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Stoves have now become the stylish and energy-efficient alternative to the open fire for many Irish people. As well as lowering fuel bills, stoves looks great. There’s no denying the cosy and comforting feeling that a stove will bring to any home.
Energy efficiency is the main advantage of stoves. Only about 25 per cent of the heat generated by an open fire actually ends up in the room – the rest of it escapes up the chimney. In contrast, stoves are about 80 per cent efficient, and if burning wood, are better for the environment. Stoves also help to eliminate draughts as they seal in the chimney flue, thus eliminating ‘up draught’ which draws draughts into your home.
Wood-burning stoves are only capable of burning wood and wood derived fuel, like wood pellets. They generally consist of a cast iron or steel closed fire chamber, a brick base and an adjustable air control. They do not have a fixed grate because wood and wood pellets burn very effectively on a bed of their own ashes. This results in greater efficiency and heat output. Also, as these stoves only burn wood and biomass fuels which are renewable, they are eco-friendly. Wood burning is regarded as a carbon neutral form of energy because during its growth, a tree will absorb roughly the same amount of carbon dioxide as it emits when it is burned. Wood ash is also good for planting and gardening. Therefore, as a provider of ‘green’ heat, a wood-burning stove is required in order to reach passive house standards. A disadvantage of wood-burning stoves, however, is that you will need somewhere to store the wood, as dry wood is delivered in large quantities. This could be a problem in suburban areas where garden sizes are small.
Multi-fuel stoves are also typically made of cast iron or steel. They include a grate with an ash pan beneath to collect the ashes, which maintains effective combustion. As a result, it is possible to burn a variety of materials instead of just wood. However, because they are capable of burning coal, briquettes and other non-renewable fossil fuels, they are not certified under new green building regulations. Many people choose to only burn wood in their multi-fuel stove which is also a viable and eco-friendly option.
Some multi-fuel models are also boiler stoves (wet stoves), with an attached water tank to provide hot water. They can be connected to the heating system to add heat to a house. A boiler stove will use up a lot more fuel than a dry stove and is dependent upon someone being there all day to feed it. Dry stoves are easier to put in as they don’t have to be connected to the heating system. At RENOVA we do not generally recommend the installation of boiler stoves.
Air Supply is important for the safe and efficient operation of stoves. Fresh air needs to enter to provide oxygen fuel for the fire. To regulate air flow, there are damper devices built into the stove. The dampers can usually be accessed by turning a knob or a handle attached to the damper, found outside the stove. Except when helping the chimney/flue to heat up initially, it is not recommended to leave the air control fully open. If fully open, more heat is sent straight up the chimney instead of into the room (which reduces efficiency). The biggest problem with leaving it fully open is “overfiring”. This is when too much heat is generated within the fire chamber, which can lead to warping, buckling and can damage the stove and its internal components.
Regarding fuel, the best woods to burn in a stove are oak, ash and beech. They should be well-seasoned (dry) and cut small enough to fit into the stove. Freshly cut wood (known as green wood) has a high moisture content which will result in a lower heat output. It will also cause creosote which in turn causes soot and therefore reduced airflow within the chimney. This can be dangerous as chimney soot can be ignited by rising embers, causing a chimney fire. For best results, firewood should have a moisture content of less than 20%. Even when well-ventilated and covered, seasoning by air-drying can take up to two years. Some companies are now using large kilns to quickly dry their wood.
Both hardwood and softwood have the same energy content and produce similar energy. The main difference is the rate at which the fuel burns. Hardwoods come from slow-growing trees like oak and ash and burn at a slower rate, resulting in sustained output and a consistent temperature. Softwoods are from fast-growing evergreen trees like conifers and burn at a far faster rate. A disadvantage of softwood is that it creates more soot and other deposits on the inside of the wood stove, chimney, and flue. Hardwood and softwood may be used together by adding hardwood on top of softwood that is already lit. Softwood can also be used as kindling to help start the fire.
Safety is important; a stove requires regular maintenance such as emptying ash pans and routine cleaning of the stove pipes and chimney to prevent chimney fires. The basic principle of controlling combustion by reducing the air supply means that carbon dioxide is often “reduced” to carbon monoxide within the stove. This gas is highly poisonous. It can occur if the stove or chimney has not been cleaned or if there is insufficient ventilation. Carbon monoxide detectors should always be installed where a wood stove is in use.
A stove typically costs from €1,500 for a cheaper model to €8,000 for a larger ‘designer’ stove. These costs generally include supply and installation but always ask your supplier if the flue, hearth and labour costs are included in the final price. There’s no question too that wood is cheaper than other fuels. According to the SEAI, the delivered energy cost from wood per kWh is about 20% less than natural gas and is significantly less than electricity. If you have a wood supply available to you, this means little to no cost.
To to find out more about heating and for a free, no obligation consultation, call RENOVA today.
Click here to download our RE NOVA brochure.
Tel: 01 2021122
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The Counselling Corner – Martensville, Saskatchewan
Child, Youth, Adult, Couple, & Family Counselling
Submitted by Wendy Kritzer BSW MSW RSW
Anxiety is part of everyone’s life to a certain degree. However, some individual’s lives are affected immensely by anxiety so they cannot lead a healthy and productive life without help. Anxiety to this degree is called Anxiety Disorder and can be a result of biological, psychological, and environmental difficulties or a combination of any of these areas. For some families, anxiety disorders can have a genetic component. In this case, the disorder will be found in many generations of the family. There are also various medical conditions that can contribute to anxiety disorders, such as anemia and thyroid difficulties.
Anxiety disorder is a serious mental illness that can disrupt an individual’s quality of life. A person suffering from this disorder can be dealing with overwhelming worry and fear that seems to be ongoing and overtakes their daily life routines. Many individuals, with treatment and counselling, can utilize strategies or tools and manage the anxiety.
There are a few types of anxiety disorders:
Panic disorder can have an individual suddenly feeling panic combined with chest pain, sweating, palpitations, and an intense feeling of not being able to breathe.
Social anxiety disorder also recognized as a social phobia is another type of anxiety disorder. This particular type of anxiety disorder affects the individual with extreme worry and self-consciousness about ordinary social situations. Many individuals struggling with social anxiety tend to avoid social situations. The individual becomes isolated and is unable to participate in day-to-day activities.
Finally, there is a generalized anxiety disorder, exaggerated unrealistic worry combined with extreme tension. Usually, this individual has little to no difficulties in their lives, but the anxiety still escalates.
There are various symptoms that coordinate with the specific type of anxiety disorder but the broad symptoms are: shortness of breath, feelings of panic, fear, and uneasiness, difficulties sleeping, dry mouth, cold or sweaty hands or feet, heart palpitations, nausea, numbness or tingling in hands or feet, and dizziness. As well as, chest pain, headaches, stomach upset/nervous stomach, fear of impending doom, and burning of skin to name a few.
Treatments – It is important for an individual that thinks they may have an anxiety disorder to visit a family doctor to have a complete physical examination to rule out any non-anxiety based physical conditions. When it has been determined that anxiety disorder is a diagnosis then a discussion with a family doctor will direct the possibilities for treatment. The doctor and patient will decide whether pharmacological or psychological treatments are the best avenue towards wellness. There are various health professionals and counsellors that have specialized training to work with an individual experiencing an anxiety disorder in order to help the individual gain strategies or tools to cope with everyday anxiety.
(Material from Canadian Mental Health Association)
If you have further questions in regard to Anxiety Disorders, please email me questions at email@example.com.
If you have topics that you would like discussed, please feel free to email me firstname.lastname@example.org
Until next time –
From The Counselling Corner
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Hedenbergite, CaFeSi206, is the iron rich end member of the pyroxene group having a monoclinic crystal system. The mineral is extremely rarely found as a pure substance, and usually has to be synthesized in a lab. It was named in 1819 after M.A. Ludwig Hedenberg, who was the first to define hedenbergite as a mineral. Contact metamorphic rocks high in iron are the primary geologic setting for hedenbergite. This mineral is unique because it can be found in chondrites and skarns (calc-silicate metamorphic rocks). Since it is a member of the pyroxene family, there is a great deal of interest in its importance to general geologic processes.
Hedenbergite has a number of specific properties. It’s hardness is usually between five and six with two cleavage plains and conchoidal fracture. Color varies between black, greenish black, and dark brown with a resinous luster. Hedenbergite is a part of a pyroxene solid solution chain consisting of diopside and augite, and is the iron rich end member. One of the best indicators that you have located hedenbergite is the radiating prisms with a monoclinic crystal system. Hedenbergite is found primarily in metamorphic rocks.
The pyroxene quadrilateral above easily records the compositions of different pyroxene's contained in igneous rocks, such as diopside, hedenbergite, enstatite, ferrosilite. Hedenbergite is almost never found isolated. From the chemical formulas above, we can tell that the main differences in the compositions will be in terms of calcium, magnesium, and iron. D. H. Lindsleyand J. L. Munoz (1969) did such an experiment in order to figure out exactly which combinations of temperature and pressure will cause particular minerals to combine. According to their experiment, at 1000 degrees with a pressure less than two kilobars the stable composition is a mixture of hedenbergite, olivine, and quartz. When the pressure moves to twenty kilobars, the composition moves towards the clinopyroxenes, which contains trace amounts of hedenbergite if any. For temperatures of 750 degrees Celsius, the compositions move from hedenbergite with olivine and quartz to ferrosilite with a greater amount of hedenbergite. If you combine the results of both of these sets of data, you can see that the stability of hedenbergite is more dependent on temperature as opposed to pressure.
Pyroxenes are essential to the geologic processes that occur in the mantle and transition zones. One crystal was oriented with the C axis, and another perpendicular to the C axis. The elastic strength of a polyhedron is determined by the cation occupying the central site. As the bond length of the cations and anions decreases the bond strength increases making the mineral more compact and dense. Substitution between ions like Ca2+ and Mg2+ would not have a great effect on the resistance to compression while substitution of Si4+ would make it much harder to compress. Si4+ would be inherently stronger than Ca2+ due to the larger charge and electronegativity.
Chondrites are meteorites that have not been altered in any way by melting or differentiation when forming. This means that these materials have been the same since the beginning of the solar system, which is approximately 4.55 billion years ago. The most studied CV3 chondorite is the Allende meteorite and is believed to be the most altered. H. Y. McSween (1977) did a vast amount of work with CV3 chondrites and characterized them as a petrographically complex class of meteorites. It is believed by Hashimoto and Grossman (1987) that these alterations took place in a highly oxidized solar nebula gas. Palme (1976) suggested that, all CV3 chondrites have been exposed to oxygen produced from the evaporation and condensation of previously existing material before the materials condensed to form the CV3 chondrites. However, there are mixed feelings about these ideas because some of the alteration could come from the shock impact and melting when the chondrite hit earth.
Hedenbergite can be found in skarns. A skarn is a metamorphic rock that is formed by the chemical alterations of the original minerals by hydrothermal causes. They are formed by large chemical reactions between adjacent lithologys. The Nickel Plate gold skarn deposit is characterized by hedenbergitic pyroxene (Ettlinger, Meinert, Ray, 1992).
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Amir Kashani, a master’s student in the genome science and technology program at UBC, has been chosen as the Canadian finalist for the Blue Sky Young Researchers Innovation Award.
The award is presented by the International Council of Forest & Paper Associations (ICFPA) every other year. It highlights young researchers in the field of forest-related science and emphasizes creativity, innovation and environmental sustainability. The award has only existed since 2017.
Kashani is a part of the BioFoundry, a research group at UBC that engineers proteins and alters biological processes to produce commercial products such as pharmaceuticals. For his master’s research and thesis, he is engineering microorganisms to produce vanillin and capsaicin. He refers to these as “fine chemicals" — low-volume, high-value products.
Vanillin is the main compound found in vanilla extract and gives it the sweet, warm flavour that we all know and love. It is used primarily as a flavouring agent. Capsaicin is the component of chili peppers that makes them spicy and has applications in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and even in the military (think pepper spray). While seemingly very different, these two compounds are closely related – capsaicin can be produced from vanillin. Kashani is working on establishing this process in microorganisms.
With the help of his supervisor, Kashani chose to have these microorganisms feed on lignin, a compound found in wood and bark.
Lignin is removed from wood pulp in the process of producing paper, a process that can be extremely energy intensive. By using lignin as a feedstock for these microorganisms to produce high-value chemicals such as vanillin and capsaicin, the value of ligin is driven up, which Kashani stated was one of his goals.
“It doesn’t happen often where you see the price of waste going up, and the reason that is happening is that as we develop new technologies, we can harness the true value of lignin,” he explained.
There are extensive research efforts being made to utilize lignin as biofuel and even in concrete, but Kashani’s use of lignin in microbial fine chemical production is unique and has the potential to be much more lucrative.
Kashani’s business-minded approach is apparent. He completed his undergraduate studies at the Sauder School of Business before starting his master’s research in science. He stated that his career trajectory was never planned in detail, but that his intention was to evaluate the market and create a product that addresses a gap while exploiting an abundant waste product.
His primary goal after completing his undergrad was to enter a field where he would be able to innovate — he has successfully done so. A lucky turn of events led him to begin his graduate studies with funding from UBC’s ECOSCOPE, a training program for UBC students involved in microbial research.
Going forward, he has plans to start a biotechnology company once he has completed his graduate studies.
The Blue Sky Young Researchers Innovation Award finalists will present their research at the ICFPA’s annual meeting in Vancouver this May.
“I’m not just representing myself, I’m representing Canada. It’s very inspiring for me to be able to represent the country in a competition,” Kashani said about the upcoming finals.
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Presented by Dr. Jack Spengler and Linda Tomasso, Project Associate, both at the Harvard School of Public Health, this webinar will address the change in regional carbon balances related to land use change and land converted in the process of urbanized development in China. Identifying the existing vegetation and carbon stock values of southern China’s regional landscape will anchor this discussion, with the goal of estimating carbon sequestration levels of existing biomass sinks. Understanding these changes will be critical in our understanding of the relative importance of carbon sources and sinks in China over the next century. Click here for more information about this webinar.
This webinar is presented as part of the Health and Places Initiative (HAPI), a joint project of the Harvard Graduate School of Design (HGSD) and the Harvard School of Public Health (HSPH) to create a forum for understanding the multiple issues that face cities in light of rapid urbanization and an aging population worldwide.
Jack Spengler, Linda Tomasso
Anyone requiring accessibility accommodations should contact the Public Programs Office at (617) 496-2414 or [email protected].
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Growing Guide Crocus, spring-blooming species and Crocus vernus hybrids
There are two types of spring-blooming Crocuses - the species and the hybrids, which are generally listed as selections of C. vernus. The former are notable for their unusual coloration, the latter for their large flowers. Species Crocuses generally bloom earlier than the hybrids, so by using both kinds, you prolong the season. The bulbs (properly, corms) multiply rapidly and can be planted anywhere a dash of early color is wanted.
Planting: Bulbs are easy to plant. With a trowel or a bulb planter, dig a hole to the depth indicated on the plant label (about 3-5in deep; use the label, which is 6in long, as a rough measuring stick). Set the bulb in the hole with the flat side down and pointed end up. After you've placed the bulb in the hole, fill the hole with soil and water thoroughly.
Light/Watering: Most bulbs flower best in full sun (6 hours or more of direct sunlight per day) but tolerate light shade. They can thrive under deciduous trees, provided root competition is not too severe and the bulbs receive at least a half-day (3-4 hours) of sunlight after the trees leaf out.
Although there may be no signs of life above ground, bulbs begin sending out roots soon after planting -- as long as the soil is sufficiently moist. Unless you expect a soaking rain within a day or two of planting, we recommend that you water thoroughly after you plant. Water newly planted bulbs again only if rainfall is scarce. Once established, most bulbs want ample moisture -- 1/2 to 1in of rain per week -- while in active growth (which begins in fall, slows or stops in winter, and resumes in late winter or early spring) and require soil that is on the dry side during summer dormancy. Do not plant bulbs near soaker hoses or sprinklers.
Fertilizer/Soil and pH: Crocus bulbs require soil that drains well the year round. To improve the drainage of heavy soil, dig in organic matter such as compost, aged manure, leafmold, peat moss, or (in the South) shredded pine bark. If you garden in very heavy clay, consider constructing raised beds to provide well-drained conditions. Crocuses tolerate acid soil but thrive in neutral to slightly alkaline soil.
The best time to fertilize bulbs is in fall, when they are sending out new roots. The next best time to fertilize is in early spring, just as the foliage begins to push through the soil. We recommend using a slow-release fertilizer formulated especially for bulbs, such as a granular Daffodil fertilizer. It's an easy matter to apply the fertilizer to the surface of the soil above the bulbs after planting and then every fall thereafter. We do not recommend using bone meal. It contains only one primary nutrient (phosphorus) and attracts dogs and rodents, which may dig up the bulbs.
Bloom Time: The bloom times printed on our labels are typical of bulbs grown in Litchfield, Connecticut. Where spring comes earlier, bloom will generally be earlier. Likewise, in colder climates, flowering will be delayed. Please note that the first spring after planting, most bulbs (particularly those imported from cool-summer climates such as those of Holland and England) bloom later than established bulbs of the same variety. This is not unusual. In subsequent years, they will bloom at the appointed time.
Dormancy: Most of the bulbs we offer go dormant within about 8-12 weeks after flowering. The period between the end of flowering and the withering of the foliage is crucial to the future vigor of the plant. If you cut, fold, or braid the leaves before they have yellowed and collapsed, you may prevent the bulb from storing the energy required to bloom the following year. You can hide curing foliage by interplanting bulbs with leafy perennials or with annuals or ground covers. If you plant bulbs in a lawn, do not mow the grass until the bulb foliage begins to yellow.
Transplanting/Dividing: The best time to move or divide bulbs is when their foliage has all but withered, signaling the end of active growth. Lift them with a digging fork or a spade, taking care to avoid injuring the bulbs, and replant them immediately at the same depth and about three times their diameter apart.
Pests/Diseases: Bulbs as a group are not much troubled by insects or diseases, but in some areas, rodents or deer may eat the bulbs, foliage, or flowers.
Forcing Cold-Hardy Bulbs: Many spring-flowering bulbs can be tricked or "forced" to bloom indoors in winter, providing color and fragrance when few plants are stirring outdoors. "Rooting time" refers to the amount of time during which cold-hardy bulbs must be kept cold (about 40 degrees F) and moist before they can be brought into bloom.
Containers and potting mix. You can use any pot you like to hold bulbs for forcing, as long as it allows room for root growth -- about 3-4in of space below the bulbs. If you choose a pot without a drainage hole in the bottom, you'll have to water your bulbs very carefully; bulbs sitting in soggy potting mix soon rot. We recommend that you force bulbs in a soilless potting mix (available at garden centers and hardware stores). A soilless mix holds moisture but allows excess water to drain away readily.
Potting the bulbs. To pot the bulbs, begin by placing potting mix in a plastic tub or bucket. Slowly add water and stir until the mix is moist but not soggy. Add moistened mix to the container until the container is about 1/2 full. Set the bulbs with the flat side down on top of the mix. Space the bulbs much more closely than you would in the garden; they should almost touch. Then add more mix to cover the bulbs. Cover the bulbs up to their necks, leaving the tips of the bulbs exposed. Water thoroughly after potting.
Chilling the bulbs. To force cold-hardy bulbs into bloom, you must first encourage them to produce new roots by keeping them cold and moist for a period of time that varies by type of bulb (8-10 weeks for Crocus). The ideal rooting temperature also varies, but most bulbs flower best if stored at 40-60 degrees F for the first 3-4 weeks after potting, then at 32-40 degrees F for the balance of the cooling period -- a shift that mimics the drop in soil temperature outdoors as fall turns to winter.
You can also chill bulbs in a cold basement, an unheated garage (provided the temperature doesn't fall below freezing), or a refrigerator. In such locations, it may be difficult to arrange for the shift in temperature described above, but most bulbs will root properly if the temperature does not stray too far above or below 40 degrees F during the rooting time.
If rodents have access to your bulbs, they may devour them, so protect potted bulbs with steel mesh or another barrier that still allows air circulation.
Please note that moisture is as important as temperature in the successful chilling of bulbs. Check the potting mix in the pots every few weeks and water thoroughly when the surface of the mix is dry to the touch.
Toward the end of the recommended rooting time, begin checking the pots for signs that the bulbs have rooted. If you see fleshy white roots poking through the drainage holes in the bottom of the pots, the bulbs are usually ready to bloom. If you don't see roots, give the bulbs more time in cold storage. Don't judge readiness by the appearance of shoots from the tops of the bulbs; without roots, the bulbs won't flower properly.
Once the bulbs have rooted, you don't have to bring them out of the cold immediately. Most tolerate extra chilling time, allowing you to orchestrate a succession of winter bloom.
Bringing the bulbs into bloom. When the bulbs have rooted, bring the pots out of cold storage and set them in a bright window in a cool room (one where the temperature stays below 65 degrees F). Bright light will help keep the leaves and flower stems compact; in weak light, they tend to flop. You are likely to find that the bulbs have produced white shoots during cold storage. Sunlight quickly turns them green.
Keep a close eye on the moisture needs of the bulbs as they send up leaves and flower stems. Initially, the bulbs probably won't need to be watered more often than once a week (if that much), but by the time they bloom, you may need to water them every day or two.
Most bulbs will bloom 2-5 weeks after they come out of the cold, heralding spring with their bright colors and sweet fragrances. Duration of bloom varies with the type of bulb and the variety but is generally shorter than you'd expect of bulbs in the garden. Warm temperatures and low humidity indoors speed the decline of the flowers. Keeping the pots out of direct sunlight and moving them to a cool room at night helps prolong bloom.
When the blooms fade, we recommend that you toss the bulbs on the compost pile. If you keep them in a sunny window and continue to water them, forced bulbs can be planted in the garden after the threat of hard frost has passed, but they won't bloom well again for at least 2 years. It's better, in our view, simply to buy enough bulbs for planting indoors and out.
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The year 2016 marked a turning point in the China-Africa relations amid unsettled changes in the global economic and political order.
China increased its deployment of combat troops to the continent and more than 2000 peacekeepers were deployed to South Sudan due to political turmoil at the Sub-Saharan based country.
China has also dangled promises to finally outlaw ivory as Africa’s elephants suffered another brutal year at the hands of poachers.
In December 2016, China announced a plan to phase out all ivory processing and trade by the end of 2017 – a move that conservationists hope will halt the mass killing and threat of extinction of African elephants.
Through its $60 billion investments and loans announced during the December 2015 Johannesburg summit on Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC), Beijing funded major infrastructure developments in various African states in 2016.
It funded the construction of the first Standard Gauge Railway (SGR) in East Africa, the high speed rails in Tanzania and Namibia as well as railways in Kenya and Ethiopia to help boost their economies.
At the 2nd Investing in Africa Forum last September, bioenergy provider Guangdong Zhongke Tianyuan New Energy Technology signed a contract to invest in a bioenergy project in West Africa’s Sierra Leone.
The project that uses local crops to produce ethanol and generates electricity using the crops’ remnants, was echoed a game changer with various analysts saying it will increase income for local farmers and ensure effective power supply to the communities.
According to a report by the United Nations Environment Program, Chinese investment in renewable energy climbed 17 percent in 2016, making it the largest investor in renewables in the world.
“Much of the money flowed into Africa. From hydropower projects to bioenergy plants, Chinese companies are moving beyond investments in traditional oil and gas,” stated the report.
In some parts of the continent, China distributed tons of rice to help alleviate hunger after droughts hit Sierra Leon, Zimbabwe and South Africa leaving millions of people to battle food shortage.
West Africa, in 2016, was the worst hit with Ebola outbreak that killed thousands of people and China, as Africa’s trade partner, brought their medical personnel and equipment to help battle the epidemic.
Much has been done by the Chinese government to lift Africa out of its challenges including people-to-people exchange programmes, helped with adequate skills development programmes, skills transfer initiatives and other agricultural projects earmarked to ensure food supply.
China further continues to support Africa in various aspects and even signs memorandums of understanding in areas of education, trade and technology.
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"Continue to surprise those who would put you in a neat demographic. Be insistently curious." -Gordon Gee
Twenty years ago, our Solar System was the only one we knew of that we were certain had planets orbiting around a main-sequence star.
Perhaps surprisingly, it wasn't until 1995 that the first Extra-Solar Planet (exoplanet) -- or planet orbiting a star outside of our Solar System -- was discovered. And when it was, it was nothing like the planets in our Solar System. In fact, most of the earliest exoplanets discovered were not only more massive than Jupiter, but orbited their parent star even closer than Mercury orbits out Sun!
Immediately, there were astronomers (and many non-astronomers) who speculated that these Hot Jupiters were very common, and that Solar Systems like our own were perhaps rarities.
And if this sends alarm bells ringing in your head as the dumbest thing you've ever heard, I've got news for you: you're right, and you are already smarter than everyone who thought this. Here's why.
The method by which the first exoplanets were ever detected was through a phenomenon known as stellar wobble. You know that the planets orbit the Sun in ellipses, due to the laws of gravity. Well, technically, all the planets and the Sun orbit their mutual center of mass, which we approximate as being, well, the center of the Sun.
This is reasonable, because the Sun has 99.8% the mass of the Solar System! But in reality, the Sun wobbles back-and-forth in its own tiny ellipse, orbiting the center of mass that is primarily defined by Jupiter, but is still affected by the combined gravitational influence of all the planets, moons, comets and asteroids in our Solar System. So how would you detect this motion from a different Solar System?
When the star moves towards you in its orbit, the light from it becomes slightly blueshifted due to its motion towards you, and when it moves away from you, it gets redshifted an equal amount. The faster the motion, the greater the shift.
So what sort of exoplanets are you most likely to detect using this method? The ones that are most massive and closest to their star, because the closer they are, the more quickly they orbit!
In other words, we didn't find these "Hot Jupiters" because they're so common and we're so rare, we found them because those are the easiest things to see! In fact, the idea that we see more of the things that are easier to see has been around in astronomy since 1922, and is known as Malmquist bias. Let's show you what that is.
Imagine you look out at the Universe, and it's full of stars with all sorts of brightnesses -- very bright stars and very dim stars -- both near to us, at intermediate distances, and very far away. Close to us, perhaps our eyes (or telescopes) are good enough that we can find all the stars. In other words, everything above the red, solid line in the image above. But what do you see when you look at a star cluster -- like Messier 103 -- that's located very far away?
You only see intrinsically bright stars! "Maybe there only are intrinsically bright stars at large distances," say the people with no imaginations. But Gunnar Malmquist knew better. All the stars are there -- bright ones and dim ones -- but you only see the bright ones because that's all you're sensitive to!
It's incredibly obvious in hindsight, and it means that once you build a telescope that's more sensitive to light, you can see fainter objects at farther distances. This concept of Malmquist bias is also applicable to all sorts of observations and situations in astronomy.
Even looking out at a distant galaxy cluster, located nearly a billion light years away, you shouldn't be surprised that the galaxies you see are bigger and brighter than nearly all the galaxies in our local group! A very deep image like the one above (with an exposure time of over four hours) reveals fainter, less impressive galaxies, and in greater numbers than the brightest, most easily visible ones.
That's the lesson you should take away from this: you see the kinds of objects your instrument is designed to see. But just because what you're seeing far away looks different from what's close by doesn't mean it is different from what's close by. So fast forward to today, where we've got a much better, more successful way to find exoplanets than by this "primitive" wobble method.
Using the transit method, our most sophisticated planet-finding spacecraft, Kepler, has found thousands of planets, compared to the dozens that were found with the wobble method. When an exoplanet passes in between our line-of-sight and its parent star, it blocks some portion of the star's light. This temporary "dip" in the brightness of a distant star is how we can detect a planetary transit, and hence infer the existence of an exoplanet.
So, think about it for a minute: what types of planets will we be most likely to see? Which ones will be the easiest to see and verify? Well, that would be
- the biggest ones, because they'll block the most light and be the most noticeable,
- the innermost ones, because they'll be most likely to transit in our line-of-sight to the star, and
- the ones that orbit the fastest, because it takes multiple transits to confirm that this is, in fact, an exoplanet rather than just a rogue object or stellar fluctuation.
- In other words, the types of planets it's most likely to find are large inner planets: super-Earths!
The recent discovery of Kepler-22b, with an Earth-like orbit around a Sun-like star, was exactly this; it's estimated that Kepler-22b is more than 10 times the mass of Earth! In fact, the vast majority of planets found by Kepler are these super-Earths, with not a single planet found that was Earth-sized or smaller.
You can guess what's coming, can't you? Cue Physics Today, with the headline,
Super-Earths give theorists a super headache.
Any guesses, mind you, as to what the theoretical limit of how small a planet Kepler could possibly detect, at the very limit of its power?
Did you guess something just barely smaller than Earth, and only then if it's mind-bogglingly close to a star that's significantly smaller than our Sun?
Good guess! And guess what NASA just announced earlier today?
Say hello to Kepler-20e, the first exoplanet ever discovered that's smaller than Earth! (In fact, it's even smaller than Venus.) With a mass far too small to be detected by stellar wobble, Kepler-20e is only detectable via this transit method! And we're lucky Kepler's been watching this star so closely; Kepler-20 five discovered planets well inside the orbit of where our Mercury resides!
The larger planets meant that Kepler-20 was already a star of interest, and that many orbits of these planets around their stars were carefully watched. Each time a planet passes in front of its star, it blocks its light. The longer you watch it, the more sensitive you become to small but recurring light-blocking signals.
And that's exactly what we've got here: Kepler-20e, the smallest one, whips around its star every 6.1 days, while it takes Mercury -- our Solar System's speedster -- a comparatively lackadaisical 88 days. Even the fourth planet from this star, Kepler-20f, makes a complete orbit in 19.5 days. Kepler-20e is smaller than Venus, while Kepler-20f is only 3% larger than Earth! The result of all this careful watching is a Solar System where the inner five planets are all scorchingly unsuitable for life, but have a very rich orbital tale to tell.
And just like that, the delusional "super-Earth mystery" should be smashed to bits!
So don't be surprised at all the super-Earths so far, the smaller planets are just harder to see, and we're only starting to get there. By time the next generation of planet-finding telescope comes along, we're going to be rolling in Earths and mini-Earths, just you wait!
For more on this find, check out Phil Plait's, Nancy Atkinson's, and even the Telegraph's take, and for all the latest exoplanet news as it comes in, I highly recommend this collection. Kepler-20e: it's the first exoplanet we've ever found that's smaller than Earth, but it won't be the last!
BTW, "ÐоÑаÑев Роман ÐвгенÑевиÑ" in image credits can be transliterated as "Potashev Roman Yevgenyevich".
Second - 1257+12C is smaller.
Getting to be a bad habit with the Kepler team
1) Planets in an orbit similar to Earth's will orbit ~1/y;
2) At least 3 transits are required before a planet is confirmed to exist;and
3) Kepler has only been operational since March 2009,
I predict that the first "Earth" in a 1-AU orbit will be announced in late 2012.
This whole 'first ever exoplanet smaller than Earth' thing isn't strictly true is it? I thought some very small ones had been discovered around pulsars a long time ago. Nitpicking perhaps...
Ethan, could you explain how much latitude Kepler has in terms of systems having to be edge-on to our vantage point? Basically if, say, 5% of randomly oriented systems were edge-on enough that we could use the transit method, then however many exoplanets we found within a certain radius we'd have to multiply by 20 to get an estimate of the true figure. But I imagine the true figure is going to be lower than 5%, maybe even lower than 1%? (Do we think that systems have essentially random orientation in all 3 dimensions?)
I know there are plenty of stars out there to look at, and if earthlike planets in earthlike orbits around earthlike stars exist, then eventually we'll see one--but it is tough to think there might be one right next door that Kepler will never see because of the orientation of the system!
That's right, two super-earths and a moon-sized object (and possibly a debris belt) were discovered around the pulsar 1257+12 a long time ago. However, since the detection method used to locate these (pulsar timing) require them to orbit around a powerful x-ray source (exactly 0% chance to be habitable), this system seems to be treated as a mere curiosity by scientist and ignored by the media. That's a shame since these were actually the first exoplanets found and it's not like 51 pegasi b is more conductive to life.
Ethan, I am thinking about a planet rotating too close to its star to be in the life supporting zone, similar to the planets around Kepler 20.
It is easy to asume that no life as we know it can develop on such a planet because of the immense heat so near to the star.
However, I assume it would be possible for a planet to have a rotational lock on its star, such as our Moon has on the Earth, showing us the same side all the time.
If such a planet would happen to have an atmosphere, which is not too dense (such as on Venus), the star pointing side would boil, and the night side should be much colder, and probably freeze, since the atmosphere with a density low enough would probably prohibit evenly spread temperature around the whole planet.
So, my question ist: would it then be possible that there might be a ring on the planet surface, along one of the meridians or slightly besides it inclining to the night side, with median temperatures supporting life???
I assume the probability of gravitational locks is relatively high because of the proximity to the star, and the probability of a thick atmosphere so near to the star's radiation might also be low enough (probably even too low, I guess the planet would need a really, really strong magnetic field to keep any atmosphere at all).
I'm curious on what you think about that and if you might know of any research on this subject.
Steinn @2, Dave @4, GH @6, planets around pulsars -- including tiny planets -- have been known since at least the 1970s. I tried very carefully to make the distinction "around a main-sequence / Sun-like star," but perhaps I didn't repeat it often enough. The techniques that Kepler uses are not useful for pulsars, and vice versa.
Monty @5, I believe this article from about 18 months ago is what you're looking for.
Tihomir @7, that is currently an active area of debate, as to whether there can be a "ring of life" around a tidally locked planet, or even two "poles of life" around one that isn't locked. Personally, I think it's less likely than on a planet with significant (but not suicidal) temperature fluctuations, but that is based mostly on what I know about biology on Earth, so I wouldn't treat it as being anything more than a hunch.
"a powerful x-ray source (exactly 0% chance to be habitable)"
There's a powerful x-ray source near me now.
It's not pointed at me, but it's powerful and I'm still alive.
If the X-Rays do not get to the planet, they're not a problem.
A bigger problem is that the star it was next to went "boom" a while ago. This was more likely to cause problems to the planet that would sterilise it.
Then again, it could have been thrown inward from a more distant orbit, so it's not a good idea to set your ideas in stone on it.
A star going nova nearby is going to sterilize everything and with no possibility of shielding. I remember reading that if our sun went nova, that the neutrino radiation would be lethal out to Jupiter's orbit.
Good article. This reminds me of how frustrated people get that we haven't found life yet elsewhere.
It's not necessarily because it's not there. It's likely because we have so few ways of detecting it.
I think you're being more than just a little disingenuous because, as I am sure you are aware, the 'primitive wobble method' has more confirmed more exoplanets than any other method. It is also an improving methodolgy becoming more sensitive over time. In August 2011, 3 super earths were discovered using just the radial velocity method, orbiting around 82 Eridani, a G-type star 19 light years away. 82 Eridani d only 'wobbled' its star by 50 cm/s, the smallest wobble yet measured!
But yes, of course I do support Kepler's continued funding, as the radial velocity method is only very slowly improving.
I would give you exact numbers but alas my iphone was left in a friend's car. If you have an iPhone though go to the appstore and search Exoplanet. It's an amazing database app that gives pretty much every known statistic about all of the exoplanets. Even better it will send you a message anytime a new one is found. You can have the program sort the list from date discovered, mass, type of method used, etc. so pretty much any speculation we have here that app should take care of.
If even further interested they have another program that gives you all of the Keplar canidates as well. Last count if I remember correctly was around 700 confirmed and another 2000 or so in the Keplar canidates list. Oh and don't worry I'm not advertising. The app just really kicks that much ass haha.
Why is Kepler-20f drawn very Earth-like, though its orbit is closer than Mercury's? It seems like the artist took a lot of license on that one.
Just to point out the obvious here: the radial velocity and timing methods give mass but not radius, the transit method gives radius but (usually) not mass.
That means discoverers can respectively use 'lightest' and 'smallest' to characterise their discoveries without actually lying - after all, nobody knows the radii of those pulsar planets. But they are taking advantage of the ignorance of the public, as I'm sure their press officers are aware.
Great review article. Thanks
thanks for the information ( bedankt voor de informatie )
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Financial stability is what everyone strives for, and it usually begins in youth, from lemonade stands or Girl Scout cookies when you’re a kid to part-time jobs when you’re a teen up until your early 20s. Understandably, making investments isn’t something most people look at until they have achieved financial stability. A great takeaway from Black financial literacy is that being around twenty-something years old is an ideal time to start investments. Yes, this is even if you have a low salary and student loans.
Here are some of the reasons why making investments in your 20s is advantageous:
You can afford to take more risks
How old an investor is has direct influence on just how much risk they will be able to handle. People in their 20s can take on more risk since they have several years ahead of them. Investors who are closer to retirement age tend to favor risk-free or low-risk opportunities, like certificates of deposit or even bonds. The younger set will be able to have portfolios that are more aggressive and possibly more at-risk.
You have a lot of time
It’s understandable that you’re probably on a very tight budget. However, what you do have an abundance of is time. Compounding, according to Albert Einstein, is “the eighth wonder of the world.” This is basically helping an investment grow through any earnings you make being reinvested. Using compounding means that you will be able to generate earnings over the weeks, months, and years. All you need is to reinvest earnings and, well, time.
The math goes like this: if you invest $10,000 at 20 years old with an interest rate of 5%, you’ll end up with $70,000 at age 60. Made when you’re 30, that investment will give you approximately $43,000 instead at 60 years old. Essentially, the more time money gets to be able to work, the more earnings it will generate in the long run.
You will learn through experience
There is a lot that goes into investments. As previously mentioned, when you’re in your 20s, you have a lot of time. The learning curve can be a pretty long, steep road. You can reach out to financial advisors for help, but of course, everything is ultimately up to you. As the months and years go by, you will be able to better study various markets and craft your strategy for investments.
Your digital skills and knowledge will come in handy
Technology is continuously advancing, but the youth are constantly able to keep up. You will be able to use the internet for research and study on investments. Moreover, there are actually trading platforms online, and techniques as well as tools for it. There is a wealth of knowledge that young investors can tap into through online means.
Most people assume that the best time to invest is when they’re financially stable and somewhat older. The prime time to invest is actually in your 20s. You have the gift of time and digital literacy on your side. Moreover, the earlier you invest, the more time your investments have to grow.
Looking for tips from the best personal finance blogs? Check out blackwallet today! We strive to maintain accurate, up-to-date content.
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Drunk driving is not only illegal, but it is also highly dangerous. Unfortunately, the victims of drunk driving accidents are often innocent people who had the bad luck of encountering an inebriated driver on the road.
Alcohol has a direct impact on driving ability, and each drink raises a person’s blood alcohol concentration (BAC) a little further. Here is how alcoholic beverages can make for a dangerous driving experience.
Understanding standard drink sizes
Alcoholic beverages come in standard drink sizes based on the potency of the beverage. For instance, beer with 5% alcohol content comes in 12-ounce glasses. Distilled spirits, like an 80-proof liquor, are far more potent and served in a smaller 1.5-ounce glass, also known as a shot.
It is important to understand drink sizing because drinking more than the standard size affects the rate of inebriation. For example, drinking beer out of a larger glass can cause a person to become drunker quicker, even though they technically only consumed a certain number of drinks.
How BAC impacts driving ability
When it comes to the legal driving limit, drivers must remain under a .08% BAC to avoid arrest. However, alcohol affects the body and mind at much lower levels. While it takes about four standard drinks to reach the legal limit, just three drinks bring a driver to a .05% BAC. At this point, impaired judgment, impeded coordination, and diminished response to road hazards can all occur.
Significant inebriation can occur after just five drinks, which brings the BAC to .10%. In addition to slurred speech, drivers can also experience slowed cognition, improper braking, and decreased reaction time.
It is the duty of all drivers to conduct themselves safely on the road. When they do not, there is a very serious risk of accidents and injuries.
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Self-harm is a coping skill that people use to cope with inner pain and emotional stress. Self-harm is a behaviour which includes those actions, which result in an injury of some sort to the person by herself or himself. Other words commonly used to describe these actions are self-injury, self-inflicted injury, self-destructive behaviour and self-defeating behaviour.
1-855-668-0624 (Toll Free)
1-519-433-2023 x18669332023 (Crisis Line)
Ages served: 10 years and up
Languages served: English
To be seen: Clients/families may self refer
Area Served: Middlesex County
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|Zip files by themselves are not harmful or dangerous. However, they have been used by malicious individuals to obscure harmful files.
Here are some steps you can take to help protect yourself from viruses, trojans, and other malware that may be distributed in Zip files:
System Protection and Updates
- WinZip Computing recommends that all WinZip users upgrade to the latest version of WinZip, because it contains important security related fixes and enhancements.
- It is very important to have a good anti-virus program installed on your computer. We recommend that you configure your anti-virus program to scan all files that you work with in real time. Most virus scanners can also be configured to scan email as it arrives and quarantine infected messages. We also recommend that you enable this option. Also, because new viruses are discovered almost daily, be sure to keep your anti-virus program up-to-date. Most anti-virus programs have an automatic update facility that can help with this.
- Consider also installing an application to prevent and clean out malware and spyware, such as WinZip Malware Protector.
- You should also use Microsoft's Windows Update feature to be sure that you have Microsoft's latest fixes for your version of Windows. Windows Update also has an automatic update facility that can help keep you up to date.
- To be sure that you find out about new WinZip updates or maintenance releases, sign up for the WinZip mailing list.
Know Your Source
- Never open a Zip file that is attached to email from an unknown source.
- If an unexpected Zip file is attached to email from someone you know, consider verifying with the sender that the attachment is legitimate. Some viruses spread by emailing copies of themselves to everyone in the contact lists of infected computers; this means that you can receive infected files even from people you know.
- Avoid downloading Zip files from untrusted web sites.
Of course, these guidelines don't apply only to Zip files; they apply equally to any file type.
Disable Hidden File Name Extensions
All current versions of Windows are initially installed with an option called "Hide extensions for known file types" enabled. When this option is enabled, Windows will not display the file name extensions (.EXE, .DOC, etc.) for file types that it knows about.
This option is considered by many knowledgeable users to be dangerous, primarily because it can mislead you about the true nature of your files. For example, you might have a virus-infected file named "vacation.jpg.exe". If the hidden extension option is enabled, this file will appear on your desktop or in Windows Explorer as "vacation.jpg", leading you to think that it is a harmless vacation picture. In fact, it is an executable program, and opening it could infect your computer.
For information on how to disable hidden extensions, see How to configure Windows to show file extensions and hidden files.
If you have any questions about this information please email Technical Support.
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Edited by Alan L. Hitchcox
|Euromach’s Spider R105 excavator uses multiple axes of hydraulic power to extend its reach up, down, and sideways and also to travel over extremely uneven terrain. |
Excavators and other off-highway equipment generally make extensive use of hydraulics for multiple functions. Pumps and motors pair up in hydrostatic drives for propulsion; motors and rotary actuators produce rotational and pivoting motion; and cylinders provide articulation for booms, arms, and buckets; for steering; for boom extension; and more. But few excavators — if any — offer the impressive moves of the Spider R105 from Euromach SpA, Montichiari, Italy.
Powered by a John Deere 4-cylinder, 140-hp engine, the R105 features a hydrostatic drive for propulsion, hydraulic steering, and multi-axis boom for digging, loading, or just about any other task. What makes the R105 stand out, though, is that its wheels are mounted to the ends of beams that can be deployed in multiple directions. This means the machine can work on uneven terrain — even steep slopes —without having to extend stabilizers.
However, the R105 does have stabilizers, which can be used to extend its reach, as shown in the inset photo. Furthermore, its main boom offers the articulated motion of an excavator and a telescoping action to give it the added reach of a telehandler.
Cool and efficient
Other hydraulic functions are not so obvious. High efficiency of the R105’s hydraulic system is accomplished with an electronically controlled load-sensing system. This system monitors operation of hydraulic components and closely matches pump output to work requirements. Reducing the power required of the hydraulic pumps saves fuel.
|A hydraulic fan drive runs at variable speed to provide optimal cooling that saves fuel and reduces engine emissions by keeping engine temperature within a narrow range. |
An additional boost to efficiency is provided by the machine’s hydraulic fan drive. The fan drive uses pressurized hydraulic fluid to drive a fixeddisplacement motor. The fan is a centrifugal load, so fan speed is a function of motor torque. Therefore, speed can be regulated by controlling pressure across the motor.
In addition to the hydraulic motor and electrohydraulic pressure-control valve, other important components of the hydraulic fan drive are electronic temperature sensors and an electronic control module. The module monitors ambient temperature, engine coolant temperature, and other parameters, then commands the pressure- control valve to a setting that drives the fan at optimum speed.
Conventional fan drives run the fan at the same speed as the engine. This can cause the fan to run faster than is necessary or allow the engine to run hot, either of which can rob fuel efficiency. A diesel engine operates at highest fuel efficiency and lowest rate of emissions within a narrow temperature range. So the hydraulic fan drive’s tight temperature control not only conserves fuel, but minimizes emissions as well.
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Oxygen molecules detected in Orion constellationAugust 2nd, 2011 - 3:49 pm ICT by IANS
Washington, Aug 2 (IANS) For the first time, molecular variety of Oxygen has been discovered in space in Orion constellation of stars which forms clouds.
While atomic oxygen has been long known in warm regions of space, previous missions looking for the molecular variety - two atoms of oxygen bonding together - came up largely empty-handed.
NASA’s Submillimetre Wave Astronomy Satellite and Sweden’s Odin mission have both searched for molecular oxygen and established that its presence is much lower than expected.
Paul Goldsmith, NASA’s project scientist at Jet Propulsion Lab, California, and an international team of investigators went looking for it with European Space Agency’s Herschel project, according to a NASA statement.
They used Herschel’s HIFI far-infrared instrument and targeted Orion, where they reasoned that the forming stars would heat the surrounding gas and dust.
Using three infrared frequencies of the instrument, the Herschel Oxygen Project team was successful. They found one molecule of oxygen for every million hydrogen molecules in Orion.
“This explains where some of the oxygen might be hiding,” said Goldsmith.
“But we didn’t find large amounts of it and still don’t understand what is so special about the spots where we found it. The Universe still holds many secrets,” he added.
Oxygen, in all its forms, is the third most abundant element in the Universe and a major ingredient of our planet.
- Cloud that can hold water for ages - Oct 21, 2011
- NASA's Orion 'moon' craft that could put man on asteroid unveiled - Mar 23, 2011
- Herschel's first insight into space reveals spectacular results - Jul 11, 2009
- Glistening galaxies tend to cluster in busiest parts of universe - May 21, 2010
- New way to peer at hidden distant galaxies - Nov 05, 2010
- Stars forming 'much more rapidly than previously believed' - Dec 17, 2010
- Ultraviolet starlight key to make water in space - Sep 03, 2010
- World's largest telescope spells golden age of astronomy - Dec 03, 2009
- Astronomers find hot water vapour around a carbon star - Sep 15, 2010
- Astronomers to search for precursors to life in cosmic dust - May 06, 2009
- NASA presents new launch system with eye on Mars - Sep 15, 2011
- ESA to launch two large observatories to look deep into space and time - May 08, 2009
- Herschel reveals how much dark matter it takes to form new galaxy - Feb 17, 2011
- Data from Herschel to shed new light on star formation in nearby galaxies - Dec 02, 2009
- New device unveils more mysteries about Maritan atmosphere - Oct 15, 2010
Tags: abundant element, atomic oxygen, aug 2, constellation of stars, european space agency, herschel, hydrogen molecules, infrared instrument, jet propulsion lab, molecular oxygen, molecule, nasa, odin, orion constellation, oxygen molecules, oxygen project, paul goldsmith, project scientist, warm regions, wave astronomy satellite
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Yamabushi (山伏) (one who prostrates himself on the mountain) are Japanese mountain ascetic hermits. According to a traditional Japanese mysticism, Yamabushi are believed to be endowed with supernatural powers. They follow the Shugendō doctrine, an integration of mainly esoteric Buddhism of the Shingon sect, with Tendai Buddhist, Taoism, and elements of Shinto. For the most part solitary, they did form loose confederations, and associations with certain temples, and also participated in battles and skirmishes alongside samurai and sōhei warrior monks on certain occasions. Their origins can be traced back to the solitary Yama-bito and some hijiri (聖) of the eighth and ninth centuries. There has also been cross-teaching with samurai weaponry and Yamabushi's spiritual approach to life and fighting.
In modern use, the term ubasoku-yamabushi refers to laymen practitioners of shugendō. The religion places a heavy emphasis on asceticism and feats of endurance, and white and saffron-robed yamabushi toting a horagai conch-shell trumpet are still a common sight near the shugendō holy site of Dewa Sanzan and in the sacred mountains of Kumano and Omine.
Yamabushi began as yamahoshi (山法師), isolated clusters (or individuals) of mountain hermits, ascetics, and "holy men", who followed the path of shugendō, a search for spiritual, mystical, or supernatural powers gained through asceticism. This path may or may not have had a founder, as the myths surrounding En no Gyōja are numerous and complex; he is quite similar to a Japanese Merlin in this way. Men who followed this path came to be known by a variety of names, including kenja, kenza, and shugenja. These mountain mystics came to be renowned for their magical abilities and occult knowledge, and were sought out as healers or mediums, although Shinto shrines had traditionally reserved this role exclusively for maidens known as Miko.
Most of these ascetics, in addition to their devotion to shugendō, studied the teachings of the Tendai sect of Buddhism, or the Shingon sect, established by Kōbō Daishi in the 8th century. Shingon Buddhism was one of the primary sects of mikkyō (密教) or Esoteric Buddhism, according to which enlightenment is found through isolation and contemplation of oneself, nature, and esoteric images (mandala). Both the Shingon and Tendai sects viewed mountains as the ideal place for this isolation and contemplation.
In their mountain retreats, these monks studied not only nature and religious/spiritual texts and images, but also a variety of martial arts. Whether they believed that they had to defend themselves from bandits, other monks, or samurai armies is questionable; but the study of martial arts as a means to improving oneself mentally, spiritually, and physically has always been central to Japanese culture, irrespective of the specific tenets of any one religious sect.
The Yamabushi also developed their own forms of cooking, utilizing plants on the mountains where they trained and thereby enabling themselves to spend weeks or even months without need to venture down into towns or cities for supplies. Thus, like the sōhei, the yamabushi became warriors as well as monks.
As their reputation for mystical insight and knowledge grew and the degree of their organization tightened, many masters of the ascetic disciplines began to be appointed to high spiritual positions in the court. Monks and temples began to gain political influence. By the Nanboku-chō Period, in the 13th and 14th centuries, the yamabushi had organized cohorts called konsha, which, along with sōhei and other monks, began to take direction from the central temples of their sects. They assisted Emperor Go-Daigo in his attempts to overthrow the Kamakura shogunate, proving that their skills as warriors were commensurate with those of the professional samurai armies against whom they fought.
Several centuries later, in the Sengoku Period, yamabushi were among the advisers and armies of nearly every major contender for dominion over Japan. Some, led by Takeda Shingen, aided Oda Nobunaga against Uesugi Kenshin in 1568. Others, including the abbot Sessai Choro, advised Tokugawa Ieyasu. Many fought alongside their fellow monks, the Ikkō-ikki, against Nobunaga, who eventually crushed them and put an end to the time of the warrior monks.
Yamabushi also served as sendatsu, or spiritual mountain guides, since medieval times for pilgrims along the Kumano Kodo to the Kumano Sanzan, including retired emperors and aristocrats.
- Nelson, Andrew Nathaniel (1995). The Original Modern Reader's Japanese-English Character Dictionary (Classic ed.). Rutland, Vermont: C. E. Tuttle Co. pp. 134, 346. ISBN 9780804819657.
- Hashi. "Japanese Mountain Folk". Tofugu. Retrieved 2016-03-27.
- Blacker, Carmen (1999). The Catalpa Bow: A Study of Shamanistic Practices in Japan (3rd ed.). Richmond, Virginia: Japan Library. pp. 165–167. ISBN 1873410859.
- "Yamabushi Mountain Monks Of Yamagata". Yamagata | Shonai | The Hidden Japan. Retrieved 2018-10-28.
- "Yamabushi Page". Yamabushi Judo Club. Retrieved 2016-03-27.
- Ratti, Oscar; Westbrook, Adele (1999). Secrets of the Samurai: A Survey of the Martial Arts of Feudal Japan. Edison, New Jersey: Castle Books. ISBN 0785810730.
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Forward Thinking Through Backwards Design
Concurrent Session 5
During this presentation, an explanation of the backwards design process will be explored. Educators will learn to design comprehensive and effective courses and curriculum, that benefit the diverse needs of the learners in their classrooms. Participants will leave with practical strategies to use immediately to develop comprehensive courses and curriculum.
During this presentation, a detailed explanation of the backwards design process to design comprehensive and effective courses and curriculum, which will benefit the diverse needs of the learners in classrooms, will be explored. Teacher educators will explore practical ways to strengthen student learning in a variety of disciplines. Creating strong and engaging courses will determine the success of their students and in turn, their programs. Participants will learn about each step of the process as well as various approaches that can be used in order to ensure the process aligns with the individual course design requirements of various institutions and schools. A connection to the importance of the assessment process and how this information can and should be used to inform curriculum decisions will be included as well. A critical part of this process is making sure that the design of the course supports mastery of the course learning outcomes. Therefore, exploring the connection between program learning outcomes, course learning outcomes and weekly learning outcomes will be an area of focus. Examples and opportunities to practice alignment of the backwards design process to course learning outcomes will be integrated into the presentation. Engagement is critical as it leads to stronger mastery and takeaways of learning outcomes for students. Therefore, along with making sure alignment is in place, ensuring that the content of the course is engaging is another element that will be discussed during the presentation. Various examples of engagement strategies will be shared. Participants will engage in conversations and hands on opportunities with their peers and presenters to learn about making the content in courses engaging. Finally, the various ways in which collaboration contributes to the course design process will be discussed. Participants will leave the session with practical strategies that can be used immediately to develop comprehensive and effective courses and curriculum.
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It's a useful tool for how learning can and should change if we are effectively harnessing technology as a transformational agent in education.
In it, he outlines 5 ways that technology can transform.
1. Paper Becomes Digital
2. Audience: One to Many
3. All Kids Create Together
4. Limitless Boundaries
5. Building Legacy
Alan rightly challenges us to focus on the audience for student work and it's what I'd like to focus on in this post for two reasons.
1. It is low-hanging fruit. It's often neglected and usually doesn't require a re-writing of a unit, assessment, or task - just the altering of the audience and purpose. (Whereas, numbers 3-5 are extremely powerful elements but typically would require teachers to re-structure the very nature of the task.)
2. I do not agree 100% with the descriptor, "one to many". (Just to be clear, I've heard Alan speak a few times. To me, his sheet leaves a little too much open to interpretation. But I've never heard him say anything contrary to the point I'm trying to make below.)
It makes sense to start with powerful learning experiences and see how technology can facilitate these experiences to be more collaborative, efficient, effective, etc. And, this very closely related to an earlier post where I noted the two types of edtech solutions - both with their shortfalls - and the need for a bridge connecting them.
So, let's revisit the GRASPS model from Understanding By Design. Quality assessments strive to give students a:
Goal - Convince your mayor to adopt stronger environmental laws
Role - Citizen, (Producer of knowledge, Contributor, etc.)
Audience - The mayor
Situation - you (your group ) has been granted a meeting with the mayor to help sway her opinion on this issue.
Product - ?? Powerpoint, video? petition? note-cards/outline for speech?
Standards and Criteria - (teacher created rubric of expectations)...
My small problems with the "one to many" descriptor are:
1. The "many" is not always the best target audience for learning. It's not THE goal.
Ex. If the "many" is the goal, I can imagine teachers planning Rain Forest units with the goal of having students create a podcast outlining the general characteristics (problems, data, locations, etc.) of a rain forest with the goal of sharing it with many. (Should we say congratulations? It's certainly a big step up from sharing it with the class ... or just with the teacher ! By the way, where are all these podcasts meant to live anyway?) But the learning might have been stronger if the students were targeting their presentations at a more limited audience. For example:
- citizens of cities near rain forests
- write to the CEO of and company that capitalizes on rain forest resources
2. Some teachers might interpret "the many" with an effective integration of technology. This can hinder the adoption / integration of technology.
Should the teacher above be congratulated?
What about Teacher B who uses a GRASP approach to assessment which includes no technology. She knows she is implementing powerful authentic learning, but the teacher above gets recognized by the principal in the next faculty meeting for creating podcasts that are shared with the world.
Is Teacher B more prone to implement technology if she feels she has to sacrifice her authentic experience for one where the product can be shared with many?
(And "yes", Teacher B could keep her same authentic assessment and utilize technology in ways to Leave a Legacy, connect with others to gather better data, or collaborate with other schools and broaden the backing of their ideas. But, it's my blog post and I'm trying to make a point :) )
If we glorify the many, or ask teachers to make sure they Tweet everything or post everything on Pinterest, I think it turns off some - especially if they can't see the steps about how these tools can lead to more effective and efficient learning. They see technology being implemented for technology's sake.
So, let's make sure we start with quality learning tasks and then see if and how technology can be utilized to help make them better.
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Cores and threads in a processor of a computer give a powerful experience for the latest games. For the latest games, they use more than 1 core on a computer. But for the old pc games, 1 core is just enough to run the games that don’t require any high specifications. The latest gaming computers come with a minimum of 4 cores, and for most games, quad cores are an ideal fit to use.
Quad-core CPUs are the most accessible and feasible processors that give good performance for running suitable mid-ranged games. You cant answer this in a single line that how many do games use, so we take this discussion a little further and deeper to understand everything in detail.
Let’s start with the basics about how many cores do games use in 2021.
Single-Core vs. Multi-Core Performance
From the past, the games that were released back then didn’t usually were programmed to use more cores of the CPU, which is why they didn’t require taking advantage of multiple cores. But with the current trends and changes, the processors have been enhanced, and the cores in a CPU have been increased, which is why it’s better and suitable for the latest games to run on multi-cores.
Best Motherboard for i5 CPUs provides endless capabilities to the users, and this has been over a decade that the cores are being increased to enhance the performance of games as well as increase the speed of a computer system.
The performance of a single core is very important for gaming as compared to multi-cores. Every single core counts as important for the smoothness of the games. Single-core computers can run some fine games, but they cant provide the ultimate utilization of games with their best. The core count should be neglected as what a single-core can would be better done from a multiple-core system.
Multi-cores systems have spread in the market, and they are best and optimal in use for gaming purposes, which makes them a suitable choice as compared to single-cores. They provide multiple threads, such as a six-core system is considered the best CPU for a middle-range gaming experience. The best kind of mid-ranged CPUs with multiple cores are core i5-9600K and the AMD Ryzen 5 3600x.
Talking about the budget-friendly build, the quad-core CPUs still have the best demand as they provide a good experience for medium-ranged gaming and are viable for budget builds. These CPUs are powered with enough resources that can run some basic and fine games that don’t require high components to run them on the system. A game like Minecraft can be run with a single-core CPU, but a game like Call of Duty or Battlefield requires more than 2 cores in order to run smoothly and work efficiently.
So, this means that multi-cores in a gaming world are best for playing the latest games over a single-core system. All of the latest games require more than 4 cores, and most of them work incredibly fine if you are running a CPU with 6 cores or more than that.
This was a discussion about how many cores do games use, and we discussed how many cores the latest games require at minimum to perform efficiently. We discussed single and multi-core CPUs and their performance for the games to understand how many cores are useful to run high-end games.
Q#1: How many cores do most games use?
Ans: Most of the games are using six cores generally in 2021. Because the latest games involve a lot of graphics and processing with the textures in order to make everything better over time, this makes it suitable to use more cores for reliable gaming.
Q#2: Is a 6 core processor good?
Ans: A six-core processor is good for use, and it provides a good gaming experience in case you are running multiple tasks and using software for video editing and other activities. 6 cores are optimal support for good gaming as well.
Q#3: Are 4 cores 8 threads good for gaming?
Ans: A processor having 4 cores and 8 threads is a suitable choice for games that have a requirement of such cores.
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Gum disease is often accompanied by soreness, swelling or infection of the tissues that support the teeth. The two forms of gum disease are – gingivitis and periodontal disease.
Gingivitis: Gingivitis is what we call inflammation of the gums. When this happens the gums around your teeth will become red and swollen. The swollen gums may bleed when you brush your teeth.
Periodontal Disease: If you have gingivitis for a long time, and it is untreated, then this may progress to periodontal disease. There are different kinds of periodontal disease that will affect the tissues supporting the teeth. When the disease gets worse, the bone anchoring the teeth in the jaw will start to be lost which in turn will make teeth loose. If left untreated then your teeth will eventually fall out or require to be taken out.
If you have gum disease in London, get in touch with our friendly team to schedule an appointment. Our dentists will provide the right course of personalised dental treatment that you need.
Causes of gum disease:
Gum disease is usually caused by plaque that builds up on the teeth. Plaque is a sticky substance that has bacteria in it and if left untreated, it will coat the teeth and give rise to gum disease
Some bacteria in plaque may not cause any harm but others are harmful to gum health. If plaque is not removed from the teeth through brushing and hygienist treatment it may build up and cause gum irritation leading to swelling, bleeding and soreness.
Receding gums occur when the gums are being pulled away from a tooth, exposing the root of the tooth. Your gum tissue does not regenerate in the same way as other tissues do. For this reason, receding gums will not grow back.
Can my gums grow back?
Brush teeth at least twice a day
Usea soft-bristled electric toothbrush for cleaning your teeth
Change your toothbrush or toothbrush head every three months.
Use a mouthwash for proper cleaning
See your dentist regularly for routine check ups
What can be done for my receding gums?
You can prevent gum recession by taking proper care of your mouth and teeth. Brush and floss teeth daily and see your periodontist once every six months to maintain good oral health. If you already have gum recession, your dentist may ask you to see more often.
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by Chuck Missler
There has been much controversy over the final 12 verses of the Gospel of Mark. Behind this dispute lies some astonishing discoveries of profound significance.
The oldest existing manuscripts of the Greek New Testament text are three that had their origins in Alexandria in the 4th and 5th centuries.1 Since they are the oldest (in our present possession), many regard them as having an eclipsing authority. There are a number of passages that do not appear in these Alexandrian manuscripts, and therein lies an intense ecclesiastical debate.
At the end of the 3rd century, Lucian of Antioch compiled a Greek text that achieved considerable popularity and became the dominant text throughout Christendom. It was produced prior to the Diocletain persecution (~303), during which many copies of the New Testament were confiscated and destroyed.
After Constantine came to power, the Lucian text was propagated by bishops going out from the Antiochan school throughout the eastern world, and it soon became the standard text of the Eastern church, forming the basis of the Byzantine text.
From the 6th to the 14th century, the great majority of New Testament manuscripts were produced in Byzantium, in Greek. It was in 1525 that Erasmus, using five or six Byzantine manuscripts dating from the 10th to the 13th centuries, compiled the first Greek text to be produced on a printing press, subsequently known as Textus Receptus (“Received Text”).
The translators of the King James Version had over 5,000 manuscripts available to them, but they leaned most heavily on the major Byzantine manuscripts, particularly Textus Receptus.
Textus Receptus Dethroned
Brooke Foss Westcott and Fenton John Anthony Hort were Anglican churchmen who had contempt for the Textus Receptus and began a work in 1853 that resulted, after 28 years, in a Greek New Testament based on the earlier Alexandrian manuscripts.
Both men were strongly influenced by Origen and others who denied the deity of Jesus Christ and embraced the prevalent Gnostic heresies of the period. There are over 3,000 contradictions in the four gospels alone between these manuscripts. They deviated from the traditional Greek text in 8,413 places.
They conspired to influence the committee that produced The New Testament in the Original Greek (1881 revision), and, thus, their work has been a major influence in most modern translations, dethroning the Textus Receptus.
Detractors of the traditional King James Version regard the Westcott and Hort as a more academically acceptable literary source for guidance than the venerated Textus Receptus. They argue that the disputed passages were added later as scribal errors or amendments.
Defenders of the Textus Receptus attack Westcott and Hort (and the Alexandrian manuscripts) as having expurgated these many passages, noting that these disputed passages underscore the deity of Christ, His atonement, His resurrection, and other key doctrines. They note that Alexandria was a major headquarters for the Gnostics, heretical sects that had begun to emerge even while John was still alive.2
(It is also evident that Westcott and Hort were not believers and opposed taking the Bible literally concerning the Atonement, Salvation, etc. If you read their personal writings you wouldn’t dream of letting them lead your Sunday School class!)3
The Last 12 Verses of Mark
Among the disputed passages are the final verses of the Gospel of Mark (16:9-20). (Look in your own Bible: you are likely to find an annotation that these were “added later.”)
The insistence that Mark’s Gospel ends at 16:8 leaves the women afraid and fails to record the resurrection, Christ’s final instructions, and the Ascension. It is understandable why these verses are an embarrassment to the Gnostics, and why Westcott and Hort would advocate their exclusion, and insist that they were “added later.”
However, it seems that Irenaeus in 150 A.D., and also Hypolytus in the 2nd century, each quote from these disputed verses, so the documentary evidence is that they were deleted later in the Alexandrian texts, not added subsequently.)
But there is even more astonishing evidence for their original inclusion that is also profoundly instructive for broader reasons.
The Fingerprints of the Author
Let’s examine these verses and explore their underlying design. Just as we encounter fingerprint or retinal scanners to verify an identity in today’s technological environment, it seems that there is an astonishingly equivalent “fingerprint” hidden beneath the Biblical text that is still visible despite the veil of the centuries.
(Fasten your seat belts!)
The Heptadic Structure of Scripture
Everyone who explores their Bible quickly discovers the pervasiveness of Seven: there are over 600 explicit occurrences of “sevens” throughout both the Old and New Testaments. As many of our readers are aware, there are also prevalent evidences of design hidden behind the text.4 The “Heptadic” (sevenfold) structure of Biblical text is one of the remarkable characteristics of its authenticity. What about these disputed 12 verses?
There are 175 (7 x 25) words in the Greek text of Mark 16:9-20. Curious. These words use a total vocabulary of 98 different words (7 x 14), also an exact multiple of seven. That’s also rather striking.
Try constructing a passage in which both the number of words and the number of letters are precisely divisible by seven (with no remainder)! The random chance of a number being precisely divisible by 7 is one chance in seven. In seven tries, there will be an average of six failures.
The chance of two numbers both being divisible by 7 exactly is one in 72, or one in 49. (This is a convenient simplification; some mathematical statisticians would argue the chance is one in 91.5 ) This still might be viewed as an accidental occurrence, or the casual contrivance of a clever scribe. But let’s look further. The number of letters in this passage is 553, also a precise multiple of seven (7 x 79). This is getting a bit more tricky. The chance of three numbers accidentally being precisely divisible by seven is one in 73, or one in 343. This increasingly appears to be suspiciously deliberate.
In fact, the number of vowels is 294 (7 x 42); and the number of consonants is 259 (7 x 37). Do you sense that someone has gone through a lot of trouble to hide a design or signature behind this text?
As we examine the vocabulary of those 98 (7 x 14) words: 84 (7 x 12) are found before in Mark; 14 (7 x 2) are found only here. 42 (7 x 6) are found in the Lord’s address (vv.15-18); 56 (7 x 8) are not part of His vocabulary here.
This is, conspicuously, not random chance at work, but highly skillful design. But just how skillful?
With 10 such heptadic features, it would take 710, or 282,475,249 attempts for these to occur by chance alone. How long would it take the composer to redraft an alternative attempt to obtain the result he was looking for? If he could accomplish an attempt in only 10 minutes, working 8 hours a day, 40 hours a week, 50 weeks a year, these would take him over 23,540 years!
But there’s more. The total word forms in the passage are 133 (7 x 19). 112 of them (7 x 16) occur only once, leaving 21 (7 x 3) of them occurring more than once; in fact, these occur 63 (7 x 9) times.
If we examine more closely the 175 words (7x 25), we discover that 56 (7 x 8) words appear in the address of the Lord and 119 (7 x 17) appear in the rest of the passage.
The natural divisions of the passage would be the appearance to Mary, verses 9-11; His subsequent appearances, verses 12-14; Christ’s discourse, verses 15-18; and the conclusion in verses 19-20. We discover that verses 9-11 involve 35 words (7 x 5). Verses 12-18, 105 (7 x 15) words; verse 12, 14 (7 x 2) words; verses 13-15, 35 (7 x 5) words; verses 16-18, 56 (7 x 8) words. The conclusion, verses 19-20, contains 35 (7 x 5) words.
It gets worse. Greek, like Hebrew, has assigned numerical values to each letter of its alphabet. Thus, each word also has a numerical (“gematrical”) value.
The total numerical value of the passage is 103,656 (7 x 14,808). The value of v.9 is 11,795 (7 x 1,685); v.10 is 5,418 (7 x 774); v.11 is 11,795 (7 x 1,685); vv.12-20, 86,450 (7 x 12,350). In verse 10, the first word is 98 (7 x 14), the middle word is 4,529 (7 x 647), and the last word is 791 (7 x 113). The value of the total word forms is 89,663 (7 x 12,809). And so on.
Individual words also tell a tale. (click for Greek), deadly (v.18) is not found elsewhere in the New Testament. It has a numeric value of 581 (7 x 83), and is preceded in the vocabulary list by 42 (6 x 7) words, and in the passage itself by 126 (7 x 18) words.
This all is among the legendary results of the work by Dr. Ivan Panin. (See inset below). In fact, he identified 75 heptadic features of the last 12 verses of Mark.7 We have highlighted only 34 heptadic features. If a supercomputer could be programmed to attempt 400 million attempts/second, working day and night, it would take one million of them over four million years to identify a combination of 734 heptadic features by unaided chance alone.7
Just as we encounter coding devices in our high technology environments, here we have an automatic security system that monitors every letter of every word, that never rusts or wears out, and has remained in service for almost two thousand years! It is a signature that can’t be erased and which counterfeiters can’t simulate.
Why are we surprised? God has declared that He “has magnified His word even above His name!”8 We can, indeed, have confidence that, in fact, the Bible is God’s Holy Word, despite the errors man has introduced and the abuse it has suffered throughout the centuries. It is our most precious possession-individually as well as collectively.
And it never ceases to unveil surprises to anyone that diligently inquires into it.
* * *
February 2000 Personal Update NewsJournal.
For a FREE 1-Year Subscription, click here.
- Codex Alexandrinus: a 5th century manuscript containing the entire New Testament, brought to England about 1630. Codex Siniaticus, discovered in St. Catherine’s Monastery at (the traditional) Mt. Sinai, has been dated around 350 A.D. Codex Vaticanus, dated about 325 A.D., had been in the Vatican Library since at least 1481, but was not made available to scholars until the middle of the 19th century.
- 1 John 1:1, 4:2,3; et al.
- For a sampling of their correspondence, etc., see our Briefing Package, How We Got Our Bible, from which this article was excerpted.
- Previous articles on Matt 1:1-11in this News Journal, as well as our recent book, Cosmic Codes: Hidden Messages From the Edge of Eternity, etc.
- Actually, it can be mathematically argued that it is 91. p = 1/7*[(n-1)/(7n-1)]*[(n-2)/(7n-2)]* . . . *[1/(7n-(n-1))] is far more restrictive than the assumptions here.
- Ivan Panin, The Last Twelve Verses of Mark, B-761, Bible Numerics, Suite 206, 121 Willowdale Ave., Willowdale, Ontario, M2N 6A3, (406) 221-7424.
- 734 = ~5.4 x 1028 tries needed. There are 3.15 x 107 sec/year; at 4 x 108 tries/sec, it would take about 4.3 x 1012 computer-years.
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Definitions of deposit:
- noun: the act of putting something somewhere
- noun: a payment given as a guarantee that an obligation will be met
- noun: the phenomenon of sediment or gravel accumulating
- noun: money given as security for an article acquired for temporary use
Example: "His deposit was refunded when he returned the car"
- noun: money deposited in a bank
- noun: a facility where things can be deposited for storage or safekeeping
- noun: matter deposited by some natural process
- noun: a partial payment made at the time of purchase; the balance to be paid later
- noun: the natural process of laying down a deposit of something
- verb: put into a bank account
Example: "She deposites her paycheck every month"
- verb: fix, force, or implant
- verb: put (something somewhere) firmly
Example: "Deposit the suitcase on the bench"
Search for deposit at other dictionaries: OneLook, Oxford, American Heritage, Merriam-Webster, Wikipedia
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Quality and The Art of Discovery by Professor George Box (1990):
Quotes by George Box in the video:
“I think of statistical methods as the use of science to make sense of numbers”
“The scientific method is how we increase the rate at which we find things out.”
“I think the quality revolution is nothing more, or less, than the dramatic expansion of the of scientific problem solving using informed observation and directed experimentation to find out more about the process, the product and the customer.”
“It really amounts to this, if you know more about what it is you are doing then you can do it better and you can do it cheaper.”
“We are talking about involving the whole workforce in the use of the scientific method and retraining our engineers and scientists in a more efficient way to run experiments.”
“Tapping into resources:
- Every operating system generates information that can be used to improve it.
- Everyone has creativity.
- Designed experiments can greatly increase the efficiency of experimentation.
An informed observer and directed experimentation are necessary for the scientific method to be applied. He notes that the control chart is used to notify an informed observer to explain what is special about the conditions when a result falls outside the control limits. When the chart indicates a special cause is likely present (something not part of the normal system) an informed observer should think about what special cause could lead to the result that was measured. And it is important this is done quickly as the ability of the knowledgable observer to determine what is special is much greater the closer in time to the result was created.
The video was posted by Wiley (with the permission of George’s family), Wiley is the publisher of George’s recent autobiography, An Accidental Statistician: The Life and Memories of George E. P. Box, and many of his other books.
Related: Two resources, largely untapped in American organizations, are potential information and employee creativity – Statistics for Experimenters (book on directed experimentation by Box, Hunter and Hunter) – Highlights from 2009 George Box Speech – Introductory Videos on Using Design of Experiments to Improve Results (with Stu Hunter)
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Cayuse tribe’s world-beating horses are now very rare
By Finn J.D. John
Joe Crabb was a gambling man - that much, at least, we know. And in 1871, he’d put his money down on an absolute ironclad sure thing.
It was a horse race, and Crabb was a horseman. He was matching his own best animal, a magnificent thoroughbred, against a smallish spotted pony belonging to Howlish Wampoo, the chief of the Cayuse Indian tribe.
The race was a big event in the Pendleton area, and everyone had turned out to watch it - shopkeepers and cowboys from the town as well as people from the Walla Walla, Nez Perce, Umatilla, Cayuse and other tribes.
The non-Indians seemed especially excited that day as they lined up to bet heavily on Crabb’s thoroughbred to win the race. Crabb himself ponied up (sorry about that) his entire wad - $1,500, or the equivalent of about $30,000 in modern greenbacks - plus his silver-mounted saddle and spurs.
But then, those betters were confident they weren’t going to lose that money. It would be like taking candy from a baby. Crabb and his friends were betting on a sure thing. You see, the night before this big race, a few of them had slipped over to the Indian camp and found Howlish Wampoo’s horse. They’d then borrowed the animal and brought him back to town for a little test run.
The horse, they’d found, was fast - an excellent saddle horse, as would be expected. But in a head-to-head race with Crabb’s champion, the Indian pinto was overmatched. It looked like the next day’s race would be a day of victory for Crabb’s horse and of dismay for Howlish Wampoo & Co.
One imagines the white guys grinning with anticipation as they stealthily returned the Indian pinto to the corral and slipped back to their camp. Once there, they no doubt got busy scrounging up every spare cent they could get their hands on. There would be money to be made the next day, money gained by betting on the equivalent of a fixed race. How could they lose?
Historian William Lyman recounts, in his book, what happened the next day, as told to him by pioneer O.M. Canfield:
“Howlish Wampoo accepted the bets with seeming reluctance and Indian stoicism,” he writes. “When the horses were brought out, Crabb saw with some suspicion that the spotted Indian racer looked a little different and stepped a little different from what he did the day before. As he told Canfield in relating his experience, he ‘ felt a sort of cold chill go down his back.’ But it was too late to back out.”
The race was a four-mile sprint: two miles out to a stake, and two miles back again. At the signal, the two horses launched themselves, and it was immediately obvious that Howlish Wampoo’s horse was not the same animal the white guys had kidnapped the night before. In fact, as they later learned, the pinto they’d pinched had been the champion’s half-brother - and had been deliberately set out unguarded in an obvious location for the night.
They had been had. And they couldn’t exactly blame Wampoo for swindling them - after all, he could put whatever horse he wanted in his corral. He had done nothing but lay a cunning trap just in case they might try to cheat, and they’d stepped right into it.
“He (the horse) went like a shot out of a gun and reached the goal post so much ahead that his rider turned back to run again with Crabb’s champion, and then beat him into camp,” Lyman writes. “The Indians made an awful clean-up on the white men’s bets. Howlish Wampoo, with just a faint suspicion of an inward grin on his mahogany countenance, told Crabb that he might have his saddle and spurs back again, and enough money to get home on.”
Pendleton bettors lost so much money on this race that the event became known for years afterward as “the day Pendleton went bankrupt.”
Never again would anyone in or around Pendleton sell a Cayuse Indian pony short
The Indian tribe that Howlish Wampoo led is not very numerous today; it’s one of the smallest of the confederated tribes on the Umatilla reservation. But in the mid-1800s, they were one of the dominant tribes in the Pendleton-Walla Walla area. They were the tribe that sparked an Indian war with the famous Whitman Mission massacre (which, it must be noted, sprang from a misunderstanding rather than any general disposition to hostility; it was a panicky reaction to the outbreak of deadly German measles in the tribe).
The Cayuse were absolutely legendary as horsemen - both as riders and as breeders. In Central and Eastern Oregon today, half-wild horses of any breed are still sometimes referred to as “Cayuse ponies.” But technically, that name belongs to a specific breed - a world-beating breed that the horsemen of the Cayuse tribe developed themselves.
The breed that made the Cayuse famous - and Joe Crabb poor - was a short but powerfully muscled animal, usually roan colored and often with noticeable spots. How the Cayuse pony was developed isn’t clear; most sources say they were probably bred from Spanish Barbs and French Percheron draft horses - but all admit that’s at best an educated guess.
As for the ponies’ abilities - especially in the area of endurance - they were the stuff of legend.
“The Indian pony can cover distances of 110-130 kilometers, from dawn until dusk, without stopping,” Colonel Philippe Regis de Trobriand of the U.S. Army wrote in his journal in 1867, “while most of our horses are exhausted after 55 to 65 kilometers.”
Although serving in the U.S. Aarmy, De Trobriand was actually French, so he counted in kilometers rather than miles; but the real impact of his account is in percentages. If we can believe him, the Cayuse pony could run literally twice as far in one day as the average U.S. Army horse.
In modern times, Cayuse Ponies have become very rare. According to Rachel Berry of Oklahoma State University, there are just a handful of them left, mostly in California. As of the mid-1990s, historian Jeff Edwards, owner of Edwards Antiques and Gallery in Porterville, Calif., was scrambling to save the breed from completely fading away.
But then, it’s a pretty good bet that among the Cayuse people themselves, tucked away somewhere on the Umatilla Indian Reservation, some full-blooded descendants of these fabulous ponies are still quietly munching on bunchgrass, waiting for next year’s Pendleton Round-Up.
(Sources: Skovlin, Jon and Donna. Hank Vaughan: Hell-Raising Horse Trader of the Bunchgrass Territory. Cove, Ore.: Reflections, 1996; Lyman, William D. Lyman’s History of Old Walla Walla County, Vol. 1. Chicago: S.J. Clarke, 1918; Arthus-Bertrand, Yann. Horses. New York: Artisan, 2008; Berry, Rachel. “Cayuse Indian Pony,” Breeds of Livestock Project, Oklahoma State University, ansi.okstate.edu)
Finn J.D. John teaches New Media at Oregon State University and is the author of “Wicked Portland,” a book about the dark side of Oregon’s metropolis in the 1890s. He produces a daily podcast at ofor.us/p . To contact him or suggest a topic: firstname.lastname@example.org or 541-357-2222.
Image above: Lee Drake/ UO Archives. Cayuse Tribe members ride the track at the Pendleton Round-Up, probably sometime in the 1920s.
McKenzie River Reflections
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How to write an attention grabber for a persuasive essay. Attention Grabbers for a Transcript of Attention Grabbers for a support class persuasive essay.
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Definition: 'Norwood Procedure'
Norwood procedureType: Term
1. a complex procedure designed to treat aortic atresia with hypoplastic left heart syndrome; sometimes performed in two stages.
The definition information for Norwood procedure is provided by Stedman's. You can search our medical dictionary here.
Stedman's, part of Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, provides a comprehensive line of health-science publications for healthcare professionals and medical students.
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An active verb tells you what the subject does. The verb in the passive form tells you what happens to the subject.
Peter opens the window. (Subject: Peter, he does something).
–> The window is opened by Peter. (Subject: window; something happens to the window, it doesn’t do anything.)
No analogue materials available for this topic
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Although Ophelia was not the most destructive hurricane of the season, the storm has set records in more ways than one.
As the 10th consecutive storm to be named a hurricane this season, it tied an alarming hurricane record that had last been set in the late 1800s. Then, instead of fizzling out at sea as predicted, Ophelia strengthened and set a rare course for England, Ireland, and Norway, brushing over the Azores along the way. It became the eastermost major Atlantic hurricane on record.
To top it all off, when the heavy winds (which reached 15 miles per hour) and rain of Ophelia made landfall in the U.K., the hurricane caused another unique phenomenon: it caused a waterfall to run upside-down.
In a video shared by Twitter user Jonty Wilson, a small waterfall can be seen blowing upwards towards the sky in Mallerstang, in the country of Cumbria in England. After a few seconds of strong gusts, the winds die down for a moment, allowing the waterfall to begin flowing regularly at the end of the video. Although something like this isn’t completely unheard of, combine it with the rarity of a hurricane hitting the U.K. in the first place and you have one of the most intriguing weather videos we’ve seen in quite some time.
Unfortunately, Ophelia ultimately resulted in three deaths in Ireland and indirectly in 45 deaths on the Iberian peninsula when its winds fanned wildfires in Portugal and Spain.
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Forests are an essential part of life on this planet. If our planet is a single organism, then forests are its lungs. Deforestation is one of the most destructive problems today. Trees absorb the carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere from human activities and help mitigate climate change.
In addition, forest biomass, including trees, is a storehouse of carbon, and therefore billions of tons of carbon are released into the atmosphere when they are cut.
The solution to the problem at this stage is sustainable forest management. It implies the conscious use of timber to meet the needs of present and future generations. Technology helps a lot to manage sustainable forestry. Various companies such as EOSDA in satellite imagery analytics, for example, offer solutions for management and precision forestry.
In this piece, we will talk about the problem of deforestation. You will also find here information on what sustainable forestry is, what it is and how it can help solve it.
What is deforestation?
Deforestation means the loss of trees due to human activities. As a rule, this phenomenon occurs to make room for agricultural land, building, cattle breeding, timber extraction. It leads to various negative consequences, including climate change, extinction of biological species inhabiting forests, soil erosion, and much more.
We’ve already talked about carbon emissions that negatively affect climatic conditions, but carbon is not the only greenhouse gas associated with deforestation. Do not forget about water vapor. The exchange between the atmosphere and the earth’s surface is also affected by deforestation. And this is also a massive problem in today’s climate system, which affects weather conditions and the climate model in general.
What is sustainable forestry?
Sustainable forestry is a set of methods and practices that mimic the natural processes of disturbance and restoration. The purpose of applying this concept is to maintain a balance in the wild, the environment, and the forest community while conserving forest resources for future generations. Sustainable forest practices are designed to balance economic, social, and environmental sustainability and ensure a long-term future for forests.
Forestry personnel survey the land and determine the area where trees can be cut down. It is about pruning timber or cutting down large and old trees to support diversified growth. In essence, it works so that humanity recognizes its need for forest resources and cares about the long-term existence of forests and the preservation of the environment.
Sustainable forestry elements
Unique carbon cycle is the main element of sustainable forestry. Carbon emissions from decomposing trees perpetuate climate change. However, they can be collected and used to make everyday products and thus keep the trees from decaying by releasing carbon back into the atmosphere. It is also possible to offset carbon emissions by planting new trees that capture greenhouse gases and protect soils.
Economic Viability & Reforestation: Sustainable forestry does not profit from tree felling. In contrast, the industry benefits from the reforestation process. Sustainable companies are engaged in reforestation, that is, the deliberate planting of trees. The planted trees provide the necessary habitat, absorb carbon and filter the water. At the same time, companies plant more trees than they use in production.
Social sustainability is also a critical element of the concept of sustainability in forestry. This element involves the transfer of property to residents. Organizations are working on reforestation with pastoralists on their land. Local people can be involved in sustainable agriculture in a variety of ways. One of these ways is employment.
Deforestation negatively affects the environment and contributes to climate change. Forests store greenhouse gases and release oxygen, which is vital to life on the planet. Sustainable forestry offers a range of methods to help meet the needs of humans and nature. It is also about reforestation and reducing the number of trees cut down for manufacturing, agriculture, and building.
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Issue Date: August 24, 2009
Room-Temperature Quantum Magnets
In a breakthrough for spintronics—research that aims to use the magnetic moments of electrons to process information—scientists have discovered that chemically prepared, impurity-laced quantum dots can spontaneously line up their magnetic fields with the application of light. Notably, this process can occur at up to room temperature (Science 2009, 325, 973).
Chemistry professor Daniel R. Gamelin of the University of Washington, Seattle, and colleagues there and at the University of Duisburg-Essen, in Germany, doped cadmium-selenide quantum dots with manganese, then bombarded them with laser light, causing the dots to generate large magnetic fields.
Quantum dots—collections of ions only a few nanometers across—behave like giant atoms, with electrons delocalized over the entire dot. The goal of Gamelin’s work was to use an “exciton,” an electron-hole pair that simultaneously affects all the impurities in a quantum dot, lining up their spins. Such quantum dot magnets are expected to function as tunable, hybrid electronic/magnetic components of information processing and storage devices that work much faster and use less power than traditional charge-based devices (C&EN, Aug. 28, 2006, page 30).
Many researchers have triggered this magnetic lineup in doped quantum dots by applying large magnetic fields; and a few researchers have reported accomplishing it with laser light, but only partially, and at frigid temperatures of only a few Kelvin.
The new process, which works at room temperature, “represents an exciting development for spin-based electronics,” notes spintronics pioneer David Awschalom, a physics professor at the University of California, Santa Barbara.
Spintronics research is starting to attract more chemists, who bring their own special skills to the table. Gamelin’s strategy of preparing magnetic semiconducting quantum dots as colloids, rather than epitaxially, offers some unique advantages. For example, the process allows them to use traditional chemical purification techniques, as well as making it possible to evenly distribute dopants throughout the quantum dot, rather than clumping together.
- Chemical & Engineering News
- ISSN 0009-2347
- Copyright © American Chemical Society
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Do you have a fear of transcription? Are you daunted by the prospect of learning and handling unfamiliar symbols? This workbook is for students who are new to linguistics and phonetics, and offers a didactic approach to the study and transcription of the words, rhythm and intonation of English. It can be used independently or in class and covers all the pronunciation details of words, phrases, rhythm and intonation. Progress is deliberately gentle with plenty of explanations, examples and 'can't go wrong' exercises. In addition, there is an associated website with audio recordings of authentic speech, which provide back-up throughout. The audio clips also introduce students to variations in accents, with eleven different speakers. Going beyond the transcription of words, the book also ventures into real discourse with the simplification systems of colloquial English speech, rhythm and intonation.
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In the book Diet For a Hot Planet: The Climate Crisis at the End of Your Fork and What You Can Do about It by Anna Lappe, the author argues that modern food production methods, especially for meat, are huge factors contributing to global warming and that people should exchange their current food consumption habits for more environmentally sustainable ones. The International Panel on Climate Change lists agriculture at contributing just 13.5% of total global warming emissions, but Lappe points out that that the emissions due to our food system are really a bigger piece of the pie, including part of the emissions from transport, commercial buildings, waste, and forestry. Livestock in particular are significant emitters of greenhouse gasses due to their methane emissions from the animals and their waste, the energy use of feedlots and processing plants, large amount of fertilizers needed for the large amount of crops for animal feed, etc. Lappe argues that changes in agricultural methods could greatly cut emissions rates by, for example, raising meat from free-range cattle, switching to organically grown produce, and keeping food more local. All of these things reduce reliance on energy, especially oil, allowing them to produce fewer global warming gasses and to continue to be effective even as oil becomes more scarce and its costs rise. Lappe also takes time to discuss companies use of 'greenwashing' techniques to sell products that are not truly environmentally friendly and a section for consumers on making sustainable food choices.
Overall, I agree with Lappe's main argument: modern agriculture significantly contributes to global warming and we can and should make changes to production methods to decrease our impact. However, I think some of Lappe's ideas are idealistic, impractical, inflexible, and contradictory. For instance, throughout the book she condemns large companies for their failure to take responsibility for their own emissions and for trying to hide their poor environmental practices from consumers. However, she still condemns them even when they do attempt to reduce their impact by investigating the use of genetically modified plants and using methane digesters in order to produce energy from livestock waste. I agree with Lappe that genetically modified plants have the potential to do more harm than good and that producing energy from livestock waste is still not sustainable in the long run in terms of global warming, but I do think that these ideas are a step in the right direction and deserve some credit. At very least they could be used until some other more sustainable ideas could be implemented. Concerning sustainable ideas for agriculture, I found Lappe to offer few except ones requiring complete overhauls of the current system- in other words changes that would be least likely to actually be accepted by food producers, politicians and farmers. I think if she really wanted some change for the better, she would be more accepting of any ideas to better the system, especially if people were willing to embrace them.
An area where I think the author is over optimistic given the evidence is with the yields and efficiency of organic farming. Lappe cites studies which have not been peer reviewed and published in academic journals which support her conclusion that yields are nearly the same as conventional farming methods with less use of energy input, even though published studies also existed which have conflicting conclusions. For instance, this study found a 20% smaller yield from organic farms using 50% less fertilizer and 97% less pesticide. This study found that organic apple production is more energy efficient while this (1) one found that organic apple and potato production was less energy efficient than conventional methods. Finally, this long-term study found that crop yields were 20% lower in organic systems while fertilizer plus energy input was 34% to 53% lower. My conclusions based off these studies are that organic farming may be very promising in reducing energy requirements, but more land may be required for cultivation due to the lower yields, which could increase emissions in itself. Overall, more study seems to be needed- not the head first jump into complete agricultural overhaul that Lappe recommends.
In one section, Lappe argues that the transport of foods should be reduced in order to curb emissions and she provides this humorous example: "When Fiji [bottled] water ads boasted, 'FIJI, because it's not bottled in Cleveland,' that city ran tests that compared it with municipal samples. It turned out that Fiji water fared worse; it contained arsenic as well as higher levels of contaminants." I wholeheartedly agree with Lappe that bottled water and transported foods that could easily be produced locally is both wasteful and unnecessary. However, I think these examples bring up an important issue that Lappe doesn't discuss, but is always on my mind when considering environmental issues: is there any way to get consumers and businesses to stop wasteful, unsustainable practices without reducing their freedom with rules and regulations? Consumers of bottled water and plastic grocery bags only seem to stop when cities and countries ban their use. Despite this, to me personally it seems wrong to limit an adult's choice as long as it doesn't harm someone else, even if the choice is misguided or mistaken. Yes, the pollution and global warming overall is bad for everyone, so in a way buying bottled water is a source of harm, but to me this is a very different sort of harm than say hitting one's neighbor in the face. Also, there could be a legitimate circumstance where someone really does need to buy bottled water- perhaps the city water went stopped working, or they needed a large stock for a trip to Mexico, in which the ban causes negative unintended consequences. In the case of businesses, environmental problems often do direct harm to people and property, such as with waste mismanagement, and I think those types of issues should be better handled in court by forcing the companies to pay the consequences for their actions. If the judicial system worked well in that manner, companies would have strong incentives to avoid pollution on their own. Perhaps better environmental education would benefit people by making them more aware of the impact of their purchases. Yet this seems unlikely since basic education is already lacking for many people in the US, and adding another area would be unlikely to help.
Lappe, Anna. Diet For a Hot Planet. New York: Bloomsbury, 2010. Print.
1. Pimental et al. (1983). "Energy efficiency of farming systems: Organic and conventional agriculture". Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 9: 359-372.
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Reflections on Juneteenth
June 17, 2021
By Natalie Shaak, Operations Manager
For many of us who identify as white, June 19 has come and gone as just another day for most of our lives. Only recently has its identity as Juneteenth been brought to our attention. I, for one, am embarrassed by my lack of understanding of the day or much of the true history of slavery until the past few years of my life.
The American history taught to most kids in school skims over and whitewashes the history of slavery and discrimination in our country. Many of the important lessons are lost by trying to tone down the legacy of hate, violence, murder, discrimination, and other harms committed by our ancestors. As a white allies, we need to make a concerted effort to seek the truth of our history, come to terms with it, and pledge to do better moving forward.
What is Juneteenth? Why is June 19 important?
June 19, also known as Juneteenth or Emancipation Day, is a day celebrating freedom. It was on that day in 1865 that Union soldiers finally arrived in Galveston, Texas, to announce the end of the Civil War and slavery.
In our world of instant access to knowledge through the internet, cell phones, and world wide media coverage, it may be hard to believe it could take more than two years for the news of the war ending and the Emancipation Proclamation to make it across the whole country. It seems like it was not as much of a priority to give all people their freedom. It is heartbreaking to know that humans were forced to remain in slavery for two more years than they should have been because it took that long to get the word there. The trauma, violence, and death experienced during that time can never be undone.
When we celebrate on the Fourth of July in a few weeks, we have to remember that day in 1776 did not grant freedom to all residents of this country. For more than a century after that, men and women of African decent were not free - they were slaves. June 19 is a true Independence Day for a huge portion of the U.S. population - those who’s ancestors were kidnapped and forced to come to this country to be subservient to others, based solely on their country of birth and color of their skin.
While Juneteenth represents freedom from slavery for many African Americans, we must also remember they still faced extreme racism, discrimination, exclusion, and violence because of the color of their skin after that day. African Americans did not receive official US citizenship until 3 years after slavery was ended. It wasn’t until 1915, that many African Americans were granted the legal right to vote by removing “grandfather clauses” from state rules. Yet poll taxes and literacy tests continued up until the 1960s to keep people of color from voting. Despite having their “freedom” from slavery one hundred years earlier, they were not granted the full rights and privileges of citizenship till much later and in fact to this day, they are not truly free to live a safe and happy life free from the shackles of racism and legacy of slavery.
How to Honor Juneteenth as a White Ally
While not everyone will have off work in recognition of Juneteenth, it is important that we take time on Saturday to acknowledge the holiday and what it represents. As allies, families, and friends it is our duty to use the day to focus on freedom for all by:
Educating Ourselves and Others
Most importantly, to truly be allies, we need to educate ourselves on the true history of America and the racism and discrimination on which most of our country’s growth is based. We need to learn about the Black leaders and minds that never made it into our high school history, literature, art, and music classes and celebrate their contributions to our world. We need to share what we learn with those around us - educate our children especially on the things we were never exposed to so we can continue to grow and not repeat past mistakes.
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from the yippee-ti-yi-yo,-get-along-little-moieties dept.
alison describes a report on progress toward the ability to "herd" atoms and molecules using the electric and magnetic fields of an integrated circuit. Click below for details. "The manipulation of atoms with the magnetic and electric fields of integrated circuits strikes me as the most viable candidate method I have heard for a real 'assembler.' Note that by using Bose-Einstein condensates as the source for atoms, one can control not only their position, but also their orientation and state of excitation (ionized, vibrating, etc.). I believe that this approach is more viable than mechanosynthesis, although it's obviously still early in the game." Received this from the American Institute of Physics Physics News Update:
ATOM CHIPS. Last year scientists at the University of Innsbruck in Austria succeeded in guiding neutral atoms along the outside of current-carrying wires (Update 416); the atoms were trapped and manipulated by magnetic fields generated by the current in the wire. Now the same scientists have, through a deft series of steps involving extra current-carrying coils and laser beams, been able to herd cold lithium atoms to within a few microns of a patterned microchip, where the atoms come under the control and guidance of currents in the chip. The goal of the Innsbruck physicists (Joerg Schmiedmayer, firstname.lastname@example.org, 011-43-512-507-6306) is to develop an integrated circuit for atoms and eventually (when the source of the atoms is not a mere atom beam but a true Bose-Einstein condensate) for atom waves. Such a device might be of service for doing quantum optics or computation involving quantum entanglement. (Foman et al., Physical Review Letters, 15 May 2000; Select Article.)
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What is EMDR?
EMDR stands for Eye Movement Desensitisation & Reprocessing. It is a psychotherapeutic procedure that was originated and developed by Dr Francine Shapiro in the United States in 1987.
EMDR was originally designed to treat traumatic or "dysfunctional" memories and experiences and their psychological consequences, and the procedure has mainly been used in the treatment of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. However EMDR has been increasingly used over the years to treat e.g., grief, phobias, test and performance anxiety, anxiety and panic disorders, pain, sexual dysfunction, and a wide range of experientially based disorders.
EMDR is an evidence based therapeutic procedure. That is, although the procedure originally developed out of self-observation, the evolution and development of the procedure has been dictated by clinical and research findings. Most of the components in EMDR are recognisable from other well-known therapies although they are arranged in a unique order. However, one unusual element in EMDR is bilateral stimulation usually in the form of eye movements, but also sometimes in the form of bilateral auditory or tactile stimulation. There is a great deal of evidence that bilateral stimulation speeds up the reprocessing of disturbing emotional or traumatic material and at the same time helps the client feel safer in making contact with traumatic material. A number of replicated research trials have demonstrated that eye movements reduce the vividness of emotional and traumatic imagery. It is believed that the eye movements induced in EMDR mirror the natural eye movement process that occurs in the REM (Rapid Eye Movement) phase of sleep during which information is processed naturally.
In EMDR, the therapist will always firstly carry out a careful psychological assessment of whether EMDR would be suitable for the problem (s) presented, and will elicit a memory representing the problem. The client will be asked for a picture that represents the memory, a negative belief that they have about themselves in relation to the memory, and to notice associated physical sensations. Thereafter, a number of sets of eye movements or other bilateral stimulation are commenced, and after each set of eye movements the therapist will ask the client what they noticed. Typically, the images, emotions, and sensations experienced change through this process. At some point these changes become more positive and adaptive as the client reprocesses old dysfunctional information and connects with presently held adaptive and functional information. The aim is always to enable the client to recollect the original traumatic material without disturbance and to have new and more adaptive beliefs about themselves in relation to the experience.
With "simple" or "one off" traumas or experiences in adult life, EMDR can be remarkably rapid in its effects, and average treatment times for these kinds of problems are from 3 to 5 sessions. With more "complex" or multiple traumas treatment can take much longer but the evidence that we have to date suggests that EMDR is the most efficient and rapid psychotherapeutic procedure available for the treatment of traumatic memories and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder.
However treatment should only be untaken with a therapist properly trained and preferably accredited. (For more information go to "Getting Treatment" page).
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Just as many processes incorporate three basic phases (planning, implementation and evaluation), teaching is no exception. It basically involves planning, management and assessment. The three of these play a sine qua non role in the success of any teaching-learning process. Assessment, as an area of education, has been profoundly studied by a number of researchers. Now, more than any time, there is a tremendous body of conceptual and pedagogical knowledge on its classroom applications.
At the outset, it is worth noting that this article does not replicate any research implications. Some of the ideas are not empirical and should not be taken for granted. They are merely reflections, or opinions and ideas from books.
Therefore, there is no room for generalization. The ultimate purpose of this article is twofold:
- firstly, to draw teachers’ attention to this issue that really needs to be addressed in depth.
- Secondly, to call teachers to reflect on and share their assessment practices to arrive at a better understanding of how assessment should work.
I strongly agree with the American psychologist and educationalist Howard Gardner in his book The Unschooled Mind, when he said there is a clear mismatch between research and classroom practices.
His theoretical perspective about intelligence is well-acknowledged among educators. He assumes that there are multiple distinct cognitive abilities, which he labels “intelligences”, that human beings possess. For the last four decades, this theory has overly shaped educational policies and practices.
Gardner’s statement of mismatch simply discloses that while educational practices should be designed in a way that accommodates all the differences, there still is a problem with respect to assessment. In other words, while teaching must vary according to learners’ needs, skills and expectations, assessment should also vary depending on learners’ styles and most importantly help them support their learning.
This is pretty much conceived by, I guess, all teachers. But, to a lesser extent, it is somewhat invisible in terms of classroom practices.
To further elaborate, if students learn and are taught differently, they should be assessed differently. Based on what I have seen, I would venture a guess that there is a real problem with regard to assessment in Moroccan schools. As aforesaid, any statement, along the article, SHOULD NOT BE GENERALIZED.
I fairly remember my experience as an invigilator during the national baccalaureate exam. I remember the fright and bewilderment that appeared on the faces of young learners. It is really painful when you see a group of learners who has been victimized by the system.
The latter is norm-referenced and instilled with a culture of competition and contest among learners. The direct results are sometimes, failure, exclusion, cheating, or at best cases superficial learning, which restricts real learning from taking place.
Because of conceptions that many people have on assessment, cheating seems to be justified. Some of the shared beliefs among learners are:
- “both learning and the grade matter”.
- The grade matters”.
- “The grade matters at all costs”.
In all these statements, it is well-apparent that grade is always sought for.
Sometimes, it happens at the expense of deep learning. When this becomes a prevalent culture among many learners, preventing cheating will be useless. Even when cheating is prevented, superficial learning will be the motive, that is to say, learning for the test. So, quality will be disposed.
It is safe to assume that all learners come to school with “the will to learn”. Yet, this “will” is oftentimes affected by the assessment culture and practices that exist in a particular institution. By culture, I simply refer to staff, teachers’, and students’ conceptions and perceptions of assessment. Many individuals still perceive assessment as having to have a judgmental function by which success and failure are determined. Yes, part of the assessment process is administrative. but, most of it is primarily pedagogical and should be supportive to students’ learning.
Basically, there are no phrases such as “high-achiever vs. low achiever”. Learners might differ in terms of intelligences or other cognitive skills ut, but all should be treated socially equal. Yes, there are differences with regards to learners’ competences and skills; and this is an accumulated result of sequences of repeated failure. Sometimes, assessment can be destructive and deleterious.
Imagine a scenario where a group of learners get a low grade this time, got a low grade last time and expect themselves to get a low grade next time. This cycle of repeated failure becomes a part of their beliefs and perception of their abilities.
People, might generally attribute personal achievements to numerous factors. In learning, there are students who attribute their achievement to ability or effort. There are students who attribute failure to effort. But the worst case is when learners attribute their failure to ability. The belief of lacking the ability (to do something) which is confirmed by the repeated experiences of failure can sometimes end students’ learning up.????
So, PAY ATTENTION dear teachers. The rate of school dropout is increasing by the year, and one of the reasons is OUR INSTITUTIONAL NORMS AND RITUALS.
The vast implication here is that there is a need to reconsider the use of assessment. Teachers have to tap into on other options to help learners. There should be a bottom-up approach to reform and teachers are a key element in this affair. In so doing, many learners will regain self-confidence, change their perceptions of their abilities, become motivated, and the rate of school dropout will dramatically decrease.
Added to this, the routine-driven instruction should be left. Can you think of a better more explicit verb? It is important for teachers to get out of their comfort zone. Action research can be an effective way to address and solve many pedagogical and behavioral issues within schools.
Action research allows room for both personal and professional growth and can yield positive results, along the run, along the way
on for both individual teachers and school policies. So, while some teachers are striving to justly educate young learners, the hope, that this CALL will reach the rest of teachers and responsible stakeholders, stays forever. I think these last two words are not necessary. Or maybe you could rephrase the sentence.
- Black, P., & Wiliam, D. (1998). Assessment and classroom learning. Assessment in
Education 5 (1), 7-74.
- Gardner, H. (2006). The Development and the Education of the Mind. New York: Routledge.
- Gardner, H. (2004). The Unschooled Mind: How Children Learn and How Schools Should Teach. New York: Basic Books.
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Mock Trial for Elementary School
Order in the court! Give students a hands-on opportunity to participate in the justice system.
Did Plankton steal Mr. Krab's famous Krabby Patty recipe? Will the jury rule in his favor? Let your students argue the case and help decide his fate at the next Mock Trial!
"Our students are on cloud nine! They had the greatest time this morning. Thank you for everything you did to make it work for us. We will be in touch!” – 5th grade teacher, Quarton Elementary School
An eight-year-old arguing a court case just became a reality! The OCBA, in collaboration with Oakland Schools, is pleased to offer this creative learning approach for students in grades 2-6. The Mock Trial program allows students to take a hands-on learning approach to all aspects of a court case. Introducing children to the who, what, where, when and why of the law can foster a lifelong appreciation for the legal justice system.
Your students will work in teams and learn about different roles and responsibilities in the courtroom through interactive role play. The mock trial involves an alleged theft of intellectual property (a recipe) using the SpongeBob Squarepants characters familiar to students. Students truly enjoy the funny script, the supporting props, the opportunity to act out the trial in a real courtroom and they get to actively participate in determining a verdict!
Are you interested in bringing the Mock Trial program to your classroom? Here's how it works. An OCBA attorney volunteer(s) will visit your classroom to kick off and explain the program. He or she will answer students’ questions about the court system, the experience of being a lawyer, and the theft of SpongeBob’s delicious recipe. The Mock Trial program concludes with a field trip to the local district court or the Oakland County Circuit Court, where students will present their mock trial in an actual courtroom setting. A sitting judge will preside over the case, and local attorneys will also participate. In some cases, the program can also include the chance to observe an actual trial or jury selection.
This program is designed to specifically fit within the State of Michigan’s Social Studies Content Expectations and the Michigan Citizenship Collaborative Curriculum to meet Common Core standards for reading, thinking, speaking and writing.
With a grant from the Oakland County Bar Foundation, the OCBA is able to reimburse travel expenses, making this program free to our Oakland County schools.
For more program information or to register, complete the Mock Trial Program Application Form.
You may also choose to review additional program materials:
Questions? Call Kristen Dimich at (248) 334-3400
Back to Resources for the Public
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Published on April 23rd, 2016 | by Amira Almakzomy | Credit: Harun Kaya0
Role of entrepreneurship in fighting social exclusion
What role does entrepreneurship play in fighting social exclusion, and what are the barriers faced by immigrant entrepreneurs?
Entrepreneurship has the potential to be a solution for social exclusions in the EU and around the world. Inclusive entrepreneurship policies ensure that all members of society have an equal opportunity to start a business. The article will portray some barriers faced by ethnic minority entrepreneurs, as well as policies that aim to support those who face challenges in setting up sustainable businesses, particularly focusing on immigrants and women.
A research suggests that there were only 9 million self-employed women compared with 21 million self-employed men in 2012 in the EU. Moreover, research says that the majority of entrepreneurs in the EU are wealthy, well-educated, native-born, males, which does not support inclusiveness.
According to European Commission there is an entrepreneurship quality gap between disadvantaged social groups and the rest of the population. The business turnover, income from self-employment and business survival rates are all lower for immigrants and women.
Immigrant entrepreneurs are a very diverse group, some come from entrepreneurial cultures while others do not. Entrepreneurs usually face many barriers, however ethnic minorities and migrants face more challenges than mainstream entrepreneurs. According to European Commission research shows that immigrants tend to experience more barriers to creating businesses than native entrepreneurs. For new immigrant’s regulatory requirements can be difficult to understand, they are also more likely to be forced to rely on informal finance.
Some of the barriers faced are:
Access to finance can be a barrier for business start-ups, particularly for recent immigrants who cannot demonstrate a credit history or have never participated in the formal banking system.
- Lack of entrepreneurship skills:
A lack of entrepreneurship skills can hinder business creation. Particular challenges for ethnic minority and immigrant entrepreneurs are often related to business management skills, and ability to speak the language used in the business environment.
- Institutional barrier:
Entrepreneurs are unfamiliar with business and regulatory environment, such as regulations for market entry and exit, laws governing commercial transactions, and laws that affect the cost of setting up businesses and conducting business activities. For ethnic minorities this is even more the case than mainstream entrepreneurs. Ethnic minority entrepreneurs tend to perceive government regulation as a major negative influence. This is because entrepreneurs from ethnic minority groups can have difficulties understanding the laws, administrative requirements and regulations. Immigrants lack the knowledge and skills to cope with unfamiliar institutions or environment. Thus, sometimes they have difficulties in setting up businesses especially in highly regulated industries.
Although research suggests that government regulation is often a barrier to entrepreneurship, however laws and regulations can also be made to open up opportunities for entrepreneurship by creating a favourable environment for entrepreneurship.
When it comes to institutional barriers we also have to acknowledge the challenge of the normative institutions. This are the values that influence preferences in a society or the social standards of what is considered preferable and desirable. Normative institutions also include entrepreneurship culture. For instance, research shows that African and Pakistani entrepreneurs in the United Kingdom are affected by lower level of acceptance of entrepreneurship than mainstream entrepreneurs and other ethnic minorities such as Chinese or Indians.
Policy makers on local, national and regional levels have the ability to support the objective of inclusive entrepreneurship with programmes that increase people’s awareness of and motivation for entrepreneurship.
A policy response to overcome the above-mentioned barriers could be offering specialized training schemes, microfinance, institutional support and follow-up support.
Specialized training schemes would help immigrants develop solid business projects and become more aware of the financing opportunities available to them. This could consist of short few days courses in entrepreneurship for immigrants to hone their skills. For example, in Denmark they had ‘Getting Started Camps’ which provided a two-day course for refugee and immigrant women. After 3 years, 16 percent of participants were self-employed comparing to 3 percent at the beginning of the camps. Such workshops can give the entrepreneurs skills needed to start their businesses. Thus, motivated and capable people should be supported by entrepreneurship skills development trainings, as well as building connections between them and networking.
Another policy proposal is targeted microfinance; this could be based on competition. Governments or NGO’s can create Entrepreneurial programmes where they give grants to the best ideas, as well as networking events and additional needed services for starting up. There could also be specific microfinance programmes targeting women only, as they are often under-represented in some societies. Important stakeholders and mainstream support providers, such as chambers of commerce and microfinance institutions should give much more support to immigrant entrepreneurs and women.
Policy makers should take actions to reduce the institutional barriers and help entrepreneurs better operate in the business environment. The institutions should support the immigrant entrepreneurs to understand local laws concerning opening up businesses better. As well as teach them what is considered preferable, and acceptable culturally in that country.
It is also crucial to offer follow-up support and not only focus on the start-up phase. Often times potential entrepreneurs may have great ideas and motivations, and although they may get initial financial support they may still fail. This is due to lack of business development experience. To avoid this, integrated packages of business development services that combine counselling, coaching, and mentoring should be offered including supervision of the post start-up phase.
Finally, an important policy recommendation is to increase monitoring and evaluation in order to see the impact of the support schemes on start-up enterprises and social inclusion.
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Monday, Feb. 1, 2010 | 2 a.m.
- The small oversight that threatens the valley’s big pipeline proposal (1-31-2010)
- Nevada Supreme Court tosses Las Vegas claims to rural water (1-28-2010)
- Nevada Supreme Court to expedite water rights case (1-22-2010)
- Governor delays signing Utah-Nevada water-sharing pact (1-9-2010)
- Supreme Court OKs $4 million water rights settlement (12-14-2009)
- Utah, Nevada draft water agreement (8-13-09)
Sometimes in nature, the simplest solutions lead to the most convoluted results.
Take the saltcedar tree, one of the greatest scourges of the West; it chokes out native plants, sucks up water like a sponge and ruins recreation spots.
And it might have been good news that there’s a small, voracious insect — the tamarisk beetle, moving into the area from the north that, left on its own, seems destined to devour and kill the saltcedars that are clogging washes and sucking them dry.
But the saltcedar is now protecting itself with a hostage: the endangered Southwestern Willow flycatcher, a songbird that has adopted the plant as its habitat.
In the face of this ecological challenge, land managers are scraping together a desperate plan to save the bird and reinstate native ecology.
Federal agencies and conservation groups are on the hunt for money to introduce their strategy at Lake Mohave and along the Virgin River.
The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service hopes to land a federal stimulus grant in the next few months to pay for a crew of chainsaw-wielding contractors to clear a couple of hundred acres of saltcedar in the best bird habitat spots alongside Lake Mohave and replace them with native vegetation to serve the flycatchers while the beetles destroy the other stands of saltcedar.
There is urgency in their work, because the beetles are on their way.
In this ecological melodrama, here’s the playbill:
Tamarix trees, known locally as saltcedar or tamarisks, were introduced in the United States from Western Asia in the late 19th century as a fast-growing windbreak. But the hardy trees’ massive annual seed output allowed them to spread quickly, settling in creeks and washes where they pushed out native cottonwood and willow trees.
They’re easy to kill — a bulldozer or fire will do it — but they’re so quick to sprout new saplings that cleared riverbanks need constant maintenance in order for natives to re-establish.
The invasive saltcedar is no friend to the desert. It provides little shade, supports few birds and bugs, and significantly increases the salt content in soil. The tree drives out hawks and eagles and most of the smaller plants that would have been able to thrive under the canopy of a billowy willow or tall cottonwood.
“If you’ve spent any time in the back country in Southern Nevada and sat down under one of these wonderful cottonwood or willow trees, there are all these little plants and all the animals around you,” said U.S. Forest Service Vegetation Chief Alice C. Newton. “Contrast that with a thicket of tamarisk — nobody wants to walk through that, even animals. There’s almost no shade unless you’re huddled underneath and the ground isn’t covered with babbling brooks and leaves. It’s all tamarisk duff. It’s about as ugly a monoculture as you can get.”
Most damaging about the tree is its tremendous water consumption. Saltcedars are estimated to use a million acre-feet of Colorado River water every year — about four times the amount consumed by Southern Nevada annually.
Removing the saltcedars “benefits all Colorado River users by conserving billions of gallons of water,” Southern Nevada Water Authority spokesman J.C. Davis said. “We have been monitoring the beetle strategy, and early results give cause for optimism.”
The quarter-inch-long tamarisk beetle originates in China and two areas of Kazakhstan in western Asia, where they are so voracious they often must be attacked with insecticides to protect the native tamarix stands.
It is a singularly focused insect, eating little else. It has other benefits in the war against the saltcedar: the beetle doesn’t produce the air pollution that would result from burning saltcedar trees, doesn’t taint soil as would herbicides, and is cheaper than running bulldozers.
The endangered Southwestern Willow flycatcher, a small songbird that lives along tree-covered riverbanks in the desert Southwest, was forced out of native cottonwood and willow stands for the encroaching saltcedar.
The slow destruction of the saltcedar could be a good thing for the flycatcher except that the beetles kill the trees after the birds have nested, leaving them vulnerable to sun and predators, and native vegetation can’t grow back fast enough to create new nesting sites.
The beetle is wending its way down the Virgin River from St. George, Utah, where it was wrongly released by researchers in 2006, and from other parts of Utah.
Wildlife experts expect it to be established at Lake Mead by 2013.
In the wake of the St. George release, the Center for Biological Diversity and the Maricopa Audubon Society in 2009 successfully sued to stop further releases of the insect, claiming the government should have known the beetle could survive further south, killing saltcedar and putting the flycatcher at risk.
“This is very serious because if they get below Lake Mead, we’ll lose the flycatcher in Arizona and New Mexico,” Center for Biological Diversity co-founder Robin Silver said. “Because of the blunders and corruption of (government) officials, we’re looking at an extinction.”
But there are no efforts to halt the spread of the tamarisk beetle. Beetle studies across the West are wrapping up, including those in Northern Nevada, which loses its funding this month. Researchers here have mostly moved on to other projects or moved out of state.
“At this point we decided we’ll not promote any further movement of the tamarisk beetle in Nevada, but we’re not putting forth any proposals to (kill) the beetles that are eating the saltcedar,” Nevada state entomologist Jeff Knight said.
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Churchill, Hitler, and "the Unnecessary War"
How Britain Lost Its Empire and the West Lost the WorldBook - 2008
Patrick Buchanan makes the case that, if not for the blunders of British statesmen--Winston Churchill first among them--the horrors of two world wars and the Holocaust might have been avoided and the British Empire might never have collapsed into ruins. Half a century of murderous oppression of scores of millions under the iron boot of Communist tyranny might never have happened, and Europe's central role in world affairs might have been sustained for many generations.--From amazon.com.
Publisher: New York : Crown Publishers, c2008
Edition: 1st ed
Characteristics: xxi, 518 p. : ill., maps ; 24 cm
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Many parents allow risky driving habits among local teen drivers, new poll shows
According to their parents, many local teen drivers are starting out with some bad – even deadly – habits, according to a scientific poll prepared for Drive Alive campaign by Highview Help Public Relations and Indiana Research Service.
Some good news:
The majority of parents recognize their influence over their teens’ driving. Three-fourths of parents say that they have more influence over their teens’ driving than police, driver education programs, schools, etc.
Apparently many parents are not using their influence to give their teen drivers every safety advantage. For example, few teen drivers have been given any formal guidance on driving since getting their licenses. Half of the parents surveyed say their child drives at least once or twice a week while talking on a cell phone – a habit that can be as dangerous as driving drunk. And most parents are allowing their children to drive at night or with passengers right after getting their license – factors that greatly increase the risk for a deadly crash. Eight out of 10 households have no formal restrictions on their teens’ driving.
So while parents recognize that they can wield the most influence over their teens’ driving, many parents are not making full use of that influence to keep their children safer.
However, the survey shows this good news: 57 percent of parents surveyed say they had talked with their child about safe driving in the past week. This is crucial, because national data shows that teens who talk with their parents about safe driving are less likely to die in a crash.
The bad news: 43 percent of parents had not talked with their teen in the week prior to the survey. A primary goal of Drive Alive is to reduce this at-risk group by encouraging the “5-Alive” message: Talk with your teens for 5 minutes a week about specific safe driving topics like speeding, drunk driving, seatbelt use and avoidance of cell phones. “The goal is to encourage parents to adopt voluntary restrictions on the most predictably dangerous driving practices, like speeding, seatbelt use, nighttime driving, driving with teen passengers and driving while using a cell phone,” said Jon Brandenberger, MD, of Drive Alive's Board of Directors.
More highlights from the Drive Alive poll:
- Using a cell phone impairs a driver as much as driving drunk, according to a study appearing in The New England Journal of Medicine (Feb. 1997). Researchers found cell phone users four to five times more likely to get into traffic accidents than those who do not use them. Locally, 1 in 4 Allen County parents surveyed say their teen uses a cell phone each and every day while driving. An additional 28 percent of parents say their teen talks on a cell phone while driving at least once or twice a week. This means in a given week, more than half of Allen County’s teen drivers are driving in a condition that puts them at equal risk with drunk driving.
- 3 out of 4 parents polled believe they have the most influence on their teens’ driving behavior. The parents surveyed also believe they are the best at reinforcing their teen’s driving habits. They’re right, according to national surveys of teens that show parents as being the No. 1 driving influence on teen drivers.
- According to the parents surveyed, nearly 1 in 4 local Allen County teen drivers has not had a formal driver’s education course, which is not mandatory in Indiana.
- Only 1 in 4 Allen County teen drivers has received any formal guidance on safe driving practices since receiving his or her license, according to the parents surveyed.
- 8 out of 10 local households don’t have written restrictions on their teen’s driving.
- Almost 1 in 4 parents surveyed rarely or never talks with his child about the teen’s driving experiences on the road.
- Night driving is a high-risk activity for beginners. Per mile driven, the nighttime fatal crash rate for 16 year-olds is about twice as high as during the day. Two out of every three teen passenger deaths occur in crashes with a teen driver. While night driving with passengers is particularly lethal, many fatal crashes with teen passengers occur during the day, according to the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, Highway Loss Data Institute.
- The poll indicates that during the first year of driving, 78 percent of Allen County teens drove with passengers or after dark weekly or even daily.
Methodology: Interviews were conducted in March/April 2005 by phone. Households were selected from a randomized sampling of all Allen County wired telephone numbers. A total of 466 interviews were completed, yielding a sampling error margin of plus or minus 4.5%.
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You are here
September 13, 2016
Detecting bacterial infections in newborns
At a Glance
- Researchers tested an alternative way to diagnose bacterial infections in infants—by analyzing RNA biosignatures from a small blood sample.
- The preliminary findings may lead to a faster and more accurate diagnostic method than those currently available.
Fever in young infants may be caused by bacterial infections. These include blood infections (bacteremia), urinary tract infections, and brain or spinal fluid infections (bacterial meningitis).
Determining whether an infant has a bacterial infection currently involves sizable costs and risks. A health care provider must obtain samples of blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid, which can require invasive procedures such as a lumbar puncture (spinal tap). The samples are then cultured to grow and identify bacteria. While waiting for test results, the infant may be hospitalized or given antibiotics that can turn out to be unnecessary.
When bacteria infect a person, they trigger the immune system to turn on certain genes, thereby creating a distinct “biosignature.” In adults and older children, diagnostic tests are able to distinguish between bacterial and viral infections by analyzing the immune system’s response. But it’s been unclear whether this approach might also work in infants, since their immature immune systems might not generate a measureable response.
A team led by Drs. Prashant Mahajan at Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Nathan Kuppermann at University of California Davis Medical Center, and Octavio Ramilo at Nationwide Children’s Hospital in Columbus, Ohio, set out to determine whether they could define an RNA biosignature in infants to diagnose bacterial infections. The study was funded in part by NIH’s Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD). Results were published on August 23, 2016, in JAMA.
The researchers enrolled more than 1,800 infants who were seen in 22 different emergency departments that were part of the Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network (PECARN). The infants had fevers, were 2 months of age or younger, and had a blood sample taken.
The team first defined potential gene sets for biosignatures by analyzing blood samples from feverish infants, including 89 with bacterial infections and 190 without. A comparison group included 19 healthy non-feverish infants. The analysis identified a biosignature of 66 genes that could distinguish infants with a bacterial infection from those without.
To validate the accuracy of the RNA biosignature, the scientists analyzed blood samples from a second set of feverish infants. The biosignature proved to be 87% sensitive, correctly identifying samples with bacterial infection. The researchers further identified a set of 10 genes that could distinguish infants with bacteremia from those without.
“The development of a fast and noninvasive diagnostic tool holds promise for better outcomes and lower treatment costs for young infants with fevers of unknown cause,” says NICHD’s Dr. Valerie Maholmes, who oversees studies of pediatric trauma and critical illness. The approach will need to be further tested and validated in larger groups to assess its potential for clinical use.
- Saliva Testing Catches CMV Infection in Newborns
- Infant Care and Infant Health
- Newborn Screening
- Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network (PECARN)
References: Association of RNA Biosignatures With Bacterial Infections in Febrile Infants Aged 60 Days or Younger. Mahajan P, Kuppermann N, Mejias A, Suarez N, Chaussabel D, Casper TC, Smith B, Alpern ER, Anders J, Atabaki SM, Bennett JE, Blumberg S, Bonsu B, Borgialli D, Brayer A, Browne L, Cohen DM, Crain EF, Cruz AT, Dayan PS, Gattu R, Greenberg R, Hoyle JD Jr, Jaffe DM, Levine DA, Lillis K, Linakis JG, Muenzer J, Nigrovic LE, Powell EC, Rogers AJ, Roosevelt G, Ruddy RM, Saunders M, Tunik MG, Tzimenatos L, Vitale M, Dean JM, Ramilo O; Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network (PECARN). JAMA. 2016 Aug 23-30;316(8):846-57. doi: 10.1001/jama.2016.9207. PMID: 27552618.
Funding: NIH’s Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) and the Health Resources and Services Administration.
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Wandering Jew, in literary and popular legend, a Jew who mocked or mistreated Jesus while he was on his way to the cross and who was condemned therefore to a life of wandering on earth until Judgment Day. The story of this wanderer was first recorded in the chronicles of Roger of Wendover and Matthew of Paris (13th cent.), but not until the early 17th cent. was he identified as a Jew. The story is common in Western Europe, but it presents marked national variations. Among the innumerable treatments of the subject is Shelley's Queen Mab.
See G. K. Anderson, The Legend of the Wandering Jew (1965); G. Hasan-Rokem and A. Dundes, ed., The Wandering Jew: Essays in the Interpretation of a Christian Legend (1986).
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
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(Lifescript Health News) Look before you leap into the community pool this summer. It may be teeming with harmful parasites and nasty bacteria that cause gastrointestinal problems known as Recreational Water Illnesses (RWIs). The occurence of RWIs related to the use of public pools or water parks have soared since 2005, according to a study released by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
Cryptosporidium, better known as Crypto, can cause bouts of diarrhea and even vomiting if it is ingested while swimming. It’s a parasite that lives in human feces and can survive for up to ten days in chlorinated water. But don’t say goodbye to summer fun just yet: health officials aren’t cautioning people to avoid pools. They’re just urging “healthy swimming” to prevent RWI infection. Nearly 4,000 people suffered from an RWI in 2007.
CDC strongly recommends swimmers check out the water quality before hopping into the pool; cloudy water and slimy, gunky tiles are bad signs. Here are some other tips:
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5 paragraph essay introduction paragraph 3 body paragraphs conclusion paragraph essay structure 1 attention grabber (hook) 2. Essay writing for ias mains answer key paragraph in conclusion essay 5 essay on my school picnic for class 4 questions 5 paragraph essay powerpoint middle. What's the secret to writing a good five paragraph essay another part of the essay that many students forget to write is the conclusion an essay must have one. In this educational animated movie about english learn about topic sentences, structure, intros, conclusions, thesis, and essays.
Common admission essay questions middle school bullying essay conclusion paragraph lesson plans bullying essay conclusion paragraph lesson plans. The conclusion paragraph of a five paragraph essay can sometimes be difficult to write what else do you have to say about your topic what should go in your last. The five paragraph essay ¶5 conclusion the concluding paragraph will be composed of a few sentences that will recap the main idea of the.
Writing the 5 paragraph essay this is a catchy closing statement that will make the reader think about possibilities by dr erica warren, learning specialist. Bookrags articles how to write a five paragraph essay: how to write a five paragraph essay wrap up the body paragraph with a mini-concluding sentence summing up. Outline for a five-paragraph essay body paragraph paragraph 5: conclusion graphic organizer for a five-paragraph essay. How to write in the format of a 35 essay updated on october 12, 2014 jessica well-organized body paragraphs, and an insightful conclusion is not an effective.
A short presentation on how to write a concluding paragraph for a five paragraph essay includes a checklist of what to do and what not to do visit my blog fo. The five paragraph essay the five paragraph essay is the basic model for academic writing introduction , three developing paragraphs and a conclusion. Sample five paragraph essay made from the introduction and body paragraphs the conclusion takes the information presented in the body of the essay and ties it. Welcome to the engagement area of the purdue owl the paragraph below is an example conclusion practice writing a conclusion using the sample essay topic and.
The five-paragraph essay the first sentence of the concluding paragraph uses the principal words from the quotations from each paragraph of the body of the paper. Parents, does your student need assistance with writing a concluding paragraph our teachers can help sign up for either our middle school essay writing or high. 5 paragraph essay conclusion - making a custom term paper means go through many steps learn all you need to know about custom writing papers and resumes at most. The five-paragraph essay is a prose composition that follows a prescribed format: introduction, three body paragraphs, and a concluding paragraph. Outline for a five-paragraph essay paragraph 1: the conclusion may restate the thesis, summarize the paper’s major points, or leave the reader with a final.
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Although the transport of people and goods ensures mobility and a wide variety of products, it also incurs a number of costs. Whereas the benefit of the goods added by transport is compensated by the prices of transport and transport services, other associated costs are only in part taken into account in decisions concerning how to execute transport. So-called external costs are ignored, especially costs incurred through pollution and accidents. As a result, there is a large of volume of transport performance whose total cost is higher than its benefit.
In order to contain the economy’s transport volume to a level that makes both macroeconomic sense and is environmentally sound, external costs must be assessed fairly to their source; in other words, they must be internalised. Efficient and ecological transport policy may not be limited to raising the price of transport. It must also take into account measures that avoid transport activity, which promote a switch to more environmentally friendly modes of transport, which use existing capacities (transport routes and vehicles) optimally, and also reduce the specific environmental impact caused by vehicles.
A certain share of external environmental costs is caused by emissions of air pollutants and the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO2 ). The average external costs, e.g. for travel in a passenger car, are considerably higher than those for use of public modes of passenger transport. Air travel incurs – in particular as concerns damage to the climate – very high costs.
The calculated costs indicated in the table are based on German Federal Environment Agency (UBA ) methodological convention, which takes into account proposed procedures and standardised definitions that are intended to serve the purpose of transparency and easier understanding of the external cost estimates. Furthermore, there are new calculations of the external costs caused by air pollution and climate damage, and real situations for accommodation of external costs are identified.
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For all the four components listed in 1.1.1
At the Information Theoretical observation level, digital bandwidth and digital communication concepts are relevant, describing the pure informational characteristics of the channels (e.g., entropy). At this level of observation, issues of data compression, but also of optimal search processes play a role. An example is the number of bits/s needed to faithfully transmit the recorded images of a human talking face over a COMHIC channel.
At the Cognitive level, representational and procedural aspects have to be made explicit, in syntax and semantics. Furthermore involved are all those components of pattern recognition processes which exceed the level of the basic signal features, and require information of a more abstract nature. An example is the use of linguistic ``top-down'' information in the disambiguation of speech, handwriting, or the use of high-level information in the interpretation of facial movements. Other typical topics at the cognitive level are the notion of short-term memory with its limited capacity in the human: conceptual items [223,43]. And, last but not least, an essential property of the Cognitive level is the process of learning. Because of the fact that the Cognitive level is the mediating level between low-level processing and the high level of intention, to be clarified in the next paragraph, it is at the core of the project.
At the Intentional level, the goals and beliefs of the involved agents have to be made explicit. It is still one of the problems of current computer science and AI that this level is often ignored, whereas it is essential to the human user. When asked what he/she is currently doing on the computer, the answer of the user will most likely not be on the level of the tools (e.g., ``I'm pressing this button''), but on the level of goals and intentions (``I'm looking for this nice picture in the Louvre homepage''). Typically, much of the research in human-computer interaction involved experimental conditions of goal-less behavior. At best, goals artificially imposed on the user subjects are used. However, there is a fundamental difference between ``playful browsing activity'' and "goal-oriented search in a financial database under time pressure". Such a difference at the intentional level will have a large influence on low-level measures such as movement times, reaction times, and most probably even on perceptual acuity. Another area where the disregard of goal-oriented behavior of the human users leads to serious problems is in the automatic recognition of HOC data. In most pattern recognition methods, training of the algorithms is needed, using a database of human-produced data. However, using isolated words which are collected outside a ``natural'' application context for the training of speech or handwriting recognizers, will yield data which is not generalizable to the type of human output (HOC) data produced in an application context involving realistic goals. The problem of intention becomes also clearly apparent in the case of teleoperating applications, where the goals of the user must be continuously inferred from action by the computer.
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AP Stylebook Online - The definitive guide to punctuation and pronounciation for journalists. Up to 10 people can use this at the same time.
Journalism - EBSCOhost eBooks
NWCC Library Books - Search the library catalog for books at any Learning Resource Center.
Academic Search Premier - Find articles on a variety of subjects, including literature.
CREDO Reference - Discover background information about the topic you are researching.
CQ Researcher - Comprehensive coverage of today's issues.
Issues and Controversies - Information about today's pressing issues. Includes a guide to selecting a research topic.
Newspaper Source - Newspaper articles and transcripts of news.
Opposing Viewpoints - Research the pros and cons of issues.
ProQuest Newsstand - Newspaper articles from the US and around the world.
SIRS Issues Researcher - Includes pro and con articles linked to a specific issues.
Statista - A large collection of statistics, infographics, and market study reports.
Journalism and Publishing Video Collection - Streaming videos from Films on Demand
NBC Learn Higher Ed - A collection of videos, newsreels, documents, and images, including current events.
Top 100 Works of Journalism in the US in the Twentieth Century - Check our library catalog to see if these titles are available for check out.
Commercial Appeal - Daily newspaper for Memphis and surrounding areas.
Democrat - Weekly newspaper for Senatobia and Tate County.
DeSoto Times Tribune - Locally owned newspaper for DeSoto County.
Google News - News aggregator from Google.
Oxford Eagle - Locally owned newspaper for Oxford.
Northeast Mississippi Daily Journal - News from Tupelo and Northeast Mississippi.
Ranger Rocket - Student newspaper of NWCC.
Journalism Ethics and Citation Help
Journalism Ethics Cases Online - Case studies on journalism ethics from the Indiana University School of Journalism.
Resources - From the Center for Journalism Ethics at the University of Wisconsin, explanations of ethical principles and links to other websites on ethics for journalists.
Resources for Educators - Includes links to case studies and codes of ethics that are used by news professionals.
Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) - Writing help and citation guides for AP style, including media ethics.
Please be aware of the specific instances in which you can use these images. Links to usage guidelines are included for your convenience.
Creative Commons - Search for works that are published under the Creative Commons (CC) license. Check to make sure that each item really is published under the CC license.
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The Distribution Right
This lesson provides an introduction to one of the Copyright Act's section 106 exclusive rights, the distribution right. As you will glean from the lesson, the distribution right covers the copyright owner's exclusive right to distribute copies or phonorecords of copyrighted works by means of sale, transfer of ownership, or by rental. In addition, the distribution right creates a statutory right called the right of first publication. This lesson is intended as an introduction to the distribution right; its approach is to review the statutory basis for the distribution right and to review the basis for the right of first publication. This lesson is useful as both an introduction to the exclusive right of distribution, as well as a review.
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As mentioned in How Computers Calculate, computers ultimately just do a few very simple operations. They have so much power because they can repeat the same operation any number of times, and do so very quickly. Programmers use loops to tell a computer to repeat an operation.
Use the "repeat-until" block to create a loop. Put instruction blocks inside the loop, which will be executed on each run (or iteration) through the loop. The loop is set to stop once the goal is reached.
Level 3 - Use the loop!
Level 4 - Find the right steps to take each loop.
Level 5 - You don't need to put all your code in the loop.
Go on to the next page for level 6.
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Editor's Picks(1-4 of 12)
Women and the Economy in India, American view
India’s economy has undergone a substantial transformation since the country’s independence in 1947. Agriculture now accounts for only one-third of the gross domestic product (GDP), down from 59
percent in 1950, and a wide range of modern industries and support services now exist. In spite of these changes, agriculture continues to dominate employment, employing two-thirds of all workers. Furthermore, despite advances in the economy, large segments of the population are destitute. Some
estimate that over one-third of the population is living below the poverty line (The World Bank, 1997).
India faced economic problems in the late 1980s and early 1990s that were exacerbated by the Persian Gulf Crisis.1 Starting in 1992, India began to implement trade liberalization measures. The economy has grown—the GDP growth rate ranged between 5 and 7 percent annually over the period 1993-97 (The World Bank, 1998)—and considerable progress has been made in loosening government regulations, particularly restrictions on private businesses. Nevertheless,India remains one of the world’s most tightly regulated major economies (Heitzman and Worden,1996).
Indian Culture Restricts Women’s Access to Work
India is a multifaceted society where no generalization could apply to all of the nation’s various regional, religious, social, and economic groups. Nevertheless, certain broad circumstances in which Indian women live affect the ways they participate in the economy. Indian society is extremely hierarchical with virtually everyone ranked relative to others according to their caste (or caste-like group), class, wealth, and power. This ranking even exists in areas where it is not openly acknowledged, such as certain business settings.Though specific customs vary from region to region within the country, there are different standards of behavior for men and women that carry over into the work environment.Women are expected to be chaste and especially modest in all actions (Dube and Palriwala, 1990), which may constrain their ability to perform in the workplace on an equal basis with men. Another related aspect of life in India is purdah—literally, the veiling and seclusion of women. Fewer women, especially younger women, observe purdah today, but those who still do face constraints beyond those already placed on them by other hierarchical practices (Heitzman and Worden, 1996). These cultural rules place some Indian women, particularly those of lower caste, in a paradoxical situation: when a family suffers economically, people often think that a woman should go out and work, yet at the same time the woman’s participation in employment outside the home is viewed as “slightly inappropriate, subtly wrong, and definitely dangerous to their chastity and womanly virtue” (Dube and Palriwala, 1990, p. 131). When a family recovers from an economic crisis or attempts to improve its status, women may be kept at home as a demonstration of the family’s morality and as a symbol of its financial security.As in many other countries, working women of all segments of Indian society face various forms of discrimination including sexual harassment. Even professional women find discrimination to be prevalent: two-thirds of the women in one study felt that they had to work harder to receive the same benefits as comparably employed men. It is notable that most of the women in this study who did not perceive discrimination worked in fields (e.g., gynecology) where few, if any, men competed against them (Liddle and Joshi, 1986).
Much of Women’s Economic Activity Not Reflected in Statistics
Although most women in India work and contribute to the economy in one form or another, much of their work is not documented or accounted for in official statistics. Women plow fields and harvest crops while working on farms; women weave and make handicrafts while working in household industries; women sell food and gather wood while working in the informal sector. Additionally, women are traditionally responsible for the daily household chores (e.g., cooking, fetching water, and looking after children). Although the cultural restrictions women face are changing, women are still not as free as men to participate in the formal economy. In the past, cultural restrictions were the primary impediments to female employment; now, however, the shortage of jobs throughout the country contributes to low female employment as well. The 1991 Indian census divides workers into two categories: “main” and “marginal” workers. Main workers include people who worked for 6 months or more during the year, while marginal workers include those who worked for a shorter period. Detailed data on marginal workers have not been tabulated from the 1991 census, but many of these workers are agricultural laborers. Unpaid farm and family enterprise workers are supposed to be included in either the main worker or marginal worker category, as appropriate (Registrar General and Census Commissioner (RGCC), 1993). Women account for a small proportion of the formal Indian labor force,even though the number of female main workers has grown faster in recent years than that of their male counterparts. The 1991 census shows that the number of male main workers increased 23 percent since the 1981 census while the number of female main workers increased 40 percent. However, women still accounted for only 23 percent (64.3 million) of the total. The reported labor force participation of women is very low. Fewer than one-quarter (22 percent) of women of all ages were engaged in work either as a main or a marginal worker in 1991, compared with just over half of men. Rural women were more likely than urban women to be counted in the census as working, 27 percent versus 9 percent, respectively (RGCC, 1993).
Informal Sector Important Source of Work for Women
Since Indian culture hinders women’s access to jobs in stores, factories, and the public sector, the informal sector is particularly important for women. More women may be involved in undocumented or “disguised” wage work than in the formal labor force. There are estimates that over 90 percent of working women are involved in the informal sector and not included in official statistics (The World Bank, 1991). The informal sector includes jobs such as domestic servant, small trader, artisan, or field labourer on a family farm. Most of these jobs are unskilled and low paying and do not provide benefits to the worker. Although such jobs are supposed to be recorded in the census, undercounting is likely
because the boundaries between these activities and other forms of household work done by women
are often clouded (Dube and Palriwala, 1990). Thus, the actual labor force participation rate for women is likely to be higher than that which can be calculated from available data.
Women’s Unemployment Rates Similar to Men’s
Unemployment is difficult to estimate in India and most unemployment statistics are likely to underestimate the true level of unemployment, particularly for women. This is due, in part, to the fact that many potential workers do not bother looking for work because they feel jobs are too scarce. Such people are rarely included in unemployment statistics. Also, there is not a strong motivation to register at employment offices because of the perceived minimal benefits of doing so. Different sources provide disparate pictures of the nature of unemployment in the country. According to employment-office statistics for 1996, there were 37.4 million unemployed people, of whom 22 percent were female (International Labour Office (ILO), 1997). The most useful unemployment data, however, come from the Indian National Sample Survey Organization that conducts periodic surveys
to estimate employment and unemployment rates. The most recent available survey (1990-91) showed that female unemployment rates were virtually the same as male rates; just over 2 percent for
each gender in rural areas, and just over 5 percent in urban areas. Data show substantial drops in unemployment rates since 1977- 78, particularly for women. At that time, the female unemployment rate was 4.1 percent in rural areas and 10.9 percent in urban areas, while the male rates were 3.6 percent and 7.1 percent, respectively (National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO), 1994). The above trend in unemployment rates does mask other less-positive developments, however. Although
female unemployment rates were falling, there was not a corresponding increase in employment rates. For example, in 1977-78, 23.2 percent of all rural females were employed, but by 1990-91, the share of rural females employed remained essentially unchanged . For males, on the other hand, drops in their unemployment rate translated almost directly into comparable increases in their employment rate (NSSO, 1994).
Female Workers Relatively Young
Female workers tend to be younger than males. According to the 1991 census, the average age of all
female workers was 33.6 compared with the male average of 36.5. Among the youngest workers (ages 5 to 14), girls worked at nearly the same rate as boys — about 5 percent of children worked as main or marginal workers. As age increases, the ratio of female to male workers decreases. In the 25
to 29 age group, there were only 406 female workers for every 1,000 male workers, and for the age group 50 to 59, the ratio declined further to 340. Little has changed since 1981, though the number and the proportion of children under the age of 15 who were working has declined.
Vast Majority of Indians Work in Agriculture
Most female and male main workers are employed in agriculture (Figure 1). Agricultural employment is divided into three categories in the census: cultivators, agricultural laborers, and other agricultural work. Cultivators usually have some right to the land — they or their family own the land or lease it from the government, an institution, or another individual. In addition, cultivators may supervise or direct others. In contrast, agricultural laborers work on another person’s land for monetary wages or in-kind compensation. These workers have no right to the land on which they work. More than half (55 percent) of female agricultural workers are considered laborers, compared with just one-third of male agricultural workers. This suggests that most female workers are employed in lower-skilled, lower-paid positions, and are not the supervisors or owners of capital. Most female cultivators are members of a family that owns the land, rather than being the owners themselves (Kishwar and Vanita, 1985). The share of total female agricultural workers who were cultivators increased slightly between 1981 and 1991, from 41 to 43 percent. The only other sector of the economy that employs more than 5 percent of working women is the service sector (Figure 2). This sector, which includes occupations such as social work, government, teaching, religious activities, and entertainment, accounts for about
8 percent of all female main worker labor. Household and non household industries5 each employ about 4 percent of female main workers.
Women Face Wage Discrimination
Throughout the economy, women tend to hold lower-level positions than men even when they have
sufficient skills to perform higher level jobs. Researchers have estimated that female agricultural laborers were usually paid 40 to 60 percent of the male wage (Kishwar and Vanita, 1985). Even when
women occupy similar positions and have similar educational levels, they earn just 80 percent of what
men do, though this is better than in most developing countries. The public sector hires a greater share of women than does the private sector, but wages in the public sector are less egalitarian despite laws requiring equal pay for equal work (Madheswaran and Lakshmanasamy, 1996).
Technology Does Not Always Improve Women’s Employment
There is evidence that suggests that technological progress sometimes has a negative impact on women’s employment opportunities. When a new technology is introduced to automate specific manual labor, women may lose their jobs because they are often responsible for the manual duties. For instance, one village irrigated its fields through a bucket system in which women were very active. When the village replaced the manual irrigation system with a tube well irrigation system, women lost their jobs (Kishwar and Vanita, 1985). Many other examples exist where manual tasks such as wheat grinding and weeding are replaced by wheat grinding machines, herbicides, and other modern technologies. These examples are not meant to suggest that women would be better off with the menial jobs; rather, they illustrate how women have been pushed out of traditional occupations. Women may not benefit from jobs created by the introduction of new technology. New jobs (e.g., wheat grinding machine operator) usually go to men, and it is even rarer for women to be employed in the factories producing such equipment. Recent National Sample Survey data exemplify this trend. Since the 1970s, total female self-employment and regular employment have been decreasing as a proportion of total employment in rural areas, while casual labor has been increasing (NSSO, 1994). Other data reinforce the conclusion that employment options for female agricultural workers have declined, and that many women seek casual work in other sectors characterized by low wages and low productivity (National Commission for Women in India, 1993).
Female Employment Does Not Insure Economic Independence
Even if a woman is employed, she may not have control over the money she earns, though this money often plays an important role in the maintenance of the household. In Indian culture, as in many other countries, women are expected to devote virtually all of their time, energy, and earnings to
their family. Men, on the other hand, are expected to spend time and at least some of their earnings on activities outside the household. Research has shown that women contribute a higher share of their earnings to the family and are less likely to spend it on themselves (Dwyer and Bruce, 1988). Research has suggested that as the share of the family income contributed by a woman increases, so does the likelihood that she will manage this income (The World Bank, 1991). However, the extent to which women retain control over their own income varies from household to household and region to region. One study found that fewer than half of women gave their earnings to their husbands (Dwyer
and Bruce, 1988).6 The study also showed, however, that many women still sought their husbands’ permission when they wanted to purchase something for themselves. In northern India, where more stringent cultural restrictions are in place, it is likely that few women control family finances.
Relationship Between Women’s Education and Work Is Not Straightforward
The level of education is low in India; in 1991, only 39 percent of women and 64 percent of men were literate. The majority of those who are literate have only a primary education or less (RGCC, 1993). or men, as the level of education rises, the share that are main workers generally increases. Just over one-third of literate men who have no formal education work as main workers, while three quarters of those with post-high school educations are similarly employed. The effect of education on the employment status of women is not so straightforward. Higher levels of education for women do not directly translate into higher proportions of main workers. For example, 18 percent of illiterate women are employed as main workers, while just 11 percent of those with high school educations are employed as such. Not until women achieve a post-high school level of education are there dramatic improvements in their employment status—about half of all women who receive a post-secondary non-college diploma are employed as main workers. These women likely have received training for specific jobs. Surprisingly, women with university degrees do not have relatively high employment rates; only 28 percent of these women are employed as main workers. The confounding of the usual relationship between education and employment may be related to the likelihood that poorer and lower educated families require female members to work. Often, girls and young women work instead of receiving an education. Well-off and better-educated families may send their daughters to school, but are able to afford to follow the cultural practice of keeping women at home after schooling is complete. Not until women receive specialized post-secondary education do they see significant improvements in their employment rates.
Women Have Distinct Work Experiences in Different Areas of the Country
Employment rates for women vary substantially across India’s diverse states and territories. States with proportionately larger rural populations typically have higher employment rates because most people throughout India are engaged in agriculture. For instance, the territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli, a small area in western India, had the highest female employment rate (49 percent) in the country according to the 1991 census. In this area, 90 percent of all female employment was in agriculture. Delhi, on the other hand, with an urban population of nearly 90 percent, had a female employment rate of just 7.4 percent. Exceptions to the relationship between proportionately large rural
populations and above-average female employment exist. Regions in northern India have lower employment rates than southern regions. Though the share of the population involved in agriculture in these states was near the national average, the female employment rate was very low— 10.8 percent in Haryana and just 4.4 percent in Punjab. According to survey data, rural female unemployment is also very low in these areas—1.4 percent in Punjab and virtually nil in Haryana. Around half of all rural women in these areas are engaged in domestic duties compared to the national average of 37.8 percent (NSSO, 1994). Identifying the exact reasons for the disparity between the northern and southern regions is difficult. The northern states, particularly Punjab, are agriculturally fertile and the population is comparatively well off. Thus, it is not as important for the women of families in the seregions to work. More importantly, however, cultural practices vary from region to region. Though it is a broad generalization, northern India tends to be more patriarchal and feudal than southern India.
Women in northern India have more restrictions placed on their behavior, thereby restricting their access to work. Southern India tends to be more egalitarian, women have relatively more freedom, and women have a more prominent presence in society.
Dube, Leela and Rajni Palriwala,
eds., 1990, Structures and
Strategies: Women, Work, and
Family, New Delhi.
Dwyer, Daisy and Judith Bruce,
eds., 1988, A Home Divided:
Women and Income in the Third
World, Stanford, CA.
Heitzman, James and Robert L.
Worden, eds., 1996, Area Handbook
Series, India–A Country
Study, Washington, DC.
International Labour Office, 1997,
Yearbook of Labour Statistics 1997,
Kishwar, Madhu and Ruth Vanita,
eds., 1985, In Search of Answers:
Indian Women’s Voices From
Liddle, Joanna and Rama Joshi,
1986, Daughters of Independence:
Gender, Caste and Class in India,
New Brunswick, NJ.
Madheswaran, S. and T.
Lakshmanasamy, 1996, “Occupational
Segregation and Earnings
Differentials by Sex: Evidence from
India,” Artha Vijnana, Vol. 38, No. 4,
National Commission for Women
India, 1993, Proceedings of the
National Workshop on “Employment,
Equality and Impact of
Economic Reform on Women,”
National Sample Survey Organization,
1994, Sarvekshana, Vol. 17,
No. 3, January-March.
Registrar General and Census
Commissioner, 1993, Census of
India 1991, Final Population Totals:
Brief Analysis of Primary Census
Abstract, Series 1, New Delhi.
The World Bank, 1991, Gender
and Poverty in India, Washington,
——, 1997, India, Achievement and
Challenges in Reducing Poverty,
——, 1998, “India 1998 Macro
Economic Update: Reforming for
Growth and Poverty Reduction,”
Report No. 18089-IN, Washington,
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We show first that an orbit, which is naturally characterized by its eccentricity and semi-latus rectum, can equally be characterized by other sets of parameters, and proceed to determine mass-independent characterizations. The latter is employed to obtain the laws of equivalent orbits, which by definition have the same eccentricity and orbit’s parameter . These laws relate the values of the same physical observables on two equivalent orbits to the corresponding total mass; they include the laws of velocity, angular velocity, radial velocity, areal velocity, acceleration, period, energy and angular momentum. Regardless of the share of the two bodies of a fixed total mass, the same relative orbit occurs for the same initial conditions. Moreover, the same orbit can be traced by different total masses but with different relative velocities. The concept of a gravitational field generated by a set of masses is shown to be meaningful only when the center of mass is not changed by the test mass. The associated concept of the “nothing”, which is an infinitesimal mass that allows for the property just mentioned to be fulfilled, is introduced and its orbits are determined. The perturbation of the nothing orbits due to its replacement by a finite mass is determined. It is proved that such a replacement can have a qualitative effect resulting in a “phase transition” of an orbit from unbound to bound, and that the nothing’s circular orbits cannot be occupied by any material body. The Galileo law of free fall, on which the equivalence principle hinges and which is exact only for “nothing-like” falling objects, is revised to determine the duration of free fall of a body of an arbitrary mass. The wholeness of Newton’s laws and the associated concept of force as an interaction are highlighted, and some contradictions between the Newtonian laws of equivalent Kepler’s orbits and the general relativistic predictions are discussed. It is demonstrated that Newton’s law of gravitation is not an approximation of Einstein field Equations even in the case of a static weak field. However, both theories have a common limit corresponding to the case in which the alien concept of a field can be incorporated in the Newtonian theory. We also show that the relative velocity’s hodograph [2-4], the alternative Laplace-Runge-Lenz (LRL) vector derived by Hamilton [4-6], as well as an infinite set of LRL vectors, result all from one vector. The hodograph is a proper circular arc for hyperbolic motion, a circle less a point for parabolic motion, and a full circle for bound motion.
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September 2012, Vol. 24, No.9
Database provides tool for aging infrastructure challenges
Utilities face many challenges from aging and deteriorating wastewater and water infrastructure. But now there is a new tool to help address these challenges and share lessons learned by utilities.
WATERiD, the WATER infrastructure Database, enables utilities to share their experiences and information on managing water infrastructure, according to a Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF; Alexandria, Va.) news release. Utilities can submit information on cost performance and capabilities of various technologies to learn which practice or technology is right for their application, the news release says.
WERF, which provided funding under a cooperative agreement with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, launched the database last year. Sunil Sinha, associate professor of civil and environmental engineering at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Blacksburg), developed the website.
Access the website at www.waterid.org.
Reverse osmosis may not remove organic nitrogen from wastewater
Organic nitrogen removal is variable, and reverse osmosis may not consistently produce total nitrogen levels less than 1.0 mg/L, according to a new report by researchers from Brown and Caldwell (Walnut Creek, Calif.) and the City of Escondido, Calif. The July issue of Water Environment Research contains an article on this work.
The researchers conducted a pilot study to determine total nitrogen removal by reverse-osmosis processes. They compared organic nitrogen removal rates with removals observed from three full-scale reverse-osmosis facilities and four pilot studies, the article says.
“The nature and concentration of organic nitrogen in secondary effluent will vary depending on the wastewater,” the article says. “Therefore, it is not possible to know the actual organic nitrogen concentration in reverse osmosis effluent without testing.”
Organic nitrogen in secondary effluent can have low molecular weights and exist as uncharged species that may not be removed through reverse osmosis. Its measurement at low levels may not be accurate using traditional methods, so alternative measurement methods may be needed, the article says.
Identifying organic nitrogen concentrations is crucial for municipalities attempting to achieve low total nitrogen levels and evaluating related processes, the article says. Using upstream biological nutrient removal to target inorganic nitrogen, coupled with a physical/chemical process, such as coagulation or activated carbon, to target organic nitrogen, could be a potential solution, the article says.
The article, “Analysis of Organic Nitrogen Removal in Municipal Wastewater by Reverse Osmosis,” appears in the July issue of Water Environment Research and can be downloaded free at http://goo.gl/cm7lY.
|Water Environment Research allows open access to one article per issue on a range of important technical issues such as nutrient removal, stormwater, and biosolids recycling.
©2012 Water Environment Federation. All rights reserved.
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|Friday May 29, 2015 Home Topics Archives Speeches Authors Glossary Products|
Writing a speech is very different from writing an article, brief or proposal. Speaking and writing are distinctive versions of the same language, unique in their output, syntax and function. Presenters and trainers need to appreciate the differences
Articles in our "Speech Writing" Category:
By Stephen Boyd | March 12, 2012
I sometimes read the index of "Vital Speeches" just to look at speech titles. I find that if a speech has an unusual or humorous title, the speech is of better quality. I have always asked my students to give their speeches titles when they submit outlines to me before they speak. In listening to thousands of speeches, a catchy title more often than not was the beginning of a well-thought-out and engaging presentation.
By Stephen Boyd | January 9, 2012
Most business speakers who represent their companies as they speak to clients do not have ambitions to become motivational speakers. You, however, can learn to improve your own business presentations by learning from successful motivational speakers. A key to be effective in your career presentations is to have a "hook." Paid motivational speakers often have some unique challenge that they have overcome, so they use that event as a "hook" to share success ideas in their speeches.
By Stephen Boyd | October 4, 2011
When someone says or writes something powerful or memorable, jot down the quotation and the author. When you want to include that thought, say it exactly as the person expressed the idea so powerfully - and give that person credit for the statement.
By Stephen Boyd | August 17, 2011
When I was a boy, a popular pastime was to paint by number. You would buy a kit that included an outline of a picture or scene and each part would have a number. A key told what color to paint a certain number. Once you painted in all the numbers, you had completed a "real" painting. I think speakers can also use numbers which, when connected to the content, produce an excellent presentation.
By Stephen Boyd | May 13, 2011
Knowledge and experience go a long way in any career; that is why a teacher who has been in the classroom for ten years is going to be paid more than the person who is in the second year of teaching. These two traits are especially true with the public speaker.
By Stephen Boyd | April 7, 2011
When looking for material for your next presentation, read what comedians write. For example, Tina Fey begins one article with, "In 1997, I realized one of my childhood dreams. (Not the one where I'm being chased by Count Chocula.)" That is a good example of how to start a speech - a startling statement that prompts both interest and laughter.
By Stephen Boyd | February 28, 2011
Speakers should make the first words of their presentations count. Don't spend opening seconds thanking the group for the opportunity, or talk about what a beautiful facility you are speaking in, or what a marvelous day it is. Choose opening words that make the audience want to listen.
By Stephen Boyd | February 9, 2011
With everyone having access to materials on the internet, we as speakers have more challenges in developing content that is new, original, and recent. That is why personal experience or spontaneous humor is so important to develop and master. Thus personal research and preparation are essential for our presentations.
By Stephen Boyd | December 8, 2010
We always want to improve our presentation skills. Here are some little acts which can take your presentation to the next level. Just one of the following can add quality to your speech.
By Stephen Boyd | June 24, 2010
As a speaker, you must show your audiences that you care. You can do that by being prepared, adapting your material specifically to that audience, learning the background of the group to which you are speaking, and generally being pleasant in your demeanor. But there is one other caring ingredient that is huge with audiences.
By Stephen Boyd | April 6, 2010
Every speech needs a 'Wow!' factor or in other words content that makes the audience respond with 'Wow! I didn't know that!' In fact, if you are delivering a 30-minute speech, you should have a 'Wow!' factor every 10 minutes. An audience's attention span is short, so you know you are likely to lose your audience at various places in your speech. Each time you include a 'Wow!' you bring the audience back to you.
By Stephen Boyd | March 15, 2010
I am a firm believer in taking advantage of OPE or other people's experience. Find someone who does well what you want to be able to do and pick that person's brain. Take her to lunch or ride with him on a trip. I've done this several times and have found the experience to be invaluable. I have learned from a variety of such mentors.
By Stephen Boyd | February 17, 2010
Don't use words carelessly. I admire the wordsmith who can find just the right word to express an idea. Pay attention to the words you speak. Think about words before you speak them. Listen to words others use that explain an idea better than you could have and ask yourself if they are words you can use in your own speaking and writing vocabulary.
By Stephen Boyd | January 21, 2010
Often a person says too much instead of too little. In a variety of communication situations, less is better. For example, if you are using a PowerPoint presentation, don't put 50 words on a slide.
By Stephen Boyd | September 16, 2009
Over the years on different occasions, I have left my jump drive, notes, and props at home simply because I was not thinking. One way to insure your success in speaking is to think ahead about what the speaking situation requires of you.
By Stephen Boyd | August 5, 2009
When people can express ideas better or more creatively than you, quote them! Michel de Montage said, "I quote others only the better to express myself." That thought is why the speaker should look for quotations that he or she can use to increase the value of content as well as motivating the audience to pay attention to the thought expressed from the quotation.
By Stephen Boyd | June 24, 2009
Careful transitions are an important part of preparation. A transition is a bridge from Point A to Point B - a connection between two points. If you learn to use specific transitions, you will improve the fluency of your speech as well as avoiding the verbalized pauses and unnecessary words. Good transitions demonstrate a command of language, thus enhancing your credibility.
By Stephen Boyd | May 14, 2009
You may not always have adequate time for thorough preparation before you give a speech. For example, someone gets sick, or there is a death in the family, or a snowstorm cancels flights and the speaker can't get to the program. You are called at the last minute to fill in. Here are some things to keep in mind.
By Stephen Boyd | April 1, 2009
One of the toughest challenges in speaking is when you are told a day or an hour before you speak that because of extenuating circumstances you must cut your 30-minute presentation to 20 minutes. You have prepared carefully and you know you have at least 30 minutes of important material. What do you do?
By Stephen Boyd | November 5, 2008
A speech well-prepared is nine-tenths delivered. This thought points to the importance of careful preparation of your presentations. You cannot cram for a speech like you can for a test. You cannot fake a good presentation - preparation is a must.
By Stephen Boyd | January 28, 2008
We talk too much in our society. For our speeches to have more impact, let us consider talking less. When we do talk, we should say what we need to say in as few words as possible.
By Stephen Boyd | January 4, 2007
Any time you are assigned to deliver a speech, you may wonder what to include or what will guarantee a great speech. To a degree it depends on the audience and the purpose of your speech, but there are certain items to include that will fit most kinds of audiences and most kinds of speeches. The purpose of this article is to examine what those parts might be.
By Stephen Boyd | September 15, 2005
Have you ever considered how often you deal with similar problems or situations? In most occupations, you dont have 200 unique messages to communicate each day, but rather maybe a dozen similar situations. To immediately improve your interpersonal relationships, keep track of those similar important situations and develop scripts that you write out and become familiar with.
By Stephen Boyd | December 31, 2004
One of the most challenging parts of preparing a speech is deciding what to include. One way of limiting your topic is to consider what would be nice for the audience to know as opposed to what the audience needs to know on your subject.
By Stephen Boyd | September 14, 2004
Spend time pondering what you plan to say in your next speech. Just thinking about your speech while driving your car or walking your dog is a valuable step in preparation. Start preparing far enough in advance of the day your speech will be delivered to spend ample time in pondering the possibilities for your presentation.
By Stephen Boyd | July 26, 2004
People today expect short speeches. Keep stories under two minutes. When possible say less rather than more. Know the length of your speech by practicing it. Have few points and learn to divide parts of your speech into time segments. Current great speakers are known by their brevity.
By Speaking Tips | December 1, 2003
Speaking and writing are distinctive versions of the same language, unique in their output, syntax and function. Presenters and trainers need to appreciate the differences to know when to speak, to write or to use both in tandem.
By Speaking Tips | November 17, 2003
A speech generally falls into three parts, the introduction, the main body and the conclusion each with it's own unique function. The body of the speech is the biggest and is where the majority of information is transferred. Consequently, it requires careful thought and consideration to organize the body of a speech effectively.
By Stephen Boyd | April 30, 2003
If you speak a lot, there are times when you may feel your material is getting stale and you lose enthusiasm for your content. When that happens you need new material that excites you and thus makes your speeches more stimulating.
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Considering the important distinctions between CBD and THC and their preferred origin, it is only fitting to detail the difference between these cannabis types.
Emerging medicinal relevance of CBD combined with efficient extraction and isolation methods mean hemp may be the ideal source for CBD isolates and plant-based (FDA-approved) therapeutics.
Unlike hemp, which can have THC concentrations below 0.3% or lower, marijuana and more specifically Cannabis sativa and Cannabis indica, may possess upwards of 20% THC or more.
The differences extend far beyond the relative concentrations of CBD versus THC and the medical differences between these plants. The distinct structure of the plants, and the locations of cannabinoid concentrations, necessitate specific methods for the cultivation, harvesting, raw material processing, milling, extraction, purification, and testing.
The more recent interest in CBD as a potential therapeutic has expanded the footprint of not only the cannabis growing and processing areas of the industry, but the legal and political aspects as well.
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By: D Mackenzie
334 pages, B/w illus, tabs
First published in 1957, this book reflects the increased interest in goats and their agricultural potential. This edition brings the original text up-to-date, including new EC regulations and government Codes of Practice, the production of home-grown cashmere and mohair, as well as the new natural fibre, cashgora, obtained from cross-bred goats. Information on the formation of new societies for breeders and farmers of specialist breeds, the expansion of knowledge of nutritional needs of goats, and the increase in the number of large herds with the resulting availability of goat dairy produce in supermarkets is also included.
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If Athens represents the glory that was Greece and the triumph of democracy, we need at this point to consider the antithesis of Athens: Sparta.
Whereas Athens achieved democracy on the back of the economic freedom given to it by money and the market economy, Sparta was the state that rejected money, rejected democracy and became a hugely successful militaristic monstrosity whose successes were much admired by the champagne socialists of classical Athens. Sparta produced a society that was the very opposite of Athens, rigidly organised with a state education system dedicated to training for war, and very successful in producing the finest warriors in Greece. How did Sparta do it?
Sparta occupies the best land in the Peloponnese, the fertile valley of the river Eurotas, which flows down to the sea, surrounded on either side by high mountains. In the Mycenaean period, Sparta was one of the leading kingdoms of Greece. Indeed Helen, whose rape or abduction was the cause of the Trojan War, was the wife of Menelaus the King of Sparta.
True there is a slight archaeological problem in that there is no sign of a Mycenaean palace at Sparta. The best known Mycenaean site lies halfway up a mountain five miles to the east of Sparta, where a large house, or rather a small palace has been excavated, with adjacent to it an 8th century shrine or heroon known as the Menelaion: numerous lead tablets have been found there, inscribed with the name of Menelaus, suggesting that in the 8th century at least it was thought to have been the house of Menelaus and the home of Queen Helen, the face that launched a thousand ships.
Down to the 8th century, Sparta was a fairly normal Greek state. But then Sparta began to diverge. The divergence began when Sparta conquered its neighbours, the Messenians, who lived to the west in the second most fertile valley of Peloponnese, but separated from Sparta by the formidable mountain range of Mount Taygetus.
Now in the Greek world, the concept of the city-state was normally sacrosanct, and when one city defeated another in war, the defeated city nevertheless retained its identity. Sparta formed the exception, for Sparta destroyed the fledgling state of Messene and made the Messenians serfs, or helots as they called them. Thence forward, the whole Spartan state was devoted to the necessity of producing fearsome warriors dedicated to the task of keeping the Messenian ‘helots’ in subjection, so that the helots produced the food on which the Spartans lived.
To do this, they set up a special way of life known as the Lycurgan system, named after a mythical lawgiver, Lycurgus. This was centred round a formidable state education system known as the agoge. This began at birth when the elders inspected the new-born child and if it was not fit, it would be taken away and exposed on the mountain. The child stayed with its parents until the age of seven when it was taken over by the state education system when they were enrolled in a herd controlled by a leader and a squad of assistants equipped with whips. The training was tough: they were only allowed one cloak a year, and from the age of thirteen they were no longer allowed a tunic. They had to go barefoot and were given the minimum of food. If they wanted more food, they were encouraged to steal it, though if they were caught stealing, they were soundly whipped, not for stealing, but for getting caught. It was, I suppose, a form of primitive capitalism: if you wanted to accumulate capital (i.e. food) you first had to undergo the risks of getting whipped.
As they grew up, the young men would act as the secret police who would be sent out into the countryside as hidden assassins, hiding up by day but at night they would murder any helots whom they caught. Frequently they would go through the fields, killing any helots who stood out for their physique and strength.
Paedophilia was also encouraged. At the age of 12, boys were adopted by youths of 20 who would look after them – and it was accepted that this included introducing them to the delights of sex. The elder ‘lover’ acted as a tutor , and it was thought obvious that there should be a sexual relationship between teacher and pupil. In this way a firm bond would be established which would serve them well on the battlefield. However if when a boy was beaten, he cried out with the pain, it would be his lover who was punished.
The Spartans were great believers in equality – indeed the full-blown Spartans were called the ‘Equals’ because all were equal to each other. There were indeed plenty of other people who were not equal – the surrounding farmers, the perioikoi, who did much of the work and below them the helots – but the actual Spartans were all equal. The land was divided up, and each Spartan was given an equal lot: the helots were attached to the lots, and not to the Spartans, so they belonged to the state. Equality was followed in their domestic arrangements. Families are the biggest obstacle to egalitarianism, so the Spartans discouraged family life. Families did not live together but the men lived in common messes known as sussitia, or eating together places, and every Spartan had to bring a fixed amount of food from his lot to the communal messes. No sussition has ever been excavated in Sparta — it would be very interesting to excavate one, though what is apparently a men’s house and eating place has been found at Azoria on Crete, where they also spoke Greek with a Dorian accent and where one of the towns, Gortyn, had a law code with elements similar to that of Sparta.
Equality also extended to marriage. Thus at Sparta, married men were not allowed to spend the whole night with their wives, but instead they had to creep out of their barracks to visit and have intercourse with their wives and then return to the barracks, hopefully without anyone seeing them. Wife swapping was encouraged. If a young man fancied an older man’s wife, he could ask the older man if he could sleep with his wife, and if a child was produced, the older man would as a matter of course bring it up as his own. There was a eugenic element in all this, in that the strongest and fittest young men and the fittest women produced the most children, and the children thus produced would themselves be strong and fit. It is important that you should not have sex with your wife too often, so that when you did have sex, you would be at the peak of your performance.
Their treatment of women wins praise from many feminists, for to a considerable extent, both sexes were treated alike: women were toughened by making them run and wrestle and throw the discus and javelin so that they could bear their pregnancies successfully. It was said that the mythical lawgiver Lycurgus did away with prudery, making the young girls no less than the young men grow used to walking nude in processions. Indeed there was a spectacle known as the gymnopaedia in which the young men and girls would dance naked in a circle with the women making fun of the young men if they did not dance lewdly enough. However one should perhaps note that the women lived most of the time without their husbands who only visited occasionally and briefly when they wanted to have sex. Furthermore their sons were taken away from them at the age of seven and educated separately – though presumably they were allowed to keep their daughters. One wonders whether in practice the separation of the sexes was so rigorously enforced.
There are two sources for our knowledge of Sparta. One is the biographer Plutarch (AD 50 – 120) who wrote a series of parallel lives, one of which was the life of Lycurgus, the more or less mythical Spartan lawgiver to whom the Spartan constitution was always attributed. The other is the adventurer and writer Xenophon, best known for his description of how he led a group of Greek mercenary soldiers back from the Black Sea to Athens. He went to live near Sparta and a constitution of Sparta is attributed to him — though it is not up to the standard of the rest of his writings.
Plutarch was both fascinated and puzzled by Sparta, but it is due to him that we know so much about how Sparta worked, and the supposed founder of its constitution, Lycurgus. Lycurgus was an ancient law giver, basically almost entirely mythical to whom the entire Spartan constitution was attributed. Plutarch quotes an ancient document known as the ‘Great Rhetra’ or Saying, written in an almost untranslatable ancient Greek, laying down the origins of the Spartan constitution.
Sparta had two hereditary kings, one from each of the two leading families – the Agids and the Eurypontids one of whom acted as the General in battle. However much of the power lay with the Gerousia, or Council of Elders: thirty in number including the two kings. The elders were all over sixty and were elected for life, the electing being done by the General Assembly in a method too childish to be reported according to Aristotle, but apparently it was by shouting. The system of checks and balances was further extended by the election of five ephors who were elected by the Assembly annually – you could not be elected twice, but two of the ephors always accompanied the king in battle. Every year the ephors declared war on the helots so that the Spartan secret police could kill any helot with impunity.
Finally there was the Assembly consisting of all male citizens over thirty who met once a month at full moon. Only the Gerousia (the Council of Elders) could introduce motions and speak to them, but the Assembly could then vote on them. However it was laid down in the Great Rhetra that if the people spoke ’crookedly’, the Gerousia and the kings are to be ‘removers’.
This Spartan constitution was greatly admired by the later Greek theorists because it was the prime example of the mixed constitution, which was considered to be the best constitution, being a mixture of democracy, aristocracy, and monarchy, and the Spartan constitution was a mixture of all three.
Archaeologically, on the ground, Sparta is fascinating for the absence of remains. The great historian Thucydides famously remarked that if anyone were to visit the remains of Sparta they would have no idea that Sparta was once a great city. Sparta was in fact made up of five separate villages which never properly merged into a single city, not at least until Roman times. The best known archaeological site is the Temple of Artemis Orthia which lay just outside the main settlements
A crucial story in the study of ancient Sparta is formed by the finds from the temple of Artemis Orthia. Orthia was a local goddess in the Southern Peloponnese — there is also a temple to Orthia at Messene — but she was later assimilated with the better known goddess Artemis. The temple began very early, perhaps as early as the ninth century BC, but became famous or perhaps notorious as the scene of one of the Spartan initiation ceremonies in which boys and young men were flogged.
Two versions of the ceremony have been recorded. Xenophon records that cheeses were placed on the altar and the boys had to run the gauntlet to steal the cheeses. Pausanias gives a different version, in which the boys were beaten at the altar. The priestess stood by carrying the wooden statue of the goddess, and if the boys were not beaten hard enough she would complain that the statue was getting heavy and that the goddess demanded more blood, and they should be beaten harder until they bled.
In the Roman period, it became a very popular spectator sport to see boys and young men being flogged in this way, and in the third century AD, the temple was enclosed by a theatre where spectators could watch the floggings. The building of the theatre had the fortunate by-product in that earlier remains were preserved under the later seating, and early in the 20th century the site was excavated by the British School at Athens with remarkable results.
Large numbers of offerings were found, revealing that in the early period, that is the eighth to sixth centuries BC, the artistic standards of the offerings made at the temple were very high indeed — as fine as anything found anywhere else in Greece at that time. Spartan metalwork was particularly admired and Spartan bronzes were exported widely.
In the archaic period Sparta was also the home to poets: the best known of these is Tyrtaeus whose work is lost except for quotations, but who wrote martial verses during the first Messenian War (743-724 BC). A later poet, Alcman (circa 600 BC) was famed for his lyric poetry.
Up to this date therefore Sparta was definitely one of the leading Greek cities with an interesting constitution, fine poets and a great artistic tradition: the equal of any other Greek state. But the conquest of Messenia and the social structure imposed by the necessity of keeping the helots in suppression was taking its toll and during the sixth century Sparta became very different from the other Greek states.
The culmination came when Sparta rejected money. I would argue that it was a deliberate rejection, for Plutarch tells us that Lycurgus rejected money. However this could not have happened until the concept of money had been invented, presumably around 550-525 BC when Athens adopted money. Thus if Lycurgus rejected money, he could not have lived until money was invented, around the mid-sixth century; or at least that is when Lycurgus was invented, or perhaps an earlier lawgiver figure was reinvented and his system was codified.
The Spartan rejection must have been quite deliberate: there must have been a debate in the Council of the Elders, who then brought it forward to be ratified in the Assembly. But certainly there is no Spartan money until the third century BC, when the reforming kings Aegis IV and Cleomenes III introduced money, and Sparta became semi-normal. There are a few references to iron spits being used as money and notoriously the Spartan kings and ephors were periodically bribed by the Persians – but Sparta never produced any money of its own.
It was more than just money. Plutarch assures us that gold and silver were banished and as a result gold and silver ornaments vanished, theft and robbery became unknown and pimps and beggars vanished from the streets, as did the teachers of rhetoric – a pet hate of the opponents of democracy at Athens – perhaps the equivalent of the bankers or advertising agents of today. Foreign imports also vanished, as indeed can be seen from the archaeology. Sparta cut itself off from the outside world.
The new system however – perhaps rather it was the codification, the clarification of the old system – was an immediate success, and the closing years of the sixth century and the opening years of the fifth was the time of the Spartan’s greatest success notably under its great though erratic king Cleomenes, who successfully helped the Athenians eject their tyrant Hippias which led the way to Athenian democracy. The Lycurgan system had immense influence on many Athenian intellectuals such as Xenophon and later Plutarch, and the whole system has consciously or unconsciously formed the basis of totalitarian ideals ever since: Plato’s Republic is surely at least a nod to the Spartan system.
Ultimately however the system must be seen as barbarian. Family life was rejected as leading to too many inequalities. Education was wholly in the hands of the state, and a communal way of life was in force with the males living in communal messes. This enforced egalitarianism however was only made possible as part of a strict caste system with the three main castes, the Spartiates at the top, then the allies, the Perioikoi who lived around Sparta forming a great mass at the centre, and the Helots at the bottom doing all the hard work. In the sixth and fifth century, Greece became the world’s first civilisation; but within that civilisation, Sparta became the world’s most outstanding example of barbarism. But now we must move on to the greatest episode of Sparta’s success – the Persian Wars.
On to The Persian Wars
(For the earlier version, click here)
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Today’s coaches corner is very unique as its a topic that covers all three disciplines: Perfect cadence.
What’s is cadence?
Cadence is simply the number of actions taken during the course of a minute. This will either be pedal strokes on the bike, strokes taken in the pool over a certain distance or number of steps per minute running.
So what is the perfect cadence?
BTF look to encourage coaches to promote a cadence range of 75-85 revolutions per minute (rpm). Working on this principles. If you select too low a gear – then your cadence will drop low, so sub 65rpm. This means you will be pushing hard and this builds up lactic acid in the legs and will blow them leaving you with nothing for the run. OR if you select too high a gear you could be ticking over at 110rpm+ Meaning that you are virtually spinning on the spot and therefore not moving forwards as fast as you could. However, as you will see with running, a cadence range of 90-95 is best for those looking to run off the bike. You will see the pros hitting 100-120 with ease but they have progressively trained themselves to turn the right gear at that level. Top Tip: look to change your gear frequently to ensure you are in the correct cadence range. Look to practice small periods of higher cadence on your long ride or turbo sessions to teach your body to cycle with a higher turn over.
As mentioned above, get the wrong gear on the bike and you are likely to have blown your legs out filling them with lactic acid and therefore running off the bike with heavy legs. Elite runners have a cadence of 180-210 steps per minute whilst training or racing. The length of their strides simply increases. So how can we use this knowledge to help run off the bike better. Well if you half 180 you get 90 which is the lower end of the more efficient cycle cadence range. Top tip: look to buy a small metronome were you can set the bleeps to help you run faster.
This is slightly more harder to give a guide to. Wing span has a factor. This is basically whether your wing span of your arms are longer or shorter than your height. A positive wing span means you can have the potential to catch more water per stroke, but if you have a poor or short stroke it won’t apply. Counting your strokes per length can help. 25m pool means you should take less than 25 strokes. As you get more efficient this will come down. However when you look to go fast, your stroke rate will naturally increase. Having the ability to maintain this is keep. Think speed boat going fast for 10sec then drifting in the water. It slows down. Now if that speed boat could keep going it will get to the end quicker Top tip: you can also buy a waterproof metronome which goes under your swim cap and you look to replicate a stroke to the beeps.
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THE VILLAGE OF CLEVELAND
On December 23, 1815, the Legislature passed an act incorporating the Village of Cleveland, and on the first Monday
of June in the following year the first village election was held. At this election there were twelve votes cast.
Alfred Kelly was elected president, as the chief officer of the village was then called; Horace Perry, recorder;
Alonzo Carter, treasurer; John A. Ackley, marshal; George Wallace and John Riddle, constables; Samuel Williamson,
David Long and Nathan Perry, Jr., trustees. We are now entering upon an era that brings to our notice pioneers
of a different variety than those who felled the forest and brought it into productive beauty. We are to discuss
to some extent the pioneers of industry, but before we do that it seems appropriate to pay a deserved tribute to
one who represented the first class and who died just before the village was organized and was buried in the Erie
Street (East Ninth Street) Cemetery, Lorenzo Carter. We have suggested that it would be appropriate to erect a
monument to him as an ideal type of the Western Reserve pioneer and place it beside that of Moses Cleveland, one
the architect and the other the builder. Lorenzo Carter was identified with the township alone, his son, Alonzo,
being one of the first officers of the village. Harvey Rice in his biography of Lorenzo Carter says of him: "It
is not so much what a man thinks or believes as what he does that gives him character. It was physical strength
and a fearless spirit that distinguished the brave and the bold in the heroic age of the Greeks. It was these traits
of character that gave Lorenzo Carter his renown as a valiant pioneer in the early settlement of the Western Reserve."
The pen picture by Mr. Rice could be duplicated in marble or bronze. "The Indians found in him an overmatch
as a marksman and a superior in physical strength. He had the muscular power of a giant and not only knew his strength,
but knew when and how to use it. He stood six feet in his boots, and was evidently born to command. His complexion
was somewhat swarthy and his hair long and black. He wore it cut square on the forehead and allowed it to flow
behind nearly to the shoulders. He had a Roman nose and the courage of a Roman. Yet he was as amiable in spirit
and temper as he was brave. He dressed to suit himself and as occasion required. In times of danger he always found
in his rifle a reliable friend. He not only enjoyed life in the wilderness, but soon became master of the situation.
He loved adventure and encountered dangers without fear." Mr. Rice relates an incident that was not given
in the previous chapter, when Mr. Carter returning from a hunting trip found that a band of Indians had broken
into his warehouse of logs, knocked in the head of a barrel of whiskey and drank so much as to become drunk and
dangerously belligerent. Carter marched in among them, drove them out, kicked and cuffed them about in every direction
and rolled several of them who were too drunk to keep their feet into the marshy brink of the river. The next day
the Indians held a council and decided to do away with Carter. They selected two of their best marksmen and directed
them to follow his footprints the next time he went into the woods to hunt and to shoot him at the first favorable
opportunity. The two selected trailed Carter on his next hunt with Indian cunning and at a favorable opportunity
to make sure work both fired at once, but missed. Carter turned on his heel and fired. One Indian fell dead in
his tracks, the other with a terrific whoop ran into the woods out of sight. This event overawed the Indians and
no further attempts were made on Carter's life. His rifle became the law of the land. The Indians became convinced
that he was the favorite of the Great Spirit and could not be killed. While Carter had thus obtained such an influence
over the Indians, he thus became the protector of the settlers on the border. John Omic, who was hung for murder,
was kept a prisoner in Carter's tavern previously to his trial and execution without fear of a raid from the Indians.
Carter always treated the Indians when they behaved as they should with kindness and generosity, and was a peacemaker
and arbiter in quarrels among themselves. The story of the hanging of Omic, the first execution in the county,
is necessarily a part of every local history, but its repetition occurs because of its great significance. Many
Indians were present. It was an illustration to them of the majesty of the white man's law, inexorable but based
upon sober judgment. It was an object lesson not long to be forgotten that the safety of the community depends
upon the punishment of crime, that life must not be taken with impunity, but that the sober judgment of the law
and not the idea of vengeance must rule. Omic had killed in cold blood two white men near Sandusky. The testimony
was undisputed, he was convicted and sentenced. Carter, in whose custody he had remained from the time of his arrest,
and who, as we have said, spoke the Indian language fluently, impressed upon the Indian the fact that the white
man's law must be carried out and counselled Omic to die like a man. The time of the execution arrived. A gallows
had been erected on the Public Square ready for the execution, which was fixed at June 26, 1812. When that day
arrived a one horse wagon appeared at the door of Major Carter's cabin. On it was a rough coffin made of boards
unplaned, ready to receive the convict, but first to provide a seat for him on his way to the scaffold. Omic, or
O'Mic as the name is more frequently written in the early annals, had many times after his conviction boasted to
Major Carter that he would show the white men how bravely an Indian could die. He said they need not tie his hands,
but simply adjust the rope and he would jump from the scaffold and hang himself. He decorated himself with paint
and war plumes and when taken out of Major Carter's garret sprang lightly into the wagon and seated himself on
his coffin with the stolid indifference of his race. When he arrived at the scaffold he was taken by Sheriff Baldwin
and assisted by Major Carter compelled to ascend to the scaffold. It may be added that the drive from Major Carter's
had been made under a military escort that marched to the music of the fife and muffled drums to the Public Square,
where a large crowd had collected. On the scaffold the murderer lost his courage and was no longer the brave warrior.
A prayer had been offered, the rope adjusted and the trap ready to be sprung when the prisoner seized a side post
of the gallows and held on with a death grip. Carter reminded him of his professed bravery and the prisoner finally
agreed to let the law take its course on condition that he be given a quart of whiskey. This concession was agreed
to, but the prisoner after drinking the potion again played the same trick and again compromised on the second
quart of whiskey. Before he had completed the drinking of the second the trap was sprung and the prisoner fell,
breaking the rope and his neck at the same time. Before this time the Indians gathered about exhibited great emotion,
and it is said that on account of the storm which was just beginning, but which burst into fury just as the trap
was sprung, the flint locks of the guards were so moist that their guns would have been useless had the Indians
attempted a rescue. The remains of Omic were immediately buried under the scaffold, but were not there the following
morning, which gave rise to many conjectures until it was found that they were in the possession of Doctor Long,
Cleveland's first physician, who used it for clinical purposes. As a final sequel to the incident of this first
execution it is related that Captain Sholes, a patient of Doctor Long, became panic stricken at a sight of Omic's
skeleton in Doctor Long's pioneer hospital. This is referred to as the last appearance of the terrible O'Mic.
The use of the Carter Tavern as a jail did not spoil it as a place of general social activity, for the name of
Lorenzo Carter became known throughout the Reserve. He was highly respected as a worthy citizen and was known as
the famous real pioneer of the Cuyahoga Valley. To the extent that he had the great influence over the Indian he
had the confidence and respect of the white men. The first social dance or ball that took place in Cleveland was
held at the Carter Tavern, the renowned log cabin. It was held July 4, 1801. There were about thirty in attendance.
They came from all around and were dressed in all sorts of style. Some came on foot and some on horseback. The
dancing was in the front room or parlor with its puncheon floor and its walls decorated with deer horns, powder
horns, rifles and shotguns. The dance began at an early hour and lasted until daylight. The orchestra consisted
of a Mr. Jones, who, after tuning up his fiddle, struck up as the first number "Hie, Betty Martin," the
favorite air of that day. Here, as we have said, occurred the first wedding in Cleveland.
Of Major Carter, Haney Rice has this to say: "Major Lorenzo Carter was the right man in the right place for
the time in which he lived. No man, perhaps, could have accomplished more, or executed his life's work better than
he did under the same circumstances. He accumulated a handsome property, and in the latter part of his life purchased
a large farm, which he improved, and which lay on the west side of the Cuyahoga River, nearly opposite the termination
of Superior Street. This farm, after his death, became the property of his son, Alonzo Carter, who occupied it
for many years, when it was sold to the Buffalo Land Company and cut up into city lots. It has now become an important
business part of the City of Cleveland. The major died February 7, 1814, at forty seven years of age. He was the
father of nine children, three sons, Alonzo, Henry and Lorenzo, and six daughters, Laura, Rebecca, Polly, Rebecca
II, Mercy and Betsey. Lorenzo and both Rebeccas died in infancy. Henry was drowned when but ten years old in the
Cuyahoga River. The other children attained maturity and led exemplary lives. His wife died October 19, 1827. The
descendants of the major are numerous, and are not only worthy, but highly respected citizens. His grandsons, Henry,
Lorenzo, Charles and Edward Carter, reside in the City of Cleveland, and others of his descendants reside in the
vicinity, or at no great distance, and are connected by marriage with prominent families. The Rathburns and Northrops
of Olmsted Falls, the Akins of Brooklyn, the Ables of Rockport, the Cathans of Chagrin Falls, the Rathburns of
Newburgh, the Peets of Ridgeville, Mrs. Crow of Newburgh and others. Major Carter and his wife, Rebecca, were consigned
to their final resting place in the Erie Street Cemetery, near its western entrance. Two marble headstones mark
the spot, and also bear upon their face a brief record that is worthy of a reverent remembrance." Lorenzo
Carter, dying before the age of fifty, left a Cleveland emerging as a border town but still small. If another twenty
five years more of life had been allotted him he would, no doubt, have contributed much to industrial Cleveland.
In 1808 he built the first vessel constructed at Cleveland, a thirty ton schooner named the "Zephyr"
and designed for the lake trade.
The return of peace following the war with England did not bring immediate prosperity to Cleveland. There was a
money stringency. Agricultural products about Cleveland were abundantly on the increase but were excessively cheap.
Transportation East was expensive and that was the only market. The settlers, too, were generally in debt for their
land and their payments must go to the eastern owners. Some business was done but the population was small and
the increase was slow. Five years after the war the condition was most discouraging.
This condition had a tendency to increase the shipping for transportation was in demand. This year Levi Johnson
built another schooner in the same manner as the first. It was built in the woods where the Central Market is now
and was hauled to the river in the same manner as was the Pilot. It was named the Neptune and was a vessel of sixty
five tons. In the year that the village was organized Noble H. Merwin moved to Cleveland and began business as
a tavern keeper in the tavern formerly conducted by George Wallace. This hostelry was located on Superior Street
and Virginia Lane. Merwin was an enterprising citizen. He soon engaged in the provision trade and in ship building.
Miss Bixby, later Mrs. Philo Scovill, who came to Cleveland in 1816, has left recorded recollections of the town
at that time. She says that when she came, Levi Johnson, Alfred Kelly and Phineas Shepard were much in evidence.
Phineas Shepard kept the old Carter tavern. The widow Carter was living on the farm at the foot of Superior Street
and there was a large rye field in front of her house. Doctor Long and Doctor McIntosh, N. H. Merwin and Hiram
Hachett, tavern keepers, Horace Perry and Philo Scovill, afterwards her husband, who kept a drug store, were mentioned.
There was no church nor settled minister. Traveling preachers came from time to time and meetings were held in
the schoolhouse in winter and in the courthouse in summer. The people were called to meeting by the blowing of
a bugle by a Mr. Bliss. The first courthouse was built on the Public Square by Levi Johnson at a cost of $500.
It was built of logs and the raising was in progress when the booming of cannon announced the Battle of Lake Erie.
This was September 10, 1813. A little later a great social event occurred in Cleveland when the citizens gave a
banquet to Corn. Oliver Hazard Perry and Gen. William Henry Harrison The shipwrights of Cleveland were swelled
with pride because they had built two of the ships of Perry's fleet, the Porcupine and the Portage. After the surrender
of the Americans at Detroit and before the victory of Perry, a stockade was built at Cleveland by the government
officer Capt. Stanton Sholes, as a defense. Lorenzo Carter and James Kingsbury were active in its construction.
It was located in a thick wood west df West Third Street and north of Lakeside Avenue. It was a star shaped structure
built of chestnut logs, capable of accommodating a garrison of 200 men and was called Fort Huntington. Its armament
consisted of one cannon mounted on a pair of wagon wheels. This gun commanded the mouth of the river, but its effectiveness
was not demonstrated. "Queen Charlotte" of the British fleet appeared before Cleveland in June of 1813,
but she was driven off by a violent storm, and not by the gun of Fort Huntington.
The Township of Cleveland continued after the formation of the village and the election of village officers. From
the records, the last general election, electing a full quota of township officers, was held in 1838, April 2nd.
The trustees were H. H. Dodge, John A. Vincent and T. H. Watkins; justices of the peace, A. D. Smith and George
Hoadley; clerk, Henry Sexton; treasurer, N. Dockstader; fence viewers, S. W. Baldwin, R. Dunham and Levi Billings;
constables, and it seems these officers were multiplied in number to form a sort of police force for the village
and the embryo city, Lewis Dibble, Henry Morgan, Elijah Peet, Almon Burgess, Seth A. Abbey and Seth M. Billings.
There was elected at this time also supervisors of the highways, as follows: J. R. Waters, S. Giddings, B. Crawford,
S. Erwin, W. O'Connor, W. Cleveland, John Blair and R. Scovill to represent the various road districts. The previous
year, in April, a justice election was held and J. F. Benedict and Joseph Adams were the choice of the electors,
but this election was contested and another held in May, when Samuel Underhill and Isaac T. Benedict were elected,
J. F. Benedict receiving only a few votes. The records show that this contested election cost the township $29.50.
There were three school districts at this time and the enrollment is recorded as twenty eight in number one,
twenty six in number two, and 137 in number three. This enrollment was probably of residents and not "scholars,"
for it includes the names of Nathan Perry, Phil Scovill, Peter M. Weddell, A. W. Walworth, Irad Kelley, Leonard
Case, Abraham Hickox, Samuel Williamson and other well known names: Fence viewers were elected at the last election
recorded, but apparently the township was not adequately fenced for the records show that twenty four citizens
filed with the clerk ear marks for cattle, sheep and swine, indicating that a joint pasturage was used by the settlers.
This completes the record of the township after the forming of the village and from this time Cleveland Township
soon became merely a judicial township and so existed until the establishment of the Municipal Court, when it passed
away, except in history.
But to return to the village proper - if one had come to Cleveland in 1816 with Leonard Case he would have found
as did Mr. Case, Water Street a winding path in the bushes and Vineyard Lane and Union Lane paths leading down
to the river, a street called Mandrake Lane, and West Third and West Sixth streets, all woods, between Saint Clair
and Lake streets, a slashing, that is, the large timber cut down, but the small left growing, and with the walls
of Fort Huntington still standing. There was a new schoolhouse where the Kennard House now is located. It was 18
by 20 feet and had a stone chimney. Between the river hill and the river it was a swamp. In what is now the wholesale
section of the city, there were improved lots and the rye field of Mrs. Carter. Ontario north of the Square, Superior
east, and East Ninth Street were deep woods.
Superior and Water streets were the business streets of Cleveland. On Superior Street lived Noble H. Merwin, his
wife Minerva, his clerk William Ingersoll and his boarders, Thomas O. Young, Philo Scovill and Leonard Case. There
was Hiram Hachett, wife, and five children, Silas Walworth and wife, James Gear and wife, hatters. It is said that
these pioneer hatters of Cleveland made the broad pioneer hat, the predecessor of the famous Stetson, and, for
statesmen real and aspiring, the tall white hat always associated with Gen. William Henry Harrison. On this street,
but we are advancing too fast in history, for it was called at that time Superior Lane, we would have found Darius
B. Henderson, his wife and daughter, Dr. David Long, his wife, Juliana, and two children, A. W. Walworth, postmaster
and collector of the port, Daniel Kelley and sons Alfred, Joseph R., Thomas M. and Irad. Joseph It and Irad Kelley
were merchants associated in business. Almon Kingsbury had a store on Superior with his father, James Kingsbury.
Pliny Mowry kept a tavern on the site of the Cleveland Hotel of today. There was Horace Berry and his wife Abigail,
Abram Hickox, the blacksmith, survivor of the explosion in celebrating the dawn of peace, with his wife and family,
Amasa Bailey, Christopher Gun, who operated the ferry across the Cuyahoga, George Pease and Phineas Shepard, who
kept tavern in the old Carter house, part log and part frame. Nathan Perry and wife, who kept a store with a very
large assortment for that day, John Aughenbaugh and family, the town butcher, a negro family, the names not known,
Dr. David O. Hoyt, who moved soon after to Worcester, George Wallace, another tavern keeper, his wife Harriet,
four children and steady guests or boarders, James Root, S. S. Dudley, H. Willman, William Gaylord and C. Belden.
There was Asahel Abell, cabinet maker, and David Burroughs, Sr., and David Burroughs, Jr., blacksmiths, all pioneer
business men of this main street of the Village of Cleveland.
On Water (West Ninth) Street could be found Samuel and Mathew Williamson, tanners, the widow of Major Carter, John
Burtiss, brewer and vessel builder, John A. Ackley, afterwards the first marshal of the Village of Cleveland, and
two lake captains with their families. William C. Johnson and Harpin Johnson. On the west side of the river, as
Mr. Case remembered, there was only one family, that of Alonzo Carter, son of Lorenzo, the first treasurer of the
This gives a human glimpse of industrial Cleveland at that time, but the line of industries and commercial activities
were growing. The next year a Mr. White put up a tailor shop, the first in the town, but he was obliged to go to
Newburgh for a painter, as there were none in Cleveland. Newburgh was more widely known then as letters were frequently
addressed to Cleveland, Ohio, six miles from Newburgh. The warehouses on the river were of logs, but already buildings
were coming into existence of better construction. In 1817 Leonard Case and William Gaylord built the first frame
warehouse on the river. It was north of Saint Clair Street. Soon Levi Johnson and Dr. David Long built another
nearby, and John Blair another The price of lots in the village were steadily advancing and in 1816 the assessed
value of the property in the village was $21,065. On Bank (East Sixth) Street, Abel R. Garlick began cutting stone,
which added another industry to swell the total.
Money was beginning to circulate and in 1816 the Commercial Bank of Lake Erie was started with Leonard Case as
cashier, but there was not enough business to support it and after three years of life it went out of existence,
only to be revived later as greater business activity made it necessary. This was the first financial institution
in Cleveland. Some advance was made in 1818 and new additions to the citizenry. Orlando Cutler, a man with a vision,
who foresaw the growth of the town, opened a store with a twenty thousand dollar stock of goods, a large addition
to the town. Reuben Wood, a lawyer, who was afterwards governor of Ohio came that year. James Kingsbury sold to
Leonard Case fifty acres of land which included the present site of the Federal Building, the Cleveland Postoffice,
for $100 per acre. This was the most extensive real estate transaction up to that time. But the beginning of the
great era of progress touched the life of Cleveland when "Walk in the Water," the first steamboat to
ply the lakes came to the town that year. Of course all the population of the village came to the shore to view
the marvel, which made very good time for a beginner. Cleveland, the capital of the Western Reserve, must have
a newspaper, and in 1818 The Cleveland Gazette and Commercial Register was started and the next year The Cleveland
In enumerating the early settlers of Cleveland and recounting their deeds it is with especial pride that we speak
of Alfred Kelley, who came to Cleveland in 1810. Born in Middletown, Connecticut, in 1787, he received a common
school and academic education and studied law. He came to Cleveland in company with his uncle, Judge Joshua Stowe,
and Dr. Jared P. Kirtland. Admitted to the bar on the year of his arrival he became the first prosecuting attorney
of Cuyahoga County and continued in that office for twelve years. He was elected to represent this county, Ashtabula
and Geauga in the Legislature, and was reelected when Huron, having been detached from Cuyahoga, was included in
his district. He was the first president (mayor) of the Village of Cleveland. He was an advocate of advanced ideas
in the law, in finance, and in internal improvements, and as included in the latter he was a foremost promoter
of the building of the Ohio Canal, and was superintendent of its construction when the project was finally under
way. Fortunate for the town founded by Moses Cleveland it certainly was that a Cleveland man was in the councils
of the projectors for if the lake terminus of the canal had been other than at the mouth of the Cuyahoga the growth
of the city must have been delayed many years. But it is not of this that we wish particularly to speak.
While spoken of as "the father of the Ohio Canal," Mr. Kelley was the father of a reform movement of
far reaching and heart gripping import. In the session of the Legislature he introduced a measure for the abolishment
of imprisonment for debt. This session was held in 1816 and 1817 and was the Fifteenth General Assembly of Ohio.
The bill did not pass and become a law at that time but it began the agitation. The old annals recite that this
was the first bill to abolish imprisonment for debt that was introduced in any legislative body in the world. After
the publication of the poem on the subject by Whittier the reform spread and was adopted in all the states of the
Union and in other parts of the world. The lines of Whittier, incorporated in the school readers, are familiar
and we quote from them by way of calling attention more particularly to the subject and to the author of the bill
referred to, Hon. Alfred Kelley. In the thirty sixth legislative session, when Leverett Johnson represented Cuyahoga
County, by act of March 19, 4838, imprisonment for debt was abolished in Ohio.
"What has the gray-haired prisoner done?
Has murder stained his hands with gore?
Not so; his crime's a fouler one;
God made the old man poor!
For this he shares a felon's cell,
The fittest earthly type of hell!
For this, the boon for which he poured
His young blood on the invader's sword,
And counted light the fearful cost,
His blood gained liberty is lost!
Down with the law that binds him thus!
Unworthy freemen, let it find
No refuge from the withering curse
Of God and human kind !
Open the prisoner's living tomb
And usher from its brooding gloom
The victim of your savage code
To the free sun and air of God;
No longer dare as crime to brand
The chastening of the Almighty's hand."
While in the Legislature Mr. Kelley drew the state bank statute, and which nearly a century later served as a model
for our present national banking law. He labored hard to give the state a just and equitable system of taxation,
a problem that seems to be still unsolved. In the grave crisis of 1841 he saved the state from the disgrace of
repudiation by pledging his own personal fortune to secure the money with which the obligations of Ohio could be
met. Ohio has furnished to the nation many financiers of wide reputation. Alfred Kelley was the pioneer of all.
He was a typical pioneer in this, that he raised a large family. He was married in 1817 to Mary Seymour Welles,
daughter of Major Melancthon W. Welles of Martinsburg, New York. Their children were Maria, Jane, Charlotte, Edward,
Adelaide, Henry, Helen, Frank, Annie, Alfred and Katherine. Besides being the "father" of the Ohio Canal
with its northern terminus at the mouth of the Cuyahoga, Mr. Kelley served as one of the fund commissioners, having
charge of the funds necessary to prosecute the various canal enterprises of the state. And more it is interesting
to follow the career of this man, who was associated so intimately with the early days of Cleveland railroads came
and he was chosen to superintend the construction of a number. He was the first president of the Columbus &
Xenia Railroad (1845), was president of the Cleveland, Columbus & Cincinnati Railroad (1847), now a part of
the Big Four System, and was president of the Cleveland, Painesville & Ashtabula Railroad (1857), now a part
of the New York Central Railroad. His entire life was devoted to efforts to develop the state. And he devoted many
years of service for when first in the Ohio Legislature he was the youngest member. He died at Columbus, December
In a narrative history it is of course impossible to even mention, much less discuss, all who by their activities
in the building up of Cleveland deserve a tribute. The very early years, with its sparse population, brought out
in bolder relief the characters, who laid the foundation of the present great and growing city. Into this little
community of promise in 1818 came Ansel Young, settling out at Doan's Corners. He was a man of scientific attainments
and was an intimate friend of Jared Sparks, the famous scientist, preacher, and author. Young was known as a maker
of almanacs, an occupation followed by his friend Sparks also.
We have mentioned the first newspapers. From the early files we find much interesting data. The files of a well
conducted newspaper contain a living breathing history. From a copy of the Herald of 1819 we learn that Ephraim
Hubbell was putting up carding machines at the mills in Newburgh, that he would soon do carding and that his charge
would be 6 1/4 cents per pound, that Dr. David Long was selling salt, plaster, iron, buffalo robes and many other
staple articles, that E. Childs was selling fanning mills, and John Morgan making wagons, and that H. Foote was
keeping a book store. One issue told the readers there was no news from Columbus as no mail had arrived since the
last week's issue. Among the arrivals in Cleveland the next year were Mr. Weddell and Michael Spangler, one engaging
in mercantile pursuits and the other starting the first restaurant in the town. The term restaurant was not used
then and the hotel came later. Spangler kept The Commercial Coffee House where meals were served and Mr. Weddell
after succeeding in business built the Weddell House on Superior Street, for years the finest hotel in Cleveland.
During the time of Cleveland, the village, the religious advantages were few. Trinity Episcopal Church was organized
in 1816, but with only occasional services by a minister. In 1820 a few residents engaged Rev. Randolph Stone,
pastor of the Presbyterian Church at Ashtabula, to give one third of his time to Cleveland and the First Presbyterian
Church was organized with fourteen members.
By the following year the village was emerging from the pioneer stage for wolves had entirely disappeared. Hunters
were still getting deer and it was the hunting of big game that called out the men and dogs with no game laws to
interfere. It was a common sight to see a deer pressed by the dogs to swim out into the lake for a mile or more
and then turn again to the shore and seek a safe landing place. Business rivalry was keen and in 1822 a merchant
in the village advertised that all goods mentioned could be found in his little white store notwithstanding the
insinuations put forth from the big brick store. This year the first bridge was built across the Cuyahoga. It was
built by contributions and not by a tax. Some gave money, some wheat or rye, some lumber, some whiskey and many
labor. In this year also a brick school building was put up and a school opened for higher education. It was called
the Cleveland Academy and two years later Levi Johnson built the first steamboat. It was called the "Enterprise"
and was a steamer of 220 tons, the most pretentious vessel yet built in Cleveland. There was a small cluster of
houses on the west side called Brooklyn, but Josiah Barber and the thrifty pioneers over there were yet to become
rivals of the city surveyed under the direction of Moses Cleveland. The dream city of his founding was yet a village
but it looked out to the lake and dreamed of a harbor where boats laden with commerce should ride and it was not
an idle dream. At this time a bar at the mouth off river prevented large vessels from entering the river and even
small ones had difficulty. Like the business rivalry between the little white store and the big brick store in
local affairs there was a rivalry between the ports along the lake. In 1825 the Sandusky Clarion indulged in ridicule
of the Cleveland harbor. It said that yawls, which unloaded vessels at Cleveland stuck in the bar at the mouth
of the river. The Cleveland Herald replied that canoes entering Sandusky Bay ran afoul of catfish and were detained
until shaken off by ague fits of the crew. Attention was now turning more particularly to the matter of internal
waterways and accompanying cheap and adequate tiansportation. July 4th of the year 1825, when Cleveland had a population
of five hundred souls; ground was broken for the Ohio Canal, which was to traverse the state from the mouth of
the Cuyahoga to the Ohio River. This was the turning point in the history of Cleveland. Twenty five years, a quarter
of a century, had elapsed since the city had been laid out and yet it was a small village. The opening of work
on the canal brought an army of workers. Cleveland became in a short time a boom town and its growth was constant
and rapid. In 1831 its population was 1,100, the next year 1,500, the next 1,900, the next 3,323 and in 1835, the
last year of its existence as a village it had a population of 4,250. The boom was apparent on both sides of the
river, Brooklyn across the river that had only 200 people in 1825, under the impetus given to it by the building
of the Ohio Canal, gained in a corresponding ratio and became a rival of Cleveland, and as we have stated in a
former chapter beat out Cleveland a short time in forming a city government. In this year John W. Allen came to
Cleveland and was later president of the village. There is an overlapping of authority between the township and
the village and the city as the township continued with full civic authority until 1850, when the aldermen of the
city became trustees ex-officio of the township, the city clerk in the same way clerk of the township and the city
treasurer, treasurer of the township.
The trustees of the township have been Amos Spafford, Timothy Doan, William W. Williams, James Kingsbury, Lorenzo
Carter, David Dille, Augustus Gilbert, James Hamilton, Nathaniel Doan, Philemon Baldwin, Harvey Murray, Rudolphus
Edwards, Theodore Miles, Daniel Warren, Samuel Williamson, George Aiken, Horace Perry, Asa Brainard, Job Doan,
Isaac Hinckley, Daniel Kelley, O. Brainard, Jr., Phineas Shepherd, Seth C. Baldwin, Ahimacz Sherwin, Eleazer Waterman,
James Strong, Leonard Case, Andrew Logan, Moses Jewett, Wildman White, Peter M. Weddell, Henry L. Noble, Philo
Scovill, D. H. Beardsley, Andrew Cozad, Robert Cather, Rufus Dunham, Charles L. Camp, Ansel Young, Gordon Fitch,
Sylvester Pease, John Barr, Silas Baldwin, H. H. Dodge, John A. Vincent, T. H. Watkins, Timothy Ingraham, Benjamin
Crawford, Abijah Wheeler, George Witherell, Benjamin Rouse, Horatio Ranney, R. T. Lyon, M. M. Spangler, William
T. Goodwin, Benjamin S Decker, John Pritchard, John M. Bailey, and B. M. Spangler.
The clerks have been Nathaniel Doan, Stanley Griswold, Erastus Miles, Asa W. Walworth, Horace Perry, Daniel Kelley,
Hershel Foote, S. J. Hamlin, Dudley Baldwin, Edward Baldwin, George C. Dodge, S. S. Flint, Henry Sexton, Loren
Prentiss, Jesse P. Bishop, Charles L. Fish, Ellery G. Williams, George W. Lynch, D. W. Cross. As indicating the
character of the men who have served the township and their standing in the community it may be noted that Stanley
Griswold, the second township clerk, was elected and took office immediately after serving as United States senator.
Edward Tiffin resigned as senator and Stanley Griswold was appointed by Governor Huntington to fill the interim
until the Legislature should meet to elect his successor.
The treasurers of the township have been Timothy Doan, James Kingsbury, Lorenzo Carter, Nathaniel Doan, Stanley
Griswold, George Wallace, Horace Perry, David Long, Asahel W. Walworth, Irad Kelley, Timothy Watkins, Hershel Foote,
Daniel Kelley, Peter M. Weddell, Ahimaz Sherwin, Jr., Daniel Worley, Nicholas Dockstader, James H. Kelley, George
B. Tibbits, Henry G. Abbey, William T. Goodwin, George F. Marshall, D. W. Cross, and S. S. Lyon. The office of
justice of the peace for Cleveland Township continued for many years after the city officers assumed by virtue
of their position the duties of other township officers. The list therefore is very large. Among those who served
as justices of the peace for the first seventy five years of the township's existence are: Amos Spafford, Timothy
Doan, Nathaniel Doan, Theodore Niles, Samuel S. Baldwin, William Coleman, James Kingsbury, Erastus Miles, George
Wallace, Horace Perry, Samuel Williamson, Cyril Aikens, Job Doan, Samuel Cowles, Eleazer Waterman, Asahel W. Walworth,
Harvey Rice, Gordon Fitch, Orvill B. Skinner, Barnum J. Card, Andrew Cozad, George Roadley, Samuel Underhill, A.
D. Smith, Isaac F. Benedict, John Day, John Gardner, J. Barr, Isaac Sherman, Edward Hessentnueller, Charles L.
Fish, M. Barnett, James D. Cleveland, George W. Lund, J. T. Philpot, Almon Burgess, H. H. Holden, Isaac C. Vail,
George H. Benham, Henry Chapman, John R. Fitzgerald, Madison Miller, Wells Porter, Samuel Foljambe, Julius H. Brown,
Joseph S. Allen, Horace N. Bill, Perry W. Payne, John P. Green, H. P. Bates, E. A. Goddard, Charles H. Babcock,
Albert H. Weed, Felix Nicola, A. J. Hamilton, Truman D. Peck, W. K. Smith and H. P. Bates
There were ten presidents of the Village of Cleveland before the city government was established, that is from
1815 to 1836. Their names in the order in which they served are Alfred Kelley, Daniel Kelley, Horace Perry, Leonard
Case, E. Waterman, Samuel Cowles, D. Long, Richard Hilliard, John W Allen, and Samuel Starkweather.
Last Township of Cleveland
Next City of Cleveland
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Bamum and Bamileke Peoples:
Cameroon Grasslands, West Africa
In the lush countryside of the Cameroon Grasslands of West Africa there are a number of small tribal kingdoms whose oral traditions suggest that their ancestors migrated into the area in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. In the colonial era the northern groups became known as the Tikar; the Bamum and Bamileke peoples occupied the southern and eastern regions.
Among the southern settlements, the Fon, or king, was paramount. In Bamum society, political and social life was organized by the central authority of the king, surrounded by royal and commoner lineage titleholders. The power of the Fon was expressed in his wealth and in the privileged use of the images of the leopard, elephant, and buffalo in the iconography on thrones, stools, calabashes, drinking horns, and other royal regalia.
For the Bamum peoples, beaded art was an expressive form that distinguished persons of political rank and economic wealth, and was a means of establishing social identity. By the middle of the nineteenth century, major long-distance trade routes linked the Bamum peoples with the Atlantic coast, the Cross River Basin to the west, and northern Nigeria, the source for brass, glass beads of all types, and cloth. Artistic splendor became the hallmark of the Bamum court, which held a monopoly on the trade and use of beads to embellish wood sculpture created by skilled carvers from the Grasslands. These artists created thrones, stools, face masks, drums, verandah posts, architectural elements, and figurative sculptures, which were beaded with designs of great aesthetic imagination.
Bamileke society, like that of the Bamum, was organized under a king and a group of titled nobles, essentially as a hereditary aristocracy. The nobles were organized into two warrior societies; they alone were permitted to wear an elaborate mask known as an elephant masquerade (mbap mteng). The elephant masquerade, shown in a number of fine examples in this exhibition, consists of a beaded mask with human facial features, large, “floppy” ears, decorative panels on the front and back, and often a surmounting crest or headdress. It was and still is worn for state ceremonies, such as the funeral for a Fon or the biannual assembly, when the ritual dance of the elephant (tso) is performed before the people of the kingdom. The elephant masquerade is a dazzling visual experience when it is seen in motion, “danced” by its wearer.
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Another postponement of the verdict in last December’s gruesome rape case in Delhi will renew discussions on many aspects of the case: the crime, the punishment, the culture of rape in India, and the justice system there.
A perennial question will nag us again: what underlies such violence against women in India, and why has India been ranked as the worst place for women among G20 countries?While the answer is not simple, subordination of women in a highly entrenched patriarchal system, doctrinal acceptance of having been born inferior, sealed lips due to a huge social stigma on the rape victim and her family, unbridled power in the hands of the police and the politicians, and much else contribute to a culture of impunity.
Such impunity is further reinforced by recurrent use of official machinery to perpetrate violence in the name of religious, caste-based, social, political or other divisions within the society. When powerful politicians, law enforcement agencies and the justice system all keep engaging in brazen violations of human dignity, they become desensitized to such violence. Impunity in fact becomes an integral part of the culture itself. When nobody protects the constitution, the constitution cannot protect anybody.
While there are significant differences among cultures, religions and societies on such issues, a recent report from the World Health Organization (WHO) points out a world-wide pattern that is hardly flattering of the ‘man’-kind anywhere.
The WHO report discusses “a global health problem of epidemic proportions”: more than one third of women in the world are victims of sexual and physical violence. While the least horrifying numbers — 27 percent in Europe — are themselves stunning, they rise to 36 percent, 40 percent and 46 percent for Americas, South East Asia and Africa respectively. In Central Sub-Saharan Africa, besides 66 percent of women suffering violence from ‘intimate partners,’ 21 percent suffer at the hands of ‘non-partners.’
Because reporting sexual attack carries serious societal and physical repercussions for the victims in many countries, the numbers reported from those countries are very conservative.
Beyond the WHO report on individual cases, yet another universe of violence against women exists. Rulers and organized groups target women in large numbers as a tactic in most conflicts. A Japanese mayor recently defended the use of sex slaves in World War II (euphemistically called ‘comfort women’) as ‘necessary.’ The stories of women coming from Bosnia, Rwanda, Darfur, Libya, Syria, Egypt and other areas under strife have been mind-numbing.
Even democratic countries are guilty of organized violence against women. The ‘Widow Colony‘ in Delhi, India, remains a stark witness to the brutal gang rape of thousands upon thousands of Sikh women in 1984, in which their fathers, husbands, brothers and sons (including children) were forced to witness before they themselves were burned alive. The ruling party politicians who organized and abetted this barbarity have been rewarded with powerful political appointments rather than being brought to justice.
Whether it is organized brutalization of women or individual cases of violence, the ‘superior’ half of our species hardly cares about such violence against its ‘inferior’ half. When something really egregious comes to light, we go through the ritual of venting our outrage and demanding the blood of the perpetrators. Having done our duty towards humanity, the world seems to us to be a wonderful and peaceful place to live.
All this while, somebody remains chained in a solitary basement for years, hurting from tightly applied duct-tape on her limbs, face and eyes for days at times, and keeps reeling from the intense physical and psychological pain caused by the loss of her fetuses from forceful punches to her abdomen. Someone struggles heroically in a hospital to survive, but succumbs to injuries after a gang rape so gruesome that most of her intestines spill out. Someone lives her life in complete blindness after her whole face melts in acid, and is horrifically disfigured, because she ignores harassing advances of neighborhood boys. A wife set on fire on the altar of dowry desperately begs to be spared for the sake of her child, as her husband contentedly watches her life rapidly and painfully slipping away.
Domestic violence. Sexual violence and sexual slavery. Selective female infanticide and feticide. Trafficking. Comfort women. Tactical targets of rulers and mobs. Honor killings. Child-marriages. Wife burning. Acid attacks.
Where do I begin? Where do I end?
Many organizations and individuals are doing commendable work, and risking their own lives, in rescuing and helping women. But the numbers in each of the above categories are so staggering that they overwhelm the best efforts of such dedicated people. With widespread violence against women, and a handful rescued, it is like trying to tame a gushing fire hydrant with paper towel. We cannot stop the abuse of hundreds of millions of women, unless its root cause is addressed.
Various segments of our society, the politicians, the leaders of faith, the media, the educators, the general public and others must all act together to end this nightmare. In particular, the religious community must play a critical role.
As a first step, we must stop accusing God of misogyny and of creating women as inferior to men. We must stress in our religious services that God does not look kindly upon the abuse of his daughters. In most faiths, women are as much children of God as men. We all agree that God is compassionate and loves all of its children, whether men or women. The same Divine light dwells in women as in men. In describing the play enacted on the world stage by the Creator, Sri Guru Granth Sahib (SGGS), the Sikh Scripture, says:
‘The dancers are women and men, but it is none other than the creator who manifests in them all; doubt it not; shed all skepticism; it is the same creator that speaks through women as through men’ (translated from SGGS).
Irrespective of whether we pray to one God or many, or are atheistic, irrespective of the faith we follow, and irrespective of whether we are men or women, we must treat everyone, including women, as equal.
I believe that the status of women in a society is diagnostic of its moral values, as well as its future. The atrocities and the indignities that millions of women suffer daily cannot be expressed in words, but can only be felt by those who have to endure them. While most of us cannot even fathom such torment, we must at least do whatever we can to rescue humanity from this curse.
The hands of those women are tied, sometimes literally. Ours are not.
Satpal Singh, is chairperson of the World Sikh Council, America region.
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China could employ "antiaccess" strategies to prevent U.S. military forces from deploying or operating overseas. These actions could result in defeat for the United States, in the sense that China would accomplish its military and political objectives while preventing the United States from accomplishing some or all of its objectives. The United States can take short- and long-term steps to mitigate the Chinese antiaccess threat.
U.S. defense analysts are concerned about the possibility that China—a potential U.S. adversary in a conflict over Taiwan or South Korea—could employ an "antiaccess" strategy to prevent U.S. forces from deploying to a combat theater or to limit the locations from which they could operate. Such a strategy would be more attractive to China—and potentially more effective—than a force-on-force battle against the U.S. military, which remains superior to the People's Liberation Army (PLA) in technology, doctrine, training, and experience.
A RAND Project AIR FORCE (PAF) study of Chinese military doctrinal writings finds that China could employ several types of antiaccess strategies in a future conflict with the United States, including
- pressuring such countries as Japan to limit or deny the United States the use of forward bases
- striking or jamming information systems to delay the deployment of U.S. military forces or to deny the United States access to information on enemy whereabouts
- disrupting U.S. logistics systems, thereby preventing the timely delivery of supplies and delaying the arrival of additional forces
- attacking air bases and ports to prevent or disrupt the deployment of forces and materiel
- attacking naval assets, such as aircraft carriers, to limit the United States' ability to launch aircraft from the sea.
These actions could result in defeat for the United States—not in the sense that U.S. military forces would be destroyed but in the sense that China would accomplish its military and political objectives while preventing the United States from accomplishing some or all of its objectives.
The United States can do much to mitigate the Chinese antiaccess threat. The following near-term measures could be taken using existing capabilities:
- Strengthen passive defenses at air bases.
- Deploy air and missile defense systems near critical facilities.
- Diversify basing options for aircraft.
- Strengthen defenses against covert PLA operations.
- Reduce the vulnerability of naval forces to attack while in port.
- Reduce the vulnerability of command, control, communications, computer, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance systems.
- Take steps to deter and to mitigate the potential effects of high-altitude nuclear detonations, which could be used to disrupt U.S. information systems.
- Bolster allied capabilities to defend against attacks by missiles, aircraft, or special operatives.
Taking measures such as these would strengthen deterrence of potential aggression by China.
In the longer term, the United States should consider investing in new or improved capabilities, such as the following:
- improved ballistic missile defenses
- better capabilities for detecting, identifying, and attacking mobile, time-sensitive targets
- improved land-based and advanced shipborne cruise missile defenses
- improved antisubmarine warfare capabilities
- improved minesweeping capabilities
- an antisatellite capability and counters to antisatellite attack
- improved extended-range air defense capabilities
- more-effective counters to long-range surface-to-air and air-to-air missiles
- early strategic and tactical warning capabilities.
These measures and capabilities would help ensure that U.S. forces remain capable of responding rapidly and effectively to potential crises in the region.
This report is part of the RAND Corporation Research brief series. RAND research briefs present policy-oriented summaries of individual published, peer-reviewed documents or of a body of published work.
This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited; linking directly to this product page is encouraged. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial purposes. For information on reprint and reuse permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions.
The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit institution that helps improve policy and decisionmaking through research and analysis. RAND's publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors.
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Profiles In Nursing
Dolores “Dee” O’Hara (1935–), First NASA Space Nurse
Her nursing skills launched an out-of-this-world career
When Dolores “Dee” O’Hara entered nursing school after graduating from Oregon’s Lebanon High School in 1953, she had no idea her nursing career would have her literally reaching for the stars. In 1960, she became the first nurse to join NASA, launching a new specialty: aerospace nursing.
Born in Nampa, Idaho, O’Hara grew up in Oregon. After being impressed by a nurse at her high school’s career day, she enrolled in the Providence Hospital School of Nursing and later became a surgical nurse at the University of Oregon Medical School.
While she enjoyed bedside nursing, the physical toll exacerbated O’Hara’s back problems, so she pivoted to diagnostic roles, including lab testing and radiology.
In the spring of 1959, her life took another unexpected turn when her roommate suggested they both join the Air Force. O’Hara’s first reaction was skepticism — “Nice girls don’t do that,” she declared — but the allure of traveling and seeing the world ultimately changed her mind.
After completing officer training, O’Hara departed for her first assignment, in the labor & delivery unit of the Patrick Air Force Base hospital in Cape Canaveral, Fla.
An Out-of-This-World Offer
In November 1959, O’Hara was summoned to the office of the hospital commander, Col. George M. Knauf, who offered her a remarkable opportunity: to join Project Mercury, a new NASA program to put human astronauts into space.
O’Hara had no idea what an astronaut was, and she had never even heard of NASA (which had been established just 13 months earlier), but she accepted the job offer, “not knowing at all what I had committed myself to.”
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In the clear. To sequester more carbon from this world than we emit - is the biggest Koha (gift) LHS can make for the world.
A brief introduction to Lake Hawea Station.
The book ‘The secret Wisdom of Nature’ by Peter Wohlleben says ‘Nature is like a mechanism in an enormous clock. Everything is neatly arranged and interconnected’. At Lake Hawea Station we will ensure that everyone working on the Station understands the delicate balance and that every entity has a purpose and a role in this unique ecosystem. We needed to liberate our minds. A new approach to farming this historic sheep and beef station one that puts the ecosystem first.
The first step taken by the new owners in 2018 was to fence a stunning mature Kowhai Grove. In doing so the Kowhai themselves, their seedlings and other juvenile natives were liberated from years of stock invasion. Then they liberated a 35m strip along the lake. Planted ten thousand trees. Creating a new native forest and also fencing off the stations seven kilometers of lake front from stock.
Next, they looked to the critically endangered species. How can we support/liberate these?
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The first tutorial everyone suggest in arduino is Blinking a LED. Today I will show you how to control a AC light/appliance with the same Blink sketchControlling AC light or appliance with arduino is simple as blinking a LED using arduino.
All you need to is take proper care while doing this project because here we are dealing with AC current (230V is more than enough to kill you).So beware
Step 1: Things You Need
Step 2: Before We Build
What is a relay?
Relays are switches that open and close circuits electromechanically. They control one electrical circuit by opening and closing contacts in another circuit
A relay have 5 pins namely COIL A, B, NO, NC,COM
There are 5 Pins in a relay. Two pins A and Bare two ends of a coil that are inside the relay. The coil gets energized whenever current passes through it.
NC = Normally Closed, is connected to pin when the relay coil is not energized.
NO = Normally Open, is left disconnected when relay coil is not magnetized and is connected COM when the relay coil is energized.topin when the relay coil is not energized.
COM = Common, At no input state, the COM is connected to NC. When the operating voltage is applied to relay coil gets energized and the COM changes contact to NO
Why BC547 ?
5V Relay needs about 200mA current at 5V. But the digital pins of arduino provides only 20 mA current. So arduino can not drive the relaydirectly.So as amplifier we need to used a transistor to drive the relay
Why Diode ?
The relay coil cannot change it’s current instantly, diode provides a path for the current when the coil is switched off. Otherwise, a voltage spike will occur causing arcing on switch contacts or possibly destroying switching transistors
Step 3: Watch the Video
Step 4: Lets Start Building
The circuit is very simple and small, there is only few thing to place.
Wire as per the below given schematics
This is just a illustration of the circuit
Step 5: Upload Code to Arduino
There is not need to download any code you have the code within the software just upload the Blink Sketch and watch the AC light blinking as a LED blinks
This is just basic tutorial on interfacing Relay with arduino.This project can improved to higher level like Home automation using smartphone,Clap switch and much more
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Healthy Information for Travelers
visiting Indonesia Borneo, you may need to get vaccinations
and medications to prevent yourself against diseases,
your health-care provider will know what you will need,
depending on factors such as your health and immunization history. To
have the most benefit, visit a health-care provider
latest 4–6 weeks before your trip to allow time for
your vaccines to take effect. Even if you have less than 4 weeks before
you leave, you should still see a health-care provider for needed
vaccines, to get information about how to protect yourself
from illness and injury while traveling.
yellow fever is not a disease risk in Indonesia, the government
requires travelers arriving from countries where yellow fever is
present to present proof of yellow fever vaccination. If you will be
traveling to one of these countries where yellow fever is present
before arriving in Indonesia, this requirement must be taken into
will be visiting a malaria risk area in Indonesia, you will need to
take one of the following antimalarial drugs: atovaquone/proguanil,
doxycycline, or mefloquine.
risk area in Indonesia: Risk in rural Sumatra, Sulawesi, Kalimantan and
Nusa Tenggara Barat. No risk in urban areas.Risk in all areas of
eastern Indonesia (provinces of Papua Indonesia, Irian Jaya Barat, Nusa
Tenggara Timur, Maluku, and Maluku Utara).
in Jakarta, resort areas of Bali and the island of Java.
nausea and vomiting
Medical Prevention Needs
Iodine tablets and portable water filters to purify water if
water is not available.
Sunblock and sunglasses for protection from harmful effects of
Antibacterial hand wipes or alcohol-based hand sanitizer
least 60% alcohol.
Lightweight long-sleeved shirts, long pants, and a hat to wear outside,
Flying-insect spray to help clear rooms of mosquitoes.
nets treated with permethrin.
pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1) continues to cause outbreaks in
domestic and wild bird populations and has caused human cases in
several countries in Southeast Asia. In 2006, the virus continued to
spread in poultry populations in Indonesia. Avoid all direct contact
with birds, including domestic poultry (such as chickens and ducks) and
wild birds, and avoid places such as poultry farms and bird markets
where live birds are raised or kept. For a current list of countries
reporting outbreaks of H5N1 among poultry and/or wild birds, view
updates from the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), and for
total numbers of confirmed human cases of H5N1 virus by country see the
World Health Organization (WHO) Avian Influenza website.
swim in fresh water (except in well-chlorinated swimming pools) to
avoid infection with schistosomiasis. Leptospirosis, a bacterial
infection often contracted through recreational water activities in
contaminated water, such as kayaking, is common in tropical areas of
transmission persists in the region, although vaccination coverage is
improving in some countries in Southeast Asia. Influenza infections can
occur throughout the year in tropical areas.
Source : World Health Organization
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Seaman Knapp’s legacy goes far beyond the building named after him on LSU’s campus. Through demonstration farms he set up in southwestern Louisiana, Knapp pioneered a system for teaching farmers about modern, research-based techniques, laying the groundwork for Cooperative Extension as it is known today.
Knapp was born in 1833 and grew up on his family’s farm in New York. He studied liberal arts in college and became an instructor and administrator at the Fort Edward Collegiate Institute in New York. In 1866, Knapp moved to a farm in Iowa and worked as a pastor and head of the Iowa State School for the Blind.
Knapp suffered an injury and infection that bound him to a wheelchair for eight years. He spent his time reading and became absorbed by agricultural research. An educator at heart, Knapp was interested in how to best train farmers in modern, more effective techniques. In 1876, Knapp began writing articles and giving speeches about progressive methods he tested on his farm, where he raised sheep and pigs.
Knapp’s work led him to Iowa State College of Agriculture in 1879, where he was a professor and set up the first demonstration farm. Inspired by the experiments conducted on the campus farm, Knapp pushed for a bill — later called the Hatch Act of 1887 — that provides federal dollars to create agricultural experiment stations at land-grant colleges.
In the mid-1880s, Knapp relocated to Louisiana. He bought 160 acres of land in southwestern Louisiana, where he founded the town of Vinton. Local farmers relied on traditional methods and tools, offering Knapp a laboratory to test his theories and modernize agriculture in the area. He introduced farmers to upland rice and encouraged them to use the more efficient techniques he developed.
However, many farmers were reluctant to change their ways. Some of those who did struggled with their crops, became discouraged and moved away.
Knapp, a firm believer in agricultural demonstration, convinced some friends from Iowa to move to Louisiana, establish model farms and help local growers with problems they encountered in the fields. They became the first agriculture extension agents. The rice crop flourished and became the successful major crop it still is today in southwestern Louisiana.
Knapp took this model with him to Texas in the early 1900s, where the boll weevil was wreaking havoc on cotton. Through demonstration, he taught farmers how to protect their crop against the insects and introduced them to alternative crops such as corn and peas.
In 1909, Michigan Congressman James McLaughlin proposed a bill that would give states money to administer extension services like those Knapp modeled through landgrant colleges. There was no role for the U.S. Department of Agriculture in McLaughlin’s bill, which caused debate and eventually the bill’s failure. Knapp died two years later.
This was the Progressive Era, however, and just about every industry was looking for ways to modernize using scientific research.
Three years after Knapp’s death, Sen. Hoke Smith of Georgia and Rep. Frank Lever of South Carolina introduced legislation that partnered the USDA with land-grant universities, creating the Cooperative Extension Service. The federal government appropriates funds matched by states to provide practical, research-based information on agriculture and home economics through county-level extension agents. The Smith-Lever Act became law on May 8, 1914.
(This article was published in the spring 2014 issues of Louisiana Agriculture.)
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When her husband came out for women’s suffrage in 1911, Eleanor Roosevelt proclaimed herself “somewhat shocked as I had never given the question serious thought.” She was never a member of the Woman Suffrage Party, yet she was an avid supporter of the Women’s Trade Union League and the League of Women Voters. In the 1920s she opposed the Equal Rights Amendment, led by Alice Paul and Crystal Eastman. In her first book, Its Up to the Women, published in 1933 as her husband assumed the presidency, Roosevelt wrote that she was not interested in the abstract idea of equality with men. It did not really improve women’s ability to change society. So, was Eleanor Roosevelt a feminist? Or something else?
About the speaker: CYNTHIA M. KOCH is Historian in Residence and Director of History Programing for the Franklin Delano Roosevelt Foundation at Adams House, Harvard University. She was Director of the Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum in Hyde Park, New York (1999-2011) and subsequently Senior Adviser to the Office of Presidential Libraries, National Archives, Washington, D.C. From 2013-16 she was Public Historian in Residence at Bard College, Annandale-on-Hudson, NY where she taught courses in public history and Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt. Her most recent publications are “They Hated Eleanor, Too,” “Hillary R[oosevelt] Clinton,” “Demagogues and Democracy,” and “Democracy and the Election” are published online by the FDR Foundation http://fdrfoundation.org/.
Previously Dr. Koch was Associate Director of the Penn National Commission on Society, Culture and Community, a national public policy research group at the University of Pennsylvania. She served as Executive Director (1993-1997) of the New Jersey Council for the Humanities, a state affiliate of the National Endowment for the Humanities, and was Director (1979-1993) of the National Historic Landmark Old Barracks Museum in Trenton, New Jersey.
7 PM, FDR Suite (B-17), Adams House
Please note: this signup is filled, but an additional date has been added, Sunday, 11/5 at 7PM. All are welcome but should the second date fill, preference will be given to undergraduates. Sign up HERE
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What to expect from varicocelectomy?
The most common reason why people undergo varicocele surgery is because they have had a large inguinal hernia or other congenital condition which causes their intestines to protrude into the abdomen. These types of conditions are usually treated with surgery. However, if the problem does not require surgical intervention then it may be possible to treat it with a simple procedure called varicocelectomy.
Varicocelectomy is a medical term used to refer to removal of part or all of the veins supplying blood supply to the veins supplying blood supply to the veins supplying blood supply to any vein.
A varicocele is a collection of fluid in one or both testicles (or both) due either to infection, injury, or trauma. A varicocele can occur anywhere along the urethra, but most commonly occurs near the junction between bladder and rectum.
In some cases, a varicocele may be caused by cancer cells growing in the veins supplying blood to the veins supplying blood to the veins.
Another type of varicocele is called a spermatic cord compression. Spermatogenesis is the production of new eggs within the ovaries. When this happens, there will be no more egg production and therefore no more pregnancy. If left untreated, this condition can lead to infertility or even death.
A Telaventricular shunt (or high pressure connection) is a condition in which blood bypasses the veins, resulting in higher pressures in the arteries than in the veins.
Although a varicocele can be detected by physical exam through a varicocele or “swollen vein” in the scrotum, it can also be detected through ultrasound scanning.
A “sluggish” left renal vein is a condition in which the left renal vein does not properly drain blood from near the left kidney, causing high blood pressure in that area.
A “sluggish” right renal vein is a condition in which the right renal vein does not properly drain blood from near the right kidney, causing high blood pressure in that area.
A right testicular vein obstruction is a condition in which one or both of the veins that drain the blood from the testes (the male reproductive glands) become clogged, resulting in high blood pressure in one or both of the testicles.
Sources & references used in this article:
Laparoscopic varicocelectomy: preliminary report of a new technique by PG Hagood, DJ Mehan, JH Worischeck… – The Journal of …, 1992 – auajournals.org
Preoperative semen analysis as a predictor of seminal improvement following varicocelectomy by TG Matkov, M Zenni, J Sandlow, LA Levine – Fertility and sterility, 2001 – Elsevier
Single‐port laparoscopic surgery: initial experience in children for varicocelectomy by JH Kaouk, JS Palmer – BJU international, 2008 – Wiley Online Library
The adolescent varicocele I: left testicular hypertrophy following varicocelectomy by AB GERSHBEIN, M HOROWITZ… – The Journal of …, 1999 – auajournals.org
Time to improvement in semen parameters after microsurgical varicocelectomy in men with severe oligospermia by TA Masterson, AB Greer… – Canadian Urological …, 2019 – ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Laparoscopic versus subinguinal varicocelectomy: a comparative study by E Enquist, BS Stein, M Sigman – Fertility and sterility, 1994 – Elsevier
The impact of internal spermatic artery ligation during laparoscopic varicocelectomy on recurrence rate and short post operative outcome by S Kattan – Scandinavian journal of urology and nephrology, 2001 – Taylor & Francis
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Meet Braille Bricks | An Experimental Project
This project might seem familiar to some of you and you’d be right! We visited Braille Bricks back in issue 2 – For Good. Learning and playing, these two things go hand in hand. But what if you could combine the two AND bridge the gap between children with and without visual impairment?
So, what is it? It is a toy for literacy and the inclusion of visually impaired children.
Braille Bricks was created by Leandro Pinheiro and Ulisses Razaboni of the Lew’Lara\TBWA agency for visually impaired children who study at the Dorina Nowill Foundation in Brazil. The design itself is inspired by another similar block we all know and love and with a few modifications you have the whole alphabet available to you at your fingertips! The simplicity of its design is what makes it work and it’s a huge improvement on what children with visual impairments currently use – a braille typewriter. One of the drawbacks of using a typewriter is you can’t erase spelling mistakes but with Braille Bricks you can just remove and replace the blocks.
Learning by playing is a whole lot more fun and what Braille Bricks appears to do well is integrating children with visual impairments with other kids. It’s currently being used to educated 300 children across a few institutions and not yet available to most children in Brazil or across the world.
They’re inviting the world to use the hashtag #BrailleBricksForAll to help encourage toy manufacturers to help turn their experimental project into a a widely available literacy tool for children worldwide.
UPDATE: On April 24, 2019 the LEGO Foundation and LEGO Group announced their support for this pioneering project that will help blind and visually impaired children learn Braille in a playful and engaging way using Braille customised LEGO® bricks. The project, LEGO Braille Bricks, was unveiled today at the Sustainable Brands Conference in Paris, France.
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Modification of material surfaces
Biophysics and soft matter physics
The Design of DNA Frames by DNA Origami Technology
Keywords: DNA, Nanotechnology, DNA origami
Recommendation: This project will focus on the hottest topic in the field of DNA
Nanotechnology: DNA origami. This is a project designed for students who have background in chemistry and biology. This project is recommended for any students who are interested in the DNA nanotechnology.
Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) is a long polymer made from repeating units called nucleotides. DNA is the most important materials in living organisms for carrying the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning and reproduction. In living organisms, DNA usually exist as a pair of molecules that are held together by the hybridization of base pairs, so called double stand DNA. In addition to their essential functions in biology, DNA is also very attractive for materials scientists and engineers due to their unique properties. In recent years, significant progresses have been achieved in the field of DNA nanotechnology. Among them, the most notable advance is the development of DNA origami, which is a process of molecular self-folding of a long single-stranded DNA into prescribed objects (or DNA frames) by hundreds of short DNA oligonucleotides. With the help of computer, arbitrary shape of DNA frame can be designed and then experimentally realized in the laboratory. These DNA origamis are very useful for many applications including DNA robots, enzyme immobilization and drug carry capsules and so on.
The goal of this project is to ensure students have a good understanding in DNA origami, to be familiar with related DNA nanotechnology. Students will be taught the basic principle of DNA folding and how to design and characterize DNA frame with different shape. In the meantime, students will be provided with the data regarding the characterization of DNA frame. In addition, student will be encouraged to further assemble designed DNA frames into hierarchically complex structures. Students will finally be guided to write a report regarding the design of DNA frames by DNA origami.
Polymer Self-assembly toward Nano-coins
Keywords: polymer, self-assembly, mimicking nature
Recommendation: This project will focus on an attractive topic in the field of materials science: polymer self-assembly. This is a project designed for students who have background in polymer and materials science. This project is recommended for any students who are interested in polymer and polymer self-assembly.
Self-assembly is a process in which a disordered system of pre-existing components forms an organized structure as a consequence of specific, local interactions among the components themselves, without external driving force. When the constitutive components are polymers, the process is termed polymer self-assembly. The self-assembly of polymer is critically important is because the properties of polymer materials are intimately related to their hierarchically assembled structures. To develop the polymer materials with better properties, it is necessary to understand how to design polymers and how to self-assemble them into designed structures. Self-assembly is ubiquitous in nature from cell membrane to complex living organism. Using polymer to mimic the self-assembly process in nature and develop advanced materials is one of the hottest and most promising topics in the materials science.
In this project, we will focus on the fabrication of two dimensional “nano-coins” by polymer self-assembly, mimicking the thylakoid of chloroplast in nature. The goal of this project is to ensure students have a good understanding on polymer self-assembly. Students will be taught the basic principle in polymer self-assembly and how to design polymer and characterize polymer self-assembled structures. In the meantime, students will be provided with the data regarding the characterization of polymer self-assembled structures. Students will finally be guided to write a report regarding the self-assembly of two-dimensional “nano-coins”.
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There is nothing more beautiful than a wildflower, but what about them makes them so beautiful? Surely the details in them are often astounding. Long stamens, unique petals, or colorful flowers may dazzle the eyes. Alternatively, the beauty of a wildflower may be linked to its overall surrounding. We often find them perched in rocky crags, in front of mountain vistas, at the edge of our favorite pond, or along our favorite hiking trail. Each wildflower represents a detailed, wild beauty, and that beauty grows as you consider the ecosystem and ecology that surround them.
Wildflowers excel at telling us the progression of summer. In Alaska, one of the first wildflowers of spring, pasque flowers, spring up in large purple and yellow blossoms welcoming the queen bumble bees which have just woken up from a long winter. Similarly, the early blooms of purple mountain saxifrage provide a critical nectar resource for queen bees. However, the timing, or phenology, of wildflowers in Alaska is changing with a warming climate. Changing flower timing can effect insects populations, and in turn birds by growing at different times than they have for milleniums. An example that we (I believe) have all noticed is a quickly melting snowpack. As snowpack melts earlier it has repercussions on when a flower starts to grow and bloom by moving it earlier, and buds may freeze in the still cold temperatures (Inouye 2008). This changes the plant’s fitness and also the flowers available to pollinators. Although the genes of plants may have enough flexibility accommodate some of the effects of climate change, they may need to evolve to ultimately survive (Anderson, Jill T., et al. 2012).
This summer I’ve turned my lens to all of the wildflower blooms I can. I am actually pretty astounded by the number of species I have photographed and learned! When photographing them I both put them in their surroundings, and captured the fine details of their beauty. Some of these images are availble for purchase through my Fine Art America gallery. I hope you enjoy this extensive collection of the colorful seasons of Alaska! Photos are featured in the month that I captured them, rather than when they first start blooming.
If you’ve made it this far then I want to let you know that these images are available in a single page as well with some images that are not featured in this post:
If you are looking for Alaskan wildflower identification I cannot say enough about the utility of these two sites:
USDA Plant Database http://plants.usda.gov/java/
Inouye, David W. “Effects of climate change on phenology, frost damage, and floral abundance of montane wildflowers.” Ecology 89.2 (2008): 353-362.
Anderson, Jill T., et al. “Phenotypic plasticity and adaptive evolution contribute to advancing flowering phenology in response to climate change.” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 279.1743 (2012): 3843-3852.
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By Tamra Orr
Read Online or Download Cuban Heritage (21st Century Junior Library: Celebrating Diversity in My Classroom) PDF
Best children's nonfiction people & places books
Sleek Turkey used to be based in 1923 by way of Mustafa Kemal out of the continues to be of the Ottoman Empire. less than Kemal's management and a governing precept referred to as Kemalism, the rustic followed wide-ranging social, criminal, and political reforms. Its strategic situation at the border of the Asian and ecu continents lends the rustic a different combination of jap and Western traditions.
From the pageantry of the Musical trip to the movie-good seems to be of the fictitious Dudley Do-Right, just like the good-looking and stalwart Mountie has lengthy been a part of renowned North American tradition. yet there is extra to being a member of the Royal Canadian fixed Police than donning a purple coat. it is an enormous occupation legislation enforcement and public carrier.
Subscribe to sibling Chihuahuas Bella and Harry as they shuttle to Jerusalem with their kinfolk and stopover at Masada, the Western Wall and the outdated urban. alongside the best way, know about neighborhood delicacies (such as shawarma and knafeh) and easy Hebrew words. The Adventures of Bella & Harry is an image e-book sequence that chronicles the escapades of a domestic dog named Bella, her little brother Harry and their family members, who shuttle the area exploring the points of interest and sounds of latest, intriguing towns.
Anything as small as a seed may have a global impression. were you aware there are top-secret seed vaults hidden in the course of the international? And as soon as a seed disappears, that’s it—it’s long past ceaselessly? With the expansion of genetically converted meals, using many seeds is dwindling—of 80,000 suitable for eating crops, in basic terms approximately a hundred and fifty are being cultivated.
- African-American Writers (A to Z of African Americans)
- Y is for Yellowhammer: An Alabama Alphabet (Discover America State by State)
- Nasreen's Secret School: A True Story from Afghanistan
- Explore Norse Myths!: With 25 Great Projects (Explore Your World)
Additional resources for Cuban Heritage (21st Century Junior Library: Celebrating Diversity in My Classroom)
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SUMMARY OF THE PROBLEM
Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) is an extremely frequent problem in childhood with 2 distinct consequences in rich and poor countries: hospital admissions and costs in the former, and death in the latter. AGE is the second leading cause of death in childhood, pneumonia being the first (1). The most frequent and dangerous agent is rotavirus, an infection with a typical target age distribution between 6 and 24 months of age and no specific geographical distribution.
The severity of AGE in poor countries results from a number of factors, primarily poverty and lack of education, and also limited access to health care requiring sick children and their mothers often to travel great distances to reach a physician.
A number of worldwide initiatives have been launched to reduce poverty and improve education and security. The Millenium Development Goals (MDG), a joint venture by the United Nations and the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and other organizations/agencies, are a series of 8 aims that have been established to reduce poverty and improve education, shelter, and security. The MDG number 4 (MDG4) is to reduce mortality in children younger than 5 years by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015. One of the major causes of mortality in this age group is diarrhea. The MDG report in 2011 describes the success that has been obtained particularly in northern Africa and eastern Asia (2). Overall, the mortality rate has declined from 89 deaths per 1000 live births in 1998 to 60 in 2009 (ie, from 12.4 million in 1990 to 8.1 million in 2009, corresponding to 12,000 fewer children dying each day). The report stresses the role of infectious diseases as a major cause of death, in sub-Saharan Africa and southern Asia, Oceania, and southeast Asia. Children in rural areas have higher mortality, even in regions where overall child mortality is low. Mortality is associated with poverty, but the education of the mother is a powerful determinant of the survival of the child. According to the 2011 report, a child's chance of survival can also be improved by increasing equity in all social services.
Initiatives such as MDGs have been successful in part because of the massive investments of human and material resources. Part of the success is related to the large scale of the interventions and the relatively long time frame that allows time for global progress.
Several lessons have been learned from these programs. First, improvement in the quality of care in both primary health settings, and in hospitals, does increase survival; however, these interventions alone are ultimately insufficient to attain the objective. Second, the education of mothers (girls), parental networks for social support, and sustained economic equity among men and women are all essential. Third, strategies that have been tested in pilot studies with substantial success may not be effective when expanded to a larger group. The lack of monitoring and coordination of initiatives often results in termination of the project before achieving the primary objective. New knowledge is needed to develop effective strategies to treat AGE.
Because MDG4 is not likely to be reached, in 2009 UNICEF and WHO proposed a new plan to reduce diarrhea by applying a global approach that exploits multiple strategies including improving access to free water, community-wide promotion of sanitation, mass rotavirus immunization, support of breast-feeding, Vitamin A supplementation, and treatment of diarrhea with oral rehydration solution (ORS) and zinc (3).
An effective approach to improve quality care is the Plan Do Study Act (PDSA) model (4,5). This model supports the combined application of multiple strategies to reach objectives that are clearly stated and quantitatively monitored, through well-defined actions (Fig. 1). The barriers that prevent a goal to be reached are identified, described, and resolved before new actions to overcome those barriers being put forward to reach the goals. This continuing process allows a progressive improvement of health care (5).
A major aspect of large-scale programs is monitoring. Establishing baseline values for causes of death associated with AGE and evaluating the effect of interventions are difficult, yet essential issues. Recently, an instrument called Lives Saved Tools was developed to measure not only country-specific causes of death, but also the effect of specific interventions, such as those proposed by MDG4 (6). Using Lives Saved Tools, it was estimated that if 7 interventions in prevention and 3 for treatment were applied in 68 countries in which 95% of child deaths occur, mortality would decrease by 78% by 2015, in keeping with the MDG4 aim and schedule (Table 1) (6).
A FISPGHAN working group comprising representatives from each pediatric gastroenterology society was charged with identifying the top priorities in medical intervention, education, and research that may affect on AGE (Table 1). The working group used evidence and expert opinion related to the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of AGE. Consensus was reached on priorities that were considered of relevance to obtaining the goals indicated by MDG4.
FISPGHAN working group members agreed to contribute to an ongoing coordinated program such as the MDG4, rather than promote another initiative. The report includes the identification of priorities in terms of medical interventions, education, and research, but the working group felt that there was a synergy by the interrelation of the priorities of medical intervention and education. The research agenda is intended to produce new knowledge that will form the basis of future priorities for intervention and education.
PRIORITIES FOR MEDICAL INTERVENTIONS
Number 1 Priority Is to Implement Immunization Against Rotavirus
This is supported by the following considerations: The number of deaths from AGE independent of the etiology was 1.8 million in 2003 and 1.3 million in 2008 in children younger than 5 years (7). The decrease in the death rate from diarrhea was largely the result of sanitation and hygiene that reduced intestinal infections caused by bacteria and parasites that are predominantly spread through food and water. In contrast, viral diarrhea is transmitted from person to person, and rotavirus still has a major effect on the death rate from AGE. Despite a progressive decrease in diarrhea-related mortality during 30 years, rotavirus mortality actually increased. In the last published report, the estimated deaths caused by rotavirus were 453,000, corresponding to 37% of diarrhea-related deaths, and to 5% of all deaths in children younger than 5 years (7). This problem is amenable to a solution, as 95% of rotavirus-induced deaths occurred in 72 countries all of whom were eligible to receive Global Alliance for Vaccine Immunization (GAVI) support. The highest absolute number of deaths (99,000) was recorded in India (22%) and >50% were recorded in 5 countries, including India, Nigeria, Pakistan, Congo, and Ethiopia (7); however, India has a rising per capita income projection that will soon exclude it from eligibility for GAVI, resulting in many children becoming vulnerable to rotavirus-induced gastroenteritis.
There are public health barriers to the implementation of rotavirus immunization, but all of the authorities recommend universal immunization and recently WHO recommendations were expanded to all countries with a particular emphasis on countries at highest risk of mortality (8).
Rotavirus vaccination is safe, prevents the vast majority of severe disease, has few adverse effects, and has been effective in reducing the burden of rotavirus infection in countries that introduced mass vaccination (8). The available vaccines even may be administered to HIV-positive babies. Thus far, rotavirus vaccines have been introduced in United States, selected European countries, and Oceania and are being implemented in selected countries in Asia; however, many countries in Asia and virtually all of Africa are still waiting for programs to be initiated. The major barriers against large-scale immunization are the need for administration within a limited time frame corresponding to the first 6 to 8 weeks following birth and a vaccination schedule that needs to be completed by 6 months of age to decrease the risk of intussusception. The likelihood of intussusception following rotavirus immunization is low based on large clinical trials and postmarketing data. Furthermore, the benefit in lives saved by broadening age restrictions for immunization may exceed the risk of potential deaths related to intussusception (9). The consensus of the working group is to provide specific immunization programs in areas of high mortality because of AGE by immunizing children to rotavirus at the times of scheduled immunizations. This would likely result in significant protection and in the substantial reduction of mortality because of rotavirus, but more data are needed to test the hypothesis that delayed administration of rotavirus vaccine would increase immunization coverage, thereby resulting in substantially better coverage of the population at risk.
A workshop with representatives of countries seriously affected by rotaviral disease should be convened to discuss whether this “rescue strategy” would be worth pursuing in terms of risk/effectiveness and investment. Because of the large contribution of Indian children to deaths caused by rotavirus, programs focused on regions most in need should be offered by GAVI.
Number 2 Priority Is the Promotion of ORS Administration
This priority is well known to be effective in reducing the death rate (Table 2); however, resources should be allocated to support the education of mothers and girls who are the primary providers for infants. Early recognition of the signs and symptoms of diarrhea and dehydration and rapid introduction of ORS has the potential, if applied routinely, to save an enormous number of lives at very little cost (10).
ORS has been called the most important “drug” of the 20th century because this simple, easily available, and extremely inexpensive solution has saved the lives of millions of children. Despite all of the success, there are barriers to administration of ORS and dehydration remains as the major cause of death from AGE. The obstacles to success are linked to inadequate education and insufficient information provided to mothers and girls resulting in delays in recognizing the severity of diarrhea, as well as poor access to health care services (10), Education of women and girls is essential in maintaining the health of a family.
The optimal composition of ORS has been extensively discussed elsewhere and there are 3 primary options: the Classic WHO/UNICEF ORS with 90 mOsm/L Na concentration; the so-called hypo-osmolal ORS with 75 mOsm/L Na; and the Zn-enriched ORS, recently proposed by WHO/UNICEF by adding Zn to hypo-osmolal ORS. Lower-osmolality ORS has better palatability and is consumed more easily by mildly dehydrated infants, whereas children with severe dehydration will drink the more salty-tasting ORS. The European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition solution contains 60 mOsm/L of Na and is recommended for children of Europe, but it seems to be effective in children living in developing countries (11). The efficacy of the European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition solution in children with cholera needs to be determined.
ORS is underused in both resource-sufficient and resource-poor countries. Several studies suggest that one reason for underuse of ORS is the belief that “replacement” of fluid losses with a simple solution of salt and sugar is perceived as ineffective by both families as well as physicians. The addition of Zn to ORS potentially addresses this perception because Zn facilitates intestinal ion absorption and is effective in vivo and in vitro against 3 of the 4 mechanisms of infectious diarrhea (12). In addition, Zn stimulates enterocyte growth, helping to restore epithelial damage, and potentiates immune function. When Zn is added to ORS, the correct dose remains an issue because there is a narrow range between efficacy and toxicity. Presently, as adjunctive treatment during episodes of acute diarrhea, WHO recommends 10 mg of Zn per day in infants younger than 6 months and 20 mg in children older than 6 months (13). Such scheme is extremely simple but it may be worth reviewing, to see whether it is possible to find an equally safe and simple scheme but a more effective result. Either the amount of Zn or the optimal way to administer it could probably be optimized in the future. The form and dose of Zn administration in AGE could be reevaluated by an expert committee.
Effective strategies to support ORS implementation rely on universal availability, early use, and education and empowerment of women and girls. Public health strategies should be put forward to instruct mothers at their initial infant visit how to recognize the symptoms of diarrhea and promptly to start rehydration, while continuing with breast-feeding or formula if breast milk is not feasible (see Priorities for Education).
Number 3 Priority Is the Reduction of Inappropriate Medical Interventions for AGE
Excessive interventions for gastroenteritis such as hospitalization, microbiological investigations, dietary modifications, as well as administration of drugs are not necessarily effective, may detract from giving ORS, and are not included in the guidelines (14). Controlling unnecessary medical interventions goes along with the implementation of ORS. When a child with AGE is first evaluated by a physician, hospital admission is often considered despite the lack of evidence for benefit (11). In many countries in Europe, North America, and Australia, hospitalization removes the child from the family, results in increased medical costs, and exposes the child to nosocomial infections. The value of hospital admission in resource-poor countries, in which many children die because of limited access to care, is difficult to know. This is an area of health care use worth exploring.
Dietary interventions are often recommended for infants with acute diarrhea, but most of these suggestions are not evidence-based. Rice, the BRAT diet (a mnemonic for bananas, rice, apple sauce, and toast), the use of local cereals, and other options based on local traditions have been proposed. The major risks associated with the use of elimination diets are that they increase weight loss and may trigger a vicious cycle of diarrhea and malnutrition (15). Breast milk should always be continued and offered without limitations.
Medications have been recommended to treat AGE, but few have compelling evidence of efficacy based on reliable data (16). Any drug that is used to treat gastroenteritis should come with information that it should be used as an adjunct to ORS. Limiting medical intervention is difficult to achieve because there often is pressure for intervention by parents of sick children. Evidence-based guidelines may empower health care providers to follow effective management strategies and improve quality of care (4). The working group members agreed that convening a task force to investigate the value of developing universal evidence-based guidelines for the management of AGE would be of value to health care providers. The guidelines should take into consideration differences in epidemiology and availability of local and regional resources. Causes of AGE, including cholera, local traditions, and beliefs, and the cost involved in delivery of care should be considered. The availability of universal guidelines supported by all of the major pediatric gastroenterology societies, including emphasis of the importance of educating women and girls, would fill an unmet need in improving the outcomes for children with AGE and increase the likelihood of meeting goals indicated by MDG4.
PRIORITIES FOR EDUCATION
The working group members discussed priorities to correct gaps in education that would be synergetic with priorities for medical intervention. In the 2011 Millenium Development Goal report (2), there was recognition that the “mother's education is a powerful determinant of child survival” (goal 4, page 26). The report stated that “Empowering women, removing financial and social barriers, encouraging innovations to make critical services more available to the poor, and increased accountability of health systems at the local level are examples of policy interventions that could improve equity with benefits for child survival.”
Targets of education programs should include the general population, but in particular mothers of newborn infants and their families, the healthcare providers who evaluate infants and young children with AGE, and social workers, nurses, and other healthcare professionals at the local level. School teachers and those involved in mass media should also be recruited to provide education on the care and management of gastroenteritis. Although mortality from AGE is an international problem, resources should be allocated to those countries where mortality from acute diarrhea is the highest (6).
Priority Number 1 Is to Provide a Global Education Package to Mothers and Girls on Gastroenteritis Prevention and Management
The top priority is to prepare a set of key messages (a global education package) to educate mothers and girls about how to prevent AGE, to recognize the signs and symptoms of diarrhea and dehydration, and to effectively treat the problem.
The few key messages crucial to limit the spread and consequences of AGE are the following:
1. Hand washing with soap
2. Family education and promotion of oral rehydration provided during well visits
3. Construction of toilets
4. Implementation of breast-feeding
These issues play a major role in the prevention of gastroenteritis and were highlighted in the 2009 report published by WHO and UNICEF on diarrhea in children (2); however, they require a broad-based strategy because hand washing depends not only on an understanding of personal hygiene but also on the availability of clean water.
As a strategy to disseminate information, pamphlets with signs of dehydration and instructions of how to prepare ORS and a sachet of ORS should be given to each mother at the time of her first medical contact. Mothers, physicians, nurses, social workers, and other health care providers should be the targets of this initiative. The approach should include a “train the trainer” approach and use e-learning where feasible to reach the widest audience. Application of the PDSA model should be considered as a strategy to change behaviors (5).
Priority Number 2 Is Dissemination of Guidelines
Increasing awareness of the value of ORS and the need to reduce inappropriate medical interventions will result in lowering mortality. The present widespread use of medications decreases the use of ORS. Creation and dissemination of universal guidelines could be accomplished by collaboration among the pediatric gastroenterology societies comprising FISPGHAN. Many of the societies already have educational initiatives, and increasing awareness of the importance of effectively treating AGE could become a top priority. Programs could be developed for physicians, nurses, and health care providers in countries with the greatest needs to spread the key messages on prevention and management of AGE until 2015, when MDG4 goal is expected to be reached.
PDSA is a model of quality care improvement based on ongoing reassessment of interventions. Implementation of the methodology at the national and local levels will result in adoption of guidelines and incremental change directed at achieving the MDG4 goal. Partnering with agencies and institutes to initiate these programs is a critical priority.
Priority Number 3 Is to Use e-Learning to Promote Education
The internet is an important instrument that is underused in resource-poor communities to promote education. e-Learning is an inexpensive resource that not only can be used to disseminate information but also through the Internet's capability of linking individuals with audio and video health care providers can share experiences about effective strategies and interventions. Networks may already exist that could be expanded and focused to meet the MDG4 goal. Collaboration with agencies and foundations that share this mission is essential.
PRIORITIES FOR RESEARCH
The microbial ecosystem that resides in the gastrointestinal tract exists in a symbiotic relationship with the host. During times of undernutrition, the host is able to sustain this community by providing nutrients. Similarly, the microbiome may affect metabolic networks to protect the host at times of stress. Little is known about the perturbations of this intestinal ecosystem during AGE. Eradication of specific viral, bacterial, or parasitic pathogens had been the goal of recent treatment intervention. To change this paradigm, 3 priorities are proposed.
Priority Number 1 Is to Understand the Perturbations of the Intestinal Microbiome and the Metabolome That Occur During Episodes of AGE
Although implementation of vaccines is a top priority in preventing known causes of AGE, changing the focus from specific pathogens to better understand the role of the intestinal microbiota in the host response is critical for the discovery of new treatment modalities. Knowledge about the ways in which this intestinal ecosystem communicates with the host through locally produced metabolites will enable novel effective therapeutic interventions to be tested.
Priority Number 2 Is to Investigate Environmental and Host Factors, Such as Immune Function, That May Affect Outcomes in Children With AGE
Much has been learned in the last decade about the relation between malnutrition and host immune function from the HIV pandemic. Intestinal infection leads to nutrient malabsorption and eventual malnutrition. Individuals who are malnourished become more susceptible to infections because of immune dysregulation and the cycle is completed. Maternal health is a critical factor that affects these interrelationships (Fig. 2). Research focused on the environmental and host factors that potentiate malnutrition, and immune dysregulation in children with AGE will disrupt this cycle and help children regain their health.
Priority Number 3 Is to Apply Systems Biology Methodology Integrating Host, Microbial, Immunologic, Genetic, and Epigenetic Factors to Identify Novel Metabolic Pathways That Will Lead to the Discovery of New Therapeutic Interventions and More Effective ORS
Knowledge derived from cancer research about alterations in metabolic pathways has led to the discovery of new treatments. Understanding the relationships between the environment, intestinal microbiota, and immunologic, genetic, and epigenetic host factors has its own set of unique issues, but application of systems biology methodology to the problems encountered in acute diarrheal disease may lead to the discovery of novel therapies and a better understanding of the value of ORS.
AGE affects children in every country and is the second leading cause of death in childhood. In resource-sufficient countries, hospital admissions for management of diarrheal disease add significant expense to health care costs. For these reasons, every country has a reason to improve the care of children with AGE. Immunization against pathogens, early use of ORS, and reduction of inappropriate and unnecessary medical interventions are critical priorities. Education of women and girls about hygiene and recognition of the signs and symptoms of diarrhea and dehydration through creation of targeted programs are needed. Research focused on understanding the relationships between the intestinal microbiota and the host through a systems biology approach may lead to new therapeutic interventions and more effective ORS.
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Endometriosis is an often painful condition in which tissue that normally lines the inside of the uterus (the endometrium) grows outside the uterus. In general, endometriosis affects the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and the tissue lining the pelvis. Rarely, endometrial tissue expands beyond the pelvic organs.
When endometriosis is present, out-of-place endometrial tissue continues to act as it normally would: it thickens, breaks down, and bleeds with each menstrual cycle. Since this tissue that is out of place has no way out of the body, it becomes trapped. When endometriosis affects the ovaries, cysts called endometriomas can form. The surrounding tissue can become irritated and can ultimately develop scar tissue and adhesions (abnormal bands of fibrous tissue that can cause pelvic tissues and organs to attach to each other).
Endometriosis causes pain (sometimes severe), especially during the menstrual period. Fertility problems can also occur. Fortunately, there are effective treatments.
The first symptom of endometriosis is pelvic pain, often associated with the menstrual period. Although many women have cramps during their menstrual period, women with endometriosis often describe menstrual pain that is much worse than usual. They also tend to report that the pain increases over time.
Common signs and symptoms of endometriosis include the following:
- Painful periods (dysmenorrhea) Pelvic pains and cramps may begin before the period and extend over several days of the period. You may also have pain in your lower back and abdomen.
- Painful sexual intercourse. When you have endometriosis, it is common to feel pain during or after sex.
- Pain during bowel movements or urination. You will most likely have these symptoms during your menstrual period.
- Excessive bleeding. Sometimes you may have heavy periods (menorrhagia) or bleeding between periods (menometrorrhagia).
- Sterility. Endometriosis is usually found in women seeking treatment for infertility.
- Other symptoms. You may also feel tired and have diarrhea, constipation, gas, or nausea, especially during menstrual periods.
The intensity of the pain is not necessarily a reliable indicator of the severity of the condition. Some women with mild endometriosis have severe pain, while others with advanced endometriosis have little or no pain.
Sometimes endometriosis is mistaken for other conditions that also cause pelvic pain, such as pelvic inflammatory disease or ovarian cysts. It can also be confused with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), a condition that causes episodes of diarrhea, constipation, and abdominal cramps. IBS can add to endometriosis, which complicates diagnosis.
When to see your doctor
Talk to your doctor if you have signs and symptoms that could be indicating endometriosis.
Endometriosis can be difficult to treat. Early diagnosis, a multidisciplinary medical team, and a clear understanding of your diagnosis will help control symptoms.
Fertilization of an ovary and implantation in the uterus
Fertilization and implantation
The most important complication of endometriosis is alterations in fertility. About one-third to one-half of women with endometriosis have difficulty getting pregnant.
For this to happen, the ovaries must release an ovary that travels through the nearest fallopian tube, is fertilized by a sperm, and attaches to the wall of the uterus to begin to develop. Endometriosis can block the tube and prevent the ovary and sperm from joining. However, the condition also appears to affect fertility in less direct ways, such as damaging the sperm or ovary.
Even so, many women with mild to moderate endometriosis can still conceive and carry the pregnancy to term. Doctors sometimes advise women with endometriosis not to delay having children because the condition may get worse over time.
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RICHMOND, Va. (WTVR) – Standing on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial 50 years ago today, stood a Richmonder in the vanguard of the civil rights. Oliver Hill, Sr., the legendary attorney who fought segregation, was one of the 250,000 people marching on Washington on August 28, 1963.
Oliver Hill, Jr., who was 14-years old in 1963, vividly recalled his father Oliver, Sr. who was emotionally moved by what he witnessed in Washington standing on the Lincoln Memorial just hours earlier.
“I can remember him coming home that evening and going on and on about this speech he just heard and talking about it,” Hill, Jr. said. “It did make a deep impact on him. It really was a watershed event.”
The echoes of Dr. Martin Luther King’s speech lived on in the Hill household long after the march ended. A vinyl LP recording of King’s speech pushed the Temptations and other Motown artists aside.
“You were standing around with your microphone lip-synching to those records, but when we got those records we started lip-synching to Martin Luther King Jr.’s speech,” Hill, Jr. said.
As a civil rights attorney, Hill, Sr. worked to achieve equality in the classroom and housing for African-Americans. Hill, Jr. said his father felt his work was validated during the March on Washington, but by no means did he think the struggles were over.
“I think that really made an impression on him that a lot of his efforts in the last years were coming to fruition,” Hill, Jr. said.
Oliver Hill, Sr. died in 2007 at the age of 100.
His son said if his father were still living he’d be rolling up his sleeves fighting for equality including gay rights and women’s issues.
“He was standing ready to fight anything that was dividing humanity,” Hill, Jr. said.
Hill, Jr. said he is still motivated by his late-father and the words spoken a half century ago by another civil rights icon, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
“It was almost musical. The cadence that King had. He was certainly a great orator and inspiring,” Hill, Jr. said. “Yeah that was especially inspiring at the he end. ‘Free at last. Free at last. Thank God almighty we’re free at last.”
Hill, Jr. said his dad would be impressed with how much progress the nation has made.
“He would certainly have to acknowledge that a lot has changed in the last 50 years and African-American president was unthinkable in 1963,” he said.
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The angels recognized Him. They announced the glad tidings to the shepherds. The shepherds hurried to the cave. There they found Him, wrapped in swaddling clothes and lying in a manger. They worshiped Him. The Wise Men came from the East. They too worshiped Him. They offered Him gifts of gold, frankincense and myrrh.
But Herod the King was enraged. He feared that he would lose his kingdom to another King. He set out to destroy Him. He slew two thousand (2,000) infants. But he did not succeed in killing Him. The infant Jesus was taken to Egypt with His parents when they fled to Egypt.
The God-man grew and matured. He began His public ministry when He was thirty years old . His first words were: “Repent, for the Kingdom of Heaven is at hand!” He asks for change and transformation. To replace evil with good. To change the former teaching of “an eye for an eye” to “love one another. Love your enemies.” He troubled the peace of the Scribes and Pharisees. He confronted the hypocrisy of the High Priests and the Rabbis. He pointed out their false teachings and they reacted against Him. They chased Him down. They condemned Him. They crucified Him.
But He forgave them while He was nailed to the Cross. He shed His blood for them and for the salvation of their souls – for the salvation of all. After His death on the Cross, He descended into Hades to save all those who were long dead. He was raised from the dead and ascended to Heaven in order to make possible the resurrection of each person, and the participation of everyone in the joyous life of Paradise. So that everyone may enjoy eternal glory and personal sanctification and holiness in the Risen Christ who is God.
The persecution against Him and His followers officially continued until 313 AD. The place of Saul who persecuted the followers of Christ was officially taken over by the Roman Empire. It is estimated that thirteen million (13,000,000) Christians (little Christs) were tortured and martyred at the hands of the soldiers of the mighty Roman Empire during the first three centuries.
Christ and the “little Christs” did not surrender. They continued their saving work, even for those who persecuted them. They changed the history of the world so that it is now reckoned from BC (before Chirst) to AD (Anno Domini), meaning the Year of the Lord. They created the best societies in the world, known as the Western Christian Democratic Countries. In these countries there is respect for human rights. There is freedom. There is democracy. Of course, things are not perfect. But they are much better than those that occur in other countries.
The East criticizes the West. The East will offer great service and benefit itself, if it considers and compares what is now going on in the East and that what is going on in the West. All one has to do is to take a moment to think of what Al Qaeda, Boko Haram, and ISIS – the new Caliphate - is doing in Africa and the Middle East. To be fair, we must say that in the West things are not going so well. The reason for this is that the Western leaders have forgotten their Christian principles and the guiding principles of morality. But whatever bad is happening in the West, it can not be compared with the terrible and evil acts that are now being comitted by Al Qaeda, the Boko Haram, and in the New Caliphate of Iraq and Syria. There, Christ and Christianity is openly and shamelessly persecuted. It is estimated that over one hundred thousand (100,000) “little Christs” have been killed, crucified, and are being slaughtered every year. The blood of these “little Christs” are pouring down the streets like raging rivers. The enemies of Christ rejoice and boast of their evil deeds. The Western leaders, who have forgotten their Christian principles, are silent and and do nothing.
Will this finish Christ? Will Christians, these “little Chirsts” - disappear and be wiped off the face of the earth? No! Christ was not destroyed even on the Cross. Satan rejoiced when he saw Christ expiring and giving up His spirit on the Cross. When Christ descended into Hades and overthrew the power and realm of death, then Satan realized that he was not the victor over Christ, but in fact the vanquished who was defeated by Christ.
From the Cross, Christ forgave His enemies. Today’s Christians, the real “little Christs”, must also do the same. We do not swear to take revenge or curse these persecutors of Christ and these killers of the “little Christs”. We are called to love them, but not their acts and their transgressions. We must forgive them and pray for their salvation. We pray especially for their conversion, as Saul was converted to Paul. Let us pray that they repent and convert and come to know Christ and recognize Him as the true Messiah, the only Redeemer and Saviour of the world, so that they will follow Him to life in eternity.
It is prudent to guard against this madness that has broken out in today’s society against Christ and His followers, the “little Christs” in the world. The true leaders of all countries must break their silence and do all in their power to protect these persecuted Christians. The Muslims of the world, both young and old, must learn about what is happening and to speak out against these evil acts and this madness that has over `taken some of their fanatic brethren, who are actively persecuting Christ and His followers around the world. Let them be taught. May they also find the truth. This search will lead them to Christ, who is the Way, the Life and the Truth.
True Christians around the world: pray so that the many “Sauls” in the world today – that is, those who are persecuting Christ and who are murderering Christians – may be converted so that they become like Paul, the Apostle to the Nations. May they turn to Christ, and be faithful disciples of the Teacher who taught all to love one another. May they preach this good news and be fervent Preachers of this Truth to the ends of the earth.
Let us celebrate the Birth of Christ our Saviour this year, my beloved Christians, with greater and more fervent faith in Him. With more dedication. With more love for Christ and for His persecutors. It is my hope and prayer that Christ be born in the hearts and souls of everyone - especially in the hearts and souls of those who persecute Christ and who do not know Him and His message of peace and good will to all.
With fatherly love and blessings,
METROPOLITAN ARCHBISHOP SOTIRIOS
Head of the Greek Orthodox Church in Canada
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Thysanopoda minyops Brinton, 1987
Etymology: Thysanopoda - tassel foot; minyops - small eyed
Eye: The round eye is very small, 0.79 and 0.81 mm in diameter (T. minyops eye & rostrum). The eye diameter : carapace length is about 0.02 in the two known specimens > 110 mm in length. The thick eyestalk (about 3x diameter of eye) has a large anterior laterally directed tubercle above the eye (T. minyops eye photo). The facets of the eye are large (ca. 0.8 mm in diameter), with well developed ommatidia, though few in number (ca. 100) in the adults. Photophores are not evident on the eyestalk.
Peduncle of 1st Antenna: The 1st segment bears a setose, dorsally and posteriorly rounded lobe terminating anteriorly at a blunt angle, about 90° in lateral view. There is a low, rounded, dorsal hump distally on the 3rd segment (T. minyops,) (T. minyops lappet).
Rostrum: The frontal plate is a thick lip, broadly rounded in dorsal view, extending forward to the posterior limit of the eyes (T. minyops eye & rostrum). None of the 3 known specimens appear to have a tooth, such as are in T. cornuta and T. spinicaudata, on the anterior apex of the frontal plate. However, at least 2 of the specimens are damaged in that area.
Carapace: The medial dorsal axis of the head region bears a narrow ridge extending posteriorly to a cervical groove. This ridge does not have the thickness of the keel on the carapace in T. cornuta. The cervical groove crosses the dorsal part of carapace, and an H-shaped pattern of lateral furrows connects with the cervical groove on each side of carapace, as in T. cornuta, T. spinicaudata, andT. egregia. There are no lateral carapace denticles (T. minyops).
Abdomen: Photophores are not evident. Between the 1st pair of pleopods there is an acute anteroventrally directed process. No such processes are present on segments 2-5. On each of the 4th and 5th segments there are 3 small, dorsal, longitudinal elevations (T. minyops abdominal keel). Along each elevation there is a single groove in which there are two longitudinal rows of porelike pits (T. minyops dorsal abdomen). The elevated areas have been called "keels" in the three other largeThysanopoda species possessing them (T. cornuta , T. spinidaudata, T. egregia ). The 6th abdominal segment is only about 1.1x the length of the 6th segment, and its dorsal posterior part is smoothly convex not depressed (as in T. cornuta and T. spinicaudata ). The telson is slender and long (2.3x the length of the 6th segment) and is armed dorsally with 7 or 8 pairs of small spines.
Length: The 3 known specimens are 114 (male), 124 (female) and 83 mm (female).
Petasma: As inT. cornuta andT. spinicaudata, the basal parts of the terminal and proximal processes are directed toward the setiferous lobe of the pleopod and then the processes bend inwardly, away from it. Near the spine-shaped process there are 2 short setae on the single male specimen at hand. The two hooked processes on the median lobe (lateral process and additional process) are stout (T. minyops petasma).
Thelycum: Described by Brinton, 1987.
Comments: T. minyops differs conspicuously from the 2 other giant Thysanopoda speciesT. cornuta and T. spinicaudata in having (1) eyes much narrower than the eyestalk, but with few, relatively large ommatidia, (2)the posterior dorsal surface of the 6th seg is not a flat trough bordered laterally by ridges, (3) a relatively long and slender telson.
T. minyops is known only from depths of near-bottom waters in deep ocean basins.
Two of the known specimens are from oceanic areas west of Southern California and north of Hawaii. The 3rd specimen is from South of Madagascar in the Indian Ocean (T. minyops distribution).
The male was in an opening-closing net from 3600 m depth in 4000 m of water. The females were from 5240 m in 5800 m of water in the Pacific and from 4900 m in the Indian Ocean. Hence, T. minyops is considered an abyssal species (T. minyops depth range).
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THERE are a lot of hard problems in the world, but only one of them gets to call itself "the hard problem". And that is the problem of consciousness – how a kilogram or so of nerve cells conjures up the seamless kaleidoscope of sensations, thoughts, memories and emotions that occupy every waking moment.
The intractability of this problem prompted British psychologist Stuart Sutherland’s notorious 1989 observation: "Consciousness is a fascinating but elusive phenomenon… Nothing worth reading has been written on it."
The hard problem remains unsolved. Yet neuroscientists have still made incredible progress understanding consciousness, from the reasons it exists to the problems we have when it doesn’t work properly.
Is consciousness still fascinating? Yes. Elusive? Absolutely. But Sutherland’s final point no longer stands. Read on…
To understand consciousness, we need to work out how anaesthesia robs us of it. Linda Geddes investigates
Get enough of the right brain cells to talk about the same thing, and out pops a conscious thought
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the Concept of PR or Public Relations means “public relations”. Its essence is in the process of creating a certain public image. The purpose for forming the image can be any. For example, services, goods, persons or company, other.
PR (branding) lyrics are the tool, forming a specific image among the readers. Often creating an image of tests based on the necessity of a positive image. Emphasize traits such as quality, simplicity, stability or reliability. Sometimes there is a “black PR”when the emphasis is on the negative image.
high-Quality image material must not contain direct advertising. He does not call to buy and nothing to sell to people.
To PR text was successful, you must adhere to certain conditions. The main criterion of quality — literate language. Information must be perceived by the target audience easily. It is therefore very important to clearly define the readership. If the texts for diverse audiences, excluded complex terms, confusing phrases. Focused image material must be different specialized style. Quality PR texts should not be complicated or too simple.
Image texts should not be promotional in nature. They should not be present advertising stamps. It is important that information was relevant for the casual reader. So he could trust the text material. Therefore, the information in the PR texts must be proven and reliable.
PR texts are classified into several types.
1. Press releases. They have a positive effect on the formation of a certain image of the company, offer services or products.
2. An interview is not the kind of image texts. Using the interview can focus on the easy list of questions. Unnecessary topics can be omitted.
3. Image texts describe socially important problems. Report of interest to readers of the events.
4. The biography focuses on creating a positive image of a particular person. For example, politician, actor, athlete, etc.
5. Analytical text. It can only contain interesting and useful information. At the end of the article is the signature of the examiner. The more interesting an article, the better will be the impression of the company to the reader.
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To qualify as an addition to the National Trails System, the historic trail must meet criteria provided by the National Trails System Act (NTSA). https://www.nps.gov/nts/legislation.html
NTSA criteria are:
• The trail must be established by historic use. In this case, the study must determine whether a Mormon Pioneer Trail study segment was established by 19th-century emigrants traveling overland to Utah. A trail might be important and historic for other reasons — exploration, military use, commercial and communications uses — but to be part of the Mormon Pioneer National Historic Trail, it must have carried Mormon emigrant traffic to Utah.
• The trail must be historically significant as a result of that use. A route might be significant because it was used by many emigrants; because it is associated with historically important parties or individuals; or because it is directly associated with important, well-known, or unique historical events.
• The trail must be of national significance, with far-reaching effects on broad patterns of American culture. An eligible route must demonstrate well-established use as a link in the Mormon Trail to Utah, which itself had "far-reaching effects on broad patterns of American culture."
• The location of the trail route must be sufficiently known. Educated guesses and speculation aren't enough. The trail's location must be reasonably well established by historic documentation (such as maps, 19th-century emigrant guides, pioneer journals, and sketches) or by traces (such as wagon ruts, artifacts, emigrant inscriptions, or well-known landmarks) on the ground.
• The trail must have significant potential for public recreational use or historical interest based on historic interpretation and appreciation. Are there historic sites and undisturbed segments of the trail that the public could visit? Do we have information about the trail, related historic sites, and historic events that could be shared with visitors at interpretive sites, roadside pullouts, and other venues? Could visitors retrace parts of the original route, especially through areas that retain their historic appearance? Are these areas open and accessible to the public, or if on private land, are they likely to be made available by landowners' consent?
Even if the NPS determines that a study segment meets these eligibility criteria, the segment might be found unfeasible due to costs, environmental or community impacts, public objections, or other concerns.
Back to main Feasibility Study page for Mormon Pioneer.
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Romeo is in love with juliet, and this is a true, passionate love (unlike the love paris has for her or the love romeo had for rosaline) that nothing can overcome, not even the hatred between their two families that is the reason for the death of their two children. Was romeo and juliet truly in love in william shakespeare's tragedy, romeo and juliet, two teenagers fall in love after meeting with each other at a capulet party. Romeo and juliet essays are academic essays for citation true love between romeo and juliet, and cynical love from mercutio and the nurse. In william shakespeare's romeo and juliet essays major themes major without understanding the true love that he and juliet shared romeo's final speech. Essays related to love and lust in romeo and juliet 1 l1 english essay- william shakespeare's romeo & juliet what the true love of romeo and juliet puts. College links college reviews college essays college articles report abuse home nonfiction academic romeo and juliet: true love true love romeo and.
Shakespeare uses many ways of showing the sincerity of romeo and juliet's true feelings for each other the iambic pentameter plays a crucial role in showing the contrast in feelings they each feel each other and for roseline and paris and how different people view love, such as mercutio and the nurse. Romeo and juliet true love essay our writers come from a variety of professional backgrounds some of them are journalists and bloggers, others have a degree in. Read this english essay and over 88,000 other research documents essay on love - romeo and juliet essay on love love has in incredible, indescribable power over. In the play, it does not come off as “puppy love” but true love romeo and juliet meet, get married, and die for each other page 2 romeo and juliet love essay.
Shakespeare's romeo and juliet explains love through the use of three different kinds of love: unrequited love between romeo and rosaline, true love between romeo. The tragedy of romeo and juliet, by william shakespeare, is presumably the greatest love story of all time a member of two feuding families fall madly in love with each.
Romeo and juliet love essay romeo and juliet love essay 815 words sep 6th, 2011 4 pages show more true love in romeo and juliet by william shakespeare essay. She is even prepared to kill herself for her love to romeo the love shown through romeo and juliet is true different themes in the book romeo and juliet essay. Romeo and juliet: love vs lust romeo decided he was in love with juliet the story of romeo and juliet is used by society to represent true love.View
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Located in historic Williamsburg, Virginia, The College of William & Mary has stood for three centuries at a crossroads of colonial expansion, national formation, and global migration. Not far down the road lies Yorktown, the site of the last major military engagement of the Revolutionary War. Even closer is Jamestown Island, the site of the first permanent English settlement in North America, and where the first African slaves arrived on the continent.
The American Studies Program offers students the opportunity to engage with the complex and diverse histories of cultural, racial, and national encounters that, like those of our local area, have come to shape the past and present of the United States, and the Americas. In a rigorous, yet flexible environment of intellectual inquiry, students develop the critical skills that allow them not only to pursue rewarding careers, but to serve as responsible citizens of the 21st Century.
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|These are books the 5th graders have read so far|
all the reading strategies (9) background knowledge (6) Beth Newingham (6) character traits (5) Common Core (8) Eve Bunting (9) favorite books (49) favorite websites (21) Favorite Youtube videos (5) genre (6) grade 4 (47) inferring (19) making connections (4) MCAS (8) Miss Alaineus (3) narrative elements (14) paperback swap (1) persuasive writing (1) poetry (10) point of view (4) professional books (14) questioning (11) show don't tell (1) SMARTboards (24) spelling (1) summarizing (5) synthesis (3) technology (11) text features (3) text structure (1) Trophies Anthology (13) visualizing (5) vocabulary instruction (13) writing (10)
Friday, October 12, 2012
Point of View
The new Common Core standards are quite challenging when it comes to teaching point of view. I haven't had to teach the difference between first and third person point of view to fourth and fifth graders before. After reading a story and determining its point of view together, we have been adding it to this poster in our room.
We've also started ELA notebooking and I'm finding that very exciting. I will take some pictures of our notebooks and put together a post about that. One page in our notebook matches the point of view poster above. Christine
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What is obsessive compulsive disorder?
Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is an anxiety disorder which is dominated by obsessive (or intrusive) thoughts or images in the mind, and compulsive behaviours, such as rituals and urges to respond to the thoughts. There is normally this overwhelming feeling of responsibility, that if a compulsion is not carried out then something bad will happen.
An obsession is an unwanted and unpleasant thought, image or urge that repeatedly enters your mind. It can cause the feeling of anxiety, worry, disgust or unease
A compulsion is a repetitive behaviour or mental act that you feel you need to carry out to try to temporarily relieve the unpleasant feelings brought on by the obsessive thought. It could be something like repeatedly checking a door is locked, repeating a specific phrase in your head or checking how your body feels.
For example, someone with an obsessive fear of their house being burgled may feel they need to check all the windows and doors are locked several times before they can leave the house.
Many people experience minor obsessions where they worry about leaving the gas on, or if the door is locked, and compulsions such as check doors and windows before leaving the house. These don’t significantly interfere with daily life, and generally short-lived.
OCD has a big impact on how you live your life:
Disruption to your day-to-day life Repeating compulsions can take up a lot of time and energy, and you might avoid certain situations that trigger your OCD, which can can have an impact on your work and home life
Impact on your relationships OCD can result in feelings of doubt, anxiety and fear, which can affect how you interact with people around you, therefore have an impact on your relationship with others
Feeling ashamed or lonely The nature of the obsessive thoughts my cause you to feel ashamed and unable to speak to anyone about them. This can make you feel very isolated and lonely
Impact on your physical health OCD causes anxiety which includes experiencing a stream of physical sensations, this can have a knock-on affect on your physical health
What are the causes of OCD?
Cognitive and behavioural therapy (CBT) helps us to understand our issues by breaking them into five smaller parts – Situation, Thoughts, Emotions, Physical Sensations and Behaviour. These five parts are normally interconnected and maintain the problem.
Using this CBT model, we can explain some of the common signs of OCD:
How can we help?
OCD is like a bully, the strong thoughts in the mind can make a person feel that they need to act on it to make it stop, and if they do nothing, the thoughts will stay and keep on bullying. People give into the obsessive thoughts by carrying out their compulsions, however this offers a temporary relief only, until the thought return next time.
You can overcome OCD and break the cycle by doing things differently and thinking differently. This is done by challenging the obsessive thoughts, use relaxation techniques to calm the anxiety symptoms, and do things differently to not give into the OCD bully.
Mindset Rethink can help you to:
- Increase awareness and understanding of OCD
- Identify and set specific and manageable goals
- Explain the CBT model to you and how it can help with OCD
- Evaluate and challenge your obsessive thoughts
- Practice mindfulness to control the focus of your attention
- Exposure and response prevention
- Generate a list of feared situations and plan for graded exposure work
- Stress management
- Promote general well-being
Complementary therapy techniques
OCD can cause a great deal of anxiety, which can result in you focusing on the obsessive thoughts even more. The more you focus on the unhelpful obsessive thoughts, the more likely you are to carry out the compulsions, and the vicious cycle is maintained. If the physical symptoms of anxiety are reduced, your emotions are likely to be less distressing, therefore it allows you to have more head space to challenge the obsessive thoughts, and not react to them.
You can practice mindfulness to train your mind and control your focus of attention, and to be in the present moment. For more information on mindfulness click here.
You may want to schedule specific time for mindfulness on a daily basis, and with regular practice, you will notice that your physical symptoms of anxiety reduces and you start to feel more calm.
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Dental health is one of the most important factors that we have to consider when dealing with their day to day activities. It is a scope that we have to thoroughly think because the mouth is one of the sources that can take infections and germs inside the human body. This is the reason why doctors prescribe to brush the teeth thrice a day especially after meals. The reason is, food particles usually remain inside placed between teeth and can cause a serious damage when they are not cleaned and washed properly. This is one of the major reasons why children complain about tooth aches and pains. As children eat so much of sweets and other food the tendency to get tooth aches are very high. Therefore they have to be taught to brush their teeth every day after meals. Child dental health have to be well maintained by their parents as with the growth so many disabilities and burdens could be caused if they were not properly taken care at that time of the age.
Every child should be taken to the dental clinic in Singapore regularly for checkups and annual cleanups. There should be reasonable and skilled medical bodies to go through their state and identify the issues they have. Parents should also be aware of what they eat and if they are clean after eating that food. Sweets and other candy products they eat have to be limited as many are unhealthy for both the teeth and for their well-being. Furthermore a child has to be protected from accidents and falls because it could be harmful for their teeth if they get wounds and fractures around the oral area because it would cause an unhealthy and an artificial growth of teeth in their mouth.
In such a case, a dentist will have to go through many things such as surgeries, bridges, implanting and so on. When doing such surgeries the parents have to be mindful to find an expert in the field as it has to be done perfectly and also because it is a facial treatment. These are available for adults as well but when it comes to children’s surgeries such medical bodies have to take extra precautions to finish their job properly.
A smile is one important gesture every human own therefore the teeth have to be nicely placed to welcome anyone. This is the reason why we have been taught to keep our mouth and teeth clean every day as a good habit and a practice.
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Great Reading Materials
The following sites offer quality support materials.
The Multiple Skill Series – https://www.mheonline.com/program/view/4/1/104/0076020622
Great supplemental leveled readers that students can progress through quickly. Five comprehension questions follow each story.
The Great Books Foundation – http://www.greatbooks.org/about/
Recommends and provides quality books with extensive lesson plans for readers of all ages utilizing the shared inquiry.
James Patterson’s Readkiddoread website – http://www.readkiddoread.com/ James Patterson, the mystery/crime author, recommends “great books, cool books, books they (your kids) would positively, absolutely love.”
Mari Inc – http://mariinc.com/
The biggest selection of Literature Guides anywhere!
More specifically, Portals to Reading is a fantastic structured resource!
Leveled Readers – http://www.readinga-z.com/
Readers you can download.
The following links give trade book lists that people can get from a bookstore or library.
Reading level comparison charts
Printable books to practice specific sight words
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Aphrodite and the Rabbis, by Burton Visotzky, professor of Midrash at Jewish Theological Seminary, explores how Rabbinic Judaism, the dominant strain of Judaism for 2000 years after the destruction of the temple, developed in a matrix of hellenistic Greco-Roman culture under the Roman empire.
Examples: Hellenistic literary scholarship was based on study and commentary of the 24 books of Homer; the Rabbis used very similar modes commenting on the books of the Hebrew Bible; and they even shoe-horned the count of books in the canon to equal 24 in order to parallel the Homeric canon. The Passover seder was modeled directly on the hellenistic “symposium”, an intellectual seminar and feast interspersed with alcohol, dishes with dipping sauces, and music.
In focusing on what Rabbinic Judaism inherited from Hellenistic culture, Visotsky does not explore what is different. The symposium evening ended with courtesans entertaining the guests; that is not part of the Passover haggada. The book shows interesting literary similarities, but does not attend to the dramatic and presumably deliberate difference in which the Rabbis assertively avoid structures based on categories and sequence; the Talmudic forms are relentlessly digressive and associative. The book tells stories of interactions between Rabbis and various Roman figures; but stays away from the extensive talmudic material about avoiding contact and familiarity with pagans and the props and rituals of paganism.
The book provides evidence that Jews in the Roman empire were much more familiar with Aramaic and Greek than Hebrew. And it shows how early synagogue architecture was extraordinarily similar to the temples and churches down the street in Roman empire towns; and how the synagogue art was strikingly similar, including ubiquitous images of the Zodiac, and even images of Zeus/Apollo riding his 4-horse chariot across the sky.
In describing the material culture of Jews in the Roman empire, though, the book has very little information about how Jews lived outside of the Rabbinic academies, even how much connection there was (or wasn’t) between the elite scholars in the academy, elaborating ideas about normative ritual practice; and what Jews actually did. In one of the apparently few areas where there is evidence, the book inventories synagogues to assess how many follow the Rabbinic dictum to face toward the East, toward Jerusalem. The result is inclusive.
Last and least, the tone of the book is informal and jocular, which this reader found mildly distracting. Overall, I would recommend the book for those who are interested in the subject matter.
Visotsky argues that even as the Talmudic era Rabbis define themselves politically and religiously in contrast to the dominant culture, they were at the same time deeply shaped by the culture.
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Burma’s Dark Side
Despite Hillary Clinton's visit amid reports of political reforms, Burma's government is still waging war against its citizens. ROWAN JACOBSEN speaks with photojournalist Ryan Libre, who has documented the Kachin people for four years.
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In early December, U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton met with Burmese Presiden Thein Sein in the country’s capital of Naypyidaw. No senior American leader had travelled to the country in 50 years, but after decades of military rule the Myanmar government has instituted a series of liberalizing reforms since allowing elections in March. “Today,” Clinton said, “the United States is prepared to respond to reforms with measured steps to lessen its isolation and improve the lives of citizens.”
News reports of liberalization have largely ignored a humanitarian crisis in northern Burma: even as the Burmese government has released hundreds of political prisoners, the Burmese army has waged war and committed atrocities against ethnic Kachin civilians.
The Burmese who live in southern Burma are one of 136 recognized ethnicities in the country. Ethnic Burmese comprise roughly half the population and control half of Burma’s territory. In the rest of the country, though, unrecognized and semi-autonomous indigenous groups are in power.
Foremost among these groups are the Kachin. They control all of northern Burma, an area the size of Maine that is wedged between India and China. The Kachin number close to one million, speak their own language, and are overwhelmingly Christian. Their territory was ceded to Burma following World War II, and for 22 years the Kachin Independence Army fought a bloody guerrilla war against the Burmese government. A ceasefire signed in 1994 fell apart on June 9, and fighting resumed.
I spoke with Ryan Libre, an award-winning American photojournalist based in Thailand, on December 1. Ryan has covered the Kachin for four years and is now finishing work on a documentary about their struggle. A preview can be seen at www.freekachin.org. He is currently based in the town of Laiza, close to the fighting, and spoke with me on a cell phone that was connected to a Chinese cell tower across the border.
What’s the level of disruption in Kachin right now?
Huge. The Burmese have lost hundreds of people. The KIA has lost fewer, but their hospitals are overflowing. There are 30,000 refugees. All the bridges that connect this part of the country have been blown up.
Are you aware human-rights abuses committed by either side?
There are many well-documented cases of Burmese soldiers raping and killing Kachin girls and women. I met one farmer in the refugee camp whose wife was raped and killed. I’ve seen images of villages burned down.
When did the fighting start up?
June 9. I came three days later. Everyone was worried and excited. There was no sleep. People were working around the clock. It was war fever. All the kids in town were dressed up in KIA uniforms.
What triggered it?
Officially, the Burmese Army was sent into a dam construction area and the fighting started accidentally. But I think it was planned in advance by the Burmese government, to clear the KIA out of North Shan state, where the Chinese oil pipeline will pass.
Is there still active fighting?
Yes. Every day there are at least small battles, and often large ones. It’s front-line jungle fighting. The KIA has small outposts on strategic hills, and there are daily attempts by the Burmese army to take them over. There’s lots of big artillery from the Burmese side, because that’s an area where they have a big advantage over the KIA.
In your opinion, the Burmese are the aggressors?
Yes. I was at a peace talk where the Burmese said, “Let’s stop fighting,” and the KIA said, “Well, that’s easy, just stop sending your troops into our territory.” But the Burmese keep pushing more and more into land that is Kachin territory, according to the terms of the ceasefire agreement that was signed in 1994.
How did the situation start?
At the end of World War II, the British had a mandate to leave the colonies in this area. The big question was whether Kachin State would be an independent country, which it was before the British came. When the British were pulling out, Aung San, Aung San Suu Kyi’s father, approached the Kachin and said let’s make one country that will be much stronger than either individually. It was heavily debated. Most Kachins were not in favor of it, but their leader ended up signing it.
In 1947, Aung San was assassinated after signing the agreement but before he finished writing the first Burmese constitution. When the constitution was finished, it had none of the rights that the Kachin had agreed to. The KIO/KIA formed in 1961.
Do the Kachin want to become an independent country now?
Even though they’re called the Kachin Independence Army, very few want full independence. They want the level of autonomy that was promised to them. A level that would be like a U.S. state. They want to be part of an actual union, but they want control over their own education—they want to be able to teach their history—and their natural resources and land.
And they have resources to work with?
A lot. They have essentially all of the world’s high-quality jade. They have rare earth minerals. But the really big thing now is hydropower, which Burma, India, and China all want and need. Kachin is right at the base of the Himalayas with deep canyons that are glacial-fed and ideal for hydropower.
But didn’t the government just stop China from moving forward with the Myitsone Dam?
I have been told that it was put on hold for a while ago anyway, for financial reasons. I don’t think it is because the government suddenly decided to start listening to its people.
Will Hillary Clinton be meeting with anyone from the KIO?
What is your focus right now?
Lately I’ve been staying at the refugee camp, which is not getting any international or United Nations aid.
Why are you staying in the camp?
A lot of what I want to do with photography is to go beyond that one-hour trip to the camps. When you actually spend the night somewhere, and wake up in the morning with the refugees, it changes everything. I’m excited to see what kind of photos and videos come out of that.
How did you first get involved with the Kachin?
I met a Kachin activist in Thailand. I called her Burmese, and she said, ‘Hey, I’m not Burmese, I’m Kachin.’ I tried to do research about the Kachin and found nothing. Literally nothing. The most current articles about the Kachin were ten, fifteen years old. A few months later I met another Kachin who was part of the KIO. He invited me to visit. Then I got a grant from the Pulitzer Center for Crisis Reporting to come for a month. The story was amazing and under reported.
And you’re hoping to change that with your documentary?
Yes. It’s called “Portraits of Independence.” I’m hoping to get a shortened version of it out to film festivals in February. I would never have thought to do video, but just before coming here I’d bought a Nikon D90, which had built-in video. So I thought, okay, I’ll take some video after I have a shot framed. When I saw it played back—especially the interviews, people telling their own stories—I realized the power of that medium. So I started devoting more of my time to video. I’m really excited about it. I can tell a lot of the story in a way that the mass media is never going to come close to. I’ve been shooting for four years and have tons of very good footage. It’s just a matter of sitting down with an editor and putting it together. It’s going to be a huge effort. It’s pretty difficult for someone to wrap their head around what’s happening in Kachin. I hope the website and documentary help.
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Music History - The Romantic Period
In this lesson, students will write an essay about a specific topic in the Romantic Period.
First, students will gather information about the Romantic Period of music.
Then, they will select a specific topic in the Romantic Period such as the Early Romantic Era or Late Romantic Era.
After that, they will write an essay on the topic they chose.
The research and writing the essay will take longer than one hour. You can split the lesson into two class periods.
You can also have the students do their research at home and write the paper in class.
You can grade the students on their essay and the important facts about the topic they chose.
You can also grade them on the organization of their essay, sentence structure, paragraph structure, grammar, punctuation, and spelling.
- Physical Education
- Reading & Writing
- Social Studies
- Special Education
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Once upon a time families ate their meals together, especially breakfast and supper. Then the American dream was born. Advertisements carefully pried us from satisfied lives and created in us a desire to want more—not because we needed it, but simply to sell product.
To support our desire, we needed more money so two parents had to work. Since no one had time to fix foods or have money to buy pricey restaurant meals, families needed a way to eat fast and cheap. Fast food restaurants met this demand. Eventually, parents started to give their kids five or six dollars a day to buy these meals before, during or after school. This gave kids and teens spending power. Advertisements bypassed parents and shifted toward teens. Today, 18 year old boys now have $525 to spend each month and girls have $430. Collectively, teens now spend $150 billion each year on food, beverages and other non-food products.1
The advertisement shift included creating commercials that featured perfectly beautiful people or celebrities to get teens’ attention. Advertisers focused on details such as using certain colors in their advertisements. It is no mistake that many fast food restaurants use red. It means – stop as in the “stop sign” and fast as in “fast sports cars.” Yellow, another popular color means bright and happy. Together the red & yellow message says – stop and buy our food, eat fast and be happy.
And there’s more. Today, rather than relying on traditional advertisements like television, radio or print, advertisers are finding other ways to reach today’s youth.
Today they are using cell phones. Imagine this—advertisers place an ad on a bottle of cola. The ad asks the reader to stop by their web site for free prizes and ring tones. To get these gifts, kids leave contact information—their cell phone number, what they like, their income, their age, and almost any other information advertisers need to target their message. Once advertisers have a phone number, they can target specific ads and offers via text messaging. Take this one step further. Advertisers are looking at placing blue tooth technology with billboard ads. When a teen walks by with a familiar cell phone number, a coupon can be text messaged for the restaurant right down the street.
Then there are online videos. Originally, folks would make videos and place them online for friends to view. These short videos were used for personal messages, singing and other fun events. But once advertisers saw the power in e-mailing viral videos, they began making their videos and people started e-mailing them to their friends. This type of advertising can reach thousands of teens and adults without the expensive price tag that comes with commercials for television.
And what about virtual social communities? These are fun places where teens sign up and become a member. They adopt an identity and become whoever they want to be online. They meet other people, play games and engage in a make-believe place that is wrapped around products such as soda or fast foods. By playing games and engaging in other events, participants earn and trade points for coupons or product-related prizes. Some of these communities have a make-believe guide that gives advice.
Recently, an article reported on another way advertisers will retrieve information about their target population—neuro-marketing. The old fashion way of determining what consumers liked or disliked was to conduct focus groups. This involves a group of people who would sit down and respond to questions, scenarios, etc. Now researchers can record the brain’s chemical responses to ads, food, or anything else they want to study.2
The goal of all of these modern methods of marketing is to simply sell products and keep kids and teens loyal to brands—for life! And unfortunately, more than half of these products sold to them are fast foods, sweetened cereals and other sugary and fatty foods.
What can we do?
First, educate our kids about healthy choices. A crash course on keeping a steady supply of fruits and vegetables in the diet and cutting back on fast foods, sodas and other calorie-dense foods can help them shape a healthy diet.
Second, parents and adults can role-model the desired behavior. Showing teens rather than telling them is a powerful message. People seem to learn and adopt healthy habits through role modeling.
Third, have a family meal night one time a week. Getting teens and kids around the family table can encourage healthy eating and healthy conversations. If lifestyles permit, have family meal night more than once a week.
Fourth, talk to teens about advertising. Discuss with them the hidden messages in commercials or how the goal of many commercials is to sell product not improve people’s esteem or make them look better.
And finally, teach teens the importance of thinking things through rather than living the commercial’s message or any message without question. In many Bible stories, people are often compared to sheep. Sheep can easily get lost or go astray just as these Bible stories tell us.3 Gary Richmond, a former zookeeper at the Los Angeles zoo wrote a book called, All God’s Creatures. One of his chapters is dedicated to sheep. It explains how easily they follow whoever is leading. Even if danger is nearby, sheep will still follow and walk right into danger’s pathway. He says that, “they tend to think as a group, not for themselves, so they just go with the flow, even if the flow is going the wrong way.”4 Teaching kids and teens to ask questions and make decisions can help to avoid the trap of just going with the flow.
Advertisers may be effective in giving messages to kids and teens but we can choose to think through these messages and incorporate healthy practices in our lives.
1Toops, D. RU Communic8N W Teens? Food Processing.com: The digital resource of food processing magazine. http::www.foodprocessing.com/articles/2006/096.html?page=print. Accessed August 31, 2007
2Hansen, Christine. Brain Scan, November 1, 2006. Deliver Magazine, https://www.delivermagazine.com/the-magazine/2006/11/01/brain-scan/print/. Accessed September 12, 2007.
3Isaiah 53:5 and Jeremiah 50:6
4Richmond, Gary. All God’s creatures: Spiritual Lessons from the Animals of the Bible. Word Publishing: Dallas, 1991, p.132.
Pamela A. Williams, MPH, R.D., is a dietitian and writes from Cypress, CA. All rights reserved © 2010 AnswersForMe.org. Click here for content usage information.
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Languages are diverse, and there are many problems associated with translating and transcribing them. One common problem is missing terms. For example, the British word qaf, pronounced kaf, may not have the same meaning in English. Another common problem is the pronunciation of the same word in different languages. The result is a confusing and difficult situation for translators. Fortunately, there are ways to avoid this.
The first problem is that transliteration is often tricky. When a word has no equivalent character in the target language, the result is often different spellings of the same word. When a text is translated, the translation process takes the meaning of a word in one language and provides an equivalent text in the other language. In these cases, it is not unusual to see the word “transliterated” in various forms. Most online translators provide transcreation and transcription in the same service.
There are also many challenges in this line of work. For example, the lack of proper internet access and competition from other translators can put a strain on your time and finances. Luckily, there are ways to overcome these issues. The most important thing is to build a routine and a schedule that will enable you to work efficiently and get your job done. If you’re working from home, ask for help from a professional.
If you need to translate an important document, you should look for a professional with extensive experience in the field. However, be aware that quality translations can be expensive, so it is important to choose a company that has a low price tag and is reliable. The best translation services also provide transcription. The process will allow you to get the document done quickly and efficiently. If you need to get something translated urgently, try outsourcing the translation.
While you’ll be paying someone to do the work, you’ll be paying for the accuracy of the translation. You’ll also have to deal with the problems associated with transliteration. In case of a non-English language, it’s difficult to translate a word correctly if it is written by the native speaker. Consequently, you should always ask for a proofreader or a local editor.
Translation is a highly technical process, and it is necessary to be sure you’re familiar with the particular language you’re working with. Whether you’re dealing with legal documents or medical manuals, mistakes can cause misinterpretation. If you’re dealing with a technical document, you should ask for help. The quality of the translation depends on the language and the source text. You should also be aware of the risks associated with transliteration, as it can result in incorrect spellings.
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The radargram in the upper panel of this image composite shows the subsurface of a unit of the Medusae Fossae Formation. The Medusae Fossae are mysterious deposits that form hills in the northern lowlands of Mars as seen in the bottom image. The top image is a time delay rendering of the radar waves emitted by Mars Express' MARSIS sounder showing subsurface echoes reflected back to the spacecraft.
These echoes from the subsurface are correlated with the projection of the lowland plains beneath the Medusae Fossae Formation deposits. The electrical properties inferred from the data suggest these deposits may be ice-rich.
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Oats can benefit your health in lots of ways, which is why health professionals recommend eating them as part of a healthy diet. You can enjoy them as porridge, or visit our recipe section for lots of tasty recipe ideas using oats.
Oats are high in energy, but low in fat – that’s why porridge is one of the best foods for breakfast. An average bowl of porridge made with water is only 171 calories.
Oats release their energy slowly, due to having a high content of complex carbohydrates and soluble fibre. If you eat porridge for breakfast, you’ll stay fuller for longer, avoiding the urge to snack before lunch.
Oatmeal and porridge oats are two of the few wholegrain foods that come out of the package as 100 percent whole grain. Refined grains are lower in fibre and other nutrients because the bran and germ are typically removed.
Oats are high in protein and rich in vitamins and minerals including calcium, zinc, iron, manganese, thiamine and vitamins B1 and E.
Oats are a low-GI food – the lower the GI rating, the better the food is for blood sugar levels. Foods with a low GI index help the body to keep energy levels steady, and keep the hunger pangs at bay for much longer.
As part of a varied and balanced diet and a healthy lifestyle, oat beta glucans have been shown to help lower blood cholesterol, which may reduce the risk of coronary heart disease.
If the body has more cholesterol than it needs, cholesterol levels in the blood can rise, and over time, may damage or clog the arteries. Oats act like tiny sponges, soaking up cholesterol and carrying it out of the bloodstream.
Oats contain folic acid, which is essential for healthy foetal development.
Oats contain more soluble fibre, which is essential for healthy digestion, than any other grain. Scientists have shown that soluble fibre can also help to reduce cholesterol and maintain a healthy heart when eaten as part of a low fat diet.
Oats are recommended for diabetics, as they have less impact on blood sugar levels than some other grains.
We get a lot of enquiries from people with coeliac disease, asking whether they can eat oats. Guidelines from the Coeliac Society suggest that many people with coeliac disease can tolerate pure uncontaminated oats and oat products, however many oats are grown alongside other crops like wheat, barley and rye, which can make them unsafe. We advise you to refer to the Coeliac Society website for the latest research, and speak to your local healthcare team, GP or dietician, who can monitor you if you choose to try oats.
These websites have lots more information detailed on the health benefits of oats:
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While having roots in antiquity, the custom of a riderless horse participating in a funeral procession has changed dramatically since the time of an ancient legend of mourners leading a horse to a burial site, where it was slaughtered and eaten as part of a ritual. Horses were occasionally sacrificed so that their souls could accompany their masters into an afterlife, were buried in tombs from time to time for the same purpose, and were dispatched on similar journeys to another world well into the 14th century.
In North America, early Native Americans had great reverence for horses, and while the founders of the United States of America may not have shared that reverence initially, they nonetheless respected the animal’s significant roles in transportation, agriculture, sport and the military. At the end of the 18th century in the United States, with the death of America’s first president, a new role emerged: the riderless horse representing the mount of a fallen leader.
A former officer in the American Revolutionary War, Henry “Light-Horse Harry” Lee eulogized George Washington in December 1799 as being “…first in war, first in peace and first in the hearts of his countrymen…” Twelve days after Washington’s death at Mt. Vernon, a riderless horse took part in an elaborate, simulated funeral ceremony conducted in Philadelphia, the then-capital of the United States, with an empty casket symbolizing the late president. The event was described in The Pennsylvania Gazette:
Immediately preceding the clergy in the funeral procession, two marines wearing black scarves escorted the horse, who carried the general’s “saddle, holsters, and pistols” and boots reversed in the stirrups. The riderless horse was “trimmed with black – the head festooned with elegant black and white feathers – the American Eagle displayed in a rose upon the breast, and in a feather upon the head.”
The empty boots facing backward in the stirrups had two levels of meaning. First, their being empty indicated the individual would ride no more. Secondly, they suggested the deceased was taking one last look back at his family and the troops he commanded. Both of these meanings carry forward to today’s tradition of boots reversed in the stirrups.
In 1850 the funeral of President Zachary Taylor, a former Army general celebrated as “Old Rough and Ready,” took a more personal turn, so to speak. Taylor’s own Army horse, Old Whitey, was walked in the funeral procession while bearing the military saddle worn in combat during the Mexican-American War, when Old Rough and Ready sat astride him as “shots buzzed around his head.” As in the Philadelphia ceremony commemorating George Washington, the general’s boots were turned backward in the stirrups.
A light gray horse, Old Whitey was familiar to many who witnessed the funeral cortege that day in 1850. He had become a popular tourist attraction while grazing on the front lawn of the White House during his master’s sixteen-month presidency, which ended abruptly when Taylor was struck down by an alleged gastrointestinal complication that reportedly stemmed from ingesting cold milk and cherries on an extremely hot day.
Perhaps because the 1865 assassination of Abraham Lincoln was immediately recognized as a profound tragedy in American history, Lincoln’s funeral was orchestrated on a grand scale befitting the people’s adulation. A funeral train carrying his casket traveled nearly 1,700 miles through 180 cities and towns in seven states, stopping occasionally for public viewings and tributes, as it progressed toward its final destination, Springfield, Illinois, where a young Abe had grown to manhood.
This marks the first time we have photographs of the riderless horse participating in the funeral of an American president. Of the many photos of Lincoln’s horse Old Bob, one of the most memorable shows him draped in a black mourning blanket bordered in white, trimmed with alternating black and white tassels, and a black hood topped by an elaborate head-dressing as he stands in front of a building with windows draped and adorned in a similar manner.
Ridden by Lincoln from town to town while the self-educated lawyer campaigned for office, Old Bob was brought out of retirement in a pasture for his master’s final rites. He was led in the funeral procession by the Reverend Henry Brown, an African-American minister who performed occasional handyman tasks for the Lincolns, as they followed the hearse to Lincoln’s resting place.
Curiously, the tradition of the riderless horse in funerals of American presidents was not observed for the next eighty years. It was not until 1945, when Franklin Delano Roosevelt died unexpectedly while in his fourth term as president, that the horse appears once more. As it turned out, the horse seems to have been almost an afterthought in the plans for FDR’s funeral.
Roosevelt’s death stunned Americans to the core, and inasmuch as U.S. government officials were focused on the transition to their new leader in a world at war, it is understandable that the participation of a riderless horse in FDR’s funeral procession may not have received the attention it had in earlier days. This is how the New York Herald Tribune described the matter:
“Directly in back of the caisson (bearing FDR’s flag-draped casket), a Negro soldier led a riderless horse.” The horse was “draped in black, its head covered in a dark cowl, and a saber bouncing gently off the horse’s belly.” The funeral procession was in Hyde Park, New York, where the late president was buried in a garden on the Roosevelt estate. We will assume the saber was attached to a saddle and bounced gently off the horse’s side.
The year 1963 marked another traumatic time for Americans, particularly the family of President John Fitzgerald Kennedy, who was assassinated in Dallas, Texas, on November 23rd. The riderless horse who took part in JFK’s funeral procession would become the most renowned of them all: Black Jack, who would represent the mount of a fallen leader in the processions for Kennedy, Presidents Herbert Hoover (1964) and Lyndon B. Johnson (1973), as well as General Douglas MacArthur (1964), among other prominent Americans.
The protocol for Black Jack in Kennedy’s funeral procession would set the standard for riderless horses from 1963 to the present day. He was tacked with a black modified English riding saddle and black bridle. Black, spurred cavalry boots faced backward in the stirrups, and a scabbard with sword hung from the rear of the saddle’s right side. Positioned beneath the saddle, a heavy saddle cloth, or saddle blanket, was ornamental in design.
Although he was a military horse named in honor of General of the Armies John J. “Black Jack” Pershing, Black Jack was not born into the service. A dark bay Morgan-Quarterhorse cross with a small star on his forehead, he was foaled on a Kansas farm in 1947 and later purchased by the U.S. Army Quartermaster Corps for remount service, the remount referring to a soldier’s need to replace a mount that had been injured or killed in the days of the U.S. Cavalry. The Army then shipped Black Jack to the Fort Reno, Oklahoma, Remount Depot, where he was raised and trained.
He was not a tall horse – 15 hands, weighing 1,050 pounds – but he had a big personality and was spirited. In fact, his rambunctious spirit was a problem for his handlers when he was transferred in 1952 to Fort Myer, the Army post adjacent to the Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia. In his first outing as a riderless horse in a funeral procession to Arlington, he pranced and danced a great deal. Mourners liked his spirited nature, however, and so his unmilitary antics were tolerated. Those antics continued until he was retired in 1973 after participating in several thousand funerals.
When Black Jack passed away in 1976, his remains were cremated and his ashes buried with full military honors. A monument on the parade ground at Fort Myer’s Summerall Field attests to the degree he had been revered. Raven, another dark horse, succeeded Black Jack in his duties as a riderless horse.
Raven made no appearance in the funeral procession of an American president, although he likely participated in more than a thousand funerals of military leaders who were eligible for burial in Arlington National Cemetery. The stately funeral service provided for presidents, who are military commanders-in-chief, is also available to Army and USMC officers having a rank of colonel or higher, and there are many such officers among Arlington’s honored dead.
At this point a mention should be made of President Dwight D. “Ike” Eisenhower, who passed away in March 1969 and was buried in Abilene, Kansas. No horse of record participated in the Kansas funeral ceremonies, but earlier, in Washington, a riderless horse did follow the horse-drawn caisson bearing Eisenhower’s casket from the Washington National Cathedral to the Capitol, where the late president lay in state for public viewing in the Capitol Rotunda.
A video of the procession from the Cathedral to the Capitol shows a riderless horse who is nearly liver chestnut in color with a small star on his forehead, a horse whose prancing and dancing in the procession, and pawing impatiently while standing “at rest,” bear a suspicious resemblance to Black Jack’s behavior. If the fidelity of the color in the video is flawed, and the horse’s coat is indeed nearly black, it could be that BJ, as Black Jack’s grooms and walkers called him, had a connection with the man who was the most popular military commander of World War II and, later, the 34th president of the U.S.
The most recent riderless horse to represent the mount of a deceased American president, and the last on record, followed the caisson bearing the body of Ronald Reagan in 2004. Reagan was later buried in Simi Valley, California, so here again we have something of an Eisenhower situation. The late president’s tan, spurred riding boots were reversed in the stirrups, replacing the black cavalry boots traditionally used. The procession in Washington ended at the Capitol, where a closed casket lay in state for viewing.
The riderless horse in the procession paying tribute to Ronald Reagan was Sergeant York, a dark bay gelding named for the decorated American soldier of World War I, Alvin C. York. Before Sergeant York the horse entered military service, however, he had plied a trade in harness racing for several years under the name Allaboard Jules. A standardbred foaled in 1991, Allaboard Jules became an Army horse with a famous name in 1997.
The military has been referred to many times in this article, which will draw to a close with an explanation for those many references.
In 1948, the Army’s 3rd U.S. Infantry Regiment was assigned the responsibility of organizing and conducting the funeral processions of American presidents laid to rest in Arlington National Cemetery, as well as other Americans eligible for burial with military honors in Arlington. The Old Guard, as the 3rd U.S. Infantry Regiment is known, was formed in 1784, is the oldest active unit in the U.S. Army, and is based at Fort Myer, Virginia, adjacent to the nation’s most hallowed cemetery.
The Old Guard’s Caisson Platoon provided the muscle and polish for the formal and elegant funeral procession honoring JFK in 1963, as well as the processions that followed that point of time in this article. The soldiers in the Caisson Platoon are dedicated to tradition, are respectful of the honored dead, respectful of the forty or more horses they provide care for, respectful in their maintenance of the 1918 caissons that bear the caskets to their final resting places with full military tribute.
The riderless horse is also known as the caparisoned horse, the caparison referring to the ornamental design on the horse’s saddle cloth, or saddle blanket. The solider who leads the riderless horse is called the cap walker, and in the case of the spirited Black Jack, the young cap walker handling him in a procession likely had quite a story to tell his comrades in the Caisson Platoon at the end of day.
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Source: The Wall Street Journal
Christians have lived in these parts since the dawn of their faith. But they have had a rough couple of millennia, preyed on by Persian, Arab, Mongol, Kurdish and Turkish armies. Each group tramped through the rocky highlands that now comprise Turkey's southeastern border with Iraq and Syria.
The current menace is less bellicose but is deemed a threat nonetheless. A group of state land surveyors and Muslim villagers are intent on shrinking the boundaries of an ancient monastery by more than half. The monastery, called Mor Gabriel, is revered by the Syriac Orthodox Church.
Battling to hang on to the monastic lands, Bishop Timotheus Samuel Aktas is fortifying his defenses. He's hired two Turkish lawyers -- one Muslim, one Christian -- and mobilized support from foreign diplomats, clergy and politicians.
Also giving a helping hand, says the bishop, is Saint Gabriel, a predecessor as abbot who died in the seventh century: "We still have four of his fingers." Locked away for safekeeping, the sacred digits are treasured as relics from the past -- and a hex on enemies in the present.
The outcome of the land dispute is now in the hands of a Turkish court. Seated below a bust of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, modern Turkey's secular founding father, a robed judge on Wednesday told the feuding parties that he would issue a ruling after he visits the disputed territory himself next month.
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7Bacteria / VirusWhat is the difference between a bacterial infection and a viral infection?Chlamydia trachomatis
8Bacteria / Virus No Cure: Just Treatment Cure: Antibiotics Chlamydia trachomatis
9How STDs Spread…Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) are caused by viruses or bacteria that enter the body through tiny cuts or tears.
10You can get infected without having sex… STDs can be passed by:skin-to-skin contactthrough sexual fluidsingesting fecal material
11You can get infected without having sex… skin-to-skin contact (oral, vaginal, or anal sex)through sexual fluids (blood, semen, infected discharge, vaginal fluids)ingesting fecal material (even microscopic amounts!)
17Chlamydia No symptoms 80% of the time! Symptoms for Women: bleeding after sex, lower abdominal pain, discharge from vaginaSymptoms for Men: painful urination, discharge from penis, lower abdominal painBacterial infection (can be cured!!!)
18Chlamydia is most common among year olds, and is more common among Native youth than among other populations.
19Fact: 1 in 10 sexually active teens has chlamydia.
20This woman’s cervix has manifested signs of a erosion and erythema due to chlamydial infection. (1985)
23Gonorrhea Bacterial infection (can be cured!!!) Symptoms for Women: irritation of the cervix, pee often, can cause PID and infertilitySymptoms for Men: painful urination, inflammation, discharge from penis only 50% of the time
24Fact: Chlamydia and gonorrhea rates are highest among 15 to 24year olds.
25This patient presented with a case of gonorrhea with symptoms including cervicitis and vaginal discharge.
26This patient presented with a case of gonorrhea with symptoms including penile discharge.
27This patient presented with a lesion of the right hand due to a disseminated Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacteremia. (1979)Though a sexually transmitted disease, if a Gonorrhea infection is allowed to go untreated, the Neisseria gonorrhea bacteria responsible for the infection can become disseminated throughout the body, forming lesions in extra-genital locations.
30Syphilis Bacterial infection (can be cured) 3 distinct phases: Primary (sores develop then go away)Secondary (4 – 10 weeks after chancres go away)Latent (dormant phase, no signs… all but gone, causes irreversible brain, nerve, and tissue damage)
32These images show chancres on the penile shaft due to a primary syphilitic infection caused by Treponema pallidum bacteria.The primary stage of syphilis is usually marked by the appearance of a single sore called a chancre. The chancre is usually firm, round, small, and painless. It appears at the spot where T. pallidum bacteria entered the body, and lasts 3-6 weeks, healing on its own.
33This syphilis patient presented with symptoms indicative of the secondary stage of the disease, which included multiple lesions located on the penis and scrotum.Secondary syphilis is the most contagious of all the stages, and is characterized by a systemic spread of the Treponema pallidum bacterium. The secondary maculopapular rash usually causes no itching, and can appear as the chancre, or chancres found during the primary stage of syphilis are healing, or several weeks after the chancres have healed.
45This is an illustration comparing the Head Louse, Pediculus humanus, with the Pubic Louse, Phthirus pubis.
46Genital Herpes Can’t be cured…Can be treated! Causes blisters/ulcers on or around genitalsVery contagiousAs many as 80 to 90% of those infected fail to recognize symptoms!50 million Americans have it!
47This patient presented with what was diagnosed as a herpes genitalis outbreak on the penile shaft due to HSV-2. (1978)
52Hepatitis A Inflammation of the liver Hepatitis A heals completely Can’t get it again, lifelong immunityOral-fecal transmissionVaccine preventable
53Hepatitis B Inflammation of the liver Transmission: blood, semen, vaginal secretions, salivaAcute and chronic carriersOver 1 millions Americans have chronic Hepatitis BVaccine preventable
54Hepatitis C Inflammation of the liver Transmitted mainly through blood (IV drug use especially)Like Hepatitis A and B, there is no cure for Hepatitis CCan cause liver failure and cancer.No vaccine available.
55Know the Facts. Know for Sure. If left untreated, STDs can cause infertility, long-term pain, or cancer.
57Preventing STDs…As with many other diseases, prevention is key. It's much easier to prevent STDs than to treat them. The only way to completely prevent STDs is to abstain from all types of sexual contact.
58Preventing STDs…If you decide to have sex, it means you must also take responsibility to protect yourself and your partner from unplanned pregnancy and STDs. Latex condoms are the only form of birth control that lessen your risk of contracting an STD.
59Fact: 1 of every 5 sexually active teen females will get pregnant this year.
62Preventing STDs… What Works: ABSTINENCE. Latex condoms. Sticking to one partner, who has been tested and is uninfected.Good communication about sexual history & STDs.Avoiding alcohol and drugs.
63Know the Facts. Know for Sure. If you have had unprotected sex, you may have an STD and not know it.
64Know the Facts. Know for Sure. If your partner has had unprotected sex, your partner may have an STD and not know it.
65Know the Facts. Know for Sure. If you think you have an STD, there is something you can do about it…The only way to knowfor sure is to be tested.Visit your clinic or call the CDC National STD and AIDS Hotline for more information at (800) , 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.
67In many States (including Oregon, Washington, and Idaho), teens age 14 years and above may consent to STD and HIV testing and treatment without parental consent…If you are concerned about this, call the clinic before you go. Ask if you need to bring your parent along for permission and what information the clinic will share with them. This way you know what to expect ahead of time.
68Know your Score, Take the Quiz! Have you talked to your partner about Sexual Health?Do you have sex with a condom or barrier on every occasion?Are you sure your current partner is free of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)?Do you know for sure if any of your past partners have had an STD?Has your partner shown you STD test results?If you answered “No” or “Not Sure” to any of these questions, visit your clinic to receive confidential testing.
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Differential Decomposition in Terrestrial, Freshwater, and Saltwater Environments: A Pilot Study
Show simple item recordShow full metadata
The study of decomposition is essential for any forensic anthropologist for estimating postmortem interval. While surface rates of decomposition have been studied, especially in certain areas (Mann et al. 1990), the decomposition rate of bodies submerged in water has rarely been studied using controlled experiments (Haglund & Sorg 2002; Sorg et al. 1997). Most forensic anthropologists simply rely on generalizations, such as a body decomposing one week on the surface of the ground is equivalent to a body two weeks in the water (after Mann et al. 1990). In addition, there has not been much investigation into whether a saltwater environment affects decomposition differently than a freshwater environment. This differential decomposition in diverse environments, whether open-air terrestrial or in fresh or saltwater, is important to consider in Texas because there because of an abundance of freshwater lakes and rivers and the proximity of the Gulf of Mexico. This study aimed to address two questions: 1) Does submersion in water affect decomposition in a way that supports the longstanding generalization that a body decomposing one week on the surface of the ground is equivalent to two weeks in the water (after Mann et al. 1990), and 2) Does the type of water (salt or fresh) differentially affect the rate of decomposition of a body submerged in water? Following anecdotal evidence, it was hypothesized that the surface specimens would decompose the fastest, the specimens in freshwater would decompose slower, and specimens in saltwater would decompose the slowest of all. This study took place outdoors at the Forensic Anthropology Research Facility at Texas State University-San Marcos, Texas. Though human remains and pig carcasses do float differently in water (Haglund & Sorg 2002), pig carcasses were used in this experiment in lieu of human remains due to their similarity to human tissue, as well as due to practical constraints. Six pigs (Sus scrofa) with weights from 20-30 lbs (9-13.6 kg) were humanely euthanized following Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee guidelines. Carcasses were placed on the surface of the ground (N=2), in saltwater tanks with water created by mixing freshwater with a purchased saltwater mix (N=2), and in freshwater tanks with water from the local Edwards Aquifer (N=2). Salinity in the saltwater tanks was the same as the Gulf of Mexico (34-36 ppts; Boatman 2006). Air and water temperatures were recorded daily. The surface carcasses and tanks were penned to prevent animal scavenging. The study was completed when all specimens were fully skeletonized. While placement in water affected the rate of decomposition, placement in freshwater made the specimens decompose much faster than those on the surface of the ground or placed in saltwater, at least in the summer environment of central Texas. This is hypothesized to be a result of the high temperatures killing the maggot masses present on the surface carcasses only one day after hatching, while the maggot masses on the freshwater carcasses lived and thrived, possibly because the water was on average 4.45° Celsius (8° Fahrenheit) cooler than ambient temperature. Thus, the effect of water on decomposition did not support the longstanding generalization in the field, as the carcasses in freshwater decomposed much more quickly than the surface carcasses. In addition, the type of water differentially affected the rate of decomposition, as the carcasses in saltwater decomposed much more slowly than the carcasses placed in freshwater. The reason for this slower rate is likely related to the fact that the carcasses in saltwater did not have the burst abdomens with abdominal protrusion present in the carcasses in freshwater, which were most likely the result of osmosis. The abdominal protrusion on the freshwater specimens attracted blowflies, while the carcasses in saltwater did not, and thus with no insect activity the decomposition rate slowed considerably.
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Promoting Self- Esteem In Girls
Parenting is tough. You’re doing your best to take care of your children’s physical needs, but taking care of their emotional needs may be more difficult for you. Even more daunting is helping your child have positive self-esteem. Self-esteem could be something you are currently struggling with and want to make sure your children do not also struggle with it, or you may have noticed your child is viewing herself negatively. Where do you start?
“Helping your children grow up with strong self-esteem is the most important task of parenthood” (McKay, 2000, p. 279). Self-esteem is a building block for your child’s identity, performance, and self-worth. Therefore, nurturing and building your child’s self-esteem is important for their future success. If you have not realized your importance in your child’s self-esteem as a parent, you are not alone! It is never too late to work on building your child’s self-esteem. The following is adapted from the chapter entitled Building Self-Esteem in Children by Judith McKay in the book Self-Esteem: A Proven Program of Cognitive Techniques for Assessing, Improving, and Maintaining Your Self-esteem.
You Are a Mirror
Most likely you have heard this before: your children will follow your behavior. If you yell when you are mad, they will most likely yell when they are upset. If you call yourself fat, your child may question if she is fat too. It is extremely important to set a good example for your children to follow. This includes speaking nicely to yourself and about yourself. If you tell yourself you can’t do something, this negative talk may be repeated by your child.
Also, your children crave your attention and affection. Spending time with them and giving them your undivided attention, when needed, communicates you love and care about them. Communicate to your children your love despite their actions. You may not always agree with what they choose to do, but your children should know you will always love them (McKay, 2000).
Seeing the Positive and the Negative
As your child’s parent, you may not always see her in the most accurate way. Whether you put her on a pedestal or only see the bad in your child, it is important you work on viewing her from an accurate lens. An exercise that is helpful with this is writing down how you would describe your child to someone else (McKay, 2000). Include the good, the bad, personality characteristics, strengths, weaknesses, positive attributes, negative attributes, and anything you can think of. It may be helpful to continue to add to the description over a few days time.
After completing a description of your child, plan out how to praise your child for her positive attributes and correct those behaviors that do not promote self-esteem. When praising your child, wait for an opportunity when she has done something that reminds you of a positive attribute. For example, if your daughter Paige tells a funny joke, you could say “Paige that was very funny. I love your sense of humor. You are very good at making others laugh and feel happy.” You do not want to focus or obsess about the negative behaviors you notice in her. If there are certain behaviors that are harmful, make sure to communicate this to your child when you notice the behavior. We will discuss how to do this later in the article. Make sure you are not just focusing on the negative, as it will do the opposite of improving self-esteem.
The following are some helpful tips for listening to your child on a daily basis and to promote self-esteem (McKay, 2000, pp. 288-289):
What is the topic of the story? If you are a parent, you know when your child tells you a story it may be difficult to identify what she is really talking about. Children have a tendency to talk about one topic, switch to a different topic, and maybe even switch topics again. Therefore, it is imperative you be able to identify what the topic of the conversation is about and understand what your child wants to communicate about this topic. For example: Your seven year old daughter comes to you looking upset. She states, “At school today Maddie told me my hair looked funny. I got mad and told her to stop saying that! She did not stop! I got really mad, so I walked away and swung on the swings. Then, in school I missed five on my spelling test! I thought I knew all my spelling words. When I got home today, my little brother told me I was ugly.”
What do you think the point of this story was? If you guessed the story was about Maddie having a bad day and feeling mad and upset, you would probably be right. It might be easy in this story to focus on Maddie, the spelling test or the comments others made about her. While these details are important to understand and relate to, they are not the main point of the story.
Do not try to “fix it.” In the example above, your first instinct would be to try to fix your daughter’s problems. Maybe you would help her study more for her spelling test or tell your son not to make fun of his sister. While these are good things to do, this is not what your daughter needs at this moment. She needs you to put your “fix it” mentality aside and simply listen and understand how she is feeling. If you try to fix it, she will get frustrated and feel you do not understand her.
Acknowledge emotion. Let your child know you are listening to them by reflecting, summarizing, or repeating back what you heard them say. This may not seem helpful, but even if you simply repeat what you heard your child say helps her feel heard. Make sure to reflect the emotion you are hearing from your child and let her know you care. Also, you may give them a hug or a pat on the back if it feels helpful.
“It sounds like you were mad and upset today because you had a bad day. Tell me more about what happened.”
After your child continued the story, you could reflect back any more emotion your child expressed and communicate you care about her and the emotion.
Praise Your Child. When you see or appreciate something about your child, make sure to tell her. Be honest with your child. Do not just praise your child to praise them. When you complement them, it should be genuine. If you over praise your child, it can make them feel uncomfortable (McKay, 2000). Also, if you exaggerate praise (i.e. you are the best singer in the world), they may question your praise if they find it not to be true. The following are two parts to communicating praise and developing self esteem in your child (McKay, 2000, p. 293-294):
Communicate Your Thoughts on the Behavior. Communicate your feeling about the child’s behavior. This can include feeling excited, joyful, encouraged, respected, proud, delight, and appreciation for your child.
Affirm your Child’s Feelings. Make sure to ask how your child is feeling about her behavior. Since we are talking about praising your child, she may be excited and happy about her actions. It is important you acknowledge your child’s perception of the event rather than just your perception. How your child saw the event you are talking about is significant to her behaviors and feelings. If you are correcting your child, this will allow your child to not feel defensive about the correction.
An example: “Audrey you vacuumed the living room without me having to ask you. I am very grateful for your help and proud of you for thinking to do this on your own. What are your feelings about completing this chore? (Maybe Audrey states she did not like doing it, but felt good after.) I am sure you did not want to vacuum the living room. It is not fun to do chores, but as you discovered if feels good after you complete them. Thank you again for your help.”
Correct Your Child. Correcting your child in a way that affirms them, but also lets them know what is expected can be a difficult task. It is important to remember you are a mirror as discussed earlier. How you react and respond to your child will be a model in which your child uses to respond to future behaviors. Therefore, it is important for you as a parent to cope with your feelings. You do not want to allow your feelings to interfere with you correcting your child in a way that promotes self-esteem.
Here are a few tips (McKay, 2000, pp. 296-297):
Distinguish the Behavior. Identify the specific behavior you are wanting to discuss without judgment. This allows your child to learn the difference between herself and the behavior. As a parent you will always love your child because she is your child, but you do not always agree with or condone her behavior. Also, identifying and distinguishing the specific behavior allows you to give accurate feedback to your child. It also allows your child to understand good and bad behavior impacts others.
“Eve your teacher called me today and let me know you failed your math test.”
Need for Behavior Change. Make sure to get to the point when describing the reason for behavior change. “If you do not pass the test, you may fail math and not be able to move on to the next grade.”
Affirm your Child’s Feelings. Try to ask your child’s feelings or make your statement about her feelings a question if you are unsure of how she is feeling. “When you do not make eye contact, it makes me think you are frustrated. Is this right?” Or “I know it was a hard test and it sounds like you are feeling overwhelmed.”
Communicate What is Expected. The statement you make should be clear and concise.
“Eve you will need to raise your grade in math, so I have signed you up for tutoring after school.” Or “You will need to bring your math homework home each night for me to help you with it in order to raise your grade.”
As stated above, make sure your statements are clear, concise, and to the point. Also, be empathetic to how your child is feeling, but make sure you are stating what needs to change. This method of communicating to your child will allow you to discuss changes in behavior without lowering your child’s self-esteem.
The following are a few tips to be mindful of when trying to promote confidence in your child (McKay, 2000, p. 308):
Teach Your Child Skills for Independence. Encourage your child to try new tasks on her own to build problem solving skills. If she struggles with the task, show her how to do it and encourage your child to do it on her own. Start with small behaviors such as getting dressed and tying shoes for younger children and putting away the dishes and doing homework for older children.
Remind Them of Successes. Keep track of times where she has been successful at being independent, completing tasks, and problem solving. Remind her of these times when she could do things on her own. This will allow your child to have confidence to try new tasks because she have been successful in the past. For example: “Rebecca, remember when you completed the multiplication homework by yourself? You did an awesome job. I think you can do the division homework.”
Give Your Child Responsibilities in the Family. Give your child chores to complete or other household tasks as their own responsibilities. Your children may complain at first, but this allows them to feel part of the family and have pride in their home. You could give your 7 year old the responsibility to vacuum the living room twice a week as well as ask her to help you rake the leaves on Saturday. For a younger child, you could have her help you put away laundry or pick up after herself. While the tasks may take longer at first to teach your child how to appropriately complete them, it will pay off in the end with your child helping out and feel accomplished.
References and Recommended Readings
McKay, J. (2000). Building self-esteem in children. In M. Mickay & P Fanning (Eds.), Self-Esteem: A proven program of cognitive techniques for assessing, improving & managing your self-esteem. (3rd. Ed.) (pp.279-313). Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications, Inc.
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Who really said that?
Francis Dávid didn't say, 'We need not think alike to love alike.' Does it matter?
How can we distinguish reliable history from history to be read with caution? The answer is simple: footnotes. Far from being tedious and pedantic, footnotes are essential to good historical writing. They allow other researchers to verify and correct information. They are the historian’s equivalent of the scientific method. Without them, history would be reduced to rumors.
Despite the value that we place upon critical thinking, Unitarian Universalists possess an active rumor mill. Amongst its productions are sayings attributed to beloved historical figures. John Murray, the eighteenth-century Universalist, is quoted as saying, “Give them, not hell, but hope and courage.” The sixteenth-century Transylvanian Unitarian Francis Dávid is supposed to have said, “We need not think alike to love alike.” These have become flagship quotations for our faith, printed in numerous books, and are quoted in countless sermons, newsletters, and websites. Both are readings in our current hymnal. They are the first, and sometimes the only, things that readily come to mind when we think about these historical figures. However, neither of these quotations is genuine. Each became attached to its supposed author in the mid-twentieth century. The first was composed for a pamphlet published in 1951. The second was borrowed from the English Methodist founder, John Wesley.
How did this come to pass? In the case of the Murray quote we can reconstruct exactly how it happened. In Our Liberal Heritage, Alfred S. Cole wrote:
The Time-Spirit said to John Murray, “Go out into the highways and by-ways of America, your new country. . . . You may possess only a small light, but uncover it, let it shine, use it in order to bring more light and understanding to the hearts and minds of men and women. Give them, not hell, but hope and courage. Do not push them deeper into their theological despair, but preach the kindness and everlasting love of God.”
In their original context, the words “not hell, but hope” were said to Murray, by a fictional Time-Spirit who was clearly created by Cole himself. So far, then, there was no misunderstanding. But in 1962 Henry Cheetham copied this passage into a Sunday school text, Unitarianism and Universalism: An Illustrated History, presenting it as an actual quotation from Murray. Charles Howe quoted “not hell, but hope” in The Larger Faith (1993), naming Cheetham as his source. The Time-Spirit passage is now on a plaque at Murray Grove. It has been set to music. It has, as they say nowadays, “gone viral.” But, since Murray never said it, no one has ever been able to footnote it.
Similarly, no one who has quoted Francis Dávid as saying “We need not think alike to love alike” has ever cited a source. Furthermore, the saying is almost identical to a well-attested quotation from the Methodist founder, John Wesley, who asked in a sermon on “Catholic Spirit,” “Though we cannot think alike, may we not love alike?”
To my knowledge, no serious scholar of the Transylvanian Reformation has ever mentioned the quote. The attribution to Dávid surfaced for the first time in the early 1960s. Richard Boeke heard it while on a tour in Transylvania in 1964. He published it in a pamphlet, A Universe of Common Freedom (1968), whence it made its way to John Buehrens’s and Forrest Church’s A Chosen Faith (1991) and many other UU publications.
It has been suggested that “We need not think alike to love alike” might be a free translation of “ardua magis res est amare, quam credere” (“it is harder to love than to believe”), a sentiment found in De Regno Christi (1569), and wrongly attributed to Dávid. The line in question was copied from Christianismi Restitutio (1553) by Michael Servetus.
A more plausible explanation for this misquote is that, in an early-1960s conversation about Francis Dávid and religious toleration, someone mentioned the quotation from Wesley and another person mistakenly understood it as an utterance of Dávid. Or the Wesley quote might have entered Transylvania via communication with British Unitarians early in the nineteenth century. That was, incidentally, the heyday of the Methodist Unitarians. Or it might have come to Transylvania in a Unitarian book, such as John Wilson’s Unitarian Principles Confirmed by Trinitarian Testimonies (1855).
We have adopted “Give them, not hell, but hope” and “We need not think alike to love alike” because they encapsulate what we believe today and because they gave mid-twentieth-century Unitarians uncomplicated ways of thinking about connection with Transylvanian Unitarians and American Universalists, two groups that they were just beginning to take on as partners. But we should not project Cole’s words, written in the twentieth century, onto the eighteenth-century Murray, or Wesley’s onto the sixteenth-century Dávid. Our heroes may have been slightly ahead of their time, but we have no business reshaping them as thoroughly modern thinkers.
Can we continue to love “Give them, not hell, but hope” and “Though we cannot think alike, may we not love alike?” even if they were not said by our founders? Will we value them as much if, in all honesty, we have to cite them as being by Alfred S. Cole and John Wesley? I don’t know. They are still good thoughts that express our central values. But another of our values is “a free and responsible search for truth and meaning.” With that as a value, let us treat our history as responsibly and accurately as we can.
This article appeared in the Fall 2012 issue of UU World (pages 52–54). Illustration (top): Francis Dávid at the Diet of Torda in 1568, by Aladár Körösfői-Kriesch, 1896 (UUA Archives).Comments powered by Disqus
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Since 1974, when the first food pyramid was appeared in Sweden, triangular or pyramid-shaped nutrition guides have been used by 25 other countries and organizations. I found a great graphic over at Huffington Post that depicts some of the more popular food pyramids from around the world, and although America now uses the MyPlate design many countries around the world still use a food pyramid to dole out nutrition advice.
Interestingly, a consistent pattern in food pyramids around the globe, from China’s Food Pagoda to Greece’s Food Pyramid, is the appearance of cereals, grains, bread, pasta and other starchy carbohydrates as the base of the diet – and fats near the top of the pyramid, as a “use sparingly” category.
But this type of pyramid can lead to health problems. After all, dietary fat from healthy sources has been shown in studies to actually help to increase weight loss, reduce heart disease risk, lower blood sugars, lower cholesterols and maintain proper brain function (especially in kids).
And if you listened to my interview with Dr. William Davis, “The Shocking Truth About Wheat”, or my interview with Paul Jaminet about the Perfect Health Diet you learned that consumption of carbohydrates can cause serious issues with everything from weight gain to fuzzy thinking to heart disease.
But the issues don’t stop with the predominantly “high carb, low fat” recommendations of most food pyramids. Frequent consumption of featured and recommended foods such as commercialized modern whole milk and hamburger has been linked to heart disease…
…dairy is extremely overemphasized – although calcium is important, many vegetable and meat sources contain plenty of calcium with a lower number of calories….
…there is no differentiation between “good proteins” and “bad proteins”, “good carbs” and “bad carbs” or “good fats” and “bad fats”…
…and the minimum serving of fruits is 2-4, which is a great way to send your blood sugar levels on a roller coaster ride all day long if you’re not careful.
Furthermore, when it comes to the American food pyramid, we’ve barely scratched the surface of how food and agricultural institutions can exert lobbying and political power on the USDA to feature and prioritize subsidized industries such as dairy, corn and wheat as heavily featured or highlighted recommendations (a great book to read more about these shenanigans is “Food Politics“).
So what should a good food pyramid actually look like?
Although I have yet to be convinced that a food pyramid is the best, most functional way to dynamically depict dietary recommendations, I decided to act on hundreds of requests from readers and listeners and create a “Ben Greenfield Endorsed” food pyramid.
The new design is called the “Superhuman Food Pyramid“, and this new food pyramid address all the issues above, ties in my personal nutritional philosophies that I’ve expressed many times in blog posts and podcasts, and also gives you a spectrum of choices from “Eat” to “Moderate” to “Avoid” for each food group, so that you don’t have to deal, for example, with “Fats” lumped into just one category, or “Proteins” just lumped into another category.
To make it easier to practically apply my Superhuman Food Pyramid to your diet, I’ve also included several pages listing each food category and the Eat, Moderate, and Avoid foods within that category, so you can simply print, grab and go to the grocery store or farmer’s market with your Superhuman Food list.
You instantly get my Superhuman Food Pyramid for free when you share on Twitter or share on Facebook using the button below. If that button doesn’t work for you, and you’re in the USA, you can simply text the word “FITNESS” to 411-247.
Click the Pay with a Tweet image below to download the Superhuman Food Pyramid.
If you have questions, comments or feedback, just leave them below.
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