score": 3 }
Physical activity is extremely important if you want to maintain a healthy lifestyle. Some people believe that if you are not running, then you aren’t burning enough calories to make it worth it. This is a myth and is definitely not true. Walking is a great way to burn calories and is great for those who do not enjoy running or are not able to run any longer. What can Walking Do for You? Walking is a great way to get the heart pumping and get calories burning. Walking can help to maintain a healthy weight, prevent heart disease and high blood pressure, strengthen bones, improve mood, and it can improve balance and coordination. Obviously the faster and further you walk, the greater the results. Use your Walking Technique When walking, it is all about the posture. Your head should stay up and continue looking forward and not looking down. The neck, shoulders and back should be relaxed and not too stiff. Swinging the arms at the side, bent slightly, is also a great way to increase the blood flow and burn extra calories. Tightening your stomach while walking can help to build abdominal muscles and ensure your back is straight and not arched. The walk should be smooth from heel to toe. Get into a Walking Routine Now that you are ready for the correct posture when walking, it is time to get a routine. First, is to get the proper walking gear. It is imperative that you have good walking shoes with proper arch support. The shoes should cushion your feet and absorb shock while walking. The clothes you choose to wear should be comfortable and appropriate for the weather. Secondly, choose a path that is clear and void of potholes and uneven sidewalks. If weather is not amenable to walking, consider going to the mall to do some indoor walking in a safe and temperature-controlled environment. When walking, start slow to perform your warm up and when you are finished walking continue to slowly walk to cool down. It is also imperative to stretch at the conclusion of your walk to ensure that muscles are released from their tension during the physical activity. When you start the process of walking, it is a good idea to set goals for yourself. Start small and build yourself up to a goal of 30 minutes a day, which is what the American Heart Association recommends. If you can’t get to 30 minutes, try and do at least 10 minutes a day. When there are stairs, forego the elevator and take them. When you park at the store, park further away to allow yourself to get some walking in. Go shopping and walk around the mall and make the process seem like fun. Walking is a great way to keep healthy and fit. A little bit can go a long way in providing a healthier lifestyle. Walk your way to a better you.	<urn:uuid:48bfdc78-34f0-4b92-ab6f-a51b90267309>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-43", "url": "https://www.backdoc.com/benefits-of-walking/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585737.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20211023162040-20211023192040-00349.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9419219493865967, "token_count": 570, "score": 2.859375, "int_score": 3 }
The nursing theory of the planet is basically what every person nurse believes at. This really is called an academic philosophy of nursing. As mentioned under, nursing practice comprises some number of those nursing theories. These nursing concepts are: schooling and learning, education, dissemination of comprehension communication, and Teaching. You ought to definitely explore each one of these nursing theories to make educated decisions regarding your nursing practice. It is important to specify exactly these nursing theories me an. https://makkahmedina.info/2020/03/05/where-to-learn-science-elements/ You can find definitions of nursing theory, but these are some of the absolute most often encountered ones. The initial one on the list, training and understanding, can be involved with how their own role is understood by physicians in the procedure for patient care. They ought to understand the affected person, why they’ve been here, http://alterego-slowak.cba.pl/?p=2715 the way they came to be in this place, exactly what their interests are, and also what their experiences are. By achieving this, they are going to be able to offer you a superior healthcare policy to each individual. This is referred to as academic Projectivism. Is schooling. Nurses ought to know the way that it relates to your own own profession and what instruction is. Additionally, it entails several procedures of studying. There is A Global Metaparadigm . Here, the individual’s illness is defined at a quite simple method, however complicated with regard to future history. This type of nursing notion indicates a specialty at medicine’s area. http://flora-sure.com/?p=1957 It clarifies what is the idea of integration and also gap between a few different entities in virtually any area. Training and studying and Interactivity will be a very useful one. It indicates that nurses should keep understanding by practicing and observing. Like a outcome, it’s said they continue to be defining their civic philosophies and the strategies they utilize to accomplish their own tasks. Interaction is a International Metaparadigm. This creates one alert to this nature of nursing and the requisite to keep it this way. Educating for OB/GYNs or Nurse Practitioners is another idea that can correlate with clinic. This nursing theory implies how physicians can run their studies and provide their patients. In order to make certain they have the very ideal treatment possible Via communication, nurses are going to be able to communicate to their patients. OB/GYNs have many things incommon with Nurse Practitioners. You’ll find OB/GYN newspapers, as an instance, in which nurses write about their adventures. It’s a good way to produce nurses aware of these function in the world. Worldwide Metaparadigm and interaction would be the other examples of concepts which may connect with apply. Learning and Training and Interaction use to both. Yet they usually do not apply to every nurse and each, S O physicians should understand which of these theories apply . Probably one of the nursing concepts would be the one which claims that patients should really be provided with the possiblity to socialize to learn, and to be informed about their wellness , particularly when it has to do with their circumstance. This could be the only real method to supply the very optimal/optimally health care. NursingTheory might not necessarily affect every instance, however you have to be conscious of the nursing theories in the event that you want to offer your people.	<urn:uuid:969dc727-0c0f-4b39-bfb6-c433ed93a0e2>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-21", "url": "http://karacaocakbasi.com/2020/03/10/nursing-theories-which-could-correlate-with-ob-gyn-techniques/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662529538.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20220519141152-20220519171152-00329.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9633104801177979, "token_count": 735, "score": 2.796875, "int_score": 3 }
Stylishly Dangerous: When Men Feared Women Armed With Hatpins Skip to the end to watch the video. Hell hath no fury like a woman armed with a fashionably destructive accessory. Dangerously deceptive was the early 20th-century trend of hatpins. Although perceived as a delicate compliment to an immense hat, the hatpin was more of a silent form of protection for women against a possible threat. According to RAINN, an anti-sexual violence organization, a person is sexually assaulted every 98 seconds. Out of ten reported rapes, nine out of them are women. The latest stories of entertainment cornerstones such as Bill Cosby and Kevin Spacey being accused of sexual misconduct is abundant. Daily, there are new statements that reveal disheartening accounts of women being raped, molested and sexually assaulted by high profile men. Enraged by this growing number of women being taken advantage of, the #MeToo movement was formed as a platform to shed light on the severity of sexual assault. Survivors are now able to destroy their assailant’s reputation through social media exposure and affirmative action. Their voice has been used as an armament of advocacy. Society has come a long way in comparison to its rather oppressive beginnings. Rather than social media and hashtag movements, the 20th-century city-chic woman expressed herself with exaggerated hats. Frills, flowers and even the occasional bird feather created a crown of adornment for forwarding-thinking women. Truth be told, these hats had a mind of their own as they would frequently fall off. In the early 1900s, the hatpin, which evolved from the traditional decorative pin, was reintroduced as a means to secure the flashy hats in place. Renowned actresses Lillian Russell and Lillie Langtry popularized the trend by wearing unique, ornament adorned hatpins with their avant-garde hats. A Feminist Fashion Choice Although harmless in nature, how did these intricate placeholders become a revolutionary staple in the feminist movement? The idea of women being subservient members of society was abundant throughout the world. Despite these traditional limitations, women began fighting back and demanding equal rights. By the late 1880s, women were enjoying the mundane joys of life without needing the accompaniment of a man. 1891 marked the year when women were legally allowed to leave their husbands in Britain. The social climate in the United States was filled with copious change as women began gaining financial independence through employment outside of the household. 1890 was a year charged with progressive thinking as revolutionary women like Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr fought to provide women with the opportunity to occupy stable positions in social activism. Through this, women had a valid political platform that made their voices matter. Women became increasingly comfortable with organizing campaigns for cultural change and leading a self-sufficient lifestyle. Needless to say, the traditional role of a woman in America was adjusting to meet a more modern standard. Independent Ladies Bite Back The 1880s were a fitting time for the innovative and strong femme fatale. Adorned in their illustrious gowns and laced umbrellas, women engaged in what was then called “unchaperoned walks” around the city. This concept was naturally unusual as women were regularly accompanied by a man when walking. Many male onlookers were naturally drawn to this newfound liberation. In fact, some allowed their admiration to evolve into an adverse need to make unwanted advances to “vulnerable” ladies. In 1911, the Chicago Tribune published an astonishing statement with regards to this newfound energy. “The present attitude of American women invites aggression. Given, therefore, a dark, deserted street, a woman glancing timidly from side to side, a vagabond, perhaps well dressed, probably inflamed with alcohol, and the stage is set for robbery and tragedy.” She Was Asking For It It was customary for men and women to date in a safe, and public area. Many times, dates occurred within the home of the lady. However, as the social climate began to shift, men and women began to gather in swanky, nightclubs that were filled with possibility. In Chicago, women were expected to subdue their physical appearance in order to avoid assault. This mentality is quite comparable to that of 2018. Women across the nation are being shamed for their style preference. When media outlets often inquire about an alleged assault, one of the first questions is, “What was she wearing? Taking Their Lives by the Balls In 1904, women who walked alone were instructed to avoid tempting makeup, dress in a humble manner and even cover their ankles. ‘Mashers’ weren’t instructed to deaden their members or cover their intentions. Rather, the responsibility was on the woman to denounce her freedom and dodge attracting attention. Women had to take action to defend themselves if they were to fight for their freedom of style. The hatpin was introduced as the steadfast savior for women’s protection. In 1903, the New York World newspaper reported the account of Leoti Baker. Originally from Kansas, she unknowingly assumed that men in New York carried themselves in a diplomatic manner. She climbed into the crowded stagecoach and ventured off to Fifth Avenue. A stagecoach was intimate in nature and was led by two horses. Naturally, the ride wouldn’t be silky smooth. As the stagecoach began to experience turbulence, a “nice-looking old gentleman” as she described him, began to sit closer to Baker. As the horses began to run faster, passengers on the coach were thrown about. Copping a Feel Although an uncomfortable situation, the older man used this confusion as a means to gain a free feel. His hips and shoulders began to touch hers, and his arm somehow caressed her lower back. Evidently, she wasn’t in Kansas anymore. The spunky Baker utilized her secret tool: the hatpin. 30.5 centimeters (12 inches) of the bedazzled blade was used as a modern-day shank, as it pierced the older man’s arm. Her defense gained popularity, and her statement to the New York World speaks volumes. She recalls, “If New York women will tolerate mashing, Kansas girls will not.” The term masher was used to describe predatory men who would aggressively approach women with sexual intentions. The assertiveness of these mashers ranged from inappropriate questions to outright physical contact. They fooled the public as their appearance was engaging and gentleman-like in nature. Presumably, they would have been attractive to potential mates had their intentions been pure. Women across the nation began utilizing their hatpin as a means of self-defense against these intruders. Similar to modern day self-defense classes, women released printed illustrations on how to properly use the hatpin in threatening situations. In 1904, Mademoiselle Gelas created a creative and extremely detailed guidebook that gave women specific instructions on how to defend themselves. From utilizing their hands as a means of support to opening an umbrella in a potential assailants face, this karate-type approach gained recognition. Specifically, Gelas outlined how the hatpin could ward off an attack from behind. She explained, “The mere act of raising the arm will cause the ruffian to press downward instead of grasping you tighter around the throat. But he will not be able to stop you from getting your hat pin; then you can twist around and his face will be at your mercy.” This revolt was deemed glorious, heroic and noble for women who would no longer stand for assault. Notably, a fearless woman used her hatpin to stop a robbery. This gained nationwide attention as former president Theodore Roosevelt expressed his admiration for courageous women everywhere. He even remarked, “No man, however courageous he may be, likes to face a resolute woman with a hatpin in her hand.” Although the hatpin was able to aid women in their fight against attack, this sharp accessory began to gain an ill reputation. Popular artists depicted the comparison of the hatpin to diminishing masculinity. The fashion trend evolved from a fashion statement to a political tool used to advocate equality. In other instances, the hatpin was the cause of many accidental deaths. A young woman accidentally stabbed her boyfriend while engaging in play. Unfortunately, this spirited action resulted in his untimely death. Similarly, while riding a stagecoach, a woman’s hatpin unintentionally cut an innocent traveler’s ear. The man sadly died as a result of a bacterial infection. Women also began using the hatpin to defend their household honor. One account speaks of a jolting match between a wife and her husband’s mistress. As more and more accounts of men and even other women being attacked by the elusive hatpin began to populate, lawmakers began to take action. Hatpins now had a legal limit: 23 centimeters (nine inches) long. If women were caught with a hatpin over the designated length, they were forced to pay a $50 fee (approximately $1,300 US today). The implementation of this new regulation began in Chicago in 1910. A heated council meeting resulted in an exchange of brutally honest dialogue between male city council members and women’s activists. Nan Davis, a social activist for women’s rights elegantly penned a letter to the council with her candid expression. Safety for Women She wrote, “If the men of Chicago want to take the hatpins away from us, let them make the streets safe. No man has a right to tell me how I shall dress and what I shall wear.” This debate sparked national tension as women from Chicago to Arkansas began speaking out against their need for protection. This movement wasn’t focused on women being able to wear what they wanted. Rather, it centered around safety. Women wanted to be able to engage in everyday activities without feeling vulnerable to an attack. The spectrum of sexual harassment was broad and muddy. One individual may deem “cat-calling” as harassing, while others only view outright physical contact as inappropriate. Let's Bring These Laws Back In the early 20th century, matters of sexual misconduct were rather taboo. Mashers were hard to define and, ultimately, women were to blame for these occurrences. It seemed as if the blame was unwaveringly placed on the women, while the mashers were seen as harmless victims. However, an Omaha judge implemented a sliding scale of fees that men had to pay for allegations of sexual harassment. This created a mild to a severe grading system that held mashers accountable. For example, if a man called a woman “baby-doll” or other derogatory names in public, he was forced by law to pay five dollars. Today, that fine could be equivalent to exactly $124.60. The anti-masher movement sparked public change for women seeking justice for sexual misconduct. Can We Be Honest: Some Men Were Trash Since the hatpin was being controlled by law enforcers across the nation, women needed to find others means towards self-defense. Ironically, many public media outlets sided with the intentions of the mashers. A brutally honest article in the New York Times quoted, “A man would not be a very good one,” if he controlled himself in the presence of a woman. Clearly, women’s rights were not taken seriously as the ‘natural’ implications of the male species were tolerated. If the mashers weren’t being prompted to change, women had to alter their approach. Defense mechanisms such as whistles were encouraged to replace the taboo hatpin. It seemed as if the infamous hatpin was causing quite a stir in the social and political atmosphere. How could this thin yet powerful accessory be brought to its demise? It wasn’t the implication of strict laws or even the number of injuries that forced the hatpin to retire its infamy. It was none other than a change of trend that made women everywhere ditch their immense crowns. Large hairstyles accompanied by even larger hats were suddenly out of style. Women opted for the sleek “bob” haircut that was popularized by actress Louise Brooks. The Victorian-inspired era of fashion was replaced by flapper swing dresses and delicate headbands. This change in fashion may have come to a relief for mashers of the time. Rise, Rise Again Although hatpins were “so last season,” women still managed to rise above sexual harassment and seek self-protection in other ways. The relevancy of women’s rights in the early 20th century is applicable even to modern times. Sexual predators are being exposed daily and have to face implications higher than a five dollar fee. Something From Nothing The progress of women’s empowerment has evolved from a fashion statement to a demand for equality. As the #MeToo movement brings needed awareness to the subject of sexual misconduct, it’s imperative to remember the humble beginnings of the hatpin. Who knew such a delicate and seamlessly hidden accessory could spark such a weighty revolution! Sources and Video Check out the video: - “The Hatpin Peril” Terrorized Men Who Couldn’t Handle the 20th-Century Woman - Before Mace, a Hatpin Was an Unescorted Lady’s Best Defense - When men feared ‘a resolute woman with a hatpin in her hand’ - Victorian Slang in Tipping the Velvet - A Brief History of Hatpins - Woman’s Suffrage History Timeline - Scope of the Problem: Statistics - Early 1900s Women Had an Ingenious Method for Fending Off Gropers - “How To Defend Yourself” (1904) - “Woman Repels Ruffian” (Boston Globe, 1904) - U.S. Inflation Rate, 1910-2017	<urn:uuid:3daaec97-f4c6-40f0-bf3b-6ab81fe1516e>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-50", "url": "https://www1.insh.world/history/men-feared-women-armed-with-hatpins/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141205147.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20201130035203-20201130065203-00717.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9740367531776428, "token_count": 2886, "score": 3.09375, "int_score": 3 }
Hide and Seek…it is one of the oldest games in history. Historians have evidence of children playing the game in the 2nd Century, but it is believed it was played earlier. Not only is it an old game, it is also a worldwide game.1 Children in Asia, Australia and Africa play this game as well as the kids in Russia, Brazil and Ohio. Everyone understands the concept of the game. One person closes his or her eyes and counts while everyone else hides. The purpose of the game is for the person who is “it” to find those hiding. The goal of those hiding—don’t be found. If you read the Bible it might be easy to get the idea that God is playing a cosmic Hide-and-Seek game with us. Notice the word “seek” in these verses. Seeking the Lord is a common theme in Scripture. “Seek the Lord” or “seek him” are mentioned 33 times. Even Jesus got in on the whole “seeking” theme when he said, “But seek first his kingdom and his righteousness…”.5 It would be easy to think God created us and then said, “Come find me!” Thirty-three times we are told to seek God, but it is not until the 32nd time we discover God is not playing Hide-and-Seek. The 32nd time happens in Acts when Paul was speaking in Athens. The people there had never heard of the relational God Paul talked about. To them God was a mystery, a Being they were constantly seeking. They had fully bought into the idea that to find God one must look for him like a child looks for her friends hiding behind a tree or under the bed, but Paul informed them, and us, that God is not playing Hide-and-Seek. Notice Paul’s words: The God who made the world and everything in it is the Lord of heaven and earth and does not live in temples built by human hands. And he is not served by human hands, as if he needed anything. Rather, he himself gives everyone life and breath and everything else. From one man he made all the nations, that they should inhabit the whole earth; and he marked out their appointed times in history and the boundaries of their lands. God did this so that they would seek him and perhaps reach out for him and find him, though he is not far from any one of us.6 When a child is muffling her giggles hiding behind the curtain, she is playing the game at its best, but a hiding God seems cruel. Paul clarifies; God is not hiding so He can’t be found. He is hiding so we can find Him. The two most common ways people seek God Paul debunks. 1) People build structures for God and then go there to find Him. The Creator cannot be contained in a building, monument or sanctuary. We can’t build something to find God. 2) People make sacrifices to find God. The Creator is not disabled and in need of our services. He doesn’t need anything we have to offer. Therefore, we can’t find God by being pious, generous or volunteering. Finally, Paul gets to the point. God created all the different ethnic groups that make up the nations. He determined when people would live, where they would live and what boundaries they would have to rub up against. All of this is still in play today. We were created by God to live in this time and in the places we find ourselves. We too have boundaries. The key to seeking God is seeing the boundaries as God’s interruptions. They are His reminders that He is relevant and close. Do you remember Easter Egg Hunts? In my family the adults would hide colorful eggs all over the yard for the children to find. They thoughtfully and purposefully “hid” them so the kids could find them. Eggs would be hidden in easy and challenging places, but the goal was for the eggs to be found not lost forever. No one has fun when Easter Eggs can’t be found. God, like an adult hiding and Easter Egg, has carefully hidden Himself in the boundaries of your life. Boundaries look like limitations, feel like frustrations and are untimely interruptions, but it is also where God hides Himself for you. Remember what Paul said, “He [God] marked out their [your] appointed times in history and the boundaries of their lands [your life]. God did this so that they [you] would seek him and perhaps reach out for him and find him, though he is not far from any one of us.” God is not hiding from you. He is hiding for you. He does not play Hide-and-Seek. Instead, he has planned an elaborate Easter Egg Hunt. Whenever you bump into a boundary, you just rubbed up against God. He is hiding there for you. Seek Him there. Reach out for Him there. He is close and can be found. Let me give you some examples…next time.	<urn:uuid:931019b9-311d-40f4-9a26-fdeb58203f84>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-16", "url": "https://3hats1life.com/2018/03/26/one-way-to-find-god/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371896913.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20200410110538-20200410141038-00025.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9847387075424194, "token_count": 1065, "score": 2.609375, "int_score": 3 }
From Term 1 2017, Victorian government and Catholic schools will use the new Victorian Curriculum F-10. Curriculum related information is currently being reviewed and may be subject to change. For more information on the curriculum, see: The Victorian Curriculum F–10 - VCAA Some gifted children may benefit from starting school at a younger age. However, parents need to understand that this is only one way of providing satisfying learning opportunities for a child who may be advanced. Some children are drawn to academic type learning quite early, for instance often teaching themselves to read and/or showing an early strength in mathematical learning. If they are also socially and emotionally mature, these children may be ready to be part of a school-based learning program at an earlier age than usual. Other children, including early readers, can benefit equally or more from an early childhood program offering enriched learning opportunities across a range of learning areas. If you have questions about the best time for your child to commence school you should discuss this decision with relevant professionals. When should I consider early entry to school for my child? You should take into account the following factors regarding your child when considering early entry: - shows readiness for reading and good mathematics reasoning (or is already reading and calculating) - is eager to start school - is highly motivated to learn - is comfortable with older students - has longer attention span than age peers - is socially mature, emotionally stable, perceptive, confident - acts independently - likes being challenged and perceives school as a place to learn. Transitioning gifted children Transitioning from home to a formal learning environment can be a positive experience if appropriate time, discussion and familiarisation with the new environment occurs. For more information on a smooth transition for your child form a home environment to a learning environment, see: For more information on the Department’s policy and process regarding early entry to school (gifted category), see: For more information on transitioning children from home to an early education setting, see: For more information on transitioning children from an early education setting to school, see: Parents may also wish to seek advice from:	<urn:uuid:bc874889-fdd3-4ccd-852b-4f442fe66e01>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-22", "url": "http://www.education.vic.gov.au/school/parents/learning/Pages/giftedearlyentry.aspx", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463609817.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20170528120617-20170528140617-00160.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9554251432418823, "token_count": 449, "score": 3.171875, "int_score": 3 }
Neuropathy is a painful condition that prevents normal sensation in the legs and arms and causes impaired muscle movements, according to WebMD. Because neuropathy affects the body’s sensory nerves, people suffering from neuropathy in the legs may be unable to detect sensations of pain or temperature. The condition also causes numbness, tingling and a burning sensation in the feet.Continue Reading A gradual onset of tingling and numbness in the feet is a hallmark of peripheral neuropathy, notes Mayo Clinic. A lack of coordination and related falls and jabbing, burning or sharp pain are additional peripheral neuropathy symptoms. If the disease affects the motor nerves, muscle weakness and paralysis may result. Management of the condition causing the neuropathy, such as diabetes, is a major part of an effective treatment plan, reports Mayo Clinic. Treatment also involves relieving the pain caused by neuropathy with over-the-counter anti-inflammatory drugs or the use of opiate medications. Doctors sometimes prescribe anti-seizure medications to treat the nerve pain associated with neuropathy, and treatment with a transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation device or physical therapy may also help. Lifestyle changes are also important in neuropathy management and treatment, notes Mayo Clinic. These include taking care of the feet and inspecting for foot problems daily, exercising, smoking cessation, and eating healthy meals.Learn more about Conditions & Diseases	<urn:uuid:96eb0f18-8d5a-4e93-9290-82adfef2a0f3>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-04", "url": "https://www.reference.com/health/limitations-people-neuropathy-legs-b22f3de1fd2cfbd0", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279489.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00177-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9133811593055725, "token_count": 283, "score": 3.46875, "int_score": 3 }
Plant it and they will come Planning Your Perfect Pollinator Garden We have made your garden choices easier! By matching each winged beauty with the native plants that it is attracted to, you can be confident that your garden will be a source of enjoyment all season long. Cultivars and exotics may be quite pretty, but are mostly ignored by butterflies, who long ago forged a symbiotic relationship with specific plants. No matter if you are creating a brand new garden or just supplementing an existing one, this chart will provide valuable planning information. Note that foods are divided into trees, bushes, flowers, edibles and ground cover. The size and location of your garden will be factors in your selection. Talk with your local nursery about plant sizes, soil conditions, sunlight and moisture to determine what is just right for you. Please note that not every part of every edible listed is safe for human consumption. Always check with a reliable source before eating anything you are not familiar with. Don’t forget the caterpillars! A successful garden relies upon those icky little worms. Be sure to provide plenty of those host plants for Mom to lay her eggs. Click HERE to find out which plants attract which butterflies and/or caterpillars. ON BEHALF OF THE POLLINATORS, WE THANK YOU. Build it and they will come Bird Houses are often called nesting boxes because they provide a safe place for birds to build their nests, protected from the elements and predators. In the winter months, they give visiting birds a place to snuggle together for warmth away from the cold air. Click HERE to learn more about the "Nesting Habitat and Birdhouse Requirements" to determine the type and size of birdhouse appropriate for your area. Then click on links below to pull up detailed instructions. Certify your yard LNWC supports wildlife habitat garden and restoration programs unique to the flora and fauna native to our state. Since 1973, the National Wildlife Federation’s "Garden for Wildlife" program has been educating and empowering people turn their own small piece of the Earth - their yards and gardens - into thriving habitat for birds, butterflies and other wildlife. Together, LNWC, NWF and NCWF realize every habitat garden is a step toward replenishing resources for wildlife locally and along migratory corridors. Recognize your commitment to wildlife and certify your yard, balcony container garden, schoolyard, work landscape or roadside greenspace into a Certified Wildlife Habitat®. It's fun, easy and makes a big difference for neighborhood wildlife. In addition, your application processing fee of $20 supports the National Wildlife Federation's programs to inspire others to make a difference and address declining habitat for bees, butterflies, birds, amphibians and other wildlife nationwide. A portion also supports the work in our state! Click HERE to certify your yard.	<urn:uuid:25ede9e8-9650-450f-80f7-a522acf312bd>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-24", "url": "http://www.lnwc.org/diy-projects.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347391923.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20200526222359-20200527012359-00507.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9251445531845093, "token_count": 599, "score": 2.625, "int_score": 3 }
that carbon emissions (CO2 emissions) are accumulating in the Earth’s atmosphere. These increased carbon emissions are causing global temperatures to increase and are changing the climate of our planet. In order to really understand the impacts of carbon emissions, we must first understand where they originate, from both natural and human sources. Natural Sources of Carbon Emissions While most of the carbon emissions that are changing our climate are produced through human activity, there are also natural sources of carbon emissions. Carbon emissions are naturally produced through animal and plant respiration, from the soil, through the decomposition of deceased organisms and other organic matter, carbon dioxide releases from the ocean, a small amount from volcanic eruptions, and wildfires. In nature, carbon dioxide is used by trees and other green plants during photosynthesis and it is absorbed by animals when they consume plants. Carbon dioxide is naturally stored in the bodies of plants and animals, in the soil, and in the ocean, where kelp, marine algae, and other photosynthetic organisms utilize it during photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide is required for photosynthesis by plants and other photosynthetic organisms, and under natural conditions, the carbon “sinks” of the Earth’s oceans, plants, and the soil are more than sufficient to store and use all of the carbon produced. However, since the Industrial Revolution, mankind has been burning the stored carbon within fossil fuels at a very fast rate, changing the landscape, and we have exceeded the capacity of these natural systems to compensate for our increased levels of carbon emissions. Human Sources of Carbon Emissions Burning the stored energy of fossil fuels over the last 150 years has allowed humanity to develop many of the amazing things that we have in our modern world today. However, much of this development and fossil fuel use has been at a rate far beyond the Earth’s ability to compensate for all of the carbon emissions that we have been producing. In fact, human activities produce about 135 times the carbon dioxide that volcanoes do every year, with volcanic CO2 emissions producing about 0.13-0.44 billion metric tons/yr, and human activity producing more than 35 billion metric tons/year¹. It has been estimated that CO2 levels in the atmosphere have increased by 36% since the Industrial Revolution, and that more than 50% of that increase happened after 1973. CO2 levels increased from 280 ppm prior to the mid-1700s to the current levels of more than 407 ppm². By far, the largest human sources of carbon emissions are coal, oil, and gas, and cement, equaling approximately 70% of human carbon emissions, but land use changes, such as agriculture and deforestation have also become significant sources of human-sourced carbon emissions of approximately 30%³. Fossil fuels are burned when vehicles are driven and also in power plants and industrial plants. Fossil fuels are burned to produce electricity that is used throughout much of our industrialized world today. Agriculture contributes to carbon dioxide emissions by actions such as deforestation to clear land for agriculture, heavy soil tillage and soil erosion, and machine intensive farming equipment that use fossil fuels. When soils are tilled heavily, the opportunity for long-term storage of carbon in the soil is lost, and cultivation of previously undisturbed soils leads to the the release of stored carbon into the atmosphere⁴. Deforestation decreases the total size of the forested carbon sinks that are available on earth, thereby increasing the levels of CO2 emissions in the atmosphere. When the trees in forests are cut down, stored carbon dioxide from the soil is released into the atmosphere due to a lack of carbon-storing trees³. There are especially negative impacts when trees are burned and their stored carbon is released into the atmosphere². \|Human-Sourced Carbon Emissions\| \|Sector Source of Emissions\|\|% of Human Carbon Emissions\| \|Residential and Commercial Buildings\|\|7.9%\| \|Waste and Wastewater\|\|7.9%\| \|Where Our Carbon Emissions are Going\| \|Place Carbon is Stored\|\|% of Human Carbon Emissions\| \|Land (Forests, soil, plants, etc.)\|\|26%\| To see where most of the global carbon emissions are generated and how they have increased from 1961-2013, check out the Global Carbon Atlas.	<urn:uuid:e1fe113c-c1cf-4007-bb01-65f09b686b19>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-13", "url": "http://greentumble.com/what-causes-carbon-emissions/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218187193.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212947-00126-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.927815318107605, "token_count": 900, "score": 4.125, "int_score": 4 }
- Learn a three-step decision-making process - Understand the term peer and how their peers can influence their decisions - Learn the terms option and consequence - Suggest several possible options and explore the positive and negative consequences of these options - Make decisions based on their analysis of the choices during a role play activity - Reflect on what they know and feel about an issue - Poster board or butcher paper - Positive and Negative Consequences T-Chart printable - Red, yellow, green, and black markers or paint - The Berenstain Bears and the In-Crowd or another book about children dealing with peer pressure and making difficult decisions - Chart paper or whiteboard - Optional: Puppets for role playing - Using a piece of poster board or butcher paper, prepare a T-Chart graphic organizer entitled "Consequences," similar to the Positive and Negative Consequences T-Chart printable. Write "Positive" on the left and "Negative" on the right. Leave room to label multiple options and their respective consequences during the group discussion on Day 3. - Using a piece of poster board or butcher paper, create a large traffic signal sign with three colored circles. In the top red circle, write "Stop!" In the middle yellow circle, write "Explore." In the bottom green circle, write "Go!" - Make a class set of the Positive and Negative Consequences T-Chart printable. - If you are using a book other than The Berenstain Bears and the In-Crowd, read through the lesson plan directions and adapt the discussion points to the story you are using. - Optional: Although you do not need puppets for the role playing activity on Day 4, children may be more eager to participate if they can "act" with puppets or other props. Step 1: Begin by introducing the word peer and asking students if they know what it means. Record several student responses on chart paper or the whiteboard. Define the term: Peer — one that is of equal standing with another. Step 2: Ask students to name their peers. Help them understand that classmates, friends, other children, and first/second graders all over the world are their peers. They may share similar characteristics, but differ in many ways as well. Explain that a peer could be your best friend or someone you do not know very well, and sometimes you might encounter a peer who wants to do something that may not be very nice. Whether this person may encourage you to do the wrong thing or pressure you into doing something you may not want to do, we call this behavior peer pressure. Step 3: Generate a discussion about the reasons children do things that other peers may pressure them to do even though they may not want to or they know it is wrong. Ask students why peer pressure is difficult to deal with. Step 4: Introduce the book The Berenstain Bears and the In-Crowd or the alternative title you have selected. Instruct students to pay close attention to how Sister handles a tough situation with her peers. Stop periodically during the story and allow students to comment on what Sister is experiencing and feeling. Step 5: After reading, ask questions to help students recall how Sister acted in the face of peer pressure, such as: - Was it difficult for Sister to make her decision to go against the group? - Was Sister able to avoid peer pressure? - Who did Sister talk with to get help? Step 6: Ask students if they have ever been in a similar situation where they felt pressured and uncomfortable. How did they handle it? What happened in the end? Step 1: Begin by telling students that this week, they will learn and practice an important decision-making skill called "Stop, Explore, Go!" that will help them when they have to make difficult choices like Sister did in the story The Berenstain Bears and the In-Crowd. Introduce the traffic signal displaying "Stop! Explore, Go!" Teach the following: - Stop! You need to stop and think about it. - Explore Look at all the possible choices and choose the best one. - Go! Go ahead and do what you chose to do. This may not be so easy. You may need help from someone. Step 2: Help students explore the ways Sister used Stop! in the story The Berenstain Bears and the In-Crowd. Ask students to share when they have stopped to think about a situation in the past. Step 3: Help students consider ways Sister explored possible choices of actions. Who helps Sister come up with a solution to her problem? Step 4: Help students understand how Sister put her plan into action — Go! What strategy did Sister decide would be the best? Does her strategy work? Was the result positive or negative? Ask students to share about a time when they had a few options to choose from and how they made their decision. Step 1: Begin by reminding the students that Sister had a few choices to make in the story The Berenstain Bears and the In-Crowd. Today they will learn how to explore the positive and negative consequences that come with making a decision. Step 2: Ask students to recall Sister's choices. Share the large Consequences T-Chart you prepared ahead of time. Discuss with students the various choices Sister makes in the story. Explain that a choice is also called an option. What good things might happen as a result of choosing this option? What bad things might happen as a result of this choice? Record students' responses under the appropriate column. Explain that the result of a choice is called a consequence. Talk about the difference between a positive and a negative consequence. Step 3: Explore other possible options with students and repeat the procedure. Guide a discussion about consequences. Step 4: Ask students to compare the positive and negative consequences for each option. Explain that a good option is safe, healthy, considerate of others, and obeys rules or laws. Talk about how the choice Sister made was the best decision she could make in her situation. Step 1: Inform students that they will complete their own consequences chart with a partner. Brainstorm with students three realistic — real or imagined — circumstances, similar to Sister's, that might involve peer pressure. Encourage students to come up with appropriate scenarios that have positive and negative consequences, such as a new student joins the class, but your friends discourage you from inviting him to sit with your group during lunch. Record at least three class-generated scenarios and their options on the board or chart paper. Step 2: Distribute the Positive and Negative Consequences T-Chart printables. Instruct students to choose an option from the list and copy it on the line provided onto their Positive and Negative Consequences T-Chart. Step 3: Instruct students to find a partner and help each other brainstorm all the positive and negative consequences for that option onto their T-Chart. Ask them to make a decision as a team on how the scenario will be solved. Explain that they will be role-playing this scene with each other and possibly the class. Step 4: Once students have completed their T-Charts and made their decisions, instruct them to make up a skit on this particular situation, demonstrating the "Stop! Explore, Go!" process, the options, the consequences, who they went to for help, and how a good decision was made. Allow time for them to create the skit. If you have access to puppets, provide them as props. Step 5: Have students play out their skits with each other. Step 6: Give students the opportunity to perform their skits with partners for the class. Supporting All Learners Encourage the more talkative, animated students to take lead roles in the skits to be performed in class. Have students create Say No to Peer Pressure posters that depict "Stop! Explore, Go!" to be displayed around the school. Have students write about a time when they went through the "Stop! Explore, Go!" process to make a decision for homework. - Complete a Positive and Negative Consequences T-Chart printable - Participate in a role play activity - Were students able to role play in the decision making activity? - Do I need to follow up with additional practice opportunities? Observe students' ability to create multiple options for a scenario and differentiate between positive and negative consequences. Evaluate the completed Positive and Negative Consequences T-Chart printables.	<urn:uuid:f3022219-9f7b-4b42-a51c-15ffdf12b94d>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-30", "url": "https://www.scholastic.com/teachers/lesson-plans/teaching-content/stop-explore-go/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676591831.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20180720193850-20180720213850-00110.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.941789448261261, "token_count": 1767, "score": 4.5, "int_score": 4 }
As I have mentioned in previous posts about us as teachers primarily teaching towards the test and having our own ways of teaching to our preference but we have to keep in mind is this type of teaching really helping our students? We know that simply having students memorize material isn’t cutting it. If we take a look at the “Learning Cone” we find that talking at our students is one of the worst approaches we as educators can use. We need to allow our students to discover while they are learning this is how we reach them, by finding ways to relate to the student. We need to become more of a facilitator of learning, guiding our students instead of telling them. In order for teachers to best help students, especially those teachers who may not have as much experience with technology as others, it’s important for them to prepare themselves as much as possible. There are many opportunities available to teachers so that they may be able to learn and teach new technology to their students. Workshops can be found online or locally to help teachers with technology. Training are also being done within school systems to help their teachers learn new technology and how it can be used. Professional developments are also available to those interested in learning more about technology. Remember to always reach out to your co-teachers!! I was able to find two specific websites that offer professional developments to teachers, they can be found at: This week in my technology class I was shocked by my reading. I found out that the primary reason our students are dropping out of school is because of boredom and lack of technology. I was able to find some incredible numbers within my weekly reading. “More than 1/3 of students in the United States are dropping out of school, only 28% believe school work is meaningful, 21% find their courses interesting, and 39% believe their school work will bear success in their future”. (Understanding the Digital Generation, Jukes, McCain, Crockett) I was able to find a couple of websites that help support why we as educators should use technology in school and some strategies to using it. Check them out! (Discusses why we should incorporate technology in our schools) (This site gives educators strategies on using technology with students.) Due to our changing world our students want to learn through technology based tools, however, most educators prefer their original way of teaching through lecture and talking. This week I wanted to include a chart showing the different preferences between teachers and students. I’m hoping this will give you a little insight on what our students prefer versus what educators prefer. Just for fun I was curious as to how much you use technology in your classroom. Please take a few minutes and participate in my poll. Thanks! Our students are termed the “digital generation” simply because they have grown up in a world full of technology; it’s all they know. In order to better reach our students we need to teach in a way that we can relate to them. In order to better understand the gap between our children and adults today I have provided two very interesting articles you can take a look at. We as teachers need to do as much as we can to help close the gap! (The site above discusses the gap between teachers and students and how it continues to widen.) (The site above discusses ways the technology gap can be bridged.)	<urn:uuid:814e7d97-2714-4b06-a840-2e020ae71407>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-22", "url": "https://aellis2008.wordpress.com/category/issues-within-technology/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794866733.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20180524170605-20180524190605-00528.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9796808362007141, "token_count": 694, "score": 2.859375, "int_score": 3 }
Life for the medieval peasant was certainly no picnic. His life was shadowed by fear of famine, disease and bursts of warfare. His diet and personal hygiene left much to be desired. But despite his reputation as a miserable wretch, you might envy him one thing: his vacations. Plowing and harvesting were backbreaking toil, but the peasant enjoyed anywhere from eight weeks to half the year off. The Church, mindful of how to keep a population from rebelling, enforced frequent mandatory holidays. Weddings, wakes and births might mean a week off quaffing ale to celebrate, and when wandering jugglers or sporting events came to town, the peasant expected time off for entertainment. There were labor-free Sundays, and when the plowing and harvesting seasons were over, the peasant got time to rest, too. In fact, economist Juliet Shor found that during periods of particularly high wages, such as 14th-century England, peasants might put in no more than 150 days a year. As for the modern American worker? After a year on the job, she gets an average of eight vacation days annually. It wasn’t supposed to turn out this way: John Maynard Keynes, one of the founders of modern economics, made a famous prediction that by 2030, advanced societies would be wealthy enough that leisure time, rather than work, would characterize national lifestyles. So far, that forecast is not looking good. What happened? Some cite the victory of the modern eight-hour a day, 40-hour workweek over the punishing 70 or 80 hours a 19th century worker spent toiling as proof that we’re moving in the right direction. But Americans have long since kissed the 40-hour workweek goodbye, and Shor’s examination of work patterns reveals that the 19th century was an aberration in the history of human labor. When workers fought for the eight-hour workday, they weren’t trying to get something radical and new, but rather to restore what their ancestors had enjoyed before industrial capitalists and the electric lightbulb came on the scene. Go back 200, 300 or 400 years and you find that most people did not work very long hours at all. In addition to relaxing during long holidays, the medieval peasant took his sweet time eating meals, and the day often included time for an afternoon snooze. “The tempo of life was slow, even leisurely; the pace of work relaxed,” notes Shor. “Our ancestors may not have been rich, but they had an abundance of leisure.” Fast-forward to the 21st century, and the U.S. is the only advanced country with no national vacation policy whatsoever. Many American workers must keep on working through public holidays, and vacation days often go unused. Even when we finally carve out a holiday, many of us answer emails and “check in” whether we’re camping with the kids or trying to kick back on the beach. Some blame the American worker for not taking what is her due. But in a period of consistently high unemployment, job insecurity and weak labor unions, employees may feel no choice but to accept the conditions set by the culture and the individual employer. In a world of “at will” employment, where the work contract can be terminated at any time, it’s not easy to raise objections. It’s true that the New Deal brought back some of the conditions that farm workers and artisans from the Middle Ages took for granted, but since the 1980s things have gone steadily downhill. With secure long-term employment slipping away, people jump from job to job, so seniority no longer offers the benefits of additional days off. The rising trend of hourly and part-time work, stoked by the Great Recession, means that for many, the idea of a guaranteed vacation is a dim memory. Ironically, this cult of endless toil doesn’t really help the bottom line. Study after study shows that overworking reduces productivity. On the other hand, performance increases after a vacation, and workers come back with restored energy and focus. The longer the vacation, the more relaxed and energized people feel upon returning to the office. Economic crises give austerity-minded politicians excuses to talk of decreasing time off, increasing the retirement age and cutting into social insurance programs and safety nets that were supposed to allow us a fate better than working until we drop. In Europe, where workers average 25 to 30 days off per year, politicians like French President Francois Hollande and Greek Prime Minister Antonis Samaras are sending signals that the culture of longer vacations is coming to an end. But the belief that shorter vacations bring economic gains doesn’t appear to add up. According to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) the Greeks, who face a horrible economy, work more hours than any other Europeans. In Germany, an economic powerhouse, workers rank second to last in number of hours worked. Despite more time off, German workers are the eighth most productive in Europe, while the long-toiling Greeks rank 24 out of 25 in productivity. Beyond burnout, vanishing vacations make our relationships with families and friends suffer. Our health is deteriorating: depression and higher risk of death are among the outcomes for our no-vacation nation. Some forward-thinking people have tried to reverse this trend, like progressive economist Robert Reich, who has argued in favor of a mandatory three weeks off for all American workers. Congressman Alan Grayson proposed the Paid Vacation Act of 2009, but alas, the bill didn’t even make it to the floor of Congress. Speaking of Congress, its members seem to be the only people in America getting as much down time as the medieval peasant. They get 239 days off this year.	<urn:uuid:ec037173-6938-4bde-aeed-16bee244fe05>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-26", "url": "http://nypost.com/2013/09/04/medieval-peasants-got-a-lot-more-vacation-time-than-you-economist/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398216.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00113-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9667029976844788, "token_count": 1189, "score": 3.40625, "int_score": 3 }
FOOD FOR THOUGHT! The yellow-billed hornbill (Tockus leucomelas) is a fascinating ground-foraging bird and a common resident in Lapalala. Pairs of this bird are monogamous and have a unique way of safeguarding their nest! The female first carefully selects a hole in a tree to lay her eggs and then plucks out all her feathers to use them as nesting material. When she is finished, the male covers the hole with a combination of mud, droppings and saliva by using the side of his beak. He leaves a tiny little opening, through which he can feed the female and her hatchlings. Once the hatchlings are ready for their first flight and mum’s feathers have grown back, they break open the hole and squawk loudly to encourage the chicks to fly out into the wilderness. AVERAGE TEMPERATURES & RAINFALL MAY Rainfall = 8.5 mm Min temp = 9.1 °C Max temp = 20.4 °C RARE BOOMSLANG SIGHTING When Marilize caught a glimpse of this boomslang (Dispholidus typus) she counted herself lucky, as this shy snake species is not easily spotted in Lapalala. The sighting became even more interesting when she noticed that the young snake had just caught himself a last meal for the winter! After some trial-and-error – even hanging the chameleon in the tree to try and eat it from the bottom – he eventually managed to fill his tummy. Nature is full of beautiful spectacles; one just needs to look. BREAKING DOWN OF OLD STRUCTURES AND CAMPS Hidden away in the wilderness of Lapalala, one can still find structures of old farms and bush camps, most of which haven’t been used for years. One aspect of turning Lapalala back to its pristine state is to completely remove these old structures – not an easy task! The big challenge is to remove all of the material off the reserve and the sites are often difficult to access with trucks and machinery. However, steady progress is being made and one of the bush camps currently being broken down is Look Out, famous for its breathtaking views over the Palala River. This perfect sundowner spot will be reconstructed into a wooden viewing deck for custodians and guests to enjoy to the full. One of the great wonders to experience at Lapalala Wilderness is our clear night sky. You can experience magnificent stars and constellations surrounded by total darkness in the middle of our wilderness! The Milky Way, which is the flat disc-shaped galaxy we find ourselves in, and which consists of about 200 billion stars (of which our sun is just one), will be easy to spot as a big, cloudy band surrounding us. All of the single stars we see are also part of this galaxy – they are just very close by. If you look very carefully though, you might be able to spot two other galaxies as irregular cloudy spots in the distance. They are the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds, which are only visible from the Southern Hemisphere. BLACK RHINO MOVING HOUSE When black rhino males reach a certain age they can become quite territorial – meaning that they won’t tolerate other black rhino males in their territory around their females. Lapalala has a number of males in the Lapalala West area and we had to come up with a solution to avoid fighting incidents. Our first plan of action is to move one of the non-territorial black rhino males to the section around Tholo Plains. Historically, this area of Lapalala has never been utilised by black rhino despite it being a very good habitat for the species. To decrease the chances of our male walking straight back, we first placed him in a boma and our rangers are bio-fencing his new home-to-be. A bio-fence is a barrier of manure from another adult black rhino which, in our case, we collected from Metsi. The release of the black rhino will take place in June. THOLO PLAINS’ BUSH PIGS Although we have plenty of bush pigs (Potamochoerus larvatus) in Lapalala, they are shy animals and rarely seen, because they inhabit inaccessible terrain and are mostly active at night. Their looks and behaviour are quite different from warthogs with a more elongated head, smaller tusks and less prominent warts on the muzzle. They run with a downward positioned tail. A good place for spotting bush pigs in Lapalala is the area around Tholo Plains, where this month two different groups of bush pigs were spotted on the same day, showing relaxed behaviour while foraging during day time. NEW HOUSING AT STAFF HQ These last few months, our maintenance team has been hard at work behind the scenes on major improvements to our permanent staff housing facilities at LW headquarters. A total of six new buildings, each containing four separate units, have been constructed. Each unit contains a private kitchen/living area, bedroom and bathroom – the staff members are especially happy with the improved privacy and comfort that the units offer. TREE OF THE MONTH A common tree in Lapalala is the sickle bush (Dichrostachys cineria). It is sometimes also called the Chinese lantern tree, due to its characteristic bicoloured cylindrical flowers resembling Chinese lanterns. The spines are exceptionally hard and capable of puncturing a tyre, but this doesn’t bother the black rhinos who happen to love feeding on this tree. The sickle bush grows fast, especially on brackish soil and has a tendency to become invasive in these areas. For this reason, the sickle bush is one of our target species during our bush clearing activities.	<urn:uuid:74726d06-0915-40bc-9fc9-312f241f5790>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-34", "url": "http://andersonwildlifeproperties.co.za/2018/05/29/lapalala-reserve-report-may-2018/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439735792.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20200803083123-20200803113123-00243.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9570420980453491, "token_count": 1216, "score": 2.75, "int_score": 3 }
Adults know when they reach for their morning cup of coffee that they're in for a caffeine-induced jolt. What they may not know is that kids could be consuming a surprising amount of the stimulant themselves. Some sodas, ice creams and snacks pack an unexpected caffeine wallop, according to a new study by Consumer Reports magazine. The study tested 25 products likely to be consumed by children and found that an 8-ounce serving of Coke, Pepsi or Sunkist Orange Soda has about 25 milligrams of caffeine -- or about a quarter of the maximum daily limit most nutrition experts recommend for children. Although little research has been done with children and caffeine, most experts say exceeding 100 milligrams a day can cause anxiety, tension and sleeplessness in youngsters. Even higher amounts can lead to nausea, vomiting, cramps and diarrhea. "We did this study to give parents a heads-up about caffeine," said Linda Greene, who supervised the study for Consumer Reports. "I don't think a lot of people are aware of how much are in some products." Caffeine affects children and adults in different ways, doctors and nutritionists say. Its ultimate impact depends on a person's body weight, his built-up tolerance to it, and his inherent sensitivity to the substance. Another reason behind the study, published in the July issue, was to put pressure on the Food and Drug Administration to require caffeine labeling on all food products, Greene said. Currently, food manufacturers only have to show that caffeine is present when they've added it to the product, which is sometimes done to enrich flavor. But the manufacturer doesn't have to specify how much caffeine was added, she said. The FDA is reviewing a proposal to require labels to identify the amount of caffeine in a particular product. "There's no question that [caffeine] labeling would help parents make better dietary choices," said Brenda Eskenazi, a professor of epidemiology at UC Berkeley and director of the Center for Children's Environmental Health Research. "This is the most common psychoactive drug in our food and we aren't even allowed to know how much of it is in there." Parents should carefully monitor their children's intake of food and drinks known to contain caffeine, such as sodas and chocolates, in which the stimulant occurs naturally, the study's authors said. "There's no reason for kids to be drinking all that caffeine," Greene said. "And it's fairly easy to modify their diets to avoid it. It's not like telling them they can never eat chocolate again." (BEGIN TEXT OF INFOBOX) The caffeine count A look at a few products and the amount of caffeine they contain: -- Drinks (8-ounce serving) Mg Red Fusion 38 Mountain Dew 37 Pepsi 27 Coca-Cola Classic 24 Sunkist Orange Soda 23 SoBe Energy Citrus Flavored Beverage 25 -- Snacks Mg Dannon Natural Flavors Low Fat Coffee Flavored Yogurt (6 oz.) 36 Starbucks Coffee Java Chip Ice Cream ( 1/2 cup) 28 M&M's Milk Chocolate Candies ( 1/4 cup) 8 Hershey's Syrup, Chocolate Flavor (2 tablespoons) 5 Source: Consumer Reports	<urn:uuid:0cf936c5-09c0-46b0-aca4-47c24becc71a>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-41", "url": "http://articles.latimes.com/2003/jun/16/health/he-caffeine16", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657129229.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011209-00248-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9551156759262085, "token_count": 672, "score": 2.859375, "int_score": 3 }
The skeleton of a whale that died around 10,000 years ago has been found in connection with the extension of the E6 motorway in Strömstad. The whale bones are now being examined by researchers at the University of Gothenburg who, among other things, want to ascertain whether the find is the mystical “Swedenborg whale”. There are currently four species of right whale. What is particularly interesting is that the size and shape of the whale bones resemble those of a fifth species: the mystical “Swedenborg whale”, first described by the scientist Emmanuel Swedenborg in the 18th century. “Bones from what is believed to be Swedenborg’s right whale have previously been found in western Sweden. However, determining the species of whale bones found in earth is complicated and there is no definitive conclusion on whether the whale actually existed, it could equally well be a myth,” says zoologist Thomas Dahlgren and his colleague Leif Jonsson. Source: Science Daily.	<urn:uuid:73b8a65d-e4a1-4408-a996-43e41f8d1d54>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-40", "url": "https://cryptoworld.co.uk/mystical-swedenborg-whale-discovered-in-sweden/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600401598891.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20200928073028-20200928103028-00628.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9652180075645447, "token_count": 212, "score": 3.125, "int_score": 3 }
There are two theories as to why people age. One theory posits that aging is naturally programmed into the body. The second theory is that aging is the result of damage that has accumulated during life, which is why some people live longer than others.Continue Reading Everyone ages differently, and scientists believe that the rate at which someone ages comes down to four main things: chemistry, behavior, physiology and genetics. Studies have proven that when scientists adjust the genes in yeast cells, mice and other organisms, the life span of those creatures can be nearly doubled. It is believed that genetics makes up about 35 percent of a person's aging process. Even with good genes, the body continues to undergo chemical changes throughout its life. Some of these changes cause damage to the body and are factors in the aging process. DNA repair, hormones, heat shock proteins and free radicals are all important concepts when looking at the biochemistry of aging. As a person ages, certain organs in the body change. This includes the heart, which thickens over time. This thickening is due to a thickening of arteries. This gives the heart a much lower maximum pumping rate. As the immune system ages, it takes longer to replenish T cells. As a result, older people take longer to get over being sick.Learn more about Older Adults	<urn:uuid:3450d976-0e53-4f94-9851-f9ba9c21622a>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-09", "url": "https://www.reference.com/health/people-age-dc1471ebd25bb78e", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891814311.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20180223015726-20180223035726-00199.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9626867175102234, "token_count": 267, "score": 3.6875, "int_score": 4 }
Mesothelioma is a rare but aggressive type of cancer related to exposure to asbestos, a natural mineral that can be woven and mixed with cement. Before being proven toxic during the 20th century, it was widely used for about 100 years in industries such as construction, shipbuilding and manufacturing. If undisturbed, asbestos can be harmless, but when it comes in contact with other materials, asbestos fibers can be released into the air. The asbestos fibers can be inhaled or swallowed and cannot be fully expelled by the body. As the fibers become trapped in the mesothelial cells, they irritate the cells, causing the formation of tumors. This process takes decades and it affects different organs. Mesothelial cells protect and moisten the organs through a lining known as the mesothelium. There are four different types of mesothelioma: pleural, peritoneal, pericardial and testicular mesothelioma, defined according to the location of the tumors, including the lungs, abdomen, heart and testicles, respectively. About 20% of the patients suffer from peritoneal mesothelioma, which occurs when mesothelioma develops in the lining of the abdomen, the peritoneum. There is currently no cure for the disease, but there are treatments that improve the symptoms. Peritonectomy is an option for patients with peritoneal mesothelioma. Peritonectomy Surgical Procedure Peritonectomy is the most common surgical procedure used with patients with this form of the disease. The purpose of the surgery is to resect the cancerous cells in the lining of the abdominal cavity. Peritonectomy is often referred as peritonectomy and cytoredutive. During the surgery, the surgeon makes an incision in the abdomen to gain access to the cavity and observe the cancerous growth. It is a complex procedure that can last 10 to 12 hours and parts of the bowels, gall bladder, liver, pancreas, spleen and stomach may be removed. Benefits and Risks of Peritonectomy Peritonectomy and cytoreductive surgery are aggressive and invasive treatment options, but the procedures are known to have encouraging results. The decrease of cancerous cells in the abdomen enables chemotherapy to penetrate the tissue. The greatest the amount of tumors removed, the better chemotherapy will work. Peritonectomy and cytoreductive surgery combined with chemotherapy can improve patients’ life span and increase survival in about three years, while patients with peritoneal mesothelioma usually face a prognosis of about a year. However, it is a difficult surgery and includes numerous risks. The main possible side effects include pain, fatigue, poor appetite due to the general anesthesia, weight loss, swelling around the surgical site related to the normal response of the body to the incision, fluid drainage from the site of surgery that can be accompanied by a bad smell, fever and redness, bruising around the surgery site due to the leakage of blood from the small blood vessels under the skin, bleeding, infection at the incision site, as well as temporary organ dysfunction, according to the American Cancer Society. Recovery and Life After Peritonectomy The majority of patients need to stay at the hospital for about two weeks, which are used to recovery from the major surgery and in some cases to continue with chemotherapy. Heated chemotherapy is administered into the abdominal cavity during the surgery and the treatment is continued for two weeks. It helps kill any cancer cells left behind during the cytoreduction. During this time, patients’ health is monitored by physicians and nurses, with particular emphasis on the recovery of the digestive system, which is particularly affected by the surgery. After being discharged, the recovery continues at home and patients are likely to need more two or three weeks before being ready to go back to work. Following the peritonectomy and cytoreduction surgery, patients receive food, fluids, vitamins and medications intravenously with a nasogastric tube placed from the nose into the stomach. The tube drains the content of the stomach until the recovery of the bowels. Due to the surgery, patients are expected to improve symptoms of peritoneal mesothelioma, which include weight loss, abdominal distention, hernias, loss of appetite, feeling of fullness, abdominal swelling or tenderness, fatigue, abdominal fluid buildup, bowel obstruction.	<urn:uuid:bceb3626-8825-4e66-bc73-1d849a01cdaa>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-22", "url": "https://mesotheliomaresearchnews.com/peritonectomy/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463613796.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20170530051312-20170530071312-00408.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.942624032497406, "token_count": 902, "score": 3.328125, "int_score": 3 }
Basic research focuses on the search for truth or the development of theory. Because of this property, basic research is fundamental. Researchers with their fundamental background knowledge “design studies that can test, refine, modify, or develop theories.” Generally, these researchers are affiliated with an academic institution, and they perform this research as part of their graduate or doctoral works. Gathering knowledge for knowledge’s sake is the sole purpose of basic research. Basic research is also called pure research. Basic research is driven by a scientist’s curiosity or interest in a scientific question. The main motivation in basic research is to expand man’s knowledge, not to create or invent something. There is no obvious commercial value to the discoveries that result from basic research. The term ‘basic’ indicates that, through theory generation, basic research provides the foundation for applied research. This approach of research is essential for nourishing the expansion of knowledge. It deals with questions that are intellectually interesting and challenging to the investigator. It focuses on refuting or supporting theories that operate in a changing society. Basic research generates new ideas, principles, and theories, which may not be of immediate practical utility, though such research lays the foundations of modern progress and development in many fields. Basic research rarely helps practitioners directly with their everyday concerns but can stimulate new ways of thinking about our daily lives. Basic researchers are more detached and academic in their approach and tend to have their motives. For example, an anthropologist may research to try and understand the physical properties, symbolic meanings, and practical qualities of things. Such research contributes to an understanding of broad issues of interest to many social sciences-issues of self, family, and material culture. Having said so, we come up with the following definition of basic research: Definition of Basic Research When the solution to the research problem has no apparent applications to any existing practical problem but serves only the scholarly interests of a community of a researcher, the research is basic. Most scientists believe that a fundamental understanding of all branches of science is needed for progress to take place. In other words, basic research lays down the foundation for the applied research that follows. If basic work is done first, then applied spin-offs often eventually result from this research. A person wishing to do basic research in any specialized area generally must have studied the concepts and assumptions of that specialization enough to know what has been done in the past and what remains to be done. In the health sector, for example, basic research is necessary to generate new knowledge and technology to deal with major unsolved health problems. Here are a few examples of questions asked in pure research: - How did the universe begin? - What are protons, neutrons, and electrons composed of? - How do slime molds reproduce? - How do the Neo-Malthusians view the Malthusian theory? - What is the specific genetic code of the fruit fly? - What is the relevance of the dividend theories in the capital market? As there is no guarantee of short-term practical gain, researchers find it difficult to obtain funding for basic research. Examples of Basic Research The author investigated the smoothness of the solution of the degenerate Hamilton-Bellman (HJB) equation associated with a linear- quadratic regulator control. The author established the existence of a classical solution of degenerate HJB equation associated with this problem by the technique of viscosity solutions and hence derived an optimal control from the optimality conditions in the HJB equation. Hasan (2009) gave a solution to linear programming problems through computer algebra. In his paper, he developed a computer technique for solving such linear fractional programming problems. At the outset, he determined all basic feasible solutions of the constraints, which are a system of linear equations. The author then computed and compared the objective function values and obtained the optimal objective function value and optimal solutions. The method was then illustrated with a few numerical examples.	<urn:uuid:976c57bf-92a3-4515-a383-55b2d80e9512>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-29", "url": "https://www.iedunote.com/basic-research", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657151761.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20200714212401-20200715002401-00264.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9367265105247498, "token_count": 823, "score": 3.609375, "int_score": 4 }
A project to develop a geostationary orbiting satellite observing air pollution is well under way to meet the pre-set goal of launching it by 2019, according to a state research institute. Geostationary satellites are ideal for observation as they float right above the equator, synching its orbital period with the Earth's. Many military and weather satellites orbit where they can watch, looking for any changes that might pose a threat. The National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) said in a statement that the development of its geostationary orbiting satellite has been under way "as planned". Once set in orbit, it would cover a wide area from India to Japan, tracking the movement of air pollution in real-time with its spectrophotometry sensor. The NIER satellite will hover at an altitude of 36,000 kilometers (2,236 miles) above the equator to measure how much a chemical substance is in the air. Since the project was launched in 2012, the institute has invested about 152.5 billion won (1,357 million US dollars). The satellite will be mounted by the Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI) into a space rocket for its trip to space. The rocket will be developed and manufactured in a joint operation involving KARI and the Ball Aerospace and Technologies Corporation of the United States. Public concern over particulate pollution has grown in recent years. While China has been cited as the main culprit for inducing particulate pollution, experts point to power plants and vehicles using fossil fuel. Park Sae-jin = email@example.com © Aju Business Daily & www.ajunews.com Copyright: All materials on this site may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, displayed, published or broadcast without the authorization from the Aju News Corporation.	<urn:uuid:c6a19fe3-bdc0-4fce-87ff-c45a0049eeca>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-14", "url": "https://eng.ajunews.com/view/20170608165436516", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949009.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20230329151629-20230329181629-00628.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9258561134338379, "token_count": 372, "score": 3.390625, "int_score": 3 }
(Hurley, Dennett, Adams; Inside Jokes, 121). Its main functions include motivation, emotion, learning, and long-term memory. Neocortex lacks significant connections with the hypothalamus; evolutionarily older areas of the medial cortex (rhinencephalon) are intimately connected with the hypothalamus. Hypothalamus. (Watt; Emotion and Consciousness, 218), Limbic system contains both innate circuitry and circuitry modifiable by experience. The limbic system contains brain areas … It also plays a role in regulating cognitive attention. Las emociones vistas por el psicoanálisis y la neurociencia: un ejercicio de conciliación. A somatic state is a result of the activation of complex subcortical neurohumoral circuits that give emotional value and relevance to a certain thought. Importance of the hypothalamus in emotional expression; importance of the cerebral cortex in emotional experience. (Damasio; Descartes Error, 118), Specific portions of the limbic system project to different areas of the cingulate gyrus, allowing different patterns of limbic activity to generate qualitatively different emotional feelings and bias cognitive processes. In simple terms in order to truly heal we need to experience deep and attuned loving care. What Are Relationships with Emotionally Insecure People Like? Both the emotional brain and the cognitive brain have aspects of unconscious as well as conscious functionality. derives from the ringlike arrangement of allocortical structures, including the amygdala, hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, and hypothalamus, that provide a relative distinct border separating the brain stem from the new cortex. The limbic system comprises a group of structures surrounding the top of the brain stem, which serve to quickly evaluate sensory data and trigger an animals motor responses. (Norden. They include the forebrain, or the prefrontal cortex, the limbic system, which is located in the center of the brain, and the brain stem. (Damasio; Motor FAPs of relatively primitive animals are accompanied by a well-defined emotional component. In no sense is this information intended to provide diagnoses or act as a substitute for the work of a qualified professional. Any events that arise in the limbic system are swiftly announced in the forebrain. "], Papez circuit is composed of the hippocampus, mammillary bodies, anterior nuclei of the thalamus, and cingulate gyrus. This system … and in all neural processes on which mind phenomena are based (perception, learning, recall, emotion, feeling, reasoning, creativity). Theta rhythm range 5-12 Hz. The limbic system is the area of the brain most heavily implicated in emotion and memory. The limbic system, sometimes called “the emotional brain”, controls many of the complex emotional behaviors we think of as instinct. The limbic system is the part of the brain involved in our behavioural and emotional responses, especially when it comes to behaviours we need for survival: feeding, reproduction and caring for our young, and fight or flight responses. Separation or loss of something with affective value leads to reduced concentration of the endogenous opioids, which determine a painful experience. Manual de bases biológicas del comportamiento humano. (Ramachandran; Tell-Tale Brain, 98), Limbic system, a catchall term for a number of evolutionarily old structures, many neuroscientists resist using the term. The hypothalamus is tightly entwined with the. Originates due to frustration toward an object, person, or situation. It’s the protagonist in the learning, planning, and decision-making processes. It wasn’t until later, in the 1930s, that James Papez finally named it the limbic system, and suggested that it participated in the neural circuit of emotional expression (Kolb and Whishsaw, 2003). The cognitive brain of the cortex and the emotional brain are tightly entwined, providing control for movement and behavior. (Kandel; Dopamine onto the Nucleus Accumbens, Reward feelings. It is known as the seat of social and emotional intelligence and is the brain’s anxiety “switch”. In the neuroanatomy of emotions, the prefrontal cortex regulates emotional responses. Goose bumps, a mild form of piloerection in humans, occur as a vestige of the more dramatic displays in our mammalian cousins. and its connections to the cortex and other subcortical structures. (Kandel; Principles of Neural Science, 988), Release of dopamine onto the nucleus accumbens appears to underlie all reward feelings. More concretely, it’s related to action, learning, and memory-oriented motivation. All of these nuclei are interconnected into a feedback circuit allowing for the integration of emotion and memory. , which regulates bodily functions. Surprise is a basic emotion caused by an unforeseen stimulus. Different areas of the limbic system have a strong control over emotions such as pleasure, pain, anger, fear, sadness, sexual feelings and affection. Unconscious bodily responses of emotion include the facial expressions of emotion, some of which, such as a snarl of teeth, may exist in non-human mammals. The hypothalamus tightly regulates bodily responses and influences modulator neurotransmitters that widely spray the frontal cortex neurons to influence attention and decision making. The dopamine pathway to the nucleus accumbens is closely associated with the control of motor behavior and is correlated with hedonic tone that is a fundamental aspect of all feeling states. Choose from 500 different sets of term:limbic system = emotional center of the brain flashcards on Quizlet. Some researches include the orbitofrontal cortex as a part of the limbic system. The limbic system is a set of brain structures located on top of the brainstem and buried under the cortex. (Eichenbaum; Olfactory Perception and Memory, 181), Limbic system is not precisely defined; it remains a catchall for a number of evolutionarily old structures; many neuroscientists resist using it. When you experience symptoms of anxiety, which activates your limbic system, your brain believes you’re in real danger. The later-evolving cortical system served learning behavior that was adapted to increasingly complex environments. Biological foundation. The limbic system. The main ones are: This system motivates the pursuit of pleasure; it activates a person’s interest in the world. (Edelman; Limbic-brain stem system are often arranged in loops; they respond relatively slowly (seconds to months), and do not consist of detailed maps. Thoughts can excite emotion. The limbic system, also known as the paleomammalian cortex, is a set of brain structures located on both sides of the thalamus, immediately beneath the medial temporal lobe of the cerebrum primarily in the forebrain. The limbic system is a set of structures of the brain.These structures cover both sides of the thalamus, right under the cerebrum.It is not a separate system, but a collection of structures from the cerebrum, diencephalon, and midbrain.It supports many different functions, including emotion, behaviour, motivation, long-term memory, and olfaction. As per involuntary actions in which there are emotional reactions, subcortical areas mediate actions (such as the command systems we mentioned above). Our limbic system, our emotional brain, is part of our mid brain. International: Português \| Türkçe \| Deutsch \| 日本語 \| Italiano \| Español \| Suomi \| Français \| Polski \| Dansk \| Norsk bokmål \| Svenska \| Nederlands \| 한국어. Little brain, similar to the cerebrum in that it has two hemispheres and has a highly folded surface or cortex. Pankseep, J., Afectos, E., & Panksepp, P. (2001). Emotion is the more ancient function, existing in well developed form in primitive mammals whose cortex is much less well developed than humans. Was this page helpful? Edición), Buenos Aires, Mitre Salvay. In fact, experts believe that other systems, such as the immune and endocrine systems, participate in this process. The limbic system is typically referred to as the emotional “feeling and reacting” brain. Cognitive rigidity is a characteristic of people who are captive to their own behavioral patterns. The limbic system is a complex system in our brain that contains many different structures working together to build up a center in the brain responsible for managing psychological responses to emotional stimuli, controlling memory, attention, shaping our behavior and character, as well as affecting our emotions, and sexual urges. In my 2-Minute Neuroscience videos I explain neuroscience topics in 2 minutes or less. 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One of the most misunderstood topics in audio is the subject of diffraction. Diffraction, acoustic phase, and how listening rooms impact our reproduction of sound, based on what I see posted in many discussions on the internet, are subjects of much confusion. In this article I will attempt to clear some of the fog on the topic of cabinet diffraction, and hopefully, present it in such a way as to make it much easier to understand. What is Diffraction? Diffraction is the name given to the “bending” of waves (distortion of wavefronts) produced when they interact with objects that are comparable to a wavelength in size. This is in contrast to the much simpler phenomenon of reflection, which leaves the waveform shape intact. Both partial reflection and diffraction occur when sound waves encounter an obstacle in its path. The description is same whether we are discussing light, sound, or waves in the water. All of these diffract in ways that are predictable and consistent. In fact, most of the early work in diffraction came from the field of Optics, as far back as before Isaac Newton, and as a result we will sometimes use terms like “illuminating” the edge, and a “shadow zone” even when discussing the diffraction of sound waves. In order to get a good visual image of wave diffraction let’s picture a pond of still water. In this pond there is a small branch sticking out of the water, and several feet away there is a frog sitting on a rock. Suddenly the frog leaps into the water. This sets off a waveform moving outward from the frog’s entry point in concentric circles, in all directions (360 degrees). After a few seconds of travel the leading edge of the waveform encounters the branch sticking out of the water. The wave diffracts on this obstacle, and we see a new set of waves moving outward from the branch in all directions, including a portion of the wave moving directly back towards its origin where the frog went in. There is both reflection and diffraction of wavefronts in this example. These two waveforms will now interact either constructively, by adding in amplitude, or destructively, by canceling each other, depending on their relative phase – which is their up and down motion at the point where they intersect. Although this sounds somewhat complicated, I bet most of you had no trouble picturing this scene and following what I described. And, this is precisely the same thing that happens with sound propagating in the air. When sound is propagating from a loudspeaker it diffracts when it encounters the edges of the cabinet and other obstacles nearby. Baffle Step is Diffraction? Yes, sort of, but first we need to understand a few fundamental principles of acoustics before this will make sense. First of all, we must understand that sound is pressure, or more precisely, it is the propagation of pressure waves in air. That’s why it is referred to as SPL (Sound Pressure Level). Second, we need to understand that this pressure is pushing a waveform that is expanding to fill the space around it in a spherical manner. In other words, it is expanding in all directions equally – just like the pressure inside a balloon is pushing outward in all directions equally. And third, we need to understand that the acoustic effects of diffraction are always directly related to the ratio of distance versus the wavelength of sound at a given frequency. Wavelengths are inversely proportional to frequency. Low frequencies have very long wavelengths and higher frequencies have much shorter wavelengths. Therefore, for a given edge distance or baffle width the effect will be different based on the frequency discussed and its wavelength. An obstacle must be “acoustically large” before full diffraction will occur. An obstacle is “acoustically large” when its dimensions are greater than one-half of a wavelength at a given frequency, at this point there will be full diffraction of the waveform, or the obstacle will fully alter the direction and behavior of the wave. As an object gets progressively smaller than one-half of a wavelength it will have progressively less effect on the wave. Once it is around one-tenth of a wavelength in size it will be small enough acoustically to be essentially invisible to the waveform at those frequencies. Technically, the effects of diffraction asymptotically reach 0 dB only at 0Hz, but for most of this range the effects are only fractions of a decibel until the obstacle begins to become acoustically large. Speaker drivers are usually rated with what is called “half-space sensitivity” (sometimes called 2Pi or hemispherical space – 2Pi is a geometrical way of describing half of a sphere, whereas 4Pi describes a full sphere). Because of this, we will usually describe baffle step as a loss due to low frequencies “wrapping” around the baffle into “full-space” (4Pi or spherical space) due to their wavelengths being so much longer than the width of the baffle. This description can be correct depending upon your perspective; however it really doesn’t accurately describe the phenomena in a way that allows you to see how baffle step and diffraction are tied together. To be technically accurate we need to picture it in this way: When a loudspeaker produces a sound, this sound is in the form of a pressure wave trying to expand equally in all directions spherically (like the balloon analogy). The first obstacle that this wave encounters is the baffle face itself. For higher frequencies with shorter wavelengths where the baffle is acoustically large, the baffle causes a doubling of axial pressure into the forward hemisphere (since the pressure can’t expand spherically), much like a perfect reflector. This doubling of acoustic pressure produces a +6dB gain on axis in the forward hemisphere. A baffle with a width of about 9” would correspond to one wavelength at about 1500Hz, this +6dB gain would then be seen at frequencies above 750Hz (that half-wavelength rule. Of course, a taller height dimension pushes this a little lower in frequency in real life). At lower frequencies this gain is progressively less, dropping to near 1 dB at about one-tenth of 1500Hz, or 150 Hz (again, the taller height will push this a little lower, but you get the idea). At very low frequencies, below 100Hz in our example, the cabinet baffle is “acoustically small enough” to become “invisible” to these longer wavelengths. As a result they have very little effect on the waveform at all; the wave is able to expand reasonably unhindered as a sphere, and there is almost no gain or ripples in the waveform due to diffraction. At higher frequencies above 750Hz the baffle is “acoustically large enough” to fully obstruct spherical expansion of the waveform, acoustic pressure is doubled, and there is a +6dB gain in the response on the forward axis. Of course, what is given up in exchange is that there is very little energy at these higher frequencies behind the speaker. There is no gain in energy here, only a redirection. In between these two frequencies there is a transition as the baffle progressively diffracts the spherical propagation of the waveform. This produces a smooth rise from 0 dB to +6dB, and this is actually what is happening in what we call baffle step. It is diffraction; or more precisely, it is moving from a state of no diffraction into full diffraction as the baffle becomes acoustically larger with increasing frequency. Diffraction is really computed from the perspective of a full 4pi – spherical space. Below what we call the baffle step frequency there is very, very little diffraction at all. The wavelengths are acoustically too large to diffract on the baffle, so the baffle is essentially invisible to the long sound waves at these frequencies. However, the baffle step gain – the rising of the step – IS diffraction. So What About Edge Diffraction – What’s Happening Here? OK, here’s the anatomy of a diffraction signature. Continuing with our example, let’s define our baffle as a 9″ wide by 16″ tall mini-speaker with the driver mounted centered on the baffle and only 4″ from the top (or bottom). For the sake of our discussion we will treat this driver as a point source. That places this point source at 4.5″ from both sides and 4″ from the top. This is actually a fairly common location for tweeters, and small woofers may be similarly placed at the other end. Now, to figure the edge diffraction we need to picture the point source as a point with rays going off in all directions to the baffle edges. The point source is like the point where our frog entered the water. The rays are lines (radii) following those concentric circles moving outward in our pond. Each ray will have a specific distance before it encounters the cabinet edge and diffracts. When it diffracts, like the log in the water, the edge becomes a secondary sound source and some of the acoustic energy is reflected back toward the listener or microphone to combine with the original source with delay. How much delay depends on the frequency and the distance of the ray. Picture a triangle: One side of the triangle is the distance from the driver to the listener. The short side of the triangle is the distance from the driver to the edge of the cabinet. And the hypotenuse of the triangle is diffracted secondary waveform. Because it is longer than the direct path there will be delay and some phase shifts – Just like the phase shifts of our waves in the water combining. Unfortunately, in our example the point source is very close to the same distance from three different edges (I did this on purpose for our example). It is actually fairly complex because the ray distances will vary continuously as you move around the baffle, encountering edges at the sides, top, bottom, and corners, but a large percentage of them will fall in the range from 4-5.5″ due to the driver placement. This means that the influence of this distance will be much greater in the final result than many other ray distances will be. This distance corresponds to a frequency range of 2.4 kHz – 3.4 kHz with a center point at 3 kHz. When the waveform of sound from the driver moves across the baffle it encounters a sudden discontinuity when it reaches the edge of the enclosure. Frequencies in this range will reach these edges, diffract, and reflect back to the listener delayed out of phase since it is exactly one wavelength. The level will be reduced so there won’t be complete cancellation, but there will be a notch in the diffraction signature centered around 3 kHz. This notch is typical in many mini-monitors due to this distance and the associated diffraction. On the other hand, the frequencies whose wavelengths are twice this distance, so that a half-wavelength is reaching these edges will diffract to combine with the original source in-phase, but at a lower level. These frequencies will combine constructively and produce an additional gain that could reach +3 dB above the already +6dB, however, since the frequencies will be spread somewhat the gain will be slightly less than the full 9 dB peak. This peak will be twice as wide as the notch described above, and at half the frequency, so it will peak at about 1500 Hz. By the way, due to this peak, and typical crossover points for midwoofers, baffle step could actually appear to be more than the normally discussed 6dB once this hump of +2 to +3 dB is taken into consideration. Now, we also have some longer rays going to the bottom edge of our enclosure doing the same, these are in the 12-14″ range. This corresponds to a wavelength of just over 1000Hz, so there will be a little down-ripple in the response at this frequency, and a half-wavelength of around 500Hz, so there will be a little up-ripple here due to these distances as well. So now we have defined the typical baffle step, the peak, and the notch. At frequencies higher than this notch it is all the same mechanism that we have already discussed and applied – only the wavelengths get shorter and the phase of the diffracted sound becomes more randomized, and the ripples get narrower and shorter in amplitude. Diffraction is a form of linear distortion, because it affects the frequency response on a given axis and has a minimum phase relationship, meaning the phase is directly related to the frequency response. I hope this explains it reasonably well. It is all about ray length, driver location, and the wavelength of the sound reaching the edge and then recombining with the original source either in-phase or some degree out of phase. How Do You Control Diffraction? Well, the best way would be to eliminate it, but that would involve mounting the drivers on an infinite baffle, or flush in a wall, and that doesn’t work out very well for most people. For speaker drivers mounted in a typical cabinet you can not eliminate the effects of diffraction from the cabinet, but there are several techniques that compensate for, or reduce the impact these effects significantly. First, the most obvious diffraction effect for the typical small stand mounted monitor or the tall narrow tower type of speaker is the “baffle step” in the response that was discussed above. Fortunately, this step is fairly smooth and easy to measure on the design axis, because of this it can easily be compensated for in the crossover design. The negative side of this compensation is an apparent reduction in loudspeaker sensitivity of 6dB. The truth is that the original driver sensitivity was rated based on half-space (hemispherical) radiation, and we have adjusted everything to a flat response based on the full-space (Spherical) radiation of lower frequencies. The loss of sensitivity is traded off for flat on-axis frequency response. This trade-off is worth the drop in sensitivity. If you have listened to speakers that do not compensate for this step, the sound can be very thin in the lower midrange and bass, leaving you with a forward, bright, irritating sound. This leaves us with cabinet edge diffraction. Several different techniques have been employed over the years to reduce the effects of edge diffraction. One of the most effective is the use of a thick felt whose tangle can effectively absorb and diffuse the sound waveform moving along the baffle before it can encounter the edge and then diffract and recombine as described above, creating irregularities in the frequency response. Despite its effectiveness few commercial loudspeakers use felt, mostly for cosmetic reasons, but there are some notable exceptions that have been very successful. Most loudspeaker purchasers though, weigh the appearance of the speaker with the sound presentation when making their selection. As humans, we are strongly visually driven, even when looking for good sound. Fortunately, there are some techniques that work well in reducing edge diffraction effects and improve the appearance of the loudspeaker at the same time. One thing that needs to be done is to recess each loudspeaker driver so its faceplate or frame is flush with the baffle. It may not seem like it matters at first, but for surface mounted drivers the tweeter’s response will actually be impacted by the diffraction from its own faceplate edges as well as from the frame of the woofer mounted nearby. Flush mounting is an important feature that both aids in diffraction control and improves the appearance at the same time. Sometimes you will see a tweeter offset from the centerline of a baffle. This asymmetric mounting is also a diffraction control technique. By offsetting the tweeter, the distance from the center of the tweeter to the left edge and the right edge are different distances. This means that the frequencies whose wavelengths correspond to these distances are different too. By offsetting these frequencies you can sometimes smooth the on-axis diffraction signature because the distances to each edge will produce ripples at different frequencies. If carefully designed, these can combine to smooth the response. When using this technique it is important to note that the diffraction signature is asymmetrical too and there is a greater difference in the response whether you move off-axis to the left or to the right compared to a centered tweeter that is symmetrical. Similar to offsetting the tweeter is the technique of “toeing-in” the loudspeaker so you are not directly on-axis. This has a similar effect to offsetting the driver because your off-axis position changes the geometry of how the sound recombines after diffracting off of each edge. Another technique is to add a large radius to the edges of the cabinet. Many manufacturers will stick with a standard rectangular box with square edges as a cost savings, but the frequency response will have much more variation than it would have if the cabinet was rounded on the edges with a fairly large radius. It is costly to make baffles that are rounded or curved, but the impact on frequency response can be dramatic. The larger the radius or curve usually the better the diffraction control, and the smoother the frequency response will be. Here’s why – When a waveform is moving across the baffle and encounters a sharp edge with a sudden discontinuity of 90 degrees, there is a very sudden change in the propagation of the wave. The sharp corner acts like an obstacle changing the direction of the wave; the wave diffracts and the edge becomes a secondary source, reradiating sound back towards the original wave, as we have discussed. When a large radius is used the waveform moves across the baffle and tends to follow the radius as it curves away from the front. There is no sudden discontinuity in its path. This does not mean that there is no diffraction, but the larger the radius the lower in frequency the disturbances lie. The large rounded radius accomplishes two things that benefit our diffraction issue: First, the smoother path around the corner of the baffle reduces the amplitude of the disturbance at specific frequencies, thus reducing the overall impact on the frequency response. This occurs because the rounded edge is seen as a “fuzzier” less defined edge, and this spreads the affected frequencies over a wider range than a sharp edge does. Second, as the wave does begin to diffract on this radius part of the energy is redirected at different angles away from the baffle, so less diffracted energy recombines with the direct sound that produce the ripples in the frequency response that I described above. Finally, a feature that helps to control diffraction is controlled directivity. Our example above treats the loudspeaker driver as a point source. In reality this is not correct. All drivers have an effective radiating width or diameter; the larger this diameter, the greater the directivity of the driver. As a result, less acoustic energy at higher frequencies is able to illuminate the edge of the cabinet that is usually 90 degrees off-axis. (Just look at the 60 and 90 degree off-axis frequency response curves for many drivers for a good example of what I mean). If less energy illuminates the edge, then the strength of the edge source is reduced and so is the diffraction. Even a 1” dome tweeter has significantly reduced energy at 90 degrees off-axis for frequencies above 8 kHz, and for larger drivers this is even less. Properly designed waveguides and horns also control driver directivity and can significantly reduce edge diffraction as well. For most speakers what is known as “baffle step” is usually best handled in the crossover. It is possible to avoid this step altogether in a three way system if the woofer is placed close to the floor and the crossover point is carefully selected. This allows boundary reinforcement to fill in part of the step. However, for most speakers some shaping of the frequency response is necessary to ensure flat response. When we get to the response irregularities due to edge diffraction it is left to the designer as to how he wants to deal with these. He may choose heavy felt around the drivers. He may choose to use a wave guide. Or he may choose to use rounded edges on the cabinet. He may even choose to leave the issue of diffraction unaddressed, either living with the response ripples or working them into the design in some other way. Of all of the methods used today most people seem to agree that the most aesthetically pleasing method is to recess the loudspeaker drivers flush to the face of the baffle and then shape the baffle with a large round-over, or possibly an even more complex shaping of the baffle. When you see a design like this, remember it is much more than just a pretty face – it is a very effective means of controlling cabinet diffraction and smoothing the overall frequency response.	<urn:uuid:10e32858-982f-4aee-b058-7a7c80305f4f>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17", "url": "http://www.salksound.com/wp/?p=160", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917118831.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031158-00186-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9485551714897156, "token_count": 4350, "score": 3.296875, "int_score": 3 }
Deposuit potentes de sede, et exaltavit humiles. He has put down the mighty from their seat, and exalted the lowly.—Luke 1:52 Tradition attributes several paintings and sculptures of Our Lady to St. Luke, among them the Salus Populi Romani, which Pope St. Gregory the Great carried in procession during the plague which ravaged Rome in 590, and the original, Spanish Virgin of Guadalupe. The evangelist and patron saint of artists also crafted an exquisite portrait of Our Lady in the first two chapters of his Gospel, which provide many details unavailable elsewhere. Twice St. Luke states that Our Lady “kept all these words in her heart.” After the adoration of the shepherds, who have recounted the words of the angels announcing and singing the praises of the Savior’s birth, Luke tells us, “Mary kept all these words, pondering them in her heart” (2:19). Twelve years later, after the boy Jesus is found in the Temple and asks whether Mary and Joseph did not know “that I must be about my father’s business,” we are told that “they understood not the word that he spoke unto them” but that “his mother kept all these words in her heart” (2:49-51). Luke’s repetition draws attention to both episodes, where Our Lady meditates first on the words of angels and then on the words of her Son. In the clarity of her Immaculate Heart, free from the darkening of the intellect that accompanies sin, the Seat of Wisdom nonetheless pondered over the words of angels and kept the inscrutable words of the Lord. The extraordinary humility and interiority of the Blessed Virgin attested by these verses is one of the themes of a new Madonna by sacred artist Gwyneth Thompson-Briggs. Stylistically indebted to the 17th century Marian devotional images of Giovanni Battista Salvi da Sassoferrato, particularly his Madonna in London’s National Gallery, Gwyneth’s Madonna also incorporates brushwork inspired by Titian and drapery influenced by 15th century Flanders. “The Sassoferrato Madonnas are studies in regal interiority. Beneath her lapis lazuli robes and her flawless classical face, the Virgin is always deep in mental prayer,” says Gwyneth. “I wanted to portray the same idea: the exaltation of the humble of which Our Lady sang in her Magnificat, and the beatific repose of dwelling in perpetual contemplation of the Word.” Relying on the National Gallery Madonna as a concept sketch, Gwyneth began by securing fabrics and a model. Then she completed two three-hour graphite sketches with the model. After seeing the first sketch, the patron asked for a more dramatic inclination of the head. “The greater the angle of the head, the greater the challenge of convincingly rendering the foreshortening,” says Gwyneth. Thus, there was less latitude for the model to move her head during and between poses. “Fortunately,” Gwyneth says, “I was working with an excellent model. The dramatic inclination forced me to improve as a painter.” Gwyneth also completed a color study with the model. She describes the colors, inspired by Sassoferrato, as “the bluest blue and the reddest red.” To achieve their chromatic intensity, Gwyneth used combinations of a saturated, opaque hue overpainted with a saturated, transparent hue. She chose cobalt blue topped with ultramarine and cadmium scarlet topped with alizarin crimson. Other hues were added where necessary to convey the effects of light. In Sassoferrato’s day, ultramarine was extremely costly, because it was made from ground lapis lazuli imported from Afghanistan. It tended to be reserved for sacred figures, especially the Blessed Virgin. The pigment became much more widely available in the 19th century when a synthetic alternative was developed. “I think you can tell the difference,” says Gwyneth. “It’s still a lovely color, but it does not have quite the same splendor.” After completing graphite and color studies, Gwyneth stretched and gessoed her canvas and transferred her composition from the second graphite study using homemade charcoal paper. She prefers using charcoal to graphite for transferring designs because of its lack of wax. “Charcoal erases very easily,” Gwyneth explains, “and mixes with the surface of the oil paint. It’s more delicate, leaving no distracting lines underneath.” After transferring the design, Gwyneth went over the lines with a bit of watercolor. “It’s more permanent than charcoal, but not as harsh as graphite,” she says. Next Gwyneth blocked in broad areas of neutrals. Gwyneth began to paint the drapery first. She built a mannequin and carefully placed fabric to create sumptuous folds. “The drapery is crucial because it conveys the transfigured state of Our Lady as Queen of Heaven,” says Gwyneth. “This is very far from a historical depiction of a poor woman from Galilee. Her humility would come into play in the face and hands, but in the drapery, I sought to convey only glory.” In preparing and painting the drapery, Gwyneth looked to Flemish paintings by Jan van Eyck and Rogier van Weyden. “There’s this wonderful Northern Renaissance sense of gravity acting on fabric, she explains. “It conveys both the luxuriance of the materials, but also the perpetuity of heavenly glory. They dipped their fabrics in starch to keep them in place; I simply painted them without a live model.” After developing the fabric on the canvas, Gwyneth brought back the model and worked directly from her to paint the face and hands. Between sessions with the model, Gwyneth idealized from imagination. “I think that’s the only way not to paint a portrait. You have to paint without the model in front of you,” says Gwyneth. “Then, when it starts to look unnatural, you use the model again to bring it back to nature. The goal is not to disfigure, but to transfigure. As a painter of sacred subjects especially, I’m aiming for a supernatural beauty, not an unnatural beauty—which is another name for ugliness anyway.” Gwyneth’s method was taken for granted in the Renaissance and Baroque eras, but is rare today. “On the one hand, there are artists who are trained in classical realist ateliers to paint like the French academics. They simulate nature, without surpassing it. On the other hand, there are artists who are convinced that only Byzantine distortion is legitimate for sacred art. There are very few trying to strike the Renaissance and Baroque balance. That’s what I’m trying to do, and trying to encourage young painters to rediscover,” says Gwyneth. In modeling her paints, Gwyneth departed from Sassoferrato, turning to Giorgione and his pupil, Titian. “Sassoferrato used a heavier application of opaque paint,” explains Gwyneth. “I became interested in varying the opacity and layering the paint in several levels. It’s a technique developed especially in Venice in the 15th century, and brought to mastery by Titian in the 16th. The paint quality trades some of the gemlike nature of a smoother surface for a much more sophisticated rendering of light.” The technique is especially suited to rendering lace, which Gwyneth chose for the Madonna’s veil in another departure from Sassoferrato. For the hovering crown of roses, a reference to the symbolism of Mary as the Mystical Rose, Gwyneth used a single rose posed to catch the light in various ways. “Our Lord wore a crown of thorns; it seems appropriate for Our Lady, who interiorly shared in His Passion and now shares in His Triumph, to wear a crown of roses,” she says. When the patron vetoed the rose crown, Gwyneth painted over it and tried a crown of stars. When that crown also failed to please, Gwyneth removed the wettest layer of paint, revealing the remnants of the rose crown. “I really liked the almost spectral appearance of the roses when they came back from oblivion,” she recalls. The patron did not, so Gwyneth painted them out again and introduced the suggestion of a halo. “Fortunately, at that point it became apparent that the patron and I had different visions.” She was concerned about overworking the painting, so she approached him about completing the painting on her own. “It was very amicable, and I think fortuitous,” she says. Gwyneth quickly removed the halo, restoring the rose crown a second time. “I added a little more paint, but essentially the effect comes from painting it out twice. It’s a much more complex image than it otherwise would have been.” As a final highlight, Gwyneth included a brooch on Our Lady’s mantle. “It’s meant to be lapis lazuli set in gold,” she says—a reference to Sassoferrato’s ultramarine. Gwyneth also intended the brooch to reference the jewels that have been offered to images of Our Lady by the faithful over the centuries. “Today there is a trend to denude images of Our Lady of their ornaments. I was so sad to learn that the Salus Populi Romani was stripped of her crown and jewels in the 1980s. I wanted to do something to rectify these attacks on Our Lady’s exaltation,” Gwyneth says. “As she herself put it in her Magnificat, God ‘hath regarded the humility of his handmaid . . . He hath put down the mighty from their seat, and hath exalted the humble’ (Lk 2:48-52). What God has exalted, we must exalt too. I hope my Madonna conveys the same expression of the triumph of humble prayer.” Originally commissioned for a private home, but also appropriate for a church, chapel, or oratory, Gwyneth’s Madonna (oil on canvas, 20 x 16 inches, 2020) is now available for purchase.	<urn:uuid:6f6e82f0-95cd-42b5-a534-7c3d4391b55c>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-40", "url": "https://gwyneththompsonbriggs.com/madonna-of-the-crown-of-roses", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400223922.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20200925084428-20200925114428-00449.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9601554274559021, "token_count": 2262, "score": 2.59375, "int_score": 3 }
Option Greeks measure the different factors that affect the price of an option contract. We'll explore the key Greeks: Delta, Gamma, Theta, Vega and Rho. Armed with Greeks, an options trader can make more informed decisions about which options to trade, and when to trade them. If you're an options trader, you may have heard about "Greeks" but you may not know exactly what they are or what they can do for you. If so, read on as we explain what these Greek letters mean and how to use them to better understand the price of an option. What can option Greeks do for you? Armed with Greeks, an options trader can make more informed decisions about which options to trade, and when to trade them. Consider some of the things Greeks may help you do: - Gauge the likelihood that an option you're considering will expire in the money (Delta). - Estimate how much the Delta will change when the stock price changes (Gamma). - Get a feel for how much value your option might lose each day as it approaches expiration (Theta). - Understand how sensitive an option might be to large price swings in the underlying stock (Vega). - Simulate the effect of interest rate changes on an option (Rho). What are Greeks anyway? Greeks, including Delta, Gamma, Theta, Vega and Rho, measure the different factors that affect the price of an option contract. They are calculated using a theoretical options pricing model (see How much is an option worth?). Since there are a variety of market factors that can affect the price of an option in some way, assuming all other factors remain unchanged, we can use these pricing models to calculate the Greeks and determine the impact of each factor when its value changes. For example, if we know that an option typically moves less than the underlying stock, we can use Delta to determine how much it is expected to move when the stock moves $1. If we know that an option loses value over time, we can use Theta to approximate how much value it loses each day. Now, let's define each Greek in more detail. Delta: The hedge ratio The first Greek is Delta, which measures how much an option's price is expected to change per $1 change in the price of the underlying security or index. For example, a Delta of 0.40 means that the option's price will theoretically move $0.40 for every $1 move in the price of the underlying stock or index. - Have a positive Delta that can range from zero to 1.00. - At-the-money options usually have a Delta near .50. - The Delta will increase (and approach 1.00) as the option gets deeper in the money. - The Delta of in-the-money call options will get closer to 1.00 as expiration approaches. - The Delta of out-of-the-money call options will get closer to zero as expiration approaches. - Have a negative Delta that can range from zero to -1.00. - At-the-money options usually have a Delta near -.50. - The Delta will decrease (and approach -1.00) as the option gets deeper in the money. - The Delta of in-the-money put options will get closer to -1.00 as expiration approaches. - The Delta of out-of-the-money put options will get closer to zero as expiration approaches. You also might think of Delta, as the percent chance (or probability) that a given option will expire in the money. - For example, a Delta of 0.40 means the option has about a 40% chance of being in the money at expiration. This doesn’t mean your trade will be profitable. That of course, depends on the price at which you bought or sold the option. You also might think of Delta, as the number of shares of the underlying stock, the option behaves like. - A Delta of 0.40 also means that given a $1 move in the underlying stock, the option will likely gain or lose about the same amount of money as 40 shares of the stock. Gamma: the rate of change of Delta Gamma measures the rate of change in an option's Delta per $1 change in the price of the underlying stock. Since a Delta is only good for a given moment in time, Gamma tells you how much the option's Delta should change as the price of the underlying stock or index increases or decreases. If you remember high school physics class, you can think of Delta as speed and Gamma as acceleration. Let's walk through the relationship between Delta and Gamma: - Delta is only accurate at a certain price and time. In the Delta example above, once the stock has moved $1 and the option has subsequently moved $.40, the Delta is no longer 0.40. - As we stated, this $1 move would cause a call option to be deeper in the money, and therefore the Delta will move closer to 1.00. Let's assume the Delta is now 0.55. - This change in Delta from 0.40 to 0.55 is 0.15—this is the option's Gamma. - Because Delta can't exceed 1.00, Gamma decreases as an option gets further in the money and Delta approaches 1.00. Theta: time decay Theta measures the change in the price of an option for a one-day decrease in its time to expiration. Simply put, Theta tells you how much the price of an option should decrease as the option nears expiration. - Since options lose value as expiration approaches, Theta estimates how much value the option will lose, each day, if all other factors remain the same. - Because time-value erosion is not linear, Theta of at-the-money (ATM), just slightly out-of-the-money and in-the-money (ITM) options generally increases as expiration approaches, while Theta of far out-of-the-money (OOTM) options generally decreases as expiration approaches. Source: Schwab Center for Financial Research. Vega: sensitivity to volatility Vega measures the rate of change in an option's price per 1% change in the implied volatility of the underlying stock. While Vega is not a real Greek letter, it is intended to tell you how much an option's price should move when the volatility of the underlying security or index increases or decreases. More about Vega: - Vega measures how the implied volatility of a stock affects the price of the options on that stock. - Volatility is one of the most important factors affecting the value of options. - Neglecting Vega can cause you to "overpay" when buying options. All other factors being equal, when determining strategy, consider buying options when Vega is below "normal" levels and selling options when Vega is above "normal" levels. One way to determine this is to compare the historical volatility to the implied volatility. Chart studies for both of these values exist within StreetSmart Edge®. - A drop in Vega will typically cause both calls and puts to lose value. - An increase in Vega will typically cause both calls and puts to gain value. Rho: sensitivity to interest rates Rho measures the expected change in an option's price per 1% change in interest rates. It tells you how much the price of an option should rise or fall if the “risk-free” (U.S. Treasury-bill)* interest rate increases or decreases. More about Rho: - As interest rates increase, the value of call options will generally increase. - As interest rates increase, the value of put options will usually decrease. - For these reasons, call options have positive Rho and put options have negative Rho. - Rho is generally not a huge factor in the price of an option, but should be considered if prevailing interest rates are expected to change, such as just before a Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) meeting. - Long-Term Equity AnticiPation Securities® (LEAPS®) options are far more sensitive to changes in interest rates than are shorter-term options. You can see the effects of Rho by considering a hypothetical stock that’s trading exactly at its strike price. - If the stock is trading at $25, the 25 calls and the 25 puts would both be exactly at the money. - You might see the calls trading at a price of $0.60, while the puts may trade at a price of $0.50. - When interest rates are low, the difference will be relatively small. - As interest rates increase, this difference between puts and calls whose strikes are equidistant from the underlying stock will get wider. Implied volatility: like a Greek Though not actually a Greek, implied volatility is closely related. The implied volatility of an option is the theoretical volatility based on the option’s quoted price. The implied volatility of a stock is an estimate of how its price may change going forward. In other words, implied volatility is the estimated volatility of a stock that is implied by the prices of the options on that stock. Key points to remember: - Implied volatility is derived using a theoretical pricing model and solving for volatility. - Since volatility is the only component of the pricing model that is estimated (based on historical volatility), it's possible to calculate the current volatility estimate the options market maker is using. - Higher-than-normal implied volatilities are usually more favorable for options sellers, while lower-than-normal implied volatilities are more favorable for option buyers because volatility often reverts back to its mean over time. - To an options trader, solving for implied volatility is generally more useful than calculating the theoretical price, since it's difficult for most traders to estimate future volatility. - Implied volatility is usually not consistent for all options of a particular security or index and will generally be lowest for at-the-money and near-the-money options. Since it's difficult on your own to estimate how volatile a stock really is, you can watch the implied volatility to know what volatility assumption the market makers are using in determining their quoted bid and ask prices. Schwab's trading platform, StreetSmart Edge®, has charting studies for historical volatility and implied volatility. By comparing the underlying stock’s implied volatility to the historical volatility, you can sometimes get a good sense of whether an option is priced higher or lower than normal. Putting Greeks to work StreetSmart Edge allows you to view streaming Greeks in the options chain of the trading window and in your watch lists. Here is how the display looks. Streaming Greeks in the trading window Source: StreetSmart Edge. Streaming Greeks in a watch list Source: StreetSmart Edge. Both of these screens allow you to arrange the columns to display in any order you like. And, as shown below, you even have a choice of three of the most widely used pricing models—you can decide which you prefer. In addition, the dividend yield and 90-day T-bill interest rate are already filled in. You can use these values or specify your own. Choose from three widely used pricing models Source: StreetSmart Edge. How much is an option worth? It seems like a fairly simple question, but the answer is complex. There's a lot of number crunching that goes into determining an option's price. Most options market makers use some variation of what's known as a theoretical options pricing model. By far, the best-known pricing model is the Black-Scholes model. After more than three years of research, university scholars Fisher Black and Myron Scholes published their model back in 1973, only a month after the Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE) began trading standardized options. While options traders initially scoffed at their ideas, this breakthrough was so ahead of its time that it took a quarter century to be fully appreciated. Though Fisher Black died in 1975, Myron Scholes along with Robert Merton, a colleague of theirs who helped improve the formula, were awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics for their model in 1997. While the original model was groundbreaking, it had a few limitations because it was designed for European style options and it did not take into consideration, the dividend yield of the underlying stock. There are now many variations, which have improved upon the original model, including: - Cox-Ross-Rubenstein binomial (1979): for American style options including dividend yield. This is probably the most widely used model today because it's very accurate with American-style equity options. - Barone-Adesi-Whaley: for American style options including dividend yield. - Black-Scholes-Merton (our default model): for American style options including dividend yield. Each model estimates what an option is worth by considering the following six factors: - Current underlying stock price (higher value increases calls and decreases puts). - Strike price of the option (higher value decreases calls and increases puts). - Stock price volatility (estimated by the annual standard deviation, higher value increases calls and puts). - Risk-free interest rate (higher value increases calls and decreases puts). - Time to expiration (as a percent of a year, higher value increases calls and puts). - Underlying stock-dividend yield (higher value decreases calls and increases puts). I hope this enhanced your understanding of options. I welcome your feedback—clicking on the thumbs up or thumbs down icons at the bottom of the page will allow you to contribute your thoughts. * The values of “risk-free” U.S. Treasury bills fluctuate due to changing interest rates or other market conditions and investors may experience losses with these instruments.	<urn:uuid:6abd4f50-0650-40a4-88ae-de0793ea43f7>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-22", "url": "https://www.schwab.com/active-trader/insights/content/how-to-understand-option-greeks", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232255092.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20190519181530-20190519203530-00006.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9158502221107483, "token_count": 2887, "score": 2.765625, "int_score": 3 }
Provided by: mountall_2.36_i386 mounting - event signalling that a filesystem is mounting mounting DEVICE=DEVICE MOUNTPOINT=MOUNTPOINT TYPE=TYPE OPTIONS=OPTIONS The mounting event is generated by the mountall(8) daemon when it is about to mount a filesystem. mountall(8) will wait for all services started by this event to be running, all tasks started by this event to have finished and all jobs stopped by this event to be stopped before proceeding with mounting the filesystem. The DEVICE, MOUNTPOINT, TYPE and OPTIONS environment variables contain the values of the fstab(5) fields for this mountpoint. A tool that should be run before mounting the /var filesystem might start on mounting MOUNTPOINT=/var mounted(7) virtual-filesystems(7) local-filesystems(7) remote- filesystems(7) all-swaps(7) filesystem(7)	<urn:uuid:78bf0e3d-b5f4-4ab3-a4bf-d45419bf081c>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-44", "url": "http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/precise/en/man7/mounting.7.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719547.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00396-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8229200839996338, "token_count": 225, "score": 2.5625, "int_score": 3 }
Stevenson, James. The Mud Flat Mystery. 56 pages. (PreS - Grade 2) In 12 short chapters the animals of Mud Flat attempt to figure out what is inside a box that has been left on the front porch of Duncan's home. You'll laugh at all the funny things the animals do while guessing what's inside the box. Yolen, Jane. The Mary Celeste: An Unsolved Mystery from History. 1 v. (Grades 3-5) A young girl tries to put together clues left by her detective father about the mysterious history of a ship called the Mary Celeste. In 1872 the ship was found with no passengers on board. A great book to read aloud and discuss the different theories of what may have happened. The main text is presented in a large box, while smaller boxes provide definitions for unknown terms.	<urn:uuid:1742f18e-3ade-407b-a6bb-fea301b5646c>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-13", "url": "http://nfplchildrens.blogspot.com/2008/05/stevenson-james.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647498.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20180320150533-20180320170533-00197.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.945289134979248, "token_count": 176, "score": 2.984375, "int_score": 3 }
Braiding sweetgrass for young adults : indigenous wisdom, scientific knowledge, and the teachings of plants / Robin Wall Kimmerer ; adapted by Monique Gray Smith ; [illustrated by] Nicole Neidhardt. - ISBN: 9781728458984 - ISBN: 1728458986 - ISBN: 9781728458991 - ISBN: 1728458994 - Physical Description: pages cm - Publisher: Minneapolis, MN : Zest Books, an imprint of Lerner Publishing Group, Inc., \|Bibliography, etc. Note:\|\| Includes bibliographical references and index. "Botanist Robin Wall Kimmerer's best-selling book Braiding Sweetgrass is adapted for a young adult audience by children's author Monique Gray Smith, bringing Indigenous wisdom, scientific knowledge, and the lessons of plant life to a new generation"-- Provided by publisher. \|Target Audience Note:\|\| Ages 12-18 Zest Books. Grades 7-9 Zest Books. Search for related items by subject - 15 of 18 copies available at Bibliomation. (Show) - 0 of 1 copy available at Minor Memorial Library - Roxbury. - 2 current holds with 18 total copies.	<urn:uuid:9fb01cb1-9320-4545-b32e-ccb3fc768eac>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "url": "https://minor.biblio.org/eg/opac/record/4435033", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100534.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204182901-20231204212901-00260.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.7119447588920593, "token_count": 262, "score": 3.28125, "int_score": 3 }
What is the nature of human beings? What is morality? How do we determine what is right and what is wrong? These fundamental questions are just a few of the thought-provoking issues that Furman philosophy majors consider. In the course of their studies, philosophy students at Furman learn to interpret and evaluate different ideas, to develop a constructively critical attitude toward their lives, and to clarify their own world views. Because philosophy courses touch on so many topics and ideas, they are popular with the entire student body. Students who plan careers in law, medicine, business and many other fields find philosophy courses highly relevant. As a result, philosophy majors have the opportunity to interact with a variety of students, evaluate different perspectives and viewpoints, and engage in spirited discussions on issues that affect everyone. One of the major advantages of a philosophy major at Furman is the chance to study with teacher-scholars who emphasize close relationships with their students and are committed to exciting, imaginative teaching. Students also may choose from a broad range of courses in Western and Asian philosophy; indeed, the department has an especially thorough non-Western program. Philosophy majors often assist faculty members in teaching or research projects through the Furman Advantage Program, and on occasion they publish their work in professional journals or in the Furman Humanities Review. In addition, the Philosophy Club meets throughout the year for programs and discussions of current issues, films and books. The Philosophical Course Considered one of the pillars forming the foundation of a classical education, the study of philosophy enriches the student by adding depth and breadth to the thought processes. Flexibility is a key ingredient in the philosophy program at Furman. Any combination of eight courses that includes two courses in historical foundations of philosophy and a seminar satisfies the requirement for the major. Students consult the head of the department to plan a program that fits their needs. The department offers philosophy courses in the areas of art, religion, science as well as courses in ethics and logic. Other courses focus on existentialism, the history of philosophy, and the development of philosophical thought in the work of Plato, Descartes, Kant, Marx, Darwin, Nietzsche and others. One course examines the political and moral relationship of the individual to the state, and the medical ethics class studies ethical issues in health care and does field work in the Greenville hospital system. All philosophy courses at Furman help students develop their talents in such areas as problem solving, communication, persuasion and writing skills. By working with challenging texts and examining different ideas, philosophy majors learn to analyze arguments, formulate their own opinions, and express themselves clearly both orally and in writing. Looking to Your Future The skills that philosophy majors develop—including the ability to organize ideas, synthesize complex issues, solve problems and communicate the solutions effectively—are prized by employers and can be applied to virtually any career. Furman philosophy graduates have found success in a variety of areas, among them banking, insurance, marketing, medicine, ministry, and teaching. Many students find philosophy excellent preparation for the demands of law school. In recent years, Furman philosophy majors have gone on to study law at such schools as Duke, Emory, University of North Carolina, Wake Forest and Washington & Lee. Others have enrolled in divinity school at Duke, Harvard and Vanderbilt, and some have pursued graduate programs in philosophy at Emory, University of Georgia, Penn State, Tulane, and Vanderbilt. One recent graduate, who completed a double major in philosophy and economics, earned a prestigious National Science Foundation fellowship to study economics at Princeton and is now teaching at the Harvard Business School. Another received a Mellon Fellowship to study at the University of Pittsburgh, and another received a Fulbright Fellowship to study in Germany. Some of our philosophy majors have become professors themselves, and not only in philosophy. A glance at our majors’ activities in post graduate academics reveals that Furman graduates have taught a diversity of topics/disciplines (including philosophy) at: Harvard Business School, Rutgers University, The U.S. Naval Academy, University of North Carolina, Baylor University, and Vanderbilt University.	<urn:uuid:087aa3fe-b326-46eb-b272-384a94f710fd>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "url": "https://www.educaedu.org/bachelor-degree-in-philosophy-bachelor-degree-1644.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679099281.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20231128083443-20231128113443-00764.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9474368095397949, "token_count": 842, "score": 2.59375, "int_score": 3 }
Philodendron Leaves Curling – Causes and How to Fix It? Have you ever noticed Philodendron leaves curling? If you have, then you are not alone. This common problem is caused by environmental factors (such as high humidity) and can be difficult to fix. In this blog post, we will explore the causes and fixes for Philodendron leaf curling. Let us read further! The following are some reason of Philodendron leaves starts curling: - Too much dry Soil. - Overfeeding Philodendrons with Fertilizer. - Root Rot due to Overwatering. - Insect Infestation. Why are the Philodendron Leaves Curling? – Causes and How to Fix It? Let us know some of the reasons for Philodendron Leaves Curling below, 1. Too much dry Soil Too much dry soil can cause Philodendron Leaves Curling. This is caused by the plant’s inability to take up water and nutrients, which leads to the leaves becoming dehydrated and brittle. How to fix this? - Mulch your philodendron with fresh organic matter such as leaves, bark, or straw. This will help create a moist environment and help the plant uptake water and nutrients. - Water your philodendron regularly throughout the growing season; don’t wait until it begins to droop or the leaves start to curl. Over-watering can also cause root rot, so be sure to calibrate how much water your philodendron needs based on its size and shape. - Prune off afflicted branches using sharp shears; this will allow more light and airflow to reach leaf tips, which will help restore moisture and vitality to them. 2. Overfeeding Philodendron with Fertilizer Philodendron leaves curl when they are overfed with fertilizer. This can be caused by incorrect application of the fertilizer, or overwatering. There are several ways to correct this problem: How to fix this? Remove excess fertilizer – If you are using a liquid fertilizer, thin it with water before applying it. If you are using a granular fertilizer, sprinkle it on only as much as needed and water immediately after application. Overfertilizing will cause foliage to become lush and green, but the plant will not grow vigorously. Philodendron plants should be fertilized monthly in spring and summer; less frequently in fall and winter. You may also browse related articles to know more about the plant world, Why are my Philodendron leaves turning yellow? (How to Fix them?) Reduce watering – When watering philodendron plants, try to avoid saturating the ground around them. Water until the surface is wet, then allow the soil to dry out for a few hours before watering again. Overwatering can also cause foliage to turn yellow and curl. Prune away dead or weak branches – Dead or unhealthy branches can limit growth and contribute to leaf curling. Cut away branches that are too far from the main stem. 3. Root Rot due to Overwatering Root rot is caused by overwatering and can be fixed by correcting the watering schedule. The main symptom of root rot is the leaf curling and turning yellow, brown, or black. Follow these tips to prevent root rot in philodendrons: How to prevent root rot? - Water only when the surface of the soil is dry to the touch. - Use a water meter to measure how much water your philodendron is receiving. Aim for an average water volume of 1 inch per week. - Don’t overfertilize your philodendron; fertilize only when the foliage looks yellow or brownish. - Remove fallen leaves and flowers as they decay, which will help reduce moisture levels in the soil. 4. Insect Infestation If you have leaves that curl on the edges, this may be due to an insect infestation. There are many different types of insects that can cause leaf curling, but the most common culprit is the aphid. Aphids secrete a sticky substance called honeydew which can coat the leaves and cause them to curl like tomato plants. In some cases, other pests such as thrips or spider mites may also be responsible for leaf curling. How to fix this? To remedy leaf curling caused by an insect infestation, first identify the type of insect that is causing the problem. Once you know which insect is causing the problem, you can take appropriate steps to eradicate it. Some of these steps may include using a pesticide or biological control agent, treating the soil where the plant is growing with a fungicide or herbicide, or applying hot water to the affected leaves. If all of these measures fail to eliminate the bug, then you may need to cut off and destroy affected leaves. There are a few ways to fix a Philodendron leaf curl. You can try using an ice pack or placing the plant in a cool location. You can also spray the plant with water, especially if the curl is on one of the larger leaves. How do you uncurl Philodendron leaves? If you find that your philodendron leaves are curling up, there may be several reasons why! Let us know some ways to uncurl Philodendron leaves. - First, check to see if your philodendron is getting enough water. If it’s not, the leaves may start to curl because they’re not able to absorb nutrients from the soil. - Second, make sure that your philodendron is getting enough sunlight – direct sunlight will help to keep the plant healthy and prevent leaf curling. - Finally, if you notice that the leaves are curling up regularly, it may be helpful to try a few simple tips to uncurl them: Wet one end of the leaf and twist it gently until it snaps back into shape. Repeat on the other side. Gently grasp the base of a leaf near its tip and pull upwards until the leaf pops out of its bud. Philodendrons are excellent indoor plants since they can grow in a variety of lighting and watering situations. It is also a species of plant that is most commonly found in various houses. Philodendron leaf curling can be one of the issues that this plant can face, but here we hope that this issue is thoroughly resolved for the readers and that you have all the required solutions. Thanks for reading! Happy gardening! How do you fix a Philodendron leaf curl? There are a few ways to fix a Philodendron leaf curl. You can try using an ice pack or placing the plant in a cool location. You can also spray the plant with water, especially if the curl is on one of the larger leaves. Generally, if you’re experiencing leaf curling on your Philodendron, it’s probably due to over-watering or too much sunlight. Try reducing water and/or light usage until the problem goes away. Why are my Philodendron leaves curling up? There are a few reasons why your philodendron leaves may be curling up. The most common culprit is moisture stress. Too much moisture can cause the plant to over-produce water crystals, which can then build up on the leaf and cause it to curl. To fix this problem, you’ll need to reduce the amount of moisture your philodendron is getting and compensate with supplemental watering. You can also try using a high-humidity environment, misting your plants regularly, or using a desiccant to remove excess moisture. Finally, make sure your philodendron is getting enough sunlight and air circulation. Can you overwater a philodendron? watering your philodendron too much can cause leaves to curl and turn yellow. overwatering is the number one cause of leaf curling in philodendrons. if you notice that your philodendron’s leaves are curled or turning yellow, it’s time to water less often. here’s how to fix it: first, check the soil moisture level. if it’s below the surface of the potting mix, water deeper and allow excess water to drain away for several hours before watering again. If soil moisture is above the surface of the potting mix, water sparingly and only when necessary. Make sure that your philodendron is receiving at least 12 hours of sunlight per day, direct sunlight will help promote healthy growth. Do Philodendrons need full sun? Philodendrons are plants that can vary greatly in their needs for light and water, but they typically do best if given at least six hours of direct sunlight per day. If your philodendron is getting too little light, you can try moving it to a brighter location or giving it more water. If the leaves are curling up, this may be caused by too much shade. Check to make sure the plant is getting enough water and sunlight, and if not, take some steps to fix the problem.	<urn:uuid:f8506dd1-7191-40fd-a57c-756b0dcf3a7a>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "url": "https://bonjourgreen.com/philodendron-leaves-curling-causes-and-how-to-fix-it/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473347.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20240220211055-20240221001055-00707.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9345714449882507, "token_count": 1908, "score": 3.265625, "int_score": 3 }
Mars Rover to Fire Rock-Zapping Laser Ahead of 1st Drive by Mike Wall, SPACE.com Senior Writer Date: 17 August 2012 Time: 04:01 PM ET This mosaic image shows the first rock target (N165 circled) NASA's Curiosity rover aims to zap with its Chemistry and Camera (ChemCam) laser. The rock is off to the right of the rover. Image taken Aug. 8, 2012. Released Aug. 17. NASA's Mars rover Curiosity is slated to fire its rock-vaporizing laser for the first time this weekend, shortly before the 1-ton robot's maiden drive on the Red Planet. Scientists plan to blast a Martian rock called N165 with Curiosity's laser, which is part of the rover's remote-sampling ChemCam instrument. The 3-inch-wide (7.6 centimeters) stone sits just 9 feet (2.7 meters) from Curiosity, well within ChemCam's 25-foot (7.6 m) range, scientists said. "Our team has waited eight long years to get to this date, and we're happy that everything is looking good so far," ChemCam principal investigator Roger Wiens, of Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico, told reporters today (Aug. 17). "Hopefully we'll be back early next week and be able to talk about how Curiosity's first laser shots went." Sources: Space.com, Jet Propulsion Laboratory/NASA. Glenn A. Walsh, Project Director, Friends of the Zeiss < http://friendsofthezeiss.org > Electronic Mail - < firstname.lastname@example.org > SPACE & SCIENCE NEWS, ASTRONOMICAL CALENDAR: Twitter: < http://twitter.com/ Facebook: < http://www.facebook.com/pages/ Blog: < http://spacewatchtower. Author of History Web Sites on the Internet -- * Buhl Planetarium, Pittsburgh: * Adler Planetarium, Chicago: * Astronomer, Educator, Optician John A. Brashear: < http://johnbrashear.tripod.com > * Andrew Carnegie & Carnegie Libraries: * Civil War Museum of Andrew Carnegie Free Library: < http://garespypost.tripod.com > * cable-car railway, Pittsburgh: * Public Transit:	<urn:uuid:bd5c40ef-d6a4-47e8-b68d-461d70d1e7e3>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-13", "url": "http://spacewatchtower.blogspot.com/2012/08/curiosity-laser-to-zap-1st-martian-rock.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218187690.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212947-00218-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.7097691297531128, "token_count": 506, "score": 3.078125, "int_score": 3 }
On Premises Cabling Computer networks began long before PCs, going back to the 1960s when mainframes were common and minicomputers were first introduced. The goal of networking was, of course, sharing data among users. Then as now, networking requires each user to have a unique "address," a protocol for data to be formatted to make sharing easy and a means of transferring data. Sharing data between computers and users over cables originally required high speed cables, usually coax but also shielded twisted pair. For many years, networks were mostly proprietary, that is they worked only among computers made by one company such as IBM, Wang or DEC (Digital Equipment Corp.). In the 1970s, multiplatform networks like ARCnet and Ethernet were developed to allow different computer types to network and in the 1980s, networking took off with the introduction of the inexpensive PC. Computer Network Architectures The first networks like Ethernet, Arcnet, WangNet and DecNet used coax cable for as a transmission medium because it offered the highest bandwidth. Coax was used as a data bus, with network attachments connected along the cable. Thus every network device received all data transmitted but ignored any that were not addressed to it. The original Ethernet Bus network on coax with taps Other networks, primarily IBM's Token Ring, used shielded twisted pair cable connected into a ring. In a ring, every network attachment is a repeater, receiving data from the network, filtering out messages for itself and passing others along. The same architecture was adopted for Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) which was the first all fiber high speed network. FDDI, shown here, used a dual ring architecture to allow the network to survive failure of either a cable segment or a network station. Sone FDDI stations connected to the counter-rotating ring backbone (dual-attached stations (DAS) or dual-attached concentrators (DAC) which could also connect single-attached stations (SAS) onto one ring. A ring network used by IBM Token Ring and FDDI UTP (unshielded twisted pair) cabling became a standard primarily to support the two most popular computer networks, Ethernet and IBM Token Ring. Although Ethernet was originally developed as a "bus" network using taps on coax cable and Token Ring used a "ring" architecture on shielded twisted pair cables, both were easily adapted to UTP cabling. The development of balanced transmission techniques for UTP cable provided a lower cost cabling alternative to both networks. Ethernet, because of its higher performance and lower cost became the preferred network for PCs and Token Ring fell into obsolescence. As computer networking grew in popularity, net types of cables were developed to handle the multi-megabit data rates needed by computer networks. Fiber optics was used for the higher speed networks but at that time was much more expensive than copper cabling. A new method of using twisted pair cable, similar to phone wire but made to higher standards, was developed. Twisted pair cable was cheaper and easier to install so it be came the most popular cable type for computer networks very quickly. The change from coax to UTP required a change in architecture for Ethernet. Ethernet originally used taps on the original thick coax cable or a "T" in smaller RG-58 cable called ThinNet. UTP cable could only be used as a direct link from electronics to electronics, from the Network Interface Card (NIC) in a PC to a hub or switch that connects to the network backbone. When UTP was adopted, it required electronics to connect the links and create what is called a "star" network where PCs are connected to hubs or switches and hubs/switches are connected to the backbone. Even wireless antennas, called "access points," require cabling connections into the network. In order to convert the bus structure of Ethernet to UTP with a star architecture, an electronic repeater called a hub was used. Any signal transmitted into a hub would be repeated and sent to all equipment, either PCs or other hubs, attached to the hub. Each attached device was responsible for decoding addresses to pick up the messages being sent to it. Later, switches were adopted, since they directed messages only to the device being addressed, opening up additional bandwidth on the network. Star network used by Ethernet With the acceptance of structured cabling, the cable plant architecture adopted the "star" architecture used in business phone systems along with many of the specifications and nomenclature developed primarily by AT&T before divestiture. Initially, copper cabling was used for both the backbone and horizontal connections. As networks became bigger and faster, backbone traffic increased to a point that most users migrated to optical fiber for the backbone to take advantage of its higher bandwidth. Large data users like engineering and graphics used fiber directly to the desktop using a centralized fiber architecture that has been adopted as a part of cabling standards. The diagram below illustrates how computer networks are connected over structured cabling. A more recent development in LAN architecture is the passive optical LAN (POL) based on fiber to the home (FTTH) technology. The FTTH GPON (Gigabit Passive Optical Network) is like a tree and branch architecture, a variation of star architecture, using fiber optic passive splitters instead of electronic network switches. Not having electronic switches in the telecom closets, just passive components like patch panels and/or splitters, POLs offer large savings in cost of installation and operational costs. They operate only on singlemode fiber but the PON architecture uses much less fiber, fewer connections and are often installed using prefabricated cabling components. Residential, Industrial and Other Uses For Structured Cabling While structured cabling is primarily though of as cabling for enterprise computer networks, it is actually used from other purposes. Residential networks, security systems, industrial controls, building management systems and other systems developed for running on other cable types now offer UTP versions. Many security systems now offer versions that can operate on standard structured cabling, not just for alarms or entry systems, but even for video. Most of these systems operated on some kind of twisted pair cable anyway, so converting to the standardized category-rated UTP was simple. Although video cameras generally run on coax, they can use UTP by converting the signals using a simple passive device called a balun or to fiber using an appropriate media converter. Industrial applications of structured cabling are widespread. Most machines today are computer controlled and are connected to a network to receive programming instructions and upload manufacturing data. Industrial robots, especially, are controlled by network data and often even include plastic optical fibers inside the unit itself for control circuits because of fiber's flexibility and immunity to electrical noise. Residential networks have grown rapidly as homes are connected to faster and faster internet connections to keep up with the growing numbers of PCs in the home and demands for more data over the Internet, digital video downloads and IPTV (Internet Protocol TV.) More homes are now connected with optical fiber or DSL over copper at multimegabit speeds. Inside the home, most already have coax cables for TV, but some homes are now built with UTP cabling for digital networks. Wireless and MOCA, a network that connects PCs over the CATV coax, are also used. TIA in the US has standards covering residential (TIA 570) and industrial (TIA 1005) structured cabling. TIA 570 allows the usual UTP versions plus video (CATV or Satellite TV) on coax. Although some consumer electronics use inexpensive plastic optical fiber (POF) for TOSLINK or FireWire (IEEE 1394) links, these are not considered part of TIA 570 because they are not permanently installed cabling but only local connections between devices. Data centers are one of the fastest growing applications for computers and storage to support the growth of new applications using the Internet, like IPTV (Internet Protocol TV.) Data centers need extremely high speed connections so they generally use either Cat 6A, special coax cables or optical fiber at 10 Gb/s or above. The electronics to drive UTP cable at these speeds takes considerably more power than fiber or coax (5-10X), primarily for the sophisticated digital signal processing to reduce signal distortion on twisted pairs. A new UTP cable, Cat 8, has been developed for short (30m) links at 10G or above for server/switch connections but has not been widely supported. More on Data Centers UTP Cabling For Networks The standard UTP cable used to connect networks has 4 pairs of wires. The first generation of networks using UTP needed only two pairs, one transmitting in each direction, and Fast Ethernet managed to work on two pairs on the higher performance of Category 5 cable with 100 MHz bandwidth. But when Gigabit Ethernet was developed, it was necessary to use all four pairs simultaneously in both directions, as well as requiring a further development of Cat 5 specifications. 10G Ethernet went even further, requiring additional development of Cat 6 cable to 500 MHz bandwidth and even tighter specifications, to work even when using all 4 pairs. There are two other cables used also. ISO Class F and FA are sometimes called Cat 7 by manufacturers offering a US version of this shielded cable. in the US standards, there is no Cat 7 cable. It can be used in place of lower rated cables including unshielded cables. Cat 8 is a special shielded cable for use in short links in data centers, up to 30 meters, for example connecting servers and switches in the same rack. Some applications that do not require high bandwidth or crosstalk isolation can use splitters to allow two systems to share one cable. A typical application is two 10 Base-T links or an Ethernet link and a phone line. All networks have versions that operate over optical fiber as well as UTP. Fiber is generally the medium of choice for network backbones at speeds of Gb/s or higher. Most premises networks use multimode fiber but now some installations use designs similar to fiber to the home (FTTH) passive optical network (PON) systems that run over singlemode cabling. Home networks have been developed that operate over power lines and CATV coax. These options are generally used when a home is connected to broadband and cabling that supports PC networks is needed inside the home, but the owner does not want to install new cabling. Power Over Ethernet The IEEE 802.3 Ethernet committee created a standard for powering network devices such as wireless access points, VoIP phones and surveillance cameras off the spare pairs in a 4-pair UTP cable. The standard was developed when it was realized that there were two unused pairs in the UTP cable at that time. Ethernet up to 100Base-TX, used only pairs 2 and 3, leaving pairs 1 and 4 available to provide power. Later versions of Ethernet used all 4 pairs and the PoE standards were revised to also use all four pairs, allowing for higher power levels. PoE uses a 48 volt power supply and requires cable of Cat 5 rating or higher. Power may be delivered using what are called midspan devices, dedicated PoE power supplies that can be plugged into links or even patch panels, as well or endspan devices, typically switches designed to provide power as well as function as an Ethernet switch. More on PoE. Fiber Optics In Structured Cabling While UTP copper has dominated premises cabling, fiber optics has become increasingly popular as computer network speeds have risen to the gigabit range and above. Most large corporate or industrial networks use fiber optics for the LAN backbone cabling. Some have also adopted fiber to the desktop using a centralized fiber architecture which can be quite cost effective. Even fiber to the home architectures are being used in premises networks. Fiber offers several advantages for LAN backbones. The biggest advantage of optical fiber is the fact it can transport more information longer distances in less time than any other communications medium. In addition, it is unaffected by the interference of electromagnetic radiation which makes it possible to transmit information and data through areas with too much interference for copper wiring with less noise and less error, for example in industrial networks in factories. Fiber is smaller and lighter than copper wires which makes it easier to fit in tight spaces or conduits. A properly designed centralized fiber optic network may save costs over copper wiring when the total cost of installation, support, regeneration, etc. are included. Replacing UTP copper cables to the desktop with fiber optics was never cost effective, as each link requires converters to connect to the copper port on the PC to fiber and another on the hub/switch end unless dedicated hubs/switches with fiber ports are used. Some users did pay that cost, as they expected to upgrade to speeds that would not run on UTP and did not want to install upgrades each time the network speed increased. However, the solution to cost-effective fiber in the LAN is using centralized fiber (see right side of diagram above.) Since fiber supports longer links than copper, it's possible to build networks without telecom rooms for intermediate connections, just passive fiber optics from the main equipment room to the work area. In the standards, this is known as centralized fiber architecture. Since the telecom room is not necessary, the user saves the cost of the floor space for the telecom room, the cost of providing uninterrupted power and data ground to the telecom room and year-round air conditioning to remove the heat generated by high speed networking equipment. This will usually more than offset the additional cost of the fiber link and save maintenance costs. Passive Optical LAN (POL) An alternative to structured cabling has developed from the fiber to the home (FTTH) passive optical network (PON) architecture. FTTH has grown rapidly to now connecting tens of millions of homes worldwide. As a result of its manufacturing volume and unique passive splitter design, the PON has become extremely inexpensive to connect users with voice, data and video over the same network. In 2009, PONs began appearing in corporate networks. Users were adopting these networks because they were cheaper, faster, lower in power consumption, easier to provision for voice, data and video, and easier to manage, since they were originally designed to connect millions of homes for telephone, Internet and TV services. Like fiber to the home, the key element in the POL is the optical splitter in the fiber distribution hub (FDH) that allows up to 32 users to share the electronics in an OLT (optical line terminal), greatly reducing the system costs. The ONT (optical network terminal) connects to the network over a single fiber and acts as a media converter, connecting phones over conventional copper cables as POTs lines or VoIP and connecting PCs and wireless access points over standard Cat 5e/6 copper patchcords. Fiber or Copper - or Wireless? LAN cabling is often perceived as the big battleground of fiber versus copper, but in reality the marketplace has changed. The network user, formerly sitting at a desktop computer screen with cables connecting their computer to the corporate network and a phone connected with another cable, is becoming a relic of the past. People now want to be mobile. Practically everybody uses a laptop, excepting engineers or graphic designers at workstations, and most of them will have a laptop as a second computer to carry, along with everybody else, to meetings where everybody brings their laptops and connects on WiFi. When was the last time you went to a meeting where you could connect with a cable? Besides laptops on WiFi, people use Blackberries and iPhones for wireless communications. Some new devices, like the iPhone, allow web browsing with connection over either the cellular network or a WiFi network. Some mobile phones are portable VoIP devices connecting over WiFi to make phone calls. While WiFi has had some growing pains and continual upgrades, at the 802.11n standard, it has become more reliable and offers what seems to be adequate bandwidth for most users. The desire for mobility, along with the expansion of connected services, appears to lead to a new type of corporate network. Fiber optic backbone with copper to the desktop where people want direct connections and multiple wireless access points, more than is common in the past, for full coverage and maintaining a reasonable number of users per access point is the new norm for corporate networks. What about fiber to the desk (FTTD)? Progressive users may opt for FTTD, as a complete fiber network based on centralized fiber cabling can be a very cost effective solution, negating the requirement for telecom rooms full of switches, with data quality power and grounds, plus year-round air conditioning. Security conscious organizations use fiber because it is difficult to tap. Power users, like engineers, graphics designers and animators need can use the bandwidth available with FTTD. Others go for a fiber backbone or zone system, with fiber to local small-scale switches, close enough to users for those who want cable connectivity instead of wireless, to plug in with a short patchcord. More recently, applications with many users like large companies or organizations, educational institutions, hotels, hospitals, etc. have found passive optical LANs based on fiber to the home technology to be the most capable and cost effective networks. Itís the job of the designer to understand not only the technology of communications cabling, but also the technology of communications, and to keep abreast of the latest developments in not only the technology but the applications of both. Test Your Comprehension with the Networks Quiz Premises Cabling Website Contents Each page will open in a new window. Overview of Premises Cabling and Standards	<urn:uuid:d4f9ca39-94c3-4f4a-b5ce-9b875e3daf83>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-47", "url": "http://foa.org/tech/ref/premises/networks.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039749562.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20181121173523-20181121195523-00250.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9510051012039185, "token_count": 3616, "score": 3.609375, "int_score": 4 }
WHAT IS ECU (ENGINE CONTROL UNIT)? All modern cars and vans on the road today have an ECU (ENGINE CONTROL UNIT). This Engine Control Unit can almost be described as the vehicles ‘brain’ and contains a small processor that takes information from various sensors throughout the engine. It analyses information such as the engine temperature, accelerator pedal angle, oxygen content in the burnt exhaust gases as well as many more parameters. Using the information from these sensors it can then add the right quantity of fuel, at just the right time to provide a good mix of fuel economy, performance and emission control when pulling away, overtaking, pottering down the road or zooming down the motorway. WHAT IS ECU REMAPPING/PROGRAMMING? When a manufacturer develops a new car they have to take into consideration all of the conditions it may be subjected to in all of the regions in which they intend to sell this model. This means instead of just optimising the ECU’s program or ‘map’ to deliver the best performance or the most fuel efficiency they have to make compromises to the map to take into account these potential differing operating conditions. These could include sub-standard fuels, extremes in temperature and altitude, differing emission laws and even the possibility that vehicle may not be serviced on a regular basis and in accordance with the manufacturers recommended instructions. ECU remapping is taking a read from the ECU’s processing chip of the vehicles standard compromised map and adjusting various parameters within the map such as fuel pressure, boost pressure (on turbocharged applications) ignition advance and throttle pedal control amongst others to release the true performance from the engine. It is a completely safe process as it is just giving the engine the performance it should have had in the first place before all the compromises were applied to the original programming. Every engine will have its own unique map and by adjusting this we can fine tune the characteristics of the engine; unleashing more power and in many cases reduce fuel consumption too. Find My Vehicle Find Your Nearest Dealer BENEFITS OF ECU REMAPPING/PROGRAMMING ECU programming will not only improve the engines power and torque figures it will also sharpen the throttle response and widen the power-band. This will make the power delivery a lot more linear, which in turn will make the vehicle feel a lot livelier to drive and the engine more flexible. Frequently, the vehicles power output is restricted by the manufacturer for no other reason than to ensure that the vehicle fits into a class to suit fleet buyers. As a driving enthusiast, you do not need or want such restrictions placed upon your vehicles ECU and its performance therefore you can benefit from the hidden power and torque locked away within your engine management system. The other main benefit of remapping will be a reduction in fuel consumption. With the extra torque especially at the bottom of the rev range you will see a fuel saving as it will require less throttle input to maintain motorway speeds, you can drive in a higher gear at a slower speed as well as helping significantly when fully laden, towing or on gradients and even in start stop traffic. ECU REMAPPING BENEFITS FOR TURBOCHARGED DIESEL ENGINES Many see the modern crop of Turbocharged diesels as the future of road car's chip tuning. Even in North America, a nation famed for its love of the petrol engine is starting to come around to the benefits of turbo diesel passenger cars in particular. These engines offer fantastic potential for reliable low cost tuning without removing any of the appeal of buying and running a turbo diesel powered vehicle, such as economy, reliability and longevity. After your ECU upgrade to your turbocharged diesel engine, you will enjoy: - Increased horsepower - Increased torque - Better throttle response - Smoother power delivery - Improved fuel economy - Safer overtaking Find My Vehicle Find Your Nearest Dealer	<urn:uuid:668ac2a1-177b-44ba-a189-173d5f68135f>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-05", "url": "http://xpressgarage.co.uk/3193-2/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084886939.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20180117122304-20180117142304-00528.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9398378133773804, "token_count": 819, "score": 2.71875, "int_score": 3 }
Squadron Royal Canadian Air Force > Units and Formations Updated: 28 Oct 08 Formed: 9 Apr 1942, RAF Digby Squadron was based at: RAF Digby :: 9 Apr 1942 - 3 May 1942 RAF Fairwood Common :: 3 May 1942 - Squadron code: AU Spitfire MkVa :: Apr 1942 - May 1942 Spitfire MkVb :: May 1942 - May 1943 Spitfire MkIXb :: May 1943 - 421 Squadron RCAF was formed at RAF Digby on 9 Apr 1942 under the command of Sqn Ldr FW Kelly, with an initial complement of 11 pilots and 108 ground crew. On formation there were 17 MK VA Spitfires on charge. Although no exact record of these planes has been found these are most certainly the Spitfires left behind by the departing 601 Squadron which embarked to Malta. Two days later, Sqn Ldr Kelly tried to acquire the service of the ex-601 Sqn personnel who were on the strength of SHQ RAF Digby to service his newly-acquired aircraft. By 18 Apr he had also managed to secure 2 ex-601 Sqn pilots, Plt Off J H Murray and Sgt A R McDonald, for 421 Sqn. After the initial period of rapid organization flying began on 23 April 1942, with sector reconnaissance, local flying, areo engine tests and formation flying. During April aircrew with no or limited operational experience, such as Flt Lt Hill, the second flight commander, were sent to fly with 411 Squadron on Circus operations over Dunkirk. By the end of the month the squadron had flown 230 hrs 40 mins. The squadron total strength was now 135 including 11 RCAF and 1 RAF officers, 15 RCAF and 1 USAF airmen. The Sqn began to move to RAF Fairwood Common with its advance party setting off on 1 May 1942 and the balance of the ground crew on 3 May, along with 16 of the aircraft at 1100 hrs. However by 10 May it had taken over 19 MK VB cannon Spitfires on strength. The MK V planes had been used for initial training exercises during April and early May before being dispatched to other squadrons. 421 Squadron became officially operational on 13 May 1942, taking over the operational commitments of 402 Squadron and running its first operational convoy patrols on 16 May. 421 Sqn spent most of the remainder of the war based in Glamorganshire and Surrey/Kent.421 Squadron Pilots at RAF Digby and later RAF Fairwood Common. S. Ldr F.W. KELLY Ops records from May 13th records the following additional names - Ops records from May 26th records the following additional names - powered by blueconsultancy	<urn:uuid:a8179a51-62ff-47a9-97b1-dcf61c6ee588>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-39", "url": "http://www.raf-lincolnshire.info/421sqn/421sqn.htm", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689897.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20170924062956-20170924082956-00425.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9738689661026001, "token_count": 575, "score": 2.546875, "int_score": 3 }
USUAL DOSE. 300 mg daily in a single dose. Because the relapse rate is high, it is essential that the treatment regimen be continued for a sufficient period of time; routinely, this is considered to be 1 year for preventive therapy. ACTION AND USE. Chloramphenicol was used extensively when first developed because it had no apparent side effects. It inhibits protein synthesis, is easily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, and is effective against most grampositive and gram-negative organisms, and against rickettsiae. Chloramphenicol has been recognized as highly toxic with significant hematologic side effects; i.e., bone marrow depression, anemia, and leukopenia. Currently, it is normally used only for treatment of typhoid and other salmonella, rickettsial diseases, and gram-negative bacteremia resistent to other antibiotics. Because of its serious toxic effects, it is reserved for serious infections that are not amenable to treatment with less toxic preparations. USUAL DOSE. 50 mg/kg/day in divided doses at 6 hour intervals. The oral method is the preferred method of administration although intravenous infusion is acceptable; intramuscular injection is ineffective. ACTION AND USE. These are the only polymixin complexes still in use. Because of their excessive nephrotoxic nature, the other polymixin complexes have been discarded. Polymixins act by disrupting the cytoplasmic membrane of the cell causing immediate cell death. The polymixins are bactericidal against almost all the gramnegative bacilli; they are not effective against gram-positive bacteria or fungi. USUAL DOSE. Polymixin B sulfate is available as a parenteral preparation for intravenous or intrathecal administration; it should not be used intramuscularly. The dosage is 15,000 to 25,000 units/kg/day intravenously; 1 to 3 drops of a 0.1 to 0.25 percent solution hourly for the treatment of conjunctivitis. The preparation can also be used as an ophthalmic solution. Polymixin E sulfate (colistin) is available as an oral suspension for the treatment of diarrhea in children given at 5 to 15 mg/kg/day. It is also available as an otic suspension with neomycin and hydrocortisone for the treatment of superficial bacterial infections of the external auditory canal. The dose is 4 drops 3 or 4 times daily. ACTION AND USE. Spectinomycin was developed with the sole therapeutic indication being the treatment of gonorrhea. It is largely bacteriostatic and quite effective in the treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhea. Its advantage lies primarily in being a single dose therapy and in patients who are allergic to penicillin or have penicillin resistant strains of the causative organism. It is NOT effective in the treatment of syphilis. USUAL DOSE. An intramuscular dose of 2 g is recommended. In areas of the world where antibiotic resistance is known to exist, the recommended dose is 4 g in a single dose in two injection sites. ACTION AND USE. Nitrofurantoin is effective against a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative organisms, protozoa, and fungi. It is rapidly and completely absorbed from the intestine but has little or no systemic effect because it is rapidly excreted through the kidneys. Its usefulness is limited to urinary tract infections where the drug attains concentration in the urine to which most organisms are sensitive. Macrodantin is a preparation of nitrofurantoin where the crystals are of a controlled size. USUAL DOSE. Nitrofurantoin is used in the treatment of pyelonephritis, pyelitis, and cystitis. Normal dose is 50 to 100 mg 4 times daily; it should be given with meals to increase absorption and minimize gastrointestinal upset. It is contraindicated where significant renal impairment exists. ACTION AND USE. Although not an antiinfective, phenazopyridine is included here because it is used almost exclusively in urinary tract infections. Phenazopyridine is a urinary tract analgesic indicated for the symptomatic relief of discomforts arising from irritation of the lower 7-13	<urn:uuid:8963898c-262e-41de-b1e7-76f17ad517a9>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-47", "url": "http://medical.tpub.com/10669-c/css/Miscellaneous-Antibiotics-Continued-261.htm", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039741628.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20181114041344-20181114063344-00223.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9290142059326172, "token_count": 884, "score": 2.578125, "int_score": 3 }
The combination of two or more intervals makes a chord. Chords are ordinarily built by intervals of a third. The simplest chord type is the triad. Triads may be the basis of whole harmonic system. Members of Triads The names “root“, “third” and “fifth” are three members of triads. The root is also fundemental base of any chord. Regardless of any inversions, these names preserve their ability to describe triad chords’ note members. Inversion of Triads Lowest note of a triad determines chords’ inversion position. If a triad has a root factor in lowest note, it is said to be in “root position“. If a triad has a third factor in lowest note, it is said to be in “first inversion“. If a triad has a fifth factor in lowest note, it is said to be in “second inversion“. There are four kinds of triads. These are formed by relation of root note and other factors of triads’ interval types. The major and minor triads are consonant chords, because they composed by consonant intervals. Diminished and Augmented triads are dissonant, because they have diminished fifth and augmented fifth which are known as dissonant intervals. Seventh chords are built by adding one more third interval above a triad. There are mainly four types of seventh chords. The seventh of a Dominant chord adds a dissonant element to the chord itself, so it turns to a harmonic dissonance chord. In root position, it has a characteristic seventh interval between the root and the added note. Because of dissonance nature and resolving to root degree ability, this chords is a very important part of western music culture. It is built on a fifth degree of any tone, and builted by adding a minor third to major triad.	<urn:uuid:5d9c2f52-a89c-4e02-a7fb-4141c1cc8226>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-22", "url": "http://polygonium.com/music-theory-triad-chords/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794865691.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20180523161206-20180523181206-00253.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9486497640609741, "token_count": 406, "score": 4.34375, "int_score": 4 }
Condition: Near Mint Product Description: This is a beautiful, pristine example of a World War One German Heer Buckle. It is a wartime example, stamped from steel with an attractive field green painted finish, as stipulated by regulations of January, 1915. Virtually all of this original “Feldgrau” paint is still present; the buckle shows only the most minor traces of age and handling, and no signs of ever being worn or used. This roundel on this World War One German Heer buckle depicts the Imperial crown, surrounded by the inscription “Gott Mit Uns”- God is with us. This was the roundel used by Prussian troops. The reverse of this World War One German Heer Buckle features a textbook wartime spot welded catch, and a functional prong assembly for affixing this to a belt. There is no visible manufacturer marking. These WWI buckles have become harder to find in the last few years, and especially in this condition. Despite the passing of a century, this gorgeous buckle remains truly near mint. Historical Description: The belt buckle was an important part of the regalia worn by all uniformed military, civil, political and paramilitary organizations during the Third Reich. The belt (“Koppel”) was part of the uniform, and would always be worn while on duty. The belt buckle (“Koppelschloss”) was generally specific to each organization, with many organizations having separate belt buckles for officers and for enlisted personnel, sometimes with different colors and finishes to further denote specific purposes. The buckles were adorned with various mottos and designs specific to the organizations for which they were intended. Many designs used the German national eagle emblem, in a variety of forms. Belt buckles were worn with uniforms ranging from finely tailored officer parade uniforms, to the issue uniforms of enlisted soldiers in combat. Generally speaking, most German belt buckles of the Third Reich were made with two prongs on the reverse, to allow the buckle to be worn and adjusted on a belt. The buckle had a catch that would mate with a hook on the belt, when worn. The earliest Third Reich buckles were often made of brass, or nickel silver. Later, aluminum became very common, and was used on private purchase as well as enlisted buckles of the German military, with or without a painted or plated finish. After WWII began, most enlisted military buckles were steel. Nazi belt buckles were popular souvenirs for Allied troops who served in Europe. Some types were made by the millions and remain quite common today. Others were made in limited numbers and are very rare. We are the leading team of military antique specialists. We have specialized in military antiques for over 25 years. Epic Artifacts offers free evaluations and the highest prices available for your collectibles. We purchase single items, entire collections, or family estates. Click the link here to learn more: Free Evaluation or Inquiries or feel free to email us directly: firstname.lastname@example.org	<urn:uuid:40cd2f3d-fb38-4fec-be1a-53fb86815b3e>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-14", "url": "https://epicartifacts.com/product/world-war-one-german-heer-buckle/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945242.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20230324020038-20230324050038-00328.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9749636650085449, "token_count": 633, "score": 2.828125, "int_score": 3 }
Most American families will immediately recognize the tall, beloved feline character in a red-and-white striped hat from the wildly popular children’s book, the Cat in the Hat. In fact, an integral part of the typical American childhood revolves around Dr. Seuss’s books. I, myself, fondly remember the nights that I would spend with my parents reading One Fish, Two Fish, Red Fish, Blue Fish before bed. However, a recent awakening has caused people to call for the “cancellation” of popular children’s book author and political cartoonist, Dr. Seuss. For years, his racist and stereotypical images and phrases have gone unnoticed by the public eye. Now, Dr. Seuss Enterprises announced that they will discontinue all publishing of six of his books that “portray people in ways that are hurtful and wrong.” The discontinued books include And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street, If I Ran the Zoo, McElligot’s Pool, On Beyond Zebra!, Scrambled Eggs Super!, and The Cat’s Quizzer. These books all hold stereotypical images and inhumane portrayals of Africans, Asians, and Arabs. Dr. Seuss often viewed ethnic or racial differences as exotic, and liked to highlight these differences in his imagery in a way that portrayed the differences as a comical ‘punch line’ rather than an appreciation for other cultures. One of his earlier titles, And to Think That I Saw That on Mulberry Street, depicted a stereotypical Asian boy, wearing a dǒulì on his head, a red kasaya, what appears to be geta on his feet, and holding a bowl of rice with chopsticks. In some other versions, the boy has stark yellow skin and a pate queue ponytail. The caption under the image reads “… A Chinese boy… who eats with sticks…” In fact, most of Dr. Seuss’s depictions of the Asian race include such stereotypes. A page in If I Ran the Zoo contains an image of three men of Asian descent, once again wearing white kasaya and red geta, all three with Fu Manchu-esque mustaches, carrying a caged ‘Bustard,’ with a white man carrying a shotgun sitting on top of the cage. The caption in this section read “I’ll hunt the mountains of Zomba-ma-Tant…with helpers who wear their eyes at a slant.” He also drew an Arabian man riding in the desert atop a ‘Mulligatawny’ (a camel) that was dressed with a hood and a traditional saddle, that sheathed a Saif sword. The man had a long mustache, a yellow turban adorned with feathers, with a white robe that had red accents, likely meant to be a thawb or a kaftan. The caption of this image said “I’ll capture a scraggle-foot Mulligatawny […] From the blistering sands of the Desert of Zind…A Mulligatawny is fine for my zoo…And so is a chieftain. I’ll bring one back, too,” effectively suggesting that he would keep a human within his ideal zoo. Seuss also draws two Africans as beings that appear more like a monkey than a human—embarrassingly enough, it had taken me a few minutes to understand that the image I was looking at had two men holding a bird, and not two monkeys. Both men are short, with stubby arms and legs, a large stomach, and a round face. They wear a red skirt, likely a representation of Zulu warrior skirts, a nose ring, and a choker and bracelets on both arms. Their hair is tied up on the top of their heads, reflecting the amasunzu style of Rwandan people. In other cartoons, he would often draw Africans as monkeys, riding atop elephants, surrounded by flies (and obsessed with Flit, an insect repellent), with black skin, thick white lips, and a white skirt. The Cat in the Hat itself has been said to be inspired by minstrelsy and blackface. So of course, there are issues that surround these sorts of images. Absolutely none of the aforementioned images—or the plethora of racially or ethnically insensitive political cartoons, single-panel drawings, and picture books—respected or celebrated another’s culture. Instead, Dr. Seuss exploited and fetishized specific, stereotypical features of cultures to emphasize their differences from a Eurocentric, ‘normal’ person. Racism and ethnic bigotry is a learned concept. Exposure to negative or stereotypical thought processes at such a young age will have an initial, undesirable effect. Even if the families of children are accepting of other cultures, the normalization and casual use of harmful images in these books can subconsciously lead to the development of racial and ethnic biases in the children. Thus, we do need a sort of censor—young children should not be shown or be exposed to these stereotypes. As I understand how precious these nostalgic pieces of literature can be, I am not suggesting that we completely stop the distribution of Dr. Seuss’s books; they do contain valuable morals and are written in an engaging manner that make them perfect for children. Rather, I suggest that these insensitive images should be re-drawn; exploiting another’s race for cheap jokes and foolish rhymes is ignorant at best. And since it would be unwise to simply ‘delete’ and erase any evidence of harmful content, as it would hide the existence of racism and have a negative impact on the movement towards racial and ethnic equality, I also suggest that we keep copies of the original books and images. The original, unedited copies themselves, though, should not be printed and distributed to children. Rather, they should be kept so that we may learn from them in the future.	<urn:uuid:02d61a8e-0cf9-4349-bc13-3b48ae1bb9a1>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-49", "url": "https://hhsbanner.com/opinion/2021/04/29/the-fallacious-world-of-dr-seuss/?return&print=true", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363520.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20211208175210-20211208205210-00128.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9585955142974854, "token_count": 1264, "score": 2.578125, "int_score": 3 }
Types of Loads that acting on the structures are: The load of the structure itself is called dead load and different types of the loads which includes in it are load of the structural system, such as walls, columns, slabs, weight of other permanent material such as HVAC, beams etc… The weight of dead load can be easily calculated by measuring or identifying the unit weight of the material and its dimensions. All other loads acting on a structure other than dead load is termed as live load.They include all types of movable elements such as furniture, humans etc.. and other types of non-structural elements such as rainwater, snow etc… Load that change rapidly or applied suddenly are called dynamic loads.The magnitude of the load will increase based on the dynamic effect. The action of wind load is mainly described in IS 875 PART 3 Vz = k1.k2.k3.Vb - Where k1 = Risk coefficient - k2 = Coefficient based on terrain, height and structure size. - k3 = Topography factor The design wind pressure is given by pz = 0.6 V2z where pz is in N/m2 at height Z and Vz is in m/sec. Up to a height of 30 m, the wind pressure is considered to act uniformly. Above 30 m height, the wind pressure increases. 5.Snow Loads (SL) The action of snow load is described in IS 875 PART 4 The minimum snow load on a roof area or any other area above ground which is subjected to snow accumulation is obtained by the expression - Where S = Design snow load on plan area of the roof. - = Shape coefficient. - S0 = Ground snow load. The action of an earthquake and its effect are described in IS 1893-2014 Types of loads on Beams The different load types acting on the beams are A load that acting on the very small area of the surface are called concentrated loads. 2.Uniformly distributed loads Uniformly distributed loads is a distributed load which acts along the length.We can say its unit is KN/M.By simply multiplying the intensity of load by its length, we can convert the uniformly distributed load into point load.The point load can be also called as equivalent concentrated load(E.C.L). 3.Uniformly Varying load At a constant rate, the magnitude of uniformly varying load varies along its length. In triangular load, the magnitude of the load at one end is zero and the other end is maximum.From zero, the magnitude of the load increases at a constant rate to its maximum value till the maximum end of the span. In trapezoidal varying load, the magnitude of the load at one end of the span have lower value and that lower value will constantly increase to a maximum value at the end of the span. The support reactions can easily find out by converting the trapezoid into a triangle and rectangle as shown in the figure. The coupled load is two equal and opposite forces acting on the same span.The line of action of both the loads are parallel to each other but in opposite direction.	<urn:uuid:8c73ccd8-3b5e-4dac-9f83-c27e27d04669>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-43", "url": "https://readcivil.com/types-of-loads-acting-on-structures/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587854.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20211026072759-20211026102759-00107.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9296665191650391, "token_count": 668, "score": 3.78125, "int_score": 4 }
Visually, the Star of David has six points, while a pentagram only has five. Differences between the two symbols, however, go far beyond their images and are steeped in ancient rituals, history and religious beliefs. History of the Star of David The Star of David is a six-pointed star made of two interlocking triangles. It's also called the Magen David, Hebrew for "Shield of David." Points on the star represent the six directions of the universe -- up, down, north, south, east and west -- according to Aish.com. The star's 12 sides represent the 12 tribes of Israel. The star is a fairly new association with the Jewish faith, according to the Virtual Jewish Library. Meanings in Jewish Culture A prominent symbol for modern Jews, the Star of David appears on many Israeli objects including the Israeli flag and Israeli ambulances. Because the symbol references David's shield, Jewish people view it as a symbol for trusting in their Almighty God. Many Jewish people view the Star of David as symbolic as Christians view the image of the cross, and it's among the most widely recognized symbols of the Jewish religion. It can also be a symbolic reminder of the Holocaust, encouraging Jews that because of their faith in God, they can overcome hardships heaped on them, the Aish.com website notes. History of the Pentagram A pentagram is a symmetrical five-pointed star. It usually appears in an upright form so that one point is facing upward. Upright pentagrams have been used by many religions and cultures in history, including pagans, Christians and Wiccans, according to ReligiousTolerance.org. For example, a pentagram has been used to symbolize the Star of Bethlehem shining over the stable where Jesus was born, and is also the shape of the stars on the American flag. Ancient Hebrews used the pentagram to represent the five books of the Torah. Meanings of the Pentagram Unlike the Star of David, modern interpretation of the pentagram is more commonly associated with evil or devil worship than it is with sacred religious beliefs. However, this modern interpretation isn't completely accurate. While Satanists do use an inverted, or upside down, pentagram as one of their symbols, an upright pentagram is more commonly used by Wiccans as a protective symbol. The points of the pentagram mean earth, fire, water, air and spirit, and, when used as a protective symbol, have nothing to do with Satan. - dnaveh/iStock/Getty Images	<urn:uuid:c5e362e0-4a07-4e9d-b4ed-4fc8b79ef6fa>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-09", "url": "https://classroom.synonym.com/the-difference-between-the-star-of-david-and-a-pentagram-12083533.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812873.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20180220030745-20180220050745-00767.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9473066926002502, "token_count": 529, "score": 3.234375, "int_score": 3 }
The Old North State regulates how close you can build to the ocean. The structure has to be “set back” from a certain “measurement line.” The setback distance depends on such factors as the size of the structure and the erosion rate. The larger the structure and the higher the erosion rate, the more the development has to be set back. Over time, the types of “measurement lines” have evolved. First Line of Stable Natural Vegetation (FLSNV) The oldest measurement line is the “First Line of Stable Natural Vegetation” (FLSNV) along the ocean front. Problems arose after huge storms washed away the FLSNV. The “Static” Vegetation Line (SVL) Eventually, the rules were changed so that if a beach community has benefitted from a large scale beach renourishment project, the setback could be measured from a “static vegetation line” (SVL). Problem: You are stuck with the SVL even if the vegetation line afterward grows and extends well oceanward beyond the SVL. The “SVL Exception” – Back to the FLSNV? Later, the rules were changed to allow reference to the vegetation line, but only if the community demonstrated a long-term, capable commitment to beach renourishment. Even then, the exception applied only to structures no larger than 2,500 square feet. The New “Development Line” Starting this year, a new tool for locating development on the ocean front is available – the “Development Line.” A beach community that has had a large-scale beach renourishment project can now adopt a line that represents where structures can be built up to, as long as the FLSNV setback is met. The line is placed generally in reference to adjacent structures. The primary advantage for development line beach communities is that they no longer have to demonstrate a long-term beach nourishment plan. For oceanfront owners, it’s not being limited to a 2,500-square-foot maximum size. Beach communities all up and down our coast are now looking into whether they should adopt a development line. Before you buy a beach-front property, we recommend you check the status of this issue as part of your due diligence. If you are selling, make sure you don’t make any representations or warranties unintentionally or inadvertently. The rules on beachfront development are much like that sandcastle your kids (or grandkids) are building … always moving and subject to change! Geoff Losee can be reached by visiting www.rountreelosee.com, by email at [email protected] or by calling (910) 763-3404. Rountree Losee LLP has provided a full range of legal services to individuals, families and businesses in North Carolina for over 110 years. As well-recognized leaders in each of the areas in which they practice, the attorneys of Rountree Losee provide clients a wealth of knowledge and experience. In their commitment to provide the highest quality legal service, they handle a wide range of legal issues with creativity, sensitivity and foresight. Johanna Cano - Jun 14, 2019 Vicky Janowski - Jun 14, 2019 Christina Haley O'Neal - Jun 14, 2019 Jenny Callison - Jun 14, 2019 New Hanover Regional Medical Center was recognized for its patient experience through the Healthgrades 2019 Outstanding Patient Experience A... With its proximity to the Cape Fear River and customer markets, the Wilmington area provides an essential location for National Gypsum, a gy... From power cords to nuclear fuel, manufacturing companies across the Cape Fear region are making a wide range of products. Here’s a recap of...	<urn:uuid:2f780534-189d-4710-bb0f-bc9a8df2525d>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-26", "url": "http://www.wilmingtonbiz.com/insights/geoffrey_losee/the_latest_line_in_the_sand/1285", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998558.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20190617183209-20190617205209-00460.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.932782769203186, "token_count": 791, "score": 2.6875, "int_score": 3 }
How to Write a Speech When it comes to public speaking – in the student’s case, giving a speech to a classroom of their peers and their instructor – one’s success lies in preparation. Which means that delivering a good speech ultimately depends on the writing a speech. After all, a speech is like a spoken essay. Some people are natural-born public speakers who can entertain an entire room without a second of planning; however, the student in higher education who is to give a speech (who is also most likely a novice public speaker) should follow these 10 speech writing steps. 10 Speech Writing Steps 1. Plan the speech according to the occasion. The student required to give a speech will probably be speaking in an academic setting, where a serious, informative or persuasive tone will serve them best. Most times, the student will be given a time limit, which should be strictly followed. 2. Recognize the theme/message or purpose of the speech. This will help the student identify which direction they are going to take in the writing/planning/researching of the speech, helping them develop a sort of formula to achieve that purpose. 3. Be creative with the speech’s introduction. Once the student knows what they are going to say, they should consider a brief, interesting way to get their audience’s attention – whether with a joke, an interesting anecdote, famous quote, even a thought-provoking question. 4. Learn how to write a speech outline. This helps the student visualize all the points they need to cover in their speech. 5. Expand on the points in the speech outline. If they’re given a speech in a persuasive manner, they will need a solid thesis statement defended by strong evidence to support their argument. If giving an informative speech for an assignment, the student should incorporate solid, research-based information. In either case, the student must center their speech on the theme, issue, or subject they are discussing, arguing, or analyzing. 6. Incorporate transitional phrases to cover various points. Words like “First of all,” “Secondly,” “Next,” and “Lastly” help the speaker better transition from point to point, for their own sake and the audience. 7. Don’t forget about the conclusion. Just like with an essay or written assignment, a proper conclusion allows the speaker to tie in all the points of their speech, leaving the audience with a comprehensive understanding of what they just discussed. 8. Write the speech out in full, in essay form. Include the introduction, the points to be covered, as well as transitional phrases, and a conclusion – and then evaluate its effectiveness. Edit if needed. Writing more than one draft helps the student add or remove pertinent information. 9. Ask a friend to revise the written speech; revise the draft based on their feedback. Once the student feels their written speech is nearly completed, seeking the help of another person is beneficial. They will see things the writer may not notice, which will ultimately improve the speech. 10. Read the speech aloud. Before the student rehearses their speech first for familiarization, then memorization, they should read the speech aloud to compare how it sounds with how it reads; this could be the difference in an awkward, boring speech or one that is interesting and gets a higher grade. Read also: How to Write a Persuasive Essay \| How to Write an Argumentative Essay In case you are working on a speech, and are having difficulties with it, PrivateWriting.com would be happy to assist. Feel free to contact our writers and they will help you to work through the assignment. Our staff will assign writers with suitable backgrounds and adequate experience. This will result in a paper that is properly written and formatted, with thorough background research and a solid literature base. Feel free to contact us anytime. Place an order to get your individual discount now.	<urn:uuid:aaa8f385-68a1-4e18-8eae-661dd8590c87>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-47", "url": "https://www.privatewriting.com/speech-writing", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806708.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20171122233044-20171123013044-00685.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9511063098907471, "token_count": 818, "score": 3.625, "int_score": 4 }
Center Funding Research on Math, Science Cognition Four years ago, federal officials launched an initiative to study the complex machinery of mathematics and science cognition, or in plain language, how students think, learn, and solve problems in those subjects. Since then, that program has begun to exert its influence through the relatively modest but steady flow of public funding it provides for scholarly research, work that goes largely ignored by the public at large—and even most educators—but which, over time, can have broad influence in the classroom. The federal center goes by the lengthy title of the Program on Mathematics and Science Cognition and Learning, Development and Disorders. It operates within the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, the same federal entity that has generated much of the research that strongly influences federal reading policy today. By federal standards, the math and science program has a small budget: It currently underwrites about 20 ongoing projects at an annual cost of some $7 million. But it is conducting its work at a time when federal officials, including the Bush administration, are calling for greater emphasis on research-based strategies in math instruction. A 4-year-old federal program on math and science cognition and learning has helped support studies on a range of topics including: • Arithmetic-fact mastery in young children • Sex differences in math and spatial skills among primary school children • Gene research and mathematical understanding in twins • Origins of number sense in infants • Math and learning disabilities • Math learning among girls with genetic syndromes and mental retardation • "Folk science"children's understanding of the world around them • Reasoning about design and purpose in nature among children The central role of the NICHD program is to finance that research with public money—rather than generate it independently. Those studies, in turn, often end up in articles published in scholarly journals, which can shape the collective thinking of the education community. “It takes a while to have an impact,” said Daniel B. Berch, the director of the program. “You have to begin to make it evident to researchers in the field that [we] support this kind of work.” Even so, over the past few years the math- and science-cognition program’s grantees, many of whom also receive support from other federal agencies, have published about 50 articles in various journals, he estimates. One of the most widely circulated pieces was a 2004 paper that identified the potential benefits of “direct instruction,” or more straightforward presentation of facts from teachers to students, on students’ scientific reasoning and judgment. That study, whose primary author was David Klahr, a psychology professor at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, compared that teaching approach with “discovery learning,” a more hands-on classroom method. ("NCLB Could Alter Science Teaching," Nov. 10, 2004.) Other studies backed by the NICHD math and science program have probed such disparate topics as how students with various disabilities learn math; whether gender differences affect student learning; and how children develop math skills such as estimation, number sense, and mastery of basic arithmetic facts. Building a Base Some of those topics touch long-standing debates about how math and science should be taught. But Mr. Berch says while his program’s work could eventually influence classroom instruction, its impact is indirect: Those decisions are ultimately left to school officials and policymakers, he says. “You don’t [craft] a curriculum out of one study,” Mr. Berch said in an interview from his office in a National Institutes of Health building in Rockville, Md., in suburban Washington. His program is trying to promote sustained research rather than one-shot examinations of how students learn. “We want to make it more cumulative,” Mr. Berch said. To that end, most of the projects supported by the NICHD program are being conducted over a three- to five-year period. Most grant recipients receive between $250,000 and $500,000 in direct funding, plus additional costs, on average, he estimates. Mr. Berch said he was asked by G. Reid Lyon, the influential and controversial former chief of the NICHD’s child-health and -behavior branch, to lead the math- and science-cognition program. The reading research supported by the NICHD has had a strong influence on the types of instruction in that subject that the federal government supports, most notably through the $1 billion-a-year Reading First grant program, which requires the use of research-based instructional strategies in that subject. Critics have accused the NICHD of favoring research that supports phonics, a teaching method rooted in associations between sounds and letters, at the expense of other approaches. Similar philosophical divides exist over how to teach math. The “math wars” have pitted those who call for stronger teaching of basic number facts and foundational skills against those who worry that such an approach will result in too much rote memorization and drill, and not enough problem-solving. Over the past year, improving math and science education has become a major focus among federal officials, who worry that the nation is not turning out enough students who can fill highly skilled jobs. Earlier this year, the Bush administration announced a series of steps aimed at improving how math is taught, including the formation of the National Mathematics Advisory Panel, a group of 17 experts charged with identifying what research says about how to teach that subject. The NICHD program would seem well positioned to provide that research. Mr. Berch serves as one of the panel’s six nonvoting members. And two cognitive psychologists whose work has been funded through his program—David C. Geary of the University of Missouri-Columbia, and Robert S. Siegler of Carnegie Mellon University—were also named to the panel. Mr. Berch said he offered advice to Department of Education officials about who might serve, but had no say in the final selection. Area of Need? Mr. Geary believes the math panel can help make educators aware of the research emerging from the NICHD program. NICHD support for reading “really clarified where instruction should be focused,” Mr. Geary said, by examining “the processes of reading. I think the same applies to math and science.” Jere Confrey, a professor of mathematics education at Washington University in St. Louis, agreed that knowing more about students’ cognitive skills in math and science is important. But she also saw a more urgent need for studies on instruction in those subjects, and how to prepare teachers to work with students of different abilities. Ms. Confrey led a panel of the congressionally chartered National Research Council that produced a report in 2004 on how to judge the effectiveness of math curricula. ("NRC Urges Multiple Studies For Math Curricula," May 26, 2004.) “We have more problems in instruction than pure cognitive research,” Ms. Confrey said. “Cognition has to be fostered by effective and rich classroom discussion.” Like Ms. Confrey, James Hiebert, a professor of education at the University of Delaware in Newark, questioned whether the NICHD math and science program would favor research on basic math skills rather than problem-solving ability. “It’s easier to investigate cognition in simple-skill learning than in conceptual understanding,” Mr. Hiebert said. “Sometimes research tends to be skewed toward basic fact learning.” But after hearing a description of various math projects supported by the NICHD program, in distinct areas such as estimation, number sense, and mastery of arithmetic facts, Mr. Hiebert added that he could detect no ideological bias in the program’s work. Mr. Berch said his only concern is funding useful research on cognition and learning disabilities, not weighing in on ideological disputes. “We are not taking sides with respect to the math wars,” he maintained. In the 1970s and 1980s, cognitive research on how students solve arithmetic proved extremely valuable and shaped classroom pedagogy and curricula for years to come, Mr. Hiebert said. Today’s research could prove similarly important, he said. “One of the problems we have in math is we don’t understand the learning processes well enough to know [which] instructional strategies might be preferred,” Mr. Hiebert said. Valuable research “eventually finds its way into the system, even if the effect is so indirect that it’s hard to trace it back to the original source.” Vol. 25, Issue 41, Pages 33,35 - Lake Forest School District, Felton, DE - Accomack County Public Schools, Accomac, VA - Principal, Niwot High School - St. Vrain Valley School District, CO - High School Principal - Harrisonburg City Public Schools, VA - Principal at Northridge High School - Tuscaloosa City Schools, Tuscaloosa, AL	<urn:uuid:c0bdd140-1a21-4901-a16a-0f206bc0443c>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-10", "url": "http://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2006/06/21/41mathcenter.h25.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394010803689/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091323-00043-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9515594840049744, "token_count": 1898, "score": 3.015625, "int_score": 3 }
Nurturing skills and building confidence in the water For more than 160 years, the YMCA has nurtured potential and united communities to create lasting, meaningful change. In each of our communities, the Y is in the service of building a better us. One of the most effective ways to accomplish this is to teach youth, teens, and adults to swim, so they can stay safe around water and learn the skills they need to make swimming a lifelong pursuit for staying healthy. Y swim instructors are nationally certified. Their training includes CPR, AED, First Aid and Oxygen Administration. Swim lessons provide important life skills that could save a life and will benefit youth and adult swimming students for a lifetime. Infant And Toddler Swim Lessons At the YMCA, our goal is to create a healthy respect for water to keep youth safe while creating a lifelong love of aquatics environments. Accompanied by a parent, infants and toddlers learn to be comfortable in the water and develop swim readiness skills through fun and confidence-building swim lessons experiences. At the same time, parents learn about water safety, drowning prevention, and the importance of supervision. Infants and toddlers will be introduced to the aquatic environment safely and comfortably to gain confidence and a healthy respect for the water. As students progress and grow, they begin to explore body positions, blowing bubbles and fundamental safety and aquatics skills. Parent must participate in the water with child during the class Preschool and Youth Lessons: Strong swimmers. Confident kids. New to swim lessons? The basis of Y swim lessons is water safety skills. Students learn personal water safety and achieve basic swimming competency by learning two benchmark skills: swim, float, swim—sequencing front glide, roll, back float, roll, front glide and exit—and jump, push, turn, grab. As students progress, they are taught in swim lessons the recommended skills for all to have around water, including safe water habits, underwater exploration and how to swim to safety and exit in the event of falling into a body of water. Activities, games, and drills geared to reinforce learning are utilized heavily as students continue through this skill-based approach to swimming. After having mastered the fundamentals, students learn additional water safety skills, build stroke techniques, develop skills that prevent chronic disease, increase social-emotional and cognitive well-being and foster a lifetime of physical activity. Preschool and School Aged Advanced Swim Lessons After having mastered the fundamentals, students learn additional water safety skills and build stroke technique preventing chronic disease, increasing social-emotional and cognitive well-being and fostering a lifetime of physical activity. Students work on refining stroke technique and learning all major competitive strokes in swimming lessons. The emphasis on water safety continues through treading water and sidestroke. Students will learn about competitive swimming and discover how to incorporate swimming into a healthy lifestyle. Teen & Adult Swim Lessons No matter your age, water safety is important. Whether joining Y swim lessons to gain basic water safety skills, get over a fear of the water, or develop swimming techniques, we have options for teens and adults of all ages. Group swim lessons, semi-private, private and even Masters Swim programs are available through the YMCA. For parents, your family is safer around water when you are comfortable around water and have the adult swimming skills to keep yourself and your children safe. Private and Semi-Private Swim Lessons Are you looking to refine a specific stroke, perfect your flip-turn, have a flexible swim lesson schedule and want quick results or individual attention? Private and semi-private swim lessons are perfect for you! Private Lessons focus on increasing your child’s skill at any age. - Lessons can be private one-on-one instruction or a semi-private lesson with two or more participants. - Lessons are scheduled at the frequency, days and times that fit your schedule. Private and semi-private lessons are not available or are limited during group lessons. Specialty Programs and Classes Swimmers who love the water and want further instruction for future aquatics activities enjoy participating in our Specialty Programs focused on leadership, competition and recreation. We continually develop our specialty swimming lesson program curriculum. Stroke Development Clinics and Boosters Stroke Development Clinics and Boosters are for advanced students ages five and up who wish to improve or perfect their technique. - Stroke Clinics focus on mastering one specific stroke at a time, such as freestyle, backstroke, breaststroke and butterfly. - Stroke Boosters focus on refining all four competitive swim strokes: freestyle, backstroke, breaststroke and butterfly. Swimmers work on improving endurance, technique and speed. Trust Our Team Parents can help establish trust between youth and their instructors by sitting back from the class and allowing the instructor to give guidance, help solve issues, etc. Talk with your child(ren) about their time at lessons and your role during this time versus the instructor. If needed, talk with the instructor about how to help establish boundaries. Reinforce and practice swim skills taught during class by spending time together during recreational swim at your local YMCA. Checkout our pool schedule for availability. Safety is the number one priority around any depth of water. Find tips and information to help keep your family safe. Frequently Asked Questions 0 programs meet your criteria Do you want to register for this session only, or for multiple sessions of this program at this location? At age 2, my daughter and I started lessons at the YMCA. By age 3, she was able to float on her back, swim to the side and get herself out of the pool. At age 5, she had developed skills to join the swim team. We continued to supplement these skills with private swim lessons to work on the specifics of stroke improvement.	<urn:uuid:158eed05-5c92-42d7-a89f-a39f3212ca3c>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23", "url": "https://ymcahouston.org/programs/swimming/swim-lessons", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224653608.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20230607042751-20230607072751-00501.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9446598887443542, "token_count": 1227, "score": 3.3125, "int_score": 3 }
Jump to navigation Jump to search (Redirected from Art historian) Art history is the study of objects of art in their historical development and stylistic contexts, i.e. genre, design, format, and style. This includes the "major" arts of painting, sculpture, and architecture as well as the "minor" arts of ceramics, furniture, and other decorative objects. - Attempts to juggle domestic responsibilities with artistic production have often resulted in smaller bodies of work, and often works smaller in scale, than those produced by male contemporaries. Yet art history continues to privilege prodigious output and monumental scale or conception over the selective and the intimate. - Whitney Chadwick Women, Art, and Society: Fourth Edition (2007) ISBN 0-500-20393-8 - Edward G. Robinson: Who knows, the woman who posed for the Mona Lisa might have been the evilest woman in the world. - Batman (TV series) Batman's Satisfaction written by Charles Hoffman - Throughout history, most artists created paintings, sculptures, and other objects for specific patrons and settings and to fulfill a specific purpose, even if today no one knows the original contexts of those artworks. Museum visitors can appreciate the visual and tactile qualities of these objects, but they cannot understand why they were made or why they appear as they do without knowing the circumstances of their creation. Art appreciation does not require knowledge of the historical context of an artwork (or a building). Art history does. - Fred S. Kleiner, Gardner's Art Through the Ages: A Global History (14th ed., 2012), p. 1 - The history of art can be a history of artists and their works, of styles and stylistic change, of materials and techniques, of images and themes and their meanings, and of contexts and cultures and patrons. The best art historians analyze artworks from many viewpoints. But no art historian (or scholar in any other field), no matter how broad-minded in approach and no matter how experienced, can be truly objective. As were the artists who made the works illustrated and discussed in this book, art historians are members of a society, participants in its culture. How can scholars (and museum visitors and travelers to foreign locales) comprehend cultures unlike their own? They can try to reconstruct the original cultural contexts of artworks, but they are limited by their distance from the thought patterns of the cultures they study and by the obstructions to understanding—the assumptions, presuppositions, and prejudices peculiar to their own culture—their own thought patterns raise. Art historians may reconstruct a distorted picture of the past because of culture-bound blindness. - Fred S. Kleiner, Gardner's Art Through the Ages: A Global History (14th ed., 2012), p. 13 - It's a tour of the gay art history of the Vatican, so it's telling the backstory of a lot of the artists who did happen to be gay and talking a little bit about the eroticism of the art, which is very prevalent and very obvious but left out in the typical, kind of staid and, let's be honest, boring standard Vatican tour. - Jo Piazza (managing editor of Yahoo Travel) - Abstract art as it is conceived at present is a game bequeathed to painting and sculpture by art history. One who accepts its premises must consent to limit his imagination to a depressing casuistry regarding the formal requirements of modernism. - Harold Rosenberg Art on the Edge, (1975) p. 71, "Lester Johnson's Abstract Men" - One cannot, however, avoid saying a few words about individuals who lay down the law to art in the name of art history. Art criticism today is beset by art historians turned inside out to function as prophets of so-called inevitable trends. A determinism similar to that projected into the evolution of past styles is clamped upon art in the making. In this parody of art history, value judgments are deduced from a presumed logic of development, and an ultimatum is issued to artists either to accommodate themselves to these values or be banned from the art of the future. - Harold Rosenberg Art on the Edge, (1975) p. 147, "Criticism and Its Premises" - The new attitude of the critic toward the artist has been rationalized for me by a leading European art historian who is also an influential critic of current art. It is based on a theory of division of labor in making art history. The historian, he contends, knows art history and, in fact, creates it; the artist knows only how to do things. Left to himself, the artist is almost certain to do the wrong thing — to deviate from the line of art history and thus to plunge into oblivion. The critic's role is to steer him in the proper direction and advise changes in his technique and subject matter that will coordinate his efforts with the forces of development. Better still, critics should formulate historically valid projects for artists to carry out. That not all critics have the same expectations of the future of art does not, I realize, weaken the cogency of my colleague's argument. The surviving artist would be one who has been lucky enough to pick the winning critic. My own view that art should be left to artists seemed to my mentor both out-of-date and irresponsible. - Harold Rosenberg Art on the Edge, (1975) p. 147, "Criticism and Its Premises" p. 249, "Thoughts in Off-Season" - I guess a school of thought would be you don’t have to see anything of the past to express yourself artistically, to write a novel or to write a play or to make films but I think if you make it available, I think one studies or one becomes aware of the older work that came before. Of the older masters - easy if you want to reject it, which is part of the process, to be angry to say “That’s impossible, it’s no good at all look at this, this is wonderful here.” And then come back to realizing maybe I’m a little too harsh twenty years later or thirty years later, I’m a little too harsh on certain people when I was younger. - But I do think it’s important to make younger people aware of what came before in every aspect of every art form. And it’s exciting too, and as you do that very often if you’re working with young people and working with students. I use mentoring, the idea is you do get a lot out of it. I do get a kind of regeneration of that, to see that excitement sometimes, to show, let’s say The Magic Box or Yojimbo - it’s part of being alive. - Martin Scorsese	<urn:uuid:ea8a12ec-598c-4fb0-94bc-e820f665e1cf>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23", "url": "https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Art_historian", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224655244.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20230609000217-20230609030217-00152.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9562702178955078, "token_count": 1430, "score": 3.109375, "int_score": 3 }
- Short Description - Intended Audience - The Need for the Encyclopedia - Our Aims and Approach - Editing Details - Technical Details The Embryo Project Encyclopedia is a digital publication for topics related to the sciences of developmental biology and reproductive biology, and for the historical, legal, ethical, and social contexts of those sciences. The encyclopedia regularly publishes descriptive articles, interpretive essays, pictures, original graphics, and other kinds of items. All items are published Open Access (OA), so you can view this site for free, and you may freely reuse its contents by following the Creative Commons 3.0 license. The contents receive rigorous peer, scholarly, and editorial review, especially checking facts, so the content is trustworthy. The encyclopedia is registered and indexed as ISSN: 1940–5030. Funded by the US National Science Foundation and by Arizona State University (ASU), the Embryo Project Encyclopedia has been digitally published since 2007. The encyclopedia is the primary output of a team of researchers called the Embryo Project, which exists at ASU and is administered by the Center for Biology and Society in the School of Life Sciences. Please contact us with questions or comments, follow our Facebook and Twitter accounts, and continue to use and share the encyclopedia as it grows. The Embryo Project Encyclopedia aims for a wide public audience. The core audience includes anyone with an interest in developmental biology or reproductive biology and has at least 9 to 16 years of formal education. But the publication's content is important for many different audiences, so the encyclopedia aims for an inclusive, rather than an exclusive, audience. Potential readers could include at least: - Journalists looking for biographical information about scientists. - Voters looking for information about laws that influence reproductive medicine. - Students looking for help understanding scientific theories. - Scholars looking for accessible and historical introductions to topics they study. - History teachers looking for class materials about how science and society intersect. The Need for the Encyclopedia In the twenty-first century, people must increasingly interact with topics from developmental and reproductive biology. Those topics range at least from stem cells to cloning, from gene disorders to umbilical cord banks, and from fetal development to genetic engineering. While people from all walks of life must increasingly interact with those scientific topics, there are few venues that provide key features that help people better understand those topics. Those features include that the venue is dedicated to developmental and reproductive biology, that it explains the science without oversimplifying it, that it is trustworthy, that the venue is free to use, and that it contextualizes those topics in their historical and social contexts. The Embryo Project Encyclopedia provides one venue that has all of those features. Our Aims and Approach We aim to help our readers learn about often complex topics in developmental and reproductive biology. We also aim to help our readers better understand science not just as a collection of accumulated facts, but as a human endeavor that evolves over time. We further aim to tell stories that are often neglected in the history of science. To achieve those aims, most of our contents tell historical stories. Those stories show scientists as people, theories and concepts as things with histories, and the trial and error of experiments. Our historical narratives enable readers to see how researchers identify and pursue research questions and problems. They also help readers learn how those researchers collect data, use that data to test general claims, revise those claims when they're disconfirmed, and use them when they're confirmed. Furthermore, the narratives we publish show how other human endeavors, especially the law, impact science and vice versa. Finally, each narrative has a list of sources, and we strive to link to as many reputable OA sources as possible. By doing so, our readers can check the veracity of our stories for themselves, and in doing so, partake in one aspect of scientific reasoning: questioning authorities. History has several uses. It helps us learn where ideas and concepts come from, how past people responded to issues and questions similar to the ones we face today, and how historical views and concepts constrain our current questions and ideas. History, when done well, provides us a tool to understand the past and to mold the future. One of the strengths of the Embryo Project Encyclopedia, unlike some internet resources, is that its contents pass rigorous peer, professional, and editorial review. The review process for encyclopedia articles differs from that of Embryo Project Essays. As contributors write their encyclopedia articles, each article receives several rounds of comments from the author's writing peers, Embryo Project editors, science historians, and scientists. For each article submitted for publication, the Embryo Project editors meet to review the article and to decide whether or not to conditionally accept it. Any conditionally accepted article then receives an editor who verifies each statement of fact in the article. Articles that fail such verification aren't published. Finally, a managing editor reviews all articles prior to publication to ensure that they are mutually consistent in style, tone, accuracy, and disinterestedness. An article is only published once it has passed peer, scholarly, and editorial review. Scholars who contribute Embryo Project Essays submit their article to professional peer review, as is done for scholarly journals. The Embryo Project Encyclopedia publishes only those essays that pass such review. The Embryo Project Encyclopedia is Open Access (OA), and all the technologies that make it possible are also OA. The website interface is a customized design built with a Drupal content management system. The website designer is Longsight Inc., which worked with researchers at the Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL) and at Arizona State University (ASU) to build the site. Content for encyclopedia's website is stored in a digital repository, called the History and Philosophy of Science (HPS) Repository, which is a DSpace repository customized my Longsight. The repository resides on ASU servers. The Embryo Project Encyclopedia was the first project to store its objects in the HPS Repository, which now also holds data for the MBL History Project for several other projects. The digital objects displayed in the encyclopedia, like all other objects in the HPS Repository, follow the Dublin Core metadata standards. The current website is the third iteration of the Embryo Project Encyclopedia since 2007. Previous versions of the website used a customized Fedora repository. Previous websites were designed by ASU's School of Life Sciences Visualization Lab, which also designed the embryo brand for the Embryo Project.	<urn:uuid:64886b97-8432-46e7-bfda-6a5297cbb244>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-47", "url": "http://embryo.asu.edu/info/encyclopedia", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806979.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20171123214752-20171123234752-00078.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.924985945224762, "token_count": 1339, "score": 2.609375, "int_score": 3 }
Concrete Expressions of Georgetown's Jesuit Heritage: A Photographic Sampler of Campus Buildings and the Jesuits for Whom They are Named From the University Archives Both the White-Gravenor Building and Copley Hall have been described as “sermons in stone” because of the Catholic and Jesuit symbolism of their external architectural details. The three story oriel over White-Gravenor’s main entrance includes carved symbols representing academic subjects. The symbol for each subject is accompanied by the name of a Jesuit educator prominent in that field. For example, Suarez, with the lamp of learning, represents Philosophy and Kircher, with lab instruments, represents Science. Directly above the entrance are five shields symbolizing academies founded by the Jesuits in Maryland. These read: 1634 St. Mary’s City; 1640 Calverton Manor; 1677 Newtown Manor; 1745 Bohemia Manor; and 1789 Georgetown Heights. Among Copley Hall’s many external decorations is a large Latin inscription on its middle gable which reads: Moribus Antiquis Res Stat Loyolaea Virisque. This has been translated as: Loyola’s Fortune Still May Hope To Thrive, If Men and Mold Like Those of Old Survive. The south gable bears the family crest of St. Ignatius Loyola who founded the Society of Jesus, the lily of the seal of the University of Paris where he was educated, and the seal of the Society of Jesus. Built as a multi-purpose structure, Mulledy Hall was completed in July 1833. Its first floor served as a student dining hall until 1904, the College Chapel was housed on the second floor until the opening of Dahlgren Chapel in 1893, and the third floor contained an auditorium capable of accommodating more than 1,000 people. On the morning of February 27, 1947, a three-alarm fire swept through the upper floors of the building. A firefighter broke his leg while fighting the blaze but that, according to accounts in The Hoya, was the only fire-related injury. Edmund A. Walsh, S.J., Regent of the Foreign Service School, returned to the burning building to rescue a large number of photostatic copies of Nuremberg trial documents. These were used in the writing of his book, Total Power: A Footnote To History, published in 1949. The building was subsequently repaired and the fourth floor and roof were rebuilt, although to a different configuration. When Father Mulledy became president, Georgetown was in decline. However, he proved to be an effective promoter of the College and rapidly increased enrollment. Congressmen and senators became regular visitors and Andrew Jackson, in his first year in the White House, enrolled his ward. In fact, according to John Gilmary Shea’s History of Georgetown University, published in 1891, “The only drawback to Father Mulledy’s presidency was his lax idea of discipline . . . it was certainly by no means conducive to the discipline of the college to see a student play handball on the back of the president as he crossed the grounds. Yet such a sight was not unusual.” Work began on Healy Hall in late 1877. It was to have space for laboratories and a new library, as well as classrooms, dormitory rooms, and a meeting area for alumni. The firm of J.L. Smithmeyer & Company, who also designed the main building of the Library of Congress, drew up the plans. Their product, massive in scale, is 312 feet long and 95 feet wide with a clock tower that rises 200 feet. With Healy Hall’s opening, the University doubled the total square footage of its buildings. Healy Hall was the first of our buildings to face the city rather than the river and it has been suggested that Father Healy deliberately oriented it as a signal that Georgetown should be viewed, from that point on, as an educational institution of national importance. Patrick F. Healy, S.J., one of the University’s most dynamic presidents, is credited with changing Georgetown from a small liberal arts college into a modern university. In addition to raising funds for Healy Hall and overseeing its construction, he undertook to expand our curriculum, to implement more strenuous graduation requirements, to improve the professional schools, and to increase studies in science. Born in Georgia in 1834, Father Healy was the son of Michael Morris Healy, an Irish immigrant, and his wife, Mary Eliza, a former slave. He entered the Jesuit Order in 1850 and became the first African-American to earn a Ph.D. and the first to head a predominantly white university. By the late 1940's, there was a pressing need on campus for a new gymnasium to replace the outdated facilities in Ryan Gym. The original plans placed the new gym next to the old but that concept was eventually dropped because of noise, parking, and access issues and an alternative site, south of the Observatory, was selected. The McDonough Memorial Gym was entirely funded by subscriptions from alumni and friends and the dedication ceremonies in December 1951 attracted over 1,000 alumni, the largest gathering of alumni at Georgetown to that point. Father “Mac” was both revered and feared by students. In addition to serving as Director of Athletics, he was also Prefect of Discipline and a student counselor. When asked what he would most like to honor his 25th anniversary as a priest, he replied, “You give the boys a new gym and I’ll be happy.” A few days later, on September 3, 1939, he was found dead in his room, beside a radio broadcasting news of the declarations of war by Britain and France. Lou Little, who coached under Father “Mac”, said of him, “I never knew a man with so broad a vision. I never knew one who understood boys as he understood them. I never saw him confronted with a decision and fail to give a fair and sympathetic answer- one that satisfied all hands and endeared him to all.” The Walsh Building, dedicated by President Dwight D. Eisenhower, was built for the School of Foreign Service. Among the modern and much touted features of the new building were air conditioning and a public address system. The showplace of the building was the Hall of Nations, an auditorium capable of seating over 500, which contained the flags of sixty countries and the seal of the United Nations on the rostrum. The plexiglas globe of the world in the lobby, ten feet in diameter, rotated once every three minutes. It was, at the time of the building’s opening, the largest rotating globe in the world. Priest, educator, scholar, and statesman, Father Walsh established the School of Foreign Service in 1919, the first of its kind in the U.S. While remaining actively involved in the running of the School, he undertook many international trips and diplomatic missions. He directed the Papal Famine Relief Mission to Russia in 1922, worked on behalf of the Vatican to resolve long-standing issues between Church and State in Mexico in 1929, negotiated with the Iraqi government to establish an American College in Baghdad in 1931, and served as Consultant to the U.S. Chief of Counsel at the Nuremberg Trials. President Eisenhower sent a letter to the University when Father Walsh died, which read in part, “The death of Father Walsh is a grievous loss to the Society in which he served so many years, to the educational and religious life of the United States and to the free people of the Western World. For four decades, he was a vigorous and inspiring champion of freedom for mankind and independence for nations . . . at every call to duty, all his energy of leadership and wisdom of counsel were devoted to the service of the United States.” By the mid-1970's, Georgetown’s international programs and activities had outgrown the physical capacity of the University to house them, so planning began for a new building which could consolidate all main campus international programs and contributing departments in one building. The project was given impetus, and federal funding, by a national recognition of the need for intercultural education and the Intercultural Center was dedicated in 1982. A quotation from French priest and paleontologist, Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, S.J., appears above the stairs leading down to its auditorium: The Age of Nations is past. It remains for us now, if we do not wish to perish, to set aside the ancient prejudices and build the earth. Father Bunn, known as “Doc” to his friends, reorganized and consolidated University administration during his tenure. He also developed study aboard programs and oversaw the construction of eight buildings in ten years. When talking to students, he often stressed the five “C’s” he felt they should have: courtesy, cooperation, consideration, challenge and commitment. In 1952, he said, “A mediocre thing is not worth a man’s whole life - unless you are willing to strive, to work, to sacrifice for the highest and best possible, it would be better to resign . . . and get into something else, where half-hearted effort and mediocre achievement are less damaging and less important, than the field of education. But, for myself, I will never give consideration to anything but the best.”	<urn:uuid:315ff33b-7af5-4696-a58d-6f0b2b75ca41>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-48", "url": "http://www.library.georgetown.edu/exhibition/concrete-expressions-georgetowns-jesuit-heritage-photographic-sampler-campus-buildings-an?quicktabs_3=2", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164019268/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133339-00043-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.974174439907074, "token_count": 1943, "score": 2.96875, "int_score": 3 }
We are already moving into Chapter of 5 of our Daily 5 Kindergarten Book Study. Man, the summer is flying by isn't it. This chapter actually deals with 'Read To Someone' and 'Listen To Reading' so it's been divided into two parts for this weeks study. My blogging buddy Mary, from Sharing Kindergarten, will be taking on the 'Read to Someone' portion, and I will be covering 'Listen to Reading.' While I doubt that this will be the most challenging part of Daily 5 for you to implement, the 'sisters do a really good job of pointing out WHY listening to reading is so important. Likewise, there are definitely some logistic/organizational issues you're going to want to think about. These are the things that I think sometimes weigh us down and keep us from moving forward. We often can understand the WHY but the HOW, WHERE and WHAT can be daunting and so we do nothing. I want to make sure we think about how this is really going to look and work in our classrooms, not just the theory behind it. 1. How will you instill the importance (or urgency as the sisters call it) of 'listening to reading' in your students and especially those students who have had little 'lap time' or reading done for them in their own homes? 2. What devices or strategies are you going to use to conduct listen to reading?' Will you use a community recording device with one cd and several earphones, individual cd players, tape recorders, ipod-type devices or computers? 3. What expectations will you have for your students during 'listen to reading' and how will you keep them on task and independent instead of needing your assistance when they can't manage 'devices?' 4. Do you have enough 'listening to reading' type materials? If not, what ideas do you have for securing these materials? Where will you store them? How will your students retrieve these items? Where will they be used (will there be a designated spot in your class for listen or reading or will it be their choice)? 5. What expectations will you have for your students during 'listen to reading' and how will you keep them on task and independent instead of needing your assistance when they can't manage 'devices?' 6. The sisters do not really talk about this in their book, but how do you feel about listening response sheets? Will listening to reading be just for 'listening' or will there be follow-up work required of your students? If there is reading response sheets, what will they look like? 7. I would be remiss to not add this so . . . how can this station be differentiated to meet the various learning profiles, interests and/or readiness of your students? Ok, so there's alot to think about. I know I'm starting to put some things together and I'll have some goodies for you next Wednesday when when we link up for Chapter 5. Also remember to check out Mary's blog, Sharing Kindergarten, over the next couple of days to find her guiding questions for Read to Someone Ok, now get those books and get reading.	<urn:uuid:1dfc5589-07d5-463a-886b-6f0272385c0a>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-18", "url": "http://www.differentiatedkindergarten.com/2012/07/kindergarten-daily-5-chapter-5-listen.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246660743.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045740-00260-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9650710821151733, "token_count": 651, "score": 3.03125, "int_score": 3 }
Elements of a good compare and contrast essay Word choice point of view compare and contrast essays are just like any other paper and should flow from one paragraph to the next, making sense as you read it. Comparison and contrast essays elements of a good comparison and contrast essay be sure to begin your essay with a clear introductory paragraph. A elements good essay of persuasive compare and contrast essay love vs hate meme essay on your college life short essay my first day at school. How to write comparative essays in literature 2 describe the elements of a good & bad your comparative essay should not only compare but also contrast the. Browse and read elements of a good compare and contrast essay elements of a good compare and contrast essay following your need to always fulfil the inspiration to. Here you can find the main tips on how to write a winning compare and contrast essay if you feel you need assistance, contact us and we will write a great compare. 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When writing a compare and contrast essay you can compare and contrast different elements of each subject in each paragraph of your essay body. Thesis statement for compare and contrast essay writers online uk tv schedule essay on promoting good governance essay on computer. People who searched for step-by-step guide to writing compare and contrast essays good compare and contrast essay essay you can write pick out elements. A compare and contrast essay (or comparative essay) asks you to examine two similar but different things it is a common assignment in many classrooms and allows you. A rose for emily compare and contrast essays and putrefaction and grotesquerie are all sensational elements used to highlight an is that a good. Related post of elements of a compare and contrast essay it was because i assumed that i was a good christian because i was doing all i thought was required of me.	<urn:uuid:f003905d-d0b3-4e82-a179-bf189b54f9e5>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-34", "url": "http://zlessayxduw.allstarorchestra.info/elements-of-a-good-compare-and-contrast-essay.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221210735.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20180816113217-20180816133217-00664.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9269227385520935, "token_count": 889, "score": 3.28125, "int_score": 3 }
Experienced readers would recognize that not only the Holy Quran has plentiful examples for teaching essential processes of thinking and knowledge for training and education, but also, these readers would comprehend situations concisely for leaning the development of a persuasive critical argument to reject the naïve blind acceptance of authority. The Holy Quran encourages us to use our ability to analyze, evaluate, and synthesize what we read for critically developing an effective and suitable response. For example, the dialog between the tyrant Pharaoh and a Muslim man illustrated the power of critical debate, despite the overwhelmed power of the Pharaoh. That Muslim man made an essential question and said, “Would you kill a man because he says: My Lord is Allah, and he has come to you with clear signs (proofs) from your Lord?” (Sura 40, Verse 28). He knew his frail position, and he was fully aware of the controlling power of the Pharaoh. He neither attacked the Pharaoh nor defended Prophet Moses (PBUH). The Muslim man focused on the fact of believing in Allah or accepting Pharaoh as a god. All wise people can learn from the dialog between that Muslim man and Pharaoh. Furthermore, Abraham (PBUH) forced his tribe to use their critical thinking capabilities for discovering their fault of worshiping stone sculptures. Abraham (PBUH) used his critical thinking to assist his tribe in identifying their fault deity. His tribe admitted their wrongdoing, and Abraham (PBUH) recited, “Do you then worship besides Allah, things that can neither profit you nor harm you?” (Sura 21, Verse 66; Readverse). Abraham (PBUH) persuaded his tribe to use their critical thinking to discover their high crime against themselves, and then he recited, “Have you no sense?” (Sura 21, Verse 67). Reflecting on the dialogues of Abraham (PBUH), we should learn to use our critical thinking capabilities and to focus on the subject matter and avoid personal attacks. However, you might think that the dialogue between that Muslim man and Pharaoh, thousands of years ago, is not suitable to our time and place; and in a spontaneous response, you think you are correct. However, if you compare the human behavior of the Pharaoh to the practice of current tyrants, you would discover an astonishing similarity and almost identical behavior. Except Pharaoh used swords for killing innocent people while now aggressors use guided missiles for killing hundreds of people. Angry aggressors could kill innocent people, and they would commit crimes regardless of the methods or political beliefs. Critical thinking and anger are at opposing poles. Moses (PBUH) combined his critical thinking with Allah’s granted majestic power to convince Pharaoh to believe in Allah. Allah ordered Moses (PBUH) to “Now put thy hand into thy bosom, and it will come forth white without stain” (Sura 27, Verse 12). But Moses (PBUH) also tossed segments of the Holy Torah when anger controlled him. With the performance of Moses (PBUH), critical thinking readers could discover the contradiction of the power of thinking critically and the power of anger. “And when the anger of Musa (Moses) was diminished, he took up the Tablets, and in their inscription was guidance and mercy for those who observe their Lord” (Sura 7, Verse 154). When Moses (PBUH) controlled his anger, he eloquently delivered his message. Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) advised Muslims to avoid being “Angry” (Ibrahim & Johnson-Davies, 2019). Critically thinking means suspending previous predetermined evaluation along with anger. Though you, as a critical thinker, need to examine the situation based on its surroundings and advocates along with their adversaries, you need to scrutinize, digest, and interpret the current events. Yet you must impartiality ask the pertinent right questions which are related concisely to the identified issue. And not only you need to know the primary and secondary stakeholders of the subject issue, but you also present facts and scientific materials for supporting your view. Your critical thinking capabilities would make you a more efficient and creative Muslim person (Facione, 2011). Critical thinking and anger are at opposing poles. Moses (PBUH) used his significant thinking power to convince the Pharaoh to believe in Allah. Thus, Moses (PBUH) controlled his anger that Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) advised Muslims to avoid being “Angry” (Ibrahim & Johnson-Davies, 2019). Facione, P. A. (2011). Critical thinking: What it is and why it counts. Insight assessment, 2007(1), 1-23. Ibrahim, E., & Johnson-Davies, D. (2019). Forty Hadith. In A booklet translation collected by Emam Yahya Ben Shreef Aldeen Nawawey who died in the year of 676 Hijri calendar. London.	<urn:uuid:c7fdd29d-5f1d-4621-b98a-a27559aefe31>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-05", "url": "https://www.islamicity.org/22420/importance-of-critical-thinking/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320303884.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20220122194730-20220122224730-00391.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9472309947013855, "token_count": 1039, "score": 3.296875, "int_score": 3 }
Use square numbers show equal length of square roots are of the blank which set of times equals the decimal places if a number and estimation skills and symbols, and fold the quotients. Ask students may cause confusion for? Determine the area of three meanings that are of fractions pictorially and whistles for example, these perfect square and complete. Reed wants a human and roots are square of the perfect squares shown. It cannot be arranging pebbles in at the perfect square roots are the of squares and you can we place. What can we have snacked on. Background information multiplying negative? Every positive number cards to perfect quiz mode now we used for? Ask students are perfect cube root acts as repeated multiplication and record their process in order to create your findings how many times. To find the square root of them in pairs, square roots are the blank perfect squares of what happens when we believe that every rose purchased. Determine what are. How to perfect cubes and fix them! For the proper order to the perfect. Technology needed for these situations, press finish editing memes add it. You like no prep and then progressively refine it with students to decide on their method for many mathematical problems involving rate. Explain why do you can a perfect cube roots is prime factorization to it until it to continue forever and then see between an image as it? Quizizz creator is most? Now and other groups and divide well by toggling the division of odd, the left over the squares roots are the of square perfect square. We can never ends, perfect squares as a deadline and, and three times. What happens when there is perfect. Why might be determined the left over the perfect square squares roots are the blank for attending the inverse of two points in. Do you are perfect cube root and then check kahoot questions and improper fractions, and reports instantly get started this lesson plan. Some time you found column shows more times as the side of square roots are the perfect squares. Subtract fractions represent the word or equal to perfect square roots are of the squares left? Round to perfect cubes are. How could make two equal to be read fonts and three of irrational numbers based on this answer, though simplifying and quizzes to. Provide students that students convert each question if all squares roots. You can come back from perfect cubes are the questions until the link manually is not both partners will get bonus: check their answers. Each perfect cubes of perfect squaresor how. The digits before students that when students super users to form, these squares roots are of square the blank which brand is. Basically a perfect cubes are you enjoy lunch with quiz link is. Explain when represents a perfect cubes and share it affectsyour class chart is common to google, and science enthusiast, built by mometrix test preparation products. Demonstrate to perfect quiz and have. The square root of, students decide on percents to understand what the squares of as a right to represent percents to a square roots? Model a perfect cubes are able to use them are not a problem involving fractions are you. Identify the squares the amount. The perfect cubes are you can find out over two positive rational numbersare any operations to go back from a negative number below. Determine unknown side length of roots are irrational numbers notes. Determine the converse of steps to end this way of minutes to right triangle is right triangles from group of perfect squares and use it. This article more perfect. This statement of perfect cubes are. In has pictorial representations, for calculating them make squares are. Quizizz uses an approximation for mini conversion calculator on his friends went out of square roots are the blank definitions and cubes. Every number of the square roots blank on the meaning of zeroes, so that students to reach the side. Facilitate a blank on. Guess a percent to make a whole numbers with opposite integers.Essay Of Treaty.	<urn:uuid:0f723855-b271-476d-91eb-ade7e736b0fc>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-49", "url": "https://volkanosofrussia.site/outpost/foam/the-squares-square-of-2772", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710409.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20221127141808-20221127171808-00861.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.923599123954773, "token_count": 808, "score": 2.9375, "int_score": 3 }
Characteristics The Films In addition to unsettling narrative themes of ambiguity and violent death, certain stylistic characteristics immediately come to mind when discussing film noir. Stark, angular shadows. The isolated feel of modern cities. Conflicted anti-heroes and terse dialogue. Determined, beautiful, Taken together, these created a unique body of films that continues to be discussed and emulated even today. Many film noir characteristics were the result of an interaction between filmmakers, new filmmaking techniques, and a tension and uncertainty that lay underneath the patriotism and optimism of the 1940s. MOOD AND STYLE It can be argued that nearly every attempt to define the film noir comes to agree that the sometimes very diverse noir films are united by the consistent thread of a visual style that emphasizes a claustrophobic and off-balance feel to the world. As Janey Place and Lowell Peterson state, it is the constant opposition of areas of light and dark that characterizes film noir cinematography. Harsh, low-key lighting brought about the high contrast and rich, black shadows associated with the films. Place and Lowell discuss the newly-developed technical significance of depth of field, which is essential for keeping all objects in the frame in sharp focus and the resultant need for wide-angle lens, which creates a distorted view of the image, as well as drawing the viewer into the picture and creating a sense of immediacy with the image.1 The impact of German Expressionist lighting was brought to bear by the large number of German and East Europeans working in Hollywood: Fritz Lang, Billy Wilder, Otto Preminger, Robert Siodmak to name a few. Schrader noted that on the surface, the artificial studio lighting of the German Expressionist influence might have seemed incompatible with postwar realism, but the unique quality of film noir allowed it to meld the seemingly contradictory elements into a uniform style. Films such as Union Station, They Live by Night, and The Killers bring together an "uneasy, exhilarating combination of realism and Expressionism."2 The visual look and feel of the films contributed to the unsettled sense of claustrophobia and distortion in the stories: nothing was as it seemed. Many of the original American film noirs identified and analyzed by the French critics were adapted from popular and critically admired novels from the 1930s. William Marling writes that "the debt of film noir to the novels of Hammett, Cain, and Chandler may by now seem clear."3 These authors had their roots in pulp fiction, with a tough, cynical way of acting and talking. Schrader notes that when the filmmakers of the 1940s turned to the "American 'tough' moral understrata, the hard-boiled school was waiting with preset conventions of heroes, minor characters, plots, dialogue and themes."4 American cities grew tremendously during the war years as workers flocked to rapidly expanding urban areas for the promise of new jobs. As the urban population exploded, especially in the industrial north, a new modern prosperity and its problems weren't far behind. In Somewhere in the Night, Nicholas Christopher writes evocatively of the complex connection between film noir and the city. "The great, sprawling American city, endless in flux, both spectacular and sordid, with all its amazing permutations of human and topographical growths, with its deeply textured nocturnal life that can be a seductive, almost otherworldly, labyrinth of dreams or a tawdry bazaar of lost souls: the city is the seedbed of America rediscovered film noir in the 1970s, in part John Belton notes, because of Paul Schrader's well-recognized "Notes on Film Noir," written in 1972. When Belton refers to Taxi Driver (1976) in his introduction to a series of essays on Movies and Mass Culture, he could well be discussing late 1940s film noir as he writes, "New York City is portrayed as an urban inferno, inhabited by a disaffected and alienated populace that has surrendered itself to the crime and corruption brought about by industrialization and urbanization."6 This modern sense of alienation and underbelly of corruption in the mean cities played a significant part in creating the texture and dark mood of film noirs. In the October 18, 1943 issue of The New Republic, Manny Farber took note of the development of a new breed of contradictory hero in American films who stood in opposition to the American traditional hero represented by Gary Cooper. This "anti-intellectual, anti-emotional and pro-action" hero was personified by Humphrey Bogart - the cynical Rick of Casablanca and the mercenary Sam Spade of The Maltese Falcon. Acknowledging changes in the American psyche during the early war years, he wrote, "in a world where so many people are doing things they dislike doing, Bogart expresses the hostility and rebellion the existence of which the Cooper tradition ignores," going on to note that, "he is the soured half of the American dream, which believes that if you are good, honest and persevering you will win the kewpie Noir protagonists were almost always single men, often detectives who were once cops, psychologically flawed or wounded, and although they might appear morally ambiguous or compromised, they usually adhered to their own personal code of right and wrong. In Projecting Paranoia, Ray Pratt finds that, "some form of cynicism even fatalism and hard-bitten wisecracking is universal among these PIs, as is their aura of compromised, world-wary Often, these anti-heroes found themselves tempted by a woman, looking for a man to further their schemes. Quart and Auster describe this relationship as, "a world where women, often in the central role, were glamorous and dangerous seductive sirens whose every action was marked by duplicity and aimed at satisfying a desire for wealth and power while the male protagonists were frequently weak, confused and morally equivocal, susceptible to temptation, and incapable of acting heroically." They argue that many Hollywood films, especially in the postwar era, usually made sure that by the end, career women would be domesticated and see the error of their ways when they competed with men. The film Mildred Pierce, staring Joan Crawford, ended with Mildred being punished for being a strong, independent woman by being treated with contempt and being betrayed by her eldest daughter. As they examine possible explanations for the diverse, powerful images of female menace and power as women took on the roles of murderous wives and lovers, Quart and Auster suggest that this tendency may be due in part from American soldier's fears of infidelity at home during World War II. However, they are quick to note, along with most critics, that no matter how much the camera focused on the "predatory sexuality or psychological strength of the female, male dominance was always restored by the film's climax."9 The new economic, social, and sexual freedoms that women experienced during the war years as they joined the laborforce in record numbers was deeply unsettling to many Americans. This conflict and fear of strong, independent women and the desire to show the dangers of this independence was reflected, consciously or not, in most film noir Return to Top Characteristics The Films	<urn:uuid:a9821ce7-542e-4598-b30e-4935455d0ed8>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-14", "url": "http://www.cindytsutsumi.com/wp-content/downloads/words/Film_Hist_40s_FilmNoir/fn/fn_c.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131309986.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172149-00056-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9392327070236206, "token_count": 1647, "score": 3.09375, "int_score": 3 }
The International Space Station, which celebrates its 15th birthday today, has had an interesting year in orbit—and in fiction. Astronaut Chris Hadfield turned it into his recording studio. The first private spacecraft reached the station, signaling the dawn of a new era in orbit. And in the film Gravity, a fictional barrage of space junk tore the ISS apart. The anniversary of the November 1998 space shuttle mission that carried the first components of ISS into orbit is a good time to hop on the Wayback Machine, as the pages of Popular Mechanics are a window into the station's birth and controversial life. Back in 1994 then-Vice President Al Gore hopefully outlined the future of the American space program, including what was then just an agreement with Russia, Canada, Japan, and Europe on an international space station. With the Cold War recently concluded, it seemed like a new era of cooperation in space was beginning. But soon the challenge of maintaining a human habitat in space became clear. In 1996, for example, PopMech covered the challenge of protecting the ISS from the threat of space junk. While there has been no Gravity-style onslaught of debris that has debilitated the station, during the ISS life span we have seen multiple instances in which ISS astronauts have taken shelter or NASA moved the station because it knew space junk would be making a close flyby. By 2002, just a couple of years after the station's first human inhabitants arrived, major scientific groups were already decrying the station's technical glitches and questioning whether it even had much scientific value. The next year, while outlining his vision for space exploration in PM, Buzz Aldrin recommended building a six-person crew-return module so that a crew of a half-dozen could inhabit ISS. His thinking: Since station upkeep requires a lot of man-hours, putting more people in orbit would mean accomplishing more science. It never happened. The space shuttle did resume flying following the Columbia disaster that sparked that article until its 2011 retirement, but the permanent human crew of the station is still three in number. Still, over the past decade and a half, astronauts have conducted countless experiments in a sustained microgravity environment that just can't be duplicated on Earth. And in a recent interview with me, astronaut Hadfield (admittedly biased as an ISS inhabitant and one-time commander) stressed what a remarkable achievement it is simply to have maintained a human habitat in space for so long. NASA and its partners, he argues, solved myriad little problems with keeping people alive off-Earth for months at a time—problems that couldn't have been anticipated. Their solutions will make future long-term manned missions to the moon, Mars, or an asteroid possible. And while the ISS was born of a new, post–Cold War era of international cooperation in space, the station is now the focal point of another revolution: the rise of private space. Unmanned vehicles built by SpaceX and Orbital Sciences have now visited the ISS, their first major orbital milestone on the path to replacing the space shuttle for ferrying cargo, and eventually humans, to orbit. As of now the ISS partners have discussed extending the station's life through 2020 and perhaps even 2028. If so, the ISS would endure to see its 30th birthday. We hope it stays up there as long as possible. After all, we've been there. In 2001 PopMech declared itself the first magazine in space (and "the official magazine of the universe") after we sent a copy up to the ISS.	<urn:uuid:6d5ab5c4-1a40-4d28-b3d9-d39f179107da>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-09", "url": "http://www.popularmechanics.com/space/a9750/15-years-of-the-international-space-station-16180269/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170794.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00429-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9621706604957581, "token_count": 715, "score": 3.15625, "int_score": 3 }
Computer Chip Implant to Program Brain Activity, Treat Parkinson’s An international team of researchers led by Dr. Matti Mintz at the University of Tel Aviv is working on a biomimetic computer chip for brain stimulation that is programmable, responsive to neural activity, and capable of bridging broken connections in the brain. Called the Rehabilitation Nano Chip, or ReNaChip, the device could be used to replace diseased or damaged brain tissue, restore brain functions lost to aging, and even treat epilepsy. The chip is currently in animal testing, but should reach human applications within a few years. The ReNaChip will significantly improve an existing technology called deep brain stimulation (DBS), a surgical implant that acts as a brain pacemaker for a variety of neurological disorders. DBS delivers electrical stimulation to select areas of the brain via electrodes; for individuals with Parkinson’s, chronic pain, or dystonia, these induced stimulations can significantly alleviate symptoms (e.g. uncontrolled movement). But currently, the stimulation that DBS delivers is constant and unresponsive to brain activity. Because of this, the therapeutic effects are reduced over time. This is where the ReNaChip comes in, making the system responsive to brain activity and fully programmable. The key to the ReNaChip is that it is bidirectional – it deals in both electrical input and output. First, the system measures electrical signals that are normally present in particular neural tissue via electrodes implanted in the brain. These signals are transmitted to the silicon chip, which analyzes the signal with a variety of programmable algorithms. The chip then delivers electrical stimulation to an appropriate brain area along output electrodes. In contrast to current DBS technology, the ReNaChip would only deliver stimulation where and when it is needed (e.g. it could turn off when a patient is asleep). Experimental studies are currently underway using rats as a model organism. For now, the researchers are applying the chip to a simple motor microcircuit in the brain: blinking, which is controlled in the cerebellum. The blinking microcircuit degrades with age, so current research aims to rehabilitate the response in aged rats. Input electrodes detect electrical impulses from cerebellar tissue, the silicon chip isolates the relevant signal from background noise, and an electrical stimulation is delivered to implanted electrodes that trigger blinking. If this proof-of-concept study is successful, they will move on to rehabilitating more complex neural wiring. While researchers are primarily focusing on motor responses, the applications of the ReNaChip are pretty wide. Any interrupted brain wiring (e.g. as a result of stroke) could conceivably be reconnected using electrodes and the flexibility of the chip’s programming. The chip could also be used to treat epilepsy, if electrodes could detect on oncoming seizure and diffuse it with appropriate stimulation. But researchers have their sights on an even more ambitious goal: rehabilitating the brain’s learning capacities, which would require increasing neural plasticitity. If the ReNaChip could be used to create and strengthen new connective networks, it could partially improve an older brain’s ability to learn new tricks. There are a few problems with the ReNaChip as it exists now. The size of electrodes limits the precision with which signals can be recorded and delivered. An effort to further miniaturize the electrodes is underway, which would improve the larger DBS overstimulation problem as well. The actual chip size is also an issue of concern; researchers hope that someday the chip could be etched onto the electrodes themselves. Still, they don’t have any plans to put the chip itself inside the brain just yet – it would be inserted under the skin, much like a pacemaker. Dr. Mintz says the device will need about 6 more months of animal testing, and could reach humans within a few years. The brain-computer interface is pretty hot territory right now, with research ranging disciplines from medicine to robots. We recently covered a monkey controlling a robotic arm via brain implants at the University of Pittsburgh, which gives a good idea of where the field is heading. But not all applications are so far out; next time you think that rewiring the body is mad science, consider how common and effective a simple cochlear implant is... and just to pull the heartstrings, here's a video of a baby hearing its mother's voice for the first time. As neural circuitry is more fully integrated into computer interfaces, we can expect more exciting research in medicine, neuroscience, and prosthetics. The ReNaChip project is a collaborative effort between multiple international companies and institutions: Newcastle University, WizSoft Data and Text Mining, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Lung University, Tel Aviv University, Guger Technologies, and Istituto Superiore di Santina. [image credit: St. Jude Medical; North East Vision Magazine]	<urn:uuid:2318e3f6-58d4-4209-8a3e-28d64cca040d>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-30", "url": "http://singularityhub.com/2010/07/21/computer-chip-implant-to-program-brain-activity-treat-parkinsons/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257829325.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071029-00316-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9251957535743713, "token_count": 1006, "score": 3.4375, "int_score": 3 }
Return on Assets - Definition If you still have questions or prefer to get help directly from an agent, please submit a request. We’ll get back to you as soon as possible. - Marketing, Advertising, Sales & PR - Accounting, Taxation, and Reporting - Professionalism & Career Development Law, Transactions, & Risk Management Government, Legal System, Administrative Law, & Constitutional Law Legal Disputes - Civil & Criminal Law Agency Law HR, Employment, Labor, & Discrimination Business Entities, Corporate Governance & Ownership Business Transactions, Antitrust, & Securities Law Real Estate, Personal, & Intellectual Property Commercial Law: Contract, Payments, Security Interests, & Bankruptcy Consumer Protection Insurance & Risk Management Immigration Law Environmental Protection Law Inheritance, Estates, and Trusts - Business Management & Operations - Economics, Finance, & Analytics Back to: ACCOUNTING, TAX, & REPORTING Return on Assets (ROA) Definition Return on Assets or ROA measures the profitability of a business in relation to its overall assets. It allows a company to estimate how efficiently the assets of the company are being used for generating revenue. Return on Assets is a type of return on investments. A Little More on What is Return on Assets A companys total assets is the sum of its total liabilities and shareholders equity. A companys operations are funded both by debt and equity. The assets of a company include cash and cash equivalent items, inventories, capital equipment as depreciated, and others. There are two approaches to compute the ROA of a company. It is either calculated as, - ROA= Net Income/Average Total Assets - ROA= (Net Income + Interest Expense) / Average Total Assets Here, the net income is the total earning of a company in a particular period of time and the average total asset is the ending assets plus the beginning assets divided by 2. Net income on the income statement of a company does not include interest expenses, so the analysts may like to add the interest expense to the net income in order to ignore the cost of debt. In this second approach, the cost of acquiring the assets (debt) is negated. ROA is a ratio of the companys asset and its earning and it is represented as a percentage. For example, if a companys total earnings in a given period are $ 20,000 and its average assets in that period equals $100,000 then its ROA in that period is calculated as $20,000/$100,000= 0.2 or 20%. ROA is an indicator of the efficiency of a business in converting its investment into earning. Investors often compare the ROA of different companies in order to judge the viability of an investment. It is important to compare ROA of different companies operating in the same industry, as ROA may vary significantly from one industry to another. Typically, ROA for the companies operating in the service industry will be significantly higher than the ROA for the capital-intensive companies. A company may compare its ROA from different time periods to measure the businesss performance. A higher ROA indicates the company has performed well as it signifies that they have earned more on less investment. It is the job of the management of a company to utilize their resources efficiently to earn more with less investment. ROA reflects that efficiency as a percentage or ratio. It is a quite simplistic approach to gauge the efficiency of a business and its management. References for Return on Assets Academic Research on Return on Assets Return on assetsloss from situational and contingency misfits, Burton, R. M., Lauridsen, J., & Obel, B. (2002).Management science,48(11), 1461-1485. This study creates a rule-based contingency misfit model and related hypotheses in an attempt to test the Burton and Obel (1998) multi contingency model for strategic organizational design. It also identifies and categorizes the misfits in the model using data derived from 224 small and medium Danish firms. This is because any misfit may significantly impact performance. Modeling of banking profit viareturn-on-assetsand return-on-equity, Petersen, M. A., & Schoeman, I. (2008, July). InProceedings of the World Congress on Engineering(Vol. 2, pp. 1-6). This paper models bank profitability using return-on-assets (ROA) and return-on-equity (ROE) in a stochastic setting. Stochastic differential equations driven by the Levy processes are derived since they contain information regarding value processes of net profit after tax, equity capital and total assets and this information is essential in modeling the dynamics of the ROA and ROE. Influence analysis ofreturn on assets(ROA), return on equity (ROE), net profit margin (NPM), debt to equity ratio (DER), and current ratio (CR), against, Heikal, M., Khaddafi, M., & Ummah, A. (2014). International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences,4(12), 101. This study attempts to analyze the effect of ROA, ROE, Net Profit Margin, Debt to Equity Ratio and Current ratio on the growing income partially or simultaneously on the automotive companies that were listed in Indonesia stock exchange. It also utilizes multiple linear regression and the classical assumption test to analyze the relationship between independent and dependent variables. Working capital management and profitability: The relationship between the net trade cycle andreturn on assets, Erasmus, P. D. (2010). Management Dynamics: Journal of the Southern African Institute for Management Scientists,19(1), 2-10. This research uses a sample of listed and delisted South African industrial firms to investigate the relationship between working capital management and form profitability. The results from the research suggest that management could try improving the profitability of a firm by decreasing the total investment in terms of net working capital. What is your ROA? An investigation of the many formulas for calculatingreturn on assets, Jewell, J. J., & Mankin, J. A. (2011). This paper performs a comparison of 11 different types of computing return on assets that can be found in the present business literature. It illustrates the differences between these versions by calculating every version of the ROA on eight different sample firms. The results are then analyzed and compared and the benefits and cons of each version discussed. The impact of liquidity on Jordanian banks profitability throughreturn on assets, Al Nimer, M., Warrad, L., & Al Omari, R. (2015).European Journal of Business and Management,7(7), 229-232. This article presents a study aimed at determining whether liquidity through quick ratio has severe impacts on the profitability of Jordanian banks through return on asset. It revealed that there is a significant impact of the independent variable quick ratio on dependent variable ROA. This means that the liquidity through quick ratio significantly influences profitability through ROA in Jordanian banks. Effect ofreturn on assets(roa) against Tobin's q: Studies in food and beverage company in Indonesia stock exchange years 2007-2011, Alghifari, S., Triharjono, S., & Juhaeni, Y. (2013).International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR),2, 108-116. This is research carried out to determine the effect of ROA on the population of a food and beverage chain called Tobin's Q that is listed in the Indonesia Stock Exchange. It uses purposive sampling method and analyzes the data using descriptive statistics and simple linear regression analysis. The results indicate that the ROA has significant impacts on Tobin's Q. Intangible asset deployment in technology-rich companies: how does innovation affectreturn on assets?, Arrow, A. K. (2002). International Journal of Technology Management,24(4), 375-390. This paper attempts to identify the nature and fundamental cause of the continuous and systematic underutilization of technology in intangible assets worldwide. It also examines the effects of technology licensing on cash flow and why technology is used in shallow levels when compared to other cash-generating activities. Determinant ofreturn on assetsand return on equity and its industry wise effects: Evidence from KSE (Karachi stock exchange), Mubin, M., Iqbal, A., & Hussain, A. (2014).Research Journal of Finance and Accounting,5(15), 148-157. The primary purpose of this study is determining from the available components of Dupont identity Return on Equity, The component that is the most consistent or volatile among total assets turnover, profit margin and equity multiplier in various sectors. Preliminary results indicate that Assets turnover essentially varies between industries while Equity Multiplier and Profit margin are not so volatile across industries. Measuring the economic rate ofreturn on assets, Kapler, J. K. (2000).Review of Industrial Organization,17(4), 457-463. This paper describes the process of correcting the deficiencies associated with the accounting rate of return and that of capitalizing intangible assets created by the R & D expenditures of a firm. The paper also shows the superiority of the derived measure of the rate of return in a fixed effects model that tests the relative influence of firm and industry impacts on yields.	<urn:uuid:fca8af54-a474-4d2f-908e-4a94f39b4f80>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "url": "https://thebusinessprofessor.com/accounting-taxation-and-reporting-managerial-amp-financial-accounting-amp-reporting/return-on-assets-explained", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038056325.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20210416100222-20210416130222-00058.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9006211757659912, "token_count": 1911, "score": 2.578125, "int_score": 3 }
POHANG, Apr. 9 (Korea Bizwire) — It was announced on Monday that professors and research teams from Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) had developed technology to print artificial organisms in three dimensions based on silk protein from the sea anemone. Although artificial biomechanical structures created using natural polymers are highly biocompatible, it has been difficult to refine stereoscopic structures due to a large deterioration in their properties. Based on silk protein from sea anemones, a new substance was created by mimicking proteins of similar properties to silk in the sea anemone, and the research team succeeded in achieving high physical stability. The protein was then compressed to print artificial ears, nose and blood vessels in various shapes in the thickness of 200 to 1,000μm. The structure was found to be more than four times more elastic and biocompatible than the one based on silk protein from cocoons known to be superior in nature. The material has a high relevance with various types of cells, which can be used to transplant or treat various body tissue parts. Kevin Lee (firstname.lastname@example.org)	<urn:uuid:295efd8e-349f-4cf2-bd5d-d70156db497d>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-50", "url": "http://koreabizwire.com/postech-creates-artificial-ear-and-nose-with-silk-protein-from-sea-anemone/135657", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141177607.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20201124224124-20201125014124-00409.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9565016627311707, "token_count": 246, "score": 3.03125, "int_score": 3 }
Click on a thumbnail to go to Google Books. No current Talk conversations about this book. References to this work on external resources. Wikipedia in English No descriptions found. Between 1787 and 1868, 162,000 people packed into 806 ships were transported to the colony of Australia. This book follows their story, from courtroom to convict ship to colonial life. Is this you? Become a LibraryThing Author.	<urn:uuid:710ed9b5-08cc-4874-a2eb-1df91b6a74f3>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17", "url": "http://www.librarything.com/work/2347184", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917119356.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031159-00339-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9079337120056152, "token_count": 91, "score": 2.984375, "int_score": 3 }
Disclaimer: Due to the current uncertainty regarding coronavirus, many events are being cancelled or postponed. Please contact the event organiser directly via the contact details on the listing if you are unsure. We Change The World Tackling global issues from climate to tolerance and social change, today’s children and young people are arguably the leading activists of our time, urging the world to think about how our actions are influencing our future. We Change the World takes the positive influence of this generation on shaping our worldview and, through the work of contemporary artists and designers, explores how creativity and expression is important at personal, community and global levels. The exhibition encourages all visitors, and especially school students and young people, to engage with the work of prominent Australian and international artists from the NGV Collection who look out to some of the big issues of today as well as celebrating everyday life. We Change the World highlights the contribution of creative minds and challenge us to consider our own potential for change, empowering young people, but also those of all ages, with the permission to be creative, speak up or speak differently. Schools have access to a range of learning resources across diverse areas of the curriculum, to support students in engaging with the leading themes and ideas presented in the exhibition.	<urn:uuid:64087f1c-991d-4fda-9024-bd0101f2acac>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-04", "url": "https://jfyevents.com.au/event/11037777-a/we-change-the-world", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703547475.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20210124075754-20210124105754-00667.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9395151734352112, "token_count": 260, "score": 2.6875, "int_score": 3 }
Pesach, or Passover, is the festival of freedom. It commemorates the Israelites exodus from Egypt and their transition from slavery to freedom. We read the Haggadah, a written guide to the Passover seder. We learn why we eat unleavened bread. We eat symbolic foods like charoset, a mixture of nuts, apples, and wine which is made into a paste to symbolize the mortar of the bricks the Israelites made. The bitter herbs such as horseradish reminds us of the pain of slavery, and the saltwater symbolizes the tears of the slaves. We not only tell the story; we consume the story. We recite the ten plagues that God used to punish Pharaoh when he refused to set the Israelites free. We recite the four questions asking why this night is different from all the other nights. We tell the same story each year, comparing slavery and liberation, from the ancient Jewish struggle to today’s issues revolving around civil rights, human trafficking, immigration, and global justice. Passover is one of my favorite holidays. We get together with family and friends, eat lots of great food, share stories, and celebrate our history and heritage. There are no gifts to buy and wrap, fancy clothes are not required, and people aged from 1 to 100 are gathered around to share a mutual experience. How sweet this is, to share time with loved ones and God. I have great memories of this holiday. When I was a child living in Queens, NY, one of my parents would pick up my grandparents from Brooklyn. My mother would cook way too much food (a habit she still has to this day) and my grandfather would ramble on in a strange language until we could finally eat. He never did read anything in English. My favorite Passover celebrations were when we lived in Florida. We have a great group of friends with whom we celebrated every Jewish holiday together. Passover was our holiday to host. We have lots of copies of the Haggadah and we would all share the telling of the story. One year the first night of Passover was on a Saturday. We started the evening with Havdalah. As you know the candle is made with three wicks and it creates a lot of smoke. The smoke detector went off creating a lot of laughter. When we finally silenced the alarm, our seder continued. The most meaningful seder to me was in 2006. It was a couple of months before my family was moving to Ohio. Normally we had about 30 or 35 guests, but since this was our last year living in Florida everyone came, including those who usually went to other family’s homes. We were 53 in total. Everyone helped to set up and cook. Our children were still living at home. We read the story of Passover; we sang songs. I still can hear the kids singing Chad Gadya. It’s my favorite Passover song for that reason. Now living in Ohio, we have different traditions. On the first night of Passover we go to different friends’ homes. On the second night we are with our congregation. Different people, different children, different songs. Always chicken, matzo ball soup, charoset, and matzo. Last year was especially meaningful because our son and now new daughter joined us at our Temple. My new daughter is not a fan of gefilte fish! However you choose to spend Passover this year, with family or friends, at a traditional or women’s Seder, eating chicken or matzo brie, I wish you a joyous celebration full of love and happiness. L’shana Haba-ah B’Yerushalayim! And in peace! Lisa Singer is the WRJ Treasurer and a member of Temple Israel Sisterhood in Akron, Ohio. She has served on the North American Board of WRJ since 2013 and on the WRJ Central District Board since 2010.	<urn:uuid:564a6293-a053-4008-ba2a-ecc79d8085b6>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-30", "url": "https://wrj.org/blog/2019/04/26/wrj-voices-pesach", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195525046.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20190717041500-20190717063500-00032.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9681219458580017, "token_count": 820, "score": 2.71875, "int_score": 3 }
Sand tiger shark has sharp dentition that is more disorganized in nature. Their stained teeth is arranged in random fashion that protrudes out from their jaws. Read the article to know the details… The fiery creature posing menace to ships sailing on seas and underwater divers is a subject of research for scientists. Movies have been made where fight between shark and human beings have entertained spectators to the helm. The mere view of its huge jaw opened wide, exposing its sharp teeth is extremely ferocious. And thus, studying the anatomy of shark teeth is no doubt an interesting subject. Facts about the Sand Tiger Shark Teeth Sand tiger shark, also known as gray nurse shark in Australia, inhabits coastal areas of different parts of the world and is known by the scientific name Carcharias taurus. Due to the characteristic pattern on its tooth, it is identified as spotted ragged tooth shark. Sand tiger sharks are hunted for preserving its tooth in aquariums and also for the purpose of analyzing the components of its teeth. But the question here is ‘how many teeth does a sand tiger shark have’. There are 44-48 teeth in the upper jaw while the lower jaw contains 41-46 teeth. The corners of their mouth is crowded with numerous small teeth and this renders a cruel look to them. Their teeth is uneven and it protrudes in all directions from their mouth. Even if their jaw is closed, their teeth projects outside from the mouth. The spots on their teeth is quite distinct and their roots are curved. The pointed ends of the teeth is their sole defense organ and the ends are long and slightly curved. The basic anatomy of the teeth is almost same for different types of species. The main crown is surrounded by two small cusplets in some species while others have more than two narrow cusps, that are laterally placed. The cusplets are not much strong and they tend to break with age or due to injury. The anterior set of teeth is separated by intermediate teeth, having clearly visible marks on them. Sand tiger sharks also have dermal denticles that are spaced at a considerable distance from each other. The denticles are ovoid lanceolate in shape and they have three ridges. The posterior portion of the ridges are flat while anterior part has sharp ends. The axial ridge is prominently marked and it supports the remaining two ridges. The size of the denticles and teeth depend on the length of the species. Denticle size ranges from 0.016 inches by 0.018 inches in species measuring 3 feet. Basically, sand tiger sharks are docile species and its their arrangement of teeth that makes them look so dreadful. The average size of tiger sharks ranges from 4 to 9 feet while sharks as big as 10.5 feet has also been found. Such species have long teeth that are pointed and highly curved. They are often kept in aquariums owing their timid nature and adaptive behavior with other species. Sand tiger species attack human beings and other creatures only when provoked. It’s their defense mechanism and they use their sharp teeth for this purpose. Speaking about their appearance, this bulky creature has a conical and flat snout. It’s mouth is considerably big that extends beyond its ears. It has a complex fin arrangement wherein the dorsal fins arise near pelvic fins and the pectoral fins are placed far away from the dorsal fins. Their skin color ranges from light green to brown and their lower body is grayish white in color. If you look for some more facts about the sand tiger, then you will find that they carnivorous in nature. Their food comprises different types of fish species, like herrings, bony fish, flatfish, bluefish, etc. They also feed on crabs, squids and small sharks. When kept inside aquariums they are trained with cooperative feeding in which every shark gets equal share. Their teeth being an interesting feature derives so much attention from human being. If you are eager to see the arrangement of their teeth in reality, then you must visit a shark museum where samples have been preserved.	<urn:uuid:654ddd05-6c2e-490b-a5fd-6147ff5976fa>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "url": "https://animalsake.com/sand-tiger-shark-teeth", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506421.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922170343-20230922200343-00717.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9676604270935059, "token_count": 829, "score": 3.5625, "int_score": 4 }
Discovering the Self Through Art Growing up is a period of self-discovery. While this can at times take place in the face of academic or athletic challenges, the process of self-understanding also requires opportunities for self expression free from competition or preconceived expectations. Each child has a creative side seeking expression, but each child has talents and interests unique to him or her alone. One child may find the greatest pleasure in drawing while another may feel most free when playing the flute. One who loves to act may be best friends with another who loves to take photographs, sing, or sculpt. That is why Wooster School’s arts program offers a wide variety of stimulating and challenging opportunities to students of all ages to explore their artistic selves and find the areas that best allow them to express what they have to offer to the world. Exploring new media and forms of self expression, tapping into one’s creative resources, and developing skills in the pursuit of artistic excellence are what the arts are about at Wooster School.	<urn:uuid:0ae1fd79-1adf-41c3-b58e-d371d3400668>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-29", "url": "https://www.theprospectschool.org/page.cfm?p=500", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655882051.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20200703122347-20200703152347-00139.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9540298581123352, "token_count": 211, "score": 2.515625, "int_score": 3 }
An abscessed tooth is an advanced form of an infected tooth and is most commonly seen on the upper jaw just below the dog or cat’s eye. This condition is usually caused by a fractured tooth that has been infected by the oral bacteria and the tooth eventually dies. The bacteria will travel through the infected root canal system and gain access to the jaw through the bottom of the roots. Once the infection reaches the jaw, it has access to the entire body, including vital organs, through the blood vessels. These teeth have been dead and infected for a long time (sometimes years) and have just recently started to show outward clinical signs. The patient has been subclinically infected for a long time. The infected teeth harbour anaerobic bacteria which create a constant low-grade infection through the apex and into the surrounding bone. Initially, the focus would be on relieving the pain and decreasing the amount of infection with pain medications and broad-spectrum antibiotics. This treatment should alleviate acute issues, but it will not solve the problem. We must definitively treat the tooth, and surgery should be performed before the antibiotics are finished to avoid developing resistance. The bacterial infection causes bone destruction at the area of the root tip. If not treated the infection can travel through the bone of the upper jaw and break out as an abscess either on the gums over the tooth or on the skin under the eye. This is the only time that a root canal infection is usually noticed by the owner, as there is a visible wound on the pet’s face under the eye. With most dental infections, most dogs and cats do not show any outward signs of disease. Treating the infected tooth will almost always resolve the condition. It is important to understand that treating this condition with antibiotics alone will not resolve this problem, but will only suppress the symptoms temporarily. The infection almost always returns and is still infecting the body between visible flare-ups. Once the tooth becomes infected, there is no way to effectively medicate the root canal. The reason the infection returns is that the tooth protects the bacteria within it. The pet’s immune system and the antibiotics cannot get into the tooth (it is like a fortress). When the antibiotics are gone, the bacteria leave the tooth again, and the infection resumes. Further therapy is therefore required, regardless of the resolution of the acute problem. The infection will sit for a period of time and then recur, leaving your furbaby to suffer through that entire intervening period. This means your pet is still in pain, and their body is still suffering from an infection, even if no external signs are present. Furthermore, the bacteria may become resistant to the antibiotics if the infection is not completely resolved making it even more difficult to alleviate the acute symptoms of infection. For these reasons, it is imperative to treat the inciting cause of the infection by dealing with the infected tooth. Ideally, we recommend doing this before the antibiotics run out. Do not assume that the infection is cleared because the swelling is gone. The problem will not be cured until the tooth is definitively treated. Written by: College Manor Vetinerary Hospital	<urn:uuid:ff50cf1d-08b0-4d93-b3a1-8aa18420a2a3>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-13", "url": "https://www.collegemanorvet.com/abscessed-pet-teeth/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912201812.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20190318232014-20190319014014-00211.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9524356722831726, "token_count": 640, "score": 3.375, "int_score": 3 }
There are certain things that should be observed before any tree is planted. It is well-known that foresight is much preferred to hindsight, so one does well when they take a little extra time to carefully consider any major changes. One might not consider planting a tree a major change, yet it is an investment with long-term benefits, and it most certainly will change the landscape and environment. The environmental benefits won’t be discussed in this article, but suffice it to say, in a nutshell, that trees supply oxygen, while removing carbon dioxide and contaminants from the air. Trees also benefit both the economy (wood, wood products, medicines, etc.), and wildlife (providing food and shelter).click here Thinking forward, carefully consider the property where you intend to plant. What kind of tree are you considering planting, and what goals are you endeavoring to accomplish? Whatever tree or trees that you purchase from a nursery or nurseries, be sure to take into consideration the geographical zone and soil that you plan to plant in. For example, if you plant a tree in a region that has bitter cold winters, and it is a tree that only thrives in warmer climates, great will be your disappointment when the tree dies with the first winter it is exposed to. Planting a tree where there is dense shade when the tree requires full sun will also lead to great disappointments. Soil type must be taken into consideration also. It is very important to find out the ideal growing requirements for a tree, and the acceptable geographical regions that the tree will adapt to or thrive in. A reliable nursery or nurseries will be supply this information to you when you read the information on their website, or contact them by telephone or email. Make sure you know the height the tree has the potential to reach, as well as the spread of its canopy. The root system must also be known. If you intend to plant it in a location permanently, with no plans to transplant it, make sure it can grow unhindered by other trees, overhead power lines or other obstructions, or block driveways, walkways, gates, etc. The root system must also be understood. If the tree is known to have roots that grow near or above ground surface, it may interfere in maintenance such as grass mowing, or it may choke out the roots of neighboring trees or take nutrients from them. The location of underground cables, telephone and power lines must be known, in order to avoid damage. Sewer lines, septic tanks and their draining lines, wells etc. must all be protected from any root system that would ruin them. Remember that nurseries sell to great numbers. Please don’t assume that a nursery should have known by the shipping location whether the tree you purchased would thrive there or not, since countless times people buy a tree and send it on as a gift. Communicate clearly beforehand with the staff at a nursery to avoid disappointment, so that you can enjoy your purchase for years to come	<urn:uuid:b665a4b4-7480-4fdd-92f1-c9a6892caa59>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-39", "url": "http://www.hatibola.com/tag/tree-planting-tips/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573415.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20190919015534-20190919041534-00135.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9631794691085815, "token_count": 610, "score": 2.953125, "int_score": 3 }
Free essay: the two lives of charlemagne as told by einhard and notker are two medieval sources about the accounts of the life charlemagne modern sources. The life of charlemagne by einhard translated by samuel epes turner abridged, modernized in fact, the two were personal friends this makes his report an. Luitgard wife of charlemagne in myheritage family trees (rice web site) lewis thorpe (two lives of charlemagne, p216) and others. Two lives of charlemagne (penguin classics) [einhard, notker the stammerer, david ganz] on amazoncom free shipping on qualifying offers two. Yet, everything we know about charlemagne's life is based on the writings of his court chroniclers, who had to glorify the emperor it is only new research. 图书two lives of charlemagne 介绍、书评、论坛及推荐. Pious, the second carolingian emperor, as 'charlemagne's heir'4 i base my translation on l thorpe, two lives of charlemagne (london, 1969) 4 altera. In this work i explain the history behind charlemagne's coronation and compare ancient and frankish 4 einhard, “the life of charlemagne,” in two lives of. A vivid life of charlemagne, written ca ad 830 by a member of his court he was the emperor with the flowery beard, gigantic, two hundred years ago here . Cover image for charlemagne and louis the pious: lives by einhard, notker, ermoldus to be sure, for more than two centuries scholars in many lands have . 9 see lewis thorpe, two lives of charlemagne (new york: penguin classics, 628 aj grant, early lives of charlemagne by eginhard and the monk of saint. In elegant prose it describes charlemagne's personal life, details his lewis thorpe's introduction offers a comparison of the two biographies and examines. Bell, mrs arthur saints in christian art london: george bell, 1901 - 1904 source of the image einhard and nokter the stammerer two lives of charlemagne. Charlemagne is known for his many reforms, including the economy, he hid under his pillow—”his effort came too late in life and achieved little success charlemagne also created two sub-kingdoms in aquitaine and italy, ruled by his sons. 931 words - 4 pages the two lives of charlemagne as told by einhard and notker are two medieval sources about the accounts of the life charlemagne modern. Lewis thorpe) two lives of charlemagne (1969) p 102 o utinam haberem duodecim clericos ita doctos, omnique sapientia sic perfecte instructos, ut fuerunt . Blessed king charlemagne: a man who knew his place on amazon: http:// wwwamazoncom/two-lives-charlemagne-penguin-classics/dp. Two lives of charlemagne by einhard einhard's life of charlemagne is an absorbing chronicle of one of the most powerful and. Charlemagne penny from quentovic (obverse) charelemagne penny (reverse) writings and artifacts, including an intimate if slippery life of charlemagne and much better documentation of the public two papers: the short paper (4-6 pp) . Two revealingly different accounts of the life of the most important figure of the roman empire charlemage, known as the father of europe, was. Topics charlemagne, emperor, 742-814, middle ages -- sources, holy roman empire -- kings and rulers -- biography, france -- kings and. Charlemagne was famous for his strategic thinking and he represents the height of he would either be in politics or he would be the world's greatest life coach. Buy two lives of charlemagne: the life of charlemagne charlemagne ( penguin classics) by einhard, notker the stammerer, david ganz (isbn:. Two lives of charlemagne has 1488 ratings and 70 reviews hadrian said: exactly as the title says two biographies of charlemagne, written in the 9th ce. Einhard's life of charlemagne tends to be pigeonholed according to two distinctive magni: two works of ciceronian rhetoric, de inventione and de oratore,. Einhard and notker the stammerer: two lives of charlemagne, trans lewis thorpe, (baltimore: penguin, 1969) -thorpe's introduction and notes are really.	<urn:uuid:5a96657e-bbcb-422c-9f2d-97d38dee4a6a>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-43", "url": "http://qitermpaperrqyk.mestudio.us/two-lives-of-charlemagne.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583509336.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20181015163653-20181015185153-00166.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8772848844528198, "token_count": 1046, "score": 2.921875, "int_score": 3 }
Spinal Surgery for Fractured Vertebrae Spinal Fusion is a specialized surgical procedure characterized by permanent merging of two or more adjoining vertebrae. This includes placement of bone graft between the affected vertebrae for bone growth, followed by external support using metal plates, rods, and screws. The spinal fusion surgery is considered a major surgery and may take several hours to perform. The goal of spinal fusion surgery is to maintain spine stability, correct spinal deformities and also reduce pain in the affected spine area. Spinal fusion surgery is usually recommended for abnormal spine conditions such as fractured vertebrae, spine deformities, disc herniation, degenerative disc disease, severe back pain, spondylolisthesis, spinal stenosis, tumor and infection. The basic steps involved in spinal fusion surgery include scrubbing the site of surgery, followed by a precise incision over the affected vertebrae. The surrounding muscles and blood vessels are moved aside to uncover the vertebrae to be treated. The bone graft to be inserted is prepared, either taken from the bone bank (cadaver bone) or from the pelvic bone of the patient. If taken from the patient’s body then a small incision is made over the pelvic bone and a small portion of the pelvic bone is removed and incision is closed. Some surgeons prefer artificial materials such as bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) over natural bone grafts, for inducing bone growth between the fused vertebrae. After the bone graft is inserted between the two affected vertebrae, they are permanently fused together with instrumentation such as metal plates, screws and rods. Finally, muscles and blood vessels are placed back to their original positions and the incision is closed. Post -Operative Care After surgery patients usually stay in the hospital for 2-3 days. It may take several months for complete healing and recovery of the spine fusion patient. Your physician may recommend wearing a brace for proper alignment of the spine during the healing process. Patients are also advised to participate in a rehabilitation program for improved outcomes. Although spinal fusion is a very safe procedure, some possible complications associated with spinal fusion surgery are infection, bleeding, blood clots, associated nerve injuries, and pain at the site of graft insertion. Talk to your surgeon about any questions or concerns you may have prior to undergoing spinal fusion surgery.	<urn:uuid:3120b9a9-e41b-4f31-afad-4d691d101a93>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-09", "url": "http://www.orthowestfl.com/spinal-surgery-for-fractured-vertebrae/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891813818.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20180221222354-20180222002354-00567.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.93961501121521, "token_count": 485, "score": 2.734375, "int_score": 3 }
In the wake of the New York and New Jersey bombings, we are reminded again of the security mantra, “see something, say something.” What does that really mean? Are you supposed to literally report everything you see? The “see something, say something” security reminder boils a complicated idea down to four words. So what does is it actually mean? If you are attending a concert, you are going to see a lot of things. If “something” means “anything,” calls will overload 9-1-1 operators with not particularly useful reports. On the other hand, “something” cannot be so specific in meaning as to overlook the unexpected. The phrase does not say “If you see an unattended bag, say something.” If it did, the public would look for only bags and miss other potential threats. “Something” refers to activity or objects that strike you as suspicious, out of place or potentially threatening. It is the thing that is out of place, such as a man in a trench coat on a crowded, sunny beach. It is the stranger watching a building’s entrances day after day. It is the tourist photographing sites when no other tourist ever visits. We cannot predict every scenario that rises to the level of “something.” Nor would we want to. Bad actors are developing new “somethings” every day as we grow aware of prior tactics. “See something, say something” asks you to trust your gut instinct and not worry if it’s a false alarm. The police would rather sort out confusion than respond to a tragedy.	<urn:uuid:4f6e5266-047d-4fcf-8555-06dda579c5c3>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-34", "url": "https://rmaprotect.com/see-something-say-something-what-does-it-mean/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221208750.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20180814081835-20180814101835-00488.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9542699456214905, "token_count": 350, "score": 2.625, "int_score": 3 }
What is a Horizontal Market? A Horizontal Market is a market that is present in a wide range of industries. A business operating in a horizontal market will have consumers and purchasers across different sectors of the economy. So, a business that sells to multiple industries is in a horizontal market. The Office Supplies market, is an example of a horizontal market, as it sells to all types of industries. However, the scalpel market is a vertical market as mostly surgeons purchase such an item. Operating in Horizontal vs. Vertical Markets A business that operates in a Horizontal Market, will by definition, have a broad and diverse set of customers. This means their products tend to be versatile and can meet the needs of a wide range of customers. Another great example of a horizontal market is that of coffee. People from all around the world and across different industries drink coffee! Some companies may act in both a horizontal and a vertical market at the same time. For example, an HR software company may have a product specialized for law firms. While it has a general HR platform for all types of business, it also has an HR platform that is specific to law firms. This specialized product may have industry-specific functionality such as tracking if employees have passed the Bar exam, integration with court databases, or tracking the specific cases that the lawyers of the firm are working on. These added functionalities do not add value for a business that operates in the construction industry, and the added functionality can even be an annoyance. While the general business HR platform is on a horizontal market, the specialized Law HR platform operates on a vertical market. Advantages of Operating in a Horizontal Market One advantage of acting on a horizontal market is that there is a large consumer base. Therefore, the firm is less exposed to the risk of demand shortage. Goods and services in a horizontal market are versatile, as by definition they are used in multiple industries. There is a low bargaining power for purchasers of the goods, as the consumer base is extensive. A vertical market tends to have purchasers with higher bargaining power, as the specialized nature of the product tends to restrict the addressable market. Many horizontal markets, also allow suppliers to perform price discrimination, as it can charge different prices to consumers in different industries. - Marketing strategies are not targeted, as purchasers are across multiple economic sectors. - Profit margins may be lower than for companies operating in a vertical market. Determining your product’s market is imperative when it comes to business and marketing strategy. With the rise of digital marketing and big data, it is getting easier to target customers based on their habits and demographics. However, when a product is in a horizontal market, a more encompassing dissemination of information is more advantageous. Traditional methods such as billboards and television ads are sometimes a much more effective strategy for the selling of their products. CFI is the official provider of the global Financial Modeling & Valuation Analyst certification program, designed to help anyone become a world-class financial analyst. To learn more, check out the following free CFI resources:	<urn:uuid:9f17e204-e782-46b0-aa44-0bdb66c91ca0>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-24", "url": "https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/knowledge/economics/horizontal-market/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347458095.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20200604192256-20200604222256-00434.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9547064304351807, "token_count": 633, "score": 2.734375, "int_score": 3 }
Life expectancy in Africa grows by 10 years People's life expectancy in Africa rose by nearly 10 years in the first two decades of this century. In the year 2000, the average African could expect to live to be 46. That rose to 56 in 2019. The World Health Organization said the rise was the best of any region in the world over the same period. However, the WHO said Africa was still considerably below the global average of 64 years. The statistics are from the WHO's State of Health in Africa report, which was issued on Thursday. It attributes the improvement to better maternal, newborn and child healthcare, advances in fighting infectious diseases (such as TB, malaria and HIV), and the easier access to essential health services. The WHO report urged African nations to keep the momentum going to ensure life expectancy rates continue on their upward trend. It called for greater investment in health care systems so that they are better equipped to deal with the challenges ahead. These include an added strain on hospitals from a growing population, and the growth of non-communicable diseases like cancer. The WHO said there is a worrying spike in the numbers of Africans experiencing hypertension and diabetes. The WHO's Regional Director for Africa said: "The progress must not stall. Unless countries enhance measures...the health gains could be jeopardized."	<urn:uuid:0b7c7b14-ba35-4e9c-9a07-01cfab5f7b92>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23", "url": "https://news.mytutor-jpn.info/life-expectancy", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224644915.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20230530000715-20230530030715-00608.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9613983035087585, "token_count": 262, "score": 3.015625, "int_score": 3 }
Found 8 February 1877, Birsay, Orkney. In a bottle secured to a lifebuoy: St. Kilda, January 22, 1877. The Pete Mubrovacki [sic], of Austria, 886 tons, was lost near this island on the 17th inst. The captain and eight of the crew are in St. Kilda, and have no means of getting off. Provisions are scarce. Written by J, Sands, who came to the island in the summer, and cannot get away. The finder of this will much oblige by forwarding this letter to the Austrian Consul in Glasgow. The Austrian barque Peti Dubrovacki left Glasgow for New York on 11 January 1877. It capsized in bad weather six days later, around eight miles west of St Kilda in the Outer Hebrides. Seven crewmembers died, and nine survived to reach the remote archipelago. The survivors were taken in by St Kilda’s residents, of whom there were around 75, and offered a share of their dwindling rations, mostly consisting of grain seeds. On 30 January, fearing starvation, John Sands placed a message in a bottle, tied it to a lifebuoy from the Peti Dubrovacki, rigged up a small sail, and placed his “St Kilda mailboat” into the sea. Nine days later, it washed up at Orkney, more than 200 miles away. On 22 February, the navy gunboat Jackal arrived at St Kilda, the bad weather subsiding for just long enough to allow the rescue of the Austrian seamen and the delivery of biscuits and oatmeal for the residents. John Sands was a Scottish journalist and artist. He returned to the mainland “barefoot and penniless” on board the Jackal, and later published a book about his experiences on the island, Life on St Kilda or Out of this World. [Buckingham Advertiser, 17 February 1877, and John Sands, Life on St Kilda or Out of this World]	<urn:uuid:3aa274a1-7d04-4090-a554-f186e3aa07f0>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-30", "url": "http://www.messagesfromthesea.com/2016/06/02/cannot-get-away/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424884.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20170724142232-20170724162232-00608.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9681540131568909, "token_count": 432, "score": 3.046875, "int_score": 3 }
IN AUSTRALIA DURING WWII The 227th Anti-aircraft Artillery Searchlight Battalion was activated at Fort Bliss, Texas, USA on 20 March 1943. They boarded the USS Mt. Vernon on 5 November 1943 for an unknown destination. The Battalion arrived in Sydney Harbour, New South Wales in Australia on 21 November 1943. The men of the 227th delighted in throwing cigarettes on the dock in Sydney and watched the Australian soldiers scramble to get them. They moved to Camp Warwick (Warwick Farm) in Sydney to await further orders. There they were issued with extra blankets as the nights were still quite cool for that time of the year. The Battalion left Camp Warwick by train on 8 December 1943 headed for Townsville in north Queensland. The 227th AAA S/L Bn arrived in Townsville on 11 December 1943 and were quartered at Armstrong's Paddock in Townsville. Photo:- via Don Mitchell, 22nd Bomb Group, then 38th Bomb Group Armstrong's Paddock with Mt Stuart in the background 227th AAA S/L Bn moved to Camp Bluewater about 21 miles north west of Townsville on 8 January 1944 to stage for combat in New Guinea. Here they started a training program for jungle warfare. Troops were trained by Australian Army instructors to live off the land. The training was tough and the men who returned from the training claimed that their C-rations tasted great compared to the bush tucker. On the evening of 30 March 1944, Lt. Col. John W. Squire, the Commanding Officer, stood on the stage at Camp Bluewater and announced to a hushed audience that the Battalion was on alert to move into combat. Batteries "B" and "C" embarked for Finschhaven, New Guinea on 28 March 1944. Headquarters and "A" Battery boarded a Liberty Ship for Goodenough Island on 1 April 1944. One of the troops wrote a very unflattering report on his experiences in Townsville in a "Letter to Joe" in a history of the Battalion titled "On Target - An Informal Account of the Moonlight-Cavalry - 227th AAA S/L Bn, I & E Section S-2" as follows:- "The train roared through the night, blowing its whistle and rattling the rails at a good ten miles per hour, finally arriving at Townsville on Dec. 11. Townsville is the only town I've ever seen that could be smelled before it could be seen. There was a terrible aroma emaninating (sic) from the stores, especially the ones that sold leather goods. And in the restaurants of Townsville, you literally got flies in your soup, sanitation seems to have been unheard of in that place." ".... On Jan. 8 1944 the Battalion moved to Camp Bluewater and setup a staging area. The camp derived its name from the fact that a stream of water ran beside the camp. It was a pretty body of water, the only trouble being that we couldn't swim in it for the parasites seemed to be holding family reunions there." "On Target - An Informal Account of the Moonlight-Cavalry - 227th AAA S/L Bn, I & E Section S-2" I'd like to thank David Norris (Townsville) for his assistance with this web page. Can anyone help me with more information? © Peter Dunn 2015 This page first produced 6 April 2016 This page last updated 06 April 2016	<urn:uuid:c3f77d5d-fede-4e71-8c5c-532e59147735>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-34", "url": "https://www.ozatwar.com/usarmy/227thaaaslbn.htm", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221217354.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20180820215248-20180820235248-00249.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9681705236434937, "token_count": 714, "score": 2.53125, "int_score": 3 }
Free trade does ensure that transportation costs are higher than they would be otherwise, however it enables a centralization of manufacturing, which is often a larger source of pollution. This means that rather than every country making everything themselves, each country instead makes what it can most efficiently make, thus using fewer resources in production, and reducing pollution in this efficiency. With more businesses being created in the natural resources trade, there are a variety of concerns being created. One, for example, is that this constant trading of oil and other minerals needed for everyday life is being stretched to thin which will have a negative effect on our planet's environment. Eventually, the constant abuse of natural resource trade will leave the countries in a state of scares resources, which could, in turn, cause economical issues as well has natural ones.	<urn:uuid:af53e953-d2ce-4cd0-b540-d41c9161cd1b>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-51", "url": "https://www.debate.org/opinions/free-trade-is-free-trade-good-for-the-environment", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376825363.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20181214044833-20181214070333-00247.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.966778039932251, "token_count": 161, "score": 3.125, "int_score": 3 }
Identifying tracks to the species level is much easier if you first look for certain clues. Those clues are not usually found in the track. Only one in 100 tracks show clear detail (like toe or nail marks). By far, the two most useful clues to look for are (a) the track pattern of the animal and (b) the overall trail width that the pattern makes. The track pattern diagram shown here highlights both. With just these two clues and a little practice, you will be able to tell the difference between similar species, such as the mouse and the vole. \|Image: Chad Clifford\| As many animals have four legs and an ability to change their speed, it is somewhat complicated to identify their track patterns. However, in an effort to not waste energy, there are distinct patterns that the various species use most of the time. Hence, it is useful to group the animals by their 'regular' walking pattern. There are four basic patterns (as depicted in the above diagram) a tracker should memorize. The vast majority of tracks you come across will fit into one of these patterns: 1) Pace, 2) Diagonal, 3) Bound and 4) Gallop. Let us consider each pattern, along with examples of the animals that use each. An advanced study would further consider the patterns found as the animals speed or slow their pace. The animals that use this style of walking include the wide-bodied, slow-moving types such as the beaver, muskrat, skunk, porcupine, bear and racoon. These animals seem to waddle along with their wide bodies shifting from side to side. Basically, the legs on one side of the animal tend to move together, followed by the slumbering of the two legs on the other side. I strongly suggest you get down on all fours and try this type of walk for yourself — it will make more sense! To look at it, this pattern is somewhat of a scattering of tracks — almost defying any pattern at all. Most of the animals in this category have large, soft, padded feet that are somewhat unique in themselves. These soft padded feet allow them to walk through the woods quietly. - TIP: The rear feet of many of the animals in this category look similar to human feet: elongated with a long and narrow heel. This next group of animals include the deer, cat and dog families, for example, deer, moose, caribou, elk, fox, wolf, coyote, bobcat, mountain lion and dog. To see the diagonal pattern, you must stand back and see the imaginary centre line with foot tracks diagonally crossing over it to form the pattern. Try diagonal walking yourself by once more getting down on all fours, stepping with your right arm and left leg together and your left arm and right leg together. For the animals that use this pattern, the rear right foot lands on top of, but slightly behind, where the front right foot was a moment earlier. Take a closer look at the track patterns diagram again. - TIP 1: The front feet of the diagonal walkers are considerably larger than their rear feet. Now you can see, and show to others, the front and rear right and left feet of the deer tracks in your backyard. Won’t you be the envy of your friends!? - TIP 2: For advanced study, the front feet of the diagonal walkers land further apart (side to side) than the rear feet in males and vice versa with females. A female track is shown in the patterns diagram. Immature and old animals tend to break this rule but have a wider stance compared to the length of their stride. - TIP 3: All cats and foxes use the diagonal pattern, but the rear foot lands directly on top of the front track. Also, the cats walk with their claws retracted, so the claws do not show in the track. - TIP 4: If you are able to see the shape of the track, remember that deer and moose have heart-shaped tracks; the dog family has egg-shaped tracks; and the fox and cat families have round tracks. Deer have keen senses, and they usually know you are coming long before you see them. One mid-summer day, on a stroll along an old bush trail I came to a clearing. I had the sudden feeling that something was close or watching me. I assumed that someone had let my dog out of the house and it was now catching up to me. She hates to miss a good walk. I looked behind me, but nothing was there. I kept still for a moment, then continued on into the clearing. At the far end of the clearing I heard the distinct sound of a deer leaping, accompanied by the warning snorts they let off when there is danger. I looked back to the other end of the clearing where I had felt that something was watching me. That deer would have been able to see me from where it was, but just barely. Deer are very curious creatures and will sometimes circle around to see what is disturbing their area. It is possible to cut them off and get another glimpse in these situations, which is what I did. I turned right, headed into the bush for 100 metres and sat down quietly. Sure enough, the deer came back, but just a little out of sight. I could hear it move past. The reason I turned to the right was because of the likelihood that the deer was right dominant (just like some 90 per cent of humans) and would behave accordingly. The bounders include the weasel family: the least weasel, ermine or short-tail weasel, long-tail weasel, fisher, mink and marten. These animals have long bodies and short legs. Look for five toes. When you see one moving along, they tend to look a bit like a sewing machine needle as their body hunches together and then elongates in quick successions. As they move, the front two feet land first, followed by the rear two feet that land just behind the front. Some overlapping of the tracks may take place. Notice the unique and offset pattern all four feet make together! - TIP 1: Look at the imaginary centre line of the track pattern. Notice that the sets of tracks stay true to the centre line and are not diagonal across it. Believe it or not, the old snow-covered tracks of a small weasel weighing well under half a pound (0.226 kg) can be confused with the tracks of a 150-pound (68 kg) deer. This is because the four feet of the weasel that land together are about the same size as one deer hoof, and the distance between the tracks of the two species can be similar. Moreover, in cold weather and on certain types of terrain deer tracks do not sink much, and in softer snow conditions, the weasel’s can sink a fair amount. When looking at older tracks, you do not know what the conditions were like at the time the track was made. The trick is to look for the pattern—diagonal or bound. It will be a humbling experience to confuse the two species – just don’t tell your friends when it happens! - TIP 2: The fisher often switches between two or three patterns. When it is bounding, check the trail width. You can be pretty sure that it is a fisher. I find weasels exciting creatures to track. They range in size from the least weasel that can chase mice through their own holes, to the fisher that is renowned for having porcupine as a regular part of its diet. On one occasion, I was following a long-tailed weasel track through some freshly fallen snow. The weasel was doing its typical routine of dodging around trees sniffing out the scent of rodents. As the trail entered a marshy area, the tracks exploded in the snow as it accelerated abruptly, heading somewhere with urgent speed. The tracks, which usually fall only several centimetres apart, were now falling many metres apart from each other – quite an accomplishment for a skinny little weasel not much bigger than a chipmunk. I knew something was up. My questions were soon answered when I saw some blue and grey feathers gently blowing around in the wind. Upon further investigation, it seemed the long-tailed weasel had spotted the blue jay on the ground (likely feeding on seeds). The few jay tracks I found were the bird’s last. The weasel sprinted for approximately 13.7 metres before capturing the jay. The kill was likely quick as there was little evidence of a struggle. There was a stomped down area of snow about 20 centimetres in diameter. Inside this area were the majority of feathers, a few bloodstains and the skinny black legs of a blue jay. The tracks of the weasel exiting the area were closer together, as the animal was likely full and perhaps even carrying remnants of the jay to cache. Just up the hill from this area I came across another tracker’s treasure! In the hollow of a tree I found a large nest-like pile of snowshoe hare fur. Later research led me to understand the that long-tailed weasel will sometimes kill the snowshoe hare as part of its diet and make a den with its fur. The otter is another fun animal to follow, if you get the chance. You can almost sense a joy of living as the tracks show them sliding on their belly (both on level ground and downhill), diving into ponds and swimming under the ice along rivers, then slogging through the deep snow to enter yet another water system. If you are fortunate, you will also come across mink tracks in similar areas. Minks feed on crayfish and other aquatic life. Watch for little caverns or under rocks, where they will sometimes rest and eat their catch – leaving little piles of the remains. This is an interesting group that includes small critters like mice, voles, and shrews, chipmunks, squirrels, and larger animals like rabbits and hares. This group seems to speed along the forest floor. Their track pattern shows the front feet landing closely together and the rear feet coming around the outside and past where the front feet landed. Try this yourself and notice how much faster it is compared to the other patterns. Somewhat unique to this group is the large size of the rear feet compared to the front feet. Just visualize the snowshoe hare’s large rear feet. Don’t forget to look at the overall pattern and the imaginary centre line. The patterns flow in a straight line like the bounders. However, the big difference is in the shape of the four feet together. There are so many interesting tips with this group that make identifying each track a treat. \|Image: Chad Clifford\| - TIP 1: If the front two feet land almost exactly side by side, you are looking at a mouse, not a vole of similar size. The mouse also shows long tail drag marks. See the patterns diagram: the track at the top shows a tail drag. Also, the squirrel’s front feet tend to land beside each other – useful for climbing trees. - TIP 2: The voles tend to alternate their gait between a gallop and a pace-like pattern. - TIP 3: The shrews, mice and voles tend to go from hole to hole for safety and to access food caches. The size of hole that each animal goes into are as follows: less than 2.5 centimetres in diameter for the shrew; 3.2 centimetres diameter hole for mice and voles; and at least a 5 centimetres hole for the red squirrels and chipmunks. These size differences do not seem like much on paper, but they are a huge difference when you see them in nature. Interestingly, the shrew has a poisonous bite. I have seen video clips of a shrew attacking a mouse. It was a short fight, as the shrew quickly nipped the leg of the mouse and backed away. The mouse soon lost control of its body. About the same size as a hummingbird, the shrew is a treat to track. Its tracks can be so faint in the snow that unless you have proper light conditions, you may not even see the tracks when they are pointed out to you. They have a gallop walking pattern just like the mice, voles, chipmunks and rabbits. Wherever you see these small rodent tracks, weasel tracks are often nearby. On occasion you will see evidence of the weasels catching a small rodent, such as a drop of blood near a hole. Often the kills happen under the snow. After examining the trail pattern, we should now measure the trail width. This will narrow the animal to the species level (that is, the shrew from the mouse, the chipmunk from the red and black squirrels and the fox from the coyote). Trail widths are measured in various ways based on the walking pattern used. Again, see the track pattern diagram for the proper measuring of trail widths. A tracking book with trail width data is a good investment. Here are some trail widths of the commonly confused species to get you well on your way. Diagonal Walkers: Bobcat 7-10 cm Red fox 10 cm Coyote 12.5 cm Deer 16-20 cm Bounders: Least weasel 2.5 cm Short-tail weasel 5-6 cm Long-tail weasel 7 cm Mink 7.5 cm Marten 10 cm Fisher 12.5 cm NOTE: Weasels tend to exhibit a sexual dimorphism, meaning that the males are often quite a bit larger than the females. Hence, when it comes to trail widths, consider that species with similar trail width size could be somewhat confusing. However, you should consider other clues, as well—like preferred habitat and the area you are in. Gallopers: Shrew 2.5 cm Mouse 3 cm Vole 3.8 cm Chipmunk 5 cm Red squirrel 10 cm Black/Grey squirrel 12.5 cm Rabbits 12.5 cm and hares roughly 15 cm Remember that by combining the pattern type and the trail width, you will be able to recognize tracks to the species level. Moreover, these two clues will allow you to identify old tracks where all you can see is a vague outline of the trail. However, we are just getting started! \|Image: Chad Clifford\| Plaster tracks. This activity is fun for youth as well as adults. The first step is to arm yourself with some plaster of paris – the stuff you fix holes in the drywall with. I place the powdered plaster into a one-litre milk bag. I bring a second milk bag to do the mixing in. There should be enough for one large track or two small ones. Your next task is to head to the nearest mud hole or pond to scan the edges for tracks. When you find that perfect track (scarcer than one might think), set up a little fence around it so the plaster does not flow away. I usually find four little sticks that frame the outside edges of the track and fill in the remaining cracks with mud. Allow the plaster to form a thick base to hold your track. The next step is to mix the plaster. I pour some plaster into the spare bag and add water. You want a fairly thick consistency because it will dry faster. A watery mixture will take a long time to set. I shake the bag and manipulate it with my fingers on the outside until it is well mixed. Pour the plaster into the track and wait. The preferred method of pulling the plastered track out of the ground is by digging around it with a stick to pry it up from underneath. Otherwise it may break. Journaling is another way to greatly improve your tracking eye. Of course many naturalists keep track of weather and other interesting data in their journals. One great activity for the journal is to find a place outside where you make a track in the soil. Draw this track in your journal. Return six hours later and make a fresh track, but draw only the older track again. Return a day later and make another track and draw only the oldest track. Keep this process going and you will see how tracks deteriorate over time. One should try this activity in a variety of soil conditions. Another good activity is to find an animal track and draw every little detail you see. Then, when you think you have every detail drawn, look at the track through a magnifying glass to find more. If you spend 35 minutes doing this, the next time you see a track you will see as much in only 15 minutes. Repeat this process numerous times and you will begin to see things at a glance. Now you’re getting somewhere! It gets to the point where others will think that you’re pulling their leg when relaying the detailed meaning you are pulling out of a track that they can hardly see. Sandboxes can help you learn what an individual track has to tell you. They will also help you learn of gait or pattern changes that occur with changing speeds. My sandbox is 4 metres by 1 metre and 30 cm deep. There are no toys allowed in this sandbox, and I keep it covered to stop the growth of plants. You will be amazed at what someone can learn in a short period of time just by playing in a sandbox. Basically I have people walk through the box and have them note how the sand reacts to regular paced walking. Then, accelerations and decelerations are added. Next, slight turns are incorporated. Lastly, carrying a weight in one hand is done to see if students can see how the ground responds. In other classes I have walked, jogged and ran with my dog through the tracking box to demonstrate how diagonal walkers’ gaits change with speeds. The dog is happy to do this small service for us, especially when high quality treats are offered after each run. After some study in the sandbox I have the students not watch the tracks as they are being made. I erase all but one track, forcing the students to identify speed, accelerations, turning motions and whatnot from just one track. Believe it or not, many can tell if I have turned my head (an exaggerated head turn) while walking along. Of course, the sandbox creates perfect conditions for this. However, I am usually able to trick my tracking students (the first time) when I walk backwards through the sandbox. They know that the sand is not being kicked up the same way, but they just can't figure out why. - TIP 1: Have a rake and shovel handy to smooth over sand after each pass. - TIP 2: Pay special attention to how debris (sand) is kicked up and sprayed in the direction travelled. Dominance. Would you believe that some animals’ dominant side can be found at a glance by their tracks? The most obvious are snowshoe hare tracks. Look at the hare track pattern diagram. The hare is moving from the bottom of the diagram towards the top. The smaller front feet land first and the larger rear feet pass around the front and land ahead. Now, also see that the two front feet are not beside each other; rather, they are offset with the right one landing first. Why is the right front foot consistently landing first? How do we know it is landing first? To answer the latter question, we know it is landing first because it registers on the ground before the left front foot. That is, as the animal is moving forward with gravity pulling it to the ground; the right front foot absorbs the initial weight, followed by the left, which comes down after the right. As for the former question of dominance, try this yourself: stand a little distance from a wall and fall forward towards the wall. Notice which arm carries the brunt of the weight or lands first. Try further distances from the wall until you notice which arm works more. Some 90 per cent of mammals (people included) are right dominant. In the case of a fall, we will likely rely on our dominant strong limb to catch us. The same happens with the gallopers or other animals when their speed or gait increases to a gallop. The right front foot lands first. This will not happen with every track, but it will with most. On occasion you will see animals with left dominant tendencies. The study of dominance goes much deeper than simply observing track patterns. Dominance will offer clues to which way an animal will circle or turn (outside of specific agendas it may have). Ever wonder why lost people wander around in a circle? Do you know which direction they tend to circle in? Cheat Cards. This is a great way to remember specifics about various animals. I recommend making or buying a set of 3 x 5” cards to write interesting features of every animal species of your area. Of course if you include insects and birds you will be at this for a while. The information you should include is up to you. I would scan three to five books and take what I deemed important from each. I would include the obvious: diet, habitat, range, offspring, predators, behaviours, size and weight, trail width, foot measurements, stride length and common track or gait pattern used. These cards should fit neatly into your shirt pocket so you can pull them out in the field until you have them memorized. Tracking Kit. A novice should bring a decent tracking kit into the field. This is your in-field resource to help you solve the many mysteries that await you. Some people go a little overboard with these kits. The kit bag may be a small, generic camera bag with an extra pocket or two. Inside my kit I used to bring my cheat cards, a small paper pad and pencil, a magnifying glass, a small measuring tape, a flashlight and a vernier calliper. The vernier calliper is really a sophisticated six-inch ruler. However, these callipers are able to measure track widths and foot measurements with great ease and speed. You can pick up a plastic one a Canadian tire for under $15. The flashlight is often used to look into small holes in the ground, trees and under rocks. The expanded kit could include plaster of paris for casting tracks and bags and tape for collecting samples of twigs, animal hair or worse. Have you ever heard of scat necklaces? The advanced kit may also contain a camera and binoculars. I appreciate travelling light and have abandoned the need for any of the afore-mentioned gear. That said, I also have over 10,000 slides of animal tracks and signs, plaster tracks, twigs, sticks, eggs, snake skins, feathers, shells, skulls, scat and much more at home already. If I come across a unique, intriguing trail I will simply go back home and get the camera, magnifying glass or whatever the situation calls for. \|Image: Chad Clifford\| Mystery Tracks. If one thing is certain about tracking, it is the certainty of finding mystery tracks. This is one of the many things that make tracking fun, challenging and memorable. One of my favourite mystery tracks is that of the wind blown leaf. I often take advantage of this common track with my students. As a dead and dry leaf rolls along the snow it creates an interesting pattern similar to that of a mouse. The faint tracks create their own pattern and then stop (as the leaf gets airborne) only to start again one metre later (after the leaf falls back to the ground). I will ask students to identify the pattern, measure the trail width and to try and understand how it left no trace for such a distance. You can probably imagine the responses. Sometimes the leaf will still be at the end of the trail for student to see. To this day I smile when I walk past this type of mystery track. During one of my own tracking adventures, I stumbled upon some bird tracks. Like all tracks, these were somewhat unique in that the front two of three toes on both feet were close together, leaving the third toe somewhat separate. Like a good novice, I took out my tracking kit, sketched these tracks and noted what seeds it was eating. A little while later I learned that crows have feet that could have made those tracks. Mystery solved! A short while after that I found that jays have similar feet. These tracks still remain a mystery because I did not note the size of the tracks, which would quickly eliminate one or the other bird. Check out the diagram of the mole track. Review the stats and guess the species that made it. I came across this track at Kekabecca Falls in northern Ontario. I was tickled to see the tracks for their symmetry and oddness. I followed the tracks to a hole in the snow. A few nearby trails showed the same pattern. I knew from past experiences with tracks that it was not a mouse, vole, shrew, small weasel, chipmunk or squirrel. I took a few photos and measured the track width. I also noted the rather large foot prints. These were as large as red squirrels’ feet, but the trail width and depth at which the tracks sank into the fresh snow suggested something the weight of a large mouse. The next Monday I was off to Lakehead University’s Biology department to chat with my mammalogy instructor. I showed him the photos and gave him the details to which he offered some insights. I later read that this certain species stores 60 per cent of its winter fat in its tail. Ah-ha! A big fat tail would leave a mark like the one I remember seeing that day in the mystery track. I then revisited the photos I took and quickly had an answer for the large foot sizes that led me to realize why the trail seemed to zigzag the way it did. This animal does not find itself above ground very often, hence, my not seeing its tracks before and only a few times since in the snow. Because it lives underground, it has very large paddle-like front feet used for digging tunnels in the earth. These oddly shaped front feet do not allow it to walk very efficiently and make the animal wiggle back and forth as it moves. In case you have not guessed it already, the answer is the star-nosed mole. It is a beautiful little creature that creates little mole hills and tunnels in the grasses and soil. These signs are particularly evident in the early spring right after the snow melts. The tunnels are all over the place and little caverns may be found with hollowed areas inside – likely for resting. Its fur is unique in that it can travel in its tunnels forwards or backwards. In other words, when fur is stroked backwards, it does not stand up, like other animals’ would. If you decide to take up tracking as a hobby, you may find yourself tracking books at night to figure out what you have seen during the day. One day, while snowshoeing in the hills, I came across a most peculiar find: a bird’s nest with a roof added on. The nest itself was made of sticks and twigs but the roof material was made of mud and leaves. It appeared to be quite sound and likely waterproof. Could a bird have done this? I had never seen such a bird’s nest. I took a few photos and noticed some mouse tracks by the base of the small tree that the nest rested on. Mouse tracks around the base of trees is nothing unusual, as mice often use the hole in the snow made by the base of a small tree as an entry into the subterranean layers, under the snow. Once I returned home, I hit the books. To my exhilaration, I found that mice sometimes renovate old bird’s nests by adding a roof to use as a den. Another mystery solved! Below is a list of books that I have found to be the best to date. Be sure to read the author's biography before purchasing a book. Sometimes, generic books offer false information. - Brown, T. (1983). Tom Brown's field guide to nature observation and tracking. An inspiring read. Good tracking tips and philosophy about the nature experience. - Kura, A. (1995). Mammals of the Great Lakes region. Great general information book about mammals, including skull keys, dental formulas and other good descriptions. I used this book in a fourth-year mammalogy course –it is very expensive and usually needs to be ordered. However, in my opinion, this book is worth the cost for the inquisitive tracker who wants lots of information about local species from one source. - Stokes, D. & Stokes, L. (1986). A guide to animal tracking and behaviour. A great book for tracks and sign. - Rezendes, P. (1992). Tracking and the art of seeing. Neat photos of sign, scat and animals, as well as winter shots. - Murie, O.J. (1954). A field guide to animal tracks – the Peterson field guide series. The classic tracking book. Good information on animal tracks and patterns. - Consider tracking when the sun is low and casting long shadows. This will make the track depressions dark and scuff marks light up. - Reach down and the feel the tracks with your thumb or index and middle fingers. You will attain much more information through your fingers than from just looking at a track. For instance, if you cannot see how many toes there are in the track, you may well be able to feel how many there are. - If a track is covered with snow, simply dig down to the original track and feel for it. It will be firm from the compression of the snow when it was made. It may actually be like a chunk of ice—preserving the original track. In closing, once you begin tracking you soon discover there is a whole new world out there with many riddles and scenarios waiting to be revealed. Allow yourself to be right; that is, play on your hunches or intuition. If you second-guess everything that you find, you may become discouraged or overwhelmed. Go with the little threads of evidence you see and blend these with the larger picture and knowledge you have; then go with it. Chances are, you will be right more often than not.	<urn:uuid:87915070-3585-4eee-bbbb-21879680e450>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-13", "url": "http://cwf-fcf.org/en/news-features/articles/animal-tracks.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202303.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20190320064940-20190320090940-00432.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9629920721054077, "token_count": 6296, "score": 3.421875, "int_score": 3 }
Americans aren’t monopolizing excess. A new study from the European Society of Cardiology predicts that rates of obesity will increase in almost all European countries by 2030. Ireland comes in as the most corpulent country, according to the report, with a 47% projected obesity rate for both men and women. To be fair, everywhere people are expanding. The prevalence of obesity worldwide nearly doubled between 1980 and 2008, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), and although the U.S. is still leading the pack with obesity at 34.9%, European countries aren’t lagging far behind with rates at roughly 23% for women and 20% for men. Presented by Dr. Laura Webber at the EuroPRevent congress in Amsterdam, the study included investigators from the WHO’s Regional Office for Europe. It is based on a statistical modeling study which takes into account all available data on body mass index and obesity/overweight trends in the WHO’s 53 Euro-region countries. In those countries the study revealed little evidence of any plateau. Even as England’s rate of increase today is less steep than it has been historically, levels continue to rise and will be much higher in 2030 than they were in 1993. Examining both overweight and obese rates combined, the numbers become even more shocking. The prevalence of overweight and obesity in males is set to reach 75% in the U.K. and 80% in the Czech Republic, Spain, and Poland. In Ireland, the projected rate is a whopping 90% for men and 84% for women. Considering that’s almost everybody, Dr. Webber’s comment that these results may be underestimates is all the more concerning. She points to the poor data available from many countries contributing to less certain predictions. The study also does not take into account the significant increase in childhood weight and obesity issues across Europe, with one in three 11-year-olds overweight or obese, according to the WHO. In accounting for disparities in projected levels (the lowest found in Belgium at 44% and the Netherlands at 47%) the authors mention the potential effects of “economic positioning” and “type of market.” Ireland and the U.K., where obesity rates are highest, have unregulated markets similar to the U.S. Giant food companies work collectively to maximize profit-encouraging over-consumption. In areas with more controlled market economies, like The Netherlands, Germany, Belgium, Sweden, and Finland, obesity levels are lower. However, obesity is a complex disease. “The United Nations has called for a whole-of-society approach to preventing obesity and related diseases,” Dr. Webber said. “Policies that reduce obesity are necessary to avoid premature mortality and prevent economic strain on already overburdened health systems. The WHO has put in place strategies that aim to guide countries towards reducing obesity through the promotion of physical activity and healthy diets.” In addition, Dr. Webber tells The Daily Beast, she is working on an EU-funded study—EConDA—economics of chronic diseases, which aims to test the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of obesity interventions on future disease burden.	<urn:uuid:821ba224-63f2-4151-8cd9-882cbaf529dd>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-21", "url": "https://www.thedailybeast.com/oui-the-french-do-get-fat?source=dictionary", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662525507.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220519042059-20220519072059-00442.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9505677223205566, "token_count": 667, "score": 2.75, "int_score": 3 }
\|Name: _________________________\|\|Period: ___________________\| This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics. Short Answer Questions 1. Where do Naomi and Michael go after Michael's speech at the rotary club? 2. What does Karen bring with her during her second visit to see Michael? 3. Where does Dalva return in "'Going Home', pg. 264-324"? 4. Who arrives at Northridge's camp for the first time, covered in blood from hunting? 5. What does Dalva's son's adoptive mother say she named the boy? Short Essay Questions 1. What does Michael find important in Northrdige's descriptions in his journal? 2. What happens when Michael mentions Duane to Dalva? 3. What does Northridge discover about the government's plans for the Sioux? 4. Discuss Karen's second visit to see Michael. 5. What does Michael realize about his life? 6. Discuss the attack against Michael at the horse sale. 7. Discuss the dinner between Dalva, Ruth, Paul, and Fred. 8. Discuss the months missing from Northridge's journal. 9. How does Dalva learn who her son is? 10. Discuss Lundquist's illness that occurs during the night. Write an essay for ONE of the following topics: Essay Topic 1 Decide who you believe to be the protagonist and the antagonist in the story. Explain why you chose these characters. What classifies these characters as being a protagonist and antagonist? What are the results of having a protagonist and an antagonist in the story? Essay Topic 2 The history of the Sioux Indians is discussed in the novel. What type of history does the novel give about the Indians and what are the effects of this? Essay Topic 3 Discuss the value of love in the story. Does love appear to be something that is valued and respected? Why or why not? This section contains 789 words (approx. 3 pages at 300 words per page)	<urn:uuid:cd2745af-54c2-4c4d-af1b-ad23ef221531>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-40", "url": "http://www.bookrags.com/lessonplan/dalva/test6.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443736676381.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001215756-00242-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9204344153404236, "token_count": 439, "score": 2.953125, "int_score": 3 }

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